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ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

NEW YorK STATE: COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HoME ECONOMICS

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Field, forest, and garden botany, a simp!

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001340425

G2 Oa
FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN

BOTANY.

Field, Forest, and Garden

BOTANY,

A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE

COMMON PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES

EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED.

Br ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

NEW YORK:
IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, & CO.
CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO.
1868.

o ve ie

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1868, by
ASA GRAY,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

University Press: Wetcu, BicELow, & Co.,
CAMBRIDGE.

PREFACE.

Tuts book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners

generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country
than is the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated
as well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple,
1. by the use of somewhat less technical language; 2. by the omis-
sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present
purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure,
insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet
with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ;
such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods,
Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study.
On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than
the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees
of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all
which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in
fields, gardens, pleasure-grounds, or in house-culture, including even
the conservatory plants ordinarily met with.
« It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as
well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientific acquaintance
with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field,
and green-house, and which so largely contribute to our well-being
and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case
of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble
atound us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer-
tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu-
dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge
will be especially important.

One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators,
gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers,
with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and

10 PREFACE.

structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in
the English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to
our botanists and botanical teachers, — for whom the only recourse is
to a botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of these,
and certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have
here endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume.
The great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book
within the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous
and unnecessary matter, and to determine what plants, both native
and exotic, are common enough to demand a place in it, or so
uncommon that they may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can
have chosen wisely in all cases and for all parts of the country,
and in view of the different requirements of botanical students on
the one hand and of practical cultivators on the other, — the latter
commonly caring more for made varieties, races, and crosses, than
for species, which are the main objects of botanical study. But I
have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief and
plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2,650 species, belonging to
947 genera; and have constructed keys to the natural families,
and analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who
have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char-
acters, and place of any of them which they will patiently examine
in blossom and, when practicable, in fruit also. If the book an-
swers its purpose reasonably well, its shortcomings as regards culti-
vated plants may be made up hereafter. As to the native plants
omitted, they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Man-
ual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman’s
Flora of the Southern United States.

This book is designed to be the companion of the First Lessons in
Botany, which serves as grammar and dictionary ; and the two may
be bound together into one compact volume, forming a comprehen-
sive School: Botany.

For the account of the Ferns and the allied families of Cryptoga-
mous Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C.
Eaton of Yale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul-
tivated by amateurs; and the means here so fully provided for
studying them will doubtless be appreciated.

Harvarp University Hersarium,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1868.

PREFACE. 11

SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Tue Signs AND ABBREVIATIONS employed in this work are few.
The signs are :
" ® for an annual plant.
® “ a biennial plant.
2f “ a perennial plant.
The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches,
and lines, the latter twelve to the inch.
Thus 1° means a foot in length or height, &c.; 2’, two inches; 3”, three
lines, or a quarter of an inch. The latter sign is seldom used in this work.
The dash between two figures, as “5-10,” means from five to ten, &c.
“Fi.” stands for flowers or flowering.
“Cult.” “ for cultivated.
“Nat.” “ for naturalized.
“N., E., 8., W.” for North, East, South, and West.
The geographical abbreviations, such as “Eu.” for Europe, and the
common abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular
explanation.

12

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‘d NYOHLYONE ° _ 7 . . . * * ; + ‘TJeo Yowe UT oTMAo joare OUO YBIA ‘payjeo-7—gZ AIBA
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‘2 VITOOUELS ° : : , . . : g : * "+ ‘TJeo ows UI Se[NAO TBlosas YIM “payjeo-g ATVAG

ANALYTICAL KEY.

18

88 ‘A AWNAG-dVoOS ° : : : : : : : *o}8}1SIp 10 oyeuuid ‘punoduroa soavary

68 ‘IT TWIdVA * * : 3 : : 7 2 * -eptsoddo 9yopo 10 paqor-Ayayeuyed ‘ofdurts SIABOT
48 ‘A VWIML-AAVLS ~ °* * ‘Tw Adqnd pas ¥ ut spoos : pod pasojoo v qmay : pogo] Jou ‘afdums soavory
81 ‘I ATION ° : ; 8 . ; ‘Axio [wus B yMNAy : poqor you ‘ayduns SoavarT
‘oyerudos suoweys : poyuaos-o1yvutore you Soavol : $901} 10 sqnIyg
4. ‘QT ¥VIE - : : : : Big OR : * caseq 043 98 snoydjepeuour APY SIs uoyo
sustinis puv “soavol ssopjmoos eryue pus ofduns qr “(Aqqniyqs sajoads ouo 40) sqioyy
88 ZT AMWAGIVOS ‘“wnuntedsoiprwyg é : ‘ : : : *10]S11[9-JOMOP 94}

Ur [Mpuoy 10 yooy wv fq Surquayo ‘save, pidisur punoduros puv OYVUIOI[E YIM “sqsopy

: : ‘ . : - : : ‘oyeredos suoureys
44 “HE WOINVURD 45: Surquyyo voy spxpusy ou “1opo pue o4se} yuaSund Jo Aysour ‘saaval oywuroyye YyLA ‘sq.toF”
“SOAWOT Po} U9ds-OBULOIE pus ‘aseq 48 ATWO snoydjapeuouL suouIys YITA ‘sq.tay 10 sqniqg

8 ‘“X VITAW ° . " *S}UOUIBIY poyTUn Jo oqnz oy) UMLA sioyjUE pue ‘searoy oyeuuid oot YIM Oo1Z,
“T182 Yous ur O4A3 10 au ATWO saqnAo pue spoag

48 ‘“EANULAIVLIS - °- opt + ; OM * ‘Tue Adind v ut spoos : soavay opdumts yyta ‘sqnayqg

‘suoaneduy - : fe “TENSaIMT IOMOY : Soavay oyeusoyye opdurs yim ‘sq19F] od

44 “ WAINVAIO | ‘SBXQ *— -ABNSaI JOMOG : syd pel or0ur 10 g Jo soaNoy [eorpes to oyVutoyye YA ‘sq.topT

68 ‘HT LANYAGGVIad ° a * ‘pod Aroppeiq v pue ‘sjogual g 10 ¢ Jo soavay orsoddo yt ‘sqniyg
‘Tl? Powe UT GI —E So[MAo oY} 4ysvoy 4B ‘Moy Io [eIDAOS Spoog
él ‘@ WOVAAIXVS * -xd]eo oy} Uo suaUreys : Z oJUT SuNsds 40 “oroun 10 g so[Ays : snorownu Ajeyrayepur spaag
6FL “A TAIULSASOOT “xA[eo 04} Uo suoues : | oL44s : pod oy Jo JNO Suysing Weis B UO Mey 10 ‘snoroUINU spaag

Ol “ET HLVAH * * — ‘9poejdad0r oy} uo suourbys : 1 ofdys : pod ayy Jo syjoo ¢—¢ 2q} JO Youa UI snosounu L10A spadg

‘T° YRS UT sa[NA0 OLOUL IO | YI sjfoo O44 ATWO WoYAL IO ‘s[[oo OMY UT OIOUT TILA

642 ‘“T AAITO * i . i : ; . ‘suowEys (7 10 g Ajoret) { pue soavor opsoddo yA,

or “I THZVH-HOLIM ws mo «8 ‘ * ‘S19q}UB Y3TA sUOUIEs F PUB saAvoT o[dUNTS o}BULIOI][E TIT AA
"S003 Jo squays : spejed MoLieU YITA ‘“TepnSor sIOMOLT

% ‘A VIVOATOd “xed 043 38 Sutuodo siaqyue ‘ snoydjepsuour 10 snoydjperp ‘g 10 9 suoweys : IB[NGOLIL SIOMOTT

“T1899 ows UI o[nAo Sulsuvy opsuls v pue s[j90 O44 [ITAA

19

ANALYTICAL KEY.

ool ‘A ATHSAUVE ° e Ss Eero % oyar Sands ‘Arp ymay : spaquin (punoduros Apsour) ur sroMop : g sepig

* 9Sl \L ONAUSNID * ° : - ele Aroq FMIF : pefjequin steamog :g speed : ¢ Apsour ‘g—z sepA1g
aul ‘A AVad . 3 i : 7 y * ‘89044 Io qnays : pequifioo stamog : ¢ spayed :¢-% sefig
‘OF ‘A THZVH-HOLIM 7 “peqol-] ped: a UUININe 9}¥B] Ul sieysnyio ‘Arey EXe Ul SIOMOY : F Spejod : g sopTAIG
OFl ‘“H TIOA TIN-WHLVM P i : i : ‘sqiey onenbe : 7 seuLss ofisses : euou epg
191 ‘L£ COOMYOC = “SAONOANT oYff-e[JO109 WIT s1oMOH Jo peoy oY} SqJoy] J 10 ‘sqnays 10 sed} : auO BIUsYS puL eL1g
991 EDNASNID ° °° hist ou} Eaolog ponulzuoo [ye 48 you xATwo :g svuTdys : yoryy ‘auo ATUO e449
I?l ‘1 ADSOUNIAd-DNINGAG ° . ° : * ‘sqroy : reso oy} puodeq ssof 10’ o10ur

pesuojord sion: aqny sit WIM xATeo : peqor-F 10 paypjou vMSys : zepusis ‘exo fjuo e449
“AUBUL SB VOL SOUIYOULOS 10 “WIET} WIM oywuIesTe pure syejod oyy se Luvur sv suouIEg
98 ‘A NNOHLMONG ° sp od : : By OS : * waxy optsoddo puv syejod oy) sv Luvur sv ysnf suomeg
‘T[89 Yous ur efnao ouo ATuO YIM LreAo pure “poos ou0 TILA YM
18 ‘i TAUL-AAVLS ‘Te Adqnd v ut pone Pee on qe "pe Ul 9[NAO OU UBY} oLouL YIM AreAO pu ‘spoos P- 1 WIA poy

lvl ‘A ASOUWIHd-ONINGAT ° * * ei ue 40 pedor ¥-% wuss : ouo ATUO ofA49g
Isl “\ SOVUAIXVS ° oS x oe Ss es . : : : “"3P2[2-S PYB uo Jo ‘g-z sopyg
és ‘osTMYSUE] Suruedo ‘poyjeo-g sioyjue : poposs-Auvur Ar10q 10 pog
8tl I VANOLSVIGNW °" * 2 ' spaqqit-g~g soavot : orod v fq Surmedo ‘payjoo-1 s1oyjue : por[ac-F ‘popoes-Luvul pog
: “Sulrwaq-[L1pue} ONT

ssl'zaaunod ° ° ° °* °* ‘g4{uo suouu09 stews : SIOMOG SNOOP IO SNOPMOUOUT YIM ‘sq1oy SuLreoq-[apusy,
‘woulafur hawao ‘a “2 fzoao ayz 0} quasaypo aqny yjun xhjng *g

ANALYTICAL KEY.

20

841 ‘I THSVAL : * ‘papees-] ‘payjoo-1 Arwao : pwoy] oyeIONOAUT Ue UT SsI9MOF :4Nd IO paqjoo} uaijo ‘sarndys qnoyyt A
691 ZT PIMONSAANOH ‘peoy sodond B Ul you siaMoy : oy1soddo Agaryo ‘punodurod 10 payyoo, woo ‘sapndys ony ynoyItA,
€&41 FT UAdCaVA * . 4 : . “TRBESE z ae avaay Porar-z idee s[IoyA ut ‘ortyUO ‘sorndiys ynoyyt AA
6Z41 ‘& VWNOHONIO ' : : ° * # * ‘gatyue ‘sorndys Wat Ad
: es a RG) Sede SOABIT : SOQOT SII se AuvUT sv ct ‘e[[OL0d 9Y} JO oqn} ot} UO oUIOG susTIEIG
066 ‘A XVUOLS a $ ‘ 7 § v y ‘ A : ‘dJVUIN}[B SAABOT : SHOYd[ope-g 10
SnoYydopwUoUL sso] IO OIOUT ‘soqo] SIT JO JOqUINU oY} OTM} ULY} oIOUI 10 dOIMy “eTTOIOD OY} UO oULI0G suomi g
866 “I VINANSAD °* : 3 : ‘popeos-Auvur Ltaa yy : payjao-ou0 Areao : ated 10,1048 ouo puv JaSu0] auo ‘nog
691 “A AIMONSAGNOH ‘exuury *popees-ouo ying : Aydura syjao 014 4nq “payfao-g AwAO : 1OJLOYS Woy} Jo omy “MoT
4LU‘H NVIGHIVA * : 3 . * ‘papaes-T puw pa[ao-1 ATuo amy oy} Ing ‘par[ao-g souMeuIOs AIeAO : VaJT[} 0} UO
: “ZIA ‘SoqoT SII UY} JOME} PU BI[OIOD oY]} JO oqny sy} UO VUI0g suOTIBIG
6 ‘WT AVUACATLYOHM $ ‘e[[0109 Jo saqoy sv AuvUL sv oo1Ay SMOTILAS : SUITTeI} PUB WooASIOAO IO ‘sqnays : 1BENBax SIOMOL
606 A VIONVdHWVO = “B[[0109 oY} Jo soqoy o4j se AuvuT sv ATUO suaUIE}s : sont A¥PIUL OMNOS YI ‘sqtoy : AV[Nad sxOMOLT

806 *

A VITAGOT : * — *paqtUN Os[Y s}USUILTY ot} SOUIETIOS PUL sLAYIJUL G OY] YIIA sUoMIY]s : Le[NZoLI sIOMOLT
‘oseq AJA SI UTM Surraqoo APY sour yw 10 “vl[o109 ay} Woy vay suaTILIG
‘snoued4jod ysour 48 “yoaz10d ATUOUTWIOD siaMOG : SuLTeaq-[LIpus} JON

ssl ‘A GUn0OyD i . , . : * — *SNOTIDIP LO SNOTDUOUL SIOMOF : O}VUAO]][V SOAVOT : SqIOY SULIwoq-[IIpuUdT,
‘oyeredes s10yjU oY} SUIAVY poy axVION[OAUL UB UT UOYAL 10 ‘oyBION[OAUT JOU SIOMOTT
641 ‘A TIWVA ALISOGNOO 3 : : : * ; : : “gio 7 ATUO “oAYs OY} PUNOIe BUII Io aqny v 0O7UI

paytan ‘e ‘t ‘snorsousSuds sxoyjue : eronjoaut oyy-x4]eo B yy popraoad st yO pway B UL paydaT[Oo sIOAO]T

‘towtafin Rupao 19 ‘sorsedns ‘a +a “Rao ayg 0} Juasaypo aqny sp ynm xh ?

‘SNHOOXH JO NOISIAIG SQOTVLHGONOM ‘II

21

ANALYTICAL KEY.

ad
1¥G
686
6E

13S
966
986
866

826

S8G

696
996

vGG

6F
86
v6
Og

‘a LNIW ° :
‘a NIVAGTA .

‘ad LYOMOSIA *
‘d SOHINVOV

‘ 7 ? ; ‘91448 oSuIs ey} puNore syo[ynU 10 sooeld oyT]-poos p Suryeut ‘poyred-p AreaQ,
; : * “poqoy Jou “[[9o yous UI pees 10 a[nAo apsuls B ATUO YA ‘polpeo-1 Aporvar ‘potpeo p- gy AIVAG,
; 7 : ‘uetungye ul oAiquia : ‘os ‘syooy UO ouJOY 4OU ‘[[90 Yyove UI Mey 10 LUBUI spoag
: . : : : s i . y * ‘deuInye ou : Sut snourlselyae. B

Uo relMgoys 10 ‘eyusoeld a4} Jo suowoaford o¥T]-Yooy Uo euog PUL yy [joo Yow UL [etadas 10 Moy spoag

‘i WAWVSGS °

"SIX® Ol[} UL BJUoE]d o4y ‘popods-saoj 10 papoes-Auvur “por[ao-g AIBA
‘sqaoy : oduquae oy} Aq porly ‘spoas oSzv] ssopsurm pue yey Aueur : (gz A[uo sewSys nq) porjeo-7 L1eaQ

‘2d VINONDIA "8201} 10 s1oquio Apoos : spoos pasula pus yey Lueor A10a Surureyuoo pod : popnao-<uwur ‘paiyao-g AxeaQ

‘I VINONDIG
‘di VIYANSHOD :

‘a TAVU-WOOUE.

‘a LUOMUAddV 1a

‘d AYOLINNSA *
A VIVOATOd *

‘ad asod *

‘XIINVA HLVAH

. . 5 . . . . : . . a * “poduta spoos : Surquittg
: ‘ ss 5 2s 4 x BR “SSO[SUIA ‘O]NUIUL spaas : SuIqUAI[D JONT
‘asvrjoy Areurpro yy ‘syueyd Ayeory
: . * raderpoy Jo vovyd ul sofeos yyTM ‘toe1d Josou ‘YstMorped 10 Ystumorq ‘syuLd ssopvery
‘snouvudpip ‘7 suoureys : eyueoeld jejored % Io g YILM poyfao-T A140
: : ¢ * '% susurejs : spses Auvur to peloaos Suleog “eyuooRd [wayuSO v TBA poy[ao-1 £189
° 10 F (SIOTUB YT) suewvyg

‘A LHOMDIA “op “umoseqioA * * * tt tt tt peazea-g pod = payred-g 10 yao-g xATeg
‘A AAVHSLHDIN ‘snuefkosodyy = “py & se Sueredes doy oyg ‘pazjeo-g st yorya ‘pod oy} Susopoue ‘pedeys-uan xApe9

*popess-Auvm (pod e Apsour) may : popratp you A1wAgQ

A TOVUNOT ‘WunpY” * : : fe 8 : . : ‘sooord 10 sjInJj oyl[-poos F Sanne pogo-F A[deap AreaQ,

*g (stoyjue YIM) suomEIG
* *pay[2d- ATBAO : PoT]od-1 Oa} TONIO OY} “P2T[99-Z 408 Yowa Jo AoyJUB d[pprur oyy : snoydieperp ‘9 sueureIg
* *payeo-¢ Areao : xode oY} 4 ofoy e 4q Sutuodo sisyyue : snoydjpeuour 10 snoydapeip ‘9 10 g suaureyg
. ° + “parjao-1 Leo : estayy Susy Suluedo sroyjue : snoydjepeuour Jo snoydjeperp ‘ot suaueyg
4 * + “payqeo-g Arwao : [[90 Yous Jo xodv oy} ye ofoy v Aq Suruodo sxoyUB : yoUNsIp ‘g Jo OT suOMIRIG
“IB[NGOAI SSO] 10 91OUL BI[OIOD

“sonwadns fi.soao 10 ‘sorsefua a +2 ‘Rinao oy wolf aaif xhiog sy

ANALYTICAL KEY.

22

FGG

Shs

993 *

OIS *

L&T

‘a GVA . : : : : ° 5 “SoAB9| ysnor A[UOULWIOD puL .azVLIAI[e YT ‘OBUIOIE JON
GQ LNIW “oy “eyjuepE* c ® : : 3 : : ‘ -saavaq optsoddo 1H ‘syueld ovmory

, ‘o[41s UOULUIOD oY} Jo eseq oy} punore F ATWO saqo] 40 souDdyW
WL VNVION e z ‘ ” : : * ‘9porIo B UI [BIoAVs 10 dvoy B UI snOIOVANU saqo] 10 say W

‘o[44s UOTUIOD OUO PUNoOAB [JB yng ‘soUsye 10 s}INIy popsas-T 01941]
oyeredos Luvur os Suryeur soooid 10 saqoy oy ‘poqoy A[doop sarvao Jo ‘A1vA0 oy} 0} se AULUL IO [BIdAOS S[STY
“I ANIAMIO ¢ BY 2 : : cs ‘sjueyd Aysopy : oyetedas “eypor109 oy} Jo soqo] oyy sv AUvTI Sv STISIT
‘a VSOWIN ° : + cogeuurd 90144 SOAROT : qUOUIOT 10 one] v JIN : vJUsOeTA [eJoL1ed ou YA. ‘o[duns pue ouo [HSI
“WoY]} [IAL OJVU.LI}[V_ PUB BI[OIO0 oY Jo szivd JO soqor oY} sv AUvUL sv (sIOTUL ITA) suaTIEIG

‘A VITIGOAVS = ‘StoyJUV oY} YITA oYvUIOI[V so[vos oY-TeJod : popoos-may—][ ymMIz : payped-g ATwao : sqnys JO seer,
“a HSOUNTAd ° : a‘ : a‘ . + -£uBUI 10 Moy spoos : BjUSoLTd TeayUOO B YILAL poT[ao-] ArwAao : sqIOH
-euo ATU vusys pur opfg
‘a LHOMAVAT . . : s : : % -£xvy[Os paas puB 9NAO : payfeo-1 AIBAO : Gg seUISYs 10 sap{1g
‘woy} oytsoddo pue vT[o100 oa JO SUOISIAIP Io saqoy oy} sv Auvur sv (s1OyJUB YIIA) sUOTIETG

‘ad VITTIGNVO ° : ‘ . : . “A1Ba0 oy] Woy doy TOYA xATRO
a XVHOLS °- . . . 2 . : : + —+£rvA0 ot} JO oseq ULM yuatoyoo xATed OY} JO osvgT

“paloysupo-g 10 snoydjopeuour ssof 10 o1our suomIeys : yoez1od sIOMOLT
‘Ta ANOGA ° ‘ " i “pogol-% yore ‘yp sopéys : oyeredes suoureys : snoloarp io snouresAjod sro Moly

‘sqnays Io seed} : ostaqydua, Suruedo sxoqjus : os A[UIBUI IO BIJOIOD oy} UO suOTIEIG
a HLVUH” ‘pute om} 38 Suruedo ATUoMUIOD sIOyJUB : vI[OI0D oT] WOY 9oIj ATTROM IO dos ‘opoeIded01 oY} UO sudTALIG

*paT[20-1 wey oLouL ‘punoduioo [ystd : parfeo-g stoyjue : AYSoy 1oU ‘paprtArp to poqoy you ‘e[duris soavory
‘ad MOTIVIA + -payjao-1 ‘padvys-Aoupry sxoyjue : snoydjepeuoui ‘oytuyopul suouIes : poplatp 10 peqoy 10 ojduuts soavary
‘H ANIANO = ‘BIfo109 oy} Jo soqoy se Auvu sv spysid : porjes-g soyyue : yoryy soa ‘Aysoy ‘punodtoo ouo ur ‘ajduuts seavory
‘A WOINVYAD ‘sexo ‘aseq OY} 38 snoqdyepetuour ‘Q] suourEys : pojjeo-g AreAO : sjoyeel ¢ Jo ‘punoduioo Ajdunts soaverT
‘I VSOMUN °- : : : : 4 “peyjeo-1 ‘afduns ‘ouo Areao : viporpAyqd asye 10 ‘ayeuutd e014 soavery

‘yySnos oq Avur ‘snorezedAjod sv poyues “SutMoT[oy 94} JO
eos ‘sjejod oy} Jo sasvq 94} JO UOISetoo oy} WO ‘ola “B[[O1OD OY} JO SMOISTAIP OY} ULY} SNOIOWINU.dJONL sMOUIeIG

*IB[NBaI Bl[OIOD

23

ANALYTICAL KEY.

ggG

096
I¥G
8c
OLZ
016.
OLS
816

183

818
Ors
&83

916
VLG

‘A TAOULOLTGH “pepioo sxeysnjo-romog : spon. 97331] oyu Suygyds yay : pornao-1 Areao. oy} Jo sao nT

‘peqtas-g-% Areao : 7 AJorws ‘g suoureys : sotndys ynoysrm ‘opsoddo you ysway 4B ‘oyeuTEITy
‘Baqoo pops: Ayeo, SULIT syopeay JsoMoy ‘Sulteoq-[I1pusy pus oywunrd ‘eywuxypy
“I WOINOWWTIOd : . : “xodu oy ye yopo-g e[4ys : g suaureys : porjao-g
pod pue Arwao : durazay you ‘sopndys ynoyy ‘punodurod 20 opduuis ‘ayeu.107[8 10 o71s0ddg.
‘a NIVAUGA * : é * — "qjo[o-¢ Jou ef44s : 7 suoUNEys : parnao-F ‘porfe0-F ArAO : so~ndys ou ‘opsoddo.
‘T AIVUIMALV MA ‘ * — “qJaTo-g o[44s : paplarp Io poyjoo} Apsour soavey : syuvpd Arreq SSA] IO 910]
‘A NVIINGD = “S}9Y¥9T IHU g Jo Jo ‘orLJUS ‘podeys4reoy-punor sasvoy : syuBpd-10}BAK.10 YsIeUL YJoourg
é ‘eqyueoeyd perarrud. é a POTaT ne puv Azeao : sofndys ynoyy1M ‘az1s0ddo autos 10 oqVUIeITy
‘HE NVIINGD ° : : * ‘ofIssos soava|-ways : 10931q ‘AypTUL Jou some
‘A ANVGNOd ‘“wpueuyy - ° : : ; ; : * “pafoned-sioys soavoy : Ay[r some
‘Teqorred ayusoepd : papas
-Sueur —pes9aes ‘poyjeo-, pod puv reso :sorndys ynoqya ‘oarme pus peptoya to oytsoddo yw
‘d VINVDOT 3 3 i : : % “popoes-[eseaos ‘par[so-g pod puw Axeao : our aepndys
astoasuBly B to sorudys [[eus Aq payoouuod sojoyed so saseq sey) ‘oryUa pur opsoddo [TW
“Oie}s 94} WO SoAvarT
‘a NIVLINVd ° c : ‘ ‘dJesraasuey Sutuado ‘parjeo-g Ayerex ‘pozyao-g pod : ou0 BUIsys pus
o[fys :% suoureys : Arp Suywooeq pus uNYy vIoI0D : oytds-e UT stoMOG : poqqit-f— 1 [eorper [Te SOABOT
“B][O.109 oy} UO euro ATuTeTd suoTIRIG
‘ET XTIOH ° p : : . : * ‘somos ost] Auvur sw Surureyuoo yin. oyy-Ar10q : 9q448 ou
: Jove UI eynAo auo eee se ysnf Arvo oY} Jo s[Joo 049 : ¥[[o109 payaed-g - % oy Jo oseq L1aA TO eULI0G SUOTIRYg:
‘0 HLVIH ** : a “ ees ae pod : * parleo-g Sxeao. : os {prea to ‘povydeser oy} Uo suoTIEIg
‘HZ MOOTO.0-M10L sera : : 7 ; - ; ¢ 5 “papoas-1 ‘pozpeo-7 s1es0
* BOLO OY} oq 0} sMIVES JY TIA oAoge SuLroqoo ATS 10 ‘opoeydeoor ot] uo suuTEIG
“peqo] A[doop 10m poprarp you st yor Arvo punodutoo ofSuis v YIM ‘ouo [HST
‘a GUAM * “BUESys oy} Jo spuvys ¢ o7 sured Ur poxy pur ‘oT Ayensn ‘sosseor remuvsd 10 AxBA Ut [Te us]jog
“ANVaDOG °* ; : . ® : : ‘sossvUl UI jou ‘sjuvjd Areurpso ut sv ‘esoo, pus <repsod ualjog

‘oU0 OF] pattun os[s so[éys uoyo pus seurdys ynq ‘spod pepaes-Cueur Surywur osoyy “saiteAO I19q} 0) SB G sTHSIg.

ANALYTICAL KEY.

24

Ie “A AOVUAIXVS ‘umynojdsos{igyg doy 4v poyoiou ‘xATeo og) YIM quoroyoo ‘ayueould yejoed g uo pornao-<uvur ‘popjed-ouo0 Awa,
OFL “A INZVH-HOLIM 3 “equepmbry : ‘ ‘QaL], ‘snolmwMuUoUl siomop : xATeo ou : pedy v ul spystd Auvw “po[eo-om J,

6PIl “A AAINLSASOOT ‘“emuswuy ‘ "p stomeys :xd]eo podeys-dno oy Ul pasojous ynq WOT de.y ‘paT[90-aANOJ IO pa|[9o-OMT,
£9 “HT MINId ‘osnyom, * 7 7 . ; si * -g suouleys : opisur opm spedas g Jo xA[eo 0Y} Wo. va1f ‘po[[ed-se1Y J,
481 ‘HT ANIGUO ‘“wnioyeg * > . 7 g : : ‘OL suowrejs : xA[vo OY} WLOIy oIJ ‘poutoY-oay, ‘payjoo-oaly

Wl ‘A ASOUNINd ONINDAD ‘CIstmpny ‘7 suoureys pue xAywo Jo saqoy : sdvjans sy YUM JUoIOYoo xATed Jo aqny oY} ‘poyfoo-rno
86 “A LUOMHLUIG * * +g xdTeo oT} JO soqoy :41 Jo yavd AMO] OY} JO SOBJINS SIT YITM JUaTOT[OD xATeO oY} JO aqny oY} “pa[o0-xIg
‘SO[NAO SNOJOWINU BZuLUTeIUOD sT[99 SIT ‘poTfed-g-Z AIwAQ,
“SUuIyI UL jou siamo, T °W

* ‘SSNGUDOXA JO NOISIAIG SNOIVIOdVY TI

‘I AATITO i . : : ‘ 2 : ‘ ‘sroutay Apoos 10 ‘soor} ‘sqnays : serqy ATPeMOTse090 ‘OMT,
‘A LYOMDIA ‘vormor19 A 5 : * ssqueyd fqquays MOT O18 sordeds O130X9 OMMOS IO ‘sq1oy : poytosxo ‘OMI,
‘A LNIW ‘sudoody . . : ‘ . *poqoy-7 Ajdeep Ares0 : somo oatJoge omy pur ‘sioyjUe WLM ATTO OMT,
“I NIVAUTA ° : : 1 : : : : i * ‘][o0 You UT o[nAo opSuIs v YI “palfoo-p-g AreaQy

‘I SQHINVOVY °* y < * ‘sYOOY WO 4GeE spoes : [[90 YOVe UI SO[NAO [BIOAVS IO Moy TILA ‘pat[so-g ATVAG,
‘a DHOMDIA * g oes 7 7 : i * -]J20 owe UI sa_nao AuvUT AT[eNsn YILA ‘poyjeo-g A1vA_,
se ‘snouvudpip Aysour ‘mo iy
“e][O100 OY} JO SUOISLATP IO soqo[ OY} ULI} Jomoy SMOUTBIG
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$96 “A ACVHSLHOVIN * J : ‘ 7 = 3 a * ‘guo ATao euIsys pue e[f1g
890 “A AVATMALVM 8 ttt sggayo-0any 10 “g ATouer 10 %% soptag
‘SNOIOWINE spoes : s][99 paynac-Auvu o10uL ATOIVI 10 OAT,
293 ‘Z SOTOATOANOO * ‘sxourmy ApsouL : oB.1e] spoes : s[[e0 poyNao-eM0 AMO} JO pa[nso-g VeTT]} IO OAL,

25

ANALYTICAL KEY,

466 ‘A dWaH *
“op UunLejog = * ‘sopndys yt “poqoy 10 oyeuurd ‘oywurey]{s save, : xA[wo yuassisuod ayy Aq posoraue “F— | S[HSIg

SIL
66
€€

L8G
291
G66

166

966

00g

966
SOE
066

666
616
68

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G63

$9
986

&&

: “ShOTDBIP SIBMOP : Yo[o 10 punoduroo Ayoyeuryed soavot : svUBys 10 sopfys Arey gy YI ‘ouo Ayo [AST

i aca cet : : ° * ; ‘oytds @ ur oojted s1aMO : UCU BI[O10D SB [Jaa sv xATBO : 7 JO STHSIT
‘I LOOAMOUO . * . . * ‘9uoUu sayndiys : oYI]-B][0.100 Ajuourm0o x4]eo : [eteAes IO snoiawinu s[ustg
“ “syqBoys Jo ULIOF ayy UL you Luv jt satndys oyy YAtA ‘sqsopT

‘a DVAAMYIONT : 2 : ‘oJBULIO]][V SOALOT : VIO}S OY} JO s}ulof pruIny oy} oAoge sorndys Surpywoys YL ‘sqroFy
‘a aqoomyod ‘essén *° ‘op4as pelea Ise ayy Jo opis ouo UMOp SuIUUNA VUNG : [BAO JO aB[Ngo[S A1vAaG
‘Zt GOOMTVGNVS . : a + [euruLte; vuisys : podvys-rved ymy pue AreaQ,

snoures4jod Ajsnoparp mesa AxeA0 WII JUsIEyOo x47B9 Jo aqny : (peyjoo} Aporwr) aU
‘a WOAHaZaN : : : * ‘qoqjtod siamo : AIA oY} WO VoAF PUB O¥I[-E][O109 KATO : DIU,
‘a WIG * +£xea0 oy} Wosy sary KATO : OSE OT} WOIT SqIA YITAL Os]e souMTOUTOS ‘poutes-coywoy “payj00} ASOT!

‘A GUUL-aANVId * : ' : * -xd]eo queplae ou : sopndys Surpjeoys YA ‘pautea pure poqoy AjayeMpeg

“AyrUa you sont pu ‘oyvutore JONT

‘A DIA ‘Sq 0+ -Adjnd somoo0q aes ‘g1ovjdeo01 posoyo B UT SIOMO : snonploep sepndys : Aypiur oornl : oryeuIOI’ YONT
“WIVO-LUAMS -° °¢ : * + ‘saayea 4q Suruedo you ssoyzue : xAyeo Jodord ou : poyusos-oyemory
‘A THUNVI * ‘ : ‘soarea poyydn <q sutuedo srayjus : oxT-e[[o100 ATysour xAyeo : poysyy-Aords 10 oMBMOIW

‘Ajnos-ATOATIS Jou ‘opus soavery

‘a UALSVAIO Oe s f ; : ‘uaop Ajmos 10 Janos (Ataddoo Ajarex) Croats yt yos0q ‘o[dunts soavery

‘i DAITO
‘EWOW ‘unpdxomuez - ; : : ‘ou uByy cou sysid : ATyord AYsow syyeys toy) ‘owe ‘oyeUUId soavary

‘SnUIxXel yy ° : : : . : . 2 ‘suo yysid : Ayyorrd sou oreuore jou ‘oyeuuld savory

“‘BUIQUIITD JOU ‘sqnIys IO s9erJ,

‘a LOOTMOND ‘syemoy* a 8 2 : : * + ssypeasyeoy ato) Aq staquara Lpoom <paed 30 £poo AA

UGOLETLSHE “ ©“ © 8 SS See FS ee ‘snoloerp ‘seat; uo ontsered ‘syuvtd Apoo A
‘sein OTT} TO OAAg SOUITONIOS 10 ONO Ysa “poj]eo-oU0 sotreso ayeredes Jo ATBAG)

‘a QAAMYOIHO * s : : : ? : 3g + doy oy} woy Sunyyds pod : syowrq pasopoo mOTITIA sTOMOLT

‘I HINVUVANV ° * -9suq 04} 9A0gB OUT] OsroasueT] v Aq Suruedo pod : syov1q perooo 10 snolreos Arp Aq popunosins sisaoyT

*xA[eo 04} TOY cary ‘BJUeORTd [vaJUD UO IO TOI0q OY} Wo sa_nAO AuRUE IO TeIOASS YILA ‘poT[s0-eu0 AIBA

‘I LOOAMONO “29 “eqITBO “xA7eo oy} UO coy “wyUsOR[d [ejoLTed oUO UO So;NAO SNOJOTINE YIM ‘peT{so-ou0 sortvao 10 ATeAQ

ANALYTICAL KEY.

OF “A THZVH-HOLIM “eimog - * * * ° ‘Sursuey spoas : oy “FZ InogE suoUTE}S : sIOMOG JooFIOT

98 ‘HI NUOHLMONG ° , : . : ‘ "FOO19 SP99S :G 10 p SUOWULIS | SIZMO SNOTOIP SOMMIJOUMOS 10 JooJIET
. pus ‘somf yr ou ‘gray paljoo-p—% sso]SUIM TILA S901) IO sqniyg
966 “HT WIT * ae: : : ° i : 2 : * -ordunts save] : punos qe posura-uryy ‘Loy op Suis & JO
622 “Ae TATTIO ‘snurxeag - : 5 . ‘oyeuutd sosvel : punos [[e ysour[s 10 xodv oy} woy poFura ‘oy o[Surs & IO
68 “da WIdVA . ? i : g 2 - : e * ‘xede oy} woy paduta pu oseq soy} ev peutof ‘shay 041 JO
‘(oy 10 vrvures) ying posuta pue ‘Arvo par[ao-g YIM ‘soo. 10 squiyg
$86 “TA CUAMANOd : . i * coy Ar1eq Suraroseq ‘xea0 polfod-01 pus ‘s1oMop yooptod ‘suioys MoT[oY yNOIs YALA “sqtO FT
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9[SUIs speeds puB sotnao oy} : pod peqoy-e pue L1eA0 payjao-g ‘s1aMog snofpauoU YIM ‘so01y AJorer ‘sqnays ‘sqra_{
OFT “T TIOPTIN-UTLVAM ° : * ‘SJOBIG LO SoAvaT OY} JO S[IXB Ol[2 Ul SITMAF OPIII] OYL]-3NU polfoo-p — ¢ WTA ‘sqtoy onvnby
‘]]99 YOvo UT soTNAO OA\} IO OU TILA ‘pal[90-Q1 - f L1BAQ
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982 ‘“H HINVUVNV ° 5 i : : ° ? ‘ ‘s}oBIg snoLIvos pue AIp WIA popAiolo sIOMOL AT
P “yoogtod ATJsoul siaMOB : Io[d-E- Z Io ‘g 10 g svusys I0 sapdig
96¢ ‘XTINVA DILLAN i : : : . ‘snoPpeIp IO snolwuoUM sioMoV : a[duns puv ouo vursys 10 opA1g

“ATBUOS Pes : d¥I] BI[OLOD IO paojoo sourmoutos “Ystuoesd xA[VQ
886 “1 MOOTIO.O-UNOT °* ‘o[duns vursys pue opAys : 4m. oY![-JnU Jo 410s v Suryeu ‘oUaye UIq} oy) 07 SuTTEA00
@ sv juajsisiad pue Suruopaey oqny si] Jo esvq ou yng ‘A1vA0 oY} Wo 90.14 ‘OYT[-eTJoIG. xATED
366 “A COOMTIVANVS * ‘o}eusos]e soaval : yooj10d siomog : A1eA0 OY} YILA JUETAYOO oqny sit ‘(oyYA) O¥TT-e[JOION xATeQ
‘ojdums saave, :9uo ATuO [yStq

27

ANALYTICAL KEY.

60€
60€

Toe

00g
OFT

208
908

s0€

00€
966

608

66
966

‘aymvo -° *

‘d UNId 19 WUAAINOO * + ‘SoABET OAIJUO OFT]-OTwos 10 ‘teouT, ‘podeys-eppoou Aysou ‘ofduns pus ‘syuny Sunpouerq WT aN
‘E SVOAO 10 WHOVAVOAD °° “OS¥ Toy oY-ued oyeuurd pure ‘yooys oyL-uLI09 10 syuNAy reUUMMIoo oY-UNTEd WTA

“SNHDOXA SNOWYAdTSONNAD

. . . ‘ a A r A a . 5 . 7 a “eIONTOAUT payoe.q-. Ageoy
“Io ‘ows Jo “amg 10 ‘dno A[wos B UI JNU vB YINIZ : SUIYIB UT [103s 943 ATWO ATUOMIMIOD 10 sIBMOP Jo spuly Wo

‘I VAUL-INVId * ; : ; a . ‘Surgyeoys sopndys : sjoynu peseq-Arrey padeys-qnyo Jo pyoy ev yin4,q
‘Ty IUZVH-HOLIM ° : : . * ‘snonploep salndys : pray v-ul spod prey poyeeq-omy Luvu jo yma

‘peqoy-Ajayeuryed soavay : xATeo JNOYITA ‘snolowuOML ‘spay UI s1aMog Jo spury WOT

“I MOTILA ‘Spe0s poyyny-Aumop yi polly pod : yoeaq 10 ayeos Yous Jopun ouO ‘snoro~rp ‘SUTYIB UT sIOMOT JO SpULY YIOg
‘a HOU i

: . : 7 ; ; : : * — Jovaq JO 9[vos Yous ropun ‘sAoy [UUs 10 seudye
Sso[SUIM soUIJOUIOS IO posuTA Surus0y ‘SIOMOB € JO Z YIM O[}toy OY} : suTyIo ATeos UT sIaMOB JO spUry WOg

‘A DWIVO-LULMS “oeWOI" soave] : OY]-]nU 10 oypy-Aasoq ‘poyvoo-Axva JIN : speoY JO SUTYI¥O 41048 UI sioMOP JO spUry Wo

*soava] ojduiis pus oornf ssop10j09 YyIt A
‘T LONTIV A “SUryIeo Ur sxoMoG opiieys Apuo pew ‘sosval oywunid ‘yreq OfyBULOIB-SNOUIser posueds-BuoNs wayo ‘aol sso[t0fOo YIT AA

‘A Ola : o 2 8 ‘ : : : ° ‘ : *soUdyZe oY} Sulsopous “ins ut ssvur AYsop B
Bururs0j ‘oon qJ0Ys 10 spwoy OXT-UIYIVO UT O[A0y pus ‘souToEI 40 soyids UI sioMoY oTiIays “aml parojoo 10 AyTTH ITAL
‘TaNIQd °° + 4 + + qmnay tog (9[1q0138) etd B PUB ‘soAvo] OHI[-aZeos 10 podeys-oppaou “ornl snourser WIT.
‘sqnays 10 sa0ry,
‘“EHOLUTLSIN O° OUST kar9q B ITHIT : $907) TO ‘quays oNIseIEg
‘A QILLIN ‘sxmomq + * *(9piqouys) uryyeo ATeos qzoys-e ul arses puB ‘paporued sioMOG o[Lto}s YL ‘quoy Surura J,

v

“SpDoay 222]-U2YI09 LO sUIyIDD UL sz.40S YI09 LO BuO (SnoLIMIP LO SnOLa~MUOUL 17D) SAMO], T * ST

868 “A LOOUMOUNV ° * : is . : * ‘IB[NSorIL JMO : poyfoo-ou0 “opAys oy wo saaz ‘aUO yuo RC phee sg

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1 ‘H LIG-SHYOUL : 5 : 5 ‘oyreds v mos stomOB : sqroy onenbe : snowedéjod 10 snowerp siaMorT

ss& “H NVA i . *po}}0U SJO[UIA IO SUIOA oY} ‘apv[q pus opouoed younsrp yA SOAR] : SUIUIAY SUIOJS : SNOIDDIP sIOMOTT

“aoriaut AreAo 9 “1 “GorTedns 20 ‘L1e40 ay} 0} JUaIOYpe YUeLIEg

“£1840 94} 0} sv uo ATMO [USI
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bi

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= 8I§ “A TIVI-LVO °- . ™ . F a i : ‘ * -‘qjueriad younsrp ou : peoy 10 oxtds oy} Ul poyeU siamo ”

“SOABO[ POAIOU OTISSOS PUB TeaU] WIT ‘sq.IoY YSIVU SxT-SB[Y 10 oyl]-psoyy

918 “7 GAAMWONG . 5 Z E : . “oBerIOy pe tors a TOTOUTsIp OU ITM ‘soyenbe Sunvog-oery oyNUTUL Jo [TEU
91 “TA CAAMAGNOd ote us i mee : : * + +kfeoy pue Surypouviq ‘soyenbe posieuUry
918 “A WIVd : ‘ : : s 8 . : : * ‘szzed 9 10 ¢ Jo sodopeaua yeaoy : poyouvaq xipeds : oyeuud

Jo peyreyd pus pedeys-uvz ‘poroned-Suoy ‘suoystsred soavol : Yoo}s 10 ‘xepneo ‘yun aiduns ytM syuetd Apoom 10 soar],

‘SNHDOGNG AO NOISIAIG SQOMDIGVdS T

28

29

ANALYTICAL KEY.

age
1gé

61€

6FE

LEE
98

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£88
BSE

66E

628
688

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83

‘a LYOMAdId
“I SSVUO GCHAG-MOTIGA

‘I QUIM-ITNAHOIA *
‘Ad: WTAAV-ANId

‘a Stal *
‘da VNVNV@

+ + papaas-g- g ‘poq[a0-e-% pod : snoreorp Jo snoro~@UOUr sIOMOT : YSMNTM JO OITA qWwereg
: 2 : : : : -TeyoLted eayuaoeyd oy ‘popses-ueu ‘paryao-T
pod :yo9j1ed sxoMop : saz YIM speed 10 SUOISsIATp JoUUT 043 ‘Mores WUELIOg -
*JOOI OY} WOT [Te seavoy : edvos v uo peoy powerq-Ayvos [duns v UT

‘a SSVUD-MONNV : * : * ‘snosoeqiey yuBLIed : 40azred ‘ssajoviq sxaMOT : ows0vI 10 oYIds ofduus v uy

‘da HSOY . . . : . . i * ‘snosoeunts yjuelted : peoy poyoriq-A[eos o[dumts @ UI ION,
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‘os AjxvoU JO oYTTe porojoo syred (% ATWO coMRISUT ONO Ut) 9 [}B YWA YUeLIEg
‘a LUOMUAdIdS °* : : . ; ; 3 ‘ -Teroumegde ‘g 10 ¢ syejed : ouo vursus pur opfig
‘A ATIT ‘ungpy, . * ‘“pouleA-pajjou seAvo] : pe1oueyde jou ‘¢g spejed : oywredos ‘g semSts oyissos 40 sopdig

‘quorgytp APouNsip ore Yoryas speed pororoo pux sedes weeid Jo yUeLIog
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: * ‘Wjoq Ao ‘susureys Jo YyuBLIed (axI]-B][0109) oy} 0} sv Ie[NZeIM sIoMoG : sqioy oyenby
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‘A GIddV-ONId * : : : : ‘oddy-ourg oy1 ydooxe ‘syuyyd-ire 10 soy dydiday
: ‘goojted Suroq sustreys oY) [Te ‘9 sIO|ITY
i ne ee ‘snoydiopeuour Jo oseredos roy syUOUIRTY : spreMqno poumy ‘g sroqUW

7 . * ‘enZout ywyMouos remog : (toque Lae ynoyiLM JuawME]Y eayjsoge eu0) g sIEyUW

‘os AJuvou AraA to ‘Lavo oY} UOT, orf YUBLOT
‘I SITIAUVINV *#9038}001 10 ‘groas snowy ‘pers WOZ SWMOS ‘sUIIOD Io sqinq Wo. Aporyo ‘syueld [eryset19 7,

ANALYTICAL KEY,

80

18 ‘A SSOW-AN'TO ° js . . al. 8 ae oe e 4) ey GL Se + © “Mrayy Jo autos Jo [xe

eq} UI sesvo-erods : suraqs Ayko] 04} Uo yos APpoIT} soavey efdunrs ATjoyM pue podeys-jme 10 ‘vou ‘podwys-oyeos TITAN
098 “A NUDTA ° : s * — +sgsv0-o10ds oynUIUL oy} SuLIeeq pus apo IO YOO}sS}OoI ¥ Wo [Te ‘punoduios uoyyo soavoy ofdue YIT AA
698 “I TIVLUSUOH ° . ‘ ‘ : is g ‘ : . : : ‘oytds Io peey [BUTULIEy B Ut sosvo-o10ds

:qulof yows 48 SUL Io YIwOYS B ULIOF 4wY} YJI9} IO soywos poztun oy} ydeoxe ‘soaval OU puB suIe}s poutol-AueUL TITAN

‘SINVTId SQOWVOOLdUAYO SNONATDIOYOV

ese a ssvap : : ‘ . * . * ‘ToMop TOBE a syed xouut ue opoxids oy Jog ued 10yn0 ue ‘sired ur soupy

eas ‘A HOCUS 7 i . , ‘ F : : 5 7 7 * "[IXv of} Ul IoMOp @ Sulteaq ‘opsuls soumnTy
‘sqoviq SuIeq sounds oy} ‘syuefd snosovUIN[s onay, ‘uleIS 10 oUDYe ue ym Ur “pornso-| ‘pat[so-1 ATeAGQ

678 ‘TH HSOW ° t £ : 5 $ - ‘ i . . © . : a s ‘DOISIAIP SIY} OYVIVIT oSvqIOY OYY

pue quetied snosovumnys oy} nq { Ayre ATT 04} ORI] Jsour JOMOH oY} Jo OINJONIS UL “SUOISTAIP snosdeMIN{s xIs
jo qjuviiod render v YILA siamo : popoes-Auvmr—¢ ‘pod e Surmooeq ‘ajusoeld peyorred g WILM par[e0-1 Io poyjeo-g AreAQ

‘SNHDOGNG AO NOISIAIG SQHOMOVWATS TIT

31

ANALYTICAL KEY,

60¢ ‘SWUAISONWAD * fe ’ ; 8 " nz : ‘9uou Jo ‘efeos uado ue ‘pares os oq Avur aT Jt ‘THstg.

01s ‘A HLVAA ‘syIeey * : * — “MOIIBU SOABOT : SNOLTeOS pus Arp SuTUTODOY BIIOI00 : 9UO BULTYS puv 9144s : OT IO g suoTIEIg

Ie “I NIVINVId ~- : * — “paqqtt saavey : per[a0-¢ pod : snontvos pue Arp Jo[0-F B[[oI0D : ou BUIsYS puE o[AYs : F SUOTIEIG

09¢ ‘H WOINOWHTOd ° i . : . " : : : : “payjeo-¢ pod : xode oxy 4 yjopo-g 9149s : g suaUIeTG
‘snoyeyedouour : o[4ys pue f1vao 01 sv qjoq ‘ouo A[UO [HST

Stl “A VWQLSVTaW : : : 7 . . . ‘OL 10 g suoMys : AIBAO poT]20-[B.IOAVS BY} 0} yudIEYpY xATBD

66 ‘A VSOWLA ‘“eIporéyd 314 svpoeoy* * 7 . : * ‘snorzaunu stetreys : A1vA0 o[dumts parjeo-[ oq} wor eary XATVOQ

*paqoy you ‘euo ATUO of{4s : 7 IO G s[eIOg
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‘snopeyeddjod : paqoy you Areao : U0 [SIG

OFL ‘A TOFTIN-WALV A es See haz ‘sonenby | Japusys saavoy : ayeredos svursys ojissas pus ‘poqor-p L1wA0 ox} “ovo [SIT

9S1 ‘A MIODINVI-DIa ‘snopejodéqod : Aqsoy puw yorys soavoy : oeredes sopAys pue pousroy 40 poqo]-0g — ¢ A[deop Axeao oy} ynq ‘oUO [HST
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£63 “A TIV.L-S.davZit 7 . : ; ; * xdyeo Jo onqnsop ose ‘snopejede ‘syued-ysxeur : podeys-qreey soavory
oF ‘A ATII-URLVA 7 : i : : : : y ‘enopmedsjad ‘sonunbe : pedvys-j1eeq punor to oye4jod saavory

-ayeredos ‘G1-€ STHSIL

€€ ‘TX LOOMMONO ‘snfnounuey jo sopads owos pus snmsodfgy * ‘ * * ‘snopesaddjod ‘sqroq : snoseumnn ATeyuygaput ssi

SNHVOGNA TOL NAMVISON Ha
SdVHYdd LHDIN ANVITOA YVIGHL- WOU HOIHM SNHVOXT ASOHL OL AGM

ANALYTICAL KEY.

32

‘i XVTINS : : i ia ee il aD a (0) pail YIM ‘sqroy Jo sqnays Surat} ATJsou puv [eLyseLi8y,

‘A AUT “oxy SomTy, : : . “poT[20-g S1oTJUB : SUIQUIT[D Jou “sqAoy [VIIySOLIOT,

‘I GHAEM-ITAAMOId * i * ' * ‘ayyeds Jo 4103 B ULOIJ “Te[NJLII sso] 10 DIOUI SIaMOP : sqioy ovnby
“AIVAO OY} Woy ddI} XATBO

‘A LIG-S.NOUT * : oo 8 . : : : i : : : + ~ayqeds v urory stomog : syuerd onenby

“EWVA ° r ‘ “ ? 4 . 7 ‘sojorued Jo ‘soytds ‘souroovi UI SIOMOP []VUIS : s1OULANy ‘sjyuLld [eLysoriey,

‘snowesjod 10 snorerp sieMop : £1vA0 oy} YA JUataqoo xfTVO
‘quo Ajuo [ysId : xipeds ¥ UO Jou sIOMOT AT
‘i NIV Nv'Id-daLv. M 2 : a Apounstp eyo10a pue xATeo : Luvur 10 [eseaes spysid : xIpeds v Uo Jou sIOMOL
‘“E WONV ° i * 4 : uy 3 ‘oyyeds yuouruioid v yt pus ‘xipeds v uo poyids s1oMorT

‘SNHOOXH WOH NAM VLSOA
Gd@ LHOUN HOVIIOd WHHL WOU HOIHM SNHSOGNA WSOHL OL ATM

SERIES TI.

FLOWERING or PHAXNOGAMOUS PLANTS:

THosE which fructify by means of stamens and _pistils,
and produce true seeds.

Cuass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS
PLANTS: Distinguished -by having the wood or woody
matter of the stem all in a circle between pith and bark,
and in yearly layers when the stem is more than one year
old: also the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed
leaves (or several in Pines, &c.). Generally known at once
by having netted-veined leaves. Parts of the flower seldom
in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons,
p- 183. This class includes all our ordinary trees and
shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs.

Susciass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS: including all of the
class which have their seeds in a pericarp, or their ovules in
a closed ovary, i.e. all except the Pine and Cycas families.

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the families which
have, at least in some species, both calyx and corolla, the latter
with their petals separate, i. e. not at all united into one body. Yet
some plants of almost all these families have apetalous flowers.

1, RANUNCULACEA, CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular marks,
but may be known, on the whole, by having an acrid watery juice
(not milky or colored), numerous stamens, and usually more than
one pistil, all the parts of the flower separate from each other, and
inserted on the receptacle. The bulk of the seed is albumen, the
embryo being very small. The plants are herbs, or a few barely
shrubby. Many are cultivated for ornament. The following are
the common genera, with their chief distinctions.

$1. Sepals valvate or with their edges turned inward in the bud. Petals none or
minute. Pistils many, 1-seeded, b g akenes. Leaves opposite: the
plants mostly climbing by their leaf-stalks.
1, CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. Akenes
tipped with the persistent style or a part of it.

3

34 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

§.2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing, nor woody except in 8 and one of 20.
x» Pistils and akenes several or many in a head, 1-seeded.
+ Petals none: sepals petal-like.

2. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx.
Sepals 6 or more, oblong, resembling petals. Pistils 12-20. Stemless low
perennials, with rounded 3-lobed leaves and 1-flowered scapes.

8. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more opposite or whorled green leaves much
below the flower. Sepals 4-20. Pistils very many in a close head (or fewer
in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes. p

4. THALICTRUM. Involucre none, and stem-leaves all alternate, except in one
species intermediate between this genus and Anemone. Sepals 4 or more.
Pistils 4-15, forming several-augled or grooved akenes. Perennials. with
small flowers in panicles or umbels, most of them dicecious, and with
ternately compound or decompouud leaves.

+ + Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or more. Akenes naked, short-pointed.

5. ADONIS. Petals and sepals naked, no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes
in a head or short spike.

6. MYOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender
claw, which is hollow at its apex. Akeues in a long tail-shaped spike.

7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale ou the short
claw. Akenes in a head.

* « Pistils several, 2-ovuled, becoming 1-2-seeded pods or berries.

8. ZANTHORHIZA. Sepals 5, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, small,
2-lobed, on a claw. Stamens 6-10. Little pods 1-seeded. Undershrub,
with yellow wood and roots.

9. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, falling when the flower opens. Petals none. Fruit
berry-like. Low perennial.

*« «x Pistils several, few, or one, forming several-seeded pods or rarely berries.

+ Sepals (4 or 5) falling when the flower opens, petal-like. Petals minute, and with
claws, or none. Stamens numerous, while. Leaves ternately decumpuund.

10. ACTHA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick
raceme or cluster.
11. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes.

+ + Sepals not falling when the flower opens, in 15 and 20 persistent even till the
Sruit matures, in all the others petal-like and deciduous.

++ Petals none at all: flowers regular.
12. CALTHA. Sepals 5-9. Pods several. Leaves simple and undivided, rounded.

++ ++ Petals 5 or more inconspicuous nectar-bearing bodies, very much smaller than
the sepals: flower regular.

18. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5-many. Petals with a little hollow near the base.
Pods sessile. Leaves palmately parted and lobed.
14. COPTIS. Sepals 5-7. Petals club-shaped and tubular at the top. Pods
raised on slender stalks! Leaves with 8 leaflets.
15. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging and turning green after flow-
ering! Petals hollow and 2-lipped. Leaves palmately or pedately divided.
16. NIGELLA. Sepals 5. Petals 2-lobed. Pods 3-5 or more united below into
one! Annuals, with finely dissected leaves.
+++ +e Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals: flower regular.
17. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5. Pistils about 5, with slender styles, and forming
narrow pods. Perennials, with ternately compound or decompound leaves.
++ + te ++ Petals 2 or 4, much smaller than the 5 unequal sepals: i.e. the flower
irregular and unsymmetrical. Leaves palmately lve or parted. Pods 1-5,
18. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred; the spur enclosing the spurs of the
upper pair of petals: lower pair of petals spurless or wanting.
19. ACONITUM. Upper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet, covering the two
very long-clawed and peculiar little petals.

that ae ae oe Petals large and flat, of ordinary shape. Sepals herbaceous and
persistent! Flowers large, regular.
20. PAONIA. A fleshy disk surrounds the base of the 2 or more pistils, which

form leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Perennials
with compound or decompound leaves: one species shrubby. :

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35

1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN’S-BOWER. (Ancient Greek name.) 1} Orna-
mental climbers, the stalks of their leaves or leaflets clasping the support,
and with somewhat woody stems, or a few are erect herbs.

§1. Flowers (in spring) very large and widely open (3'—6! across), with usually

many small petals or petal-like altered stamens: leaflets in threes.

C. florida, Great-ru. C. Cult. from Japan, not hardy N.; the flower
3’ ~4' across, its 6 or more sepals broad-ovate and overlapping each other, white,
purplish, or with a purple centre of transformed stamens (var. S1zBoLp11) ;
leaves often twice compound.

C. patens, (also called C. c@RULEA, GRANDIFLORA, and various names
for varieties.) Cult. from Japan, hardy. Flower 5!-7! across, with 6-9 or
more oblong or lance-shaped sepals, blue, purple, &c. ; leaflets simply in threes.

C. verticillaris (or ArrAcens Americana), with flowers about 3! across,

of 4 bluish-purple sepals, is rather scarce in rocky woods or ravines N. and in
mountainous parts.

§ 2. Flowers (in summer) preity -large, of only 4 sepals, and no petals whatever,
not white, solitary on the pabed | peduncle as in §1.
% Leaves (except the uppermost) pinnate or of 3 or more leaflets : climbers.

C. Viticélla, Vinz-Bower C. Cult. from Eu.; « hardy climber, with .
flower 2-3! across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, thin, either purple or
blue; akenes with short naked points. ‘

C. gravéolens. Heavy-scenrep C. Cult. from Thibet, recently intro-
duced, very hardy ; with open yellow flowers 13! across, long and feathery tails
to the akenes, and sharp-pointed leaflets.

C. Vidrna, Leatuer-rFLowrrEp C. Wild from Penn. and Ohio S., in
moist soil; flower of very thick leathery sepals, purple or purplish, 1’ long or
more, erect, and with the narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with
very feathery tails.

x « Leaves simple, entire, sessile: low erect herbs: tails feathery.

C. integrifolia, Extire-reavep C. Cult. from Eu., sparingly. Stem
simple ; leaves oval or oblong; flower blue, 1’ long.

G. ochroletica, Pare C. Wild from Staten Island 8., but scarce, has
ovate silky leaves and a dull silky flower.

§3. Flowers (in summer) small, white, panicled, succeeded by feathery-tailed akenes.

C. récta, Upricur Virern’s-Bownr. Cult. from Eu. Nearly erect herb,
3° 4° hich, with large panicles of white flowers, in early summer ; leaves pin-
nate ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire. oak

C. Fl4mmula, Sweer-scentep V. Cult. from Eu. Climbing freely,
with copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer ; leaflets 3-5 or more, of
various shapes, often lobed or cut. ere : ; ee

C. Virginiana, Common Witp V. Climbing high, with dicecious flow-
ers late in summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed. ;

2. HEPATICA, LIVER-LEAF, HEPATICA. (Shape of the 3-lobed
leaves likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. \. The
involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is most
likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the colored sepals for petals.

H. triloba, Rounp-tosep H. Leaves with 3 broad and rounded lobes,
appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the winter; stalks hairy ;
flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, common E. Full double-
flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult. from Eu. :

H. acutiloba, Suarp-topep H. Wild from Vermont W.; has pointed
lobes to the leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers.

3. ANEMONE, ANEMONY, WIND-FLOWER. (Fancifully so named
by the Greeks, because growing in windy places, or blossoming at the windy
season, it is doubtful which.) lf Erect herbs, with all the stem-leaves above
and opposite or whorled, forming the involucre or involucels. Peduncles
1-flowered.

36 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

§ 1. Long hairy styles form feathery tails to the alkenes, like those of Virgin’s-
Bower: fl. large, purple, in early spring. The genus PULSATILLA of some
authors.

A. Pulsatilla, Pasquz-riower, of Europe. Cult. in some flower-gar-
dens ; has the root-leaves finely thrice-pinnately divided or cut; otherwise much
like the next. ;

A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, Witp P. On the plains N. W.; the
handsome purple or purplish flower (2/ or more across when open) rising from
the cround on a low soft-hairy stem (3! - 6’ high), with an involucre of many
very narrow divisions ; the leaves from the root appearing later, and twice or
thrice-ternately divided and cut.

§ 2. Short styles not making long tails, but only naked or hairy tips.

* Garden Axemontss, from S. Eu., with tuberous roots and very large flowers.

A. coronaria, with leaves cut into many fine lobes, and 6 or more broad
oval sepals, also Ws

A. horténsis, with leaves less cut into broader wedge-shaped divisions and
lobes, and many longer and narrow sepals, — are the originals of the showy,
mostly double or semi-double, great-flowered GARDEN ANEMONIES, Of all col-
ors, red in the wild state, — not fully hardy, treated like bulbs.

«% % Wild species, smaller-flowered.

+ Pistils very many, forming a dense woolly head in fruit: leaves of the involucre
‘long-petioled, compound : flowers of 5 small greenish-white sepals, silky beneath :
stem 2°- 8° high.

A. cylindrica, Loye-rruitep A. Involucre several-leaved surrounding
several long naked peduncles; fi. late in spring (in dry soil N. & W.), followed
by a cylindrical head of fruit.

A. Virginiana, Vircixtan A. Involucre 3-leaved; peduncles formed in
succession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others bearing 2 leaves
(involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more peduncles, and so on :
head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods and meadows.

+ + Pistils fewer, not woolly in fruit: flower 1' or more broad.

A. Pennsylvanica, Pexnsyivanran A. Stem 1° high, bearing an invo-
lucre of 3 wedge-shaped 3-cleft and cut sessile leaves, and a naked peduncle, then
2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their middle, and so on; 1. white,
in summer. (Lessons, fig. 179.) Alluvial ground, N. & W.

A. nemordsa, Woon A. Stem 4/-10! high, bearing an involucre of 3
long-petioled leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and a single short-peduncled flower ; sepals
white, or purple outside. "Woodlands, early spring.

4. ‘THALICTRUM, MEADOW-RUE. (Old name, of obscure deriva-
a The following are the common wild species, in woodlands and low
grounds.

§ 1. Flowers perfect, few, in an umbel: resembling an Anemone: sepals 5-10.

T. anemonoides, Rur-Anemone. A very smooth and delicate little
plant, growing with Wood Anemone, which it resembles in having no stem-
leaves except those that form an involucre around the umbel of white (rarely
pinkish) flowers, appearing in early spring; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed at the
end, long-stalked ; ovaries many-grooved, and with a flat-topped sessile stigma :
otherwise it would rank as an Anemone.

§ 2. Flowers mostly dicecious and not handsome, small, in loose compound panicles ;
the 4or 5 sepals falling early: stiymas slender: akenes several-grooved and
angled: leaves ternately decompound (Lessons, fig. 138), all alternate ; the upper-
most not forming an involucre.

T. dioicum, Barty Meapow-Rur. Herb glaucous, 1°- 2° high; flow-
ers greenish, in early spring ; the yellowish linear anthers of the sterile plant
hieugiog on long capillary filaments: leaves all on general petioles. Rocky
woods.

T. purpurascens, Purriisu M. Later, often a little downy, 2°- 4°

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 37

high ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole; flowers greenish and pur-
pent oe short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly rather thickened
aments, ;
T. Corntti, Tar M. Herb 4°-8° high; stem-leaves not raised on a
general petiole ; flowers white, in summer ; anthers oblong, not drooping; the
white filaments thickened upwards. Low or wet ground,

5. ADONIS. (The red-flowered species fabled to spring from the blood
of Adonis, killed by a wild boar.) Stems leafy ; fewer finely much cut
tnto very narrow divisions. Cult. from Europe for ornament.

A. autumnalis, Pueasant’s-eve A. @ Stems near 1° high, it or the
branches terminated by a small flower, of 5-8 scarlet or crimson petals, com-
monly dark at their base. Has run wild in Tennessee. :

A. vernalis, Sprine A. \} Stems about 6’ high, bearing a large showy
flower, of 10-20 lanceolate light-yellow petals, i

in early spring.
6. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). @
M. minimus. An insignificant little plant. wild or run wild along streams
from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, and scapes l/ ~3' high,
bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail-like spike of fruit of 1/-2!
long, in spring and summer.

7. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for
a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A large
genus of wild plants, except the double-tlowered varieties of three species cult.
in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, p. 183, fig. 358 - 361.)

§ 1. Aquatic ; the leaves all or mostly under water, and repeatedly dissected into

many capillary divisions: flowering all summer.

R. aquatilis, Warre Warer-Crowroor. Capillary leaves collapsing
into a tuft when drawn out of the water; petals small, white, or only yellow at
the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but no scale: akenes wrinkled
crosswise.

R. divaricatus, Stirr W. Like the last, but less common; the leaves
stiff and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) when
drawn out of water.

R. multifidus, Yertow W. Leaves under water much as those of the
White Water Crowfoots, or rather larger ; but the bright yellow petals as large
as those of Common Buttercups, and, like them, with a little scale at the base.
(Formerly named R. Porsui1, &c.)

§ 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, but naturally growing with the foliage out of

water : petals with the little scalé at the base, yellow in all the wild species.
* Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor striate on the sides. I

+ Srearwort Crowroors; growing in very wet places, with mostly entire and

narrow leaves: fl. all summer.

R. alismeefolius. Stems ascending, 1°-2° high; leaves lanceolate or the
lowest oblong ; flower fully 4/ in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straight and
slender style.

R. Flammula. Smaller than the last, and akenes short-pointed; rare
N., but very common along borders of ponds and rivers is the

Var. réptans, or Crerrine S., with slender stems creeping a few inches in
length ; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1! long ; flower only 4! broad.

+ + SMALL-FLOWERED CROwFooTs; in wet or moist places, with upper
leaves 3-parted or divided, and very small flowers, the petals shorter or not longer
than the calyx: fl. spring and summer,

R. abortivus, Smaui-rFLowERED C. Very smooth and slender, 6! - 2°

high ; ‘root-leaves rounded, crenate ; akenes in a globular head. Shady places,

along watercourses. :
R. sceleratus, Cursep C. So called because the juice is very acrid and
blistering ; stouter than the last and thicker-leaved, equally smooth, even the

38 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

root-leaves lobed or cut; akenes in an oblong or cylindrical head. In water
or very wet places.

R. recurvatus, Hoox-stytep C. Hairy, 1°-2° high ; leaves all 3-cleft
and long-petioled, with broad wedge-shaped 2-3-lobed divisions ; akenes in a
globular head, with long recurved styles. Woods. :

R. Pennsylvanicus, Bristiy C. Bristly hairy, coarse and stout, 2°-
8° high; leaves all 3-divided; the divisions stalked, again 3-cleft, sharply cut
and toothed; akenes in an oblong head, tipped with a short straight style.
Along’ streams.

+ + + Burrercurs or Common Crowroots, with bright yellow corolla,

about 1' in diameter, much laryer than the calyx ; leares all once and often twice
3 - 5-divided or cleft, usually hairy ; head of akenes globular.
++ Natives of the country, low or spreading.

R. fascicularis, Earty «B. Low, about 6’ high, without runners, ow
rocky hills in early spring; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; petals
rather narrow and distant; akenes scarcely edged, slender-beaked.

R. répens, Creerinc B. Everywhere common in very wet or moist
places, flowering in spring and summer; immensely variable; stem soon as-
cending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer; leaves more
coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last; petals obovate; akenes sharp-
edged and stout-beaked.

++ ++ Introduced weeds from Europe, common in fields, Sc., especially E.: stem

erect: leaves much cut.

R. bulboésus, Butzovs B. Stem about 1° high from a solid bulbous
base nearly as large as a hickory nut; calyx reflexed when the very bright yel-
low and showy large corolla expands, in late spring.

R. acris, Tatu B. Stem 2°-8° high, no bulbous base; calyx only
spreading when the lighter yellow corolla expands, in summer. Commoner
than the last, except E. A full double-flowered variety is cult. in gardens,
forming golden-yellow balls or buttons.

+ + + + Garpen Ranuncuruses. Besides the double variety of the last,

the choice Double Ranunculuses of the florist come from the two following.

R. Asiaticus, of the Levant; with 3-parted leaves and flowers nearly 2!
broad, resembling Anemonies, yellow, or of various colors. Not hardy N.
R. aconitifolius, of Eu., taller, smooth, with 5-parted leaves, and smaller
white flowers, the full double called Farr Maips or France.
: * « Akenes striate or ribbed down the sides. @

R. Cymbalaria, Sea-sipz Crowroor. A little plant, of sandy shores
of the sea and Great Lakes, &c., smooth, with naked flowering stems 2'- 6! high,
and long runners ; leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, coarsely crenate; flowers
small, in summer.

8. ZANTHORHIZA, SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. (Name composed
of the two Greek words for yellow and root.) Only one species, i

Z. apiifolia. A shrubby plant, 1°-2° high, with deep yellow wood and
roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 5 cut-toothed or
lobed leaflets, and drooping compound racemes of small daik or dull-purple
flowers, in early spring, followed by little 1-seeded pods: grows in damp, shady
places along the Alleghanies.

9. HYDRASTIS, ORANGE-ROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON. (Name
from the Greek, probably meaning that the root or juice of the plant is dras-
tic.) \ <A single-species,

H. Canadénsis. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5 - 7-lobed
root-leaf, and a stem near 1° high, bearing one or two alternate smaller leaves
above, just below the single small flower. The 3 greenish sepals fall from the
bud, leaving the many white stamens and little head of pistils , the latter grow
pulpy, and produce a crimson fruit resembling a raspberry. Rich woods, from

ew York, W. & S. 5

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 389

10. ACT ASA, BANEBERRY. (The old Greek name of the Elder, from
some likeness in the leaves.) 4 Fi. in spring, ripening the berries late in
summer: growing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves ovate
sharply cleft, and cut-toothed. ‘
A. spicata, var. rubra, Rep Baneserry. Flowers in a very short

ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels; berries red.

A. alba, Wuire Baneserry. Taller than the other, smoother, and
flowering a week or two Jater, with an oblong raceme; pedicels in fruit very

thick, turning red, the berries white. 3:

il. CIMICIFUGA, BUGBANE. (Latin name, meaning to drive away
bugs.) | Like Baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (1° ~ 3°), and
dry pods instead of berries ; fl. in summer.

C. racemosa, Tart B. or Brack Syageroor. Stem with the long
raceme 4°- 8° high; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma; short pod
holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods.

C. Americana, American B. More slender, only 2°-4° high; pis-
tils 5, with slender style and minute stigma; pods raised from the receptacle
on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies from
Penn. §.; fi. late summer.

12. CALTHA, MARSH-MARIGOLD. (Old name, from a word mean-
ing goblet, of no obvious application.) 1, One common species, —

C. palustris, Marsu-Maricoxtp, wrongly called Cowsxuips in the
country. Stem 1°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat kid-
ney-shaped entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy yellow calyx,
about 1}/ across; followed by a‘cluster of many-seeded pods. Marshes, in
spring ; young plant boiled for “ greens.”

18. TROLLIUS, GLOBE-FLOWER. (Name of obscure meaning.)
Flower large, like that of Caltha, but sepals not spreading except in our
wild species; a row of small nectary-like petals around the stamens, and the
leaves deeply palmately cleft or parted. \ FI. spring.

T. laxus, Witp G. Sepals only 5 or 6, spreading wide open, yellowish
or dull greenish-white; petals very small, seeming like abortive stamens.
Swamps, N. & W.

T. Huropeus, True or Evropman G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20)
broad and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing as if semi-

double. Cult. from Ku.
T. Asiaticus, Asiatic G. Like the last, but flower rather more open

and deep orange yellow. Cult. from Siberia.

14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (From Greek word to cut, from the
divided leaves.) 1} The only common species is, —

C. trifolia, TureE-Leavep G. A delicate little plant, in bogs and damp
cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers (smaller than
those of Wood Ancmony) on slender scapes, followed by slendcr-stalked leaves
of three wedge-shaped leaflets; these become bright-shining in summer, and last
over winter. The‘roots or underground shoots are of long and slender yellow
fibres, used as a popular medicine.

15. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name, alludes to the
poisonous properties.) European plants, with pedate leaves and pretty
large flowers, in early spring.

Hi. viridis, Green H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and
2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers: run wild in a few places E.

HI. niger, Buack H., the flower called Curtstmas Rose (because flow-
ering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers (2/ -3!
across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than the shining
evergreen leaves, in earliest spring. Rare in gardens.

40 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

16. NIGELLA, FENNEL-FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) @
Garden plants from Eu. and Orient; with leafy stems, the leaves finely di-
vided, like Fennel; known by having the 5 ovaries united below into one
5-styled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spicy ; have been used as a substitute
for spice or pepper.

N. Damascéna, Common F. or Racesp-Lapy. Flower bluish, rather
large, surrounded and overtopped by a finely-divided leafy involucre, like the
other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining
of the cells separates from the outer part. _

N. sativa, Nurmec-Frowzr. Cult. in some old gardens; has coarser
leaves, and smaller rough pods.

17. AQUILEGIA, COLUMBINE. (From aquila, an eagle, the spurs of
the petals fancied to resemble talons.) Y Well-known, large-flowered
ornamental plants: flowers in spring and early summer, usually nodding, so
that the spurs ascend.

% North American species, with long straight spurs to the corolla.

A. Canadénsis, Witp C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and orange,
or light yellow inside, the petals with a very short lip or, blade, and stamens
projecting. Common on rocks. .

A. Skinneri, Mexican C., is taller, later, and considerably larger-flow-
ered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish; otherwise
very similar. Cult.

A. czrtilea, Lonc-spurrep C., native of the Rocky Mountains, lately
introduced to gardens, and worthy of special attention; has blue and white
flowers, the ovate sepals often 14’, the very slender spurs 2' long, the blade of
the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly blue) sepals, spreading.

# * Old World species, with hooked or incurved spurs to the corolla.

A. vulgaris, Common Garpen C. Cult. in all gardens, 1°- 3° high,
many-flowered ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal; pods
pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, &c., greatly changed
by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes all changed
into a rosette of plane petals or sepals.

A. glandulosa, GranpuLar C. A more choice species, 6’—1° high,
with fewer very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or white-
tipped and twice the length of the short spurs; pods and summit of the plant
glandular-pubescent.

A. Sibirica, Srpertan C. Equally choice with the last, and like it;
but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well as the
pods, &c. smooth.

18. DELPHINIUM, LARKSPUR. (From the Latin name of the dol-
phin, alluding to the shape of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked
flower of this genus is illustrated in Lessons, p. 91, 94, fig. 183, 184, 192.

* Garden annuals from Eu., with only the 2 upper petals, united into one body, one
pistil, and leaves finely and much divided: fl. summer and fall.

D. Consdlida, Frexrp L. Escaped sparingly into roadsides and ficlds ;
flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink or white;
pod smooth.

D. Ajacis, Rocker L. More showy, in gardens, and with similar flowers
crowded in a long close raceme, and downy pods; spur shorter : some marks on
the front of the united petals were fancied to read AIAI = Ajax.

* * Perennials, with 4 separate petals and 2-5, mostly 3 pistils.

D. grandiflorum, Great-rt. L. of the gardens, from Siberia and China,
is 19- 2° hieh, with leaves cut into narrower linear divisions ; blue flowers, 13!
or more across. with ample oval sepals, and the 2 lower petals rounded and
entire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer.

D. cheilanthum, of which D. rorwosum, Snowy L., is one of the
various garden forms, also Siberian, is commonly still larger-flowered, deep

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 41

blue, with lower petals also entire or nearly so; the mostly downy leaves have
fewer and lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions; is now much mixed and
crossed with others : summer. ;

D. aztireum, Azure L. Wild S. & W., often downy, 1°-8° high, with
narrow linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small,
azure, pale-blue, or sometimes white flowers, in spring ; sepals and 2-cleft lower
petals oblong. War. with full-double flowers in gardens: summer.

D. tricorne, Dwarr Wixtp L. Open woods from Penn. W. & S8.:
about 1° high from a branched tuberous root; has broader lincar lobes to the
leaves, and a loose raceme of few or several rather large showy flowers, deep
blue or sometimes white, in spring ; sepals and cleft lower petals oblong ; pods
strongly diverging. :

D. exaltatum, Tati Win L., is the wild species (from Penn. W. & S.)
most resembling the next, 3°-5° high, but the less handsome flowers and
panicled racernes hoary or downy: fl. summer. *

D. elatum, Bur Larkspur. Cult. from Eu.: 3°-6° high, with broad
leaves 5 -7-cleft beyond the middle, and the divisions cut into sharp lobes or
teeth ; many flowers (in summer) in a long wand-like raceme, blue or purplish ;
the 2-cleft lower petals prominently yellowish-bearded in the common garden
Ap eae are many varieties and mixtures with other species, some double-

lowered.

19. ACONITUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An-
cient name.) \f Root thick, tuberous or turnip-shaped, a virulent poison
and medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft and cut-lobed. Flowers
showy: the large upper sepal from its shape is called the casque or helmet.
Under it are two long-stalked queer little bodies which answer for petals.
See Lessons, p. 92, fig. 185, 186, 193. ‘The following are all cult. from Eu.
for ornament, except the first: fl. summer.

A. uncinatum, Win A. or Mowxsnoop. Stem slender, 3°~ 5°, erect,
but bending over above, as if inclined to climb; leaves cleft or parted into
3-5 ovate or wedge-lanccolate cut-toothed lobes; flowers loosely panicled, blue ;
the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor turned down.
Low grounds, from Penn. 8. &

A. variegatum, Vanizcarep A. Erect; leaves divided to the base
into rather broad-lobed and cut divisions ; flowers in a loose panicle or raceme,
blue and often variegated with white or whitish ; the helmet considerably higher
than wide, its top curved forward, its pointed visor ascending or horizontal.

A. Napellus, True Monxsnoop or Orricinan AconiTE. Erect,
from a turnip-shaped root ; leaves divided to the base and then 2~8 times cleft
into linear lobes ; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue (also a white variety) ;
helmet broad and low. vA

A. Anthora, a low species, with very finely divided leaves, and crowded
yellow flowers, the broad helmet rather high, occurs in some old gardens.

20. PAIONIA, PONY. (Ancient name, after a Greek physician, Peon.)
Y Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult. from the Old World.
Leaves ternately decompound. Roots thickened below.

* Herbs, with single-flowered stems, in spring, and downy pods.

P. officinalis, Common P. Very smooth, and with large coarsely di-
vided green leaves ; the great flowers red, white, &c., single or very double.

P. peregrina, of Eu., in the gardens called P. parop6xa, has leaves
glaucous and more or less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last,
rose-red, &c., generally full double, and petals cut and fringed. ;

P, tenuifdlia, SLenper-Leaven P. of Siberia, is low, with early crimson-
red flowers, and natrow linear divisions to the leaves.

«% * Herbs, with several-flowered stems, in summer, and smooth pods.
P. albiflora, Warre-rv. or Fracrant P., or Carnes P. Very smooth

about 3° high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-colored, often sweet-
scented, rather small flowers, single, also double, and with purple varieties.

42 MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

* * % Shrubby: fl. in spring and early summer.

P. Moutan, Tren Pmony, of China. Stems 2°-3° high; leaves pale
and glaucous, ample; flowers very large (6/ or more across), white with purple
base, or rose-color, single or double; the disk, which in other species is a mere
ring, in this forms a thin-fleshy sac or covering, enclosing the 5 or more ovaries,
but bursting, and falling away as the pods grow.

2. MAGNOLIACEA, MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with aromatic bitter bark, simple mostly entire
alternate leaves, and solitary flowers; the sepals and petals on the
receptacle and usually in threes, but together occupying more than
two ranks, and imbricated in the bud; pistils and mostly the sta-
mens numerous, the latter with adnate anthers (Lessons, p. 113, fig.
233); and seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel; the embryo small in
albumen. :

I. Stipules to the leaves forming the bud-scales, and falling early.
Flowers perfect, large. Stamens and pistils many on a long recep-
tacle or axis, the carpels imbricated over each other and cohering
into a macs, forming a sort of cone in fruit. These are the charac-
ters of the true Magnolia Family, of which we have two genera.

1. LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla bell-shaped, of 6 broad green-
‘ish-orange petals. Stamens almost equalling the petals, with slender fila-
ments, and long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form,
closely packed over each other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating
and falling away from the slender axis ; the wing-like portion answering to
style; the small seed-bearing cell at the base and indebiscent. Leaf-buds

flat : stipules free from the petiole,

2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any fil-
aments: anthers opening inwards. Carpels becoming fleshy in fruit and
forming a red or rose-colored cone, each when ripe (in autumn) splitting
down the back and discharging 1 or 2 coral-red berry-like seeds, which hang
on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules united with the base of the petiole,
fulling as the leaves unfold.

II. Stipules none. Here are two Southern plants which have
been made the representatives of as many small orders.
8. ILLICIUM. Flowers perfect. Petals 9-30. Stamens many, separate. Pis-
tils several in one row, forming ring of almost woody little pods.
4. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers monecious. Petals mostly 6. Stamens 5, united
into a disk or button-shaped body, which bears 10 anthers on the edges of

the 5 lobes. Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered
red berries.

1. LIRIODENDRON, TULIP-TREE (which is the meaning of the
botanical name in Greek). Only one species,

L. Tulipifera. A tall, very handsome tree, in rich soil, commonest W.;
where it, or the light and soft lumber (much used in cabinct-work), is called
WuitTE-woop, and even Poptar; planted for ornament; fl. late in spring,
ered ee greenish and orange. Leaves with 2 short side-lobes, and the end
as if cut off.

2. MAGNOLIA. (Named for the botanist Magnol.) Some species are
called UMBRELLA-TREES, from the way the leaves are placcd on the end of
the shoots ; others, CucumBEr-rRuxs, from the appearance of the young fruit.

* Native trees of this country, often planted for ornament,
M. grandifiora, Great-rLowerep Magwotta of S., half-hardy in the

Middle States. The only perfectly evergreen species ; splendid tree with

CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY, 43

coriaceous oblong or obovate leaves, shining above, mostly rusty beneath; the
flowers very fragrant, white, very much larger than the next, in. spring.

M. glatica, Smaut M. or Sweer Bay. Wild in swamps N. to New Jersey
and Mass.; a shrub or small tree, with the oblong obtuse leaves white or
glaucous beneath, and globular white and fragrant flowers (2'- 3! wide), in
summer. The leaves are thickish and almost evergreen, quite so far south.

M. acuminata, Cucumper M. or Cucumper-trex. Wild from N. Y.
W. &S.; a stately tree, with the leaves thin, green, oblong, acute or pointed
at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and pale yellowish-green flowers
(3' broad), late in spring.

M. cordata, Yertow Cucumser M., of Georgia, hardy even in New
England; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or oval, seldom
cordate ; and the flowers lemon-yellow.

M. macrophylla, Grear-teavep M., of Carolina, nearly hardy N. to
Mass. A small tree, with leaves very large (2°-3° long), obovate-oblong with
a cordate base, downy and white beneath, and an immense open-bellshaped
white flower (8/-12' widé when outspread), somewhat fragrant, in early sum-
mer; petals ovate, with a purple spot at the base.

M. Umbrélla, Umpretra M. (also called M. rrtpéTaa). Wild in Penn.
and southward. A low tree, with the leaves on the end of the flowering
branches crowded in an umbrella-like circle, smooth and green both sides, obo-
vate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 1°- 2° long, surrounding a large white
flower, in spring; the petals 24/-—3! long, obovatc-lanceolate and acute, nar-
rose) at the base; the ovate-oblong cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red,
4/— 5! long.

M. Fraseri, Ear-teavep Umpretzia M. (also called M. auntcuvAra).
Wild from Virginia S., hardy as the last, and like it; but a taller tree, with the
leaves seldom 1° long and auricled on each side at the base, the white obovate-
spatulate petals more narrowed below into a claw ; cone of fruit smaller.

% * Chinese and Japanese species.

M. conspicua, Yuuan of the Chinese, half-hardy in N. States. A small
tree, with very large white flowers appearing before any of the leaves, which
are obovate. pointed, and downy when young.

M. Soulangeana is a hybrid of this with the next, more hardy and the
petals tinged with purple. .

M. purptrea, Purrte M. of Japan, hardy N. A shrub, the showy
flowers (pink-purple outside, white within) beginning to appear before the leaves,
which are obovate or oval, and bright dark green.

8. ILLICIUM, STAR-ANISE. (From a Latin word, meaning to entice.)
Shrubs, aromatic, especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves.

T. anisatum, of China, which yields an oil of anise, has small yellowish
flowers, is rare in greenhouses.

T. Floridanum, Witp Aviss-rree, of Florida, &.; has larger dark
purple flowers, of 20-30 narrow petals, in spring.

4. SCHIZANDRA. (Name from two Greek words, means cut-stamens.)

S. coccinea, a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely at all aromatic, with
thin ovate or oblong leaves, and small crimson-purple flowers, in spring.

3. ANONACEA, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and 6 petals in two sets, each set
valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the receptacle, sur-
rounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruit containing
large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small; the albumen which
forms the bulk of the kernel appears as if cut up into small pieces.
Foliage and properties resembling Magnolia Family, but seldom
aromatic, and no stipules. All tropical, except the single genus

44 BARBERRY FAMILY.

1. ASIMINA, PAPAW of U.S. (Creole name.) Petals greenish or
yellowish, becoming dark dull purple as they enlarge; the 3 inner small.
Pistils few in the centre of the globular head of anthers, making one or
more large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and eatable when over-ripe in autumn.
Flowers in early spring preceding the leaves.

A. triloba, Common Paraw (wholly different from the true Papaw of W.
Ind.), is a shrub or small tree, wild W. & S. and sometimes planted, with obo-
yate-lanceolate leaves, and banana-shaped fruit 3’ — 4’ long.

A. parviflora, is a small-flowered, and A. grandiflora a large-flowered
species of S. E. States, both small-fruited, and A. pygmeea is a dwarf one
with nearly evergreen leaves far South.

4, MENISPERMACEZ, MOONSEED FAMILY.

Woody or partly woody twiners, with small dicecious flowers;
their sepals and petals much alike, and one before the other (usu-
ally 6 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2-3 times as
many stamens; and 2-6 pistils, ripening into 1-seeded little stone-
fruits or drupes; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled or
ridged ring; the embryo curved with the stone. Leaves palmate
or peltate: no stipules. Anthers commonly 4-lobed.

1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 6.
2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 6 or 8. Stamens in sterile flowers 12 - 20.

1, COCCULUS. (Name means a little berry.) Only one species in U. S.

C. Carolinus, Carotrna C. Somewhat downy ; leaves ovate or heart-
shaped, entire or sinuate-lobed ; flowers greenish, in summer; fruits red, as
large as peas. From Virginia 8. & W.

2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSEED. (Name from the shape of the
stone of the fruit.) Only one species,

M. Canadénse, Canapran Moonsrep. Almost smooth; leaves peltate
near the edge; tlowers white, in late summer; fruits black, looking like small
grapes.

5. BERBERIDACEA, BARBERRY FAMILY.

Known generally by the perfect flowers, having a petal before
each sepal, and a stamen before each petal, with anthers opening
by a pair of valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons,
p- 114, fig. 236), and a single simple pistil. But No. 6 has nu-
merous stamens, 5 and 6 have more petals than sepals, and the
anthers of 2 and 6 open lengthwise, in the ordinary way. There
are commonly bracts or outer sepals behind the true ones. All blos-
som in spring, or the true Barberries in early summer.

* Shrubs or shrubby: stamens 6 : berry few-seeded.

1. BERBERIS. Flowers yellow, in racemes: petals with two deep-colored spots
at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood and inner bark yellow.
Leaves with sharp bristly or spiny teeth.

2. NANDINA. Flowers white, in panicles : anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves
twice or thrice pinnate.

# * Perennial herbs.
+ With one to three twice or thrice ternately compound leaves.

8. EPIMEDIUM. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod several-
seeded. Leaflets with bristly teeth.

BARBERRY FAMILY. 45

4. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much
shorter than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the
two ovules to develop into naked berry-like, or rather amape Uke, spherical
seeds on thick stalks.

++ With simply 2-9-parted leaves, and solitary white flowers: sepals falling when
the blossum opens. ' Seeds numerous, parietal. Pistils rarely more than one !

5. JEFFERSONIA. Flower ona scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves.
Petals (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a
cross-line half-way round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an
aril on one side.

6. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 5 ~9-parted
leaves: root-leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals
6-9, large and broad. Stamens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large and
a he eatable berry ; the seeds imbedded in the pulp of the large parietal
placenta.

1. BERBERIS, BARBERRY. (Old Arabic name.) The two sorts or
sections have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera.

§ 1. Trur BarBeERRry ; with simple leaves, clustered in the axil of compound spines.

B. vulgaris, Common B. of Eu. Planted, and run wild in thickets and
by roadsides; has drooping many-flowered racemes, and oblong red and sour
berries ; leaves obovate-oblong, fringed with closely-set bristly teeth, with a joint
in the very short petiole (like that in an orange-leaf), clustered in the axils of
triple or multiple spines, which answer to leaves of the shoot of the previous
season (see Lessons, p. 51, fig. 78).

B. Canadénsis, Witp B. In the Alleghanies from Virginia S., and rarely
cult., a low bush, with few-flowered racemes, oval red berries, and less bristly
or toothed leaves.

§ 2. Manonra; with pinnate and evergreen leaves, spiny-toothed leaflets, and
clustered racemes of early spring flowers: berries blue or black with a
bloom. Planted for ornament.

B. Aquifolium, Hotty B. or Manonta, from Oregon, &c., rises to
8°—4° high ; leaflets 5 ~ 9, shining, finely reticulated.

B. repens, Creurine or Low M., from Rocky Mountains, is more hardy,
rises only 1° or less, and has rounder, usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets.

B. nervosa, also called eLumAcga, from the husk-like long and pointed
bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above the ground ;
leaflets 11-21, along the strongly-jointed stalk, lance-ovate, several-ribbed from
the base. Also from Oregon.

B. Japénica, Jaran M., tall, rising fully 6° high, the rigid leaflets with
only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side, is coming into ornamental grounds.

2. NANDINA. (The native Japanese name.) A single species, viz.

N. doméstica. Cult. in cool greenhouse, &c., from Japan: very com-
pound large leaves : the berries more ornamental than the blossoms.

3. EPIMEDIUM, BARREN-WORT.. (Old Greek name, of uncertain

meaning.) Low herbs, with neat foliage: cult. for ornament. ‘

BE. Alpinum, of European Alps, has a panicle of odd-looking small flowers ;
the yellow petals not larger than the reddish sepals. ;

Ez. macranthum, Larcs-rtowrrep E. of Japan, with similar foliage,
has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals.

4. CAULOPHYLLUM, COHOSH. The only species of the genus is

C. thalictroides, Biuz Conosn. Wild in woods, with usually only one
stem-leaf and that close to the top of the naked stem (whence the name of the
genus, meaning stem-lea/), and thrice ternate, but, having no common petiole, it
looks like three leaves ; and there is a larger and more compound radical leaf,
with a long petiole. The leaves are glancous and resemble those of Thalictrum
(as'the specific name indicates), but the leaflets are larger. Seeds very hard,
with a thin blue pulp.

46 WATER-LILY FAMILY.

5. JEFFERSONIA, TWIN-LEAF. (Named for Thomas Jefferson.)

J. diphylla, sometimes called RuEUMATISM-ROOT. Wild in rich woods,
W. &S., sometimes cult.; the pretty white flower and the leaves both long-
stalked, from the ground, appearing in early spring.

6. PODOPHYLLUM, MAY-APPLE, or MANDRAKE. (Name means
foot-leaf, the 5 - 7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.) -

P. peltatum. Wild in rich soil: the long running rootstocks ‘(which are
poisonous and medicinal) send up in spring some stout stalks terminated by a-
large, 7 ~ 9-lobed, regular, umbrella-shaped leaf (i. e. peltate in the middle), and
some which bear two one-sided leaves (peltate near their inner edge), with al ree
white flower nodding in the fork. The sweet pulpy fruit as large as a pullet’s
egg, ripe in summer : rarely 2 or more to one flower.

6. NYMPHAACE, WATER-LILY FAMILY. ©

Aquatic perennial herbs, with the leaves which float on the
surface of the water or rise above it mostly peltate or roundish-
heart-shaped, their margins inrolled in the bud, long-petioled ; axil-
lary 1-flowered peduncles; sepals and petals hardly ever 5, the
latter usually numerous and imbricated in many rows. The genera
differ so widely in their botanical characters that they must be
described separately. One of them is the famous Amazon Water-
Lily, Vicrorta REGIA, with floating leaves 3 feet or more in diam-
eter, and the magnificent flowers almost in proportion; while the
dull flowers of Water-shield are only half an inch long.

1. BRASENIA. Sepals and petals each 8 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull pur-
ple. Stamens 12-18: filaments slender. Pistils 4-18, forming indehiscent
1-3-seeded pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly
on the dorsal suture! Embryo, &c. as in Water-Lily.

2. NELUMBIUM. Sepals and petals many and passing gradually into each other,
deciduous. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, the upper part of which
is enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a dozen or more ovaries, each
tipped with a flat stigma and separately immersed in as many hollows. (Les-
sons, p. 126, fig. 284.) In fruit these form I-seeded nuts, resembling small
acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pair of fleshy and farina-
ceous cotyledons enclosing a plumule of 2 or 3 rudimentary green leaves.

8. NYMPHAEA. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, many times 4, pass-
ing somewhat gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. 99, fig. 198):
both organs grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former
to its sides which they cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit.
Around a little knob at the top of the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as
in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow incurved lobes. Fruit like the .
ovary enlarged, still covered by the decaying persistent bases of the petals:
numerous seeds cover the partitions. Ripe seeds each in an arillus or bag
open at the top. (Lessons, p. 135, fig. 318.) Embryo, like that of Nelumbium
on a very small scale, but enclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the
rest of which is mealy albumen. .

4. NUPHAR. Sepals usually 6 or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small
and thickish bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous
short stamens. Ovary naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by
stigmas, fleshy in fruit: the internal structure as in Nympheea, only there is
no arillus to the seeds.

1. BRASENIA, WATER-SHIELD. (Name unexplained.) One species,

B. peltata. In still, rather deep water : stems rising to the surface, slen-
der, coated with clear jelly, bearing floating oval centrally-peltate leaves (2! — 3!
long), and purplish small flowers, produced all summer.

2. NELUMBIUM, NELUMBO. (Ceylonese name.) Rootstocks inter-
rupted and tuberous, sending up, usually out of water, very long petioles and

PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 47

peduncles, bearing very large (1°-2° wide) and more or less dish-shaped or
cup-shaped centrally-peltate entire leaves, and great flowers (5/—10! broad),
in summer. Seeds, also the tubers, eatable.

_ N. luteum, Yeriow N. or Warer Curnquerin. Common W.&S.:
introduced, by Indians‘perhaps, at Sodus Bay, N. Y., Lyme, Conn., and below
Philadelphia. Flower pale dull yellow : anther hook-tipped.

NN. specidsum, Snowy N. Lorus or Sacrep Buran of India, with
pinkish flowers and blunter anthers : cult. in choice conservatories.

3. NYMPHASA, WATER-LILY, POND-LILY. (Dedicated to the
Water-Nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one’s arm,
send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly or quite to
the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all summer: these close in
the afternoon : the fruit ripens under water.

WN. odorata, Sweer-scentrep Wuite W. Common in still or slow
water, especially E. Flower richly sweet-scented, white, or sometimes pinkish,
rarely pink-red, variable in size, as are the leayes; seeds oblong.

N. tuberdsa, Tuser-searine W. Common through the Great Lakes,
and W. & S. Flower nearly scentless (its faint odor like that of apples),
pure white, usually larger (4/~9! in diameter), as are also the leaves (8/- 15!
wide) ; petals broader and blunter; seeds almost globular; rootstock bearing
copious tubers like “ artichokes,” attached by a narrow neck and spontaneously
separating.

- eertilea, Biur W., of Egypt, &c., cult. in aquaria; a tender species,
with crenate-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweet-scented flowers, the petals
fewer and acute.

4. NUPHAR, YELLOW POND-LILY, or SPATTER-DOCK. (Old
Greek name.) Rootstock, &c. as in Nymphexa: leaves often rising out of
water: flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish-tinged, pro-
duced all summer : fruit ripening above water.

N. advena is the common species, everywhere; has 6 unequal sepals or
sometimes more ; petals, or what answer to them, truncate, shorter than the
stamens and resembling them ; the thickish leaves rounded or ovate-oblong.

N. iuteum, rare N.; has smaller flowers, with 5 sepals, petals dilated
upwards and more conspicuous, and a globular fruit with a narrow neck:
the var. pumilum, a small variety, has flowers only 1’, and leaves 1’—5/ in
diameter ; rather common N. ‘

. N. sagittifolia, Arrow-teavep N., from North Carolina S. ; has sagit-
tate leaves (1° by 2’), and 6 sepals. This and the last produce their earlier
leaves under water and very thin.

7, SARRACENIACEZ, PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.

Consists of one South American plant, of the curious Dar.ine-
TONIA CALIFORNICA in the mountains of California, and of the
following : —

1. SARRACENIA. (Named for Dr. Sarrasin of Quebeo.) StpEsappLE-
FLower, a most unmeaning popular name. © Leaves all radical from a per-
ennial root, and in the form of hollow tubes or pitchers, winged down the
inner side, open at the top, where there is a sort of arching blade or hood.
The whole foliage yellowish green or purplish. Scape tall, naked, bearing a
single large nodding flower, in early summer. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at
the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, incurved over the pel-
tate and umbrella-shaped 5-angled petal-like great top to the style. Stamens
very numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Pod many-seeded, rough-warty.

S. purpurea, Purrre §. or Pircner-Prant of the North, where it is
common in bogs. Leaves pitcher-shaped, open, with an erect round-heart-
shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep purple.

48 POPPY FAMILY.

8. rubra, Rep-rLowzrrp Trumpet-Lzar of §. States : sometimes cult.
in greenhouses. Leaves trumpet-shaped, slender, a foot long, with a narrow
wing and an erect ovate pointed hood ; flower crimson-purple. .

S. Drummoéndii, Great Trumret-Lear of Florida: sometimes cult.
Leaves much like the last, but 2° or 3° long, upper part of the tube and the
roundish erect hood variegated and purple-veiny ; and the deep-purple flower
very large.

8. paittecine, Parrot Pircner-Piant of S. States, and rarely cult.
Leaves short and spreading, with a narrow tube, a broad wing, and an inflated
globular hood, which is incurved over.the mouth of the tube, spotted with white ;
flower purple.

8. variolaris, Srorren Trumpet-Lear of S. States. Leaves erect,
trumpet-shaped, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a broad wing,
and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower yellow.

S. flava, Yettow Troumpet-Lear of S. States: cult. more commonly
than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 2°
long, erect, yellowish or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing, and an erect round-
ish but pointed hood, a tall scape, and yellow flower.

8. PAPAVERACEA, POPPY FAMILY.

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, a calyx mostly
of 2 sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 8-5
times as many, numerous stamens on the receptacle, and a com-
pound 1-celled ovary, with 2 or more parietal placentz. Fruit a
pod, many-seeded. Juice narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), or acrid.
No. 5 has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic acid, and the
calyx like a cap or lid; No. 7 has no petals and few seeds.

* Petals crumpled in the flower-bud, which droops on its peduncle before openi: 1g

1. PAPAVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular body which is closely

sessile on the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by
the projecting placentae which are covered with numberless seeds, opening
only bv pores or chinks at the top. Juice white.

2. STYLOPHORUM. Stigma 8 - 4-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly,
opening from the top into 8 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentze be-
tween them. Juice yellow.

8. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placenta,
splitting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange.

* % Petals more or less crumpled in the bud, which is erect before opening.

4, ARGEMONE. Stigma 8-6-lobed, almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod

prickly ; the latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like
_placente between. Juice yellow.

5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire.
ee or end of ie flower-stalk dilated into a top-shaped body, often
with a spreading rim. Stigmas 4-6, spreading, unequal ; but the placentee
only 2. Pod long and slender, cose fine edlorices. ; eh

% % * Petals not crumpled in the bud, which does not droop.

6. SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2: but the petals 8-12. Sti 2-lob
style. Pod oblong, with 2 platentes: Juice orangecred, aes
* * & % Petals none. Flowers in panicles, drooping in the bud.

7. eho aa Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice
reddish.

1, PAPAVER, POPPY. (Ancient name.) We h i
cies: the following are from ie Old World. Pe eee
* Annuals, flowering in summer : cult. and weeds of cultivation.

P. somniferum, Or1um Porry. Cult. for ornament, especially double-

flowered varieties, and for medical uses. Smooth, elaucous. wi i
: : 8, with clasping an
wavy leaves, and white or purple flowers. rs ping and

FUMITORY FAMILY. 49

P. Rhoas, Corn Porry of Eu.. Low, bristly, with almost pinnate
leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when double, of
various colors; pod obovate.

P. dtibium, Lone-nzaprp P. Leaves with their divisions more cut than
the last ; flowers smaller and lighter red, and pod oblong-clavate : run wild in
fields in Penn.

* % Perennial : cult. for ornament : flowering in late spring.
_P. orientale, Orrentat P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, almost
pinnate leaves, and a bas deep-red flower, under which are usually some

eafy persistent bracts. Var. BRACTEATUM, has these bracts larger, petals still
larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the base.

2. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Name means style-
bearer, expressing a difference between it and Poppy and Celandine.) J

_S. diphyllum. From Penn. W. in, open woods ; resembling Celandine,
but low, and with far larger (yellow) flowers, in spring.

3. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (From the Greek word for the
Swallow.) @ i

_C. majus, the only species, in all gardens and moist waste places ; 1° - 4°
high, branching, with pinnate or twice pinnatifid leaves, and small yellow flowers
in a sort of umbel, all summer ; the pods long and slender.

4. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Meaning of name uncertain.) ®

A. Mexicana, Mexican P. Waste places and gardens. Prickly, 1°—2°
high ; leaves sinuate-lobed, blotched with white; flowers yellow or yellowish,
pretty large, in summer. Var. ALBIFLORA has the flower larger, sometimes
very large, white ; cult. for ornament.

5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Eschscholtz,
the name easier pronounced than written.) @

E. Califérnica, Californian annual, now common in gardens ; with pale
dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for the top-
shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extinguisher-shaped
calyx rests: this is forced off whole by the opening petals. The latter are
bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad-rimmed. Var.
DouetAsit wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, or sometimes white ;
but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens; and there are smaller varieties
under different names.

6. SANGUINARIA, BLOOD-ROOT. (Name from the color of the
juice.)

S. Canadénsis, the common and only species ; wild in rich woods, hand-
some in cultivation. The thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded-
reniform and palmate-lobed veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud : as the leaf
comes out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand-
some, white, many-petalled flower.

7. BOCCONIA. (Named in honor of an Italian botanist, Bocconi.)

B. cordata, Corpatr B., from China, the only hardy species ; a strong
root sending up very tall leafy stems, with round-cordate lobed leaves, which are
veiny and glaucous, and large panicles of small white or pale rose-colored flow-
ers, late in summer.

9. FUMARIACEA, FUMITORY FAMILY.

Like the Poppy Family in the plan of the flowers; but the 4-
petalled corolla much larger than the 2 scale-like sepals, also irreg-
ular and closed, the two inner and smaller petals united by their

4

50 FUMITORY FAMILY.

spoon-shaped tips, which enclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in
two sets, along with the stigma: the middle anther of each set 1s
2-celled, the lateral ones I-celled. Delicate or tender and very
smooth herbs, with colorless and inert juice, and much dissected
or compound leaves.

* Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at base: pod several-seeded.

1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested.

2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into one slightly heart-shaped
body, which encloses the small pod. Seeds crestless. Climbing by the very
compound leaves.

* * Corolla with only one petal spurred at base.

8. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender. several-seeded. Seeds crested.
4. FUMARIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded.

1. DICENTRA (meaning two-spurred in Greek). Commonly but wrongly
named Dicrytra or DigtytrRa. \ Fi. in spring. ;

% Wild species, low, with delicate decompound leaves and few-flowered scapes sent
up from the ground in early spring.

D. Cucullaria, Durcuman’s Breecues. Common in leaf-mould in
woods N. Foliage and flowers from a sort of granular-scaly bulb; corolla
white tipped with yellow, with the two diverging spurs at the base longer than
the pedicel.

D. Canadénsis, Canapran D. or Squirret-Corn. With the last N.
Separate yellow grains, like Indian corn, in place of a scaly bulb; the corolla
narrower and merely heart-shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored,
sweet-scented ; inner petals much crested at tip. :

D. eximia is rarer, wild a long the Alleghanies, occasionally cult., has
coarser foliage, and more numcrous flowers than the last, pink-purple, and pro-
duced throughout the summer, from tufted scaly rootstocks.

* * Cultivated exotic, taller and coarser, leafy-stemmed, many-flowered.

D. spectabilis, SHowy D. or Breepinc Heart. From N. China,
very ornamental through spring and early summer, with ample Peony-like
leaves, and long drooping racemes of bright pink-red heart-shaped flowers
(1! long): the two small sepals fall off in the bud.

2. ADLUMIA, CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named in honor of a Mr.
Adlum.) @ The only species is
A. cirrhosa. Wild in low shady grounds from New York W. & 8S. and
cult. ; climbing over bushes or low trees, by means of its 2—3-pinnately com-
pound delicate leaves, the stalks of the leaflets acting like tendrils; flowers flesh-
colored, panicle, all summer.

8. CORYDALIS. (Greek name for Fumitory.) Our species are leafy-
stemmed, @ or @, wild in rocky places, fl. spring and summer.

C. glatica, Pare Corypatis. Common, 6’—3° high, very glaucous, with
the whitish flowers variegated with yellow and pink, a short and rounded spur,
and erect pods.

C. flavula, Yevtowisa C. From Penn. S. & W.: has the flowers pale
yellow, with the tips of the outer petals wing-crested ; seeds sharp-edged : other-
wise like the next.

C. aurea, Gorpren C. From Vermont W. & S. Low and spreading ;
flowers golden-yellow with a longish spur, and crestless tips, hanging pods, and
smooth blunt-edged seeds. ;

4. FUMARIA, FUMITORY. (Name from Jumus, smoke.) @ Low,
leafy-stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves.
F. officinalis, Common F. Common in old gardens, waste places, and
dung-heaps ; a delicate small weed, with a close spike of small pinkish crimson-
tipped flowers, in summer.

MUSTARD FAMILY, 51

10. CRUCIFERAI, MUSTARD FAMILY..

Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (as exemplified in
Horseradish, Mustard, Water-Cress, &c.), at once distinguished by
the cruciferous flower (of 4 sepals, 4 petals, their upper part gen-
erally spreading above the calyx in the form of a cross), the tetra-
dynamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of them shorter than the other four) ;
and the single 2-celled pistil with two parietal placenta, forming the
kind of pod called a silique, or when short a silicle, (See Lessons,
p- 92, fig. 187, 188, for the flower, and p. 133, fig. 310, for the fruit.)
The embryo fills the whole seed, and has the radicle bent up against
the cotyledons. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, like
simple corymbs, but lengthen in fruiting : no bracts below the pedi-
cels. The blossoms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so
that the genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are
usually to be had before all the flowers have passed.

§ 1. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valves, which fall away and leave

the thin persistent partition when ripe.
« Seeds or ovules more than two in each cell.

+ Pod beaked or pointed beyond the summit of the valves, or the style with a conical

base. Seeds spherical, the cotyledons wrapped around the radicle.
1, BRASSICA. Flowers yellow. Pods oblong or linear.
+ + Pod not beaked or conspicuously pointed,
++ Neither flattened nor 4-sided, but the cross-section early circular.
SISYMBRIUM. Pods in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close-
pressed to the stem. Seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small, yellowish.
8. NASTURTIUM. Pods shortish or short (from oblong-linear to almost spherical).
Seeds in 2 rows in*each cell, globular, marginless. Flowers yellow or white.
4. HESPERIS. Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds in
each cell (as broad as the partition); the radicle laid against the back of one
of the cotyledons. Flowers rather large, pink-purple. Stigma of 2 erect
blunt lobes.
. MALCOLMIA. Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Stigma of 2 pointed
lobes. Otherwise as No. 4.
MATTHIOLA. Pods long and narrow : seeds one-rowed in each cell (as broad
as the partition), flat, wing-margined; the radicle laid against one edge of the

broad cotyledons. Flowers pink-purple, reddish,or varying to white, large
and showy.
++++ Pod long and slender, linear, 4-sided (the cross section square or rhombic), or
if flattened having a strong salient midrib to the valves. Seeds marginless,
mostly single-rowed in each cell. Flowers yellow or orange, never white.
a. Lateral sepals sac-shaped at the base.

7. CHEIRANTHUS. Seeds flat; the radicle laid against the edge of the-broad
cotyledons. Flowers showy. Leaves entire.

b. Sepals nearly equal and alike at the base.

8. ERYSIMUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the
narrow cotyledons. Leaves simple.
9. BARBAREA. Seeds oval; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad
cotyledons. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid.
2. SISYMBRIUM._ Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the
cotyledons. Flowers small. Leaves twice pinnatifid.
arr ++ Pod flattened parallel to the partition; the valves flat or flattish : so are the
seeds: radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. Flowers white or purple.
10. ARABIS. Pod long and narrow-linear, not opening elastically ; the valves
with a midrib. Seeds often winged or margined.
11. CARDAMINE. Pods linear or lanceolate ; the valves with no or hardly any
midrib, opening elastically from the base upwards. Seeds marginless and
slender-stalked, one-rowed in each cell. No scaly-toothed rootstock. sé

-)

om

52 MUSTARD FAMILY.

12. DENTARIA. Pods, &. as in the preceding. Seed-stalks broad and flat.
Stem 2-8-leaved in the middle, naked below, springing from a horizontal
scaly-toothed or irregular fleshy rootstock.

18. LUNARIA. Pods oval or oblong, large and very flat, stalked above the calyx.
Seeds winged, 2-rowed in each cell. Flowers pretty large, purple. ;

14. DRABA. Pods round-oval, oblong or linear, flat. Seeds wingless, 2-rowed in
each cell. Flowers small, white in the common species.

+t +r a+ er Pod short, flattish parallel to the broad partition. Flowers yellow, small.
15. CAMELINA. Pods turgid, obovate or pear-shaped.

ap ee oe +t ++ Pod short, very much fanened contrary to the narrow partition ; the

valves therefore deeply boat-shaped. Flowers white, small.

16. CAPSELLA. Pods obovate-triangular, or triangular with a notch at the top.

« * Seeds or the ovules single or sometimes 2 in each cell. Pods short and flat.
+ Corolla irregular, the petals being very unequal.

17. IBERIS. Flowers in short and flat-topped clusters, white or purple ; the two
petals on the outer side of the flower much larger than the others. Pods
scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, much flattened contrary to the very narrow
partition, notched at the wing-margined top.

++ Corolla regular, small.

18. LEPIDIUM. Pods scale-shaped, much flattened contrary to the very narrow

artition, often notched or wing-margined at the top. Flowers white.

ALYSSUM. Pods roundish, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Seeds

flat, commonly wing-margined. Flowers yellow or white.

§2. Fruit indehiscent, wing-like, 1-seeded.
20. ISATIS. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, resembling a small samara
or ash-fruit.
§ 8. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, 2-many-seeded.
21. CAKILE. Fruit jointed in the middie ; the two short joints 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Seed oblong.
22. RAPHANUS. Fruit ne ae oe with cellular matter or with constrictions
between the spherical séeds. Aa ci anys ;
fe
1. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTARD, &c. (Ancient‘Latin name of
Cabbage. Botanically the Mustards rank in the same genus.) @ @ Cult.
from Eu., or run wild as weeds; known by their yellow flowers, beak-pointed
pods, and globose seeds, the cotyledons wrapped round the radicle.

B. oleracea, Canzacs. The original is a sea-coast plant of Europe, with
thick and hard stem, and pretty large pale yellow flowers ; the leaves very gla-
brous and glaucous; upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not auricled at the
base : cult. as a biennial, the rounded, thick, and fleshy, strongly veined leaves
collect into a head the first year upon the summit of a short and stout stem.
— Var. Broccory is a state in which the stem divides into short fleshy branches,
bearing clusters of abortive flower-buds. — Var. CAULIFLOWER has the nour-
ishing matter mainly concentrated in short imperfect flower-branches, collected
into a flat head. — Var. Koutrasi has the nourishing matter accumulated in
the stem, which forms a turnip-like enlargement above ground, beneath the
cluster of leaves. — Kae is more nearly the natural state of the species, the
fleshy leaves not forming a head.

B. campéstris, of the Old World; like the last, but with brighter flowers ;
the lower leaves pinnatifid or divided and rough with stiff hairs, and the upper
auricled at the base, is represented in cultivation by the Var. Couza or RAPE,
with small annual root, cult. for the oil of the seed. — Var. Turnirv (B. Napus) ;
cult. as a biennial, for the nourishment accumulated in the napiform white root.
— Var. Rurasaca or Swepisu Turnip, has a longer and yellowish root.

B. Sinipastrum, or Sinapis arvénsis, Cuartock. A troublesome
weed of cultivation in grainfields, annual, with the somewhat rough leaves barely
toothed or little lobed, and nearly smooth pods spreading in a loose raceme, the
seed-bearing part longer than the conical (usually empty) beak.

_ B. (or Sinapis) alba, Waire Mustarp. Cult. and in waste places, an- —
nual; the leaves all pinnatifid and rough-hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme,

.

MUSTARD FAMILY. 53

bristly, the lower and turgid few-seeded portion shorter than the 1-seeded stout
and flattened beak ; seeds large, pale brown. '

B. (or Sinapis) nigra, Brack Musrarp. Cult. and in waste places;
leaves less hairy and less divided than the last; pods erect in the raceme or
spike, smooth, short, 4-sided (the valves having a strong midrib), and tipped
with the short empty conical base of a slender style; seeds dark brown, smaller,
and more pungent than in the last.

2. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (The ancient Greck name.)

S. officinale, Common H. @ Coarse weed in waste places, with branch-
ing stems, runcinate leaves, and very small pale yellow flowers, followed by
awl-shaped obscurely 6-sided pods close pressed to the axis of the narrow spike.

S. canéscens, Hoary ip or Tansy-Mustarp. @ Commonly only
8. & W., hoary, with finely cut twice-pinnatifid leaves, minute yellowish flow-
ers, and oblong-club-shaped 4-sided pods on slender horizontal pedicels.

3. NASTURTIUM, WATER-CRESS, HORSERADISH, &c. (Name
from nasus tortus, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Here are
combined a variety of plants, widely different in appearance : the following
are the commonest.

* Nat. from Eu. : the white petals twice the length of the calyx.

N. officinale, Warer-Cress. Planted or'run wild in streamlets, spread-
ing and rooting, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 3-11 roundish or oblong leaf-
lets; fl. all summer; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their
spreading pedicels.. , Young plants eaten.

WN. Armoracia, Horserapisn. Planted or run wild in moist soil; with
very large oblong or lanceolate leaves, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely
cut or pinnatifid; pods globular, but seldom seen. The long deep root is a
familiar condiment.

* * Indigenous species, in wet places: petals yellow or yellowish.

N. palustre, Marsu-Cress. A very common homely weed, erect, 1°-3°
high, with pinnatifid or lyrate leaves of several oblong cut-toothed leaflets, small
yellowish flowers, and small oblong or ovoid pods.

N. sessilifiorum, like the last, but with less lobed leaves, very minute
sessile flowers, and longer oblong pods, is common from Illinois 8. And there
are 2 or 3 more in some parts, especially S.

4, HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek for evening, the flowers being then
fragrant.) \

H. matronalis, Common or Dame R. Tall and rather coarse plant in
country gardens, from Eu., inclined to run wild in rich shady soil ; with oblong
or lanceolate toothed leaves, and rather large purple flowers, in summer, fol-
lowed by (2'- 4!) long and slender pods.

5. MALCOLMIA, (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.)

M. maritima, Manon Srocs, called Virerni1a Srock in England, but
comes from the shores of the Mediterranean: a garden annual, not much cult.,
a span high, with pale green oblong or spatulate nearly entire leaves, and pretty
pink-red flowers changing to violet-purple, also a white var. (much smaller than
those of true Stock) ; pods long and slender.

6. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLIFLOWER. (Named for the earl
naturalist, Matthioli.) Cult. garden or house'plants, from Eu., hoary-leaved,
much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty large, pink, reddish, or
white flowers, of Which there are very double and showy varieties.

M. incana, Common Srocx. 1. Stout stem becoming almost woody :

not hardy at the N. :
M. annua, Tex-weex Stock. @. Probably only an herbaccous variety
of the last ; flowers usually not double.

54 MUSTARD FAMILY.

7. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFOWER. (Cheri is the Arabic name.)
Like Stocks, but slightly if at all hoary, and the flowers orange, brown-red-
dish, or yellow.

C. Cheiri, Common Watiriower. Cult. from S. Eu., not hardy N.,

a much-prized house-plant ; stem woody, crowded with the narrow and pointed

entire leaves.

8. ERYSIMUM. (Name from Greck, and meaning to draw blisters, from
the acridity.)

E. asperum, Western Watirrower. Wild from Ohio W. & S.; like.
the wild state of the Wallflower, with bright yellow or orange flowers, but the
steds are different, and the long pods quite square in the cross-section ; the
leaves somewhat toothed and hoary. @ \f

E. cheiranthoides, Trracre-Musrarp or Wormsrrp Mustanp.
A rather insignificant annual, wild or run wild in waste moist places, with slen-
der branches, lanceolate almost entire leaves, and small yellow flowers, followed
by shortish and obscurely 4-sided pods on slender spreading pedicels.

9. BARBAREA, WINTER-CRESS. (The Herb of Santa Barbara.)
Different from the last genus in the seeds, divided leaves, and in the general
aspect. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but bitterish, @ WU

B. vulgaris, Common W. or Yertow Rocket. Smooth, common in
old gardens and other rich soil, with green lyrate leaves, and bright yellow
flowers, in spring and summer; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme, much
thicker than their pedicels.

B. priecox, Earty W. or Scurvy-Grass. Cult. from Penn. S. for early
salad, beginning to run wild, probably a variety of the last, with more numerous
and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the less erect pods scarcely thicker than
their pedicels.

10. ARABIS, ROCK-CRESS. (Name from Arabic.) Fl. spring and
summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided.

* Wild species, on rocks, §-c.: flowers white or whitish, not showy. @®

A. lyrata, Low R. A dclicate, low, nearly smooth plant, with a cluster
of lyrate root-leaves ; stem-leaves few and narrow ; bright white petals rather
conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading.

A. hirsttta, Harry R. Strictly erect, 1°-2° high; stem-leaves many
and sagittate ; small greenish-white flowers and narrow pods erect.

A. levigata, Smoorn R. Erect, 1°-2° high, glaucous; upper leaves
sagittate ; flowers rather small; pods 3! long, very narrow and not very flat,
recurving ; seeds winged.

A. Canadénsis, Canapran or SickLerop R. Tall, growing in ravines ;
stem-leaves pointed at both ends, pubescent; petals whitish, narrow ; pods 3!
long, scythe-shaped, very flat, hanging ; seeds broadly winged.

* * Wild, on river banks: flowers pink-purple, rather showy. @ YW

A. hesperidoides, Rocker R. Smooth, erect, 1°-3° high; with
rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root-leaves, ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves
(2'—6' long), the lower on a winged petiole or with a pair of small lateral
lobes ; petals long-clawed ; pods spreading, narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of
the Ohio and 8. W.

. % %& * Garden species: flowers white, showy. Yb

A. alpina, Avrixe R., and its variety? A. Auprpa, from Eu., low and
tufted, hairy or soft-downy, are cult. in gardens ; fl. in early spring.

11. CARDAMINE, BITTER-CRESS. (Ancient Greek name.) i

C. hirstita, Smart B. A low and branching insignificant herb, usually
not hairy, with slender fibrous root, pinnate leaves, the leaflets angled or
toothed, and small white flowers, followed by narrow upright pods: common in
moist soil, fl. spring and summer. :

MUSTARD FAMILY. 55

C. praténsis, Cuckoo-Frower or Lapiss’ Smocx. Stem ascénding
from a short perennial rootstock ; the pinnate leaves with rounded and stalked
entire small leaflets ; flowers in spring, showy, pink or white : in bogs at the
north, and a double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in gardens.

C. rhomboidea. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, bearing rather
large white or rose-purple flowers in spring, and simple angled or sparingly
toothed leaves, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, the upper ovate or oblong’:
in wet places northward.

12. DENTARIA, TOOTHWORT. (From the Latin dens, a tooth.) }f

D. diphylla, Two-teavep T., Perrer-roort, or CRINKLE-Roor. So
called from the fleshy, long and toothed rootstocks, which are eaten and taste
like Water-Cress ; there are only 2 stem leaves, close together, each of 3 rhom-
bic-ovate and toothed leaflets, and the root-leaf is similar ; flowers quite large,
white, in spring. Woods in vegetable mould, N.

D. laciniata, Laciyiare T. Rootstock necklace-form or constricted in
2 or 3 places, scarcely toothed; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, each 3-parted into
linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or cleft into narrow teeth, or the
lateral ones 2-lobed ; flowers purplish, in spring: banks of streams.

13. LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN-FLOWER. (Name from Luna,
the moon, from the shape of the broad or rounded pods.) @

L. biénnis, Common Honesty. Not native to the country, but cultivated
in old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad
white partitions, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen, are
used for ornament; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers large, pink-purple,
in early summer. ;

L. rediviva, Perennrau Hoyssry, is a much rarer sort, with oblong
pods; seldom met with here. ~

14. DRABA, WHITLOW-GRASS. (Name is a Greck word, meaning
acrid.) Low herbs, mostly with white flowers : the commoner species are the
following : fl. early spring ; winter annuals.

D. Caroliniana. Leaves obovate, hairy, on a very short stem, bearing a
short raceme or corymb on a scape-like peduncle 1! - 4’ high ; petals not notched ;
pods broadly linear, much larger than their pedicels : in sandy waste places.

D. vérna. A diminutive plant, with a tuft of oblong or lanceolate root-
leaves, and a scape 1/~3! high; petals 2-cleft; pods oval or oblong, in a ra-
ceme, shorter than their pedicels: in sandy waste places.

15. CAMELINA, FALSE-FLAX. (An old name, meaning dwarfflaz ;
the common species was fancied to’ be a degenerate flax.) ®
C. sativa, Common F. A weed, in grain and flax-fields, 1°- 2° high,
with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem ; small
pale-yellow flowers, followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ;
style conspicuous.

16. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD’S-PURSE. (Name means a little pod.) @

C. Bursa-Pastoris, Common S. The commonest of weeds, in waste
places ; root-leaves pinnatifid or toothed, those of the stem sagittate and partly
clasping ; small white flowers followed by the triangular and notched pods, in a
long raceme.

17. IBERIS, CANDYTUFT. (Name from the country, Iberia, an old
name for Spain.) Low garden plants, from Europe, cultivated for ornament ;
different from the rest of the order in the irregular corollas.

I. umbellata, Common C. @. Lower leaves lanceolate, the upper
linear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters, in summer.

I. sempérvirens, Evercreen C. \ Rather woody-stemmed, tufted,
with bright green lanceolate or linear-spatulate thickish entire leaves, and flat
clusters of pure white flowers, in spring.

56 CAPER FAMILY.

18. LEPIDIUM, PEPPERGRASS. (A Greek word, meaning little scale,
from the pods.) Our common species have incised or pinnatitid leaves, and
very small white or whitish flowers. @ ?

L. Virginicum, Witp P. A common weed by roadsides, with petals,
and usually only 2 stamens ; the little pods orbicular and scarcely margined at
the notched top; seeds flat, the radicle against the edge of the cotyledons.

L. eudernie, introduced from Europe, is: much less common, more
branched, with no petals, smaller scarcely notched pods, and turgid seeds, the
radicle against the back of one of the cotyledons.

L. sativum, Garpen P. Cult. as a cress, has petals, and the larger ovate
pods are winged and slightly notched at the top.

19. ALYSSUM, MADWORT. (Name refers to being a fancied remedy for
canine madness.) Cult. for ornament ; from Eu.

A. maritimum, Swert Atyssum. A spreading little plant, from Eu-
rope, fl. all summer. in gardens, or in the greenhouse in winter, green or slightly
hoary, with lanceolate or linear entire leaves tapering at the base, and small
white honey-scented flowers, in at length elongated racemes, the round little
pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used for borders has

paler and white-edged leaves.
A. saxatile, Rocx A. Low, hoary-leaved, with abundant bright yellow

flowers, in spring ; cult. from Europe. 2

20. ISATIS, WOAD. (Name of obscure derivation.) @ One common
species of Eu.,

I. tinctoria, Dyer’s Woap. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, with
the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; the ra-
cemes of small yellow flowers panicled, succeeded by the hanging samara-like
closed pods; fl. in early summer. Old gardens, formerly cult. for a blue dye.

21. CAKILE, SEA-ROCKET. (Anold Arabic name.) @ ©

Cc. Americana, American S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore of the
sea and Great Lakes, with obovate wavy-toothed leaves, and purplish flowers.

22. RAPHANUS, RADISH. (Ancient Greek name, said to refer to the
rapid germination of the seeds.) @ @ All from the Old World.

R. sativus, Rapisu. Cult. from Eu.; with lyrate lower leaves, purple
and whitish flowers, and thick and pointed closed pods ; the seeds separated ty
irregular fleshy false partitions : cult. for the tender and fleshy pungent root:
inclined to run wild.

R. caudatus, Rat-raix R., from India, lately introduced into gardens,
rather as a curiosity, is a probable variety of the Radish, with the narrow pod
a foot or so long, eaten when green.

R. Raphanistrum, Wivp R. or Joinrep Cnartock. Troublesome
weed in cult. fields, with rough lyrate leaves, yellow petals changing to whitish
or purplish, and narrow long-beaked pods, which are divided across between the
several seeds, so as to become necklace-form.

ll. CAPPARIDACEZ, CAPER FAMILY.

In our region these are herbs, resembling Cruciferae, but with
stamens not tetradynamous and often more than 6, no partition in
the pod (which is therefore 1-celled with two parietal placenta), and.
kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead of folded to-
gether: the leaves commonly palmately compound, and the herbage
bitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But in warm regions the
Cress-like pungency sometimes appears, as in capers, the pickled
flower-buds of CApparis spinosa, of the Levant. This and its
near relatives are trees or shrubs.

PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. 57

1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short thickened recep-
tacle. Ovary and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a
long stalk. Style very short or none. Usually an appendage on one side of
the receptacle. .

2. GYNANDROPSIS. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary
far above the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1.

8. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short-
stalked on the receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as No. 1.

1. CLEOME. (From a Greek word meaning closed, the application not
obvious.) @

C. pangens. Tall (2°-4° high), clammy-pubescent, with little spines or
prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 broadly lanceolate
leaflets, but the bracts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, and a raceme of large
and handsome flowers, with long-clawed pink or purple petals and declined sta-
mens. Cult. from S. America, for ornament, and run wild S.

C. integrifolia, much smaller, very smooth, with 3 leaflets and the pink
petals without claws, is wild in Nebraska, &c., and lately introduced to gardens.

2. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the stamens
appear to be on the pistil.) (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 276.)
G. pentaphylla, Nat. from Carolina S. from West Indies, is a clammy-
pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the leaves and 3 to the bracts; the white
petals on claws.

38. POLANISIA. (Greeck-made name, meaning many-unequal, referring to
the stamens.)

P. gravéolens. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather clammy,
low herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short white petals, about
11 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style; fl. summer. Wild on
gravelly shores, from Conn. W. :

12. RESEDACEA, MIGNONETTE FAMILY.

Herbs, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes; rep-
resented by the main genus,

1, RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, &e. (From a Latin word, to assuage, from
supposed medical properties.) Calyx 4~—7-parted, never closed even in the
bud. Petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower
appendaged within. Stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on one
side of the flower. Ovary and pod composed of 3-6 carpels united not
quite to the top into a 3 —6-lobed or 3 — 6-hornedl 1-celled pistil which opens
at the top long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are numerous, kidney-
shaped, on 3-6 parietal placente. Leaves alternate.

R. odorata, Common Micnonetre. Cult. (from N. Africa) as an an-
nual, for the delicious scent of the greenish-white flowers ; the anthers orange ;
petals 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes; stems low ; some leaves
entire and oblong, others 3-lobed. . ;

R. Lutéola, Dyer’s M. or Wetp. Nat. along roadsides, tall, with
lanceolate entire leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers; petals 4.

13. PITTOSPORACEA, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.

A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to the south-
ern hemisphere, in common cultivation represented only by one
house-plant, a species of

1. PITTOSPORUM. (Name means pitchy seed in Greek, the seeds being
generally covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals,

58 VIOLET FAMILY.

5 petals, and 5 stamens; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly united :
ovary one-celled with three parietal placentz, a single style and stigma.
Fruit a globular woody pod, many-sceded.

P. Tobira, Common P. A low tree, cultivated as a house-plant (from
Japan), with obovate and retuse evergreen leaves crowded at the end of
the branches, which are terminated by a small sessile umbel of white fragrant
flowers, produced in winter.

14, VIOLACE, VIOLET FAMILY.
Commonly known only by the principal genus of the order, viz.

1. VIOLA, VIOLET. (Ancient Latin name.) Sepals 5, persistent. Pet-
als 5, more or less unequal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base.
(Lessons, p. 91, fig. 181, 182.) Stamens 5, short: the very broad flat fila-
ments conniving and slightly cohering around the pistil, which they cover,
all but the end of the style and the (usually one-sided) stigma, bearing the
anthers on their inner face, two of these spurred at the base. Ovary and pod
l-celled, with 3 parietal placente, containing several rather large seeds. —
Herbs, with stipules to the alternate leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles.

* Stemiess Viowets, with leaves and peduncles all from erceping or sub-
terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems: all flowering in
spring, also producing inconsyrcuous flowers and most of the fruitful pods,
all summer, concealed among the leaves.

+ Garden species, from Europe: fragrant.

V. odorata, Swext Vioter. Cult. from Eu., the tufts spreading by
creeping runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowers
purple-blue (violet-color) varying to bluish and white, single or in cultivation
commonly full double. Hardy ; while the Iratran V1oxer, the varicty used
for winter-blooming, with leaves smoother and brighter green and flowers paler
or grayish-blue, is tender northward.

+ + Wild species : slightly sweet-scented or sceniless.
++ Flowers blue or violet-color.

V. Selkirkii, Serxrrx’s V. Small, only 2! high, the rounded heart-
shaped leaves spreading flat on the ground ; the flower large in proportion, its
thick spur nearly as long as the beardless petals : on shady banks, only N.

V. sagittata, ArRow-LeEAvep V. One of the commonest and earliest ;
leaves varying from oblong-heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd-
shaped, the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor-
tion ; spur short and sac-shaped, as in all the following.

V. cucullata, Common Brus V. The tallest and commonest of the
blue violets, in all low grounds, with matted fleshy and scaly-toothed rootstocks,
erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped obscurely serrate Jeaves, with the sides
at the base rolled in when young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale or
variegated with white.

V. palmata, Hawp-tear V., isa variety of the last, with the leaves, or
all the later ones, 3 - 7-cleft or parted ; common southward.

V. pedata, Birp-roor V. Grows in sandy or light soil, from a short and
thick or tuber-like rootstock ; the leaves all cut into linear divisions or lobes ;
the flower large, beardless, usually light violet-color: sometimes the two upper
petals deep dark violet, like a pansy.

_ V. delphinifolia, Larxspur-teavep V., takes the place of the preced-
ing in prairies, &c. W. and is like it, but has the lateral petals bearded.
++ ++ Flowers (small) white, the lower petal purplish-veined.

V.blanda, Swreer Wuirr V. Very common, with faintly sweet-scented
flowers, all the petals beardless ; leaves rounded heart-shaped or ‘kidney-shaped.

V. primulefolia, Primross-tuavep V. Common &., between the last
and next, has oblong or ovate leaves.

V. lanceolata, Lancr-teavep V. Commonest S., has lanceolate leaves
tapering into long petioles, and beardless petals.

SUNDEW FAMILY. 59

+r ++ ++ Flowers yellow.
V. rotundifolia, Rounp-teavep V. Only in cold woods N.; the

roundish heart-shaped leaves flat on the ground, becoming large and shining in
summer ; spreads by runners ; flower small.

* * Leary-stemmep Vioxets, wild, perennial: flowering in spring and summer.
+ Flowers yellow, short-spurred : stem 2-4-leaved above, naked below.
V. pubéscens, Downy Yettow V. Common in rich woods; soft-
downy, also a rather smooth variety ; leaves broadly heart-shaped.

V. hastata, Hatperp-teavep V. Scarce W. &S.; smoother; leaves
oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or 3-lobed ; flower small.

+ + Flowers not yellow: stem branched, leafy below : leaves rounded heart-shaped.

V. striata, Parr V. Notrare N. & W., low; flowers creamy-white,
with lower petal purple-lined; spur short; stipules large in proportion, strongly
fringe-toothed.

- canina, Doe V., the Amer. variety: common in low grounds ; low,
with creeping branches or short runners, fringe-toothed stipules, and spur half
the length of the violet flower.

V. rostrata, Loye-spurrep V. Shady hills N. & W.; 6’ high, with
fringe-toothed stipules, and slender spur longer than the pale violet petals.

. Canadénsis, Canapa V. Common in rich woods N. & W., taller
than the others, 1°- 2° high, larger-leaved, with entire stipules; flowers all
summer, the petals white or purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple under-
neath ; spur very short and blunt.

* * * Pansy VIOLETS, from Europe, with leafy and branching stems, and large

leaf-like stipules : flowering through the spring and summer.

V. tricolor, Paxsy or Hearr’s-rase. Cult. or running wild in gardens,
low, with roundish leaves, or the upper oval and lowest heart-shaped ; stipules
lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often variegated, and under culti-
vation often very large and showy, the spur short and blunt. — Var. aRVENSIS,
is a field variety, slender and small-flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some
places. @ ® YY

V. corntita, Horxep V. From the Pyrenees, cult. in borders of late ;
has stipules merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long
and slender spur., 2

15. DROSERACEA, SUNDEW FAMILY.

Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft at
the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up from the
apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the persistent sepals and
withering-persistent petals each 5; stamens 5-105 with their anthers
turned outward ; and a 1-celled many-seeded pod. Represented by
two genera.

1. DROSERA. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, but 2-parted so as to seem like 6-10.
Ovary with 3 parietal placentse. Keddish-colored and sticky-glandular.

2. DION/EA. Stamens 15. Style 1: stigma lobed and fringed. Ovules and
seeds all at the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a
bristly-bordered fly-trap.

J. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek dewy, or beset with
dew-drops, the gland surmounting the bristles of the leaves producing a clear
and dew-like drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small flies. )
Flowers small, in a 1-sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, in sun-
shine, in summer. | 2/

«* Flowers small, white: leaves with a blade.
D. rotundifdlia, Rounp-teavep S. The commonest species in peat-

bogs, white round leaves on long petioles spreading in a tuft. When a small
fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the upper face of the leaf,

60 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.

the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn inwards, so that their glands help
to hold the prey !
D. longifolia, Loncer-Leavep §. In very wet bogs or shallow water,
with spatulate-oblong leaves, some of them erect, on long petioles.
D. brevifdlia, SHort-teavep S. In wet sand, only at the S.; small;
scape only 2! — 5! high, few-flowered ; leaves short, wedge-shaped.

* * Flowers rose-purple : no blade to the leaf.

D. filifolia, Turnap-teavep S. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from
Plymouth, Mass., to Florida ; leaves erect, thread-shaped ; scape 6-12’ high,
from a bulb-like base ; flowers handsome, }/ or more broad.

2. DION AA, VENUS’S FLY-TRAP. (Named for the mother of Venus.)

2% Only one species,

D. muscipula. Grows only in sandy bogs near Wilmington, N. Car.,
but kept in conservatories as a great curiosity. (See Lessons, p. 52, fig. 81,
for the leaves, and the way they catch insects!) Flowers white, borne in an
umbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring. i

16. CISTACEAi, ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.

Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers; a per-
sistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resembling bracts;
the petals and stamens on the receptacle; the style single or none;
ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal placente (Lessons, fig. 261),
bearing orthotropous ovules. Represented in greenhouses by one
showy species, CIsTUS LADANIFERUS of Europe (not common),
and in sandy woods and fields by the following wild plants.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacions (falling at the
close of the first day). Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower:
placentae 3. Style none or short.

2. HUDSONIA. Petals as in the last. Calyx narrow. Stamens 9-30. Style
slender. Ovules few.

8. LECHEA. Petals 8, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12.
Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded.

1, HELIANTHEMUM, FROSTWEED. (Name from Greek words
for sun and flower, the blossoms opening only in sunshine. Popular name,
from crystals of ice shooting from the cracked bark at the root late in the
autumn.) Low, yellow-flowered, in sandy or gravelly soil. 2/

H. Canadénse, Canapian or Common F. Common, and the only one
N.; has lance-oblong leaves hoary beneath; flowers produced all summer,
some with showy corolla 1’ broad and many stamens ; others small and clus-
tered alony the stem, with inconspicuous corolla and 3-10 stamens ; the latter
produce small few-seeded pods.

H. corymbosum, only along the coast §., is downy all over, with smaller
flowers clustered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-peduncled.

H. Carolinianum, grows only S., is hairy, with green leaves, the lower
obovate and clustered ; flowers all large-petalled and scattered, in spring.

2. HUDSONIA. (For an English botanist, William Hudson.) Heath-like
little shrubs, 6!-12' high, nearly confined to sandy shores of the ocean and
Great Lakes, with minute downy leaves clos¢ly covering the branches, and
small yellow flowers, opening in sunshine, in spring and summer.

H. ericoides, Heatu-tixe H. Greenish; leaves awl-shaped ; flowers
peduncled. From New Jersey N.

H. tomentosa, Downy H. Hoary with soft down; leaves oblong or
oval and close pressed; peduncles short or hardly any. From New Jersey to
Maine and Lake Superior.

ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 61

8. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Small,
homely herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or purplish flowers, and pods
about the size of a pin’s head, whence the popular name: common in sterile
soil; fl. summer and autumn.

L. major, Larcer P. Stem upright, hairy, 1°-2° high; leaves ellipti-
eal, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile woodlands.

L. minor, Sma.ier P. Stems low, 6/- 18’ high, often straggling, minutely
hairy i leaves linear; flowers loosely racemed on the branches. Open sterile
ground.

17. HYPERICACEA, ST. JOHN'S~WORT FAMILY.

Distinguished from all other of our plants by the opposite and
entire simple and chiefly sessile leaves, punctate with translucent
and commonly some blackish dots, perfect flowers with the stamens
(usually many and more or less in 8 or 5 clusters) inserted on the
receptacle, and a pod either 1-celled with parietal placentz or 8—5-
celled (see Lessons, p. 120, fig. 260, 262, 263), filled with many
small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. All here described are wild
plants of the country.

* No glands between the stamens. Petals convolate in the bud.

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow.
Petals 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled.
2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few.
* « Large gland between each of the 8 sets of stamens. Petals imbricated in the bud,
8. ELODES. Sepals and erect flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united
in 8 sets. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers axillary.

1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER’S-WORT. (Greek name means without
roughness, being smooth plants.) Leafy-stemmed, woody at the base, with
2-edged branches ; wild in pine barrens, &c., chiefly S. Fl. summer. 2

* A pair of bractlets on the pedicel : styles short.

A. Crux-Andree, Sr. AnpREw’s Cross. From New Jersey to Illinois
&S.; stems spreading; Icaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ;
flowers rather small, with narrow pale yellow petals and only 2 styles.

A. stans, Common Sr. Peter’s-wort. From New Jersey 8.; stems
2°-3° high; leaves thickish, closely sessile, oval or oblong; flowers larger,
with obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles.

% * No bractlets on the pedicel : styles longer than ovary.

A. amplexicatle, Cuasrine-teaven S, Only found S., with erect stems
many times forking above, and closely sessile heart-shaped leaves ; styles 3.

2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN’S-WORT. (Ancient name, of uncertain
derivation.) FJ. in summer, in all ours yellow.
x Shrubs or perennial herbs : stamens very many.
+ Styles 5 (rarely more) united below into one: pod 5-celled.

H. pyramidatum, Grear-rt. S. Herb, 2°-4° high, with ovate-oblong
partly-clasping leaves, and large flowers, the petals rather narrow, 1’ long, and
5 clusters of stamens. River-banks N. & W. ;

H. Kalmianum, Katm’s S. Low shrub, with glaucous oblanceolate

- leaves and rather large flowers. N. W.: rare, except at Niagara Falls.
od Styles 3 partly united, or at first wholly united to the top into one (see Lessons,
p- 118, fig. 256) : sepals leafy, spreading.
++ Shrubby, deciduous-leaved, both Northern and Southern.

H. prolificum, Survssy S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely glaucous,

lance-oblong or linear ; pod 3-celled.

62 ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.

++ ++ Shrubby, evergreen or nearly so, only Southern. .

H. fasciculatum, Fascicuep §. Leaves narrow-linear and small, and
with shorter ones clustered in the axils; pod narrow. Wet pine barrens.

H. myrtifolium, Myrrre-ruavep’S. Leaves heart-shaped and partly
clasping, thick, glaucous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens.

H. aureum, Gotpen S. Leaves oblong with a narrow base, glancous
beneath; thick; flowers mostly single, very large (2' broad), orange-yellow ;
pod ovate. River-banks towards the mountains.

H. nudiflorum, Naxep-ctusterep S. Shrubby and evergreen &., less
so in Virginia, &c., has 4-angled branches, oblong pale leaves, and a peduncled
naked cyme of rather small flowers ; pods conical. :

a+ ++ ++ Herbaceous, simple-stemmed, Northern & Western.

‘H. spheerocaérpon, Sruericat-Fruitep 8. About 2° high; leaves
diverging, oblong-linear (2/ long), obtuse ; flowers numerous, small, in a naked
flat cyme ; sepals ovate; pod globular, l-celled. Rocky banks, W.

H. adpréssum, Urricut-reavep S. A foot high; leaves ascending,
lanceolate, often acute; flowers few and rather small; sepals narrow; pod
oblong, partly 3-celled. Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Rhode Island.

H. ellipticum, Exurricar-Leavep S. Barely 1° high; leaves spread-
ing, oblong, thin; flowers rather few in a nearly naked cyme, pale; the pod
purple, oblong-oval, obtuse, 1-celled. Wet soil, N.

+ + + Styles 3 wholly separate (see Lessons, fig. 255) : herbs.
++ Ovary and pod 3-celled : petals black-dotted : styles mostly diverging.

H. perforatum, Common S. - The only one not indigenous, nat. from
Eu., a troublesome weed in fields, &c.; spreads by runners from the base;
upright stems branching ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ;
flowers rather large in open leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals twice the length
of the lanceolate acute sepals. The juice is very acrid.

H. corymbdsum, Corymsep 8. Common N. in moist ground; stem
2° high, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, having black as
well as pellucid dots ; flowers rather small, crowded; petals light yellow and
black-lined as well as dotted; sepals oblong ; styles not longer than the pod.

H. maculatum, Srorrep 8. Common 8S. has somewhat heart-shaped
or more clasping leaves, lanceolate sepals, and very long and slender styles:
otherwise like the last. aa:

++ ++ Ovary 1-celled: stem strict: leaves ascending, acute, closely sessile, short.

H. angulosum, Anerep S. Wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S.
Stem sharply 4-angled (1°—2° high), smooth ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong ;
flowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, small, copper-
yellow ; styles slender.

H. pilosum, Hairy S. Wet pine-barrens S. Stem terete, and with the
lance-ovate leaves roughish-downy ; styles short.

x « Annual, low and slender, small-flowered herbs: stamens 5-12: ovary and
brown-purple pod strictly 1-celled ; styles 3, separate: sepals narrow, erect :
petals narrow.

+ Leaves conspicuous and spreading: flowers in cymes.

H. mttilum, Smaur §. Slender, much branched and leafy up to the
flowers ; leaves partly clasping, thin, 5-nerved, ovate or oblong; petals pale
yellow. Everywhere in low grounds.

_H. Canadeénse, Canapian 8. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves
linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil.

+ + Leaves erect, awl-shaped or scale-like and minute : Fig sae very small and
scattered along the numerous bushy and wiry slender branches.

H. Drummondii, Drummonp’s 8. In dry barrens, W. Illinois and S.,
wih ap roulslays leaves, short-pedicelled flowers, and pods not longer than
the calyx.

H. Sarothra, ORANGE-GRASS or Pine-wEED. Common in dry. sterile
soil, with minute awl-shaped appressed scales for leaves, flowers sessile on the
wiry branches, and slender pods much exceeding the calyx.

PINK FAMILY, 63

3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN’S-WORT. (Greek for marshy.) In
water or wet bogs, with pale often purple-veined oblong or ovate leaves, and
close clusters of small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. Petals
pale purple or flesh-color, equal-sided, erect. 2/

E. Virginica, the commonest, has the roundish or broadly oblong leaves
clasping by a broad base.
E. petiolata, commoner §., has the leaves tapering into a short petiole.

18. ELATINACEA, WATER-WORT FAMILY.

Little marsh annuals, resembling Chickweeds, but with mem-
branaceous stipules between the opposite leaves, and seeds as in
preceding family. Represented by °
1, ELATINE, WATER-WORT. (Greek name of some herb.) Sepals,

poah stamens and cells of the ovary and stigmas or styles of the same num-

er, each 2, 3, or 4, all separate on the receptacle. Seeds straightish or curved.
Flowers minute in the axils of the leaves.

E. Americana. Creeping and spreading on muddy shores of ponds, &c.,
about 1' high, ‘not very common; leaves obovate; parts of the flower 2, rarely 3;
pod very thin.

19. TAMARISCINEZAS, TAMARISK FAMILY.

Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna-
mental grounds by

1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (Named for the Tamarisci, or the river
Tamaris, on which these people lived.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent,
or the latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the
receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three parietal
placentze next the base: styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs at the
apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and scale-shaped
or awl-shaped alternate leaves appressed on the slender branches, and small
white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. The only one planted is

T. Gallica, Frencn T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the ground, a
picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, glaucous-whitish, the
minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly evergreen where the climate permits.

20. CARYOPHYLLACEZ, PINK FAMILY.

Bland herbs, with opposite entire leaves, regular flowers with not
over 10 stamens, a commonly 1-celled ovary with the ovules rising
from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and with 2—5
styles or sessile stigmas, mostly ‘separate to the base. (See Les-
sons, p. 120, fig. 258, 259.) Seeds with a slender embryo on the
outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved into a ring around it.
Calyx persistent. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Divides
into two great divisions or suborders, viz. the true Pink Fami.y,
and the CarickweEpD Fawity, to the latter of which many plants
like them, but mostly single-seeded and without petals, are appended.

I. PINK FAMILY proper. Sepals (5) united below into a
tube or cup. Petals with slender claws which are enclosed in the
calyx-tube, and commonly raised within it, with the 10 stamens, on
a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown at the junction of
the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 101, fig. 200.) Pod mostly open-
ing at the top, many-seeded. ‘

64 PINK FAMILY.

* Calyx with a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base: styles 2.

1. DIANTHUS. Calyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown.
Seeds attached by the face: embryo in the albumen and nearly straight!
« & Calyc naked at base: seeds attached by the edge: embryo curved.

LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rarely 4. Calyx not angled, but mostly 10-nerved.

. SILENE. Styles 8. Calyx not angled, mostly 10-nerved.

. VACGARIA. Styles 2. “Calyx pyramidal, becoming 5-wing-angled.

” SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Calyx cylindrical or oblong, not angled, 5-toothed.

Pod 4-valved at the top. ‘ R

GYPSOPHILA. Styles 2. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate
below the sinuses. Pod 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling
those of Sandwort, &c.

Il. CHICKWEED FAMILY, &c. Petals spreading, without

claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate ‘or united

only at base, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, compared with
the Pink Family, and the plants usually low and spreading or tufted.
* Without stipules, generally with petals: pod several-seeded.
7. SAGINA. Styles and valves of the pod as many as the sepals and alternate
with them (4 or 5). Petals entire or none. Small plants.
8. CERASTIUM. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them (5). Petals
notched at the end or 2-cleft, rarely none. Pod mostly elongated, opening at
the top by 10 teeth. P
9. STELLARIA. Styles fewer than the sepals (3 or sometimes 4) and opposite
as many of them. Petals 2-cleft, or sometimes none. Pod globular or ovoid,
splitting into twice as many valves as there are styles.

10. ARENARIA. Styles (commonly only 3) fewer than the sepals and opposite as
many of them. Petals entire, rarely none. Pod globular or oblong, splitting
into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.

«x * With scarious stipules between the leaves, conspicuous and entire petals, and a
many-seeded 8 - 5-valved pod.

11. SPERGULARIA. Styles usually 3. Leaves opposite.

12. SPERGULA. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with them.
Leaves in whorls.

* & * Without petals: the fruit (utricle) 1-seeded and indehiscent.

13. ANYCHIA. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Stamens 2-5. Stigmas 2, sessile.
Stipules and flowers minute.

14. SCLERANTHUS. Sepals (5) united below into an indurated cup, narrowed at
the throat where it bears 5 or 10 stamens, enclosing the small utricle.
Styles 2. Stipules none.

* % % * Without petals, but the 5 sepals white and petal-like inside: stipules obscure
if any: fruit a 3-celled many-seeded pod.

15. MOLLUGO. Stamens generally 8, on the receptacle. Stigmas 8. Pod

8-valved, the partitions breaking away from the seed-bearing axis and ad-
hering to the middle of the valves.

2 orm co bo

1 DIANTHUS, PINK. (Greek name, meaning Jove’s own flower.) All
but the first species cultivated for ornament: fl. summer.

# Flowers sessile and many in a close cluster, with long and narrow-pointed bracts
under the calyx, except in the last.

_ D. Arméria, Deprrorp Pix of Europe, has got introduced into fields
in a few places; a rather insignificant plant, somewhat hairy, narrow-leaved,
with very small scentless flowers ; petals rose-color with whitish dots. @

D. barbatus, Sweer Witiiam or Bunca Pink, of Europe, with thin-
nish oblong-lanceolate green leaves, and a very flat-topped cluster of various-
colored flowers, the petals sharply toothed, abounds in all country gardens; the
many double-flowered varieties are more choice. : : :

D. Carthusianorum, Carrnusians’ Pryx, from Eu., has lincar leaves,
slender stems, and a dense cluster of small flowers; bracts ovate or oblong,
abruptly awn-tipped, brown, shorter than the calyx; petals merely toothed,
short, usually dark purple or crimson : now rather scarce in gardens. YU :

PINK FAMILY. 65

* * Flowers single at the ends of the branches: leaves narrow and often qrass-like,
rather rigid, glabrous and glaucous, usually without any evident veins.

D. Chinénsis, Cuiwa or Inpran Pink, has lanceolate leaves, less rigid
and ereener than any of the following, and linear acute scales or bracts as long
as the calyx; the large petals toothed or cut, of various colors, red, purple,
violet, &e. The garden var. Heppewieir is a more glaucous and largé-flowered
form, lately introduced. @ @ ae:

D. Caryophyllus, Ciove Prk, the parent of all the sorts of Canwa-
tron, &c., has the stems almost woody below, very glaucous long-lincar leaves ;
the scales under the calyx very short and broad ; petals merely toothed, of
various colors. Scarcely hardy N.

D. plumarius, Pusasant’s-eve or Prumep Pryx. A low, hardy spe-
cies, making broad tufts, with small very glaucous leaves, sending up flower-
stems in early summer, the white or pink or variegated petals cut into a fringe
of slender lobes.

D. supérbus, is taller, less tufted, and later-flowered; the large petals
entirely dissected into delicate almost capillary divisions. 2

2. LYCHNIS. (Greck name for lamp, the down of the Mullein Lychnis
having been used for wicking.) All from the Old World: fl. summer.

§ 1. Calyx with long leaf-like lobes : petals naked. @

L. Githago, Corn-Cocxiz. A weed in grain-fields, hairy, with long
linear leaves, and long-peduncled showy red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx-
lobes falling off; the black seeds injurious to the grain.

§ 2. Calyx without long leaf-like lobes : petals crowned with a 2-cleft little scale or

pair of teeth on the base of the blade or at the top of the claw. 2

L. coronaria, Murreiy-Lycunis or Mutiern Pin. Cult. in gar-
dens; the flower crimson and like that of Corn-CockLE; but teeth of the
ealyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves oval or oblong. @

L. Flos-Jovis, Jupiter’s L. Less common in gardens, downy-hairy or
cottony and whitish; ‘leaves lance-oblong; flowers many and smaller, in a
head-like long-peduncled cluster, reddish-purple ; petals obcordate.

L. Chalcedénica, Matresx-Cross or Scartet L. Very common in
country-gardens; tall, rather hairy and coarse, with lance-ovate partly clasping
green leaves, and a very dense flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the
bright scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed.

. grandifiora, Larce-rLrowerep L. Cult. from China; smooth, with
oblong green leaves tapering to both ends, and the branches bearing single or
scattered short-peduncled flowers, which are 2' or 3’ across; the red or scarlet
petals fringe-toothed at the end.

L. Viscaria, Viscip L. Rather scarce in gardens ; smooth, but the slen-
der stem glutinous towards the top; leaves linear; flowers many in a narrow
raceme-like cluster, rather small; calyx tubular or club-shaped; petals pink-
red, slightly notched : also a double-flowered variety.

L. Flos-cticuli, Ccucxoo L. Racerv Rosin is the double-flowered
variety, in gardens ; slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, and
an open panicle of pink-red petals, these cleft into 4 narrow-linear lobes.

L. ditarna, Day-sioomine L. Double-flowered form also called Ragcep
Rosin in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy ; leaves oblong or lancc-ovate,
the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered or somewhat clustered ‘on the
branches, rose-red.

L. vespertina, Eveninc-Bioomince L. A weed in some waste grounds,
like the last, and more like the Night-flowering Catchfly ; but has 5 styles and
a more ovate enlarging calyx ; the flowers are commonly diacious, white, and
open after sunset, the root biennial. But a full double-flowermg varicty in gar-
dens is perennial, day-flowering, and is a white sort of Raccep Rowin.

8. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Both names refer to the sticky exudation on
stems and calyx of several species, by which small insects are often caught.)

’ Besides the following, some other wild or cultivated species are met with, but
not common. Fl. mostly all summer.

: 5

66 PINK FAMILY.

* All over sticky-hairy : naturalized from Europe. ®
8. noctiflora, Nient-rrowerine C. Tall coarse weed in cult. or waste
grounds ; lower Icaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed ; flowers single
or in Joose clusters terminating the branches, with awl-shaped calyx-teeth and-
white or pale rosy 2-parted petals, opening at nightfall or in cloudy weather.
% % Smooth, a part of each of the upper joint of stem glutinous: flowers small. @

S. Armeéria, Sweer-Witiiam C. In old gardens or running wild, from
Europe; stem about 1° high, branching into flat-topped cymes of many flowers,
which are rather showy ; calyx club-shaped ; petals notched, bright pink, or a
white varicty, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance-ovate, glaucous.

S. antirrhina, Suvcery C. Wild in sandy or gravelly soil; stem slen-
der, 6’—20' high, rather simple; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid ;
petals rose-color, obcordate, opening only at midday in sunshine; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear.

* & & Somewhat sticky-pubescent, at least the calyx, which is oblong, tubular, or

club-shaped : wild species, with red or pink showy flowers.

S. Pennsylvanica, Pinnsytvanian C. or Witp Pink. In gravelly
soil; stems 4/—8! high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate leaves and a cluster
of short-stalked middle-sized flowers, in spring ; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped,
slightly notched.

8. Virginica, Vinernian C. or Fire Pink. In open woods W. & S.;
1° — 2° high; leaves spatulate or lanccolate; flowers few, peduncled ; the pretty
large bright crimson-red petals 2-cleft.

S. regia, Royan C. Prairies, &c., from Ohio S.; like the last, but 3°
high, with lance-ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled flowers in a narrow
panicle, and narrower scarlet-red petals scarcely cleft.

% * & & Not sticky: calyx inflated and bladdery: petals rather small, white. Y

S. stellata, Starry Camerion. Wild on wooded banks; stem slender,
2°-3° high ; caves in whorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed ; flowers in a long and
narrow panicle; petals cut into a fringe.

S. inflata, BLapper Campton. Wild in fields E., but nat. from Eu.,
glaucous or pale and very smooth, 1° high, with ovate-lanccolate or oblong
leaves, and an open cyme of flowers ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-cleft.

4. VACCARIA, COW-HERB. (Name from Latin vacca, a cow.) @

V. vulgaris, Common C. In gardens or running wild near them, from
Eu. ; smooth, 1°-2° high, with pale lanceolate partly clasping Icaves, and a
loose open cyme of flowers ; petals pale red, naked, not notehed ; fl. summer.

5. SAPONARIA, SOAPWORT. (Latin and common names from the
mucilaginous juice of the stem and root forming a lather.) From Europe.

S. officinalis, Commoy S. or Bouncrye Bet. A rather stont, 1° - 2°
high, nearly smooth herb, in gardens, and running wild by roadsides ; leaves
3 -5-ribbed, the lower ovate or oval, upper lanceolate; flowers rather large,
clustered ; petals pale rose-color or almost white, notched at the end. The
double-flowered is most common. 2/

6. GYPSOPHILA. (From Greck words meaning lover of gypsum or
chalk, growing on calcareous rocks.) Plants with the small and often pan-
icled flowers and foliage of Arenaria or Stellaria, but the sepals united into
a cup as in the truc Pink Family, usually by their thin white edges, however,
so that to a casual glance they may appear distinct. Cult. in choicer gardens,
from Eu. and the East, ornamental, especially for dressing cut flowers, &c.
FI. all summer.

G. paniculata, Panicren G. Very smooth, pale, 1°-2° high; with
lance-linear leaves, and branches repeated forking into very loose and light
cymes, bearing innumerable very small and delicate white flowers. 2/

G. élegans, Exzcant G. Less tall or low, looscly spreading; with
lanceolate leaves, much larger (3! broad) and fewer flowers, white or slightly
rosy. @

PINK FAMILY. 67

7. SAGINA, PEARLWORT. (Latin name, means rich nourishment,
which, however, these small and insignificant plants can hardly be.) There
are four or five species in the country, none very common; the most so is

_S. proctimbens. Springy places and damp shores, &c., N.; a smooth
little plant, tufted and spreading, 1!-3' high, with almost thread-shaped leaves ;
the blunt sepals, short white petals, stamens, and styles 4 or rarely 5.

8. CERASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (Name in Greck
refers to the horn-shaped pod of some species. The popular name is from the
shape and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.)

% Flowers inconspicuous, the deeply 2-cleft petals being shorter or little longer than
the calyx ; the pods becoming much longer and curving more or less. "Flower-
ing ull summer, white.

C. vulgatum, Common M., from Penn. S., but scarce N., in grassy places. -
An insignificant soft-hairy weed ; stems erect, 4/-9' high, slightly clammy ;
leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels even in fruit and petals shorter than
the calyx. @ a

C. viscésum, Crammy M. Common in grassy places; stems spreading,
6'—15! long, clammy-hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the
calyx; petals as long as the calyx. @ 2/

C. nutans, Noppinc-rruitep M. Common in moist or shady grounds,
wild. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6!—18' high, becoming very loosely-flowered .
and branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals longer than calyx ; pods long,
nodding on the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. @

* * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 8 times the length of the calyx:

pod shorter : plants forming matted tufts.

C. arvénse, Fierp M. Dry fields, &c. Downy but green ; leaves vary-
ing from narrow-oblong to lincar ; flowering stems 4'- 6! high, few-flowered ; '
petals notched at the end.

C. tomentdsum, Cottrony M. Cult. from Eu. for borders, &c., its |
spreading shoots, crowded with oblong white-woolly leaves, making dense silvery
‘mats ; petals deeply 2-cleft.

9, STELLARIA, STARWORT-CHICKWEED. (Name from Latin
stella, a star.) Petals white, but sometimes small or none. FI. spring and °
summer. None cultivated ; but the first is a weed in every garden.

% Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines: leaves broad.

S. média, Common S. or Cuickweep. In all damp cult. grounds;
leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on hairy petioles; petals shorter than the
calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 3-10. @

S. ptibera, Gruar 8. Shaded rocks, wild from Penn. 8. & W. ; leaves
oblong or oval, sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, 2-cleft.

* & Stems erect or spreading, and whole plant smooth : leaves narrow, sessile. 2

S. longifolia, Loye-ruavep S. or Stircxworr. Common in damp
grassy places N.; stem weak, 8’-18' high; leaves linear, widely spreading ;
flowers numerous on slender spreading pedicels in a very loose cyme; petals -
2-parted, longer than the calyx. .

S. borealis, Norrnern S. Wet grassy places N.; stem 3’— 10! high,
forking repeatedly and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves
broadly lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; petals shorter than the calyx, or none.

10. ARFNARIA, SANDWORT. (So named because scveral grow in
sand or sandy soil.) All the following are wild, also some others less com-
mon. FI. spring and summer.

* Petals inconspicuous, white.

A. serpyllifolia, Tuyme-teavep S. An insignificant little weed, in
sandy or gravelly waste places, 2’-6/ high; stems erect, roughish, much
branched ; leaves ovate, pointed; petals scarcely longer than the 3 —5-nerved_
pointed sepals. @

68 PINK FAMILY.

A. diffusa, Spreapine S. Shady grounds S. _ Plant soft-downy ; stems
prostrate, 1° or more long ; leaves lanceolate; peduncles lateral, 1-flowered ;
petals shorter than the sepals or none.

% * Petals conspicuous, longer than the calyx, white. 2f

A. lateriflora, Sipz-rFLowerinc S. Gravelly shores and banks N.
Plant minutely downy ; stem erect, 3'-10' high, sparingly branching ; pedun-
clea few-flowered, soon becoming lateral by the farther growth of the leafy stem ;
leaves oval or oblong.

A. stricta. Rocky or shady banks N. Tufted, smooth, 4’—6' high ; stems
crowded with slender almost bristle-form leaves; flowers several in a terminal
open cyme; sepals sharp-pointed.

A. squarrosa, Pine-narren S. Jn sand, coast of New Jersey and 8S.
Densely tufted on a deep root, 3’—5' high; leaves much crowded, short, awl-
shaped, smooth ; the flowering branches or few-flowered peduncles glandular ;
sépals obtuse.

A. Greenlandica, Mountain S. On rocky summits of mountains and
N. E. coast. Densely tufted, soft; leaves thread-form ; flowering stems 2/- 4!
high, few-flowered, the flowers large in proportion ; petals notched at the end.

A. peploides, Sea Sanpwort, in sands of sea-shore N., is large, with
very fleshy ovate leaves, and axillary flowers.

ll. SPERGULARIA, SAND SPURREY. (Name from likeness to
Spergula.) A sort of Sandworts with scaly-membranaceous stipules, and
reddish flowers, produced all summer : chiefly maritime. @ 2?

S. rubra. The field form of this is common in sand or gravel, along roads
and paths, E., quite away from salt water ; smoothish, prostrate in tufts ; leaves
thread-shaped ; pod and pink-red corolla hardly exceeding the calyx; seeds
rough, wingless, half-obovate.

S. salina. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands; with short
eduneles, pale corolla, pod longer than the calyx, and rough obovate-rounded
winged or wingless) seeds.

S. media. Like the last, in salt marshes and sands, but with longer pedun-

eles and smooth seeds.

12. SPERGULA, SPURREY. (Latin spargere, to scatter, i.e. its seeds.)

S. arvénsis, Corn S. Stems 1° or so high; bearing several thread-
shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminating in a panicle of white flowers.
A weed in grain-fields, cult. in Europe as a forage plant, sheep being fond of it :
fl. summer. @

13. a ee FORKED CHICKWEED. (Name of obscure mean-
ing.) @

A. dichétoma, a common little herb; in shady places it is smooth and
erect, 6-10’ high, with repeatedly forking long-jointed very slender stems,
minute short-stalked greenish flowers in the forks, and oval or oblong leaves: in
dry or parched soil it is spreading on the ground, short-jointed, narrower-leaved,
often pubescent, the flowers more clustered and nearly sessile: all summer.

14. SCLERANTHUS, KNAWEL. (From Greek words meaning hard
and flower, referring to the indurated tube of the calyx.)

S. 4nnuus, our only species, is nat. from Eu. in gravelly grounds, around
gardens, &c., a very pale little herb, 3'- 5’ high, very much branched and
spreading, with short awl-shaped leaves, and greenish small flowers clustered or
sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn.

oe MPULUeG, CARPET-WEED. (An old Latin name for some soft
plant. 1
M. verticillata. A very common, small, prostrate and spreading little
weed, in waste gravelly soil, gardens, &c., with spatulate leaves and 1-flowered
gee in clusters or whorls at the joints ; the sepals white inside ; stamens 3:
. all summer.

PURSLANE FAMILY. 69

21. PORTULACACEZ:, PURSLANE FAMILY.

Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, the stamens
sometimes many, sometimes few, and then one before each petal ;
ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few kidney-shaped
seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed-stalks from the base.
Seeds as in the Pink Family.

1. PORTULACA. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style cleft into
several slender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and many-seeded pod
united with the bottum of the calyx; the upper part when mature falling off
asalid. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.

2. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style 3-lobed at the
summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 3-valved, many-seeded.
Flowers opening only ouce, in sunshine.

8. CALANDRINIA. Stamens numerous. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx
free from the ovary, persistent, enclosing the 8-valved many-seeded pod.
Flowers opening only ouce, in sunshine.

4 CLAYTONIA. Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal. Style
3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, fiee from the few-seeded pod.
Flowers usually opening for more than one day.

1, PORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name for Purslane.) Leafy
and branching, low and spreading, with fleshy sessile leaves ; fl. all summer.
(Lessons, p. 103, fig. 214.) @ :

P. oleracea, Common P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, obovate or
wedge-form leaves, and small sessile flowers opening only in bright sunshine
and for a short time; the petals pale yellow. The commonest garden weed,
sometimes used as a pot-herb.

P. pilosa, Harry P. Wild far S., has linear terete leaves, with a tuft of
beard-like hairs in the axils, and rather large pink flowers.

P. grandifiora, Great-FLowenrep P., is probably a variety of the last,
from South America, commonly cult. for ornament; the large very showy
flowers brilliant purple, crimson, red, sometimes white or yellow, or with light
centre, of many shades or variations.

2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some places.

T. teretifolium, Terete-LEAVED T. Low and smooth, with thick and
fleshy root, short stems bearing crowded linear terete leaves, and a slender
naked peduncle, many-flowered ; petals rose-purple. Serpentine rocks, Penn-
sylvania, and rarer west and south: fl. all summer.

3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) Culti-
vated for ornament in choice gardens: fl. all summer.

C. discolor. Cult. as an annual, from Chili; very glabrous, making a
rosette of fleshy spatulate leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged
with purple beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of
large rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter. '

C. Menziésii, Menzirs’ C. Low, spreading, leafy-stemmed annual, from
Oregon and California, with bright green and tender lance-spatulate leaves, and
crimson flowers (nearly 1’ broad) in a short leafy raceme.

4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for John Clayton, an
carly botanist in Virginia.) Low, smooth herbs: ours producing only a pair
of stem leaves and a short raceme of flowers.

* Stem simple from a round tuber : leaves separate: fl. early spring. 2

C. Virginica, Narrow-LEaveD S. In moist woods, one of the prettiest
spring flowers ; petals rose-color with pink veins ; leaves linear-lanccolate.

GC. Caroliniana, Broaper-Leavep §. In rich woods; commonest N.
and alone the Alleghanies, smaller than the other, with oblong-spatulate or
lance-oblong leaves only 1! or 2! long.

70 : MALLOW FAMILY.

* % Stem-leaves united into one usually rounded blade or cup underneath the small.
and whitish flowers: fl. summer. @
C. perfoliata occurs in some gardens, from Oregon and California; small,
of no beauty ; root-leaves tufted, spatulate or lanceolate.

22. MALVACEA, MALLOW FAMILY.

Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube con-
nected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped 1-celled anthers
(Lessons, p. 114, fig. 238), the calyx valvate and the corolla con-
volute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palimately-veined
and often lobed leaves, evident stipules, and regular flowers, the true
sepals and the petals 5. There is commonly an involucre of several
bracts, resembling an outer calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped: the leafy
cotyledons crumpled or doubled up, in some mucilaginous albumen.
Innocent plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark.

§1. Anthers all borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments.

* Ovaries numerous and separate, crowded in a head,in fruit becoming little 1-seeded
pods or akenes. Jnvolucre conspicuous as a sort of outer calyx. Herbs.

1. MALOPE. _Involucre of 8 ovate or heart-shaped leaves. Annuals.
2. KITAIBELIA. Involucre of 6-9 ovate and pointed leaves united at the base.
Perennial. ?
# « Ovaries several or many united in a ring around an azis, in fruit commonly
falling away separately, each 1-seeded. Ours are all herbs.

+ Stigmas running down the side of the slender styles.

8. ALTHEA. Involucre of 6-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not
projecting nor enlarged.
4. LAVATERA. Involucre of 3-6 more united bracts. Axis of the fruit over-
to ying the carpels.
5. MAL A. Involucre of only 8 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise
entire. Carpels beakless.

6. CALLIRRHOE. Involuere of 1-3 bracts or none. Petals wedge-shaped and
truncate, denticulate or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak
at the summit.

7. NAPA. Involucre none. Flowers dicecious!

+ + Stigmas capitate or truncate at the apex of the styles.

8. ANODA. Involucre none. Fruit depressed, very flat and star-shaped, the
sides of the numerous carpels evanescent: seed nearly horizontal.

9. SIDA. Involucre none. Fruit separating into 5 or more closed carpels, or
each 2-valved at the apex: seed hanging.

* « * Ovaries and cells of' the fruit 2 - several-seeded.
10, ABUTILON. Involucre none. Carpels each 8 - several-seeded.
11. MODIOLA. Involucre of 3 bractlets. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross
partition between the upper and lower seed.

§ 2. Anthers borne aluny the outside of the tube of filaments. Ovar: and fruit 8-
several-celled : stigmas capitate. Involucre present. Herbs, shrba; or trees.

* Involucre of several or many bracts.

12. MALVAVISCUS. Branches of the style and stigmas 10, twice as many as the
cells of the ovary. Petals not separating and spreading. Fruit berry-like:
cells 1-seeded. ‘

13. KOSTELETZKYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celled; the
cells single-seeded. ;

14. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 5. Pod

5-celled, loculicidal; the cells many-seeded.

« « Involucre of 3 large and heart-shaped leaf-like bracts.

‘15. GOSSYPIUM. Styles united into one: stigmas 3-5, as many as the cells of
the pod. Seeds numerous, bearing cotton.

MALLOW FAMILY. vel

1. MALOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some ‘kind of Mallow.) Herbs,
poouaine Mallows, from the Mediterranean region ; cult. as garden annuals:
- Summer,

M. trifida, Turev-Losep M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the upper
ones 3-lobed; the handsome flowers 2’ or more broad, rose-color, veined with
purple or rose-red, also a white var. @

M. malacoides is rarer, hairy, low, with oblong-ovate toothed Ieaves,
long peduncles, and rose-colored flowers. 2

2. KITAIBELIA. (Named for Paul Kitaibel, a botanist of Hungary,
where the plant grows wild.) Fl. summer. The only spccies is
K. vitifolia, Vine-Leavep K. Cult. in gardens; a rough-hairy herb,
2°—3° high, rather clammy at the summit, with acutely 5-lobed and toothed
leaves, involucre longer than the true calyx, and dull white corolla 14’ broad
when expanded. 2

8. ALTH ASA. (From Greck word meaning to cure, used in medicine as an
emollient.) fall herbs (the Shrubhby Althea belongs not to this genus, but to
Hibiscus), natives only of the Old World: fl. summer and autuinn.

A. officinalis, Marsu-Mattow. Rarely cult., but has run wild on the
coast E.; a rather coarse downy plant, with ovate, sometimes a little heart-
shaped or 3-lobed leaves, and clusters of short-peduncled flowers in their axils ;
corolla 1! broad, rose-color. The thick root is used for -its mucilage, and for
making Mursh-Mallow paste. 2 °

A. rosea, Hottynock. Cult. from Syria, with tall and simple hairy
stem, rugose rounded and heart-shaped angled or 5 —7-lobed leaves, and large
flowers on very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of
rose, purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3/—4' broad. @

4. LAVATERA. (Named for the brothers Lavater, of Zurich.) A sort
of Mallow, sometimes cult. in gardens, from Europe: fl. all summer.

L. triméstris, Turee-montn L. or FLowerinc Mattow. Smooth or
smoothish, 1°-—2° high ; lower leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, upper heart-
shaped, uppermost 3-lobed ; flowers 2’—3! broad, rosc-color, rarcly white; in
fruit a broad disk-shaped or umbrella-like expansion of the top of the axis com-
pletely covers the carpels. @ ,

L. Thuringiaca. Gunman L. Rather downy, smaller; leaves mostly
3-lobed; flowers long-peduncled, 14'~ 2! broad, rose-color; in fruit the axis pro-
jects much beyond the ring of carpels as a pointed cone. -

L. arborea, Tree Matrow. Not quite hardy N., has a stout stem 2°-6°
high, woody below, rounded 5-9-lobed rather downy leaves, pale purple flow-
ers 13’ broad, on short pediccls, ina terminal raceme or narrow panicle; the
axis of the fruit (like that of Mallow) not projecting beyond the carpels. 2

5. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of an old Greck word, mean-
ing soft or emollient.) All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run
wild in ficlds and along roadsides: fl. all summer and autumn.

* Flowers small, white or whitish, not conspicuous nor handsome.

M. rotundifolia, Cowon or Rounp-teavep M. Weed in cult.
grounds; with procumbent stems from a strong deep root, rounded kidney-
shaped erenate leaves on very long petioles, rather slender peduncles, and fruit
not wrinkled. @ 2 : &

M. erispa, Currey M. In country gardens, rarely in waste places ; with
erect stem (4° — 6° high) leafy to the top, rounded 5 — 7-lobed or angled leaves
very mueh crisped round the margin, flowers clustered and almost sessile in the
axils, and fruit slightly wrinkled. @

# * Flowers larger, more or less showy, 14'—2' in diameter ; the purple, rose-color,

or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx: stem erect.

M. Mauritiana, sometimes called Tree Marrow. Cult.; 3°—5° high,
with rounded 5-lobed smooth or smoothish leaves, and clusters in their axils of

72 MALLOW FAMILY.

flowers 1}! in diameter, the petals pale rose-color or white, striped with dark
purple or violet veins.

M. sylvéstris, Hien M. Gardens and roadsides ; 2° — 3° high, branch-
ing, with rather sharply 5 — 7-lobed leaves, and purple-rose-colored flowers rather
smaller,than in the last; fruit wrinkled-veiny. @ 2 ‘

M. Alcea. Gardens; 2°-4° high, hairy, with stem-leaves parted almost
to the base into 3-5 divisions which are again 3 —5-cleft or cut-toothed ; and
showy flowers in clusters or terminal racemes ; corolla deep rose-color, 1}'- 2'
broad ; fruit smooth, minutely wrinkled-veiny. 2 :

M. moschata, Musk M. Gardens, and escaped to roadsides, 1°-2°
high, rather hairy, with the herbage faintly musk-scented, leaves about thrice
parted or cut into slender lincar lobes, and short-peduncled flowers somewhat
clustered or racemed ; corolla 13! broad, rose-color or white; fruit downy.

6. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greck mythological name, applied to N. American
plants.) Species chiefly farther W. and S., becoming rather common in
choice gardens. Flowers crimson, mauve, or red-purple, very showy, pro-
duced all summer.

% Root thick, often turnip-shaped, farinaceous : stems roughish-hairy or smoothish. 2

C. triangulata. Dry prairies from Wisconsin S. ; stems erect, 2° high ;
leaves triangular, halberd-shaped, or the lowest heart-shaped, the upper cut-
lobed or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers somewhat panicled and short-peduncled ; involucre
as long as the calyx ; corolla 14’ or less in diameter ; carpels of the fruit even
on the back, tipped with a short point. :

C. involucrata. Wild from plains of Nebraska S., and cult. for orna-
ment; stems spreading on the ground, 1°-3° long; stipules conspicuous ;
leaves rounded, 5-parted or cleft and cut-lobed, shorter than the axillary pedun-
cles ; involucre shorter than the calyx; corolla 2’ or more broad; carpels of
the fruit reticulated, tipped with a flat and inconspicuous beak.

C. Papaver. Wild in rich woodlands from Georgia to Texas, and spar-
ingly cult. ; stems short, ascending, few-leaved ; leaves 3 - 5-parted with lance-
linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and cleft into oblong lobes ;
axillary peduncles very (often 1°) long; involucre of 1-3 bracts or none;
corolla 2’ or more broad ; carpels of the fruit wrinkled or reticulated and with
a stout incurved beak.

C. digitata. Wild in prairies of Arkansas and Texas; 1° high; leaves
mostly from the root, 5-7-parted into long linear sometimes 2-3-cleft divis-
ions ; peduncles long and slender ; involucre none; corolla 13!-2' broad, the
petals fringe-toothed at the end ; fruit nearly as in the last.

x * Root slender or tapering: herbage smooth. @ @

C. pedata. Wild in E. Texas; not rare cult.; stem erect, 1°-—5° high,
leafy ; leaves rounded, 3-7-lobed or parted and the wedge-shaped divisions cleft
or cut; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves; involucre none; corolla about
1}! broad, the petals minutely eroded at the end; carpels of the fruit smooth
and even on the back, and with a stout conspicuous beak. :

7. NAPAIA, GLADE-MALLOW. (From Greek name for glade or nymph
of the groves.) Only one species,

_N. dioica. In valleys, chiefly in limestone districts of Penn., Virginia,

and W. A rather coarse, roughish herb; stem 4°-7° high; leaves 9-11->

parted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in diameter ; flowers

small, in panicled corymbs, in summer.

8. ANODA. (Origin of the name obscure.) Low herbs from Mexico,
Texas, &c., sparingly cult. for ornament. Stems, &c. hirsute: peduncles
long and slender, 1-flowered. Fruit in the form of a many-rayed star, su
ported by the spreading 5-rayed calyx : when ripe the rim of each carpel falls
away with the seed it embraces, the sides or partitions disappearing. @

A. hastata has mostly halberd-shaped leaves, and blue or violet corolla
only 1°~-1}° in diameter ; lobes of the calyx ovate, scarcely pointed.

MALLOW FAMILY. 73

A. cristata has mostly triangular or obscurely halberd-shaped and toothed
leaves, and purple or rose-colored corolla 2/ in diameter; lobes of the calyx
triangular, taper-pointed.

®. SIDA. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) Mostly rather small-flow-
ered or weedy herbs, with 5-12 styles and carpels: fl. summer and autumn.

+ Peduncles axillary, \-flowered : corolla yellow.

S. spinosa. So named from the little pointed projection or tubercle at the
base of the petiole, but which can hardly be called a spine ; stems much branched,
10'-20' high ; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy ; peduncles very
short ; flower very small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2
points. A common weed S. of New York. @

S. rhombifodlia. But the leaves are hardly rhombic, usually lance-oblong,
short-petioled, serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath; stems 1°-38° high,
much branched ; hae be rather long; flower small; fruit of 10 or 12 one-
pointed carpels. weed only S. @

S. Elliottii. Nearly smooth, 1°-4° high; leaves linear or lanceolate,
serrate, short-petioled ; flower 1’ broad, on a short peduncle; fruit of 10-12
nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2

% Peduncles bearing.a corymb of several white flowers from the upper axils.
8S. Napéea. Smooth; stem simple, 4‘-7' high; leaves rounded, 5-cleft, the
lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1’ broad; styles and cells of the
pod 10. Wild in S. Penn. and Virg. Cult. in old gardens. 2/

10. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.)

Resembles Sida, but cells more than one-seeded ; flowers usually larger.

A. Avicénne, Vetver-Lear. Cult. soil and old gardens, 3° - 5° high;
leaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than
petiole, 1-—3-flowered ; corolla orange-yellow; fruit of 12-15 united hairy
carpels with spreading beaks. Fl. autumn. @

A. striatum, Strirep Asutiton. Cult. in greenhouses, &c. from Bra-
zil; a tall shrub, very smooth, with rounded heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, the
lobes very taper-pointed, and pretty large solitary flowers hanging on a very
long and slender peduncle; corolla not spreading open, orange-colored, with
deeper or brownish veining or stripes.

ll. MODIOLA. (The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman
measure modiolus.) Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy plants.
M. multifida. Virginia and S., in low grounds; leaves 3—7-cleft and

cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, 4! broad ; fruit

hairy at the top. @ 2

12. MALVAVISCUS. (Name composed of Malva, Mallow, and viscus,
birdlime, from the glutinous pulp of the berry-like fruit.) Shrubby plants,
with showy scarlet flowers, of peculiar appearance, the petals not expanding,
but remaining convolute around the lower part of the slender projecting and
soon twisted column, held together as it were by a little side-lobe near the
base of the inner edge.

M. arboreus, the common West India species, cult. in some hot-houses,
has heart-shaped leaves longer than broad, and yellowish fruit. :

M. Drumméndii, of Texas, if housed in winter flowers all summer in
open ground, is soft-downy, with more rounded and somewhat 3-lobed leaves,

and scarlet fruit. .

18. KOSTELETZSKYA. (Named for a Bohemian botanist, Kosteletzsky.)

Like Hibiscus, only the cells of ovary and fruit 1-seeded. Fl. summer.

K. Virginica, Viretian K. In and near salt marshes, from New York
and New Jersey S.: roughish-hairy, 2°-5° high; leaves heart-shaped or mostly
3-lobed, often halberd-shaped ; flowers somewhat racemed or panicled, rose
purple, 1/-2! broad. 2

74 MALLOW FAMILY.

14. HIBISCUS, ROSE-MALLOW. (Ancient name, of obscure origin.)
Flowers showy, usually large, in summer and autumn.

x Tall shrubs or even trees, exotics.

H. Syriacus, Tree H. or Surunpy ALTHEA, of gardens and ground
common, native of the Levant: nearly smooth, with wedge-ovate and @lobe
leaves, and short-peduneled flowers in their axils, in autumn, about 3’ broad,
purple, rosc-color, white, &c., often double. .

. Rosa-Sinénsis. Cura H. or Rose or Cia. Cult. in conserva-
tories, from East Indies (where the splendid corollas, which stain black, are used
to black shoes): very smooth, with bright green ovate and pointed somewhat
toothed leaves, and very shuwy flowers on slender peduneles, 4’ or 5! broad,
searlet-red (rarely rose-purple or even white), often double.

« * Herbs, with persistent and regular 5-lobed culyz, and a short pod.
+ Wild species, but sometimes cultivated, tall and larye.

H. coccineus, Grear Rep H. or Rose-Matrow. Marshes from Caro-
lina S.; very smooth, 4°-7° high, with leaves aati or deeply cleft into
long lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions, and brig nt-red corolla 6'—11! broad,
the petals narrowed below. . Z

. militaris, Harserv-teavep R. Low grounds from Pennsylvania
and Illinois 8.; smooth, 3°-4° high, with ovate or heart-shaped toothed or
8-lobed leaves, some of them halberd-shaped, and slender-peduncled flowers,
with inflated calyx, and flesh-colored corvila 4/— 5’ broad.

H. Moscheitos, Swauv R. Common in brackish marshes and up the
larger rivers; 3°-7° high, soft-downy ; the ovate pointed and often 3-lobed
leaves hoary bencath, generally smooth above ; peduncles slender ; corolla 4! ~ 6!
broad, pale rose or whute, with or without a darker centre ; pod smooth.

H. grandiflorus, Larce-re. R. Swamps, from Illinois and Carolina S. ;
like the last, but leaves soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy.

H. aculeatus, Prickry or Rovau R. Swamps only S.; rough with
stiff bristles and bristly points, 2°-6° high ; leaves 3—5-clcft and the divisions
mostly toothed ; flowers short-peduneled ; leaves of the involuere often forked ;
corolla yellow with a purple centre, 4! broad ; pod bristly.

+ + Exotic low species, in gardens or cultivated grounds. @

H. Tridnum, Brapper Kersia or Firower-or-,x-nocr. Rather
hairy, 1°- 2° high, with the leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate
lobes, the middle lobe much longest; calyx inflated and bladdery ; corolla about
2! broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, open only in midday sunshine.

* & * ITerbs, with calyx splitting down one side, and generally fu'ling off at once,

and with long or narrow pyramidal or angled pod: natives of Hast Ludies.

H. esculéntus, Oxra or Gumbo. Nearly smooth, with rounded heart-
shaped 5-lobed toothed leaves, greenish-yellow flowers on slender peduncle (invo-
lucre falling early), and narrow pods 3! or 4! long, which are very mucilaginous,
and when green cooked and eaten, or uscd to thicken soups: cult. S. @

H. Manihot. Smoothish, with leaves 5 -7-parted into long narrow divis-
ions ; the larse and showy corolla pale yellow with a dark eye ; the leaves of
the involuere hairy and soon falling off: introduced or cult. S$. W.

15. GOSSYPIUM, COTTON. (Name given by Pliny, from the Arabic.)
Plants now diffused over warm countrics, most valuable for the wool on the
seeds : the species much mixed up.

G. herbaceum, Common Cotroy. Cult. 8. Leaves with 5 short and
roundish lobes ; petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base.

G. Barbadeénse, Barnapors or Seax-Israxp C. Cult. on the coast 8.
Inclining to be shrubby at base; branches black-dotted ; leaves with 5 longer
lance-ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and
slender tecth ; petals yellowish or whitish with purple base.

G. arboreum, Tree C. Cult. S., only for curiosity, has 5-7 nearly
lanceolate and tapcr-pointed lobes to the leaves, leaves of involucre slightly
toothed, and a purple corolla with a darker centre.

wt

CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 15

23. STERCULIACEA:, STERCULIA FAMILY.

Chiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the TaeoBroma or
Cnocorate-TReE ; in common cultivation known here only by a
single species of

1. MAHERNIA. (Name an anagram of Hermannia, a genus very like
it.) Calyx, corolla, &c. as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens only 5,
one before each petal ; the filaments monadclphous only at the base and’ en-
larged about the middle, and the anthers with 2 parallel cells. The edges of
the base of the petals rolled inwards, making a hollow claw. Ovary 5-celled,
with several ovules in cach cell: styles 5, united at the base.

M. verticillata. Cult. from Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories pro-
ducing a succession of honcy-yellow sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender
peduncles, all winter and spring; « sort of woody perennial, with slender and
spreading or hanging roughish branches and small green irregularly pinnatifid
leaves ; the specific name given because the leaves seem to be whorled; but this
is because the stipules, which are cut into several lincar divisions, imitate leaves.

24, TILIACEA, LINDEN FAMILY.
Chiefly a tropical family, represented here orily by an herbaceous
Coxcnorvus on our southernmost borders, and by the genus of fine
trees which gives the name.

1. TILIA, LINDEN, LIME-TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin
name.) Sepals 5, valvate in the bud, as in the Mallow Family, but decidu-
ous. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous;
their filaments cohering in 5 clusters, sometimes with a petal-like body in each
eluster ; anthers 2-celled. Pistil with a 5-cclled ovary, having 2 ovules in
each cell, in fruit becoming a rather woody globular 1 - 2-seedced little nut.
Style 1: stigma 5-toothed. Embryo with a slender radicle and leaf-like lobed
cotyledons folded up in the albumen. Trees with mucilaginous shoots, fibrous
inner bark (last), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate leaves more
or less heart-shaped and commonly oblique at the base, deciduous stipules,
and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honcy-bearing flowers, borne in early
summer on a nodding axillary peduncle which is united to a long and narrow
leaf-like bract.

% A petal-like scale before each petal, to the base of which the stamens are joined.

T. Americana, American Lixpen or Common Basswoop. <A hand-
some and large forest-tree, with leaves of rather firm texture and smooth or
smoothish both sides, or in one varicty thinner and more downy but not white
beneath.

T. heterophylla, Waite Linpey. Along the Alleghany region from
Penn. and Kentucky S.; has larger leaves silvery white with a finc down under-

neath. . :
x * No scales with the stamens. Natives of Europe.

T. Europea, Evrorean L., embraces both the SmaLi-LEAven variety,
which is commonly planted about citics, and the Lance-reavep or Durcu L.,
with leaves as large and firm as those of our wild Basswood.

25. CAMELLIACEA, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple feather-veined leaves,
and no stipules; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, reg-
ular, with both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud; the very
numerous stamens with filaments more or less united at the base
with each other and with the base of the corolla: anthers 2-celled :
ovary and thick or woody pod 5-celled, with one or more seeds in

76 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY.

each cell. The petals themselves are commonly more or less
united at their base; they are 5 or sometimes 6 or even more in
number in natural flowers, and in cultivated plants apt to be in-
creased by doubling.

« Exotics, from China, Japan, ¢c.: some of the inner stamens entirely separate :
commonly there is a gradution from bracts to sepals and petals.

1. CAMELLIA. Numerous separate inner stamens within the ring or cup formed
by the united bases of the very numerous outer stamens. Style 3 -5-cleft.
Seeds large, usually single in each cell of the thick and woody pod. Leaves
evergreen, serrate.

2. THEA. Separate interior stamens only as many as the petals (5 or 6): other-
wise nearly like Camellia: flowers less showy; bracts under the calyx incon-
spicuous.

* « Natives of Southeastern States: stamens all united at the base.

8. GORDONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal.
Style columnar: stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves
coriucéons or thickish,

4, STUARTIA. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the fila-
ments. Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous.

1, CAMELLIA. (Named for G. Camellus or Kamel, a missionary to China
in the 17th century.)

C. Japonica, Jaran CamELtia, with oval or oblong pointed and shining
leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal flowers, simple or double, red, white, or
variegated, of very many varieties, is the well-known and only common species ;
fl. through the winter, hardy only S.

2. THEA, TEA-PLANT. (The Chinese name.) Genus too slightly dif-
ferent from Camellia. Shrubs, natives of China and Japan, sparingly cult.
for ornament.

T. viridis, Green or Common T. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate,
much longer than wide; the white flowers (1/ or more broad) nodding on short
stalks in their axi's.

T. Bohéa, Bouva T. Leaves smaller and broader in proportion ; proba-
bly a mere variety of the other.

8. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and another Scotchman of the
same nine.)

G. Lasianthus, Losrotty Bay. A handsome shrub or small tree, in
swamps uear the coast from Virginia 8., with evergreen and smooth lance-
oblong leaves tapering to the base and minutely serrate, and showy white flow-
ers 2/— 3’ across, in spring and summer, on a slender peduncle; the stamens
short, on a 5-lobed cup.

G. pubéscens, also called Franuxtyia, after Dr. Franklin. Grows only
in Georia and Florida ; a tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner
and deciduous leaves whitish downy beneath, as are the sepals and (white)

peia's, and longer style and filaments, the latter in 5 distinct parcels one on the
base of each petal.

4. STUARTIA. (Named for John Stuart, the Lord Bute at the time of the
oa aiiieh arty ) Ornamental shrubs, with thin leaves and handsome
white flowers 2" or 3’ across, in late spring or early summer, wild in shad
woos of Southern States.” ye 2 :

_S. Virginica, grows in the low country from Virginia S. ; shrub 8° — 12°
high, with finely scrrate leaves soft-downy underneath, pure white petals, purple
stamens, on? style, and a roundish pod.

8. pentagyna, belongs to the mountains S. of Virginia, and in cult. is
hardy N. ; has smoother leaves and rather larger very handsome flowers, their
petals jagged-edged and tinged with cream-color, the sepals often reddish out-
side, 5 separate styles, and a 5-angled pointed pod.

GERANIUM FAMILY. 77

26. LINACEA?, FLAX FAMILY.

A small family, represented here only by the main genus,

1. LINUM, FLAX. (The classical Greek and Latin name.) Flowers (see
Lessons, p. 89, fig. 174, 175, and p. 93, fig. 191) usually opening for only
one day, and in sunshine, regular and symmetrical ; the persistent sepals,
deciduous petals, slightly monadelphous stamens, and mostly the styles 5, but
the latter are sometimes fewer, occasionally partly united: ovary and pod
with as many 2-seeded cells as there are styles, or mostly twice as many and
one-seeded, each cell being divided more or less by a false partition. Seeds
with a mucilaginous coat and a large straight oily embryo. Leaves simple,
nearly sessile, and entire. ¥F1. all summer.

x Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, with small yellow flowers.

L. Virginianum, the commonest Witp Fiax, in dry woods, 2° high,
with spreading or recurving terete branches at the summit of the stem; the
leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite; flowers
scattered ; styles separate ; pod little larger than a pin’s head.

L. striatum, also common, mostly in boggy grounds, like the first; but
has the branches shorter, scattered along the stem, and sharply 4-angled with
intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of the stem-leaves opposite and
oblong ; flowers more crowded.

L. suleatum, much less common, in dry soil, also has grooved (upright)
branches, but the leaves are linear and scattered; flowers and pods twice as
large; sepals sharp-pointed, 3-nerved and with rough glandular margins; styles
united half-way up.

«* * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with 5 styles and largish handsome flowers.

L. usitatissimum, Common Frax. Cult. from Old World, and inclined
to run wild in fields ; with narrow lanceolate leaves, corymbose rich blue flow-
ers, and pointed sepals. @

L. perénne, Perenniau Frax. Cult. from Eu. in some varieties, for
ornament, wild beyond the Mississippi; less tall than the foregoing, narrower-
leaved ; sepals blunt; petals sky-blue, sometimes pale, at least towards the
base.

L. grandiflorum, Larcr-ru. Rep Frax. Cult. as an annual, from
North Africa; 1° high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and showy crimson-red
flowers. @ 2f

* * * Cultivated in conservatories, shrubby, with 8 styles and large flowers.

L. trigynum, of India, has rather large elliptical leaves, and a succession
of large and showy bright-yellow flowers.

27, GERANIACEA, GERANIUM FAMILY.

As now received a large and multifarious order, not to be char-
acterized as a whole in any short and easy way, including as it does
Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood-Sorrels, Balsams, &c., which have
to be separately described. ;

§.1. Flowers regular and symmetrical: sepals persistent. Herbs.

1. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in
the bud. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter.
Stvles 5, separate on a 5-celled ovary, which becomes a membranaceous
several-seeded pod. Juice sour and ‘watery. Leaves commonly of three
obcordate or two-lobed leaflets, which droop at nightfall. Flowers usually
open only in sunshine.

2. LIMNANTHES. Sepals and petals 5, the former valvate, the Iatter convolute
in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 5. Stamens 10, separate at the base.
Style 1, five-lobed at the apex, rising from the centre of a deeply five-lobed
ovary, which in fruit becomes 5 separate thickish aud wrinkled akenes.
Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets cut or cleft.

78° GERANIUM FAMILY.

3. FLERKEA. : Sepals, small petit, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3; and
stamens 6: otherwise like Limnanthes.

4. GERANIUM. Sepals and petals 6, the former imbricated, the latter corny
convolute in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 4, alternaie with the peu 8.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, the alternate filaments shor a ae
usually bearing anthers. Style 5-cleft. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed, the oe
separating when ripe into 5 two-ovuled but one-seeded carpels or little po 4
which remain hanging by their long naked recurving styles as these split off,
from below upwards, from a Jong central beak or axis. (Lessons, p. 125,
fiz. 277, 278.) Leaves with stipules Herbage sceuted. f

6 ERODIUM. Stamens with anthers only 5. Styles when they split off from
the beak bearded inside, often twisting spirally : otherwise as Geranium.

$2. Flowers somewhat irregular, Geranium-like. Shrubby or fleshy-stemmed.

6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petals 5; the base of one sepal extends down-
ward on one side the pedicel forming 2 uarrow tube or adherent spur, and
the two petals on that side of the flower differ from the rest more or less in
size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 10, commonly 4. Pistil, &c.
asin Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules.

§3. Flowers very irregular, spurred, also unsymmetrical. Tender herbs.

7. TROVEOLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and in the upper side of the
flower extended into a long descending spur. Petals 5, or sometimes fewer,
usually with claws: the two upper more or less different from the others
and inserted at the mouth of the spur. Stamens 8, unequal or dissimilar ;
filaments usually turned downwards and curving. Ovary of 3 lobes sur-
rounding the base of a single style, in fruit becoming 3 thick and fleshy
closed separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, climbing
by their long leafstalks ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and taste
of Cress. Leaves alternate : stipules none or minute. VPeduncles axillary,
one-flowered.

8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each
not readily distinguished. There are 3 small outer pieces, plainly sepals, on
oue side of the flower ; then, on the other side, a large hanging sac contracted
at the bottom intu a spur or little tail; within are two small unequally 2-lobed
petals, one each side of the sac. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly
cuhering around und covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a
several-seeded pod: this bursts elastically. flying in pieces at the touch,
scattering the seeds, separating into 5 twisting valves and a thickish axis.
Style none. Seeds rather large. Lrect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs,
with simple leaves and no stipules.

1, OXALIS, WOOD-SORREL. (Name from Greck words meaning sour-
salt, from the oxalates or “ salt-of-sorrel ”” contained in the juice.)

* Native species, flowering through the suwnmer : leaflets broadly obcordate.

O. stricta, Yerrow W. Extremely common in waste or cultivated soil
and open woodlands ; stems 3'- 12! high, leaty ; slender peduncles bearing an
umbcl of 2-6 small yellow flowers, followed by slender pods. @

O. Acetosélla, Troe W. Common in moxsy woods N. ; the leafstalks
and 1-flowered scapes 2'-4' high from a creeping scaly-toothed rootstock ;
flower rather larye, white with delicate reddish veins. 2/

O. violacea, Viorrr W. Common §., rarer N., in rocky or sandy soil ;
leafstalks and slender scape from a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel,
middle-sized, violet. 2/

* * Cultivated in conservatories, from Cape of Good Hope.

O. Bowiei, a stemless species, with a small bulb on a spindle-shaped root;
leafstalks and few-flowered scapes 6'-10! high; broad obcordate leaflets almost
2’ long; petals deep rose-color, 1! long.

O. speciosa is more hairy; leaflets obovate and scarcely notched, com-
monly crimson underneath, only 1/ long ; scapes short, 1-flowered ; petals 14!
long, pink-red with a yellowish base.

O. flava, from a strong bulb sends up to the surface a short scaly stem,
bearing thick flattish leafstalks and short 1-flowered scapes; the leaflets 6— 10
and linear ; petals nearly 1/ long, yellow, often edged with reddish.

GERANIUM FAMILY. 79

O. versicolor, the commoner and prettiest species, from small bulbs sends
up slender stems, 2!— 3! high, bearing at summit leaves of 3 almost lincar leaf-
lets notched at the end, and slender 1-flowered peduneles ; petals 1! Jong, white
or tinged with rose, with bright pink-red margins underneath, so that the b'os-
som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above when
it opens in sunshine.

* * « Cultivated from South America for the edible tubers.

O. crenata, the Oca of Pern, rather common in France, bears abundance
of potato-like tubers as large as pullet’s-egps ; stem leafy, 2° high; leaflets
obcordate; peduncles several-flowered ; petals yellow, rather large, crenate or
several-notched at the end.

2. LIMNANTHES. (Name from Greek words for marsh flower ; but in
fact the plant flourishes in merely moist soil.) @

L. Douglasii. Cult. for ornament from California ; a low and spreading,
mostly smooth, and slightly succulent garden annual, with leaves of 5-7 oblong
or lanceolate and often 3 —5-cleft leaflets, and rather neat flowers (in summer),
solitary on slender axillary peduncles; the petals white with a yellow base,
-wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice the length of the calyx, about 4/ long.

8. FLOSRKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (Named for Flerke, a German
botanist.) @

F. proserpinacoides, in marshes and wet alluvial soil; a small and in-
significant plant, with the 3-5 leaflets lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2-3-
cleft ; the axillary and peduneled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer),
the oblong petals shorter than the calyx and entire.

4. GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (From old Greek name for the Crane,
alluding probably to the Jong beak in fruit.) The following are wild species
of the country: the so-called Geraniums of cultivation belong to Pelargonium.
Sepals usually slender-pointed. Fl. spring and summer.

G. maculatum, Witp or Srotren Cranessitt. Common in wood--
lands and open grounds ; stem erect from a stout root or rootstock, about 2°
high, hairy, branching and terminating in long peduncles bearing a pair of
flowers ; leaves palmately parted into 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions cut and cleft
at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge-obovate, light purple,
3' long, bearded on the short claw. 2

G. Carolinianum, Carorrva C. In open and mostly barren soil;
stems erect or soon diffusely branched from the base, only 6-18’ high ; leaves
palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut divisions ; peduncles and pedicels
short; flowers barely half as large as in the foregoing, the pale rose-colored pet-
als notched at the end. @ @

G. Robertianum, Herr Ronert. Common N. in shady rocky places ;
very strong-scented, loosely hairy, diffusely spreading ; leaves finely cut, being
divided into 3 twice-pinnatifid divisions ; flowers small; petals pink or red

purple. ©

5. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (From Greek name for a Heron.)

E. cicutarium, Common §. Nat. from Eu., in sterile soil, but not com-
mon, execpt in Texas and California, where it greatly abounds; low, hairy and
rather viscid ; the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate, and the leafiets fincly
once or twice pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small pinkish
flowers, in summer. @ ®

6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum-
mer-garden culture. (Name from Greck word for the Stork, from the beak of
the fruit, which is like that of Geranium.) All are perennials, and most of the
common ones more or less shrubby, natives of the Cape of Good Hope; in
cultivation so mixed up by crossing that students will hardly be able to make
out the species. The following are the types or originals of the commonest
sorts,

80 GERANIUM FAMILY.

§ 1. Leaves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes entire : stems trailing.

P. peltatum, Ivy-teavep P. Generally smooth, the leaf fixed towards
the middle, with or without a darkish zone; flowers pink or varying to white.

§ 2. Leaves round and crenate, very obscurely many-lobed and with a deep narrow
sinus : petals all of one color (scarlet, pink, or varying to white), the two
upper a little narrower than the others: stems erect, shrubby and succulent.
The two species greatly mixed.

P. zonale, Horsn-suor P. So called from the dark horse-shoe mark or

zone, which however is not always present ; smoothish ; petals narrowish.

P. inquinans, Srainine or Scarier P. In the unmixed state is soft-

downy and clammy, the leaves without the zone; petals broadly obovate, origi-
nally intense scarlet.

§ 3. Leaves rounded, moderately if at all lobed : branches scarcely succulent : pet-
als never scarlet, the two upper more or less larger than the three lower.

* Leaves sweet-scented, velvety or soft-downy: flowers small: stems or branches
herbaceous or half herbaceous, spreading or straggling.

P. capitatum, Ross-scentep P. Softly hairy, with the rose-scented
leaves moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad; peduncle bearing many
sessile flowers in a head ; petals rose-purple, barely $' long.

P. tomentosum, Perrermint P. Densely soft-hairy; branches long
and thickish; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 open lobes,
velvety-hairy both sides ; flowers on long pedicels in panicled umbels, insignifi-
cant ; petals white, the 3 lower a little longer than the calyx.

P. odoratissimum, Nutmec-scentep P. Branches slender and strag-
gling, from a very short scaly stem or base; leaves rounded and crenate, soft-
velvety, small; flowers on short pedicels, very small; petals white, scarcely
exceeding the calyx.

* * Leaves not sweet-scented: flowers large, pink, purple, white, §c., the two

oper petals longer and broader than the three lower and streaked or spotted :
shrubby and erect. (All much mixed.)

P. cucullatum, Cowtep P. Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney-shaped leaves
cupped, soft-downy.

P. cordatum, Heartr-reavep P. Like the last or less hairy, with flat
ovate-heart-shaped leaves.

P. angulosum, Mapte-reavep P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves rigid, in-
clined to be lobed, truncate or even wedge-shaped at the base (scarcely ever
heart-shaped), sharply toothed.

§ 4. Leaves decidedly lobed or cut, in some species compound or decompound,
* Smooth and pale or glaucous, rounded, palmately 5 — 7-cleft.

P. grandiflorum, Great-rLowrrep P. Shrubby; peduncles bearing
about 3 large flowers, with white petals 14/ long, the two upper larger and ele-
gantly veined or variegated with pink or rose-color.

* * Silky-houry, pinnately veined and somewhat pinnatifid.

P. tricolor, Turer-cotorep P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long-petioled
small leaves lance-oblong ; peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three
lower petals white, the two upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base, and
rather smaller, $’ long: not common.

* * * Soft-hoary or velvety, palmately 3-parted, small: no obvious stipules.

P. exstipulatum, Peyny-Royat P. Low, rather shrubby; leaves with
the sweet scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot, 3’ wide, the lobes wedge-shaped
and cut-toothed ; flowers small and insigniticant, white.

% & x & Hairy, roughish, or downy : leaves more or less pinnatifid or pinnately
compound or the main lobes or divisions pinnatifid, balsamic or strong-
scented : stipules present.

P. quercifolium, OaK-teavep P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular ;

leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatitid, with wavy-toothed blunt lobes (the lowest

RUE FAMILY. 81

ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark-colored
along the middle, unpleasantly scented; petals purple or pink, the two upper
(1' long) much longest.

P. gravéolens, Heavy-scenrep P. Shrubby and hairy like the Jast;
leaves palmately 5~7-lobed or parted and the oblong lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ;
petals shorter. i

P. Radula, Roven P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with short bris-
tles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and the divisions
pinnately parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with revolute margins ;
peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals rose-color striped or veined
with pink or purple.

P. fulgidum, Brititanr P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, downy ;
leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped and 8-lobed, the
middle one oblong and cut-pinnatifid; calyx broad in the throat; petals
obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, 3! long.

P. triste, Sap or Nigut-scenrep P. Stem succulent and very short
from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy ; pet-
als dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night.

7. TROPASOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Name
from a Greek word for a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a
group of shields.) Cult. from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament,
and the pickled fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor
and pungency : fl. all summer, showy.

T. majus, Common N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely climbing ;
leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the middle; petals much
longer than calyx, varying from orange to scarlet and crimson, pointless, entire
or a little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at
the base : also a full double variety. @

T. minus, Smarter N. Smaller; petals paler yellow and with a pointed
tip. Now less common than the preceding, but mixed with it.

T. tuberdsum, Tusrerovus N. Less common; leaves with 5 rather
deep lobes ; petals entire, orange, scarcely longer than the heavy-spurred orange-
red calyx ; tubers edible. nati ;

T. peregrinum, Canary-sirp Frowrr. Climbing high; leaves deeply
5—7-lobed and cut; spur hooked or curved; petals light yellow, the 2 upper
lobed, the 3 lower small and fringed. @

8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWEL-WEED, BALSAM.
(Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) Ours are all
tender and succulent-stemmed annuals: fl. all summer.

I. pallida, Parz T. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest N.,
1°—4° high, branched ; leaves alternate, oval; flowers panicled, pale yellow
dotted with brownish-red (rarely spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped

with a short incurved spur.
I. falva, Sporren T. Commoner S. ; has smaller orange-colored flowers
spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into an inflexed

spur (spots and spur rarely wanting). ‘

a i equvinie, GarpENn Bacsam, from India. Low, with crowded lan-
ceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short-spurred
flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades (from white to red

and purple) ; the finer sorts full double. ._

28. RUTACEA:, RUE FAMILY.

Known by the transparent dots or glands (resembling punctures):
in the simple or compound leaves, containing a pungent or acrid
bitter-aromatic volatile oil; and stamens only as many or twice as
many (or in Orange and Lemon more numerous), inserted on the
base of a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which

.

82 RUE FAMILY.

sometimes elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the
2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or alter-
nate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers only in
No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal.

§1. Perennial, strong-svented, hardy (exotic) herbs: flowers perfect: stamens 8 or
1U: ovary 4-5-lubed, 4-d-celled: seeds several.

1. RUTA. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded.
Leaves decompound.

2. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and_ lanceolate, on short
claws, the lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10; the long
filaments declining and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate.
Ovary a little elevated, deeply 5-lobed, in fruit becoming 5 flattened rough-
glandular 2-3-seeded pods, each splitting when ripe into 2 valves, which
divide into an outer and an inner layer. Leaves piunate.

§2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, diwcious, or sometimes perfect, small
(greenish or whitish) flowers: stamens 4 or 6, as muny as the petuls: seeds
seugle or in pairs.

» Indigenous: leaves pinnate or of 3 leaflets, deciduous.

8. ZANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dicecious. Pistils 2-5; their styles slightly co-
hering ; the ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and
2-valved little pods. Seed black, smooth and shining. Prickly trees or
shrubs: leaves pinnate.

4. PTELEA. Flowers polygamons. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short
st\ le, forming a 2-celled 2-seeded and rounded wing-fruit or samara, in shape
like that of the Elm. Not prickly: leaflets 3.

« * Exotic: leaves simple and entire, evergreen.

6. SKIMMIA. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single

ovule trom the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe.

§ 3. Shrubs or trees, exotic, not hardy, with sweet-scented foliage and perfect flowers,
having numerous (20 - 60) stamens.

6. CITRUS Petals 4-8, usually 5, thickish. Filaments irregularly united more
or less. Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (see
Lessons, p. 125, fig. 281), in fruit becoming a thick-rinded many-seeded large
berry. Branches usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, apparently simple, but
with a joint between the blade and the (commonly winged or margined)
petiole, showing that the leat is a compound one reduced tu the end-leatlet.

1, RUTA, RUE. (The ancient name.) Natives of the Old World. 2

R. gravéolens, Common Rue. Cult. in country gardens; a bushy herb,
woody or almost shrubby at the base, with bluish-green and strongly dotted
oblong or obovate small leaflets, the terminal one broader and notched at the
end, and corymbs of greenish-yellow flowers, produced all summer ; the earliest
blossom has the parts in fives, the rest in fours. Plant very acrid, sometimes
even blistering the skin.

2. DICTAMNUS, FRAXINELLA. (Ancient Greek name.) Native of
Southern Europe. 2
D. Fraxinélla. Cult. for ornament; herb with an almost woody base,
viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic scent; the leaves likened to those
of Ash on a smailer scale (whence the common name) of 9-13 ovate and ser-
rate leaflets ; the large flowers in a terminal raceme, in summer, in one variety
pale purple with redder veins, another white.

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Name composed of two
Greek words, meaning yellow wood.) Bark, leaves, and little fleshy pods very
pungent and aromatic.

4. Americanum, Nortuern P. or Toornacus-rres. Rocky woods

and banks N. ; a prickly shrub or small tree, with leaves downy when youn:
of 9-11 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers in axillary Sees in

QUASSIA FAMILY. 83

spring, preceding the leaves, either the sepals or petals wanting ; pistils 3-5
with slender styles ; the little pods about the size and shape of pepper-corns,
lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on thickish stalks.

Z. Carolinianum, Souruern P. Sandy coast S.; a small tree, the
bark armed with warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth,
with 7—9 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cyme,
in early summer, later than the leaves, with the petals and sepals both present,
3 or 2 short-styled pistils, and pods not stalked.

4, PTELEA, HOP-TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, from
the resemblance in the winged fruit.)

P. trifoliata, Turze-Leaven H. Rocky woods from Penn. S. & W.;
a tall shrub or small tree, with ovate pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of
small greenish-white unpleasantly scented flowers, in early summer ; the orbic-
ular winged fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops.

5. SKIMMIA. (Skimmi is the name in Japan, from which country the
common species was recently introduced into ornamental cultivation.)

S. Japénica, a low quite hardy shrub, smooth, with oblong and entire
bright-green evergreen leaves crowded on the end of the branches, which in
spring are terminated with close panicle or cluster of small and white swect-
scented flowers, of no beauty, but followed by bright red berries which last over
winter.

6. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, &c. (Ancient name for Citron.) Na
tives of India, &c., cultivated with us only for ornament. Flowers white,
very sweet-scented, rather showy. The species or varieties are much con-
fused or mixed.

C. vulgaris, Bitrer Orance, with broadly winged petiole; fruit with a
thin roughish rind and acrid bitter pulp.

C. Aurantium, Sweer Oraner, with a very narrow wing or slight
margin to the petiole; fruit globose, with a smooth and thin separable rind
and a sweet pulp.

Var. myrtifolia, Myrrie-Leavep or Cuinese Oranee, dwarf, with
small leaves (1/—14/ long) and small fruit, depressed or sunken at the apex.

C. Limonium, Lemon, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole,
oblong and acute toothed leaves, petals commonly purplish outside, and fruit
ovoid-oblong, with adherent rind and a very acid pulp.

C. Limétta, Lime, with wingless petiole, roundish or oval serrate leaves,
and globular fruit with a firm rind and sweetish pulp. :

C. Médica, Crrron (named from the country, Media), with wingless
petiole, oblong or oval acute leaves, petals purplish outside, and a large bea
sweet-scented fruit with » very thick roughish adherent rind, and slightly acid

pulp.
29. SIMARUBACEA, QUASSIA FAMILY.

May be regarded as Rutacee without transparent dots in the
leaves; here represented by a single tree, the

1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE-OF-HEAVEN.
(Ailanto, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in terminal
branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens in the sterile
flowers and few or none in the fertile; the latter with 2 to 5 ovaries (their
styles Jateral, united or soon separate), which in fruit become linear-oblong
thin and membranaceous veiny samaras or keys, like those of Ash on a
smaller scale, but 1-seeded in the middle.

A. glandulosus, the only species known here, from China, is a common
shade-tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long pinnate leaves, and
many obliquely lanceolate entire or sparingly sinnate leaflets ; flowers in early
summer, the staminate very ill-scented.

84 CASHEW FAMILY.

30. MELIACEZ, MELIA FAMILY.

Trees, chiefly with pinnately compound dotless leaves, stamens
twice as many as the petals and united up to or beyond the anthers
into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single style ; almost
all tropical, — represented in Florida and farther south by SwieTE-
nia Manocant, the Manocany-TREE, and by an exotic shade-
tree at the South, viz.

1. MELIA. (Old Greek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely different
tree.) Calyx 5—6-parted. Petals 5 or 6, linear-spatulate. Filaments united
into a cylindrical tube with a 10 - 12-cleft mouth, enclosing as many anthers.
Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony 5-celled stone, and a single seed
in each cell. Flowers in large compound panicles.

M. Azédarach, Pripe-or-Inpia or Curtna-trex. A favorite shade-
tree at the S.,30°-40° high, with twice pinnate smooth leaves, ovate and
pointed toothed leaflets, of a deep green color, and numerous fragrant lilac-col-
ored flowers, in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruits.

31. ANACARDIACEA, CASHEW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acid, sometimes poisonous, often
colored or milky juice; alternate leaves without stipules; small
flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens 5; and a 1-celled 1-ovuled
ovary bearing 3 styles or stigmas, — represented by the genus

1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient name.) Flowers polygamous or dic-
cious, sometimes perfect, whitish or greenish, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in
the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a small dry or berry-like drupe, the solitary
seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell. (The astringent
leaves of some species are used for dyeing and tanning, those of R. corta-
riA in S. Europe for morocco leather. The juice of some Japanese species
yield their famous lacquer ; the fruit of another a sort of wax.)

§ 1. Cultivated from Europe, with simple entire leaves : not poisonous.

R. Cétinus, Smoxe-rree or VENETIAN SumacH. Shrub 5°-9° high,
smooth, with obovate leaves on slender petioles, loose panicles of flowers in early
summer, followed rarely by little half-heart-shaped fruits: usually most of the
flowers are abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and bear long plumy
hairs, making large and light, feathery or cloud-like bunches, either greenish or
tinged with red, which are very ornamental. The same or one very like it is
wild in Alabama.

§ 2. Native species, with compound leaves of 3 - 31 leaflets.

% Poisonous to the touch for most people, the juice resinous : flowers in slender axil-

lary panicles, in summer : fruit smooth, white or dun-color.

R. Toxicodéndron, Poison Ivy or Porson Oax. Common in low
grounds, climbing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees; leaflets 3,
rhombic-ovate, often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pest.

R. venenata, Poison Sumacu, P. Exper, or P. Docwoop. In swampy
ground ; shrub 6°-18° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-13 obovate
entire leaflets, and very slender panicles. More virulent than the foregoing.

% % Not potsonous : fruit red and beset with reddish hairs, very acid.

+ Leaves pinnate: flowers whitish, in large and very compact terminal panicles,
in early summer, succeeded by a compact mass of crimson fruit.

R. typhina, Stacnorn Sumacu. Shrub or tree, on hillsides, &c., 10° -

30° high, with resinous-milky juice, brownish-yellow wood, velvety-hairy

VINE FAMILY. 85

branches and stalks, and large leaves of 11-31 lance-oblong poin
leaflets. Worthy to be planed for ornament. sp cia asestia
R. glabra, Smooru 8. Shrub 2°—19° high, in rocky places, like the
last, but smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. LACINIATA, in Penn.
has the leaflets cut into narrow irregular lobes : planted for ornament. :
R. copallina, Dwarr §. Shrub 19—5° high, in rocky or sandy ground,
spreading by subterranean shoots; with downy stalks or’ branches, petioles
winged or broadly margined between the 9-21 oblong or lance-ovate oblique
leaflets, which are thickish and shining above ; juice resinous.

+ + Leaves of 3 cut-lobed leaflets: flowers light yellow, in spring before the leaves
appear, diccious, in small scaly-bracted and catkin-like spikes.
R. aromatica, Fracranr S. A straggling bush in rocky places, from

Vermont W. & S., with the small rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young,
aromatic-scented.

32. VITACEZA, VINE FAMILY.

. Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often acid
Juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small greenish flow-
ers in a cyme or thyrsus; with a minutely 4— 5-toothed or almost
obsolete calyx ; petals valvate in the bud and very deciduous; the
stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ; a 2-celled ovary
with a pair of ovules rising from the base of each cell, becoming
a berry containing 1-4 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clustera
opposite the leaves.

1. VITIS. Calyx very short, a fleshy disk connecting it with the base of the
ovary and bearing the petals and stamens.

2. AMPELOPSIS Calyx minutely 5-toothed: no disk. Petals expanding
before they fall. Leaflets 5.

1. VITIS, GRAPE-VINE. (The classical Latin name.) Fl. in late spring.

§1. Truz Grapes. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the
top and thrown off without expanding : the base of the very short and trun-
cate calyx filled with the disk, which rises into 5 thick lobes or glands between
the stamens : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, usually 3 — 5-lobed.

%* Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant : exotic.

V. vinifera, Evrorpean Grape. Cult. from immemorial time, from the
East, furnishing the principal grapes of our greenhouses, &c. ; some varieties
nearly hardy N.: leaves green, cottony only when very young.

% + Flowers more or less polygamous (some plants inclined to produce only stami-
nate flowers), exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette : native species.

+ Bark of stem early separating in loose strips : panicles compound and loose.

V. Labrasea, Nortnern Fox-Grapsz, the original of the Catrawsa,
IsaBecxa, and furnishing most of the American table and wine grapes ; com-
mon in moist grounds N. & W.: leaves and young shoots very cottony, even
the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes separated by
roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when wild, dark
purple or amber-color, in compact clusters.

V. eestivalis, Summer Grarz. Common N. & S.; leaves green above,
and with loose cobwebby down underneath, the lobes with roundish open
sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier than in the foregoing, black
with a bloom, pleasant. Original of the Crinton Grapg, &c.

V. cordifolia, Wiytrr or Frost Grave. Common on banks of streams :
leaves never cottony, green both sides, thin, heart-shaped, little lobed, but coarse-
ly and sharply toothed; clusters loose; fruit small, bluish or black with a
bloom, very sour, ripe after frosts. Var. rirAria, the common form along
river-banks W. has broader and more cut or lobed leaves.

86 BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

+ + Bark of stem close and smooth, pale.

V. vulpina, Muscapinz, Butxace, or Fox-Grare of the South. River-
‘banks from Maryland and Kentucky S. : leaves rather small, round in outline,
seldom and slightly lobed, glossy and mostly smooth both sides, the margin cut
into coarse and broad teeth; clusters small; fruit large, $/-— 4! in diameter,
purple, thick-skinned, musky, or pleasant-flavored, ripe in early autumn: the
original of the Scuprernone Grape, &c.

§ 2. Cissus. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, the former opening regularly: disk
thick and broad, 4—5-lobed: flowers mostly perfect: berries not larger than
peus, not eatable.

* Wild species S. & W., smooth, usually with 5 stamens and petals.

V. indivisa, a species with simple leaves like those of a true Grape, heart-
-shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely-toothed, but not lobed ; flower-clusters small
and loose ; style slender. ; :

V. bipinnata, a bushy or low-climbing plant, with few tendrils, and de-
compound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed.

* * Exotic species, with mostly 4 stamens and petals.

V. heterophylla, from Japan, a form with the leaves blotched or varie-
gated with white (small, thin, variously 3 —5-lobed), and small blue berries, is
‘Eaidy in gardens ; cult. for the variegated foliage.

V. discolor, from Java, cult. in hothouses, for its splendid foliage ; leaves
dance-oblong with a heart-shaped base, crimson underneath, velvety-lustrous
and dark-green shaded with purple or violet, or often mottled with white, on the
-upper surface, the shoots reddish.

2. AMPELOPSIS, VIRGINIA-CREEPER. (Name from Greck words,
meaning like the Vine: indeed, it is hardly distinct enough from the second
section of Vitis.)

A. quinquefolia, the only genuine species: in all low grounds, climbing
extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by the tendrils, the latter specially
fitted for ascending walls and trunks, to which they attach themselves firmly by
sucker-like disks at the tip of their branches (Lessons, p. 38, figs. 62, 63) ; leaf-
lets 5, digitate, lance-ob‘ong, cut-toothed, changing to crimson in autumn;
fowers cymose, in summer ; berries smail, black or bluish.

33. RHAMNACEA, BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with simple
chiefly alternate leaves and small flowers ; well marked by the sta-
mens of the number of the valvate sepals (4 or 5) and alternate
with them, i. ¢. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk which lines
the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the ovary, this
having a single erect ovule in each of the (2-5) cells. Branches
often thorny: stipules minute or none: flowers often apetalous or
polygamous. Petals commonly hooded or involute around the sta-
men before it. (Lessons, p. 126, fig. 282, 283.)

* Calyx free from the ovary.

1, BERCHEMIA. Twining climbers, with straight-veined leaves. Petals 5, with-
out claws, rather longer than the stamens. Disk thick, nearly filling the bot-
tom of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming « 2-celled small stone-fruit, with
fee and thin pulp.

2. RHAMNUS. Erect shrubs or trees, with loosely-veined leaves. Petals 4 or 5,
with short claws. Stamens short. Ovary 2- 4-celled, becoming a black
berry-like frnit, containing 2-4 cartilaginous seed-like mntlets, which are
grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous.

8 FRANGULA. Like Rhamnus, but with straight-veined leaves; the nutlets
not grooved but convex on the buck: cotyledons thick.

STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 87

® « Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary and fruit.
4. CEANOTHUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or undershrubs. Petals 5, hood-
shaped, spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled,
when ripe becoming a cartilaginous or crustaceous 8-seeded pod.

1. BERCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some botanist
of the name of Berchem.)

B. voltbilis. Common in low grounds S., climbing high trees, smooth,
with very tough and lithe stems (whence the popular namc), small ob!ong-
ovate and simply parallel-veined leaves, and grecnish-white flowers in small
panicles terminating the branchlets, in early summer.

2. RHAMNUS, BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name.) Flowers green-
ish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, commonly polygamous or dicecious, in
early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish. :

* Flowers with petals, the parts in fours : leaves minutely serrate.

R. catharticus, Common Bucxtnory. Cult. from Eu., for hedges,
run wild in a few places ; forms a small tree, with thorny branchlets, ovate or
oblong leaves, and 3 — 4-seeded fruit.

R. lanceolatus, Narrow-1.eavep B. Wild from Penn. §. & W.; shrub
not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves, and 2-seeded fruit.

* * Flowers without petals: stamens and lobes of the calyx 5.

R. alnifolius, AtpeR-LEAvED B. Wild in cold swamps N.; a low shrub,
with oval acute serrate leaves, and 3-seeded berry-like fruit.

3. FRANGULA, ALDER-BUCKTHORN. (From frango, to break, the
stems brittle.) Flowers greenish, gencrally perfect, and the parts in fives.
F. Caroliniana. Wild in wet grounds, from New Jersey and Kentucky

S.; a thornless shrub or low tree, with oblong and almost entire rather large

leaves ; flowers solitary or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer; the
8-seeded fruit black.

4. CEANOTHUS. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning, applied to
these N. American plants.) Fiowers in little umbels or fascicles, usually
clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the
pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubby
plants, with white flowers. In and beyond the Rocky Mountains, especially
in California, are many species, some of them tall shrubs or small trees,
loaded with showy blossoms.

C. Americanus, New-Jersey Tea or Rep-root. Wild in dry grounds,

_1°~ 2° high from a dark red root; leaves ovate or oblong ovate, finely serrate,

downy beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (used as a substitute for tea in

early times, the use lately revived) ; flowers crowded in a dense slender-pedin-
cled cluster, in summer.

CG. ovalis. Wild on rocks N. from Vermont to Wisconsin: lower than the
receding and smoother, with smaller narrow-oval or lance-oblong leaves, and
larger flowers on a shorter peduncle, in spring.

C. microphyllus, Smati-Leavep, C. Dry barrens S.: low and spread-

ing, much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3-ribbed ; flower-

clusters small and simple, in spring.

34, CELASTRACEA, STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and decid-
uous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and petals
both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number of the latter,
alternate with them, and in-erted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and often covers the 2—5-celled few-ovuled ovary ; the
seeds usually furnished with or enclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril.

88 SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Represented both as to native and cultivated plants by two
genera :

1. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or dicecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the
edge of a concave disk which lines the bottuin of the calyx. Filaments and
style rather slender. Pod globular, berry-like, but dry. Leaves alternate.

2. EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, flat; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or 5) widely
spreading. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers,
borne on the surface of a flat disk which more or less conceals or covers
the ovary. Pod 8-5-lobed, generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite:
branchlets 4-sided. :

1. CELASTRUS, STAFF-TREE. (Old Greek name, of obscure mean-
ing and application.)

C. scandens, Cusine Birrer-sweet or Wax-worx. A twining
high-climbing shrub, smooth, with thin ovate-oblong and pointed finely serrate
leaves, racemes of greenish-white flowers (in early summer) terminating the
branches, the petals serrate or crenate-toothed, and orange-colored berry-like
pods in autumn, which open and display the seeds enclosed in their scarlet
pulpy aril: wild in low grounds, and planted for the showy fruit.

2. EUONYMUS, SPINDLE-TREE. (Old Greek name, means of good
repute.) Shrubs not twining, with dull-colored inconspicuous flowers, in small
cymes on axillary peduncles, produced in early summer; the pods in autumn
ornamental, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in
their scarlet pulpy aril.

« Leaves deciduous, finely serrate: style short or nearly none.
+ North American species: anthers sessile or nearly so.

E. eeropurpurens, BwurninG-Besu or SPINDLE-TREE. Tall shrub, wild
from New York W. & S., and commonly planted ; with oval or oblong petioled
leaves, flowers with rounded dark dull-purple petals (generally 4), and smooth
deeply 4-lobed red fruit, hanging on slender peduncles.

E. Americanus, Amertcan StTRAWBERRY-BUSH. Low shrub, wild
from New York W. & S., and sometimes cult.; with thickish ovate or lance-
ovate almost sessile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple rounded petals, and rough-
warty somewhat 3-lobed fruit, crimson when ripe. Var. osovAtus, with
thinner and dull obovate or oblong leaves, has long and spreading or trailing
and rooting branches. :

+ + Exotic: anthers raised on evident filaments.

E. Europzus, Evropean Srinpis-rree. Occasionally planted, but
inferior to the foregoing ; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovate or oblong short-
petioled leaves, about 3-flowered peduncles, 4 greenish oblong petals, and a
smooth 4-lobed red fruit, the aril orange-color.

* * Leaves evergreen, serrulate: filaments and style rather slender.

E. Japénicus, Jaray 8. Planted S. under the name of Cuinese Box,
there hardy, but is a greenhouse plant N.; has obovate shining and bright
grcen leaves (also a form with white or yellowish variegation), several-flowered
peduncles, 4 obovate whitish petals, and smooth globular pods.

35. SAPINDACEA, SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs, or one or two herbaceous climbers, mostly with
compound or lobed leaves, and unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens
sometimes twice as many as the petals or lobes of the calyx, but
commonly rather fewer, when of equal number alternate with the
petals ; these imbricated in the bud, inserted on a disk in the bottom
of the calyx and often coherent with it: ovary 2—3-celled, sometimes
2 — 3-lobed, with 1 — 3 (or in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell.
The common plants belong to the three following suborders.

SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 89

I. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY; has perfect and regular
flowers, stamens as many as the petals, several bony seeds with

a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite compound leaves
both stipulate and stipellate.

1. STAPHYLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the
margin of a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 3, slen-
der, separate or lightly cohering: ovary strongly 8-lobed, in fruit becoming
a bladdery 3-lobed 3-celled and several-seeded large pod. Shrubs, with pin-
nately compound leaves of 8 or 5 leaflets.

Il. SOAPBERRY FAMILY proper; has flowers often
polygamous or dicecious, and more or less irregular or unsymmetri-
cal, only 1 or 2 ovules, ripening but a single seed in each cell of
the ovary, the embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No
stipules.

x Leaves alternate. Pod bladdery-inflated, except in No. 4.

2. CARDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, with twice ternate and cut-toothed leaves, climb-
ing by hook-like tendrils in the flower-clusters. Sepals 4, the inner pair
larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, that of the two
upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a deflexed
spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands,
one before each Jower petal. Stamens 8, turned ‘towards the upper side of
the flower away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles
or stigmas 8, short: ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from
the middle of each cell. Fruit a large and thin bladdery 3-lobed pod: seeds
bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base.

8 KCZLREUTERIA. Small tree, with pinnate leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4
(the place of the others vacant), each with a small 2-parted scale-like appen-
dage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging into a lobe before each petal.
Stamens 5 - 8, declined: filaments hairy. Style single, slender: ovary trian-
gular, 8-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladdery, 3-lobed,
3-celled.

4. SAPINDUS. Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Sepals and petals each 5,
or rarely 4; the latter commonly with a little scale or appendage adhering to
the short claw. Stamens mostly 8, equal. Style single: ovary 3-lobed,
8-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit mostly a globular and fleshy
1-celled berry (the other cells abortive), filled with a large globular seed, its
coat crustaceous: cotyledons thick and fleshy.

x * Leaves opposite, of 5-9 digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not inflated.

. & ZESCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
more or less unequal, on claws enclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Sta-
mens 7, rarely 6 or 8: filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as
also the minute stigma: ovary 8-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell.
Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, ripening 1-8 very
large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds: the kernel of these consists of the very
thick cotyledons firmly joined together, and a small incurved radicle.

II. MAPLE FAMILY; has flowers generally polygamous
or dicecious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobed and 2-celled
ovary, with a pair of ovules in edch cell, ripening a single seed
in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with long and thin coty-
ledons, coiled or crumpled? (See Lessons, p. 5, fig. 1-3, &c.)
‘Leaves opposite: no stipules.

6. ACER. Trees, or a few only shrubs, with palmately-lobed or even parted leaves.
Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, and stamens 3 - 8 or rarely
more, borne on the edge of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit
a pair of samaras or key-fruits, united at the base or inner face and winged
from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 3-celled and the fruit 3-winged.

7. NEGUNDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3-7 leaflets, and dicecious very
small flowers, without petals or disk; the calyx minute: stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit, &c. of Acer.

90 SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

1, STAPHYL#EA, BLADDER-NUT. (Name from a Greek word for a
bunch of grapes, little applicable.)

S. trifolia, American B. Shrub 8°-10° high, with greenish striped
branches, 3 ovate pointed serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and hanging
raceme-like clusters of white flowers at the end of the branchlets of the season,
in spring, followed by the large bladdery pods. Low ground, common N. & W.

8. pinnata, Evrorzan B., occasionally planted, is very similar, but has
five leaflets.

2. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALLOON-VINE, HEART-SEED. (The
latter is a translation of the Greek name.)
C. Halicacabum, the common species, wild in the S. W. States, is cult.
in gardens, for the curious inflated pods; it is a delicate herb, c.imbing over
low plants or spreading on the ground, with small white flowers, in summer.

8. KG@LREUTERIA. (Named for Kelreuter, a German botanist.)

K. paniculata, a small tree from China, planted in ornamental grounds ;
has pinnate leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or cut leaflets, and a
terminal ample branched panicle of small yellow flowers, in sammer, followed
by the bladdery pods.

4. SAPINDUS, SOAPBERRY. (Sapo Indus, i. e. Indian soap, the berries
used as a substitute for soap.)
S. marginatus, wild S. & W.: a small tree, with 8-20 broadly lanceolate
falcate leaflets on a wingless but often margined common staik, and smail white
flowers in panicles, in summer, the whitish berries as large as bullets.

5. AASCULUS, HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEYE. (Ancient name
of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these trees on account of
their large chestnut-like sceds. These, although loaded with farinaceous
nourishment, are usually rendered uneatable, and even poisonous, by a bitter
narcotic principle.) Flowers in a terminal crowded panicie, in late spring or
early summer.

§ 1. Truz Horss-Cnestnots: natives of Asia, with broad and spreading
petals on short claws, and fruit more or less beset with prickly points.

43. Hippocastanum, Common H. Tall fine tree, with 7 leaflets, and
large flowers of 5 petats, white, and spotted with some purple and yellowish ;
stamens 7, declined: of late there is a doubie-flowered variety.

4&. rubicinda, Rep H. Less tall, flowering even as a shrub, with
brighter green leaves of 5-7 leaflets, flowers with 4 rose-red petals not so
spreading, and mostly 8 stamens less declined. Probably a hybrid between
Horse-Chestnut and some red Buckeye.

§ 2. Californian, with 4 broad spreading petals on rather slender claws.

#®. Califoérnica, Catirornian H. Low tree, of 5 s!ender-sta’ked leaf-
lets, and a long very compact raceme-like panicle of small white or rosy-tinged
flowers ; stamens 5-7, siender ; fruit large, with some rough points.

§ 3. Bocxeyrss: of Atlantic U. S., with 4 erect and smaller petals on slender claws.

4i. parviflora, SmaLz Buckeye. Wi'd in the upper country S., and
planted N.; shrub 3° - 9° high, with 5-7 leaflets soft downy underneath, slen-
der raceme-like panicle 1° long, and capillary stamens very much Jonger than
the narrow white petals; flowering N. as late as midsummer; fruit smooth;
secds small, almost eatable.

JS. giaora, Ferry or Onto Buckeye. W. of the Allechanies; tall
tree, with 5 nearly smooth leaflets, a short panicle, petals moderately longer
than the somewhat uniform pale yellow petals, and fruit prickly roughened like
that of Horse-Chestnut.

48, flava, Yettow or Sweet Buckeye. W.&S.; tree or shrub, with
5-7 smooth or smoothish leaflets, a short dense panicle, oblong calyx, and

SOAPBERRY FAMILY. d1

stamens not exceeding the connivent light yellow petals, these of two dissimilar
pairs, the longer pair with very small blade; fruit smooth.

Var. purpurascens, Purriisu B., has both calyx and corolla tinged
with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneath.

48. Pavia, Rup Buckeye. 8. & W.; shrub or low tree, like the last,
but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals bright
red: showy in cultivation.

6. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name.) Mostly fine trees.

% Flowers in late spring or early summer, appearing more or less later than the
leaves, in usually drooping racemes or corymbs, commonly terminating a
2-4-leaved shoot of the season, greenish or yellowish, with petals: stamens
more than 5, generally 8.

+ European Map es, planted for ornament and shade.

A. Pseudo-Platanus, Sycamore M. A fine tree, with spreading
branches, ample 5-lobed leaves whitish and rather downy beneath, on long
reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, long racemes, and moderately spreading
wings to the pubescent fruit.

A. platanoides, Norway M., here so called. A handsome, round-
headed tree, with thin and broad smooth leaves, bright green both sides, their
5 short lobes set with 2—5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth, a small corymb of
flowers, and flat smooth fruit with wings 2' long, diverging in a straight line.
Juice milky - leaves holding green later than the others.

+ + OreEcon and CaLirornian Map tes, beginning to be planted East.

A. circinatum, Rounp-Leavep or Vine M. Tall, spreading shrub with
thin and rounded moderately 7 — 9-lobed leaves, their lobes serrate, small corymbs
of purplish flowers, and ae of fruit diverging in a straight line.

A. macrophyllum, Larect-Leavep M. Small timber-tree, with thick-
ish leaves 6/—12' across and deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes with one or two sinuate
lobes or coarse teeth, many yellowish flowers in a compact raceme, and hairy
fruit with ascending wings.

+ ++ Native Strirep and Mountain Maptes.

A. spicatum, Mountain M. Tall shrub, common N,, with slightly 3-
lobed and coarsely toothed leaves downy beneath, and upright dense racemes of
small flowers, followed by small fruits with diverging narrow wings. The latest-
flowering species.

A. Pennsylvanicum, Srrirep M., also called Moosz-woop and
Srrirep Doewoop. Smail tree, common N., with light-green bark striped
with darker lines, large thin leaves finely sharply serrate all round, and at the
end with 3 short and very taper-pointed lobes, siender hanging racemes of rather
large green flowers, and fruit with diverging wings.

* * Sucar Maries. Flowers appearing with the leaves in spring, in umbel-
like clusters, on long drooping pedicels, greenish-yellow, without petals : sta-
mens 7 or 8. :

A. sacch4rinum, Rock or Sucar M. Large tree, common especially
N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of its sap; with rather deeply 3 — 5-
lobed leaves pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and the lobes
with one or two sinuate coarse teeth; calyx bell-shaped and hairy-fringed ;
wings of fruit ascending, barely 1/ long.

Var. nigrum, Brack Suear M., a form with leaves green or greener
and more or less downy beneath, even when old, the sinus at the base apt to be
deep and narrow. .

* * * Sort Marries. Flowers in earliest spring, ape ge! the leaves, in
umbellike clusters from separate lateral buds: pedicels at first short, the
fruiting ones lengthening and drooping: stamens 3-6 : fruit ripe and fall-
ing in early summer.

A. dasyc4rpum, Wuire or Sirver M. A handsome tree in low

grounds, with long and spreading or drooping branches, soft white wood, very

92 POLYGALA FAMILY.

deeply 5-lobed leaves silvery-white and when young downy beneath, the narrow
lobes coarsely cut and toothed; flowers greenish, in earliest spring, without
petals ; fruit woolly when young, but soon smooth, 2/—3/ long including the
great diverging wings. ;

A. rubrum, Rep or Swame M. Rather small tree, in wet grounds,
with soft white wood, reddish twigs, moderately 3 —5-lobed leaves whitish be-
neath, the middle lobe longest, all irregularly serrate ; flowers scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish (later than in the foregoing species) ; fruit smooth, with
the slightly spreading wings 1! or less in length, often reddish.

7, NEGUNDO, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, BOX-ELDER. (Obscure
or unmeaning name.)

NN. aceroides. A handsome, rather small tree, common from Penn. S.
& W., with light green twigs, and drooping clusters of small greenish flowers,
in spring, rather earlier than the leaves, the fertile ones in drooping racemes,
the oblong fruits half the length of the very veiny wing ; leaflets ovate, pointed,
coarsely toothed, very veiny. A variety with white-variegated leaves is lately
cult. for ornament.

36. POLYGALACEZ, POLYGALA FAMILY.

Bitter, some of them medicinal plants, represented mainly, and
here wholly, by the genus

1. POLYGALA, MILKWORT. (Name from Greek words, meaning much
milk ; but the plants have no milky juice at all; they are thought to have
been so named from a notion that in pasturage they increased the milk of
cows.) Flowers remarkably irregular, in outward appearance as if papiliona-
ceous like those of the next family, but really of a quite different structure.
Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals; three of them small, viz. two on the lower, and
one on the upper, side of the blossom ; and one on each side called wings which
are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within these, on the
lower side, are three petals united into one body, the middle one kcel-shaped
and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 8 or sometimes 6 ; their
filaments united below into a split sheath, separating above usually in two
equal sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal : anthers 1-celled, opening by
ahole at the top. Style curved and commonly enlarged above or variously
irregular. Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of each
cell, becoming a small flattish 2-seeded pod. Seed with an appendage at the
attachment (carunc/e) : embryo straight, with flat cotyledons in a little albu-
men. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our native species are nu-
merous, mostly with small or even minute flowers, and are rather difficult to
study. The following are the commonest.

§ 1. Native species, low herbs, mostly smooth.

* Flowers yellow, some turning green in drying, in dense spikes or heads: leaves
alternate. Growing in low or wet places in pine-barrens, S. E. Fl. summer.

+ Numerous short spikes or heads in a corymb.

P. cymosa. Stem 1°-3° hich, branching at top into a compound corymb
of spikes ; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small; no caruncle to the seed.
From North Carolina 8.

P. ramodsa. Stem 6!—12! high, more branched ; lowest leaves obovate or
spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of seed. Delaware and S.
+ + Short and thick spike or head single: root-leaves clustered.

P. lutea, Yerrow Bacnetor’s-Burton of 8S. Stem 5/-12! high; lower
leaves spatulate or obovate, upper lanceolate ; flowers bright orange.

P. nana. Stems 2/—4! high, in a cluster from the spatulate or linear root-
leaves ; flowers lighter yellow.

* % Flowers purple or rose-color, in a single dense spike terminating the stem or
branches : no subterranean flowers. Fl. all summer. @

POLYGALA FAMILY. 93

+ Leaves all alternate, narrow.

P. incarnata. From Penn. W. & S.; stem slender, 6’-12! high; leaves
minute and awl-shaped ; the three united petals extended below into a long and
slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous.

P. sanguinea. Sandy damp ground: stem 4! - 8! high, leafy to the top;
leaves oblong-linear ; flowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pale or even white),
in a thick globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels.

P. fastigiata. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. ; slender, 4'- 10! high,
with smaller narrow-lincar leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple
flowers, on pedicels as long as the pod ; bracts falling off.

P. Nuttallii. Sandy soil, from coast of Mass. S.; lower than the fore-
going ; flowers rather looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl-
shaped bracts remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen.

+ + Leaves all or all the lower ones in whorls of four.

; P. cruciata. Low grounds : stems 3/— 10! high, 4-angled, and with spread-
ing branches ; leaves linear or spatulate, mostly in fours; spike thick and short,
nearly sessile, its axis rough with persistent bracts where the flowers have fallen;
wings of the flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristly-pointed.

P. brevifolia. Sandy bogs from Rhode Island S.: differs from the last
only in more slender stems, narrower leaves, those on the branches alternate,
the spike stalked, and wings of the flower lance-ovate and nearly pointless.

% * & Flowers (all summer) greenish-white or scarcely tinged with purple, v
small, in slender spikes, none subterranean : eine, the oe te

whorls of four or five. @
P. verticillata. Very common in dry sterile soil; stem 5'-10! high,
much branched ; all the leaves of the main stem whorled. :
P. ambigua. In similar places and very like the last, chiefly 8. & W.,
more slender; only the lowest leaves whorled ; flowers more scattered and often
purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes.

* * * * Flowers white, small (in late spring) in a close spike terminating simple
tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean: leaves
numerous, all alternate. 2

P. Sénega, Sennca SnaxERoor. A medicinal plant, commoner W.,
5/—12/ high, with lanceolate or oblong, or even lance-ovate short leaves, cylin-
drical spike, round-obovate wings, and small crest.

P. alba. Common only far W. & S. W.; more slender than the last, with
narrow-linear leaves, more tapering long-peduncled spike, and oval wings.

& % & % * Flowers rose-purple in a raceme, or single, largish : leaves alternate.

P. grandifidra. Dry soil §.; pubescent, with branching stems 1° high,
lanceolate leaves, crestless flowers scattered in a loose raceme (in late summer),
bright purple turning greenish. 2/

P. polygama. Sandy barrens, with tufted and very leafy stems 5! — 8!
high, jinear-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and many-flowered racemes of hand-
some rose-purple flowers, their crest conspicuous ; also on short underground
runners are some whitish very fertile flowers with no evident corolla. Fl. all
summer.

P. paucifolia, Frixcep Poryeara, sometimes called FLowrrine W1n-
TERGREEN. Light soil in woods, chiefly N.: a delicate little plant, with stems
3'—4! high, rising from long and slender runners or subterranean shoots, on
which are concealed inconspicuous fertile flowers; leaves few and crowded at
the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a slender-peduncled showy
flower from the axil, of delicate rose-réd color (rarely a white variety), almost an
inch long, with a conspicuous fringed crest and only 6 stamens ; in spring. 2

§ 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good Hope.
P. oppositifolia, with opposite sessile heart-shaped and mucronate leaves,
of a pale hue, and large and showy purple flowers, with a tufted crest.
- P, myrtifolia, has crowded alternate oblong or obovate leaves, on short
petioles, and showy purple flowers 1’ long, with a tufted crest.

94 PULSE FAMILY.

37. LEGUMINOSZs, PULSE FAMILY.

Distinguished by the papilionaceous corolla (Lessons, p. 105, fig.
217, 218), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadelphous
or rarely distinct stamens (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 227, 228), and the
legume (Lessons, p. 131, fig. 303, 304). These characters are com-
bined in the proper Pulse Family. In the two other great divisions
the corolla becomes less papilionaceous or wholly regular. Alternate
leaves, chiefly compound, entire leaflets, and stipules are almost uni-
versal in this great order.

I. PULSE FAMILY proper. Flower (always on the plan
of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i. e. the
standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other petals, or
only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the terms used to
denote the parts of this sort of corolla see Lessons, p. 105.) ; Sepals
united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves never twice com-

pound.
A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.

§1. Herbs, shrubs, or one a small tree, never twining, trailing, nor tendril-bearing,
with leaves simple or of 3 or more digitate leaflets, monudelphuus stamens, and
the ullernate fice anthers differing in size and shupe from the other five: pod
usually severul-seeded.

1. LUPINUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple: stipules adherent
to the base of the petiole. Flowers in a long thick raceme. Calyx deeply
2-lipped. Corolla of peculiar shape, the sides of the rounded standard being
rolied backwards, and the wings lightly cohering over and enclosing the nar-
sae and incurved scythe-shaped or sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mustly

erbs. 7

2 CROTALARIA. Leaves in our species simple, and with foliaceous stipules
free from the petiole but runuing down on the stem. Calyx 6-lobed. Keel
scythe-shaped, pointed. Stamens with the tube of filaments split down on
the upper side. Pod inflated. Ours herbs.

8. GENISI'A. Leaves simple aud entire: stipules very minute or none. Calyx
b-cieft. Keel oblong, uearly straight, biuut, turned down when the flower
opens. Pod mostly Hat. Low shrubby plants.

4. CYIISUS. Leaves of one or three leaflets, or the green branches sometimes
leafless: stipules minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel
straight or somewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or
even coiled up after the Hower opens. Pod flat. Seeds with a fleshy or
scale-like appendage (strophiole) at the sear. Low shrubby plants.

5. LABURNUM. Leaves of three leaflets: stipules inconspicuous or wanting.
Calyx with 2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed,
Ovary and flat pod somewhat stalked in the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar.
‘Trees or shrubs, with golden yellow flowers in long hanging racemes.

$2. Herbs, never twining nor tendvil-bearing, with leaves of 8 leaflets (rarely more
but then digitute), their margins commonly more or less touthed (which is
remarkable in this family): stipules conspicuous and united with the base of the
petiole (Lessons, p. 69, tig, 186): stamens diadelphous: pod 1 —few-seeded,
never divided across into joints.
* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, as is seen by the end lenflet being jointed with the com-
mon petiole above the side leaflets.

6. TRIGONELLA. Herbage odorous. Flowers (in the common cult. species)
’ single and nearly sessile in the axil of the leaves. Dod elongated, obiong or
linear, tapering into a long-pointed apex.

7. MEDICAGO. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, &c. Corolla short, not united
with the tube of stamens. Lod curved or coiled up, at least kidney-shaped.

8 MBLIUGS Us. ae tc Sa gee) Flowers small, in slender racemes.

orolla as in Medicago. od small, but exceeding the calyx, glob ;

wrinkled, closed, 1 =2-geeied: , 5 ee ame

PULSE FAMILY. 95

* « Leaves mostly digilate or palmately 8-foliolate, all (with one exception) borne
directly on the apex of the common petiole.

8. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads. spikes, or head-like umbels. Calyx with
slender or bristle form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly withering or becoming
dry and permanent after flowering; the claws of all the petals (except some-
times the standard) more or less united below with the tube of stamens or
also with each other. Pod small and thin single - few-seeded, generally in-
cluded in the calyx or the persistent corolla.

§ 8. Herbs or woody plants, sometimes twining, never tendril bearing, with the leaves
not digitute, or even diyitately 3-fuliolate (except in Psoralea), and the lenflets
not tvothed. (Fur Cicer see the next section.) Stipules except in No. 15, 20,
and 27, not united with the petiole.

« Flowers (small, in nye or heals) indistinctly or imperfectly papilionaceous. Pod
very small and usually remaining closed, only 1-2-seeded. Culyx 6-toothed,
persistent. Leaves odd-pinnute, mostly dotted with dark spots or glands.

+ Petals 6, on very sl claws : st in a split tube.

16. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spread-
ing, borne on the top of the tube of the stamens; the fifth (answering to the
standard) rising from the bottom of the calyx, and heart-shaped or oblong.
Stamens only 5.

11. DALEA. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more
pxpilionaceous, four of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10
stamens.

+ + Petal only one! Stamens monadelphous only at the very base.

12, AMORPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other pet-
als wholly wauting) wrapped around the 10 filaments and style. Flowers
violet or purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes.

* * Flowers (large and showy, in racemes) incompletely papilionaceous from the wings
or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod several-seeded.

80. ERYTHRINA. See p. 108.

« * * Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens
mostly diudelphous.

+ Ovary 1-ovuled, b ing a 1-seeded indchiscent akene-like fruit. Herbs.

13. PSORALEA. Leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, often glandular-dotted. Flowers (never
yellow) in spikes or racemes, often 2 or 3 under each bract. Pod ovate,
thick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft persistent calyx, often wrinkled.

14. ONOBRYCHIS. Leaves odd-pinnate. of numerous leaflets. Flowers racemed,
rose-purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled and spiny-roughened or crested.

15. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves pinnately 8-foliolate. Flowers yellow, in heads
or short spikes, leafy-bracted. Calyx with a slender stalk-like tube, and
4 lobes in the upper Jip, one for the lower. Stamens monadelphons: 6 longer
anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their middle. Pod flat, retic-
ulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty lower joint. Stipules united
with the petiole.

16. LESPEDEZA. Leaves pirinately 8-foliolate. Stipules small and free, or fall-
ing early. Flowers purple, rose-color, or white, in spikes, clusters, or pani-
cles, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous: anthers uniform. Pod flat and
thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty
lower joint.

JoInh
‘t

+ + Ovary with at least 2 ovules.
++ Pod separating into 2 or more small and closed 1-seeded joints in a row.

17. DESMODIUM. Leaflets 3 (rarely only 1), stipellate. Pod of very flat joints
(Lessons, p. 131, fig. 804), usually roughish and adhesive by minute hooked
pubesceuce. Herbs, with small purple, whitish, or purplish flowers, in racemes,
which are often panicled.

18. ZSCHYNOMENE. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat
joints. Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sometimes purplish externally),
few or several on axillary peduncles. .

19. CORONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish oblong
or linear joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers in head-like umbels raised on
slender axillary peduncles.

96

PULSE FAMILY.

a+ «+ Pod indehiscent, very thick, 1-8-seeded. Calyx with a long, thread-shaped
or stalk-like tube. “Leaves abruptly pinnate: stipules unite with the petiole
at base.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

ARACHIS. Annual. Leaflets 4, straight-veined. Flowers small, yellow, in
axillary heads or spikes. Calyx with one narrow lobe making a lower lip,
the upper lip broad and 4-toothed. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens
monadelphous, 5 anthers longer and fixed by near their base, the alternate
ones short and fixed by their middle. Ovary at the bottom of the very long
and stalk-like tube of the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules: when the long style
and the calyx with the rest of the flower falls away, the forming pod is pro-
truded on a rigid deflexed stalk which then sppeats and is pushed into the
soil where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, thick, coriaceous fruit, which
contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds; the embryo composed of a pair
of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely short nearly straight

radicle.
+++ ++ Pod continuous, i. e. not in joints, at length opening, 2 - several-seeded.

a. Leaves abruptly pinnate: plants not twining. (Flowers in ours yellow.)

SESBANIA. Herbs, with many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous
stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Standard rounded, spreading: keel and style incurved. Pod usu-
ally intercepted internally with cellular matter or membrane between the

seeds.

CARAGANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets,
and a little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet: stipules minute or spiny.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together on short peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped or
short-tubular, 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect with the sides turned back:
the blunt keel and the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded.

b. Leaves odd-pinnate: stems not twining.

1. Anthers tipped with a little gland or blunt point.

INDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby, when pubescent the close-
pressed hairs are fixed by the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white,
in axillary racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard round-
ish, often persistent after the rest of the petals have fallen: keel with a pro-
jection or spur on each side. Pod oblong, linear, or of various shapes, com-
monly with membranous partitions between the seeds.

2. Anthers blunt and pointless.

TEPHROSIA. Herbs, with obliquely parallel-veined leaflets often silky be-
neath, and white or purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes; the
peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stand-
ard rounded, silky outside. Style incurved, rigid: stigma with a tuft of
hairs. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded.

ROBINIA. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels,
and often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and
showy, white or rose-color, in axillary racemes. Base of the leafstalk hallow
and covering the axillary bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two
upper teeth partly united. Standard large, turned back: keel incurved,
blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly linear, flat, several-seeded,
margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin.

COLUTEA. Shrubs, not prickly, and ‘no stipels to the leaflets; the flowers
rather large, yellow or reddish, in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed.
Standard rounded, spreading: keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long united
claws. Style incurved, bearded down one side. Pod raised out of the calyx
on a stalk of its own, thin and bladdery-inflated, flattish on the seed-bearing
side, several-seeded.

ASTRAGALUS. Herbs, without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish
rather small flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes : peduncles axillary. Co-
rolla narrow: standard erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and
beardiess. Pod commonly turgid or inflated and within more or less divided
lengthwise by intrusion of the back or a false partition from it.

(Swalnsona, SUTHERLANDIA, and CiriantHus, plants from Australia,
New Zealand, and South Africa, with showy flowers and bladdery-inflated
pods (like Coluten), are sometimes cult. in conservatories, but are not com-
mon enough to find a place here.)

PULSE FAMILY. 97

ec. Leaves odd-pinnate: stems twining: stipels obscure: stipules small.

28. WISTARIA. Woody, high-climbing, with numerous leaflets, and large show
bluish flowers, in hanging terminal dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth
on the upper and longer ones on the lower side. Standard large, roundish,
turned back: keel merely incurved, blunt. Pod knobby, several-seeded.

29. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, with 5-7 leaflets, and sweet-scented
chocolate-purple flowers, in dense and short racemes: peduncles axillary.
Calyx with 2 upper very short teeth, and one longer lower one, the side teeth
nearly wanting. Standard very broad, turned back: keel long and scythe-
shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. Pod linear, flat, almost
straight, several-seeded.

d. Leaves of 3 leaflets (pinnately 3-foliolate) or rarely one, commonly stipellate.
1. Shrubby, or from a woody base : wings and sometimes keel small and inconspicuous.

80. ERYTHRINA. Stem, branches, and even the leafstalks usually prickly.
Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Calyx without teeth
Standard elongated: wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in
the calyx; keel much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small.
Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, knobby, usually opening only down the
seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet.

2. Herbs, mosily twiners, with wings and keel in ordinary proportion.
= Flowers not yellow: sceds or at least the ovules several: leaflets stipellate.

81. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla coiling into a ring or spiral, usually with
a tapering blunt apex: standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style
coiled with the keel, bearded down the inner side: stigma oblique or lateral.
Pod linear or scimetar-shaped. Flowers usually clustered on the knotty
joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent.

32. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle,
but not coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules smalL-
Otherwise nearly as Phaseolus.

33. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the wings: standard turned
back. Style naked. Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flat-
tened, mostly linear. Flowers clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme:
flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules and bracts small or deciduous.

34. AMPHICARPAA. Keel and very similar wines nearly straight, blunt: the
erect standard partly folded around them. Style naked. Calyx tubular,
4-toothed. Flowers small; those in loose racemes above often sterile, their
pods when formed scimetar-shaped and few-seeded ; those at or near the.
ground or on creeping branches very small and without manifest corolla, but
very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, mostly sub-
terranean pods, ripening one or two large seeds. Bracts rounded and per-
sistent, striate, as are the stipules. . ;

85. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equalling the wings: standard
large and rounded, spreading, and ‘with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx
short, 5-cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long,
linear, with thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers
showy. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent.

86. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute: standard
much larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear,
flattish, not bordered. Flowers large and showy, 1-8 on a peduncle. Stip-
ules, bracts, and bractlets persistent, striate. ; .

37. HARDENBERGIA. Keel small, much shorter than the wings, incurved,
blunt: standard large in proportion, rounded, spreading. “Calyx short,
5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth united. Style short, naked. Pod linear, not
bordered. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stipules and bracts small,
striate, mostly deciduous. Leaflets mostly single. : ‘

38. KENNEDYA. Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equalling or exceeding
the wings: standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed: 2 upper lobes partly
united. Style naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single
or few on the peduncle. Bracts and stipules striate.

= = Flowers yellow (sometimes purple-tinged outside): ovules only 2: pod 1-2-seeded.

39. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex: standard spreading.
Calyx 4—5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves
mostly soft-downy and resinous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet. -

7

98 PULSE FAMILY.

§.4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril,
by which the plunt climbs or supports itself, or in many low species the tendril ,
reduced to a mere bristle or tip. or in Cicer, which has toothed a de an odd
leaflet commonly tikes its place: peduncles axillary: stamens almost always
divdelphous. Cotyledons very thick, so that they remain underground in germi-
nation, as in the Pea. : :

= Leaflets entire or sometimes toothed at the apex: radicle bent on the cotyledons:

style inflexed : pod flat or flattish.

40. PISUM. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins
reflexed and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, bearded
down the inner edge. Pod several-seeded: seeds globose. Flowers large.
Leaflets only 1-3 pairs.

41. LATHYRUS. Lobes of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the
back and front, bearded down one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds some-
times flattish. Leaflets few or several pairs.

42. VICIA. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper
part. Pod 2-several-seeded. Seeds globular or flattish. Leaflets few or
many pairs.

43. LENS. Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flattish on the back, and minutely
bearded down the inner face. Pod 1-2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular.
Flowers small.

« « Leaflets toothed all round, and usually an odd one at the end in place of a ten-

dril: style incurved, naked: radicle of the embryo almost straight.

44. CICER. Calyx 5-parted. Pod turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds
large, irregularly rounded-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-flowered.

B. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not twining nor climbing.)
§.1. Leaves simple or of 8 digitate leuflets.

45. CHORIZEMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves,
scarcely any stipules, and orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rounded
kidney-shaped: keel straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid,
turgid, several-seeded.

46. BAPTISIA. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly
of 8 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or
white. Standard erect, with the sides turned back, about equalled by the
oblong and straightish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in
the calyx, many-seeded.

47. THERMOPSIS. Pod scarcely stalked, linear, flat. Otherwise as Baptisia.

§ 2. Leaves odd-pinnate.

48. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets, no obvious stipules, and hanging
terminal panicles of white flowers. Standard turned back: the nearly sep-
arate straightish keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in
the calyx, linear, very flat, thin, marginless, 4- 6-seeded. Base of the petioles
hollow and covering the axillary leaf-buds of the next vear.

49. SOPHORA. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly
white or yellow flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Keel-petals and
wings oblong, obtuse, usually longer than the broad standard. Pod com-
monly stalked in the calyx, terete, several-seeded, fleshy or alinost woody,
hardly ever opening, but constricted across into mostly 1-seeded portions.

II. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Flowers more or less irregu-
lar, but not papilionaceous: when they seem to be so the petal
answering to the standard will be found to be within instead of out-
side of the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate. The
leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is not the case in the
true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed straight, the radicle not
turned against the edge of the cotyledons.

§ 1, Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if papilionaceous.

50. CERCIS. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute early deciduous
stipules, and smal] but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on
old wood, earlier than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short,

PULSE FAMILY. 99

5-toothed.. Petals 6, the one answering to the standard smaller than the
wing-petals and covered by them; the keel-petals larger, conniving but dis-
tinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin,
severdl-seeded, one edge wing-margined.

§ 2. Leaves imply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular.

51. CASSIA. Flowers commonly yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals.
Petals 5, spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10
or 5, some of the upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening
by a hole or chink at the apex. Pod many-seeded.

§.3. Leaves, or at least some of them, twice-pinnate.

52. CESALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or
yellow perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 6-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading,
more or less unequal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped
style. Pod flat. :

538. GYMNOCLADUS. Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stip-
ules, and dicecious or polygamous whitish regular flowers, in corymb-like
clusters or short racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx
tubular below, and with 5 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals
and 10 short stamens, those of the fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod
oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with a little pulp or sweetish matter
inside, containing few or several large and thick hard seeds (over 4’ in diam-
eter); the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germination.

64. GLEDITSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice pinnate or some of them
once pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules,
and small greenish polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Palys 3-5-cleft,
the lobes and the 3-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens
8-10. Pod flat, very tardil Mi opening, often with some sweetish matter around
the 1 -several flat seeds. Cotyledons thin.

III. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flowers perfectly regular, small,
crowded in heads or spikes ; both calyx and corolla valvate in the
bud; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually and petals frequently united
more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 4, 5, or more,
often very many, usually more conspicuous than the corolla and
brightly colored, the long capillary filaments inserted on the recep-
tacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of the seed straight. Leaves
almost always twice pinnate and with small leaflets, or apparently
simple and parallel-veined when they have phyllodia in place of
true leaves. The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous
character.

§.1. Stamens once or twice as many as the petals, 4-10. Ours herbs or nearly so,
with rose-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets.

55. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more
or less united petals. Pod flat, oblong or linear: when ripe the valves fall out
of a persistent slender margin or frame and also usually break up into one-
seeded joints. , : :

66. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united
up to the middle. “Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and nar-
row, splitting lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts. ;

67. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens
6 or 10. Pod flat, smooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin.

§2. Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees.

68. ALBIZZIA. Flowers flesh-color, rose-color, or nearly white; the long stamens
monadelphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond
the middle. Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically.
Leaves twice pinnate.

69. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color: the stamens separate and very
numerous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals. Pod
various.

100 PULSE FAMILY.

1. LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Old Latin name, from lupus, a wolf, because
Lupines were thought to destroy the fertility of the soil.)

* Wild species of Atlantic States, in sandy soil: fl. in spring. . 2f

L. perénnis, Wirp L. Somewhat hairy ; with erect stem 1°-1}° high,
7-11 spatulate oblong or oblanceolate green leaflets, and a long raceme of
showy purplish-blue (rarely pale) flowers, in late spring. :

L. villdsus, One-teavep L. Silky-downy, with short spreading or
ascending stems, oblong or lance-oblong simple leaves, and a dense raceme of
blue, purple, or rose-colored flowers. Near the coast, from North Carolina S.

* * Cultivated for ornament : fl. summer.

L. polyphyllus, Mayy-veavep L., is the principal hardy perennial
species of the gardens, from Oregon and California, 3° ~ 4° high, rather hairy,
with 13-15 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets, and a very long dense raceme
of blue, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white flowers, in June. 2/

-L. mutabilis, cult. as an annual, from South America, is tall, very smooth
throughout, with about 9 narrow-oblong blunt leaflets, and very large sweet-
scented violet-purple flowers (or a white variety), with yellow and a little red
on the standard.

L. densiflorus, of California (where there are many fine Lupines), 1°- 2°
high, is well marked by the numerous white flowers forming distinct and sep-
arate whorls in the long raceme. @ 2

L. albus, of Eu., which the ancients cultivated as pulse, has the several:
obovate-oblong leaflets smooth above, but hairy beneath, white flowers alternate
in the raceme, and large smooth pods. @

L. hirstitus, cult. in old gardens, from Eu., is clothed with soft white
hairs; the leaflets spatulate-oblong ; flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, blue,
with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. @

L. luteus, the old Yerrow L. of the gardens, from Eu., silky-hairy,
rather low ; with yellow flowers in whorls crowded in a dense spike. @)

2. CROTALARIA, RATTLEBOX. (From Greek word for a rattle, the
seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil: fl. yel-
low, in summer.

C. sagittalis. Low, 3’-6' high, branching, beset with rusty-colored
spreading hairs, with nearly sessile oval or lance-oblong leaves, and 2 or 3 flowers
on the peduncle. @

C. ovalis. Spreading, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled,
oval, oblong, or lanceolate ; peduncle with 3-6 scattered flowers. 2

3. GENISTA, WOAD-WAXEN, WHIN. (Celtic word: little bush.)

G. tinctoria, Dyer’s W. or Green-wEeep. Nat. from Eu. in sterile
soil E., especially in Mass.; low and undershrubby, not thorny, with lanceolate
leaves, and bright yellow rather small flowers somewhat racemed at the end of
the striate-angled green branches, in early summer.

4. CYTISUS. (Ancient Greek name, after an island where it grows.)
The following are the only species generally cultivated.

C. (or Sarothamnus) scoparius, Scotch Broom. Shrub, from
Europe, 3°-5° high, smooth, with long and tough erect angled and green
branches, bearing small leaves, the lower short-petioled and with 3 obovate
leaflets, the upper of a single sessile leaflet, and in the axils large and showy
golden yellow flowers on slender pedicels ; calyx with 2 short and broad lips’;
style and stamens slender, held in the keel, but disengaged and suddenly start-
ing upward when touched (as when bees alight on the deflexed keel), the style
coiling spirally ; pod hairy on the edges. Hardy in gardens N. ; running wild
in Virginia: fl. early summer.

IrisH Broom, so called, but is from Portugal, is another species, not hardy
here. Spanisn Broom is Spartium sunceum, of another genus.

C. Canariénsis, from the Canary Islands, is cultivated in conservatories ;
a shrub with crowded slender branches, soft-hoary leaves of 3 very small obovate
leaflets, and small yellow sweet-scented flowers. produced all winter.

PULSE FAMILY. 101

5. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name. Genus separated from Cytisus
from the different appearance, and the seeds destitute of strophiole or append-
age at the scar.)

L. vulgare, Common Lasurnum, Gotpen-Cuain, or Bean-TRrEFoIL-
Tree of Europe. Planted for ornament, a low tree, with smooth green bark,
slender-petioled leaves of 3 oblong leaflets (2/—3/ long), and pretty large showy
golden-yellow flowers hanging in long racemes, in late spring ; pods with one
thicker edge.

6. TRIGONELLA. (Old name, from Greek word for triangular, from the
shape of the corolla or the seeds.) Low herbs. T. c#rtea is the plant
used in Switzerland for imparting the flavor like that of Melilot to certain
kinds of cheese.)

T. Fenum-Griecum, Fenucreex. Occasionally cult. in gardens, in
Europe a forage and popular medicinal plant, strong-scented; with wedge
oblong leaflets, one or two nearly sessile small flowers in the axils, yellowish or
whitish corolla, and a linear long-pointed and somewhat curved pod 2!—4! long,
with veiny sides. @

7, MEDICAGO, MEDICK. (The old name of Lucerne, because it came
to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World: a few have run
wild here. F1. all summer.

* Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 2

M. sativa, Lucerne or Spanisn Treroir. Cultivated for green fodder,
especially S.: stems erect, 1°-2° high, from a long deep root; leaflets obovate-
oblong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 2 turns.

*.* Flowers yellow. © ©

M. lupulina, Buacx Mepicx, Nonrsucu. A weed or pasture plant, in
dry or sandy fields, &c.: low, spreading, downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets,
roundish or at length oblong heads or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney-
shaped 1-seeded pods turning black when ripe.

. maculata, Srorrep M. Waste sandy places, 8. & E.: spreading or
trailing ; with broadly inversely heart-shaped leaflets marked with a dark spot,
3-5-flowered peduncles, and a flat pod compactly coiled three or more turns,
its thickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles.

M. dentictlata, like the last, but rarer, with pod of looser coils, sharp
edge, and mostly shorter prickles.

. scutellata, Svar, Mepicx, Bezuive. Cult. occasionally in gardens
for its curious pods, which are pretty large, coiled up like a snail-shell, in many
turns, smooth and even.

8. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER. (From Greek
words for honey and Lotus, i. e. Sweet Lotus: foliage sweet-scented, especially
in drying.) Natives of the Old World ; somewhat cult. in gardens, &c., and.
running wild in waste or cultivated ground : fl. all summer. @© @

M. alba, Wuire M., Boxnara or Tree Crover. Tall, 3°- 6° high,
branching, with obovate or oblong leaflets truncately notched at the end, and
loose racemes of white flowers. Has been cult. for green fodder.

M. officinalis, Yertow M. Less tall, 2°-3° high, with merely blunt
leaflets and yellow flowers. :

9. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name: three leaflets.)
* Low, insignificant weeds, nat. from Europe in dry waste fields, fc. @
+ Flowers yellow, in round heads, produced through late summer and autumn,
reflexed and turning chestnut-brown, dry and papery with age.

T, agrarium, Yettow Hop-C. Smoothish, 6'— 12’ high, with obovate-
oblong leaflets all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole; heads rather large.

T, procumbens, Low Hop-C. Smaller, spreading, rather downy, the
wedge-obovate leaflets notched at the end, the middle one at a little distance
from the others.

102 PULSE FAMILY.

+ + Flowers flesh-color or whitish with a purplish spot, in a very soft silky head.

T, arvénse, Rassit-roor or Storr C. Erect, silky-downy, especially
the oblong or at length cylindrical grayish heads or spikes, the corollas almost
concealed by the plumose-silky calyx ; leaflets narrow.

% * Larger, rose-red-flowered Clovers, cult. from Europe for fodder, or running
wild: heads thick and dense: corolla tubular, withering away after flower-
ing: flowers sweet-scented, in summer. 2f

T. praténse, Rep C. Stems ascending ; leaflets obovate or oval, often
notched at the end and with a pale spot on the face; head closely surrounded
by the uppermost leaves. :

T, médium, Ziezac C., with a zigzag stem, more oblong entire and
spotless leaves, and head usually stalked, is rare, but has run wild E., and
passes into the last.

« * % Low, wild Clovers, or one cult. from Europe, with spreading or running
stems, and mostly pale or white flowers (remaining and turning brownish in
fading) on pedicels, in round umbels or heads, on slender naked peduncles:
Ji. spring and summer.

T. refléxum, Burrato C. Wild S. and especially W.: somewhat
downy, with ascending stems 6/- 12! high, obovate-oblong finely-toothed leaf-
lets, heads and rose-red and whitish flowers fully as large as in Red Clover,
calyx-teeth hairy, and pods 3-5-seeded. @ @®

T. stoloniferum, Runyinc Burrato C. Prairies and oak-openings
W..: like the last, or a variety of it, but some of the stems forming runners,
leaflets broadly obovate or inversely heart-shaped, flowers barely tinged with
purple, and pods 2-secded. @ 2

. Carolinianum, Caroxina C. Fields and pastures S.: alittle downy,
spreading in tufts 5'— 10! high, with small inversely heart-shaped leaflets, broad
stipules, and small heads, the purplish corolla hardly longer than the lanceolate
calyx-teeth. ;

T. repens, Wuite C. Fields, &c. everywhere, invaluable for pasturage :
smooth, with creeping stems, inversely heart-shaped leaflets, long and slender
petioles and peduncles, narrow stipules, loose umbel-like heads, and white
corolla much longer than the slender calyx-teeth. 2/

10. PETALOSTEMON, PRAIRIE CLOVER. (Name composed of
the Greck words for petal and stamen combined.) In prairies, pine-barrens, &c.
W. and §.: flowers never yellow. 2

* Heads crowded in a corymb, leafy-bracted : fl. late in autumn.

P. corymbosus. In southern pine-barrens ; 2° high, with leaves of 3-7
filiform leaflets, and white flowers, the slender teeth of calyx becoming plumose.

* *& Heads or mostly spikes single terminating stems : fl. summer.

P. violaceus. Prairies W.: smoothish or pubescent, 1°- 2° high, with
mostly 5 narrow-linear leaflets, a short spike even when old, rose-purple flowers,
and hoary calyx. .

P. carneus. Dry barrens S.: smooth, with branching stems, 5-7 linear
leaflets, long-peduncled short spikes, flesh-color or pale rose flowers, and gla-
brous calyx. |

P. candidus. Prairies W. & S.: smooth, 2°-3° high, with 7-9 lan-
ceolate or linear-oblong leaflets, long-peduncled spikes, with awn-pointed bracts,
and white flowers. °

There are besides one or two rarer species W., and several more far W. & S.

I. DALEA. (Named for an English botanist, Thomas Dale.) There are
many species S. W. beyond the Mississippi.
D. alopecuroides. Alluvial river banks W. & S.; with erect stem

1°- 2° high, smooth leaves of many linear-oblong leaflets, and whitish small
flowers in a dense silky spike, in summer. @

PULSE FAMILY. 108

12. AMORPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Name, amorphous, wanting tho
ordinary form, from the absence of four of the petals.) There are usually
little stipels to the leaflets. Fl. summer.

A. fruticdsa, Common A. River-banks from Penn. S. & W.; a tall or
middle-sized shrub, smoothish, with petioled leaves of 15-25 oval or oblong leaf-
lets, violet or purple flowers in early summer, and mostly 2-secded pods.

A. herbacea (but it is not an herb) of low pinc-barrens S., 2°- 4° hich,
often downy, has the leaflets more rigid, dotted, and crowded, villous calyx-
teeth, later blue or white flowers, and 1-seeded pods. .

A. canéscens, called Leap-Pranv ; in prairies and on rocky banks W.
and 8. W.; 1°-3° high, hoary with soft down, with sessile leaves of 29-51
elliptical leaflets, smoothish above when old, violet-purple flowers in Jate summer,
and 1-seeded pods. :

13. PSORALEA. (Greek word for scurfy, from the roughish dots or glands
on the leaves, calyx, &c.) Wild S. & W.: fl. early summer, violet, bluish,
or almost white. 2/ 3
« Leaves pinnatey 3-foliolate, ¢. e. the side-leaflets a little below the apex of the

common petiole, or the uppermost of a single leaflet.

P. Ondbrychis. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois and 8.: 3°-—5° high,
nearly smooth, with lance-ovate taper-pointed Icaflets 3’ long, small flowers in
short-peduncled racemes 3/- 6! long ; pods rough and wrinkled.

P. melilotoides. Dry places, W. & S.: 1°-2° high, somewhat pubes-
cent, slender, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaflets, oblong spikes on long
peduncles, and strongly wrinkled pods.

* * Leaves digitate, of 3-7 leaflets.

P. Lupinéllus. Dry pinc-barrens S.: smooth and slender, with 5-7 very
narrow or thread-shaped leaflets, small flowers in loose racemes, and obliquely
wrinkled pods.

P. floribtinda. Prairies from Illinois S. W.: bushy-branched and slen-
der, 2°-4° high, somewhat hoary when young, with 3-5 linear or obovate-
oblong much dotted leaflets, small flowers in short panicled racemes, and glan-
dular-roughened pods.

P. canéscens. Dry barrens 8. E. Bushy-branched, 2° high, hoary-
pubescent, with 3 (or upper leaves of single) obovate leaflets, loose racemes of
few flowers, and a smooth pod.

P. argophylla. Prairies N. W., mostly across the Mississippi, widely
branched, 1% — 8° high, silvery white ail over with silky hairs, with 3-5 broad-
lanceolate leaflets and spikes of rather few largish flowers.

P. esculénta, Pomme Brancne of the N. W. Voyageurs; the turnip-
shaped or tuberous mealy root furnishing a desirable food to the Indians N. W.:
low and stout, 5/—15! high, roughish hairy, with 5 lance-oblong or obovate
leaflets, a dense oblong spike of pretty large (3! long) flowers, and a hairy
pointed pod. :

14. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Name from Greek, means Asses-
food.)

O. sativa, Common S. Sparingly cult. from Europe as a fodder plant,
but not quite hardy N.; herb 1°-2° high, with numerous oblong small leaf-
lets, brown and thin pointed stipules, and spikes of light pink flowers on long
axillary peduncles, in summer, the little semicircular pod bordered with short
prickles or teeth. 2/

15. STYLOSANTHES, PENCIL-FLOWER. (Name from Greek
words for column and flower, the calyx being raised on its stalk-like base.
The application of the popular name is not obvious.) a8
8. elatior, of pine-barrens from New Jersey and Illinois §., is an incon-

spicuous low herb, in tufts; the wiry stems downy on one side ; leaflets lan-

ceolate, with strong straight veins; flowers orange-yellow, small, in little

clusters or heads, in late summer. 2/

104 PULSE FAMILY.

16. LESPEDEZA, BUSH-CLOVER. (Named for Lespedez, a Spanish
Governor of Florida.) All grow ‘iin sandy or sterile soil; fl. late summer
and autumn. 2/

* Native species: stipules and bracts minute.

+ Flowers in close spikes or heads on upright (2°-4° high) simple rigid stems:
corolla cream-color or white with a purple spot, about the length of the silky-
downy calyx.

L. capitata. Leaflets oblong or sometimes linear, silky beneath, thickish ;
eduncles and petioles short; flowers in short spikes or heads; calyx much
longer than the pod.

IL. hirta. Leaflets roundish or oval, hairy or downy ; petioles and pedun-
cles slender ; spikes becoming rather long and loose.

+ + Flowers violet-purple, scattered or in open panicles or clusters, slender-pedun-
cled, also usually some more fertile ones, mostly without petals, in small
sessile clusters.

L. violacea. The commonest, and very variable, bushy-branching, erect
or spreading, with leaflets varying from oval to linear, and minutely whitish-
downy beneath, or sometimes silky ; the ordinary flowers loosely panicled.

L. proctimbens. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the oval or
oblong leaflets, slender and trailing ; peduncles slender and few-flowered.

L. répens. Smooth, except some minute and scattered close-pressed hairs,
very slender, prostrate ; leaflets obovate or oval (4! long).

* + Naturalized in States, from China or Japan: stipules ovate or lance-ovate,
striate, longer than the very short petiole.

L. striata. Introduced (more than 25 years ago) in some unknown way
into the Southern Atlantic States, now rapidly spreading and occupying old
fields and waste places, to the great benefit of the country, being greedily fed
upon by cattle; it is low and spreading, 3'-10/ high, much branched, almost
smooth, with oblong or wedge-oblong leaflets 4/— 3! long, and 1-3 small pur-
plish flowers almost sessile in the axils.

17. DESMODIUM, TICK-TREFOIL. (Name from Greek, means bound
together, from the connected joints of the pod.) 2s We have many native
species, common in open woods and copses ; fl. late summer : the following
are the more common.

§ 1. Native species : the little joints of the pod adhere to clothing or to the coats of
animals: flowers sometimes turning greenish in withering.

* Pod raised far above the calyx on a slender stalk of its own, straightish on the
upper margin, divided from below into not more than 4 joints : flowers in
one long-stalked naked terminal raceme or panicle: plants smooth, 1° - 3°
high: stipules bristle-form.

D. nudiflorum. Flower-stalk and leaf-bearing stem rising separately
from a common root; the leaves all crowded on the summit of the latter, and
with broadly ovate bluntish leaflets, pale beneath.

D. acuminatum. Flower-stalk terminating the stem, which bears a
cluster of leaves; the large leaflets (4'-5' long) round-ovate with a tapering
point, or the end one blunter, green both sides.

* * Pod little if at all raised above the calyx.

+ Stems erect, 3°-6° high: stipules large, ovate or lance-ovate and pointed,
striate, persistent, the bracts similar but deciduous: flowers large for the
genus: racemes panicled: pods of 4-7 rhombic-oblong joints, each joint
about 3! long.

D. cuspidatum. Very smooth, with a straight stem, lance-ovate and
taper-pointed leaflets (3’— 5! long) longer than the common petiole, and pod
with smoothish joints.

D. canéscens. Hairy, with branching stems, pale leaves; the ovate
bluntish leaflets about the length of the common petiole, reticulated beneath and
both sides roughish with fine close pubescence ; joints of pod very adhesive.

PULSE FAMILY.. 105

+ + Stems erect, 2° -6° high: stipules and bracts mostly awl-shaped, small and
inconspicuous or early deciduous : racemes panicled.

++ Common petiole slender : flowers smallish : joints of pod 3-5, unequal-sided.

D. viridiflorum. Stem and lower surface of the broad ovate blunt leaf-
lets clothed with white and soft-velvety down. Pine-barrens, from New Jersey S.

D. levigatum. Stem and the thickish ovate and bluntish leaflets smooth
or nearly so. From New Jersey S.

D. Dillénii. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate bluntish thin leaflets
finely pubescent ; the latter 2! - 3! long.

D. paniculatum. Smooth or nearly so throughout; leaflets lanceolate
or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3!- 5! long; panicle loose.

D. strictum. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow panicle
rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, 1/—- 2! long.
From New Jersey S.

++ ++ Common petiole very short.

D. Canadénse. Stem hairy, 3°-6° high, leafy up to the panicle ; leaf-
lets lance-oblong, blunt, 2'—3/ long; racemes dense, the pink-purple flowers
larger-than in any other, fully 3/ long ; bracts large, conspicuous before flower-
ing. Chiefly N. & W.

D. sessilifolium. Stem pubescent, 2°-4° high; the long panicle naked ;
common petiole hardly any; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath ; flowers small. Penn. to Ill. & S.

+ + + Stems ascending or spreading, 1°-8° long: stipules and bracts awl-
shaped and deciduous: panicle naked, loose : flowers small : pod of 2 or 3
small oval or roundish joints.

D. rigidum. The largest of this section, with rough-pubescent stems
sometimes erect; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish and reticulated,
1/— 2}/ long, longer than the common petiole.

D. ciliare. More or less hairy, slender, very leafy ; common petiole very
short ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, 4’ -1/ long.

D. Marilandicum. Smooth or nearly so, slender; leaflets ovate or
roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole: other-
wise like the preceding.

+ + + + Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes axillary and terminal.

D. lineatum. Smoothish; stem striate-angled.; stipules awl-shaped,
deciduous; leaflets orbicular, 1’ or less in length, much longer than the common
etiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod small. Pine-barrens from
Maryiand s.
D. rotundifolium. Soft-hairy; stems running 3°-5° along the ground ;
leaflets orbicular, about 3/ long; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, persist-
ent; flowers and the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large.

§ 2. Exotic, conservatory species.

D. gyrans, of East Indies, one of the most extraordinary poe known,
is readily grown as a tender annual: the smooth leaves are remar able for their
movements; the end leaflet slowly changing position with the light; the lateral
ones, very much smaller, moving pretty rapidly up and down, in elliptical
sweeps, through the day when the temperature is about 80° Fahr.

18. AESCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT-VETCH. (From
Greek word meaning ashamed, the leaflets of some species being more or less
sensitive to the touch in the manner of the common Sensitive Plant.) Sta-
mens commonly in two sets of 5 each. Pod resembling that of Desmodium.
Fi. summer.

ZB. hispida. Stem rough-bristly, 2°-4° high ; leaflets very many, broadly
linear ; joints of the bristly pod 6-10, nearly square. Low grounds from
Penn. S. @ '

Zi. vissiduls, Stems clammy-pubescent, slender, spreading on the ground;
leaflets 7-9, obovate ; joints of the bristly pod 2 or 3, half-orbicular. Sandy
shores 8S. @ .

106 PULSE FAMILY.

19. CORONILLA. (Latin, diminutive of corona, a crown.) Cult. from

Europe for ornament. 2

C. varia, Purrte Coronitua. Hardy herb, spreading from underground
running shoots, smooth, 2° high, with 15-21 obovate-oval or oblong small
leaflets, and head-like umbels of handsome pink-purple and white or white and
lilac flowers, all summer.

C. glauca, Yertow Swerr-scentep C. Green-house shrubby plant,
with 5-9 glaucous obovate or obcordate leaflets, the terminal largest, and head-
like umbels of sweet-scented ycllow flowers; the claws of the petals not
lengthened.

20. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GROUND-NUT. (Meaning of name obscure.)

A. hypogéa, the only common species, originally from South America,
cult. S.: the nut-like pods familiar, the oily fleshy seeds being largely eaten by
children, either raw or roasted. @

21. SESBANIA. (Arabic name Sesban, a little altered.) Fl. late summer.

S. macrocarpa, wild in swamps §., is tall, smooth, with linear-oblong
leaflets, few flowers on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, the corolla yellow
with some reddish or purple, followed by linear narrow hanging pods 8! - 12!
long, containing many seeds.

S. vesicaria (or Grorrfp1um FioripAnum), in low grounds §., resem-
bles the preceding in foliage and small yellow flowers, but has a broadly oblong
turgid pod, only-1/ or 2! long, pointed, raised above the calyx on a slender stalk
of its own, only 2-seeded, the seeds remaining enclosed in the bladdcry white
lining of the pod when the outer valves have fallen. @

S. grandiflora (or AGATI GRANDIFLORA), a shrub or trec-like plant of
India, run wild in Florida, occasionally cult. for ornament S., has very large
flowers, 3'-4! long, white or red, and slender hanging pods 1° or so long.

22. CARAGANA, PEA-TREE. (Tartar name.) Natives of Siberia
and China: planted for ornament, but uncommon, scarcely hardy N.

C. arboréscens. Srperian P. Shrub or low tree, with spiny stipules,
4-6 pairs of oval-oblong downy leaflets, u soft tip to the common petiole, and
solitary yellow flowers, in spring.

C. frutéscens, has soft stipules, and only 2 pairs of obovate leaflets
crowded at the summit of the petiole, which is tipped with a spiny point.

C. Chamlagu, Curvese P., a low or spreading shrub, has 2 rather dis-
tant pairs of smooth oval or obovate leaflets, the stipules and tip of the petiole

spiny.
23. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO-PLANT. (Name means producer of in-

digo.) Ours are tall perennials, sometimes with woody base, and numerous
small flowers in racemes, of S. States, in dry soil: fl. sammer.

I. Caroliniana. Wild from North Carolina S.: smoothish, with 10-15
obovate or oblong pale leaflets, racemes longer than the leaves, flowers soon
brownish, and oblong veiny pods only 2-seeded.

I. tinctoria. This and the next furnish the indigo of commerce, were
cult. for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste places : woody at base,
with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than the leaves, the deflexed knobby
terete, pods curved and several-seeded.

I. Anil differs mainly in its flattish and even pods thickened at both edges.

24. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (From Greek word meaning hoary.)
Native plants, of dry, sandy or barren soil, chiefly S.: fl. summer.

x» Stem very leafy up to the terminal and sessile dense raceme or panicle.

T. Virginiana. Called Careur, from the very tough, long and slender
roots ; white silky-downy, with erect and simple stem 1°-2° hich, 17-29

linear-oblong leaficts, pretty large and numerous flowers yellowish-white with
purple, and downy. pods. Common N. & S.

PULSE FAMILY. 107

% * Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent : leaves scattered : racemes op-
posite the leaves, long-peduncled : flowers fewer and smaller: pubescence
mostly yellowish or rusty.

T. spicata. From Delaware S.: 1°-2° high, loosely soft-hairy, with
9-15 wedge-oblong or obovate leaflets, and 6-10 rather large scattered white
and purple flowers in the raceme or spike.

‘'T. hispidula. From Virginia S8.: low, closely pubescent or smoothish,
with 11-15 oblong small leaflets, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole,
and 2—4 small reddish-purple flowers.

T. chrysophylla. From Georgia 8. & W.: nearly prostrate, with 5-7
wedge-obovate leaflets, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest
pair close to the stem ; flowers as in the last.

25. ROBINIA LOCUST-TREE. (Dedicated to two early French bota-
nists, Robin.) Natives of Atlantic, Middle, and Southern States, planted, and
the common Locust running wild N. Fl. late spring and early summer.

R. Pseudacacia, Common L. or Farse Acacia. Tree of valuable
timber, with naked branchlets, slender and loose hanging racemes of fragrant
white flowers, and smooth pods. _

R. viscosa, Cuammy L. Smaller tree, with clammy branches and stalks,
very short prickles, short and dense racemes of faintly rose-colored scentless
flowers, and rough clammy pods.

R. hispida, Bristry L. or Rosz-Acacia. Ornamental shrub, with
branches and stalks bristly, broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle, large and
ee bright rose-colored tlowers in close or loose racemes, and clammy-bristly
pods.

26. COLUTEA, BLADDER-SENNA. (Derivation of name obscure :
the English name refers to the bladdery pods and to the leaves having been
used as a substitute for those of Senna.)

C. arboréscens, Common B. European shrub, planted in gardens, with
7-11 oval and rather truncate leaflets, a raceme of 5-10 yellow flowers, in
summer, succeeded by the dange very thin-walled closed pods.

C. cruenta, Orrenrat B., with obovate notched leaflets, fewer flowers
saffron-colored or reddish, and pods opening by a little slit before they are ripe,
is scarcely hardy N.

27. ASTRAGALUS, MILK-VETCH. (Old Greck name of the ankle-
bone and of some leguminous plant; application and meaning uncertain.)
Very many native species west of the Mississippi.

A. Canadénsis. River-banks, the only widely common species; rather
coarse, 1°-4° high, slightly pubescent, with leaves of numerous leaflets, long
dense spikes of greenish cream-colored flowers, in summer, followed by small
and coriaceous ovoid pods, completely divided by a longitudinal partition. 2/

A. Cooperi. Gravelly shores N. & W.: resembles the foregoing, but
smoother, 19 — 2° high, with small white flowers in a short spike, and inflated
ovoid pods about 1! long, thin-walled, and not divided internally ; fl. in early
summer. 2/ :

A. glaber. Pine-barrens §.: nearly smooth, 2° high, with very many
oblong-linear small leaflets, loosely many-flowered spikes of white flowers, in
spring, succeeded by oblong curved and flattish 2-celled pods. 2

A. caryocarpus, Grounp Pium of the Western voyageurs, so called from
the fruit, which is of the size and shape of a small plum, and fleshy, but becom-
ing dry and corky, very thick-walled, 2-celled ; the plant low, smoothish, with
many small narrow oblong leaflets, and short racemes or spikes of violet-purple
or nearly white flowers, in spring: common along the Upper Mississippi and
W. and S. on the plains. ~2/ 7

A. villésus. Pine-barrens §.: low and spreading, loosely hoary-hairy,
with about 13 oblong leaflets notched at the end, a short and dense raceme or
spike of small yellowish flowers, in spring, and an oblong 3-angled curved and
soft-hairy pod, its cavity not divided. 2/

108 PULSE FAMILY.

28. WISTARIA. (Named for Prof. Wistar of Philadelphia.) Very orna-
mental woody twiners : fl. spring.

W. frutéscens, American W. Wild along streams W. and S., and
cult. for ornament; soft-downy when young, with 9-15 lance-ovate leaflets,
a dense raceme of showy blue-purple flowers, the calyx narrowish, wing-petals
each with one short and one very long appendage at the base of the blade, and
a smooth ovary. : :

W. Sinénsis, Cuinssz W. Cult. from China or Japan, barely hardy in
New England, faster growing (sometimes 20° in a season) and higher climbing
than the other, with longer and more pendent racemes, wing-petals appendaged
on one side only, and a downy ovary. Often flowering twice in the season.

29. APIOS, GROUND-NUT, WILD BEAN. (Name from Greek word
for pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 2
A. tuberdsa. Wild in low grounds; subterranean shoots bearing strings
of edible farinaccous tubers 1/-2/ long; stems slender, rather hairy ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers brownish-purple, violet-scented, crowded in short and
thick racemes, in late summer and autumn.

30. ERYTHRINA,. (From Greek word for red, which is the usual color
of the flowers.)

E. herbacea. Wild in sandy soil near the coast S.; sending up herba-
ceous stems 2°~4° high from a thick woody root or base, some leafy, the leaf-
lets broadly triangular-ovate ; others nearly leafless, terminating in a long erect
raceme of narrow scarlet flowers, of which the straight and folded lanceolate
standard (2' long) is the only conspicuous part ; seeds scarlet: fl. spring.

E. Crista-galli. Cult. in conservatories, from Brazil; with a tree-like
trunk, oval or oblong leaflets, and loose racemes of crimson large flowers, the
keel as well as the broad spreading standard conspicuous, the rudimentary wings
hidden in the calyx.

31. PHASEOLUS, BEAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (An ancient name of
the Bean.) Fl. summer and autumn.

* Native species, small-flowered.

P. perénnis. From Connecticut and Illinois S. in woody places ; slender
stems climbing high ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; racemes long and
loose, often panicled ; flowers small, purple; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped,
few-seeded.

P. diversifolius. Sandy shores, &c.: spreading on the ground, with
rough hairy stems, ovate entire or commonly 3-lobed or angled leaflets, pedun-
cles twice the length of the leaves, bearing a small cluster of purplish or at length
greenish flowers, and linear nearly terete straight pods. @

P. hélvolus. Sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois S.: more slen-
der than the preceding, sometimes twining a little, with the ovate or oblong
leaficts entire or obscurely angled, peduncles several times surpassing the leaves,
flowers pale purple, and pods narrower.

P. paucifidrus. River-banks W. & S.: spreading over the ground, also
twining more or less, slender, pubescent, with small oblong-lanceolate or linear
leaflets, few and small purplish flowers on a short peduncle, the keel merely
incurved, and the straight flat pod only 1! long. @

* * Exotic species, cultivated mainly for food, all with ovate pointed leaflets. @

P. vulgaris, Common Kipney, Srring, and Pore Beay. Twining,
with racemes of white or sometimes dull purplish or variegated flowers shorter
than the leaf, linear straight pods, and tumid seeds. Many varieties, among
which may be reckoned the next.

P. nanus, Dwarr or Fieip Bean; low and bushy, not twining ; seeds
very tumid.

P. lunatus, Tima Bean, Sieva B., &c. Twining, with racemes of
small greenish-white flowers shorter than the leaf, and broad and curved or
scimitar-shaped pods, containing few large and flat seeds.

PULSE FAMILY. 109

P. multiflorus, Spanish Bean, Scarter Ronwner when red-flowered ;
twining high, with the showy flowers bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, in
peduncled racemes surpassing the leaves; pods broadly linear, straight or
a little curved ; seeds large, tumid, white or colored.

* * x Exotic species, culti in greenh Sor or t. Y
P. Caracalla, Snai-Firower. Stem twining extensively, rather woody
below, from a tuberous root; leaflets rhombic-ovate, taper-pointed ; racemes
longer than the leaf; flowers showy, 2! long, white and purple, the standard as

well as the very long-snouted keel spirally coiled, giving somewhat the appear-
ance of a snail-shell.

tot

32. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, &c. (Old Greek name of a Bean,
meaning elongated, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.)

D. Lablab, Ecyrrian or Brack Bray, cult. from India, for ornament
and sometimes for food, is a smooth twiner, with elongated racemes of showy
violet, purple, or white flowers, 1/ long, and thick and broadly oblong pointed
pods ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. @

D. Sinénsis, Cuina Bean, var. melanophthalmus, Briack-ryvep
Bean, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers at the
end, the beans (which are good) white with a black circle round the scar, is
occasionally met with.

33. GALACTTIA, MILK-PEA. (From a Greek word for milky, which
these plants are not.) There are several other species in the Southern At-
lantic States ; a rare one has pinnate leaves. Fl. summer. 2

G. glabélla. Sandy soil from New Jersey S.: prostrate, nearly smooth,
with rather rigid ovate-oblong leaflets, their upper surface shining, a few rather
large rose-purple flowers on a peduncle not exceeding the leaves, and a 4-6-
seeded at length smoothish pod.

G. méllis. Sandy barrens, from Maryland S.: spreading, seldom twining,
soft-downy and hoary, even to the 8-10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled,
many-flowered ; leaflets oval.

34. AMPHICARPAA, HOG-PEA-NUT. (Name from Greek words
meaning double-fruited, alluding to the two kinds of pod.) 2
A. monoica. A slender much-branched twiner, with brownish-hairy
stems, leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate thin leaflets, and numerous small purplish
flowers in clustered drooping racemes, besides the more fertile subterranean
ones; the turgid pods of the latter hairy: herbage greedily fed upon by cattle :
fl. late summer and autumn.

35. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Name from
Greek words meaning spurred standard.) 2
C. Virginianum. Sandy woods, chiefly S.: trailing and low twining,
slender, roughish with minute hairs; leaflets varying from ovate-oblong to
linear, very veiny, shining; the 1—4-flowered peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
the showy violet-purple flowers 1! or 1}4/ long, in summer.

86. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Derivation obscure.) 2/

C. Mariana, our only species, in dry ground from New Jersey S.: smooth,
with erect or slightly twining stem (1°-3° high), ovate-oblong leaflets pale
beneath, very showy light blue flowers 2’ long, single or 2—3 together on a
short peduncle, and a few-seeded straight pod: fl. summer.

37. HARDENBERGIA. (Named for an Austrian botanist.) Austra-
lian plants. 2/
H. monophylla, a choice greenhouse plant, has leaves of a single ovate
or lanceolate leaflet 2’ or 3’ long, and slender racemes of small violet-purple
flowers ; whole plant smooth.

110 PULSE FAMILY.

38. KENNEDYA. (Named for a distinguished English florist.) Aus-
tralian plants, of choice cultivation in conservatories. pil
K. rubicunda, is hairy, free-climbing, with 3 ovate leaflets, and 2—4-
flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson flowers over 1‘ long.

89. RHYNCHOSIA. (Name from the Greek, means beaked, of no ob-

vious application.) Chiefly Southern: fl. summer. 2/

BR. tomentosa. Low, soft-downy, in several varieties, erect, spreading, or
the taller forms twining more or less, with one or three round or sometimes
oblong-oval leaflets, and clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. Dry sandy
soil, from Maryland S. : :

BR. galactoides. Bushy-branched, 2°-4° high, not at all disposed to
twine, minutely pubescent, with 3 small and rigid oval leaflets, hardly any
common petiole, and scattered flowers in the upper axils, the standard reddish
outside. Dry sand-ridges, from Alabama S.

40. PISUM, PEA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) @

P. sativum, Common Pea. Cult. from the Old World: smooth and
glaucous, with very large leafy stipules, commonly 2 pairs of leaflets, branching
tendrils, and peduncles bearing 2 or more large flowers ; corolla white, bluish,
purple, or party-colored ; pods rather fleshy.

41. LATHYRUS, VETCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Some species
closely resemble the Pea, others are more like Vetches. Fl. summer.

* Cult. from Eu., for ornament : stem and petioles wing-margined : leaflets one pair.

I. odoratus, Sweet Pea. Stem more or less roughish-hairy ; leaflets
oval or oblong ; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented, white with
the standard rose-color, or purple, with varieties variously colored. @

L. latifolius, Evertastine Pea. Smooth, climbing high ; stems broadly
winged ; leaflets oval, with parallel veins very conspicuous beneath; flowers
ied in a long-peduncled raceme, pink-purple, also a white variety, scent-
ess. 2

* # Native species: stems wingless or merely margined : leaflets 2-8 pairs. 2f

L. maritimus, Beacu Pea. Sea-shore of New England especially N.,
and along the Great Lakes: about 1° high, leafy, smooth, with stipules nearly
as large as the 8-16 oval crowded leaflets, and the peduncle bearing 6 - 10 rather
large purple flowers.

L. venosus. Shady banks W. & §.: climbing, with 10-17 more scattered
ovate or oblong leaflets, often downy beneath, small and slender stipules, and
peduncles bearing many purple flowers.

L. ochroleticus. Hillsides and banks N. & W.: slender stems 19-3°
high ; the leaflets 6-8, glaucous, thin, ovate or oval, larger than the leafy
stipules ; peduncles bearing several rather small yellowish-white flowers.

L. palustris. Swamps and wet grounds N. & W.: low, 1°-2° high,
with margined or slightly winged stems, small lanceolate stipules, 4 — 8 leaflets
aoe from linear to oblong, and peduncles bearing 3-5 rather small purple

owers.

Var. myrtifolius, common W. & S., usually appears very distinct, climb-
ing 2°-4° high, with oblong or oval leaflets, larger and more leaf-like upper
stipules, and paler flowers.

42. VICIA, VETCH, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. Flowers several or Mee on a slender peduncle, in spring or summer: pod

several-seeded : wild species in low ground, 19-4° high.
* Peduncle 4 — 8-flowered : plant smooth.

V. Americana. Common N. & W.; with 10-14 oblong and very blunt
veiny Icaflets, and purplish flowers over 4! long.

V. acutifolia. Near the coast 8. ; with about 4 linear or oblong leaflets,
and small blue or purplish flowers.

PULSE FAMILY. 111

* * Peduncle bearing very many small soon reflexed flowers.
V.Caroliniana. Smoothish; with 8~24 oblong blunt leaflets, and small
white or purplish-tipped flowers rather loose or scattered in the slender raceme.
V. Cracca. Only N. & W., rather downy; with 20-24 lance-oblon,
mucronate-pointed leaflets, and a dense spike of blue flowers (nearly 3! ions?
turning purple.

§ 2. Flowers 1-5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small : leaf-
lets oblong-linear, 4—8 pairs: pod oblong, ee 2-4-seeded: slender and
delicate European plants, run wild in fields and waste places. @

V. tetraspérma. Leaflets blunt; corolla whitish; pod 4-seeded, smooth.

V. hirstita. Leaflets truncate ; corolla bluish ; pod 2-seeded, hairy.

§ 3. Flowers single or few and sessile or short-peduncled in the azil of the leaves,

pretty large: pod several-seeded : stem simple, low, not climbing. @

V. sativa, Common Vetcu or Tare. Sometimes cult. for fodder, from
the Old World, run wild in some fields: somewhat hairy, with 10-14 leaflets
varying from oblong or obovate to linear, and notched and mucronate at the
apex ; flowers mostly in pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid.

V. Faba, Bean of England, Winpsor or Horse-Brean. Cult. from the
Old World for the edible beans (which are not much fancied in this country,
where we have better): smooth, with stout erect stem 1°-2° high, crowded
leaves of 2-6 oblong leaflets (1}'- 3! long), a mere rudiment of a tendril, and
axillary clusters of white flowers having a black spot on each wing ; pod thick
and fleshy, 2'-3' long ; seeds oval, flattened, large.

43. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed gave
the name to the glass lens for magnifying.) @

L. esculénta, Common Lentit, of Europe, cult. for fodder and for the
seeds, but rarely with us: slender plant, barely 1° high, resembling a Vetch,
with several pairs of oblong leaflets (} long), 2 or 3 small white or purplish
flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad pod, containing 2 orbicular
sharp-edged (lens-shaped) seeds, which are generally yellowish or brownish,
a sorry substitute for beans, but good for soup.

44. CICER, CHICK-PEA. (An old Latin name for the Vetch.) @
C. arietinum, Common C., of the Old World, called Corrru-Pra at the
West, there cult. for its seeds, which are used for coffee: their shape gave the
specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep : plant 9’ —~ 20! high, covered
with soft glandular acid hairs ; leaves of 8-12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets ;
peduncle bearing one small whitish flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod.

45. CHORIZEMA. (A fanciful name of Greek derivation.) 2

C. ilicifdlia, Hotty-teavep C. Greenhouse-plant from Australia, bushy,
with lance-oblong leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of
small copper-colored flowers, the wings redder.

46. BAPTISIA, FALSE INDIGO. (From Greek word meaning to dye,
these plants yielding a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning
blackish in drying: nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil : fl. spring
and early summer. 2/

* Flowers yellow.

B. perfoliata. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous, with simple
round-ovate leaves surrounding the stem (perfoliate, probably answering to
united stipules), and single small flowers in their axils ; pod small and globular.
Carolina and Georgia.

B. tinctoria, Common or Witp Fatss-Inpico. Pale or glaucous,
smooth, bushy, 2° high, with 3 small wedge-obovate leaflets, hardly any com-
mon petiole, minute deciduous stipules, few-flowered racemes terminating the
branches, and small globular pods.

112 PULSE FAMILY.

B. lanceolata. Downy when young, spreading, with 3 thickish blunt leaf-
lets varying from lanceolate to obovate, a very short common petiole, small de-
ciduous stipules, and rather large flowers solitary in the axils and in short ter-
minal racemes, the pod globular and slender-pointed. Common S. & 8

B. villosa. Minutely downy, with stout stems 2° high, 3 spatulate-oblong
or wedge-obovate leaflets, becoming smooth above, a very short common petiole,
stipules more or less persistent, and many-flowered racemes of large flowers
on slender pedicels; the pod minutely downy, oblong, taper-pointed. From
Garolina S. W.

* * Flowers white, in the first cream-color : leaves all of 3 leaflets varying from
wedge-obovate to oblanceolate, and flowers in long racemes terminating the
branches.

B. leucopha. Low and spreading, 1° high, soft-hairy, with persistent
large and leaf-like bracts and stipules, reclined one-sided racemes of cream-
colored large (1! long) flowers on slender pedicels, and hoary ovate pods. Open
woods, chiefly W.

B. alba. Smooth, 2°-3° high, with slender widely spreading branches,
slender petioles, minute deciduous stipules and bracts, loose erect or spreading
long-peduncled racemes of small flowers (4/- 4%! long), and cylindrical pods.
From Virginia 8S.

B. leucantha. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3°- 5° high, with spreading
branches, rather short petioles, the lanceolate stipules and bracts deciduous,
erect long racemes of large (1/ long) flowers, and oval-oblong pods 2’ long,
raised on wu stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial soil, from Ohio
W.&S.

#* * * Flowers blue: leaves of 3 leaflets as in the foregoing.

B. australis. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2°- 5° high, with oblong-
wedge-shaped leaflets, lanceolate and rather persistent stipules as long as the
short petiole, erect racemes of pretty large Feeitly 1’ long) flowers on short
i nee and oval-oblong pods 2'-3!/ long, on a stalk of the length of the
calyx.

47. THERMOPSIS. (From Greek words meaning that the plants resem-
ble the Lupine.) Flowers yellow. 2

T. mollis. Wild in open woods from N. Carolina S.:; downy, 19- 2° high,
with spreading branches, 3 obovate-oblong leaflets, oblong-ovate leafy stipules,
some of them as long as the short petioles, and long narrow-linear spreading
ee short-stalked in the calyx: fl. spring. (There are two other species in the

outhern Allerhanies.)

T. fabacea, which is erect with oval leaflets and upright pods, is sparingly
cult. from Siberia, and wild in N. W. America.

48. CLADRASTIS, YELLOW-WOOD. (Meaning of name obscure,
perhaps from Greek for brittle branches.)

C. tinetoria (also named Virefira Lurea), native of rich woods from
E. Kentucky S., planted for ornament, one of the very handsomest and neatest
of ornamental trees ; with light yellow wood, a close bark like that of Beech,
leaves of 7-11 parallel-veined oval or ovate leaflets (3'- 4! long and smooth, as
is the whole plant), and ample hanging panicles (1° or more long) of pretty,
delicately fragrant, cream-white flowers, terminating the branchlets of the season,
in May or June.

49. SOPHORA. (An Arabic name altered.) There is a wild herbaceous
species beyond the Mississippi, a low shrubby one on the coast of Florida,
and a tree in Arkansas and Texas which in its fleshy jointed pod and in ap-
pearance much resembles the following : —

8. Japonica, Jaran S. Planted for ornament, hardy to New England;
tree 20° -50° high, with greenish bark, 11-13 oval or oblong acute smooth
leaficts, and loose panicles of cream-white flowers, terminating the branches at
the end of summer, the fruit a string of fleshy 1-seeded joints.

*

PULSE FAMILY. 113

50. CERCIS, RED-BUD, JUDAS-TREE. (Ancient name of the ori-
ental species: the English name from the old notion that this was the tree
whereon Judas hanged himself.)

C. Canadénsis, American Rep-sup. Wild from New York §. (but
probably not in Canada as the name implies) : a small, handsome tree, orna-
mental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with the small but very
numerous flowers, of the color of peach-blossoms or redder ; the rounded leaves
are aioe eee and the pods scarcely stalked in the calyx. -,

C. Siliquéstrum, Evropean R. or Jupas-Trez. Barely ‘hardy N.,'
except as a shrub; has larger flowers, pod raised out of the calyx on a short
stalk, and almost kidney-shaped leaves. A seeming variety of this inhabits
Texas and California.

51. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name, of gbscure meaning.) The follow-
ing all wild species, the first sometimes cult. in country gardens, and the
leaves used in place of true, oriental Senna. FI. summer, in all ours yellow.

§ 1. Smooth herbs, in rich or alluvial soil, with rather large leaflets, deciduous
stipules, flowers in short axillary racemes or crowded in a panicle, and the
10 stamens unequal, some of the upper anthers imperfect.

C. Marilandica, Witp Senna. The only common sort at the north,
3°—4° high, with 6-9 pairs of narrow-oblong blunt and mucronate leaflets,
a club-shaped gland on the common petiole near the base, bright yellow petals
een turning whitish when old, blackish anthers, and linear flat (at first hairy)
pods.

C. occidentalis, Western §S. or Srypric-WeED. Common §., nat.
from South America: 1°-5° high, with 4-6 pairs of lance-ovate acute leaf-
ae a pe gland on the base of the petiole, and narrow linear smooth pods

ong. ;

C. obtusifolia. From Mlinois and Virginia S.; with 2 or 3 pairs of ob-
ovate leaflets, a pointed gland between the lowest, the pale flowers in pairs, and
slender curved pods 6’-10/ long. @

§ 2. Low and spreading, smooth or roughish hairy herbs, in sandy or dry barren
soil, with persistent striate stipules, and 10 - 20 pairs of small linear-oblong
oblique or unequal-sided leaflets, which are somewhat sensitive, closing when
roughly brushed ; a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair: flowers clus-
tered in the axils. .

C. Chameecrista, Larcs-ru. Sensitive or Parrripce Pea. Flowers
retty large, showy, on slender pedicels, with the petals often purple-spotted at
ase, a slender style, and 10 unequal stamens, some of the anthers usually yel-

low and others purple. Like the next most common S. @

C. nictitans, Smari-ru. S. Flowers small, on very short pedicels, with

a short style, and 5 nearly equal anthers.

52. CAZSALPINIA. (Named for the early Italian botanist Ceesalpinus.)
One species of tropical America, cult. in some conservatories, is planted out
in Gulf States, viz. :

C. pulchérrima (also named PornciANA PULCHERRIMA), BARBADOES
FLowER-FENCE. Small tree, prickly, with twice-pinnate leaves, numerous
oblong leaflets notched at the end, and open terminal racemes of large and
showy flowers, the short-clawed broad and jagged-edged petals 1’ long and red-
dish-orange, and the crimson filaments 3/ long.

53. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (Name from
Greek words for naked branch, the branches being very stout, and when the
leaves have fallen appearing destitute of spray.)

G. Canadénsis. The only species, a fine ornamental and timber tree, wild
from W. New York S. and especially W., with rough bark, twice-pinnate leaves
2° or 3° long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate and stalked leaflets,
except the lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2'~3' long); the leaflets

8

414 PULSE FAMILY.

remarkable for hanging edgewise. Flowers in early summer ; ripening in late
autumn, the large and indurated pod 5/—10/ long and 13/~ 2’ wide; the seeds
over 4! across. :

54. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY-LOCUST. (Named for the early Ger-
man botanist, Gleditsch.) Fl. early summer, inconspicuous, ripening the pods
late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound; those on the branchlets above
the axils. Leaves on growing shoots of the scason twice pinnate ; those in
clusters on spurs mostly once pinnate.

G. triacanthos, Turer-ruornep Acacia or Common H. | Wild in
rich soil from Penn. S. & W., also commonly planted for shade, sometimes used
for hedges: arather tall tree, with light foliage, large often very compound
thorns flattish at the base and tapering, small lance-oblong leaflets, and linear
flat pods 9/— 20! Jong, often twisted or curved. A var. INERMIS has very few or
no thorns.

G. Sinénsis, Curvese H., occasionally planted, has stouter conical thorns,
and broader oval leaflets.

G. monospérma, OneE-sEEDED or Water H. Swamps from Illinois
8. W.: small tree, with slender thorns, ovate or oblong leaflets, and oval 1-seeded
pods, containing no pulp.

55. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE-PLANT. (From Greek word to mimic, i.e.
the movements imitating an animal faculty.) There are wild shrubby species
in Texas and farther 8. The following are herbs, procumbent or trailing,
with bristly short pods. s
M. pudica, Common S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and somewhat

prickly ; the leaves very sensitive to the touch, of very numerous linear leaflets

on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on its apex, so as to
appear digitate; flowers rose-purple, in slender-peduncled heads, in summer.

Cult. from South America. @

' M. strigilldsa, Witp S. Rough with appresscd stiff bristles, not prickly ;

leaves with 5 or 6 pairs of branches of the common petiole, each bearing 10-14

pairs of oblong-linear leaflets; flowers rosc-color; oblong head on very long

peduncle. Wild on river-banks far §.: fl. summer. 2/

56. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE-BRIER. (Named for a German bot-
anist, Schrank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. & W., spreading on
the ground, appearing much alike, with Icaves closing like the Sensitive-
Plant, but only under ruder handling : flowers rose-purple, small, in globular
heads on axillary peduncles, in summer. 2

S. uncinata. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear short-pointed
pods beset with rather stout hooked prickles ; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with
strong veins underneath.

S. angustata. Prickles scattered, weaker, and less hooked ; leaflets oblong-
linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed.

57. DESMANTHUS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the flowers are
bound together ; they are merely crowded in a head. A few species very far
8., and the following W.

D. brachylobus. Prairies from Illinois S. & W.: nearly smooth, 1°-4°
high, ercct, with 6-15 pairs of partial petioles, cach bearing 20-30 pairs of
very small narrow leaficts, one or more glands on the main petiole, small heads
of whitish flowers, followed by short 2~6-secded pods ; stamens 5. 2

58. ALBIZZIA, SILK-FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.)

A. Julibrissin, Sirx-Frower or Sitx-Trex, from Asia, planted for
ornament S.: a small tree, with leaves of numerous pairs of partial petioles,
each bearing about 60 oblong acute leaflets, which appear as if halved, and with
ee heads of rather large pale rose-purple flowers, the long and lustrous
filaments, like silky threads in tufts (giving the popular name), being mainly
conspicuous ; pod 5! - 6! long, oblong-linear, very flat and thin.

ROSE FAMILY. 115

59. ACACIA. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of. Acacia-trees ; one spe-
cies yields Gum Arabic.) No native species north of Texas. The following
are exotic shrubs or trees, cult. in conservatories N., and one of them planted
or run wild far S.

§ 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets.

A. Farnesiana. Native of South America: nat. along the Gulf of Mexi-
co, sometimes cult. : a nearly smooth shrub, with pairs of short prickles along
the branches, small linear leaflets, small heads, on short peduncles (2 or 3 to-
gether) of yellow very sweet-scented flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant
also yields gum. Pod thick, pulpy or pithy within.

A. dealbata, of Australia; a fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor
thorny, pale or whitened with minute obscure down or mealiness ; with leaves
of 10 - 25 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between
each pair), and very many pairs of closely set and minute linear leaflets ; the
bright yellow flowers in globular heads collected in an ample very open raceme
or panicle, odorous.

§ 2. Only the leaves of the seedling twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and entire mostly
blade-like petioles (called phyla, Lessons, p. 69), standing edgewise
instead of flatwise, but otherwise imitating rigid simple leaves. Chiefly
natives of Australia, where they are extremely numerous.

* Leaves short, and with only a central nerve or midrib,

+ Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, prickly-tipped, small, about }! long.

A. juniperina. Rigid bushy shrub, with the leaves scattered over the
branches, and flowers in single small round heads.

A. verticillata. Spreading shrub or low tree, with the leaves crowded
more or less in whorls of 5 -— 8 or more, and flowers in cylindrical spikes.’

+ + Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipped.

A. armata. Tall-growing shrub, usually with hairy branches, and with
conspicuous prickle-like stipules ; half-ovate oblong or incurved-lanceolate leaves
mostly blunt, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not over 1! long ;
flowers in round heads.

A. vestita. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy, with drooping branches, pale
obliquely wedge-ovate or obovate and curved bristle-pointed leaves, and small
globular heads of flowers in racemes. ; :

A. cultriférmis. Shrub smooth, mealy-glaucous when young, with tri-
angular or lance-obovate and curved minutely pointed leaves, of thick and firm
texture, and globular heads in racemes, forming a leafy terminal panicle.

x % Leaves 3'-6! or more long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when very

narrow only 1-nerved : flowers in slender loose or interrupted axillary spikes.

A. longifdlia. Shrub or small tree, smooth, with angular branches, and
leaves varying from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2—- 5-nerved, often
faintly veiny between the nerves. : : ;

A. linearis. Like the preceding, but with leaves (4/— 10! long) very nar-
row-linear and with only one obvious nerve. :

38. ROSACEA, ROSE FAMILY.

Plants with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with
usually indefinite unconnected stamens inserted on the calyx, one,
few, or many simple separate pistils (except in the division to which ,
the Pear belongs), and single, few, or occasionally numerous seeds ;
these filled with a straight embryo. Destitute of noxious qualities
(excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of some Cherries, and the
like), and furnishing the most important fruits of temperate climates,
as well as the queen of flowers. We have three principal great
divisions.

116 ROSE FAMILY.

I. ALMOND or PLUM FAMILY: consists of trees or
shrubs, with simple leaves, stipules free from the petiole (often
minute or early deciduous, so that there may appear to be none),
a calyx which is deciduous after flowering, and a single pistil, its
ovary tipped with a slender style (Lessons, p. 108, fig. 213), con-
taining a pair of ovules, and becoming a simple drupe or stone fruit.
(Lessons, p. 128, fig. 285.)

1. PRUNUS. Calyx with a bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes.
Petals 5, and stamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted
on the throat of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color.

II. ROSE FAMILY proper: consists of herbs or shrubs,
with stipules either free from or united with the base of the petiole,
calyx persisting below or around the fruit, which is composed of
sometimes one but commonly several or many distinct pistils.

§1. Calyx not with a fleshy tube or cup, nor closed over the fruit.

«* Ovaries about 5 (2-12), becoming little pods, several-(2-10-) seeded: calyx with
only 6 or rarely 4 lobes.

3. SPIRE A. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipules sometimes minute or ob-
solete, sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple flowers. Calyx open
and short, mostly 5-cleft, not enclosing the pods. Petals equal, commonly
broad. Stamens 10-50.

8. GILLENIA. Herbs, with nearly white flowers and almost sessile leaves of 8
leaflets. Calyx narrow, oblong, 5-toothed, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at
first lightly cohere in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal,
lance-linear. Stamens 10-20, not projecting.

€ « Ovaries few or many, single-ovuled, becoming dry akenes in fruit above the open
and mostly spreading calyx: stamens numerous.
+ Pistils few, only 2-8.

4. KERRIA. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely-toothed leaves,
and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. ‘Calyx with 5
somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals broad.

6. WALDSTEINIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed
or compound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top-
shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes
5 minute teeth or bractlets. ‘Petals obovate. Styles deciduous by a. joint.

~ + Pistils numerous and heaped in a head: calyx (except in one Geum) augmented
with additional outer lobes or bractlets alternating with the 5 proper lobes:
leaves mostly compound.

6. GEUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispher-
ical tube or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering to the base, tipped with the
long persistent style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or
hairy tail. Seed erect. Receptacle dry, conical or cylindrical.

7. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open.
Akenes small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall.

8. FRAGARIA. Perennial low or stemless herbs, with runners; and leaves of
8 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles short and lateral. Akenes naked, small,

on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Lessons, p. 128, fig.
279, and p. 129, fig. 288.) PY » : ie

© « * Ovaries several or many, 2-ovuled, in fruit becoming eshy or pulpy and
1-seeded, forming a head or cluster above the fia or widely open simply 5-cleft
calyx : stamens numerous : styles short, naked, at length falling off.

9. DALIBARDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple rounded-heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped root-leaves and 1 -2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5
or even 6 unequal sepals. Ovaries 5-10, in fruit merely fleshy, becoming
almost dry and bony.

10. RUBUS. Perennial“ herbs or shrubby plants. Ovaries numerous, in fruit
pulpy (berry-like, or more properly drupe-like, the inner hard part answering
to the stone of a cherry or peach on a small scale), crowded on the dry or
fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, p. 129, fig. 289, 290.)

ROSE FAMILY. 117

§ 2. Calya: with an urn-shaped dry tube, contracted or nearly closed at the mouth, and
enclosing 1-4 little pistils which become akenes. Flowers small: petals none
except in Agrimonia.

11. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
minute greenish flowers in clusters or corymbs. Calyx with 4 inner and
4 outer or accessory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens1-~4. Pistils
1-4, with lateral styles.

12. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slen-
der terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with
hooked bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in
fruit. Petals 5, commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5-16.
Pistils 2: styles terminal.

18. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate Jeaves, and white, purple, or greenish
flowers (sometimes dicecious) in dense heads or spikes on long erect peduncles.
Calyx with a short 4-angled closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal-
like at length deciduous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with
long and slender projecting filaments. Pistils 1-4: the terminal styles tipped
with a brush-like or tufted stigma.

§ 8. Calyx with an urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube, contracted at the mouth, enclosing
the many pistils and akenes. Flowers large and showy.

14. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves, of 3-9 or rarely more
serrate leaflets, stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single
or in corymbs terminating leafy branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy
lobes which are often unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed.
Petals 5, or more in cultivation, broad, inserted along with the many stamens
at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and
one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or bony akenes, enclosed in the tube
or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy and imitates a berry or
pome. (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 280.)

II]. PEAR FAMILY: consists of shrubs or trees, with stip-
ules free from the petiole (often minute or early deciduous) ; the
thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or pulpy and consolidated
with the 2—5 ovaries to form a compound pistil and the kind of
fruit calleda pome. (Lessons, p. 104, fig. 215.) Lobes of the calyx
and petals 5. Stamens numerous, or rarely only 10 — 15.

« Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones.

15. CRATZGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in
corymbs or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the
leaves lobed or serrate. Styles 2-65 (or-rarely 1): ovary of as many 2-ovuled
cells. Fruit with a stone of 2-5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels,
more or less cohering with each other.

16. COTONEASTER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous
leaves entire and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the
calyx white-woolly outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calyx-tube
containing 2-6 little seed-like hard stones.

« « Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2-several-seeded carpels in the pome.
+ Leaves persistent.

17. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen
leaves. Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry-
like, the 2-6 partitions thin, or vanishing.

a + Leaves deciduous.

-18. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed
flowers, and narrow white petals. Styles 5, united below. Ovary of 5 two-
ovuled cells, but each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth
from its back, making the berry-like fruit 10-celled. ‘ ;

19. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and
flowers in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2-5. Ovary of 2-5
two-ovuled (or in cultivated species several-ovuled) cells, which are thin and

apery or cartilaginous in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube.

» 20. cYDO A. Trees or shrubs, with entire or merely serrate leaves, and rather

- large flowers, which resemble those of Pyrus, as does the fruit, only the 5 cells

are many-ovuled and many-seeded.

118 ROSE FAMILY.

1. PRUNUS, PLUM, &c. (The ancient Latin name of the Plum.) As
now received, this genus comprises all the following groups, which it has
been found impracticable to keep up as botanical genera. Foliage and the
stone and kernel of the fruit usually with the flavor of prussic acid, especially
in the Peach and Cherries.

§1. Atmonp and Pxacn. Flowers almost sessile, from separate scaly buds,
in spring, before the leaves, the latter folded together lengthwise oi iad
in the bud : fruit velvety, large: the stone with wrink la s and holes...

P. (Amygdalus) nana, Dwarr or FrowERine Axmonp. Cult. for
ornament, from Asia; a low shrub, with abundant and handsome rose-colored
(or by variation white) usually full-double flowers, earlier than the long and
narrow smooth leaves; calyx-tube short-cylindrical ; fruit dry when ripe, with
the outer part separating as a husk from the brittle stone, as in the edible
Almond. ; :

P. (A.) Peérsica, Peacu. Cult. from Asia for the fruit, also a double-fi.
variety, for ornament; small tree, with purplish-rose-colored flowers, bell-shaped
calyx-tube, lanceolate leaves, and globular fruit ripening a thick pulp, cither
clinging to or separable from the rough-wrinkled porous stone. Unknown in a
wild state, probably derived from the Common ALMOND, P. (A.) communis.
— Var. l&vis, the Necrarins, is a state with a smooth-skinned fruit.

§2. Apricot. Flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile, ibe separate scaly
buds, in early spring, before the leaves, which are rolled up (convolute) in
the bud: drupe velvety, but with a smooth stone having grooved margins, one
of them sharp-edyed.

P. Armeniaca, Apricot. Cult.-from Armenia; a low smooth tree,
with ovate and mostly rather heart-shaped leaves, white or slightly rosy flowers
solitary or in pairs, and early-ripening fruit, of character intermediate between
peach and plum.

§ 3. Puum and Cuerry. Flowers pedicelled and almost always white: drupe
smooth, its stone smooth or somewhat rugged.

* Puums. Flowers from separate lateral buds, .n spring, preceding or coetaneous
with the leaves ; the latter rolled up, or in most of our native species folded
together, in the bud: drupe generally with a whitish bloom and a flut or
Jlattish stone.

+ Exotic (European or Asiatic) species.

P. doméstica, Garpen Pom, of many varieties: tree with spreading
thornless branches, and oblong or lance-ovate leaves ; the fruit very various in
size and shape, with a flat or flattish and roughish stone. Doubtless (at least
in part) a long-cultivated derivative of

. insititia, BuLtace Pxum, introduced in some places near the seaboard,
has been used as a stock for grafting, &c., is a little thorny, the pedicels and
lower face of the leaves downy, the fruit round and black.

P. spinosa, Stor, or Brack Tnorn. Cult. or nat. in old gardens or
waste places : a low tree, with spreading thorny branches ; the obovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leaves and pedicels soon glabrous ; fruit small, globular, purple-
black, with a turgid stone and a greenish astringent pulp. Probably this is the
original of the Bullace.

+ + Native species of the country, but two of them have been planted for the fruit.
They are manifestly Plums rather than Cherries, although the last is am-
biguous as to the fruit, only the Beach Plum has an obvious bloom on the
Sruit, and all have the leaves folded im the bud.

P. maritima, Beacu Pium. Sea-beaches and sandy soil near the coast;
a scarcely thorny shrub, 2°-5° high, with the ovate or oval finely serrate leaves
soft-downy underneath, short and downy pedicels, and globular purple or crim-
son fruit with a bloom (}’- 1! long), rather pleasant-tasted, sometimes used for
preserving.

P. Americana, Wi1p Rep and Yettow Puum. Along streams through
the country; occasionally planted; a tall shrub or small tree, often thorny,

ROSE FAMILY. 119

with the oval or obovate and pointed leaves thin, very veiny, coarsely or doubly.
serrate, smooth when old; the globular or oval fruit (3/— §! in diameter) ycllow
with some red, orange, or crimson, with a pleasant juice but a tough acerb skin,
the stone sharp-edged or margined.

P. Chicasa, Cuicxasaw Pxium. Planted or run wild from Penn. S. &
W., native S. W., 6°-12° high, somewhat thorny, with long and narrow
almost lanceolate acute leaves, edged with very fine teeth, a globular red fruit
($/ — #/ in diameter) of pleasant flavor, thin-skinned, and containing «2 margin-
less almost globular stone.

* * Cuerriss of the Garden-Cherry sort, i. e. with flowers in sessile umbels from
separate lateral buds, in spring, with or rather preceding the leaves, which
are folded together lengthwise in the bud.

P. Cérasus, Garpen Rep Cuerry. Cult. from Eu.; a tree 10°-30°
high, with slender spreading branches, obovate and lance-ovate serrate leaves,
rather large flowers on shortish pedicels and somewhat preceding the leaves,
and an acid red globose fruit. The MorErito Cuerry is a variety with dark
purple more astringent fruit. Probably derived from, or now sometimes mixed
with the next.

P. avium, Birp Cuerry of Eu., Enexrish Cuerry. Cult. from E.;
making a larger tree than the preceding, with ascending branches, softer and
coarsely or doubly toothed more pointed leaves, usually pubescent beneath, the
flowers developed at the same time with the leaves, and the round-ovoid or
somewhat heart-shaped fruit sweet or bitterish-sweet (not acid), of various
colors. Double-flowered varieties are cult. for ornament. :

P. Pennsylvanica, Witp Rep Cuerry. Rocky woods N. Small
tree, with light red-brown bark, oblong-lanceolate and pointed leaves smooth4
and green both sides, their margins finely and sharply serrate, small flowers on
long pedicels, and light red sour fruit not larger than peas.

P. ptmila, Dwarr Cuerry. Rocks or sandy banks N. Shrub spread-
ing or forming broad tufts on the ground, seldom rising 2°; leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, toothed only towards the apex; flowers 2-4 together ;
fruit ovoid, dark red, with stone as large as a pea. i

* % *% CHERRIES of small size, with flowers in racemes,
+ In late spring or early summer, terminating leafy shoots of the season.

P. serétina, Witp Brack Cuerry. Tree or shrub, westward becoming «
a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained reddish wood ,
valued by the cabinet-maker; the oblong or lance-oblong smooth leaves of thick-
ish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short callous _
teeth; flowers in long racemes, considerably later than the next; purplish-
black bitterish vinous fruit ripening in autumn. ;

P. Virginiana, Caoxe Curerry. Tall shrub or small tree, with gray-
ish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves very sharply
serrate with slender projecting teeth ; flowers in shorter and closer racemes, in
spring; the fruit ‘ripe in summer, red turning dark crimson, astringent, but
eatable when fully ripe, the stone smooth. .

P. Padus, Sma Brrp-Cuerry of Eu., is occasionally planted ; resem-
bles the last, has longer and looser often drooping racemes, and a roughened
stone.

+ + Erect racemes in early spring, from the axils of evergreen leaves.

P. Caroliniana, Caroumna Lavret-Cuerry, also called Mock OrancE
at the South, probably from the coriaceous smooth and glossy leaves, which
are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and appressed teeth,
longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals white; small fruit black
and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree; the leaves said to be poison-
ous to cattle. : ' ;

P. Lauro-Cérasus, Lavret-Cuerry of Europe, from Asia Minor, and

P. Lusitanica, Porrucar L., from Portugal and the Azores, beautiful
evergreen shrubs or small trees, used for hedges and screens in England, are
‘not hardy N., but would stand south of Penn. Their leaves and kernels are
strongly imbued with the prussic-acid or bitter-almond flavor.

120 ROSE FAMILY.

2. SPIRAZA, MEADOW-SWEET, &c. (Greek name of some shrub, of
the flowering branches of which garlands were made.) All hardy shrubs or
perennial herbs : fl. late spring and summer.)

§ 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves.

* Native species : but the last common in gardens, the first occasionally planted.

8. opulifdlia, Nive-Barx ; so-called from the loose bark, separating in
thin annual layers from the stems : a tall shrub, with long recurving branches,
the roundish and mostly heart-shaped leaves partly 3-lobed and cut-toothed,
white flowers (of no beauty) in umbel-like corymbs, the pods large for this

enus, bladdery, and commonly turning purplish. Wild on rocky banks, from

ew York W. &S.. ,

S. corymbosa. From S. Penn. S., not common: shrub 1° — 2° high,
smooth, with oval leaves cut-toothed towards the apex, and white flowers in a
flat compound corymb. ;

S. tomentosa, Harpaack or SreerLesusH. Common E. in low
grounds; 2°-3° high, hoary-downy, except the upper face of the ovate or
oblong serrate small leaves, the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in a very
dense terminal panicle ; pistils downy. :

S. salicifdlia, Common Mzapow-Swert. Common in wet grounds,
also in old gardens: shrub 2°- 3° high, bushy, smooth, with wedge-lanceolate
or oblong leaves simply or doubly serrate, and white or barely flesh-colored
flowers in a crowded panicle.

* * Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. North American.

+ Flowers in close or spike-like clusters collected in a close and narrow or spike-

like terminal panicle, pink-purple.

S. Douglasii, Doveias’s Mzeapow-Sweet. Cult. from Oregon and
California : resembles our wild Hardhack (S. tomentosa), but has longer usu-
ally lance-oblong and very blunt leaves rather whiter beneath, and deeper pink
flowers with smooth pistils.

: + + Flowers in compound corymbs or broad panicles.

S. callosa (also named S. Forrtyer), from Japan: shrub 3°- 6° high,
smoothish, with lance-oblong and taper-pointed unequally and very sharply
serrate leaves, branches terminated by clustered dense corymbs or cymes of deep
pink flowers, 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx, the pistils smooth.

S. arisefolia. Tall shrub from Oregon, with slender branches, terminated
by a very large and light or drooping decompound panicle of small yellowish-
white flowers ; the leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side
into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed lobes, sometimes almost pinnatifid, soft downy, at
least beneath.

+ + + Flowers in simple, often umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy shoots of the
season: natives of Europe and Asia: petals white except the first species.

S. bélla, from Nepal : a low shrub, with ovate acute and merely sharply
serrate leaves whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs sometimes clustered,
and rose-pink flowers.

S. chameedrifolia, from E. Europe and Siberia; a spreading low bush,
smooth, with ovate or oblong usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, at least
towards the summit, and rather small flowers in simple corymbs.

S. trilobata, from Siberia; a spreading smooth bush, with rounded cre-
nately cut and 3-lobed leaves and rather showy flowers.

8. lanceolata, or RezvesiAna, from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or
some three-cleft serrate-toothed leaves, and showy flowers.

8. hypericifolia, Irauian May, or St. Perer’s Wreatn. Shrub
3°-6° high, smooth or smoothish, with long recurved branches, and very small
wedge-oblong leaves, a little crenate or lobed at the end; flowers small, white,
in small sessile umbels.

+ + + + Flowers in simple sessile umbels along the slender branches of the pre-
ceding year, subtended only by greenish bud-scales or imperfect leaves, rather
earlier than the proper leaves, in spring.

ROSE FAMILY. 121

8. prunifolia, from Japan: slender shrub, with small ovate finely and
sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy beneath ; the form

cultivated has full-double pure white blossoms, 4! in diameter, produced in great
abundance.

§ 2. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves.

S. sorbifolia. Cult. from Siberia, very hardy, 3°-4° high, with leaves
(as the name denotes) resembling those of the Mountain-Ash, of 17-21 Jan-
ceolate taper-pointed doubly and sharply serrate leaflets, and white flowers in
an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little cohering.

§ 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately-compound leaves, no stipules, and diacious flowers.

_ 8. Artncus, Goatsszard. Rich woods from New York S. & W.., also
in some gardens: smooth, 3°-5° high; with lance-oblong or lance-ovate taper-
pointed leaflets sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish-white very small flowers
in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes which are collected in a great com-
pound panicle ; petals narrow ; pedicels reflexed in fruit.

§ 4. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, conspicuous stipules, perfect flowers,
reflexed sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 5 — 12 little 1 — 3-seeded pods.

8. Filipéndula, Drorworr. Cult. from Europe: some of the coarse
long fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers ; herbage smooth
and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, with many oval or lanceolate
leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, and gradually diminishing in size
downwards ; the nearly naked stems 1°-2° high, bearing a compound terminal
cyme of white or rosy-tipped flowers, one variety full-double.

S. Ulmaria, Enciriso Meapow-Sweet. Cult. from Europe; 1°-3°
high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and interruptedly
pinnate leaves which is minutely white-downy ; the yellowish-white.small and
sweet-scented flowers very numerous and crowded in a compound cyme at the
naked summit of the stems; little pods twisting spirally.

S. lobata, QueEn-or-THE-Prairiz. Wild in meadows and prairies W.,
also cult. : smooth and green ; the leaves mostly from or near the ground; the
end leaflet very large, 7 -—9-parted, and its lobes cut-toothed ; stems 2° - 5° or
even 8° high, bearing an ample and panicled compound cyme crowded with the
handsome peach-blossom-colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of
Sweet Birch.

3. GILLENTIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (Named
for a Dr. Gillen or Gillenius.) Fl. summer. 2

G. trifoliata, Common I. or Bowman’s-Roor. Rich woods, from New
York S. & W.; smooth, branching, 2° high, with the 3 ovate-oblong pointed
leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slender, and rather pretty white or
scarcely yosy-tinged flowers loosely panicled on the slender branches.

G. stipulacea, Larce-stiruLep I. or American Ipecac. Open woods,
W..: has the lanceolate leaflets and leaf-like stipules deeply cut and toothed :
otherwise like the other.

4. KERRIA. (Named for Bellenden Ker, a British botanist.)

K. Japonica, Corcuorvs, so-called, of the gardens, from Japan: a fa-
miliar, smooth, ornamental shrubby plant, 4°-8° high, with Jance-ovate thin
leaves, and handsome yellow flowers, in summer, usually full-double ; — the
natural state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens only recently introduced
and rare.

5. WALDSTEINIA. (Named for F. von Waldstein, an Austrian bota-
nist.)

W. fragarioides, Barren Strawsperry. Wooded banks, chiefly N.;
in aspect and especially in the 3 broadly wedge-shaped leaflets resembles a
Strawberry-plart (as the specific and the popular names denote), but is smooth-
ish and yellow-flowered: in summer. 2/

122 ROSE FAMILY.

6. GEUM, AVENS. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable
flavor ; the roots of some species somewhat scented.) Several wild species, :
only the following common : fl. late spring and summer. pla :

G. rivale, Purrte or Water Avens. In bogs and low grounds N.:
thickish rootstock (sometimes used in medicine as an astringent) sending up
lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and rather naked several-flowered
stems (2° high) ; the flowers pretty large, nodding, with purplish-orange and
broadly obovate or obcordate petals narrowed at the base, never spreading ; in
fruit the head of akenes erect, stalked in the persistent calyx, the persistent
styles jointed and bent in the middle, the upper part plumose-hairy.

G. vérnum, Srrine A. Thickets, from Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky :
slender, 2°- 3° high; root-leaves rounded heart-shaped and 3—5-lobed, or some
of them pinnate and cut; flowers small, with yellow petals about ‘the length of
the simply 5-lobed calyx ; the head of fruit raised above the calyx on a con-
spicuous stalk; the styles, &c. smooth, the upper joint falling off.

G. strictum, Frerp A. Moist grounds and fields: a coarse herb, 3°-5°
high, rather hairy, with root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and the leaflets wedge-
obovate, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets; in summer bearing
panicled flowers with broadly obovate golden-yellow petals exceeding the calyx ;
stipules large, deeply cut; head of fruit close in the calyx; the persistent naked
style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls; receptacle downy.

G. Virginianum, Waite A. Thickets and border of woods: coarse
and bristly-hairy herb 1°- 3° high, with root and lower leaves of several pin-
nate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut; the panicled flowers small, with incon-
spicuous greenish-white petals shorter than the calyx; head of fruit like the
last, but its receptacle smooth.

G. album, Wuire A. Grows in similar places with the preceding; and
like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or some
of them rounded and simple except a few minute leaflets below ; the petals as
long as the calyx, white or pale greenish-yellow ; receptacle of truit bristly.

7. POTENTILLA, CINQUEFOIL, FIVE-FINGER. (Name from
potens, powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues, but these plants are merely
mild astringents.) Wild plants of the country, except those of the last
section, and one yellow one: but the Shrubby Cinquefoil is also planted.

§ 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. @ @

P. Norvégica, Norway C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, 1° 2° high,
branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed leaflets : fl. sum-
mer, in fields.

P. paradoxa. A spreading or procumbent, pubescent, weedy plant, on
river-banks W., with pinnate leaves of 5 — 9 obovate-oblong cut-toothed leaflets,
and akenes with a thick appendage at their base: fl. summer.

§ 2. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, surpassing the calyx: akenes smooth. 2

P. arguta. A stout, erect, brownish-hairy, coarse plant, 1°~4° high,
rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. & W., with pinnate leaves of 3-9 oval
or ovate cut-toothed leaflets soft-downy beneath, and a close terminal cluster of
rather large flowers, of no beauty, in summer.

§ 3. Petals bright yellow, larger than the lobes of the calyx. 2
x Leaves of 5 digitate leaflets.

P. récta. Cult. in some old gardens, from Eu.: a coarse, erect, hairy
plant, 2°- 3° high, with sometimes 7 narrowly wedge-oblong leaflets coarsely
toothed, and rather large cymose flowers. :
_. P. Canadénsis, Common Wixp C. or Five-rincer._ Open dry ground:
dwarf, silky-hairy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary 1-flowered pedun-
clés ; flowering from early spring to midsummer, and spreading by runners.

Var. simplex, in moister or richer soil, usually well marked by its greater
size and greener foliage; the stems 1°-2° long, ascending or spreading from
a short tuberous rootstock ; leaflets more oblong ; flowers produced through the
summer.

ROSE FAMILY. 123

P. argéntea, Sirvery C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N.: a low,
spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with wedge-oblong
cut-pinnatifid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool beneath, and the
margins revolute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled, all summer.

* * Leaves pinnate: receptacle and partly the akenes white-hairy.

P. Anserina, S1nver-WeEp. Wet banks and shores, N. & W.: leaves
all from the root or in tufts on the long slender runners, green above, silvery
with silky down beneath, of 9-19 oblong cut-toothed principal leaflets and
some pairs of minute ones intermixed; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft ;
flowers solitary on long scape-like peduncles, all summer.

P. fruticosa, Surussy C. Wet grounds N,: 2°-4° high, woody, silky,
very much branched, with 5 or 7 crowded oblong-lanceolate entire leaflets,
scale-like stipules, and loose clusters of rather showy flowers, all summer.

§ 4. Petals white: akenes and receptacle hairy : leaflets only 3, digitate. Y

P. tridentata, Tures-roorunp C. Coast of N. England N. and on
mountains ; 4'—6! high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish nearly smooth leaflets
coarsely 3-toothed at the end, and several flowers in a cyme, in early summer.

§ 5. Petals purple, rose-color, or crimson: akenes smooth. J
* Wild in wet and cold bogs N.: petals narrow, shorter than the calyx.

P. palustris, Marsa Five-rincer. Stems ascending from an almost
woody creeping base; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lance-oblong serrate and crowded
leaflets, whitish beneath ; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx nearly 1’ broad,
the inside as well as the petals dull dark purple ; receptacle becoming large and
spongy : fl. all summer.

* *» From Himalaya, cult. for ornament : petals broad and large, obcordate.

P. Nepalénsis, Nepat C. Leaflets 3 in the upper, 5 in the lowest leaves,
digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed ; flowers
rose-red, all summer. P. Horpwoop1Ana, with flesh-colored flowers, is a gar-
den hybrid of this and P. recta.

P. atrosanguinea, Darx Nepat C., is soft silky-hairy, with 3 leaflets
to all the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the preceding, brown-
purple or crimson.

8. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name from fraga, the old Latin
name of the strawberry.) 2

§ 1. True Srrawserries. Petals white: receptacle of the fruit high-flavored :
scapes several-flowered : runners naked. Fl. in spring and early summer,
those of all but the first species inclined more or less to be diecious. In
cultivation the species are considerably mixed by crossing.

F. vésca, Common S. of Europe, yields the Atpine, PerPetuat, &c.,

lentifully native N.; is mostly slender, with thin dull leaflets strongly marked
fr the veins, calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid-
conical or elongated fruit high-scented, and the akenes superficial.

F. elatior, Havrsors S., of Europe, sometimes cult. ; is taller and quite
dicecious, with the calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull
reddish and musky-scented. 5

F. Virginiana, Vircintan Wixp S., original of the Amertcan Scar-
LET, &c. ; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often shining upper
surface with sunken veins, calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing
over the hairy receptacle when unfructified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly
globular, its surface with deep pits in which the akenes are sunken.

Var. Illinoénsis, perhaps a distinct species, is coarser and larger, grows in
richer soil, from W. New York W. & S.,.the hairs of the scape, &c. shaggy, is
the supposed original of Hovey’s Szepiine, Boston Pinz, &c. ‘

F. Chilénsis, native of Pacific coast from Oregon S. ; its varieties and
crosses with the foregoing have given rise to the Pinz-appLe S. and the like:
a large and robust species, with very firm and thick leaflets soft-silky beneath or
on both faces, and a hairy receptacle, the large rose-colored fruit erect in the
pure state (instead of hanging), ripening late.

124 ROSE FAMILY.

§ 2. Petals yellow : receptacle tasteless : runners bearing leaves and 1-flowered
peduncles : calyx with 5 external pieces very large, leaf-like, and 3-lobed.

F. indica, Invian S., of Upper India, &c.: cult., ranning wild 8. E.,
rather handsome both in flower and (red) fruit, which are produced all summer
and autumn.

9. DALIBARDA. (Named for Dalibard, an early botanist of Paris.) 2f

D. répens, of wooded slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, downy little
lant, spreading more or less by subterranean runners, with the aspect of a
iolet, the scapes bearing one or two delicate white flowers, in summer.

10. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, &c. (The Roman name, connected with ruber,
red.) 2

§ 1. Frowzrine RaspBerries, with simple leaves and broad flattish fruit, the
very small and numerous reddish or amber-colored grains at length separat-
ing from the persistent receptacle.

R. odoratus, Purriz F. Dells, &c., N.: shrubby, 83°—5° high, clammy-
bristly and odorous, not prickly ; with ample 3-5-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed
and the middle one longest, peduncles many-flowered, calyx-lobes with long
slender tips, and petals purple-rose-color ; the showy flowers 1'— 2! across, pro-
duced all summer.

R. Nutkanus, Waite F. From Upper Michigan to Pacific, and cult. :
like the other, but less bristly and clammy, with leaves more equally 5-lobed and
coarsely toothed, and fewer flowers with narrower white petals.

§ 2. True Raspperriss, with 3-5 leaflets, the fruit falling when ripe from
the then dry narrow receptacle: flowers with small white erect petals, in early
summer, on leafy shoots of the season which (in all but the first) spring
Srom prickly more or less woody stems of the preceding year.

R. triflorus, Dwarr Raspsperry. Low woods N.; almost wholly her-
baceous, slender, trailing, not prickly, with thin smooth leaves, of 3 rhombic-
ovate acute leaflets, or the side-leaflets parted, making 5, all doubly serrate,
peduncle bearing 1-3 small flowers, and the fruit of few grains.

R. occidentalis, Brack R. or THimBLeBeRRY. Borders of fields and
thickets N., especially where ground has been burned over: glaucous-whitened,
the long recurving stems, stalks, &c. armed with hooked prickles, but no bris-
tles ; leaflets mostly 3, ovate, pointed, white-downy beneath, coarsely doubly
toothed, the lateral ones stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-
black ee an amber-colored variety), flattish, ripe at midsummer.

R. Idéeus, Garpen R. Cult. from Eu. for the fruit: tall and nearly
erect, beset with straight slender prickles or many of them mere bristles ; leaves
thicker, and fruit firmer and larger than in the next red or yellowish, ripening
through the summer. .

R. strigosus, Witp Rep R. Common especially N. : 2°- 3° high, the
upright stems, stalks, &c. beset with copious bristles, and some of them becom-
ing weak prickles, also glandular; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate,
white-downy beneath, the lateral ones (either one or two pairs) not stalked ;

petals as long as the sepals; fruit light-red, tender and watery but high-flav-
ored, ripening all summer.

§ 3. BiackserRtizs, with the pulpy grains of the fruit remaining attached to the
ulpy receptacle, which at length falls away from the calyx: stems prickly :
leaves of 3 or pedately 5-7 leaficts: flowers on leafy shoots Jrom stems of
the preceding year, in spring and early summer, with white spreading petals.

% Stems more or less woody: fruit black when ripe, eatable, the blackberries of the

: market, ripening in late summer and autumn.

R. villosus, Hicnu Bracxperry. Everywhere along thickets, fence-
rows, &c., and several varieties cult.: stems 1°-6° high, furrowed; prickles
strong and hooked ; leaflets 3-5, ovate or ]ance-ovate, pointed, their lower sur-
face and stalks hairy and glandular, the middle one long-stalked and sometimes

ROSE FAMILY. 125

heart-shaped ; flowers racemed, rather large, with short bracts ; fruit oblong
or cylindrical. :

R. Canadénsis, Low B. or Dewnerry. Rocky and sandy soil : long-
trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3~7 smaller leaflets
than in the foregoing, the racemes of flowers with more leaf-like bracts, the fruit
of fewer grains and ripening earlier. :

R. cuneifolius, Sanp B. Sandy ground and barrens from N. Jersey S.:
erect, 1°—3° high, with stout hooked prickles; the branchlets and lower surface
of the 3-5 wedge-obovate thickish leaves whitish-woolly ; peduncles 2-4-
flowered.

R. trivialis, Sournern Low B. Sandy soil from Virginia S. : trailing
or creeping; bristly and prickly ; the smooth partly evergreen leaves of 3-5
ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered.

* % Stems scarcely woody but lasting over winter, wholly prostrate: fruit sour.

R. hispidus, Runninc Swamp B. Low woods, &c. N.: with very long
and slender running stems, beset with small reflexed prickles, sending up short
leafy and flowering shoots ; leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt smooth and shin-
ing leaflets, of firm and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; ‘flowers small and
few on a leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple:

§ 4. Frowerine BramBxe: cultivated for the flowers only.

R. roszfolius, from China, called Brier Rose. Cult. in greenhouses
and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of full-double white
flowers resembling small roses.

ll. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A minute
annual species, A. ARVENSIS, called Parstey Prerr in England, has got
introduced in Virginia, &c.

A. vulgaris, Lapy’s Mantis, from Europe, is cult. in some gardens ;
it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy rounded slightly 7—9-lobed
leaves chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose corymbs or panicles of
small light green flowers, through the summer. 2/

12. AGRIMONIA, AGRIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.)
Weedy herbs, in fields and border of woods, producing their small yellow
flowers through the summer; the fruiting calyx, containing the 2 akenes,
detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the hooked bristles
to the coats of animals. 2/ :
A. Eupatoria, Common A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate and

coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals twice the length

of the calyx ; stamens 10-15.

A. parviflora, chiefly S., has smaller flowers, 11-19 lanceolate principal
leaflets, and 10-15 stamens.

A. incisa, only S., has 7-9 oblong or obovate and smaller principal leaf-
lets, small flowers, and 5 stamens.

13. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure appli-

cation.) .

P. Sanguisérba, Garpen or Satap B. Common in old gardens, from
Europe: nearly smooth, growing in tufts; leaves of many small ovate and
deeply toothed leaflets; stems about 1° high, bearing a few heads of light
green or purplish monecious flowers, in summer, the lower flowers with nu-
merous drooping stamens, several of the uppermost with pistil, the style ending
in a purple tufted stigma. 2

P. Canadénse, or Sancuisérpa Canapensis, CANADIAN or WILD B.
Wet grounds N.: 3°-6° high, nearly smooth, with numerous lance-oblong
coarsely-toothed leaflets often heart-shaped at base, and cylindrical spikes of
white perfect flowers, in late summer and autumn ; stamens only 4, their long
white filaments club-shaped.

126 ROSE FAMILY.

14, ROSA, ROSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.)
§ 1. Wixp Rosss of the country: only the first species cultivated.

% Styles lightly cohering in a column and projecting out of the calyx-cup.

R. setigera, Prarrie or Crimprnc Witp Ross. Rich ground, W. &
S. : also planted, and partly the original of QuEEN-or-THE-PRaiRIE, &c. dou-
ble roses. Tall-climbing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ;
leaves with only 3-5 ovate acute leaflets; the corymbed flowers produced
towards midsummer ; stalks and calyx glandular; petals deep rose becoming
nearly white.

* «* Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube, the stigmas closing its orifice:

petals rose-color : stems not disposed to climb.

R. Carolina, Swamr Ross. Wet grounds: stems 4°-8° high, with
hooked prickles and no bristles ; leaflets 5-9, smooth, dull above and pale be-
neath ; flowers numerous in the corymb (in summer) ; the calyx and globular
hip glandular-bristly.

R. lucida, Dwarr Witp Rosz. Dry or moist ground: 1°-2° high,
with bristly or slender straight prickles, 5-9 oblong or almost lanceolate leaf-
lets shining above, 1 -3-flowered peduncles, bristly calyx, but the depressed hip
nearly smooth : fl. all summer.

R. blanda, Earty Witp Ross. Rocky banks N.: 1°-3° high, with
straight weak prickles or none, 5~7 oval or oblong blunt and pale leaflets,
sometimes hoary beneath, large stipules, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles and the calyx
smooth and glaucous, the hip globular: fl. spring or early summer.

§ 2. Brrer-Roszs, naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, or
sometimes planted : flowering in summer.

R. rubiginosa, Sweet-Brier. Tall, disposed to climb, armed with
strong and hooked and some slender and awl-shaped prickles, the roundish and
doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet glands beneath, giving
the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, pink; hip pear-shaped or obo-
vate, crowned with the calyx-lobes.

R. micrantha, Smarz 8. Probably a mere variety of the common Sweet-
Brier, with uniform hooked prickles, smaller flower, and more oblong or oval
hip, from which the calyx-lobes fall early.

a canina, Doe Rosg. Roadsides E. Penn. and probably elsewhere:
resembles Sweet-Brier, but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands
and simply serrate ; flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white.

§ 3. Evercreen Roses, naturalized in the Southern States from China:
Jlowering in spring, the flowers not double.

R. Sinica (or t=vieAra), Cusroxes Roser. Planted for garden-
hedges, &c., also run wild S., disposed to climb high, armed with strong hooked
prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossy evergreen leaves of mostly
only 3 leaflets, and single flowers at the end of the branches, with bristly calyx-
cup and large pure-white petals. :

. bracteata, Bractep Ross. In hedges far S., not common; has
downy branches armed with strong hooked prickles, 5 - 9 roundish leaflets, and
omer large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx covered by leafy

racts.

§ 4. Exoric Garpew Roses proper, from Europe and Asia. Merely the
principal types: the greater part of the modern garden roses too much
mized by crossing and changed by variation to be subjects of botanical study.

% Styles united in a column which projects out of the calyx-cup. All with long
rambling shoots, or disposed to climb.

R. sempérvirens, Evercrzen Rose of S., not hardy nor holding its
leaves N., with coriaceous bright-green oblong leaflets, curved prickles, and
nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AyrsuirE Rosy is a more
hardy form of it.

ROSE FAMILY. 127

R. moschata, Muscat or Musx Rose; not climbing, with slender
curved prickles, leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leaflets, a corymb of
white flowers with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet scented, especially
at evening.

R. multiflora, Many-rtowerep Rose. A well-known climbing species,
from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat
rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers,
white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The BoursaLr Ross, said
to come from the multiflora, is probably from a cross with some hardy European
species,

* + Styles not sensibly projecting nor united.
+ Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles.

R. Banksie, Banxsia Ross, from China, a slender conservatory species,
very smooth, with 3—5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, and umbels of very small
white or buff and violet-scented flowers.

+ + Tender, armed only with distant hooked prickles, smooth, with leaves of
mostly 3 (3-5) rather coriaceous and shining leaflets, and awl-shaped -or
narrow stipules. .
R. Indica, Inp1a or Curwa Roszs: includes the Tea, PERPETUAL or
Beneat, Bourson, and Noiserte Roses; and the BenGaL Pomprons, &c.
are miniature forms of similar origin.

+ + + Hardy or mainly so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, and
with leaves of 5 or more leaflets.

R. Gallica, Frencn or Provence, Rep Ross, has slender stems beset
with both stout curved and slender straight prickles, leaves of 5-7 rather rigid
doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, erect 1-flow-
ered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson spreading petals (or variegated with
white), which have some astringency, and are used for conserve of roses, &c.

R. centifolia, Hunprep-Leavep or Cappace Ross, perhaps derived
from the preceding : has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glan-
dular teeth or edges, peduncle and calyx clammy with odorous glands, the hip
bristly and glandular, the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose-
purple, or of various shades, rarely white. Pomron Roses are miniature
varieties. Moss Roses are abnormal states with the glands and bristles of the
calyx and peduncle developed into a moss-like substance. Petals used for rose-
water, essence of roses, &c. :

R. Damascéna, Damask Ross, &c. Known from the foregoing by the
greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the bud, and
with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed during flower-
ing, the hip oblong and pulpy : petals rose-purple, white, &c. ; used in prefer-
ence for attar-of-roses and rose-water. ;

R. alba, Wuirz Ross, is between the preceding and the Dog Rose; leaf-
lets 5, glaucous and a little downy beneath ; prickles straightish and slender ;
petals pure white. asd

R. cinnamomea, Cinnamon Ross, of Eu., met with in country gar-
dens, is related to our wild R. blanda, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-red bark,
and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red
cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy.

R. spinosissima, Burner or Scorcu Ross, of Eu. Low, 1° or 2°
high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish

“smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, and white,
pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous. : '

R. Eglantéria, Yettow Ecianrine Rose. Like a Sweet-Brier, but
lower, 3°-5° high, with scattered straight prickles; leaves deep-green and
sweet-scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff, and sometimes variegated
with red, either single or double. 5

R. sulphurea, the old Yertow Ross, from the Far East. Tall, with
scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur-yellow (full-

double) flowers.

128 ROSE FAMILY.

15. CRATAIGUS, HAWTHORN, WHITE THORN. (Old Greek
name.) Small trees or shrubs, with hard wood; flowers white, except in
some varieties of English Hawthorn, in spring or,early summer ; ripening the
red or reddish fruit mostly in autumn.

§ 1. Flowers many in the corymb, small, with 5 styles ; fruit not larger than small
peas, scurlet or coral-red : leaves, grc., smooth or nearly so.

C. Pyracantha, Evercrsen Torn. Planted for ornament and spar-
ingly nat. from 8. Penn. S. (from S. Europe) : shrub 4° — 6°, with the shining
evergreen leaves lance-spatulate and crenulate, only 1’ long, and small clusters
of flowers terminating short branches. eat :

C. spathulata. Tall shrub or low tree, from Virginia S., with almost
evergreen shining spatulate leaves, crenate towards the apex, or on vigorous
shoots cut-lobed, and with hardly any eee :

C. cordata, Wasuincton T. Small tree, from Virg. and Kentucky S.,
and has been planted for hedges; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart-shaped
thinnish leaves, often 3 - 5-cleft or cut and serrate, on slender petiole.

§ 2. Flowers many in the corymb, middle-sized : fruit coral-red, ovoid, rather small.

C. arboréscens. River-banks far S.: tree with few stout thorns or none,
thin oblong serrate leaves acute at both ends, on slender petioles ;_ styles 5.
C. Oxyacantha, Encrisn Hawrnorn. Planted from Eu. for orna-

_ment and hedges ; tree or shrub with obovate smooth leaves wedge-shaped at

base, cut-lobed and toothed above; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1. With single or
double, white, rose, or pink-red flowers.

C. apiifdlia, Parstey-teavep T. Common S. Small tree soft-downy
when young; the leaves smoothish with age, pinnatifid, the 5-7 lobes crowded,
cut and toothed ; petioles slender ; styles 1-3.

§ 3. Flowers many in the corymb, large; the calyx-teeth with the bracts and
stipules often beset with glands: fruit edible, half an inch or more long, its
calls or stones and the styles variable in number, 1-5. All tall shrubs or
low trees, of thickets and rocky banks, or planted.

C. coccinea, ScarLtet-rRUITED T. Smooth, with the leaves thin, round-
ish-ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on slender petioles, the coral or scarlet
fruit much smaller than in the next and hardly eatable.

C. tomentosa, Pear or Brack T. Downy or soft-hairy when young ;
the leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or obovate, sharply toothed or cut, below ab-
ruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface impressed along the
main veins or ribs; flowers often 1! broad, and scarlet or orange fruit from two
thirds to three fourths of an inch long, pleasant-tasted. Of many varieties: the
two which differ most from the common one with the well-flavored fruit are :
Var. puNcTATA, with smaller and wedge-obovate leaves irregularly toothed
towards the summit, and dull red and yellowish fruit, sometimes white-dotted.
Var. MOLLIS, of the Western States, with rounded soft-downy leaves, not taper-
ing but sometimes even heart-shaped at base, sharply doubly toothed and cut;
fruit dull red and less pleasant-tasted.

C. Crus-galli, Cocxsrur T. Smooth; the wedge-obovate or oblanceo-
late leaves thick and firm, deep-green and glossy, serrate above the middle, ta-

ering into a very short petiole; thorns very long and sharp; fruit bright red.
he best species for hedges : has both narrow and broad-leaved varieties.

§ 4. Flowers solitary, in apn or only 3-6 in the corymb; styles, and cells,
4-5: leaves mostly pubescent underneath : fruit often eatable.

C. estivalis, Summer Haw of S. States. Along pine-barren ponds,
from S. Car. 8. & W.: tree with spatulate or wedge-obovate coriaccous leaves,
crenate above the middle, no glands, 3-5-flowered peduncles, and large red
juicy fruit, pleasantly acid, used for tarts, &c.: ripe in summer.

C. flava, Yertow or Summer Haw. Sandy soil, from Virginia S.:
small tree, with wedge-obovate leaves downy or smoothish, toothed or cut above
the middle, the teeth or margins and short. petiole glandular ; the pear-shaped
or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged with red.

ROSE FAMILY. 129

C. parvifolia, Smavi-Leavep or Dwarr Tuorn. Pine-barrens from
N. Jersey S.: shrub 3° - 6° high, downy, with thick and firm spatulate-obovate
crenate leaves, these as well as the mostly solitary flowers almost sessile, calyx-
lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the petals; the large fruit pear-shaped
or globular, at first hairy, greenish and yellowish.

16. COTONEASTER. (Cotonewn was a Roman name of the Quince.
Name here alludes to the cottony covering of the shoots, lower face of the
leaves, ae of these small-leaved and small-flowered, chiefly Old-World
shrubs.

C. vulgaris. Planted from Eu. : hardy shrub, 2°-4° high, much branched,
with deciduous ovate or rounded leaves hardly 1! long, glabrous calyx, flesh-
colored or white flowers in spring, and reddish fruit. And some rarer, evergreen
species are in choicer ornamental grounds.

17. PHOTINIA. (From Greek word for shining, alluding to the glossy
leaves of the genuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small trees,
hardy S., with large evergreen leaves.

P. arbutifolia, of California, a smooth shrub, with rigid sharply-toothed
leaves and broad panicle of white flowers, should be hardy S. of Penn.

P. serrulata, of Japan and China, is smooth, with longer finely serrulate
leaves, and copious white flowers.

P. (or Briobdétrya) Japénica, the Loquar-Tresx, of Japan, with
almost entire leaves nearly 1° long, the lower surface and corymb clothed with
dense rather rusty wool, has fewer and larger downy yellowish-white flowers,
and an edible yellow fruit, resembling a small apple, with 1 - 5 large seeds.

18. AMELANCHIER, JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. (Pop-
ular name of the European species in Savoy.) Flowering in spring, and pro-
ducing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes very pleasant-
flavored) in summer. e have apparently two or three wild species; but
they run together so that botanists incline to regard them as forms of one.

_A. Canadensis, also called SuapsusnH in New England, because it
blossoms just when shad appear in the rivers. Var. BorryApium is the’
tree, smooth even from the first, or nearly so, with ovate-oblong very sharply.
serrate leaves, long loose racemes, and oblong petals 4 times the length of the
calyx. Var. OBLONGIFOLIA is either tree or shrub, with the oblong leaves and
branchlets white-cottony when young, and the racemes and petals shorter.
Var. ALNIFOLIA, chiefly W., is a shrub with roundish blunt leaves toothed only.
towards the summit, and flowers like the preceding. Var. oLicocArpa, is a
shrub of cold bogs N., very smooth, with thin oblong sharply-serrate leaves, and
only 2-5 flowers in the raceme.

19. PYRUS, PEAR, APPLE, &c. (Classical name of the Pear-tree.)
Botanically the genus is made to include a great variety of things, agreeing
in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-walled cells that contain the
seeds. Wood hard and tough. FI. spring.

§1. Pear. Leaves simple: flowers in a simple corymb or cluster : fruit with its
base tapering down to the stalk.

P. communis, Common Pzar. Cult. from Eu.; a smooth tree, with
branches inclined to be thorny, ovate leaves, and pure white flowers, the an-
thers purple.

§2. Appre. Leaves simple: flowers showy, in a simple cluster or simple umbel :

fruit sunken (umbilicate) at both ends, especially at the base.
* Exotic: leaves simply and evenly serrate, ovate or oblong.

P. Malus, Common Arrre. Cult. from Eu. : tree with buds, lower face
of the leaves when young, and calyx woolly, flowers white and tinged with
pink, and large fruit.

8

130 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.

P. spectabilis, Curese Frowrrme-A. Cult. from China, for its
showy bright rose-colored flowers, which are double or semi-double ; the leaves
&c. smooth, except when very young.

P. prunifolia, Srmurray Cras-A. Cult. for the fruit: smooth or
nearly so, except the newly developed leaves and the peduncles ; styles woolly
at the base; fruit yellowish. The better Crab-Applea are perhaps crosses of
this with the Common Apple.

% & Wild species, with some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even lobed :

the bright rose-colored flowers and the greenish fruit very fragrant.

P, coronaria, American or GarLanp Cras-A. Glades from W. New
York W &S.: small tree, soon smooth, with the mostly ovate leaves rounded
or obscurely heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed.

P. angustifolia, Narrow-Leavep Cras-A, Glades W. & S., with
narrow-oblong or lanceolate leaves : otherwise too like the last.

§ 3. Cuokererry. Leaves simple, the upper face with some small glands along
the midrib: flowers (white) in compound cymes terminating the branches :
styles united at base: fruit berry-like.

P. arbutifolia, Common Cuoxeserry. Low woods and bogs; shrub
with small obovate or oblong finely serrate leaves, and a juicy insipid berry, not
larger than a pea, either purple or black, pear-shaped or globular.

§ 4. Roway-Tree or Mounrain-Asn. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several
(9-17) leaflets: flowers (numerous and white) in ample compound flat
cymes terminating the branches of the season; fruit berry-like, scarlet-red
when ripe. Trees often planted for ornament, especially for the clusters of
showy fruit in autumn.

P. Americana, Auzrican Mounrain-Asu. Slender tree or tall shrub,
wild in the cooler districts; smooth or soon becoming so, with lanccolate
taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a reddish stalk, pointed
and smooth glutinous Ieaf-buds, and berries not larger than peas.

P. sambucifolia, Erper-teavep R. or M. Wild along the northern
fronticrs ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance-ovate and blunt or ab-
ruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with more spreading teeth, spar-
ingly hairy leaf-buds, and larger berries.

. aucuparia, Evrorsan R. or M. Planted from Eu.; forms a good-
sized tree, with oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, their lower surface, stalks, and
the leaf-buds downy ; and the berries larger (3 in diameter).

20. CYDONTA, QUINCE. (Named from a city in Crete.)

C. vulgaris, Common Quince. Cult. from the Levant ; small tree,
nearly thornless, with oval or ovate entire leaves (Lessons, p. 55, fig. 83) cot-
tony beneath ; flowers solitary at the end of the leafy branches of the season, in
late spring, with leafy calyx-lobes, white or pale-rose petals, and stamens in a
single row ; the large and hard fruit pear-shaped, or in one variety apple-shaped,
fragrant ; seeds mucilaginous.

C. Japonica, Jaran Quince (also named Pyrus Japonica). Thorny,
smooth, widely branched shrub, from Japan; cult. for the large showy flowers,
which are produced in spring, earlier than the oval or wedge-oblong leaves, on
side spurs, in great abundance, single or more or less double, scarict-red, or
sometimes with rose-colored or even almost white varieties ; calyx with short
and ae lobes; fruit green, very hard, resembling a small apple, but totally
uneatable.

39. CALYCANTHACEA, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and petals
imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one into the other,
stamens few or many with anthers turned outwards, all these parts
on a hollow receptacle or calyx-cup in the manner of a rose-hip,

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 131

enclosing numerous pistils which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons
rolled up from one margin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic,
as is the wood also.

1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or
terminating leafy branches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate
sepals, and these into similar thickish petals, which are borne on the sum-
mit of the closed calyx-tube: within these are numerous short stamens; the
outer 12 or more having anthers ending in a tip; the inner smaller and with
imperfect anthers or none. Pistils enclosed in the feshy cup; ovary with 2
ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, enclosed in the leathery hip,
which becomes about 2’ long. :

2. CHIMONANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile
in axils of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish or
brownish. Petals honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with an-
thers only 5.

1, CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENT-
ED SHRUB. (Name from Greek for cup and flower.) All wild in U. S.,
and cult., gape the first, which has the more fragrant strawberry-scented
blossoms. FI. spring and all summer.

C. fidridus. Wild S. of Virginia in rich woods: leaves soft-downy be-
neath, 1'-3! long, oval or oblong.

C. levigatus. Wild from S. Penn. S.: smooth and green, with oval or
oblong leaves 1/-—3' long, and rather small flowers (1}/ across).

-C. glaticus. Wild from Virginia S. : like the foregoing, but with mostly
larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous beneath.

C. occidentalis, Wxstern C. Cult. from California: smooth, with
ovate or ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped larger leaves (5/—6' long),
green: both sides, the upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3! across,
scentless ; akenes hairy.

2. CHIMONANTHUS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Name in Greek means
winter-flower ; it flowers in the winter in a mild temperate climate.)
C. fragrans. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained like a
climber, smooth lance-ovate pointed leaves, and rather small fragrant flowers,
hardy S. of Penn.

40. SAXIFRAGACEZE, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

A large family not readily defined by any single characters;
distinguished generally from Rosacex by having albumen in the
seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules ;
the herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have only as many
or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas, than there
are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly perfect. — Besides the plants
described, there may be met with in choice conservatories :

Cunonra CAPENSIS, a small tree from Cape of Good Hope, with
opposite odd-pinnate leaves and a large stipule between their peti-
oles on each side:

Bavera RuBIoiDEs, from Australia, a slender bushy shrub, with
opposite leaves of 3 almost sessile narrow leaflets, looking like 6
simple leaves in a whorl, and pretty rose-colored widely open flow-
ers in their axils.

I. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have been
ranked in two or three different families). None of the following
have stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous. .

132 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

§ 1. Leaves alternate.

1. RIBES. Leaves palmately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules
united with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the
ovary, and often extended beyond it, the 5 lobes usually colored like the
petals. Petals and stamens each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former
small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or partly united into one ; ovary 1-celled
with 2 parietal placenta, in’ fruit becoming a juicy berry, crowned with the
shrivelled remains of the rest of the flower. ,

2. ITEA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx
nearly free from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer
than the calyx, and inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod
slender, 2-celled, splitting through the style and the partition.

§2. Leaves opposite. Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the top-shaped or hemispherical
ovary, but not at all extended beyond it.
* Stamens indefinite, 20 - 40.

8. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx mi-
nutely 7-10 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Pod
small, top-shaped, many-ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs.

PHILADELPHUS. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calyx with
4 or 5 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. Styles
8-5, usually somewhat united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod,
which splits at length into as many pieces.

% * Stamens only twice as many as the petals. 8 or 10.

5. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or Jess panicled, showy.
Lobes of the calyx 5. Petals 5, valvate with the edges turned inwards.
Filaments flat, the 5 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on
each side next the top. Styles 3-5, slender. Pod 3- 5-celled.

6. HYDRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones
(or in high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consistigg of
corolla-like calyx only (Lessons, p. 84, fig. 167) ; the others perfect, with a
4-5-toothed calyx, as many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as
many stamens with slender filaments. Style 2-5, diverging. Ovary 2-5-
celled, becoming a small pod which opens at the top between the styles.

-

II. Herbs, forming the Saxirrace Famiy proper. Stipules
none or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many.

* Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, usually 5, and a cluster of
gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal: stigmas mostly 4, directly over
as many parietal placente.

7. PARNASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like stem; the leaves
mostly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calyx free from the
ovary, of 6 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none.
Pod 1-celled, many-seeded.

* x Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5: no sterile Jilaments: styles 2 and
alternate with the placente or partition.

8. HEUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx
bell-shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled ovary, and continued
beyond it, ise eae pnd Potine 5 small spatulate erect petals at

é sinuses. es slender. Pod 1-cell s i
Ree ee ae celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening

9. BOYKINIA. Flowers in a corymb-like cyme. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube
cohering with the 2-celled ovary. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous.
Styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, opening between the two beaks.

* « « Stamens twice the number of the petals or the lobes of the calys, mostly 10;
pod commonly 2-lobed, beaked, or 2, rarely 3-4, sie senarat pods. sas
+ Petals entire, mostly 5.

10. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect.
Leaves simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in the bud. Pod 2-
celled below, or 2 (rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded.

11. ASTILBE. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound
panicle, sometimes polygamous or dicecions. Leaves ample, decompound.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 133

Petals small, spatulate or linear. Little pods 2 or 8, nearly separate, opening
down the inner suture, several-seeded.

12. TIARELLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-parted, and
in the sinuses bearing 5 very narrow slender-clawed petals. Filaments and
styles long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base
of the 2 parietal placente, 2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing
much more than the other and making the larger part of the lance-shaped
membranaceous pod, which is few-seeded towards the bottom.

: + + Petals 5, pinnatifid, very delicate.

18. MITELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like
the short open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, very short.
Ovary and pod globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentz at the base, many-
seeded, opening across the top.

+ a + Petals none.

14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or in a leafy cyme.
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the tube or expanded border with 4 or
5 blunt lobes. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Styles 2, short, recurved. Pod
obcordate, thin, its notched summit rising above the calyx-tube, 1-celled
with 2 parietal placentz, several -many-seeded. :

1. RIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (An Arabic name.) Leaves
plaited in the bud, except the last species, often clustered in the axils of
those of previous season. Fl. spring. Fruit mostly eatable.

§ 1. GoosrzERRy. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns below the leafstalks or
the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles besides, these
sometimes on the berry also.

* Cultivated species.

R. specidsum, Suowy Fiowerine-Gooseserry, of California: cult.
for. ornament, especially in England, likely to succced in Southern Middle
States, is trained like a climber ; has small and shining leaves, 1 - 3 very hand-
some flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, and long-

rojecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that of a Fuchsia ;
hen prickly, few-seeded.

R. Grossularia, Garpen or Encuisn Gooseperry. Cult. from Eu.
for the well-known fruit; thorny and prickly, with small obtusely 3 —5-lobed.
leaves, green flowers 1-3 on short pedicels, bell-shaped calyx, and large berry.

x * Native species (chiefly N. & W.), passing under the general name of W1LD

meek aii en | pi ee blossoms, only 1-3 on each
peduncle.

R. hirtéllum, the commonest E., is seldom downy, with very short thorns
or none, very short peduncles, stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than-
the bell-shaped calyx ; and the smooth berry purple, small, and sweet.

R. rotundifolium, commoner W., is often downy-leaved ; peduncles
slender, the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow calyx ;
berry smooth. : .

R. Cynésbati, of rocky woods N., is downy-leaved, with slender pedun-
cles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, and large
berry usually prickly.

« % % Native species with the prickly stems of a Gooseberry, but with a raceme of

flowers like those of a Currant.

R. lactistre, Laxe or Swamp G. Cold bogs and wet woods N.: low,
with 3 -5-parted leaves, their lobes deeply cut, very small flowers with broad
and flat calyx, short stamens and style, and small bristly berries of unpleasant
flavor.

§ 2. Currant. No thorns nor prickles, and the flowers numerous in the racemes.

* Wild, or cultivated for the fruit : flowers greenish or whitish.
«- Leaves without resinous dots : calyx flat and open: berries red (or white).
. prostratum, Fertp C. Cold woods N.; with reclining stems, deeply
ees and acutely 5 -7-lobed leaves, erect racemes, pedicels and pale-red

134 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

berries glandular-bristly ; these and the bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant,
skunk-like odor. :

R. rubrum, Rep C. Cult from Eu., also wild on our northern borders ;
with straggling or reclining stems, somewhat heart-shaped moderately 3 -5-
lobed leaves, the lobes roundish, and drooping racemes from lateral buds dis-
tinct from the leaf:buds ; edible berries red, or a white variety.

+ + Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots : flowers larger, with oblong-bell-shaped
calyx: berries larger, black, aromatic and spicy, glandular-dotted.

R. floridum, Witp Brack C. Woods N . leaves slightly heart-shaped,
sharply 3—5-lobed and doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy, bearing
many whitish flowers, with conspicuous bracts longer than the pedicels. ‘

R. nigrum, Garver Brack C. Cult. from Eu.: like the preceding,
but has greencr and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute bracts, and a shorter
calyx.

% * Cultivated for ornament from far W.- the flowers haghly colored.

R. sanguineum, Rep-rt. C., from Oregon and California : glandular
and somewhat clammy, with 3 - 5-lobed leaves whitish-downy beneath, nodding
racemes of rose-red flowers, the calyx-tube oblong-bell-shaped, the berries gland-
ular and insipid. ; : :

R. atreum, Gotpen, Burra.o, or Missouri C.: from W. Missouri
to Oregon ; abundantly cult. for its spicy-scented bright-yellow flowers in early
spring ; smooth, with rounded 3-lobed and cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled
up in the bud), short racemes with leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx
very much longer than the spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, insipid.

2. ITBA. (Greek name of Willow, applied to something widely different.)

I. Virginica, a tall shrub, in low pine-barrens from N. Jersey S., smooth,
with oblong minutely serrate leaves, and racemes of pretty white flowers, in
early summer.

3. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the flower
are in tens, which is only occasionally the case.)

D. barbara. Along streams S.: a tall, mostly smooth shrub, with long
branches disposed to climb, ovate or oblong shining leaves, and a compound
’ terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, in late spring.

4. PHILADELPHUS; MOCK-ORANGE, SYRINGA (which is the
botanical name of the Lilac. The generic name is an ancient one, afterwards
applied to these shrubs for no particular reason). Ornamental shrubs; na-
tives of the S. Atlantic and Pacific States, Japan, &c.; the species mixed or
much varied in cultivation. The following are the principal types.

P. coronarius, Common Mocx-Orancr. Cult. probably from Japan.
Shrub with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and
smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white
flowers, in late spring.

P. latifolius, Broap-teavep M. Cult., unknown wild, has the erect
stems of the first, is robust, 6° - 12° high, with the ovate and toothed 5-ribbed
leaves hairy beneath, and large pure-white and néarly scentless flowers clus-
tered, in early summer.

P. inodorus, Scentress M. Wild in upper districts S.: shrub smooth,
with spreading slender branches, mostly entire ovate-oblong leaves, rather small
flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branchlets, and calyx-lobes not
longer than the ovary.

P. grandiflorus, Larce-ri. M. Wild along streams from Virginia S.,
and planted in several varieties : tall shrub, with long recurving branches, ovate
and pointed usually toothed smoothish or slightly downy leaves, and very large
pure-white scentless flowers, in early summer, either single or in loose clusters

at the end of the branches, the slender-pointed calyx-lobes much longer than the
ovary.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 135

P. Gordonianus, cult. from Oregon, is seemingly a variety of the last,
very tall, and the large flowers ae at midsummer.

P. hirsttus, Hairy M. ild in N. Car. and Tenn., sparingly cult. :
slender, with recurving branches, the small ovate and acute sharply-toothed
leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary; the small white flowers solitary or
2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets.

5. DEUTZIA. (Named for one Deutz, an amateur botanist of Amsterdam.)
Fine flowering shrubs of Japan and China, with numerous panicles of white
blossoms, in late spring and early summer ; the lower side of the leaves, the
calyx, &c. beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf.

D. gracilis, the smallest species, is 2° high, with lance-ovate sharply ser-
rate leaves bright green and smooth, and rather small snow-white flowers, earlier
than the rest, often forced in greenhouses ; filaments forked at the top.

D. crenata. Commonly planted; a tall shrub, rough with the fine pube-
scence, with pale ovate or oblong-ovate minutely crenate-serrate leaves, and
rather dull white blossoms in summer; the filaments broadest upwards and
with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. This is generally cult.
under the name of the next, viz.

D. scabra, with more rugose and rougher finely sharp-serrate leaves, and
entire taper-pointed filaments : seldom cult. here.

6. HYDRANGEA. (Name of two Greek words meaning water and vase ;
the application obscure.) Fl. summer.

* Cultivated from China and Japan: house-plants N., turned out for summer.

H. Horténsia, Common Hypraneea, is very smooth, with large and
oval, coarsely toothed, bright-green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly
all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white.

* * Wild species, on shady banks of rivers, &c., but often planted for ornament.
Styles mostly only 2: flowers white, the sterile enlarged ones turning green-
ish or purplish with age, persistent.

H. quercifdlia, Oax-teavep H. Stout shrub 3°- 6° high, very leafy,
downy, with oval 5-lobed large leaves, and cymes clustered in oblong panicle,
with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Georgia S., hardy N. in cult.

H. radiata, called more fittingly H. nfvea, having the ovate or some-
what heart-shaped pointed leaves very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and
green above; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the mar-
gin. Wild S. of Virginia. i

H. arboréscens, wild from Penn. and Ill. S., rarely planted, is smooth,
with ovate or slightly heart-shaped serrate pointed leaves green both sides, the
flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, but sometimes with a full
row round the margin.

7, PARNASSIA, GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Wild on wet banks;
the large white flower handsome, in summer and autumn. 2

P. Caroliniana, the only common species, both N. & S., has the scape or
stem 1°-2° high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with a
flower over 1! broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout small sterile
filaments before each. : ;

P. palustris, scarce on northern borders, is small throughout, with several
slender filaments before each few-veined petal.

P. asarifolia, along the Alleghanies S., has rather kidney-shaped leaves,
and petals narrowed at base into a short claw; otherwise like the first.

8. HEUCHERA, ALUM-ROOT, the rootstock being astringent. (Named
for a German botanist, Heucher.) Wild plants of rocky woods, chiefly W.
and S. along the middle country ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped and more
or less lobed or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall
stalk of the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer.

136 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

* Flowers very small: stamens and styles protruding.

H. Americana, Common A.: the only one N. and E. of Penn., has
scapes and loose panicle (2°-3° high) clammy-glandular and often hairy,
leaves with rounded lobes, and greenish Howers in early summer. :

FH. villosa, from Maryland and Kentucky S. along the upper country, is
lower, beset with soft often rusty hairs, has deeper-lobed leaves, and very small
white or whitish flowers, later in summer.

« * Flowers larger (the calyx fully 4! long), in a narrower panicle, greenish, with
stamens little if at all protruding : leaves round and slightly 5 - 9-lobed.

H. hispida. Mountains of Virginia and N. W. Tall (scape 2°-4°
high), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding. y

i, pubéscens. From S. Penn. S. Scapes (1°-3° high) and petioles
roughish-glandular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of
the calyx.

9. BOYKINIA. (Named for the late Dr. Boykin, of Georgia.) 2g

B. aconitifodlia, occurs only along the Alleghanies from Virginia S, :
stem clammy-glandular, bearing 3 or 4 alternate palmately 5—7-cleft and cut
leaves and a cyme of rather small white flowers, in summer. There is one very
like it in Oregon and California.

10. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, means rock-breaker ;
many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following, there are
a number of rare or local wild species.

* Wild species, with leaves all clustered at the perennial root, the naked scape
clammy above and bearing many small flowers in a panicle or cyme, the two
ovaries united barely at the base, making at length a pair of nearly separate
divergent pods.

S. Virginiénsis, Earty S. On rocks and moist banks; with obovate
or wedge-spatulate thickish more or less toothed leaves in an open cluster, scape
3/-9! high, bearing in early spring white flowers in a dense cluster, which
at length opens into a loose panicled cyme; calyx not half the length of the
petals ; pods turning purple.

S. Pennsylvanica, Swame S. In low wet ground N.; with lance-
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves (4/—8' long) obscurely toothed and nar-
rowed into a very short broad petiole, scape 1°-2° high, bearing small
greenish flowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser panicle (in
spring) ; the reflexed lobes of the calyx as long as the lance-linear petals.

S. erdsa, Lerruce 8. Cold brooks, from Penn. S. along the Alle-
ghanies ; the lance-oblong obtuse leaves (8’— 12! long) sharply erosely toothed ;
scape 1°-3° high, bearing a loose panicle of slender-pedicelled small white
flowers (in summer) ; with reflexed sepals as long as the oval petals, and club-
shaped filaments.

* * Exotic species, cult. for ornament : leaves all clustered at the perennial root :
ovaries 2, or sometimes 3-4, almost separate, becoming as many nearly dis-
tinct pods.

S. crassifolia, Tu1cK-LEavep S. Cult. from Siberia, very smooth, with
fleshy and creeping or prostrate rootstocks, sending up thick roundish-obovate
nearly evergreen leaves, 6-9! long, and scapes bearing an ample at first com-
pact cyme of large bright rose-colored flowers, in early spring.

S. sarmentosa, Berersteax S., also called StRAWBERRY GERANIUM.
Cult. from China and Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardy N., rather hairy,
with rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and doubly toothed leaves of fleshy
texture, purple underneath, green-veined or mottled with white above, on shaggy
petioles, from their axils sending off slender strawberry-like runners, by which
the plant is multiplicd, and scapes bearing a light very open panicle of irregular
flowers, with 3 of the petals small rose-pink and yellow-spotted, and 2 much
longer and nearly white ones lanceolate and hanging.

ORPINE FAMILY. 137

Japanese botanist. Fl. summer.

A. decandra. Rich woods along the Alleghanies from Virginia S.: a tall,
rather pubescent herb, 3° - 5° high, imitatirig Spireea Aruncus (p. 121) in ap-
pearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decompound leaves mostly heart-shaped,
cut toothed (2'~ 4’ long) ; flowers greenish-white, with inconspicuous petals.

A. Japonica, or Horta Japonica. Cult. from Japan for ornament:
only 1°— 2° high, with leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves lance-ovate or oblong,
and crowded white flowers of considerable beauty.

12. TIARELLA, FALSE MITREWORT. (Diminutive of tiara, a tur-
ban ; name not very appropriate.) 2/

T. cordifolia, our only species, in rocky woods, especially N.: a low and
hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners; leaves rounded heart-shaped,
sharply lobed and toothed; flowers in a short raceme on a leafless scape, bright
white, in spring.

ll. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Also called Horeta, after a
xy

13. MITELLA, MITREWORT, BISHOP’S-CAP. (Name means a lit-
tle mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod.) Delicate plants
of moist woods, especially N., spreading te summer ‘leafy runners or root-
stocks : fi. late spring and early summer. “2

M. diphylla, Common or Two-,teavep M. Hairy, with rounded heart-
shaped and somewhat 3 - 5-lobed root-leaves on slender petioles, and a pair of

opposite nearly sessile leaves on the scape below the slender raceme of many
white flowers.

M. nuda, Naxep-statkep M. Mossy woods N. : a delicate little plant,
with roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4!— 6!
high) bearing a few greenish blossoms.

14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (Name in
Greek means golden spleen.) Fl. spring. Y

C. Americanum, our only species, in springs or shady wet places N. :
a low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading repeatedly forked stems, tender
succulent small leaves, which are roundish, obscurely crenate-lobed, and mainly
opposite ; the inconspicuous greenish flowers nearly sessile in the forks.

41. CRASSULACE, ORPINE FAMILY.

Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly in
the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just double the num-
ber; the pistils all separate and forming as many (mostly many-
seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, where they are united
together. (Lessons, p. 86, fig. 168-171.) Penthorum, which is
not succulent, is just intermediate between this family and the fore-
going. Several are monopetalous, i. e. have their petals united
below into a cup or tube.

§ 1. Leaves not at all fleshy, but thin and membranaceous: the 5 ovaries united into

one 5-horned 5-celled pod: no scales behind the ovaries.

1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10.
Pod opening by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Rarely the
parts are in sixes or sevens.

§ 2. Leaves thickened and succulent: ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each.

* Petals separate :-sepals nearly so or united at the base.

2. SEMPERVIVUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6-12 or even more, and
stamens twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafv offsets, on
which the leaves are crowded in close tufts like rosettes.

a

138 ORPINE FAMILY.

3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5; the stamens twice as many,
the alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal.

4. TILLEA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and few-seeded pistils 3 or 4. Very small
annuals, with axillary flowers.

5. CRASSULA. Sepals or lobes of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded
pistils 5. Perennial herbs or fleshy-shrubby plants, with flowers in cymes
or clusters.

* * Petals united by their edges below, and bearing the stamens.
+ Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted : pistils 5.

6. ROCHEA. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5.

7. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes
6-angled. Stamens 10.

+ + Calyx and corolla both 4-lobed at summit: pistils 4.

8. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated; the lobes of the corolla at length projecting
and spreading. Stamens 8, projecting. Leaves opposite, petioled, simple or
odd-pinnate, crenate.

1. PENTHORUM, DITCH STONE-CROP. (Name from the Greek,
apparently alluding to the parts of the flower being in fives.) 2 :

P. sedoides. Wet places, especially by roadsides: a homely weed, about
1° high, with alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and yellowish-green incon-
spicuous flowers loosely spiked on one side of the branches of an open cyme, all
summer and autumn.

2. SEMPERVIVUM, HOUSELEEK. (Latin for liveforever.) 2

8S. tectorum, Common or Roor Hovuseieen, the plant in Europe
usually grown upon roofs of houses: propagating abundantly by offsets on
short and thick runners ; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovate, smooth
except the margins, mucronate ; those on the flowering stems scattered, oblong,
clammy-pubescent, as well as the clustered purplish or greenish flowers ; sepals,
petals, and pods mostly 12. Cult. in country gardens, and on walls, roofs, &c. :
rarely flowering, in summer.

8. SEDUM, STONE-CROP, ORPINE. (Old name, from sedeo, to sit,
i. e. upon rocks, walls, &c., upon which these plants often flourish, with little
or no soil.) The following are all smooth perennials, and hardy N. except
the first species.

§ 1. Leaves flat and broad, oblong, obovate, or rounded,
%* The lower ones at least whorled in threes.

S. Siebdldii, Stzsoip’s 8. Cult. from Japan, mostly in pots; with
slender and weak or spreading stems, glaucous and mostly reddish-tinged round
and often concave leaves (1! or less long), with a wedee draped base and wavy-
toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of rosy-purple flowers, which all
have their parts in fives. :

8. ternatum, Turee-Leavep S. Wild in rocky woods from Penn. S.
& W., and common in gardens; with spreading stems creeping at base and
rising 3/— 6! when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovate and whorled;
the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about }/ long; flowers white, the first
or central one with parts generally in fives, the others sessile along the upper
side of the usually 3 spreading branches and mostly with their parts in fours ;
in late spring.

x # All or most of the leaves alternate: flowers in a corymb-like terminal cyme,

purple or purplish, in summer, all with their parts in fives.

8S. Teléphium, Garpen Orpine or Live-Fror-ever. Cult. from En.
in old country gardens: erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly wavy-
toothed pale and thick leaves, small and dull-colored flowers in u compound
cyme, and short-pointed pods. *

S. telephioides, Witp O. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, chiefly along
the Alleghanies ; 6/—12' high, very like the last, but with fewer flowers, and
pods tapering into a slender style.

ORPINE FAMILY. 139

§ 2. Leaves narrow and thick, barely flattish or terete: low or creeping plants.

S. acre, Mossy S., or Wait-Perrer. Cult. from Eu., for edgings and
rock-work, running wild in some places : a moss-like little plant, forming mats
on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick ovate small and
crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in summer, their parts in fives.

S. pulchéllum, Beavrirct S. Wild 8. W. on rocks; also cult. in
gardens, &c. ; spreading and rooting stems 4/—12! long; leaves crowded, terete,
Iinear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on the upper side of the 4
or 5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts mostly in fours, while those of
the central or earliest flower are in fives : in summer.

S. carneum, variegatum. Cult. of late for borders, &c., of unknown
origin ; has creeping stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in
threes, linear, flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged : flowers not yet
seen.

4, TILLAA. (Named for an Italian botanist, Tilli.) Fl. all summer. @

T. simplex, is a minute plant of muddy river-banks along the coast,
spreading and rooting, only 1/-2! high, with linear-oblong opposite leaves, and
solitary inconspicuous white flowers sessile in their axils.

5. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated leaves.) House-plants,
occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Hope. 2

C. arboréscens. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate leaves
(2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face; the flowers
rather large and rose-colored.

C. lactea, has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate at the base in
pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers.

C. falcata, has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather falcate‘or curved
leaves connate at base, 3/—4' long, powdery-glaucous, and a compound cyme of
many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals with erect claws partly united be-

_low, and spreading abruptly above; so that the plant has been placed under
the next genus, and named Roca FALCATA.

6. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby
succulent house-plants of the Cape af Good Hope. 2

BR. coccinea. Stems 1°-2° high, thickly beset with the oblong-ovate
long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like sessile cluster of handsome
owers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla 1’ long.

7, COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House-plants,
not common.

C. orbiculata. Half-shrubby succulent plant, from Cape of Good Hope,
with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovate leaves (2/—4! Jong),
and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 14 long) raised on a slender naked
petiole, the cylindraceous tube of the corolla longer than the recurved lobes.

C. (or Echéveria) coccinea, from Mexico, is shrubby at base, with
the wedge-obovate acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered on the
flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-parted corolla not longer than
the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within.

8. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or bud and
leaf.)

y

B. calycinum. A scarcely shrubby succulent plant, originally from
tropical Africa, cult. in houses, &c., with opposite petioled leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate
leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and rather
handsome hanging green flowers tinged with purple: the calyx is oblong and
bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, and has 4 slightly
spreading acute lobes ; the leaflets oval, 2—3 inches long, crenate; when laid on
the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and bud at the notches, and pro-
duce little plants. The name refers to the propagation of the plant in this way.

140 WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

42, HAMAMELACEZs, WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY,

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules,
small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united
below with the base of the 2-styled ovary, which forms a hard or
woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at the summit. Sta-
mens and petals when present inserted on the calyx. Three wild
plants of the country, belouging to as many genera.

1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous flowers, a regular calyx, and a single
: ovule, eee a bony ved, suspended from the top of each cell.

1. HAMAMELIS. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding
late in autumn, ripening the seeds late the next summer. Calyx 4-parted.
Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the pet-
als bearing anthers, the 4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like. Styles
short. Pod with an outer coat separating from the inner.

2. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier
than the leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none,
Stamens about 24, rather showy, the long and club-shaped filaments bright
white. Styles slender. Pod hairy.

§2. Tree, with monecious small flowers, in dense heads or clusters, destitute both of
calyx and corolla, the fertile with many ovules in each cell, but only one or two
ripening into seale-like seeds.

8. LIQUIDAMBAR. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts,
the sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with
little scales intermixed; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping
peduncle, composed of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each
with 2 awl-shaped beaks, all cohering together and hardening in fruit.

1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name of Medlar,
inappropriately transferred to this wholly unlike American shrub.)

H. Virginica. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves obovate or
oval, wavy-toothed, straight-veined like a Hazel, slightly downy; the yellow
flowers remarkable for their appearance late in autumn, just as the leaves are
turning and about to fall. Seeds eatable.

2. FOTHERGILLA. (Named for Dr. Fothergill of London, a friend and
correspondent of Bartram.)

F. alnifolia. Low, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from Virginia S.,
with oval or obovate straight-veined leaves, toothed at the summit and often
hoary beneath, the white flowers in spring.

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, SWEET-GUM TREE or BILSTED. (Names
allude to the fragrant terebinthine juice or balsam which exudes when the
trunk is wounded.)

L. Styraciflua, the only species of this country: a large and beautiful
tree in low grounds, from S. New England to II]. and especially S., with fine-
grained wood, gray bark forming corky ridges on the branches, and smooth and
glossy deeply 5 — 7-lobed leaves, which are fragrant when bruised, changing to
deep crimson in autumn, their triangular lobes pointed and beset with glandular
teeth : greenish flowers appearing with the leaves in early spring.

43. HALORAGEA, WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

Contains a few insignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with small
greenish flowers sessile in the axils of the (often whorled) leaves
or bracts, and a single ovule and seed suspended in each of the
1—4 cells of the ovary.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 141

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers mostly monecious, with sepals or teeth of the
calyx, petals when there are any, lobes and cells of the ovary and nut-like
fruit, and the sessile stigmas each 4; the stamens 4 or 8.

2. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect, with lobes of the calyx, stamens, stig-
mas, and cells of the Eangled nut-like fruit each 8: petals none.

8. HIPPURIS. Flowers mostly perfect, with truncate calyx not continued above
the adherent ovary, and a single stamen, slender style, and seed.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, WATER-MILFOIL. (Botanical name, from
the Greek, like the popular name, means thousand-leaved.) Plants usually
all under water, except their flowering tips ; all but the uppermost or emerg-
ing leaves pinnately dissected into fine hair-like divisions. Fl. summer. 2

M. spicatum. Leaves whorled in threes or fours, those at the summit of
flowering stems reduced to small ovate bracts shorter than the flowers, which
therefore form an interrupted spike ; petals deciduous ; stamens 8; fruit smooth.

M. verticillatum. Like the first, but the uppermost leaves longer than
the flowers and pinnatifid.

M. heterophyllum. Chiefly W. & S.; with leaves whorled in fours or
fives, those under the flowers ovate or lanceolate and serrate or merely pinnatifid ;
stamens and petals 4; fruit roughish on the back.

M. scabratum. Chiefly S. & W.; with leaves and flowers as in the
preceding, but more slender, the leaves under the flowers linear and cut-toothed,
and the lobes of the fruit 2-ridged and roughened on the back.

M. ambiguum. Common only E.: with mostly scattered very delicate
or capillary leaves, often perfect flowers, 4 petals and 4 stamens, and a minute
smooth fruit.

2. PROSERPINACA, MERMAID-WEED. (Name from Latin pro-
serpo, to creep, or after Proserpine.) Stems creeping at base in the mud or
shallow water, the upper part emerging : flowers in the axils of the alternate
leaves, produced all summer.

P. palustris. Leaves above water lanceolate and merely serrate; fruit

sharply 3-angled. .

P. pectinacea. Leaves all pinnately divided into very slender divisions ;

angles of the fruit bluntish. Chiefly E. & S.

8. HIPPURIS, MARESTAIL (which the botanical name means in
Greek).

H. vulgaris. In ponds and springs N. & W., but rare: stems 1°- 2°
high, the linear acute leaves in whorls of 8-12, the upper ones with minute
flowers in their axils. 2

44. ONAGRACEA, EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, without stipules; the parts of the
symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in twos to fives) throughout ;
the tube of the calyx usually prolonged more or less beyond the
adherent ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the
petals (convolute in the bud) and the as many or twice as many
stamens ; styles always united into one. Embryo filling the seed:
no albumen. Comprises many plants with showy blossoms, culti-
vated for ornament; these almost all American. (Lopezia has
irregular flowers with only one perfect stamen.)

§1. Parts of the flower in twos.

1. CIRCHA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small
whitish flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube slightly
prolonged beyond the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1—- 2-seeded little
bur-like indehiscent fruit, covered with weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, ob-
cordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped with a capitate stigma.

142 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

§2. Parts of the flower in fours, or fives in No. me
* Ovary and dry nut-like fruit with a single ovule or seed in each cell.

2. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in
racemes or spikes. Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the
4-celled ovary. Petals 4, on claws, mostly turned toward the nppee side of
the flower. Stamens 8, these and the long style turned town. little scale
before each filament. Fruit small, 4-angled or ribbed, 1 - 4-seeded.

* & Ovary and fruit with many ovules and seeds in each of the cells.
+ Herbs: fruit a chiefly 4-celled and 4-valved dry pod.
++ ++ Seeds furnished with a coma or tuft of long and soft hairs at one end, by which
they are widely dispersed by the wind.

3, EPILOBIUM. Calyx with tube scarcely at all extended beyond the linear
ovary. Petals 4. Stamens 8. i :

4, ZAUSCHNERIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a fun-
nel-shaped tube, with an abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and
with 4 lobes as long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet
color. Stamens 8 and, as well as the long style, projecting.

++ ++ Seeds naked, i. «. without a downy tuft.

= Flowers regular and symmetrical: calyc-tube extended more or less beyond the
ovary, the lobes mostly reflered: petals 4.

6 CLARKIA. Calyx-tube continued beyond the ovary into a short funnel-form
cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 38-lobed, raised on
a slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones short-
er: anthers curved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much
smaller, or deformed and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear
and tapering upwards, 4-sided. Flowers never yellow.

6. EUCHARIDIUM. Calyx-tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary.
Petals wedge-shaped and 38-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw.
Stamens only 4, on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear.

_ _ Seeds slightly wing-margined. Flowers never yellow.

7. CE NOTHERA. Calyx-tube either much or little prolonged beyond the ovary.
Petals usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stamens 8.
Flowers yellow, purple or white.

= = Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals: the calyz-tube not
in the least extended beyond the broad summit of the ovary, on which the
green lobes mostly persist: style usually short: stigma capitate.

8 JUSSIZA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells
of the pod: i.e. 8 or 10, rarely 12.

9. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod,
almost always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none.
== = Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical : calyx-tube not extended.

10. LOPEZIA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with
claws, 4, turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost nar-
rower and with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seems
to be a fifth small one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands
before the lower lobe of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong
anther. Style slender: stigma entire. Pod globular.

+ + Shrubs: fruit a 4-celled berry.

11. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended

much beyond the ovary, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes

spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8 Style long and thread-shaped: stigma
club-shaped or capitate.

1, CIRCAIA, ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe,
the enchantress, it is not obvious why; the plants are insignificant and
‘inert, natives of damp woods, flowering in summer.) 2

C. Lutetiana, the common species, is 1°-2° high, branching, with ovate
and slightly toothed leaves, no bracts under the pedicels, the rounded little
fruit 2-celled and beset with bristly hairs.

C. alpina, common only N. or in mountainous regions, smooth and deli-
cate, 3-6! high, with thin and heart-shaped coarsely toothed leaves, minute
bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit 1-celled and soft-hairy.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 143

2. GAURA. (Name in Greck means superb, which these plants are not;
only one of them is worth cultivating.) Fl. all summer.

G. Lindheiméri, of Texas, cult. for ornament, nearly hardy N., about
3° high, hairy, with lanceolate sparingly toothed leaves, long weak branches
producing a continued succession of handsome white flowers ; the calyx hairy
outside ; petals nearly 1/ long. 2/

G. biénnis, the common wild species, 3°-8° high, soft-hairy or downy,
with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small white or flesh-colored
flowers, and downy fruit. @

3. EPILOBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Name compounded of three
Greek words, meaning violet on a pod.) Fl. summer. The pods opening
give to the winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds. 2/

§ 1. Flowers large and showy, in a lung spike or raceme, the widely spreading
petals on short claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, and the
stigma of 4 long lobes: leaves alternate.

E. angustifolium, Great W. or Frrr-Weep. One of the plants that
spring up abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests have been newly
cleared and the ground burned over: tall (49-7! high) and simple-stemmed,
smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succession of pink-purple flowers.

§ 2. Flowers small in corymbs or panicles terminating the branches, with petals,
stamens, and style erect, a club-shaped stigma, and ail the lower leaves
opposite : stem 1°- 2° high.

E. coloratum. Almost everywhere in wet places, fl. through late sum-
mer and autumn, nearly smooth; with thin lance-oblong leaves generally with
purple veins, and purplish petals deeply notched at the end and a little longer
than the calyx.

KE. molie. In bogs N., less common, soft downy all over ; leaves crowded,
linear-oblong, blunt ; petals rose-color, notched, 2!'—3" long.

EK. palustre. In wet bogs N., slender, minutely hoary all over; leaves
linear or lance-linear, nearly entire ; petals purplish or white, small.

4, ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.) 2

Z. Califoérnica. Cult. for ornament, from California, flowering through
late summer and autumn, 1°-2° high, the oval or lanceolate leaves and the pods
with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium ; but the handsome
scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia: these are single and sessile in the
axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length somewhat racemed, about
2! long.

5. CLARKIA. (Named for Capt. Clark, who with Capt. Lewis made the
first official exploration across the mountains to the Pacific, and brought home
one of the species.) Herbs of Oregon and California, with alternate mostly
entire leaves, and showy flowers in the upper axils, or the upper running
into a loose raceme: cult. for ornament: fl. summer. @

C. pulchélla. About 1° high, with narrow lance-linear leaves, deeply
3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), bearing a pair of
minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes of the stigma broad and
petal-like. There is a partly double-flowered variety.

C. élegans. Fully 2° high, more commonly flowered in the conservatory,
with long branches, lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower petioled, lilac-purple
entire petals broader than long and much shorter than their naked claw,
smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and pod.

6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) @

E. concinnum, of California, cult. for ornament; a low and branching
plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long tube to the calyx,
and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, and middle-sized rose-
purple or white flowers, in summer.

144 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

7. GANOTHERA, EVENING-PRIMROSE. (Name from Greek words
for wine and hunt; application obscure.) Very many species, all originally
American, and most of them from the U. S., especially from S. W. and W.
The following are the principal common ones, both wild and cult. for
ornament : fl. summer. (Pollen: grains loosely connected by cobwebby threads,

strongly 3-lobed. See Lessons, p. 115, fig. 250.)

1. Stigmas 4, long and slender, spreading in the form of a cross: tube of the
: $ phe beyond the ovary long and oa cn

* YELLOW-FLOWERED Eveninc-Primrosss, properly so-called, the flowers
opening (usually suddenly) in evening twilight, and fading away when sun-
shine returns, odorous ; the yellow petals commonly obcordate.

+ Stems elongated and leafy : pod cylindrical or spindle-shaped, sessile. © ®

Gs. biénnis, Common E. Wild in open grounds, and the large-flowered
forms cult. for ornament; erect, 2°- 5° high, hairy or smoothish, with lance-
oblong leaves entire or obscurely toothed, flowers at length forming a terminal
leafy-bracted spike, and petals obcordate. Runs into several varieties, of which
the largest and finest now cultivated is :

Var. Lamarckiana, from S. W., which is tall and stout, with corolla
3'— 4' in diameter : the sudden opening at dusk very striking.

Gs. rhombipétala. Wild on our western limits; more slender, hoary,
1°- 3° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and acute petals.

&. Drummondii, cult. from Texas; has its stems spreading on the
ground, and large flowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils, the lance-
ovate leaves, &c. soft-downy.

Gs. sinuata. Wild from New Jersey S., in sandy ground; low and
spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong sinuate or pinnatifid leaves, small flowers
in their axils, pale yellow petals turning rose-color in fading, and slender pods.

+ + Stems short and prostrate or scarcely any: pod short, 4-winged.

GS. triloba. Cult. from Arkansas: leaves pinnatifid and cut, like those
of Dandelion, smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the ground, on the short
crown, which in autumn is crowded with the almost woody pyramidal-ovate
narrowly 4-winged sessile pods, forming « mass 3'— 5’ in diameter; flowers
rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4! - 5! long, its lobes about as long
as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched -pale-yellow petals, which turn purplish in
fading. @ ®

C&. Missouriénsis, the greener-leaved form also called CE. MACROCARPA.
Cult. from Missouri and Texas; finely hoary or nearly smooth, with many
short prostrate stems 2'- 12! long from a thick woody root, crowded lanceolate
entire leaves, very large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sun-
set; the tube of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, 6/-7/ long; the
bright-yellow corolla 4-6! across ; pod with 4.very broad wings. 2

* * Wuirn-rLowereD Eveninc-Primnosss, usually turning rose-colored in
Sading, somé of them opening in the daytime: petals broadly obovate or ob-
cordate : flower-buds commonly nodding:

G&. taraxicifolia (probably a variety of GE. acatrits), from Chili: rather
hairy, at first stemless, at length forming prostrate stems, with pinnatifid or
iar leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as the name denotes), and very
arge flowers in the axils, tube of calyx 3'— 4! long, corolla 3! — 5! across, and a
woody obovate and sharply 4-angled sessile pod. @ +

d&. specidsa, Nutt., of Arkansas and Texas, not hardy in cult. N.;
pubescent, with erect and branching stems 6'— 20/ high, lance-oblong cut-toothed
leaves, the lower mostly pinnatifid ; flowers somewhat racemed at the summit,
and opening in the daytime ; calyx-tube rather club-shaped and not much longer
than the ovary ; corolla 3!—4! across ; pod club-shaped.

(CE. MARGINATA, a tufted mostly stemless species, with lanceolate and often
pinnatifid toothed soft-hairy leaves, and peduncled oblong-cylindrical roughish
pods; Cs. TRIcHOCALYX, soft-hairy, conspicuously so on the calyx, with
deeply obcordate petals, long-linear pods with a thicker closcly sessile base and
smooth seeds; Gi. ALBICAULIS, with ascending stems, smooth or slightly hoary,

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 145

smaller entire petals, but pods and seeds like the foregoing; and CE. rrnna-
TfFIDA, with petals as in QE. trichocalyx, and similar pods, but with striate
and reticulated seeds, — all handsome white-flowered species of Western plains
and the Rocky Mountains, — are beginning to be cultivated.)

%* * & YELLOW-FLOWERED, DIURNAL, sometimes called Sunprops, the blos-
soms opening in bright sunshine: petals mostly obcordate: stems leqfy:
leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the country, all but the
last occasionally cultivated. 2

+ Pod short-oblong or obovate, 4-wing-angled.

GE. glatica. Wild from Virginia and Kentucky near and in the moun-
tains S.: 1°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top; leaves ovate
or lance-ovate ; corolla 2! or more in diameter.

+ + Pod club-shaped, somewhat 4-wing-angled above, and 4 intervening ribs.

G&. fruticdsa. Wild in open places: not shrubby, as the name would
imply, hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, somewhat
corymbed flowers 1}/—-2' in diameter, and short-stalked pods.

GK. linearis. Wild from Long Island S. near the coast: pale or somewhat
hoary with minute pubescence, with slender and spreading often bushy-branched
stems 1'- 2! long, linear or lance-linear leaves, and somewhat corymbed flowers,
corolla 1’—1}/ across, and hoary pods tapering into a slender stalk. — A spread-
ing form is cultivated, blooming very freely through the summer.

Gi. ptmila. In fields, &c.: nearly smooth, 5/-12! high, with mostly
simple crect or ascending stem, oblanceolate leaves, and scattered flowers, the
corolla less than 1! across, and pods short-stalked or sessile.

* * * * ReD-PURPLE-FL., DIURNAL, leafy-stemmed : pods club-shaped. @ @

d:. rosea, from Mexico. Minutely downy, with slender spreading stems
6'- 24! high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower sometimes rather pin-
natifid, and flowers 1' across in leafy racemes.

§ 2. Gopirta. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes : tube of the calyx
beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary inversely conical or funnel-shaped :
leafy-stemmed : flowers open by day, scentless: petals broad and fan-shaped
or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-purple, rose-
color, or sometimes white: anthers erect on short (the alternate ones on very
short) and broadish filaments, curving after opening. All W. American,
abounding in Oregon -and California, several in the gardens, the following
most common. ()

Gs. purpurea. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 6’—10! high, at length
with many short branches ; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire; corolla 1/— 1}/
across, purple, with a dark eye; short and broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ;
pods short and thick, closely sessile, rather conical.

G2. rubictinda. Taller, 1°- 2° high, and linear-lanceolate leaves rather
scattered along the slender branches ; corolla 2! or more across, lilac-purple
with saffron-colored eye (also pale or rose-colored varieties) ; lobes of stigma
oblong, pale ; pods thickish, cylindrical, sessile. i ;

Ck. Lindley! Erect or spreading, 8/-16' high, with slender branches,
narrow lanceolate leaves ; corolla about 2! across, lilac-purple, with a deeper red-
purple spot on the middle of each petal ; lobes of the stigma linear and pale ;
pods slender, linear, somewhat tapering at the ends. .

G2. amcena. Slender, 6’-18' high, with lance-oblong or lance-linear
leaves, and corolla 2/ —3' across, rose-color or almost white, with usually a deeper
reddish eye; lobes of stigma linear; pods linear.

8. JUSSLAIA. (Named for Bernard, the elder de Jussieu.) Leaves entire.

Flowers yellow, all summer.

J. decurrens. Wet grounds, Virg. to Ill. and 8. Erect stems and slen-
der branches margined or winged in lines proceeding from the bases of the
lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout ; flowers sessile or short-stalked, with 4
lobes of calyx nearly as long as the petals, and oblong-club-shaped 4-angled

pod. @ 4
10

146 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

J. grandiflora. Marshes S.: hairy, with stems erect from a ad ie
base, lanceolate acute leaves, flowers 2! in diameter, the 5 calyx lobes only hal
as long as the petals, and pods cylindrical and stalked. 2f : :

J. repens. In water from 'S. Ill. S.: smooth, with creeping or floating
and rooting stems, oblong leaves tapering into a slender petiole, long-peduncled
flowers 1’ or more across, with 5 calyx-lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods
tapering at the base. 2/

9. LUDWIGIA, FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. G. Ludwig,
a German botanist, rather earlier than Linnzus.) Marsh herbs, with entire
leaves ; flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. 2

§ 1. Leaves alternate, mostly sessile.

* Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with yellow petals (about 4! long) equalling
the leaf-like ovate or lance-ovate calyx-lobes : stamens and styles slender :
pod cubical, strongly 4-angled, opening by a hole at the top : stems 2° - 3° high.

L. alternifolia. Common E., the only one found far N.: smoothish,
branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, petals scarcely longer
than calyx, and angles of pod wing-margined. .

L. virgata. Pine barrens 8.: downy, with mostly simple stems, blunt
oblong leaves or the upper linear and smaller, and petals twice the length of the
reflexed calyx.

L. hirtélla. Pine-barrens from New Jersey §.: hairy, with simple stems,
oblong or lanceolate short and blunt leaves, and petals twice as long as the
barely spreading calyx-lobes. ;

% % Flowers sessile in the upper axils, small, and with pale yellow petals about the

length of the persistent calyx-lobes: stamens and style short: leaves on
Jlowering stems narrow and linear.

L. linearis. Swamps from N. Jersey S.: smooth, loosely branched, 1°-3°
high, with acute leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creeping
runners ; pods oblong-clubshaped or top-shaped and much longer than the tri-
angular-ovate calyx-lobes.

L. linifolia, only S., is 6’-12' high, with blunter leaves, and cylindrical
pods little longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes.

* * * Flowers sessile, often clustered, and with no petals, or rarely mere rudi-
ments : leaves mostly lanceolate, some species with obovate or spatulate leaves
on creeping runners: flowering stems mostly 2°—3° high.

+ Downy all over: flowers spiked or crowded at the end of the branches.

L. pilosa. Only S.: much branched, with lance-oblong leaves, and glob-
ular-4-sided pod about the length of the spreading calyx-lobes.

+ + Smooth or smoothish throughout.

L. cylindrica. From Illinois and N. Car. S.; much branched, with long
lanceolate and acute leaves tapering into a petiole, small axillary flowers, and
cylindrical pods much longer than the small calyx-lobes.

L. spherocarpa. From E. New England S.: with lanceolate or linear
leaves acute at both ends, very small flowers in the axils, and globular pods not
longer than the calyx-lobes, with hardly any bractlets at their base.

L. polyearpa. From Michigan 8. : like the last, but smoother, and with
conspicuous slender bractlets at the base of the 4-sided rather top-shaped pod,
which is longer than the calyx-lobes.

L. capitata. From N. Carolina S.: with slender simple stems angled
towards the top, long lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an oblong or
roundish terminal head, and obtusely 4-angled pod longer than the calyx-lobes.

L. alata. From N. Carolina S.: with simple or sparingly branched stems
strongly angled above, few flowers, in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate
leaves, and an inversely pyramidal pod as long as the white calyx-lobes, with
concave sides and winged angles.

L. microcarpa. From N. Carolina S:: the low stems creeping at base
and 3-angled above, leaves spatulate or obovate, with minute flowers in their
axils, the short 4-angled pods not larger than a pin’s head.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 147

§ 2: Leaves opposite, obovate or spatulate, long-petioled, with small and nearly
sessile flowers in their axils: stems creeping or floating.

L. palustris. Common in ditches and shallow water : smooth, with no
petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of water, and oblong:
obscurely 4-sided id longer than the very short calyx-lobes.

L. natans. From N. Carolina S.: larger than the foregoing, and with
yellow petals as long as the calyx-lobes, the pods tapering to the base.

§ 3. Leaves

ig J

posite, nearly , with a long-peduncled flower in the axil
of some of the upper ones : stems creeping in the mud.

L. arcuata. From coast of Virginia S.: a small and smooth delicate
plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle, yellow petals longer
than the slender calyx-lobes, and club-shaped somewhat curved pod.

*

10. LOPEZIA. (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.)

L. racemosa. Cult. sparingly, from Mexico: a slender, branching, nearly
smooth plant, with alternate ovate or lance-oblong leaves on slender petioles, the
branches terminated with loose racemes of small rose-pink or sometimes white
flowers (only 4! in diameter), on slender pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts,
produced all summer, followed by very small round pods. @

ll. FUCHSIA. (Named for Z. Fuchs, an early German botanist.) Well-
known ornamental tender shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly natives of the
Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with opposite or ternately
whorled leaves. The species in cultivation, now greatly mixed and varied,
chiefly come from the following.

§ 1. SHort-FLOWERED Fucusras, or Lapies’ Earprops; with the lobes of
the normally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals ; the latter
normally violet or Bug, obovate and retuse, convolute around the base of
the projecting filaments and still longer style: flowers hanging on long
peduncles from the axils of the leaves.

F. coccinea, or F. ctozdsa. Low, the rather small scarlet flowers with
globular or ovoid calyx-tube between the ovary and the lobes, which also form
a globular bud and hardly spread after opening ; leaves short-petioled.

e Magellanica, from S. Chili and Fuegia: less tender, with tube of the
calyx bell-shaped and much shorter than the lobes ; leaves short-petioled or the
upper sessile.

P. macrostémma, from Chili: leaves on slender petioles; calyx-tube
oblong or short-cylindrical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. —
These species now greatly varied in color; some varieties with calyx white or
light and the petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered,
the petals being multiplied.

§ 2. Lone-FLowEReD Fucustas; with trumpet-shaped or slightly re ee
tube of the calyx 2!'-3! long, very muci es ad than the spreading H
which little exceed the acute or pointed somewhat sprenany) petals : stamens
and style little projecting: flowers crowded into a rather close drooping
raceme or corymb at the end of the branches: leaves large, 5'- 7! long.

F. falgens, from Mexico: smooth, with ovate somewhat heart-shaped leaves,
and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx-lobes often tinged with green.

F. corymbiflora, from Peru: mostly pubescent, with lance-oblong and
taper-pointed almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lanceolate calyx-lobes
and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length widely spreading.

§ 3. PanicLtep Fucustas; with small flowers erect in a naked and compound,

terminal panicle or cluster : lobes of the calyx and petals widely spreading.

F. arboréscens, Tree F., from Mexico: a stout shrub rather than tree,
with oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves acute at both ends and usually
whorled ; flowers light rose-color, }/ long, with narrow oblong calyx-lobes, and
petals rather longer than the tube, about as long as the stamens and style.

148 MELASTOMA FAMILY.

45. MELASTOMACEZ:, MELASTOMA FAMILY.

Plants with opposite and simple 3 — 7-ribbed leaves, no stipules,
as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted in the
throat of the calyx, anthers usually of peculiar shape and opening
hy a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually handsome, but mostly
scentless. A large order in the tropics, represented in northern
temperate regions only by the genus Rhexia of the Atlantic States.
None in common cultivation, but the following are those more
usually met with in choice conservatories : — Loe fo

Centradénia rosea, from Mexico: a low and bushy almost herbaceous
plant, with unéqual-sided and falcate broadly lanceolate leaves, apparently
alternate (which comes from the diminution or total suppression of one leaf of
each pair), producing great abundance of small flowers in short raceme-like clus-
ters, with 4 white and rose-tinged petals, and 8 anthers with curious club-shaped
and tail-like appendages. ; :

Heterocéntron roseum, from Mexico: an herb, or nearly so, with thin
ovate leaves which are feather-vemed rather than ribbed, and with terminal pani-
cles of handsome bright rose-colored flowers (and a white variety), of 4 petals
and 8 very unequal and dissimilar stamens, some with appendages at base, some
without.

Cyanophyllum metallicum, from Central America, cultivated in hot-
houses for its magnificent foliage; the ovate leaves sometimes fully two feet
long, purple beneath and bluish above with metallic lustre. — Then we have the
U.S. genus,

1. RHEXTA, DEER-GRASS, MEADOW-BEAUTY. (Name from
Greck for rupture: application obscure.) Low erect herbs of wet or sandy
ground, commoner S., often bristly, at least on the margins of the sessile
3—5-ribbed leaves, with handsome flowers in a terminal cyme or panicle.
Tube of the calyx urn-shaped, adherent to the lower part of the 4-celled ovary
and continued beyond it into a short 4-toothed cup, persistent. Petals 4,
obovate. Stamens 8, with anthers opening by a single minute hole. Style
slender: stigma simple. Seeds numerous in the pod, coiled like minute snail-
shells. Fl. summer. 2/

* Anthers linear and curved, with a sac-like base and usually a minute spur:

lowers in a panicle or loose cyme.

R. Virginica, The common species N., in sandy swamps : 6! — 20! high,
with square stem almost winged at the angles, ovate or lance-oval sessile leaves,
and large pink-purple flowers.

R. Mariana. From New Jersey and Kentucky S.: 10!- 24! high, with
terete or 6-angled branching stem, linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at
base, and paler purple flowers hairy outside.

R. glabélla. Pine-barrens S. : smooth, with a simple slender stem, lan-
ceolate glaucous leaves, and large bright-purple flowers.

% x Anthers oblong and straight, destitute of any appendage.
+ Flowers purple, few or solitary : leaves small (rarely 1' long), rounded-ovate,
ciliate with long bristles : stem square, smooth.
R. cilidsa. Bogs in pine barrens from Maryland S. : stem 10/— 12! high;
leaves bristly on the upper face ; and calyx smooth.
R. serrulata. Bogs in pine barrens wholly 8.: stem 3'-6! high; leaves
smooth above ; calyx bristly.

+ + Flowers yellow, small, numerous, not casting the petals early, as do the others :
stem 4-angled, bristly, bushy-branched above.

R. lutea. From North Carolina S. & W.: stem 1° high, bristly ; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower obovate ; calyx smooth.

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 149

46. MYRTACEM, MYRTLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with simple entire and mostly aromatic leaves
punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, perfect flowers,
calyx-tuhe adherent to the ovary, its throat, or a disk bordering it,

“bearing the petals and numerous stamens: style and stigma single.
A large family in the tropics and southern hemisphere, here com-
monly known only by a few house-plants, which may be briefly
noted as follows : —

1. Myrtus communis, Common Myrrtz, from the Mediterranean
region : smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate opposite shining leaves, small in the
variety usually cultivated, peduncles in their axils bearing a small white or

_Tose-tinged flower (sometimes full double), followed by a black berry, containing
several kidney-shaped seeds.

2. Eugénia Jambos, Rosz-Arrte, from India: smooth, with opposite
shining long and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white flowers with their
long stamens most conspicuous ; the calyx-tube dilated and prolonged beyond
the ovary, which forms a large edible berry, like a small apple, scentless, but
when eaten of a rose-like savor ; seeds very few, large.

3. Psidium pyriferum, Guava, of W. Ind.: with oval feather-veined
opposite leaves, and one or two white flowers at the end of an axillary peduncle;
the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry which is eatable, and from
which Guava jelly is made in the West Indies.

4. Callistemon lanceolatum, of Australia, called Botriz-Brusn,
on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below
the later leaves) with their very long deep red stamens; the 5 petals small and
falling early ; the fruit a small many-seeded pod opening at the top; the alter-
nate lanceolate leaves remarkable for being turned edgewise by a twist at their
base, as in many related Myrtaceous plants of Australia.

47. LYTHRACEA, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

Differs from the related orders in having the ovary and pod free
from, but mostly enclosed in, the tube of the calyx, the leaves not
punctate, the anthers opening lengthwise. To this family has lately
been appended the Pomegranate, which, although peculiar, is com-
monly referred to the Myrtle Family, notwithstanding the dotless

leaves.

§1. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, becoming a fleshy fruit. Small tree.

1. PUNICA. Calyx-tube colored (scarlet). thick and coriaceous, its top-shaped
base coherent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5~7-lobed ; its throat
bearing the 5-7 petals and very many incurved stamens. Style slender.
Ovary with many cells in two sets, one above the other, and very many
ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, crowned with the calyx-lobes, berry-
like, but with a hard rind: the numerous seeds coated with a juicy edible pulp.

§2. Ovary free from the calyx-tube, becoming a 1-6-celled pod.
* Stamens indefinitely numerous. Small tree.

2. LAGERSTREMIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 6, very wavy-crisped, raised on
slender claws, borne on the throat of the calyx. Stamens borne in the bot-
tom of the calyx, verv long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest.
Style very slender. Pod oblong, thick, many-seeded, 8-6-celled, only the
base covered by the persistent calyx.

« Stamens 4-16, only as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted
lower down than the petals. Herbs or nearly so: calyx mosily with projecting
folds, or accessory teeth between the proper teeth or lobes.

150 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

+ Flower regular or nearly so: pod many-seeded, included in the calyx.

8. NESEA. Calyx short bell-shaped or hemispherical. Staynens 10-14, twice
as many as the petals, in 2 sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slen-
der. Pod globular, 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly whorled in threes or opposite.

4. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, 8-12-ribbed or striate. Petals 5-7. Stamens
5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. Leaves sessile.

5. AMMANNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled. Petals 4 and small, or none. Stamens
4, short. Pod globular, 2-4-celled. Leaves opposite, narrow.

+ + Flower irregular : pod mostly few-seeded.

6. CUPHEA. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a
sac-like projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which
has 6 proper teeth, and usually as many intermediate accessory ones or pro-
cesses. Petals mostly 6, with claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones
larger; sometimes all or part wanting. Stamens 11 or 12, unequal: filaments
short. A gland at the base of the ovary on the upper side. Style slender:
stigma 2-lobed. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and sterile or
empty. Pod enclosed ‘in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower
side; the placenta bearing a few flat seeds, hardening, curving, and at length
projecting through the rupture.

1. PUNICA, POMEGRANATE. (The name means Carthaginian.)

P. Granatum. Tree cult. from the Orient, as a house-plant N. : smooth,
with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, either opposite or scattered, mostly
clustered on short branchlets ; the flowers short-stalked, usually solitary, large,
both calyx and corolla bright scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double ; the fruit
as large as a small apple.

2. LAGERSTRGSMIA, CRAPE-MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish
naturalist, Lagerstrem.)

L. Indica, from E. Indies: planted for ornament S., and in conserva-
tories N.: shrub with smooth ovate or oval opposite leaves, and panicles of very
showy pale rose or flesh-colored large flowers, remarkable for the wavy-crisped
petals and long silky-tufted stamens.

8. NESA{A. (Name from Greek for insular, from the habitation of the

original species.) 2

N. verticillata. Common E. and S. in very wet places; smooth or
minutely downy, with long recurving branches (2° — 8° long), lanceolate leaves,
mostly in threes, the upper with clustered short-stalked flowers in their axils,
5 wedge-lanceolate rose-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two lengths.

N. salicifolia. Cult. from Mexico, not hardy N.; low, slightly shrubby
at base, smooth, erect, with lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, the upper ones
sometimes alternate, almost sessile flowers in their axils, with mostly 6 obovate
yellow petals, and 12 stamens of almost equal length.

4. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for blood: some have
red flowers.) Fl. summer.

L. Salicaria, Serxep L. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and
cult. ; with stems 2°-3° high, leaves broad-lanceolate, and often with a heart-
shaped base, in pairs or threes; flowers crowded in their axils and forming a
wand-like spike, rather large, with 6 or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and
twice as many stamens of two lengths.

L. alatum. Low grounds W. & S. : nearly smooth, slender, 2°- 3° high,
above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; the small leaves
oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers in their axils; petals
6, purple ; stamens 6.

5. AMMANNIA. (Named for Ammann, an early German botanist.)
Low, insignificant herbs, in wet places, especially S., with small greenish
‘flowers in the axils of the narrow leaves ; the inconspicuous petals purplish
or none: fl. all summer. 5

LLOASA FAMILY. 151

A. humilis, from Mass. to Michigan and S.; has narrow oblanceolate or
spatulate leaves, tapering to the base, and a very short style. @

A. latifolia. W. & S., taller, the lance-linear leaves with a broader and
auricled partly clasping base. @

6. CUPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gibbous or curved, from the shape
of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite: fl. all summer. ;

C. viscosissima, Crammy C. Sandy fields from Conn. to Ill. and S.:
a rather homely herb, 1°- 2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with lance-ovate
leaves, small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches, and ovate pink
petals on short claws. @

C. silenoides. Cult. from Mexico: clammy-hairy, 1° high, with lance-
oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base into short petiole, and rather large
flowers somewhat racemed on the branches; calyx purplish, almost 1’ long,
ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded,
the 2 larger }/ in diameter. @ 7

C. platycéntra. Cult. from Mexico, both in greenhouses and for bor-
ders, flowering through the season : slightly woody at base, 8!— 12! high, form-
ing masses, thickly beset with the ovate or lance-ovate acute smooth and glossy
bright green leaves, contrasting with the bright vermilion flowers between each
pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, almost 1’ long, with a short and very blunt
spur at base, the short border and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side
with white; petals none. 2

48. LOASACEZ, LOASA FAMILY.

Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bristles, no
stipules, a 1-celled ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx (which
is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly with 3 —5 parietal
placente, in fruit a pod, few —many-seeded: persistent calyx-lobes
and true petals mostly 5, and often an additional inner set of pet-
als: stamens commonly numerous, often in 5 clusters: style single.
Natives of America, mostly S. & W.: several cult. for ornament.

* Erect or spreading, not twining: leaves alternate: petals flat.

1. MENTZELIA. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments
long and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like: anthers
short and small. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical, straight. Herb-
age rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging.

* * Twining herbs: leaves opposite, petioled: petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped.

2. BLUMENBACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-like small ones or
appendages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal,
with very slender filaments; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each ap-
pendage. Ovary and many-seeded pod 10-ribbed, when old spirally twisted
and splitting lengthwise. Peduncles axillary, mostly 1-flowered. Herbage
beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging like nettles. Flowers on long
axillary peduncles.

1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)
Fi. summer or autumn. @ @ Includes the Bartonia of Nuttall and
Evenipve.

§ 1. Pod 3-9-seeded : flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine. @)

M. oligospérma. Open dry ground, from Illinois §. W.: a rough and
homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and oblong angled or cut-
toothed leaves, and yellow flowers Jess than 1! broad, with 5 wedge-oblong
pointed petals, and about 20 slender filaments.

§ 2. Barronta of Nuttall, &c., not of. ae Pod mostly long, contain-
ing many or at least 20 cubical or flat seeds: flowers large and showy:
petals 1"— 2! long: herbage rough.

152 CACTUS FAMILY.

M. Lindleyi. Cultivated, from California, usually under the name of
Barronia atReA. Plant 1°-2° high, with leaves lance-ovate in outline
and deeply pinnatifid, their lobes lincar , flowers with 5 obovate and pointed
bright yellow petals opening in sunshine, and the very numerous filaments all
slender

M. cinta) the Bartonta ornAta of Nuttall, a very large-flowered
species, of the plains of Nebraska and S. : 2°-4° high, with oblong-lanceolate
sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, and white fragrant flowers opening at sunset or ona
cloudy afternoon, leafy-bracted under the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or
spatulate acute petals, about 2’ long, the 5 inner narrower, and the 200 - 300
filaments all slender; seeds very many and flat. Rarely cult. for ornament,

but well worthy of it. @ q oe
“M. niida, ie eer ntpa of Nuttall, of the same district and further

south, and less rare in cultivation than M. ornata, resembles it, but has flowers
of half the size and often without leafy bracts under the ovary; outer fila-
ments mostly broadened; sceds wing-margined. @ 2?

§ 3. Evcnipe of Zuccarini Pod short, containing very many minute roundish

or oblong seeds : flowers showy, yellow, opening in bright sunshine.

M. léngipes. Cult. from Mexico and Texas under the name of Evcnipe
BARTONIOIDES ; a tender succulent plant, branching and usually spreading on
the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly lobed leaves on slender
petioles, and flowers mostly on still longer simple peduncles (3'-6/ long), the
5 ovate petals and very many slender filaments fully 1’ long. @

2. BLUMENBACHIA. (Named for the distinguished German physiol-
ogist, Blumenbach. Includes Cai6pnora. FI. all summer.

B. insignis. Cult. from Chili; rather curious than ornamental, with
palmately about 5-parted leaves, small flowers with white petals and yellow
red-tipped inner appendages ; the pod obovate, slightly twisted, with 5 strongly
projecting placentz. @

B. lateritia. Cult. from South America, under the name of LoAsa or
CaI6PHORA LATER{TIA ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves of
5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-toothed or some of
them again pinnatifid, flowers almost 2’ across, with brick-red petals; the long
pod at length much twisted. @

49. CACTACEAS, CACTUS FAMILY.

Fleshy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent, destitute of
foliage (with exception of the rare Pereskia), its place supplied by
the green rind of the flattened, columnar, globular, or various-shaped
stem; the perfect solitary and sessile flower with calyx adherent to
the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens numerous,
usually in several ranks, the latter mostly very numerous ; ovary
1-celled with several parietal placentz ; style single, with several
stigmas; the fruit a 1-celled and generally many-seeded pulpy berry.
(See Lessons, p. 48, fig. 76, and p- 96, fig. 197.)

We have three or four wild species, several others in common
house-cultivation, and a larger number in choice collections, some
of which are hybrids.

§.1. No tube to the flower above the ovary: sten jointed.

1. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly
flat, bearing at first some minute awl-shaped bodies answering to Jeaves,
which soon fall off, and tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their

axils. Flowers from the edge or side of a joint, opening in sunshine and
for more than one day.

CACTUS FAMILY. 153

§2. Tube formed of the united sepals, Gc. more or less extended beyond the ovary.

« Stems and branches of. lat and leaf-like joints, with the margins more or less toothed
or crenate, and with an evident woody centre or midrib, with no prickles and
no bristles, or only tufts of very short ones in the notches. }

2. EPIPHYLLUM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and
flowering from the end. Flowers.open in the daytime and for several days,
mostly oblique, the tube not much lengthened; the sepals and petals rose-red,
rather few, the innermost and larger ones about 8. Stamens not very many.
Stigmas erect-or conniving. : .

8. PHYLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints long, arising from the side of
older ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal
notches, slightly if at all irregular. Stigmas slender and spreading.

« * Stems or branches 3-many-angled or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or
woolly tufts bearing a clilster of’ spines, prickles, or bristles.

4. CEREUS. Stem mosfly elongated, rarely globular, regularly ribbed or angled
lengthwise, and with the clusters of spines or bristles on the ridges one
above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, commonly with a
conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale-like

sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals
numerous and spreading.

6. ECHINOCACTUS. Stem globular, depressed, or sometimes oblong-club-shaped,
with many ribs or ridges bearing ciusters of spines one above the other.

Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or very short
tube: otherwise as in Cereus.

6. MELOCACTUS. Stem globular with a broad base, or conical, with many ribs
bearing clusters of spines as in Echinocactus; but the flowers small and im-
mersed in a woolly cylindrical muff-like mass at the summit. Sepals and
petals united in a cylindrical tube, which is often swollen at the base. Fila-
ments short. Ovary and berry not scaly. ;

7. MAMILLARIA. Stems globular or cylindrical, mostly tufted, not ribbed, cov-
ered with distinct and strongly projecting nipple-shaped tubercles, which are
arranged in spiral order and tipped with a cluster of prickles. Flowers from
the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. Ovary and berry not scaly.

1. OPUNTIA, PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG, &. (An
ancient name, transferred to these American plants.) FI. summer. Fruit
often eatable.

§ 1. Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening petals.
+ Low, prostrate or spreading, nutive species, also cultivated.

O. vulgaris, Common Prickiy-Pear. On rocks and sand, from coast
of New England 8., with pale and rounded-obovate flat joints, 3’- 6’ long,
bearing minute appressed leaves, having bristles but hardly any spines in their

. axils, and a nearly smooth eatable berry. ee :

O. Rafinésquii. Common W. & 8. W.: deeper green, with joints 4/— 8!
long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and a single stronger one
in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish centre. ;

O. Missouriénsis. From Wisconsin W. on the plains: with obovate
joints 2'-4' long and tubercled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 long
and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly. noe

O. Pes-Corvi. On the coast S., with small and narrow, almost cylindri-
cal, easily separable joints, their spines in pairs ; the berry small and bristly.

* * Erect, shrubby or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories, from West Indies and

South America: berry edible.

O. Ficus-Indica. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1° long, with minute
spines or none; berry obovate, bristly. _ no

O. Tina. Joints oval, 4’—8' long, with several unequal spines in the tufts,
the longer ones about 1’ long. ; F - .

O. Brasiliénsis. ‘Tree-like, with a round straight trunk rising 10° or
more high, bearing short branches, their ultimate joints obovate or oblong,
sinuate, thinner and more leaf-like than in the others, armed with single long
and very sharp spines.

154 CACTUS FAMILY.

§ 2. Stamens longer than the erect crimson petals, shorter than the style.

O. coccinellifera. Cult. from Mexico and West Indies: tree-like, 6° -
10° high, with joints of the branches obovate-oblong, 4'— 12! Jong, spineless or
nearly so, when young with single recurved spines, pale; berry red. One of the
plants upon which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name.

2. EPIPHYLLUM. (Name from Greek, meaning upon a leaf, i. e. the
flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) FJ. usually in summer.
EB. truneatum. Cult. from Brazil: low, bright green, with drooping
branches; the oblong joints scarcely 2! long, the upper end with a shallow
notch ; flower 2'—3! long, oblique, with ae and short sepals spreading or

recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often appears as if 2-lipped.
@

3. PHYLLOCACTUS. (From Greek words meaning Leaf - Cactus.)

Cult. from South America and Mexico: fl. summer.

% Flower with tube shorter than the petals, red, scentless, open through more than

one day : petals and stamens many, except in the first species.

P. biférmis. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and two sorts
of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate; the latter producing
a slender pink flower, 2/ long, with about 4 slender sepals, as many narrow
lanceolate erect petals with spreading tips, and only 8-16 stamens.

P. phyllanthoides. Has narrow-oblong sinuate-toothed leaf-like branches,
numerous rose-colored oblong and similar sepals and petals, the outermost widely
spreading, the innermost erect.

P. Ackermanni. Like the preceding, but much more showy, with bright
red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2! - 3! long, and the scattered sepals
small and bract-like.

* * Flower sweet-scented, with tube 4’ — 10! long, bearing scattered and small scaly
one or bracts, which are considerably longer than the numerous spreading
w

ite or cream-colored petals.

P. crenatus. Leaf-like branches 1°—2° long, 2'-3/ broad, sinuately
notched ; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7/— 8! in diameter,
with the stout tube 4! - 5! long, the outer petals or inner sepals brownish.

P. Phyllanthus. Branches nearly as in the preceding; but the flower
opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube many times
longer than the small petals.

4. CEREUS. (Latin name of a war-taper or candle, from the form of the
stem of some columnat species.) The following are the commonest in culti-
vation, mostly from Mexico and South America: fl. summer.

§ 1. Stems and branches long, spreading, creeping or climbing, remotely jointed
more or less, only 3—7-angled : very large-flowered. ;

% Flower red, open in daytime for several days: stamens much declined.

C. speciosissimus. The commonest red-flowered Cactus; with stems
2°-3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined angles or
wings, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4’— 5’ in diameter, the
tube shorter than the petals. — There are various hybrids of this with others.

* * sprisd white as to petals, opening at night, collapsing next morning, fragrant,
6'-9' in diameter when expanded, the tube 4'—5! long: stems rooting and
so climbing: prickles short and fine. NiGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS.

C. triangularis has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, and flower
with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens.

C.-nycticallus, has 4-6-angled stems with very minute prickles, and
flower much like the next but with brownish sepals.

C. grandiflorus, Common Nieut-proomine Crrevs, has terete stems
with 5—7 slight grooves and blunt angles, bearing more conspicuous prickles,
long bristles on the flower-tube, and dull yellow sepals.

CACTUS FAMILY. 155

§ 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely jointed,
cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves and rows of approximated short .and
eS prickle-clusters : flowers smaller.

C. serpentinus. Stems 1/ or more in diameter, tapering at the apex,
about 12-ribbed, disposed to stand when short, not rooting ; flower opening for
a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, nearly white inside,
2' long, rather shorter than the tube.

C. flagellifoérmis. Stems long and slender, prostrate or hanging and
rooting ; flower 2/— 3! long, the narrow sepals and petals not very many, rose-
red, open by day.

§ 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall- ing, cylindrical and column-like, with
about 8 (6-10) obtuse ribs and grooves, short mostly dark-colored prickles
9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles: flower large, white ; tube 3'- 6! long,
* Flower opening at midday, collapsing before night. ;
C. Peruvianus. The largest species (except the Giant Cereus of Arizona),
becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather strong compressed
ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6/ long, with greenish sepals and white or
externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. —Var. MonsTRUOSUS, in old
conservatories, has a short stem with 4-8 irregular and wavy wing-like angles,
sometimes broken up into tubercles. ;
* * Flower opening at night, collapsing next day : tall stem narrower at the top.

C. eriédphorus. Stem jointed at intervals, with rounded ridges and needle-
like prickles ; flower 6! -—9! long, with woolly tube, and narrow greenish sepals,
the upper 4! long, longer than the petals.

C. repandus. Stem with flatter ridges, and with flowers much as in the
foregoing, but the tube not woolly.

C. ceruléscens. Stem bluish-green, becoming about 3! thick, with
rounded ridges and stoutish prickles; flower 8' in diameter, with eroded-toothed
petals and olive and brown-purple sepals, the longer of these little shorter than
the smooth tube.

§ 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, with 20-25 narrow ridges, bear-
ing clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs,
C. senilis, OLp-Man Cactus. Cult. for its singular appearance, the long
white hanging bristles at the top likened to the locks of an aged man; flowers
(seldom seen) not large, with a very short tube.

§ 5. Stems short and dwarf, globular or oblong, clustered or branching from the

base: flower with very short bell-shaped tube.

C. cxespitdsus. Wild on the plains from Nebraska S.: 3/-6' high,
becoming short-cylindrical, with 12-18 thick ribs, covered with the close
clusters each of 20 — 30 short and widely-spreading prickles ; flower rose-purple,
in daytime, 2/— 3! in diameter.

§ 6. Ecuinépsis. Stem globular or obovate, very proliferous, resembling Echino-
cactus, but flowering from the side; the showy flowers usually open while
they last both day and night, and with a long funnel-shaped tube, 6/ — 8' long,
to which an outer set of stamens is united up to the throat, while the inner ones
are separate far down : petals and sepals pointed. ;

« Flower white, fragrant : calyx-tube with tufts of long brownish wool at each scale:

globular stem depressed or sunken at top, about 3! in diameter.

C. Eyriésii. Stem with about 13 acute slightly wavy ridges, and many
small bristly prickles from woolly tubercles. :

C. tubiflérus, or Zuccarin1Anus. Stem broader than high, sunken at
top, with 11 very strong and prominent wavy ridges, the woolly tubercles bear-
ing 6 - 8 stout and dark spines. .

* * Flower delicate rose-color : calyzx-tube with scattered hairs and the scales ciliate :

stem somewhat pear-shaped or obovate, 6! — 12! high.

C. oxygonus. Stem bluish, with about 14 acute ridges from a broad
base, and as many very short and unequal spines in the clusters.

156 FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY.

C. multiplex. Stem green, with about 13 acute ridges and 10-12 rather
long unequal spines.

5. ECHINOCACTUS. (Name means Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) There
are many wild species far S. W., but few common in cultivation. Flowers
mostly small, opening for 2 or 3 days, closing at night.

E. Texénsis, of 8. Texas and Arizona, has stem much broader than high,
or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12-27 acute wavy ridges,
6 or 7 very stout and horn-like reddish recurved spines ; the central one larger
and turned down, sometimes 2! long; flower rose-colored, very woolly, 2! long.

E. Ottonis, from Brazil, is pear-shaped, becoming club-shaped, 2/-3!
thick, with 12 - 14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10 - 14 short slender prickles, and
yellow flowers with red stigmas.

6. MELOCACTUS, i.e. MELON-CACTUS. One species is often brought
from the West Indies, but does not long survive, viz.

M. communis, called Turx’s-Car. Globular or ovate, dark green, often
1° hich, with 12-20 ridges, beset with clusters of short brownish spines; the
cylindrical muff-like crown of bristles and_cottony wool, 2/—5' high, in which
the very small pink flowers are half-imbedded ; berries small, red.

7, MAMILLARIA. (Name from the nipple-shaped tubercles which cover
the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains: few common
in cultivation.

M. longimamma, from Mexico, has the tubercles rising from a depressed
body, or apparently almost from the root, 1/ or more long, loosely spreading,
much longer than the 8-11 prickles at their apex ; flowers large for the genus,
13’ long, yellow.

M. pusilla, wild in Texas and S., with clustered ovate or globular stems
1!—2' Jong, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, and tipped
with very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender prickles ; flowers
pink, 3! long.

M. gracilis, with globular and at length short-cylindrical stems 1/—-2/
long, excessively proliferous, the oblong tubercles bearing about 16 recurving
white prickles, and on older plants 1 or 2 stouter and longer straight ones of a
brown hue; flowers small, white.

M. elongata, with cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short conical
tubercles, which bear 16-30 uniform radiating and recurving slender prickles
in a starry tuft, and very rarely a centra] one; flowers small, white.

M. vivipara, wild from Nebraska S., 1'-5! high, simple, or proliferous
in tufts, globular, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the
upper side, bearing 12-30 rigid widely radiating whitish prickles, and 3-12
Hes and darker ones ; flower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2! in

jameter.

50. MESEMBRYANTHEMEA, FIG-MARIGOLD
FAMILY.

Fleshy plants, of aspect between the Cactus, Purslane, and Orpine
Families, with simple entire leaves, and calyx-tube coherent with
the compound ovary, which has 4—20 styles and as many cells:
represented in cultivation by the following,

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Herbaceous or fleshy-shrnbby and prostrate or low

branching plants, with very succulent leaves and mostly handsome flowers,

_ opening only in bright light, commonly at noon. Lobes of the calyx mostly 5.
Petals (linear) and stamens very numerous, on the calyx. Styles, cells of the
ovary, and radiating horns or lobes of the many-seeded pod 4-20.

2. TETRAGONIA. Low spreading herbs, with broad and flat thickish leaves. and
small flowers in their axils. Calyx usually 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens
few or many. Styles and 1-ovuled cells of the ovary few. Fruit hard and
nut-like, 3 - 8-horned, 3 - 8-seeded.

PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 157

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, FIG-MARIGOLD. (Name com-
posed of Greek words signifying flowering at midday.) Cult. for ornament,
chiefly from S. Africa: fl. summer.

* Annual or biennial, broad-leaved, prostrate, cultivated in open ground.

M. crystallinum, Ice-Pianr. Plant remarkable for the glittering little
excrescences which cover the herbage, like hoar-frost ; leaves soft and tender,
large, the lower rounded heart-shaped or ovate, upper spatulate, wavy ; flowers
sessile, white or purplish, $' across.

* * Perennial, somewhat woody-stemmed house-plants, from Cape of Good Hope:
leaves all opposite, sessile or ¢ te ut buse, smooth.

M. dolabriférme, Harcuet-Leavep F. With glaucous and dotted
hatchet-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers opening at evening.

M. acinaciforme, Scymitar-Leavep F. With pale 3-sided sabre-
shaped leaves (3! long, fully 4/ wide), flattened branches and peduncle, and
pink-purple flower 3! — 4 across.

M. spectabile. With glaucous and linear 3-sided pointed leaves, and
pink-purple flower 2! across.

2. TETRAGONIA. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the fruit.)

T. expansa, New Zeatanp Spinacn. Occasionally cult. as a Spinach:
leaves pale, triangular or rhombic-ovate, with short margined petioles ; greenish
small flower sessile in the axils ; stamens several, in clusters alternate with the
4 lobes of the calyx. @

51. PASSIFLORACE/, PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.

Represented mainly by the Passion-flowers described below. In
conservatories may be found one or two species of TacsoOnta, dif-
fering from true Passion-flowers in having a long tube to the flower,
but they are uncommon, and rarely blossom.

1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION-FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion; the
early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in them symbols
of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of the flower, nails in
the styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the stamens,
cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and con-
spicuous stipules, climbing by simple axillary tendrils; the flowers also axil-
lary, usually with 3 bracts underneath, and a joint in the peduncle. Calyx
with a very short tube or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the
petals, and often with a claw-like tip. Petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or
sometimes none: within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments
or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe. Stamens 5, with nar-
row-oblong versatile anthers: their filaments united in a tube below sheath-
ing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports the 1-celled
ovary. Styles 3, mostly club-shaped: stigmas capitate. Fruit berry-like,
edible in several species, with many seeds, enveloped in pulp, on 3 parietal
placent. Fl. summer, open for only one day.

% Wild species of the country, herbaceous, smooth, with 3-lobed leaves.

P. lutea. Low grounds, from S. Penn. to Ill. & S.: slender, low-climbing,
with the short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a greenish-yellow flower
of no beauty, barely 1! wide. : :

P. incarnata, the fruit, called Mayrors in S. States, edible, as large as a
hen’s egg: trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 8-cleft serrate leaves, a pair of
glands on the petiole and one or more on the small bracts, the purple crown
of the handsome flower (2'—3! across) rather longer than the pale petals.
Dry ground, from Virginia and Kentucky 8. 2

% * Cult. from South America. Stems woody, except the first. (These are the

commoner species : there are a few hybrids and rarer ones.)

158 GOURD FAMILY.

+ Leaves palmately lobed : flower widely spreading.
P. gracilis. Slender herb, with roundish and slightly 3-lobed_ otherwise
entire leaves, and whitish merely 5-cleft flower only 1! in diameter, destitute of
true petals. Recently introduced, remarkable for the quick movement of its

tendrils. @ ;

P. exertilea, the Common or BLur Passron-FLoweEr ; with leaves very
deeply cleft or parted into 5 or 7 Iance-oblong entire divisions, pale; and flower
almost white, except the purple centre and blue crown banded with whitish in

the middle.

P. édulis, Granapitxa ; the purplish edible fruit as large as a goose-egg :
leaves dark green and glossy, deeply cleft into 3 ovate pointed lobes beset with
callous teeth; bracts under the flower also toothed; the crown crisped, 2! across,
whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the white petals.

+ + Leaves entire, feather-veined : flower bell-shaped.

P. quadrangularis, Larce Granapitia. Very large, with the branches
4-sided and the angles wing-margined ; leaves 4/-8' long, ovate or oval, or
slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on the petiole ;
flower about 3’ long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet or blue crown
variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 6' long.

52. CUCURBITACE, GOURD FAMILY.

Mostly tendril-bearing herbs, with succulent but not fleshy herb-
age, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly lobed or
angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dicecious flowers; the calyx
coherent with the ovary, corolla more commonly monopetalous,
and stamens usually 3, of which one has a 1-celled, the others
2-celled anthers; but the anthers are commonly tortuous and often
all combined in a head, and the filaments sometimes all united in
a tube or column. Fruit usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the
seed, straight, mostly with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. — Besides
those here described, there are occasionally cultivated for curiosity
the following annuals : —

Momorpica Evatérium or EcBALIUM AGRESTE, the SQUIRT-
ING CucuMBER, a homely hairy herb without tendrils, and pro-
ducing an oblong hairy pulpy fruit (of violently purgative qualities),
which when ripe bursts suddenly at the touch, and discharges the
contents with violence (whence the name Ecbalium).

TRICHOSANTHES COLUBRINA, SNakE-CUCUMBER or VEGE-
TABLE SERPENT, a tall climber with the staminate flowers orna-
mental, the lobes of the white corolla being cut into a lace-like
fringe of long and very delicate capillary lobes (whence the name
of the genus), and the fruit very like a snake, 3 or 4 feet long,
green and striped, turning red when ripe.

§.1. Flowers large or middle-sized, on separate simple peduncles in the axils: anthers

with ing and narrow cells, bent up and down or contorted: ovules and seeds

many, horizontal, on mostly 3 simple or double placente: fruit (of the sort
called a pepo) large, fleshy or pulpy with a finale: rind. ceiiea

* Both kinds of flowers solitary in the azils.

1. LAGENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers musk-scented, with a funnel-form
or bell-shaped calyx-tube, and 6 obcordate or obovate and mucronate white
petals; the sterile on a long, the fertile on a shorter peduncle. Anthers lightly
cohering with each other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or

woody rind and soft flesh. Seeds margined. Peti i i
Hae aie rgin: etiole bearing a pair of glands

GOURD FAMILY. 159

2. CUCURBITA. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or
short funnel-form 5-cleft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped
tube of the calyx. Stamens from the bottom of the flower: anthers long-
linear, much curved, all three united into a small head. Stigmas 3, eac
2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with a firmer rind. Seeds mostly margined.

8. CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2-3-forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx-
tube, and a deeply 5-cleft widely open pale yellow corolla. Stamens with
very short filaments: anthers lightly spied Stigmas 8, kidney-shaped.
Seeds marginless, imbedded in the enlarged pulpy placentz.

* x Sterile flowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the azils.
4. CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate acute petals.

Stamens separate: anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 3, blunt. Fruit
with a fleshy rind. Seeds not margined. .

§ 2. Flowers small, one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, or corymbs.

*® Ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on 3 placente: filaments separate: anthers
straightish : tendrils simple: fruit a small berry.

6. MELOTHRIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the
fertile ae on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped,
5-cleft. Anthers slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx-
tube constricted above the ovary. ,

*® * Ovules and seeds 1-4, large and vertical: filaments monadelphous: anthers
tortuous: tendrils 3-forked: fruit prickly or bristly. -

6. ECHINOCYSTIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or pani-
cles, the fertile solitary or in small clusters from the same axils. Corolla
wheel-shaped, of 6 narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less
united ina mass. Style hardly any: stigma broad. Fruit oval or roundish,
beset with weak simple prickles, bursting irregularly at the oF when ripe; -
the outer part fleshy under the thin green rind, becoming dry; the inner part
a fibrous net-work making 2 oblong cells, each divided at the base into two
1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard-coated, erect from the
base of the fruit.

7 SICYOS. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fer-
tile (very small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the same
axils. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little
head. Style slender: stigmas 8. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below
the rest of the flower, 1-celled, becoming a dry and indehiscent, ovate or
flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with stiff and barbed bristles,
filled by the single haoiag seed,

1. LAGENARIA, BOTTLE GOURD. (From the Latin lagena, a bottle.)

L. vulgaris, Common Gourp, CaLaBasn. Cult. from Africa and Asia;
climbing freely, rather clammy-pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded
leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals greenish-veiny, and fruit of very various
shape, usually club-shaped, or long and much enlarged at the apex and slightly
at base, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, &e. @

2. CUCURBITA, PUMPKIN and SQUASH. (Latin name.) The
very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, have been
reduced to three botanical species, 1.C. Pepo, 2.C. maxima, 3. C. moschata,
which answer to the following sections. These all @.

§ 1. Stalks and somewhat lobed leaves rough-bristly, aleni Priel + flower-stalks
obtusely angled, that of the fruit strongly 5 — 8-ridged and with intervening
deep grooves, usually enlarging next the fruit: hollow interior of the fruit
traversed by coarse and separate soft or pulpy threads.

C. Pépo, Pumpxin. Cult., as now along with Indian Corn, by the North
American Indians before the coming of the whites; large round fruit mostly
yellow, smooth, the flesh not hardening.

C. ovifera, Orance-Gourp, Ece-Gourp, &c.: so called from the small,
orange-like, egg-shaped or pear-shaped, yellow or white or varicgated fruit, used
for ornament: wild in Texas, probably the original of all this group.

160 GOURD FAMILY.

C. verrucosa, Warry, Lone-neck, and Crook-NECK Squasn, VEGE-
TABLE Marrow, &c. Fruit mostly hard-fleshed at maturity, the surface
warty, ribbed, or sometimes smooth and even, from 2° to a few inches in length
in the very various forms, in a remarkable one 3°-4° long and little thicker
than a man’s arm.

§ 2. Stalks and bright green 5 -7-lohed leaves pubescent with soft hairs: fruit-stalk
» 5-ridged, prominently enlarged where it joins the fruit, the central pulp
hardly thready.
C. moschata, Musxy, Cuina, or Barpary Squasn, &. Cult. for
the edible fruit, which perfects only S., and is club-shaped, pear-shaped, or
long-cylindrical, with a glaucous-whitish surface.

§ 3. Stalks and almost kidney-shaped slightly or obtusely 5-lobed leaves roughish-
hairy: flower-stalks lerete ; that of the fruit thick, many-striate but not ridged
_and grooved : inner pulp copious and not thready.

C. maxima, Great or WintER Squasn, &c. Fruit rounded, depressed,
often much wider than high, or (as in Ono S.) ovate and pointed, usually
banded lengthwise, varying from 6! to 3° in length or breadth, the hard flesh
commonly yellow or orange. The crowned or Tursan Squasues have the
top of the fruit projecting beyond an encircling line or constriction which marks
the margin of the adherent calyx-tube.

3. CITRULLUS, WATERMELON. (Name made from Citrus, Latin
for Orange or Citron.) @

C. vulgaris, WaterRMELoN. Cult. from Asia. Prostrate, with leaves
deeply 3-5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or
bluish ; the refreshing edible pulp of the fruit, in which the dark seeds are im-
bedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta, which are reddish or rarely
white. — The so-called Cirrow of our gardens is a variety with a firm or hard
flesh, used for preserving.

4. CUCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) @

C. Mélo, Mexoy, Musxmrton. Leaves round-heart-shaped or kidney-
shaped, the lobes if any and sinuses rounded; fruit with a smooth rind and
sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and
watery placenta being discarded with the seeds. The Serrent Mr.on, some-
times called SERPENT-CucuMBER, is a strange variety, occasionally met with,
with a long and snake-like fruit.

C. sativus, Cucumber. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the
middle one more prominent, often pointed; fruit rough or muricate when young,
smooth when mature, caten unripe.

5. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greck name for some sort of grape.) 2

M. péndula, from Virginia S.,.is a delicate low climber, with roundish
or heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobed roughish leaves, minute flowers, in sum-
mer, and oval green berries.

6. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM-APPLE. (Name from Greek
for hedyehoy and bladder.)

E. lobata. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W., and cult. for arbors: tall-
climbing, smoothish, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed leaves, copious and
rather pretty white flowers, produced all summer, and oval fruit 2! long, dry
and bladdery after opening ; secds flat. @) :

7. SICYOS, STAR-CUCUMBER. (Ancient Greek name of Cucumber.)

_ 8S. angulatus. A weed in damp or shady grounds, commoner S., climb-
ing high, clammy-hairy, with roundish heart-shaped and 5-angled or slightly
lobed Icaves, inconspicuous flowers, and little bur-like fruits beset with decidu-
ous barbed prickles. The tendrils are very active in their movements, and in a
warm day coil by a visible motion after contact with a solid body. @

BEGONIA FAMILY. 161

53. BEGONIACEA, BEGONIA FAMILY.

Somewhat succulent herbaceous or more or less woody-stemmed
house-plants, of peculiar aspect, with alternate and unequal-sided
leaves, deciduous stipules, and moneecious flowers, in cymes or clus-
ters on axillary peduncles, numerous stamens, inferior triangular
ovary, becoming a many-seeded pod, — represented in choice culti-
vation by the genus ,

1. BEGONIA, ELEPHANT’S-EAR. (Named for I. Begon, Gover-
nor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) Flowers with the calyx and corolla
colored alike, sometimes dull but usually handsome, both kinds commonly in
the same cyme, and flat in the bud; ‘the outer pieces answering to sepals
mostly 2, valvate in the bud; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile
flowers usually 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting; in the sterile flowers surround-
ing a cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are 3
styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 3-winged.
— These curious plants are remarkable for the readiness with which they may
be propagated by leaves used as cuttings. The following are the commonest
pure species. There are several rarer ones and many hybrids.

* Leaves and whole plant smooth and naked : rather tall-growing, leafy-stemmed.
+ Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, not at all heart-shaped.

B. fuchsioides, so-called because the bright scarlet flowers, hanging on
aslender drooping stalk, may be likened to,those of Fuchsia; the crowded and
small green and glossy leaves gnly a little unequal-sided at base.

+ + Leaves very obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base, almost entire.

B. nitida, with obliquely heart-shaped glossy leaves green both sides, and
with Jarge light rose-colored flowers.

B. sanguinea, with large and fleshy obliquely ovate-heart-shaped leaves,
having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, as are the
stalks; the flowers white, not showy.

B. maculata, cult. under the name of B. arcrrostfema, both names
referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face of the
leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preceding, purplish
or crimson bencath, the margin cartilaginous but not revolute, the flowers white
or flesh-colored.

B. coccinea, with scarlet flowers, as the name denotes; and oblong half
heart-shaped leaves glossy above, and green both sides or purple at the margin,
which is a little wavy-toothed.

% * Leaves slightly bristly-hairy above and more so on the sharp teeth: stems
elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bulblets in the axils.

B. Evansiana (or B. pfscotor), an old-fashioned species from China,
now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy rose-colored
flowers in the open ground; the ovate and heart-shaped pointed leaves not very
oblique, red beneath.

* « * Leaves smooth and naked above, bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut margins
and long petioles: stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; flowers with the 2 colored
sepals, but seldom any petais.

B. manicata, a handsome species of the conservatory, remarkable for the
purple bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the apex or upper part of the petiole,
and similar smaller tufts on the ribs of the lower face of the large and broadly
ovate-heart-shaped leaves ; flowers small, but numerous and elegant, in an open
panicle on a very long naked pedunele, flesh-colored. ;

_ B. phyllomaniaca, has the stem thickly beset with leaf-like scales or

little adventitious leaves, from which the plant may be propagated, both
leafstalks and peduncles bristly, the large leaves ovate-heart-shaped and tapering
to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large but not showy
flowers.

11

162 PARSLEY FAMILY.
* * * * Leaves, or especiully the petioles, and the peduncles or scapes, bristly-
hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creeping rootstock.
+ Leaves lurge, obliquely heart-shaped, toothed or merely wavy-murgined, variously
silvered or variegated above, reddish or purple beneath : flowers rather large
but not showy : cultivuted for their foliage, now much crossed und mixed.

B. Rex, the most prized and now the commonest species of the group, with
the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face, and smooth pale rose-
colored flowers. 7

B. Griffithii, like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more downy-hairy,
and the almost white flowers hairy outside. :

B. xanthina, with leaves, &. much as in the two preceding, but the
flowers yellow.

+ + Leaves deeply about 7-cleft: flowers with only the 2 sepals, no petals.

B. heracleifolia, with rather Jarge and rounded hardly oblique leaves,
smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes broad lanceolate and cut-
toothed, and small pale rose or whitish flowers.

54. UMBELLIFERA, PARSLEY FAMILY.

Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others acrid-
narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx adherent to
the 2-celled ovary which has a single ovule hanging from the sum:
mit of each cell, 5 minute calyx-teeth or none, 5 petals, 5 stamens,
and 2 styles; the dry fruit usually splittin& into 2 seed-like portions
or akenes: seed with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Eryn-
gium and one or two others have the flowers in heads instead of
umbels. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly
compound or decompound. Umbels mostly compound: the circle
of bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called
the znvolucre ; that at the base of an umbellet, the zzvolucel.

The flowers being much alike in all, the characters have to be
taken from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the
receptacles of aromatic oil (vitte or oil-tubes) which are found in
most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is too dif-
ficult for the beginner. So that only the common cultivated, and
the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild species are given here.
For the remainder the student is referred to the Manual, and to
Chapman’s Southern Flora.

§.1. Fruits covered with little scales or tubercles, crowded (as are the flowers) in a
head instead of an umbei, and with a pointed scaly bract under each flower.
1, ERYNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped calyx-teeth,

and top-shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves in our species simple and
with bristly or prickly teeth.

§.2. Fruits covered with bristly prickles, bur-like : umbels compound.

2. SANICULA. Flowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile
that the umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect and fertile
and some staminate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting
in two, not ribbed, completely covered with short hooked prickles. Leaves
palmately parted.

8 DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel: the
petals unequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. Prickles in rows on
the ribs of the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe. Leaves pinnately
compound or decompound.

PARSLEY FAMILY. 163

§3. Fruits naked (not prickly), splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces
or carpels, each usually with 5 ribs or sume of them may be wings.

* Umbels simple or sometimes proliferous, one over the other. Leaves simple.

4. HYDROCOTYLE. Flowers white. Fruit much flattened contrary to the line
of junction of the two carpels: no oil-tubes. Leaves rounded.

« * Umbels compound. Fruits mostly with oil-tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one
or more in the intervals between the ribs, and some on the inner face, sumetimes
also under the ribs.

+ Fruit wingless.
++ Seed concave on the inner face : marginal flowers larger and irregular.

5. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globular, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly
many-ribbed: w pair of Jarge oil-tubes on the inner face of each carpel.
Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented.

++ ++ Seed deeply grooved down the inner face: flowers all alike, white.

6. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering at the base,
somewhat sweet-aromatic: no obvious oil-tubes. Leaves twice or thrice
ternate. Root sweet-aromatic. -

7. CONIUM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the
sides, each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs: oil-tubes many
and minute. Leaves pinnately decompound.

a+ ++ ++ Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face.

& CICUTA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad
and thickened blunt ribs, and an oil-tube in each interval: the slender axis
between the carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately
decompound, not aromatic. Fruit aromatic.

9. SIUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel
with 5 strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil-tubes in the narrow
intervals. No axis or hardly anv left when the carpels separate. Flowers
white. Leaves pinnate. Not aromatic.

10. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader than long, flattened on the sides, each carpel
5-ribbed and a single oil-tube in the intervals: axis left when the carpels sep-
arate not splitting in two. Flowers white.

11. CARUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattish on the sides; each carpel with 5
narrow ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals: the axis from which the
carpels separate splitting in two. Flowers mostly white. Leaves decom-
pound. Fruit or foliage aromatic.

12. FENICULUM. Fruit oblong; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 6 stout.
ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow.
Leaves decompound: the leaflets slender thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet-
aromatic.

+ + Fruit winged or wing-marqined at the junction of the two carpels, which are flat.
on the face and flat or flattish and 8-ribbed on the back. Leaves pinnately or
ternately compound.

++ Wing double at the margins of the fruit.

13. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thickish marginal wings,
and single oil-tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous,
the bracts of the latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant
sweet-aromatic.

14. ARCHANGELICA. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish margi-
nal wings, and many small oil-tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. In-
volucels of separate mostly small bracts: involucre hardly any. Flowers
white or greenish.

++ ++ Wing surrounding the margin of the fruit single, splitting in two only when the
ripe carpels separate.

15. HERACLEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat,
and the three ribs on the back very slender: the single oil-tubes in the inter-
vals reaching from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the
marginal ones larger and irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant
strong-scented. .

16. PASTINACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged: the single oil-tubes running
from top to bottom. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves
pinnately compound.

164 PARSLEY FAMILY.

1. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning). FI.
in summer.

E. yucceefolium, Burroy-SyaKeroor. Sandy and mostly damp ground,
from New Jersey S. & W.: stout herb, 2°-3° high, smooth, of aspect quite
unlike most Umbelliferous plants, having linear and tapering grass-like leaves,
parallel-veined in the manner of an Endogen, and fringed with bristles, a few
globular thick heads in place of umbels, a very short involucre, and white
flowers.

E. Virciniimum, Wet grounds from New Jersey S.: with lance-linear
rather veiny leaves showing some distinction between blade and petiole, the
former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish heads. @ There
are several other species from North Carolina S.

2. SANICULA, SANICLE. (Latin name, from sano, to heal.) Common
in thickets and open woods. Flowers greenish, crowded in small and head-
like umbellets, in summer.

S. Canadénsis. Stems 1°-2° high; leaves thin, palmately 3 — 5-parted
into wedge-obovate or oblong sharply cut and toothed divisions, the side ones
often 2-lobed; umbellets rather few-flowered, with the sterile flowers in the
centre almost sessile ; styles shorter than prickles of the bur-like fruit.

S. Marilandica. ‘Stems 2°-3° high; leaves of firmer texture, with nar-
rower divisions and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, the sterile ones
on slender pedicels, fertile ones with long styles.

38. DAUCUS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Fi. in summer.

D. Cardta, Common C. Cult. from Europe for the root, occasionally run
wild: leaves cut into fine divisions; umbel concave and dense in fruit, like
a bird’s nest; involucre of pinnatifid leaves. @

4, HYDROCOTYLE, WATER-PENNYWORT. (From Greek words
for water and flat dish.) Low and small very smooth herbs, growing in water
or wet places, mostly with creeping or rooting stems, and simple rounded
leaves cither kidney-shaped or peltate. Fl. all summer.

* Leaves peltate from the centre, on long petioles which, gs well as the peduncles,

rise from slender running rootstocks : fruit sharp-margined.

H. umbellata. Along the coast and rivers from Mass. S.: flowers many
in the umbel, on slender pedicels ; petioles and peduncles 3'- 8! high.

H. interrupta. Same range, smaller than the other, with few flowers on
short pedicels in cach of the little umbellets growing one above the other to form
an interrupted spike.

« * Leaves not peltate: peduncles and pedicels both short : stems slender, branched.

H. Americana. Shady damp places; leaves thin, small, crenate and
Jobed, on short petioles, with minute flowers in their axils.

There are two larger, long-petioled, but less common species from Pennsyl-
vania 8., viz. H. REpANDA and H. RANUNCULOXDES.

5. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDER. (Name from Greek word for bug:
the herbage has a bedbug-like scent.)
C. sativum. Cult. from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander-seed : low,
with small umbels of few rays; fl. summer. @

6. OSMORRHIZA, SWEET CICELY, not the European plant of that
name, which is M¥rruis OpoRATA, with much more sweet-scented fruit.
(Name, Greek for scented root, the root being sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist
woods, common N.: fl. late spring and summer.

O. longistylis, the smoother species, with the sweeter root, has slender
styles, and ovate cut-toothed short-pointed leaflets, which are slightly downy.

O. brevistylis, has conical styles not longer than the breadth of the ovary,
and downy-hairy taper-pointed almost pinnatitid leaflets.

PARSLEY FAMILY. 165

7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock by
which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

C. maculatum, Srorren H. Waste grounds, run wild, from Eu.:
a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 8° high, very compound
leaves with lanceolate and pinnatifid leaflets, ill-scented when bruised: a virulent
potson, used in medicine: fl. summer.

8. CICUTA, WATER-HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the true
Hemlock, transferred to some equally poisonous plants.) Fl. summer. 2
C. maculata, Spotrep Cowzans, Musquasn-Root, Beaver-Porson,

&e. Tall smooth stem sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom really

spotted ; leatlets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut-lobed, veiny,

the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit aromatic when bruised ;

root a deadly poison. .

9. SIUM, WATER-PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 2
S. lineare, the common species, in water and wet places: tall, smooth,
with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, the long leaflets linear or
lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper-pointed, and globular fruit with
wing-like corky ribs: fl. all summer. Root and herbage also poisonous.

10. APIUM, CELERY, &c. (Old Latin name.) One species cult.: viz.
A. gravéolens. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, of the
coast of Europe; of which the var. DULCE, GARDEN CELERY, is a state rendered
“bland and the base of the leafstalks enlarged, succulent and edible when
blanched, through long cultivation ; leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 coarse
and wedge-shaped cut or lobed leaflets or divisions ; umbels and fruits small.
Var. RAPACKUM, TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY, is a state with the root enlarged
and eatable. @

11. CARUM, CARAWAY, &c. (Name perhaps from the country, Caria.)

§ 1. Troe Caraway, with finely pinnately compound leaves, and white flowers.

C. Carui, Garpen Caraway: cult. from Eu., for the caraway-seed, the
oblong highly aromatic fruit ; stem-leaves with slender but short thread-shaped
divisions.

§ 2. Parstey or Perrosetinum, with coarser leaves and greenish flowers.

C. Petroselinum (or PerroseLinum sativum), Parsiey: cult. from
En., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored foliage, uscd in
cookery, chiefly the root-leaves, which have ovate and wedge-shaped 3-lobed and
cut-toothed divisions; fruit ovate. @

12. FO!NICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin finum, hay.)

F. vulgare, Common F. Cult. from Eu., for the sweet-aromatic foliage
and fruit: stout very smooth herb 4°-6° high; leaves with very numerous
and slender thread-shaped divisions; large umbel with no involucre or involu-
cels ; fruit 4/ or 4’ long, in late summer. 2

13. LEVISTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species.

L. officinale, Garpen L. Cult. in’ old gardens, from Eu.: a tall, very
smooth, sweet aromatic herb, with large ternately or pinnately decompound
leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or lobed leaflets, a thick root, and small

many-flowered umbels. 2

14. ARCHANGELICA. (Genus established on a species of Angelica.)
Fl. summer. 2 :
A. atropurptrea, Great A. Moist deep soil N.: strong-scented,
smooth, with very stout dark-purple stem 3° - 6° high, large leaves ternately
compound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and

166 GINSENG FAMILY.

cut-serrate ; petioles with large inflated membranaceous base ; flowers greenish-
white ; fruit smooth and thin-winged. ;

A. hirsuta. Dry ground, commoner S. : stem 2°-5° high, rather slen-
der, downy at top, as are the umbels and broadly winged fruits ; leaflets thick-
ish, ovate-oblong, serrate ; flowers bright white.

15. HERACLEUM, COW-PARSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) Fl.

summer. 2/

H. lanatum, Downy C., wrongly called Masterwort. Damp rich
ground N.: yery stout, 4°- 8° high, woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly
strong-scented, with large cut and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart-
shaped at base, and broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits.

16. PASTINACA, PARSNIP. (Latin name, from pastus, food.)

P. sativa, Common P. Run wild in low meadows, and then rather
poisonous, cult. from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root: tall, smooth,
with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobed leaficts, and umbels of small
yellow flowers. @

55. ARALIACEA, GINSENG FAMILY.

Like the foregoing family, but often shrubs or trees, usually more
than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the latter a berry
or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon shrubby house-
plants, represented only by the two following genera. The flowers
in both are more or less polygamous, and the lobes or margin of
the calyx very short or none. Petals and stamens 5.

1. ARALIA. Flowers in simple or panicled umbels, white or greenish: the petals
lightly overlapping in the bud. Styles 2-5, separate to the base, except in
sterile flowers. Leaves compound or decomponnd. Root, bark, fruit, &e.
warm-aromatic or pungent.

2. HEDERA. Flowers iu panicled or clustered umbels, greenish : petals valvate
in the bud. Ovary 5-ceiled: the 5 styles united into a conical column.
Leaves simple, palmately 3-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by
rootlets,

1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure: said to be a Canadian name under
which a species was sent from Quebec to the Garden of Plants at Paris.) 2

§ 1. Wixp Sarsaparitra, &e. Flowers pe or polygamous with both fertile
and sterile on the same plant : wnbels more than one: fruit black or dark
purple, spicy : seeds or cells and styls 5.

* Large and leafy-stemmed, with very compound leaves sometimes 2° or 3° across,
and with many umbels in a lurge compound panicle: fl. in summer.

A. spinosa, AncEtica Tree, Hercures’ Crus. River-banks from
Penn. S., and planted : a shrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the simple stout
trunk rising 6° — 20° high and beset with prickles, bearing immense leaves with
ovate serrate leaflets, and corymbed or panicled umbels.

A. racemosa, Seikexarp. Woodlands in rich soil, with herbaceous
stems 8°~5° hich from a thick aromatic root, not prickly, widely spreading
branches, heart-ovate leaflets doubly serrate and slightly downy, and racemed-
panicled-umbels.

« « Smaller: short stems scarcely woody at base: few umbels: fl. early summer.

A. hispida, Bristty SarsapariLtua. Rocky places: bristly stems 1° -
2° high, leafy below, naked and bearing corymbed umbels above ; leaves twice
pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and eut-toothed.

A. nudicatlis, Common Witp 8. Low ground: the aromatic horizontal
slender roots running 3°-5° long, used as a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla ;
‘the smooth proper stem rising only 2! -4' inches, bearing a single long-stalked

DOGWOOD FAMILY. 167

leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 divisions of the petiole,
and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels.

§ 2. Ginsenc. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate simple-stemmed plants, in
a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single whorl of digitate leaves:
styles und cells of the fruit 2 or 3.

A. quinquefolia, Ginsenc. Rich woods N. ; root spindle-shaped, warm-
aromatic, 4'—9/ long; stem 1° high; leaflets 5 at the end of each of the 3
Vek slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate; fl. in summer;
ruit red.

A. trifolia, Dwarr G. or Grounp-nut. Low woods, N.: 4/-8! high
from a deep globular pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or sometimes 5 sessile on
the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-obiong and obtuse: fl. in spring; fruit
orange-yellow.

2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) FI. late summer.

H. Helix, True or Excrisu Ivy, from Europe. Woody climber, with
evergreen glossy rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3-angled
leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3 - 7-cleft, yellowish-green flowers, and
blagkish berries ; covers shaded walls, &c., adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely
stands far N. without some protection.

56. CORNACEZs, DOGWOOD FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, small
flowers, calyx-tube in the perfect or pistillate ones coherent with the
surface of the 1 — 2-celled ovary, which is crowned with the small
calyx-teeth or minute cup, bearing the petals (valvate in the bud)
and stamens of the same number: style and stigma single: ovule
and seed solitary in the cells, hanging from the summit: fruit a
small drupe or berry.

GARRYA ELLIPTICA, a singular Californian shrub, with thick op-
posite leaves, and dicecious greenish flowers in hanging catkin-like
spikes, is rarely cultivated or planted.

1. CORNUS. Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, of heads (with or with-
out.a corolla-like involucre). Miuute teeth of the calyx, petals, and sta-
mens 4. Style slender: stigma terminal. Berry-like little drupe with a
2-celled 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite except in one species,
deciduous. _ Bark very bitter, tonic.

2. AUCUBA. Flowers dicecious, dull purple, in axillary panicles. Teeth or lobes
of the calyx and petals 4. Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short fila-
ments and oblong anthers. Fertile flowers with a 1 celled ovary, becoming
an oblong red berry in fruit: style short: stigma capitate Leaves opposite,
coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or less toothed.

8 NYSSA. Flowers polygamous or dicecious, greenish, crowded or clustered on
the summit of an axillary peduncle, the sterile ones numerous, the fertile
2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes
or teeth. Petals small and narrow, or minute, or none. Style slender or
awl-shaped, bearing a stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute.
Ovary and stone of the drupe I-celled and 1-seeded. ‘Trees, with deciduous
alternate lenves, often crowded on the eud of the branchlets, either entire,
angled, or few-toothed.

1. CORNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Name from cornu, horn, from
the hardness of the wood.) Fl. late spring and early summer."

§ 1. Flowers greenish, crowded in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded b,
a showy corolla-like (white or rarely pinkish) 4-leaved involucre: fruit
bright red.
C. Canadénsis, Dwarr Cornet, Buncu-serry. Damp woods N.:
a low herb, the stems springing from creeping slender subterranean shoots

168 DOGWOOD FAMILY.

which are slightly woody, bearing 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at the summit, as
if in a whorl, below the stalked flower-head ; petal-like leaves of the involucre
ovate ; fruits globular, in a cluster, rather eatable.

C. florida, Frowzrinc Doewoon. Rocky woods, also planted for orna-
ment: tree 12°—30° high, with ovate pointed leaves, petal-like leaves of the
involucre (14/ long) obcordate or obovate and notched, and oval fruits in a
head. According to common tradition flowering just at the proper time for
planting Indian Corn.

§ 2. Flowers yellow (earlier than the leaves), in a small umbel, surrounded by
a small and dull-colored involucre of 4 scales: fruit bright red.

C. Mas. Sparingly planted from Eu. : a tall shrub or low tree, with oval
pointed leaves and handsome oblong fruit, the pulp eatable and pleasantly acid.

§ 3. Flowers white in open and flat cymes, without involucre, in. early summer :
fruit small, globular, not eatable, blue or white, in an exotic species black.

x« Branches of the previous year red or purple, especially in spring.

C. sanguinea, European Rep-Osier D. Sometimes planted from Eu. :
erect, with ovate leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark purple fruit.

C. stolonifera, Witp Rep-Osimr D. Shrub 3°-6° high, in wet places
N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth, with ovate
abruptly pointed leaves roughish both sides and whitish beneath, small cymes,
and white or lead-colored fruit.

C. sericea, Sinxy D. or Kinnrmryyik (the dry bark smoked by the In-
dians W.) : in wet places, has dull red branches, the shoots, cymes, and lower
face of the narrow ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky-downy ; fruit bluish.

* % Branches brownish or gray.

C. asperifolia, Roveu-teavep D. Dry soil from Illinois 8.: shrub
3°-—5° high, with branches and small oblong or ovate leaves pubescent, upper
face of the latter rough, the lower downy ; cymes small and flat; fruit bluish.

C. stricta, Srirr D. Wet grounds S.: shrub 8°-15° high, with ovate
or lance-ovate taper-pointed leaves smooth and green both sides, loose flat
cymes, and pale blue fruit.

C. paniculata, Panictep D. Moist grounds, common N.: shrub 3°-8°
high, much branched, smooth, with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves
acute at base and whitish beneath, and proportionally large and numerous con-
vex cymes, often panicled ; fruit white.

* % % Branches green streaked with brownish or whitish.

C. circinata, Rounp-teavep D. Wooded hillsides, &c.: shrub 3°-10°
high, with warty-dotted branches, pretty large round-oval and short-pointed
leaves downy beneath, small flat cymes, and light blue fruit.

C. alternifolia, ALTERNATE-LEAVED D. Hillsides and banks of streams :
shrub or tree 8°- 25° high, with streaked alternate and spreading branches,
ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only minutely pubescent
beneath, mostly alternate, but crowded at the end of the branches ; cymes large
and flat, very open; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks.

2. AUCUBA. The Japanese name of the species commonly cultivated as
a house-plant, viz.
A. Japénica. Shrub, with large ovate-oblong leaves bright green and

usually marbled with yellow, the flowers inconspicuous, but the red berries
when formed handsome.

3. NYSSA, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE, SOUR GUM-TREE. (The
Greek name of a Nymph, of no very obvious application to these trees. )
Fl. spring. Fruit acid.

* Sterile flowers in loose clusters : fruit blue, not eatable.
N. multiflora, Common Tureto or Sour Gum, in rich woods, N. & S.:
tree 30° — 50° high, with horizontal branches and Beech-like spray, ovate or
obovate leaves entire and smooth or glossy when old, fertile flowers 3 - 8 on the

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 169

slender peduncle, and dark.blue oval fruit $' long. Wood tough, hard to split.
Leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn.

N. aquatica, Warmer Turexo, of the S., in pine-barren swamps; with
smaller leaves than in the preceding (1/- 2! long) and varying from lance-oblong
to roundish, short peduncles, the fertile 1 - 2-flowered, and smaller oval fruit.

N. uniflora, Lance Turero; in water, from Virg. and Kentucky S.;
large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often with a few sharp teeth,
4'—6! long, on slender petioles, downy beneath; fertile peduncles long and
1-flowered ; fruit oblong, about 1! long. Wood soft: roots very spongy, used
for corks.

% * Sterile flowers in a head: oblong fruit red and eatable.

N. capitata, Oczrcues Lime; so called from the acid fruit (1/ or more
long) : in swamps far S.: a small tree, with oblong or obovate leaves (3! — 5!
long) downy beneath ; fertile flowers solitary on very short peduncles.

II. MONOPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders of
this class which have both calyx and corolla, and the latter in one
piece, that is, the petals united more or less into one body.

57. CAPRIFOLIACEAs, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2— 5-celled
ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly obsolete or ob-
scure), Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (or in Linnea
one fewer) and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without
stipules. Yet in some species of Viburnum there are little append-
ages imitating stipules on the base of the petiole. Seeds with a
small embryo in fleshy albumen.

§1. Perennial herbs, with bell-shaped or tubular corolla, prominent awl-shaped or
linear lobes to the calyx, and a slender style tipped with-a capitate stigma.

1. LINNEA. A pair of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender scape—like
eduncle. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, with 5 almost equal rounded lobes.
tamens 4, two of them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfect-

ing a seed in only one cell. Creeping evergreen herb.

2. TRIOSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster.
Corolla oblong-tubular, with 5 short almost equal lobes, scarcely longer than
the leaf-like lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or
red, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 bony seeds or
rather nutlets. Erect and coarse leafy herbs; their leaves narrowed at base,
but united around the simple stem.

§ 2. Skrubby, with tubular or bell-shaped corolla, slender style, and capitate stigma.

« Teeth of the calyx very short on the 2-4-celled ovary: fruit a berry: leaves simple,
entire, or rarely wavy or lobed on some vigorous young shvuts.

8. SYMPHORICARPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes.
Corolla bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short
stamens in the throat. Ovary 4-celled, but the berry only 2-seeded, two cells
being empty. Low upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves.

4. LONICERA. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular,
being gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but
in one species nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-8-celled, becoming a sev-
eral-seeded berry. Twining or upright shrubs.

* « Teeth or lubes of’ the calyx slender, on the summit of the slender or taper-pointed
ovary which becomes a muny-seeded 2-valved pod: leaves simple, serrate.

6. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-form, almost regular, 5-lobed. Stamens aD
Ovary narrow, sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with
flowers in terminal or axillary loose clusters or cymes.

170 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

§ 8. Shrubs or sume low trees, with small flowers in broad cymes, short and widely
open deeply 5-lobed regular corolla, 1-3 sessile stigmas, and berry-like fruit,
contuininy 1-8 seeds or rather seed-like stunes. Culya-tecth on the ovary very
short or ubscure: stamens 5. ;

6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or flattish stone.
7. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate, and the oblong or lanceolate leaflets serrate.
Fruit containing 8 seeds or rather small seed-like stones.

1. LINN.AlZA, TWIN-FLOWER. (Named for Linnaeus.) Only one
species,
L. borealis. Mossy woods and cold bogs N.: creeping stems bearing
round-oval and sparingly crenate somewhat hafry small leaves, and in early
summer the sweet-scented flowers ; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside.

2. TRIOSTEUM, FEVERWORT, HORSE-GENTIAN. (Greek for
three bones, from the 3 bony seeds or rather stones.) The root has been used
in medicine, and the seeds for coffee. In rich soil: fl. early summer.

T. perfoliatum, the common species, is softly hairy, 2°-4° high, with
oval leaves abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish-purple flowers.

T. angustifolium, chiefly S., a smaller and bristly-hairy plant, with nar-
rower lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream-colored
flowers.

38. SYMPHORICARPUS. (Name from the Greek, denotes crowded
Jruits.) Wild on rocky banks, especially W. & S., and cult. for the orna-
mental insipid berries. Flowers white or slightly rose-color, produced all
summer.

S. racemdsus, Snowzerry. Clusters of flowers in interrupted leafy
spikes (rather than racemes) terminating the branches ; berries snow-white, in
autumn. Common in gardens.

-S. vulgaris, Corar—surry, Inpran Currant. Short clusters of flowers
in the axils of most of the leaves ; berries small, dark red.

4. LONICERA, HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Named for an old
German herbalist, Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus.)

§1. Trus Hoveysuckxgs, with twining stems (in one wild species slightly so).
* Corolla with very long tube and 5 short almost regular lobes.

L. sempérvirens, Trumeer H. Wild from New York S., and com-
monly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., thickish,
pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united round the stem ;
flowers scentless, in spiked whorls, 2! long, scarlet with yellow inside (also
a yellow variety), produced all summer ; berries red.

* * Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lower lip narrow, upper one broad and 4-lobed.

+ The 2 to 4 upnermost pairs of leaves united round the stem in the form of an oval
or rounded disk or shallow cup, the flowers sessile in their axils, or partly in
leafless spiked whorls beyond : berries red or orange.

++ European Honeysuckles, cultivated for ornament : flowers purple and white or
turning yellowish inside, sweet-scented, in summer.
_L. Caprifolium, Common Evrorsan H., has leaves smooth on both
sides, and flowers usually only in early summer.
L. Etrusea, Iravian or Perreruar H., has the leaves downy beneath
and blunter, and flowers through the summer.

he Wild species, with flowers smooth and nearly scentless, except the first species,
in late spring or early summer: leaves ‘smooth (except one variety) and
glaucous or whitish beneath.

L. grata, Sweer Witp H. Wild in Middle States and S.. sometimes

cult. : leaves obovate ; corolla white with a pink or purple slender tube, fading
yellowish, fragrant.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 171

L. flava, Yettow H. Wild N. W. and along the Alleghanies; low-
climbing ; the broad and thickish leaves very white-glaucous both sides ; flowers
light yellow.

L. parvidort, Smatt H. Low and bushy, with oblong leaves green
above, but very white-glaucous beneath; the corolla (less than 1/ long) strongly
gibbous at base, greenish-yellow or whitish and tinged with purple: in the var.
Douglasii, found only N. W., nearly crimson, and the greener leaves downy
beneath or ciliate.

++ ++ ++ Wild species with clammy-pubescent orange-colored flowers.

L. hirsita, Harry H. Moist or rocky grounds N. & W.: with oval and
large dull green leaves, the lower face and branches downy-hairy.
+ + Leaves all separate and short-petioled, not glaucous, pubescent : flowers in
pairs on axillary peduncles.
L. Japénica (commonly so called, L. conrisa, DC.), Japan or Crinuse H.
Commonly cult.; the slender downy stems twining freely, with oval dull green

leaves, and flowers very fragrant at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish
outside, white inside turning yellow.

§ 2. Fry-Honeysuck.es, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, with
leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit of an
axillary peduncle, the two berries sometimes united into one.

* Four large leafy bracts surrounding two cylindrical (3! long) yellowish flowers.

L. involucrata. Wild from Lake Superior to California, and sparingly

planted : shrub 2° - 5° high, downy when young, with ovate or oblong leaves
3/—5/ long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries quite separate.

% * The two or four bracts under the ovaries small or minute.

+ Planted for ornament from Europe: flowers rose or pink-red, profuse and showy.
L. Tartarica, Tarrarian H. Much-branched shrub 5°- 8° high, smooth,
with oval heart-shaped leaves, short corolla, and red berries uniting at base as
they ripen: fl. spring.
+ + Wild species, in moist cold woods or bogs N.: flowers. yellowish.

L. ciliata, Earuy Fry-H. Straggling, 3° - 5° high, with oval or oblong
and partly heart-shaped leaves thin and downy beneath when young, slender
peduncles, honey-yellow corolla (4 long) with short nearly equal lobes and very
uncqual-sided base, and separate red berries : fl. early spring. -

L. oblongifolia, Swamp F. Upright, 2°—5° high, with oblong leaves,
long and slender peduncles, deeply 2-lipped corolla (}' long) in early summer,
eae ie Movnrain F., the rarest specics, 1°-2° high, with oval
leaves, very short peduncle, moderately 5-lobed corolla, and two ovaries united
to form one blue berry.

5. DIERVILLA, BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (Named for one Dierville,
who took the common species from Canada to France.)

* Wild species, on rocks and hills, with pale or honey-yellow and slender funnel-
form corolla, not showy, and oblong pod.

D. trifida, Common B.; everywhere N., 194° high, with oblong-ovate
taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowered peduncles, and slen-
der pointed rods: fl. all summer. ; :

D. sessilifélia, only along the Alleghanies S., has lance-ovate sessile
leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods’: fl. summer.

ament from Japan and China ; the showy rose-colored corolla
= ae eon hte an ra narrowed base, oy sli nder stalk-like
ovary and linear pod. ;

D. Japénica. Shrub 2°- 5° high, loaded with the handsome flowers in
late spring ; corolla 1 or more long; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed.

172 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

6. VIBURNUM, ARROW-WOOD, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of un-
certain meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly so, in spring or early summer :
fruit ripe in autumn.

§ 1. Flowers all alike, small, and perfect.
* Cult. or planted from S. Europe, with evergreen smooth entire leaves.

V. Tinus, Lavresrinvs. Not hardy N., but a common house-plant,
winter-flowering, or planted out in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple.

* * Wild species, some occasionally pl ted: leaves deciduous, ut least N.

+ Leaves not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some minute scurf': fruit
black or with a bluish bloom.
++ Leaves glossy, finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth.

V. Lentago, Susep-surry. Tree 15°-30° high, common in moist
grounds, chieily N.; leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, on long margined
petioles ; cyme broad, sessile ; fruit oval, $/ or more long, sweet, eatable.

V. prunifolium, Brack Haw. Dry soil, from Conn. to Ill. and S.:
hardly so tall as the preceding, with smaller and oval mostly blunt leaves.

a+ ++ Leaves entire or with a few wavy or crenate small teeth, thickish.

V. obovatum. Along streams from Virginia 8.: shrub with obovate
leaves seldom over 1’ long, and small sessile cymes.

V. nudum, Wirne-rop. Swamps, from New England to Florida; with
leaves oval, oblong, or almost lanceolate, not glossy ; cyme on a peduncle; fruit
roundish.

+ + Leaves aarel toothed, strongly feather-veined, the veins prominently marked,
straight and simple or nearly so: fruit small: cyme peduncled.

V. dentatum, Arrow-woop (the stems having been used by the Indians
to make arrows). Common in wet soil, 5°- 10° high, smooth, with ash-colored
bark, pale and broadly ovate evenly sharp-toothed leaves, on slender petioles,
and bright blue fruit.

V.mélle, Sorr A. From Kentucky S., soft-downy, with less sharply
toothed oval or obovate leaves, on slender petioles, and blue oily fruit.

V. pubescens, Downy A. Rocky grounds, N. & W.; a low and strag-
gling shrub, with ovate or oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having
rather few coarse teeth, their lower surface and the very short petioles soft-downy ;
fruit dark purple.

+ + + Leaves both coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, 3 - 5-ribbed

Srom the base and veiny : cymes slender-peduncled, small: fruit red.

V. acerifolium, Marce-teavep A. or Dockmacxkrs. Shrub 8°-6°
high, in rocky woods, with 3-ribbed and 3-lobed leaves soft-downy beneath, their
pointed lobes diverging ; stamens slender.

V. pauciflorum. Cold woods, only far N. or on mountains; with almost
iin leaves 5-ribbed at base and 3-lobed at summit; cyme few-flowered ;

Yuit sour.

§ 2. Flowers round the margin of the cyme neutral (without stamens or pistils) and
very much larger than the fe:tile ones, Hydiangea-like and showy : petioles
, bearing evident appendages which imitate stipules: fruit red, sour.

V. Opulus, Cranperry-rree. Tall and nearly smooth shrub, with gray
bark, scaly buds, 3 —5-ribbed and strongly 3-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed and
commonly few-toothed, and cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds
N. & E.; the juicy acid fruit bright red, used as a substitute for cranberries
(whence the name of Higu Cransperry-Busu). The long-cultivated form
from Europe, planted for ornament, under the name of GueLper Rose or
ee: has most of the flowers of the cyme changed into enlarged
corollas. j

V. lantanoides, Hossie-susn (popular name from the straggling or
reclining branches taking root at-the end, and forming loops; the botanical
name because the leaves resemble the V. LanTANa or WAYFARING-TREE of

MADDER FAMILY. 173

Europe, occasionally planted (but that has no enlarged neutral flowers) : cold
moist woods N., with naked buds, large round-ovate leaves heart-shaped at base
and abruptly pointed at the apex, closely serrate, and pinnately many-veined,
the veins and netted veinlets prominent underneath and covered, like the stalks
and branchlets, with rusty scurf; cymes showy, very broad, sessile; fruit not
eatable, coral-red turning crimson.

7. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical in-
strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.)

S. Canadensis, Common or Biack-BeRRieD Exper. Alluvial soil,

fence-rows, &c. Stems woody only towards the base, 5°- 6° high, with white

ith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ;
Rat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit.

S. ptibens, Rep-srrriep E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody
stems and warty bark, yellow-brown pith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets
lestinied underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright
red berries.

58. RUBIACEZ, MADDER FAMILY.

Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite
(or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true
Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense
family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a
few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con-
servatories, not here described, are BURCHELLIA CaPEnsis, a shrub
with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped;
MANETTIA CORDIFOLIA, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart-
shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corollas,
or M. BicoLor, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the
base, yellow toward the summit; Prnras cCarnea, with ovate-
oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with
salver-form flesh-colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and
5-lobed.)

I. MADDER FAMILY proper. Leaves in whorls, without
stipules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry-
like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above
the ovary obsolete.

1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5.
Fruit berry-like.

2. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped
4-parted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens.
Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the
leaves often rough or almost prickly.

II. CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some-
times in threes or fours, and with stipules.

§1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell.

x Low herbs, with narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobes (valvate in the
bud) and the stamens 4.

8. DIODIA. Flowers sessile’in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath-
ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into
2 hard and dry closed nutlets.

174 MADDER FAMILY.

4. MITCHELLA. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united
into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white-
bearded inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1: stigmas 4, slender.
Seeds, or rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules.small,
not fringed.

% « Shrubs or small trees: lobes of the corolla overlapping in the bud.

5. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head
raised on a peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short
lobes. Stamens 4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate
stivma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyrainidal, at length splitting
into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions.

6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-6-
toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the
same length. Stamens 4 or 5, with linear-oblong anthers. Style pene
2 slender stigmas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 har
plano-convex seeds with a groove down the face (coffee), enclosed in a loose
parchinent-like hull.

.§2. Several or many ovules and seeds in each cell of the ovary and Fruit.
* Shrubs or low trees, all except the first exotic house-planis.

7. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes,
4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright
rose-colored Jeaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear
recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled
with very many thin-winged seeds.

8 GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large,
very fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla
funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in
the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1: stigma
of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down
the sides, many-seeded.

9. BOUVARDIA. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with
4 slender lobes. Corolla with a Jong and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped
tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost
sessile in the throat. Style 1: stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular,
2-celled. Seeds wing-margined.

«x « Low, native herbs.

10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or fwnnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1: stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part
rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and
ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell.
Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of
the opposite leaves.

1. RUBIA, MADDER. (Name from Latin ruber, red, alludes to the red
roots, which furnish the well-known red dye.)

R. tinctoria, Common or Dyers’ M. Cult. from Eu. for the red roots,
branching from the ground, 1° - 2° hich, with angles of the stems and edees of
the lancs-ob!ong or oblanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough ; flowers
greenish, in summer; berry black. 2 -

2. GALIUM, BEDSTRAW or CLEAVERS. (Name from Greek for
milk, wnich some species in Europe were used to curdle.) FI. summer.
ae all wild species. Several have a red root like that of

adder. ,

§ 1. Fruit a black berry, like that of Madder: but the parts of the white flower
are only 4. Only in Southern States, in dry sandy soil. Yy

G. hispidulum. Spreading stems 1°- 2° long; leaves in fours, 3! or
less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowered ; berry roughish.

ei unifiorum. Smooth, slender, 1° high; leaves linear; flowers mostly
solitary.

MADDER FAMILY. 175

§ 2. Fruit dry when ripe, small.

% Smooth: leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves: flowers white,
loosely clustered at the end of spreadiny lrunches.

G. aspréllum, Rovcu Bepsrraw. Low thickets: 3° - 5° high, as it
were climbing, the backwardly prickiy-roughened angles of the stem and edges
and midrib of the lance-obiong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ;
leaves in whorls of 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets : flowers
numerous.

G. trifidum, Smart B. Swamps and low grounds, 6/-2° high, roughish
or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4-6 in the
whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3. .

% * Fruit smooth or slightly bristly: leaves 3-nerved ; flowers white, in a narrow

and long terminal panicle. 2

G. boreale, Norruurn B. Rocky banks of streams N.; 1°-2° high,

smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves in fours.

* * * Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles.

+ Leaves mostly 6 or 8 ina whorl, with midrib and no side nerves: flowers whitish
or greenish : stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough backwards on the aayles.

G. Aparine, Crvavers or Goose-Grass. Low grounds: leaves in
eights, lanceolate, rough-edged, 1!- 2! long ; peduncles axillary, 1 ~ 2-flowered ;
fruit larze. @

G. triflorum, Sweer-scenrep Bepsrraw. Woodlands, especially N. :
leaves mostly in sixes, lanee-oblong, bristle-pointed ; peduncles terminating the
branches, 3-flowered. Sweet-scented in drying. 2/

+ + Leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved : flowers not white: stems ascending,

about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-noughened. 2

G. pilosum. Commonest S., in dry thickets: leaves oval, dotted, downy,
1’ long; flowers brown-purple or cream-colored, all pedicelled, the peduncie
2-3-times forked. Var. puncTIcuLOsum is a smooth form 8S.

G. circéezans, Witp Liquorice, the root being sweetish: common in
thickets ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate; peduncles once forked, their
long branches bearing short-pedicelled dull or brownish flowers along the sides,
the fruit reflexed.

G. lanceolatum, like the preceding; common N. ; but with lanceolate or
lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2/ long.

3. DIODIA, BUTTON-WEED. (Name from Greek for a thoroughfare,
being humble weeds, often growing by the wayside.) FI. all summer, white
or whitish.

D. Virginica. Sandy banks from Maryland S.; with spreading stems
1°- 2° Jong, broadly lanceolate sessile leaves, ‘salver-shaped corolla long,
2-parted style, and oblong fruit crowned with 2 calyx-teeth.

. teres. Sandy fields from N. Jersey and Mlinois 8. ; with slender stems
3'—9! long, linear and rigid leaves, small corolla rather shorter than the long
bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little fruit crowned with
the 4 short calyx-teeth. @

4, MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE-BERRY. (Named for Dr. J: Mitchell,
who corresponded from Virginia with Linneus.) FI. in early summer. 2/

M. révens, the only species, common in woods; a litile herb, creeping over
the ground, with the small evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and
_gtossy, bright green, sometimes with whitish lines, short-petioled ; thc flowers
pretty and sweet-scented ; the scarlet fruit remaining over winter, eatable, but
dry and almost tasteless.

5. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTON-BUSH. (Name from Greek words
for head and flower.) F. summer and autumn.

C. occidentalis, the only species, is a tall shrub, common along the bor-

176 MADDER FAMILY.

ders of ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves, on petioles,
either in pairs or threes, and with short stipules between them; the head of
white flowers about 1' in diameter.

6. COFFHA, COFFEE-TREE. (The Arabic name somewhat altered.)

C. Arabica, the species which produces Coffee, is a shrub or small tree,
sometimes cult. in conscrvatories, with smooth and glossy oblong leaves, bearing
fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red berries, containing the
pair of seeds.

7. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER-TREE. (Named
by Michaux in honor of Gen. Pinckney.)

P. pubens, the only species, is a rather downy small tree or shrub, in wet
pine barrens, 8. Car. to Georgia, with large oval leaves, slender stipules, and
purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx-Icaf commonly produced is
striking. This plant is of the same tribe with the Cixncnonxa or PERUVIAN
Bani, and has similar medicinal (tonic) properties. FI. early summer.

8. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. Not an appropriate name, as the
species so called does not belong to the Cape of Good Hope. (Named for
7. Garden of South Carolina, who corresponded with Linnzus. )

G. flérida, Carn Jessamryz. A favorite house-plant from China, 2°— 4°
high, with smooth and bright-green oblong leaves acute at both ends, large and
showy very fragrant flowers, the white corolla 5—9-lobed, or full double, and
large oblong orange-colored berry 5 — 6-angled and tapering at the base.

9. BOUVARDIA. (Named for Dr. Bouvard, director of the Paris Gar-
den of Plants over a century ago.)

B. triphylla. Shrubby or half-shrubby house-plants, blossoming through
the winter, and in grounds in summer, from Mexico, with ovate or oblong-
ovate smoothish leaves, in threes or the upper in pairs, and scarlct corolla,
minutely downy outside, nearly 1! long.

B. leiantha, now commoner and winter-blooming, has more downy leaves
and smooth deep-scarlet corolla.

10. HOUSTONTIA. (Named by Linneus for a Dr. Houston, an English
physician, who botanized on the coast of Mexico, where he died early.)

« Delicate little plants, with 1-lowered peduncles, flowering from early spring to
summer: corolla salver-form: pod somewhat 2-lobed, its upper half free:
seeds with a deep hole occupying the face.

H. cxrtlea, Common H. or Biuets. Moist banks and grassy places,
3'—5! high, smooth and slendcr, erect, with oblong or spatulate leaves only 3" or
4" long, very slender peduncle, and light blue, purplish, or almost white and
yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than the lobes.

H. minima. Dry hills from Ill. S. W.: roughish, 1/-4' high, at length
much branched and spreading ; with leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear,
earlier peduncles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not
longer than its lobes and those of the calyx. @ @

H. rotundifolia. Sandy soil from North Carolina S.: with prostrate and
ereeping leafy stems, peduncles shorter than the roundish leaves and recurved
in fruit; corolla white. 2

x & Erect, leafy-stemmed, 5'— 20! high, with flowers in terminal clusters or cymes,
in summer : corolla funnel-form: seeds rather saucer-shaped.

H. purptirea. Wooded or rocky banks, commoner W.: smooth or slightly
downy, with ovate or lanceolate 3-5-ribbed leaves, pale purple flowers, and
upper half of globular pod free from the calyx.

VALERIAN FAMILY. 177

Var. longifdlia, the common one N. ; slender or low, with 1-ribbed leaves,
those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear.

H. angustifolia. Dry banks from Ill. 8. & W., with tufted erect stems,
narrow-lincar and acute 1-ribbed leaves, crowded short-pedicelled flowers, lobes
of the white corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod
rising above the calyx.

59. VALERIANACEZA, VALERIAN FAMILY.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, calyx coherent with the
ovary, which has only one fertile one-ovuled cell but two abortive or
empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the lobes of the corolla
(1-8, distinct), and inserted on its tube. Style slender: stigmas
1—3. Fruit small and dry, indehiscent; the single hanging seed
with a large embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters
or cymes.

x* Lobes of the calyse many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, being rolled
up inwards arvund the base of the corolla; in fruit they unroll and appear
as long plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, like thistle i
1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at
the base on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal.
Stamens 8. Akene 1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing.
Root strong-scented.
2. CENTRANTHUS. Corolla as in the preceding, but with a spur at the base.
Stamen only one.
* * Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any.

8. FEDIA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading lobes.
Stamens mostly 8. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or
the latter confluent into one.

1. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name from valere, to be well, alluding
to medical properties, the peculiar-scented root of some species used in medi-
cine.) Fl. early summer, often dicecious, white or purplish. 2

* Garden species from Europe, producing the medicinal Valerian-root.

V. officinalis, the commonest in gardens, 2°-38° high, a little downy, with
leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, and rootstocks not
running.

V. Phu, is smoother, with root-leaves simple, stem-leaves of 5-7 entire
leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal.

* & Wild species N. and chiefly W.: all rather rare or local.

V. paucifiora. Woodlands, Penn. to Illindis and S. W.; 1°-2° high,
smooth, with thin ovate and heart-shaped toothed root-leaves, stem-leaves of
3-7 ovate leaflets, rather few flowers in the crowded panicled cyme, and long
slender corolla.

V. sylvatica. Cedar swamps from Vermont W. &-N.; with root-leaves
mostly ovate or oblong and entire, stem-leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate
almost entire leaflets ; corolla funnel-form.

V. édulis. Alluvial ground from Ohio W.; 1°~4° high, with a large
spindle-shaped root (eaten by the Indians W.), thickish leaves mostly from the
root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of the root lanceolate or spatulate,
of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow divisions.

2. CENTRANTHUS, SPURRED VALERIAN. (From Greek words

for spur and flower.) Fl. summer. 2/

C. ruber, Rep S. or Jurirer’s-Bearp. Cult. for ornament, from S.
Eu. : a very smooth rather glaucous herb, 1° - 2° high, with lance-ovate nearly
entire leaves, all the upper ones sessile, and cymes of small flowers in a narrow
panicle, the corolla very slender, }/ long, red, rarely a white variety.

12

178 TEASEL FAMILY.

3. FEDIA, CORN SALAD, LAMB-LETTUCE. (Origin of the name
obscure.) Our species are a: very much alike in appearance, smooth, with
forking stems 6/- 20! high, tender oblong leaves either entire or eut-lobed
towards the base, and small flowers in clusters or close cymes, with leafy
bracts, and a short white or whitish corolla, in early summer. They
belong to the section (by most botanists regarded as a separate genus}
VALERIANELLA. @ @®
F. olitoria, Commoy Corn Saxap_ of Eu., sparingly naturalized in

the Middle States, has fruit broader than long, and a thick corky mass at the

back of the fertile cell. .

F. Fagopyrum, from New York W. in low grounds, has ovate-triangular
smooth fruit shaped like a grain of buckwheat when dry (whence the specific
name), the confluent empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than
the broad and flat seed. ;

F. radiata, common from Penn. and Michigan S., has fruit mostly downy
and somewhat 4-angled, the parallel narrow empty cells contiguous but with
a deep groove between them.

60. DIPSACEA, TEASEL FAMILY.

Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers strictly
in heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the next family, — from
which it differs in the separate stamens, hanging seed, &c. All
are natives of the Old World.

1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often
prickly, and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under each
fluwer, under the whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Lach flower more-
over has an involucel in the form of a little calyx-like body enclosing the
ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the ovary into a mere truncate
short cup-like border. Corolla slender, with 4 short lobes. Stamens 4.
Style slender.

2. SCABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly; the short heads surrounded by a softer
green involucre; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under each flower.
Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often
enlarged. Stamens 4. Style slender. Involucel enclosing the ovary and
the calyx various.

1. DIPSACUS, TEASEL. (Name from Greek word meaning to thirst ; the
ee bases of the leaves in the common species catch some rain-water.)
1. summer.

D. sylvéstris, Witp T. Run wild along roadsides, 4°-5° high, prickly,
with lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones united round the stem, large oblong
pete purplish or lilac corollas, and slender-pointed straight chaff under each

ower. (Q)

D. fullonum, Futter’s T. Less prickly than the other, with involucre
hardly longer than the flowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid chaff hooked at
the end, which makes the teas:/ useful for carding woollen cloth : enltivated in
fields for this purpose, sometimes escaping into waste places and roadsides.

2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOUS. (From Latin word for scurfy, perhaps from
usc of the plants to cure skin-diseases.) Fl. summer. One European species
is commonly cultivated for ornament, viz. :

S. atropurptrea, Sweer S§., or when with dark purple or crimson
flowers calicd Mournine Brine; the flowers are sometimes rose-colored or even
white : plant 19-2° hich, with obovate or spatulate and toothed root-leaves,
pinnatcly-parted stem-leaves, the cup or involucel enclosing the ovary 8-grooved,
calyx proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the akene; the outer corollas
enlarged. @

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 179

61. COMPOSIT As, COMPOSITE FAMILY.

Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the “compound
flower,” as it was termed by the older botanists, this consisting of
several or many flowers in a head, surrounded by a set of bracts
(formerly likened to a calyx) forming an tnvolucre, the stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla (almost always 5) and inserted on
its tube, their anthers syngenesious, i. e. united in a ring or tube
through which the style passes. Calyx with its tube incorporated
with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border (named the pappus)
consisting of bristles, either rigid or downy, or of teeth, awns, scales,
&c., or of a cup or crown, or often none at all. Corollas either
tubular, funnel-form, &c. and lobed, or strap-shaped (ligulate), or
sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost or mar-
ginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays (which an-
swered to the corolla of the supposed compound flower), the separate
flowers therefore called ray-flowers ; those of the rest of the head, or
disk, called disk-flowers. The end of the stalk or branch upon
which the flowers are borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if
there are any, on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called
the chaff of the receptacle; the bracts or leaves of the involucre
outside the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-cleft at
the apex. Ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule, erect from
its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed filled by the embryo
alone. For the flowers and fruit, and the particular terms used in
describing them, see Lessons, p. 106 — 108, fig. 219-221, p. 112,
fig. 229, 230; p. 180, fig. 291 — 296.

The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too difficult for
the beginner ; but most of the common kinds, both wild and culti-
vated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller details as to the wild
ones, with all the species, the student will consult the Manual, and
Chapman’s Southern Flora. There are two great divisions which
include all the common kinds.

I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap-shaped, and these
never perfect, i. e. they are either pistillate or neutral, always with-
out stamens, or else with strap-shaped corollas entirely wanting.
Plants destitute of milky or colored juice.

A. No strap-shaped corollas or true rays.

§ 1. Thistles or Thistle-like, the heads with very many flowers, all alike and mostly
perfect. Branches of the style short or united, even to the tip. Scales of the
invulucre many-ranked, these or the leaves commonly tipped with prickly or
bristly points.

* Pappus of many long-plumed bristles: receptacle with bristles between the flowers.

1. CYNARA. Scales of the involucre of the great heads thickened and fleshy
towards the base, commonly notched at the end, with or without a prickle.
Akenes slightly ribbed. Otherwise much as in the next.

2. CIRSIUM. Beales of the involucre not fleshy-thickened, prickly-tipped or
else merely pointed. Akenes flattish, not ribbed. Filaments of the stamens
separate.

180 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

* * Pappus of naked, rough or short-barbed bristles, or none.
+ Filaments of the stamens united into a tube. Leaves white-variegated.

8. SILYBUM. Seales of the involucre with the oe part leaf-like and spread-
ing, spiny. Receptacle beset with bristles. kenes flattened: pappus of
many ner short and rigid bristles minutely bearded on their edges.

++ Filaments separate. <

4. ONOPORDON. Heads and flowers as in true Thistles, No. 2. Receptacle naked
and honeycombed. Akenes 4-angled, wrinkled: pappus of many slender
bristles united at base into a horny ring. Stems strongly leaf-winged.

5. LAPPA. Scales of the globular involucre abruptly tipped with a spreading
slender awl-shaped appendage, mostly hooked at its point. bee ee bristly.
Akenes flattened, wrinkled: pappus of many short and rough ristles, their
bases not united, deciduous. Leaves and stalks, not prickly. : :

6. CARTHAMUS. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-like and spreading, middle
ones with ovate appendage fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost
entire and sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset with linear chaff. Akenes very
smooth, 4-ribbed: pappus none. Leaves with rigid or short spiny teeth.

7. CNICUS and 8. CENTAUREA; see next division.

§ 2. Thistle-like or Scabious-like, with many-ranked imbricated scales to the involucre,
many-flowers, and the two branches of the style united into one body almost or
quite io the tip, as in § 1: but the outer flowers of the head different from the
Hien and sterile, except in a few species of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with

ristles.

7. CNICUS. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. Scales
of the involuere tipped with a long spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed
down the sides. Nkenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed and grooved, crowned
with 10 short and horny teeth, within which is a bapns of 10 long and rigid
and 10 short naked bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed.

8. CENTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest,
often funnel-shaped and with long sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kin:
of false ray; but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but
the scales commonly with fringed, sometimes with spiny tips. Akenes flat or
flattish: pappus of several or many bristles or narrow scales, or none.

§ 8. Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, which is a pletely closed involucre
containing only one or two flowers, consisting of a pislil only, with barely a
rudiment of corolla, therefore very different from most plants of the family ;
but the staminate flowers are several and in a flat or top-shaped_involucre.
Heads therefore monecious, or rarely diwcious: no pappus. Coarse and
homely weeds.

9. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers in short racemes or spikes, their
involucre of several scales in one row: fertile flowers below them, clustered
in the axils, two together in a 2-celled hooked-prickly bur.

10. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the
stem or branches, their involucre of several scales united in flattish or top-
shaped cup; fertile flowers clustered below the staminate, only one enclosed
in each small achenium-like involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles
or strong points near the top in a single row.

§ 4. Plants not thistle-like nor bur-like.
* Two kinds of flowers in the same head, the outer ones with pistils only.

+ Pappus none or a minute border or cup: no chaff among the flowers: scales of the
involucre dry, often with scarious margins, imbricated. Bitter-aromatic or
rather acrid plants.

11. TANACETUM. Heads of many yellow flowers; the marginal ones with pistil
only and a 3—5-toothed corolla. Akenes angled or ribbed, with a flat top,
crowned with a cup-like toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented
herbs, with heads in a corymb. :

12. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers,
some of the marginal ones pistillate and fertile, the others perfect, but some-
times not maturing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the
top, destitute of pappus. Bitter-aromatic, and strong-scented plants, with
heads in panicles.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 181

+ + Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender
bristles in the central and perfect yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers: scales of
the involucre woolly.

13. FILAGO. Heads small crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous
flowers, each fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale,
and with a very slender thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a more
expangled 4-5-toothed corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool: leaves

- entire.

+ + + Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles: no chaff among the flowers.

14. ERECHTHITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre
of many narrow and naked scales in’a single row: outer flowers with very
slender corolla: inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow:
mabey of copious very fine and soft naked white hairs. Rank coarse herb.

87. ERIGERON. Qne species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be
looked for here.

15. GNAPHALIUM. Heads of very many whitish or yellowish flowers, surrounded
by an involucre of many ranks of dry and white or otherwise colored (not
green) scarious and persistent scales woolly at base; the flowers all fertile,
the outer ones with pistil and very slender corolla, the central ones perfect
and with more expanded 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender
and roughish bristles. _Cottony herbs.

16. ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants nearly or quite dicecious:
the staminate flowers with a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their
pappus of stouter bristles which are thickened at the summit and there more
or less barbed or plumed.

* * Only one kind of flowers in the head.
+ Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i. e. not green),
not withering. (lverlastings.)
++ Many flowers in the head: scales of the involucre in many ranks.

16. ANTENNARIA. Flowers dicecious, in one plant all pistillate, with very slender
corollas and a pappus of long and very fine hair-like naked bristles; in the other
staminate (with a eile imperfect style), and the pappus of thicker bristles
enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their summit. Leaves and
stems cottony.

17. RHODANTHE, Flowers perfect, with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. In-
volucre (silvery or rose-colored), smooth, obovate or top-shaped. Akenes
woolly: pappus of numerous plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth

and naked.

18. AMMOBIUM. Flowers perfect, with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a
silvery-white involucre. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers.
Akenes flattish-4-sided: pappus of 4 teeth, two of them prolonged into a
bristle. Leaves and stems white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings.

a+ + Only 3 ov 4 flowers in each head.

19. HUMEA. Flowers perfect, purplish, surrounded by a few dry and scarious
scales of the involucre: no chaff on the small receptacle. Alkenes smooth:
no pappus. Herbage green, not cottony: the small heads drooping in an
ample compound panicle.

++ Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery: flowers all perfect.
++ Flowers yellow, with chuff between them: akenes flat, bearing 2-4 awns or bristles.
53. BIDENS, and 52. COREOPSIS: a few species have no ray-flowers.
++ 4+ Flowers yellow: no chaff: akenes not flat: pappus of copious very soft and fine
down-like bristles.
30. SENECIO, one or two species which are destitute of ray-flowers.
++ on e+ Flowers not yellow nor orange: no chaff among them.
a. Branches of the style slender and rough all over with minute bristles.

20. VERNONIA. Heads corymbed, with an involucre of many imbricated scales,
and 15 to 30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenes
evlindrical, several-ribbed: pappus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded
at base by an outer set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles.
Leaves alternate.

182 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

Db. Branches of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, smooth or
very minutely puberulent under a lens.

21. LIATRIS. Heads of several or many rose-purple flowers, surrounded by a
more or less imbricated involucre. Lobes of the corolla rather long. Akenes
slender, about 10-ribbed: pappus of many long and slender bristles, which are

lumose or else beset with a short beard or roughness for their whole length.
Lee alternate, entire.

22. KUHNIA. Heads small, of 10-25 dull cream-colored flowers, surrounded by a
few lanceolate scales of the involucre. Corolla slender, barely 5-toothed.
Akenes cylindrical, many-striate: pappus a row of white plumose bristles.
Leaves mostly alternate. : :

93. MIKANIA. Heads of 4 flesh-colored flowers, with an involucre of only 4
scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled: pappus a row of hair-like
naked (barely roughish) bristles. Leaves opposite; stem twining.

24. EUPATORIUM. eads of 3 or more flowers, and an involucre of several or
many scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle flat or merely convex. Akenes
5-angled: pappus a row of hair-like naked (barely rough) bristles.

25. CONOCLINIUM. Heads, &c. as in the preceding, but the receptacle conical.
Flowers many, blue or blue-purple. Leaves opposite. __

26. AGERATUM. Like the preceding; but the receptacle flattish, and the pappus
of a few chaffy scales, mostly tapering into a slender stiff rough bristle.
Leaves opposite. ;

27. PIQUERIA. Heads very small, of 83-5 white flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5
scales. Akenes 5-angled: pappus none. Leaves opposite, 3-ribbed.

ce. Branches of the style smooth, with a conical or flat unusally minutely hairy tip.

28. CACALIA. Heads corymbed, with 5-30 white or whitish flowers. Scales of
the involucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla
5-cleft. Akenes oblong, smooth: pappus of very many fine and soft down-
like naked bristles. Leaves alternate.

40. BELLIS. A cultivated state of the Daisy, with quélled (monstrous) flowers
may be sought here.

B. With strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of the head.
§ 1. Herbage not spotted with large translucent or colored strong-scented glands.
« Pappus of copious hair-like bristles: no chaff on the receptacle among the flowers.
+ Rays yellow, except in one or two species of Senecio and one Solidago, pistillate.

29. TUSSILAGO. Ray-flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with
narrow ligules; the tubular disk-flowers few in the centre, and not fertile.
Scale of the involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head soli-
tary on a scaly-bracted scape.

80. SENECIO. Ray-flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none: the disk-
flowers (as in all the following) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in
a single row, or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and
soft. Heads mostly in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound.

81. ARNICA. Ray-flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the invo-
lucre nearly equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid
bristles. Akenes slender. Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite.

82. INULA. Ray-flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow ligules. Outer
scales of the involucre leaf-like. Pappus of many slender roughish bristles.
Akenes narrow. Heads large and broad, the tubular perfect flowers very
numerous, their anthers with two tails at the base. Leaves alternate.

33. CHRYSOPSIS. Ray-flowers numerous in one row, scales of the involucre
narrow, not leaf-like. Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an
outer row of very short and stout or chaff-like bristles. Akenes flattened,
hairy. Heads single or corymbed. Leaves alternate.

34. SOLIDAGO. Ray-flowers 1-8, or rarely 10-16, the tubular disk-flowers sev-
eral, rarely many. Involucre oblong, its scales imbricated and appressed, of
unequal lengths. Pappus a row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes nar-
row, terete, many-ribbed. Heads in panicled racemes, corymbs, or clusters,
mostly small. Leaves alternate.

+ + Rays white, purple, blue, Gc. never yellow, the flowers of the disk mostly yellow.
Asters and the like. Leaves alternate, simple. Akenes flattened or flattish.

85. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray-flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row,
or in cultivated varieties in several rows. Involucre in several rows, more or

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183

less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base
by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles
more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches,
large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual.

86. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated
Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of
short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually

erennial.

87. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more
than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower,
appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with-
out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short
and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones.

« * Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a litile cup or crown, or of a few
scales, teeth, awns, §c., or none at all.

+ No chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except in 41-48 and some cultivated
and altered forms of 44. Leaves mostly alternate.

++ Akenes flat: rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species.

88. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or
hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin
or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and cornmonly 2 or 8
short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish

; and chiefly entire leaves often turned edgewise.

89. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 86 or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes
flat, wingless: pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united
into a short crown.

40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle
high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low herbs, with
solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves.

41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow)
rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no
pappus.

++ ++ Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped: pippus a short crown or none: rays pistillate
: and fertile except in 42.

42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next.

43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow.
Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle conical, with some
slender chaff, at Jeast at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves
once to thrice pinnately divided.

44, CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETHRUM.
Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without
chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a
flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis.

++ ++ 4+ Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor incurved: pappus of 5-10
conspicuous thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended into « bristle
or awn: rays in one row, not very numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 — 5-cleft or lubed,
yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white: involucre uf separate
scales.

45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading
or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed.
(Akene and pappus, Lessons, p. 180, fig. 294.)

46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more
rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often

urple: the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen-
her terminal peduncles. :

++ ne er t+ Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky hairs
(which must not be confounded with puppus), hiding the minute pippus of many
delicate little scales: rays numerous in one row, neutral, yellon with dark-
colored spot at base, nearly entire: involucre of 2 or 8 rows of short scales
united in a cup.
47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the

rays expanding only in sunshine or bright daylight. Receptacle flat. Disk-
doers yellows their style abruptly thickened below the two short branches.

184 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

eet ere at Alenes incurved or boat-shaped, rough-tubercled on the back: no pap-
pus: rays numerous in more than one row: flowers all yellow or orange.

48. CALENDULA. Heads showy, solitary terminating the branches, with the very
numerous rays pistillate and fertile, éxpanding in sunshine or bright daylight;
the disk-flowers sometimes few in the centre and sterile. Involucre of nu-
merous short.green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes all that mature belong-
ing to the ray-flowers, strongly incurved, some of them even horse-shoe-
shaped, or coiled into a ring, and (especially the outer ones) with thickened
margins. ;

+ + A chaff on the receptacle behind each flower.

++ Only the ray-flowers fertile or maturing their akenes; those of the disk, evenif.
Peis ues always sterile: flowers all yellow. Coar'se tall herbs.

49. POLYMNIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 5 leaf-like scales
to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray-
flowers producing turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus.
Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented : all but the upper-
most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at
the clasping base. .

50. SILPHIUM. Heads mostly large, with numerous somewhat leafy-tipped or

een scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ny
Hower producing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the
involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teeth or a notch
at the top. Juice resinous.

++ ++ Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate and. fertile or neutral.

a. Akenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre and chaff of the recep-
tacle, or in 53 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally oppusite: involucre
double, the outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales.

61. DAHLIA. Rays in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more
or less pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into
rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes
oblong, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex.

62. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base.
Involucre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many
erect inner ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have
mostly a paps of 2 teeth or awns, the latter not barbed downwards.

53. BIDENS. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or
needle-shaped akenes; all bear 2 or more rigid persistent awns, which are
barbed downwards!

b. Akenes flattened if at all contrary to the scales of the involucre and the chaff of
the receptacle, having the latter usually embracing or folded round their outer
margin.

= Rays deciduous after flowering, yellow. sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61,
or white in one of 55. Leaves either opposite or alternate in same genus, in
54 - 56.

54, ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly
equal scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-mar-
gma pappus of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves simple, serrate, often

ecurrent into wings on the stem.

55. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involucre of few erect
scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless: pappus of
2 persistent awns. Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem.

56. XIMENESIA. Rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre spreading.
Receptacle flattish or convex. Akenes of the ray wrinkled and wingless;
those of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to
the wing. Leaves mostly with winged petioles which are dilated and clasp-

Tal at the base.

57. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flattish, more or less 4-angled
or lenticular, marginless: pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with
the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute inter-
mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 180, fig. 298.)
Leaves simple, entire or serrate: stems not winged.

58. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 8
rows, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled,
somewhat cubical: no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 185

59. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre
in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft.
Akenes short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top: pappus none or a short
even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate. ,

60. LEPACHYS. Like 59, but akenes flattened, wing-margined on the inner and
sometimes on the outer edge, 1-2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chaff
short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound.

61. DRACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre a some very small linear scales, and
akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach-
ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping.

= = Rays ruther persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple.

62. ECHINACEA. Rays numerous. Scales of the involucre narrow and spread-
ing. Receptacle conical; the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chaff longer
than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and chat, 4-sided, and with a
toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 — 5-ribbed.

=== Rays persistent on the Fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and
Sertile, of various colors.

63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical; the oblong chaff not longer than
the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those
of the ray 8-sided; pappus of a chaffy awn or footh on each angle, or some-
times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary,
terminating the stem or branches. .

§ 2. Herbage, involucres. gc. dotted with large pellucid or colored glands or cil-
receptacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented :
imvolucre of’ one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup: no
chaff on the flattish receptacle: flowers yellow or orange.

64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes
elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chaffy
scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs
bd labrous.

65. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets
at the base. Toteptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender,
Pre pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough
bristles, so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite.

II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants
with milky juice. Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle
in any of the following.)

§ 1. Pappus of many minute chaffy scales, forming a short crown or cup.

66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double; the outer of
5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with
broad summit. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. (Lessons,
p. 107, fig. 222; the akene, p. 180, fig. 292.)

§ 2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles.

67. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre
of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at
the base. Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which
bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at
the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base.

68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of
many narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes
spindle-shaped: pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all
at the root or base of the scapes. :

§ 8. Pappus of very many slender, but rather stiff and rough, naked and tawny bristles.

69. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales
of the invofucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or
columnar, not beaked: the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious.
Stems naked or leafy. ;

70. NABALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 greenish-white or yellowish often
purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single

” row and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical: pappus of very
copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy.

186 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

§ 4. Pappus of extremely copious and fine soft hair-like naked bristles.
* Mature akenes with the pappus raised on a very long slender stulk-like beak.

71. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Head of yellow flowers as in the next; but the pappus
rusty red and with a minute ring of soft down underneath it. Stems branch-
ing and leafy near the base, the long peduncles naked.

72. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow flowers on a slender hollow and
wholly naked scape. Involucre double, the inner of numerous narrow scales
in a single row, the outer of short loose scales. Akenes terete or spindle-
shaped, strongly ribbed and tubereled on the ribs, much shorter than its
slender beak which elevates at maturity the soft and white pappus. (Les-
sons, p. 180, fig. 296.)

78. LACTUCA. Heads of several variously colored flowers. Involucre of several
lanceolate or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes flat, ab-
ruptly contracted into the slender beak which elevates the very white soft
pappus. Stems leafy.

* * Akenes with a short and thick beak or none: heads many-flowered.

74. MULGEDIUM. Involucre as in 78», Flowers blue or bluish. Akenes flat-
tened, short-beaked. Stems lay. ~
75. SONCHUS. Involucre as in #8, or with narrow and more equal scales, and
tumid at base. Flowers yellow. Akengg flat and short, without a beak to
support its very soft white pappus. Stéms branching and leafy. (Lessons,
p- 130, fig. 295.) “
oe
1. CYNARA, ARTICHOKE. (Ancient Greek name.) Two species oc-
casionally cult. from the Old World, as esculents. 2

C. Seédlymus, True ArrticuoxKe, with stout stems, slightly prickly
leaves mostly once or twice pinnatifid and cottony beneath, the ovate and usu-
ally pointless scales of the involucre and the receptacle of the young flower heads
fleshy, and edible when cooked.

C. Cardunculus, Carpoon, has the leaves more deeply and compoundly
divided and prickly, the less fleshy scales of the head prickly-tipped ; the fleshy
leafstalks and midrib eaten after being blanched in the manner of celery.

2. CIRSIUM, TRUE THISTLE. (Old Greek name.) Flowers purple
or pink, occasionally yellow or white, in summer. Y

§ 1. All the scales of the head armed with spreading prickly tips.

C. lanceolatum, Common Tuistie. Nat. from Eu. in pastures, &e. ;
the base of the rough deeply pinnatifid leaves running down the stem in lobed
prickly wings ; fl. purple. @

§ 2. All or most of the scales of the head appressed, the innermost not prickly-
pointed, the outer with a short prickle or point, or none.

% Leaves green both sides or a little cottony or cobwebby underneath.

C. arvénse, Canapa T. A vile pest in fields and meadows N., nat. from
Eu. :* spreading by deep running roots as well as by seed: numerous short-
peduncled heads only 1’ long, with rose-purple flowers ; leaves moderately pin-
natifid, weak-prickly.

C. horridulum, Yettow T. Wild near the coast in sandy ground;
has very prickly leaves, rather large heads surrounded at base by an inyolucre
or whorl of leaf-like very prickly bracts, and yellowish or purplish flowers.

C. pumilum, Pasture T. Wild in dry fields, 1°- 3° high, with lance-
oblong pinnatifid Icaves, single very large heads (almost 2! across) of fragyant
(purple or rarely white) flowers, sometimes leafy-bracted at base. @

C. muticum, Swamp T. Wild in swamps and low ground; 3°-8° high,
with deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather latge naked heads,
most of the scales pointless ; flowers purple. 2/

% * Leaves white-cottony underneath : flowers purple, rarely white. Wild species.

C. altissimum, Tact T. Fields from Penn. and S.; 3°- 10° high, branch-
ing, leafy up to the rather small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or only slightly
pinnatifid, except the lowest. @ Y

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 187

C. Virginianum, Vireinta T. Chiefly S. & W. on plains and barrens,
with rather simple stems 1° - 3° high, ending in a long naked peduncle; leaves
lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnatifid; head small. 2

C. discolor, Two-coLorep T. Low grounds, 3°- 6° high, branching
and leafy, with rather small heads, and deeply pinnatifid leaves green above
white beneath, their lobes narrow and prickly pointed. @

3. SILYBUM, MILK THISTLE. (An ancient Greek name.)

S. Marianum, the only species, cult. in some gardens and rarely running
wild, from the Old World, well marked by its white-blotched or veined smooth
leaves with clasping base and merely sinuate prickly margins; flowers purple,
in late summer. @ ©

#

4. ONOPORDON, COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. (The ancient
Greek name.)
O. Acanthium. Nat. from Eu. in waste places: tall, white-cottony, with

weak prickles on the sinuate-pinnatitid Jeaves and the broad leaf-like wings of
the stem and branches ; flowers purple, latesummer. @

5. LAPPA, BURDOCK. (Name from a Greek word meaning to lay hold
of, from the burs or hook-awned heads.)

L. officinalis, var. mazor, the Common B., with large leaves loosely
cottony beneath, or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shaped, upper ovate, is
common in manured soil and barnyards. Var. minor is smaller and smoother,
with leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Fl. mostly purple,
all summer and autumn. @

6. CARTHAMUS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic
name of the plant, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which
are used in dying or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.)

C. tinctorius, the only common species, cult. in country gardens, from the
Orient; smooth, 6-12! high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in
summer. ():

7. CNICUS, BLESSED THISTLE. (Greek name of a kind of Thistle.)

C. benedictus, the only species, scarce in waste places S., from Eu. ; has
much branched loosely woolly stems, leafy up to the rather small heads of yel-
lowish flowers, and pale pinnatifid leaves with slightly prickly edges.

8. CENTAUREA, CENTAUREA or STAR-THISTLE. (Ancient

name, after Chiron the Centaur.) Fl. summer.

§ 1. Flowers all alike in the head, the marginal ones not enlarged and ray-like :
pappus of very short bristles: scales of head with durk-fringed appendage.
C. nigra, Brack C. or Knapweep. A coarse weed, in fields and waste
laces E., nat. from Eu.; stem 2° high; leaves roughish, lance-oblong, the
lower with some coarse teeth; flowers purple.

§ 2. Marginal flowers more or less enlarged, forming a kind of false ray, and
sterile: pappus of bristles : scales of head with fringed appendage.

C. Cineraria, or canprpfssima, a low species, cult. from §S. Eu. with
very white-woolly twice pinnatitid leaves, and purple flowers, the outermost
little enlarged: not hardy N. 2 : :

C. Americana. Cult. from Arkansas and Texas: smooth, with stout
stem 1°-2° high, oblong or lance-oblong leaves, the upper entire, very large
head of showy pale purple flowers, the outer ones much enlarged, and the scales
with large scarious-fringed appendage. @

C. Cyanus, Buursorrie or Cornrtower. In gardens, from Eu., spar-
ingly running wild ; loosely eottony, with stem-leaves lmear and mostly entire,

188 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

solitary long-stalked head, the outer flowers very large and blue, with white or
rose-colored varieties. @ @

C. montana. Cult. from Eu.: low and stout stems from creeping root-
stock, leaves lance-oblong, head larger, but flowers similar to last. 2

§3. Amburnoa. Marginal sterile flowers many : pappus of narrow chaff, or
none: scales of head naked and smooth. Cult. for ornament, from Asia.

C. odorata, or Ambersor, Swertr Suttana. Smooth, with mostly pin-
natifid leaves, long-stalked head of yellow fragrant flowers, the outer ranks
enlarged, and chatfy-bristled pappus. @

C. moschata, Musx-scentep S., has rose-purple or white musk-scented
flowers, the outer little enlarged, and no pappus. @

9. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. (Name from the Greek
for yellow, the plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with
stout and low branching stems, alternate and petioled merely toothed or lobed
leaves, and obseure greenish flowers, produced all summer. @

X. strumarium, Common C. Barnyards and waste manured ground :
rough, 1°- 2° high, with broadly triangular-heart-shaped toothed or slightly
lobed leaves on long petioles ; the fruit a bur fully }/ long, with 2 straightish
beaks at the apex.

Var. echinatum, on sandy shores, has a turgid bur 1/ long, with incurved
beaks and more numerous prickles, beset with glandular bristles.

X. spinosum, Spiny C. Sandy shores and waste places, E. & S.
Hoary ; the branching stems armed with slender triple prickles at the base of
the narrow short-petioled leaves ; bur small, with a single beak-like tip.

10. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name means food for the
Gods: perhaps sarcastically applied to these miserable weeds.) Leaves oppo-
site or the upper alternate, mostly lobed or cut: flowers greenish, all summer
and autumn. @

A. trifida, Great Racweep. Tall coarse herb along low borders of
streams, 4°-10° high, rough, with opposite.deeply 3-lobed leaves on margined
petioles, the lobes lance-ovate and serrate, staminate heads in racemes, their in-
volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 5 or 6
ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point.

A. bidentata. Prairies from II]. 8., 1°-3° high, hairy, very leafy; the
leaves alternate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one
side near the base; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of the sterile
ones with a large lanceolate appendage on one side.

A. artemisizfolia, Romaxy Wormwoop, Hoeweep, or BiIrrERWEED.
Waste places and roadsides, 1°- 3° high, hairy or roughish ; with twice pin-
natifid Icaves either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary beneath, staminate
heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small roundish fruit with about 6 little
teeth or spines.

ll. TANACETUM, TANSY. (Old name, said to be a corruption of

Athanasia, undying, from the durable flowers.) Fl. all summer. 2

T. vulgare, Common Tansy, from Eu.: cult. in old gardens, and a road-
side weed, 2°— 4° high, smooth, strong-scented and acrid, with deep green 1 -3-
pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets and winged margins of the petiole cut-
toothed ; in var. crfsPpum, leaves more cut and crisped.

T. Balsamita, Cosrmary: a garden herb, from Eu., 1° - 2° high, smooth,
with pleasant scent, the pale leaves oblong and nearly toothed, and small heads
of pale yellow flowers.

12. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek
Diana.) Fl. summer. .

% Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. 2

A. Absinthium, Common Wormwoop, from Eu.; in old gardens and
a roadside weed; strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2° - 4° high and rather

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189

woody at base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and
nodding hemispherical heads.

A. vulgaris, MUGWORT of Eu.; in old gardens and roadsides, with
pinnatifid leaves green above and cottony-white beneath, their Jance-linear
divisions mostly cut and cleft, and small heads in open panicles.

A. Ludoviciana, Western M., is wild from Michigan W. and S. W.,
with lanceolate leaves. mostly cottony-white on both sides, many of them entire
or merely toothed, and larger heads in narrow or spike-like panicles.

* %* Leaves (and whole plant) smooth and green or nearly so,
+ Not very fine or finely cut.

A. biénnis, Birwn1a, Wormwoop. Gravelly banks and shores N. W.,
extending E. along railroads; 1°-3° hich, with small greenish heads much
crowded in the axils the once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear, in the
lower cut-toothed. ;

A. Dractnculus, Tarragon, is sparingly cult. from Eu. for the aro-
matic (lance-linear entire) leaves, used as a condiment. 2

+ + Very fine thread-like or capillary divisions to the 1 - 8-pinnately divided

leaves: heads loosely panicled.

A. Abrotanum, Sournernwoop, from S. Eu.; cult. in gardens for the
pleasant-scented foliage, 3° - 5° high, woody-stemmed.

A. caudaia, is a wild Wormwood along the sandy coast and lake shores,
2°-4° high. @

13. FILAGO, COTTON-ROSE. (Latin name, from the cottony hairs.)

F. Germanica, German C. or Herpa Impra of the old herbalists,
branches with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent clus-
ter at the top of the stem (as if undutifully exalting themselves); stems 5! - 10/
high, crowded with the lanceolate erect and entire cottony leaves. Old dry
fields from New York S.; fl. summer and autumn. @

14, ERECHTHITES, FIREWEED. (Ancient name of some Ground-
sel, after Erechtheus.) Fl. summer and autumn. @

E. hieracifolia, one of the plants called Fireweep, because springing
up where woods have becn cleared and ground burned over, especially N.: very
rank and coarse herb, often hairy, 1°-5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut-
toothed leaves, the upper with auricled clasping base, and panicled or corymbed
heads of dull white flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy

pappus.

15. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE, CUD-
WEED. (Name from Greek, meaning lock of wool.) Fl. summer and
autumn.

§ 1. Wild species, with crowded small heads, the slender pistillate flowers very
numerous and occupying several rows.

* Scales of the involucre white or ycllowish-white : stem erect, 1° — 2° high: heads
many, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, gc.

G. polycéphalum, Common Everzastine. Leaves lanceolate, with
narrowed base and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect
flowers few in the centre of each head. @

' G. dectirrens, Decurrent E., equally common from New Jersey to
Michigan and N.; leaves lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasp-
ing and extending down on the stem; many perfect flowers in the centre of each
head. 2
* * Scales of the involucre tawny-purplish or whitish, not at all showy or petal-
like: heads small, crowded in sessile clusters: stems spreading or ascending,
3'- 20! high. @

G. uligindsum, Low Cupwerep. A most common, insignificant little
weed in wet places, especially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and in-
conspicuous heads in terminal cJusters.

190 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

G. purptreum, Porrrisu C. In sand or gravel along and near the
sea-shore : taller, with oblong-spatulate or lanceolate leaves green above and
white-cottony beneath, and purplish heads in axillary clusters, or spiked along
the upper part of the stem.

§ 2. Ornamental exotic IMMORTELLES in the gardens, these in strictness named
Heuicurysum, with pistillate flowers fewer or in a single marginal row.

G. bracteatum, or HericurYsuM BRACTEATUM, from Australia : tall,
smoothish or slightly downy, with lanceolate leaves, large heads terminating the
branches and with some leaf-like bracts on the peduncle, the permanent and
very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and petal-like, spreading in
many ranks, golden yellow, and with white varieties. (Ome) : ;

G. (or H.) macranthum, from Australia, is less tall (1°- 2° high), with
roughish stem and lance-oblong or spatulate leaves green throughout, and the
showy solitary heads nearly 2/ across ; the scales of the involucre rose-red, ‘or
white on the upper face. 2 @

16. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Name
from the club-shaped pappus of the staminate flowers, which resembles the
antennee of certain insects.) 2

A. margaritacea, Pearty Everzastinc. Dry fields and woods,
especially N., fl. in summer: stem about 2° high, leafy to the top; the leaves
lance-linear ; heads in a broad corymb, the fertile ones with a few imperfect
staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the involucre pearly white, rounded.

A. plantaginifolia, Prantarn-Leavep E. Dry knolls and slopes, fi.
early spring: in patches, spreading by runners and offsets; the root-leaves
spatulate or obovate and tufted; flowering stems 4!- 8! high, with few and small
lanceolate leaves ; heads in a small corymb, the fertile ones with narrow and
acutish, the staminate with white and rounded scales.

17. RHODANTHE. (Name from Greek words for rose and flower, from
the rose-colored pearly heads, which in cultivation are sometimes white.) @

R. Manglésii, cult. in gardens for ornament, from Australia: a low
smooth herb, with oblong and alternate clasping entire leaves, and loosely
corymbed showy nodding heads of yellow flowers, the pearly involucte obovate
or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very ornamental, in summer.

18. AMMOBIUM. (Name from Greek words meaning living in sand.) @

A. alatum, of Australia, cult. for ornament: 1°- 3° high, rather cottony,
with root-leaves oblong and tapering downwards into a petiole, stem-leaves
small and lanceolate, and extended down the branches and stems in the form of
ting wings ; heads solitary with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow

owers.

19. HUMEA. (Named for Lady Hume.) From Australia, cult. for orna-
ment. @

H. élegans. Tall, 3°-6° high when in flower, with simple stem thickly
set with the alternate lance-ovate and clasping green leaves, the summit branch-
ing into a large drooping panicle, its branches slender, bearing very numerous
and small purplish heads.

20. VERNONIA, IRON-WEED. (Named for a Mr. Vernon, of Eng-.
land, who travelled in this country.) Fl. autumn. Y

V. Noveboracénsis, New York or Common Iron-WeED. Near the
coast and along rivers: 3°-6° high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, crowded
along the whole height of the stem, heads in a broad corymb, and scales of in-
volucre with slender awl-shaped or awn-like tips.

V. fasciculata, only W. & S. in prairies, &c., has the scales of involucre
blunt and pointless, except perhaps some of the lowest. :

V. angustifolia, only S., has narrow linear and more scattered leaves.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 191

21. LIATRIS, BUTTON-SNAKEROOT or BLAZING-STAR. (An
unexplained name.) Chiefly in pine-barrens or sandy soil. Fl. late summer
and autumn. 2/

§1. Stem commonly wand-like and simple, rising from a round corm or short tuber,
very leafy with narrow and entire often grass-like leaves ; heads spiked or
racemed, or occasionally branching into a panicle, with imbricated involucre :
lobes of the rose-purple corolla long and slender.

* Bristles of the pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye.
+ Heads small, only 4 - 5-flowered.

L. tenuifdlia, in S. pine-barrens, has very slender mostly thread-shaped
oe stem 2° — 4° high, very slender raceme, and scales of involucre erect and
pointed.

L. élegans, from Virginia S.; 2° high, often hairy or downy, with com-
pact spike, short lanceolate or linear leaves, and scales of involucre with spread-
ing rose-purple tips.

+ + Heads large and fewer, cylindrical, many-flowered.

LL. squarrosa, Common Burazine-Star; from Penn. S. & W.; 1°-3°
high, with linear leaves, few heads about 1’ long, and scales of involucre with
spreading leat-like tips. ;

L. cylindracea, from W. Canada S. W., smaller than the preceding,
6’ - 18’ high, the narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips.

* * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye.
+ Heads 30 - 40-flowered, commonly an inch broad.

L. searidsa, with stout stem 2°-5° high, lanceolate leaves, or the lower
spatulate-oblong,‘and very numerous scales of the involucre with rounded tips,
often scarious or purple on the margins.

+ + Heads 3-15:flowered, from 4! to 4! long: stem 2° -5° high.

L. pycnostachya, in prairies W., with linear or lance-linear leaves, and
avery dense spike of about 5-flowered heads, the scales of the involucre with
recurving purplish tips.

L. spicata, the commonest species ; in low grounds, with 8 - 12-flowered
heads crowded in a long spike, the oblong and blunt scales of involucre without
any obvious tips.

L. graminifolia, in wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S., has 7 -12-
flowered heads in a looser spike or raceme, the rigid appressed scales blunt or
slightly pointed. :

L. gracilis, from N. Carolina S., with spreading leaves, the lower lance-
oblong and long-petioled, the others linear and short, and 3 ~7-flowered small
heads on spreading pedicels.

§ 2. No tuber or corm: leaves broad: heads small, in a corymb.

L. odoratissima, VaniLua-PLant of low pine-barrens S. (also wrongly
called Hounn’s-roncur) : 2°-3° high, very smooth, with pale obovate or ob-
long leaves which are vanilla-scented in withering, the heads 7 ~ 8-flowered, in-
volucre of few scales, and pappus not plumose.

22. KUHNIA. (Named by Linneus for Dr. Kuhn of Pennsylvania.)

K. eupatorioides, the only species from New Jersey to Wisconsin S.,
is a rather homely herb, with lanceolate leaves, and panicled or corymbed small
heads of flowers, in autumn. 2

23. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (Named for a Bohemian
botanist, Prof Mikan.)
M. scandens, a rather handsome plant, climbs over bushes in low grounds,
with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, and small heads of pur-
plish flowers, in summer. 2/

192 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

24. EUPATORIUM, THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. (Old name,
dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European spe-
cies in medicine. Most of the species are American.) 2f
E. glechonophyllum, of Chili, and one or two other somewhat woody-

stemmed and white-flowered species are cultivated in greenhouses for winter-

blooming. — The following are the commonest wild species; fl. late summer
and autumn.

§1. Leaves 3-6 in a whorl: heads 5- 15-flowered, cylindrical, the purplish
scales closely imbricated in several rows : flowers Jlesh-colored.

E. purpureum, Purriz T. or Jor-Pyz Wexzp. Low grounds, with
simple stems 3° - 12° high, with or without purplish spots or dots, very veiny
oblong-ovate roughish-toothed and pointed leaves on petioles, and dense com-
pound corymbs.

§ 2. Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile: heads corymbed,
the scales more or less imbricated: flowers white.

% Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs (connate-perfoliate).

E. perfoliatum, Taoroucuworr or Bonssrt. Low grounds every-
where (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine), 2° 4° high, hairy ; the
lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veiny and somewhat wrinkled,
5'-8! long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense corymb, 10-30-
flowered.

% « Leaves separate at base: heads mostly 5 — 8-flowered.

E. sessilifolium, on shady banks, is smooth, 4°-6° high, with lance-
ovate scrrate leaves (3'- 6’ long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to
a slender point, and small heads in very compound flat corymbs.

BE. pubéscens, in dry soil chiefly near the coast, only 2° high, with ovate
acute and toothed downy leaves, and 7 — 8 flowers in the heads.

KE. rotunditolium, in similar places and like the foregoing, but with
roundish-ovate blunt leaves more deeply toothed, and 5-flowered heads.

EK. teucrifolium, in low grounds near the coast, roughish-pubescent,
with ovate-oblong or lance-oblong veiny deeply few-toothed leaves and small
corymbs.

EH. album, in sandy soil from New Jersey S., 2° high, is roughish-hairy,
with oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed and strongly veiny leaves, and heads
crowded in the corymb, the lanceolate and pointed scales of the involucre white
above and larger than the flowers.

E. altissimum, in dry soil from Penn. to Ill. and §S., is stout and tall,
3°-7° high, downy, with lanceolate leaves (resembling those of some Golden-
rods) tapering to both ends and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed
above the middle ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre blunt.

E. hyssopifolium, in dry, sterile soil, from Mass. S., 1°-2° high,
smoothish, with narrow linear or lanceolate blunt 1 — 3-nerved leaves.

§ 3. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, all long-petioled : corymbs compound :
Slowers 12-15 in the head, small, white.

E. serétinum, in low grounds from Maryland to Ill. & S., minutely
pubescent, tall (3°-6° high), bushy-branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate and
Ea tealaans triple-ribbed, coarsely toothed, 5’—6' long; the involucre very

owny.

§ 4. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed : hends in corymbs, 8—80-flowered, the
scales of the involucre equal and almost in one row : flowers white.

E. ageratoides, Wuirr Syaxu-roor. Common in woods, especially
N., 2°— 3° high, smooth, with broadly ovate long-petioled coarsely and sharply
toothed thin Ieaves (4'- 5! long), and heads of handsome pure-white flowers in
compound corymbs.

E. aromaticum, like the preceding, but commoner S. and only near the
coast ; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves more bluntly
toothed on short petioles, the corymbs usually less compound.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 193

25. CONOCLINIUM, MIST-FLOWER. (Name from Greek, means
conical receptacle, in which alone it differs from Kupatorium, i. e. from such
species as those of the last section.) 2

C. coelestinum, in rich soil from Penn. to Il. and S., sometimes cult.
for ornament, 1°-2° high, with triangular-ovate or slightly heart-shaped
coarsely toothed leaves, and a flat corymb of small heads of blue-purple flowers,
m autumn.

26. AGERATUM. (An ancient Greek name, which means not growing old,
probably applied originally to some sort of Everlasting.)

A. conyzoides, the variety with azure-blue flowers called A. MrxicAnum,
cult. for ornament from Trop. Amer. ; 2°-3° high, soft-downy, with ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped petioled leaves, and corymbed heads of azure-blue flow-
ers, produced all summer and autumn. @

27. PIQUERIA. (Named for an obscure Spanlsh botanist, Piquerio.)

P. trinérvia, from Mexico, cult. for winter-blooming ; smooth, 2° ~ 3°
high, branched, with lance-oblong. 3-nerved sparingly serrate leaves, and loose
panicled corymbs of very small white-flowered heads; much used for dressing
larger cut flowers. @

28. CACALIA, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name, of uncertain
meaning.) Natives of rich soil, fl. mostly in late summer.
* Receptacle flat : involucre with some bracts at the base.

C. suaveolens, from Conn. to Wisconsin and §., but rare; 3°— 5° high,
with halberd-shaped serrate leaves on winged petioles, and rather large heads of
20-30 flowers.

* « Receptacle pointed in the middle: involucre 5-flowered, of 5 scales, naked.

C. reniférmis, Great I., from New Jersey to Illinois and S. along the
mountains, 4°-9° high, with large and green repand-toothed petioled leaves,
the lower kidney-shaped, the pes fan-shaped.

C. atriplicifolia, Pare 1. Commoner S.: pale or glaucous, with coarsely
toothed or angled leaves, the lower almost ae the upper wedge-shaped.

C. tuberosa, Tuzerovus I. Wet prairies W., with angled stem and
green thickish 5 - 7-nerved mostly ertire leaves, the lower lance-oval and taper-
ing into long petioles, the upper short-petioled. Flowers in early summer.

29. TUSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Name from the Latin tussis, a cough,
for which the plant is a popular remedy.)

T. Farfara, the only species, is wild along brooks, damp roadsides, and
near dwellings N., probably introduced from Europe, spreading very much by
its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) rootstocks, which send up, in earliest
spring, scaly-bracted scapes, 3'- 6! high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head,
followed by the rounded and somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kid-
ney-shaped leaves, which are cottony beneath when young. :

30. SENECIO, GROUNDSEL. (Name from the Latin senex, an old
man, referring to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of the

pappus.)
§1. Wild species, chiefly of low or wet grounds, with yellow flowers.
« No ray-flowers, introduced from Eu. : fi. all summer. -@

S. vulgaris, Common GrounpseL; a low weed in waste or cultivated
grounds E., corymbose, nearly smooth, with pinnatifid and toothed leaves.

& * With ray-flowers, native herbs: fl. spring and early summer. ,

S. lobatus, ButrerwrEp. Low banks of streams S. & S. W., very
smooth, 1°-8° high, with tender lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate and variously
lobed leaves, small heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays. @)

13

194 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

S. atreus, Gotpen Racworr or Squaw-weEp. Cottony when young,
becoming smooth with age, sometimes quite smooth when young, with simple
stems 1°-3° high, root-leaves simple and in different varieties either round,
obovate, heart-shaped, oblong, or spatulate, crenate or cut-toothed, on slender
petioles, lower stem-leaves lyrate, upper ones sessile or clasping and cut-pin-
natifid ; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. 2/

§ 2. Exotic species, cultivated for ornament from the Old World.

* Emfiia, or Cacaxia, of the older botanists, with no rays, but many orange-
red disk-flowers in a very simple cup-like involucre: akenes with 5 acute
and hispid-ciliate ungles. @

S. sonchifolia, Tasser-Frower: cult. as a summer annual, from India,
very smooth or a little bristly, pale or glaucous, 1° - 2° high, with root-leaves
obovate and petioled, stem-leaves sagittate and partly clasping, and rather showy
heads in a naked corymb, in summer.

* *& Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk-flowers, small, yellow: stem extensively

climbing, more or less twining.

S. scandens, cult. as house plant under the name of GERMAN Ivy, but is
from Cape of Good Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the leaves, which are
round-heart-shaped or angled and with 3-7 pointed lobes, soft and tender in
texture, and very smooth : the flowers seldom produced. 2

* * * Crnpraria. Heads with rays and numerous disk-flowers : not climbers.
+ Flowers all yellow. 2

S. Cineraria, or CrnerAria Marfrima, of Mediterranean coast, an old-
fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cineraria and the
popular one of Dusty Mixiver) with a woolly coating ; the branching stems
somewhat woody at base; leaves pinnately parted and the divisions mostly
sinuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense corymb.

8S. Kéempferi, of Japan and China, is most probably the original of the
Farrocium GrAnps, lately introduced into the gardens, where it hardly ever
flowers : it is cultivated for the foliage, the thick and smooth rounded and angled
rather kidney-shaped root-leaves blotched with white ; some of the flowers more
or less 2-lipped. 2

+ + Ray-flowers purple, violet, blue, or varying to white, those of the disk of

similar colors or sometimes yellow.

S. Heretiéri, or CrverArra vaNnAra, from Teneriffe, with woody base
to the stem, rounded heart-shaped 5 -7-lobed leaves on slender petioles, very
white-cottony beneath but soon smooth and green above, and peduncle bearing
oe rather large head of purple flowers, is a less common house-plant than
the next.

S. cruéntus, the Common Civzraria of the greenhouses, from Tene-
riffe, is herbaceous, smoothish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or less
cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crimson or purple underneath, the
lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into clasping auricles at the base ;
pee pe in a flat corymb, the handsome flowers purple, crimson, blue,
white, &c.

Ss. élegans, PurrLe Raewort, from Cape of Good Hope, a smooth herb,
with deeply pinnatifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half clasping
base, the lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; heads corymbed, with yellow
or purple disk-flowers and purple or rarely white rays. @ And a full-double
variety, having the disk-flowers turned into rays. 2

31. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) The
common European species is used in medicine. The following probably has
similar properties, /

A. nudicatilis, so called for the naked stem, which bears only 1 or 2 pairs
of small leaves, although 1°-3° high, the main leaves being clustered at the
root, thickish, sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-5-nerved, mostly entire, hairy ; heads
several, loosely corymbed, pretty large and showy, in spring. Low pine-barrens
from §. Penn. 8.

COMPOSITE FAMILY, 195

32. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) Fl. summer. 2

I. Helénium, Common Execampane. In old gardens and nat. from
Eu. by roadsides ; a stout herb, with stems 3°~5° high from a thick mucilagi-
nous root (used in medicine), large entire leaves woolly beneath, those from the
root ovate and petioled, the others partly clasping; heads large, but the rays
very narrow.

33. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Name from two Greek words
eae golden in appearance, trom the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild
chiefly 8. & W., in dry and barren or sandy soil : fl. summer and autumn.

C. graminifolia, from Delaware S. : silvery-silky, with long lance-linear
and grass-like shining nerved leaves, and single or few heads.

C. falcata, on the coast, from Cape Cod to New Jersey: only 4/- 10! high,
woolly, clothed to the top with short and linear 3-nerved rigid leaves, which are
often curved or scythe-shaped (whence the specific name); heads small,
corymbed.

C. gossypina, from Virginia S.: white-cottony all over (whence the name),
with oblong obtuse rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads.

C. Mariana, the commonest species, from Long Island 8, : silky with long
and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a few corymbed
heads on glandular peduncles. 2/

C. villosa, from Wisconsin 8. & W.: coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary,
leafy to the top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short pedun-
cles, and narrow-oblong leaves. 2/

34. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (Oldname, from Latin word to make
whole, from supposed healing qualities.) There are very many species, flow-
ering through late summer and autumn. See Manual and Chapman’s S,
Flora. The following are a few of the very commonest. 2/

§ 1. Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves.
S. bicolor. Pale and downy or hairy, with oblong or lance-oblong scarcely:
toothed leaves, and small heads with cream-colored or nearly white ray-flowers !-
S. latifolia, of shaded banks N.: smooth, with broadly ovate pointed and
sharply serrate thin leaves, and bright yellow ray-flowers.
S. e®sia is like the last, but witli more branched and glaucous stems, and.
lanceolate or lance-oblong sessile leaves.

§ 2. Heads in racemes forming a terminal panicle.
* Leaves feather-veined, not 3-ribbed.

S. argita. Smooth, with the lowest and root-leaves oblong or lance-oval.
pointed and sharply toothed, the upper narrower and entire; the slender one-
sided naked racemes widely spreading or drooping. .

8. altissima, badly named, as it is mostly only 2°-4° high, one of the
earliest-flowering Golden-rods, with rough-hairy stem, small lance-ovate or
oblong and serrate very veiny leaves, and one-sided recurving racemes of small
heads of bright-yellow flowers.

« * Leaves feather-veined and indistinctly triple-ribbed, entire or nearly so, grayish.

S. nemoralis,.in dry open ground, flowering soon after midsummer, only
1°—2° high, pale with very minute down ; the leaves spatulate-oblong or oblan-
ceolate ; one-sided dense racemes numerous and at length recurving, and flowers
bright golden-yellow. .

% % % Leaves plainly either 3-ribbed or triple-ribbed : racemes one-sided, crowded,

spreading or recurving and forming an ample panicle.

S. Canadénsis, has rough-hairy stems, lanceolate and usually serrate
pointed leaves rather downy beneath but rough above, and small heads with
short rays. : ef ;

S. gigantéa is smooth or smoothish, especially the stem, and with larger
heads and rays than the preceding.

196 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

§ 3. Heads much crowded in a terminal compound corymb.

8. rigida, in dry soil, a tall and stout species, minutely hoary-downy and
roughish, the thick oval or oblong leaves with a strong midrib ; the remarkably
large heads as many as 30-flowered. :

8. lanceolata, along river-banks, only 2°- 3° high, very bushy-branched,
nearly smooth, with lance-linear 3 —5-nerved leaves, and dense flat corymbs of
small heads sessile in clusters, the small rays 15-20, the disk-flowers fewer.

S. tenuifolia, in sandy ground, usually near the coast ; like the preceding,
but more slender, with narrow linear mostly 1-nerved dotted leaves, and nar-
rower or club-shaped heads, the small rays 6 - 12.

35. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA-ASTER. (Name from Greek words
meaning beautiful crown.) Fl. all summer. @
C. Chinensis, the well-known Curna-AsTER, of the gardens, a native of
China and Japan, has numerous varieties of various colors, the finest full-
double.

36. ASTER, STARWORT, ASTER. (Name, aster, a star.) This vast
genus (with which SericocArrus and DirLopAprus may be here included)
is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for their study will

naturally use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman’s Southern
Flora for the few that are peculiarly southern. We barely mention the com-
monest and more distinct or striking of our 40 or 50 wild species. FI. late
summer and autumn. 2/

§ 1. With heart-shaped and petioled leaves, at least the lower ones.

* Heads in open corymbs, middle-sized : rays white or nearly so and rather few.
In woodlands, rather early-flowering.

A. corymbosus, Corrmerp Aster. Rather slender, with thin coarsely-
toothed and sharp-pointed leaves, which are considerably longer than broad,
and only 6-9 rays.

A. macrophyllus, Larer-tuavep A. Larger and stouter, 2°-3° high,
with broader and thickish rather rough leaves, and more rigid corymbs of larger
heads, with 12 - 24 rays.

* * Heads panicled, numerous and small. In woodlands, §c.

A. cordifolius, Heart-teavep A., is smooth or smoothish, much
branched, with thinnish serrate leaves on slender petioles, and very numerous
loosely panicled small heads, the rays pale blue or whitish.

A. undulatus, Wavy-teavep A., is minutely downy, with the leaves only
slightly toothed or wavy, the lowest heart-shaped and on margined petioles, the
upper abruptly contracted into short and broadly winged petioles with dilated
and clasping base, or else sessile by a heart-shaped base ; the heads larger and
in narrow or raceme-like panicles, and with rather showy purple-blue rays.

§ 2. With lower leaves never heart-shaped, the upper ones sessile and partly clasp-
ing by a heart-shaped or auricled base: heads large or rather large, showy,
the numerous rays purple or blue.

* Scales of the involucre not at all leafy, but with short greenish tips, rigid, close-
pressed in many ranks, the outer successively shorter: rays deep-colored :
leaves entire or nearly so. Dry grounds.

A. patens, Spreapine A. Rough with short hairiness, 1°- 3° high, with
long widely spreading branches, and single large heads terminating the slender
minutely-lcaved branchlets; all the stem-leaves clasping, usually lance-oblong
or lance-ovate, the larger ones often contracted above the heart-shaped base,
rough-edged ; rays deep purple-violet.

A. levis, Smootn A. Well-known by its perfect smoothness, pale, often
glaucous, with lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves, heads middle-sized in a rather
close panicle, involucre of close-pressed whitish scales with abrupt green tips,
and rays sky-blue.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 197

* * Scales of the involucre not leafy but loose and slender, all of about the same
length, clammy-glandular, leaves entire.

A. Novee-Anglize, New Encianp A., but everywhere common in low
grounds; the stout hairy’ stem 4°-8° high, thickly beset to the top with
lanceolate minutely downy leaves, which all have an auricled clasping base ;
heads many and large in a crowded corymb; the rays very numerous and
narrow, violet-purple, or in var. ROSEUS rose-purple or reddish.

* * & Scales of the involucre about equal in length, loose and with more or less
leaf-like spreading tips, or the outermost wholly green : leaves serrate in the
muddle or sometimes nearly entire: heads loosely corymbed or panicled.
Low grounds.

A. prenanthoides. In rich woodlands chiefly N. & W.; only 1°-2°
high, almost smooth, with lance-ovate leaves coarsely toothed in the middle,
tapering above into a long point, and below into a portion narrower than the
abruptly dilated heart-shaped clasping base ; rays pale blue.

A. puniceus, Rep-stemmip A. In wet grounds, mostly 3°- 6° high,
loosely branched, rough-hairy, commonly purple-tinged, with Jance-oblong or
lanceolate sparingly serrate rough leaves, the base auricled and partly clasping ;
scales of involucre slender ; rays long, bright or pale blue.

A. longifolius, Lone-Lteavep A. Smooth or nearly so, 1°-4° high,
with lanceolate or linear often entire taper-pointed rather firm and glossy leaves,
more leaf-like scales to the involucre, and bright blue-purple rays.

§ 3. With leaves none of them heart-shaped, those of the stem all sessile: heads very
small and numerous, racemed or panicled : involucre imbricated in few or
several rows : the scales with green tips, the outer successively shorter.

« In dry open ground, about 1° high: rays white: scales of the involucre rigid and
whitish, with abrupt and spreading conspicuous green tips.

A. ericoides, Hearu-tixe A. Smooth or rather hairy, with lanceolate
or linear-awl-shaped leaves acute at both ends, and scales of the involucre broadest
at base, the green tips acute.

A. multifiorus, Many-FLowrrep A. Very common in sterile dry soil,
pale or slightly hoary with fine close down, much branched. and bush-like, with
spreading linear leaves rough or ciliate on their margins, the upper sessile or
partly clasping by a broad base; scales of involucre spatulate, the green tip
shorter than the whitish lower portion.

% * In low, moist, or shady places, 1°-3° high: scales of involucre with short and
close-pressed green or greenish tips.

A. Tradescanti. Nearly smooth, with slender stems, linear or lance-
linear leaves, and very small and numerous heads closely racemed along the
upper side of the flowering branches, the scales of the involucre narrow linear
and acute ; rays white. '

A. miser. Rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong thin leaves taper-
ing to each end and sharply toothed about the middle, heads loosely racemed or
scattered on diverging branches, and with linear rather blunt scales of the invo-
lucre ; rays pale blue-purple or white.

A. dumosus, Busuy A. Smooth or almost so, loosely bushy-branched,
with mostly linear entire or slightly serrate rough-edged leaves, and loosely
racemed flowering branchlets bearing solitary or few heads ; scales of the invo-
lucre linear-spatulate and blunt, closely imbricated in several rows; rays usually
light purple-blue, sometimes nearly white.

§ 4, With small and very rigid linear sessile leaves, a large head solitary at the
end of the simple stem or few branches, the involucre of narrow rigid scales
closely imbricated in very many rows, without green tips, and showy violet-
blue rays.

A. linariifdlius, of the older botanists, strictly DrrLorpApPrus LINARII-
Fouius (having a double pappus, the outer of very short bristles) ; common in
open gravelly or sandy ground, 6! - 20/ high ; the spreading leaves with rough
margins, strong midrib, and no veins.

198 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

87. ERIGERON, FLEABANE. (Name of Greek words, for spring and
old man, suggested probably by the hoary appearance of some vernal species. )
Enicrron speciosum of Oregon is occasionally cultivated as a garden

perennial, is more showy than any of the following, which are the common

wild species of the country.
§ 1. Rays conspicuous: heads more or less corymbed : stem erect.
* Rays purple or purplish, very numerous (50-150) : pappus simple. 2
E. Philadélphicum, Common F. Low grounds: 2° high, rather hairy,
with oblong mostly entire and partly clasping stem-leaves, spatulate and toothed
root-leaves, and several heads; the rays very many and narrow, pale reddish-
urple: fl. summer. :
E. bellidifolium, Darsy-teavep F. or Ropin’s Puantain. Moist
round, soft-hairy, 1° - 2° high, with a cluster of rather large roundish root-
leaves lying flat on the ground, the stem-leaves rather few and small; heads
1-9 and long peduncled, rather large, with about 50 linear light bluish-purple
tays: fl. late spring.
* * Rays white, only about 30, rather broad: pappus simple, 2

E. vérnum. Low grounds from Virginia S.; smooth, with oval or spatu-
late leaves all at the root, slender scape 1° - 2° high, with a few small heads :
fl. spring.

* * * Rays white or nearly so, 50 or more, narrow : pappus double, the outer of a

row of minuie chaffy bristles or little scales. @ @

E. strigodsum, Smatuer Darsy-Freapane. Fields: 2°~4° high,
smoothish, or roughish with minute close-pressed hairs ; leaves entire, the
lower spatulate and slender-petioled, the upper lanceolate ; rays pretty long :
fl. all summer.

E. annuum, Larcer Darsy-Freanane. Fields and waste places; a
common weed, 3°-5° high, branched above, roughish with spreading hairs ;
leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the lower ones coarsely toothed ; rays rather short,
often tinged with purple: fl. all summer.

§ 2. Rays inconspicuous, scarcely longer than the cylindrical bell-shaped involucre
and the simple pappus, numerous, in more than one row.

E. Canadénse, Horsewexrp or ButterwEED. A common weed in waste
or cult. ground, bristly hairy ; with erect strict stem 1° - 5° high, linear leaves,
only the lowest ones cut-lobed, and very small panicled heads of whitish flowers,
all summer. @

38. BOLTONIA. (Named for J. Bolton, an English botanist.) Wild
plants of low grounds 8. & W., resembling Asters except in the akenes and
pappus: ray-flowers blue-purple or nearly white; disk-flowers yellow; in
autumn. 2/

B. diffusa, of Illinois & S., has small heads loosely panicled on the slender
open branches, which bear small awl-shaped leaves, those of the stem lance-
linear ; pappus of several bristles and 2 short awns.

B. glastifolia, from Penn. S. & W., has fewer larger and corymbed heads,
eral partly erect leaves, broadly winged akenes, and 2 or 3 short awns in

e pappus.

B. asteroides, from Penn. S., less common, is very like the last, but

with narrow margins to the akenes and no awns (only a few short bristles) in
the pappus.

39. BRACHYCOME. (Name in Greck means short tuft, from the pap-
pus, in which respect mainly it differs from the Daisy-genus. )

B. iberdifolia, cult. for ornament, from Australia, has slender branching
stems nearly 1° high, pinnately parted leaves with very slender divisions and
handsome heads with violet-blue ray-flowers and similar or darker purple
centre, produced all summer. @

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 199

40. BELLIS, DAISY. (The old Latin name of the Daisy, from bellus,
pretty.) (Fl. spring and summer.)

B. integrifolia, Wesrzern Wiip Darsy : in open grounds from Kentucky
§. W., has branching spreading stems 4’-10' long, bearing some lanccolate-
oblong or spatulate leaves, and terminal slender-peduncled heads with pale
blue-purple rays. @ ©

B. perénnis, Trur or Excuisu Daisy, cult. from Eu., mostly in double-
flowered varieties, i. e, with many or all the disk-flowers changed into rays, or,
in the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink or white) : in the natural state
the centre is yellow, the rays white and more or less purplish or crimson-tipped
underneath ; head solitary on a short scape; leaves spatulate or obovate, all
clustered at the root. 2/

41. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNEEZEWORT. (Named after Achilles.)
Leafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymbs. 2

A. Millefolium, Common Y. or Mixrort, abounds over fields and hills,
10' — 20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very slender and crowded
linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads’ crowded in a close flat corymb, with 4 or 5
short rays, white, sometimes rose-colored : all summer.

A. Ptarmica, Sneezewort. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, cult. in
gardens, especially a full-double variety, which is pretty, fl. in autumn; leaves
simple, lance-linear, sharply cut-serrate ; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12
or more rather long bright white rays.

42. MARUTA, MAYWEED. (Meaning of the name uncertain.) Native
of the Old World.

M. Cotula, or Antaemis Coruta, the Common Mayweep, along road-
sides, especially E.; low, strong-scented and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnately
divided into slender leaflets or lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches,
with white rays and yellow centre; all latesummer. @

43. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient Greek name, from the pro-
fusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World: fl. summer. Peduncles bearing
solitary or very few heads.

A. arvénsis, Frerp C. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places,
but rare, is not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute border of
pappus. @® ® ; ,

A. ndébilis, Garpen C., yields the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries,
spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong-scented ;
rays white; pappus none. 2/

A. tinetoria, YeLtow C., is cult. for ornament, but hardly common: ~
2° — 3° high, with pinnately divided and again pinnatifid or cut-toothed leaves,
and heads as large as those of Whiteweed, with golden-yellow flowers, or the
rays sometimes white. 2/

44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including Levcdyruemum and Pyrrt-
THRUM. (Name means golden flowers in Greek; but they are of various
colors.) All natives of Old World,

§1. LevcAntnemum or Waiteweep and Feverrew : the ray-flowers
white, those of the centre’ mostly yellow. 2

C. Leucanthemum, or LeucANTHEMUM VULGARE, the too common
Wnirtewerp or Ox-EYre Daisy, filling meadows and pastures, and difficult to
eradicate ; has stems nearly simple and erect from the creeping base or root-
stock, bearing cut-toothed or slightly pinnatifid leaves below (the lowest spatu-
late, upper partly clasping), the naked summit bearing the single showy head,
in early summer.

C. (or L.) Parthénium, or Prrirurum Partuenium, Feverrew.
Cult. in old gardens, and running wild; with branching leafy stems 1° — 3°

200 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

high, leaves twice pinnately divided into rather coarse ovate leaflets, and loose
corymbs of rather small heads, in summer. A double-flowered variety has the
disk-corollas transformed into white or whitish tubes.

C. parthenioides, Doun.e-rt. or ParseLy-LEAVED FEVERFEW, from
China; probably a low, finer-leaved, and much altered full double variety of the
foregoing, with pure white flowers all in the form of rays, produced through the
summer and autumn.

§2. Curysanruemums of the gardens ; the flowers of various colors, but only

in certain varieties white.

C. réseum, from Persia and N. Asia, with simple stems bearing once or
twice pinnately divided smooth leaves with linear divisions, and at the naked
summit single heads as large as those of Whiteweed, but with pale rose or bright
pink-red rays (and in some varieties full double), is coming into ornamental
cultivation: the pulverized flower-heads form the well-known Persian Insect
powder : fl. summer. ae

C. Indicum, parent of the Cainese Curysantuemums, flowering in
late autumn, of numerous forms and colors, mostly full-double, &c. from China
and Japan. / .

C. coronarium, Summer CurysanrHemumM, with yellow or sometimes
whitish flowers, cult. from N. Africa; smooth, with branching stems, twice
pinnately parted leaves with auricled and clasping base, and lanceolate or linear
cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of broad and scarious scales. @

45. HELENIUM, SNEEZEWEED. (The old Greek name of some very
different plant named after Helen.) North American herbs.

H. autumnale, the commonest specics, wild in low grounds, 1°-4° high,
with lanceolate toothed leaves, their base often decurrent on the stem, and a
corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often drooping, in au-
tumn. 2

46. GAILLARDIA. (Named for Gaillard, a French amateur of botany.)
North American low or spreading herbs : fl. all summer.

G. lanceolata, wild from Carolina S. in pine barrens, has narrow mostly
entire lanceolate leaves, commonly small and few yellow rays, and purple disk-
flowers. @

G. pulchélla, wild from Louisiana W. and cult. for ornament (one form
called G. p1cTa), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or lobed, and
showy heads with the large rays mostly brownish crimson-purple with yellow
tips.

G. aristata, wild from Missouri W., and cult., is more downy than the

last, less branched, with large showy rays yellow throughout, or their base
brown-purple. 2/

47. GAZANIA. (Named for a learned ecclesiastic of the middle ages,

Theodore de Gaza.) South African plants of the conservatory, and flowering
all summer when bedded out.

G. rigéns, also named spitnpens, of Cape of Good Hope, with short
stems spreading on the ground, bearing spatulate entire or some pinnatifid
leaves, which are nearly smooth and green above, but very silvery with white

cotton underneath, and u large showy head, the orange rays over 1! Tong, and
with a dark eye-spot at base. . aie e

48. CALENDULA, MARIGOLD. (Name from the Latin calende or
calends ; flowering through the months.)

C. officinalis, Garpex Martcoxp, of the Old World; cult. in country
gardens, 1° high, spreading, with green and succulent oblong and entire sessile
leaves, rather unpleasantly scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced
all summer, sometimes nearly full-double, most of the corollas being stray-
shaped. @ : ° .

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201

49. POLYMNIA, LEAF-CUP. (These coarse and inelegant plants are
oddly dedicated to one of the Muses.) Fl. summer and autumn.

P. Canadénsis, common in shaded ravines N., is 83°-5° high, clammy-
hairy, with thin leaves, the lower pinnatifid, the upper 3—5-lobed or angled,
and the few pale-yellow and broad rays of the small heads shorter than the
involucre. :

P. Uvedalia, in rich soil from New York to Ill. and §., is roughish-hairy,
stout, 4°- 10° high, with large ovate and angled or lobed leaves, the upper
ones sessile, and rays of the pretty large head 10-15, bright yellow, longer than
the involucre.

50. SI[LPHIUM, ROSIN-PLANT. (Ancient Greek name of some very
. different plant.) Fl. summer and autumn.

§ 1. Leaves alternate, large, most of them petioled.

« The stout and rough flowering stems (3° — 6° high) leafy up to the few large heads :
scales of involucre ovate, with tapering and spreading rigid tips.

8. laciniatum, Rosix-Weep or Compass-Pxiant, of prairies, from Michi-
gan W.& S., so called because the rough-hairy deeply pinnatifid root-leaves (of
ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. & S.

1

* * The slender smooth flowering stems (4° -10° high) leafy only near the base, .

dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads.

S. terebinthinaceum, Prarrit-Dock, so called from the appearance
of the large root-leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 1° - 2° long, besides
the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed: common W.

8S. compositum, from North Carolina S., is more slender and smaller, with
round heart-shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided.

§ 2, Leaves or many of them in whorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, rather small,
entire or coarsely toothed.

8. trifoliatum, of S. & W., has the smooth stem 4°-6° high, lanceolate
roughish leaves, and small heads.
S. Asteriscus, of dry soil §., is rough-hairy, with fewer and larger heads.

§ 3. Leaves opposite and clasping or connate: stems leafy to the top.
S. integrifolium, in prairies from Michigan W. & S.; roughish, 2° - 4°
high, with lance-ovate partly heart-shaped and entire distinct leaves.
S. perfoliatum, Cur-Piant, of rich soil W. & S.: with very smooth
square stems 4°-9° high, around which the ovate coarsely toothed leaves are
connate into cup which holds water from the rains.

51. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary with
Linneus.) 2f Two or three Mexican species, of which the most familiar is

D. variabilis, Common Dautia of the gardens, with pinnate leaves, ovate
serrate leaflets, and large heads, much increased in size and altered, of all colors :
roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, p. 32, fig. 60).

52. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (Named from Greek word for bug, from
the shape of the akenes.) Many wild species : several cult. for ornament : these
are the commonest, Fl. summer. (See Lessons, p. 106, 107, fig. 219, 220.)

§ 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3 —5-toothed : outer involucre not longer than the inner :
akenes orbitular or oval, incurved when mature. Chiefly cultivated.

* © @ Disk-flowers and lower part of the ie de dark-colored or brown-purple :
akenes in these species wingless and nearly naked at top: leaves compound.

C. tinetoria, of Arkansas, &c., the commonest Corzopsis or CaLLIoPsis
of all country gardens ; smooth, with lower leaves twice-pinnately divided into
narrow leaflets, numerous heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the whole
of rays brown-purple : in one variety they are changed to tubes.

202 COMPOSITE FAMILY.:

C. Drumméndii, of Texas, is low and spreading, rather hairy, with leaves
of 3-7 oval leaflets, or some of them simple, heads on long peduncles, and very
broad rays golden yellow with small dark spot at base.

* * @ Disk-flowers yellow : rays yellow with a darker and purplish-streaked spot

near the base: akenes winged and 2-toothed.

C. coronata, of Texas, is low, with slender-petioled leaves oblong or spatu-
late, or some of them 3-5-parted, and very long peduncle; rays broad and
handsome.

& & & 2 Disk-flowers and rays (1! long) entirely yellow ; akenes orbicular, much

incurved and broadly winged when ripe, crowned with 2 little teeth or scales,

C. lanceolata. Wild W.&&., and cult. in gardens ; 1° - 2° high, smooth
or sometimes downy, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanceolate entire leaves
mostly crowded at the base, and long slender peduncles: flowers in early
summer. :

C. auriculata. Wild W. & S., and in some gardens; taller, sometimes
with runners or suckers at base, leafy to ncar the top; upper leaves oblong,
lower roundish and sometimes auricled at base or with 3-5 lobes or leaflets.

§ 2. Rays entire or nearly so, oblong or lanceolate: akenes oblong, with a very
narrow wing or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at all 9-toothed at the
apex: scales of outer involucre narrow and entire : heads rather small, the
flowers all yellow.

* Low, 1°-3° high, leafy to the top: leaves really opposite and sessile, but divided
into 3 leaflets, thus seeminy to be 6 in a whorl. Wild chiefly in S. States,
all but the first are cult in gardens,

C. senifolia, has seemingly 6 lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a whorl,
(i. e. two, but each 3-divided) smooth or downy.

C. verticillata, has the pair cut into once or twice pinnate almost thread-
shaped divisions, smooth.

C. delphinifolia, very like the last, but with fewer lance-linear divisions.

* * Tall, leafy to the top, with evidently opposite petioled leaves.

C. tripteris. Rich ground W. & S., with simple stems 4°- 9° high, leaves
of 3-5 lanceolate entire leaflets, corymbed heads, very short outer involucre,
and blunt rays.

§ 3. Rays oval or oblong, golden yellow, slightly notched : akenes wingless, not in-
curved, bearing 2 awns or teeth for a pappus : outer involucre conspicuous
and resembling leaves: branching plants of wet grounds, with thin leaves
mostly of 3-7 pinnate toothed or cut veiny leaflets ; resembling the next
genus, but the awns not downwardly barbed. © @

C. trichospérma. Swamps mostly near the coast, 1°-2° high, with 3-7
lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflets or divisions, numerous heads, and nar-
row-oblong or lincar wedge-shaped marginless akenes with 2 stout tecth

C. aurea, only S., has upper leaves often simple, lower nearly as in the fore-
going, and shorter wedge-obovate akenes with 2 or 4 short chaft-like teeth.

C. aristosa, from Iilinois S., has more compound leaves with oblong or
lanceolate often pinnatifid leaflets, and broad-obovate very flat akenes slightly
margined and bristly ciliate, the pappus of 2 long and slender awns, or some-
times 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all.

53. BIDENS, BUR-MARIGOLD, BEGGAR-TICKS. (Latin for two-
toothed, from the usually 2 awns of the pappus.) Our species @ or @;
fl. summer and autumn. The akenes adhering to the dress or to the fleece
of animals by their barbed awns.

§ 1. <Akenes broad and flat, with bristly ciliate margins.
* Coarse and very homely weeds, commonly without any rays.

B. frondosa, Common Beccar-ticks. Coarse weed in low or manured
grounds, 2° - 6° high, branched, with pinnate leaves of 3-5 broad lanceolate

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 203

coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer than the head, and wedge-
obovate akenes ciliate with upturned bristles, and 2-awned.

B. connata, Swamr B. Low grounds; smooth, 1°-2° high, with simple
lanceolate and taper-pointed leaves, or the lower 3-divided and decurrent on the
petiole, smaller heads, narrow wedge-shaped akenes minutely and downwardly
ciliate and bearing about 3 awns.

% * Low smooth herbs, with showy golden yellow rays 1! long.

B. chrysanthemoides, Larcer Bur-Maricoip. Shallow water or
wet places, 6'—30! high, with simple lanccolate sessile serrate leaves, outer
involucre shorter than the rays, and wedge-shaped akenes with almost prickly
downwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns.

§ 2. Akenes linear or needle-shaped.

B. Béckii, Water B. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single short-
peduncled heads rising above the surface, and with showy rays; leaves cut into
very numerous fine hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akenes 4—6, barbed
near the tip.

B. bipinnata. Dry soil, from Conn. to Ill. and S., 1° - 3° high, branched,
with 1 -—3-pinnately parted petioled leaves, ovate-lanceolate leaflets, small heads,
short pale-yellow rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns.

54. ACTINOMERIS. (Greck-made name, alluding to the irregularity
of the rays in the commonest species.) 2/

A. squarrosa, common in low rich soil from W. New York S. & W.; with
branching stems 4°- 8° high, lance-oblong leaves tapering to both ends, nu-
merous rather corymbed heads, spreading involucre, 4-10 irregular rays, and
broadly winged akenes : fl. Sept.

A. helianthoides, in open grounds W. & &., resembles a Sunflower as
the name denotes, 1° - 3° high, with more hairy lance-ovate sessile leaves, few
and larger heads, erect involucre, 8-15 regular rays, and slightly winged
akenes: fl. summer.

55. VERBESINA, CROWNBEARD. (Origin of name obscure.) Ours
are tall (4°- 7° high) branching herbs in rich soil, with compound corymbs
of small heads: fl. summer.

V. Siegesbéckia, from S. Penn. to Ill. & S., has 4-winged stems, smooth-
ish, large and thin ovate and opposite leaves pointed at both ends, yellow flow-
ers, and wingless akenes.

V. Virginica, of same range, has stem, less winged, smaller lance-ovate alter-
nate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and narrowly winged akenes.

56. XIMINESIA. (Named for J. Ximines, a Spanish apothecary.)

X. encelioides, of Texas and Mexico, and cult. for ornament, 2° high,
spreading, rather hoary, at least the lower face of the oblong or heart-shaped
clasping serrate leaves ; the bright yellow heads somewhat corymbed, showy,
the rays deeply 3-toothed: fl. allsummer. @

57. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in Greek).
The following are the commonest of the numerous species, many of which are
difficult.
$1. @ Receptacle flut and very broad: disk brownish: leaves alternate, broud

and triple-ribhed, petioled : fl. summer. Cult. for ornament : wild only far
S. W.: fl. all summer.
H. annuus, the Great Common Sunriower of the gardens, with huge
heads ; leaves green, roughish, not hoary. :
H. argophyllus, of Texas, cult. for its hoary-white foliage; heads smaller.

§ 2. 2f Receptacle and disk convex: heads middle-sized or rather small: flower-
ing throughout late swunmer and autumn.

204 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

* Disk dark purple, contrasting with the yellow rays.
+ Leaves long and lineur, 1-nerved, entire, sessile: heads small and mostly
corymbed : involucre of leaf-like spreading scales.

H. angustifolius, of pine-barrens from New Jersey S., has slender rough °
stems 2°-6° hich, lower leaves opposite and rough. .

H. orgyalis, of Kansas and Arkansas, cult., has stems (6°- 10° high), and
crowded very narrow alternate leaves smooth : fl. late.

+ + Leaves oval or lanceolate, opposite: stems 1° - 8° high, bearing solitary or
few long-peduncled rather large heads: involucre of short close scales.

H. heterophyllus, of low pine-barrens S.; rather hairy, with lowest
leaves oval or oblong, upper ones lance-linear and few; scales of involucre
lanceolate. ;

H. rigidus, of dry prairies W. & S.; rough, with thick firm leaves lance-
oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, blunt.

% « Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish.

+ Scales of the involucre short and broadly lanceolate, regulurly imbricated, without
leaf-like tips: leaves nearly ah opposite and nearly entire.

H. occidentalis, of dry barrens from Ohio W. & S.: somewhat hairy,
with slender simple stems 1°-3° high, sending off runners from base, naked
above, bearing 1-5 heads; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate; upper ones
narrow, small and distant.

H. mollis, of same situations, is soft white-woolly all over, 2°-4° high,
leafy to the top, the leaves heart-ovate and partly clasping.

+ + Scales of the involuere looser and leafy-tipped : stems leafy to the top.
++ Leaves chiefly alternate and not triple-ribbed.

H. gigantéus, common in low grounds N.; rough and rather hairy, 3° -
10° high, with lanceolate serrate nearly sessile leaves, and pale yellow rays.

++ ++ Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-ribbed at base or triple-ribbed.

H. divaricatus, common in dry sterile soil, has smooth stem 1°-3° high,
rough ovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to a point and 3-nerved at the rounded
sessile base.

H. hirstitus, only W., differs from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem
1° — 2° high, and leaves with narrower base more or less petioled.

H. strumosus, common in low grounds, has mostly smooth stems 3° — 4°
high, broadly lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves rough above and whitish or white-
downy beneath, their margins beset with fine appressed teeth, and petioles short
and margined. :

H. decapétalus, so named because (like the preceding) it commonly has
10 rays; common along streams, has branching stems 3°-6° high, thin and
bright-green smoothish ovate leaves coarsely toothed and abruptly contracted
into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose.

H. tuberosus, Jerusarem ArricnoKke (i. e. Girusole or Sunflower in
Italian, corrupted in England into Jerusa/em): cult. for the tubers and run
wild in fence-rows, probably a state of a wild S. W. species ; 5°-7° high, with
triple-ribbed ovate petioled leaves, rough-hairy as well as the stems, all the
apuet ones alternate, the running rootstocks ending in ovate or oblong edible
tubers.

538. HELIOPSIS, OXEYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness to
Sunflower.)

H. levis, our only species, common in rich or low grounds, resembies
a Sunflower of the last section, but has pistillate rays and 4-sided akenes with-
out pappus: 1°-4° high, smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed,
petioled, serrate ; head of golden-yellow flowers terminating the branches, in
summer.

~

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 205

59. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for Rudbeck, father and
son, Swedish botanists.) The following are the commonest species, all
natives of this country: fl. summer.

§ 1. Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, the soft chaff not pointed : rough-hairy
plants 1° - 2° high, leafy below, the naked summit of the stems or aon!
bearing single showy heads: leaves simple. 2
R. speciosa, from Penn. W. & S., and cult. in some gardens ; leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 3-5-nerved, petioled, coarsely
toothed or cut.
R. hirta, common in open ground W. & S., introduced into meadows E.
with clover-seed ; stems stout and mostly simple; leaves nearly entire, triple-
ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile.

§ 2. Disk conical, durk-purple, the chaff awn-pointed : lower leaves often pinnately
: parted or 3-cleft. @
R. triloba, from Penn. to Ill. & S.; hairy, 2°-5° high, much branched,
with upper leaves lance-ovate and toothed, and the numerous small heads with
only about 8 rays.

§ 3. Disk globular, pale dull brownish (receptacle sweet-scented), the chaff blunt
and downy at the end ; lower leaves 3-parted. 2

R. subtomentosa, of the prairies and plains W.; somewhat downy, with
leafy stems 3°-5° high, ovate or lance-ovate serrate upper leaves and short-
peduncled heads.

§ 4. Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1! long, greenish yellow, the chaff very
blunt and downy at the end : leaves all compound or cleft. : Y
R. laciniata, Common Conz-Fiower, in low thickets; 3°-—7° high,
smooth, branching above ; lowest leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets,
upper ones 3—5-parted, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled,
with linear drooping rays 1!-2! long.

60. LEPACHYS. (Supposed to be formed from Greek words for thick
and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented when crushed. Fl. summer.

L. pinnata, in dry soil from W. New York W. & S.: minutely roughish
and slightly hoary ; the slender leafy stems 3°-5° high, bearing leaves of 3-7
lanceolate leaflets, and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk
much shorter than the oblong drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed,
flattish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. ?/

L. columnaris, of the plains W. of the Mississippi; cult. for ornament ;
1°_ 2° high, with single or few long-peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often
becoming 2’ long, and longer than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these either
yellow, or var. PULCHERRIMA, with the base or lower half brown-purple; akenes
1-2-toothed at top and winged down one edge. 2/

61. DRACOPIS. (Name refers in some obscure way to a Dragon.) @®

D. amplexicatlis, wild far S. W., sometimes cult. for ornament ; smooth,
1°-2° high, with clasping heart-shaped pale leaves, and long-peduncled heads,
like those of the preceding, the broad rays mostly shorter than the cylindrical
disk, and either yellow or the lower part brown-purple.

62. ECHINACEA, HEDGEHOG CONE-FLOWER. (Name means like

a hedgehog, viz. receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) FJ. summer. 2

E. purpitrea, in prairies and open grounds from W. Penn. W. & S.:
stems 1°-2° high from a thick and black pungent-tasted root (called Black
Sampson by quack-doctors), bearing ovate or lanceolate 5-nerved and veiny
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 15 — 20,
dull rose-purple. ;

E. angustifolia, from Wisconsin S., is a more slender form, with narrow
lanceolate 3-nerved entire leaves, and 12-15 brighter-colored rays.

206 COMPOSITE FAMILY,

63. ZINNIA. (Named for a German professor, Zinn.) Commonly cul-
tivated for ornament: fl. all summer.

Z. élegans, the favorite GarpEN Zrnn1a, from Mexico, with ovate heart-
shaped half-clasping leaves, and very large heads of rose-colored, purple, violet,
red, or white flowers, 2-3! in diameter, of late also full-double like a small’
Dahlia; chaff of receptacle crested-toothed at tip; akenes barely 2-toothed at
summit. @

Z. multiflora, from Mexico, &., now not common in gardens, being less
showy, has ovate-lanceolate leaves, hollow peduncle much enlarged under the
head, obovate red-purple rays, blunt entire chaff, and 1-awned akenes. @

Z. angustifolia, cult. as Z. area, from Mexico, is widely and copiously
branched, rough-hairy, with lanceolate leaves, many small heads, oval orange-
yellow rays, and conspicuously pointed chaff.

64. TAGHTES, FRENCH or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, but from South
America and Mexico. (Mythological name.) Fl. allsummer. @

* Plant anise-scented, with entire leaves, small corymbed heads, and few rays.

T. lucida, now rather uncommon in gardens, has glossy lanceolate serrate
leaves, and orange flowers.

%* * Plant strong-scented : leaves pinnate : leaflets cut-toothed : head large.

T. erécta, Larce Arrican M., with lanceolate leaflets, inflated club-
shaped peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored flowers, often full double.

T. patula, Frencu M., with finer lance-linear leaflets, cylindrical pedun-
cles, and narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker stripes.

T. signata is a more delicate low much-branched species, with finely cut
leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple-spotted or spotted
and striped with darker orange at base.

65. DYSODIA, FETID MARIGOLD. (Name, in Greek, denotes the
ill-scent of the plant.) Fl. late summer and autumn.

D. chrysanthemoides. Roadsides and river-banks W. & S. W.: a low
weed, nearly smooth, with sens branches, opposite pinnately parted and
finely cut leaves, and few yellow rays scarcely exceeding the involucre. @

66. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic
name of the plant.) 1. all summer.

C. Intybus, Common C. Nat. from Eu. by roadsides, &c. mainly E. :
leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flowering
stems small and bract-like, entire; showy blue flowers opening only in the
morning and in cloudy weather ; deep root used as substitute for coffee. 2/

C. Endivia, Enpive, cult. from East Indies, for autumn salad; leaves
smooth, slightly or deeply toothed, or much cut and crisped, flowering stems
short and leafy. @ @

67. TRAGOPOGON, SALSIFY. (Greck name for goat’s-beard, from
the pappus.) Fl. early summer.
T. porrifolius, Common S. or Oyster-prant. Cult. from Eu. for the
edible tap-root, sometimes running wild: smooth and pale, 2°- 4° high, branch-
ing, with long leaves tapering from a clasping base to a slender apex, very large

heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upwards, and deep violet-purple
flowers. @

68. LEONTODON, HAWKBIT. (Greek name for lion-tooth, from the
runcinate leaves of some species.)
L, autumnale, Fatt Danpetion or Hawxair. Nat. from Europe in
meadows and lawns E. : leaves pinnatifid or laciniate; scapes slender, 8! - 12!

high, branching; peduncles thickish and scaly-bracted next the small head:
fl. summer and autumn. 2

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 207

‘69. HIFRACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek).
Wild plants of the country, in dry ground: fl. summer and autumn. 2

H. Canadénse, chiefly N., has simple stems 1°-3° high and leafy up to
the corymbed summit ; lanceolate or oblong acute leaves with a few coarse teeth,
and rather large heads with loose imbricated involucre.

H. paniculatum, in woods, has slender and branching leafy stems 2°- 3°
high, lanceolate scarcely toothed leaves, a loose panicle of very small 12-20-
flowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple.

H. scabrum, in more open grounds, is roughish-hairy, with rather stout
simple stem (2°-3° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and
a narrow panicle of many small heads, the 40 — 50-flowered involucre and stiff
peduncies thickly beset with dark glandular bristles ; akenes not tapering.

H. longipilum, in prairies W., is so named from the exceedingly long
(often 1’) straight bristly hairs of the stem; has narrow oblong entire leaves,
panicle and 20 -30-flowered involucre between the last and the next, and akenes
spindle-shaped.

H. Gronovii, common in sterile soil, with slender stems leafy and very
hairy below, leaves obiong or obovate, panicle narrow, small heads, slender
peduncies and 20—30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly, and spindle-
shaped akenes with very tapering summit.

- venosum, RarrLesnakE-WEED ; common’in dry sandy ground, very
smooth or with a few hairs; with leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong,
thin, purple-tinged beneath and purple-veiny above; scape slender, 1° - 2° high,
forking into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads ;
akenes linear, not tapering.

70. NABALUS, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (Name from Greek word
for a harp, alluding probably to the lyrate leaves of some species.) Roots
tuberous or spindle-shaped, bitter. Fl. late summer and autumn.

* Peduncles and 5-12-flowered heads smooth: leaves very variable.

N. altissimus, Tart R. or Wuite-Lertuce. Rich woods N., 3°-6°
high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petioled leaves inclined to be ovate-
triangular ; heads 5 — 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white.

NN. albus, Common Wuite-Lerruce, in open woods, chiefly N. and W.,
is glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8 ~ 12-flowered heads, usually more
cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus.

N. Fraseri, Liown’s-roor, or Gat-or-THE-Eartn, is commonest in dry
soil E. and 8., 1°-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles of 8 ~ 12-flowered
heads, and pappus dull straw-color.

% * Pedunc es and 12 -40-flowered heads hairy. Chiefly West, on plains, gc.

N. racemosus has smooth wand-like stem 2°-5° high, lance-oblong
slightly toothed leaves, the upper ones partly clasping, and a narrow spiked
panicle of about 12-flowered heads.

N. Asper is similar, but rough-pubescent, the 12 - 14-flowered heads mostly
erect and larger.

N. crepedinius, only W., is smoother, with stout stem 5°- 8° high,
wide corymbed panicles of 20-40-flowered heads, brown pappus, and broad
leaves 6’ - 12/ long on winged petioles.

71. PYRRHOPAPPUS, FALSE DANDELION. (Name means in
Greek jlame-colored pappus; this and the leafy stems obviously distinguish
this genus from the next.) @ ®
P. Carolinianus, in sandy fields from Maryland S.: 1°- 2° high, with

oblong or lanceolate leaves often pinnatifid or cut, the upper partly clasping ;

fl. spring and summer. .

72. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to medici-
nal properties of the root.) @ 2%

T. Dens-leonis, Common D., in all fields, &., from spring to autumn.
Inner involucre closes after blossoming till the akenes mature and the beak

208 LOBELIA FAMILY.

lengthens and elevates the pappus ; then the involucre is reflexed, the pappus
spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind.

73. LACTUCA, LETTUCE, (Ancient Latin name, from the milky juice. )

L. sativa, Garpen Lerrucs. Cultivated from Europe, the broad and
tender root-leaves used for salad; stem-leaves heart-shaped and clasping ;
flowers yellow. @ ® : ;

L. Canadénsis, Witp Lerrucs. Open grounds, 3°-9° high; with
lanceolate or oblong leaves often pinnatifid, sometimes entire; flowers pale
yellow, sometimes purple or reddish. @

74. MULGEDIUM, FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. (Name from

Latin mulgeo, to milk.) Fl. summer, in thicket-borders, &c.

M. acuminatum, from New York to Ill. & 8. ; 3° - 6° high, with ovate
or lance-ovate barely serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright
white pappus. @ ;

M. Floridanum, from Penn. W. & S.; like the first, but with all the
leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinate, uppermost partly clasping. @

M. leucophieum, in low grounds: resembles Wild Lettuce, and with
equally variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatifid leaves, very
compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white flowers, and tawny pappus. @

75. SONCHUS, SOW-THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse
weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves: nat. from Eu.:
fl. summer.

S. oleraceus, Common S.; in manured soil and damp waste places; 1° -
5° high, acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow flowers,
and akenes wrinkled transversely.

S. asper, like the last, but the leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed,
the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akenes smooth with 3 nerves on
each side. @

S. arvénsis, Frerp §. Less common E.; 1°-2° high from creeping
root-stocks, with larger heads of bright yellow flowers, and bristly peduncles
and involucre. 2

62. LOBELIACE/S, LOBELIA FAMILY.

Plants with milky acrid juice, alternate simple leaves, and scat-
tered racemed or panicled flowers ; the calyx-tube adherent: to the
many-seeded ovary and pod; the corolla irregularly 5-lobed and
mostly split down as it were on the upper side; the 5 stamens
united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their
anthers; style only one.

Downingia élegans, under the older name of CLinTONTA ELEGANS, and
D. pulchélla, formerly Crinronra PULCHELLA, are delicate little annu-
als from California, sparingly cultivated. They resemble small Lobelias, with
very bright blue flowers, but are known by the very long and slender 1-celled

od, and short tube of corolla not much split down. The first has the 2 narrow
obes approaching each other opposite the 3-lobed lip which has a whitish centre.
The second has a larger corolla, with centre of the 3-lobed lip yellow and white,
and the 2 other lobes widely diverging. — The other common plants of the
order belong to

1. LOBELIA (named after the herbalist De l’Obel or Lobel). Tube of the
calyx and 2-celled pod short. Corolla split down on one side, the 5 lobes
more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers bearded at top.

CAMPANULA FAMILY. 209

* Exotic, cultivated for ornament.

L. Erinus, from Cape of Good Hope, the common low and spreading little
Lobelia of conservatories and summer gardens, with abundant small flowers
azure-blue, usually white in the throat, and narrow toothed upper leaves: @ or
continued by cuttings.

L. laxiflora, from Mexico, cultivated in conservatories under the name of
Sr1pHocAmMpy us Bfcoxor ; tall, with curved and large red and yellow flowers,
hanging on long slender peduncles from the axils of the oblong or lanceolate
toothed leaves. 2/

*# * Wild species of the country, one or two of them sometimes cultivated for orna-

ment ; fl. summer : growing in wet or low grounds, except two of them.
+ Corolla deep red: stems tall and simple.

L. cardinalis, Carpinat-FLower, with lance-oblong leaves and erect
raceme of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored or even
white. @ 2

+ + Flowers blue or with some white in the throat.

L. syphilitica, Grear Biur L. Slightly hairy, 1°- 3° high, leafy, with
ovate-oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and
corolla almost 1! long.

L. pubérula, chiefly S. & W.; minutely soft-downy, with blunter and
finer-toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers. 2/

L. spicata, in sandy or gravelly damp or dry soil; smoothish, with long
and wand-like stems 1°-3° high, obovate lowest leaves, narrow and small
upper ones, and close naked raceme of very small flowers. @ 2

L. Kalmnii, of wet banks N.; smooth, with branching stems 5! - 12! high,
obovate root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose raceme
of slender-pedicelled and small but handsome bright-blue flowers, and obovate
pods. @ Yf

63. CAMPANULACEA, CAMPANULA FAMILY.

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers,
with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 stamens borne
on the summit of the calyx-tube which is adherent to the 2-5-
celled many-seeded ovary and pod; style 1; stigmas as many as
the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate in all our plants of the
order, which by this and by the regular corolla (valvate in the bud)
are distinguished from the preceding.

TRACHELIUM C&RULEUM, of S. Europe, is an ornamental plant of
old gardens, but not hardy, N., and rare: known by the erect stem
terminated by a corymb of many small flowers, with very slender,
almost salver-shaped blue corolla.

1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 8. Pod linear or nar-
row oblong, opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Other-
wise as in the next.

2. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stigmas and cells
of the short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or

short cleft.
8. PLATYCODON. Corolla very broadly open from a narrow base, balloon-shaped
in the bud. Pod top-shaped, 5-celled, opening at the top into 8—5-valves.

1. SPECULARIA, VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin name
of European species is Speculum Veneris.) Fl. allsummer. @

S. Spéculum; Garven V., cult. from Eu. for ornament, is a Jow herb,
with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading branches, and
lincar triangular pod.

14

210 HEATH FAMILY.

S. perfoliata, a wild weedy plant in sterile or sandy ground, with simple
stems 3’-20' high, furnished throughout with round-heart-shaped clasping
leaves, and small Howers in their axils, only the later ones expanding a small
blue corolla ; pod oblong.

2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive of
Ttalian or late Latin name for bel.) Fl. summer. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 207.)

% Wild species of the country, all with 3 stigmas and 3-celled pod.

C. Americana, Tart Witp B. Rich moist ground especially W., with
stem 3° - 6° high, thin lance-ovate taper-pointed serrate leaves, and long loose
spike of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped light-blue corolla 1’ broad, and long
curved style. @ @ ; :

C. aparinoides, Smart Marsu B. Grassy wet places, with delicate
weak stem 8/—20/ high, and rough backward on the angles, bearing small lance-
linear leaves and a few small flowers on diverging peduncles, the bell-shaped
corolla 3-4" long.

C. rotundifolia, Common Harupety. On precipices and rocky banks
N., with tufted spreading slender stems 5!-12’ high, round or heart-shaped
root-leaves, dying early, but narrow mostly linear stem-leaves (the specific name
therefore unfortunate), and a few slender-peduncled flowers, the blue bell-shaped
corolla 6’~—8/ long. 2

* * European species of the gardens : flowers mostly blue, with white varieties,

+ Stigmas and cells of the pod 3: no appendages to calyx. 2

C. Carpathica. Smooth, tufted, 6’- 10’ high, with roundish or ovate
petioled small leaves, slender 1-flowered peduncles, and open bell-shaped corolla
about 1! long.

C. rapunculoides. Weedy, spreading inveterately by the root, rather
hairy, the erect leafy stems 1°-2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped and

etioled, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil of bracts
‘orming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1! long.

C. Trachélium. Roughish-hairy, 2°-3° high, with more coarsely toothed
and broader leaves than the last, and rather larger bell-shaped corolla.

C. persiceefolia. Smooth, with upright stems 1°-24° high, and bearing
small lance-linear leaves, root-leaves broader, all beset with minute close teeth ;
the flowers nearly sessile and erect, rather few in a sort of raceme, the open bell-
shaped corolla 15! - 2' long, sometimes double.

+ + Stigmas and cells of the pod 5: calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. @ @:

CG. Médium, Canternury Betts. Erect, branching, hairy, with coarse
toothed leaves, and oblong-bell-shaped flowers 2’ — 3! long, often double.

8. PLATYCODON. (A Greek-made name, means broad bellflower.) 2

P. grandiflorum. Cult. from Siberia; very smooth, pale or glaucous,
rather low and spreading, with lance-ovate coarsely toothed leaves, terminal
peduncle bearing a showy flower, the broadly expanded 5-lobed corolla fully
2! broad, blue or white, sometimes double, in summer.

64. ERICACEA, HEATH FAMILY.

Very large family, chiefly of shrubs, difficult to define as a whole;
the leaves are simple and mostly alternate; the flowers almost all
regular, and with as many or twice as many stamens as there are
petals or lobes of the corolla; their anthers 2-celled, each cell more
commonly opening by a pore or hole at the end; ovary mostly
with as many cells as there are lobes to the corolla; style only one,
and seeds small.

Epacris is a genus and the type of a family or sub-order of
Heath-like shrubs, of Australia, some of them cult. in conservatories.

HEATH FAMILY. 211

Epacrises and the like differ from Heaths in their stamens (often
inserted on the tube of the corolla) having one-celled anthers. The
Heath Family comprises the following subordinate families: —

I. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY, known by having the tube
of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the monopetalous
corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. All are shrubs,
with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like.

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10: anthers with the cells opening by a chink at
the blunt or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, form-
ing a berry-like fruit containing 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones.
Fiowers in lateral racemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or
clammy dots or atoms.

2. VACCINIUM. Stamens 10 or 8: anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole
at the top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, forming a pulpy
many-seeded (rarely rather few-seeded) berry.

8. CHIOGENES. Stamens 8: anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and
opening ne a, large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit a white
many-seeded berry.

II. HEATH FAMILY proper; shrubs or small trees with
calyx free from the ovary.

-§1. Hearas: the corolla persisting dry and scarious long after the flowers open,
enclosing the pod; the evergreen leaves needle-shaped or minute. Lobes 6
calyx and corolla 4: stamens 8. No scaly leaf-buds.

4, ERICA. Corolla of various shapes, 4-toothed or 4-cleft, longer than the calyx.

a Pod loculicidal. Leaves needle-shaped or linear with margins revolute.

6. CALLUNA. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous
than the 4-colored and scarious-persistent sepals; below these 2 or 3 pairs of
bracts, the inner ones scale-like. Pod septicidal. Leaves very short and
small, opposite, crowded, and imbricated.

42. Corolla deciduous (not remaining dry after flowering).
* Monopetalous (or in No. 16 with two of the petals nearly separate).
+ Fruit berry-like, containing 5-10: seeds or very small stones: calyx dry underneath.

6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, enclosing the 10 sta-
mens; their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned on the back. Leaves
alternate.

+ + Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod,

++ But enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, so that the fruit imitates
a berry, but has a dry pod inside.

7. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or short-cylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers 10,
4-awned or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Leaves alternate, broad,
often spicy-aromatic, evergreen.

++ ++ Calyx dry and separate from the pod.
a. Corolla salver-shaped, 6-lobed ; anthers opening lengthwise, not appendaged.

8 EPIGHA. Sepals 5, thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves
evergreen, reticulated, roundish. .

b. Corolla cylindrical, urn-shaped, ovate, or globular, very rarely bell-shaped, the
orifice 5-toothed ; anthers opening wholly or mainly at the top. All belunged to
ANDROMEDA of Linnaeus, now divided as follows.

9. CASSANDRA. Calyx of 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the
bud, and a pair of similar bractlets at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical.
Anthers with tubular tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flattish
from above, when ripe splitting into an outer layer of 5 valves and an

is inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy.
10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx of 5 almost separate sepals a little overlapping in the
bud. Corolla ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular
tips. Pod flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs.

212 HEATH FAMILY.

11. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud; no practlets. Corolla various.

Pod globular or short-ovate, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs.

12. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; no bractlets. Corolla ovate.
Anthers awnless. Pod conical or pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree.

ce Corolla : usually large ) open-bell-shaped, saucer-shaped, funnel-form, §c., 5-lobed
or cleft: anthers short, without awns or other appendages, opening only by
holes at the top : fil ts long and slender, as is also the style: pod septicidal :
leaves entire.
= No scaly buds : bracts green, firm, and persistent.

18. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly 5-lobed, and with 10 pouches in
which the 10 anthers are lodged until extricated by insects, when the bent
elastic filaments fly up and discharge the pollen. Pod globular. Leaves
evergreen. Flowers in umbels or corymb-like clusters.

== Flowers in umbel-like clusters from large scaly terminal buds, their thin scale-
like bracts or bud-scales falling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often
minute or obsolete.

14. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various. Stamens
10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or rarely deciduous.
Pod mostly oblong. : :

15. AZALEA. Stamens 5, or rarely more, and leaves deciduous: otherwise nearly
as in Rhododendron. And the characters run together, so that Azaleas would
hardly be kept distinct, except that they are so familiar in cultivation.

16. RHODORA. Like Azalea, but the corolla strongly irregular, the upper part
3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate petals; and stamens 10.

x x Polypetalous or nearly so: the (white) corolla of 5 equal petals,
+ Widely spreading, oval or obovate: leaves evergreen: flowers in a terminal umbel.
17. LEIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 10: anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-38-celled.
Leaves small, smooth both sides, glossy, mostly opposite.
18. LEDUM. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 6-celled.
Leaves alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly
terminal buds, as in Azalea.

+ + Petals less spreading: leaves deciduous: flowers in hoary racemes.

19. CLETHRA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals 5. Stamens 10: anthers arrow-
shaped and reflexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the
bottom. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, enclosed in the
calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather-veined, deciduous.

II. PYROLA FAMILY; evergreen herbs or nearly so, with
calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, anthers turned
outwards in the bud, soon inverted, when the holes by which they
open are at top. Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat.

20. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at
base. Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped
filaments. Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edges.

21. MONESES. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (sometimes only
4) petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large 5-rayed stigma on a straight
style, and re as in the next genus: otherwise like Pyrola.

22. CHIMAPHI A. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular widely-
spreading petals, 2-horned anthers on filaments enlarged and hairy in the
middle. Very short top-shaped style covered by a broad orbicular stigma,
and valves of pod smooth on the edges. Stems jee below: leaves narrow,
smooth and glossy.

IV. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY; herbs destitute of green foli-
age, parasitic on roots of other plants; commonly represented by
one common genus, viz.

23. MONOTROPA. Calyx or 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of
4 or 5 ercct spatulate or wedge-shaped petals, resembling the scales of the
stom. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top,
style stout: s‘igma depressed. Pod 4—6-celled, seeds innumerable, minute,
rescmbling fine sawdust.

'

HEATH FAMILY. 213

1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY or AMERICAN WHORTLE-
BERRY. (Named for the French chemist Gay-Lussac.) Flowers white
tinged with reddish, in late spring : the edible fruit ripe late in summer, that
of the first species largely patucial for the market.

G. resindsa, Common or Brack H. Low or rocky ground, common ex-
cept S. W., 1°-3° high, clammy-resinous when young, with rigid branches,
oval leaves, short one-sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and
black fruit without a bloom.

G. frondosa, Bius-Tanexe or DancieBerry. Low grounds from New
England S., with diverging slender branches, pale leaves white beneath, slen-
der racemes and pedicels, short corolla, and sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom.

G. dumosa, Dwarr H. Sandy soil near the coast, rather hairy or bristly,
with thickish rather shining oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval bracts
to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit,

2. VACCINIUM, CRANBERRY, BLUEBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin
name, of obscure meaning.) Berry edible. (Lessons, p. 104, fig. 216.)

§ 1. BLuzserrizs, beyond New England commonly called HucKLEBERRIES ;
with leaves deciduous at least in the Northern States ; flowers in spring in
clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather earlier than the leaves ;
corolla oblong or short cylindrical, 5-toothed, enclosing the 10 anthers, berries
ripe in summer, sweet, blue or black with a bloom, each of the 5 many-seeded
cells divided into two.

V. Pennsylvanicum, Dwarr Earty Buuzserry. Dry or barely
moist grounds N. and E.: 6!—15’ high, with green angular branches, mostly
lance-oblong leaves bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both sides, the
sweet berries earliest to ripen.

V. Canadénse, Canapa B. Low grounds only N., is taller, 1°-2° high;
the broader entire leaves and branchlets downy.

V. vacillans, Low Pare B. Dry woodlands, less northern ; 1°- 3° high,
with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glaucous leaves obovate or oval
and entire, and berries ripening later than the first.

V. tenéllum, Sovurnern B. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; 1°-3° high,
with greenish branches rather pubescent, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate leaves
scarcely serrulate and often pubescent, }/-1/ long.

V. corymbosum, Common Swame B. N. &S. in wet or low grounds:
3°-10° high, with oval or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green,
and sweetish berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety pure
black without a bloom.

§ 2. Evercreen BiuesBerries of the South, in low pine barrens, procumbent
or only 1° — 2° high, with 5-toothed corolla and 10 stamens.

V. myrsinites, with stems 6! — 20! high, lanceolate or lance-obovate leaves
4/-1/ long and mostly pale beneath, and black or blue berries. ;

V. crassifolium, with procumbent slender stems, thick and shining oval
or oblong leaves }/ or less in length, their margins revolute, globular-bell-shaped
corolla, and black berries.

§ 3. Farkueserry and DEerBerRy ; erect shrubs with single axillary or
racemed flowers on slender pedicels, in early summer, open-bell-shaped
corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes and 2 awns on the back,
and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided into two, and
maturing few seeds.

V. arboreum, Farxueserry. Open woods from Virg. and S. Ill. S&:
8°— 15° high, evergreen far S., with oval glossy leaves, anthers included in the
5-toothed white corolla, and black mealy berries.

V. stamineum, Derrserry or Squaw-Huckieserry. Dry woods,
N. & §.: 2°-3° high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves,
anthers much longer than the greenish or whitish 5-cleft corolla, and large
greenish berries.

214 HEATH FAMILY.

§ 4. Crannerry; creeping or trailing very slender hardly woody plants, with
small evergreen leaves whitish Leneath, single flowers in summer, borne on
slender erect pedicels, pale rose corolla deeply parted into 4 narrow reflered
divisions, 8 anthers with very long tubes but no awns on the buck, and acid
red berry 4-celled, ripe in autumn.

V. Oxycéccus, Smatt C. Cold peat-bogs N. & E. : a delicate little plant,
flowering ‘at the end of the stems, the ovate acute leaves (only 4’ long) with
strongly revolute margins, berry only half as large as in the next, often speckled
with white, seldom gathered for market. baal

V. macrocarpon, Larce or American C. Bogs from Virginia N.;
with stems 1° to 3° long, growing on so that the flowers become lateral, ob-
long obtuse leaves sometimes 4‘ long, and with less revolute margins, and
berries 4 or more long ; largely cultivated for the market E.

8. CHIOGENES. (Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-white berries.)

C. hispidula, Creerinc Svowperry. Cool peat-bogs and low mossy
woods N.; with nearly herbaceous slender creeping stems, very small ovate
jointed evergreen leaves, their lower surface and the branchlets beset with rusty
bristles, minute axillary flowers in late spring, snd white berries ripe in summer :
these and the foliage have the flavor of Aromatic Wintergreen.

4. ERICA, HEATH. (Ancient Greek name.) All belong to the Old
World. The Heaths of the conservatories, blooming in winter, belong to
various species from Cape of Good Hope. Of the European species one bears
the winter well at the North, and is planted, viz. :

E. carnea (in the form called E. weRBAcEA), of the Alps; a low under-
shrub, with linear blunt leaves whorled in fours, and rosy or bright flesh-colored
flowers, with narrow corolla rather longer than calyx, in early spring.

5. CALLUNA, HEATHER, LING. (Name from Greek, to sweep, brooms
being made from its twigs in Europe.)

C. vulgaris, Common H. of North Europe, seldom planted, very sparingly
found wild in E. New England and Nova Scotia, &c.: fl. summer.

6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBERRY (the name in Greek).

A. Uva-Ursi, Common B.; trailing over rocks and bare hills N., forming
mats, with thick smooth and entire obovate or spatulate evergreen leaves, and
small scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in a short raceme, in early spring, fol-
lowed by the red austere berries. Leaves used in medicine, astringent and
somewhat mucilaginous.

7. GAULTHERIA, AROMATIC WINTERGREEN, &c. (Named
for Dr. Gaulthier or Gaultier of Quebec, over 130 years ago.)

G. procimbens, Creeping W., Boxsperry, CHECKERBERRY, &c.;
common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender mostly
subterranean runners, sending up stems 3/-5! high, bearing at summit a few
obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding white flowers in the
axils, the cdible red “berries ”’ lasting over winter: these and the foliage famil-
iar for their spicy flavor, yielding the oi! of wintergreen

G. Shallon, in the shade of evergreen woods of Oregon, &c., and sparingly
planted, a shrub spreading over the ground, with glossy ovate slightly heart-
shaped leaves about 3! long, and flowers in racemes.

8. EPIGASA. (Name in Greek means on the ground, from the growth.)

E. répens, Trainine Arnutus, Grounp LavuREL, or, in New England,
Mayriower. Sandy or some rocky woods, chiefly E., under pines, &c. ; pros-

HEATH FAMILY. 915

trate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat heart-shaped leaves slender-petioled,
and small clusters of rose-colored or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers in early
spring.

9. CASSANDRA, LEATHER-LFAF. (A mythological name.)

C. calyculata. Wet bogs N. and mostly E.; low much branched shrub,
with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with some fine
scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the upper leaves
forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring.

10. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked
scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and open the
next year.

§ 1. Evergreens on moist banks of streams, with very smooth and glossy finely
and shurply serrate leaves ; the rather catkin-like dense racemes sessile in
their axils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers in spring,
exhaling the scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

L. Catesbéei, abounds from Virginia S. along and near the mountains,
with long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper-pointed leaves on
conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals.

L. axillaris, belongs to the low country S., flowers very early, has broader
less pointed leaves on very short petioles, and broad-ovate sepals.

§ 2. Deciduous-leared, with one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the branches,
. flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous leaves are
developed ; bractlets close to the calyx, acute.

L. racemosa. Low grounds E. & S.; -erect, 4°- 8° high, with oblong
acute serrulate leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and
4-awned anthers.

ll. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely tinged
with rose, mostly in spring.

§ 1. Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the end of the branches, formed
in summer and opening early the next spring : leaves evergreen.

A. floribiinda. Along the Alleghanies S. and planted for ornament;
8°— 10° high, very leafy, the lance-oblong acute leaves serrulate with very fine
bristly teeth, abundance of handsome flowers, the ovate-urnshaped corolla
strongly 5-angled ; anthers 2-awned low on the back.

§ 2. Flowers in umbel-like clusters: leaves evergreen: stumens 2-awned.

A. polifolia. Cold wet bogs N.; 6'-18' high, smooth and glaucous ;
with lanccolate entire revolute leaves white beneath, flowers in a simple termi-
nal umbel, the corolla almost globular.

A. nitida. Low pine-barrens from North Carolina S.; 2°-6° high, very
smooth, with 3-angled branchlets, ovate or oblong and entire glossy leaves,
abundant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate-
cylindrical corolla.

§ 3. Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late spring or
carly sununer : leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or coriaceous : pods
5-ungled by a prominent rib or ridye at the lines of opening.

% Flowers $' or more long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless shoots :
stamens 2-awned, Smooth ornumental shrubs, 2°- 4° high.

A. speciosa. Low barrens S., barely hardy N. in cultivation; with oval
or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often mealy-whitened ; corolla open bell-
shaped. v

A. Mariana, Staccer-susn (the foliage said to poison lambs and calves).
Low grounds FE. & S.; with glossy oval or oblong entire veiny leaves, and
leaf-like lanceolate sepals half the length of the almost cylindrical corolla.

216 HEATH FAMILY.

* * Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla. Rusty pu-
bescent or scurfy shrubs, 4° - 10° Aigh.
A. ferruginea. Low sandy grounds §. with thick and rigid mostly ever-
green rusty obovate leaves, the margins revolute.
A. ligustrina. Low grounds E. & S.; with thin and green obovate-oblong
leaves, and panicled clusters of small flowers.

12. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL-TREE, SOUR-WOOD. (Both the
Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves.) One species.

O. arboreum. Rich woods, Penn. to Ohio and S.; tree 15°- 40° high,
smooth, with oblong-lanceolate pointed serrulate leaves (resembling those of the
Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clus-
tered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches of the season, in early

summer.

18. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for
Peter Kalm, pupil of Linneus, who travelled in this country before the
middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. : foliage
thought to poison cattle. Fl. spring and early summer.

K. latifolia, Larce Mountaiy-L., also CaLico-Busu, SPoon-woon, &c.,
in Middle States. Common N. in damp grounds and along the mountains §.,
where it forms very dense thickets, 4°-10° or even 20° high, with mostly
alternate lance-ovate leaves bright green both sides; the large and showy
clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted flowers terminal and clammy,
in early summer.

K. angustifolia, Narrow-Leavep or SuHeer L., LamKiiyt. Low or
dry grounds ; 2°-3° high, with narrow-oblong short-petioled leaves opposite or
in threes and pale beneath, and corymbs of smaller crimson-purple flowers lat-
eral (in late spring), their pedicels recurved in fruit.

K. glatica, Pate L. Cold bogs N.; 1°-2° high, with 2-edged branches,
opposite sessile oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute margins,
the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring.

14. RHODODENDRON, ROSE-BAY. (The name in Greek means
Rose-tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees. Calyx in our species
small or minute.

* Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth: branches st and erect: flowers in early
summer from very large terminal buds: corolla broadly bell-slaped.

R. maximum, Great R. or Witp Laurer. Mountain-sides, abundant
through the Alleghanies, and N. sparingly to Maine and Canada; 6° - 20°
high, with lance-oblong leaves (4'-10' long) narrowish below, clammy pedi-
cels, and pale rose or nearly white corolla (1! broad) greenish in the throat, on
the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or reddish: fl. midsummer.

R. Catawbiénse, CatawzBa R. High Alleghanies from Virginia S., and
planted ; 3°- 6° high, with oval or oblong leaves rounded at both ends and
pale beneath (3'—5! long), usually rusty pedicels, and large purple corolla:
fl. early summer. This, hybridized with other less hardy species, especially
with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum of the Himalayas (cult. in
et a gives rise to most of the various Rhododendrons of ornamental
grounds.

R. Ponticum, from Pontus, &c., hardy when planted N. only as a low
shrub, has obovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to the base, and a very open bell-
shaped purple corolla, in late spring. :

* * Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branches slender and spreading or drooping :

Hlowers in early summer.

R. punctatum, Dorrep R. Along the mountains E. from N. Carolina
8., and sparingly planted ; 4°-6° high, with oblong or lance-oblong leaves
acute at both ends, 2'- 4! long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outside
of the rather small short funnel-shaped rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots or
atoms.

HEATH FAMILY. 217

* *% * Leaves tardily deciduous, thickish: flowers borne on the naked shoots in
earliest spring: corolla almost wheel-shaped, bright rose-purple.
R. Datricum, cult. from Siberia; a low shrub, with small oblong leaves
1'-2! long) sprinkled with minute dots, becoming rusty beneath.
ig) Sp sg Y

15. AZALEA. (Name in Greek means arid ; not applicable to these orna-
mental shrubs, which grow in low, wet, or shady grounds.)

§ 1. Cuinese Azaveas, with thickish almost or quite evergreen leaves, rather
leafy calyx, short-tubed corolla approuching to bell-shaped, and often 10
stamens, — therefore in strictness rather Rhododendrons :

A. Indica, cult. from China and Japan, &c., is however the AzaLEa of
florists, flowering in late winter and early spring in conservatories, with red,
purple, pink, white or variegated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves,
and shoots beset with appressed awl-shaped rusty bristles,

§ 2. Truz Azaeas or Fatse Honersucx.es, with deciduous leaves, slen-
der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style long
and protruded : hardy ornamental shrubs..,

* Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant.

A. viscésa, CLammy A. Swamps E. & §.; 4°-10° high, with bristly
branchlets, oblong-obovate mostly smooth leaves commonly pale or whitish
beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged very clammy flowers.

* * Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly pubescent

leaxes, in late spring, slightly fragrant.

A. nudifléra, Purrie A. or PinxteR-FLOowEeR. Swamps, chiefly E. & S. ;
8° — 6° high, with oblong or obovate leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the
rose or pink-red corolla rather glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small.

A. calendulacea, Framu-cotorep A. In and near the Alleghanies,
especially S., and cult. in hybrid forms; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and
larger calyx-lobes than the preceding.

A. Péntica, planted from the Old World, a native of the Caucasus; has
larger (2' or more broad) golden or orange-yellow flowers, terminating naked
branches, the tube clammy-downy.

16. RHODORA. (Name made from the Greek word for Rose, from the
color of the flowers and general likeness to Rhododendron.)
R. Canadénsis. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. & E.: low shrub, with
handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than the pale rather
hairy leaves.

17. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND-MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek,
meaning smovth leuf.) ‘
L. buxifolium. In sand, from New Jersey S.; evergreen shrub a few

inches high, much branched. with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from 4’ to

near 4! long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring.

18. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Fi. early
summer.

L. latifolium, Common or Broap-teavep L. Low and damp or wet
grounds from Penn. N.; 2°-5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens,
and oblong pods.

19. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of Alder, from
some resemblance in the foliage.) FI. in summer.
C. alnifolia, the only common species, in low grounds, 3° — 10° high, with
wedge-obovate sharply serrate straight-veined leaves, and upright panicled
racemes of fragrant small flowers. ;

218 HOLLY FAMILY.

20. PYROLA, WINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAF. (Old name, diminu-
tive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers mostly
greenish-white, in summer.)

* Flowers nodding, the petals partly expanding, the hanging style more or less

curved, tipped with a narrow stigma, and stamens ascending.

P. rotundifolia. Damp or sandy woods ; has thick and shining round
leaves on short petioles, many-flowered raceme, and blunt anthers: a variety in
bogs has rose-purple flowers.

P. elliptica. Rich woods N.; has thinnish and dull upright leaves on
rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish-white flowers nearly as in the
preceding. 2

P. chlorantha. Open woods N.; smaller, the scape only 5/—6! high, with
a few greenish-white flowers, thick but dull roundish leaves only 1/ long, and
anthers short-horned.

* * Flowers all turned to one side, rather spreading than nodding, the petals con-

niving, stamens and style straight, stigma larye and 5-rayed.

P, sectinda. Rich woods N. & E.. slender, 3/—6' high, with thin ovate
leaves and dense spike-like raceme.

21. MONESES, ONE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN. (Name, from
the Greek, refers to the solitary flower.) Flowering in early summer.
M. uniflora. Cold woods N. E.: with roundish and serrate veiny leaves
about 4! long, scape 2'~ 4" high, and rather large white or rose-colored flower.

22. CHIMAPHILA, PIPSISSEWA or PRINCES- PINE. (Name
from Greek, means lover of winter, i e. Wintergreen ) Plants of dry woods,
branched at base, 3’- 10" high, with fragrant wax-like mostly flesh-colored
flowers, in early summer.

C. umbellata, Common P. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not
spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers.

C. maculata, Srorren P. Lower, 3/-6! high, with ovate-lanceolate
remotely toothed leaves blotched with white, and 1 — 5 flowers.

23. MONOTROPA, INDIAN PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers to
the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side or hanging: in
fruit it straightens.) Fl. summer.

M. uniflora, Common Inp1an Prive or Corpsn-piant ; in rich woods ;
smooth, waxy-white all over, 3‘-6' high, with one rather large nodding flower
of 5 petals and 10 stamens.

M. Hypopitys, Pive-sar or Fatse Breecu-prors; in Oak and Pine
woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4'-12! high, with several
smallish flowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 stamens, or the upper-
most 5 petals and 10 stamens.

65. AQUIFOLIACEZ, HOLLY FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, small mostly po-
lygamous or dicecious axillary flowers, having divisions of the free
calyx, petals (these almost or quite distinct), stamens (alternate
with petals), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-6 or
even 9, and fruit berry-like, containing 4-6 single-seeded little
stones. Solitary ovule hanging from the top of each cell. Sessile
stigmas 4—6, or united into one. Flowers white.

NemopaAnTHEs CANADENSIS, sometimes called Mountain Hot-
LY, shrub with slender petals and large dull red berries, in cold
woods or bogs N., is the only representative besides the species of

EBONY FAMILY. 219

1. ILEX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name, which however belonged rather
to an Oak than to Holly.) Fl. early summer: fruit autumn.

§1. Trou Hoy, with thick and rigid evergreen leuves, red berries, and parts

of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes.

I. Aquifolium, Evrorgan Hotty, is occasionally planted, not quite
hardy N.; tree with more glossy and spiny leaves, and brighter red berries than

I. opaca, American H. “Low grounds from E. New England S. ; tree
20° “4 a high, smooth, with gray bark, oval leaves wavy-margined and spiny-
toothed. ;

I. Dahéon, Danoon H. Shrub or small tree, of low pine-barrens from
Eastern Virginia S., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear short-petioled
leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. MYRTIFOLIA, with narrower
leaves barely 1’ long and mostly entire.

I. Cassine, Yauron H. ‘Shrub on the sandy coast S., with oblong or
lance-ovate crenate leaves only 1/ long, and flowers in sessile clusters. ‘Leaves
used for Yuupon tea.

§ 2. Prinos, &c., shrubs with deciduous mostly thin leaves, and red berries.
* Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6: nutléts striate on the back.

I. decidua. Wet grounds S. & W.; with wedge-oblong or lance-obovate
obtusely serrate leaves downy ‘on the midrib beneath, when old glossy above,
and with acute calyx-lobes.

I. ambigua. Wet grounds S.; with the thin oval or oblong pointed
leaves smooth or smoothish and sharply serrate, and obtuse ciliate calyx-lobes.

I. mollis. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. §.; like the
last, but soft-downy, and fertile peduncles very short.

* * Parts of the blossom 6 (or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 4—6 in the sterile

lowers : nutlets of the berry smooth and even.

I. verticillata, Common WintTernerry or Brack ALDER. Common
in low grounds ; with obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves (14/— 2! long)
acute or pointed at both ends, the lower surface often downy, very short-pedun-
cled flowers mostly clustered, and very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in
autumn. There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name
is rather misleading.

I. levigata, Smoorn W. Wet grounds along the coast of New England
to. Virginia ; has smoother and narrower minutely serrate leaves glossy above,
long-peduncled sterile flowers, and larger less bright berries ripening earlier.

§ 3. InxBeRry ; shrubs with thickish evergreen leaves glossy above, often blackish-
dotted beneath, parts of the flower 6, or rarely 7-9, and with black
astringent berries, their nutlets smooth and even.

I. glabra, Common Inxserry. Along sandy coast from Mass. S., 2°- 4°
high; with wedge-oblong. few-toothed near the apex, flowers several on the
sterile, solitary on the fertile peduncles.

I. eoriacea. Wet soil from Carolina S.; 4°-8° high, with larger obovate-
oblong or oval leaves entire or with scattered sharp teeth.

66. EBENACEZ, EBONY FAMILY.

Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire leaves,
from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes to the corolla,
several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hanging in each cell, and
berry with large hard-coated seeds. Represented only by

1, DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE-PLUM. (Ancient Greek
name.) Flowers polygamous or diccious, the ferti'e ones single in axils of
leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered. Calyx and corolla each 4 - 6-
lobed. Stamens about 16 in the sterile, 8 imperfect ones in the fertile flowers,

220 STORAX FAMILY.

inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers turned inwards. Berry edible

when very ripe, plum-like, globular, surrounded at base by the persistent

thickish calyx. Fl. early summer.

D. Virginiana, Common P. Southern New England to Illinois and $. :
tree 20°- 60° high, with very hard blackish wood, nearly smooth thickish ovate
leaves, very short peduncles, 4-parted calyx, pale yellow 4-cleft corolla, 4 styles
2-lobed at tip, 8-celled ovary, and plum-like fruit green and very acerb, but yel-
low, sweet, and eatable after frost.

67. BUMELIACEA, SAPPODILLA FAMILY.

Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood, and in other
respects also resembling the last family, but mostly with milky
juice, perfect flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, and
bony-coated seeds. Represented S. by a few species of

1. BUMELIA. (Ancient name of a kind of Ash, transferred to this genus.)
Flowers small, white or whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, and with a pair of internal appendages between the
lobes, 5 good stamens before them, and as many petal-like sterile ones or
scales alternating. Ovary 5-celled, hairy: style 1, pointed. Fruit cherry-
like, containing a single large stony-coated seed. Small trees or shrubs, with
branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves entire. Fl. summer:

’ fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river-banks, &c.

B. lycioides, from Virginia to Ilinois and S., is smooth, with obovate-
oblong or lance-wedge-shaped leaves 2! — 4/ long, and greenish flowers.

B. ténax, still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky underneath,
and a shorter white corolla.

B. lanuginosa, in dry soil from §, Illinois §.; has leaves rusty-hairy or
woolly bencath, and white corolla.

68. STYRACACEZ, STORAX FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers with
4—8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearing twice as
many or indefinitely numerous partly monadelphous or polyadel-
phous stamens, only one style, and a 1 —5-celled 1—5-seeded fruit.
Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in ours coherent more or
less with the 2- 4-celled ovary.

1 STYRAX. Flowers from the axils of the leaves, white, showy, on drooping pe-
duncles. Calyx scarcely 5-toothed, its base coherent merely with the base of
the 8-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla open bell-shaped, mostly 5-parted,
rather downy outside. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla,
with flat filaments monadelphous at base, and linear anthers. Fruit dry,
1-celled, with usually only one globular hard-coated seed at its base.

2. HALESIA Flowers ‘in fascicles on hanging pedicels from the axils of the
deciduous leaves of the preceding year, white, showy. Calyx 4-toothed, the
tube wholly coherent with the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals 4, or united into a
bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8-16: filaments monadelphous at the base:
anthers Imear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4
winged, within bony or woody and 1-4-celled, a single seed filling each
slender cell.

8. SYMPLOCOS Flowers yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not droop-
ing. Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, broad, nearly separate. Stamens very many in 5 clusters, one
attached to the base of each petal: filaments very slender: anthers very
short. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded,. small and dry.

PLANTAIN FAMILY. 221

1. STYRAX, STORAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, &c. with
some scurf or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or barrens, from Vir-
ginia S.: fl. late spring.

S. grandifolia, has obovate leaves (2/-6/ long) white downy beneath, and
flowers mostly numerous in racemes. :

S. pulverulénta, has oval or obovate leaves less than 2! long, their
lower face scurfy-downy, and fragrant flowers few together or single.

S. Americana, has oblong almost glabrous leaves acute at both ends, and
flowers 2-4 together or single.

2. HALESIA, SNOWDROP- or SILVER-BELL-TREE. (Named for
Stephen Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) Tall shrubs
or small trees, flowering in spring just as the leaves appear.

H. tetraptera, Four-wincep H. Along streams from Virginia and the
Ohio River S., planted for ornament and hardy N.: tall, smoothish, with oblong
finely serrate leaves, 4-lobed corolla, 12-16 strongly monadelphous stamens,
and 4-winged fruit.

H. diptera, Two-wincrp H., confined to low country S.; has coarsely
serrate more downy oval leaves, 4 nearly distinct petals (1/ long), 8-12 nearly
‘distinct stamens, and 2-winged fruit.

3. SYMPLOCOS., (A Greek name, means growing together.) Fl. spring.

8. tinctoria, Swert-Lear, Horsse-Suear. Shrub or small tree, in rich
ground §S., with coriaceous oblong nearly entire almost evergreen leaves, pale
beneath, and small odorous flowers in close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves
sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by cattle.

69. PLANTAGINACE, PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus

1. PLANTAGO, PLANTAIN, RIBGRASS. (The old Latin name.)
Flowers in a spike, on a naked scape, small, whitish. Sepals 4 (or rarely 3
from two of them growing together), imbricated, persistent. Corolla short
salver-form, thin and membranaceous, usually becoming scarious and dry, or
withering on the pod; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 2) borne on the tube of
the corolla: filaments usually lengthening suddenly at flowering time and
hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2-celled anthers. Style and long hairy
stigma single and thread-like. Ovary 2-celled. Pod 2-celled, a pyzis, the top
falling off as a lid, and the partition then falling out along with the 2 or more
seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the ground. The following are the
common species: fl. summer. ‘

§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect, in each the style protruded a day or two before
the anthers open or ure hung out : lobes of corolla remaining wide open.

P. major, Common Prawrary, in yards, &c. Usually smooth or smooth-

ish, with ovate or oval 5-7-ribbed leaves, a slender spike, and 7 — 16-seeded
od.

P. ianeeuieeny Riserass, RiPPLecRASS, or EnGiish Prantain. Nat.
from Eu. in fields: rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong 3 — 5-ribbed
leaves, a grooved-angled scape, thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly
united into one, and 2-seeded pod.

P. maritima, Seasipe P. Salt-marshes N. E.; smooth, with linear thick
and fleshy sometimes almost terete leaves, showing no ribs, slender spike, and
2-4-seeded pod. @ 2

§ 2. Flowers almost diacious, or of 2 sorts, one with 4 long stamens and open
coral a, the other with minute short stamens, and corolla closing permanently
over the pod. .

P. Virginica. Sandy grounds mostly S.: small, pubescent, with obovate
or lance-spatulate 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, a small spike, and 2-seeded pod.

222 PRIMROSE FAMILY.

70. PLUMBAGINACEA, LEADWORT FAMILY.

Known by the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5-lobed
plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals or lobes of the
corolla and almost separate from them, 5 styles or 5 stigmas, and
the free ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule hanging on a
slender stalk which rises from its base; the fruit a small utricle.

§ 1. Low hardy herbs, with leaves all from the root, and flowers on scapes, having
a funnel-shaped scarious calyx, nearly or quite sepurate petals tapering at base,
and 5 almost or quite separate styles.

1. ARMERIA. Tufted plants with evergreen very narrow and entire leaves,
simple scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose-

hairy towards the base.
2. STATICE. Broadish-leaved herbs, with scapes branching into a panicle,

bearing 3-bracted flowers or clusters: styles smooth.

§ 2. Plants of’ warm regions, with branching mostly woody stems bearing alternate
entire leaves, and bracted spikes of handsome flowers, having a tubular calyx
and corolla, una one style bearing 5 stigmus.

8. PLUMBAGO. Calyx 5-toothed at the apex, glandular along the 6 ribs or
angles. Corolla salver-form, with long tube.

1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old Celtic name latinized.) Fl. summer. 2%

A. vulgaris (also called A. marft1ma), Common Turirt, wild on shores
of Europe, &c., cult. in gardens for edgings, &c., with short spreading leaves
and scape 3’ — 6! high.

2. STATICEH. (Ancient Greek, meaning astringent, the roots used as such
in popular medicine.) A few species of the Old World are cult. in choice
gardens, but not commonly. 2
S. Limonium, Sea-Lavenper or Marsu-Rosemary. Along the coast

in salt-marshes: with oblong or spatulate thick and pale leaves on slender

petioles, scapes 1° - 2° high, bearing lavender-colored flowers all summer.

3. PLUMBAGO, LEADWORT (which the Latin name denotes). The

following are cult. in conservatories, or turned out to flower all summer.

P. Capénsis, Care L., with somewhat climbing angled stems, oblong
spatulate leaves, and large pale or lead-blue corolla, the tube 14! long.

P. coccinea, Rep-FLowrrep L., of the East Indies, is more tender, with
deep red flowers.

P. Geylanica, Wuire-rtowerep L., of the East Indies, with smaller
white flowers.

71. PRIMULACEA, PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the
corolla, and as many as its divisions and opposite them, one style
and stigma, and many or sometimes few ovules on a free central pla-
centa of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod.

§ 1. With leaves all from the root and simple, the flowers on a scape,
«x From a fibrous-rooted crown or root-stock.

1. PRIMULA. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, often angled. Corolla salver-shaped
or funnel-shaped with 5 spreading lobes; the stamens included in its tube.
Pod opening by valves or teeth at the top. Flowers in an umbel, which is
sessile in one species, but usually raised on a scape.

2. DODECATHEON. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions
lanceolate, strongly reflexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender cone, the
linear anthers very much longer than the short partly monadelphous fila-
ments. Pod splitting into 5 valves. Flowers in an umbel.

PRIMROSE FAMILY. 223

x * From a depressed or biscuit-shaped fleshy corm.

8 CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a
scape or stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed.

§ 2. With leafy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire,
* In one whorl at the summit of the slender stem: parts of the flower 7.

4, TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united
only at base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblong, of
both pointed. Filaments united in a ring at base: anthers oblong, curving
when old. Flowers white.

* * In pairs or whorls along the stems: parts of the flower mostly 5.

5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla yellow, wheel-shaped, 5-parted (or rarely of 5, 6, or
even 7 nearly or quite separate narrow petals). Filaments beardless, often
ouadelphovs at base. Pod splitting into valves.

6. ANAGALLIS. Corolla red, blue, or white, wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad.
Filaments bearded. Pod (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top
falling off as a lid, many-seeded.

* * * Alternate leaves along the branching stems : base of calyx and ovary coherent.

7. SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little bod
like a steriie filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded,
splitting into 5 valves. Flowers small, white, in racemes.

§ 8. With hollow inflated leafy stems ; the leaves whorled or scattered, the lower ones
pinnately parted: parts of’ the flower 5.

8 HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short salver-shaped: stamens included.

Pod opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in
whorls along the upper part of the stem and branches.

1. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, &c. (Name from primus,
spring, from the flowering-time of true Primrose.) 2/ Two small species
are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) : the following are the
common ones cult. for ornament.

* Tender house-plant, with inflated conical calyx, and round-heart-shaped 7 - 9-
lobed leaves.

P. Sinénsis, Curves Primrose, a downy plant, with often proliferous
umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, sometimes double,
in one variety cut-fringed.

* * Hardy or nearly so, from Eu , with large tubular or oblong-bell-shaped angled
calyx, and wrinkled-veiny oblong or spatulate leaves tapering into short wing-
margined petioles: flowers naturally yellow, in spring.

P. grandiflora (or acaviis), True Primrose, has leaves somewhat
hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on slender pedicels from their axils,
the proper scapes not developed ; corolla flat, sulphur-yellow. ;

P. officinalis (or vtris), Encxisu Cows.ip ; somewhat pubescent with
minute pale down, scapes bearing the umbels above the leaves, much smaller
flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla rather concave or cup-like, the
throat commonly orange. The sorts of PoLyanruus are cultivated varieties,
with flowers enlarged, of various colors, or partycolored, often more or less
double.

* * & Scarcely hardy N., with bell-shaped calyx much shorter than the funnel-
shaped corolla, and smooth and thick obovate leaves, mostly covered with
some fine mealiness.

P. Auricula, Avricura, of Southern Europe; low, with sessile leaves,

and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varieties white,
purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double.

2. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for twelve gods.) 2

D. Meadia, called Suootine-Star at the West, or sometimes AMERICAN
Cowstre: in rich open woods from Penn. S. and especially W., and cult. for
ornament; smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves around the base

224 PRIMROSE FAMILY.

of a simple scape, 6!- 2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand-
some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, becom-
ing erect in fruit: fl. late spring.

8. CYCLAMEN, (Classical name for the wild plant of Europe called
Sowsreap.) Cult. in this country as house-plants for winter-flowering.
Flowers rose-colored, pink, or white, nodding on the apex of the stalk, the
reflexed lobes turned upwards. 2
C. Européeum, Common C. Corm 1/~ 2! in diameter, sending up heart

shaped thick sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and

crimson-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and flowers with open
throat and oval or oblong divisions, the flower-stalks coiled up after flowering
so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. ;

C. Pérsicum, Persian C., is more tender, with longer and lanceolate
divisions and less open throat to the corolla, the flower-stalks not coiling after
blossoming.

4. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. (From Latin
for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European species.) 2

T. Americana, American C. or Star-FLowER. In open low woods,
especially N.: a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, and at top
a whorl of long-lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, also 2 or 3 slender-
stalked delicate flowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring. m

5. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in Greek).

Fl. summer. 2

§ 1. Wild species of the country, in low or wet grounds : corolla yellow.

L. thyrsiflora. Wet swamps N.: smooth, with simple stem leafless at
base, above with lanccolate sessile leaves, in the axils of one or two of them
a short-peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, having slender fila-
ments and lance-linear mostly separate purplish-dotted petals, and as many little
teeth between them.

L. stricta. Common N. & S.: smooth, very leafy, branching, with mostly
opposite lanceolate sessile dark-dotted leaves tapering to each end, flowers on
slender pedicels in a terminal long raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments mo-
nadelphous, and lance-oblong lobes of corolla blackish-streaked.

L. quadrifolia. Sandy moist ground: rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate
sessile leaves 4 (or 3-6) in a whorl, slender peduncles in the axils of the upper
ones, and ovate-oblong lobes of corolla dark-streaked.

L. ciliata. Low thickets; with erect stems 2°- 38° high, opposite dotless
leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base and on fringed
petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils, light yellow
corolla not streaked nor dotted, the lobes round-ovate and wavy-margined or
denticulate, little longer than the sepals.

L. radicans, from Virginia 8. W., resembles the foregoing, but stems or
branches reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half.

L. lanceolata, commonest W. & S., is similar, but with oblong or linear
leaves mostly narrowed into short and margined petioles.

L. longifolia, from Western New York W., has similar but deeper yellow
flowers, and sessile linear blunt stem-leaves of thicker texture.

§ 2. European species in cultivated grounds, &c.

L. vulgaris, Common L. of Europe: a rather stout downy plant, 2°-3°
high, with oblong or lance-ovate leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, flowers in panicles,
and monadelphons filaments.

L. nummularia, Monerworr: trailing and creeping in damp garden-
grounds, or running wild sometimes; smooth, with opposite small round
leaves, and solitary flowers in their axils on short peduncles. (Lessons, p: 77,
fig. 155.)

BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 225

6. ANAGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delightful.)
Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer.

A. arvénsis, Common P. or Poor-Man’s Weatner-exass, the small
(red, purple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of rain; in gardens
and running wild in sandy fields; spreading on the ground, with pale ovate
leaves shorter than the peduncles, and rounded petals fringed with minute
glandular teeth. @

A. certilea, Buus P., of the gardens, a tender mostly larger form of the
preceding, with larger blue flowers. @

7. SAMOLUS, WATER-PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name,
2

of unknown meaning.) FI. late summer. @

_ S. Valerandi, var. Americanus. Along ri!ls and wet places ; spread-
ing, 6’ — 10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers on slender pedi-
cels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at base.

8. HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHERFOIL. (Named
for a Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Fl. summer.

H. inflata. A singular plant in pools and ditches, smooth, with stems and
branches much inflated except at the Joints, bearing finely cut pectinate leaves ;
flowers white.

72. LENTIBULACEZ, BLADDERWORT FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod as in Primrose
Family, but with irregular bilabiate flowers bearing a spur or sac
underneath, and only 2 stamens: — represented by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2-
lipped, the lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and
below a large spur. Anthers 2, converging in the throat of corolla. Stigma
2-lipped. Leaves finely cut, mostly into threads or fibres, many bearing
little air-bladders; some are leafless.

2. PINGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla
distinctly lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is
open. therwise as in Utricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the
1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, soft and tender.

1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. (Ufriculus, a little bladder.)
Fl. all summer. The following are the commonest species.

* Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla violet-purple.

U. purptrea. Only E. & S., with 2-4 flowers on the peduncle, and a
rather short spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla.

* * Floating, branching, bladder-beuring : corolla yellow.

U. inflata. Only E. & S.: swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of
leaves around base of the 5-10-flowered scape inflated into oblong bladders,
besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves..

U. vulgaris, Larce B. Common in still or slow water; the stems 1°-3°
long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like many-parted leaves ; flowers
5—10 in raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than ower lip.

U. intermédia. Chiefly N. in shallow water, with stems 3/- 6! long,
bearing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no b!adders,
these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flowered ;
spur nearly equalling. the very broad lower lip. :

U. gibba. Chiefly Middle States: small, with short branches bearing
sparse thread-like leaves and some bladders, 1 — 2-flowered peduncles onty 1/—3!
high, and biunt conical spur shorter than lower lip.

15

226 BIGNONIA FAMILY.

U. biflora. Chiefly S.: stems 4!- 6! long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and
many bladders, 1~3-flowered peduncles 2/- 4! high, and awl-shaped spur as
long as lower lip.

% % & Simple and erect naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with minute and

So ain grass-like leaves seldom seen: commonly no bladders : flowers
yellow.

U. subulata, from N. Jersey S. in wet sand; very slender, 3/— 5! high,
with several very small slender-pedicelled flowers. .

U. cornita. In bogs N. & 8.; 6'- 15! high, bearing 2-4 large flowers
crowded together on short pedicels, or S. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller
flowers.

2. PINGUICULA, Burrerwort. (Name from Latin, pinguis, fat.
Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in ours are more
or less clammy-pubescent. )

* Corolla violet-purple ; the upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed.
P. vulgaris, is scarce on wet rocks along our northern borders ; scape 2!
high ; upper lip of corolla short ; spur straightish and slender : fl. summer.
P. piimila, in moist sand from Georgia S. & W., has rather large flower
on scape 2! -6! high, with blunt sac-like spur: fl. spring.
P. elatior, borders of ponds from N. Carolina S., has scapes near 1° high,

and large corolla (1/ wide) with blunt spur: fl. summer. e
* * Corolla yellow, more bell-shaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes often cleft.
P. lutea. Wet pine barrens S.; whole plant yellowish, with nodding

flower (1! or more wide) on scape 6'— 2! high, in spring.

73. BIGNONIACEZE, BIGNONIA FAMILY.

Woody plants, or a few-herbs, with more or less bilabiate flowers,
diandrous or didynamous stamens (often with rudiments of the
wanting ones), 2-lipped stigma, free variously 1— 4-celled ovary,
and fruit, usually a pod, containing many large mostly flat and
winged seeds, filled with the large embryo: no albumen.

I. BIGNONIA FAMILY proper ; almost all woody plants,
with opposite leaves, 1—2-celled pods, and flat winged seeds. (Les-
sons, p. 135, fig. 316.) :

§ 1. Climbers, with compound leaves and 4 fertile stamens in two pairs.
* Barely woody or herbaceous: ovary and pod one-celled with 2 parietal placente.

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with 5 short and
round recurved lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round.

* * Woody-stemmed : ovary and pod 2-celled, but the placentae parietal : valves of pod
Salling away from the partition : seeds with a broad thin wing.

2. BIGNONIA. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed.
a pti parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf-
endrils.

8. TECOMA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-shaped.
5-lobed. Pod flattish or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges of
which separate from the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pinnate.
The hardy species climb by rootlets.

§ 2. Trees, with simple leaves and 2 or rarely 4 fertile stamens.

4, CATALPA. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla inflated bell-shaped, the 5-lobed
border more or less 2-lipped and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging;
the partition contrary to the valves. Narrow wings of the seed lacerate-
fringed. (For corolla and stamens, see Lessons, p. 95, fig. 196.)

BIGNONIA FAMILY. 227

II. SESAMUM FAMILY, &c.; herbs, with simple leaves,
some of the upper ones alternate, and 4-celled ovary and fruit
(but the stigma of only 2 lips or lobes), containing flat but thick-
coated wingless seeds.

5. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-parted, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the
2 lobes of the upper lip shorter than the others. Stamens 4. Fruit an
oblong obtusely 4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves, almost sessile.

6. MARTYNIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in.
terminal corymb or raceme.

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. (Name, from the Greck, means hanging fruit.)

E. scaber, or CatAmrrris caser, from Chili, cult. in gardens and con-
servatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the end of the twice pinnate
leaves ; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, ovate or heart-shaped ; flowers in
loose drooping racemes; corolla inflated-clubshaped and gibbous, orange-red,
about 1’ long.

2. BIGNONIA. (Named for the French Abbé Bignon.) Our only true
native Bicnontia is :

B. capreolata. Climbing trees from S. Virg. to Ill. and S.; smooth,
the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short petiole and often what seems
like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong leaflets heart-
shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them; flowers several in the
axils, the corolla 2! long, orange-red outside, yellow within, in spring.

8. TECOMA, TRUMPET-FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.)
Formerly under Bienon1a, which name the species still bear in cultivation.
Fi. late summer.

T. radicans, Witp T. or Trumpet-Creerer. Wild from Penn. and
Til. S., planted farther N. ; climbing freely by rootlets; leaves of 5-11 ovate or
lance-ovate taper-pointed and toothed leaflets ; flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow
and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped.

T. grandiflora, Great-FLoweRED T. Cult. from Japan and China,
not quite hardy N., climbing little, with narrower leaflets, and 5-cleft calyx
nearly equalling the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3’ long and
broad, much wider than in the foregoing.

T. Capénsis, Care T. of conservatories, has smaller and rounder leaflets,
naked-peduncled cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored
corolla 2! long, and stamens protruded. '

T, jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, from Australia, twining,
very smooth, with lance-ovate entire bright green leaflets, and white corolla
pink-purple in the throat.

4. CATALPA, or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name; the popular
name alludes to the shape of the pods.)

C. bignonioides, Common Caratpa. Tree wild S. W., and widely
planted; with large heart-shaped pointed leaves downy beneath, open panicles
(in summer) of white flowers (1/ long) variegated and dotted within with some
yellow and purple, and pods 1° long. —

C. Keempferi, of Japan, beginning to be planted, has smooth leaves,
many of them 3-lobed or angled, and flowers one half smaller.

5. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) @®

8. Indicum, from India and Egypt, somewhat cult. or running wild in
waste places far §.; rather pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, the °
lower often 3-lobed or parted, pale rose or white corolla 1/ long, and sweet
oily seeds, used in the East for food, oil, &c.

228 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.

6. MARTYNIA, UNICORN-PLANT. (Named by Linnzus for Prof.
Martyn.) Clammy-pubescent and heavy-scented rank herbs, with long-
petioied rounded and obliquely heart-shaped wavy-margined leaves, and large
flowers, in summer. @

M. proboscidea, Common U. Wild S. W., and cult. in gardens;
coarse, with nearly entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and
yellow spots, and long-beaked fruit. .

M. fragrans, Sweer-scentep U. Cult. from Mexico; less coarse and
clammy, with somewhat 3-lobed or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy violet-
purple vanilla-scented flowers.

74, GESNERIACEZ, GESNERIA FAMILY.

Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corollas,
didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-
seeded placentw, — therefore botanically like the next family ; but
with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the common cultivated
species have the tube of the calyx coherent at least with the base
of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order
are in choice conservatories ; the commonest are the following.

Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately
toothed leaves and 1-flowered scape-like peduncles ; the deflexed corolla 2’ long,
ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a short and
spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobed border, violet with a deeper-colored throat,
in one variety white.

Gesneéria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety,
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ;
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border,
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. —
There are several other species. 2

Achiménes longiflora. Stem leafy; flowers in the axils of oblong or
ovate hairy leaves, which they excecd; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped
corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2! or more broad,
violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets from
the root. 2

75. OROBANCHACEZ, BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.

Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, and
with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the monopet-
alous corolla more or less 2-lipped or irregular, 4 didynamous
stamens, and one-celled ovary and pod with the 2 or 4 parietal pla-
centz covered with innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods,
and mostly parasitic on the roots of' trees.

1. EPIPHEGUS. Stems slender and bushy-branching, with small and scattered
scales and two sorts of flowers, scattered in loose spikes or racemes, with
minute bracts. Upper flowers conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with
tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long Blaments and style; lower flowers small
and short, seldom opening, but fertilized in the bud.

2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with firm overlapping scales, each of
the upper ones with a flower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4- 5-toothed,
and split down on the lower side. Corolla short, strongly 2-lipped; upper
lip arched and notched; lower one spreading and B-clett, Stamens pro-

truding.

& APHYLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-flowered scapes from a scaly
mostly subterranean base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a long curved
tube, and a spreading slightly 2-lipped or irregular 5-lobed border; the lobes
all nearly alike. Stamens included in the tube.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 229

1, EPIPHEGUS, BEECH-DROPS, CANCER-ROOT. (Name in
reek means on the Beech: the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of
that tree.) One species,
E. Virginiana. Common, about 1° high, with purplish flowers 3! or more
long, in late summer and autumn.

2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAW-ROOT, CANCER-ROOT. (The name
is Greek for cone-scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir-cone when
old.) One species,

C. Americana. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming clusters
among fallen leaves, 3/-6! long, as thick as the thumb, yellowish: fl. early
summer.

3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM-RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED
CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means without leaves.) Fl. spring and
early summer.

A. uniflodrum. Open woods or thickets: slightly clammy-pubescent, with
1-3 scapes (3/- 5! high) from a subterranean scaly base, and lance-awl-shaped
calyx-lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla.

A. fasciculatum, the other species, occurs only from Northern Michigan
W.; has scapes from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular
calyx-lobes.

76. SCROPHULARIACEZ, FIGWORT FAMILY.

Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less
irregular monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single
style, entire or 2-lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod contain-
ing several or many seeds on the placente in the axis; these with
a small embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a
few have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens,
either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly herbs, some
shrubby, and one species is a small tree.

§ 1. Intermediate between this family and the Nightshade Family ; the flowers ter-
minal or lateral, never really from the aails of the leaves or bracts; the

corolla hardly if at all sensibly 2-lipped, sometimes almost regular, the lobes
pluited in the bud: stigmu enlarged, often 2-lipped. All garden exotics.

«% With 4 st only, included within the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla:
leaves alternate and entire.

1. BRUNFELSIA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded
and about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers
all alike. Fruit fleshy.

2. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with
somewhat unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of
the anthers shorter and only 1-celled. Fruit a dry pod.

# * With 4 anther-bearing stamens and a sterile filament: corolla with wide throat.

8. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifid alternate leaves.
Corolla funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the
lobes all with a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong. :

§2. Corolla imbricated and not plaited in the bud; the smaller lip 3-parted; the
larger nee, and the lubes again 2-cleft or deeply notched. Flowers terminal,
panicled. ;

4. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla with tube
shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut up, the middle lobe of the
smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are inclined, more or less
hooded or sac-like. Stamens with good anthers 2, the 2 or 3 others small and
abortive. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, pinnate, or pinnately cut.

230 FIGWORT FAMILY.

o
8. Cérolla with lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud, either 2-lipped or more
: or less irregular, the divisions or lobes at most 5. Peduncles from the axil of
leaves or bracts, no flower ever really terminating the main stem or branches.
« Tree, with large and opposite Cutalpa-like leaves.

5. PAULOWNIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with 4
cylindrical or faninel-torr tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded
lobes. Stamens 4, included. Pod turgid, thick, filled with very numerous
winged seeds. 7

« « Herbs, or afew becoming low shrubs.
+ With 5 anther-bearing stamens and a wheel-shaped or barely concave corolla.

6. VERBASCUM. Flowers in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla with 5 broad and rotinded only slightly unequal divisions. 1 the
filaments or 8 of them woolly. Style expanding and flat at apex. Pod
globular, many-seeded. Leaves alternate.

+ + With only 2 or 4 anther-bearing stamens.

++ Corolla wheel-shaped, or at least with wide spreading border mostly much longer
than the short tube: flowers single in the awils of the leaves ur collected in a
raceme or spike.

7. CELSIA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts.

8 ALONSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down by
the twisting of the pedicel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be
the upper and the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many-
seeded. Lower leaves opposite or in threes.

9. VERONICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or
sometimes salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of
them usually rather smaller. Stamens 2, with long slender filaments. Pod
flat or flattish, 2-many-seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or some-
times whorled.

++++ Corolla salver-shaped, with almost regular 4-5-lobed border: flowers in u
terminal spike. Here one species of No. 9 would be sought.

10. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla with a slender tube, and
the border cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, one-celled.
Style club-shaped at the apex. Pod many-seeded. Leaves mainly opposite,
roughish.

++ at+++ Corolla either obviously 2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular, or bell-shaped.
= Corolla 2-parted nearly to the buse, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the lower larger one
slipper-shaped: stamens only 2 (or very rarely 3), and no rudiments of more.

11, CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped
divisions of the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod Mangseeled, Leaves
chiefly opposite, and flowers in cymes or clusters.

== Corolla almost 2-parted, the middle lobe of the lower lip folded together to form
a flat pocket which encloses the 4 stamens and the style.

12. COLLINSIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla turned down; its short tube
laterally flattened, strongly bulging on the upper side: upper lip 2-cleft and
turned back; the lower one larger and 3-lobed, its middle and laterally
flattened pocket-shaped lobe covered above by the two lateral ones. A little
rudiment of the fifth stamen present. Pod globular, with few or several seeds.
Flowers on pedicels single or mostly clustered in the axils of the upper oppo-
site (rarely whorled) leaves, which are gradually reduced to bracts, forming
an interrupted raceme.

=== Corolla not 2-parted nor salver-shaped, but with a tube of some length in
proportion to the 2-lipped or more or less irregular (rarely nearly regular)
4—-5-lobed border, and

a. With « spur or sac-like projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting
palate to the lower lip, which commonly closes the throat or nearly so: stamens
4, and no obvious rudiment.

18. LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base.
, (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 211.) Pod many-seeded, opening by a hole or chink
; which forms below the summit of each cell.
14. ANTIRRHINUM. No spur, but a sac or gibbosity at the base of the personate
corolla (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 210): otherwise like 13.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 231

b. Neither spur-nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat,
nor with the upper lip laterally compressed or folded and nurrow and arched.

1. Stamens with anthers 4, and no rudiment of the fifth: peduncles 1-flowered.

16. MAURANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly
opposite leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers in their axils, climbing
by their coiling leafstalks and Hovecnmalicw, Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous.
Corolla open-mouthed, between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2
poe or hairy lines running down the tube within, the border obscurely 2-
ipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading roundish lobes nearly similar, the upper
ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 14.

16. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem, alternate leaves, and a simple
terminal raceme of hanging flowers. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous, the upper
sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less inflated tube and
a short scarcely spreacing border, distinctly or indistinctly lobed, the lower
lobe or side longest, the lateral ones outermost in the bud. Pod 2-valved,
many-seeded.

17. GERARDIA. Herbs with branching stems, opposite or some alternate leaves,
and above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx
5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular-funnel form,
with an oblique or rather unequal border, the 5 lobes somewhat equal, the
lower and lateral ones outside in the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite
unequal length. (Lessons, p. 95, fig. 194.) Pod debular or ovate, pointed,
2-valved, many-seeded.

18. SEYMERIA. Herbs, like 17; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped
tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal spreading lobes; and
the stamens almost equal, their anthers blunt at base.

19. MIMULUS. Herbs, with opposite leaves, and single flowers in the axils of the
upper ones. Calyx prismatic, with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved
lobes, the lower of 3 rounded spreading lobes. Stamens included. Stigma
of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded.

20. TORENIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. Calyx
prismatic, with sharp angles, 2-lipped at summit, the lips 2-toothed and
8-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular with inflated throat,
4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermost in the bud.
Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the upper
lobe, the longer pair almost equalling the upper’ lobe and bearing a short
naked branch or mppenuaee at base; the shorter pair simple and included.
Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded.

2. Stamens with good anthers only 2, a pair of sterile ones or abortive filaments
generally present also: flowers small: calyx 5-parted : corolla 2-lipperl : leaves
opposite, with single flowers in the axil of the upper ones: peduncles simple
and bractless.

21. ILYSANTHES,. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect
and 2-lobed: the lower iver spreading, 8-cleft. Upper pair of stamens
with good anthers, included in the tube of the corolla; lower a borne in
the throat and protruded, 2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod
many-seeded. :

22. GRATIOLA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft;
lower 8-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair with good anthers; the
lower pair short with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none
at all. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base
of the calyx.

3. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen present as a barren filament or a scale:
calyx 5-parted or.of 5 imbricnted sepals: stigma simple : leaves chiefly oppo-
site: flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, or when these are reduced to
bracts forming a terminal panicle or raceme: peduncles few-flowered, or when
one-fluwered bearing a pair of bractlets, from the axils of which flowers may
spring : pod many-seeded.

23. SCROPHULARIA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a
globular or oval tube, and a short border composed of 4 short erect lobes and
one (the lower) spreading or reflexed. Fertile stamens short and included;
the rudiment which answers to the fifth is a little scale at the summit of the
tube of the corolla.

232 FIGWORT FAMILY.

24. CHELONE. Low upright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in s ikes or
clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and accompanied by closely imbri-
cated concave roundish bracts and bractlets. Corolla short-tubular and
inflated, concave underneath, with the 2 broad lips only slightly open; the
upper arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower one
woolly bearded in the throat and 8-lobed at the end. Filaments and anthers
woolly: sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds winged. ;

25. PENTSTEMON. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright
stems branching only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers.
Corolla tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., more or less 2-lipped, open-
mouthed. Sterile filament conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther-
bearing ones. Seeds wingless.

26. RUSSELLLA. Rather shrubby spreading plants, or with penguins angular
branches; the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5
short spreading lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament
small and inconspicuous near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless.

c. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or.
infulded upper lip of which is helmet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely
notched, and enclosing the 4 slamens ; no sterile filament. Often showy but
uncultivable plants.

27. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper,
with flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay
than the corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cleft. Corolla
tubular, with a long and narrow conduplicate erect mppee lip, and a very
short 3-lobed lower lip. Cells of the ee unequal. Pod many-seeded.

28. PEDICULARIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaves and
ae flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet-
shaped upper lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 3-lobed.
Seeds several in each cell.

29. MELAMPYRUM. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and
flowers in their axils. or the upper crowded ina bracted spike. Calyx bell-

mired 4-cleft, the lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above,

with the lower lip nearly equalling the narrow upper one and its biconvex
palate appressed to it, 3-lobed at the summit. Cells of the anther minutely
pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 seeds in each cell.

l. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brunfels.) Con-
servatory shrubs, from Brazil, cult. under the name of Francfscea ; with
showy flowers, blue or violet turning paler.

B. latifolia, is very smooth, with oval or oblong leaves, and few flowers
at the end of the branches 13! across.
B. Hopeana, with lance-oblong leaves 2! long, and flower only 1! wide.

2. BROWALLIA. (Named for Dr. Browall, of Sweden, first a friend,
later a bitter opponent of Linnzeus.)

B. demissa (named also B. exATa when the plant and the man it was named
for grew exalted), from S. America; cult. in the gardens, 1°-2° high, bushy-
branched, with ovate leaves and handsome bright violet-blue flowers (1! or less
across, at length as it were racemed) produced all summer. (a)

3. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for trumpet-tonque, from the curved apex of
the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet.

1. S.sinuata. Cult. from Chili as an ornamental annual or biennial, under
various names and varieties according to the color of the large flowers, dark-
purple, or straw-colored and mostly striped: fl. all summer. In appearance
resembles a Petunia.

4. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut flower, the corolla being as if cut
into slips.) Cult. for ornament, from Chili: fl. summer. @
8. pinnatus, the common species, of several varieties ; slender, 1° — 2° high,
pubescent with fine glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted
into narrow divisions, and numerous handsome flowers barely 1/ in diameter,

FIGWORT FAMILY. 233

usually pink and white variegated with yellowish and some deeper purple spots
on the larger lobe. — There are one or two larger flowered but less common
species,

5. PAULOWNIA. (Named for a Russian Princess.) Only one species.

P. imperialis, of Japan, cult. for ornament, scarcely hardy far N.; the
heart-shaped very ample leaves resembling those of Catalpa but much more
te flowers in large terminal panicle, in spring, the violet corolla 14! —2/
ong.

6. VERBASCUM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of the
Old World, here weeds, often hybridizing: fl. summer. 2/ @

V. Thapsus, Common M. Fields: densely woolly, the tall simple stem
winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a long dense spike of yellow
(rarely white) flowers.

V. Lychnitis, Wairze M. Waste places, rather scarce: whitened with
thin powdery woolliness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish above, and
spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled.

V. Blattaria, Morn M. Roadsides: green and smoothish, 2° - 3° high,
slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose raceme of yellow
or else white and purplish-tinged flowers.

7. CELSIA. (Named for O. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Fl. summer.

C. Crética, cult. for ornament from the Mediterranean region: 2°-38°
high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pinnatifid, upper
toothed and clasping at base, corolla orange-yellow with some purple (1/— 2!
across), lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair short and woolly-
bearded. ©

8. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) Cult. as
annuals, from South America: fl. all summer.
A. inciszefolia (also called urtic“FOLIA): smoothish, branching, 1°-2°
high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut-toothed leaves, and orange-scarlet
corolla less than 1’ wide: several varieties.

9. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, perhaps
referring to St. Veronica.) FI. summer.

§ 1. Shrubhy, tender, very leafy species, from New Zealand, with entire and
glossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense many-
flowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods.

V. specidsa, is smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong blunt or retuse
thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet-purple flowers,

V. salicifolia, has lanceolate acute leaves, and longer clammy-pubescent
racemes of blue flowers.

V. Lindleyana, has oblong-lanceolate pale leaves, and racemes of pale
lilac flowers,

§ 2. Herbs, growing wild, or those of the first subdivision cultivated in gardens.

* Spikes or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches and
often clustered. 2

V. spicata, and sometimes V. panicuLATa, or hybrids between them, are
cult. for ornament, from Eu.: 9'-2° high, with opposite lanceolate toothed
leaves, lobes of mostly blue corolla much longer than the distinct tube, and pod
notched at the end.

V. Virginica, Curver’s roor. Wild in rich woods from Vermont W.
& S.; remarkable for the tube of the smail whitish corolla longer than the
acutish lobes and much longer than the calyx; simnle stems 2°-6° high, bear-
ing whorls of lanceolate or lance-ovate pointed finely serrate leaves; spikes
dense and clustered.

234 FIGWORT FAMILY.

% « Racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves ; stems creeping or procumbent at
base, but above ascending: corolla, as in all the following, strictly wheel-
shaped. 2

+ Water Speepwetts or Brooxtme, in water or wet ground, smooth and
with pale blue (sometimes darker striped) flowers on slender spreading pedicels.

V. Anagallis. In water N.: leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile by a heart-
shaped base, 2/—3! long; pod slightly notched, many-seeded.

V. Americana. In brooks, much more common; leaves mostly petioled,
ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels ; and pod more tur-
gid than in the foregoing. :

V. scutellata. In bogs N.; slender, with linear slightly toothed sessile
leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pedicelled pale flowers ;
and very fat pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, few-seeded.

+ + In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like racemes.

V. officinalis, Common Sreepwert. Spreading or creeping, low ; leaves
wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels shorter than calyx ;
pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded.

* * * Raceme loose, terminuting the leafy low stem or branches, or the small flowers
in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves.

V. serpyllifolia, Tuyme-teavep S. Creeping or spreading on the
ground; with simple flowering stems ascending 2'-4', smooth ; leaves rounilish,
small, almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes, longer
than the calyx.

V. peregrina, Neckweep or Purstane-S. Common weed in damp
waste or cult. ground; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves oval or
oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspicuous flowers
almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the calyx, and many-
seeded pod slightly notched. )

V. arvénsis, Corn S. Introduced into waste and cult. grounds E. ;
hairy, 3'-8' high, with lower leaves ovate and crenate, on petioles, the upper
sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod obcordate. @

10. BUCHNERA, BLUE-HEARTS. (Named for one Buchner, an early
German botanist.) Flowers summer.

B. Americana. Sandy or gravelly plains, from New York W.& S.;
rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with siender stem 1°-24° high, veiny
leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest obovate, midd!e ones oblong, uppermost
lance-linear, flowers scattered in the slender spike, and corolla deep purple.

ll. CALCEOLARIA. (From Latin calceolus, a shoe or slipper.) Tender
South American herbs or shrubs, with curious and handsome flowers, cult. as
house and bedding plants. The common cultivated species are now for the
most part too much mixed and crossed for botanical analysis.

C. integrifolia (also called nucOsa and saLvimFo.ta) is the commonest
woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugoxe in the manner of Garden
Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded clusters.

CU. corymbosa, herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, with ovate crenate-
toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs or cymes of yellow flow-
ers, the purple-spotted mouth considerably open.

C. crenatifidra, a fertile parent of many of the more showy herbaceous
garden forms, with more leafy stems and larger flowers, their orifice rounder and
smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac 1! or more long, more obovate and flat,
somewhat 3-lobed as it were towards the end, and variously spotted with purple,
brown, or crimson.

C. scabioszefolia is a delicate annual, with pinnately divided slightly
hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose small pale yellow
flowers with globular lower lip about 3! wide.

FIGWORT FAMILY, 235

12. COLLINSIA. (Named by Nuttall for the late Zaccheus Collins. of
Philadelphia.) Flowers handsome, mostly 2-colored. @ @®

C. vérna. Wild from Western New York W.: slender, 6’ - 20! high, with
ovate or lance-ovate and toothed leaves, the upper clasping heart-shaped, and
slender-peduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip blue, upper white.

C. bicolor, of California, and a handsome garden annual, is stouter, with
crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower lip of corolla
violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white,

18. LINARIA, TOAD-FLAX. (Name from Linum, Flax, from resem-
blance in the leaves of the commoner species.) FJ. summer.

%* Leaves narrow, sessile, and entire: stems erect: flowers racemed.

L. Canadénsis, Witp T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with scattered
linear leaves on the slender flowering stems, or oblong and in pairs or threes on
prostrate shoots, and very small blue flowers. @ @

L. vulgaris, Common T., Ramstep, Burter-anp-Eces. A showy but
troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, 1°- 3° high, with alternate
crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow flowers
(1/ long) with paler tips.

L. triornithéphora. Cult. from Europe: glaucous, 2°-3° high, with
ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large slender-peduncled long-spurred
flowers, violet and purple-striped. 2/

* * Leaves broad, often lobed : stems and branches trailing : flowers very small,
yellow and purple mixed, on long axillury peduncles: natives of Europe. :
L. Elatine. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil: hairy, with ovate and halberd-
shaped short-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. '
.Cymbalaria. Cult. as a delicate little trailing ornamental plant: very
smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and thickish almost aney-ahaped 3-5-
lobed leaves on long petioles. 2/

14. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name from the Greek,
compares the flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Nat. and cult.
from Europe: fl. summer.

§ 1. True SnappraGon, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, and erect
or ascending stems, not climbing.

A. majus, Lance S. of the gardens; with stems 1°—8° high, oblong or
lanceolate entire smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme of showy flowers,
the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 1’ long.

A. Ordntium, Smaxi S. Weed in some old gardens and cult. grounds ;
low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary flowers ¥/
long. @ :

§ 2. Mauranpia-rike S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the mouth,
and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petioles and sometimes of
_ the peduncles also,

A. maurandioides, cuit. from Texas and Mexico, as MaurAwpra
ANTIRRHINIFLORA ; smooth, with triangular-halberd-shaped leaves, or some of
them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, the violet or purple corolla
1! or more long.

15. MAURANDIA. (Named for Prof. Maurandy.) Excluding the iast
receding species, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and including
OPHOSPERMUM, which has wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, with

triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely lobed leaves,
tender, cult. for ornament: fl. all summer.

§ 1. Corolla naked inside, rather obviously 2-lipped.

_M. Barclayana. Stems and leaves smooth ; calyx glandular-hairy, clam-
my, its divisions lance-linear ; corolla purple, usually dark, 2! or more long.

236 FIGWORT FAMILY.

M. semperfldrens, has lanceolate smooth calyx-divisions, and smaller
rose-purple or violet corolla.

§ 2. Lopwosrérmum. Corolla very obscurely 2-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines.

M. erubéscens. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly toothed leaves,
rose-colored flowers 3/ long, and ovate-oblong rather leaf-like sepals.

M. scandens, now less common and not so showy, is less pubescent, and
has smaller less-inflated deeper purple corolla, and lance-oblong sepals.

16. DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. (Latin name, from shape of the corolla,
likened to the finger of a glove, in the common species.)

D. purptrea, Purrre F., of which varieties with corolla white or pale
and more or less strongly spotted corolla are common, 2’ long, the lobes rather
obscure; leaves rugose, somewhat downy. Cult. from Eu.: fl.summer. 2/

17. GERARDIA. (Named for the herbalist, Gerarde.) Handsome, but
uncultivable plants: fl. late summer and autumn. The following are the
commonest wild species : mostly of gravelly or sandy soil.

§ 1. Corolla purple or rose-color, somewhat bell-shaped : calyx-teeth short : anthers
all alike, nearly pointless at base: leaves narrow, linear or thread-shaped,
entire: loosely branching, nearly all annuals, except the first.

G. linifolia. Pine-barrens S. ; with erect branches, and erect linear leaves
about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and corolla 1’ long. 2

G. tenuifolia. N. & S.; with opposite pedicels equalling the linear
spreading leaves, broadly awl-shaped calyx-teeth, and corolla $/ - 4’ long.

G. filifolia. S.; with alternate pedicels ‘twice the length of the rather
fleshy thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped leaves ; corolla 3’ long.

G. aphylla. S.; with short pedicels alternate along one side of the
flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves,
minute calyx-teeth, and corolla }$' long.

G. purpurea. N. & S. in low ground; with stout pedicels not longer
than the conspicuously 5-lobed calyx, opposite and spreading rather broad
linear leaves, and corolla }/ - 1’ long.

G. maritima. Salt marshes N. & S., lower than the preceding, and with
fleshy blunt leaves, the pedicels as long as the upper ones and as the obtusely
5-toothed calyx, and corolla $'-§' long.

§ 2. Corolla purple (or sometimes white): calyx deeply and unequally 5-cleft:
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller: leaves rather broad.

G. auriculata. Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W.; rough-hairy, with

nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the lower with a lobe
on cach side of the base ; flowers sessile in the upper axils; corolla 1/ long.

§ 3. Corolla yellow and with a longer tube, the inside woolly, as are the filaments
and anthers; the latter almost projccting, slender-pointed at base: calyx
5-cleft: tuller herbs, with leaves or some of them pinnatifid or toothed.

+ Stems nearly simple: flowers in a leafy raceme: corolla more tubular.

G. flava, Downy Fatse Foxcrove. Open dry woods: 3°-4° high,
minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves Janceo'ate or oblong and entire, lower sinuate
a eo ; pedicels very short; coro!la 13‘ long.

- Quercifolia, Smoorn F. Rich woods, commoner S. & W.: 3°- 6°
high, smooth and glaucous; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice
pinnatifid ; pedicels as long as calyx ; corolla 2! long.

G. integrifolia. Barrens, from Penn. S. & W.: 1°-2° high, smooth,
not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1 long.

* * Stems bushy-branched : calyz-lobes toothed or pinnatifid : leaves mostly cut.

G. grandiflora. Oak openings from Wisconsin S. : 3°-4° high, minutel
downy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatifid ; ae
icels shorter than the barely toothed calyx-lobes ; corolla 2! long.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 237

* G. pedicularia. Common N. & S.: slightly pubescent, 2°-3° high, very
leafy ; leaves all pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite and
longer than the hairy serrate calyx-lobes ; corolla over 1’ fei.

G. pectinata. Sandy barrens S.: more hairy than the foregoing, with
finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than pinnatifid calyx-lobes ; corolla
broader and 14’ long.

18. SEYMERIA. (Named for Henry Seymer.) Wild plants S. & W., very
near Gerardia: flowers yellow, in summer and autumn.

S. macrophylla, Mutier-Foxeiove. Shady river-banks W.: 4°- 5°
high, with large leaves, the twice or thrice pinnately divided or cut, the upper
raat and toothed ; curved corolla woolly inside, also the filaments ; style
short. 2/

S. pectinata. Sandy ground S.: about 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubes-
cent ; pinnatifid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla 3’ long. @

S. tenuifolia. Low sandy grounds S.: 2°-4° high, with long slender
branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped divisions ; corolla hardly
} long. ©

19. MIMULUS, MONKEY-FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, from
the grinning corolla.) FI. all summer.

* Wild in wet places, with erect square stem 1° - 2° high, oblong feather-veined

serrate leaves, and violet-purple corolla (1! or so in length).

M. ringens, the commonest, with clasping leaves, peduncles longer than
the flower, and taper-pointed calyx-teeth.

M. alatus, not rare more S., has leaves tapering into » petiole, peduncle
shorter than calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem;
whence the name.

% * Cult. for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from Western N. America.

M. glutinosus, shrubby conservatory plant from California, glutinous-
pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow orange or brick-
red flower.

M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent; leaves wedge-oblong, partly
clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red.

M. luteus. Erect, smooth; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several-
nerved ; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown; of many
varieties. 2/

M. moschatus, Musx-prant. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-vil-
lous, smelling strong of musk; leaves ovate or oblong; flower small, pale
yellow. 2

20. TORENIA. (Named for O. Toren, an obscure Swedish botanist.)

T. Asiatica, cult. from India, a handsome hothouse plant, with lance-ovate
serrate leaves, wing-angled calyx, and corolla over 1’ long, pale violet or purple
with the tube and the end of the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet.

21. ILYSANTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (From Greek words for
mire and flower, alluding to the station.) Fl. all summer.
I. gratioloides. Common in wet places, a smooth diffuse little plant,
4'—8! high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish
flowers. @ i

22. GRATIOLA, HEDGE-HYSSOP. (Old name; from Latin gratia,
grace.) Rather insignificant plants, in low or wet places: flowcring all
summer. @ 2

* Sterile filaments minute or hardly any: corolla whitish, with yellowish tube.
G. Virginiana. Rather clammy, with lanceolate Icaves and slender pe-
duncles,

238 FIGWORT FAMILY.

G. spheerocarpa. Chiefly S.: smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate
leaves, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod.

* « Sterile filaments obvious, usually tipped with a little glandular head in place of
the anther : leaves short.

G. viscosa. Chiefly S. W.: clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves
shorter than the peduncles, and whitish flowers.

G. atrea. Sandy wet soil, E. & S.: nearly smooth, with rather narrow
entire leaves as long as the peduncles, and golden yellow flowers.

G. pildsa. From N. Jersey S.: very different trom any of the foregoing,
having rigid and simple erect stems and ovate or oblong sessile leaves, both
hairy, the flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx.

° 23. SCROPHULARIA, FIGWORT. (Plants a supposed remedy for
scrofula.) These homely and insignificant plants hardly ought to have given
the name to this large and important family.

S. nodosa. Damp shady ground: smooth, with 4-sided stem 3°-4° high,
ovate or oblong coarsely toothed leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes,
allsummer. 2/

24. CHELONE, TURTLE-HEAD (to which the name, from the Greek,
refers), SNAKE-HEAD, BALMONY.

C. glabra, the common species, of wet places; 1°-2° high, with lanceolate
or lance-oblong leaves on very short petioles, and white or pale purple corolla
1/ or more long, all summer. 2/

25. PENTSTEMON. (Name, from the Greek, meaning 5 stamens,
refers to the presence of the 5th stamen, which, however, has no anther.)
Showy North American and a few Mexican plants, chiefly Western ; two or
three are wild E.; several are in choice cultivation, but few are yet common
here. Fl. late spring and summer. 2/

* Wild E. of the Mississippi, and sometimes cult.: flowers white, commonly tinged
with some purplish or violet : leaves partly clasping, often serrate: panicle
clammy, the corolla slightly so.

P. pubéscens. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish except the
panicle, 1°- 3° high, variable; stem-leaves lanceolate; flowers nodding; the
"tes 2-lipped corolla (1' long) with gradually enlarging tube concave on the
ower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the mouth;
sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side.

P. Digitalis. N. Virginia to Ill. & S.: taller (2°-4°), smooth up to the
naked panicle, with wider more entire leaves ; corolla but slightly 2-lipped,
open, abruptly inflated bell-shaped above from a narrow tube; sterile filament
sparingly bearded on one side.

* * Wild beyond but near the Mississippi, showy and cultivated for ornament.

P. grandiflorus. Plains from Falls of St. Anthony W. & S. W.: very
smooth, pale and glaucous, 1°- 3° high, with thick ovate leaves (1!-2' long)
closely sessile and entire, the upper ones rounded, short-pedicelled flowers
racemed, lilac-purple oblong-bell-shaped corolla 14/—2' long and almost equally
5-lobed, the sterile filament nearly smooth.

P. Cobéea. Plains from Nebraska S.: 1°-2° high, stout, with ovate often
denticulate thick leaves, a slightly clammy few-flowered panicle or raceme,
pale purplish or whitish corolla about 2’ long and abruptly much inflated above
the narrow base, the border 2-lipped, but the oblong lobes similar; the sterile
filament bearded. ;

P. glaber. Plains from Nebraska and Missouri W.: very smooth, com-
monly pale or glaucous, with ascending stems 1° - 2° long, lanceolate or lance-
ovate entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular-
inflated corolla about 1}! long, bright purple blue, with the spreading lobes
of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments and also the anthers slightly hairy
or else naked.

ACANTHUS FAMILY. 239

* * % Farther Western species, cultivated and hardy in the gardens.

P. ovatus, of Oregon, is an early blue-flowered species, smoothish, with
ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of small flowers.

P. barbatus, supposed to come from Mexico, long cult. in the gardens;
smooth, with slender wand-like stems 3°-4° high, lanceolate and entire pale
leaves, long and lvose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow tubular
scarlet corolla over 1! long, with erect upper lip concave and slightly 2-lobed,
the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong lobes, some beard in the
throat, and sterile filament naked. Var. Torrey, from New Mexico and
Hocky Mountains, is taller, the brighter red corolla with little or no beard in

e throat.

* %& % %& Common garden species from Mexico, but not hardy N., are forms of

P. Hartwégi. Smooth: leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the
base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2’ long, deep red
or red purple, the border almost equally 5-cieft ; sterile filament naked.

P. campanulatus. Smooth: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ven-
tricose above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Varies
greatly in cultivation.

26. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Dr. Alexander Russell of Scotland.) 2

R. jtincea, of Mexico, a showy house and bedding plant; very smooth,
with small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on the copious
long and rush-like green hanging branches and branchlets ; corolla 1’ long, nar-
row, bright carmine red.

27. CASTILLEIA, PAINTED-CUP. (Named for Castillejo, a Spanish
botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from beyond the
Mississippi to the Pacific. FI all late spring and summer.

C. coccinea, Scartet P. Sandy low grounds; pubescent, simple-
stemmed, 1°-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the flowers
3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while the 2-cleft
calyx is yellowish and the narrow corolla pale yellow. @ ©

28. PEDICULARIS, LOUSEWQRT (which the name denotes). © 2/

P. Canadénsis, Common P. or Woon-Betony. Low, rather hairy,
with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate, a short dense spike of
reenish and purplish flowers, oblique calyx without lobes but split down in
fon, and a dagger-shaped pod: fl. spring.
P. lanceolata. Less common, in swamps; 1°-3° high, smoothish, with
lance-oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite, a close spike of
pale yellow flowers, 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and ovate pod : fl. late summer.

29. MELAMPYRUM, COW-WHEAT. (The name in Greek means
black grain, from the color of the seeds.) @

M. Americanum, our only species, common in open woodlands ; 6/~- 12!
high, with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones abrupt or truncate at base and
with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers pale yellowish or almost
white, sometimes purplish-tinged ; produced all summer.

77. ACANTHACEA, ACANTHUS FAMILY.

Plants with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise irregu-
lar or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynamous or else only
2 stamens, 2-celled ovary and pod, and few seeds, — distinguished
from the related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on
hook-like projections of the placente or ona sort of cup. Chiefly *
a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here omitted.

.

240 ACANTHUS FAMILY.

§ 1. Twining tropical herbs (or cult. as herbs), with nearly regular 5-lobed corolla,
and globular seeds supported by a cartilaginous ring or shallow cup.

1. THUNBERGIA. Flowers enclosed when in bud by a pair of large leaf-like
bractlets borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mostly
somewhat curved tube and an ceva agrt wide-spreading border of 5 rounded
equal lobes, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included. Pod globular,
tipped with a long and conspicuous flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered.

§ 2. Erect or spreading : all the following are herbs, with flat seeds borne on hook-
like processes (retinacula) : calyx 4-5-parted, mostly 2-bracted.

2. ACANTHUS. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper ‘ wanting. Stamens 4,
with one-celled ciliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spike.

8. RUELLIA. Corolla funnel-form, with an almost equally 5-lobed spreading
border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included: cells of the anthers

arallel. Pod narrow, contracted into a stalk-like base, above 4— 12-seeded.

4, DICLIPTERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper 2-cleft or
entire; but the flower as it were reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be
the upper one. Stamens 2, protruded: cells of the anther equal, but one

laced below the other. Pod 2-4-seeded below the middle.

6. DIANTHERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower
8-lobed, wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Stamens 2: cells of
the anther one below the other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, con-
tracted into a stalk-like base, 4-seeded above the middle.

1. THUNBERGIA. (Named from the Swedish botanist Thunberg.)
howy flowers produced all summer.

T. alata (so named from its winged petioles) from Africa, is the one com-
monly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size and color of flower,
buff, orange, white, &c., usually with blackish-purple eye ; herbage soft-downy
or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped.

2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for spine or
prickle.) 2
A. mollis, one of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasionally cult., not
hardy N. : the broad sinuately and deeply pinnatifid leaves mostly from the root,
hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short scape, dull-colored.

3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Ruelle.) Ours are wild herbs,
chiefly southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters,
produced all summer. 2/

§ 1. Cells of the anther pointed at base: stigma only one: pod 4-seeded.

R. oblongifolia. Pine barrens S.: downy, 6!— 12! high from a creeping
base, with nearly sessile oval leaves barely 1/ long, almost bristle-shaped sepals,
but oblong bracts, and spotted purple corolla 1! long.

§ 2. Cells of the anther blunt : stigmas 2: pod 8 -12-seeded : stems 1° — 4° high.

R. cilidsa. Dry soil W. & S.: clothed with soft white hairs, the oval or
oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2! long) with slender tube
much longer than the inflated upper part and than the bristle-shaped sepals.

R. strépens. Richer soil, from Penn. W. & S.: smooth or slightly downy,
with obovate or oblong leaves (1/—4! long) narrowed into a petiole, and purple-
blue corolla (1/2! long) with tube hardly longer than the expanded portion or
than the linear-lanceolate sepals.

4. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for douhle, shut, from the 2-valved pod.)

_ D. brachiata, of low banks S. is nearly smooth, with 6-angled stem bear-
ing many branches, thin ovate-ob!one pointed leaves on slender petiole, and
interrupted spike-like clusters of small purple flowers, each with a pair of con-
spicuous flat bracts. 2

VERVAIN FAMILY. 241

5. DIANTHERA. (From Greek for double anther, alluding to the two
separated cells on each filament.) Fl. allsummer. 2/

D. ovata. Muddy banks of streams S.: 4/-8! high, smooth, with Jance-
ovate short-petioled leaves longer than the 3—4-flowered peduncles in their
axils, and small pale purple flowers.

D. Americana. Wet borders of streams: 2° high, smooth, with long
linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4!-6/ long) bearing an oblong
spike of pale purple flowers.

78. VERBENACEA, VERVAIN FAMILY.

Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differing
from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and didynamous
or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed and with a single
ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit either fleshy or when
dry at length splitting into as many 1-celled indehiscent nutlets.

Besides the following some species of CLERODENDRON are culti-
vated, in choice conservatories.

§ 1. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding from below upwards.
1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the
upper lip of 3 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens
included. Ovary 1-celled, forming a simple akene in the calyx. Herb.

2. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed
and plaited. Corolla salver-form, the tube often curved, the border rather
unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included: upper pair sometimes wanting the
anthers. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets.

Herbs.

8. LIPPIA. Flowers ‘in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2~5-toothed.
Corolla tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger.
Stamens included. Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded.

4, LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely
4-toothed. Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe
sometimes notched. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry-
like, and containing 2 little stones or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs.

§ 2. Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves: shrubs.

5. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, short,
4—5-lobed. Stamens 4, protruded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit
berry-like, with 4 little stones.

§ 3. Flowers irregular, in cymes or clusters in the axils of the compound digitate
leaves or of the upper leaves reduced to bracts: shrubs or trees.
6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, with a spreading 2-lipped border,
the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed ea lip. Stamens
4, protruded, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the
fruit, which contains a single 4-celled stone.

1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One species.

P. Leptostachya. Copses, &. ; 2°-3° high, with coarsely-toothed ovate
thin leaves, and branches terminated by the slender spikes of very small purplish
flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in fruit. 2

2. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) Fi. all
summer. — Genus of difficult analysis on account of numerous hybrids, both
wild and in cultivation.

§ 1. Vervarns native to the country, or growing as wild weeds, mostly in waste
or cultivated ground ; the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes ; no appen-
dage at tip of the anthers. All but the last with upriyht stems. 2 i
V. angustifolia, Narrow-Leavep V. Stems 6/- 18! high; leaves nar-
16

242 VERVAIN FAMILY.

row lanceolate, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded
with purple flowers. :

V. stricta, Hoary V. Barrens W. & S.: whitish-hairy, 1°-2° high;
leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, sessile ; spikes thick and dense ; flowers blue,
larger than in the others.

V. hastata, Buus V. Stem 4°-6° high; leaves lance-oblong, some of
the larger with short side lobes at base, cut-serrate, petioled; spikes densely-
flowered, corymbed or panicled ; flowers blue. :

V. urticifolia, Nerrie-Leavep or Waite V. Stem 4°-6° high;
leaves oval or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes of small white
flowers slender and loose.

V. officinalis, Evrorzan V. Nat. by roadsides, at least S. Stems
1°-3° high, branched ; leaves sessile, 3-cleft and mostly pinnatifid into narrow
cut-toothed lobes ; small purplish flowers in very slender panicled spikes.

V. bractedsa. From Wisconsin S.; hairy, spreading or procumbent ;
leaves wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ;
small purple flowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted.

§ 2. Verpenas of the garden sort, with creeping or spreading stems, and dense
spikes of larger or showy flowers: anthers of the longer stamens with a
gland-like tip. 2. @

V. Aublétia. Wild from Ill. and Carolina W. & S.: has cut-pinnatifid
leaves, and a long-peduncled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded in the
throat. — This and the several following species from South Brazil, Buenos
Ayres, &c., variously and greatly mixed, make up the Verbenas which adorn
our gardens in summer.

V. chameedrifolia, the original Scarier V., with oblong-lanceolate
coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red’ or scarlet flowers,
in a flat cluster.

V. phlogiflora, also named Tweepi1ana. More upright; the leaves
decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson,
varying to rose, but not to scarlet.

V. incisa, differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the petioled
ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a flat cluster, rose-color or purple.

V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised sessile
leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, sweet-scented,
especially at nightfall.

yy. erinoides, or muttiripa. Dwarf and much creeping, rough-hairy,
with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with violet. purple
flowers, and

V. pulchélla or rénera, with equally finely cut leaves, and rather larger
originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the smaller races.

3. LIPPIA. (Named for A. Lippi, an Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer.

L. lanceolata, Foc-rrurr. A creeping weedy herb, along river-banks
from Penn. 8. & W., with wedge-spatulate or oblanceolate leaves serrate above
the middle, and slender peduncles from the axils bearing a head of bluish
small flowers.

L. citriodora (or Atoys1a), the LemMon-scENTED or SWEET VERBENA
of the gardens; shrub from Chili, with whorls of linear-lanceolate fragrant
leaves, roughish with glandular dots, and small whitish and bluish flowers in
slender spikes.

4. LANTANA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical,
mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until
frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flowers odorous, in
some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed.

L. Camara, from Tropical America, has flowers deep yellow, turning first
to orange, then to red.

L. mixta, from Brazil, has flowers opening white, soon changing to yel-
low, orange, and finally to red.

MINT FAMILY. 248

' L. nivea, from Brazil, has the pleasant-scented flowers white and unchang-
ing; or, in var. MUTABILIS, changing to bluish.

L. involucrata, of West Indies, has small obovate and prominently veiny
leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple flowers, involucrate
by the outer bracts.

L. Sellowiana, of Southern Brazil, is low and spreading, with wedge-
oblong or ovate strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish-
purple flowers lengthening somewhat with age.

5. CALLICARPA. (From Greek for beautiful fruit.) Fl. early summer.

C. Americana, Frencn Muteerry. Rich soil from Virginia S.: shrub
3°- 8° high, with some scurfy down, especially on the lower face of the ovate-
oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish flowers ; fruits violet-blue and
showy. .

6. VITEX, CHASTE-TREE. (The ancient Latin name.)

V. Agnus-castus, CuasTE-TREEz, of Mediterranean region, has 5-7 lan-
ceolate entire leaflets whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in sessile clusters
forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; hardy only 8.

V. incisa, of Northern China, barely hardy in gardens N., has 5-7 leaflets
lanceolate and cut-pinnatifid, and the clusters of bluish flowers peduncled.

79. LABIATA, MINT FAMILY.

Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite
simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name of
the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens, 2-lobed stigma,
and at once distinguished from all the related families by the deeply
4-parted ovary (as if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style),
ripening into as many seed-like nutlets, or akenes, each containing
a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As in all these
families, there are 2 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower
lip of the corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts,
usually in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or
spikes. .

§1. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the upper

side of the corolla. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner
side near the base.
* Lobes ¥ the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned forward so that there seems
to be no upper lip, the filaments conspicuvusly projecting from the upper side.
1. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the tw
upper lobes. Cells of the anther confluent. : :
2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and
slender, curved, coiled up in the bud.
* * Lobes of the corolla equally spreading : fil ts slightly projecting from the
notch between the 2 upper lubes. ;
8. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering.
Corolla only little longer than the calyx, bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading
lobes.

§ 2. Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair
longer: anthers 2-celled. Corolla usually turned down or declining. Nutlets
smooth or smoothish, fized by their base, as in all the following divisions.

4, OCIMUM. Calyx defiexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much
broadest and sometimes wing-margined. Corolla short, the upper lip as it
were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat or flattish declined lobe scarcely
longer than the upper. Filaments separate.

244 MINT FAMILY.

$. COLEUS. Calyx asin No. 4. Corolla similar, but the lower lobe longer and

concave or boat-shaped, enclosing the stamens and style: filaments monadel-
hous. aoe

. HYPTIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short simi-
lar upper lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower ohe; filaments
separate.

7. LAVANDULA. Calyx not deflexed, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
mostly larger. Corolla with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped,
i. e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 8-lobed, the lobes all e ually spreading. Sta-
mens included, but declined towards the lower lobe of the corolla.

§ 8. Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or
diverging: anthers plainly 2-celled, not conniving in pairs. Lobes of the
pret int and spreading, or the upper erect but not arched.

« Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5
lobes nearly equal and all spreading.

8. PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-cleft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming

2-lipped. Corolla 5-cleft, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 4, nearly

equal. Style deeply 2-cleft. .

.. MENTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4cleft border, the upper
lobe a little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearly
equal, similar.

10. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens
2: the upper pair, if any, without anthers.

« « Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the upper lip
erect and noisy ached, the lower pene Be ne 8-cleft, the tube not bearded
within : stamens with anthers only 2. .

1. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half
shorter than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding: no rudiments of
the other pair.

32. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbous on the lower side near the base, hai
in the throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protruded,
and 2 sterile short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther.

* * * Corolla elongated and irregular: the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pen-
dent, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 others nearl ee and alike: tube with a
bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlurged throat: stamens 2 with
anthers or rarely 4.

18. COLLINSONIA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowering,
2-lipped, the upper lip flat and 8-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Cells of the an-
ther diverging.

* *« « * Corolla evidently 2-lipped, short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spread-
a and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 3-cleft: stamens with
anthers 4.

14. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat.
Corolla with the middle lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
very long and protruding.

15. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx oblong or short-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally
5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped, naked in the throat. Corolla with the lobes
of the lower lip ovate and entire. Flowers crowded in heads or close cymes.

6. ORIGANUM. Calyx hairy in the throat, about 13-nerved. Lower lip of the
corolla of 3 similar lobes. Flowers crowded into spike-like clusters and fur-
nished with imbricated often colored bracts.

i. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped; the upper
e 3-toothed and spreading, the lower cleft into 2 awl-shaped ciliate lobes.
Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip resembling the 3 lobes of the lower
lip but notched at the apex. Stamens mostly protruding.

. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally
5-toothed. Corolla with lower lip of 3 nearly equal entire lobes. Stamens
somewhat ascending. Leaves narrow.

—_

_
ao

§ 4. Stamens 4 (the lower or outer pair longer), ascending or curved and with the
plainly 2-celled anthers opproximate or conniving in pairs under the erect and
Sluttish but not arched upper lip. Calyx more or less 2-lipped.
19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat,
and 2-lipped border, the spreading lower lip 3-parted, its middle lobe entire
or slightly notched.

MINT FAMILY. 245,

20. MELISSA. Calyx with 8-toothed upper lip flat. Corolla more or less curved
and ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs.
Otherwise as in 19.

§ 5. Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat scythe-
shaped entire or barely notched upper lip of the corolla: anthers 1-celled,
either strictly so or by confluence of’ the 2 cells end to end.

21, SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft,
throat not hairy. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the lower lip spreading or hanging,
8-lobed, the middle lobe larger and sometimes notched at the end. Filament
as it were compound, the proper filament short and bearing on its apex an
elongated thread-like or linear body (the connective, in fact) attached by its
middle, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear
1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and imperfect
cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy.

22. ROSMARINUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobes of
the lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contorted (as in some Sages
also). Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short
tooth on the filament below the middle. Shrub.

23. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed,
mostly hairy in ‘the throat. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow in the throat,
the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the apex,
its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple
filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large,
numerous in the whorled or terminal heads. +

24. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, naked in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper
lip with 3 awned, the lower with 2 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with a more
expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like Monarda, but flowers smaller.

§ 6. Stamens 4, diverging or ascending: the upper or inner pair longer! Upper
lip of the corolla erect or a little ete the lower spreading.

25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather nnequally 5-toothed. Deer lip of corolla
slightly 2-lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat
crenate. Stamens not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less as-
cending, the upper and longer ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the
lower. Tall erect herbs, with small flowers clustered in panicled spikes.

26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and
their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their
cells diverging from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla con-
siderably largest. : ~

27. CEDRONELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the
anthers parallel.

87. PHLOMIS, of the next sectién, might from the stamens be sought for here.

§ 7. Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascending and parallel, their anthers
in pairs mostly under the concave or arched upper lip of the corolla. Plants
not sweet-scented, some of them bitter-aromatic.

* Corolla inflated funnel-form and rather slightly 2-lipped: calyx thinnish, open
helene A i the 5 teeth equal and ‘pointless? flowers simply spiked,
only one to each bract or floral leaft

28. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire;
lower of 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless
herbs, with thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves.

* « Corolla decidedly 2-lipped: calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit.

29. BRUNELLA. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on the up-
per side; the upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothed; the lower 2cleft. Tube of
the corolla dilated on the lower side just below the rather narrowed throat;
upper lip arched and entire; lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes ob-
long, the concave middle one rounded and crenulate. Filaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers in a terminal close
head or short spike.

80. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx short, with the very short lips truncate and entire, and
a large hump on the upper side, the whole helmet-shaped; the upper lip usu-
ally fallin away when the fruit is ripe. Corolla with rather long ascending
tube, the lateral lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with
the arched upper lip, the middle lobe larger and spreading or the sides reflexed:
anthers of the lower stamens 1-celled. Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, with
flowers single in the axil of each bract or leaf.

246 MINT FAMILY.

« * % Corolla decidedly 2-lipped: calyx 5-toothed, regular, or sometimes obscurely
2-lipped, not oa 7 yrs teeth commonly awl-shaped or triangular,
often rigid or spiny-tipped.

+ Stamens included in the tube of the corolla: calyx 10-toothed.

81. MARRUBIUM. Teeth of the calyx awl-shaped or ne recurved
after flowering. Corolla small: upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants:
flowers in axillary capitate whorls.

+ + Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla: calyx 5-toothed.
++ Anthers opening crosswise by 2 unequal valves, the smaller one ciliate.

82. GALEOPSIS. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spiny-tipped teeth.
Corolla enlarged ‘in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the
middle lobe of spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like
clusters.

++ ++ Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way.

33. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth.
Corolla much enlarged in the throat, the upper Hp arching and with a narrow
base, lateral lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spread-
ing or turned down, its base much narrowed. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 209.)
Stamens ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets truncate at the top. _

84. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and
spiny-pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate.
SeiTcee parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 8-angled. Stems erect.
Flowers in close whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves.

85. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl-
shaped, sometimes rigid or even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat,
the upper lip entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobe
nearly entire. Stamens ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair
turned down after discharging their pollen! Nutlets obtuse, but not trun-
cate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most of these commonly approximate in a
terminal raceme or spike.

86. BETONICA. Like Stachys, but calyx more tubular and with awn-like teeth,
tube of corolla longer and its upper lip sometimes notched, and the stamens

eae remaining parallel.

37. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid narrow awl-shaped teeth from the
notch of as many very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. _Upper
pair of stamens (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base
of the filaments.

88. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, funnel-form,
the border reticulated, veiny, entire, exc@pt 5 mucronate points. Corolla
much shorter than the calyx; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcordate.
Nutlets 3-sided.

1, TEUCRIUM, GERMANDER. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 2

'T. Canadénse, our only species, in low grounds, 1°- 3° high, downy,
with ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely
white flowers collected in a long spike, in late summer.

2. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Name from the Greek, means
hair-like stamens.) Ours are branching loosely-flowered rather clammy low
herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers as it were panicled, blue, or
changing to purple, in summer and autumn. @

T. dichot6mum, Common B. or Bastarp Pennyroyat. Sandy fields

E. & S.: 6'-12! high, with mostly lance-oblong short-petioled leaves.

T. lineare, from New Jersey §., has linear or lance-linear smoother leaves.

8. ISANTHUS, FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Name in Greek means equal
flower, i. e. parts of corolla regular.) @
I. ceertileus. Common in sandy or sterile soil ; bushy-branched, clammy-

peas 6'— 12! high, with ob‘ong 3-nerved entire leaves, and scattered small
lue flowers on axillary peduncles : all summer.

MINT FAMILY. 247

4. OCIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, the
herbage sweet-scented. )

O. Basilicum, Sweeter Basit. Low sweet-herb, of kitchen-gardens, from
India, with ovate somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and calyx, and bluish-
white racemed flowers, in summer. @

.

5. COLEUS. (Name from the Greek word for sheath, alluding to the mona-
delphous stamens.). .

C. Blumei, of Java, especially its var. VerscHAFF&LTII, the showy spe-
cies of ornamental grounds in summer, planted for its richly-colored ovate pointed
and coarsely toothed leaves, either blotched with crimson or bronze-red, or almost
wholly colored ; the inconspicuous flowers blue or bluish and racemed.

6. HYPTIS. (From a Greek word meaning reversed.) Fl. late summer.

H. radiata. Low ground, North Carolina & S.: stems 2°-4° high;
leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in
peduncled whitish-involucrate heads. 2/

7, LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (From Latin (avo, to lave, for which

Lavender-water is used.)

L. véra, Garpen L. Cult. from S. Europe: a low undershrub, barely
hardy N., hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small
flowers on long terminal peduncles, in summer.

8. PERILLA. (Name unexplained.) Natives of China and Japan. @

P. ocimoides, var. crispa, or P. Nanxinéysis of the gardens: a bal-
samic-scented much-branched herb, cult. for its foliage, the ovate-petioled leaves
in this variety dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple above, the
margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose-colored or whitish
flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer.

9. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) One native
and two very common naturalized European species, mostly spreading rap-
idly by running rootstocks; leaves toothed; the small ilowers purplish-
bluish, or almost white, in summer. 2 The following common Mints
all in wet places.

M. viridis, Spearmint. Nearly smooth, with oblong or lance-ovate wrin-
kled-veiny sessile leaves, and flowers in narrow terminal spikes.

M. piperita, Peppermint. Smooth, with ovate acute petioled leaves, and
whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted spikes.

M. Canadénsis, Witp Mint. Along shaded brooks ; pleasant-scented,
hairy or a smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong acute or pointed leaves on
short petioles, and whorls of flowers in the axils of some of the middle pairs.

10. LYCOPUS, WATER-HOREHOUND. (Namein Greek means wolf's
foot) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aromatic, commonly
producing slender sometimes tuber-bearing runners from the base, smooth, the
very small white flowers close-clustered in the axils of the leaves, in summer.

Wild in shady moist soil. 2

L. Virginicus, Buetewrep. Common N.; stems blunt-angled, 6/- 18"
high; leaves mostly lance-ovate and merely toothed ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate and
bluntish. Used in medicine.

L. Européus, under several varieties : common N. & S., is taller, with
sharply 4-angled stems, ovate-oblong or lanceolate leaves either toothed or pin-
natifid, many flowers in the clusters or whorls, and 5 calyx-teeth rigid and
sharp-pointed.

248 MINT FAMILY.

ll. CUNILA, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.)

C. Mariana, Maryianp D. Dry hills through the Middle States; nearly
smooth, 1° high, corymbosely much branched, with ovate or heart-shaped almost
sessile serrate leaves (1/long), and peduncled loose cymes of purplish flowers, in
summer. 2/

12. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint, refers to
thesweet scent.) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry and open or sterile
grounds, with small flowers in loose axillary clusters, all summer.

H. pulegioides, American Pennyroyat, the pungent aromatic scent
and taste being like that of the English Pennyroyal or Mentha Pulegium of Eu. ;
very common, 5! ~— 8! high, hairy, branching, with oblong-ovate petioled leaves,
few flowered clusters, and bluish corolla scarcely eee the calyx. @

H. hispida, is common from Western Illinois S. W.; 2/—5! high, hairy,
with sessile linear entire leaves, and bristly-ciliate calyx. @

138. COLLINSONIA, HORSE-BALM. (Named for Peter Collinson of
London, who corresponded with Bartram and Linnzus.) Mather tall and
large-leaved strong-scented plants: fl. summer. 2
C. Canadénsis, also called Ricn-wrEep and Sronz-Root, the only com-

mon species, in rich moist woods; smooth, 2°-3° high, with ovate serrate

leaves 3/- 6! long and on long petioles, and pale yellow lemon-scented flowers
on slender pedicels in panicled racemes.

14. HYSSOPUS, HYSSOP. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, from
the Hebrew.) 2
H. officinalis, the only species, cult. in gardens from the Old World,
yarely running wild: smooth tufted simple stems or branches 2° high; leaves
Tance-linear and entire; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a terminal
spike, in summer.

15. PYCNANTHEMUM, MOUNTAIN MINT or BASIL. (Name
from Greek, means dense flower-clusters.) Several species, all aromatic-scented,
1°- 3° high, in open usually gravelly or sandy soil ; flowers with pale corolla
often purple-dotted, in late summer and autumn. 2/ Only the following
widely common.

P. incanum. Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, remotely toothed, finely
soft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next the open flat cymes
whitened both sides; bracts and calyx-teeth somewhat awn-pointed.

P. muticum. Minutely soft-downy but hardly whitened, rather low,
bushy-branched ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and sessile, with rounded or slightly
heart-shaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid; flowers in heads or
dense clusters ; calyx-teeth and inner bracts rather blunt.

P. pildsum. Only from W. Penn. W., is downy with rather long soft
hairs ; the broadish lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire;
whorled heads at the end of the branches; the calyx-teeth and bracts ovate-
lanceolate and acute. 3

P. aristatum. (nly from New Jersey S., in pine-barrens: minutely soft-
pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire ; flowers
in ae with the narrow and awn-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth as long as the
corolla.

P. lanceolatum. Smoothish, not hoary, very leafy, bushy branched;
leaves small and clustered, narrow lanceolate or lance-linear, rigid, sessile, ob-
tuse at base ; flowers small, in numerous globular close heads which are crowded
in terminal corymbs; calyx-teeth and bracts short, triangular ; lips of the
corolla very short.

P. linifélium. Like the last, less common N.: smoother, with lance-
linear leaves, and narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth.

o

MINT FAMILY. 249

16. ORIGANUM, MARJORAM. (Old Greek name, said to mean delight
of mountains.) Natives of the Old World: sweet-herbs: fl. summer. 2/

O. vulgare, Witp Marsoram. Old gardens, and wild on some road-
sides ; 1°-2° high, with small ovate nearly entire leaves, on short petioles, and.
purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or short spikes; calyx
equally 5-toothed.

O. Majorana, Sweer Margoram. Cult. in kitchen-gardens (as an @) ;
leaves small and finely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; flowers whitish or
purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly down on the lower side.

17. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Low or
creeping slightly woody-stemmed sweet-aromatic plants of the Old World:
fl. small, in summer. Leaves in the common species entire, small, from 4/
to near 3' long, ovate, obovate or oblong. with tapering base.

T. Serpyllum, Crerrinec Tuyme. Cult. as a sweet herb, rarely a little
spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs; leaves green;
whorls of purplish or flesh-colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the
ends of the flowering branches. :

T. vulgaris, Common Tuyme. Rarely cult., more upright and bushy
than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in shorter clusters.

18. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic:
fi. summer.

S. horténsis, Summer Savory. Low and homely sweet herb of the gar-
dens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at base, and
pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or running into panicled
spikes at the end of the branches. @

19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINTH. (Greek for beautiful Mint.), Fl.

summer. 2/

§ 1. Flowers loose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles.

C. glabélla. A delicate native but uncommon species, only from Niagara
Falls W.: smooth, with weak stems 5! - 20! long, also with creeping runners,
oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose purplish flow-
ers about 4’ long. ; ‘ ;

C. Népeta, Basit-Tuyme. Nat. from Eu. from Virginia 8. : soft-downy,
branching, 1°- 2° high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, small and loose purple
flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat.

§ 2. Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.

C. Clinopddium, Basiz. Waste grounds and along, thickets ; hairy,
with rather simple stems 1° — 2° long, ovate and nearly entire petioled leaves,
and pale purple small corollas.

20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE-BALM. (Old name from Greek for bee.)

Old-World sweet herbs. Fl. summer. 2/

M. officinalis, Common B. Gardens, sparingly running wild; rather
hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely heart-shaped cre-
nate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers in small loose axillary
clusters.

21. SALVIA, SAGE. (From the Latin salvo, to save, from its reputed
healing qualities. )
§1. Witp Sacks of the country, all with blue or partly white corollas. 2f
x Upper lip of calyx 8-toothed: lower cell of the anther present but deformed.
§. lyrata. Sandy soil from New Jersey to Ill. & S.: 1°—2° high, rather
hairy, with leaves mostly at the root and obovate or lyre-shaped, and a smaller
air on the stem; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted raceme; corolla
fardly V long.

250 MINT FAMILY.

* * Upper lip of the calyx entire: lower cell of the anther wanting.

S. urticifolia. Woodlands from Maryland 8.: 1°-2° high, leafy, some-
what clammy-downy; leaves rhombic-ovate; racemes slender, the blue and
white corolla only $' long. 3

S.aztirea. Sandy soil S. & S. W.: nearly smooth and green, with rather
simple stems, 2°-4° high; leaves lance-linear with tapering base, obtuse,
entire, or the lower serrate; the showy azure-blue flowers (less than 1’ long)
numerous in a spike-like raceme. : ’ : ;

8. Pitcheri, from Kansas to Texas, is very like the foregoing, but minutely
soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated, as is also

S. farindsa, of Texas, with more petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves, the
spikes, calyxes, &c. white-hoary, in contrast with the light blue corolla.

§2. Garpen Sages, cultivated for ornament, or the first species for its savory
foliage. Perennials, but some cult. as unnuals, several woody at base.

* Flowers blue.

“ §. officinalis, Common Sace, from S. Eu.: low, minutely hoary-pubes-
cent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticulated-rugose and the margins
crenulate, spiked flower-whorls, and short corolla. : :

8. patens, from Mexico: 2°-3° high, rather hairy, with’crenate triangular-
ovate or halberd-shaped leaves, or the uppermost sessile ones oval, loose-pedi-
celled flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2! long, the lips widely gaping and
the stamens exserted.

%* * Flowers scarlet-red, ie

S. spléndens, Scarxet Sace, of Brazil: smooth, with branching stems,
ovate pointed leaves, the floral ones and calyx as well as the corolla (2’ or more
long and with short lower lip) bright scarlet. :

S. fulgens, Carpiyay or Mexican Rep S., from Mexico: tall, pubes-
cent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and somewhat
rugose, green calyx, and long-tubed downy deep scarlet corolla over 2! long,
the style plumose.

S. coccinea, from Tropical America: somewhat downy or soft-hairy,
with ovate and heart-shaped acute crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or
purplish calyx, and smooth red corolla 1! long, with lower lip much longer than
the upper one.

S. pseudo-coccinea, from Trop. Amer.: like the last, but with bristly-
hairy stems, less heart-shaped leaves, and corolla more or less pubescent.

* * * Flowers white.

S. argéntea, from the Mediterranean regions: cult. for its silvery-white
foliage, hardy ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long white
wool ; flowering stem and its sessile leaves, as well as calyx, &c. clammy-hairy ;
the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1! long and a very short tube.

22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY. (Old Latin name, dew of the sea.)

R. officinalis, from S. Eu.: not hardy N.: leaves evergreen, linear, entire,
with revolute margins, white-hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in
their axils.

23. MONARDA, HORSE-MINT or BALM. (Named for an early
Spanish writer on the medicinal plants of the New World, Alonardez.) FI.
summer.

§ 1. Stamens and style protruding beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the corolla:
leaves oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, with roundish or slightly heart-shaped base,
veiny, pleasant-scented. j

M. didyma, Oswrco Tea or Bes-Batm. Wet ground N., and cult.;
leaves petioled ; the floral ones tinged with red; calyx naked in the throat;
corolla bright red.

M. fistulosa, Witp Bercamor. Rocky grounds ; soft-downy or smooth-
ish; leaves petioled, the floral ones often whitish; calyx very hairy in the
throat ; corolla rose-color, purple, or white,

MINT FAMILY. 251

M. Bradburiana. From Ohio W., differs from the preceding in the
sessile leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla.

§ 2. Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of the short
corolla, the tube of which is nearly enclosed in the calyx. od

M. punctata, Horse-Mint. Dry sandy ground, from New York to
Ill. and S.: strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary; leaves lanceolate,
the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple ; calyx-teeth short and awn-
less ; corolla yellowish.

M. aristata. Plains from Missouri S. W., has its calyx strongly bearded
in the throat and with awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously
awn-tipped.

24, BLEPHILIA. (From Greek for eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliate,
the outer ones ovate.) Fl. summer.

B. ciliata. Dry ground, from Penn. S. & W.: leaves almost sessile, ovate
or oblong, whitish-downy beneath ; outer bracts large, acute; corolla hairy.

B. nepetoides. Low shady grounds N. & W.: hairy all over; leaves
lance-ovate sometimes heart-shaped at base, on distinct petioles; bracts smaller
and very slender-pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted.

25. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Name from Greek for crest
and flower, not very appropriate. Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. & W., with
ovate and toothed leaves: fl. summer. 2/

“L. nepetoides. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented; stem 4°-6° high
and sharply 4-angled; calyx-teeth ovate, bluntish, almost equalling the dull
yellowish corolla.

L. scrophulariifolius. Resembles the preceding, but the obtusely an-
gled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the lanceolate acute calyx-
teeth shorter than the purplish corolla. -

L. anisatus. Wild from Wisconsin far N. W. and rare in cultivation:
slender, with anise-scented leaves white beneath, and calyx much shorter than
the lavender-blue corolla.

26. NEPETA, CAT-MINT. (Latin name, from the city Nepete.) 2

N. Cataria, Catnip. Weed nat. from Eu. around dwellings and gardens:
soft-downy ; with oblong heart-shaped leaves deeply crenate, and whitish flow-
ers crowded in terminal clusters or spikes, in late summer.

N. Glechoma, Grounp Ivy, Gitt. Weed nat. from Eu. in waste or
cult. shaded grounds: creeping and spreading, with smoothish rounded kidney-
shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue flowers in their axils,
each pair of anther cells approaching and forming a little cross: fi. all spring
and surnmer.

27. CEDRONELLA. (From Greek name of oi! of cedar, alluding to the
sweet aromatic scent of the foliage of the first species.) The cultivated species
not hardy N.: fl. summer. 2/

-C. triphylla, Baum-or-Giteap of the English gardens, here rarely cult.,
from Madeira ; very sweet-scented leaves of 3 broadly lanceolate leaflets ; flowers
urplish.

C. Mexicana, from New Mexico, has simple lance-ovate leaves with heart-

shaped base, erect stems, and handsome rose-colored flowers in close clusters.
C. cordata, wild in shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare: low,

hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, the
purplish corolla 14/ long, its throat inflated.

28. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. (Name from Greek
words for inflated or bladdery covering.) Fl. allsummer. 2 ©
P. Virginiana. Wet banks of streams, from New York W. & S., in sev-
eral varictics : 1°-4° high; leayes mostly serrate; flowers either crowded or
rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1! or more long.

252 MINT FAMILY.

29. BRUNELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL. (Latinized from the

old German name.) Fl. all summer. 2/

B. vulgaris. Low fields and copses - low, spreading, with ovate or oblong
petioled leaves, and 3 flowers under each of the broad and round purplish bracts
of the head ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white.

80. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Name from Latin scutellum, a
dish.) Fl. in summer, in species ours blue or violet.

§ 1. Flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the stem and branches.

S. versicolor. River-banks, from Penn. W. & S. : stem stout, 1°-3° high,
soft-pubescent, as are the heart-shaped very veiny and rugose crenate and blunt-
ish long-petioled leaves ; spike-like racemes clammy-pubescent; corolla almost
1’ long, the lower lip purple-spotted.

S. canéscens. From Penn. 8. & W.: stems branching, 2°-4° high;
leaves petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the
lower surface as also the racemes and flowers whitish with very fine soft down,
otherwise smoothish ; corolla 1! long.

S. pilosa. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple, 1°- 3°
high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong-ovate veiny leaves, the
lower sometimes heart-shaped, upper on short-margined petioles; racemes
short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla ¥/ long.

S. integrifolia. Along thickets: minutely hoary, 1°-2° high; leaves
lance-oblong or linear, obtuse, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short ;
corolla 1’ long, much enlarged upwards.

§ 2. Flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves.

S. nervosa. Moist ground from New York S. W.: smooth, 1°- 2° high,
slender ; leaves roundish or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1’ long, those subtending
the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like main veins prominent
beneath ; flowers 4! long.

8. parvula. Dry banks and shores, commoner W. & S.: low and spread-
ing, 3’-6! high; with round-ovate or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped
leaves $' or more long, and flowers 4! long.

S. galericulata. Wet ground N.: smoothish; the slender simple stems
1°-2° hivh; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute,
serrate ; flowers 4! long, with arched upper lip.

§ 3. Flowers in axillary or some terminal one-sided racemes,
S. lateriflora. Wet shady places: smooth, branching, 1° - 2° high, with
lance-ovate or oblong acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes
rather leafy-bracted ; flowers 4/ long.

81. MARRUBIUM, HOREHOUND. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew
word for bitter.) Fl. late summer. 2/

M. vulgare, Common H., from Europe, in gardens and waste places:
branching, spreading, hoary-downy, with round-ovate crenate-rugose leaves on
petioles, and small white corolla.

Brack Hortnounn, Bariora nicra, of Europe, and naturalized in a
few places E., is not hoary, and has purplish flowers with a spreading 5-toothed
border to the calyx.

32. GALEOPSIS, HEMP-NETTLE. (Name in Greek means like u
weasel ; the likeness not at all obvious.) FI. summer. ()

G. Tetrahit, Common H. Damp waste and cult. grounds, nat. from Eu. :
a common weed, rather bristly-hairy, with stem swollen below each joint, leaves
ovate and coarsely serrate, and corolla purplish or variegated. '

33. LAMIUM, DEAD-NETTLE. (Name from Greek word for throat.)
Low spreading herbs from Old World: fi. spring and summer.

MINT FAMILY. 253

* Insignificant weeds in waste or cultivated grounds, with few small and purple or
slender flowers in some of the axils. @ @®
L. amplexicaule. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed and cut, the
upper ones clasping; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip bearded, the
lower one spotted. .
L. purptreum. Not so common: leaves more heart-shaped, and less
cut, all of them petioled.

% * Flowers larger, 1' long, in several axillary whorls: corolla ascending, the
lateral lobes bearing a slender awl-shaped appendage. 2 :

L. 4lbum. Gardens and waste grounds: hairy ; leaves all petioled, ovate
and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white.

L. maculatum. Cult. in gardens; hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves as in
the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the upper face ; flowers purple.

34. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Name in Greek means Lion’s tail,
but there is no obvious resemblance.) Fi. late summer.

L. Cardiaca, Common M. Nat. from Eu. in-cult. and waste grounds ;
tall, with palmately cleft long-petioled leaves, the lower rounded, the upper
wedge-shaped at base; upper lip of pale purple corolla bearded. 2/

85. STACHYS, HEDGE-NETTLE. (Greek word for spike, from the
inflorescence.) Flowers in summer, in all ours 2/

* Wild species in wet grounds, with small light reddish-purple corolla.

‘S. palustris. Common in many and diverse varieties, rough-hairy or
smooth, or the angles of the stem bristly ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, or the
lower heart-shaped at base, crenately toothed, the lower or nearly all petioled ;
ealyx-teeth sharp-pointed or pungent.

. hyssopitélia. Wet sandy soil, not common: smooth, low (1° high) ;
leaves Waid or linear-oblong, almost entire, sessile ; calyx-teeth softer and less
ointed.
* * Cultivated for ornament: not very common.

S. lanata, from Europe: low, tufted; the stems, oblong Mullein-like
leaves, and dense interrupted spike wholly covered with thick and silvery white
wool, and very short dull purple corollas. ;

S. coccinea, Scartet S., from Mexico, with ovate-oblong and heart-
shaped pubescent leaves, and whorled flowers with bright red corolla, its tube
often 1/ long.

86. BETONICA, BETONY. (The Latin name.) Cult. occasionally in
old gardens, from Old World. Stems low, erect: leaves coarsely crenate,
oblong, those on the stem few, of the root larger and heart-shaped on long
petioles. Fl. summer. 2
B. grandiflora, Greir B., from Northern Asia; with stem 1°- 2° high,

flowers in separated whorls, purple corollas 14’ long.

B. officinalis, Woop B., from Europe, has flowers many times smaller, in

a more crowded oblong spike.

87. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some woolly
plant.) HFl.summer. 2

P. tuberosa, from E. Eu.: cultivated in old gardens, sparingly run wild ;
stems 3°-5° high; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, crenate,
rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense whorls ; upper lip of the purple
corolla white-hairy inside.

38. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL-FLOWER. (Name
from Molucca Islands.) F1. summer.

M. léevis, from Asia: in some old gardens: low, much branched, smooth,
with roundish petioled leaves, flowers sessile in their axils accompanicd by
spine-like bracts, the remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and ‘1! long,
much exceeding the inconspicuous corolla,

254 BORAGE FAMILY.

80. BORRAGINACEZ, BORAGE FAMILY.

Mostly rough or rough-hairy plants, known from all related
monopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or apparently
4 ovaries around the base of a common style, each 1-ovuled, ripen-
ing into akenes or nutlets, along with regular flowers (Echium
excepted), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5) and
alternate with them, and alternate (mostly entire) leaves. In the
Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is not lobed, but the fruit at
maturity separates into 2 or 4 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo
filling the seed: no albumen. Flowers disposed to be on one side of
the stem or branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like
clusters coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand.
Herbage not aromatic; juice commonly bitterish, often somewhat
mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye.

I. BORAGE FAMILY prover, having the deeply 4-parted
ovary as above. Ours all herbs.

§1. Corolla irregular funnel-form, naked in the throat : stamens unequal !

1. ECHIUM. Two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the others.
Stamens ascending, more or less protruding: filaments and style long and.
slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, leathery, rough-wrinkled.

§ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all.

2. BORRAGO. Flowers, as in ail the following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale
at the base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the con-
niving stamens. Filaments very short, broad, and with a cartilaginous pro~
jection behind the linear pointed anther. Nutlets erect.

6. MYOSOTIS, and 7. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the corolla may
be sought for here.

§ 3. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped,
* Open in the throat, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the orifice.

8. MERTENSIA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading
border scarcely at all lobed and its throat perfectly naked in the common
species; the slender filaments protruding. Fruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled.
Smooth plants, which is rare in this order.

4. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging,
the throat perfectly naked, bearing the arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate
anthers: filaments hardly any. Style very slender and protruding. Nutlets
stony, smooth, fixed by their base. Very rough-bristly homely plants.

5. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, with rounded lobes
imbricated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or
folds in the throat. Anthers oblong, included: filaments hardly any. Nut-
lets stony, smooth or roughened, ovate, fixed by the base. Rough or hairy
a mostly with red roots.

6. MYOSOTIS. Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of
the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud, the
throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included.
Nutlets smooth and hard, fixed by their base. Low and small, mostly soft-
hairy plants, the small racemed flowers commonly bractless.

* * Scales or appendages of the corolla, conspicuous one before the base of each lobe,
and closing or nearly closing the orifice.

+ Corolla short-salver-shaped or nearly wheel-shaped : stamens included.
7. OMPHALODES. Corolla with tube shorter than the rounded lobes. Nutlets

smooth, depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely ra-
cemed: no bracts. Low smooth or smoothish herbs.

BORAGE FAMILY. 255

8 ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube as short as the rounded lobes, the
throat closed with short rounded scales. Nutlets erect, fixed to the central
column or base of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more
marginal rows of barh-lipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds,
with leafy-bracted racemed flowers.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the
tube about the Jength of the rounded lobes; throat closed by the blunt scales.
Nutlets bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they
are fixed by their apex, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked
prickles. Coarse and strong-scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower
sometimes bracted, otherwise bractless.

+ + Corolla tubular and more or less funnel-shaped.

10. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and
bristly-hairy scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nut-
lets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly

lants.

11. s¥MPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-funnel form, with short spreadin
lobes which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales ani
the linear or lanceolate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nut-
lets erect, smooth, coriaceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branch-
ing and leafy, with thickened or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and
bitterish, used in popular medicine. Flowers nodding in raceme-like often
forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted at base.

II. HELIOTROPE FAMILY, the ovary not divided but
.tipped with the simple style, the fruit when ripe separating into 2
or 4 closed pieces or nutlets.

12. HELIOTROPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat
more or less plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, included. Style short: stigma
conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. Flowers
small, in one-sided single or cymose-clustered spikes, mostly bractless.

13. HELIOPHYTUM. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Fruit
mitre-shaped, splitting at maturity into 2 nutlets each 2-celled. Otherwise
as in Heliotropium.

1. ECHIUM, VIPER’S BUGLOSS. (Name from Greek word for viper.)

E. vulgare, Common V. or BLuEwEeEpD. Cult. from Eu. in old gardens,
and a weed in fields, Penn. to Virginia : 1°-2° high, very rough-bristly, with
lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the purple
corolla changing to bright blue, in summer. @

2. BORRAGO, BorAcr. (Old name, supposed corruption of cor ago, from
imagined cordial properties. )

B. officinalis, Common B. Cult. from Eu. in old gardens, spreading,
branched, beset with sharp and whitish spreading bristles; leaves oval or
oblong-lanceolate; flowers loosely racemed, handsome, blue or purplish, with
dark anthers, in summer. @

8. MERTENSIA. (Named for a Prof. Mertens, of Germany.) 2

M. Virginiea, Virein1an or Smoora Lunewort. Alluvial soil W.
& S., and cult. for ornament: a very smooth and pale leafy plant, 1° - 2° high,
with obovate entire leaves, those of the root long-petioled, handsome flowers
spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in loose raceme-like clusters, the light
blue or at first purple corolla 1/ long: fl. spring.

4. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means like Onos-
ma, an European genus of this family.) Wild plants of the country, mostly
in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground: flowers leafy-bracted, greenish or yel-
lowish-white, in summer. 2/

256 BORAGE FAMILY.

O. Virginianum. Clothed with harsh but appressed short bristles, 19 - 2°
high, with oblong leaves, and lance-awl-shaped lobes of narrow corolla spar-
ingly bristly outside. ,

_ 0. Carolinianum. From New York W. & S.: shaggy with rough and
spreading bristles, stout, 3°- 4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acute leaves,
and lobes of rather broad corolla triangular and thickly hairy. d

O. mdlle. Only W.: hoary with softer and whitish appressed hairs, the
oblong-ovate bluntish leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the triangular-pointed
lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairy outside.

5. LITHOSPERMUM, GROMWELL, PUCCOON. (Name from
Greek, means stony seed.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length
scattered or as if spiked, leafy-bracted.

$1. Corolla white or only yellowish in the wholly naked throat, scarcely longer than
the calyx : nutlets rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull Q@ @

L. arvénse, Corn Gromwett. Nat. from Eu. in waste dry soil, 6’- 12!
high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers.

§:2. Corolla dull whitish, rather short, with little downy scales or rather folds in
the throat: nutlets smooth or with a few pores, often ivory-white. 2

L. angustifolium. River-banks from Il]. S. & W.: minutely roughish-
hoary, branched, 6’ — 15’ high, with linear rigid leaves, short peduncles recurved
in fruit, and corolla not longer than calyx.

L. officinale, Common G. of Europe, a weed by some roadsides : 1° - 2°
high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate acute leaves rough above but
soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx

L. latifolium. From W. New York W. & S.: larger and rougher than
the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves: 2!- 4! long and prominently
ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla shorter than calyx.

§ 3. Corolla bright orange-yellow, showy, longer than calyx, almost salver-shaped,
with little appendages in the throat evident: nutlets smooth, usually ivory-white.

L. hirtum, Harry Puccoon. Dry ground, chiefly 8. & W.: 19-29
high, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or those next the flowers
ovate-oblong and bristly-ciliate, the crowded flowers peduncled, tube of the
corolla scarcely longer than the breadth of the border (3/-1!) and woolly-
bearded at base inside.

L. canéscens, Hoary P. Mostly N. & W.: softer-hairy and somewhat
hoary, 6’- 15! high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla
smooth at base inside.

L. longiflorum, only on prairies N. W., has linear leaves, and tube of
corolla 1’ or more long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes.

6. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION-GRASS. (Name
in Greek means mouse-ear, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Fl.
spring and summer.

M. palustris, Truz F., in gardens and some waste places, with loosely
branched stems axcending from a creeping base, rough-pubescent lance-oblong
leaves, moderately 5-cleft calyx shorter than the spreading pedicels, its hairs
not hooked nor glandular, and its lobes open in fruit; corolla light blue with a
yellow eye. — Var. LAxa, wild in wet places N., has smaller flowers on still
longer pedicels.

M. arvensis. Not rare in fields, &c.: hirsute, with lance-oblong acutish
leaves, racemes naked at base and stalked, small blue coro!la, pedicels spreading
in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx, the lobes of which are closed in
fruit, and the tube beset with some hooked or ¢landular-tipped hairs. ®

M. vérna. Dry hills: bristly-hirsute, erect (4/-10 high), branched from
base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes leafy at base, very small mostly
white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but abruptly bent
outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the unequal very bristly calyx,
some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their tip. @

BORAGE FAMILY. ' 257

7. OMPHALODES. (Name from the Greek, refers to the navel-shaped
depression on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult. from Eu. for ornament.

O. vérna, Buus or Spring Navetwort. Spreading by leafy runners ;
leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2/3! long, pdinted, green ; flowers
azure-blue, in spring. 2 ;

O. linifolia, Wurre N. Erect, 6!~12/ high, loosely branched, very pale
or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate, the upper sessile,
white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around the margin of the
cavity. @

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICKSEED. (Name of two Greck words
for hedgehog and seed, trom the nutlets )

E. lappula. Weed of waste grounds, especially N., roughish-hairy, erect,
1°— 2° high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and nutlets with rough-
tubercled back and thickly-prickled margins: fl. allsummer. @

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDSTONGUE (which the name means in
Greek). Fl. summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to fleece.

C. officinale, Common H. Coarse weed from Europe, common in pas-
tures and roadsides: leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or lance-oblong
leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, and flat somewhat
margined nutlets. @

C. Virginicum, Wiip Comrrey. Rich woods: bristly-hairy; with
simple stem leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue
flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the nut-
lets very convex. 2/ :

C. Morisoni, Becear’s Lice. Thickets and open woods: a common
weed, 2°- 4° high, with slender widely spreading branches, thin oblong-ovate
leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging racemes of very small
whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels reflexed in fruit, and convex barbed-prickly
small nutlets. © @

10. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Name of Greek words for wolf and face or
aspect.) European weeds. Fl. summer. @

L. arvénsis, Firip or Smaty Buctoss. Very rough-bristly weed; about
1° high, in sandy fields E.; with lance-oblong leaves, and small blue corolla
little exceeding the calyx.

ll. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (From Greek word meaning to ce
together or unite, alluding probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult.
from Old World : fl. summer.

S. officinale, Common C. Rather soft-hairy; the branches winged by
the decurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves ; corolla yellowish-white.
Naturalized sparingly in moist grounds.

8S. asperrimum, Roven C. Cult. in some gardens: stem and widely
spreading branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little
prickles, not winged ; calyx-lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud changing
to blue.

12. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE (i. e., in Greek, ply to the

sun). Fl. all summer.

% Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary: flowers white. @

H. Curass4vicum. Sandy shores and banks from Virginia and Illinois
S.: very smooth and pale; leaves oblong, spatulate, or jance-linear, thickish,
veinless

H. Europsum. Old gardens and waste places 8., introduced from Eu. ;
hoary-downy, 6'-18! high; leaves oval, long-petioled, veiny.

17

258 WATERLEAF FAMILY.

x% % Spikes collected in terminal and several times forked cymes : woody-stemmed
or shrubby house and bedding plants from Peru and Chili.

H. Peruvianum, Sweer Heniorrors. Pubescent, with ovate-oblong
or lance-ovate very veiny rugose leaves, and yanilla-scented pale blue-purple
flowers, ;

H. corymbosum. Cult. with the other, differs mainly in the larger and
deeper-blue flowers of much less fragrance.

13. HELIOPHYTUM. (Name of the Greek words for sun and plant,
indicating the resemblance to Heliotrope.)

H. Indicum, Ivpray Hetrorrore: hairy low plant, nat. from India as a
weed in waste cround §.; with ovate heart-shaped leaves, and solitary spikes of
small purplish flowers, in summer ; a cavity before each seed-bearing cell of the
2-lobed fruit. @

81. HYDROPHYLLACEA, WATERLEAF FAMILY.

Plants in some sort resembling both the foregoing and the following
families, in the arrangement of the flowers more commonly imitating
the former; differing from both in the 1-celled ovary and pod with
2 parietal placentz. In some the placenta unite in the axis, making
a two-celled ovary. Style 2-cleft or else 2 separate styles. Ovules
at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small embryo in hard
albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves mostly alternate, simple
or compound. ‘The following are all N. American plants, some
wild, the others cult. for ornament from the West.

§ 1. Style 2-cleft: ovary and pod 1-celled, with two parietal placente,

« These fleshy and so broad that they line the ovary, and enclose the (mostly 4) ovules
and seeds: corolla usually convolute in the bud, commonly with 5 or 10 folds,
scales, or other appendages down the inside of the tube.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with small appendages at the
sinuses, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped. Style and mostly hairy
filaments protruded: anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4
spherical seeds. Flowers in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate,
slender-petioled.

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus,
somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped,
longer than the stamens. Flowers solitary and long-peduncled. Leaves
mostly opposite, at least the lower ones.

« « Placenta narrow, adherent directly to the walls, or else borne on an incomplete
partition and projecting into the cell, where they sometimes meet: lobes of the
corolla imbricated in the bud.

8. PHACELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow; no appendages at the
sinuses. Corolla open bell-shaped, approaching wheel-shaped. Stamens and
style often protruded. Pod 4-many-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
one-sided raceme-like clusters or spikes.

4. WHITLAVIA. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped or slightly contracted at the throat,
the 5 short and broad lobes abruptly and widely spreading. (Pod many-
seeded.) Otherwise as the last section of Phacelia.

§ 2. Styles 2 (rarely 8), separate quite to the base: ovary and pod 2-celled: seeds
minute and very numerous.

6. HYDROLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or approaching wheel-
shaped, rather shorter than the stamens: filaments enlarged at base. Herbs,
or somewhat shrubby, with entire leaves and often spines in their axils.
Flowers in loosé axillary clusters.

WIGANDIA, from South America, with very large rounded leaves and sh

or stinging bristles, is of late planted out as an ornamental leaf-plant, but is
as yet uncommon.

WATERLEAF FAMILY. 259

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, WATERLEAF, is a translation of the name
from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, &c. Flow-
ers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer. 2/

* Calyx with minute appendages if any : rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

H. macrophyllum. From Ohio W.&S. W.: rough-hairy, with leaves
pinnately divided into 9-138 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; a globular cluster
of flowers on a very long peduncle.

H. Virginicum. very common N. & W.: smooth or smoothish, with
5-7 main divisions to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx-
lobes bristly-ciliate.

H. Canadénse. Chiefly N.: barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute leaflets
on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower-cluster.

* * Calyx with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus.
H. appendiculatum. From New York W. & S.: pubescent or hairy,

with rounded palmately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather
loose flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx.

2. NEMOPHILA. (Name from the Greek, means lover of the grove.) Low
spreading plants cultivated for ornament; all but the first from California :
fl. summer. @

N. phacelioides. Wild from Arkansas §., and sparingly cult.; with
ascending stems 1°-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 oblong
entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla 14! broad. |

WN. insignis. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate leaves cut-
toothed, and pure blue corolla 1! broad.

NWN. maculata. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly sessile,
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and white corolla with
violet patch on each lobe.

N. atomaria. Procumbent; leaves opposite, pinnatifid; corolla smaller,
white sprinkled with chocolate-brown spots.

8. PHACELIA. (Name from Greek word for a cluster.) Several species
cult. for ornament: fl. spring or summer.

§1. True Paaceria, with only 4 ovules and seeds : lobes of corolla entire.

P. congésta. Cult. from Texas, &c. : rather pubescent, with leaves pin-
nately divided or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or lobes, and
small blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender peduncle ; stamens
slightly protruding. @

P. tanacetifolia, from California: taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower
pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in longer dense spikes, and long stamens. @

P. bipinnatifida. Wild from Ohio S. & W. in rich shady soil: 1°-2°
high, branched, glandular-hairy, with leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate
cut-lobed Icaflets, flowers slender pedicelled in long loose racemes, violet-blue
corolla 4/ or more broad.

_ § 2. CosmAnruus, with 4 ovules and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. @ @

P. Purshii. Shady soil from Penn. W. & S. and cult. under the name of
the next: slender, 8/—12' high ; lobes of pinnatifid leaves several, lance-oblong,
acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on slender pedicels ; corolla light blue
or whitish, 4! broad ; filaments hairy below.

P. fimbriata, the true plant grows only in the high Alleghanies S., is
smaller, with 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the leaves, few and
smaller white flowers.

§ 3. Evroca, with seeds or at least ovules several or many : corolla-lobes entire.

.P. parviflora. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car.: scarce, delicate
little plant, 3'-6' high, with pinnately divided or cleft leaves, a raceme of few
flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less than 3! wide, and few seeds. @

260 POLEMONIUM FAMILY.

P. viscida, cult. from California as E’roca viscrpa: clammy all over
with dark glandular hairs,-rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut-toothed, short-
petioled; racemes single terminating the branches ; corolla deep blue, 1’ or less
wide; pod many-seeded. @

4. WHITLAVIA. (Named by the lamented Professor Harvey for his
friend Mr. Whitia.). Fl. summer. @

W. grandiflora. Cult. for ornament, from California: resembles Pha-
celia viscidain growth and foliage, but only slightly clammy, the roundish-ovate
or slightly heart-shaped leaves coarsely toothed, on longer petioles ; racemes
loose ; corolla 1’ or more long, violet-blue (also a white variety) ; stamens and
style very slender and protruding.

5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water ; the plants aquatic
or in wet places.) Fl. summer. 2
H. quadrivalvis, of S. E. States, has hairy stems ; lanceolate acute leaves
‘tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as the corolla. _
a. affinis, of river-banks, from S. Illinois S., is smooth, with short-petioled
lanceolate leaves, and ovate sepals as long as the corolla.
H. ovata, of S. W. States, has soft-downy stems, ovate leaves, looser flow-
ers, and lanceolate villous sepals.

82. POLEMONIACEA, POLEMONIUM FAMILY.

Chiefly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent 5-cleft calyx, the 5
lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in the bud, 3-lobed
style, 3-celled ovary and pod; the single, few, or many seeds in each
cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo straight in the axis of
albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, the juice watery. Nearly
all are N. American plants, many cult. for ornament.

§ 1. Erect or diffuse herbs, not climbing, and with nothing resembling stipules.

1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, 5-toothed or 6-cleft. Corolla
salver-shaped, with a long tube (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 208), in which the 5
short and unequally inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2
ovules, but the short pod with only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and
mostly sessile, the lower all opposite, upper often alternate.

2. GILIA. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes.
Stamens equally inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not
pair Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut,
or divided.

8. POLEMONIUM. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short-funnel
form. Stamens slender, like those of Gilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged
at the base. Leaves pinnate, alternate.

§ 2. Tull-climbing by compound tendrils on the pinnate leaves: lowest leaflets close

to the stem, unlike the others, imitating stipules. :

4. COBHA. Calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, the margins of which, applied
each to each, appear like 5 winged angles. Corolla ell-shaped, with short
and broad spreading lobes. Stamens declined. A fleshy disk around the
base of the ovary. Seeds numerous in each cell of the pod, winged. Pe-

duncles axillary, 1-flowered, leafy-bracted near the base, naked above.
Leaves alternate.

1. PHLOX. (Greek for flame, anciently applied to Lychnis, and transferred
to these North American plants.)
§ 1. @ Cultivated for ornament from Texas : fl. all summer.
P. Drummondii. From this come all the annual Phloxes of the gardens:
rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubescent, with co-
rymbs of purple, crimson, rose-colored, or even white, showy flowers.

POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 261

§2. 2 Wild in mostly dry or rocky ground, also common in gardens, where the
species are much crossed and varied.

% Stems erect : flowers in oblong or pyramidal panicle, with short peduncles and
edicels: lobes of corolla entire, F ha a and with white varieties.
Wild Jrom Pennsylvania S. and W..; fl. summer.

P. paniculata. Smooth, or some varieties roughish or soft hairy, 2°-4°
high, stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate and mostly with tapering base;
panicle broad ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.

\. P. maculata. Smooth; stem slender, 1°-2° high, purple-spotted lower
leaves lanceolate, upper lance-ovate from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped.
base; panicle long and narrow, leafy below ; calyx-teeth hardly pointed. :

% * Stems ascending or erect, but often with a prostrate base, 1° - 3° high: whole
plant smooth, not clammy nor glandular : flowers corymbed : lobes of corolla
round and entire. Wild chiefly W. and S., seldom cult. : fl. summer.
P. Carolina. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, or the upper heart-
shaped ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled, pink; calyx-teeth acute.

P. glabérrima. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3/-4! long;
flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.

* * * Flowering stems ascending, or in the first erect, low, terminated by a loose
corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as the thinnish
leaves; flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-teeth very slender: fl. late spring.

P. pilosa; From N. Jersey to Wisconsin & S.: mostly hairy; erect

stems I° or s¢ high ; leaves lanceolate or linear and tapering to a point (1/— 24!
long) ; flowets loose, with spreading awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; lobes of pink,
rose, or ra white corolla obovate and entire. :

P. proctimbens. Barrens from Virg. 8. & W.: pubescent, spreading

re

from the base, 6'-1° high, leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on
sterile shoots, short ; flowers in a crowded leafy-bracted corymb, with straight
_hardly awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white.

P. réptans. Moist woods from Penn. and Kentucky §.: spreading by
long runners, which bear round-obovate often smoothish leaves, those of the low
flowering stems oblong or ovate (about 3! long) ; flowers few but crowded ; lobes
of the deep pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (1! broad).

P. divaricata. Moist woods from N. New York W. & S. : soft-pubescent ;
stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate (1/—2! long) ;
flowers loosely corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, pale lilac, bluish, or
lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly inversely heart-shaped and
as long as the tube.

% % % % Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the
persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandul
few in the depressed clusters, in early spring.

P. subulata, Grounp or Moss Pink. Wild on rocky hills W. & S. of
New England, and-common in gardens, forming broad mats ; leaves awl-shaped
or lanceolate, at most 4 long; corolla pink-purple, rose with.a darker eye, or
yarying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes generally notched at the end.

ground, almost woody,
b t leaves: flowers

2. GILIA. (Named for one Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound
from Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the
gardens: fl. summer.

G. coronopifolia, or Ipomopsis, called Cypress Gitia from the
foliage resembling that of Cypress-Vine: wild S. and cult.; has erect wand-
like stem 2°-3° high, thickly clothed with alternate crowded leaves pinnately
divided into thread-like leaflets, and very Jong and narrow strict leafy panicle
of showy flowers; the corolla tubular-funnel form, light scarlet with whitish
specks on the lobes inside, 15’ Jong. (Lessons, p. 101, fig. 201.) @

G. androsacea, or Lerrosiruon anpRosacevs, of California; low and
slender, with opposite leaves palmately cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions,
a head-like cluster of flowers with very long and slender but small salver-shaped
corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye... ©

262 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

G. tricolor, of California: with branching stems, about 1° high, scattered
alternate leaves 2—3 times pinnately dissected into short linear divisions, flow-
ers panicled at the end of the branches, short funnel-form corolla with lilac-
purple or whitish lobes, brown-purple throat, and yellow tube. @

G. capitata, of California and Oregon; 1°-2° high, with alternate leaves
twice pinnately divided into small linear or thread-like leaflets or lobes, and
numerous small blue flowers crowded in heads at the end of naked branches ;
the corolla narrow funnel-form with lanceolate lobes. @

3. POLEMONIUM, GREEK VALERIAN, JACOB’S LADDER.
- (Ancient name, from the Greek word for war, or in honor of a philosopher or

king named Polemon.) Fl. early summer. 2

P. réptans. Woods of Middle States, also cult.: smooth, with weak and
spreading (but never creeping) stems 6/—10! long, 7-11 lance-ovate or oblong
leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and stamens and style not
longer than the corolla.

P. certleum. Cult. in gardens from Eu., also rarely wild N. : smooth
or sometimes hairy; with erect stem 1°-3° high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and
crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue flowers collected in a long panicle, and
stamens and style longer than the lobes of the corolla, which is 1/ broad.

4. COBARA. (Named for one Cobo, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from which
country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) 2

C. scandens. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much branching tendrils ;
leaflets ovate ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2’ or more long, long filaments
coiling spirally when old: fl. all summer, usually cult. as an annual.

83. CONVOLVULACEA, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

Twining, trailing, or rarely erect plants, (ours herbs,) commonly
with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules; regular mono-
_petalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4,) imbricated sepals, as many
separate stamens, corolla convolute or twisted in the bud, a
2—4-celled ovary and pod with only 1 or 2 ovules erect from the
base of each cell, becoming large seeds, containing a curved or
coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous (or when dry,
harder) albumen.

I. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY proper; with ordinary foli-
age, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually showy flowers,
and embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons folded and crumpled in
the seed. (Lessons, p. 14, fig. 25-28.) Calyx of 5 separate sepals.

§ 1. Style single and entire: stigmas 1-3.
* Calyx naked, i. «. not enclosed by a pair of leafy bracts.

1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla nearly salver-shaped or trumpet-shaped, with a long
tube, the border not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style commonly pro-
truded. Stigma capitate, more or less 2-lobed. Pod dvelleds cells 1-seeded.
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 202, 208.)

2. IPOMCEA. Corolla various, more commonly funnel-form, the border twisted
inthe bud. Stamens mostly included. Stigma capitate, commonly 2-38-lobed.
Pod 2-4-celled.

8. CONVOLVULUS. Corolla open funnel-form or almost bell-shaped. Stamens
included. Stigmas 2, linear. Pod 2-celled: cells 2-seeded.

* * Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of large leafy heart-shaped bracts.

4. CALYSTEGIA. Corolla open funnel-form, the wide-spreading border obscure-
ly lobed or entire. Stamens included. Style bearing 2 linear or oblong
stigmas. Pod 4-seeded. Peduncles 1-flowered.

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 263

§ 2. Style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining.
5. BONAMIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or sometimes 8, or in one
species 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1-7-flowered.
6. EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped.
Styles 2, each 2-cleft: the 4 stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled: cells 2-seeded.

II. DODDER FAMILY ; slender parasitic twiners, without
green herbage and with only some minute scales in place of leaves ;
embryo slender and spirally coiled in the seed, destitute of coty-
ledons.

7. CUSCUTA. Calyx 4-5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4 - 5-cleft.
Stamens with a scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2
in our species. Ovary 2-celled: cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded.

1. QUAMOCLIT. (Aboriginal Mexican name.) Twiners, with small
flowers red or crimson, and with pale or white cultivated varieties, in summer,
open through the day. @ :

Q. vulgaris, Crpress-Vine. Cult. from Mexico: leaves pinnately parted
into slender almost thread-shaped divisions; peduncles 1-flowered ; border of
the narrow corolla 5-lobed.

Q. coccinea. Run wild S. & W.: leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals
es peduncles several-flowered ; border of (1/ long) corolla merely
5-angled.

2. IPOMG2A, MORNING GLORY. (Greek-made name.) FI. summer.

§ 1. Ovary and pod 3-celled oy accidentally 4-celled), with 2 seeds in each cell:
stigma more or less 3-lobed : corolla funnel-form, opening in early morning
for a few hours : stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs more or less retrorse.

I. purptrrea, Common M. Cult. from Trop. Amer. and wild around

dwellings ; with heart-shaped pointed entire leaves, 3—4-flowered peduncles, and
_ purple sometimes variegated or nearly white corolla, 2! long. @

I. Nil. Cult. or run wild S.: with heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, 1 —3-flow-
ered peduncles, slender-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white
corolla 1/-2' long. @

I. limbata or albo-marginata, perhaps a var. of the preceding: a
tender species, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with
deep violet border, edged with white 2}! broad. @ | ’

. Learii, cult. from S. Amer. : tender, less hairy, with heart-shaped and
some deeply 3-lobed lcaves, many flowers crowded on the summit of the
peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla, 3' long and border 3’ wide. 2/

§ 2. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the cells 2-sceded, or sometimes each cell divided by a
partition making 4 one-seeded cells: lobes of the stigma if any only 2.

I. Bona-N6x, or CaLonycTION SPECIOSUM. Cult., also wild far S.:
tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft almost prickly
projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles long,
1 ~few-flowered ; corolla salver-form with u slender tube 3'~ 4! long and the
border still broader, white, opening at evening. :

I. Batatas, Sweer Potato. Cult. from East Indies: creeping, seldom
twining, smooth, producing the large fleshy edible roots for which the plant is
cultivated ; leaves variously heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or triangular, somie-
times cut-lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple,
14/ long; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. : . d

I. Michauxii. Light soil along the coast S.: creeping or twining, with
heart-shaped or triangular sometimes lobed leaves downy beneath; flowers
downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3!- 4! long, opening at night;
pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root extremely large and fleshy.

264 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

I. pandurata, Witp Porato-Vine or Man-or-tae-Eartn. Sandy or
gravelly soil, Conn. to Ill. & §.: trailing or twining, stout, smooth, with heart-
shaped and sometimes fiddle-shaped or halberd-3-lobed leaves, 1 —5-flowered.
peduncles, small bracts, and open funnel-form white corolla with deep purple
eye, 2!—3' long; root very large and deep. 2 : .

I. sagittifolia. Salt-marshes, from North Carolina S.: smooth, with
stems twining 2°-3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate
leaves, 1 - 3-flowered club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel-form
corolla 2! ~ 3/ long. ne

I. lacun6ésa. Low grounds, Penn. to Ill. and §.: twining, nearly smooth,
with heart-shaped nearly entire leaves, short 1—3-flowered peduncles, small
white 5-lobed corolla about }/ long and twice the length of the pointed ciliate
sepals, and slightly hairy pod. @ es . :

r commutata. Low grounds S. & W.: rather hairy, twining; with thin
heart-shaped and sometimes angled or 3—5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1—5-flowered
peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 1/— 2! long
and 4—5 times the length of the pointed ciliate sepals ; pod hairy.

8. CONVOLVULUS, BINDWEED. (From Latin convolvo, to roll

around or twine.) Fl. summer.

C. arvénsis, FreLp Bixpweep of Eu., is a weed on the coast E.: spread-
ing and low-twining, smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong and narrow-shaped ; pe-
duncles 1-flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less than 1/ long.

C. tricolor. Cult. from §. Europe in gardens ; hairy, low, with ascending
branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate almost sessile leaves, 1-flowered
peduncles, rather large and showy flowers opening in sunshine, the corolla blue
with pale or white throat and yellow tube. @

4. CALYSTEGIA, BRACTED BINDWEED. (From Greek words
denoting the calyx coucred, that is, by the bracts.) Fl. all summer.

C. sepium, Hence B. Wild in low grounds, also planted: twining freely,
sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks; smooth, also a downy
variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, with the lobes
at base obliquely truncate and sometimes toothed or sinuate; peduncles 4-angled;
corolla white or light rose-colored, 14-2! long. 2

C. spithamea. Dry sterile ground; downy, not twining, 6/-12' high;
leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart-shaped at the base ;
corolla white, 2' long. 2

5. BONAMIA. (Named for F. Bonamy.) Low, small-flowered : corolla
more or less silky or hairy outside: fl. summer : chiefly S.

B. humistrata. Dry pine barrens from Virg. S.: sparsely hairy or
smoothish ; leaves varying from oblong with heart-shaped base to linear ; sepals
smooth ; corolla white, almost 1! long ; filaments hairy ; styles united at base.

B. aquatica. Along ponds S.: finely soft-downy ; leaves varying as in

the preceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple 3‘ long; filaments smooth ;
styles nearly separate, :
_B. Pickeringii. Sandy barrens from N. Jersey S., scarce: leaves nearly
linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base; bracts leaf-like and longer than the
flowers ; sepa's hairy ; coro!la white, hardly }/ long ; styles united to above the
middle, and with stamens also protruding.

6. EVOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll, that is, it does not twine.)
Low and diminutive small-flowered plants, only S. Fl. summer. 2

E. argénteus. Dry ground from Missouri S.: tufted from a woody base,
5'-7! high, silky-woolly all over ; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, mostly
nearly sessile, as are the flowers in their axi's; corolla purple; 4’ broad.

E. sericeus. Damp ground &. & S. W.: slender-stemmed, silky with
fine appressed hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance-lincar leaves ;
corolla white or bluish, not }! broad.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265

7. CUSCUTA, DODDER. (Old name, of uncertain derivation.) Plants
resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over herbs and low
bushes, coiling around their branches, which they adhere to and rob of their
juices. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered.

§ 1. Stigmas slender ; pod opening by a transverse division all round near the base,
leaving the partition behind. Natives of Europe: fl. early summer.

C. Epilinum, Frax DoppEr. Growing on flax, which it injures; occa-
sionally found in our flax-fields ; flowers globular, in scattered heads ; corolla
5-parted. @

§ 2. Stigmas capitate: pods bursting irregularly if at all: wild species of the

country, mostly in rich or low ground : fl. summer and autumn. @

* Flowers in rather loose clusters, mostly short-pedicelled, the scaly bracts few and

scattered : calyx 4 —5-cleft.
+ Corolla with cylindrical tube, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

C. tenuiflora. On shrubs and tall herbs from N. Jersey W. & S., in
swamps: pale; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate acute spreading
lobes and of the ovate blunt calyx-lobes.

C. infiéxa. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens W. & S.:
corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than the ovate acutish crenulate
erect or inflexed lobes of the corolla and the acute keeled calyx-lobes.

C. decora. Wet prairies S. W.: with larger flowers, the corolla broadly
bell-shaped, its 5 lobes laasacorato and acute. t
++ Corolla bell-shaped, remaining at the base of the ripe pod.

C. arvénsis. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from New York to II.
& S. W.: flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest ; tube of corolla shorter than
its 5 lanceolate pointed spreading lobes, much longer than the stamens.

C. chlorocarpa. On low herbs, in wet soil, from Delaware W. & S.W.:
orange-colored ; open bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the length of the
mostly 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, depressed, greenish-yellow.

C. Gronovii. The commonest E. & W.and the only one N.E.; on coarse
herbs and low shrubs in wet places; bell-shaped corolla with tube usually
longer than its 5 (rarely 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes; its internal scales
large and copiously fringed.

« * Flowers sessile in compact mostly continuous clusters, making large bunches or
close matted coils, when old resembling pieces of rope twisted around the stems
of coarse herbs or shrubs: calyx of separate sepals surtounded by similar
crowded bracts : remains of the corolla borne on the top of the ripe pod.

C. compacta. On shrubs, from N. York S. & W.: bracts (3-5) and

sepals round and appressed ; tube of corolla cylindrical.

C. glomerata.. On Golden rods and other coarse Composite, from Ohio

. & S. W.: the numerous oblong scarious bracts closely imbricated with
recurving tips ; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindraceous tube of the corolla.

84. SOLANACEA, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

Plants with rank-scented herbage (this and the fruit more com-
monly narcotic-poisonous, colorless juice), alternate leaves (but apt
to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers with the parts usually
in fives, but the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded placente
in the axis. The seeds have a slender usually curved embryo in
fleshy albumen. (Lessons, p. 15, fig. 84, 35.) The order runs on
the one hand into Scrophulariacez, which a few species approach
in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many as
the lobes. On the other hand the Nolana group is appended, which
differs from all in its separate ovaries around a common style.

266 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

I. NOLANA FAMILY, with few or many separate ovaries
collected in a circle or heap around the base of a single style. Low
and spreading plants.

1. NOLANA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form,
laited in the bud. Stamens 5. Style 1: stigma capitate or club-shaped.
varies 8-40, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nutlets, each cell 1-seeded.

Il. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY proper, with only one 2-celled
or sometimes 3—5-celled ovary as well as style, the many-seeded
placente in the axis, usually much projecting into the cell.

1. Corolla wheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or times more divisions, plaited
: and valvate or the ‘margins tien inwards in the bud: the tube very short:

anthers conniving around the style: fruit a berry.

2. LYCOPERSICUM. Like Solanum, except that the anthers are united by a
membrane at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately
compound.

8. SOLANUM. Stamens with anthers equalling or mostly longer than the very
short filaments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex.
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 204, 205.) Leaves simple or pinnate.

4. CAPSICUS. Stamens with slender filaments much longer than the short and
separate commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise.
Berry sometimes and inflated, then becoming 1-celled.

§ 2. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, plaited in the bud, the border pore
moderately if at all lubed: anthers separate, opening lengthwise: calyx bl
dery-inflated after flowering, enclosing the globular berry.

5. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. (Lessons, p.
101, fig. 206.) Stamens erect. Fruit a juicy, often edible, 2-celled berry.

6. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted and angled, the divisions somewhat arrow-
shaped. Corolla with widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dry
3-5-celled berry.

§ 3. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, tubular, or salver-shaped: anthers separate,
opening lengthwise: calyx not bladdery-inflated.
* Calyx urn-shaped in fruit, enclosing the pod: corolla considerably irregular.

7. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated,
enclosing the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Co-
rolla short funnel-form, with the plaited border more or less oblique and
unequal. Stamens declined.

* Calyx 5-parted to near the base, the lobes foliaceous.

8 ATROPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under
the globose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with
5 triangular-ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender.

9. PETUNIA. Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulate lobes much longer than
the tube. Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shuped, the 5-lobed border
commonly a little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod
2-celled, 2-valved.

* * * Calyzx tubular, prismatic, or bell-shaped,

+ Covering the dry pod or nearly so : corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the lobes
plaited in the bud : seeds minute.

10. NIEREMBERGIA. Corolla with very slender thread-like tube (4’-1’ long),
abruptly expanded at the narrow throat into a saucer-shaped or almost wheel-
shaped 5-lobed border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kidney-
shaped and somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers scattered.

11. NICOTIANA. Corolla with a regular 5-lobed border. Stamens inserted on its
tube, included: filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-4-valved from
the apex. Flowers more or less racemed or panicled.

+ + Calye prismatic, falling away after flowering, leaving the 2 -4-celled pod naked.

12, DATURA, Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 5 or
more pointed teeth. (Lessons, p. 100, fig. 199; p. 110, fig. 225.) Filaments

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 267

slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 2-lipped. Pod globular, in the com-
mon species prickly and 4-celled, but the 2 Jee or false par-
titions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat kidney-shaped.
Flowers terminal or in the forks.

++ + Calyx bell-shaped, cup-shaped, or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or
partly covering the 2-celled berry; shrubs, with entire feather-veined leaves.

18. CESTRUM. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or
plaited lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary
with few ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters.

14. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-form, bell-
shaped or tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry
many-seeded, red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbelled, lateral.

1. NOLANA. (From Latin nola, a little bell.) Cult. for ornament, from
coast of Peru and Chili; the following procumbent and spreading, rather
fleshy-leaved, smooth except some scattered hairs on the stalks, the showy
blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, opening in sunshine, all
summer.

N. atriplicifolia, with obovate or broadly spatulate leaves (resembling
those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2! wide with
white and yellowish centre; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 1-celled and
l-seeded. @

N. prostrata, now less common, has more petioled rather narrower leaves,
smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ovaries each of 2-4
cells. @

-%. LYCOPERSICUM, TOMATO. (Name in Greek means wolf-peach,
no obvious application. ) FI. summer.

L. esculéntum, Tomato, cult. from trop. America, includes the manifold
varieties and forms; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger
leaflets cut or pinnatifid; flowers yellowish, by cultivation having their parts
often increased in number, the esculent red berry becoming several celled. @

3. SOLANUM, NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers
mostly in corymb or raceme-like clusters, in summer.

§ 1. More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers.

« Very prickly calyx enclosing the dry berry: anthers declined, unequal, one of

them much longer than the rest, leaves sinuately once to thrice pinnatifid. @

S. rostratum. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becoming a weed
in some gardens, has yellow flowers, 1’-13/ in diameter. = ;

S. heterodoxum. Wild S. W. beyond the Mississippi, sometimes cult.
for ornament, has violet-blue flowers, and the more divided leaves resemble
those of Watermelon, but are very prickly.

* * Calyx mostly somewhat prickly but not enclosing the fruit: anthers nearly equal.

S. Carolinénse, Horsy-Nerrie. Wild weed in sandy soil from Conn.
S.: roughish-downy, 1° high, with ovate-oblong angled or sinuate-lobed leaves,
yellowish prickles, and pale blue or white flowers almost 1! wide. 2f

S. aculeatissimum. Weed introduced into waste places S., 1°—2°
high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the foregoing, with smaller
white flowers. ()

S. Melongéna, Ecc Prant, Aupereine. Cult. for the large oblong
or ovate violet-colored or white esculent fruit (2/- 6! long); leaves ovate, rather
downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with yellow eye. @

§ 2. Plants not at all prickly: anthers blunt.

§. nigrum, Brack or Common Nicursuape. Low weed of shady
grounds, much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed or sinuate
Jeaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries said to be poison-

ous. @

268 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

S. tuberdsum, Poraro. Cult. from Chili for the esculent tubers ; leaves
pinnate, of several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue
or white ; berries round, green. 2 . :

S. Dulcamara, Birrersweer. Nat. from Eu. in moist cult. and waste
grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and disposed to climb, ovate
and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones halberd-3-lobed, or with one or
two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at base, corolla violet-purple with a pair
of greenish spots on the base of each lobe, and oval red berries. — aah,

S. jasminoides. Woody-stemmed house-plant from Brazil, tall-climbing
by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly heart-shaped. entire
leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and clusters of white or bluish
flowers. 2/

S. Pseudo-Capsicum, JurusaLem CHERRY. Shrubby house-plant
from Madeira, cult. for the ornamental bright red berries, resembling cherries ;
smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white flowers. 2/

4. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Said to come from
Greek word meaning to gobble or eat quickly.) Originally all South Ameri-
can. FI. summer.

C. 4nnuum, Common C. Cult. for the large oblong or globular and often
angled dry berry (red or.green), which is exceedingly pungent, and used as a
condiment; leaves ovate, entire; flowers white, with truncate calyx. @

C. cerasiférme, is cult. rarely as a pepper, more commonly for the orna-
mental cherry-like fruit, either bright red or yellow ; stem shrubby. 2

5. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY. (Greek name for bladdery, from
the inflated fruiting calyx.) Fl. summer.

§ 1. Low stems (6'-20! high) from slender creeping rootstocks : anthers yellow:
fruiting calyx loosely inflated, 5-angled, much larger than the edible berry.
All but the first are wild species of the country, in light or sandy soil. 2

P, Alkekéngi, Srrawserry Tomato. Cult. from S. Eu., and running
wild E.: rather downy; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed; corolla greenish-
white, 5-lobed, not spotted; fruiting calyx ovate, turning red; berry red.

P. Pennsylivanica. Smooth or somewhat hairy, but not clammy ; leaves
varying from ovate to lanceolate (var. LANCEOLATA), entire or sparingly wavy-
toothed ; corolla yellowish with a darker throat and slightly 5-10-toothed
border ; fruiting calyx sunken at the base ; berry red.

P. viscosa, Clammy-pubescent, much branched, bushy; leaves ovate or
heart-shaped and mostly toothed ; corolla light yellow with dark brown centre;
fruiting calyx truncate or slightly concave at base, sharply 5-angled; berry
orange or reddish, glutinous.

§ 2. Stems 1°—3° high, from an annual root : flowers small, light greenish-yellow :
anthers tinged with blue or violet. Wild species in low or cult. grounds. “@

P. pubéscens. Clammy-hairy or downy ; stems much spreading ; leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, augulate-toothed ; corolla brown-spotted in the throat ;
sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely enclosing the yellow or greenish berry.

P. angulata. Nearly smooth; leaves more sharply cut-toothed ; peduncles
slender, very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 10-angled, loose, at length
filled by the greenish-yellow berry.

P. Philadélphica. Almost smooth, erect; leaves ovate or oblong and
oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; corolla dark colored in the throat,
over 3/ wide; fruiting calyx globose, completely filled by the large reddish or
purple edible berry, and open at the mouth.

6. NICANDRA, APPLE-OF-PERU. (Named from the poet Nicander ?)
Only one species: fl. summer. @

NN. physaloides. Tall smooth weed from Peru, wild in moist waste

grounds ; with ovate angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and solitary peduncles,
bearing a rather large pale blue flower.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 269

7. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Name of the Greek words for hog
and bean.) Fl. summer. @ ®

_ H. niger, Buacx Henpann, of Europe, cult. in old gardens, and a weed
In waste places: clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poisonous ; with clasp-
ing sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided leafy-bracted spikes, and
dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple. :

8. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) 2/

A. Belladénna, the only species, sparingly cult. from Europe: low and

spreading, nearly smooth, with ovate entire pointed leaves, flowers single or in

airs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome purple
erry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine.

9. PETUNIA. (Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) Cultivated as
garden-annuals, from South America. The common Petunias are of the two
following species and their hybrids: herbage clammy-pubescent ; flowers large
and showy, in summer.

P. nyctaginifilora, with originally white corolla, the long narrow tube
3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.

P. violacea, now much the more common, with weaker stems, and violet-
purple or rose-red corolla, the broader and ventricose tube hardly twice the
length of the calyx.

10. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. Nieremberg, a priest and botani-
cal collector in Buenos Ayres, whence the common species comes.) 2 @

N. gracilis. Cult. for ornament under many varieties, low, with slender
bushy branches, small linear or spatulate-linear leaves, and scattered flowers
produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with purple.

ll. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the in-
troducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Rank, acrid-narcotic, mostly clammy-
ubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely wavy-margined.

1, summer.

N. Tabacum, Common T., the principal species cult. for the foliage: 4°-
6° high, with lance-ovate decurrent leaves 1° — 2° long, or the upper lanceolate,
panicled flowers, and rose-purple funnel-form corolla 2! long, with somewhat in-
flated throat and short lobes. @

N. rustica, a weed in some places, is a low homely plant, with ovate and
petioled leaves 2/-5’ long, and green funnel-form corolla (1! long) contracted
under the short round lobes. @

N. longifiora, is slender, 2°- 3° high, cult. for its handsome white flow-
ers, which open toward evening; corolla salver-shaped, the green tube 4’ and
the lance-ovate acute lobes 4! long ; leaves lanceolate, undulate. @

N. noctiflora, its handsome white flowers also opening at evening (as the
name denotes), is similar to last, but with ovate-lanceolate petioled leaves, tube
of corolla only 2!— 3! long, and its roundish lobes oo at theend. @

12. DATURA, THORN-APPLE, STRAMONIUM, &c. (Name altered
from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, narcotic-poisonous
weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation : fl. summer. :

§ 1. Flower.and the usually prickly 4-valved pod erect, the latter resting on a plate
or saucer-shaped body which is the persistent base of the calyx, the whole
upper part of which falls off entire after flowering : corolla with a 5-toothed
border. @

D. Stramodnium, Common T. or Jamestown-WEED. Waste grounds:
smooth, with green stems and white flowers (3' long) ; leaves ovate, angled, or
sinuate-toothed.

D. Tatula, Purrre T. A weed very like the other, but rather taller, with
purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers.

270 ‘GENTIAN FAMILY.

§ 2. Pod nodding on the short recurved peduncle, rather Sleshy, bursting irregular-
ly, otherwise as in the foregoing section: flowers large, showy. Cult. from
warm regions for ornament. @

D. Meétel. Clammy-pubescent; leaves ovate, entire or obscurely angled-

toothed ; corolla white, the 10-toothed border 4/ wide.

D. meteloides. Cult. from New Mexico (sometimes under the name of
D. Wricurtz) ; like the other, but pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet-scented,
and the corolla with more expanded 5-toothed border 5’-6/ wide, white or pale
violet,

§ 3. Flower and smooth 2-celled pod hanging, the former very large, 6! - 10! long:
calyx splitting down lengthwise after flowering. Tropical American tree-
like shrubs, cult. in conservatories: flowers sometimes double.

D. arborea, has ovate or lance-oblong entire or angled pubescent leaves,

long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected anthers.

D. suavéolens, has mostly entire and smooth leaves, short teeth to the
corolla and the anthers sticking together.

13. CESTRUM. (Name given by the Greeks to some different plant,
the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm climates, chiefly American ; a few
cult. in conservatories.

C. élegans, or HasroruAmnus £LEGANS, from Mexico, has the branches
and lower face of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed leaves downy-pubescent,
terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped corollas less than 1! long.

C. nocturnum, from W. Ind.; with smooth ovate leaves, and axillary
clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night.

C. Parqui, from Chili; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at both
ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular-funnel-
form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night.

14. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.)
Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small leaves
often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in late summer.

L. vulgare, Marrimony Vine. From the Mediterranean region : planted,
and sparingly running wild in some places, slightly thorny, with very long and
lithe recurved or almost climbing branches, oblong-spatulate leaves, slender
stalked flowers clustered in the axils, and pale greenish-purple 5-cleft corolla
about equalling the 5 stamens.

L. Carolinianum. Wild in salt marshes S.: low, spiny, with fleshy
thickened almost club-shaped leaves, scattered small flowers, and 4-cleft purple
corolla shorter than the 4 stamens.

85. GENTIANACEA, GENTIAN FAMILY.

Known generally from the other monopetalous plants with free
ovary by the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placente
covered with small seeds, along with ‘regular flowers, their stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and
the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, without stipules. The
exceptions are that in some cases the ovules cover the whole inner
face of the ovary, and in one group the leaves are alternate and
even compound. They are nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic
plants, with colorless juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none
in common cultivation.

§ 1. Leaves opposite or whorled and entire, sessile. Corolla with the lobes mostly
convolute in the bud, sometimes also plaited in the sinuses.
+ Style slender, deciduous from the pod: anthers soon curving.

1. SABBATIA. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped,
5-12-parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs.

GENTIAN FAMILY. 271

+ + Style (if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod: anthers straight. ;

2. FRASERA. Calyx and corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped; divisions of the
latter with a glandular and fringed spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval,
flattened, rather few-seeded: seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large
thick-rooted herbs, with whorled leaves and panicled flowers.

8. GENTIANA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4—5-lobed, often with teeth or salient
folds at the sinuses, usually withering-persistent. Style short or none; stig-
mas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, containing innumerable small seeds with loose
cellular or winged coat. Flowers solitary or clustered, mostly showy.

4. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style none. Pod ob-
long, flattish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole inner face.
Flowers very small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales.

§ 2. Leaves alternate, long petioled. Corolla with the lobes valvate and the edges
turned inwards in the hae Seeds many or few, with a hard or bony coat.

5. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short-funnel-form, 5-lobed,
white-bearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent: stigma
2-lobed. Pod globular, with many smooth and shining seeds. Flowers
racemed on a stout scape; one or more long petioles sheathing its base,
and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets.

6. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx and corolla 5-parted; the oval divisions of the
latter with a yellowish crust at their base, and in our species otherwise
naked. Style short or none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing
the flowers in an umbel on the long slender petiole of the floating round-
heart-shaped leaves.

1, SABBATIA, American Centaury. (Named for Z. Sabbati, an
Italian botanist.} Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the
coast (with one or two exceptions) : flowers white or pink, usually handsome,
in summer. @ @®

+ Flowers white, 5-parted, numerous in cymes or corymbs, seldom over }! broad.

S. paniculata. Low grounds §.: stem 1°-2° high, with 4 sharp wing-
like angles ; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1-nerved ; lobes of the corolla little
longer than the narrow-linear calyx-lobes.

S. lanceolata. From New Jersey S.: taller, larger-flowered, with lance-
ovate 3-nerved leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute; lobes of
corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx-lobes.

8S. macrophylla. Only 8.: 2°-3° high, glaucous, with terete stem,
thickish lance-ovate 3—5-nerved leaves, and lobes of smaller corolla very much
exceeding the bristle-like calyx-lobes.

* * Flowers rose-pink, rarely white, with yellowish or greenish eye, 5-parted, in
panicled diistese, 1! or more broad. In rather v Page much branched
above, 1°-8° high, the only species which extend W. to Illinois, gc.

S. brachiata, chiefly S., has slightly angled stem, linear or narrow-oblong
leaves, and fewer flowers only 1! broad.

8S. angularis, from N. York 8S. & W., has wing-like angles to the stem,
ovate or heart-shaped 5-nerved leaves, and corolla 1}! broad.

* * % Flowers rose-purple or white, 5 — 6-parted, 1! or less broad, scattered singly
on long peduncles : stems slender 5! - 20! high, commonly forking, scarcely
cnet All grow in salt marshes or near the coast.

S. ealycosa. Only from Virg. §.: has oblong pale leaves narrowed at
base, and Jance-spatulate calyx-lobes longer than the mostly white corolla.

S. stellaris. From Mass. 8.: has lance-oblong leaves or the upper linear,
and linear calyx-lobes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla.

S. gracilis. From Mass. S.: very slender, with linear or almost thread-
like leaves, thread-shaped calyx-lobes as long as corolla, otherwise like preceding.

a & «% % Flowers bright rose-color or with white varieties, 7 —12-parted, very hand-
some, 14! - 2! broad: stems simple or sparingly branched, 1° - 2° high.
S. chloroides. Along sandy ponds, from Plymouth, Mass. S.: leaves
lanceolate ; peduncles 1-flowered, slender ; calyx-lobes linear.
S. gentianoides. Wet barrens §.: stem-leaves linear; flowers short-
peduncled or sessile, clustered.

272 GENTIAN FAMILY.

°

2. FRASERA, AMERICAN COLUMBO. (Named for John Fraser.)

F. Carolinénsis. Rich wooded ground W. & S.: root very large and
deep, bitter (used in medicine as a substitute for Columbo) ; stem 3°—-8° high ;
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the lowest spatulate ; corolla 1! wide,
greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark-dotted. © 2

8. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from Gentius, king of Illyria.)
Chiefly in woods and damp ground: flowering chiefly in autumn, a few in
summer.

§ 1. Corolla without plaits at the sinuses : anthers separate: seeds wingless. @ @

G. quinqueflora. Chiefly N. & W.: branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers panicled, hardly 1’ long, the 5 lobes
of the pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed.

G. crinita, Frincep Gentian. Low grounds N. & W.: leaves lanceo-
late or broader, with rounded or heart-shaped base; flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches; calyx with 4 unequal
lobes ; corolla sky-blue, showy, 2! long, funnel-form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes
with margins cut into a long and delicate fringe. :

G. deténsa, takes the place of the preceding species N. W., and is perhaps
a variety of it: has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla (to which the
name alludes), often none at the top of the lobes.

§ 2. Corolla naked, 13/-2! long, with plaits at the sinuses, which project more or
less into teeth or thin intermediate lobes : pod stalked in the corolla. 2

% Stems low, bearing 1-8 slender-peduncled flowers : seeds wingless.

G. angustifolia. Pine barrens from N. Jersey S.: 6/-15! high, with
linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2! long, its lobes ovate ;
anthers separate.

% %* Stems 1°-2° high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers at the
summit of the leafy stem, and often in the upper azils also.

+ Corolla between bell-shaped and short-funnel-form or obconical, mostly open, with
ovate lobes exceeding the usually toothed appendages of the plaits.

G. ochroletica. Chiefly S. in dry ground: leaves obovate or spatulate-
oblong, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla greenish-white with
greener and purplish stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ;
seeds wingless.

G. aloa. Along the Alleghanies and N. W.: flowering at midsummer ;
leaves lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, tapering thence to a point ;
calyx-lobes ovate, short ; corolla yellowish-white, with short and broad lobes ;
anthers conniving ; seeds broadly winged.

G. pubérula, Dry barrens and prairies W. & S.: low, roughish, or
minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear rough-margined leaves
only 1'-2! long; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla bright blue, open, its spreading
ovate lobes 2 or 3 times longer than the cutetoothed intermediate appendages ;
seeds not covering the walls of the pod, as they do in the related species.

G. Saponaria, Soapwort G. Low woods, chiefly N. and along the
Alleghanies ; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, or in’a northern variety
linear, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate ; corolla light blue or
verging to white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the con-
spicuous 2-cleft intermediate appendages; anthers conniving or united; seeds
narrowly-winged.

+ + Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, truncate, with no proper lobes.

G. Andréwsii, Cuosep G. Woods especially N.: leaves lance-ovate or
lance-oblong with a narrowed base ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, short ; corolla
blue (rarely a white variety), its proper lobes if any shorter than the broad and

more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages which terminate the
folds ; anthers connected ; seeds broadly winged.

LOGANIA FAMILY. 273

4, BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) In-
significant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few peduncled white
flowers. @ ®

B. tenélla. Woods: 5!-10! high, with branches or peduncles 1 -3-flow-
ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled: fl. summer.

B. vérna. Bogs, only § : smaller, less branched, 1—few-flowered; flowers
larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat.

5. MENYANTHES, BUCKBEAN. (Name from Greek words for
month and flower; application not obvious. The popular name from the
leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Horsebean.)

M. trifoliata. Cold wet bogs N.: fl. late spring ; corolla white or tinged

with pink ; scape hardly 1° high. 2

6. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING-HEART. (Name formed of
Greek words for swamp and blossom.) But our species grow in water, and pro-
duce through the summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like
thick bodies, probably of the nature of roots. 2

L. lacunodsum, is common E. & S.: leaves 1/-2! long, on very slender
petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and even.

L. trachyspérma, in deeper water, from Maryland S.: leaves rounder,
2'— 6! broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ;
seeds roughened.

86. LOGANIACEAs, LOGANIA FAMILY.

Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite leaves
with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, along with a
free ovary; the flower regular or nearly so, and stamens as many
as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.

§ 1. Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers.’

1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad
and.imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers sagittate. Style slender:
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, lobes Jinear, ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened
contrary to the partition, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged.

§ 2. Herbs, not climbing.

2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and some-
what funnel-form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers linear.
Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin,
2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe separating across near the base which is left
behind, and splitting 2 or 4 valves.

MITREOLA, of the South, comprises a couple of quite pe enep aes weeds, and
POLYPREMUM, also S. is a common weedy plant; — both wholly insignificant,
as well in the herbage as in the minute white flowers.

e
1, GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name an

Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessamine.

G. sempérvirens, our only species : low grounds from E. Virg. S., climb-
ing trees, bearing shining lance-ovate small leaves (evergreen far S.), and a
profusion of axillary clusters of bright yellow very fragrant handsome flowers
(1! or more Jong), in early spring.

2. SPIGELIA, PINK-ROOT or WORM-GRASS. (Named for Adrian

Spiegel, latinized Spigelius.) Fl. summer.

S. Marilandica, Marytanp P. Rich woods, from Penn. W. & S.:
nearly smooth, 6’-18' high; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute; flowers -in
simple or forked spike-like clusters terminating the stem or branches ; corolla
1}' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lanceolate.
Root used as a vermifuge. 2

18

274 DOGBANE FAMILY.

87. APOCYNACEA, DOGBANE FAMILY.

Herbaceous or woody plants, known mainly by the milky acrid
juice, opposite (sometimes whorled) simple and entire leaves, with-
out stipules, and regular monopetalous flowers with 5 in the calyx,
corolla, and stamens, the lobes of the corolla convolute or twisted in
the bud, the anthers conniving around the stigma or often adhering
somewhat to it, ordinary pollen, filaments separate, the 2 free ovaries
commonly separate, but often the styles and always the stigmas
united into one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice
in several (as of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly
milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are orna-
mental in cultivation, many are acrid-poisonous. There is com-
monly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the style below the
stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere.

§ 1. Shrubs cult. for ornament, natives of warm climates: leaves oftener whorled.

1, ALLAMANDA. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into
cylindrical bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Sta-
mens at the summit of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with
as many 2-parted narrow scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal pla-
cent, becoming a prickly pod. Style slender. Seeds naked.

2. NERIUM. Corolla salver-form or the long tube narrow fannel-form, the throat
crowned with 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube:
anthers 2-tailed at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy twisted
awn-like appendage. Style 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted.

§ 2. More or less woody-stemmed twiners, with opposite leaves.

8. ECHITES. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Fila-
ments very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds
with a downy tuft. Flowers large and showy. *

4. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-form, nearly as in Kchites, but the flower
small, and filaments slender.

§ 8. Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners: bark usually abounding with tough
Jibres: ovaries 2, becoming many-seeded pods in fruit.

« Leaves opposite.

5. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped or the tube funnel-form, the throat narrow
and naked. Stamens inserted on the upper part or middle of the tube: fila-
ments short. Style 1, slender. Pods rather short. Seeds abrupt at each
end, naked, rough. The hardy species trail or creep.

6. APOCYNUM. Coroits bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in
the throat. Stamens attached to the very base of the corolla. Style none.
A pe ovate stigma unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit form long
and slender pods. Seeds with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright
or ascending herbs, with small pale or white flowers in terminal cymes or
corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark.

« « Leaves alternate, very numerous.

7. AMSONIA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form,
bearded inside, without appendages at the throat, the lobes long and linear.
Stamens inserted on and included in the tube: anthers blunt at both ends.
Style 1, slender. Pods long (4/- 6’) and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt

at both ends, with no tuft. Upright herbs, with terminal panicled cymes of
bluish flowers.

1 ALLAMANDA. (Named for Dr. F. Allamand, who discovered the

common species in Guiana.)

A. cathartica. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with brickt ere-n
oblong thinnish leaves, and go‘den-yellow flowers 23! - 3! Jong. :

DOGBANE FAMILY. 275

2. NERIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.)
Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers showy, in
terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white varieties, either
single or double.

N. Oleander, the Orxanper of common house-culture, from the Levant :
leaves lanceolate; appendage surmounting the anthers scarcely protruding ;
flowers large, scentless. °

N. odorum, Swexrt O.: less cult., from India, more tender ; leaves linear-
lanceolate; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers fragrant.

8. ECHITES. (Name from Greek word for a viper.) Plants from the
warm parts of America, one not rare as a conservatory climber, viz.

E. suavéolens, or ManpevfLLEA SUAVEOLENS, CHILI JESSAMINE, a
slender woody-stemmed tall twiner, with thin oblong or ovate heart-shaped
pointed leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few racemed very fragrant flow-
ers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed border, 2/ broad.

4. FORSTERONIA. (Named for an English botanist, J. F’. Forster.)

F. différmis, in low grounds from Virginia S. & W., is a barely woody
twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves thin, oval-lan-
ceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole; flowers }! long,
in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer.

5. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, from a word meaning to bind,
from the thread-like stems.) 2

§1. Troe Pertwinx es, cult. from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, trail-
ing over the ground or creeping, only the short flowering stems ascending,
with blue (or by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, in spring or
early summer.

_V. minor, Common Pertwinx1g, in all country-gardens, spreading freely
by the creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining
leaves barely 14/ long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the corolla:
fi. early spring.

V. major, Larcz P., not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves
is most cultivated, larger than the first species and leaves rounder, the lobes of
corolla obovate.

V. herbacea: not evergreen; stems reclining and rooting; leaves lance-
oblong, lobes of the more purple-blue corolla oblong-obovate : .fl. late spring.

§ 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base: flowers produced all the season.

V. résea, house and bedding plant from West Indies, with oblong-petioled
veiny leaves, and showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose-
purple, or'white with pink eye, &c.

6. APOCYNUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers),
INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Fl. summer.

A. androszemifolium, Srpreapine D. Along thickets, mostly N.:
branches forking and widely spreading; leaves ovate, petioled; corolla open
bell-shaped with spreading lobes.

A. cannabinum, Common Inp1an Hemp. Gravelly or wet banks of
streams : branches more erect; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, ovate, or slightly
heart-shaped ; flowers more crowded and erect; lobes of the corolla little
spreading.

7, AMSONIA. (Named for a Mr. Charles Amson.) Low grounds chiefly
S.; very leafy, 2°-3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with rather small
flowers, in late spring.

A. Tabernzmontana. Leaves varying from ovate or lance-ovate to
lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath.

A. ciliata. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins and mostly the
stems beset with some scattered bristles.

276 MILKWEED FAMILY.

88. ASCLEPIADACEA, MILKWEED FAMILY.

Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds nearly as
in the preceding family ; but the anthers more connected with the
stigma, their pollen collected into firm waxy or granular masses
(mostly 10), the short filaments (monadelphous except in the last
genus) commonly bear curios appendages behind the anthers form-
ing what is called a crown, and the corolla more commonly valvate
in the bud. The flowers are rather too difficult for the beginner
readily to understand throughout. For a particular study of them
the Manual must be used.

§ 1. Erect herbs, with ordinary foliage, and deeply 5-parted reflexed calyx and
corolla. Flowers in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of pods ( follicles,) containing
numerous flat seeds furnished with a coma (Lessons, p. 185, fig. 317) or long
tuft of soft down at one end.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Stamens with their short filaments monadelphous in ering or
tube, bearing behind each anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like
eg Sah with a horn projecting out of the inside of it: the 5 broad anthers
closely surrounding and partly adhering to the very thick stigma, a mem-
branous appendage at their tip inflected over it. Each of the 2 cells of the
anther has a firm waxy pear-shaped pollen-mase in it: and the two adja-
cent masses from two contiguous anthers are suspended by a stalk from a
dark gland; these 5 glands, borne on the margin of the flat top of the stigma,
stick to the legs, &c. of insects, and are carried off, each gland taking with it
2 mean masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle-bags.

2. ACERATES. Like Asclepias, but no horn in the hoods or ear-like appendages,
and the flowers always greenish.

§ 2. Twining plants with ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds nearly as in Asclepias.
* Anthers with their hanging pollen-masses nearly as Asclepias : pods smooth and even.
8. ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly
erect. The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous
leaflets, each bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb.
4, VINCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flat and fleshy
5-10-lobed disk or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs.

* * The 10 pollen-masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma.
5. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped: a fleshy and wary-lobed ring or crown
in its throat.
* * * The 10 short pollen-masses fixed by their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the
stigma, and erect. Shrubby plants, of tropical regions.

6. HOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance.
Crown of 5 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central

column.

7. STEPHANOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens,
crown, &c., in its somewhat swollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the
bud. Crown of 5 thin erect appendages. Stigma conical.

* * * x Anthers distinct, the 5 pollen each posed of 4 small granular
masses united, und applied directly to the glands of the stigma without any stalk.
Shrubby twiners.

8. PERIPLOCA. Corolla 6-parted, wheel-shaped, the divisions hairy on the
upper face: alternate with them are 5 small thick scales, each estae &
bristle-shaped appendage. Filaments distinct, bearing anthers of more ordi-
ue Sues ence. than in the rest of this family. Stigma hemispherical.

ods smooth.

§ 8. Fleshy low plants, Cactus-like, with only small fleshy scales or teeth in place 9
leaves, on. the angles of the thickened stems or branches. 4

9. STAPELIA. Flowers large, lurid, solitary, lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
5-cleft, wheel-shaped: within is a crown formed of two rings of short appen-
dages or lobes. Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect.

MILKWEED FAMILY. 277

1. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of
A‘ sculapias, father of medicine.) Flowering in summer.

x» Flowers bright orange or red: pods smooth: leaves opposite, except in the first.

A. tuberosa, Burrerrity-Weep, Prevrisy Root. Dry hills: milky
juice hardly any; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong leaves
hairy ; flowers bright orange.

A. Curassavica. ild far S., cult. from S. America, as a house and
bedding plant; nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate; umbels long-peduncled ;
corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange.

A. paupéreula. Wet barrens from N Jersey S.: tall, smooth, with
long lance-linear leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on long
peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods.

A. rubra. Low barrens from N. Jersey S.: smooth, with lance-ovate
gradually taper-pointed leaves, « few many-flowered umbels on a long naked
peduncle, and purple-red flowers.

* * Flowers pink or light rose-purple : leaves all opposite: pods smooth.

A. incarnata, Swamp Mirxweep. Wet grounds, with very leafy
branching stems, lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart-
shaped at the base; smooth or smoothish, or in var. PULCHRA pubescent and
. the leaves very short-petioled.

* * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white.
+ Stems branching, almost woody at base: leaves all opposite: pods smooth.

A. perénnis. Low grounds S.: nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate or lance-
ovate, slender-petioled ; flowers small, white; seeds mostly without a tuft !

+ + Stem semple: leaves all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a heart-
shaped base, the apex rounded or notched: plants smooth, pale or glaucous.

A. obtusifolia. Sandy grounds, 2°-3° high, the rather remote broadly
oblong leaves wavy; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduncled; flowers pretty
large, greenish-purplish.

A. amplexicatlis. Dry barrens S.: stems reclining, 1°- 2° high, very
leafy ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; umbels several, short-peduncled ; corolla ash-
colored, the hoods white.

+ + + Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top: leaves all opposite, ovate, oval,
or oblong, pretty large, short-petioled : umbels lateral and terminal : flowers
3! long or nearly so. ‘
++ Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections.

A. Corntti, Common Mitkweep of fields and low grounds N.: downy,
or the large pale leaves soon smooth above ; flowers dull greenish-purplish.

++ ++ Pods even, but usually minutely downy.

A. phytolaccoides, Poxe-Mizrxwrrp. Moist grounds N. & W.:
smooth or smoothish, 3° - 5° high; leaves large, pointed or acute at both ends;
umbels loose, the long pedicels (1/-3!) equalling the peduncle; corolla greenish,
but the more conspicuous hoods white.

A. purpurascens. Rich ground N. & W.. 1°-3° high; leaves downy
beneath, smooth above, the upper taper-pointed ; pedicels of the rather loose
umbel shorter than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple.

A. variegata. Dry grounds, commoner S. & W.: 1°-2° high, nearly
smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, slightly wavy ; peduncle and crowded pedicels
short and downy ; corolla white, the hoods purplish.

+ + + + Stems simple or rarely branched, slender : leaves most of them in whorls :
pods s and smooth: flowers small, white or whitish.

A. quadrifolia, Four-Leavep M. Rocky woods mostly N.: stems 1°
~- 2° high, nearly smooth, naked below, bearing about the middle one or two
whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate taper-pointed petioled leaves, and beneath or
above them usually a pair of smaller ones; pedicels slender; corolla mostly
tinged with pink, the hoods white.

278 MILKWEED FAMILY.

A. verticillata, Waortep M. Dry ground, 1°-2° high, smoothish ;
stems very leafy throughout; leaves very narrow linear or thread-shaped, in
whorls of 3-6 ; flowers greenish-white.

2. ACERATES, GREEN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, means
without a horn, i. e. none to the hood-like appendages, in which it differs from
Asclepias.) Flowers green or greenish, in summer.

By],

§ 1. Flowers in-compact lateral umbels: corolla with oblong reflexed di
the hoods erect : pods slender, sometimes downy, but with the surface even.

A. viridifldra. Dry sandy or gravelly soil: soft-downy or smoothish,
1°~-2° high; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite; globular
umbels nearly sessile; flowers short-pedicelled, nearly 4/ long when open;
hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla.

A. longifolia. Low barrens W. & S.: rather hairy or roughish, 1° - 3°
high, with very numerous mostly alternate linear leaves, flowers smaller and on
slender pedicels, the umbel peduncled, hoods elevated on a short ring of fila-
ments above the base of the corolla.

§ 2. Flowers in loose terminal and solitary or corymbed umbels : divisions of the
corolla barely spreading, but the large hoods spreading and slipper-shaped : |
pods thick, often with some soft tubercle-like projections.

A. paniculata. Dry prairies and barrens from Ill. S. & W.: smoothish,
1° high ; leaves alternate, oblong or lance-oblong ; flowers 1' broad, green, the
hoods purplish.

8. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslen, an Austrian traveller.) 2

E. albida. River-banks from Ohio 8. & W.: climbing, 8°- 12°; smooth,
with opposite heart-ovate long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in
raceme-like clusters on axillary peduncles, all late summer.

4. VINCETOXICUM. (Name is equivalent to Poison Periwimkle.) 2

V. nigrum, from Eu.: a low-twining smooth weed, escaping from gardens
E.; leaves ovate and lance-ovate; flowers small, brown-purple, rather few in
axillary umbels, in summer.

5. GONOLOBUS. (Name in Greek means angled pod.) Ours are twin-
ing herbs, along river-banks, chiefly 8., with opposite heart-shaped petioled
leaves, and corymbs or umbels of dark or dull-colored small flowers, on pedun-
cles between the petioles, in summer. 2/

G. léevis. From Virg. to Ilinois S.: smooth or only sparingly hairy, the
yellowish-green flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth.

G. obliquus. From Penn. S.: hairy, somewhat clammy; flowers mi-
nutely downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crimson-purple within,
the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions }/ long ; pods ribless, warty.

G. hirsttus. From Virginia S.: differs from the last in its short-ovate
flower-buds, the oval or oblong divisions of corolla only about 4! long.

6. HOYA, WAX-PLANT. (Named for 7’. Hoy, an English florist.)
H. carnosa, a well-known house-plant from India; with rooting stems,

thick and fleshy oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or almost white
flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute papilla.

7. STEPHANOTIS. (Name from Greek for crown and ear, referring to
the appendages of the stamens.)

S. floribunda, from Madagascar : a fine hot-house twiner, very smooth,
with opposite oval or oblong thickish leaves, and lateral umbels of very showy
fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla 1}/ in diameter, the tube 1! long.

OLIVE FAMILY. ‘ 279

8. PERIPLOCA. (Name, a Greek word, implies that the plant twines.)

P. Gréeca, of S. Eu., cult. as an ornamental twiner, hardy through the
Middle States: smooth, with opposite ovate mostly pointed leaves, on short
petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small flowers, the coroila greenish-yellow
with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple: in summer.

9. STAPELIA. (Named fora Dutch naturalist, Dr. Van Stapel.) Strange-
looking fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult. in conservatories along
with Cactuses. The commonest is

8. hirstita. Stems or branches 6’-10/ high, with concave sides, pale and
obscurely downy ; flower 3/-4!in diameter, dull purple and yellowish with
darker transverse stripes, beset with purple very long hairs, and with denser
hairiness towards the centre, exhaling a most disgusting odor, not unlike that
of putrid meat.

89. OLEACEA, OLIVE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, distinguished
among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the regular flowers
having stamens almost always 2, and always fewer than the 4 (some-
times 5 or more) divisions of the corolla, the ovary 2-celled and
(except in Jasminum and Forsythia) with one pair of ovules in
each cell: style if any only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly
or quite polypetalous ; others apetalous.

§ 1. Calyx and corolla with 6-8 lobes. A single erect ovule and seed in each cell.

1. JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens
2, included in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded.

§2. Calyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or
both wanting. Ovules hanging, usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2.
Leaves opposite, except accidentally

« Leaves simple: flowers perfect and complete.
+ Ovules and seeds numerous or several in each cell of the ovary and pod.

2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla ae yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes con-
volute in the bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves
deciduous.

+ + Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often fewer.

8. SYRINGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube much
longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Fruit a pod, 4-seeded, flattened contrar
to the narrow partition, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate.- See
slightly wing-margined. Leaves deciduous.

4. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes,
valvate in the bud, white. Fruit a tid weet black berry. Leaves firm
and thickish, but deciduous.

5. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, white.
Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves
evergreen.

6. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear
petals aienily or scarcely united at their base; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or
even 4 in cultivation) very short stamens barely adhere. Fruit a fleshy and
eta drupe, the stone becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves

eciduous. ;

x * Leaves pinnate: flowers polygamous or diacious, in most species apetalous.

7. FRAXINUS. Calyx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting. Petals 4,
2,or none. Anthers Jarge. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, p. 181,
fig. 800), usually becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous.

280 OLIVE FAMILY.

1. JASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Cultivated
for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house-plants except at the
South. Flowers fragrant.

+ Flowers yellow : leaves commonly alternate and compound.

J. odoratissimum, Common Swept Yettow J., from Madeira: smooth,
twining ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate; peduncles terminal, few-flowered.

J. revolutum, from Himalayas or China: not twining, has mostly 3-7
leaflets, and more numerous and fragrant flowers, 14! wide.

* * Flowers white: leaves opposite.

J. officinale, Common Wuire J., from the East, has striate-angled
branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, a. terminal
cyme of very fragrant flowers and calyx-teeth slender.

J. grandifiorum, from India, has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the uppermost con-
fluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish outside...

J. Azoricum, from the Azores and Madeira: not twining, with 3 ovate or
heart-shaped leaflets, terminal cymes of very sweet-scented flowers, and very
short calyx-teeth.

J..Sambae, from Tropical India: scarcely climbing, pubescent; leaves
simple, ovate, or heart-shaped; flowers in small close clusters; calyx-teeth
about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; flowers simple or
double, very fragrant, especially at evening.

2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for W. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.)
Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate
lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring.

F. viridissima, a vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect yellowish-
green branches, covered in early spring with abundant showy yellow flowers,
followed by the deep green lance-oblong leaves.

F. siuspensa, shrub with long and slender weak branches hanging, or some
of them creeping, to be treated as a climber ; flowers still earlier, but less pro-
fuse ; leaves thinncr, duller, ovate.

8. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to the
tubular corolla or to the twigs, used for pipe-stems.) Familiar ornamental
tall shrubs, from the Old World, with scaly buds in the axils of the leaves,
but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only a pair at the tip ofa
branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and crowded compound panicles or
thyrees of mostly fragrant flowers, in spring.

S. vulgaris, Common L., from E. Europe or Persia: with ovate and more
or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading ; fl. lilac
or pale violet, and a white variety.

S. Pérsica, Persian L.; more slender, with lance-ovate leaves, and looser
clusters of lilac-purple or paler or sometimes white flowers, border of the corolla
flat when open.

4. LIGUSTRUM, PRIVET or PRIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs
of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-petioled entire leaves and
panicles of small flowers, in early summer. 1
L. vulgare, Common P., of Europe, here planted for hedges, and running

wild KE. ; leaves small, lance-ovate or lance-oblong.

L. Japénicum. Cult. from Japan, not hardy N.: has long and widely
spreading branches, larger ovate leaves, and larger flowers in ample panicles.

5. OLEA, OLIVE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and in
small panicles or corymbs, in spring.
O. Europa, OLive of the Levant, sometimes planted far S.: tree with
lanceolate or lance-oblong pale entire leaves, whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong
edible oily fruit.

OLIVE FAMILY. 281

O. Americana, Devit-woop. Wild along the coast from Virginia S. :
small tree, with lance-oblong and entire very smooth green leaves (3/-—6/ long),
and spherical fruit.

O. fragrans, or OsmAnTaus rRracRans, of Japan and China (differing
from Olive genus in the almost 4-parted corolla and 2-parted style), cult. in
green-houses for the exquisite fragrance of its very small flowers ; the leaves
oblong or oval, sharply serrate, bright green, very smooth.

6. CHIONANTHUS, Frrnce-Tres. (Name of the Greek words for
snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of drooping snow-
white flowers.) r

C. Virginica, Common F. River-banks from Penn. S., and planted for
ornament: shrub or low tree, with entire oval or obovate leaves (3/—5! long),
the lower surface often rather downy, loose panicles of flowers in late spring or
early summer, petals 1! long, and fruit blue-purple with a bloom.

7. FRAXINUS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber-trees, with light
and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flowers appearing
in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, from separate buds in
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year.

§ 1. Evrorzan Asuus, planted as shade trees, §c.: flowers polygamous.

F. Ornus, Frowerine Asu, of 8. Europe, the tree which furnishes manna,
not hardy N., sometimes planted 8. : this and a species like it in California have
4 petals, either distinct or slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, green-
ish ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or oblong, small.

¥F. excélsior, Eneuisu or Eurorean Asu. Hardy fine tree, with bright
green lance-oblong leaflets nearly sessile and serrate; petals none and calyx
badly any ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. ¢fhe Wexrrine Asu is a variety or sport
of this.

§ 2. American Asugs, all destitute of petals, and diccious or mostly so.

%* Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end: calyx minute, persistent :
leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, stalked, either sparingly toothed or entire.

F. Americana, Wuirz Asu. Large forest tree of low grounds, furnish-
ing valuable timber; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate or lance-
oblong pointed leaflets either pale or downy beneath; and rather short fruit
with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear wing.

F. pubéscens, Rep Aso. Common E. & §8.; known by its velvety-
pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flattish 2-edged seed-
bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated into the lance-linear
or oblanceolate wing.

F. viridis, Green Asa. Like the last, into which it seems to pass, but
is smooth, with leaves bright green on both sides: a smaller tree, most common
W.&S.

* * Fruit flat and winged all round : leaflets mostly green both sides and serrate.

F. sambucifolia, Brack AsH. Small tree in swamps, N. & N. W.,
with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and coarse baskets; the
bruised leaves with the scent of Elder: smooth; leaflets 7-11, sessile on the

‘main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a point; calyx none, at least in the
fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong.

F. quadrangulata, Biur Asu. Large forest tree W., yielding valuable
wood ; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on short stalks, and
narrowly oblong fruits.

F. platycarpa, Carotina Warzr-Asu. River swamps S.: small tree,
with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked leaflets acute at both
ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-winged) fruits, oblong with a tapering
base.

282 BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

III. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with

flowers destitute of corolla; some are destitute of calyx also.

20. ARISTOLOCHICAEA, BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules
and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx
is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens generally 6 or
12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored,
valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not
serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic
or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. ASARUM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a
flower at the end of g creeping aromatic rootstock, the flowers therefore
close to the ground. Calyx regular, with 8 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis-
tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually
pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and
irregularly ce Fhe Be

2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular
variously irregular, often curved. Filaments none: anthers adherent directl.
and by their whole inner face to the outside of the 3 -6-lobed stigma. Seeds
very flat, in a dry 6-valved pod.

1, ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, of
obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods: fl. spring. 2

§ 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers: style 1, thick, bearing
6 thick stigmas: leaves a single pgir with a peduncle between them.

A. Canadénse, Canapa WiLp GincER, sometimes called SNAKEROOT.
Common N. : soft-pubescent ; leaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, not
evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped but cleft down to the adherent ovary, brown-
purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed.

§ 2. Filaments short or almost none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, each 2-cleft,
bearing the stegma below the cleft: leaves thick and evergreen, smooth, often
mottled, usually only one each year : rootstocks in a close cluster.

A. Virginicum, Virernia W. Along the Alleghanies S. : leaves small,
rounded heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with a somewhat narrowed
throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent only with base of the ovary.

A. arifolium, from Virginia S, has larger somewhat halberd-shaped
leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Birruworr. (Ancient name, from medicinal
properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a horizontal row under
each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i. e. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in each
set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils.

A. Serpentaria, Virerni1a SnakeRoort (used in medicine). Rich woods,
chiefly in Middle States and S.: low downy herb; stems clustered about 1°
high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute ;
flowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the middle and
.at the throat, in summer. *

A. SIphO, Prire-Vine, DutcuMman’s Pipe (from the shape of the curved
calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbors :
very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves
often downy beneath, these becoming 8/-12! broad ; peduncles with a clasping
bract, drooping ; calyx 14! long, inflated above the ovary, narrowing above,
contracted at the throat, the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed :
fi. late spring.

A. tomentosa. Common §S.: amore slender woody climber, with smaller
rounder and very veiny downy leaves, and yellowish flower with an oblique
almost closed brownish orifice, the border reflexed: fi. late spring or summer.

FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY. 283

91. NYCTAGINACE, FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY.

Represented by a few plants with tubular or funnel-form calyx
colored like a corolla, and falling away from a persistent lower
portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 1l-ovuled ovary
and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry covering which would
be mistaken for a true pericarp. Stamens 2-5, the long slender
filaments hypogynous, but apt to adhere somewhat to the sides of
the calyx-tube above. Embryo coiled around some mealy albumen.
(Lessons, p. 15, fig. 36, 87.) | Ours are herbs, with opposite simple
entire or wavy leaves, and jointed stems, tunid at the joints.

1. ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded
by an involucre of about 5 separate bracts. Calyx salver-shaped with a
slender tube, and a corolla-like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud,
the lobes generally notched at the end. Stamens 5 and style included.

2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded by a 5-lobed invo-
lucre, which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and
wheel-shaped after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted
above the ovary, expanding into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like border,
open only for a day. Stamens (mostly 3) and slender style protruding.

ruit (persistent base of calyx) akene-like, strongly-ribbed.

3. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the
cup-shaped 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as
the tubular funnel-shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a
corolla. Stamens 5, and especially the style (tipped with a shield-shaped
stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and nearly even.

1. ABRONIA. (Name from Greek word meaning delicate.) Western
North American herbs, cultivated for ornament: fl. all summer.

A. umbellata, from coast of California, has prostrate slender stems, ovate-
oblong slender petioled leaves, and rose-purple flowers open by day, the invo-
lucre of small bracts.

A. fragrans, from Rocky Mountains, hardy N., has ascending branching
stems, lance-ovate leaves, and white sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset ;
the involucre of conspicuous ovate scarious and whitish bracts.

2. OXYBAPHUS. (Name from a Greek word for a vinegar-saucer, from
the shape of the involucre.) 2f Several species on Western plains : fl. rose-
purple, all summer.

QO. nyctagineus. Rocky or gravelly soil from Wisconsin W. & S.:
smooth or smoothish ; leaves petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse
or heart-shaped at base.

O. Albidus. From North Carolina 8.: often hairy above; leaves sessile
or nearly so, acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit more hairy.

3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O’CLOCK or MARVEL-OF-PERU. (Clu-
sius called it Admirabilis, which Linnzus shortened.) Natives of warm parts
of America: roots very large and fleshy ; leaves more or less heart-shaped,
the lower petioled ; flowers mostly clustered, showy, opening towards sunset
or in cloudy weather, produced all summer. 2

M. Jalapa. Cult. for ornament in many varieties as to flower (red, yellow,
white, or variegated), its tube only 2/ long and thickish, stamens shorter than
its spreading border ; whole plant nearly smooth.

M. longifiora. Less common in cult.; tube of the sweet-scented flower
6! long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves) ; stamens shorter than
its spreading white border.

M. Wrightiana. Texas and cult.: more slender than the last, nearly
smooth, tube of the smaller and more slender faintly fragrant flower 4! long,
the border white tinged with rose ; stamens and style much protruding.

284 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

92. PHYTOLACCACEA, POKEWEED FAMILY.

A small family, represented here only by a single species of the
principal genus,

1. PHYTOLACCA, POKE or POKEWEED. (A mongrel name, of
the Greek word for plant prefixed to the French lac, lake, alluding to the
crimson coloring-matter of the berries.) Calyx of 5 rounded petal-like white
sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of several celle and lobes, bearing as many
short styles, in fruit a depressed juicy berry, containing a ring of vertical
seeds ; these formed on the plan of those of the next family. 2

P. decandra, Common P. or Scoxn, Garcet, &. Coarse smooth
weed of low grounds, with large acrid-poisonous root, stout stems 6/— 9! high,
alternate ovate-oblong leaves on long petioles, and racemes becoming lateral
opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark crimson purple berries in autumn ;
stamens, styles, and seeds 10.

93. CHENOPODIACEZE, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

Represented chiefly by homely herbs, with inconspicuous green-
ish flowers ; the 1-celled ovary has a single ovule and ripens into
an akene or utricle, containing a single seed, usually with embryo
coiled more or less around mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alter-
nate. Plants neither attractive nor easy to students ; only the
cultivated plants and commonest weeds here given.

§1. Cultivated for ornament, twining plant, with white flowers: calyx corolla-like.

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. Flowers in slender spikes from the axils of the leaves,
erfect. Calyx 6-parted, spreading, and with one or two exterior sepals or
racts. Stamens 6, with slender filaments. Style slender: stigmas 8, club-

shaped. Fruit a thin akene, pointed with the persistent style.

§ 2. Cultivated for food, from Eu.: flowers greenish, as is usual in the family.

2. BETA. Flowers perfect, clustered, with 3 bracts and a 5-cleft calyx becoming
indurated in fruit. enclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent.
Stamens 5. Style short: stigmas mostly 2. Seed horizontal.

8. SPINACIA. Flowers dicecious, in axillary close clusters; the staminate ones
racemed or spiked, consisting of a 4-5-lobed calyx and as many stamens.
Pistillate flowers with a tubular calyx which is 2-3-toothed at the apex and
2-3-horned on the sides, hardening and enclosing the akene. Styles 4.
Seed vertical.

§ 8. Weeds of cultivation, or of roadsides, fields, gc. Flowers perfect, bractless.

4. BLITUM. Flowers in close axillary clusters or heads, which are sometimes
confluent into interrupted spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted, becoming fleshy or
berry-like in fruit in the genuine species. Stamens 1-5. Styles or stigmas
2. Seed vertical in the calyx.

5. CHENOPODIUM. Flowers in small clusters collected in spiked or sometimes
open panicles. Calyx mostly 5-cleft, not succulent in fruit. Ovary and
utricle depressed. (Lessons, p. 180, fig. 297.) Styles 2, rarely 8. Seed
horizontal, or in a few species occasionally vertical.

The following also are common species along the coast or near salt-water : —

Atriplex patula, and one or two other species of Oracuz: most like
Spinacia, but scurfy or mealy.

Salicérnia herbacea, and two other species of Guasswort : low, leaf-
fleshy, jointed, branching plants, with the flowers sunken in the fleshy
spikes.

Suéeda maritima, Se, Burs: with branching stems, and small flowers
in the axils of linear nearly terete fleshy leaves.

Salsola Kali, Sattworr: bushy-branching annual, with awl-shaped

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY; 285

rickly pointed leaves, and flesh-colored horizontal wings on the back of the
ruiting calyx, making a circular broad border.

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. (Named for the traveller and agricultural
chemist, Boussingault.)

B. baselloides, of South America: high twining plant, in cultivation her-
baceous, from oblong tubers resembling small potatoes: smooth, with some-
what heart-shaped succulent leaves, and slender racemes of deliciously fragrant
small flowers in autumn. /

2. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz. : —

B. vulgaris, Common Bert, from S. Eu.: cult. in many varieties, with
ovate-oblong smooth often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes purple-tinged ;
flower-clusters spiked ; root conical or spindle-shaped. Maneun Wurtzeu or
Scarcirx-Roor is a mere variety, the root used for feeding cattle. @

83. SPINACIA, SPINACH. (Name from Latin for spine or thorn ; prob-
ably from the horns or projections on the fruiting-calyx which become rather
spiny in one variety.)

S. oleracea, Common Srinacu, cult. from the Orient, as a pot-herb; the
soft-fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. @ @ ;

4. BLITUM, BLITE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb
or of the Amaranth.) Fl. summer.

B. capitatum, Strawzerry Bits, the flower-heads as the fruit matures
becoming bright red and juicy, like strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd-
shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods,
&c. N., sometimes in gardens. @ @

B. Bonus-Henricus, Goop-Kine-Henrys cult. in some old gardens, is
between a Blite and a Goosefoot, being slightly mealy, as in the latter, and the
calyx not fleshy nor fully enclosing the fruit, but the seed is vertical ; leaves
triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; flower-clusters crowded in an interrupted
terminal spike. 2/

5. CHENOPODIUM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in
Greek), PIGWEED, &c. Weeds: fl. late summer and autumn.

§ 1. Either smooth or with scurfy mealiness, insipid, never hairy nor aromatic. @

C. album, Wuire G. or Lams’s-Quartprs; the commonest species in all
cult. ground: pale, more or less mealy, with leaves varying from rhombic-ovate
to lanceolate, either angled-toothed or entire, and flower-clusters in dense pani-
eled spikes. Var. BosciAnum, wild ‘in shady places, mostly S., has loose
branches, obscure mealiness, and smaller loosely clustered flowers.

C. urbicum, in waste grounds, is dull green, scarcely mealy, the triangular
leaves coarsely and sharply many-toothed, flower-clusters in dense panicled
spikes, and seed with rounded margins.

C. hybridum, Marre-reavep G. Waste grounds, unpleasantly scented
like Stramonium, bright green throughout ; the widely branching stem 2° - 4°
high ; the thin large leaves triangular and heart-shaped, sinuate and angled, the
angles extended into a few taper-pointed coarse teeth; racemes in loose and
leafless panicles ; seed sharp-edged.

§ 2. Not mealy or scurfy, but minutely glandular or pubescent, aromatic-scented :

the seed sometimes vertical. G@ @

C. Botrys, Jervusatem Oax or Featner Geranium. Gardens and
some roadsides: low, spreading, almost clammy-pubescent, sweet-scented ;
leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, slender-petioled ; racemes loosely corymbed. ;

C. ambrosioides, Mexican Tea, Wormseep. Waste grounds, especi-\,
ally S.: rather stout, smoothish, strong-scented ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
varying from entire to cut-pinnatifid, nearly sessile ; spikes dense, leafy or leaf-
less. ‘This, especially the more cut-leayed var. ANTHELMiNTICUM, is used as a
vermifuge, and yields the wormseed-oil.

286 AMARANTH FAMILY.

94, AMARANTACEA, AMARANTH FAMILY.

Weeds and some ornamental plants, chiefly herbs, essentially like
the foregoing family, but the flowers provided with dry and mostly
scarious crowded persistent bracts, and the fruit sometimes several-
seeded. The cultivated sorts are ornamental, like Immortelles, on
account of their colored dry bracts which do not wither.

§ 1. Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled: anthers 2-celled.

1. AMARANTUS. Flowers monecious or polygamous, each with 3 bracts.
Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, smooth. Stamens 5, some-
times 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 8. Ovule solitary, on a stalk from the base of the
ovary. Fruit an utricle, pa a ae at apex, usually opening all round
transversely, the upper part falling off as a lid (Lessons, Le 130, fig. 298),
discharging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters.

2. CELOSIA. Flowers perfect. Ovules and seeds numerous. Otherwise nearly
as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining colored
bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests.

§ 2. Leaves opposite: anthers 2-celled.

8. GOMPHRENA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round heads, crowded
with the firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Stamens 5,
monadelphous below: filaments broad, 3-cleft at summit, the middle lobe
bearing a 1-celled anther (Lessons, p. 114, fig. 239). Utricle 1-seeded.

Achyranthes or Iresine Verschafféltii is lately cult. for its red
foliage, a poor substitute for Coleus, except in shade, where it has clear red
stems, its ovate or roundish opposite leaves strongly veined or blotched with red,
or wholly crimson.

Iresine celosioides, a wild tall weed, with opposite leaves, and panicles
of small white-woolly flowers, is common 8. W.

Acnida cann4bina, in salt-marshes along the coast, is a tall annual, like
an Amaranth, but dicecious, bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indehiscent
fruit 3 - 5-angled and crested.

1. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for unfading.) Coarse
weeds of cult. and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated for ornament:
fl. late summer. Bracts commonly awn-pointed. @

§ 1. Rep AMARANTHS, the flower-clusters or the leaves tinged with red or purple.

A. caudatus, Princes’ Featuer. Cult. from India: tall, stout ; leaves
ovate, bright green ; spikes red, naked, long and slender, in a drooping panicle,
the terminal one forming a very long tail.

A. hypochondriacus. © Cult. from Mexico, &c.: stout; leaves oblong,
often reddish-tinged ; flower-clusters deep crimson-purple, short and thick, the
upper making an interrupted blunt spike.

A. paniculatus. Coarse weed in gardens: the oblong-ovate or lance-
oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple; flowers in rather slender
purplish-tinged spikes collected in an erect terminal panicle.

A. melanchdlicus, Love-t1es-BLeEpINeG. Cult. from China or India:
rather low ; stems and stalks red; the ovate thin leaves dark purple or partly
green ; or, in var. TRICOLOR, greenish with red or violet and yellow variously
mixed ; sepals and stamens only 3.

§ 2..GreEN AMARANTHS, or PigwEeEDs, flowers and leaves green or greenish.

A. retrofiéxus, Common Pigweep: erect, roughish-pubescent or smooth-
er; spikes crowded in a stiff a the awn-pointed bracts rigid.

A. spindsus, Tuorny A. Waste ground, chiefly 8.: dull green leaves
with a pair of spines in their axils; flowers small, yellowish-green, in round
axillary clusters and in a long terminal spike.

A. albus. Roadsides and streets, spreading over the ground ; with obovate
and spatulate leaves, flowers all in small clusters in their axils and covered by
rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; sepals 3; stamens 2 or 3,

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 287

2. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Name in Greek means dried, alluding to
the scarious bracts.) FJ. summer. @ : :
C. cristata, Common C. of the gardens, from India, in various usually
monstrous forms, the showy flower-crests crimson-red, sometimes rose-colored,
yellow, or white.

8. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Fl. summer.

G. globosa, Grose Amaranta or Bacuetor’s-BuTton. Cult. from
India : low, branching, pubescent, with oblong nearly sessile leaves, and dense
round heads crimson, rose-color, or white.

95. POLYGONACEA, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the form
of scarious or membranous sheaths at the strongly marked usually
tumid joints of the stem. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedi-
cels, with green or colored 4—6-parted usually persistent or wither-
ing calyx, 4-9 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary
with a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, p. 122, fig. 268),
forming an akene or nutlet. Embryo mostly on the outside of
mealy albumen, the radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit.

Er1dconum differs in having no obvious stipules, and the
flowers from a cup-shaped involucre. ‘There are a few species
of the genus S. and 8. W., and many near and beyond the Rocky
Mountains.

§ 1. Calyx of 5, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering.

1. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves.
Akene either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there
are 8. Embryo curved round one side of the albumen: cotyledons narrow.

2. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an
embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the
very frond leaf-like cotyledons. The triangular akene longer than the calyx,

§ 2. Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts: styles 3. .

8. RHEUM. Sepals all similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the
8-winged fruit. Stigmas eee or i ae ies Stamens 9.

4. RUMEX. Sepals of 2 sorts; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spread-.
ing; the alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering,
becoming veiny and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and
convergent over the 3-angled akene. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6.

1. POLYGONUM, KNOTWEED, JOINTWEED. (Thenamein Greek
means many-jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the
following are the commonest: fl. late summer and autumn.

§ 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the axils of the almost sessile linear or
oblong leaves, small, greenish-white : sheaths scarious, usually cleft or torn
and fringed. @

P. aviculare, Knot-crass, Goosr-crass, or DoorwEEp. Prostrate
or spreading and variable low weed, with pale lanceolate or oblong leaves,
commonly 5 stamens, and dull 3-sided akene enclosed in the calyx. Var.
ERécTUM, has more upright stems, and larger oblong or oval leaves.

P. ramosissimum. Chiefly W. in sandy soil: with nearly erect much-
branched and rigid striate stems 2°-4° high ; lanceoiate or linear leaves taper-
ing into a petiole, and a giossy akene; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else
sepals 5 with 4 or 5 stamens.

288 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

P. ténue. Rocky dry soil: slender, upright, with thread-like branches,
along which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear,
acute ; akene shining.

§ 2. Flowers collected in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-purple or flesh-
color, or rarely white or greenish.

* Leaves small and thread-like or at length none: the sheaths truncate, naked, rigid:
many-jointed raceme with a single flower under each bract.

P. articulatum. Sandy shores and barrens : a slender little plant, bushy-
branching, 4/-12! high ; flowers rose-colored, nodding ; stamens 8; akene
triangular. @

%* * Leaves ovate, short-petioled: sheaths cylindrical, fringed-hairy: greenish

flowers 1-3 from each bract of the long and slender spikes, unequally 4-
parted ; the 2 styles reflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the tip.

P. Virginianum. Thickets: 2°-4° high, nearly smooth ; leaves rough-
ciliate, 3'- 6’ long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5.

# * * Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly petioled: sheaths cylindrical :
flowers several from each bract of the spike, 5-parted.

+ Sheaths mostly with an abruptly spreading foliaceous border (which sometimes
falls off): tall, 3° — 8° high, with dense cylindrical nodding spikes of rose-
colored flowers, and flat akenes.

P. orientale, Princes’ Fearuer. Gardens and cultivated grounds, from

India: with large ovate pointed leaves, and 7 stamens.

P. Careyi. Swamps from Pennsylvania N. & E.: with lanceolate leaves,

glandular bristly peduncles, and 5 stamens.

++ Sheaths truncate, without a border.
++ Herbage and flowers not acrid nor punctate with pellucid glands or dots.
= In moist soil : leaves lanceolate : plants nearly smooth. @

P. incarnatum. Tall, 3°-6° high; leaves tapering from near the base
to a narrow point (4’—12! long) ; sheaths smooth and naked ; peduncles rough
with scattered sessile glands ; spikes linear, nodding ; flowers flesh-color or pale
rose ; the 6 stamens and 2 styles included ; akene flat with concave sides.

P. Pennsylvanicum. Stems 1°-3° high, the branches above and pe-
duncles bristly with stalked glands ; sheaths naked ; spikes oblong, thick and
blunt, erect ; flowers rose-purple ; stamens 8, a little protruding ; style 2-cleft ;
akene with flat sides.

P. Persicaria, Lapy’s Tuums. Nat. from Eu. near dwellings, about
1° high: upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle; sheaths
somewhat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, erect, on naked peduncles;
flowers greenish-purple; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3-cleft; akene either
flattish or triangular.

= = In water : stems rooting below. 2

P. amphibium. Water P. Chiefly N.: stems often simple bearing a
single ovate or oblong dense spike or head of pretty large and showy rose-red
flowers ; leaves oblong, heart-oblong, lance-ovate or lanceolate, mostly long-
petioled, often floating ; sheaths not fringed ; stamens 5; style 2-cleft.

P. hydropiperoides. Commonest §.: stems slender, rising out of
shallow water 1°-3° high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or Jance-oblong ; sheaths
hairy and fringed with long bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; flowers small, pale
or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft; akene sharply triangular.

++ ++ Herbage (smooth) pungently acrid: leaves and pale sepals marked with
pellucid dots or glands, in which the acrid quality resides : sheaths fringed
with bristles,

P. acre, Warer Smartweep. Shallow water or wet soil : stems rooting
at the decumbent base, rising 2°-4° high; leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-
pointed ; spikes slender, erect ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8;
akene sharply triangular, shining. 2

s

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 289

P. Hydrépiper, Common S. or Water Perrer. Low or wet grounds
N.: 1°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; spikes nodding, mostly short;
flowers greenish-white ; stamens 6; akene either flat or obtusely triangular. @

% %* * % Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled : sheaths half-cylindrical.

+ TEaR-THUMB. Stems with spreading branches, the angles and petioles armed
with sharp reflexed prickles, by which the plant is enubled almost to climb:
flowers in peduncled heads or short racemes, white or flesh-color. @

P. arifolium. Low grounds: leaves halberd-shaped, long-petioled ; the
peduncles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2; akene lenticular.

P. sagittatum. Low grounds: leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; the
peduncles naked; stamens mostly 8; styles 3; akene sharply 5-angled.

+ + Brack Binpweep. Stems twining, not prickly: flowers whitish, in loose
panicled racemes : three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx keeled or
crested, at least in fruit: stamens 8: styles 3: akenes triangular.

P. Convélvulus. Low twining or spreading weed from En., in culti-
vated fields, &c.: smoothish, with heart-shaped and almost halberd-shaped
leaves, and very small flowers. @

P. cilindde. Rocky shady places: tall-twining, rather downy, a ring of
Joe bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shaped ; outer sepals hardly

eeled.

P. dumetorum, Cuisine Fatse Buckwueart. Moist thickets: tall-
twining, smooth; joints naked; leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd-
shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly

winged. 2

2. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the
Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech-wheat, the
grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult. from N. Asia, for the flour
of its grain: fl. summer. @

F. esculéntum, Common B. Nearly smooth; leaves triangular-heart-
shaped inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long-petioles ; sheaths
half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so in corymbose panicles ; stamens 8,
with as many honey-bearing glands interposed; styles 3; acutely triangular
akene large.

F. tartaricum, Tartary or Inpran Wueat. Cult. for flour on our
N. E. frontiers and N.: like the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with
yellowish ; grain half the size, with its less acute angles wavy.

3. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Name said to come from the Greck, and to
refer to the purgative properties of the root; that of several species, of N.
Asia, yield officinal rhuburb.) 2

R. Rhapénticum, Garven R. or Pre-piant ; the large fleshy stalks of
the ample rounded leaves, filled with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as
a substitute for fruit ; flowers white, in late spring.

4, RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three enlarged
sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, in whorls
on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted spikes.

§1. Dock. Herbage bitter: flowers perfect or partly monecious, in summer.

* In marshes : stem erect, stout : leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, flat, not wavy :
valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the first species. 2

R. orbiculatus, Great Warer Dock. Common N.: 5°-6° high;
leaves often 1°-2° long; flowers nodding on slender pedicels; the valves
round-ovate or almost orbicular, thin, finely reticulated, nearly 4! wide, each
bearing a grain. :

R. Britannica, Pate D. Commoner §.: 2°-6° high; pedicels nodding,
shorter than the fruiting calyx, which has broadly ovate loosely reticulated
valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root yellow.

19

290 LAUREL FAMILY.

R. salicifolius, Wurre D. Salt marshes: 1°-8° high; pedicels much
shorter than the fruiting calyx and in much-crowded whorls, forming a spike ;
valves more triangular than in the foregoing and smaller, their grain very
large ; root white.

R. verticillatus, Swame D. Common N.: 3°—5° high; whorls loose ;
fruit-bearing pedicels slender and club-shaped, abruptly reflexed ; valves some-
what rhombic and with narrow blunt apex, each bearing a very large grain ;
leaves thickish, the lowest often heart-shaped at base.

* & Weeds nat. from Europe in cult. or waste ground : stem erect, 2°~4° high:

lower leaves or some of them heart-shaped at base, all more or less wavy :
root commonly ycliow und spindle-shaped. 2

R. ecrispus, Curtep D. Leaves green, lanceolate, very wavy-curled, the
lower rather truncate than heart-shaped at base; whorls crowded in long
racemes ; valves rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire ; mostly grain-bearing.

R. sanguineus, Bioopy-vernep or Rep D. Leaves less curled and
red-veined, lanceolate or oblong; whorls distant ; pedicels very short ; valves
narrowly oblong, one or more grain-bearing.

R. obtusifolius, Brrrer D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance-oblong
and acute, lower oblong-heart-shaped and obtuse; whorls loose and distant ;
valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, beset with some long sharp teeth near the
base, usually only one grain-bearing.

# % % Sandy sea-shore and river-banks N.: 5'-12! high, spreading. @

R. maritimus. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined,
the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls much crowded into leafy
spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering point, turning orange-colored, a
large grain on the back and 2 or 3 long stout bristles on each margin.

§ 2. Sorrets. Herhage acid: some leaves halberd-shaped, others with entire

narrowed base: flowers dicecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : valves
naked : fl. spring and summer. 2

R. Acetosélla, Common or Saeer Sorrer. Low weed in all sterile
fields ; leaves lance-oblong or halberd-shaped, the lobes or auricles narrow ; pedi-
cels jointed with the flower ; ovate valves hardly enlarging in fruit.

R. Engelmanni, only S. & W., differs in pedicels jointed near the mid-
dle, and thin rounded heart-shaped valves becoming many times larger than
the akene.

96. LAURACEA, LAUREL FAMILY.

Spicy-aromatic trees or shrubs, the alternate simple leaves (with
entire margins but sometimes lobed) more or less marked with
minute pellucid dots; the regular flowers with a calyx of 4 or 6
sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud, and free from the
ovary; the latter is terminated by a simple style and stigma, is
1-celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit becomes a berry or
drupe. ‘The stamens (in ours 9) furnish a special character, their
anthers opening by uplifted valves! To this family belong the
classical Laurel.or Bay, the Cinnamon, the Camphor-tree, &c.

«* Flowers perfect, in axillary panicles.

1. PERSEA. Calyx 6-parted, persistent at the base of the berry. Stamens 9
with anthers, the 3 outer of which are turned outwards, the 6 others inward;
also 8 glands or sterile filaments forming an innermost row. The two proper
cells of the anther with a lower and an upper chamber, making 4 compart-
ments, each opening by a valve in the manner of a trap-door.

%* * Flowers wholly or nearly diecious, greenish-yellow, leaves deciduous.

2. SASSAFRAS. Flowers in an open corymbed and peduncled cluster, with
spreading 6-parted calyx: sterile ones with 9 stamens in 8 rows, the filaments

of the three inner with a pair of yellow stalked glands on theirbase. Anthers.

with 4 chambers as in the preceding. Fertile flowers with 6 rudiments of
stamens and an ovoid ovary, becoming a drupe.

*

MEZERUM FAMILY. 291

8. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow
calyx: sterile ones with 9 stamens having simply 2-celled and 2-valved
anthers; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fertile flowers
with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens.
Berry red, oval; the stalk not thickened.

4. TETRANT HERA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with 6-parted
deciduous calyx: sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers tured in-
wards, the 2 cells with 2 chambers, each opening by a valve, as in Sassafras.
Fertile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of
stamens, and becoming a globular drupe or berry.

1. PERSEA, RED BAY. (Ancient of some Oriental tree.) Leaves ever-
green: flowers greenish-white, in summer.

P. Carolinénsis, Carotina Rep Bay. Tree or large shrub, in low
grounds, from Delaware S.: hoary when young, the oblong leaves soon smooth
above ; berries blue on a red stalk.

2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.)

S. officinale, Sassarras. In rich woods: a fine tree with mucilaginous
yellowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the
leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when old;
fruit blue on a club-shaped rather fleshy stalk.

38. LINDERA SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSH.
(Named for J. Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Genus also named Brenzorn.
Shrubs : fl. in spring, preceding the leaves.

L. Benzdin, Common S. or Bensamin-nusH. Damp woods: 6°-15°
high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3/— 5! long.
' I. melisseefolia. Wet grounds S.: 2°-3° high, silky-pubescent; leaves
oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at base, 1/—2/ long, when old smooth
above.

4. TETRANTHERA. (Name in Greek means four anthers, alluding to
the 4 chambers to each anther.)

T. geniculata, Ponp Spice. Along ponds in pine-barrens from Virginia
§.: large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and divergent or zigzag branches,
rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (3'—1/ long), appearing later than the
flowers in spring ; these in little crowded clusters of 2-4 from 2 -4-leaved in-
volucres ; fruit red, globular.

97. THYMELEACEA, MEZERUM FAMILY.

Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers, having a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing twice as
many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers of the ordinary
sort; the free ovary one-celled, with a single hanging ovule, becom-
ing a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly in umbel-like clusters.

1. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped; the 4 lobes
spreading, the 8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, included. Style very short
or none: stigma capitate.

2. DIRCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate
border sometimes obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The 8 stamens and the style
long and slender, protruding.

1. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo
into a Laurel.) The following cult. for ornament from the Old World.

D. Mezéreum, Mezzerevum. Hardy low shrub from Europe, 1° - 3° high,
with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of
the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate very smooth green
leaves ; berries red.

292 SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

D. Cneorum. Hardy under-shrub from Eu., spreading and branching,
with crowded lance-oblong or oblanceolate evergreen leaves (less than'1/ ign
and a terminal cluster of handsome rose-pink flowers in spring.

D. odora, Swerr Daruyz. Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright
green lance-oblong evergreen leaves, and terminal clusters of white or pale pink
sweet-scented flowers, in winter.

2. DIRCA, LEATHERWOOD, MOOSE-WOOD. (Classical Greek
name of a celebrated fountain.)

D. palustris, the only species, in damp woods chiefly N.: shrub 2°-6°
high, with tender white wood, but very tough bark, used by the Indians for
thongs (whence the popular names), the numerous branches as if jointed ; leaves
obovate or oval, alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous ; flowers before the leaves
in earliest spring, honey-yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dark-hairy
scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish.

,

98. ELHAGNACEA, OLEASTER FAMILY.

Silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, having often dicecious
inconspicuous flowers, the calyx-tube of the fertile ones itself
enclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort of
berry, around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is erect.
Otherwise much like the preceding family.

Shephérdia Canadénsis, a low shrub along our northern borders, with
opposite oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and with some rusty scurf
beneath, dicecious 4-parted flowers, and yellow berries.

S. argéntea, Burrato-Berry, shrub through the plains and mountains
far W. and N. W., and planted for ornament, has alternate oblong leaves with
narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red berries.

Eleagnus argéntea, Sirver-Berry of the far West, also cult., with
oval silvery leaves and mealy edible berries ; the genus known by the mostly
perfect flowers with salver-shaped calyx, the stamens only as many as the lobes,
usually 4. — One or two Old World species are occasionally planted.

99. SANTALACEA, SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

Represented by one or two shrubs along the Alleghanies S., one
of them the PyrRULARIA OLEIFERA, the O1L-nuT or BurraLo-Nnut,
—and widely by a low herb, viz.

1. Comandra umbellata. Dry ground, common N.: probably para-
‘sitic on the roots of shrubs. Known by the 5 stamens with their anthers
connected with the face of the white calyx-lobes behind them by a tuft of thread-
like hairs (to which the name, from the Greck, alludes) ; tube of the calyx
coherent below with the ovary, becoming a hard or nut-like fruit, filled by a
globular seed. Stems 6/-10! high, with many small oblong pale leaves.

100. LORANTHACEA:, MISTLETOE FAMILY.

Parasitic on the branches of trees, represented only, through the
Middle and Southern States, by

Phoradéndron flavéscens, American Mistieroe ; with obovate or
oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and short yellowi-h jointed
spikes in their axils, of dicecious greenish flowers, the fertile ones rivening white
berries.

SPURGE FAMILY. 293

101. SAURURACEZ, LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY.

A very small family, having a single Eastern North American
representative in

Saurtrus cérnuus, Lizarp’s-rart. Wet swamps: fl. summer; stem
jointed, 2° high, branching; leaves heart-shaped, with converging ribs, petioled ;
flowers white, crowded in a dense but slender tail-like spike, with the end
nodding, perfect, but with neither calyx nor corolla; stamens 6 or 7, with long
age white filaments ; pistils 3 or 4, slightly united at base. (Lessons, p. 90,

ig. 180.)

102. EUPHORBIACE, SPURGE FAMILY.

Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and moneecious or dicecious
flowers, of very various structure; the ovary and fruit commonly
3-celled and with single or at most a pair of hanging ovules and
seeds in each cell.

§ 1. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

* Flowers both staminate and pistillate really destitute both of calyx and corolla: a
pistillate and numerous staminate surrounded by a cup-like involucre which
imitates a calyx, so that the whole would be taken for one perfect flowér.

1. EUPHORBIA. For the structure of the genus, which is recondite, see Manual,

. and Structural Botany, fig. 1148. These plants may be known, mostly, by
having the 8-lobed ovary raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk, its 3
short styles each 2-cleft, making 6 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into
the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, discharging the seed. hat
seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really a staminate flower, in
the axil of.a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel, the joint
being the junction. .

* * Flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyx.

2. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few
fertile flowers at base. Calyx 2-—38-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Pod 3-lobed.
Stigmas 3, simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alter-
nate, ru elate:

8. ACALYPHA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate above
fertile at base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of
sterile flowers 4-parted, of fertile 3-5-parted. Stamens 8-16, short, mona-
delphous at base; the 2 cells of the anther long and hanging. Styles 3,
cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod of 8 (rarely 2 or 1) lobes or cells.
Fertile flower-clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut-lobed bract. Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, with stipules, serrate. ‘

4, RICIN ds. Flowers in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate
below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very many, in several bundles. . Styles 3,
united at base, each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.

6. JATROPHA. Flowers in cymes or panicles; the fertile in the main forks.
Calyx colored like a corolla, in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and
5-lobed, enclosing 10-30 stamens, somewhat monadelphous in two or more
ranks; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 3, united below, once or twice forked
at the apex. Pod 8-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, with
stipules.

§ 2. Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of the ovary and 3-horned pod. Juice not
milky in the following: which have monecious ‘flowers, 4 sepals, 4 exserted
stamens in the sterile, and 3 awl-shaped spreading or recurved styles or stigmas
in the fertile flowers.

6. BUXUS. Flowers in small sessile bracted clusters in the axils of the thick
and evergreen entire opposite leaves. Shrubs or trees.

7. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers in naked lateral spikes, staminate above, a few
fertile flowers at base. Filaments long; thickish and flat, white. Nearly
herbaceous, low, tufted: leaves barely evergreen, alternate, coarsely: few-
toothed.

294 SPURGE FAMILY.

1. EUPHORBIA, SPURGE. (Said to be named for Euphorbus, physician
to King Juba.) Flowers commonly in late summer.
§ 1. Shrubby species of the conservatory, winter-flowering, with red bracts or leaves,

E. pulchérrima, or Poinsettia, of Mexico: unarmed stout shrub, with
ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather downy beneath,
those next the flowers mostly entire (4/-5/ long) and of the brightest vermilion-
red ; flowers in globular greenish involucres bearing a great yellow gland at the
top on one side.

E. spléndens, of the Mauritius : smooth with thick and horridly prickly
stems, oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender clammy pone bearing
a cyme of several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals
are bracts around the cup-like involucre of the real flowers.

E. falgens, or sacquin1#FLORa, of Mexico: unarmed, smooth, with slen-
der recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, few-flowered ; peduncles
shorter than the petioles, what appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red
lobes of the involucre.

§ 2. Herbs natives of or naturalized in the country, the first and last and some-
times a few of the others cult. in gardens: fl. late summer.

* The leaves which are crowded next the flower-cups or involucres have their mar-
gins or a part of the base colored (white or red) : stem erect, 19- 8° high, @

E. marginata. Wild on the plains W. of the Mississippi, and cult. for
ornament : leaves pale, ovate or oval, sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in
threes or pairs and broadly white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like
appendages behind as many saucer-shaped glands.

. heterophylla. Rocky banks S. W.: smooth; leaves alternate, ovate
and sinuate-toothed, or dddleshaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and
entire ; the upper with red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower-cup and
only 1 or 2 sessile glands.

E. dentata. Rich soil from Penn. S. W.: hairy, only the lower leaves
alternate, the upper laren varying from ovate to linear, uppermost paler or
whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower-cup short-stalked.

* * The leaves none of them colored: but the flower-cup with 5 bright-white con-

spicuous appendages, imitating a 5-cleft corolla. 2

E. corollata. Gravelly or sandy soil, from New York S. & W.: 2°-8°
high ; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alternate, upper
whorled and opposite ; flower-cups umbelled, long-stalked.

x * * Leaves all alike and opposite, green, or with a brown-red spot, short-petioled,
with scaly or fringed-cut stipules : stems low-spreading or prostrate, repeat-
edly forked: a small flower-cup in each fork, bearing 4 glands, each bor-
dered with a more or less petal-like white or reddish margin or appendage.
Of these there are several specics, insignificant weeds ; these two are the
commonest everywhere in sandy or gravelly open places.

E. maculata. Prostrate; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at base, ser-
rulate above, blotched in the centre ; pods sharp-angled, very small.

E. hypericifolia. Ascending 10/~-20' high; leaves ovate-oblong or
linear-oblong, serrate, often with red spot or margins; pod blunt-angled; seeds
wrinkled.

* * * * Leaves without stipules, none with colored margins or spots: the. flower-
cups also green or greenish, umbelled, their glands wholly destitute of any
petal-like appendage. :

+ Leaves of the commonly erect stem alternate or scattered : those of the umbel-lile
inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape, usually roundish :
glands of the flower-cup mostly 4. eeds or weed-like.

++ Glands of the flower-cup transversely oval and obtuse. @)

E. platyphylla. Nat. from Europe N.: upper stem-leaves lance-oblong,
acute, minutely serrulate ; uppermost heart-shaped ; floral ones triangu!ar-ovate
and heart-shaped ; umbel 5-rayed; glands large and sessile; pod beset with
depressed warts ; seed smooth.

SPURGE FAMILY. 295

‘E. obtusata. Native W. & S.: like preceding, but taller, 1°-2° high;
stem-leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, the upper heart-shaped; floral ones
dilated-ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of flower-cup
short-stalked ; pods long-warty.

E. dictyospérma. Open ground 8. W. Resembles the preceding, but
slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds delicately
reticulated.

E. Helioscopia. Weed from Europe in waste places N.: with stouter
ascending stems 6/—12! high; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched at the
end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, then 3, and at
length with 2 rays; glands orbicular and stalked; pods smooth and even ;
seeds with honeycomb-like surface.

++ ++ Glands of the flower-cup with 2 long horns: pod smooth: seeds sculptured
or pitted and pale. @ ®

E. Péplus. Waste places, from Eu. : stem erect; leaves petioled, entire,
round-obovate, the upper Horal ones ovate; umbel first 3-rayed, afterwards
2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe.

E. commutata. Wild from Wisconsin and Virginia S. W., on shady
slopes: stems with decumbent base; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, the
rounded floral ones broader than long; umbel 3-forked; pod crestless: fl. early
summer.

++ ++ ++ Glands crescent-shaped : pod granular : seeds smooth, dark-colored.

E. Cyparissias, Crrress Spurce. Gardens from Eu. and running
wild E.: in dense clusters 6/—10/ high, smooth; stem and branches crowded
with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded heart-shaped ;
umbel many-rayed.

+ + Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile : pod smooth.

E. Ipecacuaénhe, Ipecac Srures. Sandy soil from New York S.:
branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely spreading ;
leaves barely 1/ long, varying from obovate to linear ; peduncles solitary in the
forks, slender ; flower-cup dull purple, with 5 glands. 2/

E. Lathyris, Carer Spurce. Cult. from Eu. in country gardens: glau-
cous ; stem erect, stout, 2°-3° high; leaves thick; those of the stem lance-
linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking ;
glands short-horned. @

2. STILLINGIA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth plants,
only S.: flowering all summer.

S. sylvatica, Quzrn’s Deticut. Dry soil from Virginia S.: herb 1°-
8° high, clustered from a woody root; leaves crowded, almost sessile, varying
from obovate to lance-lin¢ar, serrulate ; stamens 2.

S. ligustrina. River-swamps from N. Carolina S.: shrub 6° - 12° high;
leaves lance-obovate or oblong, entire ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3.

8S. sebifera, Tartow-TREE of China, planted South Carolina & S.: tree
20° — 40° high ; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, long-petioled ; stamens 2; seeds
white, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax.

3. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Flowering through
lat: summeér and autumn.

A. Virginica. A most common, coarse, low weed in fields, &¢: smoothish
or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate to linear, fertile
flowers in short clusters ; pod and seed smoothish. @

A. Caroliniana. Cult. ground, chiefly 8.: has thin heart-shaped closely
serrate leaves, mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles,
and seeds rough-wrinkled. @

4. RICINUS, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. (Latin
name of a bug, which the seed resembles.)

R. communis, the only species, but of many varieties, native probably of
Africa: a sort of tree, but cult. in temperate climates as a stately annual, for its

296 NETTLE FAMILY.

seeds, from which castor-oil is expressed, and in ornamental grounds for its
magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 7-11-cleft leaves 1° — 2° broad,
or even more: fl. late summer.

5. JATROPHA. (Derivation of name obscure.) Chiefly tropical plants;
one is a weedy plant wild S., viz.

J. trens, var. stimuldsa (or J. stimuLosa), TREAD-Sorriy or Spurce-
NErTT_e, names referring to its stinging bristly hairs, which are like those of
Nettles: dry sandy soil, branching, 6’-12' high; leaves rounded heart-shaped,
3-5-lobed or variously cleft or parted; flowers slender, white; stamens 10,
their filaments almost separate. 2/

6. BUXUS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the Box-tree.)

B. sempérvirens, Trer Box, and its more common var. wana, the
DwarrF Box, with much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, are planted
North chiefly for borders, especially the Dwarf Box.

7. PACHYSANDRA. (The name in Greek means thick stamens.) 2

P. procumbens. Rocky woods, W. slope of the Alleghanies, and in some
gardens ; developing its copious spikes from the base of the short procumbent
densely tufted stems, in early spring.

1038. URTICACEA, NETTLE FAMILY.

This family, taken in the largest sense, includes very various
apetalous plants, with moncecious or dicecious flowers (except in
the Elm Family), having a distinct calyx free from the 1-seeded
fruit. Inner bark generally tough. Leaves with stipules, which
are sometimes early deciduous. There are four suborders.

I. ELM FAMILY. Trees, the juice not milky. Leaves
alternate, 2-ranked, simple: stipules small and falling early.
Flowers moneeciously polygamous, many of them perfect, with
the filaments not inflexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or
long stigmas. Ovary 1 -2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules,
in fruit always 1-celled and 1-seeded.

* Fruit dry, winged or nut-like. Anthers turned outwards.

1, ULMUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Starsens 4-9: filaments long and
slender. Ovary mostly 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled thin samara or key-
fruit winged all round (Lessons, p. 181, fig. 301). Flowers in clusters in
axils of last year’s leaves, in early spring, before the leaves of the season,

urplish or yellowish-green. Leaves straight-veined, serrate.

2. PLANERA. Like Elm, but flowers more polygatnous, appearing with the
leaves in small axillary clusters; the lobes of the calyx and stamens only 4
or 5; the 1-celled 1-ovuled cvary forming a wingless nut-like fruit.

* « Fruit a berry-like globular small drupe. Anthers turned inward.

8. CELTIS. Calyx 5—6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5 or 6. Stigmas very long,
tapering. Ovary and drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers greenish, in the
axils of the leaves; the lower ones mostly staminate and clustered, the upper
fertile and mostly solitary on a slender peduncle.

Il. FIG FAMILY. Trees with milky or colored acrid or
poisonons juice. Leaves alternate. Flowers strictly moncecious or
dicecious. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.

§ 1. Flowers of both kinds mized, lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle, or

hollow flower-stalk, which ripens into what seems to be a ‘sort of berry.

4. FICUS. Receptacle in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil of
the leaves. Akene seed-like. Stipules large, successively enveloping the
young leaves in the bud, falling off as the lesves axnend.

NETTLE FAMILY. 297

§ 2. Flowers of the two kinds mostly mange the fertile crowded in catkin-like
spikes or heads, which become fleshy in fruit: filaments inflered in the bud,
spreading elastically when the calyx expands.

5. MORUS._ Flowers usually moneecious, both sorts in catkin-like spikes. Calyx
4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an oval or oblong
multiple pulpy fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp consists of the
calyx, bracts, &c. of the flowers, each enclosing a small akene.

6. BROUSSONETIA. Flowers dicecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, and
like those of Mulberry; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly
scales, their calyx urn-shaped and 3—4-toothed, out of which the ripened
ovary protrudes and forms a club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single.

7. MACLURA. Flowe’s dicecious; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those
of Mulberry; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx
of 4 unequal sepals, in fruit enclosing the small akene: the whole head
ee into a fleshy yellow mass, resembling an orange with a roughish
surface.

III. NETTLE FAMILY proper. Herbs, as to our wild
species, with bland watery juice and tough fibrous bark: many are
armed with stinging hairs. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, green-
ish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and inflexed in the bud,
straightening elastically when the calyx opens. Fruit an akene:
style or stigma one and simple. — All ours worthy of notice belong
to the three following genera.

8. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters; the calyx in
both sorts of 4 separate sepals. Hlaraens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft.
Akene flat, ovate, straight and erect, enclosed between the larger pair of
sepals. Herbage beset with stinging hairs: leaves opposite.

9. LAPORTEA. Flowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and
lower sterile; the latter with 5 sepals and stamens; the latter of 4 ver:
unequal sepals, the two outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl-
shaped, hairy down one side, persistent on the ovate flat very oblique and
nearly naked akene, which is soon reflexed on its wing-margined pedicel.
Herbage beset with stings: leaves large, alternate.

10. B@HMERIA. Flowers either dicecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes; the
sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely
toothed at the apex, enclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat
akene. No stings.

IV. HEMP FAMILY. Rough herbs, with watery juice and
tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and palmately lobed
or compound. Flowers dicecious, greenish ; the sterile in axillary
loose compound racemes or panicles, the fertile in close clusters or
catkins : calyx of the former with 5 sepals, of the latter one scale-
like sepal embracing the ovary and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles
two, long.

11. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular
spiked clusters. Leaves of 6-7 lanceolate irregularly toothed leaflets.
12. HUMULUS. Tall-twining. Stamens erect. Fertile flowers in solitary short

catkins or spikes, 2 flowers under each of the broad thin bracts which make
the scales of the strobile or hop-fruit.

1. ULMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) ‘Fine trees in deep,
mostly moist or alluvial soil. Fl. early spring; fruit in early summer.

§ 1. Leaves rough and harsh on the upper, soft and usually downy on the lower
surface: seed in the middle of the orbicwlar or round-oval fruit, far away
Jrom the shallow notch : flower-clusters globular : pedicels very short.

U. falva, Strerery Erm. Common, rather small tree through the coun-
try, with tough reddish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and

298 NETTLE FAMILY.

rusty-downy buds ; leaves 4’ 8! long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; these
and the flowers sweet:scented in drying; calyx-lobes and stamens 7—9; fruit
much less than 1’ long, the seed-bearing centre pubescent.

U. montana, Wrcu or Scorcu Erm. Planted from Eu. : leaves smaller
and less rough; buds not downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens about 5 ; fruits 1/
long, smooth.

*§ 2. Leaves smooth above, smaller: notch at the summit of the fruit reaching nearly
to the seed-bearing cell: fruit only about 3! long.
% European species occasionally planted: flowers in close clusters: pedicels very
short or hardly any: stamens 4 or 5: fruit smooth, round-obovate.
U. campéstris (or cLanra), Enexisu Exim. Large tree with rather short
horizontal or ascending branches ; leaves 2/—4! long, mostly or soon smooth.
U. suberosa, Evrorean Corx-Extm. Probably a mere variety of the
preceding, with thick plates of cork on the branches.

* * Wild species, with the flowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed
above the middle: fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin
downy-ciliate ut least when young.

U. Americana, American or WuiTe Exim. Well known large tree,
with long ascending branches gradually spreading, drooping slender branchlets,
which are smooth as well as the buds, not corky; the abruptly pointed leaves
2'-4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7-9 calyx-lobes and stamens ;
fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points closing the notch.

U. racemosa, Corky Wuite Exim. Resembles the foregoing, but with
downy-ciliate bud-scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlets some-
what pubescent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers racemed.

U. alata, WHauoo or Wincep Exvm. Virginia to Ill. and S.: small
tree, with bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates of cork on
the branches, and small thickish leaves (1’- 2’ long) almost sessile.

2. PLANERA, PLANER-TREE. (Named for I. J. Planer, a German
Botanist.) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring.

P. aquatica, American P. River swamps, from Kentucky S.: small
tree, leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular
warts or crests.

8. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE-TREE. (Ancient Greek name
for the Lotus-berry, produced by the European species.) FI. spring: fruit
ripe in autumn, eatable.

C. occidentalis, American H. Small or middle-sized tree, of rich low
grounds; with reticulated ovate and taper-pointed .serrate or entire leaves,
oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed fruit as large as a pea.
Var. PUMILA, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 4° - 10° high.

4. FICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the Fig.)

F. Carica, Common Fie. Cult. from the Levant, as a house-plant N.:
leaves broad, 3-5-lobed, roughish above, rather downy beneath ; figs single in
the axils, pear-shaped, luscious.

F. elastica, Inp1a-Rusper-tree of E. Indies (not that of S. America) :
tree cult. in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6’-10/ long, oval-oblong,
entire, thick, smooth, bright green, glossy above.

F. répens, from China, a delicate creeping species, fixing itself firmly by
rootlets and covering walls in conservatories ; leaves 1! or less long, oblong-
ovate, with unequal partly heart-shaped base.

5. MORUS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Leaves heart-
shaped or ovate, mostly serrate, often palmately lobed; short catkin-like
spikes axillary or lateral; fl. spring : fruit in summer, eatable.

M. ribra, Rep Morzerry. Low tree, wild in rich woods or along
streams ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, pointed ; spikes often dicecious,
fruit cylindrical, red, turning dark purple.

NETTLE FAMILY. 299

M. nigra, Brack M. Middle-sized tree, planted and sparingly run wild
from the Levant; leaves rough; spikes short and short-peduncled ; fruit short-
oblong or globular, red turning black, pleasant-tasted.

M. alba, Wuire M. Small tree, planted from China: the leaves feed silk-
worms, these are smooth and. mostly oblique at base ; spikes slender-peduncled,
in fruit oval or oblong, white or pale rose-color, rather insipid.

6. BROUSSONETIA, PAPER-MULBERRY. (Named for Broussonet,

a French naturalist.)

B. papyrifera, of Japan. Cult. as a shade-tree from New York S.:
spreading by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, downy be-
neath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or
variously lobed : flowering in spring.

7. MACLURA, OSAGE-ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Maclure,
founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.)

M. aurantiaca, Common O., or Bors p’arc (Bow-woop, the tough
yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from Arkansas,
&c.: multiplying rapidly by its running roots; planted for hedges, especially
W.; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves lance-ovate, entire, very
glossy : fl. spring.

8. URTICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in waste

grounds and near dwellings: fl. summer.

* Flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes: often diecious. 2

U. dioica, Common N. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2°-3° high,
with heart-ovate very deeply serrate leaves downy beneath.

U. gracilis. Fence-rows, &c.: 2°-6° high, with ovate-lanceolate less
deeply serrate leaves, longer petioles, rather few stings, and slender spikes.

% & Flower-clusters shorter than the petiole, most!y 2 in the same azxil, containing

both sorts of flowers : stings scattered. @

U. chameedryoides. Wild S. & W.: slender, with heart-ovate or lance-
ovate leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower-clusters.

U. tirens, Smartt N. Weed from Eu., not common: 8!—12! high, with
ovate leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth; flower-clusters small, loose.

9. LAPORTEA, WOOD-NETTLE. (Named for one Laporte.) 2

L. Canadénsis. Moist and rich woods: 2°-3° high; ovate leaves 4! -7/
long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil: fl. all summer.

10. BQAHMERIA, FALSE-NETTLE. (Named for Prof. Bohmer of

Germany.)

B. cylindrica. Moist shady grounds, 1°-3° high, smoothish; leaves
mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, long-petioled ; flower-
clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer.

B. nivea, Ramiz, or the Grass-CLotu Puant of China, &c., 3°-4° high,
with ovate leaves white-downy beneath, is recently planted S, W. for its very
valuable textile fibres.

ll. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient name.) Fl. all summer. @

C. sativa, Common Hemp. Tall coarse plant from the Old World: cult.
for the fibres of its stem.

12. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name said to be a diminutive of humus, the
ground ; the application not apparent.) FI. summer. 2/

H. Lipulus, Common Hor. Wild in alluvial soil N. & W.: also cult.
from Eu. for hops: the aromatic bitterness resides in the yellow resinous grains
which appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, &c.; stems almost prickly down-
wards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3 — 7-lobed.

300 WALNUT FAMILY.

104, PLATANACEA, PLANE-TREE FAMILY.

This order, if it may be so called, consists merely of the small
genus

1. PLATANUS, PLANE-TREE. (The ancient name of the Oriental
species, from the Greek word for broad, alluding either to the leaves or the
wide-spreading branches.) Flowers moncecious, in separate naked heads
hanging on slender peduncles ; the sterile of many short stamens with club-
shaped little scales intermixed ; the fertile of club-shaped or inversely py-
ramidal ovaries mixed with little scales and tipped with a slender awl-shaped
simple style, ripening into a sort of akene with a tawny-hairy contracted
base. No evident calyx. ‘Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or angled, the
hollowed base of the petiole covering and concealing the axillary bud (Les-
sons, p. 22, fig. 50): stipules sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family.
Fl. spring.

P. occidentalis, American Prange, Sycamore, or Burronwoop.
Well-known large tree by river-banks, with white close bark separating in thin
brittle plates ; leaves truncate or heart-shaped at base, rather scurfy-downy
until old, the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads solitary.

P. orientalis, OrienTAL PLang, especially its var. ACERIFOLIA, seldom
planted in this country, is very like ours, but has leaves more cut and sooner
smooth, the heads larger.

105. JUGLANDACEA, WALNUT FAMILY.

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and moneecious
flowers; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular calyx and
several stamens; the fertile single or 2 or more in a cluster, with a
3-5-lobed calyx, the tube of which is adherent to the ovary.
The latter is incompletely 2—4-celled, but has only a single ovule,
erect from its base, and ripens into a large fruit, the bony inner part
of which forms the nut, the fleshy at length dry outer part the
husk. Seed 4-lobed, filled with the fleshy and oily embryo, the
large and separated cotyledons deeply two-lobed and crumpled or
corrugated.

1. JUGLANS. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the wood of the P icioege |
year, each with 12-40 stamens on very short filaments. Fertile flowers on
a terminal peduncle, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little green petals, and 2 club-
shaped and fringed conspicuous stigmas. Husk of the fruit drying up with-
out splitting. Bork and shoots resinous-aromatic and ipo ae Buds
several, one over the other, the uppermost far above the axil (Lessons, p. 27,
fig. 52). Pith in plates. Leaflets numerous.
2. CARYA. Sterile flowers in clustered lateral catkins, with 3-10 almost sessile
_anthers. Fertile flowers 2 -5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle: no petals:
stigmas 2 or 4, large. Husk of the fruit splitting into 4 valves and fallin,
away from the smooth nut. Valuable timber and nut trees, with very har
and tough wood, and scaly buds single (Lessons, p. 22, fig. 49), from which
are usually put forth both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile
above the leaves.

1. JUGLANS, WALNUT. (Name from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)
Fl. spring : fruit ripe in autumn. Sced sweet and edible.
x Nutive trees of the country: nut with very rough and furrowed surface, from
which the dried husk does not falt ie : seed very oily.
J. cinerea, Butternur or Wuitrs W. Middle-sized tree, mostly N.:
stalks and shoots clammy-downy; leaflets downy, at least beneath, oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges.

OAK FAMILY. 301

J. nigra. Brack W. Large tree, commoner W. & S.: stalks and shoots
not clammy, minutely downy ; leaflets smoothish, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ;
fruit spherical.

x * Planted from the Old World: husk friable, separating when dry from the
roundish and smoothish thin-shelled nut.

J. régia, Encrish Wa nvr, so called, but native of Asia: leaflets oval,
entire, smoothish; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States.

2. CARYA, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these
North American trees.) Fl. in rather late spring : nuts fall in autumn.

§ 1. Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster : leaflets 18-15, short-stalked: nut edible.

C. oliveeformis, Pecan-nut. Along rivers, from Ilhnois S.: leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive-shaped, the seed
delicious.

§ 2. Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle: leaflets sessile or
nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-18 leaflets: nut globulur or short-oval.

* Nuts sweet-tasted and edible (the hickory-nuts of the market) ; the husk splitting
: into 4 thick and hard valves : buds large, of about 10 scales.

C. alba, Sueri-sarKx or SHac-Barx H. Commonest E. : bark of old
trunks very shaggy, separating in rough strips ; inner bud-scales becoming very
large and conspicuous on the young shoot ; leaflets 5, the 3 upper much larger
and lance-obovate ; nut white. :

C. suleata, Western Sueti-sarK H. From Penn. W. & §.: differs
from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart-wood, 7-9 leaflets more downy be-
neath, fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, and larger yellow-
ish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2! long) mostly with a point at both ends.

C. tomentosa; Mocker-nut or Wuitr-acart H. Common E. & &.:
bark rough, but not splitting off in strips; shoots and lower surface of the
leaves woolly-downy when young ; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate, or the lower
lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk, and globular nut (not flattish on
the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly fit to eat.

%* % Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, which splits only at the top, or
tardily to near the base: bark on the trunk close: bud-scales falling early.

C. porcina, Brown H. or Pie-nut. Common N.: bark of trunk
rough; bud-scales about 10, small; shoots and leaves nearly smooth ; leaflets
5-7, obovate-lanceolate; fruit pear-shaped ; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled,
seed at first sweet, then bitterish.

C. amara, Bitrer-nut. Moist or low grounds: bark of trunk smooth and
very close; yellowish bud-scales about 6; shoots and leaves pubescent when
young; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or lance-oblong ; fruit and white thin-shelled

and tender nut globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter.

C. aquatica, Water H. River-swamps 8. Small tree, with rough
bark ; bud-scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, smooth; nut thin-
shelled, 4-angular, flattish ; seed very bitter.

106. CUPULIFERA, OAK FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves,
very deciduous stipules, and moneecious flowers; the sterile in
slender catkins (except in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered,
or sometimes spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms
a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1-seeded nut. This nut comes
from an ovary with 2 or more cells having one or two ovules hang-
ing from the summit of each; but all except one cell and one
ovule are abortive. There is a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is
shown by the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed filled by
the embryo, which has thick and fleshy cotyledons.

802 OAK FAMILY.

§ 1. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4-7-lobed calya and 3-20 slender stamens : fertile
flowers 1-4 in u cup or bur-like involucre. :
* Sterile flowers clustered in slender catkins : their bracts inconspicuous or deciduous.

1. QUERCUS. Stamens 3-12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre,
which becomes a scaly cup. Stigma 3-lobed. Nut (acorn) terete, with a firm
shell, from which the thick cotyledons do not emerge in germination. (Les-
sons, p. 130, fig. 299; p. 18, fig. 21, 22.)

2. CASTANEA. Stamens 8-20. Fertile flowers few (commonly 3) in each in-
volucre, one or more ripening; stigmas mostly 6 or 7, bristle-shaped. Nuts
coriaceous, ovoid, when more than one flattened on one or both sides, en-
closed in the hard and thick ver. pee bur-like at length 4-valved invo-
lucre. Cotyledons somewhat folded together and cohering, remaining under
ground in germination.

* & Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles.

8. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers bell-shaped, 5 -7-cleft, containing 8-16 long
stamens. Fertile flowers 2 together on the summit of a scaly-bracted pe-
duncle; the innermost scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre: ovary
8-celled when young, crowned by 6 awl-shaped calyx-teeth and a 3-cleft or
8 thread-like styles: in fruit a pair of sharply 3-sided nuts in the 4-cleft soft-
prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, somewhat crumpled together, but
rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, p. 11, fig. 13-15.)

§ 2. Sterile flowers consisting of a few short stamens partly adhering to the bract,
and destitute of any proper calyx; the anthers 1-celled: fertile flowers in
pairs under each bract of a head, spike, or short catkin, each with one or two
bractlets, forming a foliaceous or sac-like involucre to the nut. Sterile catkins
rather dense.

4. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of
which 2 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little
head, like a scaly bud: stigmas 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bony,
wholly or partly enclosed in a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobed or toothed
involucre.

6. OSTRYA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flowers in a sort of
slender catkin, its bracts deciduous, each flower an ovary tipped with 2 long
slender stigmas and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which becomes a bladdery
greenish-white oblong bag, in the bottom of which is the little nut: these
together form a sort of hop-like fruit.

6. CARPINUS. Sterile catkin as in Ostrya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender
loose catkin; each with a pair of separate 3-lobed bractlets, which become
leaf-like, one each side of the small nerved nut.

1, QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in spring;
acorns ripe in autumn. All but one of the following species are natives
of the country.

§ 1. Annual-fruited Oaks, the acorns maturing the autumn of the first year, there-
fore on the wood of the season, usuaily in the axil of the leaves, out o
which they are often raised on a peduncle: kernel commonly sweet-tasted :
no bristles on the lobes or teeth of the leaves.

* WHITE Oaks, with lyrately or sinuately pinnatifid and deciduous leaves.
+ European tree, more or less planted eastward.

Q. Rodbur, Evrorzay or Encriso Oax. Belongs to the same section
with our White Oak; but leaves smaller, not glaucous beneath, sinuate-lobed,
but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over 1/ long, — one or a few in a cluster
which is nearly sessile in the axils in var, SESSILIFLORA, — raised on a slender
peduncle in var. PEDUNCULATA.

+ + Native species : leaves pale or whitish beneath.

Q. alba, Wuite Oak. Rich soil: large tree with whitish bark ; leaves
soon smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear
obtuse and mostly entire oblique lobes; the shallow rough cup very much
shorter than the ovoid-oblong (about 1! long) acorn; seed edible.

Q. obtusiloba, Post Oax, Rouen or Box Wuire Oak. Small tree in
barren soil, commonest S., with very durable wood ; thickish leaves grayish

’ OAK FAMILY. 303

downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5—7-lobed, the lobes divergent
and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched ; naked cup
deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of the small acorn.

Q. macrocarpa, Bur-Oax, Over-cup or Mossy-curp Wnuite Oar.
Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with obovate or oblong lyrately
pinnatifid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above;
cup deep, thick and woody, from hardly 1/ to 2/ in diameter, covered with hard
and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a
mossy-fringed border; acorn 1’—1}/ long, half or wholly covered by the cup.

Q. lyrata, SoutHern Overcup Oax. Large tree in river-swamps, from
N. Car. S. & W.: leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong,
with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be-
neath; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the
globular nut.

* * CHESTNUT-OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except slightly in
the first species, white or whitish downy beneath: cup hoary, about half the
length of the oblony-ovoid edible acorn.

Q. bicolor, Swamp Wuite Oak. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W.: tall
tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being
more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatifid,
hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-8
pairs and not prominent; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole; cup often
mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1/ long.

Q. Prinus, Curstnur Oax. The leading form is Swamp CuEstnur
Oax, in low grounds mainly 8.; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed
and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be-
neath ; fruit-bearing peduncle short ; the thick cup 3/— 1’ wide, tubercled with the
thick scales; acorn 1! or less long. — Var. MonTicoLa, Rock CuEstNnut Oak,
has large acorns like the above, but more the chestnut-like leaves of the next;
grows in and near the mountains. — Var. acUMINATA, YELLOW CHESTNUT Oak
of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has
chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender
petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about 3!
broad, its scales small and close ; acorn rather small.

Q. prinoides, Dwarr Cuestnur or Cuinquapin-Oax. Barren or
sandy soil, mostly E.: shrub 2°-4° high, with obovate or oblong sinuate
leaves narrowed at base; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak,
but very much smaller; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of
the scales of the cup.

% * * Live Oax, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lobed.

Q. virens, Live Oax. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S.
Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the branch-
lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves
hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup
and oblong acorn.

§ 2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED Oaks, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of
the second year, these therefore borne on old wood below the leares of the
season, on short and thick parenclet or none: kernel always bitter: tip or
lobes of the leaves ly bristle-pointed.

# THICKISH-LEAVED Oaxs, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South,
coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or barely 3-lobed at
the summit,

a Leaves generally entire, not widened upwards: acorns spherical, small.

Q. cinérea, Urranp Wittow Oak. Dry pine-barrens, 8S. E. Virginia
and S. Small tree or shrub; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower-
leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn globular.

Q. Phellos, Wittow Oax. Sandy low woods from New York S.: a
middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth willow-like leaves
narrowed at both ends. ;

804 OAK FAMILY.

Q. imbricaria, Laure: or SHincre Oax. Rather sterile soil, from New
Jersey W. & S. W.: a middle-sized tree, with laurel-like lance-oblong leaves
glossy above, more or less downy beneath.

+ + Leaves widening upwards, where they are sometimes moderately 3 —5-lobed :

acorns globular, ovoid, small.

Q. aquatica, Warzr Oax. Wet ground from Maryland S.: a small
tree, with very smooth and glossy obovate-spatulate oblanceolate or wedge-
oblong leaves Jong-tapering at base ; cup saucer-shaped.

Q. nigra, Buack-Jacx or Barren Oax. Barrens, from New York S.
& W.: low tree (8°- 25° high), with wedge-shaped leaves widely dilated and
mostly 3-lobed at summit, but often rounded at the narrow base, rusty-downy
beneath, smooth and glossy above ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly.

* * Brack and Rep Oaks, with long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid
deciduous leaves.

+ Downy beneath even when mature: cup saucer-shaped with top-shaped base.

Q. ilicifolia, Bear or Brack Scrun-Oax. Sterile hills and_ barrens,
mostly N. & W.: shrub 3°-8° high, straggling ; leaves obovate with wedge-
shaped base, above angularly 3-7-lobed, whitish-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid,
barely 3! long.

Q. falcata, Spanish Oak. Dry soil, New Jersey to Ill. and §.: large
tree, with oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3—5-lobed above, grayish or
yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly narrow and entire or sparingly
toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn globular, hardly 3/ long.

+ + Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, or
some of the larger obovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to deeply
pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn: wood
course-yrained.

++ Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and coriaceous.

Q. Catesbzei, Turkey or Barrens Scrus-Oax. Small tree in pine
barrens 8. : leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft, the long and narrow or un-
equal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often nearly entire; cup very thick
and of coarse scales, 1! or less broad, half enclosing the ovoid nut.

++ ++ Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petioled, thinner.

Q. coccinea, Scartet Oax. Dry or barely moist soil: large tree, with
gray bark, the interior reddish, rather firm leaves more or less glossy above and
deeply pinnatifid ; cup coarse-scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical with a conical
scaly base, covering half or more of the roundish acorn (this $/—4/ Jong).

Var. tinetoria, Quercirron, YELLOW-BARKED, or Brack Oak. Bark
of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quercitron), and
much more valuable to the tanner and dyer; cup less top-shaped ; leaves less
pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, less glossy, and more like
those of the next.

Q. rubra, Rep Oax. Common in rich and poor soil: large tree, with
dark gray smoothish bark, very coarse reddish wood, and thinnish moderately
pinnatifid leaves; cup saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow
neck, of fine close sca'es, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn (this
1 or less in length).

Q. palustris, Swamp SpanisH or Prn Oax. Low grounds, only N.:
middle-sized tree, with less coarse wood, deeply pinnatifid smooth leaves with
their divergent lobes separated by broad and rounded sinuses ; cup flat-saucer-
shaped with a short scaly base or stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than
the roundish acorn, which is barely }/ in length.

2. CASTANEA, CHESTNUT. (Classical name, taken from that of a
town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, appearing later than the elongated
strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves.

C. vésea, Evrorean Cuestnuet : seldom planted : large tree, with oblong-

lanceolate pointed leaves beset with coarse sharp-pointed teeth, when mature
smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre.

SWEET-GALE FAMILY. 305

Var. Americana, American Curstnur: large tree in hilly woods,
from Canada to Florida, distinguishable from the European only by leaves acute
at the base, and nuts sweeter and smaller.

C. pumila, Caineuarin. Sandy dry soil chiefly S. & E.: shrub or
small tree; with lance-oblong leaves whitish downy beneath, and very sweet
nut solitary in the involucre, therefore terete.

3. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding to
the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing with the (straight-veined
and serrate) leaves, in spring.

F. ferruginea, American Bercu. Forest tree, commoner N., with fine-
grained wood, close and smooth light gray bark, and light horizontal spray ;
the leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky
hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient teeth.

F. sylvatica, Evrorran Brecu, occasionally planted as a shade-tree, is
distinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed
leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses.

4. CORYLUS, HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.)
Shrubs, with flowers in early spring, preceding the rounded-heart-shaped,
doubly-serrate, at first downy leaves, Edible nuts ripe in autumn.

C. Avellana, Evrorean H. or Firgert. Occasionally planted : 6°-10°
high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeply-cleft involucre about the length
of the (1! long) oval nut. :

C. Americana, American H. Thickets : 4°-6° high, with more downy
shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the smaller globular nut
in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy bracts.

C. rostrata, BEakep H. Thickets and banks, mostly N.: 2°-5° high,
with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly involucre
prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut.

5. OSTRYA, HOP-HORNBEAM. (The classical name.) Slender trees,
with very hard wood : flowers appearing with the (Birch-like) leaves, in
spring.

O. Virginica, American H., Iron-woop or Lever-woop. Rich woods:
tree 830°—50° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed
sharply doubly serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly at base.

6. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD. (Ancient Latin name.)
Low trees or tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close
gray bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech; flowers with the
leaves, in spring. ;

C. Americana, American H., also called Buve or Water BeEcu.

Banks of streams: 10°-20° high ; with ovate-oblong pointed doubly serrate

leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed bracts of the involucre.

107. MYRICACEA, SWEET-GALE FAMILY.

Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leaves, and
moncecious or dicecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly catkins or
heads, and destitute of any proper calyx, the 1-seeded fruit a fleshy
little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax.

1. MYRICA. Flowers mostly dicecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds: each
flower under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets; the sterile of
2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bearing 2 slender stigmas and surround-
ed by a few little scales.

2. COMPTONIA Flowers mostly moneecious, the sterile in cylindrical catkins;
the fertile in globular bur-like heads. Ovary surrounded by long awl-shaped
scales which persist around the smooth little nut.

20

306 BIRCH FAMILY.

1. MYRICA, BAYBERRY, SWEET GALE. (Ancient name of some
aromatic shrub.) Fl. spring, with or earlier than the leaves.

M. Gale, Swerr Gate. Cold bogs N.: 1°-4° high, with pale wedge-
lanceolate leaves, serrate towards the apex ; little nuts crowded, and as if
winged by a pair of scales.

M. cerifera, Baypurry, Wax-Myrtiu. Along the coast: shrub 2°- 8°
high, with fragrant lance-oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming
glossy above, the scattered bony nuts thickly incrusted with greenish or white
wax and appearing like berries.

2. COMPTONIA, SWEET-FERN. (Named for Henry Compton, «
bishop of London.) Flowers rather later than the leaves, in spring.
C. asplenifolia, the only species, in sterile rocky soil, chiefly E.: 1°-2°
high, with linear-lanceolate downy leaves pinnatifid into many short and rounded
lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aromatic.

108. BETULACEZ, BIRCH FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, often resinous-sprinkled and aromatic, with al-
ternate, simple, mostly straight-veined leaves, commonly deciduous
stipules, and moneecious flowers, both kinds in scaly catkins, and 2
or 3 under each bract. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but the fruit
(a little nut or akene often surrounded by a wing like a samara)
1-celled and 1-seeded. Stigmas 2, thread-like.

1. BETULA. Sterile catkins long and hanging: 3 flowers under each shield-
shaped scaly bract, each with a scale bearing 4 short stamens with 1-celled
anthers. Fertile catkins stout: 2 or 3 flowers under each 3-lobed bract, each
of a naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly winged scale-like little key-
fruit, tipped with the 2 stigmas.

2. ALNUS. Flowers much as in Betula: but usually a distinct 8-5-parted calyx;
anthers 2-celled; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at length
woody persistent scales; and the little nutlets less winged or wingless.

1. BETULA, BIRCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender
spray (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile scaly
buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile catkins golden
yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short 2-leaved branches of
the season. The following are all native trees.

* Trunk with brown or yellow-gray bark, the inner and the twigs and thin straight-
veined leaves spicy-aromatic: petioles short: thick fruiting catkins with
their thin scales rather persistent : fruit with narrow wing.

B. lénta, Sweet, Brack, or Caerry Brrcw. Moist woods mostly N. :
a rather large tree, with fine-grained valuable wood, dark brown close bark on
the trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bronze-reddish twigs, very aromatic ;
leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all round,
soon aeeey above and almost smooth; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical.

. lutea, Yettow or Gray B. With the other and more northward:
less aromatic ; bark of trunk yellowish-gray and somewhat silvery, separating
in filmy layers; leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped ;
fruiting catkins short-ob!ong.

* & Trunk with chalky-white bark peeling horizontally in thin sheets: leaves and
narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked : bracts falling with the
broad-winged fruit.

B. alba, var. populifolia, American Ware Brrcu. Small tree in low
or sterile soil, from Penn. N. E., 15°-25° high, with triangular very taper-
pointed smooth and glossy leaves.

B. papyracea, Paper or Canor Bircn. Large tree, from upper part of
Penn. N., mostly far N.; with more ovate and even heart-shaped leaves (dull

WILLOW FAMILY. 307

beneath, and: even dark green above), and. more papery bark than in White
Birch, separating in ample sheets.
* * * Trunk. with greenish-brown bark, hardly peeling in layers, reddish twigs
little aromatic, een oblong downy short-stalked catkins : wings of fruit broud.,

B. nigra, River or Rep Brrcu. Middle-sized tree of low river-banks,
commonest §.: leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath.

2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name.) Small trees or shrubs, with
narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly
clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles.

§ 1. Flowers with the leavés in spring, the sterile from catkins which were naked
over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly bud.

A. viridis, Green or Mountain Atper. Only rather far N., and on
mountains : 3°- 8° high ; leaves. round-oval or ovate,, glutinous ; fruit with.
a broad thin wing.

§ 2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from catkins
which have remained naked over winter : wing of fruit narrow and thickish.
A. serrulata, Smoorn A. Common, especially 8.: 6/-12/ high, with
obovate smooth or smoothish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate.
A. incana, Srecxvep or Hoary A. Common N. along streams: 8° - 20°
high; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and oftem
coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath.

109. SALICACE, WILLOW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi-
vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dicecious
flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale,.
the staminate of naked stamens only ; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary
which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal or basal placenta,
bearing numerous seeds furnished a tuft of long cottony down at:
one end.

1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely man:
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little
gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each
sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled
buds, and narrow leaves.

2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup-
shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas long. Catkins
drooping; flowers preceding the leaves, these mostly broad. Buds-scaly.

1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil-
lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be-
ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The
following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of
the most tree-like wild ones.

§ 1. Stamens 2, but their filaments and often the anthers-also united into one.
8S. purptrea, of Eu.: known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral
catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy
ee § 2. Stamens 2 and separate.
a Elowers earlier than the leaves: catkins sessile along the shoot of preceding year.
S. viminalis, Basxet W. or Oster, of Eu., the twigs best for basket-

work ; has lance-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3/-6/ long and satiny-white
underneath.

808 WILLOW FAMILY.

« Flowers slightly earlier than the leaves but rather late in spring, on lateral
catkins which have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base.

S. cordata. A common wild species along streams, badly named, as the
leaves are seldom heart-shaped at base and generally lanceolate, often tapering
to both ends, sharply serrate, smooth, pale or whitish beneath ; stipules on
young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney-shaped ; ovary slender-stalked,
tapering, smooth.

* * * Flowers in loose catkins terminating leafy lateral shoots of the season, there-

fore later than the leaves, in late spring or early summer.

8. longifdlia, Loye-teavep W. Wild on river-banks N. : low shrub or
low tree, with very long lance-linear nearly sessile sparsely denticulate leaves
grayish-hairy when young; catkins with narrow yellowish scales; the stalked
silky-downy ovary bearing large stigmas.

8S. Babylonica, Wesrine W. Planted from the Orient: a familiar tree,
with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate leaves white beneath ;
in the monstrous variety called aNNULARIS, Hoop W., curved into a ring.

S. alba, Waite W., commonly the var. vITELLINA, with yellow twigs:
planted from Eu. ; a familiar tree; leaves lanceolate, serrate, white-silky under-
neath ; stipules lanceolate ; ovary nearly sessile and smooth.

S. fragilis, Britttz W., from Eu. (so called because the twigs, used for
basket-work, &c., break off readily from their base, as in several other species) ;
large tree, with lanceolate taper-pointed leaves white but smooth beneath, half
heart-shaped stipules, and nearly sessile smooth ovary.

§ 3. Stamens 3-5 or more, separate : catkins late-flowering, terminating leafy
branches of the season as in the preceding species: stamens hairy: ovary
smooth : scales deciduous: leaves serrate, smooth.

S. nigra, Brack W. Low river-banks : wild tree, with rough black bark,
narrow-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, 3-6 stamens, and short-ovate pods.

S. pentandra, Bay W. A handsome tree, planted from Eu. for the deep
green very glossy lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, of the same hue both sides,
the large staminate catkins of golden yellow flowers also handsome: stamens
4-12, commonly 5; pods tapering.

S. lucida, American Bay W. Wild in wet ground N.: very like the
last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch.

2. POPULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. (Classical Latin name.) FI. spring.
§ 1. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony, at least beneath, even when old.

P. alba, Asete or Wuire P. Tree planted from Eu., with spreading
branches, roundish slightly heart-shaped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon
green above, very white-cottony beneath: spreads inveterately by the root.

§ 2. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony when developed, but soon smooth and
green both sides: bark smooth and close, greenish-white.

P. tremuloides, American Aspen. Small tree, common in woods N. ;
with small roundish-heart-shaped leaves beset with small regular teeth; scales
of the catkin cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs.

P. grandidentata, Lancer American AsPEN. Middle-sized tree, com-
mon in woods : the larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse and irregular blunt
teeth ; scales unequally 5 ~6-cleft, slightly fringed.

P. heterophylla, Downy Poprrar. Wet grounds, common only W. &
S8.: tree 40°-60° high; lezves round-ovate or heart-shaped with the sinus
closed by the overlapping lobes, obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3/—5! long,
white wool deciduous only with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on
the petioles ; fruiting catkins smooth.

§ 3. Buds glutinous with aromatic resin or balsam: leaves smooth from the first.

P. dilatata, Lomparpy P. Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches,
and small broadly triangular pointed leaves, formerly much planted, from the
Old World, — thought to be a remarkable state of

PINE FAMILY. 309

P. nigra, Buacx P., of Eu., which is occasionally planted, and has spread-
ing branches, larger leaves, more glutinous buds, &c.

. monilifera,.Cotron-woop or Neckiace P. Along the Great Lakes
and rivers, from L. Champlain W. and S. W. : large tree, with young branches
somewhat angled; leaves dilated-triangular or slightly heart-shaped, taper-
pointed, serrate with cartilaginous incurved teeth and prominent lateral veins ;
fertile catkins very long and interrupted, their scales cut-fringed ; stigmas very
large, toothed.

P. balsamifera, Batsam P. or Tacamanac. Middle-sized tree, wild
along our Northern borders and N. W.: has round or scarcely angled’ branch-
lets, very glutinous and pleasantly balsamic strong-scented bud-scales, and ovate
or lance-ovate gradually tapering leaves.

Var. candicans, Batm-or-Giteap P.; planted around dwellings as a
shade tree, wild in some places, spreading inveterately from the root ; appears
to be a variety of the Balsam Poplar, with broader ovate and often heart-shaped
leaves lighter-colored beneath. .

Suscrass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS: no closed ovary, style,
or stigma, but ovules and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort
of transformed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ;
the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. (Lessons, p..121,
fig. 264-266; p. 133, fig. 312-814.) Leaves not netted-veined.

Cycas revoltita (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 47), from the southern part of
Japan, a palm-like low tree of conservatories, wrongly called Saco Pat, and

Zamia integrifolia, the Coonrie of Florida, the root-like trunk of
which does not rise above ground, and furnishes a kind of flour called Froripa
ARROW-EOOT, represent the order CycaDACER.

111. CONIFERA, PINE FAMILY*

Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fibre (no ducts),
resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves, and
moneecious or sometimes dicecious flowers destitute of both. calyx
and corolla, and in catkins or the like. (See Lessons, as above.)

I. PINE FAMILY proper. These are true Conifere, or
cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin which
becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each in the axil
of a bract (which is sometimes evident and projecting, but often
concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear a pair of ovules-ad-
hering to their inner face next the base, the orifice downwards,
and the two winged seeds peel off the scale as the latter expands
at maturity. They all have scaly buds. All the common and
hardy trees of the family belong to the following.

1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3, or 5 in a cluster from
the axil of dry bud-scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the season
lengthens. Sterile catkins Moatered at the base of the shoot of the season:
each stamen answers to a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly
any filament. Cone wos) mostly large, maturing in the autumn of the

second year. Cotyledons of the embryo several. (See Lessons, p. 18, fig.
45, 46; p. 72, fig. 140; p. 183, 144, fig. 812-314.)

* For a particular t of the nun trees of this noble family now planted or
beginning to be planted for ornament special works should be consulted, such, especially, ‘as
the recent ‘ Book of Evergreens ” by Mr. Hoopes. We give here only the principal species
of the country, east of the Mississippi, and the weil. blished introduced species, mainly
such as are fully hardy North.

310 PINE FAMILY.

2. ABIES. ‘Leaves persistent, linear or short needle-shaped, borne directly on the
shoots of the season, over which they are thickly and uniformly scattered.
Sterile catkins in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. Fertile cat-
kins solitary, maturing in the autumn of the same year; their scales thin.and
even, never prickle-bearing.

8. LARIX. Leaves.all deciduous in autumn, soft, short needle-shaped, in spring,
developed very many in a dense cluster from axillary buds of the previous
summer (Lessons, p. 71, fig. 139), those on shoots of the season similar but

- scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent.

4. CEDRUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular,

large, of very broad thin scales, which at length fall away from the axis.

II. CYPRESS FAMILY. These have both kinds of flowers
‘in short often globular catkins of few scales; the fertile making a
globular or ovate small cone, which is often fleshy when young,
sometimes imitating a berry. The branches appear and the shoots
grow on without the intervention of any scaly buds. Leaves often
opposite or whorled, sometimes scale-like and adnate to the branch.

§ 1. Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale,

party cohering with its back.

‘6. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the
bract and awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting.

§ 2. Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them.
« Fruit a sort of cone, dry and hard when mature : flowers ious, rarely dit
+ Leaves thin and delicate, flat, deciduous.

6. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches; the sterile catkin
spike-panicled, of few stamens; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular,
firmly closed till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular ‘shield-
shaped scales, a pair of erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk.

+ + Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands.

7. SEQUOLA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several
ovules. Cone woody; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping,

and bearing 3-5 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part of
their stalk-like base.

+ + + Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale-shaped (the former on the
more vigorous lengthening shoots, the latter closely imbricated and decussate on
the succeeding branchlets). ly with a resi gland on the back. Seeds
and vvules erect : cotyledons only 2 or 3.

8. CUPRESSUS. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their
well-fitted margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each scale bear-
ing two or usually several ovules and winged or wing-margined seeds, its
broad summit with a central boss or short point.

9. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped but concave
and fixed by their base, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near
their summit, spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of
ovules and seeds, or rarely more.

* * Fruit berrylike: flowers commonly diecious.
10. JUNIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral; the fertile of 3-6 fleshy scales
ees together, and ripening into a sort of globular berry, containing 1-3
ony seeds. Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled.

III. YEW FAMILY. Distinguished by having the fertile
catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single terminal flower,
consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some bracts, ripening
into a nut-like or drupe-like seed: cotyledons only 2. There is
nothing answering to the scales of a pine-cone. Leaf-buds scaly as
in the true Pine Family. Flowers mostly dicecious, axillary.

11. TAXUS. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides.
Both kinds of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds

PINE FAMILY. 311

imbricated with persistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked
stamens, each with 8-8 anther-cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex,
the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit becomes a nut-like pines seed,
resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup. :

12. TORREYA. Leaves, catkins, &c., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale-
shaped at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther-cells. Naked seed resembling
a thin fleshed drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup around it, as large as a
nutmég, which it resembles also in the brain-like interior structure.

18. SALISBURIA. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and the
lobes wavy-toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed
with straight simple or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not
often seen. Sterile catkins slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a
fleshy short cup around its base.

PODOCARPUS, one or two species in choice conservatories, and two half
hardy in the Middle States as low shrubs,—the genus so called because
the fleshy seed is raised on a sort of stalk,— belongs here. The leaves are
sometimes much unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear,
lanceolate, or even ovate, and veinless, except the midrib.

1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late spring.

§ 1. Prrcn-Pines and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the cluster,
scaly-sheathed at the buse : wood resinous.

% Cones lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the seed, the scales
thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine: leaves rigid.
+ Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian.

P. australis, Lonc-teavep or Sournern YeLLow Pine. Lofty striking
tree, of pine-barrens from N. Car. 8.; with leaves 10/-15! long, very resin-
ous wood, and cones 6/—10/ long, the scales tipped with a reflexed short spine.

P. teada, Losiotty or Oxrp-Frie~p P. Smaller tree, in light soil, from
Virginia S., with less resinous wood, dark green leaves 6!- 10! Jong, and solitary
cones 3/—5! long’, the scales tipped with a short straight or incurved spine.

P. rigida, Norruern Pircn P. Sandy or thin rocky soil, abounding
along the coast N. and in the upper country S.: a stout tree, with dark green
leaves 3/-5! long from short sheaths, clustered ovate-conical cones 2'—3! long,
the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle.

P. serétina, Ponp P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car. S.; with
valueless wood, leaves 4!- 8! long, and mostly opposite round-ovate cones 2/—3!
long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak prickle.

P. ponderosa (or BenruamrAna) ; planted from California, where it is a
characteristic tree, with heavy wood, deep green leaves 6/-11/ long, and clus-
tered cones about 3/ long, reflexed on a short stalk.

+ + Leaves only 2 in the sheath, or a few of them sometimes in threes.
++ Planted from Europe.

P. sylvéstris, Scorcu Pine (wrongly called also Scotch Fir), the com-
mon Pine of N. Europe: middle-sized tree, known by the bluish-white hue of
its flat leaves (2/-4' long), reddish bark on the trunk, and narrow tapering
cones, the scales with tubercle-like tips. _

P. Austriaca, Austrian P., a probable variety of P. Larfcro, or Cor-
stcan P. of S. Eu.: a fast-prowing massive tree, with very rough branches,
dark-green slender but rigid leaves 4/—6! long, and conical cones 2}/—3! long.

++ ++ Wild species of the country.

P. pungens, Tasie-Mounrain or Prickty Pine. Along the Alle-
ghanies trom Penn. to S. Car.: middle-sized tree ; with dark bluish-green
leaves only about 2/ long; but the heavy and clustered cones fully 3/ long,
ovate, and the scales armed with a very strong somewhat hooked spine.

P. mitis, YerLow Pine of the North, Soort-LEavep YELLOW Pryz S.:
a middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm fine-grained wood, slender
leaves (not rarely in threes) 3/—5! long, and mostly solitary ovate or oblong-
onical cones barely 2/ long, the scales tipped with a minute weak prickle.

3812 PINE FAMILY:

P. inops, Jersey Scrus P. Low straggling tree of barrens and sterile
hills, from New Jersey 8. & W.; with drooping branchlets, leaves 1’—3! long,
and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2/ long, reflexed on a short stalk, the scales
tipped with an awl-shaped prickle.

P. Banksiana, Gray or Norruern Scrus P. Along our northern
frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks: straggling shrub or tree, 5°- 20°
high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1/ long, curved cones barely 2! long, and
blunt scales.

% * Cones at the apex of the branch and falling after shedding the seed, their

scales slightly thickened at the end and without any prickly point ; leaves
only 2 in the cluster and with a long sheath, slender.

P. resindsa, Rep Prine, and wrongly called Norway Pine: the Latin
name not a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous: dry woods N.
from N. England to Wisconsin ; 50°-80° high, with reddish and smoothish
bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5!/—6/ long and not rigid, and ovate-
conical smooth cones about 2! long.

§ 2. Wurte Pings, with softer leaves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale
underneath early deciduous: cones long, cylindrical, terminal, hanging,
Salling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the
end, pointless: seed thin-shelled and winged.

P. Strobus, Waite Pine. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along
the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish
bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3/— 4/ long,
and narrow cones 5/-6! long.

P. excélsa, Buoran or Himatayan WuitE P. Ornamental trec barely

- hardy for N.; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice
the length of those of White Pine.

P. Lambertiana, Lameert’s or Sucar P. One of the tallest trees of
Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rigid as in many
Pitch Pines, 3’-5! long, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when full
grown 12'—20! long.

§ 3. Nur Pings, with leaves, fc. as in the preceding section, but short thick cones
of fewer and thick pointless scales, and large hard-shelled edible seeds desti-
tute of a wing.

P. Cémbra, Cempra or Swiss Stone P. of the higher Alps : small,
slow-growing, very hardy ornamental tree, with green 4-sided leaves 3/- 4! long
and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round-oval, erect, 2! long, the
round seeds as large as peas.

2. ABIES, SPRUCE, FIR (Classical Latin name.— The names ABIES
and Picea, for Spruce and Fir, are just oppositely used by different authors.
Linnzus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do some
late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, and the later
botanists mostly follow them.) FI. late spring.

§1. Spruce. Cones hanging or nodding on the end of a branch, their scales
persistent : cells of the anther opening lengthwise: the needle-shaped and
4-sided leaves pointing every way.

A. excélsa, Norway Spruce: the most common and most vigorous
species planted, from Europe ; fine large tree, with stout branches, deep green
leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones 5'—7! long.

A. nigra, Biack or Dousie Spruce. Cold woods and swamps N. and
along the mountains S.: middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom over 3’ long)
dark green, and a glaucous-whitish variety E.; its ovate cones recurving on
short branches, 1/-14/ long, persistent for several years, thin rigid scales with
thin often eroded edge.

A. alba, Wuirz Spruce. Wild only along our northern borders and N. ;
when planted a very handsome tree, with pale glaucous leaves ; cylindrical
nodding cones about 2! long, falling the first winter, the thinner scales with a
firm even edge.

PINE FAMILY. 313

A. Menziésii, Menzies’ Spruce, of the Rocky Mountains and W., is
planted and likely to become common : fine tree, with broader and stiffer leaves
than the foregoing, almost Lee a aie silvery-whitish beneath; cones about
3! long, cylindrical, soft; their scales rhombic-ovate, thin and pale.

§ 2. Hemuock-Srruce (Tsuea). Cones hanging on declined branches of the

preceding year, small, persistent, and their scales persistent : sterile catkins

. very small and globular, of a few anthers which open across : leaves flat, on

distinct little petioles, most of them spreading right and left so as to appear
2-ranked on the branch.

A. Canadénsis, Hemtockx-Srruce. Common on hills N., and planted
for ornament : large tree, with coarse wood, light and spreading spray, broadish-
linear and blunt leaves only }/ long, green above and white beneath, and oval
cones only 3/ or @! long, their bracts very short and hidden.

A. Douglasii, Dovctas Spruce, one of the tall trees from Rocky
Mountains and W. to the Pacific, planted but proves not quite hardy enough N.,
is of this section : it has slender leaves 1’ or more long, light green, indistinctly
2-ranked; cones 2/—3! long, loose, with pointed and tooth bracts projecting
beyond the scales.

§ 3. Fre. Cones set rigidly erect on the upper side of spreading branches of the

preceding year, their scales and commonly conspicuous bracts falling away
with the seeds when ripe from the persistent slender axis: seeds resinous :
anthers irregularly bursting: leaves flat, white beneath each side of the
prominent midrib, those on Rorieottal branches inclined to spread right and

left so as to appear 2-ranked.
* Barsam Firs, native trees: bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters, gc.

A. balsamea, Common B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds N., hand-
some when young, but short-lived, with worthless wood, narrow linear leaves
8 or less than 1/ Jong and much crowded, cylindrical violet-colored cones 2/—4!
long and 1! thick, their bracts with only the abrupt slender point projecting.

A. Fraseri, Fraser’s or Sournern B. Along the higher Alleghanies:
small tree, like the preceding ; but the small cones (only 1/—2' long) oblong-
ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the bracts conspicuously projecting
and reflexed.

# * Sriver-Frrs, &c., very choice ornamental trees, only the first at all common.
+ Leaves blunt.

A. pectinata, Evrorean Sitver-F. Large tree with wood, its horizon-
tal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., nearly as
white beneath and 1}/ long) forming a flat spray ; cones 6’-8! long, with
slender projecting points to the bracts.

A. Nordmanniana, from the Crimea and N. Asia; with thicker-set and
broader leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1/ long, deep green above and
whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate.

A. Pichta, Siserian Sitver-F. ; with thicker-set leaves than those of
European Silver-Fir, dark green above and less white beneath; cones only 3/
long, their short bracts concealed under the scales.

A. grandis, Great Sitver-Fir of Oregon and California: resembles a
fine Balsam Fir on a large scale, with broader leaves notched at the end, about
1’ long, and thicker cones with concealed bracts.

+ Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, rigid, widely and about
: equally spreading on all sides.
A. Cephaldnica, Cernatonran Sitver-Fir: remarkable for its very
stiff almost prickly-pointed squarrose leaves dark green above, white beneath.
A. Pinsapo, Spanisn Sitver-Fir : resembles the last, but not so hardy,
leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones are concealed.

3. LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for ornament
and valuable for timber: branches slender, the young ones pendulous : flow-
ers in earliest spring, much before the leaves appear: catkins from lateral

314 PINE FAMILY.

spurs or broad buds; the sterile globular, yellow ; the fertile oval, crimson-
red, being the color of the bracts.

L.. Europa, Evropean Larcu, the one generally planted : a fine fast-
growing tree, with leaves about 1/ long, and longer cones of numerous scales.

L. Americana, American L., Tamarack or Hackmaracn. Swamps
N.: slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small cones of few scales,

only 3! or g! long.

4. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i.e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood
reddish, fragrant. Cult. for ornament, but precarious in this climate.

C. Libani, Cepar or Lesanon; with dark foliage and stiff horizontal
branches, the terminal shoot erect : not hardy E. of New York.

C. Deodara, Dropar C. of Himalayas ; with lighter drooping spray on
young trees, and whitish foliage : secms unlikely to flourish in this country.

5. CRYPTOMERIA. (Name, from the Greck, means concealed parts or
joints.) Evergreen tree from Japan.

C. Japénica, not hardy N. but often in conservatories ; leaves crowded,
awl-shaped, many-ranked, edgewise and decurrent on the stem. 4

6, TAXODIUM, BALD-CYPRESS. (Name, from the Greek, means
Yew-like: the resemblance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Fl. before
the leaves, in earliest spring,

T. distichum, American B. or Sournern Cypress. Large tree in

. swamps S., and planted, even N.: branchlets slender, many of them falling in

autumn like leafstalks; leaves light green, 3/ long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on
some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped and imbricated ; cones 1! or less thick.

7. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed Indian
ee-qua-yah, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very celebrated,
gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike that of Taxodium,
and soft, fissile, dull-red wood. Neither species is hardy in New England,
or safe in the Middle States ; but the second is disposed to stand.

S. sempérvirens, Common Redwood of the coast ranges of California ;
with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl-shaped
and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globular cones
(barely 1! long).

S. gigantéa, Giant Repwoop (in England called Werxineronta) of the
Sierra Nevada ; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed round the branch;
cones ovoid, 14/-2' long.

8. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress,

namely,

C. sempérvirens, planted only far S.; stiff narrow tree, with slender
erect branchlets, dark foliage, and cone 1/ in diameter, each scale many-sceded.

C. thyoides, Wuitr Crpar. Tree of low grounds S. & E., with white
valuable wood, slender spray, and pale glaucous-green triangular-awl-shaped
leaves much finer than in Arbor Vite ; cones hardly 3/ wide, with few seeds to
each scale, and these almost wingless.

C. Lawsoniana, of N. California, recently much planted, and if fully hardy

romising to be very ornamental ; has thickly set and plume-like flat spray, of

Finisteareen hue, and cones scarcely above 4! in thickness, their scales bearing
2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or 3 seeds.

C. pisifera, or Retinésrora pistrEeRa.(of which C. optisa is seemingly
a form with the scale-shaped leaves blunter and cone larger), is a scarcely hardy
species, introduced from Japan, the cones only as large as peas (to which the
specific name refers), a single pair of broad-winged seeds to each scale.

C. squarrosa, or ERicoipes, from Japan, is perfectly hardy N., perhaps
a variety of the last, but of strikingly different appearance, bearing only loose
and awl-shaped leaves. :

STAND PAM L. 315

9. THUJA, ARBOR VITA. (Ancient name of some resin-beating ever-
green.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; the follow-
ing are the principal natural types, by many taken for genera.

T. occidentalis, American Arsor Vira, or Waitt Cepar of the
North. Common tree N., in swamps and cool moist woods, much planted,
especially for hedges and screens ; leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, blunt
and adnate ; cones oblong, rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing
2 thin winged seeds. Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially var.
ERICOIDES or HeaTH-LIKE A., have the loose awl-shaped sort of leaves.

T. orientalis, or Brora orrentTauis, the Curnese A., not fully hardy
far N.: small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute, cone larger, with
thicker scales tipped with a recurving horn-like apex or appendage, each
2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. — Var. AUREA, the GOLDEN
.A. is dwarf and very dense, with yellow-green or partly golden-tinged foliage.
Var. TarrArica, is a more hardy glossy-green variety, the leaves scale-shaped.
Var. Meipénsrs, one with only loose and awl-shaped leaves. Even the slender-
stemmed and weeping T. p&npuLa is an extreme variety. ;

T. dolabrata, or Tuvusérsis DoLABRATa of Japan. Remarkable for its
very flat spray, broad and very blunt large ‘leaves (sometimes }! long) green
above and white beneath; the cone with thick and rounded scales, each with
5 wing-margined seeds.

10. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Fi. late spring.

§ 1. Leaves (scale-like and awl-shaped, small, the former sort minute and very
adnate) like those of Cypress and Arbor Vite.

J. Virginiana, Rep Cepar or Savin. A familiar shrub and small or
large tree, with most durable and valuable reddish odorous wood ; the small
fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short supporting branchlet.

J. Sabina, var. procumbens. Rocky banks, trailing over the ground
along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves less acute, and the
fruit nodding on the short peduncle-like recurved branchlet.

§ 2. Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of 3, jointed with the stem, linear with an awl-

shaped prickly point, the midrib prominent, also the rib-like margins.

J. communis, Common Junirer. Erect or spreading shrub; with very
sharp-pointed leaves green below and white on the upper face ; berries large and
smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is common N. in sterile or
rocky ground. Var. Hisérntca, very erect tree-like shrub, forming a narrow
column, is most planted for ornament, from Eu.

ll. TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow, the tough
‘wood was chosen for bows.) FI. early spring.

T. baccata, Evrorean Yew. Low tree, with thick upright trunk, spread-
‘ing short branches, and pointed dark green leaves about 1! long; when planted
‘in this country forms only a shrub.

Var. fastigiata, In1sn Yew; a singular form, making a narrow column,
‘the branches appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks.

Var. Canadénsis, American Yew on Grounp Hemiocx ; shady cold
banks and woods N.; the stems spreading over the ground,

12. TORREYA. (Named for our Dr. John Torrey.) Flowers in spring.

T. taxifélia. Woods in Florida: a handsome tree, but with the wood and

foliage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew but longer and tapering to a sharp

oint : hardy as a shrub as far north as New York, — T. Caxrirérwnica, is the
‘ALIFORNIAN NurmeG-TREE. T. NuciFERA, from Japan, is another species.

18. SALISBURIA, GINKGO-TREE. (Named for R. A. Salisbury.)

S. adiantifdolia (the name denotes the likeness of the leaves to those of
the Maidenhair Fern), a most singular tree, planted from Japan, hardy even
N.; branches spreading; the fan-shaped alternate leaves with their slender
stalks, 3’ or 4 long.

316 PINE FAMILY.

Cuass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS: Distinguished by having the woody matter of the
stem in distinct bundles scattered without obvious order
throughout its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to
come in a circle, when abundant enough to form proper
wood as in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the
bundles most crowded toward the circumference. Embryo
with a single cotyledon ; the first leaves in germination
alternate. Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined.
’ Parts of the flower almost always in threes, never in fives.
See Lessons, p. 117, and for style of vegetation, p. 19, fig. 47.

The plants of this class may be arranged under three gen-
erally well-marked divisions.

I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers either naked, i. e.
destitute of calyx and corolla, or these if present, not brightly
colored, collected in the sort of spike called a spadix, which is
embraced or subtended by the kind of developing bract termed a
spathe. The most familiar examples of this division are offered
by the Arum Family. To it also belong on one hand the Palms,
on the other the Pondweeds —here merely mentioned, as follows : —

Sabal Palmétto, Cassace Patmerto, of the sandy coast from N. Car-
olina S., our only tree of the class, with

S. serrulata, Saw Patmerto, of the Southern coast, the trunk of which
creeps on the ground, and the short petioles are spiny-margined, whence the
popular name,

S. Adansonii, Dwarr Patmerro, the leaves of which, rising from a
stem underground, are smooth-edged, and

Chamierops Hystrix, Brive Parmetto of 8S. Carolina, &., with erect
or creeping trunks only 2° —3° long, and pale or glaucous leaves 3°- 4° high ;
— these represent with us the Pam Famizy.

Potamogéton natans, and other species of PonpwreEp abound in

ponds and streams, and represent the NatapacEm% or PONDWEED FamiLy, —
plants of various forms but of little interest — in fresh water.

Zostera marina, Grass-Wrack or Exrxt-Grass of salt water, with its
long ribbon-like bright green leaves, and flowers hidden in their upper sheaths,
represents the same family in shallow bays of the ocean.

Lémna polyrhiza, Ducxweep, consisting of little green grains, about
3/— 4 long, floating on stagnant water, producing a tuft of hanging roots from
their lower face, never here found in blossom,

L. minor, still smaller and with only a single root, — and the less common

L. tristilca, which is oblong-lanceolate from a stalk-like base, — all propa-
gating freely by budding from the side and separating, — are greatly simplified
little pants representing the Lemnacez or Duckweep Famixy, their mi-
nute flower rarely seen. See Manual; also Structural Botany, p. 70, fig. 102.

ARUM FAMILY. 317

112. ARACEA, ARUM FAMILY.

Plants with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves mostly with
veins reticulated so as to resemble those of the first class, flowers
in the fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furnished with
the colored or peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe.

There are several stove-plants of the family now rather common
in choice collections, mostly species and varieties of CaLapium, cul-
tivated for their colored and variegated foliage.

§ 1. Leaves with expanded blade, and with spreading nerves or veins, never linear.
« Flowers wholly destitute of calyx and corolla.

1, ARISHMA. Leaves compound, only one or two, with stalks sheathing the
simple stem, which rises from a fleshy corm, and terminates in a long spadix
bearing flowers only at its base, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower
part of the preeninn or purplish spatte. Sterile flowers above the fertile,
each of a few sessile anthers; the fertile each a 1-celled 5-6-ovuled ovary,
in fruit becoming a scarlet berry: commonly dicecious, the stamens being
abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other.

2. COLOCASIA. Leaves simple, peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe
convolute, yellowish, much longer than the spadix: the latter covered with
ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded
with numerous 6 - 8-celled sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked.

8. PELTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the scape from a tufted
fibrous root. Spathe convolute to the pointed, apex, green, wavy-margined.
Spadix long and tapering, covered completely with flowers, i.e. above with
naked shield-shaped anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the
top, below with one-celled ovaries bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a
1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly.

4. RICHARDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the long scape from a short
tuberous rootstock. Spathe broad, Spresding above, bright white, convolute
at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above
with yellow anthers, below with ovaries, each incompletely 8-celled, and con-
taining several hanging ovules.

5. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long pees these and the peduncles from
a creeping rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading
widely at the base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with
flowers; the lower ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a I-celled ovary;
the upper often of stamens only. Berries red, containing » few oblong seeds,
surrounded with jelly.

* * Flowers with.a perianth, perfect, covering the whole spadiz.

6. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, ap-
pearing much later than the flowers from a fibrous-rooted corm or short
rootstock. Spathe shell-shaped, ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of
ground, enclosing the globular spadix, in which the flowers are as it were
nearly immersed. Each flower has 4 hooded sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled
anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary tipped with a short
awl-shaped style: the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix under the rough
surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds.

§ 2. Leaves linear, flag-like, nerved: spadix appearing lateral.

7. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of a 2-edged
simple scape resembling the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers.
Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, with linear filaments and kidney-shaped an-

- thers. Ovary 2—8-celled, with several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming
dry in fruit, ripening only one or two small seeds.

1, ARISAIMA, INDIAN TURNIP, &c. (Name altered from Arun, to
which these plants were formerly referred.) ild plants of rich woods, fi.
in spring, veiny-leaved, their turnip-shaped corm farinaccous, but imbued
with an intensely pungent juice, which is dissipated in drying. 2
A. triphyllum, Common Inp1an Turnip. In rich woods; leaves mostly

2, each of 3 oblong pointed leaflets ; stalks and spathe either green or variegated

with whitish and dark-purple stripes or spots, the latter with broad or flat

summit incurved over the top of the club-shaped and blunt spadix.

318 CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

A. Dracéntium, Dracow-Arum, Dracon-Rroor, or Grezn Dracon.
Low grounds; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole 1°-2° long, bearing 7-11
pedate lance-oblong pointed leaflets ; the greenish spathe wholly rolled into a
tube with a short slender point, very much shorter than the long and tapering
tail-like spathe.

2. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common species.) 2
C. antiquorum, one variety called C. escuLinTa ; cult. in the hot parts
of the world for its farinaceous thick rootstocks (which are esculent when the
acrid principle is driven off by heat, as also the leaves), and in gardens for its
magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped leaves being 2°-3° long when
well grown ; the stalk attached much below the middle, the notch not deep.

3. PELTANDRA, ARROW-ARUM. (Name of Greek words meaning

shield-shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Fl. summer. 2/

P. Virginica. Shallow water: 1°-2° high; leaves pale; the fine trans-
verse nerves running from the midrib and netted with 2 or 3 longitudinal ones
near the margin; scapes recurved in fruit; top of the spathe and spadix
rotting off, leaving the short fleshy base firmly embracing the globular cluster
of green berries.

4, RICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, Z, C. Richard.) 2

R. Africana, the Arsiopian or Eeyptian Caza, of common house-
culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not a true Calla, — too
familiar to need fuller description.

5. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (Anancientname.) Fi. early summer. 2/

C. palustris. Cold and wet bogs from Penn. N. : a low and small, rather
handsome plant; leaves 3/—4! long ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled.

6. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Name of Greek words
for fruit grown together.)

S. foétidus, the only species, in swamps and wet woods, mostly N.: send-
ing up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped spathe enclosing the head
of flowers, and later the large leaves, when full grown 1°- 2° long, in a cabbage-
like tuft ; the fruit 2/—-3/ in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost 4’ wide,
ripe in autumn.

7, ACORUS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMUS. (Ancient name, from
the Greek, said to refer to the use as a remedy for sore eyes.) /

1. A. Célamus, Common Swert-F1ac : in wet grounds ; sending up the
2-edged sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more high, from the horizontal pungent
aromatic rootstock : fl. early summer.

118. TYPHACEA, CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, with linear and straight-
nerved erect (unless floating) long leaves, sheathing at base, and
moneecious flowers on a dry spadix, destitute of calyx and corolla;
the fruit dry and nut-like, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded.

Near to this belongs Panpanvs, cult. for its foliage in some con-
servatories, with prickly toothed leaves crowded on woody stems.

1. TYPHA. Flowers indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long
and simple reed-like stem; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long
hairs; the lower and thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a
style and below surrounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form
the copious down of the fruit.

2. SPARGANIUM. Flowers collected in separate dense heads, scattered along
the summit of the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some

WALER*PLANTAIN FAMILY. 319

minute scales interposed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few small
scales at its. ane, tha fa ole ripening into a. spherical ead of small nuts,
which are wedge-shaped below and with a pointed tip.

1, TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (From Greek word for fen, in which
these plants abound.) Fl. early summer. 2

T. latifolia, Common C. or Rexp-Mace; with flat leaves, these and the
stem 6°— 10° high ; no interval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike.

T. angustifolia, Narrow-Lteavep C. Less common, smaller; leaves
narrower, more channelled toward the base ; commonly a space ‘between the
sterile and the fertile part of the spike.

2. SPARGANIUM, Bur-Reev. (Name from Greek for a fillet, alluding
to the ribbon-shaped leaves.) J. summer.

S. eurycarpum, Great B. Border of ponds and streams, 3°—5° high,
with panicled-spiked heads, the fertile when in fruit 14” thick, the nuts broad-
fonel ; stigmas 2; leaves }/—§! wide, flat on upper side, keeled and concave-
sided on the other.

8S. simplex, Smarter B. Only N.: in water; erect, sometimes floating,
19°-2° high, mostly with a simple row of heads; leaves narrower; stigma
simple, linear, as long as the style; nuts tapering to both ends and with a
stalked base.
' §. minimum, Smartest B. Mostly with leaves floating in shallow
water (6/-10/ long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; nuts oval,
short-pointed and short-stalked. .

TI. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not on a spadix,
with a perianth (calyx and corolla), all or part of it usually colored.

114. ALISMACEAL, WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Marsh herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in pani-
cles, racemes, or spikes, with distinct calyx and corolla, viz. 3 se-
pals and 3 petals, and from 3 to many distinct pistils; stamens on
the receptacle. Juice sometimes milky. The genuine Alismacez
have solitary ovules and seeds, and wholly separate pistils. Some
outlying related plants differing in these respects are annexed.

J. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored
alike (greenish). Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries 3 partly
united, or a single 3 — 6-celled compound pistil. Leaves petiole-like,
without a blade.

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect, small, in a slender spike or raceme, bract-
less. Calyx and corolla deciduous. Stamens 3 or 6, with oval anthers on
short filaments. Ovary 3-6-celled, splitting when ripe from the central axis
into as many closed and dry seed-like 1-seeded cells: stigmas sessile.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect, few and rather small, in a loose bracted
raceme. Sepals and petals oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, with linear an-
thers. Pistils 8, with globular 2-8-ovuled ovaries slightly united at base, and
diverging in fruit, forming 3 turgid pods. Stigmas flat, sessile.

Il. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY proper. Calyx of 3
persistent green sepals. Corolla of 3 deciduous white petals. An-
thers turned outwards. Ovaries many, tipped with short style or
stigma, 1-ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves sometimes only
petioles, commonly with distinct blade, when the nerves or ribs
are apt to be more or less joined by cross veins or netted.

820 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

8. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud.
Stamens 6. Ovaries many, in a ring, very flat-sided, becoming coriaceous
flat akenes, 2 - 3-keeled on the back. : ;

4, ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 9 or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becoming wing-

ess akenes.

5. SAGITTARIA. Flowers moncecious, rarely dicecious or polygamous, in suc-
cessive whorls, the sterile at the summit of the scape; the lowest fertile.
Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries very many, heaped on the globular
receptacle, in fruit becoming flat and winged akenes.

Tl. FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY. (Buromes.) Dif-
fers from the preceding mainly in the few ovaries having numerous
ovules distributed all over the inside.

6. LIMNOCHARIS. Flowers perfect, long-peduncled. Petals large, yellow. Sta-
mens numerous with slender filaments, a few of the outermost without an-
thers, the rest with linear anthers. Ovaries 6 or more, somewhat united at
base. Leaves roundish and heart-shaped, long-petioled.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, ARROW-GRASS. (Name in Greek means three-
pointed.) Insignificant rush-like plants, in marshes, mostly where the wa-
ter is brackish: fl. summer. 2/

T. palustre. Slender, 6/-18’ high, with linear-club-shaped ovary and
fruit, the 3 pieces when ripe separating from the sharp-pointed base upwards.

T. maritimum. Stouter, 12/-20/ high, with fruit of about 6 pieces
rounded at base. — Var. ELATUM, in bogs of the interior, N., 20/-30/ high, the
pieces of the fruit sharp-angled on the back.

T. triandrum, a small slender species along the coast S., has only 3
sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-lobed fruit.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. (Named for the early Swiss botanist, Scheuchzer.)
8. palustris. Peat-bogs from Penn. N.: 1° high: fl. early summer. 2

8. ALISMA, WATER-PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of uncertain
meaning.) Fl. all late summer.

A. Plantago. Shallow water : leaves long-petioled, varying from or oblong-
heart-shaped to lanceolate, 3—5-ribbed ; panicle 1°- 2° long of very many and
loose small flowers. 2

4. ECHINODORUS. (Named probably from Greek words for prickly.
Jiusk, the head of fruit being as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but
hardly so in our species. The following occur in muddy or wet places, chiefly
W.& S.: fl. summer; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and
creeping. 3
E. parvilus: a tiny plant, 1/-3/ high, with lanceolate or spatulate leaves,

few-flowered umbels, 9 stamens, and almost pointless akenes.

E. rostratus, with broadly heart-shaped leaves (1/—3' long, not including
the petiole) shorter than the erect scape, which bears a panicle of proliferous
posit ; flower almost 4! wide; 12 stamens; akenes beaked with slender
styles. @

E. radicans, with broadly heart-shaped and larger leaves (3!-8' wide)
which are very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping scapes or stems
becoming 1°—4° long and bearing many whorls; flowers $/- 3/ broad ; akenes
short-beaked.

5. SAGITTARIA, ARROW-HEAD. (From the Latin for arrow, from
the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus. In shallow water: fl. all
summer. 2/

« Filaments long and slender, i. c. as long as the linear-oblong anthers.
8. lancifolia. Common from Virginia 8.: with the stout leaves 1°-3°
and scapes 2°—5° high, the coriaceous blade of the former lance-oblong and

FROG’S-BIT FAMILY. 821

always tapering into the thick petiole, the nerves nearly all from the thick
and prominent midrib.

S. variabilis. The common species everywhere, exceedingly variable;
almost all the well-developed leaves arrow-shaped ; filaments nearly twice the
length of the anthers, smooth; akenes broadly obovate, with a long and
curved beak ; calyx remaining open.

S. calycina. Along rivers, often much immersed ; many of the leaves
linear or with no blades; the others mostly halberd-shaped ; scapes weak,
3'—9' high ; pedicels with fruit recurved ; filaments roughish, only as long as
the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal style; calyx appressed
to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile flowers show 9-12 stamens,
the sterile occasionally some rudiments of pistils.

% & Filaments very short and broad.

S. heterophylla. Common S. & W.: scapes 3/-2° high, weak; the
fertile flowers almost sessile, the sterile long-pedicelled ; filaments glandular-
pubescent ; akenes narrow-obovate, with along erect beak ; leaves linear, lance-
olate, or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire.

S. graminea. Common S.: known from the foregoing by the slender

pedicels of both kinds of flowers, small almost beakless akenes, and leaves
rarely arrow-shaped.
. §. pusilla. From N. Jersey S. near the coast: known by the small size
(1 -3! high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and recurved in fruit;
stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, with erect beak ;
and leaves without a true blade. 4

S. natans, only S. is probably a large state of the last, with leaves having
a floating’ blade 1/-2! long, ovate or oblong, or slightly heart-shaped, 5-7
nerved. :

6. LIMNOCHARIS. (Name from the Greek means delight of the pools.)

L. Humbdldtii. Tender aquatic plant from S. America, which, turned
into pools, spreads widcly by its proliferous branching and rooting stems, and
flowers all summer and autumn; each flower lasting but a day, the 3 broad
sulphur-yellow petals 1/—1}/ long; pistils about 6; leaves about 3! long, the
midrib swollen below.

115. HYDROCHARIDACEM, FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.

Water-plants, with dicecious, moncecious, or polygamous flowers
on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one or two leaves,
the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 parts united below into a
tube which is coherent with the surface of a compound ovary :— we
have three plants, two of them very common.

« Floating, spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petioled, rounded heart-shaped.

1. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, from sessile or short-stalked
leaf-like spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 8 long-pedicelled
staminate flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pedicelled flower.
Perianth of 8 outer oval lobes (calyx) and 8 narrow immer ones (petals). A
cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelphous stamens in the sterile flower: some
awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6-9-celled ovary. in the fertile
flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many-seeded.

* * Growing under water, the fertile flowers only rising to the surface ; the sterile
(not often detected) breaking off' their short stalks, and floating on the surface
around the pistillate flowers.

1. ANACHARIS. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile fowers rising from a tubu-
lar spathe; the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly slender stalk-like
tube, 6-lobed at top, commonly bearing 8-9 apparently good stamens: ovary
1-celled with a few ovules on the walls: style coherent with the tube of the

erianth: stigmas 3, notched.

8. VALLISNERIA. Stemless; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fer-
tile flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an

21

322 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.

extremely long and slender scape: tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond
the Leelled ovary, with 8 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner
linear ones (petals), and no stamens. Ovules very numerous lining the walls.
Stigmas 38, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, berry-like.

1, LIMNOBIUM, FROG’S-BIT. (Name in Greek means living in
pools.) Flowers whitish, the fertile ones larger, in sumnier. 7

L. Spéngia. Floating free on still water S. & W. ; has been found in bays
of Lake Ontario: rooting copiously ; leaves 1/--2' long, purple beneath, tumid
at base with spongy air-cells. :

2. ANACHARIS, WATER-WEED. (Name from the Greck means
destitute of charms.) FI. summer. 2

A. Canadénsis. Slow streams and ponds: a rather homely weed, with
long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid and veinless
I-nerved minutely serrulate sessile leaves (}/-1/ long), varying from linear
to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish perianth often several
inches long.

3. VALLISNERIA, TAPE-GRASS, EEL-GRASS of fresh water.
(Named for A. Vailisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. 2/

V.spiralis. In clear ponds and slow streams, with bright green and grass-
like linear leaves (1°-2° long), delicately nerved and netted; fertile scapes
rising 2°-4° long, according to the depth of the water, afterwards coiling up
spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen.— The leaves of this and
the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis, (Bee Structural Botany, p. 31,
Lessons, p. 167.)

116. PONTEDERIACEA, PICKEREL-WEED F.

A few water plants, distinguished from the foregoing by having
the tubular corolla-like perianth free from the ovary, and the flow-
ers perfect. Represented by

Schollera graminea, or Water Srar-Grass; a grass-like weed grow-
ing under water in streams, with branching stems beset with linear pellucid ses-
sile leaves; the flower with a-slender salver-form pale yellow perianth, of six
narrow equal divisions raised to the surface on u very slender tube, and only 8
stamens.

Heteranthéra reniférmis, Mup-Puantaty, in mud or shallow water
8. & W.; with floating round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles; and 3-5
ephemeral white flowers, from the sheathing base or side of a petiole; their per-
ianth salver-form, with a slender tube, bearing 6 nearly equal divisions and 3
dissimilar stamens, one with a greenish, two with yellow anthers.

H. limosa, in mud S. & W.: distinguished by its oblong or lance-oblong
leaves, and solitary blue flower. — The only widely common plant of the family
belongs to

1. PONTEDERIA, Picxuret-weep. (Named for the Italian botanist
Pontedera.) Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of 6 divisions irregularly
united below in a tube, the 3 most united forming an upper lip of 3 lobes, the
others more spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering
‘claws forming the lower lip, open only for a day, rolling up from the apex
downwards as it closes; the 6-ribbed base thickening, turning green, and en-
closing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower in the throat, with incurved fila-
ments; the 3 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. Ovary 3-celicd,
2 cells empty, cne with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle.

P. cordata, Common P. Everywhere in shallow water ; stem 1°-2° high,
naked below, above bearing a single petioled heart-shaped and oblong or lance-
arrow-shaped obtuse leaf, and a spike of purplish-blue flowers; upper lobe with
a conspicuous yellowish-green spot: fl. all summer.

ORCHIS FAMILY. 323

117. ORCHIDACEA, ORCHIS FAMILY.

Herbs, with flowers of peculiar structure, the perianth adherent
to the one-celled ovary (which has numberless minute ovules on
3 parietal placente), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts irregular, 3 in
an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and alternate with these
answering to petals, one of these, generally larger and always differ-
ent from the others, called the dabellum or lip: the stamens are
gynandrous, being borne on or connected with the style or stigma,
and are only one or two; the pollen is mostly coherent in masses of
peculiar appearance. All perennials, and all depend upon insects
for fertilization. Beginners will not very easily comprehend the
remarkable structure of most Orchideous flowers. But our more
conspicuous common species may be readily identified as to genera
and species.

§ 1. Eprenyre or Arr-PLant Orcuips. Of these a great variety are cultivated
in the choicest conservatories. We have one in the most Southern States.

‘1, EPIDENDUM. The 8 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading:
the odd petal or lip Jarger and 3-lobed, its base united with the style, which
bears a lid-like anther, containing 4-stalked pollen-masses, over the glutinous

stigma.
§ 2. TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds.

« Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be
mistaken for two anthers: pollen collected into one or more masses in each
cell: stigma a glutinous serie.

+ Lip or odd petal produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur:
pollen ofeach cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk,
the lower end of which is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to which the whole
mass of pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried off by insects. °

_ 2 ORCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper
side of.the flower; the lip turned downwards (i. e. as the flower stands on its
twisted ovary). Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous; the 2
glands side by side just over the concave stigma, and enclosed in a sort of
poncl or pocket opening at the top.

.8 HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals com-
monly spreading; the glands attached to the pollen-masses naked and ex-
posed.

+ + No spur to the lip: anther borne on the back of the style below its tip. erect or
inclined: the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, white.

4. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth
erect or conniving, the lower part of the lip involute around the style and
with a callosity on each side oft the base, its narrower tip somewhat recurved
and crisped. Pollen-masses 2 (one to each cell), each 2-parted into a thin
plate [ermppret of grains lightly united by delicate threads), their summits
united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped sticky gland set in the beaked tip
over the stigma. Leaves not variegated.

5. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes; but the lip more sac-shaped, closely
sessile, and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated
with white veining.

+ + + No spur to the lip, or one adherent to the ovary: anther inverted on the apex
of the style, commonly attached by a sort of hinge: pollen2 or 4 separate soft
masses, not attached to a stalk or gland.

++ Flowers rather large: pollen-masses soft, of lightly-connected powdery grains.

6. ARETHUSA. Flower only one, on a naked scape; the 3 sepals and 2 petals
lanceolate and nearly alike, all united at the base, ascending and arching
over the top of the long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like
top of which rests the helmet-shaped hinged anther, over a little shelf, the

324 ORCHIS FAMILY.

lower face of which is the stigma. Lip broad, erect, with a recurving
rounded apex and a bearded crest down the face. Pollen-masses 4, two in
each cell of the anther. 3 . P
7. CALOPOGON. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike; the lip
turned towards the axis, diverging widely from the slender (above wing-mar-
gined) style, narrower at base, larger and rounded at the apex, strongly
bearded along the face. Sepals and the 2 petals nearly alike, lance-ovate,
separate and spreading. Anther lid-like: pollen-masses 4.
8. POGONIA. Flowers one or few terminating a leaf-bearing stem; the sepals
-and petals separate; lip crested or 3-lobed. Style club-shaped, wingless:.
stigma lateral. Anther lid-like, somewhat stalked: pollen-masses 2, only one
in each cell.

a+ ++ Flowers mostly small, dull-colored, in a spike or raceme on a brownish or yel-
lowish leafless scape: pollen 4, globular, soft-waxy.

9. CORALLORHIZA. Flowers with sepals and petals nearly alike; the lip broader,
2-ridged on the face below, from its base descends a short sac or’obscure spur
which adheres to the upper part of the ovary. Scape with sheaths in place
of leaves; the root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like.

10. APLECTRUM. Flowers as in No. 9, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger.
Scape rising from a large solid bulb or corm, which also produces, at a differ-
ent season, a broad and many-nerved green leaf.

« * Anthers 2 (Lessons p. 111, fig. 226), borne one on each side of the style, and a
trowel-shaped body on the upper side answers to the third stamen, the one that
alone is present in other Orchids: pollen powdery or pulpy: stigina ruughish,
not glutinous. i

11. CYPRIPEDIUM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, besides
the lip which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bear-
ing the stamens and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined.
Pollen sticky on the surface, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or
at length pulpy underneath. .

1. EPIDENDUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i. e. an epiphyte.)

E. condépseum, our only wild Orchideous Epiphyte or Air-plant, is found
from South Carolina S. & W. on the boughs of Magnolia, &c., clinging to the
bark by its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks bearing thick and firm lance-
olate leaves (1/—3/ long), and scapes 2/—6/ long, with a raceme of small greenish
and purplish flowers, in summer. (Lessons, p. 34, 35, fig. 35.)

2. ORCHIS. (The ancient name, from the Greek.) We have only one true

Orchis, viz.

O. spectabilis, Saowy Orcats. Rich hilly woods N.; with 2 oblong
obovate glossy leaves (3'-5’ long) from the fleshy-fibrous root, and a leafy-
bracted scape 4/-7! high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty flowers, pink-
purple, the ovate lip white: in late spring.

3. HABENARTA, popularly called ORCHIS. (Name from Latin habena,
a rein or thong, from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.)
Flowers in a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring or sum-
mer. In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower or
anterior side of the flower.

§1. Frincep Orcuis. Lip and often the other petals cut-fringed or cleft,
shorter than the long curving spur: cells of the anther more or less diverguty
and tapering below, the sticky gland at their lower end strongly projecting
forwards. These are our handsomest wild Orchises: all grow in bogs or low
grounds: stems leafy, 1°-4° high.

« Flowers violet-purple, in summer : the lip fan-shaped, 3-parted nearly down to the
stalk-like base, and the divisions more or less fringed.

H. fimbriata, Larcer Purrie Frincep 0. Wet meadows from Penn.
N. E.: lower leaves oval or oblong, upper few and small; raceme-like spil:e
oblong, with rather few large flowers in early summer; petals ob!ong, toothed
down the sides; lip almost 1! wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe.

ORCHIS FAMILY. 825

H. psyeddes, Smarter Purrie Frincep O. Common, especiall
N.: leaves oblong, above: passing into lance-linear bracts; spike cylindrical,
4!~10! long, crowded with smaller and fragrant flowers; lateral petals wedge-
obovate, almost entire; lip spreading, only 3' wide, cut into denser fringe.

H. peramoena. From Penn. W. & 38. along and near the mountains:
flowers of size intermediate between the two preceding, the broad wedge-shaped
lobes of the lip moderately cut-toothed, but not fringed.

*% * Flowers greenish or yellowish-white, in late summer: glands oval or | late,

almost facing each other: spike long and loose.

H. leucoph#a. From Ohio W. & S.: 2°-4° high; leaves lance-oblong ;
flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, §/ long, and many-cleft to the
middle into a thread-like fringe.

H. lacera, Raccep Frincep O. Common N. & E.: 1°-2° high; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the slender-stalked.
3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed.

*% & *& Flowers bright white, in summer : the lip fringe-margined but not cleft.

H. blepharigléttis, Wuire Frincep O. Peat-bogs N.: like the next,
but rather smaller, 1° high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to
the width of its body.

# & & * Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer : glands orbicular, projecting
on the beak-pointed Lases of the very diverging anther-cells: ovary and pod
long, tapering to the summit. ;

H. ciliaris, Yettow Frincrp 0. Sandy bogs: 14°-2° high; leaves
oblong or lanceolate; spike short, of many crowded very showy flowers ; petals
cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the lip narrower than the copious long
and fine fringe.

H. cristata, from Penn. S.: smaller, with narrower leaves, and flowers
only a quarter the size of the preceding, the petals crenate, and the ovate lip
with a narrow lacerate fringe.

§ 2. Yellow, green, or white species, with lip entire, at least not fringed.
# Stem leafy: leaves oblong or lanceolate: flowers small: anther-cells nearly parallel.

H. integra. Pine barrens from New Jersey S.: resembles H. cristata,
having small bright orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and entire or
barely crenulate.

H. viréscens. Wet grounds, common: 10'-20' high, with a conspicu-
ously bracted at length long and loose spike of small dull-green flowers; the
lip oblong, almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on, each side and
a nasal protuberance on the face; spur slender, club-shaped.

H. viridis, var. bracteata. Cold damp woods N.: 6/—12! high, with
lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the short spike, which are much
longer than the green flowers; lip truncate and 2-3-toothed at the tip, very
much longer than the sac-shaped spur.

H. hyperborea. Cold low woods and bogs N.: 6!-2° high, very leafy;
leaves lanceolate; spike dense, often long; flowers greenish, the lanceolate lip
like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length of the incurved spur..

H. dilatata. Resembles the last, grows in same places, but commonly more

slender and with linear leaves; flowers white, less wide, open, the lanceolate
lip with a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap-shaped.
. H.nivea. Sandy bogs, from Delaware S.: 1°-2° high, all the upper
leaves bract-like ; flowers white, in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, different
from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and the linear-
oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking inwards.

* * Stem a naked scape: the leaves only 2 at the ground: flowers pretty large in
a@ loose spike: anther-cells widely diverging at their tapering or beak-like
projecting base.

H. orbiculata, Great Green 0. Evergreen woods and hillsides N.: a
striking plant; its exactly orbicular leaves 4!— 8! wide, bright green above and
silvery beneath, lying flat on the ground; scape 1°-2° high, bracted, bearing
many large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme; sepals roundish; lip nar-

3826 ORCHIS FAMILY.

towly spatulate-linear and drooping; spur about 1}/ long, curved, gradually
thickened towards the blunt tip: fl. July.

H. Hookeri. Sandy woods from Penn. N.: smaller in all parts, flowers
in June; the orbicular leaves only 3/5’ broad and flat on the ground; scape
naked, 6/—12! high, bearing fewer yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike;
sepals lance-ovate; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance-
awl-shaped ; spur slender, acute, nearly 1’ long.

4. SPIRANTHES, LADIES’-TRESSES. (Name from the Greek, de-
notes that the flowers are spiral: they often are apparently spirally twisted in
the spike.) Flowers white. The species are difficult; the following are the
commonest.

* Flowers crowded in 3 ranks in a close spike: wet banks or bogs.

8. latifolia. Only from Delaware N.: known by its oblong or lance-ob-
long leaves (1'-3/ long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small
smooth flowers early in June.

S. Romanzoviana. Cold bogs, from N. New England W.: 5/-15! high,
with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers at mid-
summer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip.

S. cérnua, Common E. and 8.: 6’-20' high, with lance-linear leaves,
cylindrical often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel
with the lower petal or lip: fl. in autumn.

% * Flowers in one straight or often spirally twisted rank, in summer.

S. graminea. Wet grassy places from N. England 8.: stem about 1°
high, towards its base and at the lesb root bearing linear or lance-linear leaves,
which mostly last through the flowering season ; spike dense and much twisted,
rather downy.

S. gracilis. Hills and sandy plains: scape slender, 8/— 18! high, bearing a
slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, ovate or oblong, apt to
wither away before the small flowers appear in late summer.

5. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Named for John
Goodyer, an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white,
spiked on a scape; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small*

G. répens. Evergreen woods N.: 3'-8' high, slender ; flowers in a loose

one-sided spike, with inflated sac-shaped lip. 7
G. pubéscens. Oak and pine woods E. & S.: 6/- 12! high; larger, with

leaves more beautifully white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser

spike ; lip globular.

G. Menziésii. Woods, only from New York W. : 9/-12' high ; leaves less
reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the bud, the lip
hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex.

6. ARETHUSA. (Mythological name of a nymph and fountain.) Fi. late
spring.
A. bulbdsa. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N.: consists of a scape
6’— 10! high rising from a solid bulb or corm, sheathed below with one or two
green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink flower 1/~ 2! long.

7. CALOPOGON. (Name in Greek means beautiful beard, referring to
the lip.) Fl. early summer.

C. pulchéllus. Wet bogs: scape about 1° high, from a small solid bulb,
slender, bearing next the base a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved grass-like
leaf, and at the summit 2-6 beautiful pink-purple flowers (1’ broad), the lip as
if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.

8. POGONIA. (Name in Greek means bearded, i.e. on the lip: this is
hardly the case in most of our species.) We have several, but the only widely
common one is
P. ophioglossoides. Wet bogs along with the Calopogon, and in

blossom at the same time: stem 6/-9! high from a root of thick fibres, bearing

ORCHIS FAMILY. 3827

an oval or lance-oblong closely sessile leaf near the middle, and a smaller one or
bract near the terminal flower, sometimes a second flower in its axil; flower 1
long, pale rose-color or whitish, .sweet-scented; sepals and petals nearly alike ;
lip erect, beard-crested and fringed. :

Ce nes CORAL-ROOT (which the name means in
reek).

C. innata. Low woods, mostly N.: 3/-6! high, yellowish, with 5-10 very
small almost sessile flowers ; lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base: fl. spring.

C. odontorhiza. Rich woods, common only S.: 6’-16! high, thickened
at base, brownish or purplish, with’6-20 pedicelled flowers, and lip not lobed
but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete.

C. multiflora. Common in dry woods, 9/- 20! high, purplish, stout, with
10-30 short-pedicelled flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and adnate spur manifest.

‘10. APLECTRUM, PUTTY-ROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name,
from the Greek, means destitute of spur.)

A.hyemale. Woods, in rich mould, mostly towards the Alleghanies and
N. : scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large oval and plaited-nerved
petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts over winter; solid bulbs one
each year, connected by a slender stalk, those of at least two years found to-
gether (whence one of the popular names), 1! thick, filled with strong glutinous
matter, which has been used for cement, whence the other name.

ll. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY’S SLIPPER, MOCCASON-FLOWER.
{Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Two exotic
species are not rare in conservatories ; the others are among the most orna-
mental and curious of our wild flowers : in spring and early summer. Root-
stocks very short and knotty, producing long and coarse fibrous roots.

§ 1. Lhe three sepals separate: stem leafy, one-flowered.

C. arietinum, Ram’s urap C. Cold bogs N.: not common; the smallest
species, with slender stem 6’—10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy
purplish flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram’s head,
one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear.

§ 2. Two of the sepals united by their edges into one under the sac or slipper, but
their very tips sometimes separate,

% Stem 1°~2° high, leafy to the 1-8-flowered summit: leaves lance-oblong or
ovate, with many somewhat plaited nerves, more or less pubescent: sac or
slipper horizontal, much inflated, open by a rather large round orifice.

+ Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, larger than the sac.

C. pubéscens, Yettow Lapy’s-Siiprer. Low woods and bogs, mainly
N.: sac light yellow, higher than broad, convex above; sepals long-lanceolate :
flowers early summer, scentless.

C. parvifldrum, SmaLter Yettow L. In similar situations; stems and
leaves generally smaller, and flower about half the size of the other, somewhat
fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals
browner. :

C. candidum, Smart Wurtz L. Bogs and low prairies, chiefly W.:
small, barely 1° high, slightly pubescent ; sac like that of preceding but white.

-- + Sepals and petals broad or roundish and flat, white, not larger than the sac.

C. spectabile, SHowy L., and deserving the name, in bogs and rich low
woods N., and along the mountains S.: downy, 2° or more high,-with leaves
6-8! long, white flowers with the globular lip (14/ long) painted with pink-
purple, in July. ‘

% * Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit.

+ Wild species, with only a pair of oblong many-nerved downy leaves at the root.

C. acaule, Stemiess L. Moist or sandy ground in the shade of ever-
greens: scape 8/-12' high; sepals and petals greenish or purplish, the latter

328 BANANA FAMILY.

linear, shorter than the rose-purple oblong-obovate drooping sac, which is split
down the front but nearly closed: fl. spring.

+ + East Indian species of the conservatory, with several thick and firm keeled
leaves in 2 ranks at the root: sac hanging, largely open at top.

C. insigne, has linear strap-shaped cartilaginous leaves, and yellow flower
with some greenish and purple-spotted.

C. ventstum, with more fleshy oblong-strap-shaped mottled and spotted
leaves, and purplish flower with some green and yellow.

118. SCITAMINEA, BANANA FAMILY.

Here is assembled a group of tropical or subtropical plants, with
leaves having distinct petiole and blade, the latter traversed by.
nerves running from the midrib to the margin; flowers irregular,
with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, below all combined
into a tube which is adherent to the 3-celled ovary; the stamens
1-6 and distinct. We have only two, by no means common, wild
representatives on our southeastern borders; the cultivated ones
are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and most of them are
rarely seen in blossom. ‘They may therefore be simply referred to,
as follows.

I. GINGER FAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots hot-aro-
matic. Stamen only one, with a 2-celled anther, commonly em-
bracing the style, but not united with it. ;

Hedychium Gardnerianam, Garianp-Fiower, cult. from India:
stems 3°—4° high, furnished to the top with oblong 2-ranked leaves, terminating
in a large spike of handsome light-yellow flowers, a slender tube bearing 6
divisions which may be likened to those of an Orchideous flower, one (answer-
ing to the lip) much larger and broader than the 5 others, and a very long
protruding reddish filament terminated by a yellow anther sheathing the style
up almost to the stigma.

II. ARROWROOT or INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY. No hot-
aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, &c., commonly contain
much starch, from which genuine arrowroot is produced. Stamen
only one with an anther, and that one-celled.

Thalia dealbata, wild in marshes and ponds far S., is dusted over with a
white powder, the heart-ovate long-pctioled leaves all from the root, reed-like
scape branching above into panicled spikes of small much-bracted purple flowers.

Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a showy leaf-plant in conserva-
tories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long, purple beneath, the upper surface
satiny and with alternating stripes of deep and pale green ; flowers dull purple,
inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike near the ground on a short scape.

Canna Indica, Common Inp1an Snort (so called from the hard shot-
like seeds, these several in the 3 cells of the rough-walled pod): frequently
planted for summer flowering ; the lance-ovate or oblong pointed leaves 6/-12!
long; flowers several in a simple or branching spike, about 2! long, red,
varying to yellow, or variegated; stamen with petal-like filament bearing the
anther on one side, otherwise resembling the 3 divisions of an inner corolla,
these probably transformed sterile stamens. — The following, more magnificent
for summer foliage, and sometimes for flowers, are choicer sorts, but much
confused as to species.

C. Warszewiczii, 4°-5° high, with mostly purplish or purple-margined
pointed leaves, and crimson-red flowers.

PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 329

- CG. discolor, grows 6°-10° high, with broad purple-tinged very large
leaves, and crimson or red-purple flowers.

C. glauca, especially its var. AnNiz1, 8°-13° high, with its glaucous
pale taper-pointed leaves, and yellow or red flowers 4! long.

C. flaccida, wild in swamps from South Carolina S.: 2°-4° high, with
ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3/~+4! long; all the inner
divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 outer or calyx reflexed.

Ill. BANANA FAMILY proper. Not aromatic or pungent.
Stamens 5 with 2-celled anthers, and an abortive naked filament.

Strelitzia Regine, a large stemless conservatory plant, from the Cape
of Good Hope, winter-flowering, with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid
petioles bearing an ovate-oblong thick blade; scape bearing at apex an oblique
or horizontal and rigid conduplicate spathe, from which several large and
strange-looking blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the peri-
anth 3/-4/ long, orange-yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and
somewhat like the two larger of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which
are united and cover the stamens, the other petal inconspicuous.

Musa sapiéntum, Banana; cult. for foliage and for the well-known
fruit ; the enwrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of tree-like suc-
culent stem, 10°-20° high ; the flower-stalk rising through the centre, and de-
veloping a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the axil of its purplish
bracts ; perianth of 2 concave or convolute divisions or lips, the lower 3-5-
lobed at the apex and enclosing the much smaller upper one; berry oblong, by
long cultivation (from offshoots) seedless. (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 47.)

M. Cavendishii. A dwarf variety, flowering at a few feet in height, is
the more manageable one, principally cultivated for fruiting.

119. BROMELIACE, PINE-APPLE FAMILY.

Tropical or subtropical plants, the greater part epiphytes, with
dry or fleshy, mostly,rigid, smooth or scurfy leaves, often prickly
edged, and perfect flowers with 6 stamens, — represented by several
species of Tillandsia in Florida, a small one further north, and sev-
eral of various genera in choice conservatories, not here noticed.

Ananassa sativa, Prvu-Arrre; cult. for its fruit, the flowers abortive,
and sometimes for foliage, especially a striped-leaved variety.

Tillandsia usneoides, the Lone Moss or Buacx Moss (so called),
hanging from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp S.: gray-
scurfy, with thread-shaped branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recurved leaves,
and small sessile green flowers ; the ovary free, forming a narrow 3-valved pod,
filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds: fl. summer.

120. AMARYLLIDACEA, AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

Chiefly perennial herbs, with leaves and scape from a bulb, corm,
&c., the leaves nerved from the base, and rarely with any distinction
of blade and petiole; the perianth regular or but moderately
irregular and colored, its tube adherent to the surface of the 3-celled
ovary ; and 6 stamens with good anthers. Bulbs acrid, some of
them poisonous. To. this family belong many of the choicer bulbs
of house-culture, only the commonest here noticed.

§ 1. Scape and linear hairy leaves from a litile solid bulb or corm.

1. ITYPOXYS. Perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, spreading, greenish out-
side, yellow within, persistent and withering on tlie pod.

330 AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

§ 2. Scape and niostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb.

* A cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth.

2. NARCISSUS. Perianth with a more or less cylindrical tube, 6 equal widely
spreading divisions, and stamens of unequal length included in the cup of
crown. ane with one or more flowers, from a scarious 1-leaved spathe.

8. PANCRATIUM. Perianth with a slender tube, 6 long and narrow divisions,
and a cup to which the long filaments adhere below, and from the edge of
which they project. Anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Scape bearing a
few flowers in a cluster, surrounded by some leaf-like or scarious bracts.

*% * No cup nor crown to the flower, or only minute scales sometimes in the throat.

+ Filaments borne on the tube of the flower: anthers fixed by the middle, versatile:
spathe of 1 or 2 scales or bracts.
4. CRINUM. Perianth with a slender long tube and 6 mostly long and narrow
spreading or recurved divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few or
~ many flowers, in an umbel-like head. Bulb often columnar and rising as if ©
into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks.
5. AMARYLLIS. Perianth various; the divisions oblong or lanceolate. Scape
bearing one or more flowers. Leaves mostly 2-ranked.

+ + Filaments on the ovary at the base of the 6-parted perianth: anthers erect, not
versatile: spathe a bract opening on one side.

6. GALANTHUS. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel.
Perianth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces; the three inner shorter, less
spreading, and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed.

7. LE COTUM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of
6 nearly separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish
upwards.

§ 2. Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from a tuberous rootstock or crown.

8. ALSTREMERIA. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the
top, the thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over.
Flowers in a terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly or quite to the ovary,
rather bell-shaped, often irregular as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens more or
less declined. Style slender: stigma 3-cleft. ‘

9. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple from a thick tuber, bearing long-linear
channelled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical
and somewhat funnel-shaped slightly curved tubé, and 6 about equal spread-
ing lobes. Stamens included in the tube: anthers erect. The summit of the
ovary and pod free from the calyx-tube; in this and other respects it ap-

roaches the Lily Family.

10. AGAVE. Leaves thick and fleshy with 1 hard rind and a commonly spiny
margin, tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers
and offsets; in flowering sends up a bracted scape, bearing a spike or panicle
of yellowish flowers. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 nar-
row almost equal divisions. Stamens projecting: anthers linear, versatile.
Pod containing numerous flat seeds.

1. HYPOXYS, STAR-GRASS. (Name from the Greek, means acue at
the base ; the pod is often so.)

H. erécta, the common species, in grass; with few-flowered scape 3/-8'
high, and leaves at length longer; yellow star-like flower over }/ broad.

2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in the mythology
who is said to have been changed into this flower.) Most of them are per-
fectly hardy : fl. spring.

N. poéticus, Port’s N. Leaves nearly flat; scape 1-flowered; crown of
the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish
throat : in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears.

NN. biflorus, Two-rtowrrep N., or Primrose Prerress of the old
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the
form of a short yellow cup.

N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of Potyanraus N.;
flowers numerous, white, the cup also white.

AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 38h

N. Tazétta, Potyantuus N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and
nearly flat, glaucous; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes
white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one
half the length of the divisions.

N. Jonquilla, Jonquit. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ;
flowers 2 to 5, small, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant.

N. Pseudo-Narcissus, Darroprt. Leaves flat, and 1-flowered scape
short; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped
cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the
divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens.

3. PANCRATIUM. (Name in Greck means all powerful: no obvious
reason for it.) Flowers large, showy, fragrant, especially at evening in
summer. Cult. at the North; the following wild 8S. in wet places on and
near the coast.

P. maritimum. Glaucous; leaves linear, erect; scape barely flattish ;
perianth 5/ long, its green tube enlarging at summit into the funnel-shaped
12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the spreading narrow-lanceolate
divisions of the perianth are united.

P. rotatum (or P. MexicAnum). Leaves linear-strap-shaped, widely
spreading, bright green, 2! or more wide ; scape sharply 2-edged ; slender tube
of the perianth and its linear widely spreading divisions each about 3! long, the
latter wholly free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged cup.

4. CRINUM. (The Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants,
chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S.

C. amabile, from East Indies; the huge bulb rising into a column; leaves
becoming several feet long and 3'~5! wide; flowers numerous, 8/-10! long,
crimson-purple outside, paler or white within.

C. Americanum, wild in river swamps far S.; much smaller, with a
globular bulb; scape 1°-2° high; flower white, 6/-7/ long.

5. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) One wild
species S.; many in cholce cultivation, and the species mixed. The following
are the commonest types.

A. Atamasco, Atamasco Lity, wild from Virginia S. in low grounds;
scape 6/—12/ high, mostly shorter than the glossy leaves; flower 2'—3! long,
single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pinkish; stamens
and style declined.

A. formosissima, Jaconman or Sr. Jamzs’s Lity, of the section
Srrexkuta: cult. from South America: scape bearing a single large and de-
clined deep crimson-red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lipped as it were,
three divisions recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at
base involute around the lower part of the deflexed stamens and style.

A. Reginze, from South America; with 2-4 large almost regular nodding
flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the deflexed stamens curved
upwards at the end.

A. Beiladénna, from the Cape of Good Hope; has elongated bulbs, chan-
nelled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scape, and several almost regular
large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form with very short tube, the stamens
not much declined, _

A. specidsa, or VaLLora purRPUREA, from Cape of Good Hope; the scar-
let-red flowers with funnel-shaped tube rather longer than the broad ovate and
nearly equal spreading divisions.

6. GALANTHUS, Syowpror. (Name formed of the Greek words for
milk and flower, probably from the color.) FI. earliest spring.

G. nivalis, of Europe, sends up soon after the winter’s snow leaves the
ground a pair of linear pale leaves and a scape 3/—6! high, bearing its delicate
drooping white flower,.the inner divisions tipped with green: a variety is full
double,

332 IRIS FAMILY.

“7, LEUCOIUM, SNOWFLAKE. (Ancient Greek name means White
Violet.) In gardens from Europe; much like Snowdrops on a larger scale,
flowering later, the scape more leafy at base, and leaves bright green.

L. véernum, Sprrine 8. Scape about 1° high, mostly 1-flowered, in spring ;
pod pear-shaped and 6-sided.

L. eestivum, Summer S. Scape 2° high, bearing 3-7 rather broader
flowers in late spring or early summer ; pod rounder.

8. ALSTRGAMERIA. (Named by Linneus for his friend Baron Alstre-
mer.) Plants of the conservatory, from W. South America, of mixed species.
A. Pelegrina, Lity or rue Incas, from Peru. Flowers few or solitary

at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink

and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner divisions.

A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulate
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted.

A. versicolor. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or spreading
branches, yellow spotted with purple.

9. POLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name from Greek words for city and
flower ; therefore not Polyanthes. And the popular name relates to the tuber-
ous rootstock, therefore not T'ube-Rose.)

P. tuberosa, the only specics cultivated, probably originally from Mexico ;
the tall stem with long several-ranked leaves at base and shorter and sparser
ones towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted out) ;
i oe very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the choicer sorts

-double.

10. AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Name from Greek word for wonderful.)

Plants flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit.

A. Virginica, of sterile soil from Virginia to Ill. and S. ; has lance-oblong
denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves 6’~12! long, and scape bearing a loose
simple spike of small flowers, 3°-6° high. ©

A. Americana, of Mexico, is the common Century PLant or AMERICAN
Aor; with very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, 2°-4° long,
pale green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old
plants (said to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) tree-like, bearing an
ample panicle.

121. IRIDACEA, IRIS FAMILY.

Distinguished by the equitant erect leaves (Lessons, p. 68, fig.
1338, 134), of course 2-ranked, and the 3 stamens with anthers facing
outwards. Flowers showy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or
more leaves or bracts; the tube of the perianth coherent with the
3-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in two
sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in the bud.
Style 1, or rarely 3-cleft: stigmas 8, opposite the 3 stamens and the
outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3-celled and many-seeded
pod. Stems or herbage rising from a rootstock, tuber, or solid bulb
(corm, Lessons, p. 45, fig. 71, 72); these are acrid, sometimes very
much so. All are perennial herbs.

§ 1. Perianth of 3 outer recurving, and 8 inner commonly smaller erect or incurving

divisions : stigmus or more propertly lobes of’ the style petal-like.

1. IRIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much prolonged beyond the ovary,
in the latter case coherent also with the style. Stamens under the overarch-
ing branches of the style: anthers linear or obiong, fixed by the base. The
real stigma is a shelf or short lip on the lower face of the petal-like branch
of the style, only its inner surface stigmatic. Pod 8-6-angled.

IRIS FAMILY. 833

§ 2. Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal widely spreading divisions: *

stamens separate or nearly so: style 8—6-lobed.

2. PARDANTHUS. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem,
from a rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow base. Fila-
ments slender, much longer than the anthers. Style jong, club-shaped, its
simple branches tipped with a broad and blunt stigma. Pod pear-shaped;
the valves falling away expose the centre covered with black berry-like

seeds.

8 NEMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a solid bulb
like that 6f a Crocus. Divisions of the flower obovate. I'ilaments awl-
‘shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. Style short, its 3 lobes parted
each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging stigmas. Pod truncate.
Seeds dry, angular.

§ 3. Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions: stamens mon-
adelphous to the top: style long: stigmas 8 or 6, thread-like: flowers opening
in sunshine and but once for a few hours.

4. SISYRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous: leaves grass-like. Divisions of the
wheel-shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3, simple.

5. TIGRIDIA. From a solid bulb with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lance-
olate, large, very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very
large and ‘vith a concave base; the other 3 very much smaller and fiddle-
shaped. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. -

§ 4. Perianth tubular at base, the 6 divisions all more or less spreading : stamens sepa-
rate: style long: stigmas 8, more or less dilated: flowers lasting for several
days. Plants from solid bulbs or corms. (Lessons, p. 45, fig. 71, 72.)

6. GLADIOLUS. Flowers numerous in a spike, on a rather tall leafy stem
remaining open, irregular, the short-funnel-shaped tube being somewhat
curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the flower commonly oblique
or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens (inserted on the tube,) and style as-
cending. Leaves sword-shaped, strongly nerved.

7. CROCUS. Flowers and narrow linear ices rising from the bulb, the ovary
and pod seldom raised above ground: perianth with a long and slender tube;
its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 8 inner rather smaller, concave,
fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins.

There are besides many tender plants of the family in choice collections, the
greater part.confined to the conservatories, — mostly: belonging to

Ixia maculata, of Cape of Good Hope, and others, once of that genus,
now called Spardxis, Watson, &c.; also to Monrsrétia or Trironta, &e.

Schizéstylis coccinea, from South Africa, lately introduced: not very
tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and stems 3° high, bearing a spike
of bright crimson-red flowers 2! across, the ovate acute lobes all alike and widely
spreading from a narrow tube; the slender style deeply cleft (whence the name)
into 3 thread-like branches.

Morea iridoides, of the Cape; very like an Iris, as the specific name
denotes; but the 6 divisions of the perianth all nearly alike and widely spread-
ing, white with a yellow spot on the 3 outer ones.

1. IRIS, Frower-pe-tuce, Buve Frac. (Greek and Latin mythological
name, and name of the rainbow.) FI. spring and early summer.

§ 1. Wild species of the country, all with creeping rootstocks.

* Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only leafiy tufts), 1- 3-flowered in early
spring, from creeping and branching slender rootstocks, here and there tuber-
ous-thickened: flowers violet-blue, with a long slender tube, and no beard.

I. vérna, Stenper Dwarr-Ir1s. Wooded hillsides, from Virginia and.
Kentucky S.; with linear grassy leaves, tube of flower about the length of its
se equal divisions, which are on slender orange-fellow claws, the outer ones
crestless.

I. eristata, Crestep D. Along the Allechanies, &c., sometimes cult ;
with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, tube of flower (2’ long)
much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones crested; pod
sharply triangular.

334 IRIS FAMILY.

% * Taller: the several-flowered often branching stems 1°-3° high: tube of the
flower short: the outer divisions naked, beardless, and all but one crestless 5
‘the inner very much smaller: fl. late spring and early summer, in swamps.

I. Virginica, Steyper Bivz Frac. Slender; with very narrow linear
leaves, and blue flowers with some white (barely 2/ long), on slender peduncles, .
with hardly any tube beyond the 3-angled ovary.

I. versicolor, Larcrer Buiur-Frac. Stout; stem angled on one side;
leaves sword-shaped, 4/ wide; flowers light blue variegated with some yellow,
white, and purple, hardly 3! long, the inflated tube shorter than the obtusely
3-angled ovary; pod oblong, 3-angled.

I. hexagona. Only S. near the coast; with simple stem, narrowish long
leaves, and deep blue variegated flowers 4! long, the outer divisions crested, the
tube longer than the 6-angled ovary.

I. cuprea. Only S. and W.; with copperish-yellow flowers 2! long, the
tube about the length of the 6-angled ovary.

I. tripétala. Only S. in pine-barren swamps; with rather short sword-
shaped glaucous leaves, and few blue flowers (2'-3! long), variezated with
yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and wedge-shaped, the
tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary.

§ 2. Garden species from the Old World, cult. for ornament.

* A dense beard along the lower part of the 3 outer divisions of the flower: the
stamens in all spring from thickened rootstocks.
+ Dwarf: flowering in early spring.
I. pumila, Dwarr Garpen Iris. Stem very short; the violet and pur-
ple flower close to the ground, with slender tube and obovate divisions, hardly
exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves.

+ + Taller and larger, several-flowered, in early summer.

I. Germanica, Common Fiower-pe-Lucr of the gardens, with very
large scentless flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3! long, the obo-
vate inner ones nearly as large, lighter and bluer.

I. sambicina, Exvper-scentep F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer-
leaved ; the flowers about half as large as in the preceding, the outer divisions
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with
deeper-colored lines or veins; upper divisions pale grayish or brownish blue;
spathe broadly scarious-margined.

I. squalens, very like preceding, with longer dull violet outer divisions to
the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff-colored inner divisions.

I. variegata, has much smaller flowers, with spatulate-obovate divisions
2! long, white with pale yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark-purple and
purplish-tinged in the middle.

I. Florentina, Frorence or Sweet F. Less tall than the Common F.,
with broader leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish veined, the
obovate outer divisions 24’- 3! long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented root-
stock yields orris-root.

% * No beard nor crest to the flower : all but the last with rootstocks.

I. Pseudacorus, Ye tow Iris, of wet marshes in Europe, with very long
linear leaves and bright yellow flowers, sparingly cultivated.

I. graminea, Grass-Leavep I., has narrow linear root-leaves 2°-3°
long and often surpassing the 1-3-flowered stem; flower purple-blue, with
narrow divisions.

I. Pérsica, Persrtan Ins. A choice house-plant, dwarf, nearly stemless
from a kind of bulb-like tuber, from which the flower rises on u long tube,
earlier than the leaves, delicately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at
the tip of the outer divisions, the inner divisions very small and spreading.

2. PARDANTHUS, BLACKBERRY LILY. (Name from the Greek,
means pard-flower, alludiny: to the spotted perianth.) Ft. late summer.
Pardanthus Chinénsis, from China, cult. in country gardens and

escaping into roadsides: 3°-4° high, more branching than an Iris; the di-

visions of the orange-colored flower (1/ long) mottled above with crimson spots,

YAM FAMILY. 835

the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating 9 black-
berry, whence the common name.

8. NEMASTYLIS. (Name from the Greek, means thread-like style, ap-
plicable here to the stigmas.) FI. spring and summer.

N. ce@lestina. Pine barrens S.: 1°-2° high, with handsome but fuga-
cious bright blue flowers ; the leaves mainly from the small bulb, Jinear and
plaited.

4, SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Name in Greek means
hog’s snout, the application not apparent.) FI. all summer.

S. Bermudiana. In all moist meadows ; the slender 2-winged stems
6'-12/ high, in tufts, longer than the root-leaves, almost naked; the small
flowers in an umbel from a 2-leaved spathe, their obovate divisions bristle-tipped
from a notch, pale blue, sometimes purplish, in a Western variety white.

5. TIGRiIDIA, TIGER-FLOWER (as the name denotes).’ Fl. summer.

T. pavonia, from Mexico, the principal species, with several varieties,
planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2° high, bearing in succession
a few very large showy flowers 5’ or 6! across, yellow or orange-red, the dark
' centre gaudily spotted with crimson or purple.

6. GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG., (Name a diminutive of the Latin
word for sword, from the leaves.) Several choice tender species in conserva-
tories ; while the hardy ones and those which bear planting out, which make
our gardens gay in late summer and autumn, are from the following :

G. communis, of Europe, is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather
few rose-red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers.

G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, is larger in all its parts, with more flowers
in the spike and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers.

G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of many of the
tender white or pale rose-colored varieties.

G. cardinalis, of the Cape, also tender, has large scarlet-red flowers,
often white along the centre of its 3 lower divisions.

G. psittacinus, of the Cape, is a tall and robust species, its numerous
large flowers with very broad divisions, dull yellow, mixed or bordered with
scarlet. This is the parent of G. Ganpavénsis, now universally cultivated,
and from which so many fine sub-varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red
and yellow, orange, and other colors.

7. CROCUS. (The Greek name of Saffron.) Cult. from the Old World.

C. vérnus, Sprinc Crocus; with violet, purple, white or mixed colored
flowers, the broad divisions rarely expanded, and short dilatcd stigmas with
jagged margins. :

C. luteus and C. Susianus, Yettow Crocus, with yellow or orange
flowers, and opening wider, are mere varieties of the first.

C. sativus, Fatu Crocus, with violet purple and fragrant flowers, in
autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red stigmas are

saffron.
122. DIOSCOREACEZA, YAM FAMILY.

Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, having
ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less imitating those
of Exogeus, and small greenish or whitish dicecious flowers, with
the tube of the perianth in the fertile ones adhering to the 3-celled
ovary ; its 6 divisions regular and parted to near the base or to the
ovary. Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in
each cell.

336 SMILAX FAMILY.

Tamus elephantipes, or TesrupINARIA ELAPHANTIPES, of the Cape
of Good Hope, is a curiosity in conservatories; the globular or hemispherical
trunk, resting on the ground, covered with very thick bark soon cracked into
separate portions, and resembling the back of a tortoise; out of it spring every
year slender twining stems, bearing rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves.

1, DIOSCORBA, Yam, &c. (Named for Dioscorides.) Flowers in axillary
panicles or racemes: stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile ones
perdeene a 8-celled 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through the wings.

l. summer. 2

D. villosa, Wizp Yam: sends up from a knotty rootstock its slender
stems, bearing heart-shaped pointed leaves, either alternate, opposite, or some
in fours, 9-11-ribbed and with prominent cross-veinlets. In thickets, com-
moner S.: slightly downy, or usually almost smooth, so that the specific name
is not a good one

D. Batatas (or D. Jarénica of some), Cuiness Yam: cult. from China
and Japan, for ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, —

a substitute for potatoes, if one could only dig them; with very smooth heart-

shaped partly halberd-shaped opposite leaves, and produces bulblets in the axils.

. Sativa, Troe Yam, wit great thick roots, is only of hot climates.

123. SMILACEAR, SMILAX FAMILY.

Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, a few herbaceous, climbing or
supported by a pair of tendrils on the sides of the petiole, having
ribbed and netted-veined leaves and small dicecious flowers, as in the
foregoing ;, but the ovary is free from the perianth, bears mostly 3
long and diverging sessile stigmas, and in fruit is a berry; the an-
thers are only 1-celled, opening by one longitudinal slit (the division
of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). Consists of the genus

1, SMILAX, GREENBRIER, CATBRIER, or CHINA-BRIER. (An-
cient Greek name.) All wild species, in thickets and low grounds; flowers
small, greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of
the Southern prickly ofies in spring.

§ 1. Stems woody, often prickly: ovules and secds only one in each cell.
* Smooth, and the leaves often glossy, 5-9-ribbed : stigmas and cells of ovary 3.
+ Berries red: peduncles short: leaves 5-rilibed: prickles hardly any.

S. lanceolata, from Virginia S.. climbs high; leaves evergreen, lance-
ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends; rootstock tuberous.

S. Walteri, from New Jersey 8.: 6° high; leaves deciduous, ovate or
lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped ; peduncles flat; rootstock creeping.

+ Berries black, often with a bloom: leaves mostly roundish or somewhat heart-
shaped at base: peduncles almost always flat.

8. rotundifolia, Common Grernsrier. Yellowish-green, often high-
climbing; branchlets more or less square, armed with scattered prickles ; leaves
ovate or round-ovate, thickish, green both sides, 2/—8/ long; peduncles few-
flowered, not longer than the petioles.

S. glatica. Mostly S. of New York: like the preceding, but less prickly,
the ovate leaves glaucous beneath and seldom at all heart-shaped, smooth-edged,
and peduncles longer than petiole.

S. tamnoides. New Jersey to Ill. and S.: differs from preceding in the
leaves varying from round-heart-shaped to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped,
green both sides, pointed, and the edges often sparsely bristly,

8. Pseudo-China, Cuina-Brrer; from New Jersey and Kentucky 8.:
rootstock tuberous ; prickles none or rare; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green
both sides, often contracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3-5! long ; flat
peduncles 2/—3! long.

LILY FAMILY. 337

8. hispida. Only from Penn. N.: rootstock long; stem high-climbing,
below beset with long and dark bristly prickles; leaves ovate and heart-shaped,
green both sides, thin, 4/-5/ long; flat peduncles 1}/-2! long; flowers larger
than in the Common Greenbrier.

# & Downy or smooth: stigma, cell of the ovary, and seed only one!

S. pumila. Sandy soil S. : rising only 1°~3° high, not prickly, soft-downy,
with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped 5-ribbed evergreen leaves, when old
smooth above; peduncles twice as long as petioles, densely-flowered ; berries
whitish.

8. laurifolia. From pine-barrens of New Jersey S.: very smooth, high-
climbing, stem with some prickles; leaves thick, evergreen, glossy, varying
from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles not exceeding the petiole and
pedicels; berries black.

§ 2. Stems herbaceous, never prickly, smooth: leaves long petioled, thin: ovules

and seeds usually a. pair in each cell: berries blue-black with a bloom. -

S. herbacea, Carrion Fiower (the scent of the blossoms justifies the
name): common in moist ground ; erect and recurving, often without tendrils,
or low-climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth; leaves ovate-oblong
or roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7—9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes short,
generally 3/~4! or even 6/—8/ long, even much surpassing the leaves, 20 —40-
flowered.

S. tamnifolia. Pine barrens from New Jersey S.: differs in its heart-
shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather longer
than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded.

124. LILIACEA, LILY FAMILY.

Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical flow-
ers, with perianth of 6 (in one instance of 4) parts, as many stamens
with 2-celled anthers, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary.
Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, but not glu-
maceous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium, &c.
Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves; all perennials. The great groups
comprised are the following.

I. TRILLIUM FAMILY;; with netted-veined leaves all in one
or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which rises from a fleshy
rootstock: styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a berry.

. 1. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals, and 3 colored petals; the
latter at length oe away after flowering, but not deciduous. Anthers
linear, adnate, on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped styles or stig-
mas ea _ Ovary 3-6-angled. Berry purple or red, ovate, inyacsden,

2. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly similar pieces, recurved,
deciduous. Anthers oblong, shorter than the slender filaments. Stigmas or

styles long and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous.
Berry dark-purple, few-seeded.

I]. MELANTHIUM FAMILY; with alternate and parallel-
veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; and flowers
often polygamous, sometimes dicecious; styles or sessile stigmas 3,
separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. Anthers almost always
turned outwards. Perianth withering or persisting, not deciduous,
the 6 parts generally alike. Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some
used in medicine.

22

338 LILY FAMILY.

§ 1. Stemless: the large oaner with along tube rising directly from a thin-coated
solid bulb or corm: anthers 2-celled.

8. COLCHICUM. Perianth resembling that of a Crogus. Stamens borne on the
throat of the long-tubular perianth. Styles very long.

§ 2. Perianth without any tube, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions.
« Anthers 2-celled, short: flowers in a simple raceme or spike : pod loculicidal.

4. CHAMELIRIUM. Flowers dicwcious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and
narrow white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme
slender.

6. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning
green in fruit; the divisions sparciste along spreading. Filaments slender:
anthers blue. Pod 3-lobed; cells many-seeded.

6. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect, in a compact raceme, white; the divisions
oval, sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular,
8-lobed, with 2 wingless seeds in each cell.

« * Anthers kidney-shaped or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one,
shield-shaped after opening: a awl-shaped : pod 8-horned, septicidal: seeds
commonly flat or thin-mar gined.

7, AMIANTHIUM. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white,
the oval or obovate spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments
long and slender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the
bulbous base of the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like.

8 STENANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem.
Perianth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering
to a narrow point from a broader base, which coheres with the base of the
ae eee very short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled,

ass-like. i

. VERATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish
or brownish, its obovate-oblong divisions narrowed at base, free from the
ovary, not spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined.
Leaves broad, many-nerved. Base of the leafy stem more or Jess bulb-like,

roducing many long white roots.
10. MELANTHIUM.* Flowers polygamous, in racemes forming an open pyramidal
anicle. Perianth cream-colored, turning oo or brownish with age, per-
ectly free from the ovary, its heart-shaped or oblong and pay halberd-
shaped widely spreading divisions raised on a claw and marked with a pair
of darker spots or glands. Filaments short, adhering to the claws of the
erianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, broadly winged. Leaves
anceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish-downy above, its
base more or less bulbous.

11. ZYGADENUS. Flowers pefect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Peri-
anth greenish white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted
with a pair of roundish glands or colored spots near the sessile or almost
sessile base. Stamens free from and about the length of the perianth. Leaves
linear, grass-like; stem and whole plant smooth. :

©

III. BELLWORT FAMILY; with alternate and broad not
grass-like parallel-veined leaves: stem from a rootstock or from
fibrous roots, branching and leafy: style one at the base, but 8-cleft
or 8-parted. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. Anthers turned rather
outwards than inwards. Perianth of 6 almost similar and wholly
separate pieces, deciduous. Not acrid nor poisonous. Plants inter-
mediate between the preceding groups and the next.

12. UVULARIA. Flowers solitary or sometimes in pairs at the end or in the forks
of the forking stem, drooping, yellowish; the perianth rather bell-shaped
and lily-like, its divisions spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove
or pit at the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at the base of each
division: anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod triangular or
8-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish.

LILY FAMILY. 339

IV. ASPARAGUS FAMILY; with parallel-veined mostly
alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a rootstock, at
least there is no bulb, a single style (if cleft-or lobed at all only at
the summit), and fruit a few several-seeded berry. Pedicels very
often with a joint in the middle or under the flower. Flower
almost always small, and white or greenish, chiefly perfect.

§ 1. Herbs with ordinary broad leaves.

* Flowers bell-shaped, of 6 separate and similar decid divisions: st on the
receptacle or nearly so: anthers turned outwards.

18. CLINTONIA. Flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape
the base of which is sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong an
ciliate root-leaves. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear or oblong;
style long. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping,
like those of Talore Vaeys which the leaves also resemble.

14. PROSARTES. owers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreadin
branches on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the periant!
lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt
anthers. Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the 3 cells, becom-
ing an ovoid or oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creep-
ing: herbage downy.

15. STR SPTOPUS. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking
stem, just out of the axils of the ovate clasping leaves: the slender peduncle
usually bent in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the
three inner ones keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flattish fila-
ments. Ovary 8-celled, making a red many-seeded berry.

« * Flowers with Jang of one piece, but often deeply parted, the stamens on its
base of tube: anthers turned inwards: stems not branched.

16. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angled scape
which rises, with the about two oblong leaves, from a running rootstock.
Perianth short bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included.
Style stout. Ovary with several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry.

17. SMILACINA. Flowers in a raceme or cluster of racemes bed ae eaf=
bearing stem, small, white. Perianth 6-parted, in one 4-parted. Filaments
slender: anthers short. Ovary 2-3-celled, making a 1-2-seeded berry. Root-
stocks mostly creeping.

18. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy

- and recurving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock.
Perianth greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included
stamens at or above the middle of the tube. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled
‘with few ovules in each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few-
seeded berry.

§ 2. Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which are produced
false-leaves, i. e. bodies which by their position are seen to be of the nature of
branches, but which imitate and act as leaves. Perianth greenish or whitish,
6-parted, the stamens borne on its base. Berry 8-celled, the cells 2-seeded.

19. ASPARAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the much
divided branches. Styles short: stigma 8-lobed. The so-called leaves very

narrow. as
20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. Flowers 2 or 3 in the axils, greenish-white; the linear
oblong divisions of the perianth recurved. Stamens almost as long as the
erianth. Style slender: stigma entire. The so-called leaves ‘lance-ovate.
Stems twining.

V. LILY FAMILY proper (including Asphodel Family) : dis-
tinguished by the single undivided style (or rarely a sessile stigma),
and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth with all 6 parts generally
corolla-like, and in all the following nearly similar. Leaves par-
allel-veined or ribbed, sometimes with netted-veins also. Stem or
scape mostly simple.

340 LILY FAMILY.

§ 1. From a coated or sometimes scaly bulb.

= Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often whorled or crowded: divisions of the
perianth with a honey-bearing furrow or spot at or near the base: style long:
stigmas or lobes 3: pod packed with 2 rows of depressed and flat soft-coated
seeds in each cell. “Flowers large, often several.

21. LILIUM. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form with the separate or partly united
divisions spreading or recurved above: the honey-bearing-groove beginning
at their base. Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong.
Bulb mostly scaly (Lessons, p. 46, fig. 73, 74).

22. FRITILLARIA. ivisions of the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all re-
curving; the honey-bearing spot above their base. Bulb coated or scaly.
Flowers always nodding, often spotted.

« * Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or towards the base, naked above and ordinarily
1-flowered at summit: the six pieces of the bell-shaped perianth separate : sta-
mens on the receptacle or nearly so: anthers erect: seeds many, pale.

23. TULIPA. Stem 1-2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower.
Divisions of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spreading. Ovary and pod
triangular, columnar: stigmas 3, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily.

24. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape 2-leaved from the ground, bearing a nodding flower.
Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, recurved or spreading above. Ovary
and pod obovate: seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped.

® * * Scape naked, bearing several or many flowers: seeds very few, globular or

angled, mostly with a crustaceous or brittle black coat.
+ Perianth 6-parted or 6-sepalled, either wheel-shaped or less widely spreading.

25. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers in a corymb, bracted, white, wheel-shaped.
Style 8-sided: stigma 8-angled.

26. ALLIUM. Flowers in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-leaved or scarious spathe.
Style persistent, slender: stigma entire.

27. SCILLA. Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue. Style slender.

+ + Perianth merely 6-toothed or sae t, bearing the short included stamens on its
tube: pod triangular.

28. MUSCARI. Flowers in a raceme; the globular or urn-shaped narrow-mouthed
erianth nearly 6-toothed.
29. HYACINTHUS. Flowers in a raceme; the short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped
perianth 6-cleft, the lobes spreading.

§ 2. Scape and leaves from a tuberous rootstock or fibrous-rooted crown: no bulb.

* Stamens and styles long and slender, declined: stigma nearly simple: flowers large.

80. AGAPANTHUS. Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel, blue. Perianth tubular at
base, with 6 widely spreading divisions nearly as bee Pod triangular,
many seeded. Seeds flat, brownish, winged above. Leaves linear, flat.

31. FUNKIA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft,
the lobes hardly spreading, somewhat irregular. Pod oblong, prismatic,
many-seeded. Seeds flat, black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the
apex. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted-veiny between the ribs, and on

long petioles.

82. HEMBROCALLIS. Flowers few on a somewhat branching scape, yellow,
lasting but a day. Perianth funnel-form, with short narrow tube closely in-
vesting the ovary; the nearly similar divisions more or less spreading. Pod
thick, at first fleshy. Seeds few in each cell, roundish, with a hard and brit-
tle black coat. Leaves linear, grassy, keeled.

* * Stamens and style straight, protruding from the tubular perianth.

88. TRITOMA. Flowers very many, nodding in a dense raceme or spike on a
bracted scape. Perianth tubular, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. Fila-
ments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. Leaves narrow-linear, long and
grassy, keeled, crowded at the root.

§ 8. Stem a woody trunk, either short or tree-like, bearing a crowd of rigid and
pungent-pointed sword-shaped persistent leaves : no bulb.

32. YUCCA. Flowers in an ample terminal compound panicle, large, often polyga-
mous, white or whitish. Perianth of 6 separate oval or oblong acute divis-
ions, not deciduous, the 3 inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas
8, sessile. Pod oblong, many-seeded; the depressed seeds as in Lily.

LILY FAMILY. 341

Among the various cultivated plants of the choicer collections, the following
are not rarely met with.

« Not bulbous.

Phormium ténax, New Zeatanp Fuax. Nearly hardy N., but does
not flower; the very firm finely nerved linear evergreen leaves tufted on matted
rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, yielding «
very strong fibre for cordage.

Draczena and Cordyline, Dracon-Tress, two or three species, orna-
ments of choice conservatories, cult. for their foliage. ;

Aloe angulata, A. variegata, and other Axozs, with very thick and
fleshy 2-ranked leaves crowded or imbricated at the ground, sending up a slen-
der scape, bearing a spike or raceme of tubular flowers ; in conservatories.

x * From coated bulbs, sending up leaves and scapes.

Lachenalia tricolor; tender bulb from Cape of Good Hope; with
lanceolate soft leaves blotched with purple, and a raceme of small, rather sin-
gular than handsome, greenish-purple and yellow flowers, its erect divisions
connivent, the three interior longer.

Calochértus, Cyclobdothra, Brodia, and Triteléia, handsome
flowered bulbs, chiefly from California and Oregon, hardly any quite hardy N.

o
1. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE ROBIN,
BIRTHROOT. (Name from Latin trilix, triple, the parts throughout being
in threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, p. 42, fig. 67),
bearing a whorl of three green conspicuously netted-veined ovate or rhom-
boidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. All grow in rich or moist
woods, or the last in bogs.

§ 1. Flower sessile: petals and sepuls narrow, the former spatulate, dull purple.

T. séssile. From Penn. W. & S.: leaves sessile, often blotched ; petals
sessile, rather erect, turning greenish, long persisting.

T. recurvatum. Only W.: differs in having the leaves narrowed at
base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with a narrowed base.

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away soon after flowering.

* Pedunele erect or inclined : leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile by a wedge-shaped base,

abruptly taper-pointed : petals flat.

T. grandiflbrum, Great-rLowerep Wuite T. From Vermont to
Penn. and W., flowering rather late : handsome, the obovate petals 2/ - 24/ long,
much larger than the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white,
in age becoming rose-colored.

. eréctum, Puree T. or Birtnroor. Chiefly N.: not so large as the
preceding; the dark dull purple petals ovate, widely spreading, little longer
than the sepals, 1/—14/ long.

wi album, from New York W.: has greenish white, rarely yellowish
petals. :

Var. declinatum, from Ohio N. W.., has peduncle fully half the length of
the leaves and horizontal, or in fruit even reflexed ; petals white or pinkish.

# * Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves,
not longer than the ovary and recurved white petals.
‘'T. cérnuum, Nopprine T. Commonest E.: leaves rhombic-ovate; petals
oblong, ovate, acute, 4/—4/ long; styles separate.
T. stylosum. Upper country S.: leaves oblong, tapering to both ends;
petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer and broader than the sepals ;
styles united at base.

* * * Peduncle nearly erect ; leaves rounded ut the base and short-petioled.

T. nivale, Dwarr Wuite T. From Ohio N. W.: very early-flowering,
2'—4! high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, pure white,
1 long; styles slender.

342 LILY FAMILY.

T. erythrocarpum, Parntep T. Low woods or bogs N. : leaves ovate,
taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with pink stripes at the
base ; berry bright red.

2. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (from the taste of the
tuberous white and horizontal rootstock; the Latin name from MJedéu, the
sorceress). Fl. early summer.

M. Virginica, the only species: in woods: simple stem 1°-3° high, cot-
tony when young, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate
thin and veiny but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5)
much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel of a few small recurved-
stalked flowers.

8. COLCHICUM. (Named from the country, Colchis.) Flowers in au-
tumn, sends up the lanceolate root-leaves the next spring. Sparingly cult.
from Eu. for ornament.

C. autumnale, Common C., mostly with rose-purple or lilac flowers.
C. variegatum, perhaps a variety, has shorter and wavy leaves, and peri-
anth variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated.

4. CHAMAILIRIUM, DEVIL’S BIT. (Name in Greek means Ground
Lily, of no obvious fitness.) Fl. summer. ;

C. luteum, also called Brazine-Star : low grounds, commoner W. & S.:
rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem 1°-3° high, bearing flat lance-
olate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and a wand-like spike or
ae of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones from the stamens appearing
yellow.

5. HELONIAS. (Name probably from the Greek for a swamp, in which
the species grows.) Fl. spring.

H. bullata. Rare and local plant, from New Jersey to E. Virginia, but
sometimes cult.: very smooth, the tuberous stock producing a tuft of oblong or
lance-spatulate evergreen leaves, from the centre of which rises in spring a leaf-
less scape 1°- 2° high, bearing the rather handsome flowers.

6. XEROPHYLLUM. (Name means, in Greek, arid-leaved, the narrow
leaves being dry and rigid.) Fl. early summer.

X. asphodelioides. Pine barrens, from New Jersey S.: a striking plant,
with the aspect of an Asphodel; simple stout stem rising 2°-4° high from a
thick or bulb-like base, densely beset at base with very long needle-shaped rigid
recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length are reduced to bristle-
like bracts; the crowded white flowers showy.

7, AMIANTHIUM, Fiy-Poison. (Name, from the Greek, alludes to
the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Melanthium and Zygadenus.)
Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age.

A. musceetéxicum, Broap-teavep F. Open woods from New Jersey
S. : with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many broadly linear
(4'-1! wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather large; seeds few, red
and fleshy.

A. angustifolium. Pine barrens S.: stem hardly bulbous at base, 2!
high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale ; seeds linear, not fleshy.

8. STENANTHIUM. (Name from Greek means narrow flower.) Fl.
summer.

S. angustifolium. Low meadows and prairies, from Penn. S. & W.:
2°-6° high, leafy, the leaves long and narrow; flowers only 4! long, in a pro-
longed terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, making an ample light
panicle.

LILY FAMILY. 343

9. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin vere
ater, truly black.) Mostly pubescent stout herbs; the roots yield the acrid
poisonous veratrin. Flowers summer. :

V. viride, American Waite Hetiepors, or Inp1an Poxe. Swamps,
mostly N.: stout stem 2°-4° high, thickly beset with the broadly oval or ovate
strongly plaited sheath-clasping leaves ; panicle of spike-like racemes pyramidal ;
flowers yellowish-green turning greener with age. :

V. parviflorum, along the Alleghanies, is slender, 2°-5° high, with scat-
tered oval or lanceolate scarcely plaited leaves below, and a long and loose pan-
icle of greenish small flowers turning dingy or brownish with age.

10. MELANTHIUM. (Name, from the Greek, means black flower, the
perianth turning darker, yet not black.) Fl. summer. :

M. Virginicum, Buncu-rtoweR. Moist grounds, from S. New York
S. & W.: 3°-5° high; lowest leaves sometimes 1/ wide, the upper few and
small; flowers rather large.

ll. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means yoked glands.) Fl. summer.

Z. glabérrimus. Pine barren bogs S.: 1°-3° high, from a running root-
stock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed ; panicle many-flowered ;
divisions of perianth }/ long, a pair of round spots above the narrowed base.

4. glaticus. Bogs along our N. borders ; 1°-3° high, from a bulb ; leaves
flat, pale; flowers rather few; base of perianth coherent with that of the ovary,
the divisions marked with an inversely heart-shaped spot.

12. UVULARIA, BELLWORT. (Name from the Latin uvula, or palate;
the application obscure.) Stems 6/-2° high, naked below, leaty above: fi.
spring. All in rich woods.

% Leaves oblong, the base clasping round the stem which seems to run through the
blade just above its base (Lessons, p. 67, fig. 181): pod 3-lobed: rootstock
very short and erect.

U. grandiflora, the common one from W. New England W.: with pale
greenish-yellow flower 14/ long and smooth or nearly so inside.

U. perfoliata, common E. & S.: smaller, with sharper tips to the an-
thers, and the parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside.

U. flava, chiefly N. E., with bright yellow flower about 1! long, and nearly
smooth inside.

* * Leaves not surrounding the stem, merely sessile: rootstock creeping: pod

sharply triangular.

U. sessilifolia, common, especially N.: 6/—12! high, with pale lance-ob-

long leaves, and whitish cream-colored flower §/ long; pod stalked.

13. CLINTONIA. (Named for DeWitt Clinton of New York.) Cold
moist woods: flowers early summer.

C. borealis. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, greenish
yellow, over i long; berry rather many-seeded.

C. umbellata. Along the Alleghanies ; flowers numerous, 4! long, white
speckled with green or purplish dots ; seeds only 2 in each cell.

14. PROSARTES. (Name from Greek word meaning hanging.)

P. lanugindsa. Rich woods the whole length of the Alleghany region to
Canada: branches widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or
slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base ; flowers }/ long, greenish ; style with 3
stigmas : fl. late spring. y
15. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED-STALK (which the name denotes in

Greck). In cold damp or wet woods N.: flowers in late spring and early

summer, small, barely $' long. :

4
344 LILY FAMILY.

S. amplexifdlius. Stem stout, rough at base, 2° - 3° high ; leaves strong-
ly clasping, smooth, glaucous beneath; flower whitish, on a long stalk with
abrupt bend above the middle; anthers slender-pointed ; stigma truncate.

S. roseus. Stem 1°-2° high; leaves green, finely ciliate, and with the
few branches beset with more short and fine bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple,
on a less bent stalk; anthers 2-horned; stigma 3-cleft.

16. CONVALLARIA, LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. (Name altered
from the Latin Lilium convallium, of which the English name is a translation. )
Fl. late spring.

GC. majalis, the only true species, cult. everywhere, from Europe, and wild
on the higher Alleghanies ; its small sweet-scented white flowers familiar.

17. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL. (Name a diminutive
of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Wild in woods or low
grounds: fl. late spring.

§ 1. Perianth of only 4 reflexed spreading divisions: stamens 4: ovary 2-celled.

S. bifolia. In all moist woods N.: 3/-6/ high; stem bearing 2 (sometimes
3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of small flowers; berries red.

§ 2. Perianth of 6 divisions: stamens 6: ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-celled.

S. trifolia. Cold bogs N.: 3/-6! high, smooth, with mostly 3 oblong
leaves tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; berries red.

S. stellata. Rocky places N.: 1°-2° high, smooth, or the 7-12 lance-
oblong leaves minutely downy when young; raceme several-flowered ; berries
blackish.

S. racemosa. Moist copses and banks, chiefly N.: 2° high, minutely
downy, leafy to the top; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each
end; flowers small, crowded in a compound raceme; the divisions of perianth
narrow ; berries pale red and speckled.

18. POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON’S SEAL. (Name in Greek means
many-jointed. The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of
the seal being the scar left by the death and separation of the stem of a former
year: Lessons, p. 42, fig. 66.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Fl.
late spring and early summer.

P. biflorum, Smatier S. Wooded banks: 1°-3° high; the ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leaves nearly sessile and glaucous or minutely whitish-downy
beneath; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; filaments roughened, borne above the
middle of the tube.

P. gigantéum, Larcer 8. Alluvial grounds N.: 3°-8° high, smooth ;
leaves ovate, partly clasping ; peduncles 2- 8-flowered ; filaments smooth and
naked, borne on the middle of the tube.

19. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Greek name.) FI. early summer.

A. officinalis, Common Asparacus. Cult. from Eu. for its esculent
spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens: tall, bushy-branched, the leaves
thread-shaped.

20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. (The name in Greek means myrtle-leaved.)

M. asparagoides, of Cape Good Hope: a very smooth delicate
twiner, cult. in conservatories for winter decoration, under the name of
Smizax : the bright green so-called leaves 1’ or more long, glossy-green both
sides, nerved, set edgewise on the branch, but turning so as to present an upper
and under face;+the small flowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with
reddish ‘anthers ; berries green.— That the seeming leaves are of the nature
of branches is shown in Ruscvus, the Butcurr’s Broom, of Europe (here
Sa cultivated), where they are rigid, spiny-tipped, and bear flowers on one
‘Ace,

LILY FAMILY. 345

21. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) All,
including our four wild Lilies, more or less commonly cultivated : fl. summer.

§ 1. Flowers erect, orange or orange-red, of bell-shaped outline, the divisions widely
separate and on slender claws: no bulblets in the axils of the leaves. Wild
species of sandy soil.

L. Philadélphicum, Witp Orance-Rep Lity. Chiefly N. & W.:
1°—2° high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves nearly all in whorls of 5-8,
and 1-3 open-bell-shaped reddish-orange flowers, 2}/-3! long, spotted inside
with dark purple. ;

L. Catesbi, Souruern Rep L. Chiefly S.: 1°-2° high, with scattered
linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and larger nearly scarlet flower; the oblong-
lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3'—4! long, with very
slender claws, within crimson-spotted on a yellow ground.

§ 2, Flowers erect, orange; the oblong divisions without claws, conniving at the
broad base, the upper part spreading.

L. bulbiferum, Burstet-searine L. Cult. in old gardens, from Europe:
14/-3/ high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregularly scat-
tered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2/—23/ long, with
some rough brownish projections at base inside, but hardly spotted.

§ 3. Flowers nodding ; the divisions without claws, rolled back, mostly dotted inside,
% Bulblets in the axils of the leaves.

L. tigrinum, Ticer Burscer-searine L. Cult. from China: stem
4°-5° high, cottony ; leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers panicled, numerous,
very showy, orange-red, the divisions about 4/ long, black-spotted inside.

* * No bulblets in the azils.

+ Wild species of the country in moist meadows and bogs: flowers orange or
orange-red, strongly dark-spotted inside.

LL. Canadénse, Canapa L. Stem 2°-5° high, bearing few or several
long-peduncled flowers ; leaves lanceolate, all in whorls, their edges and nerves
minutely rough; divisions of the flower 2'—3/ long, recurved-spreading above
the middle.

L. supérbum, American Turx’sCarL. Stem 3/-7! high, bearing few
or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle: leaves lanceolate, smooth, imperfectly
whorled or many of them scattered; divisions of the flower strongly rolled
backwards, about 3/ long.

L. Carolinianum, Carozna L., in the low country S., appears to be a
varicty of the above, 2°-38° high, with broader leaves and only 1-3 flowers
more variegated with yellow.

+ + Cultivated species from the Old World.

L. Pomponium, Torean L., of Europe: slender, with scattered and
crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange-red or
scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions somewhat bearded
inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common in gardens.

L. Chalcedénicum, Rep L. of Palestine and throughout the East;
stem thickly beset with scattered narrow lance-linear erect leaves, their margins
rough-pubescent ; flowers several, scarlet or vermilion, the divisions bearded
towards the base within, not spotted. ‘

L. Martagon, Torx’s Cap or Martacon L., of Europe: 3°-5° high,
with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of rather
small but showy light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) flowers dotted
with small brown-purple spots.

L. speciosum, of Japan: stem 1°-3° high; leaves scattered, lance-ovate
or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly revo-
lute divisions about 5’ long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent purple
warty projections inside: now of many varieties.

L. auratum, GoLtpen-Banpep L., of Japan: stem 1°-2° high: leaves
lanceolate, scattered ; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, very large,

346 LILY FAMILY.

the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6! or more long, spreading almost from the base
and the tips revolute, white with alight yellow band down the middle of the
upper face, which is spotted all over with prominent purple spots and rough
with bristly projections near the base. Probably a Japanese hybrid of the pre-
ceding with some other: the most showy species known. :

§ 3. Flowers inclined, white, more or less funnel-form in outline ; the naked sessile
divisions conniving or somewhat united below into a tube, their summits
more or less spreading, but hardly recurving. All cultivated, from Asia,
with scattered leaves.

L. candidum, Common Waite Lity. Cult. from Persia, &c. : with lan-
ceolate leaves, and few or several bell-shaped flowers, smooth inside, sometimes
double.

L. Japonicum, Jaran Waite L. Cult. from Japan: 2° high, with
mostly only one flower, which is nodding and larger than in the foregoing, below
connivent into a narrower tube, and above with the divisions more widely
spreading.

L. longiflorum, Lone-ri. Wuire L., of Japan: 1° high, with lanceo-
late leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form flower, 5! or 6! long, the narrow
tubular portion longer than the rather widely spreading portion.

22. FRITILLARIA. (Latin /ritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of the
flower, which differs from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the divisions
not spreading.) Fl. spring.

F. Meleagris, Guinza-Hen Frower. Cult. from Eu. : 1° high, with
linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, tessellated with
blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot narrow.

F. imperialis, or Perfrium imperiaLe, Crown ImpertaL. Cult. from
Asia: a stately herb of early spring, 3°-4° high, rather thickly beset along
the middle with lanceolate or lance-oblong bright green leaves more or less in
whorls ; flowers several hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal crown
or tuft of leaves, large, orange yellow, or sometimes almost crimson, a round
pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled.

23. TULIPA, TULIP. (Name and the common species said to come
from Persia.) Fl. spring and early summer : all from the Old World.

T. Gesneriana, Common T., from Asia Minor, is the original of the
various ordinary hardy kinds ; leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, shorter than the
flower-stalk ; divisions of the flower very obtuse.

T. suavéoleus, Sweet T. of Eu. : low ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions
acute, appearing very early.

24. ERYTHRONIUM, DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET. (Name from the
Greek word for red, — not appropriate even for the original European species.)
Fi. spring. Z
E. Dens-canis, Doc-roorn-Vioxer of Eu. : sometimes cult. ; has broadly

oblong pale leaves little spotted, and a rose-purple or almost white flower in

earliest spring.

E. Americanum, Ye.ttow D. or Apper’s-roneue. Moist or low
woods, very common E.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted with
dark-purplish and whitish ; ‘flower light yellow.

EB. albidum, Wuire D. Rare in N. Y. and Penn., but common W.:
leaves less or not at all spotted ; flower bluish-white.

25. ORNITHOGALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek
means bird’s-milk, a current expression for some marvellous thing.) Fl.
early summer.

O. umbellatum, Common S. or Ten-o’crock, from Eu. : in old gardens
and escaped into some low meadows : leaves long and grass-like ; flowers bright
white, opening in the sun, on slender stalks,

LILY FAMILY. 347

26. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, &c. (Ancient Latin name.)
Taste and odor alliaceous.

§ 1. Wild species of the country, or one a naturalized weed.
% Leaves broad : flowers white, in summer : ovules and seeds single in each cell.

A. tricéccum, Witp Lesx. Rich: woods N.: bulbs clustered, large,
pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large lance-oblong flat leaves, and after
they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked scape.

* % Leaves linear, grass-like: ovules and seeds a pair ineach cell: flowers rose-
color, in summer.

A. cérnuum, Noppine Witp Onion. Banks, through the Alleghany
region and N. W.: scape angular, 1°-2° long, often nodding at the apex ;
pedicels of the loose many-flowered umbel drooping; flowers light rose-color ;
leaves linear, sharply keeled on the back, channelled.

A. mutabile, Cuanczaste Witp O. Dry sandy soil S.: scape 1° high,
terete, bearing an erect umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color ; leaves
narrow, concave; bulb coated with a fibrous network.

A. vineadle, Frerp or Crow Garuic. A weed from Eu. in gardens and
cult or waste low grounds; slender scape sheathed to the middle by the hollow
thread-shaped leaves which are grooved down the upper side: flowers greenish-
rose-color; often their place is occupied by bulblets.

* * * Leaves narrow-linear, grass-like: ovules and seeds several in each cell:
Jlowers nearly white, in spring.
A. striatum. Low pine barrens and prairies, Virginia to Illinois and S.:
scape and leaves 6/—12! high, the latter involute and striate on the back ; flowers
3-10 in the umbel.

§ 2. Cultivated from the Old World: flowers in summer.
* Leaves flat.

A. Moly, Gotpen Garuic. Cult. for ornament in some gardens: leaves
broadly lanceolate; scape 1° high; flowers numerous, large, golden yellow.

A. sativum, Garpen Garuic. Bulbs clustered, pointed; leaves lance-
linear, keeled; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place; filaments all
broad and 3-cleft.

A. Pérrum, Garpen Leex. Bulb elongated, single ; leaves broadly linear,
keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose-colored stripes; 3 of
the filaments 3-forked.

% * Leaves cylindrical, hollow: umbel globular, many-flowered.

A. Ascalénicum, Scuattorr. Bulb with oblong offsets; leaves awl-
shaped ; flowers lilac-purple; 3 of the filaments 3-forked.

A.-Schondéprasum, Curves. Low, tufted; leaves awl-shaped, equal-
ling the scape; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and pointed,
long; filament simple. :

A. Cépa, Onion. Bulb depressed, large; leaves much shorter than the
hollow inflated scape; flowers white, or bulblets in their place.

27. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name of 8. maritima of S. Europe,
the bulb of which is the officinal squill.)

S. Fraseri, Witp S. called Witp Hyracinra at the W., QuamasuH.
Moist banks and prairies from Ohio W. & 8. W.: scape and linear-keeled
leaves 1° high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in ‘spring.

S. ameena, S. vérna, &c. are cult. from Europe in some choice collections,
for their early bright blue flowers, but are rare. &

28. MUSCARI, GRAPE or GLOBE HYACINTH. (Name from the
musky scent of the flowers in one species.) All from Eu. : fi. spring.

M. botryoides, Common Graps-Hyactnru, of country gardens, es-
caping into lawns and fields: a pretty little plant, sending up in early spring

348 LILY FAMILY.

its narrow linear leaves, and a scape (5'!—7’ high) bearing a dense raceme of
globular deep blue flowers which are barely }/ long, resembling minute grapes,
scentless.

M. racemodsum, less common in gardens, is more slender, with flaccid
leaves and ovoid faintly scented flowers. ; Pye

M. moschatum, is glaucous, and has larger and ovoid-oblong livid musky-
scented flowers, and linear-lanceolate shorter leaves.

M. comosum, is larger, 9’ high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, on
longer pedicels in a loose raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abortive: the
monstrous variety most cultivated produces, later in the season, from the tufted
apex of the scape a large panicled mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue
branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance.

29. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name, the plant
dedicated to the favorite of Apollo.)
H. orientalis, Common H., of the Levant, with its raceme of blue flow-
ers, is the parent of the numberless cultivated varieties, of divers colors, single,
and double: fl. spring.

30. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for amiable flower.) One species,

A.umbellatus. Cult. from Cape of Good Hope, a handsome house-plant,
turned out blooms in summer; leaves large, bright-green, 1°~2° long; scape
13°-2° high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers.

831. FUNKIA. (Named for one Funk, a German botanist.) Ornamental,
large-leaved, hardy plants, cult. from Japan and China: fl. summer. For-
merly united with the Day-Lily.

F. subcordata. Wuite Day-Lity, is the species with long, white, and
tubular-funnel-form flowers.

F. ovata, Brug D., the one with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet
flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. ?

32. HEMBEROCALLIS, Day-Liry. (Name, in Greek, means beauty-
of-a-day, the large flower ephemeral.) Cult. from the Old World, especially
in country gardens; the first species escaped into roadsides: fl. summer.

H. fulva, Common Day-Lity. A familiar, rather coarse and tall plant,
with broadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner divisions wavy
and obtuse.

H. flava, Yerrow D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and light yellow
flowers, the inner divisions acute.

83. TRITOMA. (Name in Greck means thrice cut, supposed to allude to
the three sharp edges of the tapering apex of the leaves, viz. the two margins
and the keel.) Flowers unpleasantly-scented, showy, in autumn.

T. Uvaria, from Cape of Good Hope, planted out, is ornamental in autumn,
the scape rising from the thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3° or 4° high, the
cylindrical spike or raceme producing a long succession of flowers, which are
at first erect and coral-red, soon they hang over and change to orange and at
length to greenish yellow. Roots half hardy N.

34. YUCCA, BEAR-GRASS, SPANISH-BAYONET. (American ab-
original name.) Wild in sandy soil S., extending into Mexico, &c. Cult
for ornament, but only the nearly stemless species is really hardy N.: fl.
summer, large, and whole plant of striking appearance. Under various names
and varieties, the common ones mainly belong to the following :

* Trunk short, covered with leaves, rising only a foot or two above the ground:

Slowering stalk scape-like: pod dry.

Y. filamentosa, Common Brar-Grass, or Apam’s NeEpLE. From E.
Virginia S.: leaves lanceolate, 1° - 2° long, spreading, moderately rigid, tipped
‘with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like filaments ; scape
3°-—6° high ; flowers white or pale cream-color, sometimes tinged purplish.

RUSH FAMILY. 349

Y. angustifolia, wild over the plains beyond the Mississippi, is smaller,
with erect and narrow linear leaves, few threads on their white margins, and
yellowish-white flowers.

* % Trunk arborescent, 2°-8° high in wild plants on the sands of the coast

S., or much higher in conservatories, naked below: no threads to the leaves.

Y. gloriosa. Trunk low, generally simple; leaves coriaceous, smooth-
edged, slender-spiny tipped, 19-2° long, 1/—13/ wide; flowers white, or pur-
plish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle.

Y. aloifolia, Spanisu-Bayonet. Trunk 4°-20° high, branching when
old; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with very rough-serrulate saw-
like edges, 2° or more long, 13'- 2! wide; the short panicle nearly sessile.

125. JUNCACEA, RUSH FAMILY.

Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and Grasses,
yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, having a com-
plete perianth of 6 parts, 8 outer and 3 inner, but greenish and
glume-like. Stamens 6 or 8, style 1: stigmas 3.

1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage
smooth: stems often leafless, generally pithy.

2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentz, and one seed to
each. Stems and leaves often soft-hairy.

1. JUNCUS, RUSH, BOG-RUSH. (The classical Latin name, from the
verb meaning to join, rushes being used for bands.) Flowers summer. — We
have more than 30 species, chiefly in bogs or wet grounds, most of them diffi-
cult and little interesting to the beginner, — to be studied in the Manual and
in Dr. Engelmann’s monograph. The following are the commonest.

§ 1. Leartess Rusues, with naked and jointless round stems, wholly leafless,
merely with sheaths at base, in tufts from matted running rootstocks : flowers
in a lateral sessile panicle.

J. effusus, Common Rusu, in low grounds; has soft and pliant stems

2°~- 4° high, panicle of many greenish flowers, 3 stamens, and very blunt pod.

J. filiformis, of bogs and shores only N., is slender, pliant, 1°-2° high,

with oe aie flowers, 6 stamens, and a broadly ovate blunt but short-
jointed pod.

: J. Balticus, of sandy shores N.; has very strong rootstocks, rigid stems

2° — 3° high, a loose panicle of larger (2! long) and chestnut-colored with green-

ish flowers, 6 stamens, and oblong blunt but pointed deep-brown pod.

§ 2. Grassy-LEAveD Rusues, with stems bearing grass-like flat or thread-
shaped (never knotty) leaves, at least near the base: panicle terminal.

% Flowers crowded in heads on the divisions of the panicle: stems flattened :
leaves flat : stamens 3.
J. marginatus. Sandy wet soil, from S. New England 8. & W.: 1°-8°
high ; leaves long linear; heads several-flowered, brownish or purplish. 2/
a. répens. Miry banks S.: spreading or soon creeping, 4!-6! high ; leaves
short linear; heads of green flowers few in a loose leafy panicle.

* * Flowers single on the ultimate branches of the panicle, or rarely clustered :

stamens 6: leaves slender.

J. bufonius. Along all wet roadsides, &c.: stems low and slender, branch-
ing, 3'-9/ high; greenish flowers scattered in a loose panicle; sepals lance-
linear and awl-pointed. @)

J. Gerardi, Biack Grass of salt marshes: in tufts, with rather rigid stems
1°-92° high, and a contracted panicle of chestnut-brown but partly greenish
flowers, the sepals blunt. 2/

350 SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

J. ténuis. Open low grounds and fields, everywhere N.: in tufts, with
wiry stems 10!-20! high, a loose panicle shorter than the slender leaves near it,
and green flowers with lanceolate very acute sepals longer than the green blunt
and scarcely pointed pod. ;

J.dichétomus. Lowsandy grounds, takes the place of the preceding S. :
has more thread-like leaves, flowers more one-sided on the branches of the pan-
icle, and greenish sepals only as long as the globular and beak-pointed brown-
ish pod. 2

§ 3. Kyorry-teavep Rusues, the stems (often branching above) having 2-4

thread-shuped or laterally flattened leaves, which are knotty as if jointed
(especially when dry) by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal. Of
these there are many species, needing close discrimination : the following are
only the very commonest, especially the northern ones.

J.acuminatus. Very wet places: 10/-30' high ; heads 3—10-flowered in
a loose spreading panicle, greenish turning straw-colored or brownish; sepals
lance-awl-shaped, barely as long as the triangular sharp-pointed pod ; stamens
3; seeds merely acute at both ends. It flowers in early summer.

J. nodosus. Mostly in sandy or gravelly soil: spreading by slender root-
stocks which bear little tubers, 6'—15/ high; heads few, crowded, chestnut-
brown, each of 8-20 flowers; sepals lance-linear and awl]-pointed, hardly as
Jong as the slender and taper-pointed pod; seeds abruptly short-pointed at both
ends ; stamens 6. .

J. scirpoides. From New York S.: stems rigid, 1°-3° high from a
thick rootstock ; heads spherical and dense, 15-80-flowered, dull pale green ;
sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed ; stamens 3 ; pod taper-pointed ; seeds
abruptly short-pointed at each end.

J. Canadénsis. Wet places, common, flowering in autumn, very variable,
1°-3° high; heads numerous, greenish or light brownish, 5- many-flowered ;
eg lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter; stamens 3; seeds tail-pointed at both
ends.

2. LUZULA, WOOD-RUSH. (Luciola is Italian for the glow-worm.) Y

L. pilosa. Shady banks N.: 6/-9' high; with lance-linear leaves, and
chestnut-brown flowers in an umbel, in spring.

L. campéstris. Dry or moist fields and woods, 6/—12! high, with linear
leaves, and 4-12 spikes or short heads of light brown or straw-colored heads in
an umbel, in spring.

126. COMMELYNACEZ, SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branching leafy
stems, and perfect flowers, having a perianth of usually 3 green and
persistent sepals, and three ephemeral petals (these commonly melt
into jelly the night after expansion); 6 stamens, some of them often
imperfect, and a free 2—8-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod
2—38-celled, few-seeded. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical.

1, COMMELYNA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes
united by their contiguous margins. Two of the petals rounded and on slen-
der claws, the odd one smaller or abortive. Stamens unequal; three of them
fertile, one of these bent inwards; three smaller and with cross-shaped im-
perfect anthers: filaments naked. Leaves abruptly contracted and sheathing
at base, the mpperanost forming a spathe for the flowers.

2, TRADESCANTIA. Flowers regular. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. The
6 stamens all with similar and good anthers, on bearded filaments.

1. COMMELYINA, DAY-FLOWER. (There were three Commelyns,
Dutch botanists, two of them were authors, the other published nothing. In
naming this genus for them, Linnzus is understood to have designated the

YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 351

two former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive

petal.) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from the joints ;

in alluvial or moist shady soil: fl. all summer.

C. erécta. From Penn. 8. & W.: stem erect, 2°-4° high; leaves lance-
oblong, 3/~7’ long, the margins rough backwards, and sheaths fringed with
bristles; spathes crowded, hooded, top-shaped in fruit; odd petal like the others
but smaller. ‘di

C. Virginica. From S. New York 8S. & W.: stems reclining and rooting
at base; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower; spathes scattered, conduplicate,
round-heart-shaped when laid open; odd petal inconspicuous.

2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDERWORT. (Named for the gardener-bot-
anist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. /

* Wild species of moist or rich woods, one very common in gardens: with erect
stems, linear or lanceolate keeled leaves, the uppermost nearly like the others.

+ Unmbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of leaves, or later
\ also in the lower axils: flowering in summer. :

T. Virginica. Common wild from W. New York W. & S., and in gar-
dens : leaves lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, ciliate ;
umbels terminal; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white.

T. pilosa. Chiefly W.: 2° or more high, with zigzag stem, more or less
pubescent leaves lanceolate from a narrowish base, very dense terminal and ax-
illary umbels of smaller and later purple-blue flowers, and hairy calyx and
pedicels.

+- + Unmbels one or two on a naked peduncle.

T. rosea. Sandy woods chiefly S. & W.: slender, 6/-12/ high, smooth,
with linear grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers }! wide.
* % Conservatory species from the tropics.

T.. zebrina, the only one common, spreads by branching and rooting freely,
rarely blossoms, is cult. for its foliage; the lance-ovate or oblong rather succu-
lent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, variegated with two
broad stripes of silvery white.

127. XYRIDACEAS, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F.

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves, like Sedges. or rather Bul-
rushes, in having flowers in a head or spike one under each firm
glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of 3 sepals and 8 col-
ored (yellow) petals; also a 1-celled many-seeded ovary and pod
with 3 parietal placentz, somewhat as in the Rush Family, repre-
sented by

Xyris flexuosa, Common Yeriow-rrep Grass, of sandy bogs. Scape
4!—16' high ; head roundish; lateral sepals glume-like lance-oblong, boat-
shaped, wingless; the anterior one larger, membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it; petals 3, with claws, alternating with
3 sterile bearded or plumose filaments and bearing on their base 3 naked fila-
ments with linear anthers; style 3-cleft. 2/

X. Caroliniana, the commonest of several Southern species; also N.:
1°—2° high, the scape 2-edged at top, bearing a larger head (about }/ long),
lateral sepals winged but nearly naked on the keel. 2/ :

X. fimbriata, from pine barrens of New Jersey S.: 2° high, with oblong
head almost 1’ long, the lateral sepals fringed on the keel. /

352 SEDGE FAMILY.

128. ERIOCAULONACEZ, PIPEWORT FAMILY.

Another small group of marsh or aquatic herbs, of Rush-like
appearance, with a head of moncecious white-bearded flowers, in
structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminating a naked
scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl-shaped, linear,
or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, not equitant, but the
upper surface concave.

Eriocatillon septangulare, in ponds or in their gravelly margins, is
the common species N., with 7-angled scape 2'-6/ high, or more, when the water
is deeper: fl. summer.

E. gnaphalodes, with grassy awl-shaped taper-pointed leaves, in pine-
barren swamps from N. Jersey 8.

E. decangulare, with similar or wider and blunt leaves, 10-12-ribbed
scapes 1°~3° high, and heads sometimes 4! wide; in similar situations S.

III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers enclosed or sub-
tended by glumes or husk-like bracts; no proper calyx or corolla,
except sometimes minute bristles or scales which represent the peri-
anth. Stems of the straw-like sort, called culms.

129, CYPERACEA, SEDGE FAMILY.

Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in spikes or
heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume being a scale-like or
husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, except some vestiges in the
form of bristles or occasionally scales, or a sac which imitates a
perianth; the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions
of the style 2 when the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 8, when it
is usually triangular. Leaves when present very commonly 3-
ranked, and their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large
family, to be studied in the Manual, &ec., and too difficult for the
beginner. Therefore passed over here.

None cultivated, except sparingly CyprErus escuLENTUs of the
Mediterranean region, for its nut-like, sweet-tasted tubers, called
Cuura: only two are pernicious weeds, and that from their multi-
plying by similar nut-like tubers, which are hard to extirpate ; these
are Cyperus PpHyMATODES, in sandy soil, but troublesome only S.;
and C. roTtUnbus, var. Hypra, the Nut-Grass or Coco-Grass
of the South. In the genus Scirpus, the tall Common Buirusa,
S. Lacutsrris, or better the small one with 3-sided stems, S. PUN-
GENS, in the borders of ponds, is used for rush-bottomed chairs.
CLapDIUM EFFUSUM, with its coarse saw-edged leaves is the Saw-
Grass of the South. Of Sedges proper (CAREX) there are about
160 species, several of which contribute (more in bulk than value)
to the hay of low coarse meadows and half-reclaimed bogs.

GRASS FAMILY. 353

180. GRAMINE, GRASS FAMILY.

Grasses, known from other glumaceous plants by their 2-ranked
leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems commonly, but not
always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a pair to each spikelet
even when it consists of a single flower (these called glumes proper),
and a pair to each flower (called*palets), rarely one of them want-
ing. Flower, when perfect, as it more commonly is, consisting of 3
stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft
style, and 2 either hairy or plumose-branched stigmas: ovary 1-
celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a grain: the floury part is the albumen
of the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, p. 16, 17,
fig. 38 ~ 42).

The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spikelets
of-Grasses are much too difficult and recondite for a beginner. For
their study the Manual must be used: in which the genera both of
this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. ‘ Here is offered
merely a shorthand way of reaching the names of the commonest
cultivated and meadow grasses and the cereal grains.

A. Stans hollow, or soon becoming so.

§ 1. Spikelets in panicles, sometimes crowded but never so as to form a spike.
* Flowers monecious, the staminate and pistillate separate in the same panicle.

Zizania aquatica, Inpian Rice or Water Oars: in water, common-
est N. W.; tall and reed-like Grass, with leaves almost as large as those of
Indian Corn, the upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on
erect club-shaped pedicels, the lower bearing staminate flowers on spreading
branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumes, the outer ons
long-awned ; grain slender, 3/ long, collected for food by N. W. Indians. @

# * Flowers one and perfect in each spikelet, with or without rudiments of others. -
+ Stamens 6.

Oryza sativa, Ricz. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds: 2°-4° high,
with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; branches of the panicle erect ;
outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much flattened laterally, so as
to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, closing over the grain and falling
with it, the outer one commonly bearing an awn. @

+ + Stamens 3, or rarely fewer.

Agrostis vulgaris, Rup-ror. Rather low and delicate grass of meadows
and pastures, with ob'ong spreading panicle of small purple or purplish spikelets ;
the lanceolate proper glumes thin, but much firmer than the delicate palets,
about the length of the outer one, the upper truncate palet one half shorter. 2

A. alba, Frortn or Waitt Bent Grass. Less abundant in meadows,
the stems with procumbent or creeping base; ligule long and conspicuous;
panicle more dense, greenish or slightly parplish: a valuable meadow-grass. 2/

Calamagréstis Canadénsis, Biure-Jorvt Grass. In all bogs N., and
in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle : 3°-5° high ; resembles an Agros-
tis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hairs around the flower almost of
its length, the lower palet with a delicate awn Jow down on its back and scarcely
stouter than the surrounding down. * 2/

C. arenaria, Szea Sanp-ReeEp of beaches, where it serves a useful pur-
pose in binding the sand by its long running rootstocks; has the panicle con-
tracted into a long spike-like inflorescence, so that it would be sought in the
next division ; leaves long and strong; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs at
the base of the palets two thirds shorter than they. 2

23

354 GRASS FAMILY.

i
Phalaris arundinacea, Rezp Canary-Grass, the striped variety is
the familiar Rr1npoy-Grass of country gardens ; wild in bogs and low grounds ;
bo 4° high, with flat leaves nearly 4! wide, flowering in early summer, in a
pretty dense contracted panicle, but open when the blossoms expand ; the ovate
whitish glumes longer and much thinner than the blunt coriaceous palets ; a
hairy rudiment or appendage at the base of each of the latter. 2/

P. Canariénsis, Canary-Grass. Cult. from Eu. for Canary-seed, and
running wild in some waste places: 16—2° high, with the panicle contracted
into a sort of oblong spike, the glumes with wing-like keels, and a little scale or
rudimentary sterile flower at the base of each palet. @

* %& * Flowers several in each spikelet, all or nearly all perfect.
+ Reeds or Canes of the borders of rivers and ponds. 2

Phragmites communis, Common RreEp, mostly N.: 5°-12° high,
with leaves 1/—2! wide, the stems dying down to the base; panicle in late sum-
mer or autumn, loose; spikelets 3 -7-flowered, beset with white silky long hairs.

Arundinaria macrospérma, Larce Cave, forming the cane-brakes
S.: with woody stems 10°-20° high and leaves 1/— 2! wide, branching the sec-
ond year, at length flowering from the branches, in Feb. or March; the panicle
of a few small racemes of large many-flowered naked spikelets, the palets downy.

“A. técta, SmaLter Resp, &., is only 4/-10! high, and more branching.
+ + Meadow-Grasses, §c.; with awn if any terminating the glume or pale.

Dactylis glomerata, Orcnarp-Grass. Nat. from Europe in meadows
and yards: a tall and coarse but valuable grass for hay, &c., flourishes in shady
places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, pale, and keeled leaves, and
a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the spikelets are much crowded,
each 3—4-flowered, both the glumes and the laterally compressed-keeled lower
palet tapering into a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel: fl. early summer. 2/

Pda, Meapow-Grass; several common species ; known by the open panicle
of 3-10-flowered spikelets, the glumes and palets blunt (no awn nor pointed
tip), the latter laterally compressed and deep boat-shaped, with scarious or white
membranaceous edges, and usually some delicate cobwebby hairs towards the
base. FI. summer. /, all but the first.

Poa annua, Low Srear-Grass. Very low weedy grass in cult. ground,
waste places, paths, &c.: fl. in spring or again in summer. @

P. cémpressa, Wire Grass. In gravelly waste soil: pale, with low
very flat stems, rising obliquely from a creeping base; panicle small.

P. serdtina, Fowi-Meapow-Grass or Fase Rep-Top: an important
native grass in wet meadows N.; flowers in late summer in a loose panicle, the
2—4-flowered spikelets green with dull purple; lower palet narrow, acutish.

P. trivialis, RovcuisH Mrapow-Grass. A common introduced meadow
and pasture grass, N.: flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of green
spikelets, these mostly 3-flowered, the lower palet prominently 5-nerved ; sheaths
and leaves roughish; ligule oblong, acute. A white-striped variety, lately in-
troduced, is cult. for ornament and very pretty.

P. praténsis, Common M. or westward called Kentucry Biour Grass.
Dry meadows and pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and with more
crowded and often purplish panicle than the foregoing, flowering in earliest
summer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt; lower palet hairy
along the margins and the 5 nerves.

Festuca, Frscur Grass. Known from Poa by the firmer or even cori-
aceous texture of the lower palet, which is convex on the back, not cobwebby,
and sometimes awn-tipped.

F. ovina, Sreep’s Fescusz. Valuable pasture and lawn-grass, $°— 2° high,
tufted, with slendcr or involute pale leaves, 3-8-flowered spikelets in a short
1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the lower pa'ct rolled
up, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or bristle-like awn. 2

GRASS FAMILY. 355°

F. elatior, Tatter Mzapow Fescuz, A rather rigid grass of meadows
and pastures, nat. from Europe: 1°—4° high, with green flat leaves, a narrow
panicle with short branches appressed before and after flowering, 5 - 10-flowered
green spikelets, the lower palet blunt, or acute, or rarely with a short awn. 2/

Bromus, Brome Grass. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an open
panicle, containing 5-10 or more flowers, the lower ae with a short bristle
oint or an awn from the blunt rounded tip or notch, the upper palet soon adher-
ing to the grain. Coarse grasses : two or three wild species are common, and the
following are weeds of cultivation, from Europe, or the last cultivated for fodder.

B. secalinus, Common Cuess or Cueat. Too well known in wheat-
fields ; nearly smooth; panicle open and spreading, even in fruit; spikelets
turgid ; flowers laid broadly over each other in the two ranks; lower palet
convex on the back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. © @®

B. racemdsus. Urricut Cuess: like the other, but with narrower
erect panicle contracted in fruit, lower palet slender-awned, and sheaths some-
times hairy, @ @

B. mollis, Sorr Cgzss: like the preceding, but soft-downy, with denser
conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned lower palet acute. @ @

B. unioloides, or B. ScurApert (CERAT6CHLOA UNIOLOIDES) : lately
much prized for fodder, may be valuable S., is rather stout and broad-leaved,
with drooping large spikelets much flattened laterally, so that the lower palets
are almost conduplicate and keeled on the back. 2

Briza maxima, Larcr Quaxine Grass or RaTriesnaKe-Grass, is
sometimes cult. in gardens for ornament, from Eu.: a low grass, with the
hanging many-flowered ovate-heart-shaped spikelets somewhat like those of
Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, becoming dry and papery, rattling
in the wind, — whence the common name.” @

+ + + Grain and Meadow-Grasses, with a mostly twisted or bent awn on the
back of the lower palet: flowers 2 or 3, or few in the spikelet, and mostly
shorter than the glumes.

++ Flowers perfect or the uppermost rudimentary.

Avena sativa, Cutrivatep Oar, from Old World: soft and smooth,
with a loose panicle of large drooping spikelets, the palets investing the grain,
one flower with a long twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. @

A. nuda, Sxinress Oat, rarely cult. from Old World: has narrower
roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikelet, and grain loose in the palets. @

++ ++ One flower perfect and one staminate only.

Arrenathérum avenaceum, Oat-Grass, or GRrass-oFr-THE-ANDES.
Rather coarse but soft grass, introduced from Europe into meadows and fields,
and rather valuable : 2°-4° high, with flat linear leaves, long and loose panicle,
thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the lower palet, of
which bears a long bent awn below its middle, above this a perfect flower with
its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the’ tip, and above that a rudiment of a
third flower. 2

Holcus lanatus, Vetver-Grass, or MEApow-Sort-Grass. Introduced
from Eu. into meadows, not very common, 14°—2° high, well distinguished by
its paleness and velvety softness, being soft downy all over ; panicle crowded ;
the flowers only 2 in the spikelet, small, rather distant, the lower one perfect
and awnless, the upper staminate and with a curved or hooked awn below the
tip of its lower palet. 2

§ 2. Spikelets either strictly spiked or in a panicle so contracterl and dense as to
to imitate a spike. (Here would be sought one species of Calamagrostis and
one of Phalaris, for which see above, p. 354, 355.)
« Awn borne low down on the back of one or two palets.

Anthox4anthum odoratum, Swert-scentep Vernat-Grass, nat.
from Eu.: the plant which gives delicious fragrance to drying hay (the other,

356 GRASS FAMILY.

viz. HrerécHLOA ROREALIS, Seneca or Hory-Grass, being rare): low,
slender, soft and smooth; the pale brown or greenish spikelets crowded in an
evident spike-like panicle; each composed of a pair of thin very unequal glumes,
above and within these a pair of obcordate or 2-lobed hairy empty palets, one
with a bent awn from near its base, the other with a shorter awn higher up;
above and within these a pair of very small smooth and roundish palets, of
parchment-like texture, enclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally in-
vesting the grain. 2/

Alopecurus praténsis, Meapow Foxrary. Introduced from Europe
abundantly into meadows E. : flowering in spring ; stem about 2° high, bearing
few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and dense spike, or what
seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short side branches, not on
the main axis; these spikelets very flat contrary to the glumes, which are con-
duplicate, united by their edges towards the base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the
keel; these enclose a single conduplicate lower palet (the upper one wholly
wanting) which bears a long awn from below the middle of the back, and sur-
rounds 3 stamens and the pistil.

* * Awn, if any, from the apex of the glumes or palets.

+ Spikelets densely crowded in a long perfectly cylindrical apparent spike, each spike-
let strictly 1-flowered : glumes 2, ine and nearly conduplicate, aun-pointed,
much larger and of firmer texture than the thin and truncate awnless palets.

Phiéum praténse, Cat-rart Grass, Trmotuy, or Herp’s Grass;
introduced from Eu.; a coarse but most valuable meadow grass, 2°-4° high,
with green roughish spike 3’- 8’ long; the small spikelets are crowded on very
short branches, and therefore the seeming spike is not a true one. 2

+ + Spikelets strictly spiked all on one side of a flattened jointless rhachis, much
crowded : the 2-5 spikes digitate, 1. e. all on the apex of the flowering stem:
palets awnless. Finger-grass might be sought here ; see Panicum below,

++ Flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudiment beyond it, awnless.

Cynodon Dactylon, Bermupa or Scurch Grass. An introduced weed
chiefly S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is not to
be had; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short flattish
leaves and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bearing the 3—5 slender
spikes. 2/

++ ++ Flowers 3-5 or more in each ete the uppermost generally imperfect :

seed loose, proportionally large, rough-wrinkled. @

Eleusine Indica, Cran-Grass, Yarp-Grass, Doe’s-rart, or Wrre-
Grass. Introduced only in yards or lawns N., more abundant S., where it is
valuable for cattle; low, spreading over the ground, pale; glumes and palets
pointless.

Dactylocténium Agyptiacum, Ecrrrian Grass. Yards and fields,
chiefly a weed, S.: creeping over the ground, low; spikes dense and thickish ;
glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the strongly
keeled boat-shaped lower palet also pointed.

+ + + Spikelets spiked alternately on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed rhachis.
++ Glume only one to the solitary spikelet, which stands edgewrse.
Lélium perénne, Daryet, Rre-Grass, or Ray Grass. Introduced
from Europe: a good pasture-grass, 1°— 2° high, with loose spike 5’—6! long,
of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed edgewise, so that one row of

flowers is next the glume, the other next the rhachis ; lower palet short-awned
or awnless. °

++ Glumes a pair to the singles pikelet, right and left at each joint of the rhachis.

Triticum répens, Coucs-Grass, Quircn or Quick-Grass, &c., belongs
to the section with perennial roots; this spreads amazingly by its vigorous
long running rootstocks, is a pest in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and

’

GRASS FAMILY. 857

hard for a meadow grass: of many varieties, introduced from Europe; spikelets
4—8-flowered ; lower palet either pointless or short-awned. 2/

T. vulgare, Wueat. Spike dense, somewhat 4-sided; the spikelets
crowded, 4~-5-flowered, turgid ; glumes ventricose, blunt; palet either awned
or awnless; grain free. @

T. Spélta, Seexr. A grain rarely cult. in this country; spike flat, the
rhachis fragile, breaking up at the joints ; grain enclosed in the palets. @

Secale cereale, Rvz. Tall; spike asin wheat; spikelets with only 2 per-
fect flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the base ; lower palet ven-
tricose, long awned ; grain brown.

" + + + Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forming an inuolucre.

Hordeum vulgare, Common Barter, from the Old World: spike
dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile flower, its
lower palet long-awned. ©

H. distichum, Two-rowep Bartey, from Tartary: only one spikelet
at each joint of the rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being
reduced to sterile rudiments, the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. @

+ + + + Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some-
what on one side of the rhachis: each with a single perfect flower, its palets
of coriaceous or cartilaginous texture: by the side of i are either one or two
thin palets of a sterile usually neutral flower.

Setaria, Foxrain-Grass. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of the
contracted spike-like panicle or seeming spike, these continued beyond them
into awn-like rough bristles; but no awns from the spikelets themselves.
Weeds, or the last one cult.; all from Old World; fi. late summer.. @

S. glauca, Common Foxratt: in all stubble and cultivated grounds ; low;
spike tawny yellow, dense; long bristles 6 - 11 in a cluster, rough upwards (as
also all the following) ; palets of perfect flower wrinkled crosswise.

S. viridis, Green Foxrart or Borrie-Grass; has less dense and green
spike, fewer bristles, and palets of perfect flower striate lengthwise.

S. Italica, or GermAnica, Iravran Mituet, Bencat Grass, &. Cult.
for fodder, 3! - 5! high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted so-
called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes 6/-9/ long and
nodding when ripe; bristles short and few in a cluster; palets of the fertile
flower smooth.

Panicum (Digitaria) sanguinale, Fincur-Grass or Crap-Grass.
Chiefly a weed in cult. fields in late summer and autumn, but useful in thin
grounds S, for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, digitate, nearly
1-sided ; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered with 3 glumes; no awns. @

P. Crus-gélli, Cocx’s-roor P., or Barwyarp-Grass. Common weedy
grass, of moist barnyards and low rich grounds: coarse, with rather broad leaves,
and numerous seeming spikes along the naked summit of the flowering stems,
often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets containing one fertile and one sterile
flower, the lower palet of the latter bearing a coarse rough awn. G)

P capillare, Wircs Grass of stubble and corn-fields in autumn, having
a very open capillary panicle, would be sought under another division; it is a
mere weed.
B. Stems not hollow, pithy.
§ 1. Sprkelets clustered or scattered in an ample panicle, each with one perfect and
one neutral or staminate flower.
% Without silky-down : glumes, &c. russet-brown, coriaceous.
Sorghum vulgare, Inptaw Miter, Durra, or Doura, &c., from Africa
or India; the var. chkNuUM, GuinEa Corn, has densely contracted panicle,
and iscult. for the grain. War. saccHarAtum, Sweet SorcHuM, CHINESE
SuGcar-Cang, Impnee, &c., cult. for the syrup of the stem; and Broom-corn,
for the well-known corn-brooms. @)

358 GRASS FAMILY.

* « Long white silky down with the flowers.

Saccharum officinarum, True Sucar-Cave: cult. far §.: rarely
left to flower, propagated by cuttings; stem 8'-20/ high, 1’-2! thick. 2/

Gynérium argénteum, Pamras Grass. Tall weed-like grass, from
S. America, planted out for ornament; with a large tuft of rigid linear and
tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length ; the flowering stem 6
to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle. 2

§ 2. Spikelets in spikes: staminate and pistillate separate,
% In the same spike, the upper part of which is staminate, the lower pistillate.

Tripsacum dactyloides, Gama Grass, Sesame Grass. Wild in
moist soil from Conn. Ss proposed for fodder 8.; nutritious, but too coarse;
‘leaves almost as large as those of Indian corn; spikes narrow, composed of a
row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fertile cylindrical, the exter-
nally cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the rhachis, the sterile part thinner
and flat. 2/

x * In different spikes.

Zea Mays, Mazz, Inpian Corn. Stem terminated by the clustered
slender spikes of staminate flowers (the tassel) in 2-flowered spikelets; the pis-
tillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch,
two flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pis-
tillate, with an extremely long style, the silk. @

SERIES ITI.

FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS:

TxHosE which fructify without true flowers, that is, with-
out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) in
place of seeds.

Cuass III. ACROGENS; the highest class of Flower-
less Plants, those with a distinct axis, or stem, growing
from the apex, containing woody matter and ducts, and

bearing leaves, or something answering to leaves.

The account of the three following families is contributed by Prorzssor
Dantiet C. Eaton, of Yale College. Figures of the indigenous genera are
given in the Manual.

131. EQUISETACE, HORSE-TAIL FAMILY.

Perennial flowerless plants, rising from creeping rootstocks; the
stems mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at
the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves; either simple or
with branches in whorls about the joints; fructification in terminal
cone-like spikes, composed of 5-angled short-stalked and shield-
shaped scales, each bearing on the under surface about 6 one-celled
spore-cases. Contains but one genus.

1. EQUISETUM, HORSE-TAIL, SCOURING-RUSH. (Name from
the Latin, meaning horse-tuil.) Stems grooved, the cuticle often containing
silex ; each joint closed at the lower end, and bearing at the upper a tubular
sheath (a whorl of united leaves) which encloses the base of the next joint,
and is split into as many narrow teeth as there are ridges in the stem. Seeds
(that is, spores) minute, each with four club-shaped threads, which are coiled
about the spore when moist, but uncoil suddenly when dried. — Of 25 species,
most of them widely distributed throughout the world, four or five are com-
mon with us.

§ 1. Stems living through the winter, unbranched, or with very few branches, fruit-
ing in summer.

E. hyemale, Dutcu Rusues, Scourtne-rusa. Common on wet banks,
N. : stems solitary or 2-4 together, cylindrical, 1°-4° high, with many rough
ridges ; sheaths marked with one or two black rings, and divided into 15-25
narrow teeth, their points deciduous. :

B. scirpoides. Wooded hillsides, from Penn. N.: stems in dense clus-
ters, 3’-6/ high, not hollowed, very slender and wiry, entangled, about 6-fur-
rowed; sheaths 3-toothed.

360 FERN FAMILY.

§ 2. Stems annual, not living through the winter, branched, at least the sterile ones.

E. limdsum. Muddy edges of streams, rather common : stems all alike,
2°~3° high, with many furrows, fruiting in summer, and afterwards sending
out a few upright branches ; sheaths with 15-20 dark-colored acute teeth.

E. arvénse, Common Horsu-rain. Moist sandy places, common N.:
fertile stems unbranched, with very conspicuous sheaths, 4'— 8! high, appearing
in earliest spring and soon withering; sterile stems 8/-20' high, producing
many whorls of rather rigid slender and mostly simple 4-angled branches.

E. sylvaticum, Woopitanp H. Common N., along the edges of moist
woods : fertile stems appearing in early spring, but lasting all summer, both
these and the sterile ones producing many whorls of spreading or gracefully
decurved compound softish 3 —-5-furrowed branches and branchlets ; sheaths of
the main stem loose, 8 — 14-toothed.

132. FILICES, FERN FAMILY.

Flowerless plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even
erect trunks, bearing distinct leaves (fronds), which are rolled up
‘(ctrctnate) in the bud (except in one group), and bear commonly on
the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, consist-
ing of 1-celled spore-cases (technically called sporangia) variously
grouped in dots, lines, or masses, and containing but one kind of
minute, 1-celled, powdery, numerous spores. A large family, most
‘abundant in warm and moist regions, consisting of 8 suborders, 6 of
which are represented with us.

[The divisions of a pinnatifid frond are properly called segments ; of a pinnat
frond, pinne ; of a 2—3—4-pinnate frond, pinnules or ultimate segments. The stalk
of the frond is a stipe; its continuation through the frond, the rhachis ; its branches,

artial or secondary rhachises. A rhachis bordered by the leafi ion becomes a
Pidrib, which may be primary, secondary, §c.} sc

I. POLYPODIACEA, or TRUE FERNS: characterized by
stalked spore-cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed,
elastic ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore-
case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore-cases rarely
if ever on very narrow thread-like branches; the fruit-dots often
covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusium).

§ 1. No definite fruit-dots, but the spore-cases in large patches on the under surface
of the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface: no indusium.

1, ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched,
with reticulated veins : spore-cases covering the whole under surface of the
frond or of its upper divisions.

_ 2. PLATYCERIUM. Fronds irregularly forking; veins reticulated: spore-cases
in large patches on special portions of the under surface.

§ 2. Spore-cases on the back of the frond, sometimes near the margin, in dots or lines
ie) pared on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but without indusium of
any kind.

8. POLYPODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate; veins free
or reticulated; fruit-dots round or roundish, at the ends of the veins, or at the
point where several veins meet (anastomose). Stalk articulated to the root-
stock, and leaving a distinct scar when decayed away.

‘14. PHEGOPTERIS. Agrees with Polypodium in most respects; but has the fruit-
dots smaller, and commonly on the veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is
not articulated to the rhachis.

4. GYMNOGRAMME § CEROPTERIS. Fronds compound, covered beneath
ee or yellow waxy powder: fruit-dots in long often forking lines
on the veins.

FERN FAMILY. 361

5. NOTHOLANA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery,be-
: peut 3 fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, forming a line next the margin of
e divisions.

§ 3. Spore-cases on the back along the margin of the frond, provided with an invo-
lucre formed of its pefeeed and more or less altered margin.

6. ADIANTUM. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, borne on the inner side of a
reflexed portion of the margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chafiy-
bristly. Pinnules praia separate, distinctly stalked or almost sessile, but
never decurrent on the rhachis.

7. PTERIS. Spore-cases on a transverse veinlike receptacle within the margin,
which connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the reflexed thin
margin. Stalk light-colored (except in § Doryopteris.) Pinnules or ultimate
segments adnate to the rhachis, often decurrent. °

8. PELLEA. Spore-cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent
in a sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less covered
by the reflexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, some-
times chaffy. Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so.

§ 4. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinlets, in rows near the
midrib and parallel to it: indusium of the same shape as the fruit-dot, opening
toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful cross-veinlet.

9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly
sunken in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large,
native. Veins reticulated, often very much so.

10. DOODIA. Fruit-dots oblong, often slightly crescent-shaped, not sunken in the
frond. Exotics; the narrow fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate.

§ 5. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with involu-
cres of like shape attached by one edge to the veinlet and free along the other.

11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinlets,
rarely double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins
mostly free. i

12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to
face along contiguous veinlets; each pair thus seeming to be a single one
with an indusium opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped
or tongue-shaped, with free forking veins.

18. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib
double as in the last; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simple as in
Asplenium. Frond ee as tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting
point. Veins reticulated.

§ 6. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the ends, round or roundish, covered
at least when young by a special indusium of the same general shape. Sterile
and fertile fronds alike or nearly so.

15. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the cen-
tre, A a i round the edge. Mostly rather large Ferns, from once to thrice
pole. eins free in the native species.

16. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit-
dot, at length reflexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice or thrice pinnate
fronds. Veins free.

§ Sterile fronds broad and leafy: fertile ones with contracted and rolled up and pod-
like or berry-like divisions : indusium very obscure, irregularly semicircular, .
placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the spore-cases are attached.

‘17. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Sterile fronds tall, with free veins, growing in a crown;
fertile fronds coming up much Jater in an inner circle, pinnate, each pinna
rolled up from the edges into a somewhat cylindrical or necklace-like body,
containing the fruit.

18. ONOCLEA. Fronds scattered on a long creeping rootstock; sterile ones with
reticulated veins; fertile ones twice pinnate, the divisions contracted, rolled
up and berry-like. <

§ 8. Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays,
placed on the veins under the round fruit-dots, sometimes at first enveloping
the spore-cases.

19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts: fronds once or twice-
pinnate: veins forked, free.

3862 FERN FAMILY.

§ 9. Fruit-dots separate or laterally confluent at or néar the margin of the frond,
borne on cP ends of the veins, or on the ends of very short side-veinleis: the
indusium attached at the base or base and sides, and opening toward. the mar-
gin of the fruitful portion of the frond.

20. DAVALLIA. Indusium of a single piece, flattish or often convex and shaped
like half a goblet cut lengthwise. Exotic Ferns, mostly decompound.

21. DICKSONIA. Indusium united by its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the
frond, forming a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening
as the spore-cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter
arborescent.

JI. CYATHEACEA, or TREE FERNS: with erect and tree-
like stems, often many feet high. Fruit-dots round, not marginal,
naked, or with an involucre placed beneath the stalked spore-cases,
which are seated on a globose or elevated receptacle, have a some-
what oblique complete ring, and burst open transversely.

22. CYATHEA. Fruit-dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, at first enclosed
in a globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with
an entire or broken edge.

23. ALSOPHILA. Fruit-dots as on the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudi-
mentary indusium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore-cases:
veins free.

Ill. HYMENOPHYLLACEA, or FILMY FERNS: these
have very delicate and translucent fronds, the short-pedicelled spore-
cases growing on a short or long thread-like receptacle, included in
a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped involucre, and furnished with a complete
transverse or slightly oblique ring. :
24. TRICHOMANES. Fruit-dots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends

through the funnel-form or goblet-shaped involucre, as a thread-like recepta-

cle bearing the spore-cases; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and
of the same pellucid texture.

IV. SCHIZHACEZ: mostly small Ferns, or else with climb-
ing fronds. Spore-cases ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse,
articulated ring or cap at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal
slit.

« Ferns with elegant climbing fronds, rising from slender creeping rootstocks : spore-
i" cases jixed by their side.
25. LYGODIUM. Pinne or frondlets in pairs. Spore-cases covered by imbri-
cating scale-like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond.
« * Not climbing: rootstock short: fronds clustered: spore-cases fixed by their base:
no indusium.
26. ANEIMIA. Spore-cases on the narrow panicled branches of the lowest pair of
innz of the 1-3 pinnate frond, or on separate fronds.
27. SCHIZEA. Spore-cases in a double row on the narrow divisions of a pinnate
or rarely pedate special appendage to the simple and linear, or fan-shaped,
and sometimes miauy-foviesd frond

V. OSMUNDACES, or FLOWERING FERNS: rather large
Ferns; the spore-cases covered with reticulated ridges, opening
longitudinally into two valves, and with no ring, or a mere vestige
of a transverse ring at the back.

28. OSMUNDA. Rootstock very thick, creeping, the growing end producing a
crown of tall showy fronds. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted,
pinnately compound, the narrow often thread-like divisions densely covered
with nearly sessile spore-cases.

FERN FAMILY. 863

VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE, the ADDER’S-TONGUE FAM-—
ILY: mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, globular, coriaceous
Opaque and smooth spore-cases, opening transversely into 2 valves,
and wholly destitute of a ring. Fronds not rolled up in the bud,
as they are in all the foregoing, rising from a very short rootstock
or corm, with fleshy roots.

29. BOTRYCHIUM. Spore-cases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile
art of the frond compound; veins free.
80. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Spore-cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of
frond simple in our species; the veins reticulated. F

1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. (From Greek words meaning
a row at the top, the application not evident.) All tropical.

A.atreum. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of South Florida;
the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous; pinnz 4/—6/ long, 1/-2/ wide, elliptical
or oblong-linear.

2. PLATYCERIUM, STAG-HORN FERN. (Name from the Greek,
meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, &c.: cult. in conserva-
tories.

P. aleicérne. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, over-
lapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely downy
beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1/ wide, the topmost ones
fruitful.

83. POLYPODIUM, POLYPODY. (Name in Greek means many-footed,
referring to the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts
of the world.

§ 1. Pozypoprum proper. Veins free: the following all native,

P. vulgare, Common Potyropy. Rocky places N., small, simply pin-
natifid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4’- 10! high, 1!—3! wide, the numerous
divisions oblong-linear ; fruit-dots rather large.

P.incanum. Shady places S., often on trees; much like the last, but
much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy with peltate scales; fruit-dots
rather small.

§ 2. Camprtonetron. Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib, connected by
numerous transverse angularly arched veinlets, with short fruit-bearing vein-
lets proceeding from the angles. :

P. Phyllitidis, Harrs-roneusz, of Tropical America; frond simple,
linear-lanceolate, 1°-14° long, 1/~2! wide, thinly chartaceous, smooth and
shining ; fruit-dots in 2 rows between the veins.

§ 3. Niraézotus. Veins much as in the preceding, but very obscure and closely
reticulated. Fronds simple, of a thickish texture, covered on both sides with
a close stellate down.

P. Lingua. Cult. from Japan : fronds 4/- 8! long, ovate-oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, at length nearly smooth above; fruit-dots exceedingly numerous,
closely arranged in many rows.

§ 4. Purtepopium. Veins reticulated, with free veinlets included in the larger
meshes. Fruit-dots in 1-3 rows between the midrib and margin, commonly
placed each one on the converging ends of a pair of veinlets.

P.atreum. A large showy Fern of Florida, and cult. from West Indies ;
fronds on a stout stalk, broadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale green above,
glaucous beneath, pinnately parted into 5-9 or more oblong-linear or lanceo-
late spreading divisions.

364 FERN FAMILY.

4, GYMNOGRAMME. (Name meaning’ in Greek a naked line, from
the elongated fruit-dots.) The following cult. species all have free veins, and
the under surface of the fronds covered with a yellow or whitish waxy powder.
G. triangularis, Catirorn1an GoLp-FERN. Deserves more general cul-

tivation ; frond 4!—6/ long, on slender and polished stalks, broadly 3- or rather
5-angled in outline, twice pinnate below, pinnate above ; pinne oblong-lanceo-
late, deeply pinnatifid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath
of a rich golden yellow, sometimes paler; the fertile fronds at length nearly
covered with brownish lines of spore-cases.

G. sulphutrea, of West Indies: fronds narrowly lanceolate in outline,
1°-~13° high, 2/—3! wide, pinnate; pinnz ovate or ovatc-oblong, lower ones
gradually smaller and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate obtuse toothed or rag-
ged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow powder.

. G. calomélanos, from Tropical America, the commonest Gold and Silver

ferns of the conservatories ; much like the last, but broader and larger, the lower

pinne largest, and lobes mostly acute. ‘The powder white, or in var. cHRYsO-

PHYLLA golden yellow.

5. NOTHOLAINA. (Name from the Greek, signifying spurious wool, the
woolly pubescence of some species concealing the marginal fruit-dots.) The
following cult. species are small, 4'~8/ high, ovate in outline, mostly tri-
pinnate; their ultimate divisions roundish-ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked,
and covered beneath with a waxy powder: stalk and branches dark. brown
and polished.

N. flavens, from Central America: powder bright yellow; fruit-dots ex-
tending from the edge almost to the midrib, so that it might equally well be
considered a Gymnogramme. .

N. nivea. Also Central American, and very like the other ; but the powder
snowy white, and the fruit-dots closer to the margin. 7

6. ADIANTUM, MAIDEN-HAIR. (Name from the Greek, meaning
unwetted, the rain-drops not adhering to the fronds.) A large genus, most
abundant in warm climates,

* Frond simply pinnate: exotic.

A. macrophyllum. Cult. in hot-houses from. West Indies; pinnz 2-5
pairs 4nd a terminal one, nearly sessile, deltoid-ovate, 2'—3/ long, nearly half
as wide; fructification in long marginal rarely interrupted lines. Pinne of
sterile fronds wider and somewhat crenately incised and toothed.

x * Frond 2-4 times pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in general outline.

A. Capillus-Véneris, Venus-warr, so named from the shining capillary
branches of the rhachis ; native S., often in conservatories N. : twice pinnate or
thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper part simply pinnate; pinnules about
3’ broad, on very slender stalks, sharply wedge-shaped at the base, rounded at
the top, or rhomboidal, commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin; fruit-
dots one to each lobe; involucres kidney-shaped or transversely oblong. Plant
6'—12' high, often pendent from damp shaded rocks in the, mouths of wells,
&c., in S. of Europe.

A. Aithiépicum, as commonly seen in hot-houses, is much like the last ;
but has smaller pinnules not so sharply wedge-shaped, often broader than long,
and less deeply lobed ; fruit-dots in deep sinuses of the upper margin; involucres
kidney-shaped or crescent-shaped.

A. cuneatum, from S. America, is a much larger plant, broadly triangu-
lar in outline, 3-4 times pinnate; pinnules smaller and very numerous, wedge-
shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit-dots as in the last.

% * « Frond two-forked, with elongated simph te divisions springing from

the upper side of the two recurved aed midrib of the Te ces
veins forked from the base.

A. pedatum, Maipey-uarr. Native in shady woods; whole plant smooth,
1°-2° high; principal divisions 4’-10' long, 1/-13! wide; pinnules very

FERN FAMILY. 865

numerous, oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper edge ;
fruit-dots at the top of the lobes; involucres transversely oblong or linear.

A. hispidulum, from Australia, &c.: commonly less symmetrical than
the last, when young pak ewan be -4-branched; a smaller plant with finely
chaffy or bristly stalk and rhachis; pinnules minutely hairy, nearly entire;
fruit-dots crowded along the upper margin, involucres rounded kidney-shaped.

7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, meaning a
wing, from the feather-like fronds.) Another large and widely distributed genus.

§ 1. Veins free: stalk straw-colored or brownish..
% Frond simply pinnate: pinne undivided.
P. longifolia. Cult. from warm regions, native in S. Florida : oblong-

lanceolate in outline; pinnz numerous, linear and tapering from a truncate or
cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller.

% *% Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinnce forked or again pinnate,
the divisions and upper pinnee elongated, simple.

P. Crética. Cult. from warm climates, native in Florida: 1°-2° high;
pinnz 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent, lower ones cleft almost to
the base into 2-3 long linear-lanceolate acuminate divisions ; sterile ones and
tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply serrate. Var. ALBO-LINEATA
has a whitish stripe in the middle of each division. . ,

P. serrulata. Cult. from China: 1°-1}° high; pinne 3-8 pairs, all
but the lowest decurrent and forming a wing 3 wide on the main rhachis ;
lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut into several narrow linear-acuminate
divisions; upper ones simple, sterile ones spinulose-serrulate.

« * * Fronds pinnate, and the numerous primary divisions pinnately cut into many
lobes, the lowest ones mostly with 1-8 elongated similarly-lobed branches on
the lower side.

P. quadriaurita. Cult. from East or West Indies, &c.: fronds 1°-3°
long, 6/- 12! wide, broadly ovate in outline; lobes of primary divisions linear-
oblong, $/-1’ long, 3! wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostly rather
obtuse. Var. arG¥Rea, has a band of white along the middle of the primary
divisions ; to this is added a tinge of red in var. TRICOLOR.

% & * * Fronds broadly triangular, twice or thrice pinnate throughout: lowest

primary divisions long-stalked.

P. aquilina, Common Brake. Plentiful everywhere, 1°-5° high, harsh
to the touch ; the lowest primary divisions standing obliquely forward ; second-
ary divisions pinnatifid with many oblong or linear sometimes hastate lobes,
which in a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere with brown spore-cases.’

§ 2. Doryérreris. Veins finely reticulated: frond pedate, and 5-angled:
stalk black and shining.
P. pedata. Cult. from West Indies and S. America: frond 2'-6! long
and nearly as wide, almost parted into a few primary divisions; upper ones en-
tire, lowest pair again cleft ; the lobes on the lower side much largest.

8. PEHLLAIA, CLIFF-BRAKE. (Name from the Greek, meaning dark-
colored, descriptive of the stalk.) Mostly small Ferns: the following species
have fronds of a somewhat coriaceous texture.

P. rotundifolia, from New Zealand: frond narrow, 6/-12! long, on a
chaffy and pubescent wiry stalk, simply pinnate; pinne round or roundish-
oblong and entire; band of spore-cases very wide and concealing the narrow
involucre.

P. atropurptirea. Wild, on shaded limerock : fronds tufted, 6/- 12! long,
2!—4' wide, with polished and sparingly downy stalks, 2-pinnate, simply pinnate
toward the top; pinnules distinct, oblong or Imear-oblong, rarely halberd-shaped,
obtuse or slightly mucronate; involucre rather broad, and at length hidden by
the spore-cases.

P. hastata, from South Africa: mostly larger than the last and very vari-
able; frond ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1~—3-pinnate; pinnules lanceolate or

366 FERN FAMILY.

rhomboid-ovate, very often halberd-shaped, the end ones of the primary pinnz
much the largest, often 1/-2/ long and 4/—1! broad; stalk and branches black
and polished, smooth; involucre rather narrow.

9. WOODWARDIA, CHAIN-FERN. (Named in honor of Thomas J.
Woodward, an English botanist of the last century.) A small genus of rather
large Ferns, all natives of the N. temperate zone.

W. Virginica. Tall, growing in swamps N. & S.: sterile and fertile
fronds alike, ovate in outline, pinnate, with lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pinne ;
lobes oblong, obtuse; veins reticulated, forming a single row of meshes along
the midribs of pinne and of lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong,
close to the midribs.

W. angustifolia. Range, &c. of the last, but less common: fronds 6/-
10’ long, 4’—6' broad, pinnatifid almost to the winged rhachis into 17 - 27 lobes,
which are broadly lanceolate and with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile
frond, but are narrowly linear in the fertile, and with a single row of narrow
meshes next the midrib; fruit-dots linear, sausaye-shaped, one in each mesh.

10. DOODIA. (Named in honor of Samuel Doody, an early English Crypto-
gamic botanist.) Small Ferns, cult. from Australia and New Zealand.

D. caudata. Fronds 9!-15’ long, linear-lanceolate, on dull-black nearly
smooth stalks, pinnate with many linear serrate and nearly sessile pinnz, which
are about 1/ long, often slightly auriculate at base, the lower ones rather trian-
gular, distant; fruit-dots in a single row next the midrib.

D. aspera. Stalk black and rough with small ragged points ; fronds broadly
lanceolate, rather coriaceous, harsh to the touch, pinnatifid to the rhachis; di-
visions crowded, oblong-linear, spinulose-serrate, lower ones gradually smaller ;
fruit-dots not close to the midrib, sometimes a second row next the margin.

ll. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Name from the Greek; refers to
supposed action on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species
ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like.

§ 1. Fronds undivided, large and showy: cult. from East Indies, &c.

A. Nidus, Birp’s-vest Fern. Fronds numerous, broadly lanceolate,
2°-4° long, 4/—8/ wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown around the
central upright rootstock ; fruit-dots very narrow, elongated, crowded, running
from the stout midrib obliquely half-way to the margin.

§ 2. Fronds small, pinnatifid below, tapering into a long entire point - native,

A. pinnatifidum. Very rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly W.&S.,
especially along the Alleghanies: fronds 3/- 6’ long, 3-14’ wide at the base;
lobes roundish-ovate mostly obtuse; fruit-dots small, irregular.

§ 3, Fronds simply pinnate.
* Small Ferns, 4'-15! high: all except the last are wild species.

A. Trichémanes. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of shady
rocks: fronds linear, 4'—8/ long, with black and shining stalk and rhachis, and
many roundish or oblong slightly crenated or entire pinne, about 4! long and
about half as broad; fruit-dots few to each pinna.

A.ebeéneum. Common in rocky woods: fronds linear-lanceolate, nar-
rower at the base, 8’—15/ long, 1’-2' wide; stalk dark and polished ; pinnw
many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, finely serrate, auricled on one or
both sides at the base; fruit-dots numerous.

A. flabellifolium. Cult. from Australia: lax, the rhachis often pro-
longed and rooting at the very end ; fronds linear; pinne sharply wedge-shaped
at the base, the broad and rounded end crenated ; fruit-dots irregularly radiat-
ing from the base of the pinne.

* * Large Ferns, 1° - 3° high.

A. angustifolium. Rich woods N., and S., mainly along the mountains :
fronds thin, long-lanceolate, pinne many 3’ - 4! long, linear-lanceolate from a

FERN FAMILY. 367

truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire; those of the fertile frond
narrower ; fruit-dots slightly curved, very numerous.

§ 4. Fronds more than once pinnate.
* Fruit-dots more than one in each smallest division of the frond.

A. Ruta-muraria, Wa.t-Ruz. On exposed cliffs of limestone, from
Vermont W. & S.: fronds small, 1/-4! long, ovate, twice or thrice pinnate,
.the few divisions rather thickish, wedge-shaped or rhomboid, toothed at the
top; fruit-dots few, becoming confluent.

A. fureatum. Cult. from Trop. America, S. Africa, &c.: fronds 8/—15!
long, 3/-6! wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with
lance-oblong acuminate pinnz, which are again pinnately cut nearly or quite to
the midrib; divisions oblique, wedge-shaped, narrow, serrate, rather coriaceous,
deeply marked by the forking veins; fruit-dots elongated, radiating from the
base ofthe division.

A. thelypteroides. In rich rocky woods, not rare : fronds 14°-38° high,
thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate; pinne 3/—6/! long, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid into close-set oblong and obtuse minutely toothed lobes ; fruit-
dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them commonly double.

A. Filix-fo@mina, Lapy-Ferx. Common in moist woods: fronds large
(2°-3° high, 4!-8! broad), growing like the last in a crown, 2-3-pinnate ;
pinne lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary rhachis: pinnules
oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceolate and pinnatifid with
incised lobes ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent.

* * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single veinlet
and but one fruit-dot.

A. Belangeri. Cult. from Malacca and Java: fronds 1°-1$° high,
2/-3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk; pinne oblong,
truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatifid to the winged midrib into
numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the upper basal ones of each pinna
2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on the side farthest from the main rhachis
a solitary elongated fruit-dot.

A. myriophyllum. Limestone caves in Jackson Co., Florida: fronds
delicate, almost translucent, lanceolate, 6’-9/ long, 1/- 2’ wide, 2—3-pinnate ;
smallest divisions obovate-oblong, 2//-3" long, 4" wide ; fruit-dot in the lower
half of each division.

A. buloiferum. Cult. from New Zealand, &c: fronds herbaceous, ample,
broadly lanceolate, 1°-3° long, 6/-12! wide, 2—8-pinnate, often producing
leafy bulbs on the upper surface; pinnz triangular-lanceolate, with a broadly
winged midrib; pinnules lanceolate, deeply toothed or cut into oblong-linear
lobes ; fruit-dots extending from the middle of the lobes downward almost to
the midrib of the pinnules.

12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the Greek word for a centipede,
suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.)

S. vulgare, Harr’s-roneur. Rare, among shaded rocks in Central New
York and in Canada West; fronds 6/—18' long, 1/-2! wide, oblong-lanceolate
from ena Se pa base, herbaceous, the margin entire or wavy. Cultivated
forms from England are crisped, crested, many-forked, &c.

13. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING-LEAF. (Name from the Greek,
meaning a bent heap, referring to the curved and angled fruit-dots.) Almost
the only species is
C. rhizophyllus. Damp mossy rocks N. & S., mainly along the moun-
tains: frond 4!—12! long, tapering from a heart-shaped or auricled base 6-12"
wide to a long narrow point, which often roots at te end, and there gives rise
to a new plant, ready to take another step in advance.

14. PHEGOPTERIS, BEECH-FERN (which the name nieans in Greek,
the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropical; but the
following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods.

868 FERN FAMILY.

« Fronds twice pinnatifid: the sessile pinnee mostly forming an irregular and

many-angled wing along the rhachis.

P. polypodioides, formerly Poryrépium Puxcorreris. Common N,:
fronds 4/-9/ long, longer than broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath ;
pinn lanceolate, the iower pair turned obliquely forwards ; secondary divisions
crowded, oblong, obtuse, entire; fruit-dots all near the margin. Syl 3

P. hexagonoptera. Common N. & S.: larger than the last, which it
much resembles, but the frond is broader than long; lowest pinnz much the
largest and with elongated and pinnatifid divisions; fruit-dots not exclusively
near the margin. ?

« * Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked, rhachis wingless.

P. Dryopteris. Common N.: fronds broadly triangular, 4! ~6! wide,
smooth; the three primary divisions triangular, once or twice pinnate with ob-
long obtuse entire or toothed lobes ; fruit-dots near the margin. :

15. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD-FERN. (Greek for a little shield, referring to
the indusium.) — A very large genus, inhabiting all parts of the world.

§ 1. Nerardpium or Dryérreris. Indusium round-kidney-shaped or nearly
circular with a narrow cleft from the lower side almost to the centre.

* Fronds thickish, simply pinnate, the few pinnee entire or nearly so.

A. Siebdldii. Cult. from Japan: fronds coriaceous, smooth, about 1°
high, with 2-4 pairs of side pinnz, each 4’~6’ long and nearly 1/ wide, and a
terminal one rather larger than the others; veins with 4~6 free parallel branch-
es ; fruit-dots large, scattered in several rows.

* * Frontls thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot-house plants), pinnate :
pinne simply pinnatifid with mostly entire obtuse lobes: indusium small.

+ Rootstock creeping, slender, nearly naked and bearing scattered fronds: veins
Sree, simple or once forked : wild species, common in bogs and low grounds.

A. Thelypteris. Fronds lanceolate, 10’-18/ long, on slender stalks,
nearly smooth; pinne lanceolate, 2/-4! long, about 3! wide, spreading or
turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter; divisions oblong, fruiting ones
seeming acute from the revolute margins ; veins mostly forked ; fruit-dots con-
fluent when ripe ; indusium smooth.

A. Noveboracénse. Much like the last, but hairy beneath along the
rhachis and veins; fronds tapering both ways from the middle; lower pinne
gradually smaller and distant; lobes flat, the basal ones often larger and incised ;
veins rarely forked ; fruit-dots distinct; indusium slightly glandular.

+ + Rootstock oblique or erect, stouter, bearing the fronds in a crown: veins simple,
Sree, or the lower ones of contiguous lobes united: indusium hairy.

A. patens. Low shady grounds, Florida and W.: fronds 1°-2° high,
sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong; pinnae 3’-6/ long, 3/ wide, numerous, lance-
olate from a broad base, lowest pairs a little smaller; divisions oblong, slightly
falcate, obtuse or acutish; veins entirely free; indusium slightly hairy.

A. molle. Cult. from tropical countries: very much like the last, but ey-
erywhere downy or soft-hairy; pinnae less deeply lohed; lobes obtuse; lower
veinlets (1 or 2 pairs) uniting with the corresponding ones of contiguous lobes
and sending out a ray-like veinlet to the sinus; indusium very hairy.

* & * Fronds smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, growing in w crown from a
stout and chaffy rootstock, and often remaining green through the winter:
veins 2—4-forked or branching. Wild species of the country.

+ Fronds imperfectly evergreen, once pinnate with deeply pinnatifid pinnae, or
nearly twice pinnate: fruit-dots not close to the margin: indusium rather
large, flat, smooth, persistent.

A. Goldianum. Rich moist woods N. : fronds broadly ovate, 2°- 4° high,
9'-12! wide ; pinne oblong-lanceolate, broadest about the middle, parted to the

FERN FAMILY. 3869

midrib; divisions very numerons, nearly 1! long, somewhat scythe-shaped,
rather acute, serrate with incurved teeth; fruit-dots very near the midvein. .

A. cristatum. Wet places in woods, common: fronds narrowly oblong,
1°—2° high, 3'- 5! wide, rather rigid, erect; pinnz triangular-ovate, broadest
at base, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, divisions not many, oblong, obtuse,
finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed or pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots
half-way between midvein and margin. — Var. CuinroniANuM, in swampy
woods, N., is very much larger every way, with fruit-dots nearer the midvein,
and is often mistaken for A. Goldianum, — Var. FLorIDANUM, in wet woods
S., has the lower pinn triangular-lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones
fertile, narrower and longer, with very short obtuse rather distant divisions,
which are decurrent on the winged secondary rhachis.

+ + Fronds imperfectly evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate: the divisions cut-
toothed or aid: fruit-dots not near the margin: indusium rather small,
withering away.

A. spinuldsum. Shady woods, very common N.: fronds thin, oblong-
ovate ; pinnz oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and somewhat triangu-
lar ; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately incised, the oblong lobes
with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium smooth or minutely glandular
at the margin. — Has several forms. —Var. DILATATUM, in mountainous places,
N., is larger, broader in outline and commonly but twice pinnate; pinnules of
the lowest pinnz greatly elongated. —Var. Boérri1, in swampy woods N., is
2°-3° high, of narrow outline, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed
pinnules, or the lower ones pinnatifid : — it runs apparently into A. cristatum.

+ + + Fronds fully evergreen, thickish, about twice-pinnate : fruit-dots near the
margin: indusium thickish, convex, persistent.

A. marginale. Rocky woods, common N.: fronds 1°-2° long, ovate-
oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chaffy; pinne lanceolate, 3/-5! long;
Co oblong, often curved, entire or obtusely toothed, attached by a broad

ase to the narrowly winged ‘secondary rhachis ; fruit-dots close to the margin,
rather large.

§ 2. Porysticnum. Indusium orbicular, porte attached by the centre to a
short stalk: veins forking, free: wild species of the country.

A. acrostichoides. Rocky woods, common; fronds 1° - 2° high, grow-
ing in crowns, with chaffy rootstocks and stalks, evergreen, shining, lanceolate,
simply pinnate ; pinnze numerous, ‘oblong-lanceolate from an unequal half-
halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, rarely incised, upper
ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious soon confluent fruit-dots.

§ 3. Crrtomium. Jndusium as in § Porysticnum. Fronds once pinnate:
veins pinnate from the midrib, pinnately branching, the veinlets reticulated
and forming arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising from the
base of the arch: exotic.

A. faleatum. Cult. from Japan: fronds 1°~2° high, 5’- 9! broad; base
of stalk chaffy with large scales; pinne thick and shining, end one large and
rhomboid or halberd-shaped ; side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed,
nearly entire, lower side of base rounded, upper side angled or slightly auricled ;
fruit-dots in many rows on all or nearly all the pinna.

16. CYSTOPTERIS. (Greck for Bladder Fern, alluding to the thin,
sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly Northern.

C. fragilis. Shaded or moist rocky places, common N.: fronds very deli-
cate, 4/— 8’ long, with slender stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate; pinne# with
a narrowly margined rhachis ; pinnules oblong or ovate, toothed or incised, very
variable ; indusium pointed at the upper end.

C. bulbifera. Wet places, oftenest in ravines, from N. Carolina N.:
fronds 1° - 3° high, 3'—5' wide at the base, narrowed above and much elon-
gated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblets beneath ; pinnules oblong, ob-
tuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on the upper side.

24

370 FERN FAMILY.

17. STRUTHIOPTERIS, OSTRICH-FERN (which the name means
in Greek, from the large plume-like sterile fronds).

S. Germanica. Alluvial grounds, N.. sterile fronds tall, 2°-5° high,
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short angular stalk, pinnate; pinne
very many, narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid more than half-way to the midrib ;
lobes numerous, oblong; fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing
erect after the others have withered.

18. ONOCLEA. SENSITIVE-FERN. (Name, from the Greek, mean-
ing a closed vessel, referring to the herry-like fructification.) The only species is

O. sensibilis. Common in wet places: sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2°
high, broadly triangular-ovate, the rhachis winged ; pinnz not many, lanceolate,
entire or obtusely lobed less than half-way to the midrib, veins everywhere
reticulated ; fertile fronds with few closely appressed pinne.

19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

W. obtisa. Rocky places, from Carolina N. : fronds 6/- 18’ high, slightly
glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with ovate or oblong deeply pinnatifid
or again pinnate divisions; lobes oblong, obtuse; indusium at first closed,
opening into a few ragged lobes.

W.. tivénsis. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alleghanies:
forms large tufts; fronds 4'!-8’ high, rusty chaffy beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
pinnate; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed; indusium obscure, consisting of a
few jointed hairs.

20. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many trop-
ical or sub-tropical species, the following cult. in conservatories.

D. Canariénsis, Hare’s-Foot-Fern, from the Canary Islands, etc.:
rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish scales, and looking not
unlike an animal’s paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly triangular, 8’-15! long
and about as wide, 3—4-pinnate ; pinnules cut into a few narrow lobes; these
are directed upwards, bearing at or just below the end a single fruit-dot; indu-
sium whitish, deeply half-cup-shaped.

D. tenuifolia, from India and China : rootstock creeping, crisp with short
chaffy hairs; fronds smooth, 1°- 2° high, broadly lanceolate, 3 — 4-pinnate ;
‘smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the truncated ends one or
two fruit-dots ; indusium brownish, mostly broader than deep.

21. DICKSONIA. (For James Dickson, an English botanist.) The spe-
cies all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere.

D. punctilébula. Moist shady places, from N. Carolina N. : rootstock
creeping, slender ; fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleasantly odor-
ous, lancelote, long-pointed, 2° - 3° high, mostly bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatifid ;
the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin;
indusium globular.

D. antarctica. Tree-fern from New Zealand, 4 great ornament in large
conservatories: trunk 3/—5' thick, sometimes many feet high, bearing in a
crown at the top.many fronds, 6°-9° long, 2°-4° broad, coriaceous, twice
pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid; the oblong-ovate divisions bearing
1-4 rather large fruit-dots ; indusium prominent, plainly two-valved.

22. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, referring to
the involucre.) Tree-ferns from tropical countries.

C. arborea. Rarely cult. from W. Indies: trunk sometimes 20° high,
stalk mostly light-brown, and without prickles or chaff; fronds 4° ~ 10° long,
bipinnate ; pinne 1° — 2° long, 6! - 8’ wide, lanceolate ; pinnules narrowly lance-
olate, spreading, pinnatifid to the midrib; lobes oblong, slightly scrrate, with
4-9 fruit-dots nea” the midvein ; involucre beautifully cup-shaped, the margin
entire. — Several other species, as well as one or two of the allied genus Hem-

TELIA (with an imperfect involucre, veins often partly reticulated), are rarely
seen in conservatories.

FERN FAMILY. 371

23. ALSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning grave-loving, the species
growing in tropical forests.

A. aspera. Rarely cult. from W. Indies: trunk 6°-8° high; stalks
prickly, clothed at the base with pale, narrow scales ; fronds 6° - 8° long, 2°- 3°
wide, bipinnate ; rhachis hairy above; pinnz oblong-lanceolate ; pinnules very
many, lanceolate, pinnatifid almost to the midrib; lobes oblong, curved, ser- .
rate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 8-10 to a lobe; indusium a thin scale on one side of
the fruit-dot, often disappearing with age.

A. pruinata, from S. America, is sometimes seen ; a much smaller plant ;
rootstock short, clothed with bright-brown wool; fronds smooth, green above,
pale and glaucous often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deepl
toothed ; fruit-dots solitary at the base of each tooth; spore-cases mixed wit
woolly hairs.

24. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of some Fern, referring
to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus; most of the species tropical.

T.radicans. On dripping rocks, Alabama and Tennessee, very rare: fronds
pellucid, 4‘~—8! high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winged, lanceolate, pinnate
with 1-2-pinnatifid ovate pinnx; involucres on short lobes, funnel-shaped,
with long exserted receptacles. — A broader and more compound form from
Killarney, Ireland, is grown in Wardian cases.

25. LYGODIUM, CLIMBING-FERN. (Name from « Greek word
meaning flexible, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not many
species ; all but ours tropical.

L. palmatum. Low shady woods, rather rare: smooth, slender, and deli-
cate, 2°-4° high, entangled among herbs;, pinnz roundish, 12''- 18"! wide,
deeply heart-shaped at the base, palmately 5~7-lobed, upper ones decompound
and fertile. :

L. Japénicum. Conservatory plant from Japan: climbing 10°- 12° high,
smooth; pinne ovate, 5/-9/ long, bipinnate, divisions ovate-lanceolate, often
halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pinnz bordered with narrow fertile lobes.

26. ANEIMIA. (Name from the Greek, meaning without covering, allud-
ing to the naked spore-cases.) “Mainly tropical. :

A. Phyllitidis. Cult. from S. America: 12/-18/ high, has the two lower
pinne long-stalked, narrowly-elongated, 3 -4-pinnate, fertile; middle portion
of the frond sterile, simply pinnate; pinne lanceolate, finely serrate; veins re-
ticulated. ,

A. adiantoides. -Native in Key West, Florida; with lower pinne as in
the last; middle portion sterile, 2—3-pinnate; pinnz long-pointed; divisions
Sua sedee entire or toothed at the end, with free veins forking from
the base. ;

27. SCHIZA@A. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, refer-
ring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species.)

S. pusilla. Wet sand, in pine woods of New Jersey: sterile fronds very
slender, flattened, simple and linear, curled up; fertile ones similar, but straight,
2'— 3! high, bearing at the top the fertile portion, 2/'-3” long, composed of
about 5 pairs of minute pinne.

28. OSMUNDA, FLOWERING FERN. (Name of doubtful origin,
anciently “ Osmund the Waterman,” who was perhaps St. Osmund, oes
pag or possibly St. Christopher, patron of watermen. Vide Hooker’s
British Ferns.) Species very few, fruiting in spring or early summer.

* Fruiting fronds distinct from the leafy ones.

O. cinnamémea, Crxnamon-Fern. Swamps, abundant everywhere:
sterile fronds 2°-5° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lanceolate
deeply pinnatifid pinnex; fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, soon with-
ering; fructification bright cinnamon color. é

372 CLUB-MO8S FAMILY.

x» * Fructification borne at the top or middle of an otherwise leafy frond.

O. Claytoniana. Wet places, common: sterile fronds much like those
of the last, but more obtuse at the top; fertile ones with 2-4 pairs of contracted
and fertile blackish pinnz just below the middle, — otherwise like the sterile

O. regalis, Royan Frry. Also common in swamps and wet woods,
fruiting later than the others: fronds truly bipinnate; pinnules oval or oblong,
serrulate, obtuse, sometimes a little heart-shaped at base, or slightly auricled on
one side; fertile portion at the top of the frond, panicled; spore-cases light-
brown.

29. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (Name from the Greek word for
a bunch of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) Species very few,
none cultivated. .

B. ternatum. Shaded grassy pastures and hillsides : plant fleshy, 3/—10!
high; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked fertile one with twice or
thrice pinnate fructification facing a triangular ternately compound sterile por-
tion on a longer or shorter stalk. — Has several forms: var. LUNARIOIDES has
roundish kidney-shaped sterile divisions ; in var. oBLiquUUM they are lanceolate
from an oblique base; and in var. pisskcTUM, pinnatifid into narrowly toothed
and ragged lobes. :

B. Virginicom. In rich woods : plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 6'— 18! high ;
sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly triangular, ternate;
the parts twice or thrice pinnate; divisions thin, oblong-lanceolate, incised or
toothed ; fertile portion long-stalked, twice or thrice pinnate. — Other smaller
species occur rarely N.

30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. (Greek equivalent of the common name.)

O. vulgatum, Appsr’s-roncur. Wet meadows or hillside pastures,
rare: 3/—10! high; sterile portion somewhat fleshy, ovate or elliptical, entire,
1/— 2! long, sessile near the middle of the stalk which supports the short two-
sided spike. — Some rare tropical species have large and palmate, or pendulous
and ribbon-like fronds.

134. LYCOPODIACEZ, CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, often
elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in rather large
solitary spore-cases borne in the axils of the simple mostly awl-
shaped leaves.

§ 1. Growing on land: stems more or less elongated and branching: leaves mostly
less than 1 long, often minute: spore-cases in the amils of the upper (often
transformed and imbricated) scale-like leaves.

1. LYCOPODIUM. Mostly evergreen plants; the leaves awl-shaped, in 4 or
more rows; the 2-valved kidney-shaped spore-cases all of one kind, contain-
ing only minute numberless spores.

2 SELAGINELLA. But one species evergreen N.; leaves mostly flattened, rare-
ly awl-shaped, mostly in 4 rows, two rows being of smaller leaves; spore-cases
of 2 kinds; one 2-valved and filled with minute spores, the other 3-4-valved
and containing very few large spores.

§ 2. Growing in water or mud: stems very short and corm-like : leaves rush-like,
elongated, with large spore-cases adhering to the upper surface of their dilated
bases, and as if imbedded in them.

8. ISOETES. Outer spore-cases with large reticulated spores; inner ones with
minute powdery spores.

1 LYCOPODIUM, CLUB-MOSS. (Name from the Greek, meaning
wolf’s-foot, probably from the short hairy branches of L. clavatum.} Species
about 100, in all parts of the world: the following all wild species.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 373

§ 1. Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves all alike, dark-green, rigid,
in about 8 rows.

L. lucidulum. Damp woods N.: stems 4/—8! long, tufted, ascending,
forking ; leaves spreading or reflexed, sharp-pointed, irregularly serrulate, dar
green and shining.

§ 2. Fructification spiked at the top of an erect branch : fertile leaves and those of

the creeping stems nearly alike, soft, narrowly linear, many-rowed.

L. alopecuroides. Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey & S. : scarcely ever-
green: stem and sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile ones 6-18!
high, all rather stout and thickly clothed with spreading soft linear-awl-shaped
bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long slender tips.

§ 3. Fructification spiked: the fruiting leaves arated seale-like, shorter and
broader than those of the sterile branches.

* Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary branch.

L. annotinum. Cold woods N.: stem creeping, 1°-4° long; branches
4!—9! high, nearly erect, once or twice forked ; leaves about 5-rowed, spreading
or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearly entire ; those of the solitary spikes
ovate, with spreading points and ragged scarious margins.

L. dendroideum, Grounp-Pinge. Moist woods, common N. : rootstock
creeping, under-ground, nearly leafless ; stems looking much like a miniature
hemlock, 9!-12’ high; the many spreading branches with shining lanceolate
entire leaves in about six rows; leaves of the lower and often of the upper row
smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4-10 on a plant; scales ovate pointed,
margin slightly scarious, nearly entire.

% * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which has only a
Jew inconspicuous leaves.
+ Stems creeping, very short: spikes always single.

L. Carolinianum. Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey and S. : scarcely ever-
green; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, lanceolate,
entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appressed row ; spikes slender on
stalks 4/—6! high. — Allied in habit to L. alopecuroides.

+ + Stems extensively creeping : spikes often in pairs or fours.

L. elavatum, Crus-moss. Common N. in dry woods: running stem long
and leafy; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly pinnate; branchlets
4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped entire commonly bristle-tipped
leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs.

L. complanatum. Dry woods, commonest among evergreens: running
stems with scattered awl-shaped very small leaves ; branches erect, several times
branched ; the parts repeatedly forked into many horizontally spreading flat-
tened branchlets. ;

2. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutive of Selago, a species of Lyco-
podium.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical.

§ 1. Native species.

S. rupéstris. Exposed rocks : a common moss-like little evergreen ; stems
and densely tufted branches 1/- 2! high ; leaves awl-shaped, marked with a nar-
row furrow on the back, and tipped with a minute bristly point; spikes four-
cornered. .

S. apus. Damp places in meadows; common, especially S.: very delicate ;
stems 2!-4!' high, sparingly branched ; leaves 4-rowed, those of the side rows
spreading horizontally, scarcely 1’! long, ovate with the upper side larger, mi-
nutely serrulate; intermediate ones half as large, erect, very acute; spikes
2-6" long. — Often cult. as S. densa.

§ 2. Cultivated, mostly tropical species, seen in conservatories: much branched :
leaves of the ee two side rows of spreadiny leaves set ae
parently edgewise, and two upper rows of smaller appressed leaves. Spi
four-cornered, at the ends of the branchlets.

3874 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

x Stems trailing, sending out rootlets nearly upto the end.
+ Branchlets only 1"' broad: leaves wide apart in each row.

S. delicatissima. Stems 4/- 8! long, irregularly forked and branched ;
ranches rather distant; leaves oblong-roundish, obtuse, with a few slender
cilia towards the base; intermediate ones ovate, pointed.

+ + Branchlets 2" — 3! broad, their leaves closely placed in each row.

S. Kraussiana. (Lycoropium pEenTicuLArum of the florists.) Stems
very long, articulated below each branch; branches distant, bearing a few short
forked branchlets; leaves bright green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute,
rounded on the upper side, nearly straight on the lower, minutely denticulate ;
smaller ones with longer often reflexed points.

S. uneinata. (Lyc. czsrum of florists.) Stems very long, not articu-
lated, freely branched ; branches 2-3-pinnate with short crowded branchlets ;
leaves when living with a steel-blue iridescence, fading to green when dried, very
closely placed, larger ones oblong, equal-sided, obtuse, entire; smaller ones
ovate with slender incurved points.

* * Stems ascending, only the lower part bearing long rootlets.

S. Marténsii. (Lyc. srotonirerum of florists.) Stems 6/- 10! long,
much branched from the base; branches bipinnate, with copious branchlets
2" — 3" or even 4! wide ; larger leaves crowded, obliquely ovate, the upper side
broadest, obtuse, entire; smaller ones ovate with a slender often recurved point.

* * * Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base.

S. erythropus. Stalk 2’-6/ high, bright red, having a few closely ap-
pressed red leaves, and bearing at the top a broad frond-like stem pinnately or
pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with very numerous
extremely crowded branchlets 1!’ - 13" wide; leaves closely imbricated, obliquely
ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliate; smaller ones ovate, with
Ds straight points.

- Bratinii. (Lye. Witipenovit of florists.) Stalk straw-color or pale
red, shorter than in the last, finely pubescent, as are the branches ; frond-like
stems long-ovate, 4 times pinnate, resembling an elegant fern; branchlets not
crowded, about 1” wide; leaves scarcely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, entire ;
smaller ones with straight points.

* * * * Stems in a dense nest-like tuft, not rooting : branches often curling up

when dry.

S. cuspidata. (Lyc. crrcinAve of florists.) Frond-like stems 6/- 8!
long, green above, paler beneath, oblong or lyre-shaped, loosely 3-pinnate ;
branchlets 1/! wide ; leaves obliquely triangular-ovate, with long often incurved
bristle-points, having a narrow whitish margin, sparingly ciliated and minutely
denticulate ; smaller ones obliquely ovate, with long slender points.

S. lepidophylla, from Lower California, &c., is the “ Bird’s-Nest Moss,”
or “ Resurrection-Plant.” It is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it un-
folds and displays the densely 2 -3-pinnate elegant fern-like branches radiating
from a coiled-up central stem; the leaves white-margined, closely imbricated,
round-ovate, obtuse. — Nearly 30 species are cultivated in Great Britain, besides
those here described.

8. ISOETES, QUILLWORT. (Namie from the Greek words for equal and
year, meaning that the plant is the same at all seasons.) The species demand
too nice discrimination for the beginner, and must be studied by aid of the
Manual.

I. lacustris, rather rare only N., and the far commoner

I. echindspora, are the principal northern species, living under water.

I. riparia and I. Engelm4énni, with leaves 4/- 20’ long, live partly
out of water, at least for a part of the summer.

I. melanépoda, only W., lives in shallow ponds or pools which dry up in
summer.

INDEX.

*,* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and Orders, are
Genera, &c., as well as popular names, are in common type.

in full capitals; those of the

Abele-tree 8 | Althea 70, 71, 74 | Apple-of-Peru 268
Abies 810, 312 | Alsophila 862, 371 | Apricot 118
Abronia 2 Alstroemeria 330, 382 | AQUIFOLIACER 218
Abutilon 70, 73 | Alum-Root 185 | Aquilegia 84, 40
Acacia 99, 115 | Alyssum 52, 66 | Arabis 61, 54
Acalypha 298, 295 | AMARANTACEZG 286 | ARACEAE aif
ACANTHACEA 239 | Amaranth 286 | Arachis 96, 106
Acanthus 240 | AMARANTH FAMILY 286 | Aralia 166
ACANTHUS FAMILY 239 | Amarantus 286 | ARALIACEA 166
Acer 89, 91 | AMARYLLIDACER 329 | Arbor-Vitze 815
Acerates 276, 278 | Amaryllis 330, 331 | Archangelica 168, 165
Achillea 183, 199} AMARYLLIS FAMILY 329 | Arctostaphylos 211, 214
Achimenes 228 | Amberboa (Amberboi) 188 | Arenaria f
Achyranthes 286 | Ambrosia 80, 188 | Arethusa, 828, 82
Acnida 286 | Amelanchier 117, 129 | Argemone 48, 4
Aconitum (Aconite) 84, 41 | American Laurel 216 | Ariseema 817
Acorus , 318 | American Aloe 332 | Aristolochia 282,
ACROGENS 359 | American Columbo 272 | ARISTOLOCHIACEA 282
Acrostichum 860, 353 | American Ipecac 121 | Armeria 222,
Acteea, 34, 39 | Amianthium 838, 842 | Arnica 182, 194
Actinomeris 184, 203 | Ammania 150 | Aromatic Wintergreen "14
Adam-and-Eve 827 | Ammobium 181, 190 | Arrenatherum 355
Adam’s Needle 348 | Amorpha , 95, 103 | Arrow-Arum 818
Adder’s-tongue 846, 372 | Ampelopsis 85, 86 | Arrow Grass 320
ADDER’S-LONGUE F. 363 | Amphicarpea 97, 109 | ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 819
Adiantum 861, 364 | Amsonia 274, 275 | Arrow-Head 820
Adlumia 50 | ANACARDIACEAR 84 | ARROWROOT FAMILY 328
Adonis 84, 87 | Anacharis 321, 822 | Arrow-wood 172
ZEschynomene 95, 105 | Anagallis 223, 225 | Artemisia 180, 188
sculus 8), 90 | Ananassa, 329 | Artichoke 186
African Marigold 206 | Andromeda 212, 215 | Arum Family 817
Agapanthus , 348 | Aneimia 862, 871 | Arundinaria 354
Agati 106 | Anemone 34, enced 282
Agave 830, 832 | Angelica-tree 1 282
Ageratum 182, 193 | ANGIOSPERMOUS ASCLEPTADACE At 276
Agrimonia (Agrimony) 125| PLANTS 38 | Asclepias 276, 277
Agrostis 358 | Anise-tree 43 | Ascyrum 61
Ailanthus 83 | Anoda 70, 72 | Ash 281
Albizzia 99,114 | ANONACEE Ash-leaved Maple 92
Alchemilla, 117, 125 | Antennaria 181, 190 eel 44
Alder 307 | Anthemis 183, 199 | Asparag 339, 344
Alder-Buckthorn 87 | Anthoxanthum 355 | AS ARAGUS FAMILY 3839
Alisma 320 oe 280, 235 | Aspen 808
ALISMACEE 319 64, 68 | Aspidium 361, 368
Allamanda 274 ABETALOUS DIVISION 282 Asplenium 361, 355
Alliuin 340, 347 | Aphyllon 228, 229 | Aster 83, 195
Almond 118 | Apios 97, 108 |, Astilbe 182, 187
ALMOND FAMILY 116 | Apium 163, 165 | Astragalus 96, 107
Alnus 806, 807 | Aplectrum 324, 827 | Atamasco Lily 831
‘Aloe ‘1 | APOCYNACER 274 | Atragene 35
Alonsoa 280, 233 | Apocynum 274, 275 | Atriplex 284
Alopecurus Apple 129 | Atropa 266, 269

376

Aubergine
Aucuba 167, 168
Auricula
Avena
Avens 1
Azalea, 212, 217
Bald-Cypress 814
Balloon-Vine 90
Ballota 252
Balm 249, 250
Balm-of-Gilead 251
Balm-of-Gilead Poplar 309
Balmony 238
Balsam 81
Banana. 329
BANANA FAMILY 328
Baneberry 39
Baptisia 8, 111
Barbadoes Flower-fence _ 118
Barbarea > 54
Barberry 45
BARBERRY FAMILY 44
Barley 357
Barnyard Grass 357
Barren Strawberry 121
Barren-wort 45
Bartonia 151, 270, 278
Basil . 248, 249
Basil Thyme 249
Basswood 75
Bastard Pennyroyal 246
Bauera rubioides 131
Bayberry 306
Bean 108
Bean-trefoil-tree 101
Bearberry 214
-Bear-Grass 348
Beaver-Poison 165
Bedstraw 74
Bee-Balm 249
Beech 305
Beech-Drops 229
Beech-Fern 867
Beehive 101
Beet 285
Beggar’s Lice 257
Beggar-Ticks 202
Begonia 161
BEGONIACER 161
BEGONIA FAMILY 161
Belladona 269
Bellflower 210
Bellis 182, 183, 199
Bellwort 343
BELLWORT FAMILY 338
Bengal Grass 857
Benjamin-Bush 291
Benzoin 291
BERBERIDACEER 44
Berberis 5 45
Berchemia 86, 87
Bergamot 250
Bermuda Grass 356
Beta 284, 285
Betonia (Betony) 246, 253
etula 306
BETULACEX 306
Bidens 184, 202
Bignonia 226, 227
BIGNONIACER 226
BIGNONIA FAMILY 226
Bilsted 140
Bindweed 264, 289
Biota 315
Birch 306
BIRCH FAMILY 306
Bird’s-nest Fern 366
Birthroot 341

INDEX.
Birthwort 282 , Brome Grass 855
BIRTHWORT FAMILY 282 | BROMELIACE 329
Bishop’s-Cap 137 | Bromus 855
Bitter-Cress 54 | Brooklime 234
Bitter Sweet 88 | Brookweed 225
Bittersweet 268 | Broom-corn 857
Bitterweed 188 | BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 228
Black alder 219 | Broussonetia 297, 299
Black bean 109 | Browallia 229, 262
Blackberry 124 | Brunella 245, 252
Blackberry Lily 334 | Brunfelsia 229,
Black Grass 349 | Bryophyllum 138, 139
Black Moss - 829 | Buchnera
Black Sampson 205 | Buckeye 90
Black Snakeroot 89 | Buckthorn 86, 87
Black-Thorn 118 | BUCKTHORN FAMILY 86
Bladder Campion 66 | Buckwheat 289
Bladder Ketmia 74 | BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 287
Bladder-nut 90 | Buffalo-Berry 292
BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 89 | Buffalo-nut 292
Bladder-Senna 107 | Bugbane 39
Bladderwort 225 | Bugleweed 247
BLADDERWORT FAMILY Bugloss 257
225 | Bulrush 352
Blazing-Star 191, 342 | Bumelia 220
Bleeding Heart 50 | Bunch-berry 167
Blephilia 245, 251 | Bunch-Flower 343
Blessed Thistle 187 | Burchellia Capensis 173
Blite 285 | Burdock 187
Blitum 284, 285 | Bur-Marigold 202
Blood-root 49 | Burnet 1
Blue Beech 805 | Burning-bush 88
Blueberry 218 | Bur-Reed 319
Bluebottle 187 | Bush-Clover 104
Blue Curls 246 | Bush-Honeysuckle 171
Bluets 176 | Butcher's Broom 344
Blue-Eyed-Grass 835 | Butomese 820
Blue Flag 833 | Butter-and-Eggs 235
Blue Hearts 281 | Buttercup 37
Blue-Joint Grass 358 | Butterfly-Pea 109
Blue Lettuce 208 | Butterfly-Weed 277
Blue-Tangle 213 | Butternut
Blueweed 255 | Butterweed 198, 198
Blumebachia, 152 | Butterwort 2!
Bocconia 48, 49 | Button-bush 175
Boehmeria 297, 299 | Button-Snakeroot 164,191
Bois d’Arc 299 | Button-weed 175
Bokhara 101 | Buttonwood 300
Boltonia 183, 198 | Buxus 298, 296
Bonamia 268, 264
Boneset 192 | Cabbage 52
Bora, 255 | Cacalia 182, 198, 194
BORAGE FAMILY 254 | CACTACER 152
BORRAGINACEH CACTUS FAMILY 152
Borrago 254, Ceesalpinia 99 113
Botrychium 863, 372 | Caiophora 152
Bottle-brush 149 | Cakile 52, 56
Bottle Gourd 159 | Calabash 159
Bottle Grass 357 | Caladium 317
Bouncing Bet 66 | Calamagrostis 353
Boussingaultia 284, 285 | Calaminth 249
Bouvardia 174, 176 | Calamintha 244
Bowman’s Root 121 | Calampelis 227
Bow-Wood 299 Calamus 818
Box 296 | Calandrinia 69
Boxberry 214 Calceolaria 230, 284
Box-Elder 92 Calendula 184, 200
Boykinia 132, 1386 Calico-bush 216
Brachycome 183,198 California Nutmeg-tree 315
Bracted Bindweed 264 Calla 817. 318
Brake 365 Callicarpa 1, 243
Bramble 124 Calliopsis 201
Brassica 51,52 Callirrhoé 70. 72
Brasenia 46 Callistemon 149
BRASILETTO FAMILY 98 : Callistephus 182, 196
Brier Rose 125° Calluna 211, 214
Briza Calochortus 341
Broccoli 52 | Calonyction 263
Brodisea 341 Calopogon 824, 826

Caltha 84, 39
CALYCANTHACER 130
Calycanthus 181
CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 130
Calystegia 262, 264
Camelina 51, 55
Camellia 7

CAMELLIACEA 75
CAMELLIA FAMILY 76
Campanula 209, 210
CAMPANULACER 209
CAMPANULA FAMILY 209
Camptosorus 861, 367
Campyloneuron 863
Canary-bird Flower 81
Canary-Grass 354
Cancer-Root 229
Candytuft 55

‘Canna 828
Cannabis 297, 299
Canterbury Bells 210
Cape Jessamine 176
Cape-Myrtle 150
CAPER FAMILY 56
Capers 56
CAPPARIDACER: 56
Capparis spinosa 56

: ‘CAPRIFOLIACER 169
Capsella 52, 55
Capsicum 266, 268
Caragana 96, 106
Caraway 165
Cardamine 51, 54
Cardinal-Flower 20!

’ Cardiospermum 89, 90
Cardoon 186
Carex 352
Carolina Allspice 131
Carpet-weed 68
Carpinus 802, 805
Carrion Flower 337
Carrot 164
Carthamnus 180, 187
Carum 168, 165
Carya 300, 301
CARYOPHYLLACER 63
Cashew Family 84
Cassandra 211, 215
Cassia 99, 113
Castanea, 802, 3804
Castilleia 1, 239
Castor-oil Plant 295
Catalpa 228, 227
Catbrier 336
Catchfly 65
Catgut 106
Cat-Mint 251
Catnip 251
CAT-TAIL FAMILY 818
Cat-Tail Flag 319
Cat-tail Grass 356
Cauliflower 52
Caulophyllum 45
Cayenne Pepper 268
Ceanothus 87
Cedar 314
Cedronella 245, 251
Cedrus 810, 314
Celandine 49
Celandine Poppy 49
CELASTRACEAR 87
Celastrus 88
Celery 165
Celosia 286, 287
Celsia 0, 233
Celtis 296, 298
Centaurea 180, 187
Centaury 2

INDEX.
Centradenia 148
Centranthus 177
Centrosema 97, 109
Century Plant 832
Cephalanthus 174, 175
Cerastium 64, 6'
Ceratochloa 355
Cercis 98, 113
Cereus 153, 154
Ceropteris 360
Cestrum 267, 270
Chain-Fern 3
Chameelirium 838, 842
Chamomile 199
Charlock 52
Chaste-Tree 243
Cheat 855
Checkerberry 214
Cheiranthus 51, 54
Chelidonium 48, 49
Chelone 231, 238
CHENOPODIACEA 284
Chenopodium 284, 285
Cherry 118
Chess 355
Chestnut 304
Chick-Pea lil

CHICKWEED FAMILY 64
Chickweed-Wintergreen 224
Chicory 206

Chili Jessamine 275
Chimaphila 212, 218
Chimonanthus 181
China-Aster 196
China-brier 336
China-tree 84
Chinese Sugar-Cane 357
Chinese Sumach 83
Chinquapin 3
Chiogenes 211, 214
Chionanthus 279, 281
Chives 347
Chokeberry 180
Chorizema 98, 111
Christmas Rose 39
Chrysanthemum 188, 199
Chrysodium 3
Chrysopsis 182, 195
Chrysosplenium 183, 137
Chufa, 352
Cicer 98, 111
Cichorium 185, 206
Cichory
Cicuta, 163, 165
Cimicifuga 34, 39
Cinchona 176
CINCHONA FAMILY 178
Cineraria 194
Cinnamon-Fern 3871
Cinquefoil 122
Circzea, 141, 142
Cirsium 179, 186
CISTACEA 60
Cistus Ladaniferus 60
Citron 83, 160
Citrullus 159, 160
Citrus 82, 83
Cladium 852
Cladrastis 98, 112
Clarkia 142, 143
Claytonia 69
Cleavers 17%4
Clematis 83, 85
Cleome
Clethra 212, a
Clianthus

) Cliff-Brake

Climbing False Buckwheat 389

377

Climbing-Fern 871
Climbing Fumitory 50
Climbing Hempweed. 191
Clintonia 208, 889, 343
Clitoria 97, 109
Clotbur 188
Clover 101
Club-Moss 372
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 372
Cnicus 180, 187
Cobeea, 260, 262
Cocculus 44
Cocklebur 188
Cockscomb 287
Coco-Grass 352
Coffea (Coffee) 174, 176
Cohosh

Colchicum 338, 842
Coleus 244, 247
Collinsia 230, 285
Collinsonia 5 248
Colocasia 817, 318
Coltsfoot 198
Columbine

Colutea 96, 107
Colza sy
Comandra 292
Comfrey 257
Commelyna 350
COMMELYNACER 350
Compass-Plant 201
COMPOSITA 179
COMPOSITE FAMILY 179
Comptonia 305, 806
Cone-Flower 205
CONIFER Bi
Conium 168, 165
Conoclinium 182, 198
Conopholis 228, 229
Convallaria , 044
CONVOLVULACEZ: 262
Convolvulus 262, 264
CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 262
Coontie 309
Coptis 34, 39
Coral-berry 170
Corallorhiza ~~ $24, 827
Coral-Root 827
Cordyline 841
Coreopsis 184, 201
Coriander 1
Coriandrum 163, 164
Corn 358
CORNACEAL 167
Corn-Cockle 65
Cornel 167
Corn-Flag 835
Cornflower 187
Corn Salad 178
Cornus 167
Coronilla 95, 106
Corpse-plant 218
Corydalis 50
Corylus 802, 305
Cosmanthus 259
Costmary 188
Cotoneaster 117, 129
Cotton 74
Cotton-Rose 189
Cotton Thistle 187
Cotton-wood 309
Cotyledon 188, 139
Couch-Grass 856
Cow-herb 66
Cow-parsnip 166
Cowslip 228
Cowslips 39
Cow-Wheat 239

378

Crab-Grass 356, 357
Cranberry 213
Cranberry-tree 172
Cranesbill 79
Crassula 38, 189
CRASSULACE: 137
Crateegus 17, 128
Creeping Snowberry 214
Crinkle-root 55
Crinum 330, 331
Crocus 1 885
Crotalaria 94, 100
Crowfoot 37
CROWFOOT FAMILY 33
Crownbeard 208
Crown Iinperial
CRUCIFERAE 51
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLAN a
Cryptomeria 810, 314
Cuckoo-Flower 55
Cucumber 160
Cucumber-tree 43
Cucumis 159, 160
Cucurbita 159
CUCURBITACEX 158
Cudweed 189
Culver’s Root 233
Cuni 244, 248
Cunonia Capensis 131
Cuphexa 50, 151
Cup-Plant 201
Cupressus 810, 314
CUPULIFERZ% 301
Currant 133
Cuscuta 265
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY
43
Cyanophylum 148
Cyathea 362, 370
CYATHEACEE 362
CYCADACEEX 309
Cycas 309
Cyclamen 228, 224
Cyclobothra 341
Cydonia 117, 180
Cynara 179, 186
Cynodon
Cynoglossum 255, 257
CYPERACEE 352
Cyperus 3852
Cypress 314
CYPRESS FAMILY 310
Cypress Vine 263
Cypripedium 224, 327
Cyrtomium 3
Cystopteris 861, 368
Cytisus , 100
Dactylis 354
Durty lectin 356
Daffodil 331
Dahlia 184, 201
Daisy 199
Dalea 95, 102
Dalibarda 116, 124
Dandelion 207
Dangleberry 213
Daphne 291
Darlingtonia 47
Darnel 356
Date-Plum 219
Datura 266, 269
Daucus 162, 164
Davallia 362, 370
Day-Flower 350
Day-Lily 348
Dead-Nettle 262

INDEX.
Decumaria 132, 184
Deerberry 218
Deer-Grass 148
Delphinium 34, 40
Dentaria 52, 55
Deodar 3814
Desmanthus 99, 114
Desmodium 95, 104
Deutzia 182, 134
Devil’s Bit 342
Devil-wood 281
Dewberry 125
Dianthera 240, 241
Dianthus 64
Dicentra 50
Diervilla 169, 171
Dicksonia 362, 370
Dicliptera 240
DICOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS 83
Dictamnus 82
Diclytra 50
Digitalis 231, 237
Diodia 178, 175

| Dionza 59, 60
Dioscorea, 836
DIOSCOREACER 335
Diospyros 219
Diplopappus 197
DIPSACEA 178
Dipsacus 178
Dirca 291, 292
Ditch oe
Dittai 248
Dock 289
Dockmackie 172
Dodecatheon 222. 223
Dodder 263, 265
DODDER FAMILY 263
Dogbane 275
DOGBANE FAMILY 274
Dog’s-tail 356
Fy ae ag Violet 346
Dogw: 167
DOgWOOD FAMILY 167
Dolichos , 109
Doodia. , 366
Doorweed 287
Doryopteris 865
Doura 357
Downingia 208
Draba 52, 55
Dracena 341
Dracopis 185, 205
Dragon-Arum 318
Dragon-Root 318
Dragon Tree 841
Dropwort 121
DROSERACEA 69
Dryopteris 868
Duckweed 816
DUCKWEED FAMILY 316
Durra 857
Dutchman’s Breeches 50
Dutchman’s Pipe 282
Dutch Rushes 359
Dysodia 185, 206
EBEN ACE 219
EBONY FAMILY 219
Eebalium 158
Eceremocarpus 226, 227
Enchanter’s Nightshade 142
Echeveria 139
Echinacea 185, 205
Echinocactus 158, 156
Echinocystis 159, 160
Echinodorus ~ 820

Echinospermum 255, 257
Echites 274, 275
Echium 254, 255
Eel-Grass 3816, 322
Egg Plant 267
Egyptian Grass 356
ELEAGNACEEX 292
Eleagnus 292
ELATINACEZ: 68
Elatine €3
Eider 173
Elecampane 195
Elephant’s Ear 161
Elm 297
ELM FAMILY 296
Elodes 61, 63
Hlusine 356
Emilia 194
Endive 206
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 316
Enslenia 276, 278
Eutoca 259
Epidendrum 328, 324
Epigeea 211, 214
Epilobium 142, 148
Epimedium 44, 45
Epiphegus 228, 229
Epiphyllum 153, 154
EQUISETACEE 359
Equisetum 359
Erechthites 181, 189
Erica 211, 214
ERICACEE 210
ae 129
Eriocaul 352
ERIOCAULONACER 352
Eriogonum 287
Erigeron 188, 198
Erodium 78, 79
Eryngium (Eryngo) 162, 64

Erysimum

Erythrina 95, 97, 108
Erythronium 340, 346
Eschscholtzia 48, 49
Eucharidium 142, 148
Eucnide 152
Eugenia 149
Eupatorium 182, 192
Euphorbia 3, 294.
EUPHORBIACER 293
Euonymus 88
Evening-Primrose 148
EVENING PRIMROSE
FAMILY 141
Everlasting 189, 190
Evolvulus 263, 264
EXOGENOUS PLANTS 33
Fagopyrum 287, 289
Fagus 802, 305
Fair Maids of France 38
Fall Dandelion 206
False Beech-drops 218
False Dandelion 207
False Dragon-Head 251
False-flax 65
False Gromwell 255,
False Hellebore 343
False Indigo 103, 111
False Lettuce 208
False Loosestrife 146
False Mermaid ve)
False Mitrewort 137
False Nettle 209
False Pennyroyal 246
False Pimpernel 2387
False Red-top Bot
False Saffron 187

False Solomon’s Seal 844
Farfugium 194
Farkleberry 218
Featherfoil 225
Feather Geranium
Fedia 177, 178
Fennel 165
Fennel-flower 40
FBenugreek 101
FERN FAMILY 360
Fescue Grass 354
Festuca 834
Fetid Marigold 206
Feverbush 291
Feverfew 199
Fever-tree 176
Feverwort 170
no 296, 298
298
ne FAMILY 296
Fig-Marigold 17
FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY
156
Figwort 238
FIG WORT FAMILY 229
Fil 81, 189
Filbert 305
FILICES 360
Filmy Ferns 362
Finger-Grass 357
Fiorin 358
Fir 312
Fire-Pink 66
Fireweed 148, 189
Five-finger 122
Flax 7
FLAX FAMILY 17
Fleabane 198
Floerkea - 18,79
Flower-de-luce
Flowering-Fern 71
FLOWERING FERNS 362
FLOWERING-RUSH
FAMILY | 820
FLOWERING PLANTS 83
Flowering Wintergreen 93

FLOWERLESS PLANTS 359
Flower-of-an-hour 74

Fly-Poison 342
Feniculum 168, 165
Fog-fruit 242
Forget-me-not 256
Forked chickweed 68
Forsteronia 274, 275
Forsythia 279; es
Fothergilla 140
Four-o’elock 283
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 283
Foul-Meadow-Grass 854
Foxglove 237
Foxtail-Grass 357
Fragaria 116, 128
Franciscea 232,
Frangula 87
Franklinia 76
Frasera 270, 272
Fraxinella 82
Fraxinus 279, 281
French Marigold 206
French Mulberry 243
Fringe-Tree 281
Fritillaria 840, 346
Frogs-Bit 322
FROG’S-BIT FAMILY 321
Frostweed 60
Fuchsia 142, 147
Fumaria 50
FUMARIACEE 49

INDEX.

Funtito: 50
FUMITORY-PAMILY 49
Funkia 340, 348
Gaillardia 188, 200
Galactia 97, 109
Galanthus , ool
Galeopsis 246; 952
Galium 178, 174
Gall-of-the-Earth 207
Gama Grass 858
Gardenia 174, 176
Garget 284
Garland Flower 328
Garlic 347
Garrya 167
Gaultheria 211, 214
Gaura 42, 143
Gaylussacia, 211, 218
Gazania 183, 200
Gelsemium 273

mista 94, 100
Gentiana (Gentian) 270, 272
GENTIANACEA 70
GENTIAN FAMILY 270
Georgia Bark 176
GERANIACE 17
Geranium 78,79
GERANIUM FAMILY 77
Gerardia 281, 237
Germander 246
German Ivy 194
GESNERIACEE 228
Gesneria 228
GESNERIA FAMILY 228
Geum 116, 122
Giant Hyssop 251
Gilia 260, 261
Gill
Gillenia, 116, 121
Gilliflower &3
GINGER FAMILY 828
Ginkgo-Tree 315
Ginseng 167
GINSENG FAMILY 166
Girasole 204
Glade-Mallow 72
Gladiolus 835
Glasswort 284
Gleditschia 99, 114
Globe-flower 39
Globe Hyacinth 347
Glottidium 106
Gloxinia 228
GLUMACEOUS eae
Gnaphalium 181, 189
Goatsbeard 121
Godetia 145
Golden Aster 195
Golden Chain 101
Golden-Rod. 195
Golden Saxifrage- 137
Gold-Fern 864
Goldthread . 89
Gomphrena 286, 287
Gonolobus 276, 278
Good-King-Henry 2
Goodyera 328, 826
qooreeny I
Goosefoo 285
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 284
Goose-grass 175, 287
Gordonia 76
Gossypium 70, 74
Gourd : 59
GOURD FAMILY 158
GRAMINEA

379

Granadilla 158
Grape 85
Grape Hyacinth 347
Grass-Cloth Plant 299
GRASS FAMILY 353
Grass-of-Parnassus 134
Grass-of-the-Andes 355
Grass-Wrack 316
Gratiola 281, 287
Greek Valerian 282
Greenbrier 836
Green-Dragon 818
Green Milkweed 278
Green-weed. 100
Gromwell 256
Ground Cherry 268
Ground Ivy 251
Ground Laurel 214
Ground-nut 106, 108, 167
Ground-Pine 373
Ground Pink 261
Ground Plum 107
Groundsel 193
Guava 149
Guelder Rose 172
Guinea Corn 857
Guinea-Hen Flower 346
Gumbo 74
Gymnocladus 99, 113
@ymnogranime 860, 364
GYMNOSPERMOUS

PLANTS 9
Gynandropsis 57
@ynerium 3858
Gypsophila 64, 66
Habenaria 823, 324
Habrothamnus + 270
Hackberry 298
Hackmatack 314
Halesia 220, 221
HALORAGEA 140
HAMAMELACES . 140
Hamamelis 140
Hardenbergia 97, 109
Hardhack 120
Harebell 210
Hare’s-Foot-Fern 370
Hart’s-tongue 868, 357
Haw 128, 172
Hawkbit 206
Hawkweed 207
Hawthorn 128
Hazel-nut 805
Heal-all 252
Heart’s-ease 59
Heart-Seed 90
Heath 214
Heather 214
HEATH FAMILY 210
Hedeoma , 248
Hedera 166, 167
Hedgehog Cone-Flower 205
Hedge-hyssop 237
Hedge-Mustard 53
Hedge-Nettle 253
Hedychium 328
Helenium 188, 200
Helianthemum
Ifelianthus 184, 208
Helichrysum 1
Heliophytum 255, 258
Heliopsis 184, 204
HELIOTROPE FAMILY 255

Heliotropium een)

»

Hellebore

853 | Helleborus (Hellebore) 84, 39

380

Helonias 838, 342
Hemerocallis 340, 348
Hemitelia 370
Hemlock Spruce 313
Hemp 299
HEMP FAMILY 297
Hemp-Nettle 252
Henbane 269
Hepatica 34, 35
Heracleum 168, 165
Herba Impia 189
Herb Robert 79
Hercules’ Club 166
Herd’s Grass 356
Hesperis 61, 53
Heteranthera 322
Heterocentron 148
Heuchera 182, 135
Hibiscus 70, 74
Hickory 301
Hieracium 185, 207
Hierochloa 356
Hippuris 141
Hoary-pea 106
Hobble-bush 172
Hog-Pea-nut 109
Hogweed 188
Holcus 355
Holly 219
HOLLY FAMILY 218
Hollyhock 71
Hoily-Grass 356
Honesty 55
Honey-Locust 114
Honeysuckle 170
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 169
Hop 299
Hop-Hornbeam 305
Hop-tree 83
Hordeum 857
Horehound 252
Hornbeam 305
Horse-Balm 248
Horse Bean 111
Horse-Chestnut 90
Horse-Gentian 170
Horse-mint 250, 251
Horse-Nettle 267
Horseradish 53
Horse-Sugar 221
Horse-tail 359
HORSE-TAIL FAMILY 359
Horseweed 198
Hoteia 187
Hottonia 223, 225
Houndstongue 191, 257
Houseleek 138
Houstonia 174, 176
Hoya 276, 278
Huckleberry 218
Hudsonia 60
Humea 181 190
Humulus 297, 299
Hyacinthus 340
Hyacinth 348
Tlydrangea 182, 134
Hydrastis 34 38
HYDROCHARIDACEH 321
Hydrocotyle 168, 164
Hydrolea 258, 260
Hydrophyllum 258, 259

HYDROPHYLLACEE —— 258
HYMENOPITYLLACEX § 362

Hyoseyamus 266, 269
HYPERICACER 61
Hypericum 61
Hypoxys 329, 330
Hy ptis 244, 247

INDEX.

Hyssopus (Hysso 244, 248 | Kale 52

peteenaaenige renee reac 212, 216
Iberis 52, 56 | Kennedya 97, 110
Ice-Plant 167 | Kentucky Blue Grass 354
Tlex 219 | Kentucky Coffee-tree 118
Tlictum 42, 43 | Kerria 116, 121
Ilysanthes 231, 287 | Kidney Bean 108
Immortelle 189, 190 | Kinnikinnik 168
Impatiens 78, 81 | Kitaibelia 70, 71
Imphee Knapweed 187
Ipomeea, 262, 263 | Knawel 68
Ipomopsis 261 | Knot-grass 287
Indian Bean 227 | Knotweed 287
Indian Corn 358 | Keelreuteria 89, 90
Indian Cress 81 | Kohlrabi 52
Indian Cucumber-Root 342 | Kosteletzskya 70, 78
Indian Currant 170 | Kuhnia 182, 191
Indian Fig 153
Indian Hemp 275 | LABIATZ 243
Indian Mallow 78 | Labrador Tea 217
Indian Millet 357 | Labunum 94, 101
Indian Physic 121 | Lactuca 186, 208
Indian Pipe 218 | Ladies’ Eardrops 147
INDIAN PIPE FAMILY 212 | Ladies’ Smock 55
Indian Plantain 193 | Ladies’-Tresses 326
Indian Poke 843 | Lady-Fern 367
Indian Rice 353 | Lady’s Mantle 125
Indian Shot 328 | Lady’s Slipper 227
INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY ne Lady’s Thumb 288
Indian Turnip Lagenaria 158, 159
Indian Wheat 389 Lagerstroemia 149, 150
India-Rubber-Tree 298 | Lambkill 216
Indigofera 96, 106 | Lamb-Lettuce 178
Indigo-plant 106 | Lamb’s-Quarters 285
Inkberry 219 | Lamium 246, 252
Inula 182, 195 | Lantana 241, 242
Tresine Laportea 297, 299
IRIDACEX Lappa ll
Tris 832, 333 | Larch 313
IRIS FAMILY 332 | Large Cane
Irish Broom 100 | Larix 810, 318
Iron-weed 190 | Larkspur
Tron-wood 305 | Lathyrus 98, 110
Isanthus 248, 246 | LAURACEE 290
Isatis 62, LAUREL FAMILY 290
Tsoétes 372, 374 | Laurestinus 1i2
Italian May af Lavandula 244, 247
Italian Millet 357 | Lavatera 70, 71
Itea 32, 184 | Lavender 247
Ivy 167 | Lead-Plant 103.
Ixia 333 | Leadwort 222

. LEADWORT FAMILY 222

Jacobean Lily 331 | Leaf-cup 201
Jacob’s Ladder 262 | Leather-leaf 215
Jamestown-Weed 269 | Leatherwood 292
Japan Alspice 181 | Lechea 60, 61
Jasminum 279, 280 | Ledum 212, 217
Jatropha 298, 296 | Leek
Jeffersonia 45, 46 | LEGUMINOS 94
Jerusalem Artichoke 204 | Leiopbyllum 212, 217
Jerusalem Cherry 268 | Lemna 816
Jerusalem Oak 285 | LEMNACEE 316
Jerusalem Sage 253 | Lemon 83
Jessamine 280 | Lemon-scented Verbena 242
Jewel-Weed 81 | Lens , 111
Joe-Pye Weed 192 | LENTIBULACEE 5
Jointed Charlock 56 | Lentil 111
Jointweed 287 | Leontodon 185, 206
Jonquil 331 | Leonurus 246, 253
Judas-tree 113 | Lepachys 185, 205
JUGLANDACEE 300 | Lepidium 52, 56
Jugians 300 : Leptosiphon 261
JUNCACE 349 . Lespedeza 95, 104
Juncus 849 | Lettuce 208
June-Berry 129 Leucanthemum 183, 199
Juniperus (Juniper) 310, 315 | Leucoium oe
Jupiter’s-Beard V7 Leucothni 211.2
Jussizea, 142, 145 | Lever-wood 305

INDEX. 381
Levisticum 168,165 ,MADDER FAMILY 178 , Mexican Tea 285
Liatris 182, 191 | Madwort 56 | Mezereum 291
Ligustram 79, 289 | Magnolia 42|MEZEREUM FAMILY 291
Lilac 289 | MAGNOLIACEA 42 | Mignonette 57
LILIACES 337 | MAGNOLIA FAMILY 42 | MIGNONETTE FAMILY 57
Lilium 840, 345 | Mahernia 75 | Mikania 182, 191
Lily 345 | Mahogany-tree 84 | Milfoil 199
LILY FAMILY 887, 339 | Mahonia 45 | Milk-Pea, 109
Lily-of-the-Valley 344 | Mahon stock 63 | Milk Thistle 187
Lime 83 | Maiden-bair 364 | Milk-Vetch 107
Lime-tree 75 | Maize 858 | Milkweed 277
Limnanthemum 270, 273 | Malcolmia 51,68 )MILKWEED FAMILY 276
Limnanthes 77, 79 | MALLOW FAMILY 70 | Milkwort 92
Limnobium 821, 822 | Mallow 71 | Mimosa 99, 114
Limnocharis $20, 821 | Malope 70,71 | MIMOSA FAMILY 99
LINACEE 77 | Malva 70, 71 | Mimulus 231, 237
Linaria 230, 235 | MALVACE 70 | Mint 247
Linden 75 | Malvaviscus 70,78 | MINT FAMILY 243
LINDEN FAMILY 75 | Mamillaria 153, 156 | Mirabilis 283
Lindera 291 | Mandevillea 275 | Mist-Flower 19g
Ling 214 | Mandrake 46 | Mistletoe 292
Linnza 169, 170 | Manettia cordifolia 178 | MISTLETOE FAMILY 202
Linum 77 | Man-of-the-Earth 263 | Mitchella 174,175
Lion’s-Foot 207 | Maple 91 ; Mitella 133, 137
Lippia 241,242 |MAPLE FAMILY 89 | Mitreola, 278
Liquidambar 140 | Maranta 828 | Mitrewort 137
Liriodendron 42 | Marestail 141 | Moccason-Flower 827
Lithospermum 254, 256 | Marigold 200 | Mocker-nut 301
Live-for-ever 188 Marjoram 249 | Mock-orange 119, 134
Liver-leaf 35 | Marrubium 246, 252 | Modiola 70, 78
Lizard’s Tail 293 | Marsh-Mallow 1 | Molucca Balm 253
LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY 293 | Marsh-Marigold 389 | Moluccella 246, 253
Loasa 152 | Marsh-Rosemary 222 | Momordica 158
LOASACEX 161 | Marsh St. John’s-wort 63 | Monarda 245, 250
LOASA FAMILY 151 | Martynia 227, 228 | Moneses 212, 218
Lobelia 208 | Maruta 183, 199 | Money wort 224
LOBELIACE 208 | Marvel-of-Peru 288 | Monkey-Flower 237
LOBELIA FAMILY 208 | Masterwort 166 | Monkshood 41
Loblolly Bay 76 | Matrimony-Vine 270 | MONOCOTYLEDONOUS
Locust-tree 107 | Matthiola 51,58} PLANTS
LOGANIACES 273 | Maurandia 231, 235 | MONOPETALOUS DIVI-
LOGANIA FAMILY 273 | May-apple 46 SION 169
Lolium 356 | Mayflower 214 | Monotropa 212, 218
Long Moss 829 | Maypops 157 | Montbretia
Lonicera. 169, 170 | Mayweed 199 | MOONSEED FAMILY 44
Loosestrife 150, 224 | Meadow-Beauty 148 | Moonwort 372
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY’ 149 | Meadow-Foxtail 356 | Moosewood 91, 292
Lopezia 142, 147 | Meadow Grass 354 | Morea 333
Lophanthus 245, 251 | Meadow-rue 86 | Morning Glory 263,
Lophospermum 281, 236 | Meadow-Soft-Grass 855 | Morus 297, 298
Lopseed. 241 | Meadow-Sweet 120 | Moss Pink 261
Loquat-Tree 129 | Medeola 7, 842 | Motherwort 258
LORANTHACER 292 | Medicago 94, 101 | Mountain Ash 180
Lotus 47 | Medick 101 | Mountain Holly 218
Lousewort 239 | Melampyrum 231, 289 | Mountain Laurel 216
Lovage 165 | Melanthium 338, 843 | Mountain Mint 248
Love-lies-Bleeding 286 | MELANTHIUM FAMILY 337 Mourning Bride 178
Low Spear Grass 854 | MELASTOMACEA 148 | Mouse-ear Chickweed 67
Lucerne 101 | MELASTOMA FAMILY 148 | Mouse-tail 37
Ludwigia 142, 146 | Melia 84 | Mud-Plantain 822,
Lunaria 62, 55 | MELIACEAR 84 | Mugwort 189
Lungwort b55|MELIA FAMILY 84 | Mulberry 298
Lupinus (Lupine) 94, 100 | Melilotus (Melilot) 94,101 | Mulgedium 186, 208
Luzula , 850 | Melissa, 245, 249 | Mullein 233
Lychnis 64, 65 | Melocactus 158, 156 | Mullein-Foxglove 237
Lycium 267, 270 | Melon 160 | Mullugo , 68
Lycopersicum 266, 267 | Melon-Cactus 156 | Musa 329
LYCOPODIACE: 872 | Melothria 159, 160 | Muscadine 86
Lycopodium 372 | MENISPERMACEAE 44 | Muscari 840, 347
Lycopsis 255, 257 | Menispermum 44 | Muskmelon 160
Lycopus » 247 | Mentha, 244, 247 | Musk-plant 237
Lygodium 362, 371 | Mentzelia 151 | Musquash-Root 165
Lysimachia 3, 224 | Menyanthes 270, 273 | Mustard 52
LYTHRACEA 149 | Mermaid-weed: 141}MUSTARD FAMILY , 51
Lythrum 150 | Mertensia 254, 255 Myosotis 254, 256
MESEMBRYANTHEMEZ | ees 384, 37
Maclura 297, 299 Myrica 305, 306
Madder 174 | Mesembryanthemum 156, 1B MYRICACE: 30!

254,
OPHIOGLOSSACE

382 INDEX.
‘Myriophyllum 141 preety
Myrrhis odorata 164 | Opuntia
Myrsiphyllum 839, 344 | Orache
MYRTACER 149 | Orange
MYRTLE FAMILY 149 | Orange-grass
Myrtus 149 | Orange-root
Orchard-Grass
Nabalus 185, 207 | ORCHIDACEA
NAIADACEE 816 | Orchis
Naked Broom-rape 229 | ORCHIS FAMILY
Nandina 44, 45 | Origanum
Napa 70, 72 | Ornithogalum
Narcissus 330 OROBANCHAGEA
Nasturtium 61, 58, 81 | Orpin
Navelwort 257 ORPINE FAMILY
Neckweed 234 | Oryza
Nectarine 118) Osage-Orange
Negundo 89, 92 | Osier
Nelumbium 46 | Osmanthus
Nelumbo 46 | Osmorrhize
Nemastylis , 885 | Osmunda,
Nemopanthes 218 | OSMUNDACED
Nemophila 258, 259 | Ostrich-Fern
Nepeta, 245, 251 | Ostrya
Nephrodium 3 Oswego Tea
Nerium 274, 275 | Oxalis
Neseea ' 150 | Oxeye
Nettle 299 | Ox-eye-Daisy
NETTLE FAMILY 296, aa Oxybaphus
Nettle-Tree 298 | Oxydendrum
New-Jersey Tea 87 | Oyster-Plant
New Zealand Flax 341
New Zealand Spinach 157 | Pachysandra
Nicandra 266, 268 | Peeonia
Nicotiana 266, 269 | Peeony
Nierembergia 260, a Painted-Cup
Nigella Palm
Night-Blooming Cereus mat Palma-Christi
Nightshade 267 | Palmetto
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 2665 | Pampas Grass
Nine-Bark 120 | Pancratium
Niphobolus 363 | Panicum
Nolana 266, 267 | Pansy
NOLANA FAMILY 266 | Papaver
Nonesuch 101 | PAPAVERACER
Notholena 861, 364 | Papaw
Nuphar 46, 47 | Paper-Mulberry
Nut-Grass 352 | Pardanthus
Nutmeg-flower 40 | Parnassia
NYCTAGINACEE 283 | Parsley
Nympheea 46, 47 | PARSLEY FAMILY
NYMPHZACEEX 46 | Parsley Piert
Nyssa, 67, 168 | Parsnip
Partridge-berry
Oak 302 | Partridge Pea
OAK FAMILY 801 | Pasque-flower
Oat 855 | Passiflora
Oat-Grass 855 | PASSIFLORACE
Oca, 79 | Passion Flower
Ocimum 248, 247 | PASSION-FLOWER
Cnothera 142,148; FAMILY
Ogeechee Lime 169 | Pastinaca
Oiul-nut 292 | Paulownia
Okra 74 | Pea
Olea 279, 280 | Peach
OLEACER 279 | Peanut
Oleander 274, 275 | Pear
OLEASTER FAMILY 292 | PEAR FAMILY
Olive 280 | Pearlwort
OLIVE FAMILY 279 | Pea-tree
Omphalodes , 257 | Pecan-nut
ONAGRACEA 141 | Pedicularis
Onion 347 | Pelargonium
QOnobrychis 95, 103 | Pella,
Onoclea 861, 870 | Peltandra
Onopordon 180, 187 | Pencil-Flower
Onosmodium Pennyroyal

Pentas carnea

868, 872 Penthorum 187, 138
152, 158 : Pentstemon 281, 288
284 ! Peppergrass 56
88 | Peppermint 247
62 | Pepperidge 168
88 | Perilla 244, 247
854 | Periploca 276, 279
823 | Periwinkle 275
828, 824 | Persea 290, 291
823 | Persimmon
244, 249 | Peruvian Bark 176
, 846 | PETALOIDEOUS DIVI-
228 SION
188 | Petalostemon 95, 102
187 | Petelium ‘ 346
353 | Petroselinum 165
299 pou 266, 269
807 | Phac
281 PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS
163, 164 33
262, 371 | Phalaris 854
362 | Phaseolus 97, 108
870 | Pheasant’s-eye 65,
802, 305 | Pheasant’s-eye Adonis aT
250 | Phegopteris 60, 3
77, 78 | Philadelphus 182, ey
204 | Phiebodium 368
199 | Phleum 856
283 | Phlomis 246, 253
212, 216 | Phlox 260
206 | Phoradendron 292
Phormium 841
298, 296 | Photinia 117, 129
34, 4 41 | Phragmites 854
41 | Phryma 241
239 | Phyllocactus 158, 154
816 | Physalis 266, 268
295 ethselcag , 251
816 | Phyto! 284
358 PHYTOLACCACEA 284
330, 831 Picea 312
857 | Pickerel-weed 822
59 | PICKEREL-WEED F. 822
48 | Pie-plant 289
48 | Pigweed 285, 286
44 | Pimpernel 225
299 | Pinckneya 174, 176
333, 334 | Pine "BLL
182, 134 | Pine-App! 829
165 PINEAPPLE FAMILY 329
462 | PINE FAMILY 309
125 | Pine-sap 218
166 | Pinguicula 225, 226
175 | Pink 64
113 | PINK FAMILY 63
36 | Pink-Root 273
157 | Pinus 809, 311
157 | Pin-weed él, 62
157 | Pinxter Flower 217
Pipe-Vine 282
157|PIPEWORT FAMILY 852
168, 166 | Pipsessewa, 218
230, 233 | Piqueria 182, 193
110 | Pisum 98, 110
31g |PITCHER-PLANT F. ’ 47
306 | PITTOSPORACL 57
jo9 | PITTOSPORUM FAMILY 57
117 | Planera 296, 298
67 | Planer-Tree 298
106 | Plane-tree 800

301 | PLANE-TREE FAMILY 390
231, 239 | PLANTAGINACE.U peal
78, 79 | PLANTAIN FAMILY 221
861, 365 | PLATANACEZE 800
817, 818 | Platanus 800
108 | Platycerium 860, 803

248 | Platycodon 209, £10

Pleurisy-Root 217

INDEX. 383
Plum i
PLUMBAGINACER ae pea B61 es as Ke
lambago i Oc ae
as FAMILY ig PULSE FAMILY ae Honan Wen iy od 33
oa J n Wormwoo: 183
Podocarpus a re 149 10 | Boor (iiss 123
Podophyllum 45, 46 | Purslane : We oe. (aay ear
Pogonia 24, 026 | PURSLANE FAMILY 69 ead at
Seo qe wile
Poison-Dogwood 84 oe 183, 199 foe Gi
Poison-Elder 84 | Pyrola 2 217 | Rose of Chi
oison Hemlock 1 ’ i i a
Poison-Ivy a pYROLA a 186 307 eed A
Poison-Oak 84 Briana » 08 Rowan-Tree ek
Poke or Pokeweed 284 | Pyrus 117, 129 Roraliieen 3
POKEWEED FAMILY 284 Se os alee :
Polanisia 67 | Qualsing Grass 255 | RUBE ah
POLEMONIACEE 260 | Quamash ae eae ae
Polemonium 260, 262 | Quamoclit 365 Budbe 1Be! 208
POLEMONIUM FAMILY Pte QUASSIA FAMILY : 83 oo ee
Polianthes 830, 332 | Queen-of-the-Prairie 121, 126 Rue-A fe
Polyanthus 223 | Queen’s Delight 295 | 7 TAMIL He
Polygala 92 | Quercus 302 Hvelisy oe ef
POLYGALACEA 92 | Quillwort 374 enter
POLYGALA FAMILY 92 Quince 130 | Rusous ae
POLYGONACEA 287 | Quiteh-Grass 856 Rush oo
Polygonatum 839, 344 RUSE He
Polygonum 287 | Radish 56 Pet oo ns
Polymnia 184, 201 | Ragged-lady 40 Bune a1,
POLYPETALOUS Ragged-Robin 65 Ruta ies &
DIVISION 83 | Ragweed 188 RUT, =
POLYPODIACE 860 | Ragwort 194 | BR; eee :
Polypody 863 | Ramie 299 Bye-h ae
Folyprenunt 273 | Ramsted 235 snes -
‘olypodium 360, 363 | RANUNCULA'
Polypodium Phegopteris ” 368 | Ranunculus a a Seem i g
Polysticham 368 | Rape ” 52 | Snechart 70
Pomegranate 150 | Raphanus 52, 56 Seered Baa oN
Pomme Blanche 108 | Raspberry 424 Sater ge a
PONTEDERIACER: 322 | Rattlebox 100 8 ‘ie bt
Pond-Lily 47 | Rattlesnake Grass 355 Sagi ed
Pond Spice 291 Rattlesnake Plantain 326 | Sasittari ae
Pondweed Rattlesnake-Root 207 ate 209
Soest FAMILY aie eee eed 207 Sania 03
ontederia ay Ge:
Poor-Man’s-Weatherglass Bs Red Bay ° or ie seer aia St
Sane eae ih ae St. James Lily 331
POPPY FAMILY 748 Red Cedar alg | St SOHIN'S. W él
Populus 807, 398 Red Pepper 368 | St. Bevere Wort GL
Pa tBednoee 4 t. Peter's-Wort 61
Prenton ed Bewien ea Bt Peter’s Wreath 120
Potato 268 | Redwood 814 ees oat
Potentilla 116, 122 ' Reed 854 Salisburia BIS
Poterium 117; 125 \ Reed-Mace 319 | Sale an oF
PORTULACACER 69 , Reseda BT | Suiviplowt a
Prairie Clover 102 | RESEDACEA Br oe ear
Prairie-Dock 201 Retinospora 814 Baleola ose
Prickly Ash 82' RHAMNACEZS 86 Salta, om
Prickly-Pear Cactus 168 Rhamnus 86, 87 cues.” Be
Prickly Poppy 49 | Rheum 287, 289 Sunny ete
Eaae te -India 84 Rieumatism-root "46 Sata pa ee
rim 280 : Rhexia :
Primrose 228 | Rhodanthe 181, ed ecantLwe 'AMIL 308
PRIMROSE FAMILY 222 | Rhododendron 212° 216 La at ve
Primrose Peerless 830 | Rhodora 212) 217 ce ae a
Primula 222, 223 | Rhubarb * 359 | Songuinari re
PRIMULACEE 22 | Ri 4 Seana ars
vinces’ Feathe: i i
Panes! ee ¢ 286, roan Hhynehons ie ed Sanicula (Sanicle) 162, 164
nee 319 | Ribgrase A 291 SANTALACER 292
Privet 280 | Rice 853 oa 30
Prosartes 389, 343 | Richardia 317, 818 Shoal ae ee
Proserpinaca 141 : Ricinus 937 295 SAPOTAG 888
Pronus 116, 1 | Hinpleseses 901! 8 a oH
Ll tye nace, 96, in SAEEODILLA FAMILY 220
poe 95, 108 , Robin’s Plantain 8 | SARRACENIACE iy
telea 82, 83 ' Rochea 138, | Sarsaparilla, Wild 166

384 INDEX.

Sassafras 290, 291 | Silkweed 277 | Spurge 204
Satin-Flower 55 | Silphium 184, 201 | SPURGE FAMILY 298
Satureia 4, 249 | Silver-Bell-Tree 221 | Spurge-Nettle 296
SAURURACEEX 293 | Silver-Berry 292 | Spurred Butterfly-Pea 109
Saururus 298 | Silver-Fern 364 | Spurred Valerian li7
Savin 815 | Silybum 180, 187 | Spurrey 68
Savory 249 SIMARUBACER 83 | Squash 159
Saw-Grass 352 | Siphocampylus 209 | Squaw-root 229
Saxifraga (Saxifrage) 182, ad Sisymbrium 51, 58 | Squaw-weed 194
SAXIFRAGACES 1 | Sisyrinchium ; Squill 847
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 13 Sium 163, 165 | Squirrel-Corn 50
cee (Scabious) 178 | Skulleap 252 | Squirting Cucumber 158
Schallott 347 | Skimmia 82, 83 | Stachys 246, 253
Scheuchzeria 819, 320 | Skunk Cabbage 818 | Staff-tree 88
Schizandra 42 43 | Sloe 118 | STAFF-TREE FAMILY 87
Schizeea 862, 871 | Smartweed 288 | Stagger-bush 215
SCHIZ HACE 362 | SMILACE 836 | Stag-horn Fern 363
Schizanthus 229 282 | Smilacina 839, 844 | Stapelia 276, 279
Schizostylis 333 | Smilax 334 — 336 | Staphylea 39, 90
Schollera 822 | SMILAX FAMILY 886 | Star-Anise 43
Schrankia 99, 114 | Smoke-tree 84 | Star-Cucumber 160
Scilla, 840, 347 | Snake-Cucumber 158 | Star-Flower 224
Scirpus 852 | Snake-head 238 | Star-Grass 822, 830
SCITAMINES 828 | Snakeroot 192, 282 | Star of Bethlehem 346
Scleranthus 64, 68 | Snapdragon 2. Star-Thistle 187
Scolopendrium 861, 367 | Snowball-tree 172 | Starry Campion 66
Scoke 284 | Snowberry 170, 214 | Starwort 196
Scorpion-grass 256 | Snowdrop 831 | Starwort Chickweed 67
Scotch Broom 100 | Snowdrop-Tree 221 | Statice 222,
Scotch Thistle 187 | Snowflake 832 | Steeplebush 120
Scouring-Rush 359 | Sneezeweed 200 | Stellaria 64, 67
Scrophularia 231, 238 | Sneezewort 199 | Stenanthium » B42
SCROPHULARIACEE = 229 | Soapberry 90 | Stephanotis 276, 278
Scutch Grass 356 | SOAPBERRY FAMILY 88 STERCULIACER 75
Scutellaria 245, 252 | Soapwort 66 | STERCULIA FAMILY 76
Scurvy-Grass 54 | SOLANACEAS 265 | Stickseed. 257
Sea Blite 284 | Solanum 266, 267 | Stillingia 298, 295
Sea-Lavender 222 | Solidago 182, 195 | Stitchwort 67
Sea-Rocket 56 | Solomon’s Seal Stock 538
Sea Sand-Reed Sonchus 186, 208 | Stone-Crop 138
Secale 357 | Sophora 98, 112 | Storax 221
SEDGE FAMILY 352 | Sorghum 857 | STORAX FAMILY 220
Sedum 188 | Sorrel 289 | Storksbill 79
Selaginella 872, 373 | Sorrel-tree 216 | Stramonium 299
Self-Heal Sour Gum-tree 168 | Strawberry 123
Sempervivum 137, 188 | Sour-wood 216 | Strawberry-bush 88
Seneca Grass 856 | Sowbread 224 | Strawberry Blite 285
Seneca Snakeroot 3 | Southernwood 189 | Strawberry Geranium 186
Senecio 182, 193 | Sow Thistle 208 | Strawberry Tomato 268
Senna 118 | Spadiceous Division 816 | Strelitzia 829
Sensitive-brier 114 | Spanish-Bayonet 3848 | Streptopus 839, 343
Sensitive-Fern 870 | Spanish Broom 100 | Stuartia 76
Sensitive Joint-Vetch 105 | Spanish Trefoil 101 | Stylophorum 48, 49
Sensitive-plant 114 | Sparaxis 833 | Stylosanthes 95, 103
Sequoia 810, 814 | Sparganium 818, 319 | Styptic-Weed 118
Service-Berry 129 | Spartium Junceum 100 | STYRACACEAS 220
Sesame Grass 858 | Spatter-Dock 47 | Styrax 220, 221
Sesamum (Sesame) . 227 | Spearmint 247 | Succory 206
SESAMUM FAMILY 227 | Specularia 209 | Sugar Cane 358
Sesbania 96, 106 | Speedwell 283 | Sumach 84
Setaria 357 | Spelt 857 | SUNDEW FAMILY 59
Seymeria 231, 237 | Spergula . 64, 68 | Sunflower 203
Shadbush 129 | Spergularia 64, 68 | Suda 284
Sheep-berry 172 | Spicebush 291 | Supple-Jack 87
Shell-Flower 258 | Spiderwort 351 | Sutherlandia 96
Shepherdia 292 SPIDERWORT FAMILY 350 | Struthiopteris 3861, 370
Shepherd’s-purse 55 | Spigelia 273 | Swainsona 96
Shield-Fern 368 | Spikenard 166 | Sweet Basil 247
Shin-leaf 218 | Spinach 285 | Sweet Bay 43
Shooting-star 228 | Spinacia 284, 285 | Sweet-Brier 126
Shrub Yellow-root 38 | Spindle-tree Sweet Cicely 164
Sicklepod 64 | Spirea 116, 120 | Sweet Clover 101
Sicyos 159, 160 | Spiranthes 3, 826 | Sweet-Fern 806
Sida 70, 73 | Spleenwort 366 | Sweet Flag 318
Sidesaddle-Flower 47 | Spoon-wood 216 | Sweet Gale 306
Silene 64, 65 | Spotted Cowbane 165| SWEET GALE FAMILY 305
Silk-Flower 4 Spring Beauty 69 | Sweet-gum Tree 140
Silk-tree 114 | Spruce 812 | Sweet-Leaf 221

INDEX. 385
Sweet-Potato 268 | Toothwort 55 | Verbesina 184, 203
Sweet-scented-Shrub 181 | Torenia 281, 287 | Vernonia 181, 190
Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass Torreya 811, 315 | Veronica 220, 233
855 | Touch-me-not 81 | Vervain 241
Sweet Sultana 188 | Trachelium 209 | VERVAIN FAMILY 241
Sweet-Verbena 242 | Tradescantia 850, 851 | Vetch lo
Sweet-William 64 | Trailing Arbutus 214 | Vetchling lo
Swietenia Mahogani 84 | Tragopogon 186, 206 | Viburnum 170, 172
Sycamore 0 | Treacle-Mustard 54 | Vicia 98, 110
Symplocarpus 817, 318 | Tread softly 296 | Victoria regia
Symplocos 05 Tree Clover 101 | Vinca 274, 275
Symphoricarpus 169, 170 | Tree Ferns 862 | Vincetoxicum 276, 278
Symphytum 255, 257 | Tree of Heaven 83 | VINE FAMILY 85
Syringa 134, 279, 280 | Trefoil 101 | Viola (Violet) 58
Trichomanes 862, 871 | VIOLACER 58
Tacamehac 809 | Trichosanthes 158 | VIOLET FAMILY 58
Tacsonia 157 | Trichostema 248, 246 | Viper’s Bugloss 255
Tagetes 185, 206 | Trientalis , 224 | Virgin’s-Bower 35
Talinum 69 | ‘Trifolium 95, 101 | Virgilia 112
Tallow-tree 295 | Triglochin 819, 320 | Virginia Creeper 86
Tamarack 814 | Trigonella 94, 101 | Virginia Snakeroot 282
Tamarix 68 | ‘Trillium 7, 841 | Virginia Stock 53
TAMARISCINEA 63 | TRILLIUM FAMILY 837 | VITACE 85
TAMARISK FAMILY 68 | Triosteum , 170 | Vitex 241, 243
Tamus 336 | ‘Tripsacum 858
Tanacetum 180, 188 | Triteleia 341 | Wake Robin
Tansy 88 | Triticum 356 | Waldsteinia 116, 121
Tansy-Mustard 58 | Tritoma 840, 848 | Walking-leaf 867
Tape-Grass 822 | Tritonia 333 | Wallflower 54
Taraxacum 186, 207 | Trollius 384, 39 | Wall-Pepper 189
Tare 110 | Tropeolum 78, 81 | Wall-Rue 3867
Tarragon 189 | True Ferns 860 | Walnut 800
Tartary Wheat 289 | True Thistle 186 | WALNUT FAMILY 300
‘Tassel-Flower 194 | Trumpet-Creeper 227 | Water Arum 818
Taxodium 810, 314 | Trumpet-Flower 227 | Water Beech 305
Taxus 810, 315 | Trumpet-Leaf 48 | Water Chinquepin 47
TEA FAMILY 75 | Tsuga 813 | Water-cress 53
Tea Plant 76 | Tuberosa 832 | Water-Hemlock 165
Tear-Thumb 289 | Tulipa (Tulip 341, 346 | Water-Horehound 247
Teasel 178 | Tulip-tree 42 | Waterleaf 259
TEASEL FAMILY 178 | Tupelo 168 | WATERLEAF FAMILY 258
Tecoma 226, 227 | Turnip 52 | Water-Lily 47
Ten-O’clock 34 Turtle-head 238 WATER-LILY FAMILY 46
Tephrosia 96, 106 Tussilago 182, 193 | Watermelon 160
Testudinaria 836 | Twin-Flower 170 | Water-Milfoil 141
Tetragonia 156, 157 | Twin-leaf 46 | WATER-MILFOIL F. 140
Tetranthera 291 | Twisted-stalk 848 | Water Oats 353
Teucrium 248, 246 | Typha 818, 319 | Water-parsnip 165
Thalia 828 | TYPHACEE 818 | Water-pennywort 164
Thalictrum 34, 36 Water Pepper 289
Thea 76 | Ulmus 96, 297 | Water-Plantain 320
Thermopsis 98, 112 | UMBELLIFERA 162 | WATER-PLANTAIN F. 3819
Thimbleberry 124 | Umbrella-tree 42 | Water-pimpernel 225
Thistle 186 | Unicorn-Plant 228 | Water-shield 46
Thorn-Apple 269 | Urtica 297, 299 | Water Star-Grass
Thoroughwort 192 | URTICACEER 296 | Water Violet 225
Three-leaved Nightshade 341 | Utricularia 225 | Water-weed 822
Thrift 222 | Uvularia 838, 348 | WATER-WORT FAMILY 63
Thuja 810, 315 i Watsonia 333
Thujopsis 815 | Vaccaria 64, 66 | Wax-Myrtle 806
Thunbergia Vaccinium 211, 213 | Wax-Plant 278
Thyme 249 | Valeriana (Valerian) 177 | Wax-work 88
THYMELEACEA 291 | VALERIANACE 177 | Wayfaring-tree 172
Thymus , 249 | Valerianella 178 | Weld 67
Tiarella 183, 137 | VALERIAN FAMILY 177 | Wellingtonia 814
Tickseed 201 | Vallisneria 821, 322 | Whaahoo 298
Tick-trefoil 104 | Vallota 831 | Wheat 357
Tiger-Flower 335 | Vanilla-plant 191 | Whin 100
Tigridi 383, 835 | Vegetable Serpent 158 | White Alder 217
‘lia 75 | Velvet-Grass 855 | White Bent Grass 353
TILIACE 75 | Velvet-Leaf 73 | White Cedar “B15
Tilleea 188, 139 | Venus’s Fly Trap 60 | White Lettuce 207
Tillandsia 329 | Venus-hair 364 | White Thorn 128
Timothy 856 | Venus’s Looking-Glass 209 | Whiteweed 199
Toad-Flax 235 | Veratrum 838, 843 | White-wood 42
Tobacco 269 | Verbascum 230, 233 | Whitlavia 258, 260
Tomato 267 | Verbena 241 | Whitlow-Grass 55
Toothache-tree 82! VERBENACER 241 ' Whortleberry 218

386 INDEX.
WHORTLEBERRY F. 211 | Woad
Wigandia 258 | Woad-Waxen
Wild Allspice 291 | Wolfsbane
Wild Balsam-Apple 160 | Wood-Betony
Wild bean 108 | Woodbine
Wild Bergamot 250 | Wood-Nettle
Wild Comfrey 267 | Wood-Rush
Wild Ginger 282 | Woodsia
Wild Hyacinth 847 | Wood-Sorrel
Wild Liquorice 175 | Woodwardia
Wild-Potato-Vine 264 | Worm- Gris
Willow 807 | Wormsee
WILLOW FAMILY 807 Wornesot Mustard
Willow-herb 148 | Wormwood
Wind-flower 35
Windsor Bean 111 | Xanthium
Winterberry 219 | Xerophyllum
Winter-cress 54 | Ximinesia
Wintergreen 214, 218 | XYRIDACEZ
Wire-Grass 854-856 | Xyris
Wistaria 97, 108
Witch Grass ao Yam
Witch-Hazel YAM FAMILY
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY if Yard-Grass

THE END.

66 , Yarrow 199
100 | Yellow Bachelor’s-Button 92
41 | Yellow-Eyed Grass 851
239 | YELLOW-EYED GRASS
170 FAMILY 351
299 | Yellow Jessamine 278
350 | Yellow Pond-Lily 47
861, 370 | Yellow puccoon 38
8 | Yellow-Rocket 64
861, 366 | Yellow-Wood 12
273 | Ye B15
285 | YEW FAMILY 310
54 | Yucca 840, 348
188 | Yulan
180, 188 | Zamia
, 842 | Zanthorhiza 84, 88
184, 203 | Zanthoxylum
851 | Zauschneria 142, 148
851 | Zea
Zinnia 185, 206
836 | Zizania 853
335 | Zostera 316
856 | Zygadenus 838, 343

Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.

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