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LIBRARY

Department of Floriculture

and Ornamental Horticulture

NEw YorK STATE COLLEGE
of AGRICULTURE

at CORNELL UNIVERSITY
ITHACA, N.Y.

Gift of

Date

NEW YORK STATE
COLLESE OF ACPICULTURE,
DEPARTRIENT CF HORTICULTUNE,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
ITHACA, N. Y.

cornell University Library

QK 482.A62
ili
12 815

hi (

win
3 1924 001 6

mann

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu3 1924001612815

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS

OF THE UNITED STATES

(HARDY, CULTIVATED)",

\

BY

AUSTIN CRAIG APGAR

AUTHOR OF ‘' TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES”?
‘‘BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES,’’ ETC.

NEW YORK -:. CINCINNATI -:. CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
EV.

Coryrient, 1910, BY
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.

ENTERED aT Stationers’ Hatt, Lonpon.

APGAR’S ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS.

W.P.T

PREFACE

Tuts book is intended to be used by that large public
who wish to know by name the attractive shrubs culti-
vated in parks and private grounds, but who are actually
afraid of anything called botany. This fear comes from
the great number of scientific words used and the con-
stantly changing names in botanic books. We cannot
help using rose, spirea, hydrangea, chrysanthemum, azalea,
and rhododendron, though they are scientific, because long
use has rendered them familiar. It would be well for us
if we could lose our fear of old, well-given names in other
cases.

The authority of the great Linnzus has not in one
hundred and fifty years prevailed upon us to call syringa
bushes philadelphus or lilac bushes syringa, so it is fool-
ish for us to try to change old names. The names by
long use are the ones which will endure; and if our scien-
tific nomenclature is to be constantly changing, the result
will be that the public will have nothing to do with any
names but common ones. There was a time when we
said, and with some truth, that common names were only
local— that there were too many of them applied to the
same plant and too many different plants with the same
name. Ninebark and Virginia creeper are almost uni-
versally used common names; let some of us try to find
and remember the scientific names given in the different
manuals printed in the twentieth century for these plants !

There ought to be a time limit after which names used
should not be changed for any “rule,”—names which
have generally found their way into manuals and cata-
logues for, say, twenty years should remain the names for

3

4 PREFACE

all time. Newly introduced plants belonging to new
genera should have distinctive names for our country,
but the old names used in their native country would
be generally best for our use.

The largest, latest, and best work on ornamental plants
in America is Bailey’s ‘“ Cyclopedia of Horticulture,” and
the names there given are in almost all cases the ones
here used. Where changes occur to suit popular usage
the interchangeable names will be found near each other,
as this book is not alphabetic but by families; thus, Wei-
gela and Diervilla are on the same page and not in sepa-
rate volumes, as in the “ Cyclopedia.”

To suit an almost universal demand, practically all
plants have been given common names. There is an
attempt in many cases to use good generic names as a
part of the name.

As all bushes in general cultivation outdoors for orna-
ment throughout the United States are included, many
conservatory plants of the North will be found because
they are hardy South.

The illustrations are more numerous than ever before
given in a single book on shrubs. Nearly every species
has some feature shown. In order to impress the pupil
with what constitutes a whole leaf, one is detached on
some portion of the plant in most figures.

The charm of a landscape throughout the growing
season lies mainly in the foliage; and the contrasts plants
show are mostly in the variation in the color, parts, and
forms of the leaves. The flowers are evanescent, but the
leaves endure. Lovers of nature should get the habit
of noticing leaf differences, and this book is written in
the-hope that it will aid in forming this habit.

Many of us are afraid of anything looking like a key.
Keys in manuals have gradually been rendered more and
more difficult by the introduction of a larger and larger
number of scientific words applying in many cases to
microscopic features; intelligent ones among us with an

PREFACE 5

average amount of interest will not attempt to use them.
The keys here given were written for the general public
and not at all for the scientist. The attempt is made to
include only common English words with their ordinary
application. When a feature of a plant has no English
word to describe it, an illustration or a phrase shows what
is meant.

The beginner may, of course, use only Part III with
the illustrations to help him find the name of the shrub;
but it would be better to throw fear to the dogs and read
intelligently Part I and thus learn what is a leaf and the:
great leaf differences and what is a flower and the great
flower differences. Then boldly try the keys to Part II
and discover how readily they can be used. By means
of these keys the page is determined in Part III where
the plant is figured and described. Persevere! Do not
be discouraged by a failure or two. If you reach that
stage when you know the leaf of a plant, all the rest will
be found plain and easy.

The author has received much valuable help from many
sources, and his thanks are especially due to nurserymen
North, South, East, and West who have furnished him with
specimens for illustration and information of great value;
without their help the book could not have been written.
The authorities of the Arnold Arboretum and of other
botanic gardens of the country have given help freely

when called upon.

TRENTON, NEW JERSEY.

EDITOR’S NOTE

My father completed the writing of this last book of
his shortly before his death. It had become familiar to
me through copying his manuscript and in the trips we
took together to various nurseries and forest lands to test
the working power of his book. ‘As a natural outcome of
this long and close association with him, the editing of it
has devolved upon me. He made the illustrations in
pencil, almost entirely from nature, and I have since
inked them in, at the request of the publishers.

Grateful acknowledgments are due to a number of my
father’s colleagues and friends for their assistance and
offers of help, and particularly to Professor John W.
Harshberger of the University of Pennsylvania, who has
given a last critical reading to the manuscript and the
proof sheets and has prepared the glossary and the index.

ADA APGAR DRAYCOTT.

CONTENTS

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS

Part I. Leaves, Flowers, anp Fruit.
Part II. Keys to THE GENERA

Part III. Descriptions oF THE SHRURS
‘GLOSSARY

InDEXx

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS’

At the end of each group of plants the methods of
propagation are given. A few words may be necessary
to explain the terms used. The order in which the terms
are placed indicates the ease and success of the different
plans, the best method having precedence. Of course
the best method in some localities and under certain con-
ditions might not be the best for other localities under
other conditions, so some allowance must be made.

Seeds. —The use of seeds is generally nature’s plan,
but it has some disadvantages. Varieties do not come
true in most cases. The seeds need to be fully .mategpe
but still fresh. Many seeds are slow to grow; certain
kinds need years to sprout. A number of flowers,
double ones, for example, do not produce seeds.

As a general rule, seeds should be soaked in warm water
overnight before planting. The seedlings are best raised
in shallow boxes or, after frosts are over in spring, in
open ground. Small seeds should be covered with fine
loam only to a depth but little greater than the diameter
of the seed; large seeds, to the depth of a quarter of an
inch or more. A good rule is to cover any seed to a
depth of twice its diameter with light fine earth. After
covering the seeds the soil should be pressed down firmly
with a board. Seedlings must not be allowed to become
dry at any time.

1 Everything is condensed in this book to reduce it to handbook size,
and the treatment of this topic is necessarily brief. The best book known
to the author for an amateur is ‘‘ Practical Floriculture,’ by Peter Hen-
derson ($1.50).

9

10 PROPAGATION OF PLANTS

Twig Cuttings. — For almost all shrubs, the ripened in-
stead of the soft-growing wood should be taken, and pieces
with three or four eyes, axillary buds. Imbed about
two eyes, removing all the leaves from the imbedded por-
tion. If the plant has large leaves, cut off also part of
the exposed leaves to reduce the leaf surface so as not
to exhaust the life of the rooting twig. The best
season for the propagation of slips is September to Janu-
ary, after the hottest season. Of course I do not here
give methods used by florists by which they obtain the
largest possible number of plants from the smallest amount
of material. They have hothouses, cold frames, and
other appliances. This method is for the amateur to
obtain a few new plants.

Root Cuttings. — All plants below ground are popularly
called roots, though many herbs and some shrubs have
rootstocks, or underground stems, that have buds or eyes
which will readily produce new plants. When any por-
tion below ground can be cut into pieces and planted in
soil as a method of propagation, the term “root cuttings ”
is used. Pieces one to three inches long are taken,
slightly imbedded, and allowed to grow.

Suckers. — Many species naturally send up stems from
below ground at some distance from the main plant, and
these stems are called suckers. These, after they get
a full start, can be separated and made to produce new
plants. Trees or shrubs which readily sucker are, as a
rule, undesirable because they cannot be kept within
bounds. Many plants of great beauty are discarded on
account of this tendency.

Layers. — Nearly all plants can be increased in number
by layering. Some, by the most experienced nurserymen,
can be propagated in no other way. By this plan a twig
is bent down to the ground, where it is covered with soil
and kept down by a weight or by sticks until it takes
root. Before imbedding, a slanting cut on the upper side
is made with a sharp knife, half severing the twig; this

PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 11

helps the formation of roots and also the twig’s removal
when rooted. For layers, young wood is taken and three
or four leaves and buds are exposed beyond the imbedded
portion. The best time for layering is from the middle
of June to September.

Divisions. —- Many shrubs are increased by the division
of the whole clump into two or more portions, each being
set out into new ground. The best season for this pur-
pose is the fall, and this is especially true of those plants
having fleshy roots, as the pzeonies.

Grafting and Budding. — Plants which are half hardy in
any region are rendered more hardy by grafting them
on roots of nearly related but hardier species. Low
spreading plants are sometimes grafted on erect-growing
forms at the height of five to eight feet to produce um-
brella or weeping trees. The so-called Kilmarnock wil-
low, the weeping mulberry, and the Catalpa Bungei are
produced in this way. Peculiar sports can be propagated
only by budding or grafting. Beginners should see these
processes performed by an expert before undertaking
them ; the processes are easy after the methods are learned.
Budding takes the place of grafting with plants of more
slender or less woody stems, as roses.

PART I

LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

CHAPTER I
THE STUDY OF LEAVES

What constitutes a Leaf. — In order to use this book with
ease and success it will first be necessary to learn what
constitutes a leaf of a plant. The reader must be able to
pick off a whole leaf and nothing but a leaf from any shrub.
Leaves are present on plants through the growing season,
and they are the only portions besides the stems on which
they grow which are always to be found. The flowers are
short-lived on all plants, and the fruits are in only compara-
tively few species to be found through the year.

In looking on a group of shrubs of hundreds of species,
a small number, a dozen or less, will be found in bloom
at any given time. The great and lasting beauty of-these
plants is their foliage. The differences which the species
show are easily seen in the forms and the surface of the
blades of the leaves. So if the reader wants to become
acquainted with plants, he must recognize their leaves.

We all know many things by sight which we cannot
express in words; but if we wish to use such a book as this
to become acquainted with the part of nature with which
it deals, we must see how the words used by the author
apply to the plant parts under observation. The first and
most important step in this knowledge is the ability to
determine what constitutes a full leaf.

The visible growing parts of bushes are the stems and

13

14

LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

PLATE I

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 15

the leaves which are regularly arranged along them. The
stems are easily seen to be jointed, and the two things
which make these joints are the leaves and the buds, just
above the stalk of the leaf, in their axils. These buds
will sooner or later burst and form new branches or else
flowers. The buds are of various sizes, but even if small
they can usually be seen, though occasionally they are so
hidden partially or wholly under the base of the leaf as to
need the breaking off of the leaf to expose them. When
the leaves are very numerous, as in the spruces and other
such evergreens, only a few of the buds develop so as to
be seen. '

Now all this is merely words easily read and easily com-
prehended. If the reader wishes really to make use of
this book, he must take the twigs of many kinds of shrubs
and search for leaves and buds.

It will be a good plan first to take the illustrations
given in this book, to see in each case what is a leaf.
One full leaf is drawn by the side of the twig in every
figure. The bud in the axil can usually be seen before
the removal of the leaf, but more clearly where the leaf is
removed. The largest and most complicated leaf is shown
in Fig. 336; and the smallest, in Fig. 36. The reader
must not think it too simple a task; but it is one necessary
to master. A leaf, a whole leaf, and nothing but a leaf
must be known in all cases if this book is to be used.
When the leaf is surely known, all the other steps are easy.
After a close examination of the figures given and,an un-
derstanding of why the removed portion is a leaf, be-
cause it marks the joint of a stem, one should go to the
shrubbery and gather branches from a number of kinds of
bushes.

Be sure to cut off twigs which have grown extensively
during the year. These new growths will have smoother
and generally greener bark than the old growth. Having
gathered a dozen or more kinds, take them to some shady
place where there is a chance to have a good seat and an

16

LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

PuateE I

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 17

investigating companion. Two heads and two pairs of
eyes are found to be much better than one for the study of
nature by a beginner.

Of the dozen species probably half will have buds as
large and conspicuous as to be easily seen by any one,
especially if it is summer time. In these cases the whole
leaf is all that is attached to the stem just under or below
the bud. Some of these leaves may be very small, less
than an inch in length, while others may be a foot or
more long. Many leaves will have but one blade or
spreading green.portion, while others may have any num-
ber of blades —a score, a hundred, or possibly a thousand.
The leaf of the waxberry (Plate II, Fig. G) has one blade;
the clover, three ; rose bushes, three, five, or seven (some
species have over seven); the elder bushes (Plate III,
Fig. P), seven to eleven; some of the sumachs, over
twenty-five ; and the acacia tree, several hundred (Plate
IV, Fig. 8).

Having determined about those which have conspicuous
buds in the axils of the leaves, take other twigs and, re-
membering that leaves mark the joints of stems, try to
break off whole leaves. In some cases the buds will show
after the leaves are stripped off, because they were hidden
under their bases (Plate ITI, Fig. R). A few may have
flowers, fruit, or twigs above the leaves; these are the
developed buds which could earlier have been found in
the unopened state. The final specimen or two may possi-
bly show neither buds nor branches in the axils, as these
develop visibly only later in the year.

As was said, the growing parts of plants are the stems
with their leaves. Stems are more or less continually
growing at their tips; this is especially true in shrubs.
But the leaves, no matter how .complicated, soon reach
their full size and stop growing. The forward growing
part is sure to be a plant stem, and the parts which mark
it into joints, no matter how small and scale-like they ap-
pear, are full leaves. In all parts of the United States

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 2

1818 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

Puate III

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 19

there is some tree popularly called red cedar and in all
sections some cultivated plant called arborvite. If a
specimen of either of these is taken, the growing twigs
will be found covered with scale-like parts and no such
things as would usually be called leaves. Each of these
scales, because it marks a joint, is a full leaf of the
plant (Plate I, Fig. A).

There is a shrub or small tree, extensively cultivated
especially in the East, which has abundant small pink
flowers in spring or summer. This will appear to the
novice as without show of leaves, seeming to consist
of hundreds of green thread-like growths. The name
given to the plant is tamarix or tamarisk. If the reader
can procure a piece of this plant, let him examine the fine
sprays of green thread-like portions with a magnifier.
Along these he will observe pointed, triangular, partially
clasping parts. These, though smaller than a pinhead,
are the simple leaves of this plant. They are full leaves
because they are at the joints of the stem (Figs. 85-37).

The three plants here given, red cedar, arborvite, and
tamarix, have the smallest leaves found on any of our
trees and shrubs.

Large leaves, the largest there are on any of the northern
shrubs, will be found on a very beautiful thorny plant called
Hercules’ club (Fig. 336). These are closely crowded
at the blunt ends of the stems. These leaves with their
enlarged bases nearly cover the whole surface of the blunt
tip. Lower down on the old stem the scars, where the
leaves were in earlier years, will show as broad V-shaped
marks. The leaves on this plant will often be over a yard
long and consist of 75 to 150 blades.

Arrangement of Leaves. — In this search for leaves mark-
ing the joints of stems, one will have noticed that there
are frequently two or more leaves at the same joint. Over
half of the kinds of cultivated shrubs in the United States
have only one leaf at the joint (Plate III, Fig. M); a
smaller number have two (Plate II, Fig. K) opposite

LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

20

PLATE IV

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 21

each other; while a few have three or more regularly
arranged around the same joint. These illustrate the
three common arrangements which leaves take — alternate
(one at a joint), opposite (two at a joint), and whorled
(over two at a joint).

There is another apparent arrangement of leaves which
will more or less bother the beginner and must be mas-
tered. This is where the leaves are clustered either at the
tips of the stems, as in the azaleas (Plate I, Fig. D), or
in alternate bunches along the usually thorny branches,
as in the barberries (Plate I, Fig. E). Besides these ar-
rangements, which occur on the new growth, the old wood
will have clusters of two or more leaves where the leaves
were in the preceding year; of course this is the bursting
and developing of the axillary buds and should produce
branches of the year instead of close clusters of leaves.
Usually branches do appear, but in a few species all the
axillary buds start and so most of them form only short
stunted side shoots which appear merely like a cluster of
leaves. One must not mistake these for whorls of leaves.
Where leaves are whorled, they are regularly arranged
around the stem at the joint, and are not a cluster either
at the tip or on the side of the stem.

Kinds of Leaves. — Having reached the stage where the
whole leaf is readily determined, the next step is to know
how to use words exactly in describing leaf differences.
Most leaves or bushes consist more or less of a leaf
stalk and a single blade, the spreading portion; these
are called simple leaves, and numerous examples can
be found in any shrubbery. The viburnum, the mock
orange, and the maple have opposite simple leaves (Plate
Il, Fig. K; Plate III, Fig. N; Plate IV, Fig. W ), while
the rhododendrons, the smoke bush, and the silverberry
havé alternate simple leaves (Fig. 445; Plate I, Fig. F;
Plate II, Fig. I).

Tf the leaf has more than one blade, it is called compound.
The elder, the pagoda tree, the rose, and the buckeye

22 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

have compound leaves (Plate Ili, Fig. P; Plate IL,
Fig. R).

At the base of the blade of simple leaves there are in a
few cases a pair of blade-like parts at the side of the leaf
stalk, which are called stipules. Of the common shrubs
the one showing these most conspicuously is the so-called
Japan quince. Books make much of stipules, in the
text, but they are so rarely seen, except in the earliest
spring, that I have left them almost entirely out of con-
sideration in the keys and the descriptions. All oaks are
said to have stipules, but they are so short-lived that none
are to be found when the leaves have fully expanded.

There are two distinct plans for the arrangement of the
blades on compound leaves. They are either all together
at the end of the leaf stalk, as in the red clover with
3 blades, or in the horse chestnut with 7 blades, these
are called palmately compound (Plate IV, Fig. X); or
they are regularly arranged along the stalk as in the elder
and common sumach, these are called pinnately compound
(Plate III, Fig. P).

The pinnately compound leaf may have an even num-
ber of blades, there being no blade at the tip; in this
case it is called evenly or abruptly pinnate (Plate IV,
Fig. S). More frequently there is an odd _ blade
at the end, and the leaves are odd pinnate (Plate III,
Fig. Q).

Both palmate and pinnate leaves may be the second or
third time divided before the blades are reached; in such
cases they are twice (bi) or thrice (tri) palmate or pin-
nate as the case may be. The mimosa (Plate IV, Fig. $8)
is twice or bipinnate, and the astilbe (Fig. 239) is three
times or tripalmate. The honey locust is curious; many
of its leaves are once pinnate, while those on the rapidly
growing twigs are bipinnate. Both the mimosa and’ the
honey locust lack end blades and are abruptly pinnate.

As far as the classification of leaves has been given, it
can be summed up in the following:

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 23

Summary of Kinds of Leaves. — Leaves mark the joints
of stems of plants; they may be alternate when one at a
joint, opposite when two at a joint, whorled when over
two are arranged around the joint, and clustered when
several are together at one side of the joint; they are
simple when there is but one blade to a leaf and com-
pound when there is more than one blade. Compound
leaves are divided into pinnate when the blades are
attached along the stalk and palmate when they are at
the end. Pinnate leaves may be odd pinnate when there
is an odd blade at the end and abruptly pinnate when
there is no end blade. Pinnate or palmate leaves may
be bipinnate or bipalmate if the blades are not reached
till there is a second division of the parts; it is even
possible to have them tripinnate or tripalmate, though
such a complication is rare among shrubs. (There are
two sub-shrubs often cultivated and popularly called
spirea, aruncus and astilbe, which have tripalmate
leaves).

Margins of Blades of Leaves. — The next important dif-
ference to be noted is in the edges of blades of all leaves,
simple or compound, which may be studied in the four
plates in this chapter and the accompanying descriptions.
This difference, in such terms as will be easily compre-
hended by any one, divides the blades into three classes:
(1) entire, where the edge or margin is without regular
notches of any kind; (2) notched or serrated, where there
are regular and somewhat saw-toothed notches; and
(8) lobed, where there are a few larger indentations. A
lobed blade may have its lobes entire or serrated.

The more luxuriant or vigorously growing a plant is
the more inclined it is to have notches or lobes along the
edges of its blades; in deciding under which class to
place a plant do not too closely examine these excep-
tional cases of vigor. The younger and the older grow-
ing parts of mulberries illustrate these leaf differences
with reference to edges of blades.

24 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

Veining of Biades of Leaves. — Another of the differ-
ences in the blades of leaves necessary to know is that of
the veining (see Plates I-IV, Figs. A-X). Nearly all
blades will be found to have a conspicuous central vein
called the midrib extending the length of the blade.
Frequently there are two or more side veins of almost
equal strength extending from the base of the blade. If
these are more conspicuous than others and extend out-
ward toward the sides, the blades are said to be radiate-
veined ; but if they more or less follow the direction of the
midrib, the blades are said to be 3-ribbed, 5-ribbed, or
T-ribbed as the case may be. A more common veining is
when the only rib extending from the base is the midrib
and the veins next in size extend from this in a regular
manner outward from base to tip; this gives what is
called feather-veining. A peculiar variety of feather-
veining is shown in birch and elm leaves, where the veins
along the sides of the midrib are distinctly marked and
extend nearly parallel with each other to the margin of
the blade; this is called straight-veined.

Between all these ribs and veins there is, in almost all
bushes, a network of fine veins which gives the name net-
veined to the blades. In the United States there are
many leaves so thick and fleshy that this network does
not show, and the blades are well described as obscurely
vetned. In such plants as wheat, corn, and the palms the
veining does not form a network and the leaves are said
to be parallel-veined.

Forms of Blades. — (See Plates I-IV, Figs. A—X, also
other figures in book.) In the description of blade
forms in this book only the commonest of English words
are used and most readers will understand them without
explanation and illustration; but for those who need a
review of form words and their explanation a few para-
graphs are given.

Broad blades more than half as wide as long will, if
widest at about the middle, be called oval; if widest near

THE STUDY OF LEAVES 25

the base, ovate; if widest near the tip, obovate. If the
broad base of an ovate blade is somewhat notched, the
blade is cordate or heart-shaped ; if the broad tip has such
a notch, it is obcordate.

Narrower blades when. widest at the middle are elliptic;
if widest towards the base, lanceolate; towards the tip,
oblanceolate.

Any leaves when the sides are rather straight than
curved will, if wide, be termed odlong and, if narrow, linear.

There are blades so broad and rounded as to be called
orbicular, others so acutely notched at base as to need
the word arrow-shaped.

Duration of Leaves. — The only difference in the duration
of leaves generally considered is that some fall in the
autumn while others last through the winter in a green
condition; the words in common use to describe this con-
trast are deciduous and evergreen.

As this is a book intended mainly for summer use when
the foliage is in good condition, many will find a difficulty
in determining whether the leaves drop off and leave the
twigs bare in winter. In general, the thicker and
smoother the leaves the more apt they are to remain green
through the winter and so be evergreen. This is no
absolute difference; it is only a relative one. A mild
winter will cause many plants to hold their leaves which
in a severe winter they would lose. In the southern
states there are many evergreen plants which in the North
are deciduous.

If the examination of plants should be as early as June
and be carefully conducted, nearly every shrub which
holds its leaves through: the winter can be determined
because the old leaves can still be found. At that time
the growth of the year can easily be separated from the
growth of the preceding year. ‘The contrast in brighter
color and a smoothness to the new branches will readily
indicate what isnew growth. If the last year’s twigs still
have leaves in the regular places and not leaf-scars,

26 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

where the leaves have fallen off, such leaves are of the
- earlier year and must have remained through the winter,
so the plant is an evergreen.

In cases where the leaves are thick, smooth, and usually
glossy, the plant may be considered an evergeen or nearly
so. In the New England states very few of the shrubs
are evergreen; not more than one fifth to one tenth of
the species in cultivation in any one locality are evergreen ;
while in the Gulf states probably over half are so. Of
course, nearly all the plants, either North or South, with
minute scale-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, such as the
pines, spruces, firs, arborvite, and cedars, are evergreen;
these are almost without exception trees rather than
shrubs. (The bald cypress, the larches, and the tamarisks
are exceptions even in this group of scale-shaped and
needle-leaved plants, as they are bare of foliage in
winter.)

CHAPTER IT

THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT

Purpose of this Book. — Most books on plants are pri-
marily based on the critical microscopic examination of the
flowers and their organs. For this the student must first
be able to find the flowers in good condition, and be able
to determine all about them. He must see the bottom
of the pistil (the ovary) and not only find out about its

- cells, the attachment of the beginning of seeds (the ovules),
but must know how many of these become true seeds with
a plant (embryo). Concerning this plant within the seed-
coats, he must know how many leaves there are, how these
leaves are wrapped, folded, or wrinkled about the seed
stem, and whether there is a food supply (reserve food)
for the early growth of the seedling outside of the little
plant. He must also know the kind of fruit it forms
months later and the color of this fruit when ripe. He is
asked to do all this before he can be ready to open the
book to use a so-called key.

This impossible work has been asked of beginners in
botany so long that many are afraid of anything called a
“botany ” and of anything termed a “ key,” and are pur-
chasing any book which shows an easy way to know the
wild flowers. Authors are even adding encyclopedic in-
formation to their “systematic synopsis,” the modern ex-
pression fora key. This book is written for the use, and
not for the bewilderment, of the vast majority of the
public, who want some convenient way to learn the nature
of the cultivated shrubs. After a leaf is known, but little
is asked besides the color and size of the blossoms.

The parts of the flowers are rarely examined, though

27

28 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

occasionally the number of petals needs to be counted. In
all these cases the bright and conspicuous parts of flowers
are called petals, even where the scientist has in the end
determined that they are better called sepals or bracts.
The attempt has been made to use only such words about
flowers as any one, without studying botany, can properly
apply. The keys are only to be used as keys, not as
containing exhaustive information, giving none but the
points needed to decide the name of the plant. They are
intended to enable the student to find the names of the
plants. Not because it will lead the inquirer to think that
finding the name of anything is the end of study — this
expresses so much of the criticism of keys — for it is but
its beginning. An introduction is a necessary first step to
an acquaintance. Without knowing a name we cannot
use books containing detailed information and, more than
this, we cannot make an independent investigation. We
need to call by some name anything about which we
wish to make mental or written notes and it ought to be
a name in general use and, if possible, one applied in
books.

Dr. Henry van Dyke has well expressed a universal
truth about naming things, though many scientists in col-
lege and university devote much time to decry and deny
it. In“Little Rivers” he says: “There isa secret pleasure
in finding these delicate flowers in the rough heart of the
wilderness. It is like discovering the veins of poetry in
the character of a guide ora lumberman. And to be able
to call the plants by name makes them a hundredfold more
sweet andintimate. Naming things is one of the oldest
and simplest of human pastimes. Children play at it
with their dolls and toy animals. In fact, it was the first
game ever played on earth, for the Creator who planted
the garden eastward in Eden knew well what would please
the childish heart of man when he brought all the new-
made creatures to Adam, ‘to see what he would call
them.’”

THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 29

Now the purpose of this book is to enable a person to
name the shrubs without a previous study of botany or
the use of the microscope. Nothing will be required but a
close examination by the unaided eye. Wherever an illus-
stration will make the work easier, it will be found.

Flower Organs. A few words about the great and
important flower organs. The introduction will bring to
the mind in review what most of us have known. Flowers
are for the production of fruit and seed, and the bright
colors and strong odors are for the purpose of attracting
the proper insects so that better seeds shall result. The
bright and conspicuous parts of the flower are called petals
and together the petals form the corolla. Inside these
showy parts the all-important organs for seed production,
stamens and pistils, are to be found. The stamens
furnish a fine dust (pollen) from their enlarged end
(anther); the presence of this can be seen in nearly all
flowers which are not so double as to have lost the pollen
and thus the power to form seeds. This pollen is needed
on the end (stégma) of the central organ of a flower
(pistil), and by its aid the seeds are formed within the
bottom of the pistil (ovary). The ripened ovary is the
fruit.

In many flowers the petals grow more or less together.
They are fully united in the common morning glory,
partially so in lilac blossoms, and entirely separated in
apple and cherry blossoms. Sometimes the number of
petals will be required, a matter easy to determine when
the parts are separated as in apple blossoms, about as easy
in the lilac flowers because their edge has lobes represent-
ing them, and even in the morning glory peculiar stripes
mark the division of the petals.

The number of stamens will occasionally be wanted, but
in most flowers they are few and can readily be counted.
If over twenty, they will be called “many.” In a few
cases a little caution is necessary in counting, as the anther
at the end of stamens is almost universally 2-lobed because

30 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

there are two to four cells to hold the pollen; in a lilac
blossom, where there are but two stamens, a careless glance
might lead one to say there were four. The occasional
growing together of stamens must be noted.

A few words about the pistil and its many peculiarities.
One should get the habit of seeing the pistil in flowers.
It is the central part of the flower and has at its bottom
the fruit-forming part (ovary) and at the top the stigma,
where the pollen is received. Some flowers contain more
than one pistil from stigma to ovary; most have but one
ovary, and whatever it may have of stigmas, to represent
parts from which it was formed, they are all united at the
bottom into one fruit-forming part. The counting of
stigmas, when required, is easy.

There is one very useful word which is often applied in
this book and also in other manuals, — the word is sessile,
and it means without any stem or stalk. Petals, anthers,
stigmas, whole flowers, and even clusters of flowers may be
sessile. Leaves and blades of leaves may be sessile. Ber-
ries, pods, and all kinds of fruits may be sessile. Now any
of these parts of a plant may have a stalk or stem and thus
not be sessile. The work of invention that has been be-
stowed on stalks to name each and every one differently
so well illustrates how scientists in making the language
of description exact have made it difficult to become the
language of the people that I am tempted here to give
some of these stalk names.

Petiole —the stalk of a leaf.

Peduncle — the stalk of a solitary flower or a cluster of
flowers if attached above ground on a plant.

Scape—for the same stalk if it rises out of the
ground.

Pedicel — the stalk of a flower in a cluster of flowers.

Filament — the stalk of an anther.

Stipe — the stalk of a pod, fern leaf, or mushroom.

Claw — the stalk of a petal.

THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 3l

In this book the word stalk is practically used through-
out.

Arrangement of Flowers. — Flowers are called solitary
when but a single blossom is found at the tip of a branch,
whether it be the tip of the plant or the tip of an axillary
growth from a leaf of the plant. They are clustered if
more than one is found in either position. There are a few
forms of clusters so common that their names are here
given. Probably the commonest form of cluster is that of
a raceme; in this a number of flowers on individual short
stems branch at different points along the main stalk. If
these stems all extend from the tip, an umbel is formed;
if from nearly, but not quite the same place, the whole
forms a rather flat cluster, and a corymb is the result. If
a second division occurs before flowers are found, all of
these forms above are said to be compound; the compound
raceme is so common that panicle is the word describ-
ing it.

Besides these clusters of flowers, where the individual
blossoms have appreciable stalks, there are two cases where
the blossoms are about sessile; if the cluster is elongated,
it forms a spike, and if rounded, a head. There is a form
of spike so common on shrubs and trees that a word to de-
note it is important and will occasionally be found in the
text — the word catkin. The birches, willows, oaks, hazel-
nuts, etc., have catkins. These are usually slender clusters
drooping from the twigs and consist of male flowers. The
catkins are so ornamental in some of the willows that
the name pussy willows is given to the plants. Flat-topped
clusters with an older central flower on each branch are
called cymes.

The Fruit.— The part formed from the ovary of a flower
is in general called the fruit. Fruits are divided into
dry fruits and fleshy fruits. So far all is easy to any one;
but the full classification of either fleshy or dry fruits, as
given in the text-books of botany, is difficult; and in the
most advanced books there are found many points of the

32 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT

classification which even scientists cannot apply to all in-
dividual cases.

In this book few fruit terms are employed and include
names for all the forms found on shrubs. Nearly all the
small fleshy fruits are here called berries. Berries ought
to have more than one seed, which is usually true of them.
There is a class of fleshy fruits (usually large, but some-
times small) which has a single stone-covered seed, repre-
sented by the peach, plum, and cherry. These have been
called drupes so generally that the word will occasionally
be given, though in the text it will often be preceded by a
word which will explain it, as, a cherry-like drupe.
Fruits with several to many seeds in horny-coated cavities,
so well illustrated in the apple and pear, are called pomes. ,
This word will never be found except when modified by
explanatory words. Other forms may occur and illustra-
tive words will explain them, as, orange-like fruit, black-
berry-like fruit. The fleshy fruits will generally be
“berries” and “drupes” in the text.

The dry fruits will be called pods, if of one cell and
several seeded; capsules or seed vessels if of more than
one cell except when single-seeded and these will be seed-
like (achenes), nut-like (nutlets). :

In general, all terms outside of the common words of
the English language, used in the descriptive portion of
this book, will be explained or illustrated by drawings.
This, therefore, is a book needing no Glossary (though a
short one is given to help one to overcome an occasional
forgetfulness).

PART, II

KEYS TO THE GENERA
DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE KEYS

General Cautions. —In using any of the keys: (1)
Never read any but the statements to which you are directed
by the letter in parenthesis; (2) read all the statements fol-
_ lowing the given letter to which you are directed and choose

the one which seems nearest right about your specimen. ‘

General Directions. — All the keys have several starred
(*) sections. These are all to be read and one chosen.
At the end of this there is a letter in parenthesis and
just below it a statement following this same letter.
Following or further down the page, but at the same dis-
tance from the left side of the page, other statements
coming after the same letter are to be found. All these
need to be read. The one that best suits the plant in
hand is always to be chosen and the letter in parenthesis
noted. Proceed till a name, instead of a letter in paren-
thesis, occurs.

In this Part II there is given the name of the genus of
the plant, with the page in Part III where the different
species of the genus are described and illustrated. If there
are several genera given, turn to all the pages noted and,
by the descriptions or the figures, conclude which is the
right one. In Part III the keys are to be used as in Part
II, but the names there given are the full names of the
plants.

In the General Opening Key on page 34 the numbered
keys up to and including Key 8 contain the great propor-
tion of all shrubs. The others include all the peculiar

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 3 33

34 KEYS TO THE GENERA

plants. It will be well to read these latter, as much time
can be saved if your plant is so unusual as to belong to
one of these small sections. Key 9 is most useful if your
plant has all of its leaves very small.

Pronunciation. —The vowel of an accented syllable if
marked by a grave accent (+) is long, and if marked by an
acute accent ( -) is short.

GENERAL OPENING KEY

All the starred portions of this key should be read and the one taken
whose description best suits the plant in question. The first three starred
portions are intended to include all the plants, if worked with in the sum-
mer. The fourth is for winter use. The fifth includes the small number
of shrubs which are thorny or prickly. The sixth to the last inclusive
are only for those with special arrangement of leaves. (In all the special
- keys there are often several sections based on different conditions of the
plants.)

* Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (This does not include
plants with clusters of leaves on one side of the stem, but those
with 2 or more leaves regularly arranged around the stem at the
joints.) (A.)

A. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (B.)
B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed ... Key-1.
B. Leaves with notched but,not distinctly lobed edges .... Key 2.
B. Leaves with lobed edges; the lobes either notched or entire
SUEY GSE AG Rew iuew dele Sha wes See Sees ere tee See Hee Key 3.

Lopes saadlwbes CGekN Giek Medes enue ou wed Gea sonbRRe oe Key 4.

* Leaves alternate, with one leaf at a joint of the stem. (C.)

C. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (D.)

D. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed ... Key 5.
D. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges...... Key 6.
D. Leaves with lobed edges; the lobes either notched or entire
syste wosiie ata iclona antes cits Binialat SG ieT Rude Rae ee aces aes, Mey Ts
C. Leaves compound, shown by their having 2 to many blades
na a8 high gianigeng ser eenabioig yee cena Go Rae le Seas ate eg isla later lanes Key 8.
* Leaves very small, less than an inch long. (Of course these might
be found under the above *s, but it is convenient to have.in a
single key the few plants with very small leaves; the blades of a
compound leaf must not be considered leaves.)............ Key 9.

e

s

KEYS TO THE GENERA 35

* Winter keys for deciduous leaved plants which show either flowers
or fruit when the stems are bare of foliage. (E.)

EH. Plants with winter or early spring flowers......... eee. Key 10.

EH. Plants with fall or winter fruits........... cece cee eeeee Key 11.

* Special key for thorny and prickly plants, including cactus growths,
plants which seem to have no foliage, and those with spiny-edged
VOAVCS iinss vaiuiseninie ied iadumuaeasses seine bee Coes Qe ees eo Key 12.

* Plants with a close cluster of leaves at the tips of the branches. (F.)
F. Plants with evergreen leaves. (G@ )
G. Leaves simple, 1-bladed. Rhododéndron (p. 260). Kalmia
(p. 256). Pittésporum (p. 68). Skimmia (p. 84).
G. Leaves very compound. Nandina (p. 67).
F. Plants with deciduous leaves. Azalea (p. 257). Zanthorhiza
(p. 58).
* Plants with alternate clusters of leaves along the stem; without
thorns (if thorny plants, see 2d* above). Plumbago (p. 268).
Bérberis (p. 64).

%* Plants with leaves only at the base and practically no bushy stem.
Chimaphila and Pyrola (p. 265).

KEYS TO THE GENERA

Key 1. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, entire-edged and with-
out lobes.

(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.)

Key based mainly on flowers. The numbers refer to the pages.

* Flowers conspicuous either by size or clustering and regular, not
lopsided (irregular). (A.)
A. Flower clusters more or less globular, stamens so numerous and
long as to hide other parts. Acacia (p. 132).
A. Flower petals united into a more or less tubular portion. (Under
next A see Chiondnthus.) (B.)
B. Tube slender with a 4-lobed usually spreading border. (C.)
C. Stamens 2 at mouth of tube. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275). (Privet)
Ligtstrum (p. 279). Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282).
C. Stamens 4 within the tube. Cephaldnthus (p.241). Buiddleia
(p. 287).
C. Stamens 8; flowers with no outer calyx-like portion. Daphne
(p. 298).
B. Tube slender with 5-lobed spreading border (sometimes
double). (D.)

KEYS TO THE GENERA

D. Flowers waxy-white, often double; leaves evergreen.

Gardénia (p. 240).

D. Flowers with a toothed crown in center; leaves evergreen.

Nérium (p. 270).

D. Flowers with a conspicuous colored calyx. Clerodendron

B.

B.

B.

(p. 291).
Tube very short, flowers broadly spreading with a 5-lobed
border. Vibdrnum (p. 219).
Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, 4-lobed, in earliest spring.
Forsythia (p. 274).
Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dent-like pockets, in
summer. Kalmia (p. 256).

A. Flower petals entirely separate (in Chionanthus only apparently

se
E.

F.

FP.

parate). (B.)

Flowers 1 inch or more in size. (F.)
Flowers yellow with many stamens. Ascyrum (p. 74). Hy-
péricum (p. 77).
Flowers purplish with many thick pieces and sweet odor.
Calycanthus (p. 186).
Flowers bright scarlet with thick elongated calyx ; fruit large.
Putnica (p. 209). ,
Flowers of many colors with stalked and wrinkled petals.
Lagerstremia (p. 209).
Flowers white (sometimes purplish ; often with a dark center
in Cistus). (G.)

G. Petals 5 (rarely 4); stamens many; leaves generally

aromatic. (H.)
H. Fruit dry pods; flowers large and rose-like. Cistus
(p. 71).
H. Fruit fleshy; southern. Myrtus (p. 204). Eugénia
(p. 206). Psfidium (p. 206).

G. Petals 4, rounded and broadly spreading. (I.)

I. Flowers 1-2 inches wide, usually sweet-scented. Phila-
délphus (p. 196).
I. Flowers apparently over 2 inches wide (the true flowers
are small and in the center). Cédrnus (jp. 214).
G. Petals 4, long and slender (somewhat united at base).
Chiondnthus (p. 287).

E. Flowers smaller. (J.)

J.

Petals 5; stamens many. Hypéricum (p. 77). Eugénia
(p. 206).

J. Petals 4, yellow; stamens many. Ascyrum (p. 74).

J.

Petals and stamens 4 or 5. Euénymus(p.91). Cérnus (p. 214).

KEYS TO THE GENERA 37

* Flowers conspicuous and irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. (K.)
K. Flowers more or less in pairs, never blue ; fruit berries. Lonfcera
(p. 230).
K. Flowers large, showy, nearly white; fruit long capsules with
winged seeds. Catdlpa (p. 286). Chilépsis (p. 286).
K. Flowers small, blue. Tetcrium (p. 294). Rosmarinus (p. 294).
* Flowers inconspicuous. (Li.)
L. Leaves heart-shaped with about 5 basal ribs. Cercidiphyllum
(p. 62).
L. Leaves not distinctly heart-shaped ; fruit fleshy. (M.)

M. Leaves with silvery scales. Shephérdia (p. 303).

M. Leaves without silvery scales, evergreen. Olea (p. 282).
Osmaénthus (p. 282), Butxus (p. 306). Ficus (p. 308).
Phoradéndron (p. 806).

M. Leaves without silvery scales, deciduous, Symphoricdrpos

(p. 228).

Key 2. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple with notched but not
robed edges.
(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.)
Key based mainly on leaves. The numbers refer to the pages,
* Leaves thick and plainly evergreen. (A.)
A. Almost stemless plants with nodding waxlike flowers 4 inch
broad. Chimdphila:(p. 265).
A. Low plants with small broadly spreading white flowers and
1-seeded berries hanging on through the year. Ardisia (p. 368).
A. Taller shrubs. (B.)
B. Leaves under 3 inches long. Abélia (p. 237). Euénymus
(p. 91).
B. Leaves over 3 inches long; fruit berry-like or 1-seeded cherry-
drupe-like. (C.)
C. Flowers small, white, fragrant with a tube and a 4-lobed
spreading border, salver-shaped. Osm4nthus (p. 282).
Olea (p. 282).
C. Flowers small, white, united at base and broadly spreading.
Vibtirnum (p. 219). Ardisia (p. 268).
C. Flowers small, dull purple; leaves often mottled. Auctba
(p. 218).
* Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.)
D. Leaves rather heart-shaped and basal- or radiate-ribbed. (B.)
EB. Leaves .slightly notched, about 5-ribbed. Cercidiphyllum

(p. 62).
B. Leaves distinctly notched, (F.)

*

38 KEYS TO THE GENERA

F. Fruit dry and 2-winged like all maples. Acer tatéricum
(p. 105). :

F. Fruit many-seeded short capsules in spreading calyx ; flowers
large, white or creamy. Philadélphus (p. 196).

F. Fruit drupes with flattened stones. Vibirnum (p. 219).

D. Leaves more or less heart-shaped, feather-veined, not basal-

ribbed. (G.)

G. Leaves doubly notched and plaited; fruit about 4 black bead-
like parts in spreading calyx remaining through the winter.
Rhodotypos (p. 163).

G. Leaves not plaited. Hydrangea (p. 192).

D. Leaves not heart-shaped at base. (H.)

H. Stem somewhat 4-sided or 4-ridged, often conspicuously.so. (I.)

I. Flowers regular, not lopsided. (J.)

J. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring.
Forsythia (p. 274). .

J. Flowers pink to violet with a long tube and 4-lobed spread-
ing border. Btiddleia (p. 287).

J. Flowers broadly spreading with 4 or 5 petals; fruit bright
colored in fall. Eudénymus (p. 91).

I. Flowers irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. Tetcrium (p. 294).
Cary6pteris (p. 288).

H. Stem not conspicuously ridged or winged. (K.)

K. Flowers large in large snowball-like clusters. Vibtirnum

(p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192).

K. Flowers small (sometimes large ones at border) in broad
clusters. Vibtirnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192).
Flowers large with 4 rounded broadly spreading petals in a
large green calyx. Philadélphus (p. 196). Rhodotypos
(p. 163).

Flowers funnel-form, large, 3-2 inches long. Weigéla
(p. 234), Abélia (p. 237).

Flowers white or pink of 5 thick petals (or double). Deitzia
(p. 191).

Flowers large in large clusters, usually with colored calyx.
Clerodéndron (p. 291).

Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring ;. fruit
large, 1 inch long, rough, many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274).
Flowers small; berries small with 1-4 seeds. Callicdrpa
(p. 289)... Rhdémnus (p. 93).

Key 3. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, with a lobed border.
(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.)
Key based on leaves.

A

A oA oR OW OR

KEYS TO THE GENERA 39

* Leaves palmately veined and lobed. (A.)
A. Leaves slightly lobed (usually with notched border). Philadél-
phus (p. 196).
A. Leaves decidedly 3-lobed. Viburnum (p. 219). Acer (p. 103).
A. Leaves 5-11-lobed. Acer (p. 103).
A. Some leaves 2- or 8-lobed, others merely notched, others with
3 blades. Forsythia (p. 274).
* Leaves feather-veined and lobed. (B.)
B. Leaves very large, 6 inches or more long. Hydrangea (p. 192).
B. Leaves 2-6 inches long, some serrate, some 3-lobed, some 3-bladed.
Forsythia (p. 274).
B. Leaves under 23 inches long, some lobed, others not. Symphori-
‘cdrpos (p. 228). Syringa (p. 275).

Key 3a. Key based on flowers.
* Flowers conspicuous either by clusters or by large individual flowers.
(A.)
. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia
(p. 274),
A. Flowers white to light purplish with tube and 4-lobed spreading
border. (Persian Lilac) Syri{nga pérsica lacinidta (p. 277).
A. Flowers white, small or large, or small and large in clusters, in
spring. Vibtirnum (p. 219).
A. Flowers pinkish white, large in elongated clusters, in summer.
Hydrangea (p. 192).
* Flowers inconspicuous either in size or by dull colors. (B.)
B. Leaves decidedly and radiately lobed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer
(p. 103).
B. Leaves slightly lobed; fruit 2-seeded berries. Symphoricarpos
(p. 228).

A

Key 3b. Key based on fruit.
* Fruit fleshy, small (or absent). (A.)
A. Drupes red or black with flattened stones (or without fruit, all
flowers sterile). Vibtirnum (p. 219).
A. Berries white or red with 2 seeds. Symphoricarpos (p. 228).
* Fruit dry. (B.)
B. Fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded. Acer (p. 103).
B. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275).
B. Fruit many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). Hydrangea (p. 192).
Philadélphus (p. 196).

Key 4. Leaves opposite, compound.
Key based mainly on leaves and fruit,

40 KEYS TO THE GENERA

* Leaves with 3 small glossy entire-edged blades; twigs green, 4-angled.
Jasminum (p. 278).
* Leaves with 3 notched blades; fruitdry. Forsythia (p. 274). Staphy-
léa (p. 105), Acer (p. 103).
* Leaves pinnate of 5-11 blades. (A.)
A. Fruit inflated bladder-like ; blades regularly and finely notched.
Staphyléa (p. 105).
A. Fruit, if formed, 2-winged, maple-like ; blades irregularly and
coarsely notched. Acer (p. 103).
A. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded ; some of the leaves simple.
(Persian Lilac) Syringa pérsica laciniata (p. 277).
A. Fruit a berry 2-seeded, blades of leaves less than an inch long,
entire-edged. Jasminum (p. 273).
A. Fruit a berry; blades over an inch long, notched. Sambucus
(p. 226).
A. Fruit a long capsule with winged seeds ; flowers large, yellow.
Técoma (p. 285).
* Leaves twice-pinnate, blades much cut; fruit a berry. Sambucus
(p. 226).
* Leaves palmate of 5-11 blades, blades all from one point. (B.)
B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, spicy when bruised; fruit berries. Vitex
(p. 289).
B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, not spicy; fruit large capsules. JEsculus
(p. 102). ;
B. Leaves 5~11-bladed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103).

Key 4a. Key based on flowers.
* Flowers conspicuous either by clustering or by large individual flow-
ers. (A.)
A. Flowers yellow (B.)
B. In early spring or winter before leaves expand. (C.)
C. Large, 1 inch, bell-shaped, 4-lobed. Forsythia (p. 274).
C. Smaller with a slender tube and 5-lobed spreading border (or
double). Jasminum (p. 273).
B. In late spring, of 4 unequal petals. Atsculus (p. 102).
A. Flowers white to purple or blue. (D.)
D. Irregular, 2-lipped, in summer; herbage spicy. Vitex
(p. 289).
D. Regular, with the corolla united more or less. (E.)
EB. Flowers tubular with 4-lobed spreading border. (Lilac)
Syringa (p. 275). 3
H. Flowers tubular with a 5-lobed spreading border (or double).
Jasminum (p. 273).

KEYS TO THE GENERA 41

EB. Flowers short with a 5-lobed spreading border, in large clus-
ters. Sambiticus (p. 226).
D. Regular with corolla of 5 separate petals ; fruit bladder-like.
Staphyleéa (p. 105).
* Flowers inconspicuous by small size or lack of color. Acer (p. 108).

Key 5. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges.
(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51).
Key based on leaves. For a key based more on flowers, see the next,
5a.
* Spiny or thorny plants. (A.)
A. Leaves with silvery scales on one or both sides. Eledgnus
(p. 800). Hippdphaé (p. 303).
A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.)
B. Fruit 1 to few-seeded berries. Bérberis (p. 64). Lycium
(p. 284).
B. Fruit 1-seeded cherry-like drupes. Bumélia (p. 269).
B. Fruit (when found) large, orange-like in form and size; plant
milky-juiced. Macltira (Toxylon) (p. 310).
B. Fruit elongated pea-like pods. Acacia (p. 132). Ulex (p. 113).
* Plants not spiny. (C.)
C. Leaves heart-shaped. 1, fully shrubby, Cércis (p. 125). 2, herba-
ceous, Polygonum (p. 299).
C. Leaves narrow, one fourth as wide as long. (D.)
D. Flowers over an inch long of 5 bright yellow petals. Helidn-
themum (p. 69).
D. Flowers with a long tube and 4-lobed spreading border.
Daphne (p. 298).
D. Flowers small; fruit a 1-seeded berry; leaves silvery below.
Eleagnus (p. 300).
D. Flowers small, globular, 5-lobed, in June. Andrémeda polifolia
(p. 253).
D. Flowers usually in globular clusters, apparently of yellow
stamens only. Acacia (p. 182).
Flowers with long red stamens, sessile in a leafy-tipped cluster.
Callistémon (p. 207).
C. Leaves larger and wider, decidely aromatic or pleasantly
scented. (B.)
EB. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Pérsea (p. 294), Myrica
(p. 311). Sk{mmia (p. 84). Callistémon (p. 207).
B. Leaves thinner and deciduous. Benzdin (p. 297). Sassafras

(p. 296).
C. Leaves thick, evergreen or nearly so, not especially aromatic. (F.)

5

42

F.

KEYS TO THE GENERA

Flowers large, 4 inch to several inches broad. (G.)

Flowers very large with 6, 9, or 12 fleshy petals. Magnolia
(p. 58).

Flowers with 5 separate petals. Pittésporum (p. 68).
Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla.
Kalmia (p. 256).

Flowers bell-shaped and slightly irregular, lopsided. Rho-
dodéndron (p. 260).

F. Flowers smaller, generally under 4 inch broad (in Acacia,
closely clustered so as to appear larger). (H.)
H. Flowers with the petals entirely separate or so nearly so as.

to appear separate. (I.)

I. Petals 5, white or nearly so. Lédum (p. 263). Symplocos
(p. 278). Escallonia (p. 188). Cotonedster (p. 176).
Cleyéra (p. 81). Photinia (p. 179).

I. Petals 6; flowers attached to the leaves. Ruiscus (p. 323).

I. Petals usually 4 (sometimes 5). Pittésporum (p. 68).
Cyrilla (p. 89).

I. Petals 4 to 6, almost separate. Ilex (p. 86). Ardfsia
(p. 268). Skimmia (p. 84).

H. Flowers with the corolla united into a globular bell or urn

form having a 5-lobed border. (J.)
J. Fruit dry 5-celled many-seeded capsules. Andrémeda
(p. 249).
J. Fruit red berries. Arbutus (p. 249). -Arctostaphylos
(p. 246).

H. Flowers tubular with a 4-lobed spreading border. DAphne

H

(p. 298).
. Flowers small in clusters, 5-parted and peculiar in form.
Ceanothus (p. 97).

_H. Flowers hidden in a globular or urn-shaped receptacle;

juice very milky. Ficus (p. 308).

C. Leaves deciduous and not especially narrow nor as above given.
(K.)

A fw A OR

Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, ill-scented ; fruit large,
fleshy. Asimina (p. 64).

Leaves with curved parallel side veins. Cérnus (p. 214).
Rhamnus (p. 93).

Leaves blunt and rounded at tip. Rhts Cétinus (p. 109).
Spirtea (p. 146),

Leaves not as above. (L.)

L. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314).

L.

Flowers large, inch or more. (M.)

i

KEYS TO THE GENERA 43

. 6 to 15 thick petals, Magndlia (p. 58).
. 6 stalked petals. Exochérda (p. 161). Lagerstréemia
(p. 209). :
. Pea-shaped flowers. 1, White. Cytisus(p.113). 2, Yellow.
Genista (p. 114).
Funnel-shaped flowers, sometimes double. Azalea (p, 257).
Leucophyllum (p. 285).
. Salver-shaped flowers, long tube and 5-lobed spreading
border. Plumbago (p. 268).
M. Bell-shaped of 5 nearly separated petals. Styrax (p. 270).
L. Flowers much smaller, 4 inch or less, petals united. (N.)
N. Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents in corolla. Kadlmia
(p. 256).
N. Tubular, bell- or urn-shaped or globular, with 5-lobed
border. Andrémeda (p. 249). Gaylussacia and Vaccinium
(p. 244).
N. Bell-shaped, yellow, very small, with 4-lobed border, in
earliest spring. Dirca (p. 297).
NN. Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, somewhat heart-
shaped. Polygonum (p. 299).
L. Flowers small with separate petals. (O.)
O. Flowers white or greenish in conspicuous clusters. Spirtea
(p. 146). Photinia (p. 179).
O. Flowers white in long slender racemes. Cyrilla (p. 89).
O. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit red or black berries ripe in
fall. Nemopdnthus (p. 88). Rhdamnus (p. 93).

Ss & & &&

Key 5a. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges.

(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51).

Key based mainly on flowers. For a key based on leaves, see the
preceding, Key 5.

* Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange. (A.)

A.

eo ee

Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped, somewhat irreg-
ular, lopsided. Azalea (p. 257).

Flowers large of 5 spreading petals open only in the sunshine.
Helidnthemum (p. 69).

Flowers large, irregular, pea-shaped. Genista (p. 114).

Thorny plants with small flowers in spring. Hippdéphaé (p. 308).
Bérberis (p. 64). Eledgnus (p. 300).

Tough-barked plant, rarely cultivated, with very small flowers.
Dirca (p. 297).

Aromatic or spicy plants with small flowers in early spring.
Sdssafras (p. 296). Benzdin (p. 297). Pérsea (p. 294).

44 KEYS TO THE GENERA

A. Evergreens with large, 1 inch or more, yellowish flowers.
Magnolia fuscata (p. 61).
A. Flowers apparently consisting only of long stamens in clusters.
Acacia (p. 182). ,
* Flowers red, bright pink, purplish or lilac to blue. (B.)
B. Leaves evergreen (thick smooth leaves indicate evergreen char-
acter). (C.)
C. Flowers large, bell-shaped, somewhat irregular, in clusters in
summer. Rhododéndron (p. 260).
C. Flowers large cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla.
Kalmia (p. 256).
C. Flowers small ovate or urn-shaped with 5-lobed border. An--
drémeda (p. 249). Arbutus (p. 249). Vaccinium (p. 244).
C. Flowers with a tubular portion, 4-lobed spreading border and
8 included stamens. Daphne (p. 298).
B. Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.)
D. Spiny plants with purplish flowers. Lycium (p. 284).
D. Nospines. (B). :
EB. Flowers purplish brown, 1 inch wide, in early spring; fruit
fleshy, 2-5 inches long. Asimina (p. 64).
E. Flowers funnel- or bell-shaped and somewhat irregular.
Azalea (p. 257). Leucophyllum (p. 285).
E. Flowers pea-shaped, purplish red, in early spring. Cércis
(p. 127).
E. Flowers solitary, large with 6, 9, or 12 separate thick petals.
Magndlia (p. 58).
EB. Flowers small ovate with a 5-lobed border, in clusters. Vac-
cefnium (p, 244).
4-lobed border. Ddphne
(p. 298).
E. Flowers with a long tube and a { 5-lobed broadly spreading
border. Plumbago (p.
268).
* Flowers white, creamy, or pinkish to greenish. (F.)
F. Flowers large, 4-8 inches wide. (G@.)

G. Petals united at their bases and completely grown together.
(H.)
. Funnel-shaped and slightly irregular. Azalea (p. 257).
Bell-shaped, somewhat irregular; leaves evergreen. Rho-
dodéndron (p. 260).

Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. KAlmia
(p. 256).
Bell-shaped, regular with 4 lobes. Styrax (p. 270).

tom

KEYS TO THE GENERA 45

4-lobed border. Daphne
(p. 298).

5-lobed spreading border.
Plumbago (p. 268).

H. Salver-shaped, long tube and a

G. Petals separate. (I.)
I. Flowers large with 6, 9, or 12 thick petals. Magnolia (p. 58).
I. Flowers with 5 petals (or double). Exochdérda (p. 161).
Spirtea (p. 146).
I. Flowers irregular, pea-shaped. Cytisus (p. 118).
F. Flowers small, under 4 inch, with the petals separate, or so
nearly so as to appear separate. (J.)

J. Petals definitely 4 (in Skimmia 4 or 5). Cérnus (p. 214).
Nemopdnthus (p. 88). Skimmia (p. 84).

J. Petals 5 (rarely 4-6). Ilex (p. 86). Spirtea (p. 146). Lédum
(p. 263). Cotonedster (p. 176). Polygonum (p. 299), Ceand-
thus (p. 97).

J. Other southern shrubs with small white or nearly white flowers.
Arbutus (p. 249). Ardfsia (p. 268). Cleyéra (p. 81). Pittd-
sporum (p. 68). Symplocos (p. 278). Ruscus (p. 328).

F. Flowers small, under } inch, with plainly united petals. (K.)
K. Flowers tubular, urn-shaped, or globular. (L.)
L. Fruit dry many-seeded pods. Andrémeda (p. 249).
'L. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds, Gaylussacia and Vaccin-
ium (p. 244).
plant spiny. Bumélia (p. 269).
K. Flowers bell-shaped, { no spines. Styrax (p.270). Vaccinium
(p. 244).
* Flowers inconspicuous, catkin-like or very rare. (M.)
M. Flowers in catkins; wood soft. Salix (p. 314).
M. Leaves oblong, evergreen ; juice milky. Ficus (p. 308).
M. Leaves broad and rounded at tip ; fruitsmoke-like. Rhts (p. 107).
M. Fruit 3-seeded berries. Rh&mnus (p. 93).
M. Fruit 1-seeded drupes. Myrica (p. 311).

Key 6. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges.
(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.)
Key based on all plant parts. Key based more particularly on
flowers will be found next, Key 6a.
* Spiny or thorny plants. (A.)
A. Flowers with 5 separate petals, blooming in spring. Crategus
(p. 178). Prinus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182).
A. Flowers nodding, yellow or yellowish. Eledgnus (p. 300). Bér-
beris (p. 64).

46 KEYS TO' THE GENERA

A. Flowers inconspicuous, usually greenish. Rhamnus (p. 93).
Zizyphus (p. 99).
A. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Bérberis (p.64). Pyrac&intha
(p. 175). Nex (p. 86).
* Plants not spiny. (B.)
B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base. (C.)
C. Fruit cone-like and hanging on till fall or through the year.
Alnus (p. 312). Bétula (p. 311).
C. Fruit round nuts }4 inch, ripe in fall. Cérylus (p. 313).
Castanea (p. 314). Quércus (p. 314).
C. Fruit not as above, in some cases absent. (D.)
D. Flowers white of many long stamens in snowy wreath.
Nevitsia (p. 171).
D. Flowers white, sweet-scented, with 5 petals in erect clusters
in summer. Cléthra (p. 265).
B. Leaves with oblique base. (H.)
EB. Straight-veined. Ulmus (p. 308). Hamamélis (p. 202).
Fothergflla (p. 203). Coryldépsis (p. 204).
E. Three-ribbed from base, small, 1 inch long. Zizyphus (p. 99).
B. Leaves heart-shaped at base. (F.)
F. With curved parallel side ribs. Rhdamnus cathartica (p. 96).
F. No such parallel ribs. (G.)
G. Fruit cone-like, under 1 inch long, hanging on through the
year. Alnus (p. 312).
G. Fruit round nuts, ripe in the fall. Cérylus (p. 318). Casta-
nea (p. 314).
G. Fruit dry capsule, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Coryldpsis (p. 204).
Fothergflla (p. 203).
B. Leaves not as above. (H.)
H. Leaves deciduous and (I.)
I. Very narrow linear or nearly so, Salix (p. 314). Itea
(p. 201). Rb&mnus (p. 93).
I. Three- or more ribbed from base. (J.)
J. Flowers with petals more or less united at base. (K.)
K. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped (sometimes
double). Azalea (p. 257).
K. Flowers bell-shaped (4-linch). Styrax (p. 270). Ha-
lésia (p. 272).
K. Flowers tubular, globular, or urn-shaped (4 inch or
less). (L.)
L. Fruit a capsule. Andrémeda (p. 249).
L. Fruit berry-like with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia
and Vaccinium (p. 244),

KEYS TO THE GENERA 47

K. Flowers with tube and 4-lobed spreading border ; leaves
silvery. Elz4gnus (p. 300).
J. Flowers with petals separate or apparently so. (M.)
M. Flowers solitary, large, 2-5 inches, with five petals.
Stuartia (p. 80). Gorddnia (p. 80).
M. Flowers clustered, white (about 1 inch), with 6 stalked
petals. Exochdérda (p. 161).
M. Flowers small, 1-} inch, of 5 petals or double. (N.)
N. Fruit fleshy. Amelanchier (p.180). Primus (p. 142).
Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179).
N. Fruit dry. Spiraea (p. 146). Cléthra (p. 265). Ts-
callonia (p. 188).
M. Flowers yellow, often double (1 inch). Kérria (p. 162).
M. Flowers yellowish, small in hanging clusters. Bér-
beris (p. 64).
M. Flowers feathery, of conspicuous white stamens.
Nevitisia (p. 171).
M. Flowers in catkins; wood soft. Salix (p. 314).
H. Leaves evergreen. (Thick glossy leaves indicate evergreen
character.) (O.)
. Flowers large, 2-5 inches, with waxy petals. Caméllia
(p. 79). Gorddnia (p. 80).
. Flowers small, 3} inch, with 5 petals and 5 stamens.
Escallonia (p. 188). Pitté6sporum (p. 68).
Flowers small, } inch, with 5 petals and many stamens.
Photinia (p. 179).
. Flowers small, white, of 4 petals and 4stamens. Ilex (p. 86).
Flowers tubular, orbicular or ovate, small. Andrémeda
(p. 249). Gaylussacia and Vaccinium (p. 244). Arbutus
(p. 249).
O. Flowers small, yellowish, of 5 slightly united petals in axillary
clusters. Symplocos (p. 273).
O. Flowers inconspicuous; foliage sweet-scented, aromatic.
Myrica (p. 811).
OQ. Other evergreens only found outdoors South. Ardisia (p.
266).

00 000

Key 6a. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges.
(For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51).
Key based mainly on flowers.
* Flowers in catkins generally in early spring (usually yellow, due to
the pollen). (A.)
A. Leaves sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311).

48 KEYS TO THE GENERA

A. Leaves straight-veined. Alnus (p. 312). Bétula (p. 311). Cas-
tanea (p. 814). Cérylus (p. 318).
A. Other shrubs with catkin flowers ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314).
* Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange, but not in catkins. (B.)

B. Leaves straight-veined and oblique at base. Ulmus (p. 308).
Corylépsis (p: 204). Hamamélis (p. 202).

B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base, edge doubly and
sharply serrate; twigs bright green with large pith. Kérria
(p. 162).

B. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs; flowers large, 1 inch, funnel
form. Azalea (p. 257).

B. Leaves with silvery scales; plants often thorny; fruit fleshy,
l-seeded. Elzdgnus (p. 300).

B. Leaves clustered along the branches; plants usually thorny.
Bérberis (p. 64).

* Flowers pink to rosy orred. (C.)

C. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever-
green.) Ardisia (p. 268). Arbutus (p. 249). Cameéllia (p. 79).

C. Leaves deciduous and plants usually thorny. Pyrus (p. 182).
Cratégus (p. 173). Prius (p. 142).

C. Leaves deciduous and plants without thorns. (D.)

D. Flowers large, 2-5 inches, hollyhock-like. Hibfscus (p. 81).
D. Flowers much smaller of 5 separate petals (or double). Prius
(p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Spiraa (p. 146). |
D. Flowers with parts grown together into a tubular, urn-shaped,
or globular part. (H.) ; :
B. Fruit a capsule with many seeds. Andrémeda (p. 249).
BE. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vaccin-
ium (p. 244).
* Flowers white or nearly so. (F.)

F. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever-

green character.) (G.)
G. Thorny plants; flowers } inch or more in size with 5 petals.
Pyracdntha (p. 175). Mex (p. 86).
G. Nothorns. (H.)
H. Flowers large, 2-4 inches, often double in Camellia. Caméllia
(p. 79). Gorddnia (p. 80).
H. Flowers small, wheel-shaped; fruit white or red berries.
Ardisia (p. 268). Hex (p. 86).
H. Flowers small, globular or ovate, 5-lobed ; fruit dry. An-
drémeda (p. 249).
H. Other evergreens hardy only South. Photfnia (p. 179).
Escallonia (p. 188), Arbutus (p. 249).

KEYS TO THE GENERA 49

F. Leaves deciduous. (I.)
I. Flowers large, 4 inch or more. (J.)
J. Flowers usually over 2 inches wide of 5 petals and many sta-
mens. Studrtia (p. 80). Gorddnia (p. 80).
J. Flowers bell-shaped, }-1} inches. Styrax (p. 270). Haleésia
(p. 272).
J. Flowers with long stamens making feathery bloom. Nevibsia
(p. 171).
J. Flowers under 2 inches wide of 5 petals. (K.)
K. Fruit fleshy. Ameldnchier (p. 180). Crategus (p. 173).
Prunus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182).
K. Fruit dry. Spirga (p. 146). Exochérda (p. 161).
I. Flowers small, under inch wide. (For inconspicuous flowers
see next I.) (L.)
L. Flowers of 4-9 petals, slightly united at base, and as many
stamens; fruit berries. Ilex (p. 86).
L. Flowers of 5 petals and many stamens, or double. Spirza
(p. 146). Prunus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia
(p. 179). Itea (p. 201).
L. Flowers open bell-shaped. Zendbia (p. 253). Fothergflla
(p. 208). .
L. Flowers globular, tubular, or urn-shaped. (M.)
M. Fruit a capsule. Andrémeda (p. 249).
M. Fruit berries with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and
Vaccinium (p. 244).
L. Other small white flowers on deciduous shrubs, Ceandthus
(p. 97). Cléthra (p. 265), B&ccharis (p. 241).
I. Flowers inconspicuous by lack of size or color, Ulmus
(p. 808). Rhdamnus (p. 93). Zizyphus (p. 99).

Key 7. Leaves alternate, simple with lobed edges.
* Plants without thorns. (A.)
A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 3-7 notched lobes. (B.)
B. Fruit fleshy. (C.)
C. Leaves very large, 5 inches or more broad. Ficus (p. 308).
Fatsia (p. 212).
C. Leaves smaller; fruit a globular berry under 1 inch. Ribes
(p. 201).
B. Fruit dry. (D.)
D. Flowers large, over 2 inches broad. Hibfscus (p. 81).
D. Flowers small, under 1 inch. Physocdrpus (p. 158).
A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 2-3 unnotched lobes. (B.)

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 4

50 KEYS TO THE GENERA

E. Leaves with 2 equal lobes. (Found outdoors only South.)
Bauhinia (p. 128).
E. Leaves irregularly 2-3-lobed (sometimes without lobes). Sas-
safras (p. 296).
A. Leaves feather-veined. (F.)
F. Some leaves without lobes, all with tapering bases. Bdccharis
(p. 241).
F. Leaves fern-like with many side notches, aromatic. Comptonia
(p. 811).
F. Leaves silver-gray, finely divided, aromatic. Santolina (p. 243).
F. Leaves triangular, with 5-9 notched lobes. Stephandndra
(p. 163).
F. Other thornless shrubs with lobed leaves. Quércus (p. 314).
Primus (p. 142). Spirza (p. 146). Bétula (p. 311).
* Plants with more or less thorns or prickles; fruit fleshy berries
(Ilex has spiny-edged leaves). Cratzgus (p. 173). Ribes (p. 201).
Rubus (p. 164). Ilex (p. 86).

Key 8. Leaves alternate, compound.
* Leaves of 3 blades. (A.)
A. Plants thorny or prickly. (B.)
Fruit large, orange-like. Citrus (p. 86).
Fruit pea-like pods. Cytisus (p. 113).
Fruit blackberry-like. Rubus (p. 164).
Fruit 2-5-seeded black rounded berry. Acanthopanax (p. 212).
Other prickly plants with 3-bladed leaves. Rosa (p. 166).
A. Plants without thorns or prickles. (C).
C. Flowers pea-shaped. Labirnum (p.116). Lespedéza (p. 124).
C. Flowers not pea-shaped, small. (D.)
D. Fruit dry but somewhat berry-like in appearance ; leaves
aromatic. Rhus (p. 107).
D. Fruit flat, wafer-like, } inch or more broad. Ptélea (p. 84).
* Leaves with an even number of blades, abruptly pinnate. (H.)
BE. Flowers yellow or yellowish. Cassia (p. 128). Caragana (p. 122).
EB. Flowers rosy. Halimodéndron (p. 122).
* Leaves of 5 or 7 blades growing from nearly the same point, pal-
mately compound. (F.)
F. Blades entire ; flowers yellow, insummer. Potentflla (p. 164).
F. Blades somewhat notched ; plantthorny. Acanthopanax (p. 212).
F. Blades irregularly cut. Zanthorhiza (p. 58).
* Leaves once odd-pinnate, blades an odd number. (G.)
G. Plants thorny or prickly. (H.)

bo bo to bo to |

KEYS TO THE GENERA 51

Flowers large, 2 inches or more, of 5 petals and many stamens
(often double). Rosa (p. 166).
Flowers smaller, white ; fruit blackberry- or raspberry-like:
Rubus (p. 164),
Flowers pea-shaped ; fruit pea-like pods. Robinia (p. 119).
Flowers yellow in early spring. Mahonia (p. 66).
Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit rounded, pepper-like. Zanthéxy-
‘lum (p. 83).
G. Plants without thorns or prickles. (I.)
I. Blades of the leaves entire at edges. (J.)
J. Fruit inflated or swollen pods 2 inches or more long. Colttea
(p. 128).
J. Fruit usually long pods but not inflated. Robinia (p. 119).
Indigdfera (p. 119). Sophora (p. 111). i
J. Fruit jointed pods. Coronflla (p. 125), Sophora (p. 111).
J. Fruit short pods in spike-like clusters. Amédrpha (p. 117).
a
J

mim om &

. Fruit seed-like in calyx. Potentflla (p. 164).
. Fruit berry-like, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; flowers yellow. JaAsmi-
num (p. 278).
Fruit dry and somewhat berry-like. Rhtis (p. 107).
I. Blades irregularly and deeply cut. (K.)
K. Flowers very large, 3-8 inches. Pzodnia (p. 57).
K. Flowers small. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). Rhus (p. 107).
I. Blades regularly twice-serrate. Sorbaria (p. 159).
I. Blades regularly once-serrate. Rhts (p. 107). Técoma (p. 285).
Xanthocéras (p. 101).
* Leaves 2-3 times pinnate. (L.)
L. Leaves very large, 2-4 feet long. (M.)
M. Plant usually very prickly. Aralia (p. 211).
M. Plant without prickles. Rhus (p. 107).
L. Leaves sinaller, twice-abruptly-pinnate. Albizzia (p. 181).
Acacia (p. 1382). Czsalpinia (p. 129).
L. Leaves odd-pinnate, finely divided, fern-like. Grevfllea (p. 306).
Sorbaria (p. 159). Rhtis (107).
* Leaves divided into threes 2 or 3 times with 9-27 blades. (N.)
N. Blades notched ; plants hardly woody. Astilbe (p.160). Artn-
cus (p. 161).
N. Blades entire. Woody evergreen plant of the extreme South.
Nandina (p. 67).

a

Key 9. Leaves small, generally 4 inch or less long, all leaves under
an inch long (except on the last, below, which is a shrubby pine with
leaves needle-shaped and sometimes over 2 inches long).

52 KEYS TO THE GENERA

* Leaves alternate with entire edges (sometimes very crowded but
never truly opposite or whorled). (A.)
A. Leaves thick and fully or nearly evergreen. (B.)
B. Leaves with rolled edges. Lédum (p. 263). Leiophyllum
(p. 263). ;
B. Leaves without rolled edges. (C.)
Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled. Picea (p. 326).
Leaves linear, sharp-pointed, green below. ‘Taxus (p. 341).
Leaves linear, blunt, with white lines below. Tstiga (p. 326).
Leaves broad at base, ovate, pointed; twigs green. (South.)
Riscus (p. 323).
Leaves very bairy ; flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in
dents. Kalmia (p. 256).
Other evergreens with small alternate entire-edged leaves,
@.)
D. Flowers tubular with 4 spreading lobes. Daphne (p. 298).
D. Flowers bell-shaped, 4-lobed in drooping clusters. Erica
(p. 254).
D. Flowers small, peculiar, in erect clusters. Ceandthus
(p. 97).
A. Leaves thinner and not evergreen. (B.)
E. Flowers yellow, pea-shaped ; twigs green. Genista (p. 114).
E. Flowers regular of 5 separate petals. Spirea (p. 146).
E. Flowers generally pink in very small clusters ; leaves minute,
clasping the stem at base on thread-like twigs. Tamarix (p. 73).
* Leaves alternate with notched edges. (F.)
F. Leaves whitish or silvery-gray, much divided into lobes; plant
aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). :
F. Other shrubs with notched, small leaves. Spirza (p. 146). Hex
crenata (p. 88).
* Leaves opposite, thick, and evergreen (including scale-like leaves
covering the stem). (G.)
Leaves linear and sharp-pointed. Junfperus (p. 337).
Leaves oval and about flat. Buxus (p. 306). Ceandthus (p. 97).
Leaves oval with rolled edges. Leiophyllum (p. 268).
. Leaves very small, } inch or less, and pressed to the stem which
they practically cover. (H.)
H. Flowers yellow, May-July. Hudsdnia (p. 72).
H. Flowers pink or white, July-September, Erica (p. 254). Cal-
luna (p. 255).
H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit a cone. Thija (p. 328).
* Leaves opposite and not fully evergreen. Lonicera (p. 230),
* Leaves whorled on the stem. (I.)

a Qa aang

QQAAA

KEYS TO THE GENERA 53

I. Leaves 4 inch long and sharp-pointed, evergreen. Junfperus
(p. 387).
I. Leaves much smaller. Erica (p. 254).
* Leaves evergreen in clusters along the sides of the stem, needle-
shaped. Pinus (p. 324).

Key 10. Key to those deciduous bushes which have flowers during
the fall, winter, and spring, when the stems are bare of foliage. The
arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars.

* Flowers regular, not lopsided, on alternate leaved bushes. (A.)

A. Corolla united at base. (In Daphne and Dirca this is a calyx.)
@®.)
B. Flower with tubular portion and a 4-lobed border. Daphne
(p. 298). Direa (p. 297).
B. Flower with a 5-lobed edge. (Azalea is sometimes double.) (C.)
C. Flowers small, white or pinkish, urn-shaped. Vaccfnium
(p. 244).
C. Flowers large, 1 inch, funnel-shaped. Azalea (p. 257).
A. Corolla with separate petals. (Sometimes these pieces are in
reality calyx.) (D.)
Flowers yellow, small, in clusters, 6 parts. Benzdin (p. 297).
Sassafras (p. 296).
Flowers (1 inch) with 4 slender yellow petals. Hamamélis
(p. 202).
Flowers with 5 yellow petals. Coryldpsis (p. 204).
Flowers large, 1-6 inches, with 6 or more thick petals. Mag-
nolia (p. 58).
Flowers 4-1 inch with 5 white or pinkish petals (sometimes
double). Prinus (p. 142). Spir&a (p. 146).
Flowers 4-13 inches with 6 brownish petals. As{mina (p. 64).
. Flowers very small, } inch, pink in clusters, with 4 or 5 petals.
Tamarix (p. 73).
* Flowers irregular or lopsided, red or purplish, pea-shaped on alter-
nate-leaved bushes. Cércis (p. 127).
* Flowers regular on opposite-leaved bushes. (E.)-
EB. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped (1 inch long) with 4-lobed border.
Forsythia (p. 274).
E. Flowers yellow, small in clusters with 4 separate petals. Cérnus
Mas (p. 216).
E. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellow with a tubular corolla having 5-lobed
border ; stem green and 4-angled. Jasminum (p. 273).
B. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellowish brown, with many thick sweet-
scented petals. Calycd4nthus (p. 186).

o

ug Bb bb o

54 KEYS TO THE GENERA

BE. Flowers very large, 2-4 inches, white or pink with 4 petals, in reality
bracts around a head of small flowers. Cérnus flérida (p. 214).
* Flowers small, white or pinkish, somewhat irregular in pairs on
opposite-leaved bushes. Lonicera (p. 230).
* Flowers in slender catkins. Alnus (p. 312). Salix (p. 314). Bétula
(p. 811). Cérylus (p. 318). Quéreus (p. 314).

Key 11. Key to those deciduous bushes which have conspicuous fruit
during the fall and more or less of the winter when bare of foliage. The
arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. The num-
bers refer to the pages.

* Alternate-leaved bushes with fleshy, usually orange, or red berries.:

(A.)
A. Plants without thorns or spines. Ilex (p. 86). Cotonedster
(p. 174). Pyrus (p. 182). Phot{nia (p. 179).
A. Plants more or less thorny. Bérberis (p.64). Lycium (p. 284).
* Alternate-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (B.)
B. Fruit rounded and apparently berry-like. (C.)
C. Plant without spines or thorns; berries in clusters. Rhus
(p. 107).
C. Plant with spines or thorns; berry-like fruit more scattered.
Rosa (p. 166).
B. Fruit flat or wafer-like(4 inch broad). Ptélea (p. 84).
B. Fruit a capsule, more or less 5-lobed and always 5-celled. (D.)
D. Fruit large, 1 inch long. Hibfscus (p. 81).
D. Fruit nearly 3 inch long, 5-seeded. Exochérda (p. 161).
D. Fruit smaller and many-seeded. Spir&a (p. 146). Physoc&r-
pus (p. 158). ‘
B. Fruit a capsule, 3-lobed and 3-celled. (H.)
EB. Capsule 3-seeded and splitting into 3 nutlets. Ceandthus (p. 97).
H. Capsule many-seeded, 3-angled. Cléthra (p. 265).
B. Capsule woody, } inch long, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Hamamélis
(p. 202). Corylépsis (p. 204).
B. Fruits hairy clustered, much like silky white orushes. Bdaccharis
(p. 241).

* Opposite-leaved bushes with fleshy berries. (F.)

F. Drupes with 1 more or less flattened seed. Vibtirnum (p..219).
Cérnus (p. 214).

F. Berries 2-seeded, in close clusters along the branches. Symphori-
earpos (p. 228).

* Opposite-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (G.)

G. Fruit large, over 1 inch long, pear-shaped with many brown seeds.
Calycdnthus (p. 186).

KEYS TO THE GENERA 55

Fruit long, several inches, pods with winged seeds. Catdlpa
(p. 286). Childpsis (p. 286).

Fruit } inch long with 2 valves and few seeds. Syringa (p. 275).
Fruit apparently 4 shining black beads in calyx. Rhodotypos
(. 163).

Fruit a capsule, when open in the fall, showing bright red seeds.
Eu6énymus (p. 91).

Fruit broadly 2-winged. Acer (p. 103).

Fruit about hemispheric in shape with many seeds. Dettzia
(p. 191). Philadélphus (p. 196).

a2 2 22 @

Key 12. Thorny plants. Plants with spines or thorns on their stems,
or spiny-edged leaves, or plants with apparently no leaves, as the cacti.
* Plants with simple leaves. (A.)

A. Leaves covered with silvery scales on one or both sides. Elzg-
nus (p. 800). Hippdéphaé (p. 303). Shephérdia (p. 303).
A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.)

B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed. (C.)
Leaves small, round, fleshy, later falling off. Optintia (p. 209).
Leaves alternately arrenged on the stem. Macltra (p. 310).
Riscus (p. 323). Acacia (p. 182).

Leaves in alternate clusters on the stem. Bérberis (p. 64).
Lycium (p. 284). Bumélia (p. 269).

Leaves opposite. Rhdmnus (p. 93). Osmdnthus (p. 282).
B. nee with notched, but not lobed edges. (D.)

e

a a aa

D. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Tlex (spiny edges
to leaves) (p. 86). Zizyphus (p. 99). Primus (p. 142).
Crategus (p. 178). Pyrus (p. 182).

D. Leaves usually in alternate clusters. Bérberis (p. 64).

D. Leaves opposite. Clerodéndron (p. 291). Rhamnus (p. 93).

Osménthus (p. 282).
B. Leaves with lobed edges. Ribes (p. 201). Cratiegus (p. 178).
* Plants with compound leaves. (E.) e
E. Leaves once-odd-pinnate. Robinia (p. 119). Zanthéxylum
(p. 83). Mahonia (p. 66). (Zizyphus is only apparently pinnate. )
E. Leaves abruptly (evenly) pinnate. Halimodéndron (p, 122).
Caragana (p. 122).
B. Leaves of 3, 5, or 7 blades. Cftrus (p. 86). Rubus (p. 164).
Acanthopanax (p. 212).
B. Leaves more than once-pinnate. Acacia (p. 132). Aralia
(p. 211). Ceesalpinia (p. 129).
* Plants without leaves. Optintia (p. 209). Mamillaria (p. 211).
Phyllocdctus (p. 211). Ulex (p. 118).

PART III

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Numbers in parenthesis in the keys and descriptions which follow refer
to the figures. Bracketed information refers to methods of propagation.

Pednia. The Peonies form one of the most popular groups of plants.
They are almost entirely large-flowered herbaceous perennials, though
one species is shrubby and, therefore, to be included in our book. This is
called Trex Peony Figs. (1) and (2) — Peonia Moutan, — growing to the

Fic. 1.— Tree Peony. Fie. 2.— Tree Peony.

height of 3 to 8 feet with large alternate smooth pale-colored feather-divided

(pinnate) leaves with irregularly cut and notched blades, as shown in the

illustrations. The flowers are six or more inches broad, often double

and of many colors— white, pink, rose, sometimes blotched and striped.

One variety of this, the Poppy Peony — papaveracea, —is white with a

dark red center and has thin poppy-like petals. The fruit in the single
57

58 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

varieties is a cluster of large-seeded leathery hairy pods. The double forms
of this, as well as all other fully double flowers, do not produce fruit. This
shrubby peony is not so popular in America as many herbaceous forms,

Fic. 3. —Shrub Yellow-root.

though in China, its native country,
there are hundreds of named varieties.
[Divisions ; seeds (slow-sprouting). ]

Fic. 4.— Star Magnolia.

Zanthorhiza. Surup YELLow-

root (3) —Zanthorhiza apiifdlia—is a low shrubby plant (1-2 feet)
sometimes cultivated for the handsome compound leaves with three to many
cut and lobed blades, which are
clustered at the top of the short,
erect, woody stem. The flowers
and fruit are small and sessile
on long drooping stems. The
flowers are brownish in April to
May; the fruit is somewhat in-
flated 1- to 2-seeded yellow pods.

[Seeds ; root cuttings. ]

Magnolia. The Macwnorias
form a genus of about 20 species of
hardy trees unsurpassed in the size
and beauty ofleafand flower. While
most of the species are tree-like in
Fic. 5.—Swamp Magnolia. form and size, still along the north-

THE MAGNOLIAS 59

ern limit of the growth of several species they are apt to be dwarfed into
shrubby forms and so are included here. One species, Star Mac-
notia (4) — Magnolia stellata, —from Japan, is practically always

Fic. 6.— Evergreen Magnolia. Fie. 7.— Kobus Magnolia.

shrubby and blooms very early in the season with white sweet-scented
flowers about 3 inches broad; these last longer and are more abundant

Fic. 8.— Purple Magnolia.

60 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

than those on most of the species. The petals are narrow and about 15
in number.

The species of magnolias from eastern Asia generally bloom before the
leaves expand in spring and have deciduous leaves, The American spe-
cies bloom in the summer and are generally deciduous, though two species
are evergreen. These are, Smart or Swamp Maeyoria (5) — Magnolia
virginiana (M. glatica) — which is found wild north to Massachusetts and
is hardy in sheltered positions in southern Canada though not fully ever-
green in northern positions; and EvercreeEN Macwyo xia (6) — Magnolia
grandiflora — which, if protected from the north winds, can be successfully
grown in southern New York. All the Magnolias form cone-like fruits,
usually pink or red when ripe, from which the ripened scarlet-coated
seeds hang out on slender threads.

The following key will enable one to determine the species of most if
not all of the forms. In the key all the species are included, though some
of them are always tree-like. [Fresh seeds; layers. ]

KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS

* Blooming before the deciduous leaves expand. (A.)
A. Flowers pure white or slightly pinkish. (B.)
B. Flowers bell-like in form. Cuings—e Wuitre MaGno.ia or YULAN
Maewroria — Magnolia conspicua (M. Yulan).
B. Flowers broadly spreading. (C).
C. Petals only 6. Konus Macnoria (7) — Magnolia Kobus.
C. Petals narrow, 9-18. Star Macnouia or Haty’s Japan Mac-
notia (4) — Magnolia stellata.
A. Flowers pink to purple outside. (D.)
D. Flowers larger, 6-8 inches broad. (E.)
EB. Hardy north to New York. Sovrancr’s Macnoria — Mag-
nolia Soulangeana.
BE. Hardy only south. Camppeiti’s Macnoria — Magnolia
Campbelli.
D. Flowers small, 3-4 inches broad. Purrre Maenozta (8) —
Magnolia purpurea (M. obovata).
* Blooming after the new leaves expand (some are evergreen). (F.)
F. Flowers greenish; tall tree. Ctcumper Trer — Magnolia
acuminata, ;
F. Flowers white with conspicuous colored mark in center. (G.)
G. Petals purple-spotted at base. GreEaT-LEAVED MaGNoLia or
LarGE-LEAVED CccUMBER TREE — Magnolia macrophylla.
G. Stamens with scarlet filaments. (H.)

KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS 61

H. Leaves clustered at ends of branches. JAPANESE UMBRELLA
Maewnoria — Magnolia hypoletca.
H. Leaves scattered along the branches. Warson’s Macnovia
— Magnolia WAtsoni.
F. Flowers pure white (slightly greenish in pumila). (I.)
I. Flowers 1-3 inches broad. (J.)
J. Shrub or tree 10 feet or more high. Smarty or Swamp Mac-

notia or Sweer ‘Bay’ (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M.
glaiica).

J. Shrub less than 10 feet high. Busy Macnor1a— Magnolia
pumila.

I. Flowers 6-9 inches broad. (K.)
K. Leaves evergreen, Evrercreen Macnoria (6) or BuLu
‘Bay’ — Magnolia grandiflora.
K. Leaves deciduous. (L.)
L. Leaves eared at base. Ear-Lteavep UmBreLita TREE—
Magnolia Fraseri.
L. Leaves tapering at base. UmsreLta Tree ~ Magnolia
tripétala.
F. Flowers yellowish brown, small; leaves evergreen. Brown-
FLOWERED Macnouia or Banana Survus (9) — Magnolia (Mi-
chélia) fuscata,

Fig. 10. — Cercidiphy}lum. Fic. 11.— North Ameiican Papaw.

62 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Cercidiphyllum japénicum. CrrcipirHytium (10). This is a bushy
tree of great beauty and strange arrangement of foliage but with in-

Py,
: my
Ny ’

Fic. 12.—Thunberg’s Japanese Fic. 13.— Common Barberry.
Barberry.

conspicuous flowers and fruit. The leaves are generally opposite, heart-
shaped, and with about 5 basal ribs. The great peculiarity of the leaves
is the fact, unique so.
far as I know, that
every year for many
years the ‘single
leaves come out just:
where last year’s
leaves were, instead
of the usual branches
appearing, and so the
stems have along their
whole extent fresh
leaves till they reach
the diameter of an
inch or more. Height
usually 20 to 30 feet,
slender smooth branches with leaves 2 to 3 inches long. Perfectly hardy
throughout. From Japan. y [Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers. ]

Fic. 14. — Holly-leaved Mahonia.

63

THE BARBERRIES

Fie. 16.— American Barberry.

Fic. 15.—Japan Mahonia.

BD) Ge Ker

CONS
S
CR ty

Fig. 18.— Holly-leaved Barberry.

Fic. 17.— Box-leaved
Barberry.

64 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Asimina. The Paraws, as the name is used in America, are shrubs
or small trees with large smooth alternate entire-edged leaves, and large-
seeded pulpy fruit. The large purple or whitish flowers are solitary and
axillary, appearing with or before the leaves expand in spring. The
flowers consist of three calyx pieces, six petals, and numerous stamens,
There are two species in cultivation. One, a shrubby tree 10 to 40 feet

KD
PRE f
Yea hd
a ISS vaneks
WBS.
Fic. 19.— Bearded Barberry. Fic. 20. — Mahonia.

high, hardy in Massachusetts, with leaves 6 to 12 inches long, and edible
fruit, 2 to 6 inches long, of a brown color when ripe in October, Com-
mon or Nort AmERicaN Papaw (11) —Asimina trfloba. The other is
a shrub 2 to 6 feet high, hardy only South, with leaves 2 to 4 inches
long and cream-colored flowers having petals 2 inches long, Ferip Sarvs
— Asimina grandiflora. (The Papaws of the books are milky-juiced
small tropic trees of palm-like habit with variously lobed leaves, belong-
ing to the passion flower family.) [Seeds ; layers; root cuttings. ]

Bérberis. The Barserries are popular, hardy, usually thorny shrubs,
having yellow- to orange-colored flowers, and white, yellow, red to black
berries with 1 to several seeds. The leaves are generally arranged in close
clusters above the 1-3-pointed thorns. The barberries with compound
leaves are here, as in the nurseries, called Manonias. The species are so
numerous (over 50), with many hybrids and varieties, that the average
reader will be satisfied to distinguish only the few in general cultivation,

Tuungerc’s JAPANESE BARBERRY (12) — Berberis Thunbérgii, — is a

KEY TO THE BARBERRIES 65

dense spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high with small entire-edged leaves 4 to
1} inches long and usually simple spines (occasionally 3-branched). The
branches are deeply grooved. The pale yellow flowers are in small um-
bel-like clusters, and the bright
red fruit is nearly globular.

European or Common Bar-
BERRY (13) — Berberis vulgaris —
grows from 4 to 8 feet high with
erect or somewhat arching gray
grooved branches. The leaves
are 1 to 2 inches long with
notched and somewhat spiny
edges. The flowers are bright
yellow in many-flowered hanging
clusters. The fruit, in the dif-
ferent varieties, are white, yel-
low, red to dark purple berries
which hang on and add beauty to
the bushes all winter. There is
a variety of this frequently culti-
vated, with purple leaves, which
hold their color through the sea-
son, atropurptrea,

The Holly-leaved Mahonias have holly-edged but compound evergreen
leaves, erect clusters of yellow flowers, and blue to black small berries.
The Mahonias are hardy north of Philadelphia only in sheltered positions.

AmeERiIcAN or Houiy-LeEAveD Mauonia (14) — Mahonia (Berberis)
Aquifdlium — differs from Japan Manonra (15) — Mahonia japénica —
in having fewer blades but a longer stem to the compound leaf: Ameri-
can blades 5 to 9; Japan, 9 to 13.

The use of the following key will enable the reader to determine a few
additional species. [Fresh seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers. ]

te
Fig. 21.— Ash Mahonia.

KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES

* Leaves thin, deciduous, notched, in clusters above thorns ; leaf-
notches hair-tipped. (A.)

A. Branches gray and grooved ; flowers yellow in elongated racemes,
May and June. Many varieties of Europran or Common Bar-
BERRY (13) — Berberis vulgaris.

A. Branches purplish and grooved ; leaves purple. Berberis vulgaris
atropurpirea.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 5

66 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

A. Branches reddish brown or brown ; fruit coral-red. AMERICAN
BarBerry (16) — Berberis canadénsis.
* Leaves thin, deciduous, usually without notches.
B. Branches reddish brown; flowers orange-yellow in racemes;
fruit dark blue. (C.)
C. Flowers and fruit pendulous. Turkestan Barberry — Ber-
beris heterépoda.
C. Flowers and fruit erect. Persran BarBerry — Berberis in-
tegérrima. :
B. Branches brown, grooved ; flowers pale yellow, nearly solitary
(1-8) ; fruit bright red ; leaves small (3-14 inches long), spatu-
late; low dense shrub, 2-+ feet. TuunBEereG’s JAPANESE BaR-
BERRY (12) — Berberis Thunbérgii.
* Leaves thick, small (4-1 inch long), usually entire and about ever-
green. (D.)
D. Flowers solitary on long stems, orange; fruit blackish purple.
Box-LEaveD Barberry (17) — Berberis buxifodlia.
D. Flowers (2-6) in umbels; leaves with rolled edges, small (3-14
inches). SMALL-LEAVED Barperry — Berberis stenophylla.
* Leaves holly-like, spiny-toothed. (E.)
EB. Flowers in simple racemes, orange-yellow. Ho.iy-LEavED Bar-
BERRY (18) — Berberis ilicifolia.
E. Flowers in compound racemes. (F.)
F. Leaves with many spiny teeth. Brarpep Barperry (19) —
Berberis aristata.
F. Leaves with few large strong spines, JamEson’s BARBERRY
— Berberis Jamesoni.

KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH COMPOUND
EVERGREEN LEAVES.—MAHONIA.

* Leaves almost without stalk below the blades. (A.)
A. Blades 3-7, thick, dull and whitish. Fremonr’s Manonta —
Mahonia Frémonti.
A. Blades 5-17, thick, dark green, shiny, with few teeth ; height 2-3
feet. Nanonre (20) — Mahonia pinnata.
A. Blades 9-13, large (2-5 inches long) ; height 5-10 feet. Japan
Mauonta (15) — Mahonia japonica.
A. Blades 5-25, smaller, rigid with fewer teeth ; height 4-6 feet.
Nepavt Manonta — Mahonia nepalénsis.
* Leaves decidedly stalked below the blades. (B.)
B. Blades rounded or square at base. (C.)

NANDINA 67

C. Blades 5-9, shiny dark green above with many teeth ; height 3-6
feet. Hoxiy-Leavep Mauonia (14) — Mahonia Aquifolium.
C. Blades 11-21, with 3-5 basal ribs and few teeth; low. AsH
Mauonra (21) — Mahonia nervdsa.
C. Blades 3-7, dull, pale; low, almost creeping, 1-2 feet high.
TraiLting Manonra — Mahonia répens (Berberis Aquifdlium).
B. Blades 5-9, tapering at base with many spiny teeth; low. For-
tuNE’s Manonia. Mahonia Fortinei.

Fic. 22.— Japanese Nandina.

The tall barberries in cultiva-
tion North are generally varieties
of Berberis vulgaris and the names
often indicate peculiarities of foli-
age or fruit: atropurpurea, purple- Fre, 23.— Wavy-leaved Pittosporum.
leaved ; alba, white-fruited ; lutea,
yellow-fruited ; nigra, black-fruited ; aspérma, seedless ; violacea, violet-
fruited ; dulcis, not sour ; mitis, with few thorns; etc. The low ones are
apt to be varieties of Berberis Thunbergii, which are especially valuable
for the borders of walks and drives and grow well in partial shade.

Nandina doméstica. Japanese Nanpina (22) is a reed-like upright
shrub (6-8 feet) with bare stems }4 inch in diameter and clusters of
evergreen leaves at the top ending in a cluster of small red berries the
size of peas. The compound leaves are two or three times ternate with
9 to 27 entire-edged blades. It is frequent in cultivation in southern Cali- *
fornia for the beautiful foliage and bright berries, but the bare stems are
unsightly if exposed. Among other shrubs and somewhat in the shade
it is a fine plant. With some protection hardy to Washington. The

68 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 26.— Cape Pittosporum.

flowers are insignificant; the seeds
are peculiar in that they are con-
cave on one side and convex on
the other. [Seeds and divisions. ]

Pittésporum. The Prrrospo-
RUMS are evergreen trees or shrubs
of warm regions. The leaves are
alternate but clustered in an ap-
parent whorl at the ends of the branches; the margins are in most species
entire. The regular 5-parted flowers form a cluster above the whorl of

Fie. 27.— Karo Pittosporum.

HELIANTHEMUM 69

leaves in spring. The fruit is a globular woody capsule with 2 to many
seeds. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE PITTOSPORUMS

* Flowers white or nearly so. (A.)

A. Flowers very fragrant at night, 4 inch long; leaves a rich deep
green, lanceolate, often undulated at the margin ; seeds numerous
in the }-inch pod. Wavy-Leavep Pirrosporum or Mock
Orance (23) — Pittosporum undulatum.

A. Flowers slightly yellowish with narrow petals, February, March ;
leaves silky-white when young; seeds 4. Mapras PirrosporuM
— Pittosporum tetraspérmum.

A. Flowers pure white and fragrant, } inch broad, in winter;
leaves broad towards tip and blunt, dark above, pale below
(sometimes variegated.) Common Pirrosrorum or Topira
(24) — Pittosporum Tobira.

* Flowers some shade of yellow. (B.)

B. Plants clothed with rusty hairs; leaves about 3 inches long and
half as wide; flowers 3 inch long, yellow, February to April.
Pirrosporum (25) — Pittosporum revolitum.

B. Plants smooth throughout. (C.)

C. Small tree or large shrub with weeping twigs; leaves 2-4 inches
long with hooked point. Pittosporum phillyrzoides.

C. Shrub 6 feet high; leaves broad towards tip ; flowers clustered,
greenish yellow, jasmine-scented. Care Pirrosrorum (26) —
Pittosporum viridifldrum.

* Flowers almost black and seeds black; used in California as wind-

breaks and hedges. (D.)

D. Leaves pale and glaucous below, 2-3 inches long and blunt at
tip; a pyramidal tall shrub or tree. Karo (27) —Pittosporum
crassifolium.

D. Leaves thin, dull green, 14-2 inches long and pointed at tip;
tree-like. Tawniwni— Pittosporum tenuifdlium.

Helia4nthemum. The Rockrosr — Helianthemum Chamecfstus — and
the FrosrweEep (28) — Helianthemum canadénse—are beautiful rock-
work plants with usually bright yellow flowers an inch ormore in diameter.
Some varieties have red or copper-colored blossoms and some are double.
The leaves are linear, hairy above and whitish beneath and generally
alternate except at base. The plant commonly cultivated, Helianthe-
mum Chamecistus, grows in procumbent mats less than a foot high and
the 5-petaled flowers are in nodding racemes with hairy stems. The

70 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

| Fig. 29. — Undulate-leaved
Rockrose.

Fic. 28.— Frostweed.

Fic. 30. —Cyprus Rockrose. Fic. 31.— Gum Cistus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS 71

fruit is a more or less 8-celled capsule with numerous seeds. These plants
are sometimes called Sun ‘ Rosxs’ because the flowers open only in sun-
shine and soon drop their petals. [Divisions ; seeds; twig cuttings.]

Cistus. These are also called Rockroszs. They are aromatic shrubs
having all parts covered with short or long usually glandular hairs. The

Fic. 32.— Laurel-leaved Cistus. Fie. 33.— Hairy Cistus.
\

leaves are opposite, simple, mostly evergreen and entire-edged. The
flowers are large, rose-like, white to purple and usually clustered.
The fruit is a dry many-seeded capsule splitting into 5 valves when ripe.
These plants are fully hardy only in the Gulf states and are rarely culti-
vated even there. ,

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS

* Leaves 3-ribbed. (A.)

A. Compact shrub to 2 feet; leaves narrow, rough above, hairy
below ; flowers deep rose-color, nearly 2 inches wide, 34 in a
cluster with short stalks. June to August. UNDULATE-LEAVED
RocxrosE (29) — Cistus erfspus.

A. Erect glutinous shrub to 6 feet; leaves smooth above and very
hairy below ; flowers white blotched with purple, nearly 3 inches

72 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

wide, 5-7 in a cluster. June. Cyprus Rocxkrose (30) —Cis-
tus cyprius.

A. Glutinous shrub to 4 feet; flowers with yellow center (in var.
maculatus dark crimson), 3-4 inches wide, usually solitary,
June. Gum Cistus (31) — Cistus ladanfferus.

A. Shrub to 6 feet; leaves 1-2} inches long, whitish or brownish
below ; flowers yellow-blotched, 2-3 inches wide, 3-8 in a cluster.
June to August. The hardiest species. LaureL-LEAVED CisTus
(82) — Cistus laurifolius.

* Leaves feather-veined ; flowers 14-2 inches wide. Shrub 3-4 feet;
leaves rough above and very velvety below, 1-2 inches long ;
flowers purple or red usually on long stems, 1-3 inacluster. May,
June. A variable species with many named forms. Hairy
Cistus (33) —Cistus villosus. [Seeds. ]

Hudsdnia. The Hupsonias are hardy evergreen shrubs 1 foot high
with small awl-shaped heath-like leaves. The flowers are small, yellow,

Fic. 34. — Woolly Fic. 35.— German
Hudsonia. Tamarisk.

abundant, blooming from May to July. These plants are so difficult to
keep in health that they are seldom found in cultivation, though wild
in sandy coast regions from Maine to Virginia.

KEY TO TAMARIX 73

The two species are Hpatu-Lixe Hupsonra — Hudsonia ericoides, —
with greenish leaves and the flowers on slender naked stalks, and Wootty
Hupsonra or Farse Heatuer (84) — Hudsonia tomentosa, — with whitish
leaves and nearly sessile flowers. (Layers ; twig cuttings. ]

Fic. 37.— French
Fic. 36.— African Tamarisk. Tamarisk.

Tamarix. The Tamanrisxs are beautiful shrubs with minute scale-like
leaves and clustered small usually pink flowers. They are especially
fitted for seaside planting, as the salt air and wind storms do not perma-
nently injure them. There are about ten species in cultivation so nearly
alike in foliage that there is much confusion in the names given by the
nurserymen. If the reader wishes certainly to determine the species he
will need to examine the small flowers with a magnifying glass.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

KEY TO TAMARIX, INCLUDING MYRICARIA

* Stamens 10 grown together for }to } their length. Myricdria. (A.)
A. Racemes of pink or whitish flowers in compound terminal clusters
4-6 incheslong. German TamanisxK (85) — Tamarix (Myricaria)
germanica.
A. Racemes usually simple. Danurtan Tamarisk— Tamarix (My-
ricaria) dahurica.
* Stamens not grown together or but slightly so at base, usually 4
or 5. (B.)

74 ‘ DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

B. Petals 4; racemes short on the sides of last year’s branches in

early spring. April and May.

(C.)

C. Petals spreading and wilting, persistent. Arrican TamMaRIsK

(36) — Tamarix parviflora.

C. Petals erect and dropping off. Four-anTHERED TaMARISK —

Tamarix tetrdndra.
B. Petals 5. (D.)

D. Leaves pubescent, bluish green ; flowers with deciduous petals
nearly sessile in racemes 2-3 inches long. PUBESCENT-LEAVED

Tamarisk — Tamarix h{spida.

D. Leaves smooth. (B.)

HE. Petals deciduous; shrub or small tree with whitish or pinkish
flowers, May-July (in var. indica, Lare-rFLowERING Tam-

ARIsK, Aug., Sept.).
gallica.

E. Petals persistent, wilting.

Frenco Tamarisx (37) — Tamarix

®.)

F. Racemes about 2 inches long on old branches. Japan
Tamarisk — Tamarix juniperina.
F. Flowers in terminal compound clusters. (G.)
G. Shrub or small tree with spreading or drooping branches.
Cuinese TamMAnrisk — Tamarix chinénsis.
G. Shrub 4-6 feet high with upright branches. Caspian

Tamarisk — Tamarix odessdna.

Ascyrum. Sr. Anprew’s Cross
and St. Psrer’s-wort are pretty
yellow-flowered, slightly shrubby,
summer-flowering plants sometimes
cultivated in borders. They can be
known by the calyx of 4 pieces (2
large and 2 small), 4 cross-tlike
broadly spreading petals and many
stamens. The leaves are opposite
with entire edges. Sr. Prrer’s-
wort (38)— Ascyrum stans — is the
taller growing, 2-3 feet, with larger
flowers, thicker leaves, and 3 or 4
styles. Sr. AnpREw’s Cross (39) —
Ascyrum hypericoides — is more
spreading with lighter colored smaller
flowers and 2 styles. The fruit is a
dry 1-celled many-seeded pod.

[Divisions ; seeds.]

Fic. 38.— St. Peter’s-Wort.

ASCYRUM 75

Fig. 41.— Aaron’s Beard. Fia. 42. — Kalm’s St. John’s-Wort.

76

DESCRIPTIONS OF

Fic. 45.— Bartram’s Hypericum.

THE SHRUBS

AN

Fic. 44.— Bushy St. John’s-Wort.

Fic. 46.— Shrubby St. John’s-Wort.

KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYPERICUMS 77

Hypéricum. The Sr. Jonn’s-worts are an extensive genus (200 spe-
cies) of herbs, shrubs, and trees with more or less dotted, opposite, entire-
edged leaves and showy yellow flowers with many stamens. The 5 oblique-
edged yellow petals, many stamens (frequently united into groups), and
the transparent-dotted opposite leaves are ‘the peculiarities which will

Fig. 47.— Creeping St. John’s-Wort. Fic. 48.— Small-Leaved
Hypericum.

separate these plants from all others. About a dozen species are in culti-
vation. Several species are evergreen in the North, and others additional
to these hold their leaves through the winter South. Some are trailing
plants spreading over the bare ground, others are erect shrubs 5 to 6 feet
high. They flower from July to October, but most bloom in early August
when but few flowers are seen in the shrubbery.

[Seeds ; suckers; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED
HYPERICUMS

* Stem round; leaves about evergreen ; pistil with 5 styles; flowers
golden yellow ; hardy south of New York. (A.)

A. Flowers 2-3 inches broad, petals thick and orbicular, stamens in

5 clusters, August; leaves sometimes 4 inches long; slightly

78 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

shrubby, to 24 feet high. Hooxer’s Hypericum (40) — Hy-
pericum Hookerianum.

A. Flowers 2 inches broad, stamens with reddish anthers, July, Aug. ;
branches erect with pendulous tips; 2 feet high. Goitp Flower
— Hypericum Moseridnum.

* Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 5 styles. (B.)

B. Leaves evergreen, leathery, dark above, whitish below, 24 inches
long; flowers 3 inches broad; low plant 1 foot high, tufted.
Aaron’s Bearp (41) — Hypericum calycinum.

B. Leaves about linear 1-24 inches long, bluish above ; flowers 4-1
inch broad ; shrub 2-8 feet high with contorted stems. Kaum’s
St. Joun’s-wort (42) — Hypericum Kalmianum.

B. Leaves 2-5 inches long, clasping ; flowers 1-2 inches wide; plant
2-6 feet high but not shrubby even at base. Great Sr. JoHn’s-
wort (43) — Hypericum Ascyron.

* Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 3 styles. (C.)

C. Fruit berry-like, the size of peas, violet when ripe; plant very
aromatic ; leaves ovate, 4 inches long. Sweet Amber — Hyperi-
cum Androsemum.

C. Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule; dense low shrub forming rounded
tufts; leaves 1-24 inches long, bluish; flowers 1 inch wide.
Bucxiey’s Hypericum— Hypericum Bickleyi.

C. Fruit 3-celled capsules; erect shrub 4-6 feet high; leaves lin-
ear, crowded, 1-2 inches long; flowers 4 inch wide. Busuy
Sr. Joun’s-wort (44) — Hypericum densiflérum.

* Stems, at least in the younger growth, 2-ridged or 2-winged ; pistil

with 3 styles grown more or less together. (D.)

D. Fully shrubby, 3 feet high; bark red or brown splitting off in
layers ; flowers, 14 inches broad, showy, July-Sept. (E.)

EB. Leaves somewhat leathery, oblong, 1-3 inches long, whitish
beneath ; flowers sessile 1-3 in cluster. Bartram’s Hyperi-
cum (45) — Hypericum atreum. :

B. Leaves thinner, more slender, usually pointed, 1-3 inches long,
dark glossy green. Surupsy Sr. Joun’s-wort (46) — Hyperi-
cum prolfficttm.

D. Shrubby only at base or herbaceous throughout; flowers small.
.)

F. Erect from a creeping base to 2 feet; leaves lanceolate, 1-2
inches long ; flowers about 3 inch wide. Creerine Sr. Joun’s-
wort (47) — Hypericum adpréssum.

F. Erect to 4 feet ; leaves 3-14 inches long and somewhat clasping
at base ; flowers under 4 inch wide, SmaLu-LEAVED Hyperi-
cum (48) — Hypericum opacum,

CAMELLIA 79

Caméllia. This is a genus of elegant evergreen, usually glossy-foliaged,
large-flowered plants hardy only in the Gulf states, though a few specimens

wm, Vite

‘

Wee

Ss
SS

\\

Lh

Fic. 50.— Alleghany Stuartia.

are found in well-protected positions
as far north as Washington. There
are hundreds of named varieties,
double and single, white, red, and
variegated. They have peculiar
waxy petals and, in the single forms,
many more or less united stamens.
Japan Cametiia (49) — Camellia
japénica —is the parent of most of
the varieties. The leaves are simple,
alternate, evergreen with notched
edges. Besides these species and
varieties with erect flowers cultivated
entirely for ornament, the Tra PLant
Fic. 51.— Japanese Stuartia. — Camellia théa—with nodding
: flowers is cultivated for use. In this
the flowers are much smaller, under 14 inches and single with 5 petals.
It grows to the height sometimes of 30 feet and can be successfully grown
in the Gulf states. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers; grafting. ]

80 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Studrtia. This, like the Camellias, has large flowers and united
stamens, but the foliage is deciduous and the shrubs are hardy in the
North. The alternate leaves are simple, feather-veined, with notched
edges. The flowers are white or cream-colored with usually 5 petals.

[Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] -

KEY TO THE STUARTIAS

* With purple spreading stamens and globular fruit 4 inch or more
broad; shrub 6-12 feet high blooming in May and June. Round~
FRUITED STuaRT1a — Stuartia Malachodéndron.

* With wavy-edged cream-colored petals and curved white stamens
having orange anthers, July and Aug. ; capsules 5-angled, ovate;
6-15 feet high. Arttecuany Sruartia (50) — Stuartia pentd4gyna,

* With concave orbicular petals, silky outside ; 10-50 feet high with
smooth red bark peeling off in great thin layers or flakes and acute-
tipped narrow leaves 13-3 inches long. Japanese Stuartia (51)
— Stuartia Psetido-caméllia.

Gorddnia. The Gorponias are nearly evergreen with large white
flowers having many united stamens, like the Stuartias, but the stamens

Fic. 52.— Loblolly. Fic. 53. —Franklinia.

are in five clusters on a cup of white petals. These plants are usually
trees but ai the northern border of their range (the hardiest, Gordonia

HIBISCUS

81

pubéscens, can be grown in Massachusetts) reduced to shrubs and bloom-

ing when small.

Losrouiy or Tan ‘Bar’ (62) — Gordonia Lasidnthus — has a pointed

pod and is fully evergreen with
glossy notch-edged leaves 4 to 6
inches long and pure white flowers
2} inches broad in July and August.

Frank inia (53)—Gordonia pu-
béscens— has a globular pod and
deciduous leaves which turn a bril-
liant scarlet before dropping in the
autumn. The pure white flowers
are 8 inches broad, silky outside,
blooming in September and October.

There is another plant, always
a shrub, probably belonging to this
genus, from China, CuingsE Gor-
pox1a (54) — Gordonia andémala.
This has almost sessile creamy-
white flowers 2 to 3 inches broad,
in November, and nearly entire-
edged dark evergreen oblanceolate
leaves 3 to 6 inches long.

[Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.]

Fig. 55.— Japanese Cleyera.

Fic. 54.— Chinese Gordonia.

Cleyéra ochndacea. JAPANESE
Creyera (55) is a tender shrub (6
feet high) with alternate, glossy,
evergreen, entire-edged (except at
tip) leaves pointed at both ends; the
flowers are fragrant, numerous,
creamy-white in June; the fruit are
red berries which last all winter.
Hardy in the Gulf states. There is
a variety, trfcolor, with grayish
blotchings and white and rose-colored
edgings to the foliage; the flower
has 5 sepals, 2 bracts, and 5 petals;
the berries are 2 to 3-celled.

[Seeds. ]

Hibiscus. The Rosz Martows form a large group of mainly herba-

ceous plants with large hollyhock-like flowers.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 6

The only woody species

82 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

in the North is the extensively cultivated summer-flowering SaRuBBY
ALTHEA, usually called ‘Rose or Suaron’ (56) — Hibiscus syriacus,—
with tapering-based more or less 3-lobed leaves. There are scores of
named varieties with single or double flowers of many colors, — white,
pink, red, purple, and variegated.

In southern California there is in cultivation another tall shrubby species
from Australia, GREEN Kurragone or QUEENSLAND SORREL TREE — Hibis-
cus heterophyllus, — with abundant white flowers having a deep crimson

Fic. 56.— Rose of Sharon. Fic. 57.— Swamp Rose Mallow.

center. These flowers are large, 3 to 4 inches long, with hairy calyx and
capsule. The leaves are, as the name indicates, exceedingly variable in
form: linear, lanceolate, oblong, and with a tendency to 3-lobing in the
broader forms. These leaves are 5 to 6 inches long and in some varieties
white beneath, though usually green on both sides.

Besides these two shrubby species, we include a tall swamp-growing
hardy herb, Swamp Roszt Ma.ttow (57) — Hibiscus Moschettos. It grows
8 to 7 feet high, has white or pink flowers 4 to 8 inches broad often with
a crimson center, insummer. The ovoid capsule is 1 inch long and remains
on the plant through the winter. The leaves are large, ovate, notch-edged,
sometimes slightly 3-lobed and almost velvety beneath.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

ZANTHOXYLUM 83

Fic. 58.— Northern Prickly ‘Ash.’ Fie. 59.— Chinese ‘ Pepper.’

Zanthéxylum. ‘The Prickty ‘ Asnxs’ or ToorHacHE-TREES, with
prickly pinnate leaves and pepper-like pods, are wild and frequently culti-
vated for the foliage and the small
peppery fruit. The flowers are in-
significant. The northern species
has small clusters of flowers and
fruit in the axils of the leaves,
while the southern and the Chi-
nese species have large terminal
clusters.

NortHERN Pricxiy ‘ Asu’ (58)
— Zanthoxylum americanum, —
hardy North and often cultivated,
has prickly leaves with 5 to 11 op-
posite nearly entire-edged sessile
blades 14 to 2 inches long; stems
also prickly.

Curnese ‘Pepper’ (59) — Zan-
thoxylum piperitum — has 11 to 13
somewhat notched blades } to 14
inches long and is probably hardy
in the middle states.

TooTHACHE-TREE (60) or SoutH-
ERN Prickiy ‘ Asn’ — Zanthoxy- Fic. 60. — Toothache-tree.

84 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

lum Clava-Hérculis — has 7 to 17 slightly notched nearly sessile blades
14 to 3 inches long, tree-like (often 80 feet high) and is hardy in the
iniddle states. {Seeds; suckers. ]

Ptélea trifoliata. Sarussy Trerort or Hor Tree (61) is a tall orna-
mental aromatic shrub with elm-like winged fruit in clusters and 3-bladed
alternate leaves. The small greenish flowers bloom in May and June.
The fruit soon forms and remains on the bush till winter. The leaves
when held towards the light show pinhole-like transparent dots. This is
probably the only species in general cultivation, though in the West there
are several others (a late writer, Edward L. Green, would divide them into

.,, over 50), differing in color and pubescence of foliage and in size and shape

of fruit. [Seeds ; layers. ]

Skimmia. The Sxiwmras are handsome evergreen shrubs with simple
alternate entire-edged leaves, insignificant flowers (usually of 4 petals)
and small red berries with 2 to 4 seeds
lasting over the winter. The leaves

Fic. 61.—Hop Tree. Fia. 62.— Japan Skimmia.

are transparent-dotted, as in the Hop Tree. They are not fully hardy
north of Washington. The Japan species is the taller, to 5 feet, and has
brighter colored berries, while the Chinese is smaller, 2 to 4 feet, with
more abundant dull red berries.

Japan Skiuuia (62) — Skimmia japonica— has the leaves crowded at
the ends of the branches, more or less yellowish green on both sides, 3! to

SKIMMIA 8&5

5 inches long. This species is more or less dicecious and so care must be
taken to have a stamren-bearing plant to fertilize the pistils.
Cuinese Sximmia — Skimmia Forttnei —has larger, 3} to 10 inches

Fic. 63. — Hardy Orange. Fic. 64. — European Holly.

Fic. 65.— American Holly. Fic. 66.— Japan Large-leaved Holly.

86 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

long, and greener leaves and more abundant flowers and fruit. In this
the berries are somewhat pear-shaped and about all the bushes have

both stamens and pistils.

Fic. 69.— Dahoon.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Oe,

Fic. 68.— Mountain Holly.

Citrus. The Crrrus plants in-
clude the lemons, oranges, grape
fruit, limes, etc., and, with the
exception of the 3-bladed thorny
species, Harpy ORANGE (63) — Cit-
rus trifoliata— hardy north to Phil-
adelphia, are found only in the
extreme South. The evergreen
leaves of all the species are peculiar
in that the blade (generally there
is but one) is joined to a usually
winged stem and so must be con-
sidered as compound, though with
but one spreading portion.

[Seeds ; grafting of varieties, es-
pecially of seedless forms. ]

Tex. The Horry shrubs and
trees are extremely beautiful in

THE HOLLIES 87

foliage and fruit. Of the two species with evergreen spiny-edged leaves,
the European Hotty (64) — lex Aquifoliuin, — has brighter red berries
but does not seem to thrive in our
climate; the American HoLiy
(65) — Ilex opaca, — with duller

Fic. 70.— Cassena. Fic. 71.—Inkberry.

berries, is wild throughout and frequent in cultivation. The fruit of both
remain on the plants through the winter and have extensive use in indoor

Fic. 72.—Swamp Holly. Fig. 73.— Large-leaved Holly.

88 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

decorations at Christmas time. The best of the evergreens without spiny-
edged leaves are those from Japan. The one with the largest and brightest
leaves (6 inches long and 38 to 4 inches wide) is Japan LARGE-LEAVED
Hotty (66) —Ilex latifolia ; while the one with foliage nextin size (3 to 4
inches long) is Exvire-LEaveD Hotty — Ilex integra. The small-leaved
one (about 1 inch long) is SmaLi-LEAveD Hotty — Ilex crenata.

The best of the deciduous-leaved Hollies is Rep WinTERBERRY (67) —
Tlex verticillata, — which grows about 6 feet high and has small brilliant
red berries remaining on the bare bushes in close clusters through most of
the winter. Mountain Hotiy (68) —Nemopanthus mucronata (N. fas-
cicularis) — has bright ridged red berries on stems about an inch long ;
it grows 6 to 8 feet high with ash-colored bark. All of the hollies have
alternate simple leaves. [Seeds, taking 2 years. ]

KEY TO THE HOLLIES

* Foliage evergreen. (A.)
A. Leaves with spiny-edged teeth ; trees rather than shrubs. (B.)
B. Flowers and fruit on axillary clusters on old growth. Evrorean
Hotty (64) —IJlex Aquifdlium.
B. Flowers and fruit in small axillary clusters on new growth.
AMERICAN Hotty (65) — Ilex opaca.
A. Leaves with few spines at tips and base; shrub with short
spreading branches. Cuinese Hotiy — Ilex cornitta.
A. Leaves without spiny edges, entire or slightly notched. (C.)
Cc. Fruit red; hardy only south of Washington ; shrubs or trees to
40 feet or more. (D.)

D. Leaves large, 3-7 inches long, glossy green; fruit large in
sessile clusters. Japan LaRGE-LEAvED Ho.tiy (66) — Ilex
latifolia.

D. Leaves obovate, entire-edged, 3-4 inches long; fruit large,
long-stemmed. Japan Exvire-Leavrep Hoty — Ilex integra.

D. Leaves obovate, nearly entire, 2-3 inches long; fruit small,
dull red to yellow. Danoon (69) — Ilex Cassine.

D. Leaves oval, small, 1-2 inches long; fruit on old growth
globose, small. Cassexa (70) or Yauroy — Ilex vomitoria.

C. Fruit black, nearly solitary on new growth. (E.)

E. Leaves small, crenate, smooth, 4-1} inches long ; hardy only
South. Japax SMALL-LEAVED Ho.try — Ilex crenata.

E. Leaves larger, 1-2 inches long, notched towards tips;
hardy upright shrub to 8 feet. Evercreen WINTERBERRY.
Inxperry (71) — Ilex glabra,

CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA 89

* Foliage deciduous ; fruit red or orange-red on stems } inch or less
long. (F)
F. Leaves clustered on short side spurs; berries 4 inch; hardy
shrubs or trees to 30 or 40 feet. (G.) |
G. Leaves widest beyond the middle, 14-3 inches long, dark above,
pale beneath. Swamp Hoty (72).— Ilex decfdua.
G. Leaves widest below the middle, 2-6 inches long, sharply ser-
rate, Larcgr-Leavep Horry (73) — Ilex montfcola.
F. Leaves alternate and not in clusters; berries but 4 inch or
less. (H.)
H. Berries about } inch, orange-red. SmootH WinTERBERRY —
Hex levigata.
H. Berries about } inch, bright red. Rep Winterserry (67) —
Tlex verticillata.
H. Berries about 4 inch, bright red. Japan Wuinterserry — Ilex
serrata.
* Foliage deciduous ; fruit ridged, red, on stems 1 inch or more long.
Mountain Hotty (68)—Nemopanthus mucronata (N. fascicu-
laris).

-Cyrilla racemifldra. Leatuerwoop (74) or Buack Tr-r1 is a nearly
evergreen shrub or small tree with alternate oblanceolate, entire-edged,
smooth bright green leaves, hardy
to New York but evergreen only
South. The flowers are. small,
white, 5-parted, in slender ra-

Fie. 74.— Leatherwood. Fig. 75.— Running Euonymus,

90

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

/

Fig. 78. — Japanese Spindle Tree. Fic. 79. — Erect Strawberry Bush.

EUONYMUS 91

cemes, June, July. The fruit are small, 2-celled, 2-seeded pods less than

¢ inch in diameter.

Eudnymus. The Burnine
Busnes or Srinpie Trees have
flat greenish 4- or 5-petaled flowers,

Fig. 80.— Warty Euonymus.

opposite leaves and generally 4-sided twigs.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass. ]

Fic. 81,— European Spindle Tree.
The bright two-colored

fruit, which is very ornamental in the fall, is a good characteristic

for the determination of the group
by the beginner in the study of
shrubs. These two colors are
shown when the capsule bursts
open and the bright red- or orange-
coated seeds appear.

Running Evonymus, (75) or
Srrawserry Buss — Euonymus
obovatus — has a straggling growth
2 to 5 feet high, thrives well in shady
places, and receives its name from
the rough warty: strawberry-like
look to its capsules. The Ameri-
can Burnine Bus (76) — Eudény-
mus atropurplreus—has smooth
deeply 3-4-lobed red capsules and

grows to the height of 6 to 25 feet.-

The European species differs from
the American one in that the an-

Fig. 82.— Broad-leaved Spindle Tree.

92 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

thers of the flowers are not sessile and it is not so tall-growing, 3 to 15
feet. Wincep Burning Buss (77) —Euonymus alatus—from Japan
has usually broadly ridged or winged stems. There is an evergreen spindle
tree from Japan often cultivated though not fully hardy North; of this
there are a number of varieties with white- and yellow-blotched leaves.
Most of the species bloom in June and all from May to July.

[Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE BURNING BUSHES

* Leaves evergreen, thick and glossy, 1-3 inches long. (A.)
A. Erect to 10 feet. Japanese SpinpLte Tree (78) — Euénymus
japonicus.
A. Trailing, procumbent or climbing. Crimping Evonymus —
Euonymus radicans. :
* Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.)
B. Stem broadly ridged with wing-like corky growths. WuincEep
Burnixe Busu (76)— Euonymus alatus.
B. Stem usually somewhat 4-angled but not winged. (C.)
C. Fruit rough, warty, strawberry-like. (D).
. OD. Upright shrub to 8 feet. Erecr StrawsBerry Busx (79) —
Euonymus americanus.
D. Procumbent to 1 foot. Runninc Evonymus (75) or Srraw-
BERRY Buse — Euonymus obovatus.
: C. Fruit more or less deeply 3-5-lobed. (H.)
E. Branches densely warty; erect to 6 feet. Warty Evony-
mus (80) — Ruonymus verrucdsus.
BE. Branches smooth. (F.)
F. Flowers purplish with yellow anthers ; low shrub to 2 feet
with linear leaves. Narrow-LEavep Burninc Busu —
Evonymus nanus.
F. Flowers yellowish with yellow anthers; shrub to 15
feet. (G.)
G. Clusters 3-7-flowered ; capsule deeply 4-lobed. Euro-
PEAN SPINDLE Tree (81) — Euonymus europzus.
G. Clusters more flowered ; capsule winged, large ; leaves
large, 2-4 inches long. Broap-LEAvED SPINDLE TREE
(82) — Fuonymus latifdlius.
F. Flowers purple with purple anthers. Burninc Busn (76)
or Waanoo — Euonymus atropurpireus,

RHAMNUS 93

F. Flowers yellowish or whitish with purple anthers; tall
shrub or tree to 25 feet. (H.)

H. Leaves large, —3-6 inches long and 1-2} inches broad.
SIEBOLD’s Evonyrmus — Euonymus Sieboldianus.

H. Leaves smaller, 2-5. inches long and under 1 inch
broad. Hamiztron’s Evonymus — Euonymus Hamilto-
nianus.

H. Leaves small, 2-4 inches long; fruit abundant and
large ; seeds white- or pinkish- and orange-coated.
Bunee’s Evonymus — Euonymus Bungeanus.

Rhamnus. The Buckntuorns are large shrubs or small trees some-
times cultivated for hedges and border plants. The leaves are either
alternate or opposite, the flowers minute but fragrant, and the berries
when ripe are red or black and 1- to 4-seeded. The opposite-leaved

Fic. 83. —Common Buckthorn.

forms are thorny, while the alternate-leaved ones are not. One or two
species, hardy only South, have small evergreen leaves, while most
species have larger deciduous leaves. The buckthorns do best in rather
Moist soil. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.]

94 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 85.— Black-fruited Evergreen

Fic. 84. —Red-fruited Evergreen
Buckthorn.

Buckthorn.

Fic. 87. — Alder-leaved Buckthorn.

Fic. 86.— Lebanon Buckthorn.

95

THE BUCKTHORNS

Fic. 89.— Indian ‘Cherry.’

Fic. 88.— Lance-leaved Buckthorn.

Fic. 91.—Fern-leaved Buckthorn.

Fig. 90.— Alder Buckthorn.

96

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE BUCKTHORNS

* Leaves opposite and serrate; plants usually thorny; fruit black,
inch broad. (A.)
A. Leaves broad at base, sometimes heart-shaped. Common Buck-
THORN (83) — Rhamnus cath4rtica.
A. Leaves narrowed at base. Danvurtan BuckxtHorn — Rhamnus

dahirica.
* Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds scaly ; petals 4 or
more. (B.)
B. Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; shrubs or small trees to 20
feet. (C.)
C. Twigs somewhat hairy; leaves orbicular, dentate; fruit red.
RED-FRUITED EvyrerGREEN BucxtHorn (84) — Rhamnus
erdcea,

C. Twigs smooth; leaves oval; fruit nearly black. Buacr-
FRUITED EvERGREEN Bucktuorn (85) — Rhamnus Alatér-
nus.

B. Leaves thinner and deciduous with many side-veins, 10-20
pairs ; fruit black. (D.)

D. Twigs smooth ; leaves pale green, 2-6 inches long. Mountain
Bucktruorn — Rhamnus alpina.

D. Twigs pubescent ; leaves brownish when mature, 3-9 inches
long. Lesanon Bucktuorn (86) — Rhamnus libanotica.

B. Leaves deciduous with but few side-veins, 4-9 pairs; fruit
black. (B.)

E. Wide-spreading shrub to 4 feet; fruit with 3 nutlets. ALpER-
LEAVED BucktTuorn (87)— Rhamnus alnifdlia.

B. Tall erect shrub to 8 feet ; fruit with 2 nutlets, Lancr-LEavepD
Bucxrnorn (88) — Rhamnus lanceolata.

* Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds naked, not scaly ;

petals 5. (F.)

F. Leaves thickish, nearly evergreen, 1-7 inches long; fruit red
changing to black. (G.)

G. Leaves with notched and often wavy margins. CorrrE-BERRY
— Rhamnus Purshiana.

G. Leaves about entire. Carotina BucktHorn or InpIaNn
‘Cuerry’ (89) — Rhamnus carolinidna.

F. Leaves thinner and smaller, 1-3 inches long; nutlets2. ALper
Bucxtraorn (90) — Rhamnus Fraéngula.

F. Leaves linear with undulate edge; nutlets 2. FERN-LEAVED
BrcktHorn (91) — Rhamnus Frdangula aspleniifdlia,

CEANOTHUS

Fic. 92. — New Jersey ‘Tea.

Ceandthus. The best example of this
genus is New Jersey Tra (92) — Ceanothus
americinus, —a red-rooted shrub 1-2 feet
high with alternate (opposite in some of
the species of the genus) simple leaves.
The small flowers in summer are crowded
in a dense slender-stalked cluster. The
3-lobed small capsules separate into 3 nut-
lets and remain on through the winter.
The peculiar flowers of the Ceanothus
shown enlarged at (97) are the best test of
the genus. Of the score or more American
species doubtless a number of the western
ones will be cultivated in the South, and
one at least may endure the climate in
the North. The eastern species are hardy
throughout, thrive in the shade, and are
well worthy of cultivation. The California
species grow best in sunny places.

Fic. 93.— Evergreen

97

[Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Fie. 94. — Fendler’s Ceanothus.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 7

98 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 97.— Red-stemmed Ceanothus. Fic. 98.— Velvety Ceanothus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS 99

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS

* Hardy species growing in shade 1-8 feet high; leaves alternate,

8-ribbed from base; blooming July-Sept. (A.)

A. Leaves nearly an inch wide, broadest near base. New Jrersey
Tea (92) — Ceanothus americanus.
A. Leaves } inch wide, broadest near middle. SmatLeR RED-Root
— Ceanothus ovatus.
* Pacific region species, generally hardy only South and growing best

in the sun. (B.)

B. Leaves opposite, evergreen, widest near tip, }-l inch long. (C.)

C. Flowers white in small clusters along the branches, March to
May ; tall shrub. EvErcreen Ceanotuus (93) — Ceanothus
cuneatus.

C. Flowers blue; procumbent shrub. Sprreapinc CEANOTHUS.
Ceanothus prostratus.

B. Leaves alternate, nearly evergreen, entire-edged. (D.)

D. Low prostrate spiny shrub, the only western species likely to
be hardy North. Frenpier’s Ceanotuus (94) — Ceanothus
Féndleri.

D. Tall, often spiny; flowers pale blue, April-June; leaves 1-1
inch long. Spimyy Ceanotuus (95) — Ceanothus divari-
catus.

D. Tall, not spiny; flowers blue, April-June; leaves 1-2 inches
long. ENTIRE-LEAVED CEanotuus (96) — Ceanothus inte-
gérrimus.

B. Leaves alternate, notch-edged ; tall shrubs or small trees. (H.)

B. Flowers white, May, June; leaves nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches
long; branches reddish. Rep-stemmeD CEANoTHUS (97) —
Ceanothus sanguineus.

B. Flowers white, June, July; leaves evergreen, somewhat cor-
date, hairy beneath, Vzetvery Ceanoruus (98) — Ceanothus
velitinus.

EB. Flowers blue or purplish, April, May; leaves hairy beneath.
Harry Czanotuus — Ceanothus hirsttus.

E. Flowers blue or rarely white, May-July. Buus ‘Myrrir’
— Ceanothus thyrsiflorus.

E. Flowers of many colors and under many names, the garden
hybrids... Hysrip Ceanoruus— Ceanothus hybridus,

Zizyphus. The Jusugss are shrubs or trees with small alternate 3 to
5-ribbed leaves, small greenish axillary flowers, drupe-like, usually edible

100

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

fruit. The plants are generally prickly. The most hardy species is not
fully so north of Washington.

Fic. 99.— Chinese Flowering
Chestnut.

Fic. 100. — Long-racemed Horse-
chestnut.

Common Jusupe — Zizyphus sativa—is a shrub or small tree, often

prickly, growing occasionally to the height of 30 feet.

The leaves are so

arranged along slender green stems as to look like compound pinnate

Fic. 101.— Smooth-fruited Buckeye.

ones but the flowers and fruit in
their axils prove the leaves are
simple. These leaves are from 1
to 3 inches long, dark glossy-green
above, whitish below, oblique at
base and finely notched. The fruit
is short-stalked, dark red to black,
4 to 2 inch long.

There is a species only 3 to 4 feet
high with yellow drupes, Loros
Tree — Zizyphus Lotus. This is
always very prickly and probably
not so hardy as the larger species.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings; root cut-
tings. |

XANTHOCERAS 101

Xanthocéras sorbifdlia. Xanruocrras (99) or CuinesE or FLoweRine
Cuxstnut. This is a rarely cultivated but very beautiful hardy shrub or
small tree reaching the height of
15 feet, from North China, The
alternate leaves are pinnate, 6 to

Fic. 102. — Ash-leaved Maple. Fic. 103.— Mountain Maple.

12 inches long, of 9 to 17 serrated blades 1 to 2 inches long. The
flowers are very showy in terminal and axillary racemes in May. The
individual fiowers are } inch broad
of 5 white petals having yellow or red

Fic. 104.—Striped Maple. Fig. 105.— Japan Maple.

102 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

blotches at the base. The green fruit is large, 14-24 inches long, like

the Buckeye, but splitting into three parts having in each several globular

‘ dark brown seeds 4 inch wide. It

is well adapted to solitary planting
rather than among other shrubs.

[Seeds ; root cuttings. ]

Zisculus. The MHorse-cuest-
nuts and Buckeres are mainly
ornamental trees with clusters of
large flowers and opposite decidu-
ous palmately compound leaves.
There are two or three species
shrubby in growth’and so included
here.

The one oftenest in cultivation
as a lawn plant is the Lonc-ra-
CEMED Horss-cuestnur (100) —
4Esculus parvifldra; it grows as a
broadly spreading bush 3 to 10 feet
high and has in July and August erect narrow clusters of irregular
white flowers. The fruit is large, smooth, with several large chestnut-
like seeds. The blades of the leaves are 5 to 7, nearly sessile and finely
serrate. :

Fic. 106.— Siberian Maple.

Fic. 107.— Field Maple. Fic. 108. — Montpelier Maple.

Rep or Smooru-Fruirep Buckiye (101) — Asculus Pavia — is some-
times a tree 20 feet tall but usually a shrub 2 to 10 feet high with purple
to red flowers in large loose clusters in May or June and smooth fruit.
The 5 to 7 blades of the leaf are finely serrate, short-stalked, and purplish
below. Of this species there are a number of named varieties: péndula,

ACER 103

weeping; cdrnea, flesh-colored flowers; humilis, very low shrub 2 to 4
feet high; atrosangufnea, dark red flowers; variegata, blotched leaves;
etc. [Seeds ; layers; root cuttings. ]

Acer. The Martes are generally among the tallest and most useful of
trees but a few of them are only shrubby in growth. The opposite pal-
mately lobed simple deciduous
leaves are almost universal in the
genus, but the 2-winged fruit is a

Wy
\ iF
\ Ame ae
, ee eh £
\ |
Fic. 109. — Round-leaved Maple. Fie. 110.— Tartarian Maple.

‘

better test, because there are no exceptions to this characteristic. Asu-
LEAVED Marve (102) or Box ‘ Etper ’— Acer Negtindo — has compound
leaves and is generally a small tree but is sometimes shrubby with smooth
dark green bark on the twigs.

The shrubby maples wild in America and often cultivated are: Moun-
tain Marre (103) — Acer spicatum — with 8-lobed coarsely serrated
leaves and dense upright clusters of flowers (June) and fruit; and
Srrirep Marie (104) — Acer pennsylvénicum — with greenish white-
striped bark. The leaves of the striped maple are large, 6 to 8 inches
long, with 8 finely serrated lobes. The flower-clusters are drooping, in
spring. The best, most varied and beautiful of the shrubby maples are
those of China and Japan, [Layers ; twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

104 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SHRUBBY MAPLES

* Leaves compound (pinnate) of usually 3 (3-7) irregularly notched
blades. AsH-LEAVED Mapes (102) or Box ‘Exper’ — Acer Ne-
gundo.

* Leaves compound (palmate) of 5-9 narrow, deeply-notched blades.
Varieties of Japan Maple (105) — Acer palmatum:

disséctum has green blades.
ornatum has deep red blades.
rdseo-pictum has green blades marked with white and green
spots.
atreum has yellow blades.
sangu{neum has bright red blades,
* Leaves generally 3- (rarely 5-) lobed. (A.)
A. Lobes acute at tip and fully notched. (B.)

B. Leaves 11-3} inches long with long terminal lobe. Srper1an
Map te (106) — Acer Ginnala.

B. Leaves 2}-4} inches long with coarsely serrated lobes. Mown-
TAIN Marie (103) — Acer spicatum.

B. Leaves 6-8 inches long, finely serrate ; bark green with white
lines; usually a tree. Srripep or Gooszroot Marre (104)
Moosewoop — Acer pennsylvdnicum.

A. Lobes all rounded and entire or with blunt teeth ; flower-clus-
ters erect. (C.)

C. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or the middle one slightly
8-lobed, dull green in some, varieties variegated with white
dots or blotches, 14-3} inches long; fruit broadly spreading. ©
Frevp Marte or Enciish CorkparK Mapte—(107) Acer
campéstre.

C. Leaves 3-lobed, thick and nearly evergreen, shiny above and
glaucous beneath; fruit slightly spreading. MonrTpELier
Marte (108) — Acer monspessulanum,

* Leaves rounded, vine-like with 7~11 short, pointed, doubly serrated
lobes. Vine Marries. (D.)

D. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth, Rounp-LEaveD MapLe
(109) — Acer circinatum.

D. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. Japan VINE
Marie — Acer japonicum.

* Leaves rounded and deeply 5-11-lobed, the lobes pointed and doubly
serrated. (E.)

EB. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth, Jaran Mapie (105) — Acer
palmatum,

STAPHYLEA 105

E. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. Parson’s Jaran
Marie — Acer japonicum Parsonsi.

* Leaves radiate-veined but margin without distinct lobes; usually a
tree. TaARTARIAN Maple
(110) — Acer tatdricum.

* Leaves feather-straight-veined ;
usually a tree. Hornpeam
Marve — Acer carpinifolium.

Staphyléa. The Burapper Norts
are shrubs with usually 3-(3-7-)
bladed compound opposite decidu-
ous leaves and swollen bladder-like
fruit. They have handsome light
colored bright green leaves and white
or greenish flowers in spring. They
are good plants for the shrubbery
and do best in somewhat moist rich
soil and grow well in partial shade.
The parts of the flowers are separate
and have 6 sepals, 5 petals, and 5
stamens. The fruit is a 2- or 8-celled
inflated pod with 1 to few rather
large bony seeds in each cell.

[Seeds ; layers ; suckers.]

Fic. 112.— European Bladder Nut. Fie. 113.— Caucasus Bladder Nut.

106 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STAPHYLEA

* Leaves with 3 blades. (A.)

A. All the blades short-stalked with serrate awned edges 13-2}
inches long; fruit 2-lobed and flattened, about an inch long;
small shrub to 6 feet, from Japan. Japan Biapper Nur—
Staphylea Bumalda.

A. End blade long-stalked, all finely serrated; upright shrub with
stout branches 6-15 feet high ; pod 13-2 inches long. AMERICAN
BuiappER Nut (111) — Staphylea trifdlia.

A. Similar to the last but the blades smoother and nearly orbicular ;
fruit larger, —2-5 inches long. CaLirornia BLrappER Nut—
Staphylea Bolanderi.

* Leaves with 3-7 blades. (B.)

B. Cluster of flowers narrow and raceme-like and pendulous; up-
right shrub sometimes tree-like, 6-15 feet high; bladder about
an inch long. European BuiappEerR Nut (112) —Staphylea
pinnata.

B. Cluster broad, upright or somewhat nodding; blades 3-5; blad-
der 1-2 inches long. Caucasus BLappEer Nor (113) — Staphy-
lea célchica.

Fig. 114.— Staghorn Sumach. Fig. 115.— Mountain Sumach.

RHUS 107

Rhis.

The Sumacus are a large group (100 species) of interesting

plants of mainly rather small tree-like growth generally 15 feet or less

high and so may be considered as
shrubs. Most species have alter-
nate pinnate leaves and large clus-
ters of small berry-like drupes
which remain on the plants through
the winter; these are often of
bright red or purple color. The
flowers are small and inconspicu-
ous and the sap often milky.

The tallest species, SracHorn.
Sumacu (114) — Rhus typhina, —
grows 10 to 30 feet high and has
velvety-hairy stems. The crimson-
hairy fruit is very conspicuous, ter-
minating all stems. The leaves
have 11 to 81 smooth notched
blades (in var. laciniata they are
so deeply notched as to make
them twice-pinnate).

Three species have the stalk be-

ohing bias
Gee 9 8h ee
Coe,

Fie. 116. —Elm-leaved Sumach.

tween the blades broadly margined or winged. The one with entire

Fig. 117. — Fragrant Sumach.

Fia. 118.— Poison ‘Ivy.’

108 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

<a
Law

Mipicak\ 7):
ag] oe

Fic. 121.—Cut-leaved Sumach. Fic. 122.— Fern-leaved Sumach.

KEY TO THE SUMACHS 109

blades is Mountain Sumacu (115) — Rhus copallina ; with finely toothed
blades, Japan Sumacu— Rhus semialata and var. Osbéckii ; with coarsely
toothed blades, European or ELM-Leavep Sumac (116) — Rhus Coriaria,

The smallest species with only 3 aromatic blades is the Fragrant
Sumacu (117) — Rhus canadénsis
or aromatica.

Besides these with compound
leaves there are two species with

Fie. 123. -- Smoke Bush. Fig. 124.— Evergreen Sumach.

simple rounded leaves, sometimes placed in a separate genus, Cotinus.
These are called Smoxe-rREES because of the delicate feathery growths
which form after the flowers in early summer.

The above are nearly all in general cultivation and about all that can
be safely cultivated, as several of the others are very-poisonous to the
touch to many people. Most of the sumachs have brilliant red and yellow
colors in their autumn foliage. [Seeds; suckers ; layers; root cuttings.]

KEY TO THE SUMACHS

* Leaves deciduous, compound of 3 blades. (A.)
A. Berries bright red; blades crenate, sometimes lobed, aromatic.
Fracrant Sumacu (117) — Rhus canadéns'‘s (R. aromatica).
A. Berries gray ; plant very poisonous, usually climbing by rootlets:
When erect, Poison ‘Oak’; when climbing, Poison ‘Ivy’ (118)
— Rhus Toxicodéndron.

110 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

* Leaves deciduous, composed of many (7-31) blades (or twice-pin-
nate). (B.)
B. Stem of leaves winged between the blades; fruit red. (C.)
C. Blades (9-21) about entire, smooth above; berries hairy.
Mountain Sumacu (115) — Rhus copallina,
C. Blades (9-21) finely toothed, brown-hairy beneath. Jaran
Sumacu — Rhus semialata (R. Osbéckii).
C. Blades (11-15) coarsely toothed, leaf-stem hairy. European
or ELM-LEAVED Sumacu (116) — Rhus Coriaria.
B. Stem of leaves without wings between the blades. (D.)
D. Blades (7-15) without notches, smooth on both sides; berries
white ; plants very poisonous to the touch. (E.) 7

E. Berries small, pea-like; in moist ground. Potson Sumacu
(119) — Rhus Vérnix (R. venenata).

HE. Berries large—cherry-like; from Asia. Lac Sumacu
— Rhus succedanea.

D. Blades (11-13) sharply serrate; not poisonous; berries red ;
stem smooth. (F.)

F. Blades regularly serrate ; shrub to 15 feet. SmoorH Sumacu
(120) — Rhus glabra.

F. Blades deeply and irregularly cut; shrub to 8 feet. Cur-
LEAVED Sumacu (121) — Rhus glabra laciniata.

D. Blades hairy beneath ; berries red. (G.)

G. Stem velvety-hairy ; tall, 10-30 feet. (H.)

H. Blades (11-31) regularly notched. Stacuorn Sumacn
(114) — Rhus typhina (R. hirta).

H. Blades deeply and irregularly cut. Frrn-LEAVED SumacH
(122) — Rhus typhina laciniata.

G. Stem less velvety; blades 9-13; low, nearly procumbent ;
poisonous; fruit red; southern. Dwarr Sumacu— Rhus
pumila.

G. Stem slightly hairy when young ; tree-like, 20-380 feet high;
hardy only South; very poisonous; from Japan. VaRNIsH
or Lacquer Trere — Rhus vernicffera.

* Leaves deciduous, simple, rounded at tip; fruit generally abortive
and plume- or smoke-like, Cétinus. (1.)
I. 10-15 feet high. Smoxe Busu (123) or Veniczx Sumacn — Rhus
Cétinus (Cotinus Cétinus).
I. 20-40 feet high. Wuiip Smoxe-tree or Cuittam Woop — Rhus
Cotinoides (Cotinus Cotinoides).
* Leaves evergreen, usually simple (occasionally with 3 blades), entire-
edged ; low, 2-8 feet high ; hardy only in the extreme South; from
California. (J.)

SOPHORA 111

J. Small, slightly hairy leaves. Evercreen Sumacu (124) — Rhus
integrifdlia.
J. Larger and smoother leaves. Rhus ovata.

Sophdra. The Sornoras form a rather large group of evergreen and
deciduous trees, shrubs, and herbs, but few of them are in cultivation in
America. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, and in the different species
range in number of blades from 5 to over 50. The clustered white, pinkish,
purplish, or yellow pea-like flowers are in most species Jess than an inch
long, but in one of the evergreen species are nearly 2 incheslong. The fruit

Fic. 125.— Japan Pagoda Tree. Fic. 126.— Coral Bean.

is a jointed pod, resembling a string of beads with a globular seed in each
joint. The evergreen species can be grown only in the Gulf states and
southern California. The commonest species in cultivation, Japan Pacopa
Tree (125) —Sophora japénica — is a slow-growing, generally shrubby
plant with 11 to 21 oblong blades. The bark of the young twigs is green.
The cream-white clustered flowers bloom in the late summer. This some-
times grows to the height of 50 feet.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers].

112 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SOPHORAS IN CULTIVATION

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound clusters (panicles),

in late summer. (A.)

A. Leaves of 5-21 blades 1-2 inches long; flowers yellowish white
4 inch long in loose clusters 10-15 inches long ; shrub or tree to
50 feet. Javan Pacopa Tree (125) — Sophora japénica.

A. Leaves of 11-17 blades 2-3} inches long; flowers white, over
4 inch long; pod 1-5-seeded and flattened ; tree. FLat-poppep
Pacopa Tree — Sophora platyc4rpa.

* Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; flowers in early spring. (B.)

B. Flowers violet in terminal racemes, very fragrant ; the 3-4 seeds
bright scarlet in white hairy pods 1-7 inches long and 4-3 inch
thick; small tree or shrub with slender trunk and upright
branches; blades 7-18, leathery, 4 inch long. Corat Bran
(126) — Sophora secundiflora,

B. Flowers yellow in axillary racemes. (C.)

C. Pod 4-winged, 7 inches long ; blades of the leaves very numer-
ous, nearly orbicular, 1-} inch long; racemes pendulous of 2-8
flowers 1} inches long. Priv Tree — Sophora tetréptera.

C. Pod rounded and not winged, 1-4-seeded ; blades 21-45, 3-1
inch long; flowers 3-1 inch long in short racemes; entire
plant densely hairy, Larcre-rruirep SorHora — Sophora
macrocarpa.

Fig. 127.— Furze. Fic. 128.— Scotch Broom.

CYTISUS 113

Ulex europeus. Furze (127) or Gorse is a leafless thorny plant
(2-5 feet), with large, $ inch, fragrant yellow pea-like flowers in the
axils of the upper thorns, cultivated for the
showy flowers which bloom April to June

Fic. 129.— Dyer’s Greenweed. Fic. 130.— Hairy Broom.

and frequently again in September and October ; oblong pod } inch long.
It is especially suited for seaside planting and grows best in sandy or
gravelly soil. The green twigs are striped. There are other species of
the genus, much less hardy, which might be cultivated South.
(See key, to this and the following two genera, after Gen{sta.)
[Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

Cytisus. The Brooms are a large group (45 species) of more or less
leafless shrubs with large yellow, white, or purple pea-like flowers and
elongated pea-like pods. The leaves, if enlarged and complete, are
38-bladed and alternate but are often reduced to a single blade or almost
absent. Most of the species bloom in May and June. The commonest
in America is Scorca Broom (128)— Cytisus scoparius — 6 to 10 feet high
with erect slender angular green branches and leaf-blades } to 4 inch -
long. The flowers, $ inch long, are usually yellow with more or less of a
crimson tinge. The pods are nearly black with hairy edges, 1-2 inches
long, containing several seeds and ending in a slender coiled tip. (See
key after next genus.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.]

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 8

114

Fic. 132.—Florists’ Genista.

« Genfsta.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

The true Genistas (flo-
rists’ Genistas are usually Cytisus)
have pea-like yellow flowers and few
alternate simple entire-edged leaves.
The calyx-lobes are longer and more
slender in true Genistas and the pods
are shorter.

While neither genus is fully hardy
North, and while both contain a num-
ber of species which might be worth
cultivating, very few are in cultiva-
tion.

The only one needing description
is probably Woap-waxen or Dyer’s
GREENWEED (129) —Genista tinctoria
an erect shrub to 3 feet with yellow
flowers along the tips of the branches in
early summer.

[Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ]

Be

Fic. 133.— Narrow-bladed Cytisus. °

KEY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE 115

KEY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE IN CULTIVA-
TION, INCLUDING THOSE IN HOTHOUSES
NORTH OR IN THE OPEN SOUTH

* Flowers along the sides of branches not in decided clusters, either
solitary or 2or3inacluster. (A.)

A. Flowers yellow; leaves deciduous. (B.)

B. Pods hairy on the margins, smooth on the sides, 1-2 inches
long; branches angled; erect, 5-10 feet. Scotcuo Broom
(128) — Cytisus scoparius.

B. Pods hairy all over, 1 inch long; branches round; blades of
leaves hairy, 4-3 inch long. Hairy Broom (180) — Cytisus
hirsitus.

A. Flowers white; tender North. (C.)

C. Branches slender but not thread-like, grooved ; erect, to 3 feet.
PortucaL Broom — Cytisus albus.

C. Branches thread-like and angulate — Cytisus fflipes.

C. Branches long, slender, pubescent, round, not angulate or
grooved ; shrub to 12 feet; leaves all 3-bladed. Proiirerous
Lazsournum or TacGasastr — Cytisus prolfferus.

A. Flowers pink to purple ; procumbent shrub frequently grafted on
an erect stem to form a weeping plant; tender North. Puree
Cytisus (131) — Cytisus purptreus.

* Flowers in rounded terminal heads, yellow or brownish when fad-
ing, nearly-1 inch long, July, August; pod hairy, 1-14 inches long;
branches round and hairy; blades 3-1 inch long; hardy to Wash-
ington. CLusTeR-FLOWERED Lanurnum — Cytisus capitatus.

* Flowers yellow in elongated terminal clusters. (D.)

D. Leaves evergreen; branches grooved; hardy only South. (B.)

E. Blades widening towards tip, wedge-shaped. (F.)

F. Blades }-3 inch long, pubescent beneath. Cytisus cdndicans.

F. Blades +4 inch long, scabby beneath. Cytisus maderénsis.

F. Blades 3-3 inch long, pubescent on both sides; flowers in
one-sided clusters. (G.)

G. Racemes shortened; blades usually under 4 inch long
(the Genf{sta of florists). YELLow or Fiorists’ GENISTA
(132).— Cytisus canariénsis.

G. Racemes longer, 3-5 inches long; blades usually over
4 inch long. A hybrid of garden origin and better than
the last. Racrmep Cytisus — Cytisus racemdsus,

H. Blades linear, }-1 inch long with rolled edges; to3 feet. Nar-
ROW-BLADED Cytisus (183) — Cytisus linifolius.

116 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

D. Leaves deciduous, blades 4-1 inch long; branches round, pubes-
cent ; racemes slender, —3-8 inches long, June, July ; hardy to
middle states. Briack-rooTrep Broom — Cytisus nigricans.

D. Leaves deciduous of one lanceolate blade; branches grooved,
green; flowers small, in early summer ; plant 1-2 feet. Wun or
Dyer’s GREENWEED (129) — Genista tinctoria,

D. Leaves almost entirely absent, found only on vigorous shoots
near the ground ; very spiny and rigid shrub; flowers fragrant,
2 inch long; calyx 2-lobed. Furze or Gorse (127) — Ulex
europzus.

Labirnum. The Goipen Cuarns are rather trees than shrubs but in
the North they are apt to. grow somewhat bushy. They receive their

Y

o\{
PEE
SORA [O,

\ 4 RAS \\ VY f
RSS rf VERS |
RCUNNG Sj, Ne
WZ My GA Y \

Fig. 134.— Scotch Laburnum. Fig. 135. — Golden Chain.

common name from the slender drooping clusters of large, generally yel-
low, pea-like flowers in late spring. The leaves are compound of 3 oblong
usually entire-edged blades. The pods (2 inches long) are hairy with one
thick edge and black or brown seeds. The tallest of these plants is the
Scotcu Lasurnum (134)—Laburnum alpinum, — which grows occasionally
to the height of 30 feet with late flowers (June) and brown seeds.
The commonest species in cultivation is GoLpeN Cuarn or Bean TREE
(135)— Laburnum vulgare, — which grows to the height occasionally of 20

AMORPHA . 117

feet and has many garden varieties. One of these varieties has yellow
foliage, atreum; another, curled foliage, bullatum; another, lobed

Fie. 136.— Adam's Laburnum.

blades, quercifdlium; weeping, péndulum; small narrow blades,
Carliéri; and crowded leaves, sessilifolium. (The last-named is supposed
to be a graft hybrid.) (Seeds ; layers.]

KEY TO THE LABURNUMS

* Flowers yellow, large (2 inch long), in silky-hairy racemes 4-8 inches
Jong; pod 2 inches long, hairy ; seeds hairy. Go.tpen Cuain or
Bean Tree (135) — Laburnum vulgare.

* Flowers smaller in longer and more slender racemes; pod thin with
one edge winged ; seeds brown. Scotcn Lasurnum (184) — La-
burnum alpinum.

* Flowers somewhat purplish, rarely pure yellow. Apam’s LasurnuM
(186) — Laburnum Adami.

Amérpha. The Amorrnas are handsome hardy deciduous shrubs
with alternate many-bladed pinnate leaves, purple or blue (rarely white)
flowers in erect terminal clusters and short (4 inch or less) 1- or 2-seeded
pods, There is a tall species, 5-20 feet, Fatse or Bastarp Inpico

!

118. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

eo) SY Cee
“ Ni V) z
SS aaee 1) SQ f
oe ey p
‘ aad ; ly \
ts eS i 2 nf ~o yf
\ Nv é iP XY f

eS

Oy

Fig. 137.— Bastard Indigo. Fic. 1°8.— Bastard Indigo (in fruit)

Fie. 139.— Downy Amorpha. Fic. 140.— Chinese Indigo.

ROBINIA 119

(187) (138) —Amorpha fruticdsa— with 11- to 25-bladed leaves and violet-
purple flowers, May to July ; and a low bush, 1-3 feet high, Luap PLant or
Downy Amorpua (139) — Amorpha canéscens — with 15 to 51 lead-colored
blades, bright blue flowers (July, August) and whitish branches. A species
only slightly shrubby at base, Dware Inpico— Amorpha herbacea — is
grayish-hairy all over with crowded leaves, growing to the height of 2
to 4 feet ; the blades are numerous, 11-87, with black glands on the under
side ; it blooms in spring with white or purple flowers.

Besides these three, the common ones in cultivation, there are sev-
eral others which may be found in the South. They can all be recognized
by the peculiar lopsided flowers of but one petal in terminal spike-like
clusters, 10 exserted stamens united at base, and the short 1- to 2-seeded
pods. The blades of the leaves, if held to the light, are seen to be dotted.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers ; suckers. ]

Indigéfera. The Inpico plants are shrubs or herbs mainly cultivated
for use rather than ornament but a few shrubby species are, in the South,
raised for their beauty. The flowers are small, pea-shaped, in axillary
racemes and the fruit are elongated pods. The leaves are odd-pinnate
with 7 to 21 blades. [Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL INDIGOFERAS

* Clusters of flowers longer than the leaves, rosy-red. (A.)

A. Weak-growing alinost climbing shrub with 13-17 sharp-pointed
blades to the leaves; slender stems red-tinged. CuinEsE Inpico
(140) — Indigofera décora.

A. Erect-growing with 17-21 broader and blunter blades to the
leaves. Indigofera macréstachys.

* Clusters of flowers not longer than the leaves. Smooth erect shrub
with 9-17 oblong to rounded blades to the leaves. AUSTRALIAN
Iypvico — Indigofera australis.

Robinia. The Locusts are generally tall trees, a few species are always
shrubs, and one is a busby tree. All have beautiful clustered pea-shaped
flowers, odd-pinnate alternate leaves and pea-shaped pods. BristLy
Locust or Rose ‘ Acacia’ (141) — Robinia hispida — grows 2 to 8 feet high
with bristly-hairy twigs and leaves, beautiful large rose-colored flowers
(May to July), and 9-to 13-bladed leaves, CLammy Locust — Robinia vis-
cosa — is a small tree, 10 to 30 feet, with sticky stems, leaf-stalks, and
pods. The blades of the leaf range from 11 to 27; the flowers are pink
or rose-colored in racemes 2 to 4 inches long of 6 to 15 flowers; the flat

120 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fie. 141. — Rose ‘Acacia.’ Fig. 142.— Western Locust.

pods are 2 to 3 inches long and 2 to7-seeded. Wustern Locusr (142) —
Robinia neo-mexicana — isa prickly shrub 5 or 6 feet high with rose-colored
flowers and twigs covered with
glandular, but not gummy, hairs;
this has two stout prickles at the
bases of the leaves, like the common
locust.

Fic. 143.— Siberian Pea Tree. * Fic, 144.—Small-bladed Pea Tree.

ROBINIA 121

Besides these three species, which are the common shrubby forms in
cultivation, there are a number found in the South which will doubtless
soon be tried and may prove desirable. ‘The smallest of these is Robinia
nana, which grows only to the height of a
foot or two with almost an unbranched
stem and purple flowers 3 inch long with
white markings.

[Seeds ; suckers; twig cuttings. ]

Fig. 146.— Chinese Caragana.

W

Fic. 147. — Dwarf Caragana. Fic. 148. — Large-flowered Caragana,

122 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Caragana. The Pea Trees are generally shrubby in growth and can
be most readily known by the even number of blades to the pinnate leaves,
yellow flowers, and linear pods. There is but one species which is tall
enough to be considered a tree. This isthe Srsertan Pea TREE (143) —
Caragana arboréscens, — which may grow to the height of 20 feet, but is
usually bushy ; it has 8- to 12-bladed leaves, yellow flowers % inch long
(May, June), and cylindric pods; there is a weeping variety of this, péndula.
SMALL-BLADED Pea TREE (144) — Caragana microphylla — grows 4 to
6 feet high, has 12 to 18 very small blades (}-3 inch) to the leaves
and flat pods. The remaining species have but 4 blades to the leaves;
of these one from Siberia (6-10 feet high) has the blades so close together
as to appear like a ‘four-leaved clover’; three species have persistent
spines at the tips of the 4-bladed leaves and are less than 5 feet high.

[Seeds (soaked in warm water) ; root cuttings ; layers.]

KEY TO THE PEA TREES

* Blades 8-12, 34-1 inch long; flowers yellow, 3 inch long, 2 to 4 ina
cluster (May, June) ; 10-20feethigh. Siperian Pea TREE (148)
— Caragana arboréscens.
* Blades 12-18, 4-1 inch long; flowers yellow, $ inch long, 1 to 2 ina
cluster; shrub 4-6 feet high. Smaii-BLapED Pra TREE (144)
— Caragana microphylla.
* Blades 2-4. (A.)
A. Blades 4, like a 4-bladed clover leaf, without spines; 6-10 feet.
Tat Caracana (145) — Caragana frutéscens.
A. Leaves spiny-tipped ; shrub 1-4 feet. (B.)
B. Blades in two somewhat distant pairs; flowers reddish yellow,
1iinch long. Cainese Caracana (146) — Caragana Chamlagu.
B. Blades together. (C.)
C. Flowers golden, $ inch long. Dwarr Caracana (147)
— Caragana pygmea.
C. Flowers 14 inch long. LarcE-FLOWwERED Caracana (148)
— Caragana grandiflora.

Halimodéndron argénteum. Sarr Busn (149) is a hardy deciduous
shrub 4 to 10 feet high with whitish spiny branches, rosy-purplish pea-
shaped flowers and compound, usually 4-bladed leaves with stinging
spines at their tips. The flowers, nearly an inch long, are in axillary
clusters in May to July. The brown inflated pods 6 to 7 inches long are
ripe in September. The blades of the leaves are rather narrow near the
tips. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ]

COLUTEA 123

Colitea. The Biapprer Sennas are deciduous shrubs with alternate
odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are pea-like, yellow to brownish red,

Fic. 149.— Salt Bush. Fic. 150.— Tall Colutea.

in axillary clusters June to September. The fruit is an inflated bladder-
like many-seeded pod. These plants are not fully hardy north of New
Jersey. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

*

Fic. 151.— Orange Flowered Colutea.

124 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE CULTIVATED COLUTEAS

* Flowers lemon-yellow, $ inch long, 3-8 in a cluster ; shrub to 15 feet;
leaves with 9-13 dull green blades 3-1 inch long. Tait CoLurea
(150) — Colutea arboréscens.

* Flowers orange to brownish, 3-6 in a cluster. (A.)

A. Pod closed at tip. OraNnGE-FLOWERED CoLutea (151) —Colutea
media,
A. Pod open at tip. Orrentat Cotutea — Colutea orientalis.

Lespedéza. The LzespepEezas or Busn ‘Covers’ are mainly herba-
ceous, but one species in cultivation is shrubby, and two others have a
shrubby appearance as used in borders. These three species are exten-
sively cultivated for their flowers and are practically hardy to Massa-

Fra. 152.— Shrubby Bush ‘Clover.’. Fic. 153.— Siebold’s Bush ‘ Clover.’

chusetts. The Lespedezas have alternate 3-bladed leaves, the end blade
at some distance from the side blades. The pea-shaped flowers in these
species are purple (or white) in axillary racemes. The upper parts
of these plants show much smaller leaves than the lower and this gives
them the peculiar bush-clover look. {Divisions. ]

CORONILLA 125

KEY TO THE MORE SHRUBBY LESPEDEZAS

* Shrubby with slender branches, 5-10 feet ; blooming in July, with
slightly hairy pods } inch long; blades of leaves rounded. SurussBy
Busu ‘Ciover’ (152) — Lespedeza bicolor.

* Herbaceous with angular brown branches and flowers 3 inch
long. (A.)

A. Blooming in September with rose-purple flowers ; blades of leaves
elongated. Siespotp’s Busy ‘Ciover’ (153) — Lespedeza
Siéboldi.

A. Blooming late in September with large white flowers ; blades of
leaves broader and less pointed. Japanese Busy ‘CLOVER’
— Lespedeza japonica.

Coronilla. The Coroniiyas are shrubs or herbs with odd-pinnate
leaves and purple or yellow pea-shaped flowers in rounded clusters, like
the clovers but larger and with fewer blossoms.

Scorrion ‘Senna’ (154) —Coronilla Eimerus — is a dense shrub 4 to

Fig. 154. — Scorpion ‘Senna,’ Fic. 155. -— Glaucous Scorpion
‘Senna.’

6 feet high, hardy only South. Leaves deep glossy-green (evergreen
South), of 5 to 7 blades broadest near their tips; flowers in clusters of
about three, large, yellow tipped with red, May to June. ;

1126 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fia. 158. — European Redbud. Fic, 159.— White-flowered
Bauhinia.

CERCIS 127

C

Guaucous Scorpion ‘Senna’ (155) — Coronilla glatca— is a smooth
shrub 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves whitish with a bloom of 5 to 7 blunt blades ;

flowers 7 to 8 in an open cluster, yel-
low, fragrant in the daytime but not
at night, blooming through the year in
southern California. .

[Fresh seeds; twig cuttings; divi-
sions. ]

Fic. 161. — Green-and-white
Bauhinia. é
spring

Y |

Fig. 160. — Purple-flowered
Bauhinia.

Cércis. The Repsups or Jupas Trees
are beautiful flowering shrubs with large
heart-shaped simple alternate leaves ;
pea-shaped purple or red flowers in early

close clustered along the old

branches and flat pea-like pods 2 to 5 inches long, in summer.

AMERICAN Repgup (156) —Cer-
cis canadénsis — is a very ornamen-
tal shrub or small tree, to 40 feet,
with rosy-pink flowers 4 inch long
and rather broad pods 24 to 3}
inches long.

CurnEse REpBup (157) — Cercis
chinénsis — has purplish flowers,
longer and narrower pods, and
grows, under good conditions, even
taller than the above.

Cauirornia RepDsup—Cercis-
occidentalis—is never more than a —
shrub, to 15 feet, has rose-colored
flowers, blunt-tipped leaves about
2 inches wide and pods only 2 to
24 inches long.

Fig. 162. — Red-flowered Bauhinia.

128 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Evropeay Repgcp (158) —Cercis Siliqudstrum — grows to the height
of 40 feet and has large leaves deeply heart-shaped at base (3-5 inches
wide), large purplish rose (rarely white) flowers } inch long and pods
38 to 4 inches long. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ]

Bauhinia. The Bavarnias or Mountain Exony plants are tropic
trees, shrubs, and vines (200 species), and can be easily recognized by the
peculiar 2-lobed leaves of all the species in cultivation in this country.
Between these lobes there may generally be found an awn or bristle.
The flowers are very showy and of good size, ranging in color from white
to purple. The fruit is a pea-like pod. (The species given do not include
climbers.) All have their leaves split less than half their length. They
are hardy only far south but are cultivated north in hothouses and planted
out in summer. [Seeds.]

KEY TO THE BAUHINIAS

* Leaves 4-ribbed. (A.)

A. Shrub 5-6 feet high; flowers pure white, 2-3 inches broad,
May-Sept. Wuitrm-rLowERED Bauuinia (159) — Bauhinia
acuminata.

A. Shrub 6-20 feet high; flowers of many colors and variegated,
8-5 inches broad; pod a foot long. PuRPLE-FLOWERED Bau-
ninta (160) — Bauhinia purptrea.

* Leaves 5-ribbed. (B.)

B. Flowers white beautifully veined with green, Feb.—May ; shrub
to 12 feet. GREEN-AND-wHITE Bavninia (161) — Bauhinia
variegata candida.

B. Flowers large (4 inches), rosy-colored distinctly veined with
darker; pod 1-2 feet long; generally tree-like, 6-20 feet.
VARIEGATED-FLOWERED Bauninta — Bauhinia variegata,

* Leaves 7-ribbed ; petals alike, 1-1} inches long, brick-red ; pod 3-5
inches long; somewhat climbing. RED-FLOWERED Bavuainia
(162) — Bauhinia Gdlpini.

CAssia. The Senwas include several hundred species of herbs, shrubs,
and trees with showy (mainly yellow) flowers; stalked, usually flat,
many-seeded pods. Only a few are in cultivation. The leaves are alter-
nate on the stem and compound with an even number of blades. The
flowers have 5 spreading nearly equal petals. The plants need a sunny
position. . [Divisions ; seeds.?

CAISALPINIA 129

Fie. 163. — Australian Senna. Fic. 164. ——- Corymbed Senna.

KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL SENNAS

* Herbaceous but shrub-like in appearance, sometimes cultivated.
Hardy. Leaves light green of 8-18 blades; flowers in axillary
clusters near the tips of branches; pods linear, flat, curved, 3-4
inches long. Good for damp places. WuiLp Senna — Cassia mary-
landica.

* Shrubs, hardy only far South. (A.)

A. 6-10 feet high ; leaves with 12-20 narrow pointed blades ; Clus-
ters of narrow flowers shorter than the leaves, pods thin. Avs-
TRALIAN Senna (163) — Cassia Sophora.

A. 4-10 feet high; leaves with 6 somewhat curved blunt blades.
CorymBepb Senna (164) — Cassia corymbdsa.

A. Tree-like shrub with soft gray hairs all over; leaves with 6-8

narrow linear blades; flowers deep yellow. Good for dry locali-
ties. ARTEMISIA-LEAVED Cassia — Cassia artemesioides.

Cesalpinia. The Brasiterro shrubs and trees are tropic. Leaves
abruptly twice-pinnate ; flowers with 5 stalked petals and 10 very long
and bright colored stamens ; the fruit is a pod. Most of the species in cul-
tivation in this country are hardy only in Florida and southern California,
The most hardy species, Japan Czxsatpinia (165) — Cesalpinia japonica,

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 9

130 * DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 165. — Japan Cesalpinia. Fia. 166. — Gillies’ Cesalpinia.

— is probably hardy in southern Virginia, and one, GitLrEs’ CsaLPrn1a
(166) — Cesalpinia Gilliesii, —is hardy in the Gulf states.
[Seeds, well soaked in warm water. ]

Fic. 167.— Barbadoes Pride.

ALBIZZIA : 131

>

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHSALPINIA

*Stamens and style red and very long, extending far beyond the
petals, (A.)

A. Sepals hairy-fringed ; plant without spines or prickles. Gi_utzs’
Casatpinia or La Piatra Pornciana (166) — Cesalpinia Gil-
liesii.

A. Plant with few scattered prickles and crisped yellow petals;
evergreen. Barpapors Pripe (167) or Dwarr Poinciana
— Cesalpinia pulchérrima.

* Stamens not especially long or much exserted beyond the petals. (B.)

B. Plant without prickles; blades of the leaves }-1 inch long and
blunt ; flowers yellow and showy. Czsalpinia panndsa.

B. Plant with prickles or thorns. (C.) :

’ C. Pod smooth ; stamens red; petals canary-yellow; prickles re-

curved. The hardiest species.

— Cesalpinia japdénica.

C. Pod prickly with 7 black seeds ; blades of leaves ‘1-8 inches
long ; flowers white and purple.

Albizzia. The Acegizzias, frequently though

Mimosa Trees, are tropic trees (25
species) with only one species,
Mimosa Trex (168) — Albizzia julib-
rfssin, — hardy enough to thrive in
the middle states. This has alter-
nate leaves, twice-abruptly-pinnate,
with 400-1500 small blades. These
blades are entire-edged and lopsided,
the midrib being near the upper edge.
The pinkish flowers are feathery or
silky, in summer, and the flat pods
are 5 or 6 inches long. This beauti-
ful small tree can be grown in pro-
tected places north to New York
city. Its remarkable foliage makes
it a very interesting plant where it
can be grown. Itis very late in start-
ing growth in the. spring, July in
the middle states, and continues
putting out new leaves till after severe
frosts, even till most other deciduous
trees and shrubs have dropped their
' foliage.

JAPAN Casaupinia (165)

Cesalpinia Minax.

Fie.

168. — Mimosa Tree.

improperly called

132 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

In the southern range of states there are a number of other species in
cultivation, most of them trees. They can all be known by the numerous
oblique blades on the abruptly twice-pinnate leaves.

[Fresh seeds, soaked in hot water.]

Fic. 169.— Evergreen Albizzia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALBIZZIA

* Hardy to New York with protection ; blades of leaves 500 or more, }
inch long and oblique ; flowers in globular heads, pink. Mimosa
Tree (168) — Albizzia julibrissin.

* Tender species, hardy only in the Gulf states. (A.)

A. Flowers yellowish in cylindric axillary spikes ; leaves evergreen ;
shrub 6-15 feet high. EvercrEEN ALsizz1a (169) — Albiz-
zia lophantha.

A. Flowers in globular heads; leaves deciduous. Six or eight species
of tall tropic or semitropic trees. :

Acacia. Acacias or Warries. There are a number of species of
Acacias out of doors in the Gulf states and in northern conservatories
which are well worthy of cultivation for the beauty of foliage, as well as the
brightness and peculiarity of bloom. The flowers are generally in glob-
ular clusters of fine feathery parts, and usually of some shade of yelow,
from pale lemon to deep orange. To the eye they form in their foliage
two entirely dissimilar groups; those with simple, thickish, sessile alter-
nate leaves, and those with fern-like, abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. To
the casual observer it would seem that the plants should form two genera,
but the seedlings, or young plants, of those which, when mature, have
simple leaves, have in this early stage the fern-like foliage of the other

THE ACACIAS 133

Fic. 172.—Long-leaved Acacia. Fie, 173, — Kangaroo Thorn.

Fic. 176.— Meissner’s Acacia.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

group. Occasionally the growth of vigorous shoots
on old plants will have more or less of these com-
pound leaves, .

' [Seed, as soon as ripe, is soaked in hot water 24
hours and then sown under glass. ]

Fic. 174.—Small- Fic. 175.— Blunt-leaved Acacia,
leaved Acacia,

* Fic. 177.—Shining Acacia,

THE ACACIAS 135

Fia. 178.— Knife-leaved Acacia. Fig. 179.—Trapezoid-leaved Acacia.

Fie. 180. — Narrow-leaved Acacia. Fig. 181. —Short-bunched Acacia.

136 : DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fig. 182. — Myrtle-leaved Acacia. Fia. 183. — Spatulate-leaved
Acacia.

Fic. 184. — Oleander-leaved Acacia. Fic. 185.— Fragrant Acacia.

THE ACACIAS 137

Fia. 186.— Weeping Myall. Fic. 187. — Whorl-leaved Acacia.

Fic. 188. — Rigid-leaved Acacia. Fic. 189. Sydney Golden Wattle.

1138 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

ea

. aE,

Fic. 190. — Pale-flowered Acacia.

Fic. 192.— Hairy Wattle. Fic. 193. — Beautiful
Acacia.

THE ACACIAS 139

Fia, 194. — Beautiful Acacia
(Grandis).

Fic. 196.— Fern-leaved Acacia,

Fig. 197.—Drummond’s Acacia.

140 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY OF ACACIAS, BASED ON THE FOLIAGE

* Leaves usually simple and alternate (in one species whorled). (A).
A. Flowers in globular and nearly solitary axillary heads. (B.)
B. Leaves very slightly flattened and thus nearly cylindric. (C.)

C. Leaves less than 2 inches long and } inch wide; branches
angular, NEEDLE-LEAVED Acacia (170) — Acacia diffusa.

C. Leaves 3-4 inches long with short recurved or oblique point.
Broom Watt te (171) — Acacia calamifolia.

C. Leaves 8-8 inches long, slender and 4-sided; branches
angular or winged. Lone-teavep Acacta (172) — Acacia
exténsa. °

B. Leaves decidedly flattened and 1- or few-veined, 4 inches or less
long. (D.)

D. Stipules forming slender spjnes ; leaves 1 inchlong. Kanca-
roo Tuorn (173) — Acacia armata.

D. Stipules not forming spines, or no stipules. (H.)

BH. Leaves }-1inch long. (F.)
F. Branches round and hairy; leaves linear with hooked
point. Smavi-LeaveD Acacia (174) — Acacia lineata,
F. Branches angular and free from hairs. (G.)
G. Flower-stems about as long as the leaves. Buiunt-
LEAvEeD Acacra (175) — Acacia acinacea.
G. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves. Mutssner’s
Acacia (176) — Acacia Meissneri.
B. Leaves often an inch long (to 1} inches) and blunt. Acacia
brachybotrya argyrophylla.
BE. Leaves 11-4 inches long and blunt. Surninc Acacia
(177) — Acacia dodonaifolia.
A. Flowers usually in numerous globular heads in axillary clusters ;

leaves 2 inches or less long, 1-few-veined. (H.)

H. Clusters of heads decidedly longer than the leaves ; leaves less
than Linch long. (1.)

I. Leaves obliquely lanceolate with minute point. SamaLL-LEAVED
Acacia (174) — Acacia lineata.

I. Leaves triangular with thickened edges, 3-3 inch long.
KwiFE-LEAVED Acacia (178) — Acacia cultriformis.

I. Leaves curved, obovate, less than } inch long. Trapezorp-
LEAVED Acacia (179) — Acacia pravissima.

H. Clusters of heads only about as long as the leaves. (J.)

J. Leaves linear, straight and thin, 1-1} inches long. Narrow-

LEAVED Acacia (180) — Acacia linifdlia.

A.

KEY.TO THE ACACIAS 141

J. Leaves obliquely obovate, 4-2 inches long. Suort-BuNcHED
Acacia (181) — Acacia brachybotrya.

J. Leaves with gland on edge below the middle, 1-2 inches long.
Myrtce-Leavep Acacia (182) — Acacia myrtifolia.

Leaves 2-12 inches long, flat and with feather-veining. (K.)

K. Leaves 8-8 inches long, curved like a scythe ; branches angular.

ScyTHE-LEAVED Acacia— Acacia falcata. WiLLow-LEavEeD
Acacia — Acacia saligna. (The smaller species, 6-10 feet, is
Acacia salfgna.)

K. Leaves on old growths 12 inches long; branches drooping.

BivE-LEAVED WatrLte — Acacia cyanophylla.

K. Leaves 11-3 inches long and almost straight, spatulate. Spratu-

A.

L.

L.

L.

L.

L.

A.

LATE-LEAVED Acacia (183) — Acacia obtusata.
Leaves 2-6 inches long, thick and usually with almost no side-
veins. (L.)
Leaves 3-6 inches long and under } inch wide, curved like a
scythe. OLEanpER-LEAVED Acacia (184) — Acacia neriifdlia.
Leaves 3-6 inches long, } inch wide, linear with thick edges.
Fracrant Acacia (185) — Acacia suavéolens.
Leaves 1}-2 inches long, twisted and finely striate. Oswa.p’s
Acacia — Acacia Oswaldi.
Leaves 14-3 inches long, narrow and curved ; branches weep-
ing. Wererinc Myavu (186) — Acacia péndula.
Leaves 1}-8 inches long, rigid and nearly straight. Acacia
Cyclops. ;
Leaves 4-1 inch long with rigid spine-like tips ; flowers in cylin.
dric spikes. (M.)

M. Leaves mostly in whorls around the stem; spikes 4-1 inch

long. Wuort-Leavep Acacia (187) — Acacia verticillata.

M. Leaves scattered, stipules often spine-like ; spikes 1 inch or

A.

more long. Rierp-LEavED Acacia (188) — Acacia oxy.
cédrus.
Leaves 11-6 inches long and not spiny-tipped ; flowers in cylin.
dric spikes. (N.)

N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with distinct side-veins ; spikes usually

in pairs. Sypney Gotpen Warrtie (189) — Acacia longifolia.

N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with 1 distinct nerve or vein; spike

dirty white, 1-2 inches long. PanEe-FLOwERED ACACIA
(190) — Acacia linearis.

N. Leaves 14-3 inches long, } inch wide, rigid ; spikes short and

dense. Mutea (191) — Acacia anetra.

IN. Leaves 4-6 inches long; branches white and silky; spikea

usually in pairs. Sinxy Acacia — Acacia holoserfcea.

142 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

* Leaves compound, fern-like, all twice-pinnate. (O.)

O. Flowers in globular heads forming racemes ; branches very hairy.
Hatry Wartie (192) — Acacia pubéscens, ;

©. Flowers in globular heads, solitary; first division of leaves 2,
blades small (} inch), 8-20 on each pinna; spiny plant with
bright yellow flowers. BrautiruL Acacia (193) — Acacia
pulchélla. Smooth form of this species is var. grandis (194).
Very hairy form is var. hispidissima,

O. Flowers very fragrant, deep yellow, in large heads ; first division
of leaves 10-16, each with 20-50 very small blades; pods elon-
gated, not flattened. Porinac or Oroponax (195) — Acacia
Farnesiana.

O. Shrub without spines ; first division of leaves 4-30 with 20-100
very small hairy blades ; pods linear (1-2 inches long), straight
and flat. Fern-teavep Acacia (196) — Acacia filicina.

O. Flowers in cylindric drooping pale-yellow spikes 1-1} inches
long; first division of leaves 4-8, each with 4-10 blunt blades.
Drummonn’s Acacia (197) — Acacia Drumméndii.

Prinus. This is a genus which includes the Cuerry, Prum, Peacu,
and Apricot trees and as far as this book is concerned need not be
included because of their height and because the trees are cultivated for
their useful fruits rather than for ornament. Of the more shrubby forms
some have double flowers, producing no fruits, others have beautiful foliage,

Fie. 198. — Blackthorn. Fic. 199.— Beach Plum.

and still others have large and abundant single flowers and so are rather
ornamental than useful.

They all have alternate simple serrate leaves of peculiar taste and odor
when bruised. The peach and cherry will give the reader good examples

PRUNUS 143

Fig. 200.— Sand Cherry.

Fic. 202.— Choke Cherry. Fic. 203.— European Bird Cherry.

144 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

of these characteristics. Many of the species are apt to be thorny. The
blossoms are single with 5 petals and many stamens, like the peach ; or

Fic. 204.— English Laurel. Fic. 205. — Mock Orange.

double, like the flowering almond. Nearly all bloom in spring, some
before the leaves expand. [Seeds ; grafting of varieties. ]

KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUNUS CUL-
TIVATED FOR FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE MORE
THAN FOR FRUIT

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers solitary or in umbel-like clusters. (A.)
A. Plant usually very thorny ; fruit, if formed, small (4 inch or less),
purple or yellow, covered with bloom like a plum ; leaves blunt;
low spreading bushes. (B.)
B. Fruit, if formed, small, pea-like, and inedible, hanging on until
winter; leaves very numerous and small. BLacKTHorn (198)
— Prunus spindsa.
B. Fruit flattened at ends, } inch long; flowers abundant, before
the leaves; branches rough and warty. Beracn Prum (199)
— Prunus maritima.
B. Fruit large ($-1} inches) globular; leaves in the ornamental

KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUNES 145

variety purple, one of the best purple-leaved plants in culti-
vation, especially in the South. PcreLe-LtEavep PLum — Pru-
nus cerasffera atropurptrea (P. Pissardi).

A. Plant usually thorny ; fruit, if formed, smooth and glossy with-
out bloom ; twigs zigzag in growth ; leaves narrow and pointed,
1-2 inches long ; fruit } inch, orange-red with yellow flesh ; bush
6-10 feet high. Sanp Prum —Prunus angustifolia WAtsoni.

A. Plant without thorns. (C.)

C. Fruit, if formed, with dry inedible flesh splitting open and
letting out the stone when ripe ; a peach-like tree, 10-20 feet
high. There are double-flowered and weeping forms. Com-
mon ALMonp — Prunus Amygdalus.

C. Fruit smooth, small, globular, purple-red, very sour ; spreading
bush 2-4 feet high often grafted on standard stock and used as
a weeping tree. Dwarr or Grounp Cuerry — Prunus fruti-
cdsa and var. péndula.

C. Fruit smooth, globular, dark purple (} inch), abundant; bush
decumbent at base, but with erect twiggy stems 5-8 feet high.
Sanp Cuerry (200) — Prunus pimila.

C. Fruit very small, astringent ; small tree with drooping crooked
branches ; large pink flowers with notched petals, before the
leaves appear; calyx red. Rosesup CHerry or JAPAN WEEP-
1inG RosE-FLOWERED CHERRY — Prunus péndula.

.C. Fruit, if formed, covered with hairs like a peach, } inch, yellow
with reddish cheek, not edible. SrBerian Apricor — Prunus
sibérica.

C. Fruit rarely formed ; flowers generally fully double, pink, rose-
colored, or white. (D.)

D. Leaves small, 2-3 inches long, pointed at both ends;
bush 8-5 feet high; flowers nearly 1 inch broad, usually
solitary. Russian ALMonp — Prunus nana.

D. Leaves larger, very strongly veined beneath ; flowers 1-3 in
clusters before the leaves. Japan ALMmonp (201) — Prunus
japonica.

D. Leaves broad and more or less 3-lobed, flowers solitary.
FLOWERING Prum — Prunus trfloba,

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers in elongated clusters. (H.)

E. Bush or tree to 30 feet ; flowers in clusters 2-4 inches long ; fruit
the size of peas, dark red and scarcely edible, stone smooth
There are dwarf and weeping forms. CHoxe CHErRy (202)
— Prunus virginiana.

HE. Similar to above and with similar varieties, but the stone in fruit
is rough. European Birp Cuerry (203) — Prunus Padus.

APGAR’S SHRUBS— 10

146 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

* Leaves thick and glossy — evergreen ; flowers in elongated clusters —
racemes ; hardy only south of Washington, but cultivated north
as tub-plants ; fruit small (4 inch or less), shining black, inedi-
ble. (F.)

F. Flowers white, in spring; cultivated under a dozen varietal
names. CHERRY or Encrish Laurer (204) — Prunus Lauro-
cérasus. :

F. Flowers cream-colored (Feb.-—Apr.) ; leaves with slightly rolled
edges and nearly entire or few-toothed. The EvEerGrREEN or
Mock Orance (205) of the South — Prunus caroliniana.

Spirzea. The Sprreas form one of the largest and most popular of the
hardy ornamental genera of shrubs. Some of the 50 different species in
cultivation in America are to be found in bloom from early spring till the

Fic. 206.— Plum-leaved Spirea. Fic. 207.— Thunberg’s Spirea.

frosts of autumn. The colors of the flowers, though oftenest white, vary
to pink, red, and purple. They grow in almost any soil and range in
height from less than 1 foot to 12 feet or more, though the usual height of
most of the species is from 8 to 6 feet. The flowers are always in clusters
and the individual flowers are small, from } to } inch; in the single
forms there are 5 petals and 10 to many stamens. Some species, as culti-
vated, are nearly always double. The earliest species in bloom are the
following, about in the order given: Thunbérgii, Van Hoitttei, arguta,
cantoniénsis, prunifolia, hypericifolia, média, and trilobata. All of these

SPIRADA 147

Fic. 208.— Hybrid Snow Garland. Fic. 209.— Hypericum-leaved
Spirea.

have white flowers, and prunifolia is the commonest species with double
flowers. The commonest species blooming from late June till frost are
the pink Bumalda and the crimson Bumalda Anthony WAterer.

[Seeds ; divisions ; suckers, |

Fic. 210.— Alpine Spirea, Fig. 211. —Crenate Spirea.

148 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 212.— Round-leaved Spirea, Fic. 213. — Three-lobed Spirea.

Fig. 214.— Van Houtte’s Spirea. Fig. 215. — Lance-leaved Spirea.

SPIRBA 149

Fic. 218. — Germander-leaved Spirea. Fic. 219. — Wedge-leaved
Spirea.

~ 150 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fig. 222. —Fortune’s Spirea. Fic. 223. — White-flowered Spirea.

SPIRHA 151

Fic. 224.— Bumald’s Spirea. Fie. 225.— Anthony Waterer’s
Spirea.

Fic, 226. — Corymbed Spirea. Fic. 227.— Birch-leaved Spirea,

152 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

3 wg,
May tht Tain,
Wed,
oS

Fic 228.— Western Corymbed
Spirea.

Fic. 229.— Noble’s Spirea.

Fic. 230. — Willow-leaved Spirea.

Fie. 231. — Menzies’ Spirea.

SPIRFA 153

Fig. 234.— Steeple Bush. Fig. 235. — White Beam-leaved Spireg.

154

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPIREAS

But not including several so-called Spireas, the one with large 3-lobed
leaves and inflated pods, Physocarpus, p. 158; or any with compound leaves,
Sorbaria, p. 159, Astflbe, p. 160, or Artncus, p. 161.

* With white flowers in sessile umbels along the stems in April and

May, before the leaves expand, earliest blooming. (A.)

A. A slender shrub (to 6 feet) with the flowers usually fully double

(var. flore pléno) and about 4 inch in diameter ; the leaves when
they expand are dark green, oblong, denticulate, and hairy be-
neath, 1-2 inches long. Pxium-LEaveD Spirea (206) — Spirea
prunifolia. %

. A spreading shrub with arching branches ; flowers in 3-5-flowered
clusters, the 5 petals much longer than the short stamens; the
leaves are small, 1-1} inches, slender, willow-like. A graceful
shrub very useful for seaside planting. Snow GarLanp or
Tuunpere’s Srirea (207) — Spireea Thunbergii.

. Similar to the last but taller and more free-flowering with broader

and less willow-like leaves ; better forspring blooming but not so
tine in its summer condition. Hysrip Snow Gartanp (208)
— Spirea argita.

. A spreading shrub with erect or arching branches (to 5 feet) and

nearly round petals somewhat longer than the stamens ; the leaves
are usually 3-ribbed from the base and widest toward the tip
(}-lhincheslong). A variable species with a dozen varietal names ;
the wedge-shaped leaves and rounded petals are constant charac-
teristics of about all of the forms. HyPrericuM-LEAVED SPIREA
(209) — Spiraea hypericifodlia.

* White flowers in umbel-like clusters on short leafy side-shoots.

Blooming at the time of leaf expansion, May, June. (B.)

B. Margin of leaves entire at base and but slightly if at all notched

near the tip. Stamens never longer than the petals (except in S.
crenata). (C.)

C. Leaves small (4-1 inch long), grayish with hairs on both sides.
A dense bushy shrub to 3 feet. Flowers 4 inch broad in dense
head-like clusters. Hoary-LEAvED Sprrea — Spirea cana.

C. Leaves }-1 inch long, feather-veined, entire-edged and smooth
on both sides ; branches reddish brown and angular; seed-pods
curving outward ; 4 feet high with arching branches. ALPINE
Sprrea (210) — Spirea alpina.

C. Leaves 4-11 inches long and 3-ribbed from base, grayish green
below; 3 feet high with slender striped branches; seed-pods

KEY TO THE SPIREAS 155

erect ; stamens longer than the round petals. CrenaTe SpiIREA
(211) — Spirea crenata.

C. Leaves 2-12 inches long and almost as broad as long, smooth
dark green above and bluish green below, thick and almost ever-
green; tall, to 8 feet with spreading branches. RouND-LEAVED
Spirea (212) — Spirea bracteata,

B. Margin of leaves decidedly notched and surface smooth on both
sides ; stamens not longer than the petals. (D.)

D. Leaves }-1{ inches long, broad ovate and feather-veined ; hardy
only South ; petals about as long as stamens. Biumr’s Srirea
— Spirea Blimei. :

D. Leaves 4-14 inches long, 3-65-ribbed from base and often 3-lobed
at tip; shrub to 4 feet with spreading branches; common.
THREE-LOBED SprrEA (213) — Spirea trilobata.

D. Leaves 3-13 inches long ; petals twice the length of the stamens ;
to 6 feet with arching branches; common. Van Houtrts’s
Sprrea (214) — Spirea Van Hotttei.

D. Leaves decidedly more elongated, 1-2} inches long, dark green
above and bluish green below; handsome and common South
but not fully hardy North, growing to the height of 4 feet with
arching branches ; flowers larger in dense clusters, often double
(var, flore pléno). Lancr-LeAvep Sprrea (215) — Spirea
cantoniénsis (S. lanceolata, S. Reevesiana).

B. Margin of leaves decidedly notched and surface pubescent, espe-
cially below; stamens not longer than the petals. (B.)
EB. Flowers and seed-pods also pubescent ; hardy only South. (F.)
F. Lowerside of leaves covered with grayish hairs. Spireeablanda.
F. Lower side of leaves covered with yellowish hairs. . CurnrsE
Sprrea — Spirea chinénsis.

E. Flowers and seed-pods smooth ; shrub to 6 feet with slender
arching branches ; hardy and frequent North. Downy-Lzavep
Spires (216) — Spirea pubéscens.

B. Margin of leaves serrate or doubly serrate ; stamens longer than
the petals ; calyx reflexed. (G.)

G. Upright shrub to five feet with round and usually smooth
branches ; leaves slightly notched near tip, 1-23 inches long.
INTERMEDIATE Sprrea (217) — Spireea média.

G. Shrub to 6 feet with smooth but angular branches ; leaves de-
cidedly notched, 2-3 inches long. GERMANDER-LEAVED SPIREA
(218) — Spirea chamedryfolia.

* White or pink flowers in broad and fiat compound clusters at the
tips of the branches, blooming in June and later, some as late as
August. (H.)

156 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

H. Stamens about as long as the white petals; leaves small, an
inch or less long. (1.)

I. A tall (5-12 feet), graceful, handsome shrub with dense and
nearly globular clusters (2 inches broad) of small flowers ; not
hardy North. Sold under many names. WerpDGE-LEAVED
Spirea (219) — Spirea canéscens.

I. A dwarf procumbent shrub (6 inches high) blooming in July
with leaves 3-1 inch long. DxcumBenr Spirea — Spirxa
dectimbens.

F H. Stamens longer than the petals. Free-flowering with many clus-
ters. (J.) ‘

J. Ashrub to 4 feet with smooth round branches, sharp-pointed
elongated buds and doubly notched leaves with gland-tipped
notches. Flowers white, in June. Lonc-BuppED SpirREa
(220) — Spirea longigémmis.

J. To 8 feet with angular, spreading branches ; small pink flowers
in small (4-2inches) clusters, June, July; not hardy North.
Beavriru Spirea (221) — Spirea bélla.

J. Upright to 6 feet with round branches (hairy when young);
flowers white or pale pink in clusters 1-4 inches broad, in
August. Broap-cLusterep Sprrea — Spirea expdnsa.

J. Upright usually smooth shrub to 4 feet with round branches and
small pink flowers in rather loose clusters, the ripe pods spread-
ing. Hardy and frequent in cultivation (called calldsa) with
many named varieties. Forrunr’s SprrEa (222) — Spirea
japonica (S. calldsa, S. Fértunei).

J. Handsome, to 5 feet, free-fowering with large bright pink
flowers in broad clusters (July, Aug.) ; pale green leaves (2-3
inches long). The ripe pods do not spread. Pink Hyrsrip
Sprrea — Spirea Margarite.

J. Similar plant with paler flowers (sometimes almost white), June,
July. The ripe pods somewhat spreading. Fox’s Spirea
—Spirea Foxii.

J. Small, rarely 2 feet high, of garden origin; July to Sept.
Buma.p’s Sprrea (224) — Spirea Bumdlda, — with whitish or
dark pink flowers; ANTHONY WaTERER’s SpirEA (225) —
S. Bumdlda Anthony Waterer; and S. Bumalda Lemoinei
with bright crimson flowers, leaves of the latter more puckered
or rougher. WHITE-FLOWERED Sprrea (223) — Spirea albi-
flora — with stiff upright branches.

H. Stamens longer than the petals (as with the last section) but less
free-flowering, usually with only terminal clusters. Low shrubs
rarely 3 feet high. Pods not spreading. (K.)

KEY TO THE SPIREAS 157

K. Shrub with purplish brown whip-like branches; small white
flowers in rounded clusters (1}-3 inches broad) in May and
June ; leaves coarsely, often doubly, serrate, bluish-green be-
-low, 14-3 inches long. Corympep Spirea (226) — Spirea
corymbosa.

K. Later-blooming (June to Aug.) but similar shrubs. Brrcu-
LEAVED Spirea (227) — Spirea betulifdlia and the follow-
ing:

L. Branches yellowish brown with more deeply cut leaves;
flowers white. Western CorymBep Sprrea (228)
—Spirea lucida. Virernia Spirea —S. virginiana.

L. Branches striped dark brown ; rather large white or pale pink
flowers with round petals, Spirzea supérba.

L. Flowers bright pink in dense clusters 1-2 inches broad.
DENSE-FLOWERED SpireA — Spireea densiflora.

* Extensively cultivated hybrid Spireas with rounded and very com-
pound clusters (about as broad ashigh). Only the commonest are
given; new ones of garden origin are constantly being intro-
duced. (M.)

M. Tall-growing (6 feet) with slender upright branches and numer-
ous rather small lateral clusters (14-3 inches) of white or pink
flowers, June, July. Leaves 1-2 inches long, pale bluish green
below, rounded at both ends, .crenately notched beyond the
middle. Not fully hardy North. Fonrenay’s Sprrea — Spirea
Fontenaysii.

M. Smaller shrubs (3-4 feet) with larger terminal clusters on upright
branches. (N.)

N. Upright shrub with dark brown branches and oblong smooth
leaves (14-24 inches long) acute at both ends and fully serrate.
Flowers pinkish white in broad finely pubescent clusters, July-
Sept. Spirzea conspicua.

N. Upright shrub with striped and finely hairy branches; leaves
2-3} inches long, elongated and pointed at both ends, fully
serrate, grayish-hairy beneath. Flowers pink in broad corymb-
like panicles, July, Aug. Spireea sanssouciana.

N. Similar to the last but the leaves usually rounded at base and
the flowers a lighter pink, June, July. Noxsie’s Sprrea
(229) —Spirea Nobleana. (Similar to this, with larger leaves
and paler flowers, PLlumy Mzapow-swEET — Spirea pachysta-
chys. )

* QUEEN oF THE Mzapow and Meapow-sweerrT Srrreas (including
Schizondtus, 3d O) with elongated and very confpound clusters of
small white or pink flowers. (O.)

158 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

©. Leaves smooth or nearly so and sharply notched except at base,
but not lobed ; blooming June-Aug. (P.)

P. Upright to 6 feet with reddishtbrown branches and white
flowers in leafy pyramid-shaped clusters ; stamens about as long
as the petals and white; pods smooth. Mravow-swEer
— Spirza alba.

P. With larger and somewhat blushed petals and pink stamens
longer than the petals. QuEEN or THE MEeapow — Spirea
latifolia.

P. With pink and white flowers and stamens twice the length of
the petals; pods hairy where they join. WurtLow-LeavepD
Sprrea (230) or Mzavow-sweEet — Spirza salicifélia.

P. With bright pink flowers in narrow clusters 5-8 inches long,
stamens more than twice the length of the nearly round petals ;
leaves coarsely toothed. Mernzizs’ Spirea (231) — Spirea
Ménziesi.

O. Leaves usually with whitish or brownish hairs beneath ; flowers
bright pink, July-Sept.; shrubs to 6 or 8 feet with brown hairy
branches. (Q.)

Q. Leaves narrow and acute at both ends. Bititarp’s Sprrea
(232) — Spirea Billardii.

Q. Leaves broader and rounded at ends. Doucias’ Sprrea
(233) —Spirea Doitglasi.

Q. Leaves with brownish hairs beneath. Harpwack or STEEPLE
Busan (234) — Spirea tomentosa.

Of this last there is a white-flowered variety (alba).

©. Leaves broad and decidedly lobed, more or less hairy below ;
flowers creamy-white, small in very large panicles. A peculiar
plant which has been called by several different names. Shrub to
20 feet. Hardy with protection to Massachusetts. Very variable.
July. Wuiret Bream-Leavep Srrrea (235) — Schizondtus dis-
color.

Physocd4rpus. Nivezark (236)— Physocarpus opulifdlius— is an ex-
cellent shrub, usually considered a Spirfa, 6 to 8 feet high with
beautiful foliage, flowers and fruit. It takes its name from the layers of
gray bark which readily peel off from the stems. It has simple alternate
somewhat lobed leaves, white spirea-like flowers (in June) and five
slightly united bladdery pods which turn purple in late summer and till
fall. There is a variety with golden foliage in the spring, bronzy later in
the season, Golden Ninebark (237) —litea or aurea. A dwarf form with
darker, smaller ared fewer-lobed leaves is nana.

This is an eastern American species and probably the common one incul-

SORBARIA 159

fy,
/
#
(PEE

Fic. 236.— Ninebark.

tivation, but there is a taller and more
vigorous species from eastern Asia, $2322
Eastern Ninepark — Physocarpus ~ BAY
amurénsis, —whichcanbeknownbyits
smaller and more hairy pods only one
third longer than the calyx lobes ; the
leaves, also, are more decidedly lobed
and more sharply notched.

[Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

Sorbaria. The Asu-LEavep
Spireas are beautiful hardy
shrubs with pinnate or bipin-
nate leaves and spirea-like white
flowers in showy terminal pan-
icles. Except the last species
they all prefer rich and rather
moist soil. They put out their Fic. 238. —
foliage early in the season. Mountain-ash

[Twig cuttings; root cut- Spirea.
tings ; suckers ; seeds. ]

160 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SORBARIAS

* Leaves odd-pinnate with doubly serrate blades ; blooming June to
Sept. (A.)

A. Flower-cluster 5-12 inches long, June, July ; shrub 3-5 feet high ;
blades 13-23. Movunrain-asH Spirea (238) — Sorbaria sorbi-
folia.

A. Flower-cluster 3-5 inches long with larger flowers (} inch broad),
June, July; 1-38 feet high; blades 13-17. Larcse-FLOowERED
Sorsparia — Sorbaria grandiflora.

A. Flower-cluster 8-12 inches long and 8 inches broad, flowers only
3 inch wide, July, Aug.; shrub to 8 feet; blades 15-21 ; twigs
green, Lixpiey’s Sorparia — Sorbaria Lindleyana.

A. Flower-cluster 12 inches long and broad, flowers large (4-1
inch), July to Sept.; sbrub to 8 feet, very’ beautiful and
hardy; blades not so deeply or doubly cut as the other species.
Aircuison’s SorBaria — Sorbaria Aitchisoni.

* Leaves very fern-like, bipinnate, only 1-3 inches long with minute
blades. Flower-clusters 2-5 inches long with flowers } inch broad.
This is an American species found in California to Wyoming, but

rare in cultivation East, though hardy

to Massachusetts. MuiLFo1L-LEAVED

Sorsparia — Sorbaria millefolium.

Astilbe. Japan AsTILBE (239) —
Astilbe japénica — is a beautiful tall
hardy herb often grown as a border
plant among Spireas and so like them
that it is frequently called Spirza
japonica in the nursery catalogues.
For this reason, although an herb, it
is included. It has alternate several-
times-compound leaves with 3 to 30
notched narrow blades. The small
white flowers are in large terminal
clusters, panicles, in May and June.
It is generally cultivated for its forced
feathery flowers, in winter. Asa win-
dow plant it needs abundant water
when in bloom. Another plant similar
\ to this in appearance of both flowers
Fic. 239,— Japan Astilbe. and foliage and often confused with it is

EXOCHORDA

161

ASTILBE-LIKE AruNcus (240) —Artncus astilboides. Both of these
plants, though placed by botanists in separate families, are popularly and

in catalogues called Spireas.

The Aruncus is closely related to the true

Spireas in the rose family, while the Astilbe is placed in the Saxifrage
family. The figures given will enable the reader to separate these two

herbs from each other as well as
to separate both from the true Spi-
reas. The Aruncus is a diccious
plant, i.e. the stamens are in the
flowers of one plant and the pistils
are on a separate plant. There are
many stamens in the staminate
plant of Aruncus; the Astilbe
flowers always have both stamens
and pistils, and the stamens are
only ten in number.

[Both Astilbe and Aruncus are
best propagated by divisions. ]

Fia, 241.— Pearl Bush.

Fig. 240. — Astilbe-like Aruncus.

Exochérda. The Peart Busnes
are cultivated for their large pure
white flowers in clusters in April
and May. The peculiar fruit, which
remains on the bush through the
winter, is the most characteristic fea-
ture by which to know the plant at
all seasons. There are five bony
smooth united divisions which, sur-
rounding a central axis, from the top
view, look very star-like. The flowers
are large, 2 inches, in terminal

clusters about the time the leaves expand and completely cover the bush.
The alternate simple leaves vary from entire-edged on old plants to
strongly toothed on vigorous young growths.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 11

162 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

There are several species from Asia, though probably the first, below, is
the only one in general cultivation as yet. This is called Peart Busu
(241) — Exochorda grandiflora — and grows in the North to a height of 8

Fic. 242, — Kerria.

feet, in the South to 15 feet or more.

Fic. 243. — Stephanandra.

The leaves are simple, alternate, and

whitish below, more or less toothed. A straggling bush very beautiful

Fic. 244,— Rhodotypos.

in flower but needing pruning or
hiding of the lower portion by
other plants to make it sightly
through the season. The pruning
may make a tree-like growth of it.

Exochorda Alberti is a more
vigorous species with darker foliage
and larger and more numerous
flowers in the clusters.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.]

Kérria japénica. Kerrra (242)
or Japanese ‘RosE,’ or GLOBE
Fiower (incorrectly called Cor-
chorus), is an old-fashioned shrub
often cultivated, with green erect,
slender, whip-like, pithy stems 5 to
8 feet high, and yellow usually

RHODOTYPOS 163

double flowers an inch or more broad. In the rare single-flowered
form there are five petals and many stamens. The leaves are alternate,
thin, doubly serrate and plaited, the veining is feathered and straight, the
tips are long and slender. The flowers are abundant in June and appear
irregularly through the rest of the
year. There is a variety with white
variegated foliage, growing only 2 to
8 feet high, argénteo-variegata,
and another dwarf form with the
twigs striped yellow and green,
auireo-vittatis.

[Twig cuttings ; layers ; divisions. ]

Stephandndra flexudsa. STEPHAN-
anpRA (243) is a beautiful smooth

Fic. 245.—Shrubby Potentilla.

shrub (5 feet) with angular zigzag
branches and deciduous triangular
deeply-notched and lobed leaves of
a peculiar grayish green color (3-14
inches long). The white flowers
are small and inconspicuous (June)
in terminal clusters. The small
pods contain 1 or 2 shining seeds.
The plant is cultivated for its pe-
culiar foliage, which turns a bronze-
red in late summer. Hardy north
Fic. 246. — Purple-flowering to Massachusetts if somewhat pro-
Raspberry. tected.

[Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

Rhodotypos kerrioides. Wuirr Kerria or Ruoporyros (244) is another
hardy Japanese shrub with plaited leaves similar to the last but arranged
opposite on the stem. The almost pure white single-rose-like 4-petaled

164 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

flowers, near the ends of the branches, bloom from May until frost. The °
fruit, remaining on through the winter, seems like four black beads sur-
rounded by the large persistent calyx. ‘The flowers are 14 inches broad,
abundant in May and June and appearing irregularly through the rest of
the summer. It is a much-branching shrub 3 to 6 feet high, rendered
very ornamental by the foliage as
well as the flowers and fruit.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Potentilla. The CrnqueFo!ts are
a large group of generally yellow-

Fic. 247. — Strawberry-Raspberry.

flowered herbs, but one species fre-
quent in cultivation is a valuable
shrub 1 to 4 feet high with peculiar
shreddy bark and compound 3- to
7-bladed leaves, The blades are
linear, pointed, 4-1 inch long with silky surface and rolled edges. The
flowers are bright yellow, showy, an inch or more broad with five petals
and many stamens, blooming through the summer. The fruit appears
like many dry seeds, achenes, in the hairy calyx. Suruspy Poren-
TILLA or CinqueEroit (245) — Potentilla fruticdsa. [Seeds ; divisions. }

Fig. 248. — Cut-leaved Blackberry.

Ribus. The RaspBerRRIES, DEWBERRIES, and BLACKBERRIES are a
large and varied group (1000 species) of useful fruits of the north temper-
ate zone. Some trail over the ground, others grow to the height of 5 to
8 feet ; nearly all are prickly and so are called Brampues. Only the few
species cultivated for their beauty need description here.

KEY TO BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES 165

PURPLE-FLOWERING RaspBerry (246) — Rubus odoratus — is of bushy
growth (3 to 5 feet high) with bristly stems, very large 3- to 5-lobed
maple-like alternate leaves and large, 1 to 2 inches broad, rose-purple
flowers in rather large clusters. The fruit, as indicated by its name, is
raspberry-like but broad and flat, light red and not very edible, It
blooms and fruits all summer. If it were not for its spreading tendency
and rank growth, overtopping other shrubs, it would be a very valuable
bush for cultivation. It grows well in semishade, so should have a place’
in large grounds. The western species, WuITE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY —
Rubus parviflorus, — is similar but with white flowers, few in a cluster.

STRAWBERRY-RaspBeRRY (247) — Rubus rosefodlius — is an erect tall-
growing shrub—2 to 4 feet high north, but evergreen and much taller
South, with compound pinnate leaves having 5 to 15 strongly veined
sharply serrate narrow blades. The showy white flowers are large, 1}-
2 inches broad, either solitary or in few-flowered clusters. This is a
beautiful plant and worthy of more general culture than it receives. The
fruit is large, 1 to 14 inches long, raspberry-like, bright red, but not
very edible. The double form, ‘Bripaut Rosz’— coronarius (R. grandi-
florus) ,— is also cultivated.

WIneBEerRRY — Rubus pheenicolasius — has the stems densely covered
with brownish red glandular hairs and the leaves compound of 3 to 6
blades, the end one often irregularly lobed. An interesting but not very
beautiful shryb which kills to the ground in the North. It propagates by
its rooting tips.

CuT-LEAVED Or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY (248) — Rubus laciniatus —
is in the South a tall straggling bush with large canes as thick as the wrist
and nearly evergreen leaves of many much-cut blades. In the North it
does not grow tall, but has a more spreading habit, and its leaves are not
evergreen. It blooms and ripens its black thimble-shaped fruit from late
summer to October, The above and a few other species are given in the
following [Divisions.]

KEY TO ORNAMENTAL BLACKBERRIES AND
RASPBERRIES

* Leaves simple, 3-5-lobed ; fruit raspberry- or cap-shaped. (A.)

A. Flowers very large,1-2 inches broad; leaves large, 5-10
inches broad; stems not prickly but bristly; fruit broad, 1
inch, flat, orange to red. (B.)

B. Flowers rose-purple in large clusters. PURPLE-FLOWERING
RaspBerry (246) — Rubus odoratus.

i66 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

B. Flowers white in smaller clusters. Satmon Berry. WuiteE-
FLOWERING RaspBERRY — Rubus parviflorus.

A. Flowers small, 4 ineh, white; leaves small, 2-4 inches ;
stems reddish, smooth with a few straight prickles. An excellent
plant for covering waste places. HAawTHORN-LEAVED Rasp-
BERRY — Rubus crategifolius.

* Leaves compound 3- (rarely 5-), bladed; fruit raspberry- or cap-
shaped. (C.)

C. Fruit red (rarely yellow or whitish) ; stems prickly and often
slightly bristly. Wizp Rep Raspserry — Rubus idzeus acu-
leatissimus (R. strigdsus).

C. Fruit red, small, nearly inclosed in an enlarged calyx; stems
densely clothed with brown glandular hairs ; leaves white-hairy
beneath. Wuineserry — Rubus pheenicolasius.

C. Fruit black; stems recurving and rooting at tips with straight
prickles but no bristles. Birackcar— Rubus occidentalis.

C. Fruit black; stems upright or ascending, with stout recurved
prickles; leaves white-woolly beneath. Sanp BrackBERRY
— Rubus cuneifodlius.

* Leaves compound, 3-7-bladed; stems long, only half ascending,
rising about 2 feet from the ground, armed with strong recurved
prickles; fruit solid, blackberry-like. DewBerry — Rubus villdsus.

* Leaves pinnate of 5-15 narrow notched blades ; flowers large, 14-2
inches broad, white; fruit thimble-shaped, large, 1-1} inches
long, bright red, not very edible ; erect, tall, kills to the ground
North but hardy and evergreen South. STRaAwBERRY-RASPBERRY
(247) — Rubus rosefolius.

With hairy and hispid stems, var. sorbifdlius.
With double flowers, Brier ‘Rose’ or Bripa ‘ Rose’ — Var.
coronarius (R. grandiflorus).

* Leaves of many sharply notched blades forming a twice-compound
foliage. The three primary divisions are divided into many blades
somewhat in a pinnate way. The canes and leaves have many
recurved sharp prickles. In warm countries the canes persist till
they become as thick as the wrist, and form tall bushes with almost
evergreen leaves ; in the North they show a tendency to spread over
the ground. The black fruit ripens from summer till Oct. Cut-
LEAVED or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY (248) — Rubus laciniatus.

Rdsa. The Rosse is the most universally admired and cultivated plant
in gardens. It would need a large volume to do the plant justice or to
describe in an intelligent way the many thousand named species and
varieties. All that will be attempted here is a description of the most

Qy
i) BR 7s

| ONG
f

Fic. 249.— Japanese Rough-leaved Rose.

Fic. 250.— Dog Rose.

beautiful and the most popular of the single-flowering species, followed
by a key to a few single-flowered forms extensively cultivated.

JAPANESE RovuGH-LEAVED RosE

(249) — Rosa rugdsa — is a beautiful
upright shrub (6 feet) with stout stems
thickly covered with both prickles and
bristles. The leaves have 5 to 9 rough
thick shining dark green blades with
the lower sides lighter and more or
‘less pubescent. The flowers are usu-
ally single, purple or white, 23 to 34
inches broad, blooming from May to
September. The fruit, which soon
forms, is large, 1 inch, brick-red
and remains on till winter. This is the
most ornamental of all roses for the
shrubbery and is especially fine in its
foliage. There are many named va-
rieties, including a few with somewhat
double flowers. From eastern Asia.

[Twig cuttings; seeds; root cut-
tings ; layers. ]

Fic. 251. Sweetbrier.

168 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fig. 252.— Swamp Rose.

Fic. 254.— Pasture Rose.

Fig. 255. Prairie Rose,

ROSA 169

Fic. 257.— Memorial Rose.

Fig. 258.— Macartney Rose. Fig. 259.— Cherokee Rose.

1170 , DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO SOME POPULAR SINGLE ROSES

* Stems more or less densely covered with both prickles and bristles ;
sepals remaining on the large globular fruit. Erect shrubs with no
tendency to climbing habit. (A.)

A. Tall, to 6 feet ; leaves with 5-9 rough thick shining oval blades;
flowers about 3 inches broad, either white, pink, or purple; fruit
(1 inch) brick-red with long more or less spreading sepals, Jap-
ANESE RovuGH-LEAVED Rosz (249) — Rosa rugosa.

A. Low, bushy, 1-4 feet; leaves with 3-9 often resinous blades ;
flowers solitary, about 2 inches broad, deep rose color; fruit
(4-1 inch) with long erect sepals, Prickiy Rose — Rosa acicu-
laris.

A. Low, 1-4 feet; leaves with 7-11 small, 1 inch or less, smooth
not resinous blades; flowers clustered; fruit smooth (} inch),
with long spreading sepals. Arxansas Rose — Rosa arkansana.

* Stems armed with stout recurved spines or prickles and without soft
hairs (except possibly at base) ; sepals of the calyx spreading and
dropping off from the fruit. Straggling bushes with a slight ten-
dency to climbing habits. All are deciduous. (B.)

B. Fruit oblong and nearly smooth (4-3 inch long); leaf-blades 5-7,
coarsely serrate. (C.) ,

C. Leaf-blades regularly once-serrate. Doc Rosse (250) — Rosa
canina. .
C. Leaf-blades twice-serrate. SwEETBRIER or EGLANTINE (251)
— Rosa rubigindsa.
B. Fruit globular and bristly, about } inch long. (D.)
D. Leaf-blades 6-9 (commonly 7), finely serrate. (B.)

B. Leaf-blades elongated, thin. Swamp Rose (252) — Rosa
carolina.

EB. Leaf-blades thick, dark green and shining above; stems
brownish red, Guossy Rose (253) — Rosa virginiana (R.
lucida).

D. Leaf-blades commonly 6 (rarely 7), coarsely serrate; fruit
with spreading and early deciduous sepals. PasturE Rose
(254) — Rosa hiumilis.

D. Leaf-blades 3 (rarely 5), hairy beneath ; flowers deep red fad-
ing to whitish ; plant often decidedly climbing. Prarriz Rosz
(255) — Rosa setigera.

B. Fruit globular; with erect persistent sepals, nearly 4 inch in
diameter, smooth or nearly so; stems nearly free from prickles,
Earity WILD Rose (256) — Rosa blanda,.

NEVIUSIA 171

* Prostrate creeping rose much used to cover banks ; leaf-blades com-
monly 9, very glossy and almost evergreen. Often used for arbors.
Memorriat Rose (257) — Rosa Wichuraiana.

* Southern nearly or quite evergreen roses fully hardy only in the Gulf
states, though found in protected places north to Virginia. Flow-
ers large, 2-34 inches, white (rarely pinkish) with thick waxy
petals. Handsome roses with dark shining foliage having stems
10-20 feet long with spreading or somewhat climbing habit. (F.)

F. Leaves with 5-9 blades; calyx with notched bracts at the base -
and densely silky with hairs; fruit retaining the calyx lobes.
Macartney Rose (258) — Rosa bracteata.

FP. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5) blades ; fruit obovoid and without calyx
lobes when ripe. CuERoKEE Rose (259) — Rosa cherokénsis
(R. levigata).

Nevitsia alabaménsis. Snow Wreatu (260) grows 3 to 8 feet high
with alternate straight-veined doubly serrate simple leaves 1} to 34 inches

Fie. 260.—Snow Wreath. - Fie. 261.— English Hawthorn.

long. The flowers extend along the wand-like arching stems for several
feet, forming ropes of fringe-like flowers, in summer. To the eye these
flowers consist only of a mass of stamens. The fruit are silky-coated and

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 264. — Red Haw. Fic. 265.— Long-thorned Haw.

CRATAEGUS 173

seed-like. This exceedingly ornamental and peculiar plant is hardy, with
protection, north to Massachusetts and blooms every year. [Seeds. ]

Crat#gus. The Haws, Tuorns, and HawrTuorys are, in the main,
thorny-shrubs but about half of the species grow occasionally to a height
which would entitle them to the name of trees and a few are always tree-
like. Of the hundreds of species, given in modern botanic works, which
are to be found wild in America and Europe, only a few are in general
cultivation. The simple alternate more or less notched or lobed leaves,
thorny branches, five-petaled flowers } to 1 inch broad, in clusters, and

Fie. 266.— Large-fruited Thorn. Fic. 267.— Evergreen Thorn.

the pome or apple-like fruit characterize the genus. The flowers are
usually white, sometimes pink or red, and are in a few cases double.
The fruit, which except in the double forms is abundant, is rounded,
small, and tipped with the conspicuqus remains of the calyx.

The commonest Hawthorns in cultivation are two species from Europe
which are sold under a score or more of varietal names. These two are
much alike and are mainly sold under the one name of Enciisn Haw-
THOP.. or May (261) — Crategus Oxyacdntha — though more often they
belong to another species, Crataegus mondgyna. ’ This latter has usually
ene stone in the hairy-stemmed fruit; while the true Crataegus Oxy-

174 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

acantha has two grooved stones in smooth-stemmed fruit. Not only is
Cratzgus monogyna much the commoner in cultivation in America but
it has many more named varieties. A good idea of the variation in this
species can be gained from the names given them: lacinidta, cut-leaved ;
quercifdlia, oak-leaved ; hérrida, very thorny ; péndula, weeping ; stricta,
very upright; variegata, variegated-leaved ; alba pléna, white-double-
flowered ; rubra pléna, red-double-flowered ; bicolor, two-colored (white
flowers with pink edges) ; Pauli, Paul’s double scarlet. Of the true Cra-
taegus Oxyacantha there is a very distinct and showy variety, xantho-
c4rpa, witb bright yellow fruit.

: [Seeds (1-2 years to grow) ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO A FEW OF THE MORE ORNAMENTAL SPE-
CIES OF CRATZGUS, INCLUDING PYRACANTHA

* Leaves decidedly lobed. (A.)
A. Fruit } inch or more wide and retaining the calyx. (B.)

B. Fruit oval with one stone; stems of flowers and fruit usually
distinctly hairy. Hawrtuorn (262) — Crategus mondégyna.

B. Fruit nearly globular with two stones, each with two grooves
on the inner side. Enceiish HawtHorn or May (261) — Cra-
tegus Oxyacantha.

A. Fruit small, only about 4 inch wide, and with deciduous
calyx. (C.)

C. Leaves deeply cleft, sometimes divided nearly to the midrib,
4-14 inches long; fruit dropping in the early winter; spines
stout, 1-14 inches long. Parstey-Leavep Haw (263) — Cra-
tegus Marshallii (C. apiifolia).

C. Leaves less deeply cleft and larger, 14-2 inches long; fruit
remaining on through the winter; spines slender, 14-2 inches
long. ,Wasuincton TyHorn — Crategus Phenopyrum (C.
cordata).

* Leaves doubly serrate rather than lobed, broad at base. (D.)
D. Leaves thick; flowers large, $-1 inch wide, with yellow an-
thers ; fruit with 3-5 stones. (B.)

BE. Leaves widest at or beyond the middle; stamens 10; fruit
nearly globular, 4 inch, dark crimson, ripening late in Oct.
and soon dropping. ScarLteT Haw — Crategus coccinea.

E. Leaves widest near the base; stamens 20; fruit ripening in
Aug., large, $-1 inch, pubescent, scarlet with darker dotz, on
drooping stems, flesh yellow, dry and mealy. Rep Hiw
(264) —- Crategus mollis.

KEY TO THE CRATEGUS 175

EB. Leaves widest near the middle; stamens 8-12; fruit globular
(4 inch), crimson, ripening near end of Sept. and remaining on
for several weeks on erect slender stems ; thorns slender, long,
24 inches. Lone-rHornep Haw (265) — Crategus macra-
cAntha.

D. Leaves thin, only half as wide as long, and widest near the
center ; flowers } inch wide; stamens 20 with rose-colored an-
thers ; fruit oval or pear-shaped, 4 inch long, dull red, with 2-3-
stones; spines slender, straight (1-2 inches). Prar Haw —
Crategus Chapmani Plukenétii. (C. tomentosa of the Linnean
herbarium.)

* Leaves deciduous, narrow and unnotched at base, somewhat wedge-
shaped, notched at end, and sometimes somewhat 3-lobed at tip.
(F.)

F. Tall shrubs or small trees occasionally 30 feet high with many-
flowered clusters. (G.)

G. Leaves wedge-shaped, usually thick, dark green and shining
above (1-4 inches long); fruit globose (4 inch long) with
greenish dry and mealy flesh and usually 2 stones, ripening in
Oct. and lasting through the winter; stamens 10 with rose-
colored anthers. Cocxspur THorn — Crategus Crus-galli.

G. Leaves obovate, sometimes slightly lobed beyond the middle,
2-3 inches long; fruit red ‘or yellow with white dots, oblong
(4 inch), on stout, drooping stems, ripening and falling in Oct.;
stamens 20 with rose-colored,-or yellow, anthers. Larer-
FRUITED THorwn (266) — Crategus punctata.

G. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, often 3-lobed at the end,
1-2 inches long; fruit globose, small, } inch, ripening in Oct.;
stamens 20 with rose-colored anthers. SmALL-FRUITED THORN
— Cratzgus spathulata.

F. Small shrub 3-10 feet high ; flowers usually solitary, } inch broad ;
leaves 3-14 inches long ; thorns numerous, 4-2 inches long ; fruit
globose, yellow, 3 inch. Ownxz-rLowsrEep Tuorn — Crataegus uni-
flora (C. tomentosa of the Linnean description).

* Leaves evergreen, small, $-13 inches long, narrow: with crenulated
edges ; flowers white, small, in clusters, stamens about 20 with yel-
low anthers; fruit small, 4 inch, bright red (rarely yellow or
white), remaining on through the winter ; twigs ending in many
sharp thorns. Usually small shrubs rarely 10 feet high ; hardy to
Massachusetts if somewhat protected, genus Pyracdntha, often
called Crategus. (H.)

H. Young twigs grayish-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, $-1$ inches
long; fruit bright red, orange, or white. Evercrren THorRN

176 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

(267) or Fire Tuorn — Cotonedster Pyracdntha (Pyracantha
coccinea).

H. Young twigs rusty-pubescent; leaves somewhat longer, narrower
and more glossy; fruit orange-red. Pyracantha crenulata
(Crategus crenulata). ,

Fic. 268.—Small-leaved Cotoneaster. Fic, 269.— Evergreen Cotoneaster.

Fic. 270. — Round-leaved Cotoneaster. Fic, 271.— Common Cotoneaster.

Cotone4ster. The CoronEasters are low shrubs with alternate small
entire-edged thick leaves usually white-hairy below. The flowers, usually
clustered, are small, five-petalled, white or flesh-colored, in spring, sta-

COTONEASTER - 177

mens about 20. The fruit is a red or reddish drupe-like berry with
2 to 5 stones, remaining on through the winter. These are excellent
plants for dry sunny places. Most
of the species are hardy as far north
as New York and all have decorative
value in their fruit if not their
flowers.

_[Seeds ; twig cuttings for ever-
green species. ]

Fig. 272.— Woolly Cotoneaster. Fic. 273. — Chinese Cotoneaster

Fic. 274. — Cotoneaster.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 12

178 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COTONEASTER

* Low prostrate plants with small leaves, 1-3 inch long, evergreen or
nearly so; pink or white flowers in clusters of 1-3 and bright red
berries. Excellent for rockeries. (A.)

A. Leaves round-oval, pointed, 4-2 inch long; flowers pink with
erect petals, in June; fruit oblong, bright red. Prostrate
CoTonEAsTER — Cotoneaster horizontalis.

A. Leaves wedge-shaped, shining above and densely hairy below;
flowers (4-} inch long) white with spreading petals, May, June.
SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER (268) — Cotoneaster microphylla.

A. Similar to the last but with rather dull oval leaves }-} inch long.
Box-LEAVED CorongasTER — Cotoneaster buxifdlia.

A. Similar to the last but of more upright growth; leaves more
rounded, hairy below ; the bright red fruit remaining on through
the winter. EvERGREEN CoTonEaAsTER (269) — Cotoneaster
rotundifolia.

A. Leaves roundish to obovate,.4-$ inch long, grayish or whitish
beneath, smooth above ; . flowers white in 3-6-flowered clusters
with spreading petals, May, June. Rovunp-LEAVED CoTONEASTER
(270) — Cotoneaster nummularia orbicularis.

* More or less erect shrubs reaching the height of 4 or 6 feet. (B.)

B. Leaves white-hairy’ beneath; flowers with erect petals; fruit
red. (C.)

C. Flowers pale-pinkish in small nodding clusters, May, June;
leaves smooth, dark green above, thick, oval (3-2 inches long) ;
fruit globular, bright red. Common CoronrasTER (271) —
Cotoneaster vulgaris.

C. Flowers 3-12 in cluster, white, June; leaves dull green above
(1-24 inches long), oval, blunt ; fruit bright brick-red. Woot.y
CoTONEASTER (272) — Cotoneaster tomentosa. ;

B. Leaves green both sides ; flowers with spreading white or pinkish
petals in 2-5-flowered clusters. (D.)

D. Leaves small — }-1 inch, roundish, pointed, nearly evergreen ;
fruit bright red. Simonp’s CorTonraster — Cotoneaster
Simonsi.

D. Leaves larger —1}-3 inches long ; flowers nodding; fruit deep
red, oblong. PoinTED-LEAVED CoTonEasTER — Cotoneaster
acuminata.

. B.- Leaves whitish beneath ({-1} inches long), deciduous ; flowers
with spreading petals in erect many-flowered (3-20) clusters;
fruit red. (B.)

PHOTINIA 179

E. 3-12-flowered clusters with short hairy stems ; branches erect
or spreading, sometimes prostrate. RounpD-LEAVED CoTONEAS-
TER — Cotoneaster nummularia.

E. Flowers in large 6-20-flowered clusters with smooth . stems,
May. Fine in flower but not free-fruiting. Cuinesz Coro-
NEASTER (273) — Cotoneaster multiflora.

* Large shrub to 20 feet, not hardy North. The largest and possibly the
most beautiful species for both flowers and fruit. Flower-clusters
very large, April, May; fruit scarlet ; leaves oblong, acute at both
ends, nearly evergreen (2-5 inches long), smooth ‘above, hairy
beneath when young. CoronreasTEeR (274) — Cotoneaster frigida.

Fie. 275.— Panicled Photinia. Fig. 276.— Toyon.

Photinia. The PHorrnras are tall shrubs or small trees from China
and Japan with*simple alternate usually notched leaves and small white
flowers in large white clusters,in summer. The sniall but very decorative
red fruit remain on the plants through much of the winter. The flowers
and fruit are in rounded clusters, corymbs or panicles, 14 to 6 inches
broad. The flowers have 5 rounded petals and 10 to 20 stamens. The
pome-like fruit is small, 1 inch, one- or two-seeded with a hollowed or
dented end. The evergreen species are hardy only South, but the decidu-

180 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

ous one can be grown north to Massachusetts. The fruits retain their
color until midwinter and are not eaten by the birds. .
(Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHOTINIA

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers in corymbs 14-8 inches broad; hardy to
Massachusetts. Upright shrub to 15 feet with slender branches ;
leaves short-stemmed, broadening towards the tip, acute-pointed,
sharply serrate, dark green and smooth above (14-3 inches long) ;
flowers white in clusters terminating short side-branches, June;
pomes } inch long, bright scarlet on warty stems. CorymMBED
Puotinia — Photinia villosa.

* Leaves evergreen, smooth; flowers in large panicles, May—July ;
fruit bright red ; hardy south. (A.)

A. Shrub to 20 feet; leaves dark shining above, yellowish green
below, 5-7 inches long, finely serrate ; flower- and fruit-clusters
G6 inches broad, fruit } inch, red, stamens 20; hardy with protec-
tion to Washington. Panictep Puotinia (275) — Photinia
serrulata.

A. Shrub to 8 feet; leaves tapering at base, broadening near tip,
finely serrate, 2-4 inches long; flower- and fruit-clusters 2-4
inches broad, stamens 20. Smooru Puotinr1a — Photinia glabra.

A. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet; leaves broadening towards base,
acute at both ends, sharply serrate, shining above (2-4 inches
long) ; flower- and fruit-clusters broad, 2-5 inches; stamens 10;
pomes bright red, inch. Curistmas Berry or Toron (276) —
Photinia (Heteroméles) arbutifdlia.

Ameldnchier. The Jcneperries, SHap Busnes, or SERVICE-BERRIES
are shrubs or small trees with early flowers having 5 usually long and nar-
row petals and many stamens. The small purple edible pomes are ripe in
June and July. There are several varieties or species which are desirable
shrubs, though infrequent in cultivation. The dwarf species furnish very
good small sweet summer fruits with about 10 seeds. Until recent years
about all the forms have been considered as varieties of one species, but
now that the modern worker has taken hold of the mé@tter no one can
predict what the result will be. The early bloom, when the leaves are
just appearing, with the elongated petals and the early ripening of the
several-seeded sweet berry, will enable one to recognise the genus. The
leaves are simple, alternate, feather-veined and with usually notched
edges. The most easily recognized differences between the named species
will be found in the foliage. {Seeds ; suckers. ]

AMELANCHIER 181

Fic. 277.— Shad Bush. Fic. 278. — Alder-leaved
Service-berry.

4
Fic. 279. —Low Juneberry. Fic. 280.— Oblong-fruited
Juneberry.

182 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMELANCHIER

* Tall-growing more or less tree-like forms. (A.)

A. Upright round-headed tree 25-40 feet ; leaves ovate with rounded
or notched base (3-4 inches long), serrated edge, dark and dull
green above ; fruit 4-} inch, red to purple with a bloom. Snap
Busu or SERVICE-BERRY (277) — Amelanchier canadénsis.

A. Shrub or small tree, though sometimes reaching the height of
30 feet ; leaves oval-oblong pointed at tip, rounded and sometimes
notched at base, densely white-woolly beneath when young and
somewhat so even in age; flower-clusters short and many-
flowered, petals 3 inch long; fruit globular (finch). Swap
Bush or Common Dwarr or NortuweEsTeRN JUNEBERRY —
Amelanchier canadénsis Botryapium (A. Botryapium).

A. Shrub or tree 12 feet with broad blunt coarsely notched thick
leaves (1-13 inches broad and long) ; fruit large —sometimes
nearly 1 inch, dark blue to black. ALDER-LEAVED SERVICE-
BERRY (278) — Amelanchier alnifolia.

* More shrubby growths (oligocdrpa, the tallest, less than 10 feet). (B.)

B. Low straggling bush with rounded coarsely notched leaves (1-3
inches long); petals $ inch long. Rounp-LEAVED JUNEBERRY
—Amelanchier spicata (A. rotundifolia).

B. Low, 1-3 feet high ; leaves 3-1} inches long usually rounded at
both ends, serrate; petals short and only about } inch long.
Low JuneBerry (279) — Amelanchier spicata,

B. Shrub 2-9 feet high with nearly solitary flowers (1 to 4) ; leaves
narrow — about 3 times as long as broad, sharply serrate ; fruit
pear-shaped (} inch long). Os Lone-FrRuITED JUNEBERRY (280)
— Amelanchier oligocdrpa.

Pyrus. The Pears—Pyrus, Appres — Malus, Quinces — Cydonia, |
Mountain Asues—So6rbus, CHoKEBERRIES— Aronia, and MeEp.ars
— Méspilus — are often united into the one generic group Pyrus and for
our purpose are placed in one key. Most of the species are cultivated for
their useful fruits and are trees in form and’ size and so not properly in-
cluded here. A few are always shrubby and some are very ornamental.

The most extensively cultivated species is Japan or FLOWERING QUINCE
(281) —Pyrus japénica,—a thorny shrub with large red, scarlet, or
white flowers in early spring, about the time the leaves expand. The large
not very edible quince-like fruit is ripe in the fall. The leaves are alter-
nate, simple, notched, and have at their bases conspicuous stipules. The
flowers, if single, have 5 nearly orbicular petals and usually grow in

PYRUS 183

Fig. 283.— Chinese Quiuce, Fic. 284. — Medlar.

.
184 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

clusters of 2 to 3. There are a dozen or more varieties in cultivation dif-
fering in color or doubling of the flowers and in the spreading or upright
character of the shrub. The plant is a fine one for hedges or the shrub-
bery; height about 5 feet. The usual name in catalogues is Cydonia
japonica.

Fic. 285. — Dwarf Flowering Fic. 286. — Narrow-leaved Crab
Quince. Apple.

Common or Rep CHOKERERRY (282) — Pyrus arbutifolia — is an up-
right or spreading shrub (2-12 feet) with alternate simple serrate leaves
(14-8 inches long) ; the white or pinkish-tinted flowers are } inch wide
in broad clusters, 1 to 2 inches wide, March to May. ‘These clusters of
flowers, as well as the under sides of the leaves, are very grayish-hairy.
The nearly globular pomes are red, about } inch across, ripe in August
and remain on till late fall or early winter. There is a closely related
species with smoother leaves and black fruit which soon falls, Brack
CHoKEBERRY — Pyrus nigra, — also one with purple fruit, PorpLe CuoKy-
BERRY — Pyrus atropurpirea. [Seeds.]

KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND MORE ORNAMENTAL
SPECIES OF PYRUS

Species with simple leaves, including Malus, Cydonia, Aronia, and Mes-
pilus. For the pinnate-leaved Mountain Asnrs—Sorbus, see p. 186.

KEY TO THE PYRUS 185

* Fruit large, 1-6 inches, yellow or greenish yellow; very aromatic,

with 5 many-seeded cells. Quinces— Cydonia. (A.)

A. Stipules small; shrubs or small trees to 15 feet; cultivated for
fruit. (B.)

B. Leaves entire-edged ; flowers white or light pink (2 inches
broad) ; fruit light yellow (2-4 inches broad). Common
Quince — Pyrus vulgaris.

B. Leaves finely serrate; flowers light pink; fruit dark yellow,
oblong (4-6 inches long). Hardy to Philadelphia and highly
ornamental. Cuinese Quince (283) — Pyrus (Cydonia)
sinénsis.

B. Leaves finely serrate; flowers about single, large, white ;
fruit when ripe (after frost) brown, round (1} inches
broad), and with the top of the ovaries exposed. Hardy to
central New York. Merprar (284) — Pyrus (Mespilus) ger-
mdnica.

A. Stipules large; spiny shrubs under 6 feet high, cultivated for
ornament; flowers in leafless clusters, March, April. Hardy
north. (C.)

C. Shrub 3-6 feet; flowers white, pink, scarlet, orange, etc.,
sometimes -louble. Japan or FLowerine Quince (281) —
Pyrus (Cydonia) japdnica, :

C. Shrub 1-3 feet; flowers orange-scarlet; foliage sometimes
variegated with pink and white. Dwarr FLowerine QuincE
(285) — Pyrus (Cydonia) Mailei.

* Fruit 3-1 inch, usually very sour, red or red-cheeked, the cells of the

fruit few-seeded. Cras AppLes— Malus. (D.)

D. Leaves serrate but not lobed at end. Japanspecies. (H.)

B. Flowers rose-colored in few-flowered clusters ; spreading bush
or small tree. Rinco Cras— Pyrus Ringo.

E. Flowers red in many-flowered clusters on red stems; fruit
remaining through the winter. Kazpo Cras — Pyrus Kaido.

D. Leaves coarsely serrate and often lobed at end. American
species; usually trees. (F.)

F. Flowers white (1 inch wide) blooming when leaves are grown.
Orrcon Cras AppLe — Pyrus fusca.

F. Flowers rosy-red, fragrant, blooming with the leaves. (G.)

G. Leaves broad, often lobed. Wiip or AmzErican Crab
AprLe — Pyrus coronaria.
G. Leaves narrow, thick and not lobed. Narrow-LEAveD
Cras AppLe (286) — Pyrus angustifolia.
* Fruit small, size of peas, on long stems in umbels. CHERRY CraB
Apptes from Asia— Malus. (H.)

186 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

H. Flowers small, white or pinkish; leaves very variable, often
lobed ; low bush to 30 feet. Dwarr Cras — Pyrus Toringo.

H. Flowers rosy-red appearing with the leaves in large showy
clusters ; fruit red, not persisting till winter, seeds not especially
large; plant often thorny. Frowrrine Crap — Pyrus flori-
btinda. :

H. Similar to the last but with large seeds; flowers often double.

‘ Pargman’s Crap — Pyrus Halliana.

* Flowers and small fruit in terminal compound clusters, cymes;
shrubs to 12 feet. CHOKEBERRIES— Aronia. (I.)

I. Lower side of leaves and flower-clusters woolly; fruit red,
remaining through the winter. Rep CHOoKEBERRY (282) —
Pyrus arbutifolia.

I. Leaves and flower-clusters nearly smooth; fruit black, ripe in
Sept. and soon falling. Brack CHoKEBERRY — Pyrus melanocarpa
(P. nigra).

I. Like the last, but with purple fruit. PureLre CHokEBERRY —
Pyrus atropurpurea.

Sérbus. Shrubs with compound leaves (the first species has fully
separated blades only at base) and terminal clusters of small red fruit.
The Mountain Ashes are generally tree-like in form and size, some
reaching the height of 40 or 50 ft. [Seeds.]

KEY TO THE MORE SHRUBBY MOUNTAIN ASHES

* Leaves compound only at base with tips deeply notched ; shrub or
small tree to 15 feet. A hybrid form sold under many names.
Pyrus (Sorbus) sptria.

* Leaves fully pinnate. (A.) .

A. Leaves with 7-15 sharply serrate but rather blunt blades dark
green above, pale beneath, 14-3 inches long; winter buds gluti-
nous and almost free from hairs. Western Mountain AsH—
Pyrus sitchénsis (P. (Sorbus) sambucifdlia).

A. Leaves with 11-15 long-pointed blades about 2 inches long;
winter buds with long white hairs; branchlets red, glossy and
smooth. Pyrus (Sorbus) thianschanica.

Calyc4nthus (or Butnéria). The Sweet-scenrep Suruss or Caro-
LINA ALLSPICES are popular shrubs much cultivated for their sweet-
scented purple or reddish brown flowers in spring or early summer. The
leaves are large, entire-margined, and opposite. The flowers have many

CALYCANTHUS 187

Shrub.

Fic. 289. — Western Sweet-scented Fic. 290.— Oriental Sweet-scented
Shrub. . Shrub.

188 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

thick petal-like parts which, when bruised, give off a strong strawberry-
like odor. The fruit, not often produced, is a large (13 to 2} inches
long) nodding pear-shaped affair much like a rose hip and filled with
many large shining brown seeds. The species differ but little.

Three species are native to the eastern United States, one to Califor-
nia, and the others are from eastern Asia. The one most frequent in
cultivation is CaroLtina ALLSPICE or STRAWBERRY SHRUB (287) — Caly-
canthus fidridus. This has its leaves most densely-hairy beneath and
has the most pleasantly scented flowers. The tallest species, to 12 feet,
and the one with the largest leaves is WEsTERN SWEET SHRUB —Caly-
canthus occidentalis — from California.

[Seeds ; layers; suckers ; divisions. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALYCANTHUS

* Winter buds small and without scales ; flowers blooming after the
leaves expand. (A.)

A. Bushes 3-6 feet high ; flowers 1}-2 inches broad. (B.)

B. Leaves densely pubescent beneath. STRAWBERRY SHRUB
(287) — Calycanthus fléridus.

B. Leaves smooth and green beneath. Caroxnina ALLSPICE —
Calycanthus feértilis.

B. Leaves whitish (glaucous) beneath. Giaucous SWEET-sCENTED
Surus (288) — Calycanthus glaticus.

A. Bushes tall, to 12 feet; flowers light brown, 3 inches broad;
leaves green beneath, 4-6 inches long. Western SweEeEt-
SCENTED SuRuB (289) — Calycanthus occidentalis.

* Winter buds larger and scaly; flowers blooming before the leaves
expand. (Chimon4nthus.) (C.)

C. Outer flower parts yellow, inner ones striped, flowers small ;
leaves thin, whitish beneath. OrienraL SwWEET-SCENTED SHRUB
(290) — Calycanthus priecox.

C. Leaves thick, long-pointed, shining above. THIcK-LEAVED
Sweet Surtus — Calycanthus nitens.

Escalldnia. The EscaLttonias are evergreen shrubs or trees with
scattered simple serrated leaves, viscid twigs, and strong-scented regular
§-petaled 5-stamened flowers in terminal clusters, in spring and summer.
Fruit 2-3-celled dry capsule. They are hardy only in the Gulf states,
though with protection may be cultivated north to Washington.

[Twig cuttings ; layers ; suckers. ]

ESCALLONIA 189

Fie. 292. — Organ Mounjain Fic. 293. — Red
Escallonia. Escallonia.

190

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ESCALLONIA

* Flowers white. (A.)
A. Branches round; leaves 2-4, inches long, linear, minutely

notched, short-stemmed ; flowers } inch broad in large clusters.
MonstevivEo Escatronia (291) — Escallonia montevidénsis.
Branches triangular ; leaves broader than the last and distinctly
notched ; shrub hairy all over. Hairy Escattonia — Escallonia
pulverulénta.

Branches rod-like, light brown; leaves narrow but broadest
towards tip and practically sessile ; flowers small in dense ter-
minal clusters. The most hardy species. Wanp-stemMeD Es-
cALLonia — Escallonia virgata.

* Flowers red or pink. (B.)
B. Branches red and angled; leaves glossy ; flowers pink in. close

B.

terminal clusters; shrub 2-5 feet. Orcan Mountain Escat-
Lonta (292) — Escallonia organénsis.

Branches twiggy and grandular-hairy; leaves small, broader
towards tip and sharp-toothed ; flowers long and tubular, bright

red in short clusters. Rep Escattonia (293) — Escallonia
rubra.

Fie, 294, Slender Deutzia. Fig, 295, —Rough-leaved Deutzia.

DEUTZIA 191

* Deittzia. The Dnurzias are beautiful, nearly hardy Asiatic shrubs
in extensive cultivation with clustered white or pink flowers in spring and
summer. The opposite simple leaves are covered (as seen with a lens)
with star-shaped hairs. The flowers, when single, have 5 thick petals
and 10 stamens with broad’ flat stalks; they are in clusters (racemes,
corymbs, and panicles) at the ends of the branches. The fruit is hemi-
spheric with the calyx lobes, if not deciduous, on the broad end; the
seeds are numerous in the 3 to 5 cells. The flowers are } to inch
broad and the seed pod } to 4 inch.

Fie. 296. — Rose-tinted Double Fie. 297. — Lemoine’s Deutzia.
Deutzia.

The smallest species, SreBotp’s Deutzia — Deutzia Sieboldiéna, —
grows only 2 feet high, with white flowers in June, and is rare in cultiva-
tion. The next in size, SLenpeEr Deurzia (294) — Deutzia gracilis, —
is about 3 feet high with slender and often arching branches, larger and
more abundant white flowers in May and June, and is common ; in this
the stamens are much shorter than the erect petals.

There are several tall species, to 7 feet, with rough leaves and sin-
gle or double, white or reddish flowers. The most common of these,
RouGu-LEaAveD Drurzia (295) — Deutzia scabra, — and its many varieties
(crenata, Pride of Rochester, Rose-tinted Double Deutzia (296), W4-
tereri, etc.) have erect petals, blooming June and July. The other
species have spreading and, in the bud, more or less lapping petals, the
flowers in broad flat clusters, corymbs. Several species have yellow or
variegated foliage. [Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

192

ping.

A.

A.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DEUTZIA

* Flowers in elongated clusters with the petals edge to edge, not lap-

(A.
ae plant, 2 feet, with small light green rough leaves; flowers
in compound clusters, panicles. S1eBoLp’s Deutzia — Deutzia
Sieboldiana.

Low plant, 3 feet, with small, bright green rather smooth
leaves and flowers in nearly simple clusters, racemes.
SLENDER Devrzra or BripaL WREATH (294) — Deutzia gracilis.

. Tall plant, 6. feet, with dull green rough leaves (1-3 inches

long) ; flowers in compound clusters, panicles. RouGH-LEAvED
Decrzia (295) — Deutzia scabra.

* Flowers in broad clusters, corymbs. (B.)

B.

B.

B.

Tall, 7 feet ; flowers white with the petals edge to edge in the
bud; leaves dark green above, much paler beneath. Deutzia
discolor.

384 feet ; petals edge to edge, pinkish outside; calyx red. Pa-

TUNG SNOW-FLOWER — Deutzia discolor purpurascens.

Spreading shrub to 8 feet; flowers white with petals partially
lapping in the bud. Lemornx’s
Devrzia (297) — Deutzia Le-
moinei.

B. Erect shrub to 6 feet ; flowers with
their petals decidedly lapping at
their edges in the bud. Sma.t-
FLOWERED Devutzia — Deutzia
parviflora.

Hydrangea. The most popular
shrub in cultivation North at the
opening of the twentieth century
was, probably, a variety of one of the
25 species of Hydrangeas, Larce-
FLOWERED HypRancEA (298) — Hy-
drangea paniculata grandifldra. The
Hydrangeas have opposite simple
serrated (rarely lobed) leaves. The
flowers are usually of two kinds in
large more or less rounded clusters,

Fic. 298. — Large-flowered small ones with 4 or 5 petals and

Hydrangea. 8 or 10 stamens, producing small cap-

HYDRANGEA 193

sules with many seeds, and large ones with spreading petal-like parts
having no stamens or pistils and so producing no seeds,

There is another genus of plants
with such snowball-like clusters of
sterile flowers, belonging to another
family of plants. This is the genus
of Viburnums, which also have op-
posite simple (sometimes lobed)
leaves (see p. 219), The Viburnums
are the earlier bloomers, all in
bloom by the end of May, while
of the Hydrangeas none are in
bloom till late in June and a num-
ber bloom in July and August.
The Viburnums practically all have
white flowers and produce drupes
with a large flat seed for fruit. |
The Hydrangeas have white, pink, )
blue, and red flowers and produce
small pods with many seeds.

The last species given in the key
is Hydrangea horténsis, from China
and Japan. This is so frequently

Fia. 300. — Hortensia Hydrangea. Fra. 301.— Oak-leaved
Hydrangea.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 13

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

194

Fic. 303. — Heart-leaved Wild

Fig. 302.— Wild Hydrangea.

Hydrangea.

Fic. 305.— Nepal Hydrangea.

Fic. 304. —Gray Hydrangea,

KEY TO THE HYDRANGEAS 195

cultivated as a tub plant North and as a hardy plant South that it de-
serves a paragraph of description. It has been in cultivation for so many
centuries by those most successful horticulturists of eastern Asia that
there are hundreds of named varieties. These can be separated into
three well-marked groups and for such a handbook as this no more, of
practical value, can be included : —
1. The Japénica group with broad flat clusters of mixed sterile and
fertile flowers (299).
. 2 The Horténsia group with nearly globular clusters of almost all
sterile flowers (300).
8. The Stellata group with flowers having many narrow divisions
(sepals). [Twig cuttings ; layers ; suckers ; divisions. ]

KEY TO THE HYDRANGEAS

* Flowers abundant in large pyramidal clusters. (A.)

A. Leaves not lobed, large, 2-5 inches long, serrate ; flower-clusters
6-12 inches long, flowers whitish, the large, sterile ones changing
to purplish (Aug., Sept.) ; capsule with the calyx at about the
middle. (B.)

B. About half of the flowers sterile, July-Sept. ; shrub or tree to
80 feet. Panictep Hyprancra — Hydrangea paniculata.

B. Three fourths of the flowers sterile and larger. ABuNDANT-
FLOWERED Hyprancea — Hydrangea paniculata floribunda.

B. Nearly all the flowers sterile in extra large clusters. Larcxr-
FLOWERED Hyprancega (298) — Hydrangea paniculata grandi-
flora.

A. Leaves 3-7-lobed, large, 4-8 inches long ; flowers pinkish, June,
July ; shrub with spreading branches to 6 feet. Osax-LEAVED
Hyprancra (801) — Hydrangea quercifolia.

* Flowers in broad flat or globular clusters. (C.)
C. Styles of the pistil usually 2; capsule with the calyx at the tip- (D.)
D. Flower-clusters wrapped, before expanding, with 6-8 large
deciduous bracts ; low shrub to 5 feet. Hydrangea involucrata.
D. No such bracts: erect shrubs 4-10 feet ; leaves 8-6 inches long
on long stalks. (B.)
BE. Leaves nearly smooth on both sides, ovate to cordate. (F.)
F. Very few enlarged sterile flowers. Witp Hyprancea
(302) — Hydrangea arboréscens.
F. About all the flowers sterile. Hitrus or Snow — Hy-
drangea arboréscens stérilis.
F. Leavesespecially broad and heart-shaped. HEart-LEAVED

196 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Witp Hypraneea (303) — Hydrangea arboréscens cor-
data.

E. Leaves densely whitish-hairy beneath ; sterile flowers abun-
dant at edge of cluster. Gray Hyprancea (304) — Hy-
drangea radiata.

C. Styles of the pistil usually 3; capsule with the calyx near the
middle; leaves coarsely serrate; flowers more or less sterile
(June, July).

G. Leaves densely pubescent beneath, 4-8 inches long; leaf
stem deeply grooved and margined. Nepat HyprancEa
(305) — Hydrangea vestita.

G. Leaves less pubescent and smaller, 3-5 inches long; leaf stem
not margined ; flower-cluster smaller but denser ; hardy North.
BRETSCHNEIDER’S Hyprancea — Hydrangea Brétschneideri.

G. Leaves large, 5-8 inches, almost smooth; flower-clusters
large; flowers white, pink or bluish, few or all sterile; not fully
hardy north of Washington ; cultivated in hundreds of varieties
South and as tub plants North. Common Hyprancra (299)
(300) — Hydrangea horténsis.

Philadélphus. The Syrrncas or Mock Orances are among the most
popular of ornamental shrubs. They can be known by the opposite sim-
ple deciduous leaves and the large, 1 to 2 inches, white or creamy

SZ, (

Fic. 306.— Golden Syringa. Fic. 307. — Falconer’s Syringa.

PHILADELPHUS 197

broadly spreading, 4-petaled flowers,
in clusters. These flowers are, gen-
erally, very sweet-scented, June
and July, and have many stamens:
The leaves are usually 3-ribbed from
the base with margins generally
notched and sometimes somewhat

Fia. 309. — Hairy Syringa.

Fic. 310.— Broad-leaved Syringa. Fic. 311.— Gordon’s Syringa.

198 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

lobed. The fruit is a dry hemispheric capsule above a 4-lobed broadly
spreading calyx; this, when ripe, splits into 4 valves and has many seeds.
The number of species (30) and especially the increasing number of hy-
brids render the forms difficult to distinguish. About all of the species
are fully hardy North. It is unfortunate that the name Syringa was given
by Linnzus to the lilacs. This has led to confusion between botanists
and the people for 150 years. The public still use the name Syringa for
these white-flowered shrubs,

“The smallest species, 3 feet, SmaLu-LEAvED Syrinea, Philadelphus
microphyllus, has entire-edged leaves (4-1 inch long) and deliciously
fragrant flowers (1 inch) in clusters of 1 to 3. The commonest species,
Mock OrancE or Syrinca—Philadelphus coronarius — grows to the
height of 10 feet with upright branches having clusters of 5 to 9 creamy-
white very fragrant flowers. The most showy of all, Lemornn’s Syrin-
ca — Philadelphus Leméinei, —is a hybrid with abundant sweet-scented
pure white flowers ; the tips of the branches are arching.

[Twig cuttings ; layers ; seeds.]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOCK ORANGES

* Bark of old branches peeling off in thin brown flakes. (A.)

A. Flowers creamy-white, very sweet-scented, in large 5-9-flowered
dense clusters ; leaves denticulate, usually pointed at both ends,
slightly hairy below (2-4 inches long). Mock Orance or
Syrinca— Philadelphus coronarius. This includes varieties with
yellow foliage, Gorpen Syrinca (806) — aureus; white-edged
foliage — argénteo-marginata ; narrow leaves — salicifodlia ; dwarf
form — nanus ; and several double-flowered forms.

A. Flowers pure white, slightly fragrant, 1} inches broad, usually 5 in
cluster, style longer than stamens; spreading, with branches
arching ; a hybrid. Zryner’s Syrinca — Philadelphus Zéyheri.

A. Flowers as in the last, but with the petals oblong, acute; leaves
longer and more pointed. Faxnconrr’s Srrinea (307) — Phila-
delphus FAlconeri.

A. Flowers small, yellowish-white, very fragrant, 3-7 in cluster
completely covering the plant; leaves 3-24 inches long; a hy-
brid with several varieties. Lemorine’s Syrinca — Philadelphus
Lemé6inei.

A. Flowers large on leafy branchlets with few, 1-3, rarely 5
together, slight but delightful fragrance, calyx lobes twice as long
astube. Large shrub with recurved branches, LarGE-FLOWERED
Syrica (308) — Philadelphus grandifldrus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOCK ORANGES 199

A. Flowers as in the last but a little smaller, scentless ; calyx lobes
only as long as tube. A vigorous shrub of drooping habit.
Oporuess Syrinca — Philadelphus inodorus.

A. Flowers on short branchlets with 1-38 creamy-white flowers ;
leaves hairy beneath, 1-2} inches long. Hairy Syrinca (309) —
Philadelphus hirstitus.

A. Flowers nearly solitary, 1 inch broad, very fragrant ; leaves entire
(4-1 inch long). Smatu-Leavep Syrinea — Philadélphus mi-
crophyllus.

* Bark of old branches not peeling off ; flowers in simple racemes. (B.)

B. Calyx hairy outside ; bark gray; tall, to 20 feet ; racemes 5-11-
flowered, flowers 1}-2 inches broad, creamy-white, about’ scent-
less. Broap-teavepD Syrinea (810) — Philadelphus pubéscens.

B. Calyx smooth outside ; bark brown or grayish brown; flowers
5-9 in clusters. (C.)

C. Flowers pure white, scentless (1}-1% inches broad). Gorpon’s
Syrinca (311) — Philadelphus Gordonianus.
Flowers smaller, about 1 inch, scentless; bark with numerous
horizontal cracks. Lewis’ Syrinca — Philadelphus Léwisi.
C. Flowers 1inch, slightly fragrant ; bark with whitish longitudinal
cracks. Satsuma Syrinca — Philadelphus satshmi..

Cc

Fic. 312. — Itea. Fig. 313.— Golden Currant.

200 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 314.— Wild Black Currant. Fig. 315.— Red-flowered Currant.

Fic. 316.— Garden Gooseberry. Fic. 317. Eastern Wild Gooseberry.

KEY TO THE GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS 201

Ttea virginica. Irea (812) or Virernian ‘ WitLow’ is a shrub (2-4
feet high) of upright slender growth with willow-like minutely serrate
alternate leaves and slender terminal clusters of small, white, fragrant
flowers, in June and July. The fruit is a slender two-grooved capsule,
with many seeds. Its flowers in summer and its brilliant red foliage in
autumn render this
rather coarse wild
plant worthy of cul-
tivation.

[Seeds ; twig cut-

tings ; divisions. ]

Ribes. The Goosr-
BERRIES apd Cur-
RANTS are popular
shrubs generally cul-
tivated for their use-
ful small fruits, but
the beautiful lobed
leaves, bright flowers, and colored berries of some of the species render
them worthy of cultivation in the shrubbery.

The alternate (often clustered) lobed simple leaves and the globular
(prickly, hairy, or smooth) fleshy berries tipped with the remains of the
calyx characterize the group. The genus is easily separated into the
prickly-stemmed gooseberries and the smooth-stemmed currants.

[Twig cuttings ; layers; seeds. ]

Fic. 318.— Lobb’s Gooseberry.

KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL GOOSEBERRIES AND
CURRANTS

*Stems thorny or prickly, often with both thorns and prickles —
gooseberries. (A.)
A. Thorns usually in 3’s. (B.)

B. Flowersshowy, drooping, with the stamens long, exserted. (C.)
C. Flowers bright red, 4-parted; calyx not reflexed; berry
small, prickly, dry, few-seeded ; leaves thick, shining, nearly
evergreen. The most beautiful of the genus, but not hardy
North. Fucusta-FLOWERED GoosEBERRY — Ribes specidsum.
C. Flowers purple and white, 5-parted; calyx reflexed ; berry
(4 inch) very glandular-hairy ; leaves small, rarely 1 inch

wide. Lopp’s Gooseserry (318) — Ribes Lébbii.
B, Flowets not showy, short, with calyx reflexed and stamens but

?

202 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

slightly exserted ; fruit large, to 1 inch, green, yellowish, or
red; cultivated for the edible fruit. GarpEen or EUROPEAN
GoosEBERRY (316) — Ribes Grossularia.

A. Thorns usually single and short ; flowers 1-3 in cluster, greenish
or purplish ; berry small, 4 inch, smooth, reddish purple, edible ;
leaves usually tapering at base. Eastern WILD GoosEBERRY
or Rounp-LEAVED GoosEBERRY (317) — Ribes rotundifolium.

* Stems without prickles ; flowers and fruit usually in hanging clusters,

Currants. (D.) _

D. Leaves with waxy beads or drops on the lower surface, at least
when young ; fruit usually dark brown to black (rarely red). (H.)

HE. Flowers golden-yellow and spicy-scented, in short, few-flowered
clusters, with large leaflike bracts; fruit dark brown.
GoLpEN or BurraLo Currant (315) — Ribes atreum.

H. Flowers: greenish white, in 5-10-flowered drooping racemes,
ovary pubescent; fruit black, mawkish ; stems upright. Gar-
DEN or European Brack Currant — Ribes nigrum.

E. Similar to the last, but more spreading and the stems some-
what angular; ovary smooth. Wuitp Brack Currant (314) —
Ribes fiéridum (R. americanum).

D. Leaves without waxy dots on the under side. (F.)

F. Flowers rose-red, in large, hanging clusters without bracts ;
branches red and smooth ; fruit rough, bluish black, dry and
bitterish. Rep-FLOWERED Currant (315) —Ribes sanguin-
eum.

F. Flowers pink, in large clusters; almost no fruit. Pix-rLow-
ERED CurRANT — Ribes Gordonianum.

F. Flowers greenish white or greenish purple in erect racemes ;
fruit red, covered with rough glandular hairs, fetid; stems
trailing and rooting. Sxunx or Fetip Currant— Ribes pros-
tratum. :

Hamamélis. Wircn Hazex (319) — Hamamelis virginiana — is an
interesting shrub or small tree, to 25 feet, with thick, oblique wavy-
edged, alternate leaves, 4 to 6 inches long. It has long-petaled yellow
flowers at any time from August to December. The two-celled, two-
seeded, woody capsules are on the shrub through the year, and are
especially peculiar in the method and vigor of seed-shooting, which occurs
about the time of new bloom.

There is a Japan Witcu Haze (820) —Hamamelis japénica — with
smaller. leaves, 2 to 5 inches long, more prominently veined beneath.
In this species the flowers bloom in the spring, February to April, and
the fruit has less covering of calyx. The American spevies has the calyx

1

FOTHERGILLA 203

one half the length of the fruit,
while the Japan species has the
calyx only at the base.

[Seeds (two years to grow);
layers (slow to root).]

Fothergilla. Forarreria (321)
or Dwarr ‘ ALper’ — Fothergilla
Gardéni (F. carolina) —is a shrub,
2 to 5 feet high, with the twigs
densely covered with star-shaped
hairs. The thick alternate simple
leaves are usually oblique at base,
with coarse irregular notches at tip.
The flowers are sweet-scented in.
close clusters, in April, and appear

SN // SAS
N lee

Fic. 320.—Japan Witch Hazel.

Fig. 321.— Fothergilla. Fic. 322,—Few-flowered Corylopsis.

204 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

like a mass of white or pinkish stamens, a quarter inch long. The fruit’
is a hard, two-seeded seed vessel, or capsule, half an inch long.
[Seeds (2 years to grow) ; layers (2 years to root). ]

Corylépsis. Low shrubs with alternate oblique deciduous notched
leaves of a peculiar bluish green color. Flowers yellow, fragrant, in
nodding clusters before the leaves expand, in early spring. Hardy from
New York south and very attractive when in bloom. There are two

Fic. 323.— Spiked Corylopsis.

species in cultivation from Japan, neither growing over 4 feet high.
Fruit a two-celled capsule with two shining black seeds.
[Seeds, in spring ; twig cuttings. ]

* Clusters numerous, less than 1 inch long of 2-3 flowers ; leaves ob-
liquely heart-shaped (1-2 inches long). FEw-FLOWERED CoRYLop-
sis (322) — Corylopsis pauciflora.

* Clusters 1-2 inches long of 7-10 bright yellow flowers ; leaves 2-34
inches long. SpixEp CoryLopsis (323) — Corylopsis spicata.

Myrtus comminis. The Crassic Myrr Le (324) is a handsome evergreen
outdoor shrub in the South, 3 to 10 feet high, with opposite simple feather-
veined entire-edged aromatic shining leaves. The flowers are 5-petaled,
solitary, axillary, white or pinkish (sometimes double), in July. The
stamens are numerous, in several rows ; the fruit are black berries with

MYRTUS AND EUGENIA 205

Fic. 325.— Grumichama,

Fic. 326.— Brush ‘ Cherry.’

Fia. 327.— Jambos.

206 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

several kidney-shaped seeds. A number of varieties are in cultivation
differing in the size, shape, and coloring of the leaves. In southern
California this is ever blooming. Besides this European species there
are two others in cultivation in southern California, from Chili.

[Twig cuttings. ]

Eugénia. The Eucenras are myrtle-like Southern shrubs or trees with
opposite evergreen finely feather-veined aromatic leaves, white or creamy
flowers, and usually one-seeded cherry-like edible berries. They are culti-
vated, mainly, for their showy fruits, some of-them excellent for jellies.

[Twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUGENIA

* Flowers and fruit solitary, axillary. (A.)

A. Tall to 20 feet ; berry cherry-like, ribbed (1 inch broad), red with
an acid spicy flavor, ripe May and June. Southern Florida and
California. Cayenne ‘ Cuerry ’— Eugenia Michelii.

A. Shrub to 6 feet with scale-like leaves 3 inches long covering the
branches; fruit scarlet, cherry-like, in April. GrumicHAma
(825) — Eugenia brasiliénsis.

* Flowers and fruit in 3-9-flowered clusters. (B.)

B. Smooth shrub to 12 feet with dark and glossy leaves (2-3 inches
long); red to violet fruit (2 inch) ending in a persistent calyx.
The fine veins of the leaves are nearly at right angles to the mid-
rib. Brusa ‘Cuerry’ (826) — Eugenia myrtifolia.

B. A tree to 30 feet with thick slender leaves, like the oleander,
and fruit (14-2 inches broad) light-colored with a pink cheek,
apricot-flavored. Rosz ‘Appiy.’ Jampos (827) — Eugenia
Jémbos.

B. A tall shrub or small tree with broad blunt leaves (4-6 inches
long and 2-3 inches broad) ; berry the size of a cherry or some-
times larger; the flowers in this species have the petals united at
base. JamMBOLAN ‘PLum’ — Eugenia Jambolana.

Psidium. The Guavas are evergreen shrubs or small trees of the ex-
treme South. The leaves are simple, opposite, thick, usually entire-edged
and feather-veined. The flowers are large, 1 to 2 inches, 5-petaled with
many stamens, solitary or few in the axils of the leaves. The fruit isa
large somewhat rough yellow or yellowish many-seeded berry used in the
tropics for jelly or in tarts and also eaten raw.

(Suckers ; twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

CALLISTEMON 207

Fic. 328. — Lemon Guava. Fic. 329.— Strawberry Guava.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PSIDIUM

* Branchlets more or less square. Shrub or tree 6-15 feet with the 1-
many (usually 3) short-stemmed flowers in the axils of the leaves,
June ; fruit 2-8 inches broad, globular, yellow, aromatic and astrin-
gent, July-Nov. Lemon Guava (328) — Psidium Guajava.

* Branchlets round. (A.)

A. Shrub 4-6 feet with hairy twigs, velvety leaves, and ovoid green-
ish yellow fruit with white flesh. Braziz Guava — Psidium
Araca.

A. Shrub 8-10 feet with hairy twigs but the leaves smooth above ;
fruit nearly round, deep yellow outside, with red flesh of delicious
flavor. Guiana Guava — Psidium guineénse.

A. Shrub 10-20 feet with smooth twigs and thick smooth dark green
leaves ; fruit round (about 1 inch), deep claret color and rough
fig-like surface, a strawberry-like fragrance and flavor. Straw-
BERRY Guava (329) — Psidium Cattleianum.

Callistémon. The Borriz-srusnes form a group of ornamental Aus-
tralian shrubs with simple alternate entire-edged evergreen leaves. These,
like a number of other Australian plants, have the blades of the leaves

208 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

broadened up and down, parallel with the stems, instead of cross-
wise as in most plants. Such leaves cast but little or no shade. Many
of the Acacias, p. 182, illustrate this kind of foliage. Hardy only in
southern California and Florida but cultivated in greenhouses North.
The flowers are in spikes, at the start, at the end of the branches with
long conspicuous stamens ; after flowering, the tips of the clusters grow
into shoots and the fruit, many-seeded small capsules, remaining on for
years, mark the annual growth of the stems. [Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

Fia. 330.— Showy Bottle-brush.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALLISTEMON

* Leaves flat and feather-veined. (A.)

A. To 10 feet; with scarlet flowers having calyx and corolla hairy,
forming large dense spikes; leaves lance-shaped, hairy when
young. Ssowy Borrre-srusx (330) — Callistemon specidsus.

A. To 6 feet; with loose clusters of reddish flowers; leaves more
crowded, reddish when young. LancE-LEAvED BoTTLE-BRUSH
— Callistemon lanceolatus,

A. To 4 feet; with rigid linear leaves almost spine-tipped and dense
spikes of red flowers with especially dark anthers. Ric1p-LEAVED
Borrie-Brusu — Callistemon rigidus. ,

* Leaves linear and almost without veins except the midrib, 46 feet
with scarlet flowers and more globular fruit. SLenDER-LEAVED
Borrie-Brusu — Callistemon linearis,

OPUNTIA 209

Pinica. Pomecranate (331) — Punica Granatum —is a large hand-
some deciduous shrub or smali tree, to 15 feet, with showy scarlet
flowers, hardy as far north as Washington. ‘The leaves are mostly oppo-

site, oblong, entire-edged, smooth and shin-
ing. The flowers (1 inch broad) are nearly
solitary, axillary, in summer. The fruit is
a large, 2 to 4 inches broad, many-seeded
edible berry, ripe in September and can be
kept for several weeks ; there are both sour
and sweet varieties. Dwarr PomecRAaNaTE
— Punica Granatum nana — is the best vari-
ety for ornamental cultivation, as it grows
- to the height of only 6 feet and has both
single- and double-flowered forms. As a
conservatory plant it blooms throughout the
year. [Twig cuttings under glass. ]

Lagerstremia indica. Crare ‘Myrtin’?
(832) is one of the most beautiful and pop-
ular of large shrubs or small trees, 10 to
25: feet, in cultivation. It is hardy with
slight protection north to Philadelphia. In
the South it is to be
found in nearly all
private grounds. The beauty of the plant is due to
the large clusters of flowers with their wavy
(crinkled or fringed) stalked petals, in summer ; ¢
it blooms continuously for two or three months.
The usual color of the flowers is bright pink, but
there are varieties ranging from white to purple.
The fruit is a 3- to 6-celled capsule with winged
seeds. The rather small (2 inches)
leaves are generally opposite; near :
the tips of the branches they become a)
alternate, oblong, with entire margins.

[Twig cuttings. ]

Fia. 331.— Pomegranate.

Optntia. The Cactus plants hardly NWV/GY
come within the scope of this book, j YO z
but there are forms which are woody
and hardy enough to endure the 2% ae
winters in the New England states, @&
and some in the southern states Fia. 332,—Crape ‘Myrtle.’

APGAR’S SHRUBS— 14

:210

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 335. — Purple Cactus.

Fic. 334. — Western Prickly Pear.

which are trees in size and plan
of branching, so a few words
will be given to them. They
can all be readily recognized
by their fleshy spine-covered
growth without foliage leaves.
The most abundant and hardy
group is the Prickly ‘Pear,’
with flat jointed branching
stems and large, generally yel-
low, flowers followed by usu-
ally edible pulpy pear-like fruit
with many shining seeds. The
largest and most tree-like is
wild in the region of the
Rocky Mountains, TREE-LIKE
Prickty ‘ Pear’ — Opuntia ar-
boréscens. Eastern PRICKLY
‘Pear’ (8383) —Opuntia vulgaris
—is found from Massachusetts
and south. There are sev-

ARALIA 211

eral species found in the Mississippi Valley, WestrERN Prickty ‘Pear’
(884) — Opuntia Rafinésquii — etc.

Mamillaria. The next group of cacti in number and variety of forms
wild in the United States are more or less rounded or oblong masses hay-
ing the surface entirely covered with spiny-tipped tubercles (mammille) ;
as, Purpie Cactus (835) — Mamillaria vivipara. Of this group there are
a dozen wild and many cultivated species. The hundreds of species in
cultivation belong to these two and some dozen other genera.

There is a group very popular in cultivation which has broad flat leaf-
like growths for stems, thus called Lear Cacrus—Phyllocdctus. A
few of these are night-blooming
of great beauty and delicious
perfume. Though some of these
. are wild in Cuba, probably none
can be grown out of doors except
in southern California.

(Cuttings. ]

Aralia. The ARratias proper
form a large group (40 species) of
mainly tropic plants with com-
pound leaves and clustered small
flowers ; two-of the species are
shrubs or small trees nearly hardy
North.

Hercurses’ Crus or Devit’s
WALKING-STICK, and ANGELICA-
TREE are beautiful prickly shrubs
or small trees with very large com- Fic. 336. —Hereules
pound leaves 1 to 4 feet long, Club.
with 75 to 200 blades and enor-
mous clusters of white flowers, in August. The two species are the
American Hekcues Crus (336) — Aralia spindsa, —and the Curves An-
GELICA-TREE — Aralia chinénsis, — either of which occasionally grows to
the height of 40 feet. The American is apt to be the more prickly, on
both stem and leaves. The blades of the bipinnate leaf of the American
are usually smaller, 1} to 3} inches long, and short-stalked, while the
Chinese blades are larger, 34 to 6 inches long, and about stemless.
Neither are fully hardy North without some protection, but the Chinese
is the more hardy. In the American species the veins peculiarly curve
near the margins, while those of the Chinese divide. There is a form of
the latter with variegated leaves. No shrubs in the northern states have

212 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

such a palm-like tropic appearance as the Aralias, and they should be
more extensively cultivated. [Twig cuttings ; root cuttings. ]

Acanthopanax. This is a closely related genus of prickly shrubs or
trees, often called Aralias in catalogues, a few of which are in cultiva-
tion. Five-sLapep ARALIA or ANGELICA — Acanthopanax pentaphyllum
(Aralia pentaphylla) — is a graceful spiny shrub (5 to 10 feet) with decidu-
ous glossy leaves of 5 to 7 wedge-lance-shaped notched blades (1 to 2
inches long) and small green flowers. The fruit is a 2- to 5-seeded black
berry. With white-edged leaves, this forms var. variegatum.

Fic. 337. — Formosa Rice-paper Fic. 338.— Alternate-leaved Dogwood.
Aralia.

SEssILE-FLOWERED ARALIA — Acanthopanax sessiflorum — is a larger,
to 12 feet, and less shining shrub with usually 3 larger blades, 4 to 7
inches, to the leaves and dull purplish flowers. The heads of black
berries are conspicuous and beautiful. There is a species of the genus
with large simple 5- to 7-lobed leaves and many stout prickles on the
branches, but it is a medium-sized tree, to 80 feet, Acanthopanax ricini-
folium. [Seeds ; root cuttings ; twig cuttings.]

Fatsia. The Ricr-paper Aratias of Japan are without thorns but
with very large pith in the stems, from which the paper is made. In the
shade and somewhat protected, they are hardy north to Washington and
have a peculiar and beautiful appearance. The leaves are large, 1 foot,

THE DOGWOODS 213

Fic. 339. — Flowering Dogwood. Fic. 340. — Evergreen Dogwood.

Fic. 341.— Cornelian ‘ Cherry.’ Fie. 342. — Red-osier Dogwood.

214 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

simple, heart-shaped at base with 5 to 7 notched lobes. The species from
Formosa, Formosa RicE-PAPER ARALIA (337) — Fatsia papyrffera, — has
the white flowers sessile in globular clusters, while the one from Japan,
Japan RicE-paPeR ARALIA— Fatsia japonica, — has more shining foliage
and the flowers in umbels. There are variegated forms of both species.
[Root cuttings. ]

Cérnus. The Doewoons form an interesting group of shrubs and
small trees (a few are herbaceous) with peculiarly veined entire-edged
leaves. The side-veins are distinctly parallel with each other and in-

e

Fic. 343. — White-fruited Dogwood. Fic. 344.— Panicled Dogwood.

curving towards the acute tip of the leaf. There are but few other plants
with leaves so veined; some of the Buckthorns (p. 93) come nearest
among our shrubs. All our species of Cornus except one, ALTERNATE-
LEAYED Docwoop (338) — Cornus alternifélia, — have opposite leaves.
A few species in cultivation have what is apparently large white or pink
flowers of great beauty. The colored part, in these cases, is really four
large bracts surrounding the clusters of small flowers in a head-like
growth. The finest and commonest of these is our FLowerine Doc- _
woop (339) — Cornus florida, — a shrub or small tree (10-15 feet, rarely
to 40 feet) with spreading branches, white or pink flowers in May and

THE DOGWOODS 215

Fig. 345 — Bailey’s Dogwood. Fig. 346.— Stiff Dogwood.

clusters of scarlet berries in fall. The bracts, or large petal-like parts,
have notched tips. Japan Dogwoop— Cornu: Kotsa— grows somewhat
taller, has narroweft leaves, pointed creamy bracts to the flowers in June

)) %-
Uy,

ar

?

Fic. 347.—Silky Dogwood. Fig. 348.— European Dogwood,

Os:
=
Z
!

|

Y)

216 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

and the berries grow together in a globular head. The American species
blooms before the leaves are fully expanded, while the flowers of the
Japan species appear after the leaves. Both are hardy to Massachu-
setts:

All the other shrubby forms have the clusters of flowers more open and
without large conspicuous bracts. The true flowers of all the species are
small and have four petals to the corolla, four teeth to the calyx, and four
stamens. The fruit is a drupe-like berry with one stone in the center
and thin flesh. Much of the beauty of the species is due to the bright-
colored berries which they bear, though the autumn coloring of the
foliage adds to the attractiveness of the group. The bright colors of the
twigs of some species, when the leaves have dropped, give winter effects
of great beauty.

In general, the common name CorNEL, below, may be changed to
Docwoop. (Twig cuttings; layers. ]

KEY TO THE CORNELS AND DOGWOODS

% Flowers in close heads surrounded by 4 large petal-like bracts. (A.)

A. Berries separated when ripe. (B.) .

B. Bracts notched at tip; usually a shrub 10-15 feet, occasionally
atree. Frowrerinc Doewoop (339) — Cornus flérida.

B. Bracts generally acute at tip. Successfully cultivated only
near the Pacific ; tree to 80 feet. NurraLu’s Doewoop — Cor-
nus Niittallii.

A. Berries grown together in fleshy head. (C.)

C. Leaves deciduous; shrub to 20 feet. Japan Docwoop —
Cornus Kotsa.

C. Leaves thick, leathery, evergreen ; hardy only South. Tver-
GREEN Dogwoop (340) — Cornus capitata.

* Flowers yellow in umbels surrounded at base with small bracts;

berries bright scarlet. (D.)

D. Leaves with fine close-pressed hairs, green both sides. The
earliest yellow-flowering shrub. Corneiian ‘CHERRY’ (341) —
Cornus MAs.

D. Leaves paler beneath and with large tufts of dark brown hairs.
Curnese CornELian ‘CHERRY ’ — Cornus officinalis.

* Flowers white or greenish white in open clusters and without bracts.

(B.)

E. Leaves alternate, pale or whitish beneath, 38-5 inches long;
branches peculiarly arranged in horizontal tiers. (P.)

KEY TO THE CORNELS AND DOGWOODS 217

F. Berries dark blue on red stems; shrub to 25 feet; flower-
clusters 1-2} inches broad. ALTERNATE-LEAVED CoRNEL (338)
— Cornus alternifolia.

F. Berries blue-black ; hardy only South, tree to 60 feet; flower-
cluster 3-4 inches broad. Japan Cornex —Cornus macro-
phylla.

E. Leaves opposite; flowers in broad, umbel-like compound clusters,

cymes. (G.)

G. Fruit white or nearly so (bluish or greenish white in some
species). (H.)

H. Leaves nearly smooth beneath but whitish with straight
close-pressed hairs. (I.)

I. Branches blood-red or bright yellow, in either case there
are varieties with variegated foliage. (J.)

J. Main stem prostrate and rooting ; shrub to 8 feet, broad,
bush-like ; stone of fruit wider than high. Rep-osier
Doewoop (342) — Cornus stolonifera.

J. Shrub to 10 feet with erect stems; stone of the fruit

' longer than wide and flattened; white berries ripe in
July. Rep-stemmMep Docwoop or WHITE-FRUITED Doc-
woop (348) — Cornus alba.

I. Branches gray ; fruit white on red stems in more elongated
clusters, ripe in Aug. and remaining till Jan. Shrub
6-15 feet beautiful in bloom and fruit. Panicrep Cornen
(344) — Cornus candidissima (C. paniculata).

H. Leaves downy-hairy below. (K.)

K. Branches dark red; leaves narrow. Erect-grewing; ex-
cellent for sandy soil, blooming nearly all summer.
Bartzy’s Doewoop (345) — Cornus Baileyi.

K. Young branches green with purple blotches; leaves
broad; berries bluish or greenish with red stems.
Rounp-LEAVED CorNEL or DoGwoop — Cornus circinata.

G. Fruit blue or black. (L.)

L. Fruit pale blue with globular, nearly smooth stone; leaves
greenish both sides; branches reddish; shrub to 15 feet,
not fully hardy North. Srirr Cornet (846) — Cornus
stricta. :

L. Fruit light blue with oblique-ridged stone ; branches purple
and usually hairy, especially when young; shrub 3-10 feet.
Sirxy Cornet or Kinnixinnix (3847) — Cornus Amdmum.

L. Fruit black; flowers greenish-white; branches purple or
blood-red ; shrub to 12 feet. European Connex or Rep-
osieR (3848) — Cornus sanguinea,

218 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Auctiba japénica. AvucuBa or Japanese ‘Lauret’ (349) is an
evergreen shrub, with large opposite thick notched glossy and often varie-
gated leaves, cultivated in the Gulf states (where it is hardy) for the
foliage and bright one-seeded berries which are red, white, or yellow in
the different varieties. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, in clus-

Fic. 351. — Hobble-bush. Fic. 352.—European Wayfaring
Tree.

VIBURNUM 219

ters. As the plants are diccious, only a portion, those with pistils,
bear the fruit. There are handsome variegated forms with white or yel-
low stripes, dots, and blotches to the leaves, arranged in many patterns
and giving rise to many varietal names. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.]

Vibirnum. The Visurnums form a large group, 80 species, of
opposite simple-leaved ornamental shrubs. A number are in cultivation
and several are very beautiful in foliage, flowers, and fruit. Some have

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Fic. 353. — Japanese Viburnum. Fig. 354. — Chinese Viburnum.

bright colored drupes which remain through the winter; they have, in
most species, a decidedly flattened stone. The SnowBatu group are like
the Hydrangeas (see p. 192) in that the blossoms have become enlarged
and sterile. The Hydrangeas have white, pink, purple, or bright blue
flowers ; while the Viburnums have only white or creamy flowers. The
Viburnums bloom earlier, all being in bloom in May ; while the Hydran-
geas do not begin to bloom before June and some species continue bloom-
ing through July and August. So Viburnums are spring-blooming and
Hydrangeas are summer-blooming. The small fertile flowers, if closely
examined, will show plain differences. The Hydrangeas have 4 to 5
separate petals to the corolla, while the Viburnums have bell-shaped
5-lobed corollas. The Hydrangeas have 8 to 10 long stamens, the Vi-
burnums 5 short ones. [Seeds ; twig cuttings, under glass. ]

220 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fie. 355. — High-bush ‘Cranberry,’ Fic. 356. — Dockmackie? -

Fic. 357. — Downy Arrowwood. Fic. 358.—Siebold’s Viburnum,

VIBURNUM 221

Fic. 359. — Arrowwood.

Fig. 361. — Withe-rod. ‘ Fic. 362. —Sheep-berry.

222 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 363. — Stag-bush. Fic. 364. — Sandankwa’s Evergreen
Viburnum.

Fic. 365. — Sweet-scented Evergreen Fic. 366. — Laurestinus.
Viburnum.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 223

.

Fie. 367. — Hairy Laurestinus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM

* Snowball group, with all the flowers enlarged and sterile and thus
forming no fruit. (A.) ;
A. Leaves deciduous, smooth, feather-veined with notched edges but
not lobed. (B.)

B. Leaves finely notched, dark green above; flower-clusters 7-8
inches broad. Cuingesz SnowsaLtt — Viburnum macrocépha-
lum stérile.

B. Leaves coarsely notched and plaited ; flower-clusters 3 inches
broad. Japanese SnowgpaLt (350) — Viburnum tomentdsum
plicatum.

A. Leaves radiate-veined and broadly 3-lobed. SnowxBa.t or GuEL-
vER ‘ Rose’ — Viburnum Opulus stérile.
* Mixed group ; some of the flowers fruit-producing but the marginal

ones enlarged and sterile ; leaves deciduous. (C.)

C. Leaves without lobes; drupes red becoming darker. (D.)

D. Leaves orbicular, somewhat heart-shaped, 3-8 inches broad.
Hopsie-susn, Witcn Hoxssie, or Moosewoop (351) — Vi-
burnum alnifdlium.

224 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

D. Leaves heart-shaped, 2-4 inches long, finely serrate. Evro-
PEAN WAYFARING TREE (352) — Viburnum Lantana.

D. Leaves not heart-shaped, decidedly notched, plaited, and
ridged. Japanese VipurNumM (353) — Viburnum tomentdsum.

D. Leaves as in the last, but smoother above and with finer notches
not plaited. CHinese Visurnom (854) — Viburnum ma-
crocéphalum.

C. Leaves 3-lobed; berries bright red. (B.)

E. Branches smooth and light gray ; shrub to 12 feet and spread-
ing; drupes pendulous in large clusters, in July yellow,
turning scarlet later and remaining bright till Feb. Pimeina or
Hic Busu ‘Crangerry’ (355) — Viburnum Opulus ameri-
canum (V. Opulus). (G.)

BE. Branches darker and somewhat corky ; shrub denser and more
upright ; berries upright in small clusters, less showy and less
persistent ; sterile flowers larger. Mancuurian CRANBERRY-
BusH — Viburnum Sargéntii.

* With only small drupe-bearing flowers ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs

hardy. (F.)

F. Leaves 3-lobed and coarsely notched ; small shrubs 2-6 feet. (G.)

G. Flower-clusters about 2 inches broad; drupes nearly black,
persistent. Brilliant in fall. Mapie-LeEavep VisurRNuUM or
Dockmacxig (356) — Viburnum acerifolium.

G. Flower clusters smaller ; drupes light red and larger. Squasu-
BERRY or Pimprna — Viburnum paucifldrum.

F. Leaves not lobed. (H.) ;

H. Leaves coarsely dentate, usually decidedly less than 25 teeth
onaside. (I.) ;

I. Leaves short-stemmed, under } inch, velvety below ; drupes
almost black, late July-Dec.; flowers very abundant in early
June. Downy Arrowwoop (357) — Viburnum pubéscens.

I. Leaf-stem over } inch long. (J.) ;

J. Leaves thick, notched beyond the middle (entire before),
somewhat plaited, 8-6 inches long ; flowers in large clusters,
May, June; fruit oblong, red changing to black, ripe
in August and soon dropping. A variety, variegitum,
with white-blotched leaves. SrmBoip’s Visurnum (358)
— Viburnum Siéboldi.

J. Jeaves thinner and smooth below. (K.)

K. Flower-clusters with long stems; drupes blue changing
to black and glaucous, eaten by birds and disappearing
before frost. ARrRrowwoop (359) — Viburnum denta-
tum.

KEY -TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 225

K. Flower-clusters almost sessile; drupes large, bright, red
in nodding clusters remaining till February. One of
the most showy. Wricut’s Visurnum — Viburnum
Wrightii.

J. Leaves thinner and hairy below with pubescence. (L.)

L. Drupes blue but little longer than wide; leaves dark
green. Sort-LeEaveD ARRowwoop (360) — Viburnum
molle.

L. Drupes dark blue, twice as long as wide and 2-grooved,
4 inch long; leaves long-stemmed, 3} inches broad,
bright green above. Viburnum Demetridnis.

L. Drupes scarlet, small, very abundant, remaining on till
April as they are not eaten by birds; clusters erect.
Upright bush to 10 feet. Japan Busu ‘CRanBEeRRY ’ —
Viburnum dilatatum.

" H. Leaves finely dentate (rarely -entire); drupes dark blue or
black when ripe. (M.)

M. Flower-clusters with stems 3 inch or more long. (N.)

Iv. Leaves 1-3 inches long, generally notched, thick and shin-
ing; shrub 3-10 feet, blooming June, July. Drupes, in
elongated clusters, turn yellowish, then pink, finally
blue and are especially beautiful, as all three colors can be
observed on the same bush at the same time. Fall color
of foliage wine-red. Appatacni1an TEA, WILD Raisin, or
Wirner-rop (361) — Viburnum cassinoides.

N. Leaves 3-9 inches long, nearly entire ; shrub to 15 feet.
Larcer Wirne-rop — Viburnum nidum.

M. Flower-clusters practically without stems. (O.)

©. Leaves slender, pointed, leaf-stalk with broad wavy margin ;
drupes large, sometimes 1 inch long, nodding on red stems,
ripe in September ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. Swrer Vinur-
num, NaNNYBERRY or SHEEPBERRY (362) — Viburnum Len-
tago.

O. Leaves blunt-pointed. (P.)

P. Stone of fruit oval, flat on one side; leaves 1-3 inches long;
shrub or small tree. Stag-susu (063) or Brack ‘Haw’ —
Viburnum prunifdlium.

P. Stone nearly orbicular; tree to 20 feet. Sournern Brack
‘Haw’ — Viburnum ruffdulum.

P. Stone grooved on one side ; shrub 2-8 feet. Smanu Visur-
num — Viburnum obovatum.

* Leaves evergreen; not hardy North. Often cultivated as pot
plants. (Q.)
APGAR’S SHRUBS— 15

226 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Q. Leaves dentate or notched towards tips. (R.)

R. Flowers white, tinged with pink tube } inch long, in rounded
clusters (1} inches wide) June, July. Sanpangwa’s Ever-
GREEN VisuRNUM (364) — Viburnum Sanddnkwa.

R. Flowers pure white, fragrant, in large elongated clusters, 4
inches, May, June. SwEeEtT-scENTED EVERGREEN VIBURNUM
(365) — Viburnum odoratfssimum.

R. Flowers in broad clusters, 2-4 inches; drupes bright red.
Japan EVERGREEN Visurnom — Viburnum japénicum,

Q. Leavesentire. (S.)

S. Flowers white or pinkish in convex clusters (2-3 inches broad),
May-—August. Lavrestinus (866) — Viburnum Tinus.

S. Flowers pure white in large clusters, 3-4 inches broad;
leaves wrinkled (3-6 inches long). Harry Lavrestinus
(367) — Viburnum rfgidum.

Fic. 368.—Common American Elder. Fie. 369. European Black Elder.

Sambicus. The Exper bushes have recently become very popular for
the shrubbery. They can be known by the opposite compound (pinnate)
leaves, large clusters of small white flowers, and the black or red (rarely
white or green) small berries. The small flowers have broadly spreading
3- to 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens. The berries are about } inch broad
and have 3 to 5seeds. The stalks are remarkable for their large pith.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER 227

f

Fig. 370.— European Red-berried Elder.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER

* Color of fruit black or nearly so. (A.)

A. Height 5-12 feet; stems with large very white pith filling over
half the diameter; leaves with 5-11 usually smooth notched
blades ; flowers fragrant in broad clusters, June, July; fruit ripe
Aug., Sept. Common American Exprer (868) — Sambucus
canadénsis.

A. Height 12-25 feet; with rough bark, less abundant pith and
earlier bloom, May. European Brack Exper (369) — Sam-
bucus nigra.

A. Height 6-18 feet ; with the fruit strongly whitened with bloom
and not polished as in the above species. Pacific coast species.
Caxirornian ELpeR — Sambucus glatca.

* Color of fruit red (rarely white). (B.)

B. Height 5-7 feet; flowers in elongated clusters, April and May,
and berries ripe inJune; twigsround ; pith brown. Rep-BERRIED
E.prer — Sambucus pubens. ‘

B. Similar to the last but. somewhat tallerand with the twigs often
4-angled and the leaf-stalk smoother. European RED-BERRIED.
E.per (370) — Sambucus racemdsa.

The black-berried Elders have many cultivated varieties of great beauty
and among them are the cut-leaved forms, laciniata (871); the golden-
leaved —atrea (372), and the variegated-leaved, variegata, under both

228 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

species. The silver-leaved, ar-
géntea, is a variety of the European
and the glaucous-leaved, glauca,
of the American. It is generally
easy to determine the species by
the taller growth and smaller pith of the
European elder.

[Root cuttings ; twig cuttings. ]

Symphoricdrpos. The SNowBeRRIEs or WAXBERRIES,
and CoraL-BERRIES are shrubs with close-clustered
fleshy 2-seeded globular white or red berries lasting
on the bushes through the fall and part of the win-
ter. The species are all American, all hardy, and are
popular because of the abundance and brightness of
the berries. The flowers are inconspicuous in size but
pinkish in color, in July. The fruit soon forms and, in ir
the cultivated species, is exceedingly abundant. The fo
leaves are opposite, simple, short-stemmed, feather- Fia. 373. —Coral-
veined with entire (sometimes lobed) edges. They berry.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS 229

grow well in any soil and, by suckering, rapidly spread and cover the
ground, even in shady places.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS

* Fruit white; stamens and style short and, in the first two species, in-
cluded in the bell-shaped corolla. (A.)

A. Shrub 2-6 feet high with globular white abundant persistent fruit
nearly 3 inch in size; leaves 1-2 inches long. SNnowsBerry or
Waxserry — Symphoricarpos racemdsus,

A. Lower and more spreading with smaller leaves, whitened under-
neath, fewer and smaller berries. Low Snowserry — Symphori-
carpos racemdsus pauciflorus. .

A. Stouter growing, 2-6 feet high ; the stamens long enough to appear
beyond the corolla; berries not so clear nor waxy. WoLFBERRY
or WestERN SNOWBERRY — Symphoricarpos occidentalis.

* Fruit rich dark red; rather compact bush ; leaves nearly evergreen.
Invian ‘ Currant’ or CORAL-BERRY (373) —Symphoricarpos orbi-
culatus (S. vulgaris).

Fic. 374.—Large-fruited Honeysuckle. Fig. 375.— Mountain Fly
Honeysuckle.
The Coral-berry has two named varieties which might be mentioned ;
glomeratus with large clusters of berries, variegitus with leaves marked
with yellow and white. [Suckers ; seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

230 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Lonicera. The true HonErsucK es are of many (100) species of erect
shrubs and twining vines so nearly related that all are placed in the same
genus, As so many plants are popularly called honeysuckles, though
belonging to different families of
plants, it would be much better
to call the true ones LonicERas.
These last can be known by their
opposite entire-edged leaves, some-
what irregular tubular flowers,
more or less in pairs, and berry
fruit. The berries are few-seeded
and of many colors, red, yellow,
blue, and black, and add much
to the beauty of the plants. About
20 species in cultivation are with-
out climbing habits, and so are
included.

The following key will enable
one to determine the species if
both flowers and fruit are ob-

re

Fic. 377. —Involucred Fly Fic. 378. — Standish’s Honeysuckle.
Honeysuckle.

THE HONEYSUCKLES 231

‘Fic. 379.— Early Sweet Honey- Fic. 380. — Alpine Honeysuckle.
suckle.

Fic, 381.—Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. Fic, 382.— European Fly Honey-
suckle.

232 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

served. Lonicera tatdrica is very common and has many named varieties,
as well as hybrids with other species. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings. ]

Fie. 383. — Japan Honeysuckle. Fic. 384. — Tartarian Honeysuckle.

KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS

* Flowers nearly regular with a 5-lobed border, growing in pairs with

the ovaries more or less united and forming a double berry. (A.)

A. Plants less than 2 feet high with small leaves }-1} inches long
and pink flowers, May-July. (B.)

B. Rigid spiny shrub ; with stamens projecting from the erect rosy
flowers. Larce-FruITED HoneysuckKLte (374) — Lonicera
spinosa.

B. Prostrate shrub; with stamens included ; leaves often whorled
in threes. Low Honeysucxie — Lonicera rupicola.

A. Plants 2 feet or more high; with larger leaves, 1-5 inches
long. (C.)

C. Bloom, April and May, before the leaves expand. (D.)

D. Flowers small, }-} inch, short-stemmed, whitish ; fruit blue.
Bivue or Mountain Fry Hoyersuckie (375) — Lonicera
certlea.

KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS 233

D. Flowers larger, long-stemmed, pinkish; fruit pendulous,
scarlet, in June. Earty HonreysucxiE—Lonicera gracilipes.

D. Flowers slender-stemmed, yellowish ; fruit light red. Amrr-
ican Fry Honeysuckie (876) — Lonicera canadénsis (L.
ciliata).

D. Flowers large, 1-14 inches, white, nodding; fruit oblong,
bright red. Hisprp Honsysuckie — Lonicera hispida.

C. Bloom, May—July, after the leaves. expand; berries black.
(B.)

E. Flowers gummy outside (4 inch long), yellowish; berries
shining, inclosed in large bracts; leaves 2-5 inches long.
InvotucrEepD Fry HoneysucKkie (877) — Lonicera involu-
crata.

BE. Flowers scarlet outside (3 inch long), Lrpgzzour’s Honry-
suCKLE — Lonicera Ledebouri.

* Flowers 2-lipped, small, growing together at base and forming a more
or less double berry, flowers white or yellowish (on L. alpigéna
brownish-red), small, to }inch. (F.)

F. Leaves thick and nearly evergreen; fruit scarlet; bloom March-

May, before the new leaves. (G.)

G. Branches slender and spreading or recurving; shrubs to 6 feet ;
flowers short-stemmed and stems without bractlets, flowers
sweet-scented. (H.)

H. Branches with bristly hairs bent backward. Sranpisu’s
HoneEysuckKie (378) — Lonicera Standishi.

H. Branches nearly smooth and more recurving. Earyy Sweet
HonrysuckLe (379) — Lonicera fragrantfssima. :

G. Branches stout and more erect, to 8 feet; leaves glossy dark
green above; flowers long-stemmed and with small bracts on
the stems, ALrine HonersuckLe (880) — Lonicera alpigéna.

F. Leaves thinner; fruit dark red; bloom later, May, June.

Swamp Fry Honsysuckie (381) — Lonicera oblongifolia.

* Flowers with the ovaries separate and thus forming 2 berries on one
stem ; shrub 5-12 feet high; bloom May, June. (I.)

I. Flowers white changing to yellow when old; branches pu-

bescent. (J.)

J. Flowers hairy outside. (K.)

K. Leaves usually wider near tip, dull green, 1-3 inches long.
Evrorgean Fry Honersucke (382) — Lonicera Xyldsteum.

K. Leaves usually wider near center or base, dark green above,
grayish-hairy below (1-2inches long). Japan HoNnEYsucKLE
(383) — Lonicera Mérrowi.

J. Flowers smooth outside; leaves slender, grayish-hairy below

234 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

(2-4 inches long). Mancavurian Honeysuckie — Lonicera
Ruprechtiana.
I. Flowers pink, red, or white and not changing to-yellow when old;
fruit red, yellow, or orange. (L.)

L. Hairy shrub with small, 4-1} inches long, bluish. or grayish
green leaves; flowers abundant ; fruit red. FREE-FLOWERING
HoneysucKLe — Lonicera floribunda.

L. Smooth shrub with larger, 1-2} inches long, leaves often
heart-shaped at base. Very variable and common, to 10 feet.
TaRTARIAN HONEYSUCKELE (384) — Lonicera tatarica.

The last four species are very common, with many hybrids, and thus
intermediate forms are known.

Diervilla and Weigéla are genera closely related to Lonicera and are
often popularly called honeysuckles. Loniceras have fleshy few-seeded
berries for fruit, while Diervillas and Weigelas have dry oblong many-
seeded capsules. Diervilla and Weigela are often united under the name
Diervilla, but for our purpose had better be considered as separate. The
DierviLLas proper have small,
4-4 inch long, slender-tubed, 2-
lipped, yellow flowers of no great
beauty and seldom found in cul-
tivation.

Fra. 385. — Common Weigela. Fie. 386.— Large-flowered Weigela.

The WEIGELAS are among our most popular flowering shrubs, with
large funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corollas of many colors. The leaves are
opposite, simple, feather-veined with notched edges. Besides the four or
five original species from eastern Asia, of which there are many varieties,
there are an almost endless number of hybrids now in cultivation. In
fact, the tendency is to cultivate only these hybrid forms, as the flowers

DIERVILLA AND WEIGELA 235

Fic. 387.— Japan Weigela. Fic. 388.— Many-flowered Weigela.

show greater beauty and variety. There are forms in bloom from early
May to late August. The colors of the flowers vary from pure white
through the pinks, red, crimson, and purple; of pure colors as well as
blotched and striped in many ways. One of the especially attractive
points about the flowers is the change that takes place in the colors of the

Fic. 389. — Diervilla. Fig. 390. — Middendorf’s Weigela.

236 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

blossoms after expanding. Some which open pure white change to pale
pink and end as bright carmine. Weigela fidrida has several forms with
variegated white and yellow foliage. As with the roses and their num-
berless hybrids, so here it is impossible to show, without the finest colored
illustrations, the named forms in cultivation. [Twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WEIGELA

* Anthers of the stamens separate, not united around the pistil. (A.)
A. Flowers not definitely yellow and an inch or more long. (B.)

B. Calyx united at the base and sometimes to the middle ; stigma

decidedly 2-lobed ; seeds without thin wing-like projections.

Common WEIGELA (385) — Weigela flérida.

B. Calyx of 5 separate linear pieces ; stigma broad and head-like ;

seeds with wings. (C.)

C. Shrub 5-10 feet high and nearly smooth throughout ; flowers
and leaves large; flowers not abundant. LarGe-FLOWERED
WEIGELA (386) — Weigela grandiflora.

Cc. Shrub 4-8 feet and pubescent, lower sides of leaves espe-
cially so; flowers pubescent outside. (D.)

D. Corolla abruptly narrowed below the middle; flower-
clusters short-stalked. Japan WEIGELA (887) — Weigela
japénica.

D. Corolla gradually narrowed to the base ; flower-clusters
about sessile; plant more vigorous; flowers smaller and
more abundant. Many-FLOWERED WEIGELA (388)
Weigela floribunda.

A. Flowers yellow, small, $-3 inch, plainly 2-lipped, Diervilla

proper. (E.)

BE. Leaves distinctly stalked: branchlets round. DzErRvitva.

Busu ‘ Honeysuckie’ (389) — Diervilla Lonicera (D. trffida).

B. Leaves nearly sessile ; branchletssquare. Hicu-Busn ‘ Honey-

SUCKLE ’ — Diervilla sessilifélia.

* Anthers of the stamens united around the pistil; flowers broad-fun-
nel-form, yellowish white spotted with orange and purple; calyx
notched and irregular. Lowshrub to 3 feet. Mippenporr’s WEI-
ceLa (390) — Weigela Middendorfidna.

On the following page are illustrations of two of the hybrid forms (391).
Eva RataKe WezIcELa — Weigela (Diervilla) Eva Rathke—deep car-
mine red, blooming late, Juneand July. Despoisi’s WeicELa — Weigela
Desboisi — deep rose, blooming May.

ABELIA 237

u, Eva Rathke Weigela. b, Desboisi’s Weigela.
Fic. 391.— Two Hybrid Forms of Weigela.

Abélia. The Apeztas are tender low
shrubs with small opposite notched leaves
and tubular to funnel-formed 5-lobed flowers
in terminal or axillary clusters, panicles.
The lightly irregular flowers are espe-
cially dainty and bloom for a long period ;

Fra. 392. — Entire-leaved Abelia, Fic. 393, — Mexican Abelia,

Fig. 394.— Yellow-throated White
Abelia.

Fig. 397. — Yellow-throated Rosy
Abelia.

Fic. 396. — Serrate-leaved Abelia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA 239

the fruit is a dry leathery berry.
Only one species, EVER-FLOWER-
inc ABéL1a — Abelia grandiflora,
—can be grown as far north as
New York, even if protected. It
has much the appearance of a
Weigela and is frequently called
one. All Weigelas have 5-pointed
sepals closely covering the base of
the corolla. The Abelias have pe-
culiarly irregular sepals, often
leaf-like and spreading and vary-
ing in number from 2 to 5 in the
different species. The leaves are
never over 2 inches long, gen-
erally about an inch. Many of
the Abelias are evergreen, all are
fitted for outdoor cultivation in
the Gulf states, and several will
probably do well in protected po-
sitions north to Washington.

Fig. 398.— Chinese Abelia.
[Twig cuttings, in summer ; layers, in spring.]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA

* Leaves thick, nearly or fully evergreen. (A.)

A. Sepals 5. (B.)

B. Leaves nearly entire; flowers white with a pink tinge. Enrrre-
LEAVED ABELIA (392) — Abelia triflora.

B. Leaves distinctly notched, oval; flowers large, 2 inches,
rosy-purple. Mexican Apetta (393) — Abelia floribtinda.

B. Leaves notched, ovate ; flowers over an inch long, white with
a yellowish throat. YELLOw-rHROATED WHITE ABELIA (894)

— Abelia spathulata.

A. Sepals irregularly 2, 3, 4, or 5; flowers abundant, white with
tinge of pink, nearly an inch long, blooming continuously from
June to November. The hardiest species. Hysrrip ABELIA
(895) — Abelia grandiflora (A. rupéstris).

A. Sepals generally 2; leaves notched. (C.)

C. Flowers pale red. SerRaTE-LEAVED ABELIA (896) — Abelia

serrata,

240 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

C. Flowers rosy-white with a yellow throat. YrLLow-THROATED
Rosy ABEeLia (397) — Abelia uniflora,
* Leaves thinner and deciduous ; flowers white. (D.)
D. Sepals 5; flowers small, } inch long, stamens exserted ; leaves
’ ovate, serrate with hairs on midrib beneath. Curnese ABELIA
(898) — Abelia chinénsis.
D. Sepals 4; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely serrate.
Two-FLOWERED ABELIA — Abelia bifldra. ;

Gardénia. The Care ‘Jasmine’ and other beautiful plants are in-
cluded among the Garpenias. The name jasmine or jessamine is given
to many different species belonging to several different families, so, as with
the name honeysuckle, it would be well to learn the proper names for
each group and properly apply them and not use either ‘jasmine’ or
‘honeysuckle’ without some modification to show the exact genus

Fic. 399, — Cape ‘ Jasmine.’

intended. (The name jessamine should be restricted to the genus Jas-
minum (p. 273) and honeysuckle to Lonicera (p. 230). This application
of names would stop most of the confusion. Of course Cape ‘ Jasmine’
will always mean Gardenia.) The Gardenias have opposite simple entire
evergreen leaves and sweet-scented tubular white flowers with spreading

CEPHALANTHUS 241

border (salver- or bell-shaped) of 5 or more lobes. The Gardenias proper
have a 1-celled pod. ‘They are hardy only in the South.

Carr ‘Jasmine’ (399) — Gardenia jasminoides —has a calyx with 5 slen-
der teeth and distinct ridges along the sides of the united portion. The
corolla, in the usually cultivated variety, is fully double with many white
waxy lobes. There are many varieties under many names, differing in
the width of the leaves and the height and habit of plant growth. Hardy
to the Carolinas and extensively cultivated North in conservatories. A
similar plant, but with gummy buds and without ridges on the calyx, is
DrgaMaul, Campi, or REsIn-PLANT — Gardenia lucida.

[Seeds ; layers; twig cuttings. ]

/
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Base \EAEN
a

Fic. 400. — Buttonbush. Fic. 401.— Groundsel Bush.

Cephaldnthus occidentalis. The Burronpusn (400) is a wild American
shrub (3-12 feet) growing in wet places and sometimes cultivated. It has
simple entire glossy opposite or whorled leaves and small, white tubular
flowers forming a globular cluster an inch or more broad, June to Sep-
tember. ‘The leaves are 3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 24 inches wide, often
in whorls of threes around the stems. The fruit is a round cluster of dry
1- to 2-seeded nutlets. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Bdccharis. Grounpset Busu (401) or Satr-waTer Surus — Baccharis
halimifolia, — 3 to 12 feet high, is a plant with angular somewhat scurfy
APGAR’S SHRUBS— 16

242 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fie. 402.— Lavender Cotton. Fic. 403.— Black Huckleberry.

Fic. 404.— Dwarf Huckleberry. Fic. 405. — Bog Bilberry.

SANTOLINA CHAMAICYPARISSUS 243

branches, alternate simple entire to lobed leaves and persistent collection
of hairy fruits resembling small white brushes, in fall and early winter.
The shrub is dicecious, so not all of them have this showy appearance.
This plant belongs to the daisy group of flowers, the individual blos-
soms are very small and grow in heads which are popularly considered as
the flowers. The part which produces the showy appearance of the
groundsel bush is the pappus, so conspicuous in thistles. The stamen-
bearing plant has unconspicuous yellowish flowers. It is ‘a useful shrub,
especially for coastwise cultivation, as it particularly thrives in the salt

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Fic. 406.— Foxberry. Fig. 407.— Evergreen Vine Blueberry

air. A southern plant with willow-like deciduous leaves, WiLLow
LEAVED GROUNDSEL T'REE— Baccharis salicifolia, — may be in cultivation
An evergreen species of the Pacific region is Baccharis pilularis.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass.+.

Santolina Chamecyparissus. Lavenper Cotton (402) isa half-surubby
plant (14-2 feet) with aromatic alternate evergreen deeply-lobed silvery
gray leaves and small globular heads of yellow flowers, insummer. It is
used South for the shrubbery, but North mainly for carpet-bedding, for
this latter purpose slips rooted in sand are kept through the winter.

(Twig cuttings.]

244 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. The HuckKLeserries and BLUEBERRIES
are wild plants rarely brought into cultivation even for fruiting purposes,
and thus scarcely need a place in this book. Still there are a few
species which have beautiful flowers, foliage, and fruit and belong
to the very limited group which thrive in shady places.

Hicu-Bush BiorBerry — Vaccinium atrococcum (V. corymbdsum) —
is a tall straggling shrub 4 to 12 feet with yellowish green warty branches,
alternate usually entire leaves, white or pinkish tubular flowers in clusters
on short leafless twigs, May, June, and abundant many-seeded blue-black
berries, July, August.

Deerserry or BuckBerry — Vaccinium stamfneum—is a spreading
branched shrub 2 to 5 feet with entire-edged pale leaves and abundant green-
ish white bell-shaped nodding flowers with projecting stamens, April to
June. The large greenish or yellowish berries (} inch) are hardly edible.

[Seeds, with difficulty ; divisions. ]

Fic. 408. — Deerberry. Fic. 409.— Farkleberry.

.KEY TO HUCKLEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES, ETC. 245

KEY TO HUCKLEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES,
ETC.

* Berries 10-seeded, Gaylussacias. (A.)

A. Leaves sprinkled with waxy dots, entire, deciduous. (B.)

B. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath; fruit blue, with bloom.
Erect (24 feet high). Brive Tancre or DaANGLEBERRY
— Gaylussacia fronddsa. °

B. Leaves green both sides ; shrubs under 3 feet. (C.)

C. Bracts small, } inch, among the flowers and fruit; fruit
sweet but seedy. Brack HucKLeperry (403) — Gaylus-
sacia baccata (G. resindsa).

C. Bracts leafy and longer than the flower-stems ; fruit watery
and insipid. Dwarr Huckteserry (404) — Gaylussacia
dumdsa.

A. Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate with the edges somewhat rolled.
Shrub under 1} feet high. Box HuckLeBerry — Gaylussacia
brachycera,

%* Berries many-seeded — Vacciniums. (D.)
D. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, not, open-bell-shaped. (H.)
B. Flowers and fruit solitary or in small clusters of 2-4. (F.)
F. Shrubs under 2 feet high ; leaves under 1 inch long. (G.)
G. Leaves entire, whitish beneath. Great or Bog BILBERRY
(405) — Vaccinium uligindsum.
G. Leaves minutely notched, green and shining both sides.
Dwarr Birzerry — Vaccinium cespitdsum.
F. Shrubs 2-15 feet high ; leaves 1-3 inches long. (H.)
H. Leaves about entire, pale beneath. OvaL-LEAVED BIL-
BERRY — Vaccinium ovalifdlium.
H. Leaves minutely notched, green both sides. THin-LEAVED |
Bitperry — Vaccinium membranaceum (V. myrtilloides).
BE. Flowers and fruit in larger clusters, (TI.)

I. Flowers elongated, 2 or 3 times as long as wide. Tall, 38-15
feet. (J.)

J. Flowers appearing before the leaves. SouTHERN Biack
Huck teserry — Vaccinium virgitum.

J. Flowers at the time of leaf-expansion. H1icu-susn or
Swamp BiueBerry — Vaccinium corymbdsum.

I. Flowers less elongated — not over 2 times as long as wide.
(K.)

K. Shrubs 3-15 feet high; leaves densely hairy beneath.
Brack Hien Brueserry— Vaccinium atrocédccum (V.
corymbésum).

246 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

K. Shrubs under 2 feet high. (L.)

L. Twigs hairy; leaves entire; fruit blue, with bloom.
Sour-Top or VELVET-LEAF BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium
canadénse.

L. Twigs, leaves, and fruit hairy. Harry HtckLeBEerRY
— Vaccinium hirsttum.

L. Twigs warty; leaves minutely notched; berries bluish
black and glaucous. Low or Earty SweEet BLUEBERRY
— Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.

L. Twigs smooth; leaves minutely notched; berries black
without bloom. Low Brack BLuEBerRy — Vaccinium
pennsylvanicum nigrum (V. nigrum).

K. Shrubs generally over 2 feet high; twigs green and warty ;
leaves pale beneath. (M.)

M. Leaves thick, about entire; berry } inch, blue with a
bloom, Lars Low Buvueserry — Vaccinium vacillans.

M. Leaves thin, sharply notched ; berry larger. Mountain
BrivurBerry — Vaccinium corymbosum pallidum (V.
pallidum).

D. Flowers open-bell-shaped. (N.)

N. Flowers 4-notched; leaves evergreen, small, under 1 inch;
shrub under 1 foot; berries dark red. CowBerRry or FoxBerry
(406) — Vaccinium Vitis-Idiea.

N. Flowers 5-notched; leaves evergreen, } inch or less long;
creeping plant, with black berries, hardy South. EvErcrreen
Vine BuueBerRRY (407) — Vaccinium crassifdlium.

N. Flowers 5-notched ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs over 2 feet. (O.)

O. Stamens much exserted; berry green or yellow; shrub 2-5
feet high. Drerserry or Buckperry (408) — Vaccinium
stam{neum.

O. Similar to the last, berry larger, shining black. ‘‘ A valu-
able shade-enduring ornamental shrub.”” SouTHERN GoosE-
BERRY — Vaccinium melanocdérpum.

O. Stamens included; berry black, ripe in Oct. Shrub or tree,
8-30 feet. FARKLEBERRY or SPARKLEBERRY (409) — Vac-
cinium arboreum.

Arctostaphylos. This genus contains a number of species (30) of
shrubs or small trees and includes some trailing vines. All in cultivation
here are American. (Only the trailing species are hardy North and of
course are omitted.) The leaves are alternate, usually evergreen with
entire margins. Flowers small, globular in terminal clusters, panicles,
in spring. Fruit a red berry. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 247

Fig. 412:— Pale-leaved Arcto- Fic. 413.— Bristly Arctostaphylos.
staphylos.

248 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 414.— Pringle’s Arcto- Fic. 415.— Bicolored Arcto-
staphylos. staphylos.

KEY OF FORMS OF ARCTOSTAPHYLOS FROM THE
PACIFIC REGION HARDY ONLY SOUTH

* Leaves smooth and fruit on smooth stems. (A.)

A. Flowers in umbel-like clusters; shrub 3-10 feet. Downy Arc-
TOSTAPHYLOS (410) — Arctostaphylos pingens.

A. Flowers in elongated clusters; shrub or tree to 30 feet. Man-
zaniTa (411) — Arctostaphylos Manzanita.

* Leaves smooth ; fruit stems glandular. (B.)

B. Flowers in elongated clusters; shrub or tree 8-25 feet, Pa.z-
LEAVED ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (412) — Arctostaphylos glatica.

B. Flowers in spreading clusters, light pink on sticky stems; 5-15
feet. Most ornamental. Viscip ArcTrostarHyLos — Arcto-
staphylos viscida.

* Leaves more or less hairy ; twigs bristly. (C.)

C. Flowers in dense short panicles; 2-6 feet. Hardiest species,
Bristty ARcTOSTAPHYLOs (413) — Arctostaphylos tomentosa.

C. Flowers in leafy clusters; fruit bristly. Prinecie’s ARcto-
STAPHYLOs (414) — Arctostaphylos Pringlei:

C. Flowers in nodding dense racemes rose-colored ; fruit smooth.
Bicotorep ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (415) — Arctostaphylos bicolor.

ANDROMEDA 249

Arbutus Unédo. The Srrawserry Tres (416) is a tree-like shrub 8 to
15 feet with evergreen simple alternate
nearly entire leaves (2-3 inches), glob-
ular red berries (3 inch) with many
seeds and ovate white to red fiowers
(about 4 inch long) in nodding clus-
ters. The bloom and the fruit of the
preceding year are both on the shrub
through the fall and render the plant
very decorative. The leaves are a
lustrous smooth green. Hardy only far
South, [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Andrémeda. For our purpose this
old genus name is much the better one
for a large number of beautiful shrubs
which have clusters of small tubular
urn-shaped and globular flowers form-
ing small 5-valved dry capsules with
many seeds. The leaves are simple,
alternate with entire or notched edges.
Most of them will be found in plant

Fig. 417.—Scurfy Andromeda. Fic. 418. — Leather Leaf.

250 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

\

Fic. 419.— Catesby’s Leucothoé. Fic. 420.— Mountain Fetter Bush.

catalogues under this name. The group has been so divided by late bota-
nists, based upon such microscopic characters, that the average student
cannot properly separate them. (The new names are given at the end.)

7 (Seeds, in spring ; layers; twig cuttings.]

Fic. 421.—Japan Fetter Bush. Fia. 422.— Marsh Andromeda.

ANDROMEDA ; 251

Fig. 423, — Fetter Bush. Fic. 424.— Privet Andromeda.

Fic. 425.— Beautiful Zenobia. Fia. 426.— Swamp Leucothoé,

252 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 427. — Sourwood. Fig. 428. — Stagger-bush.

KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHRUBS

* Leaves thick and evergreen (Privet Andromeda of the 2d * is nearly
evergreen). (A.)

A. Flowers very small, } inch long, globular, nodding and clus-
tered in axils of somewhat reduced leaves, Feb.-April. “Shrub
or tree with scurfy twigs, 5-25 feet tall. Scurry ANDROMEDA
(417) — Andromeda (Xolfsma) ferruginea.

A. Flowers more elongated — usually twice as long as wide. (B.)

B. Flowers in one-sided racemes. (C.) :
C. Flower-clusters with large leaf-like bracts as long as the flow-
ers, April-June; leaves densely covered with small round
scurfy scales. Shrub 1-4 feet high. Leaturer Lear (418)
— Chamedaphne calyculata.

C. Bracts, of the flower clusters, much smaller or absent. (D.)
D. Leaves large, 8-6 inches, with bristly-tipped teeth ; flow-
ers slender (nearly 4 inch long), April. 2-6 feet, hardy
with protection to New York. Cartessy’s LeucoTHoé

(419) — Leucéthoé Catesbiei.
D. Leaves somewhat smaller without bristly teeth; young

KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHRUBS 253

twigs hairy. 2-5 feet, hardy. Downy Levcorno# — Leu-
cothoé axillaris.

D. Leaves (1-8 inches) with small teeth and bristly edges,
black-dotted beneath ; flower-clusters somewhat nodding,
May. 2-6feet. Mounrain Fetter Busu (420) — Andro-
meda floribiinda (Piéris floribunda). si

D. Similar to the last but the flowers are much larger and in
more drooping clusters and the plant is much taller—to
30 feet. Japan Frtter Busu (421) — Pieris japénica

(P. ovalifdlia).

D. Similar to the last two but with larger leaves, 3-5 inches
long. Inp1an FeTTER-BUSH — Pieris formosa.

B. Flowers in pendent terminal umbels; leaves linear, entire with
rolled edges. 1-3 feet. Marsu ANpRomEDA (422) or WiLp
Rosemary — Andromeda polifolia.

B. Flowers in close axillary umbels; leaves oval, entire with
slightly rolled edges. Ferrer Busy (423) — Lyonia nitida
(Pieris nitida).

* Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.)
BE. Flowers globular or rounded-bell-shaped, only about as long as
wide. (F.)

F. Flowers very small, } inch, abundant in panicled terminal
clusters, May-July ; leaves firm (almost evergreen), entire,
1-2} incheslong. Priver ANpRomeDA or Mate Berry (424)
— Lyonia ligustrina (Andromeda paniculata).

F. Flowers larger, 4 inch, and more bell-shaped; branching
shrubs 3-7 feet: handsome plants hardy to Massachusetts if
somewhat protected. (G.)

G. Lower surface of leaves green; blooming May, June.

BeautiFruy ZEnopia (425) — Andromeda (Zendbia) specidsa.

G. Leaves densely glaucous. Griaucous Zenozia — Andromeda
(Zendbia) pulverulénta.

E. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, about twice as long as wide. (H.)

H. Flowers about 4 inch long in one-sided racemes, very sweet-
scented, April-June. Good for shady places, though growing
well in the open; hardy. (I.)

I. Shrubs to 12 feet blooming April, May. (J.)

J. Racemes much curved; capsule decidedly 5-lobed. Wild
in dry woods ; 2-10 feet. Mountain Levcotuoi® — Leucé-
thoé rectirva.

J. Racemes nearly straight ; capsule not lobed. Growing in
swamp; 5-12 feet. Swamp Lreucotno& (426) — Leuco-
thoé racemosa. —

254 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

I. Tree to 50 feet; blooming June, July. Flowering when small
and shrub-like ; leaves sour. Sourwoop (427) or SorREL-
TREE — Oxydéndrum arboreum.

H. Flowers larger, 4 inch long, in side-umbels, white or faintly
pink, May—July. A beautiful shrub, 1-4 feet. SracGcEr-Busu
(428) — Lyonia mariina (Pieris mariana).

Erica. The Hearus and Heater are all small-leaved, shrubby plants
with usually small 4-lobed, bell- or urn-shaped flowers. The leaves are
scale- or linear-shaped and arranged on the stems in alternate, opposite, or
whorled positions. The fruit is a 4-celled capsule. But few are inculti-
vation in the open in America because of our hot and dry summers.
Only three have escaped and grow without cultivation. These are Euro-
pean species, although those cultivated in Europe are mainly from South
Africa. The African species are practically unknown in America except-
ing in conservatories.

The smaller leaves, the 4-lobed flowers, and the 4-celled fruit will sepa-
rate the heaths from the andromedas. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Fie. 429.—Pink Fic. 430.—Scotch Fic. 431.—Heather. Fig. 432.—Irish
Moor Heath. Heath. Heath.

KEY TO THE HEATHS AND HEATHER 255

KEY TO HEATHS AND HEATHER

* Hardy heaths with the leaves whorled, (A.)
A. Spring-Llooming (March—May), flowers bell-shaped white or red.
Pink Moor Hearn (429) — Erica c4rnea.
A. Summer- and fall-blooming. (B.)
B. Leaves whorled generally in 3’s; flowers about } inch long.
Scotcn Heatu (430) — Erica cinérea,
B. Leaves whorled in 4’s or 5’s. (C.)
C. Pod without hairs ; flowers white or purplish red. CornisH
Heatu — Erica vagans,
C. Pod with long rough hairs; branches rigid. Corsican
Heatu — Erica stricta.
C. Pod velvety ; leaves with rolled edges; flowers rosy. Bru
Heatner — Erica Tétralix.
* Hardy heather with leaves opposite and covering thestem. HraTuer
or Line (431) — Callina vulgaris.
* Leaves alternate and white below; flowers drooping in long racemes.
Needs protection North. Irish Hearu (432) ~~ Dabocia (Menzi-
ésia) polifdlia,

Fic. 433. — Mountain ‘ Laurel.’ Fig. 434. — Sheep ‘ Laurel.’

256 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KAélmia. The Kaumtas or AMERICAN ‘LAvURELS’ are among the most
beautiful shrubs in cultivation. About all are hardy throughout and
should be cultivated much more generally than they are. The special
peculiarities of the Kalmias are in the flowers, which are cup-shaped with
ten hollows in which the anthers are
held till released by the action of
insects. The leaves are entire, and
alternate, opposite, or whorled in
arrangement on the stem.

‘So many evergreen plants, of
many families, both in America and
Europe are called laurels that it
would be better to drop it as a name
unless some distinctive modifier can
fix upon the plant intended. ‘‘ The
flower of Kalmia is one of those
proposed as anational flower emblem,
especially on account of the exquisite
symmetrical beauty of the single
flower.’’ Kalmia is a purely Ameri-
can genus and deserves
a distinctive name. The

best plan would be to ZZ
Fic. 435.— Pale Kalmia. always call these Ameri- yy
can plants Kaumtas. :

They are less particular about soil and position than the hardy
Rhododendron, growing well in sandy and loamy p
soils and especially thriving in damp shady places.
Broap-LeaveD Kavmia, Mountain ‘ Laure,’
or Carrico Busu (433) — Kalmia latifolia — is gen-
erally a shrub 4 to 10 feet high, though sometimes a
tree to 30 feet, with a rounded head and evergreen,
alternate (or irregularly whorled), entire, glossy
leaves 3-4 inches long. The flowers are white or
rose-colored in large terminal clusters, May and /
June, The individual flowers are about 8 inch “S$ Ss
broad. 7 A \
Narrow-Leavep Karima, SHeep ‘ Laure,’ ft
Lampxitz or Wicky (434)—Kélmia angustifolia— ‘ Safa
is alow shrub, 10 3 feet high, with usually narrow Bits fs : 5 ee
evergreen, opposite (or whorled in threes) leaves poet
1to2}incheslong. The flowers are of many shades of red to purple in lateral
clusters, June and July. The individual flowers are nearly } inch broad.

AZALEA + 257

Pare Kavtmia, Pate or Swamp ‘Laurey’ (485) — Kalmia glatca
or polifdtia — is a small shrub 1 to 2 feet high with 2-edged stems, opposite.
or whorled evergreen leaves 4 to 2 inches long, white cteneath with a
bloom which can be rubLed off; these leaves have rolled edges. The
flowers are on slender stems, red or purplish in color, in terminal clusters
(umbels) in summer and range from } to 3 inch broad.

Harry Kacmta or‘ Laure.’ (486) — Kalmia hirsita — is a branching
shrub 1 to 2 feet high with alternate evergreen small leaves, 1 to } inch
long. Both leaves and stems are covered with hairs. The flowers, 4 to
8 inch broad, are usually solitary in the axils of the leaves, rose-purple
in color.

i
Fie. 437. — White Swamp Azalea. Fic. 488. — Smooth Azalea.

Decipuovs-LEAVED Katia or Wuits Wicky — Kalmia cuneata — is a
low shrub with deciduous mostly alternate wedge-shaped leaves $ to 2
inches long. The flowers are in small lateral clusters, white or pinkish in
color, about 4 inch broad, in spring.

The last two species are probably hardy only in the middle states and
in the South and are the least ornamental of any of the Kalmias. [Seeds.]

Azalea. The AzaLeas are among the most interesting of flowering
shrubs. In the size and abundance of bloom and in the brightness and
variety of coloring there is hardly anything in the vegetable kingdom .
which can equal the beauty of this group of plants. Some species are

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 17

258 « DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Ly
Fic. 441.— Pontic Azalea. Fic. 442.— Vasey’s Azalea.

.

KEY TO THE AZALEAS 259

hardy .in the extreme North, many others are hardy only inthe Gulf
states. Besides the regular species there are numerous hybrids interme-
diate in character, and some have flowers so double in form and variegated
in color as to disguise their character to the extent that they hardly
seem Azaleas. Like the roses, there are so many named varieties as to
defy description except in a large book devoted to them alone and fur-
nished with colored illustrations.

The leaves are alternate or clustered at end of branches, entire or
bristly-toothed and generally deciduous. The flowers when single are
funnel-shaped, somewhat lopsided, with 5 or 10 usually long stamens. The
fruit is a large 5-valved many-seeded capsule. They grow best in peaty
or sandy soil in moist and somewhat shady situations.

[Twig cuttings; layers; seeds; grafting of named varieties on seedlings
of hardy species. ]

KEY TO MANY OF THE, AZALEAS

* Leaves and flowers from different buds, flowers in terminal clusters,

leaves deciduous. (A.)

A. Corolla with a slender tube about as long as the spreading por-
tion, hairy and glandular outside, stamens (5) longer than the
lobes. (B.)

B. Flowers white (or tinged red) blooming after the leaves expand,
very fragrant. (C.)

C. Flowers 14-2 inches long, very sticky or gummy outside, June,
July; branchlets with stiff hairs; shrub 4-8 feet. Wuuirr
Swamp AzaLea (4387) — Rhododéndron viscdsum (Azalea
viscdsa) .

C. Flowers 2 inches long, June, July; branchlets about smooth;
shrub 8-10 feet high; style and stamens red. Smoortu Aza-
Leas (4388) — Rhododéndron arboréscens (Azalea arborés-
cens). ,

C. Flowers 2-24 inches long with yellow on the upper lobe, May,
June; branchlets generally smooth; shrub 2-6 feet. Caxi-
FoRNIA AzALEA — Azalea occidentalis (Rhododéndron oc-
cidentale).

B. Flowers usually pink though sometimes nearly white, blooming
early, about when the leaves expand, April, May, slightly
fragrant ; shrub 3-6 feet. Pix Azavea or PinxTER FLOWER
(489) — Rhododéndron nudiflorum (Azalea, nudiflora).

B. Flowers yellow, orange, or flame color. (D.)

D. Orange to flame color, nearly 2 inches broad, without odor

260 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

or nearly so, May, June, stamens thickened near the middle;
shrub 4-10 feet. Frame Azatea (440) — Rhododéndron
calendulaceum (Azalea calendulacea).

D. Yellow and very fragrant, 2-2} inches broad, May; branch-
lets hairy ; shrub 2-6 feet. Rare in cultivation but hybrids
have been given the name. Ponric Azatya (441)— Azalea
pontica.

B. Flowers white, yellow, orange, pink, red, lilac, etc., blooming
May—July. Hysriv or Guent AzaLeas — Azalea ganda-
vénsis.

A. Corolla with a broader tube which is pubescent but not glandular
outside, stamens (5) shorter than the spreading portion, flowers
yellow, orange, or pink blooming at time of leaf expansion,
April, May; branches hairy. Shrub 3-8 feet. Cuinese Aza-

. LEA — Azalea sinénsis (Rhododéndron sinénse).

A. Corolla with a short tube and broadly spreading border, rose-
purple without spots, smooth outside, stamens 10, blooming
before the leaves; April, May. (B.)

EB. Shrub 1-3 feet; leaves glaucous beneath. Ruopora — Rhodo-
dendron canadénse (Azalea canadénsis).

BE. Shrub 3-8 feet; leaves yellowish beneath. Ruompic-LEAVED
AzaLEa — Azalea rhémbica (Rhododendron rhomb{cum).

A. Corolla with a short tube, broadly spreading border and upper
lobes spotted. (F.)

F. Stamens usually 7 (rarely 5); bloom before leaves; shrub 5-15
feet. Vasry’s AzatEa (442) — Azalea Vaseyi (Rhododendron
Vaseyi).

F. Stamens 10; blooming with the leaves ; shrub 2-5 feet ; branches
glandular-hairy. (G.)

G. Flowers purple. Azalea (Rhododendron) Albréchtii.

G. Flowers pale rose color with brownish spots. Azalea Schlip-
pénbachii. ;

* Leaves and flowers from the same terminal bud; leaves thick and gen-
erally evergreen; stamens 5-10. Shrub 1-8 feet. EveRGREEN
AzaLea — Azalea indica (Rhododendron {ndicum) — and its many
named varieties and hybrids.

Rhododéndron. The RHopopENDRons are among the most beautiful
of flowering evergreensr In spring and early summer, when in bloom,
the bushes, entirely covered with great heads of the large bright colored
flowers and, through the year, the large thick glossy foliage render the
Rhododendrons objects of great beauty. There are three or four species
from which the endless hybrids have been obtained. One of these is from

RHODODENDRON 261

India, Tree ‘ Laure’ (443) — Rhododendron arboreum, — another from
Asia Minor, Pontic RuopopEenprRoN (444) — Rhododendron pénticum, —
and two are from America, Catawsa RuopopEeNnpDRON (445)— Rhododen-
dron catawbiénse — and Great ‘Laure.’ (446) — Rhododéndron maxi-
mum. The leaves are alternate, often clustered at ends of branches, usually
large, thick and leathery. The flowers are large bell-shaped and somewhat
irregularly 5-lobed. The stamens are usually 10 and slightly projecting
from the corolla. The fruit is a usually large capsule splitting into 5 or
10 valves and with many minute seeds. The terminal buds in winter are
large and many-scaled. The plants are generally from 4 to 8 feet high,
though a number of alpine and northern species reach only to the height of
1 to 3 feet, while some Himalayan species grow to the height of 30 to 60 feet.

Fic. 443. — Tree ‘ Laurel.’ Fic. 444.— Pontic Rhododendron.

A soil free from clay or lime is found best for Rhododendrons and a
slightly shaded position is natural for many species. The soil should be
well drained but watering is necessary in our dry summers.

The Rhododendrons vie with the roses in the endless number of species
and hybrids. Though there have been many attempts, no book has made
practical the distinction of the varieties. A few American wild species
and one from Asia are here described. .

Our northern wild species, Great ‘Laurei’ (446) — Rhododendron

262 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

maximum, — grows from 6 to 20 (occasionally 40) feet high. It has pale
rose to nearly white flowers an inch broad with some greenish in the
throat and reddish or yellowish spots on the upper side. It blooms July
and August.

The Alleghanian species, CarawBa RuopopEenpron (445) — Rhodo-
dendron catawbiénse, — grows usually from 3 to 6 (occasionally 20) feet
high. It has lilac-purple flowers 1}
inches broad and blooms in June.

The Ca LirorniIAN RHODODEN-
pron — Rhododendron califérnicum
— grows about 8 (rarely 20) feet high.
It has pink or purple flowers with
the lobes more frilled or crisped than
the above.

The species so far given are all
rather tall and without scurfy scales
on the lower sides of the leaves. A

Fic. 445.— Catawba Rhododendron.

small American species, DoTtTED-
LEAVED RuHopopENpDRON (447) —
Rhododendron punctatum, — rarely
grows more than 5 feet high and
has small leaves 2 to 5 inches long
with glandular hairs and scales on
the lower sides. The flowers are
in small clusters more funnel-
shaped, pale rose with greenish
spots.

All the above have flowers in clusters from large buds and fully ever-
green leaves. There are species from edstern Asia where each flower is
from a separate: bud and the leaves’ are only half evergreen. They
are the earliest to bloom, March to April. Probably the commonest
of these is Danurian RHODODENDRON (448) — Rhododendron dahitri-

Fic. 446.— Great ‘ Laurel.’

LEIOPHYLLUM 263

cum (R. datricum),— with small leaves rolled at the edges and brownish
beneath.

(Seeds; twig cuttings; layers; grafting of varieties on seedlings of
hardy species. ]

*

Lédum. The Lasprapor Teas are erect
branching shrubs with alternate evergreen
narrow entire, rolled-edged, fragrant leaves.
The small white 5-petaled flowers are in ter-
minal clusters, umbels, in early “summer.
There are two species: NaARROW-LEAVED LaB- &
RADOR TEA (449) —
Lédum palustre, —
with leaves less than }
inch wide and 10 sta-
‘mens to the flowers;
BroapD-LEAVED LaB-
rapor Tra (450) —
Ledum greenlandicum
(L. latifolium), —
with leaves } to inch

Fia. 447.— Dotted-leaved
Rhododendron.

wide and 5 to 10 sta-
mens. The flowers of
both species are from } |
to 4 inch wide and the
5-celled capsules are
nodding, about 4 inch
long, and contain
many minute seeds.
Neither of these plants
reaches the height of
over 3 feet, but the
broad-leaved: one is somewhat the taller.
There is a taller California species, GLuanpu-
LAR Lasrapor Tea (451) — Ledum glanduld-
sum, — but probably not in cultivation.

[Seeds ; layers; divisions. ] |

Fie. 448. — Dahurian
Rhododendron.

Leiophyllum (Déndrium) buxifdlium.
Sanp ‘Myrrie’ (452) is a hardy small, 1 to
Fic. 449.—Narrow-leaved 3 feet, densely branched evergreen shrub sim-

pe hrater em: ilar to the Ledums, with small thick oval rolled-
edged leaves (} inch long). The 5-petaled flowers are only about } inch

264 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

broad, white or pinkish’ in color, with 10 purple anthers to the stamens,
April to June. The seed pod (capsule) is small, erect, 5-valved, many-

seeded. To thrive it needs a sandy soil but grows well in either shade
orsun. Good for rockeries or as a border plant.

[Seeds ; layers, in autumn.]

Fig. 451.— Gland
Tea.

ular Labrador

CURSO seen

Fic. 452.— Sand Myrtle.

Fic. 453. — Sweet Clethra.

CHIMAPHILA AND: PYROLA 265

Cléthra. The Clethras or Swerr Prrrersusues are beautiful sweet-
scented shrubs with white flowers in terminal slender erect, or slightly
nodding, clusters in late summer and fall. The leaves are alternate,
sharp-pointed, feather-veined and serrated. The flowers have the 5 petals
slightly united at base and 10 stamens, The fruit is a 3-angled 3-valved
capsule with numerous seeds, remaining on through the year.

The best and most hardy species, 3 to 10 feet high, SwrerT CLETHRA or
Sweet Perrersusn (453) — Cléthra alnifolia, — has the leaves wedge-

Fia. 454.— Spotted Wintergreen. Fic. 455. — Pipsissewa.

shaped at base and widest beyond the middle. The next in hardiness is
found wild from Virginia south, Souruern Cierra or Mountain Prep-
preRBUSH — Clethra acuminata, —a taller plant, to 15 feet, with larger
leaves, 2 to 7 inches long, widest about the middle and the flowers more
nodding and more hairy. Besides these two Sweet Pepperbushes there are
other and more tender species found wild in the Gulf states and Mexico
which might be, but probably are not yet, in cultivation. The tallest
species, to 30 feet, is from eastern Asia, PHitirPins CLeTHRA — Clethra
canéscens; it has such compound clusters as alnifdlia but is probably
not hardy North. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers; divisions.]

Chim4phila and Pyrola. The Winrercrerns and: Presissewas are
woody plants hardly tall enough to be included in a book of shrubs, but

266 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 456.— Greenish-flowered Fic. 457.— Cape Plumbago.
Wintergreen.

Fig. 458. — Rosy Plumbago. Fic. 459. — Red-berried Ardisia,.

CHIMAPHILA AND PYROLA

267

some have such beauty of evergreen foliage and of blossom as to induce
me to mention and figure them. The one with the most beautiful foliage

Fic. 460. — Southern Buckthorn.

Fia. 461. — Oleander.

is the Sporrep WinTercreEN (454)—Chimaphila maculata, — with

notched dark green leaves mottled with white along the veins.

taller plant with similar flowers but
with unmottled bright green leaves
is the Pirsiss—wa (455) — Chima-
phila umbellata. Still other winter-
greens are occasionally cultivated
belonging to the genus Pyrola;
they are practically stemless plants
with clusters of nodding flowers
on stalks 4 to 20 inches tall. All
form 5-yalved many-seeded pods,
Two of these Pyrola wintergreens
worthy of mention are Rounp-
LEAVED WINTERGREEN — Pyrola
americina—and GREENISH-FLOW-
ERED WINTERGREEN (456)—Pyrola
chlorantha.

and succeed only in shady places
in peaty soil. When removing

The Pyrolas and Chi- .
maphilas are difficult to cultivate }

A slightly

\

Fic. 462. — Sweet-scented Oleander.

268 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

them from the woods, where found, care should be taken to secure a
large ball of earth. [Divisions.]

Plumbago. The Prumpacos are generally blue or violet-colored
flowering plants hardy only South but often cultivated outdoors North in
summer. The flowers have a slender
tube and broadly spreading 5-lobed
border, salver-shaped, growing in
terminal clusters. The leaves are
simple, entire-edged, smooth, usually
" in alternate clusters along the stems,
This clustering of the leaves and the
slender-tubed flowers will separate

‘ Fic. 463. — Broad-leaved Storax.

the Plumbagos from other shrubs.
The different varieties of shrubby
forms have blue, violet, rose, and
white flowers blooming continuously
from spring to fallin the North. All
the species are more or less climbing °
in habit; they show this especially Fic. 464. — Japanese Storax.

in the extreme South where they are i

hardy. The fruit is a thin-coated one-seeded pod. The one species in
most general cultivation has azure-blue flowers, except in the white
variety, and blunt-tipped tapering-based leaves, Cars Prumpaco (457) —
Plumbago capénsis, — from South Africa. Another species, with red
flowers, from South Asia, Rosy PLuwpaco (458) — Plumbago roséa, — has
larger leaves somewhat clasping at base. (Twig cuttings.]

Ardisia. This is a large genus of tropic trees and shrubs with thick
evergreen leaves; one of these is hardy in the extreme South and another

BUMELIA 269

probably hardy farther north. They have small broadly spreading 4- to 6-
parted flowers and 1-seeded berry-like drupes which remain on the plants
over a year.

Rep-BerR1ED ArRpisiA (459) — Ardisia crenulita — is a neat compact
shrub with peculiar wavy-margined alternate leaves and drooping clusters
of very ornamental coral-red, berry-like drupes which hang on for a year-
or more. The small flowers are red or rose-colored.

Fic. 465.— American Storax. Fic. 466. — Four-winged Silver Bell.

Wuire-zerRIED ArpIs1a — Ardisia japénica — has whorled serrated
‘ leaves, white flowers on red stems, and drooping white berry-like drupes.
While more hardy than the former, it is not nearly so beautiful. [Seeds.]

Bumélia. The Bumetias are popularly called BuckTHorns and are
thorny shrubs or trees with alternate clustered entire-edged nearly or quite
evergreen leaves. This genus contains no species of any great ornamental
value and is rarely found in cultivation. The species most frequently
met with, Fatse BuckTHorn — Bumelia lanugindsa, — has densely hairy
evergreen leaves 1 to 2} inches long. The fruit is a black berry nearly
4 inch long usually with one shining seed. The flowers are minute, white,
clustered in the axils of the leaves in summer. This, though usually
shrubby, can grow to. the height of 50 feet. Sournery Buckruorn
(460) — Bumelia lycioides — differs in having less hairy, thinner, more

270 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

veiny, deciduous leaves. These are the only species which can be culti-
vated north to Massachusetts, and even these need protection. [Seeds.]

Nérium. The Oveanpers have been very popular in the past as tub
plants North and hardy plants in the extreme South. They are so well
known that a full description is scarcely necessary. The leaves are ever-
green, long, slender, entire, opposite or in whorls of 3’s or 4’s. The

Fic. 467. — Two-winged Silver Bell. Fic. 468. — Sweet-leaf.

flowers are salver-shaped, an inch or more broad and often double, bloom-
ing through the whole summer. There are many colors, white, light
pink, dark pink, scarlet, and buff. When grown outdoors, they reach the
height of 15 feet. The difficulty in their culture is due to scale insects
which prefer Oleanders to almost any other plants. The common OLE-
ANDER (461) — Nerium Ole&nder — is without odor to the flowers. There
is SWEET-SCENTED OLEANDER (462) — Nerium odorum, — which does not
grow so tall. [Twig cuttings. ]

Styrax. This is a large group, 70 species, of mainly tropic trees
and shrubs. A few are both hardy and beautiful enough to be in cultiva-
tion in the United States. There are several wild American species.
The first three below are hardy, if somewhat protected, north to Massa-
chusetts; the fourth, to Philadelphia; the last, only South. They all
have alternate simple usually notched leaves, and clustered drooping some-

STYRAX 271

what bell-shaped white flowers. The petals are somewhat united at base.
The fruit is a one- or two-sided dry
drupe } to nearly 1 inch long in the
different species. All the species are
loose and spreading in habit.

Broap-LeaveD Srorax (463) — Sty-
rax Obdssia—has broad rounded
abruptly sharp-pointed leaves 6 to 10
inches long with coarse notches beyond
the middle. The fragrant drooping
flowersare } inch long in clusters 5 to 7
inches long, May. The pointed fruit is
§ inch long.

JAPANESE Storax (464) — Styrax

japoénica — has smaller leaves, 1 to 3
inches, and the smaller flowers, 4
inch long, are in fewer (8- to 6-)
flowered clusters, June, July. Both of
these species from Japan form occa-
sionally small trees growing to the height of 30 feet. The other
species, given below, are only shrubs usually less than 8 feet high.
: American Storax (465) —Styrax
americana — has small, 1 to 3 inches
long, slightly notched smooth leaves and
often solitary flowers in the axils, April
to June. The rounded fruit is only about
} inch in size.

LaRGE-LEAVED AMERICAN STORAX—
Styrax grandifolia — has largé leaves, 2
to 6 inches long, with the lower surface
light colored and velvety with hairs, and
the fragrant flowers in loose clusters 3
to 6 inches long, May; the individual
flowers are fully } inch long with broadly
spreading petals.

CaLirornia STorRax—Styrax califér-
nica. The species so far described have
their petals almost always 5 in number,
but this California species has 5 to 8 nar-
row petals forming blossoms $ inch long,
April. The leaves are usually notched
in the other species, but this has small, 1 to 2} inches long, entire-
edged leaves. [Fresh seeds ; layers. ]

Fic. 469. — Common White
Jasmine.

Fic. 470.— Royal Jasmine.

212 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Halésia (Mohrodéndron). The Sirver Betis or SNowpror TREES
are large shrubs or small trees with beautiful white bell-like. hanging
flowers with 4 lobes, in spring before the leaves are fully expanded. They
grow well in the shade, but are not fully hardy north of Philadelphia
except with some protection. The hardiest species is the first one given
below ; there are but three species, all American. The fruit is elongated,
ridged, dry, 1- to 3-seeded ; the leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous,
feather-veined, notched. ;

Fic. 471.— Sweet Yellow Jasmine. Fic. 472. — Italian Yellow Jasmine.

Fotr-wincepD SitvER Beit, SNowprop TREE, or Opossum Woop
(466) — Halesia carolina (H. tetraptera, Mohrodendron carolinum). Fruit
4-ridged or winged (1}-2 inches long), the ridges not extending down
the stalk. Flowers about an inch long. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, oval,
finely notched. This is the largest, most hardy, and most tree-like species,
reaching the height of 50 feet or more.

.Two-wIncED SiLveR Bey (467) — Halesia dfptera, Fruit 2-winged
(1}-2 inches long), the ridges or wings extending down. the stalk.
Flowers about an inch long. Leaves somewhat larger and more coarsely
notched. A smaller and less hardy tree, seldom over 20 feet, usually
a shrub.

SMALL-FLOWERED SILVER Bett — Halesia parviflora. Always shrubby
with flowers less than } inch long and 2-winged fruit like the last but only
about an inch long.

Mernay’s Sitver Bert — Malesia carolina Meébani— is a variety of

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JASMINUM 273

the first, above, with thicker leaves and more erect and bushy growth
which seemingly does not produce good seeds and is propagated only by
grafting on the same, H. carolina. [Fresh seeds (except Meehan’s).]

Symplocos, SwrxT-LeaF. These constitute a large group, 150 species,
of mainly tropic trees with alternate simple thick usually evergreen
leaves ; generally white, 5-lobed flowers in clusters and berry-like black,
red, or blue fruit. Only one species (possibly two) is either shrubby,
hardy, or beautiful enough to need description here.

Himatayan Swexnt-Lear —Symplocos crategoides, — 8 to 40 feet, has
obovate leaves 1 to 24 inches long, closely notched towards the tip and
compound clusters, panicles (2-5 inches long), of small white fragrant
flowers, May, June. The dry drupes ripen in September and last through
the fall and winter, are-bright blue in color and constitute the most beau-
tiful feature of the plants.

An American species, SWEET-LEAF, Horse Sucar (468) —Symplocos
tinctodria — to 18 feet, is almost evergreen with orange-brown fruit; the
leaves are nearly entire, 4 to 6 inches long; the flowers yellow, small,
fragrant in dense clusters, April; the fruit ripe in September. :

[Seeds, needing 2 years to'grow; twig cuttings. ]

Jasminum. The true Jasmrivzs are popular shrubs and vines of easy
culture, with white or yellow sweet-scented flowers. The corolla has a
long tube and a spreading 4- to 9-lobed border. The leaves are either
opposite or alternate and generally compound (odd-pinnate) of 3 to 9
blades (some of the climbing species have but 1 blade, and thus apparently
have simple leaves). Most of the species need support even if not specially
climbing in habit. Only the diffuse-growing and thus bushy jasmines
are here given. Hardy only South, though two species, J. officinale
and J. nudifldrum, can be grown successfully north to Washington and,
with protection, to Philadelphia and New York. The fruit is 2-celled,
2-seeded, 2-lobed, a twin berry. [Twig cuttings ; layers. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JASMINUM

* Flowers white ; leaves opposite and compound. (A.)

A. Leaves glossy, 5-7-bladed ; stems grooved ; flowers very fragrant
in terminal clusters, in summer. This is the Jessamine or Jas-
mine of the poets. Commoy WuaitE JAsMINE or JESSAMINE (469)
— Jasminum officinale.

A Leaves glossy, 7-!-bladed with about 3 of the end blades partially
grown together ; branches angular and drooping ; flowers larger

APGAR’S SHRUBS— 18 :

274 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

than the last and apt to be tinged with red outside, summer to
fall. Ivp1an or Roray Jasmine (470) (called by many names)
— Jasminum grandiflorum.

* Flowers yellow ; leaves alternate and compound. (B.)

B. Leaves glossy with 3-5 blunt blades; branches nearly round and
stiff; flowers in small terminal clusters, summer. Common
Sweet YELLow Jasmine (471) —Jasminum odoratissimum.

B. Leaves thick, evergreen with 3-7 acute blades (rarely 1 blade),
edges more or less rolled; flowers bright in open clusters, sum-
mer and fall. Iranian YeLLow Jasmine(472) — Jasminum
himile.

* Flowers yellow; leaves opposite, deciduous, of 3 rounded blades ;
branches green, 4-angled, stiff, twiggy. Where hardy, Washing-
ton and South, it blooms well through most of the winter.
NaKED-FLOWERED JASMINE — Jasminum nudifldrum.

Forsythia. The Forsytaias or Gotpen Betts are very ornamental
early-flowering hardy deciduous shrubs which burst into bloom as the
winter is leaving, the bright yellow
bell- or star-shaped flowers fairly
cover the naked branches before the
hard frosts are over. The corolla
has four long slender lobes.

The tallest and most erect grow-
ing species, Erect Forsyrura (473)
— Forsythia virid{fssima, — to 10 feet,
has always simple, narrow, dark green leaves with
sharp notches from the center to the tip and some-
what 4-sided green branches with the pith in

. plaits. ;

The other species in common cultivation,
Weepinc Forsyru1a (474) — Forsythia sus-
pénsa, — has broader and shorter leaves which are
frequently 3-lobed and occasionally 3-bladed, and
weak almost trailing branches hollow in the center,
instead of with the plaited pith of the other
species. This has two well-marked varietiés: the
trailing variety is called SrrBoLp’s Forsytara —
Forsythia Siéboldi; the more erect and vigorous
growing variety with many 3-bladed leaves is
Fortune’s Forsrru1a—Forsythia Fortinei. The first, Forsythia Sié-
boldi, is well fitted to trail over arbors or fences, as its slender branches

. grow 12 feet or more in length.

Fic. 473. — Erect
Forsythia.

SYRINGA 275

There is a hybrid of the two species with arching or erect branches,
the leaves much like F. viridfssima though occasionally 3-lobed or
3-bladed, the flowers like F. Fértunei, Hysrip Forsyruia — Forsythia
intermédia.

A species from Europe with small entire-edged leaves, Europran For+
syTnta (475) — Forsythia europ#a, — may be in cultivation.

[Twig cuttings; seeds. ]

Fic. 474.— Weeping Forsythia. Fic. 475.— European Forsythia.

Syringa. The Lizacs are among the most popular groups of hardy
shrubs in cultivation. (It is very unfortunate that Linnzus, the father
of modern botany, did not leave the name Syringa where it belonged,
with what he called Philadélphus. He it is who gave the name Syringa
to the lilacs, although long usage still makes the name cling to the white
4-petaled flowers, his Philadelphus.) The Lilacs came from’ Asia, and
were introduced into America at about the time of its first settlement by
the Whites. There are about a dozen species in cultivation with scores
of named varieties, including a number of hybrids. The color-word,
lilac, indicates the general color of the flowers but, by cultivation, all
shades and tints of lilac are found, in one direction towards red, in
another towards blue, and in a third towards white. There are three
species which have so nearly white flowers that they have been called
privets, mainly because of this color of blossoms; the difference between

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

276

Fic. 477. — Common Lilac.

Fic. 476. — Persian Lilac.

Fic. 479. — Thick-leaved Lilac.

Fic. 478. — Himalayan Lilac.

SYRINGA 277

these two closely related groups of plants is in the fruit; lilacs form
rather large, } inch or more long, 2-valved, often flattened, few-seeded
capsules, while privets form rounded 1- to 3-seeded berries. All lilacs
have opposite entire-edged leaves (except the Persian, which in one yari-
ety has lobed leaves).

The violet-colored lilacs in cultivation have the two stamens almost
within the tube so that they show where the spreading border begins.

Fic. 480.— Japan Tree Lilac. Fic. 481.— Rouen Lilac.

The yellowish-white (privet) lilacs have longer stamens projecting
beyond the tube. The violet-colored lilacs have larger flowers with
comparatively longer tubes. These differences must be known, as there
are white varieties of several of the other species.

The smallest and narrowest leaves and the only lilac with notched
leaves is found on Persian Litac (476) —Syringa pérsica. The one with
leaves next in size, Rovrn Lirac—Syringa chinénsis, — belongs to a
hybrid of this species and the Common Lizac (477) — Syringa vulgaris.
The Rouen lilac has a number of varieties differing mainly in the color of
the flowers: white flowers, d4lba; pale purplish, Meténsis; purplish-red,
Sougedna; double flowers, duplex.

Many species and varieties have the characteristic lilac leaves, with
a broad, nearly square base, tapering sides, and a sharp point. The

278 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Privet Lilacs, with rather creamy flowers, have oval leaves, and in the
case of the Trex Lixac they are very large — often 6 or 7 inches long.
[Seeds ; suckers ; divisions ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE LILACS

* True Lilacs, with the larger flowers, longer tube (much longer than
the border), and short stamens hardly projecting beyond the
corolla. (A).

A. Clusters of flowers with leaves at base; leaves whitish beneath
and acute at both ends, edge of leaves with fine hairs; branche
round. (B.) :

B. Stamens attached near middle of tube; clusters narrow,
blooming late, June. Hungarian Litac — Syringa Josikexa.

B. Stamens attached near upper end of tube. Himaxtayan Litac
(478) —Syringa villosa.

A. Clusters of flowers without leaves at base, growing from lateral
buds, the terminal bud suppressed. (C.)

C. End of anthers not reaching the mouth of the very slender
tube ; leaves dark green above, grayish green below, 1-3 inches
long. Smaxyi Tincuiane — Syringa pubéscens.

C. Anthers longer, tube broader. (D.)

D. Leaves green and smooth on both sides, square or cordate at
base. (B.)

B. Leaves almost reniform, often broader than long. Earliest
Lilac to bloom, May. TuicK-tEavep Linac (479) —
Syringa oblata.

BE. Leaves ovate, very variable; many named varieties.
Common Litac (477) — Syringa vulgaris.

D. Leaves narrowed at base, 14-4 inches long. (F.)

F. Leaves over half as wide as long. Roven Lizac (481) —
Syringa chinénsis.

F. Leaves less than half as wide aslong. (G.)

G. Flowers pale lilac. Persian Litac (476) — Syringa
pérsica. :

G. Flowers white. Wuitr Persian Litac—Syringa pér-
sica alba.

F. Leaves with notched and lobed edges; clusters small.
Fern-LEAVED Litac — Syringa pérsica laciniata.

*Ligustrina Litacs, with yellowish-white flowers and stamens,
extending beyond the border of the short tube, little longer than
the calyx. (H.)

H. Base of leaf usually narrowed, 24 inches long, 1-1] broad;

LIGUSTRUM 279
stamens about as long as the lobed border. Cuinesz Lizrac—
Syringa pekinénsis.

H. Base of leaf usually rounded. (1.)

I. Stamens about twice as long as the border; leaves 2-6 inches
long, #4-2} broad. Shrubto12 feet. Amur Litac— Syringa
amurénsis,

I. Stamens about as long as the border; leaves 3-7 inches long;
flowers in large clusters, often a foot long. Tree to 30 feet.
Japan TREE Linac (480) — Syringa japdénica.

Ligistrum. The Priverts are closely related to the lilacs but when
they form seeds have them inclosed in rounded usually black berries in-
stead of in dry pods. They have smooth bright opposite entire-edged
leaves, 4-lobed white flowers in clusters, June to Aug., and rounded 1- to 3-

Fic. 482. — California Privet. Fic. 483. — Common Privet.

seeded berries lasting through much of the winter. All the species retain
their leaves well into the fall and in the South there are a number of
species with evergreen leaves.

The so-called Catirornia Priver (482) — Ligustrum ovalifdlium, — is
now, beginning of the 20th century, the most popular of the hedge plants
in the North. It is a handsome smooth dark green plant with somewhat
stiff erect branches,

280 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Common Privet (483) — Ligustrum vulgare — grows to about the same
height, to 15 feet. This has flowers with a shorter tube and more spread-
ing border. Both have varieties with variegated foliage. The Common
Privet has one variety with weeping branches, Ligustrum vulgare
péndulum.

Fig. 484.— Wax Privet. 2 Fic. 485. — Thick-leaved Privet.

There are a dozen or more privets in cultivation with scores of named
varieties. The one with the narrowest leaves, evergreen and hardy
South, is Ligustrum Massalongidnum. It has warty and hairy twigs.
Others, with hair-covered twigs, are, Ibdta, amurénse, and nepalénse.

[Seeds— a year or two to grow ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE PRIVETS

* Slender-flowered Privets, tube 2-3 times as long as the 4-lobed
border. (A.)
A. Branches hairy or velvety. (B.)
B. Leaves slender and tapering at both ends, evergreen ; to 3 feet;
hardy South ; blooming July, Aug. Ligustrum Massalongiinum.
B. Leaves broader, oval to ovate, 1-2} inches long, deciduous.

(C.)

KEY TO THE PRIVETS 281

C. Flowers in erect inch-long clusters with the flowers practi-
cally without stems, June; leaves hairy at edges. Shrub to
6 feet. Brigut-rrurrep Priver— Ligustrum ciliatum.
C. Flowers in erect 1-2} inch long clusters with the flowers on
short stems, June, July. Amur Privet— Ligustrum amurénse.
C. Flowers in nodding 1-1} inch long clusters with the flowers
stalked, June, July. Hardy North. Isora Priver—Ligus-
trum Ibdta.
A. Branches smooth; leaves half-evergreen. CaxirorniA Privet
(482) — Ligustrum ovalifolium, .
* Short-flowered Privets, tube usually shorter than the spreading
border. (D.)
D. Branches more or less hairy. (H.)
B. Leaves evergreen, 2-5 inches long; flower-clusters large, July,
' Aug. Nepat Priver— Ligustrum nepalénse.
E. Leaves half-evergreen or deciduous. (F.)
F. Shrub to 15 feet with many named varieties. June, July.
Common Privet (483) or Prim — Ligustrum vulgare.
F. Shrub to 8 feet with stemmed flowers in the loose 4-inch long
clusters. Cuinese Priver— Ligustrum sinénse.
F. Shrub to 6 feet with about scssile flowers in small clusters.
LaTE-FLOWERING Privet — Ligustrum Quihdui.
D. Branches smooth; leaves evergreen, at least South. (G.)
G. Bushy shrub to 10 feet; bloom July, Aug.; leaves 2-34 inches
long. Japan Priver— Ligustrum japénicum.
G. Large shrub or tree to 20 feet with spreading branches; leaves
38-5 inches long. Wax Priver (484) — Ligustrum lucidum.
G. Dwarf shrub to 6 feet, very leafy, leaves 14-21 inches long.
THICK-LEAVED Privet (485) — Ligustrum coriaceum,

Fig. 486. — Fragrant Olive, Fig. 487. — Holly-leaved Olive.

282 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Olea. The true Oxivzs are hardy only South, where they are cultivated
for the useful fruit and beautiful flowers; but there are a number of so-
called olives belonging to other families of plants, some of which are cul-
tivated in all portions of the country. All true olives
have opposite thick, evergreen, usually entire-edged
leaves and small white 4-lobed flowers in clusters.
The stamens, as in the privets and lilacs, are two in
number, The fruit-bearing olives are trees rather than
shrubs, and are successfully grown only in southern

California, etc. There are two species in culti-

vation: the European, Olea europea, and the
African, Olea chrysophylla, The African can
be known by the golden color to the sides of the
leaves.

There are several species cultivated

Fic. 488. — Common Matrimony
Vine.

for their fragrant flowers but produce
little or no fruit. These are more prop-
erly thrown into another genus, Os-
manthus. The technical distinction be-
tween the two genera is found in the
arrangement of the four lobes of the
flower. The true Oleas have the lobes
just touching at their edges, like the
lilacs, while the Osmanthus flowers have
their lobes more or less lapping. The
finest of these plants and the one often
cultivated North in hothouses is Fra-
Grant Oxive (486)—Osmanthus fragrans, — an almost continual bloomer
with small deliciously scented white flowers and opposite sharply toothed
evergreen leaves. When planted out in the South, where it is hardy, it
needs a somewhat shaded position, at least free from midday sun.

There is one species, and the most hardy of all, which has spiny-toothed

Fia. 489.— Chinese Matrimony
Vine.

OLEA 283

x (
TT |

Fic. 492.— Dwarf Catalpa. Fic. 493.— Desert ‘ Willow.’

284 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

holly-like evergreen leaves 2 to 4 inches long, HoLty-LEAVED OLIVE (487)
— Osmanthus Aquifdlium. While the foliage looks like the holly, the
arrangement on the stem shows at once the difference. All true hollies
have alternate, this has opposite, leaves. The plant can be successfully
cultivated with but little protection north to Philadelphia and has a
number of varieties: some with variegated foliage, as atreum, yellow-
blotched; argénteum, white-blotched.

[Seeds (slow in germination) ; twig cuttings ; suckers. ]

_W
FT

|

Wy,
Fic. 494. — Fringe-tree. Fic. 495. — Chinese Fringe-tree.

Lycium. The Matrimony Vines or Box Taorns are spiny plants
often found in cultivation because of the beautiful red or orange berries.
They are, as the name indicates, vines rather than shrubs and sometimes
are useful as arbor coverings. The flowering season is a long one, May
to September. The leaves are mostly small, thick, nearly evergreen,
alternately clustered on the drooping spiny branches. The many-seeded
berries are red or reddish, hanging on through the fall. The European
species, Common Matrimony Vine (488) — Lycium halimifdlium, — is
most frequent in cultivation though not so fine as the CuiyesE Marri-
mony VinE (489) — Lycium chinénse. Both of these are hardy North; the
European has orange to yellow berries about a half inch long, while the
Chinese has brighter and more distinctly red oblong berries nearly an inch
jong. Besides these two hardy species, there are a dozen or more species
which may be in cultivation in the South ; and they are wild in Europe,

TECOMA 285

Asia, Africa, North and South America. These species cannot be accu-
rately distinguished without a close observation of the flowers with magni-
fying glass.

All the species sucker extensively and so should not be planted where
they will interfere with other useful plants. The slender climbing or trail-
ing branches sometimes grow to the length of 25 feet.

[Twig cuttings ; suckers ; layers ; seeds. ]

Leucophyllum texanum. Levcopyyirium (490) is a loose-growing
straggling shrub (1 foot) with alternate simple small, under J inch, entire

Fic. 496.— Japan Buddleia. Fic. 497.— Lindley’s Buddleia.

leaves covered below with silvery-white wool. It has axillary showy pur-
ple bell-shaped 5-lobed flowers, an inch across, with 4 included stamens,
spring and summer. The fruit is a 2-celled many-seeded pod. Hardy
only in the Gulf states but of great beauty and ought to be generally culti-
vated as soon as the needed treatment is understood. [Seeds.]

Técoma. The Trumpet Creepers are mainly climbing or twining in
their habits but two species in cultivation are upright shrubs. All the Teco-
mas have large trumpet-shaped flowers and the shrubby forms have these
flowers yellow and of great beauty, but unfortunately they are hardy only

286 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

in the extreme South. The fruit is a long capsule, 5 to 7 inches, with
winged seeds.

YELLow ‘Exper’ (491)— Tecoma sténs— grows in Florida to the height
of 20 feet or more and spreads in dense masses. The leaves are opposite,
odd-pinnate with 5 to 11 lanceolate coarsely toothed blades 14 to 4 inches
long. The flowers are fragrant, 14
inches long, and bloom from spring
to September in great clusters.
The capsules
are 5to 7 inches
long with many
winged seeds.

Fic. 498. — Chinese Buddleia. Fic. 409. — Madapasnar Buddleia.

Sort ‘E,per’ — Tecoma mollis — is less hardy and decidedly more
hairy and the flowers are not fragrant. [Seeds.]

Catélpa. The Caratras are usually trees, but one variety is of low
growth and could be used as a shrub; it is, however, usually grafted on
the stem of another species to produce a weeping or a round-headed tree.
This is the extensively cultivated Caivesz, Dwarr, or RounpD-HEADED
Cataupa (492) — Catalpa Bungei. In reality it is a dwarf variety of our
commonest American species of INDIAN Bran —Catalpa bignonioides.
All the Catalpas have opposite (or whorled in 8’s) heart-shaped leaves,
large beautiful nearly white clustered flowers, and long capsules filled with
winged seeds which hang on through the winter. [Seeds. ]

Childpsis linearis. The so-called Desert ‘WiLLow’ (498), from Texas,
is a beautiful continuously blooming straggling shrub or small tree with

BUDDLEIA 287

slender willow-like leaves and nearly white catalpa-like flowers. The
capsules are about 6 inches long. The leaves are whorled in 3’s, opposite
and alternate on the same twigs; near the tips where the flowers occur
they are generally alternate. Hardy in the Gulf states and begins to
bloom when only a foxy feet high, though it sometimes reaches the height
of 30 feet. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

Fie. 500.— Colvill’s Buddleia. Fic. 501.— Globe-flowered Buddleia.

Chiondnthus. Frincn-TrEE or OLp Man’s Brarp (494) — Chionan-
thus virginica — is a handsome shrub or‘small tree with large opposite (occa-
sionally alternate) entire-edged deciduous leaves and fringe-like drooping
white flowers in May and June. The fruit is a dark blue oval drupe
4 inch long, ripe in the fall. There is a Chinese species with broader and
less fringe-like petals to the flowers, which are not so pendent on the
branches, CHINESE FRINGE-TREE (495) — Chionanthus retusa.

[Seeds (in the fall); layers; twig cuttings (under glass) .]

Buddleia. The Buppieras are a group, 70 species, of beautiful
shrubs (and trees, in the tropics) of rather warm climates. ‘The leaves
are opposite, simple, deciduous (or evergreen in the tropics), entire or
notched. The flowers are tubular or bell-shaped with a 4-lobed border
and 4 stamens included in the tube. The fruit is a 2-celled many-seeded
capsule. The stems are more or less 4-sided. Only a few of the hardier

_ 288 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

species are in cultivation and but one, Japan BuppieEra (496) — Buddleia
japénica,— can be grown in Massachusetts in sheltered places, though
Linpiey’s Buppteta (497) — Buddleia Lindleyana,—and Hygrm Bupp-
LEIA — Buddleia intermédia, — (killed to the ground) are apt to grow up
and bloom in the middle states. Most of them bloom through the sum-
mer. All are best fitted for the southern states. They should have well-
drained soil and sunny position. i [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUDDLEIA

* Flowers in elongated terminal clusters with long slender tube and
spreading border. (A.)

A. Flowers violet or lilac with no orange-yellow. (B.)

B. Leaves 3-6 inches long and slightly notched; flower-clusters
4-8 inches long and somewhat pendulous at the tips; stems
winged at the 4 edges. Japan Buppreia (496) — Buddleia
japdnica.

B. Leaves 2-4 inches long, pale beneath, slightly notched ; clusters
3-5 inches long and erect ; stem 4-sided. Linpiey’s Buppeia
(497) — Buddleia Lindleyana.

B. Leaves 4-6 inches long, dark green above ; clusters 10-20 inches
long and arching. Hysrip Buppre1a — Buddleia intermédia.

B. Leaves often whorled in 3's; branches distinctly 4-winged ;
clusters 4-6 inches long and erect with rosy violet fiowers.
Buddleia intermédia insignis.

A. Flowers violet with orange-yellow mouth in dense erect clusters
4-6 inches long. CuinesE Buppiera (498) — Buddleia vari-
Abilis,

A. Flowers yellow, in winter; leaves dark above, whitish or yellow-
ish below. Hardy only in extreme South. Mapacascar Bupp-
LEIA (499) — Buddleia madagascariénsis.

* Flowers large, 1 inch wide, with a broad tube purple or crimson
with white mouth. Coxvity’s Buppieia (500) — Buppreia
Célvillei.

* Flowers in globular, head-like, axillary, long-stemmed clusters,
orange-yellow. GLOBE-FLOWERED Buppe1a (501) — Buddleia
globdsa.

Cary6pteris Mastacdnthus. Brive ‘Sprrea’ or Cuinesr BEARDWORT
(502) is a beautiful, late-flowering plant, August to November, shrubby
only at base. It is fully hardy South, and in the North, if cut back in
the spring, it will grow vigorously.and bloom in the fall. It has opposite

VITEX 289

deeply-notched leaves, and axillary clusters of blue (or. white) flowers in
stalked clusters. ‘The leaves are 2 to 8 inches long. The flowers have a
5-lobed oblique-edged border and 4 protruding stamens. The fruit sepa-
rates into 4 seed-like nutlets. (Called Buux ‘Sprrea’ by the nursery-
men.) [Twig cuttings ; seeds. ]

Callicarpa. The Catricarpas are opposite-leaved shrubs, with axil-
lary clusters of small, usually blue berries, which remain on bright

Fie. 502.— Blue ‘ Spirea.’ Fie. 503. — American Callicarpa.

through the late fall. The simple leaves are serrated and deciduous.
These interesting plants are hardy with a little protection.

The tallest, to 6 feet, and in fruit the handsomest species, is the
American CaLticarpa, the so-called Frencu Mutsrrry (503) (504) —
Callicarpa americana. It grows wild in Virginia and south, but is not
so hardy North as either of the species from Eastern Asia. Of these the
taller growing, 2 to 5 feet, is Japan Carticarpa — Callicarpa japénica, —
and the smaller, Beaury Fruir or Smaui Caxricarpa (505) —Calli-
* carpa purpurea. [Twig cuttings (under glass) ; layers ; seeds.]

Vitex. The CuasrE-TrEEs are shrubs or small trees, with compound
leaves having 5 to 7 blades all fastened to the end of the leaf-stalk
APGAR’S SHRUBS — 19

290 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

pee

Fie. 504.— American Callicarpa. Fic. 505.— Small Callicarpa.

(palmate). The flowers are lilac (sometimes white), in clusters at the tips
of the branches. The individual flowers are small and lopsided, July to
September. The whole plant has.a spicy odor when bruised. The spe-
cies most common in cultivation has nearly entire-edged blades to its

Fic. 506, — Chaste-tree. Fig. 507. — Cut-leaved Chaste-tree.

CLERODENDRON 291

leaves, and is hardy, with some protection, to Massachusetts, CuasrE-
TREE (506) — Vitex Agnus-cistus. Another species about as hardy,
though not so beautiful in flower, has the leaf-blades deeply and irregu-
larly cut, or in some cases divided, Cut-LeEaAvep CHASTE-TREE (507) —
Vitex incisa. There are other species of the genus, but probably these
are the only ones in cultivation.

(Seeds, in spring ; twig cuttings ; layers.]

Fic. 508.— Japan Clerodendron. Fig. 509. — Chinese Clerodendron.

Clerodéndron. The CreropENpRoNs are mainly tropic plants with
beautiful flowers. Some are climbing, others shrubby and erect, still
others are herbaceous ; none are fully hardy North. The most hardy
species in cultivation isa hairy, somewhat woody plant, 4 to 12 feet high,
with mainly opposite, soft, nearly entire-edged leaves. The flowers are
in large terminal clusters, with a reddish-brown calyx surrounding a
white corolla, and long stamens, Japan CLuRODENDRON (508) — Cleroden-
dron triché6tomum. All the Clerodendrons can be known by the 5-toothed
usually inflated calyx of one color, and a broadly spreading, 5-lobed,

" slightly irregular corolla, often of a different color. The corolla has a
_slender and usually long tubular portion, with 4 very long stamens,

There are many species in cultivation in Florida and California. One,

Turx’s Tursan —Clerodendron Siphondnthus, — has very showy red

292 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

drupes, which remain on the ‘erect shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, a long time, and
give the plant its value, as the white flowers are small and inconspicuous.
The only shrubby species with brilliant scarlet flowers, CuinEse CLERO-
DENDRON (509) —Clerodendron squamatum,— grows 4 to 10 feet high
and has opposite, round-heart-shaped, long-pointed, entire-edged leaves.
This is hardy in the open only in southern Florida and southern California,
but is frequent in cultivation in warm greenhouses North. A more hardy
species, Spiny CierRopenpron (510) —Clerodendron fétidum, — with

Fic. 510.— Spiny Clerodendron. Fic. 511.— Sweet Clerodendron.

lilac-purple flowers and spiny branches, can be grown as far north as Phila-
delphia, though it kills to the ground every winter. It sprouts up every
summer, and is in bloom in August. The bruised leaves have a disa-
greeable odor, whence the specific name. The opposite leaves are long-
stalked and coarsely toothed; the flowers form a broad cluster, 4 to 8
inches broad.

Another species with ill-scented leaves, toothed, opposite, but with
the tube of the corolla very much shorter than in the above (about the
length of the large calyx), is Swexr CLeRopenprRon (511) — Cleroden-
dron fragrans. The fragrance is in the flowers, which are nearly white,
often double and close-clustered, somewhat hydrangea-like. Hardy
only in Florida and California. [Twig cuttings; seeds.]

CLERODENDRON 293

Fic. 512.— Shrubby Germander. Fic. 513. — Rosemary.

Fic. 514. Swamp Bay. Fic. 515. — Alligator ‘ Pear.’

294 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Teicrium friticans. The Saruspy GERMANDER (512) is a wide-branch-
ing, shrubby plant, 2 to 8 feet high, with opposite, entire-edged, ovate
leaves, and small blue lopsided flowers, forming terminal and lateral
clusters. The flowers seem to have all the lobes turned down, and the 4
stamens projecting from a notch on the upper side. The fruit is like
4 seeds (nutlets) on the bottom of the 5-lobed green calyx. This is a
plant recommended for dry places South. It has a long blooming season.
[Seeds. ]

Fic. 516. — Sassafras. Fig. 517. —Caper-bush.

Rosmarinus officinalis. The Roszmary (513) or Oxrp Man is an
aromatic plant, with opposite linear leaves rolled at the edges. The
2-lipped light blue flowers are in axillary clusters in early spring, the
stamens are 2, projecting from the flower. It is nearly hardy North, and
grows to the height of 2 to4 feet. The fruit isa collection of nutlets in
the calyx. It is recommended for hedges in the extreme South. The
leaves are used for making Hungary water and the oil of rosemary.

[Seeds. ]

Pérsea. The Prersras are aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate
simple thick entire evergreen leaves, small regular white or greenish
flowers (1-} inch), and 1-seeded drupe-like fruit. The species in
cultivation are small trees rather than shrubs, and none are fully hardy
North,

PERSEA 295

Fia. 518. — Spice Bush. Fic. 519. — Leatherwood.

Rep or Buty Bay — Persea Borbonia (P. carolinénsis) —is wild from
Virginia south, grows to the height of 40 feet, and has blue berries, 4 inch
long, on red stems. :

Fic. 520.— Common Mezereon. Fie. 521.— Pink Garland
Daphne,

296 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Swamp Bay (514) — Persea pubéscens, — wild from North Carolina
south, is a small tree or shrub with the branchlets and other parts hairy,
creamy white flowers (4 inch), and dark blue drupes 3 inch long.

ALLIGATOR ‘Prar’ (515) — Persea gratissima,— of California, and
Florida, has a slightly pear-shaped green fruit, several inches long,-used
as a salad and very palatable. A tree 20 to 30 feet high.

(Layers ; twig cuttings.]

Fic. 522. — White Garland Daphne. Fic. 523.— Silky Daphne.

SAssafras. Sassarras (516) — Sassafras variifdlium (S. officinale) —
is an aromatic shrub or tree growing in some cases to the height of 100
feet. It has alternate simple entire to 3-lobed leaves without notches or
serrations. As the plant is dicecious, only those with pistillate flowers have
the blue 1-seeded fruit, 4 inch long, on red stems. The flowers bloom be-
fore the leaves are expanded. The bark on young twigs is green with a
purplish shade on the light side. The bark of the roots is peculiarly
aromatic, and is often used in beer making.
[Seeds ; suckers ; root cuttings.]

Capparis. This genus of over 100 mostly tropic plants is here repre-
sented by the one species from which the genus is named, Carer-busH
(517) or Carer-TREE — Capparis spindsa, — from which capers are made

DIRCA 297

by preserving the dried flower-buds. Thisspiny shrub (8 feet) is sometimes
cultivated in greenhouses North. Leaves deciduous, roundish, entire.
The white wavy-petaled flowers (2 inches broad) with numerous stamens
are borne singly in the axils of the alternate leaves.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Benzdin. Spice Busn or Bensamin Busu (518) — Benzoin estivale (B.
Benzoin B. odoriferum), —is a very aromatic smooth shrub, to 15 feet,

Fic. 524. — Olive-like Daphne. Fig. 525.— Hybrid Daphne.

with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves and oblong red 1-seeded fruit
ahalf inchlong. The oval leaves are 3 to5incheslong. The small yellow
flowers expand in very early spring. This is practically the only species
of the genus in cultivation, and it is not often found in shrubberies. The
bark is peculiarly spicy. [Fresh seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ]

Dirca palistris. LxatHerwoop, MoosEwoop, or Wicopy (519) is a
small tree-like shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, with yellowish green twigs,
tough bark, and alternate simple oval entire deciduous leaves. The fruit
is an oblong red drupe } inch long. The flowers are small in umbel-like
clusters in early spring, April, May.” It is rare in cultivation, but grows
wild in shady places from Canada south, [Seeds ; layers.]

298 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Daphne. The Darunes are very interesting small shrubs with clus-
tered bright colored sweet-scented small flowers, in winter and early spring.
The blossoms are 4-lobed, lilac-shaped, with 8 stamens included in the
tubular portion. The fruit is a leathery 1-seeded drupe. Only four or
five species are hardy North but many are or could be cultivated out-
doors South. Most species have alternate simple entire-edged leaves, a
few have opposite leaves. All have thick or thickish, and more than half
the species evergreen, leaves. The best method for determining Daphnes
from other plants with tubular 4lobed flowers is to notice that the bright

Fic. 526.— Wood Daphne. Fic. 527. — Pontic Daphne.

flower part in such shrubs as the lilac, the privet, and the true olives has
a green calyx at base with 2 stamens at the mouth of the corolla; the
Bouvardias have the same kind of calyx at base and 4 stamens at mouth
of flower; the Buddleias have a calyx at base and 4 stamens included
in the tube about halfway down; while the Daphnes have no outside
part (in this case the bright part is a calyx and there is no corolla)
and there are 8 small stamens in the tube.
Most Daphnes grow well in either shade or sun.
[Seeds — slow to germinate ; layers ; twig cuttings.]

KEY TO THE DAPHNES 299

KEY TO THE DAPHNES

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers lilac to purple in axillary clusters Feb.
to April, before the leaves. (A.)
A. Leaves alternate, wedge-shaped ; shrubs erect, to 4 feet. (B.)
B. Flowers usually 3 without stalks; leaves green above, gray
below. Common MrzEREON or Darune (520) — Daphne Mezé-
reum.
B. Flowers 2-4 with short stems ; leaves purple, almost evergreen.
Daphne Houtteana.
A. Leaves opposite, oblong, 14-2 inches long ; flowers 3-7 in short-
stalked clusters. Japanes—E Dapuns— Daphne Génkwa. :
* Leaves evergreen, alternate (2d B above might be looked for here).
(C.)
C. Trailing or creeping plants with many-flowered terminal clusters
(April-June) and wedge-shaped leaves ; flowers fragrant. (D.)
D. Flowers pink; leaves }-linch long. Pinx Gartanp Darune
(521) — Daphne Cnedrum.
D. Flowers white or creamy; leaves 1-14 inch long. Wuirr Gar-
LAND Dapune (522) — Daphne Blagayana.
C. Erect,.1-5 feet high. (B.)
E. Flowers densely hairy outside in few-flowered terminal
heads. (F.)
F. Flowers purple, 2 inch long, with bracts; leaves 1-2 inches
long. Sitxy Dapune (523) — Daphne sericea,
F. Flowers white or nearly so, 4 inch long, no bracts. Oxive-
uikE Dapanr (524) — Daphne oleoides. ;
F. Flowers reddish purple, very fragrant, large. Hyprip Dapane
(525) — Daphne hybrida.
B. Flowers smooth outside or nearly so. (G.)
G. Flowers in dense terminal clusters, white, red to purple, very
fragrant. Sweet Darune— Daphne odora. ,
G. Flowers in 5-10-flowered axillary clusters, odorless, March—
May. Woop Darune (526) — Daphne Lauréola.
G. Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary clusters, fragrant, April-
May. Ponric Dapnye (527) — Daphne péntica.
Daphne Mezereum, D. Cneorum, D. Blagayana are hardy to Massachu-
setts, D. Laureola, D. pontica to New York, others only South,

Polygonum. The Potyconums form a large genus, 200 species, of
mainly herbaceous plants, but two of them appear so like bushy shrubs
they are introduced here, though they die down to the ground in winter.

300 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

The plainest peculiarity of the plants is the sheath around the stem above
the attachment of the alternate simple leaf. The small 4- or 5-parted
flowers are generally in spike-like clusters. The species here given grow
up from the roots each spring and show abundant nearly white smal]
flowers, in summer. [Seeds; divisions. ]

Fic. 528. — Siebold’s Polygonum. Fic. 529.— Sacaline.

* Bushy-growing plant with graceful curving stem 3-5 feet high ; leaves
large, about as wide as long, and peculiarly square at base ; white
flowers abundant. Sresotp’s PoLtyconum (528) — Polygonum
cuspidatum (P. Siéboldi).

* Larger and more vigorous plants 8-12 feet high with larger and pro-
portionally narrower leaves, sometimes a foot or more long, dis-
tinetly heart-shaped at base. This plant is too luxuriant and with
such a tendency to spread as to become a pest. SacaLINE
(529) — Polygonum sachalinénse.

Eledgnus.1 The Eleagnus genus are shrubs or small trees with alter-
nate leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales. These leaves
are either entire- or crisped-edged. The fruit is olive-like, 1-seeded.
There are many species in cultivation for the silvery foliage and the edible

1 For general key to plants with silvery scales on their leaves see p. 304.

ELH AGNUS 301

Fic. 530.— Oleaster. Fic. 531.— Oleaster.

fruit. The tallest growing species is the so-called Russtan ‘Ourve’
or OLEASTER (530) (531) — Eleagnus angustifolia, — growing to the-height
of 25 feet. This is a spiny plant with light green leaves 2 to 3 inches

Fic. 532.— Spiny Oleaster. Fic. 533. — Small-leaved Eleagnus.

302 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 534.— Japanese Oleaster.

Fic. 535. — Japanese Goumi.

long and oval silvery-scaled yellow fruit a half inch or more long. A
variety still more spiny is Spiny OLEasTER (532) — Eleagnus spinésa.
Another similar spiny tall-growing species, to 18 feet, with broader

Fic. 536.— Sea Buckthorn.

leaves and nearly globular pink fruit
dinch long is SmaLL-LEAVED ELxac-
nus (533) — Elzagnus parvifolia.

A brownish-twigged spreading
species, to 12 feet, with deciduous
leaves and red juicy late-ripening
fruit is JAPANESE OLEASTER oF
Evzaenvs (534) — Eleagnus umbel-
lata. This is frequently spiny with

Fig. 537.— Buffalo Berry.

SHEPHERDIA 303

the leaves crisped at edge and no brown scales beneath. A similar spread-
ing shrub, to 8 feet, with no spines but with some brown scales on the
lower sides of the crisped leaves is Eleagnus multiflora.

A still smaller shrub, to 6 feet, with brown branches and many
brown scales on the lower sides of the oval leaves is Japanese GoumI
(585) — Eleagnus léngipes. ‘This is common in cultivation and ripens
its ornamental fruit very early, June, July.

The above are all hardy North and well worthy of cultivation. There
are two or more evergreen species in cultivation South; of these the one
with silvery-white twigs and no spines is Eledgnus macrophylla; while
the shrub with brown and usually spiny twigs is Eleagnus ptngens.
This last is a very variable species, several named varieties having varie-
gated foliage. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers; root cuttings. ]

Hippéphaé.t The Sra Bucxtuorn (536) — Hippophaé rhamnoides —
is an alternate leaved spiny shrub or small tree with foliage covered with
silvery scales, like the last genus. It is cultivated mainly for the clustered
bright orange-red berries the size of peas, which remain through the winter.
The almost linear leaves, grayish-green above and silvery below, give
variety and beauty in summer to a shrubbery. As the plant is somewhat
dicecious, care must be taken to have stamen-bearing plants enough to
fertilize those with pistils, so that the ornamental fruit may be formed in
abundance. The small yellowish flowers are clustered in 2’s and 3’s in
May, and the berries ripen in September.

The Hippophaé flower is 2-lobed or 2-parted, while those in Eledgnus
are 4-lobed. (Layers; twig cuttings; root cuttings; seeds. ]

Shephérdia.2 Suernerpias are silvery-scaled plants similar to the
last genus, but the leaves are opposite instead of alternate on the stems.
They are not nearly so frequent in cultivation. The only species fairly
in the trade is the Burrato Berry (537) —Shepherdia argéntea, —a
thorny shrub or tree reaching the height of 18 feet with the foliage silvery
on both sides and with small (} inch) globular red or yellow fruit.
Another species is a spreading twiggy shrub 3 to 7 feet high without
thorns, but with brownish-scurfy twigs and leaves, and oval hardly edible
fruit, Canap1an Burrato Berry —Shepherdia canadénsis, — very rare in
cultivation. These two species are deciduous. There is a small evergreen
species from Utah, Shepherdia rotundifdlia, with round-oval silvery
leaves and stalked scurfy berries ripe in July. All the species are more
or less dicecious, and so need staminate and pistillate forms in order to
produce fruit. [Seeds.]

1¥or general key to plants with silvery scales on their leaves, see p. 304.
2 Ibid.

304 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

KEY TO THE SILVERY-SCALED SHRUBS — ELAHAG-
NUS, HIPPOPHO#, AND SHEPHERDIA

* Leaves alternate, deciduous ; hardy ; flowering in the spring, April-

June. (A.)

A. Branchlets and under sides of the leaves silvery-white without
any brown or reddish scales; shrubs or trees to 20 feet with
leaves 2-3 inches long. (B.)

B. Leaves entire and not crisped at edges; berries usually large,
oval, yellow coated with silvery scales, axillary, 1-3 in a clus-
ter. Often spiny (the most spiny form is Spiny OLEAsTER
(532), var. spindsa): Russian ‘OxivE,’ Garpen ELzacnus
or OLEASTER (530) (531) — Eleagnus angustifolia.

B. Leaves crisped at edges; flowers and fruit crowded on short
side shoots; berries nearly globular, silvery when young, pink
in summer when ripe (4 inch long). SmaLu-LEavep ELzxac-
nus (533) — Elezagnus parvifolia.

A. Branchlets with reddish or brownish scales, sometimes with
some silvery scales; leaves silvery below but frequently with
brownish scales. (C.)

C. Fruit decidedly juicy, some shade of red or scarlet, edible. (D.)

D. Fruit nearly globular, short-stalked, erect, } inch long, ripe
Sept. or Oct.; leaves crisped at edge and without brown
scales beneath. Shrub to 12 feet, often spiny. JaPaNnEse
OreasTER (534) — Eleagnus umbellata.

D. Fruit oval, erect or nodding, ripe July or Aug. on stems
about as long as the fruit, } inch; leaves with a few brown
scales beneath, not crisped at edges. Spreading shrub to
8 feet. Eraacnus — Eleagnus multiflora.

D. Fruit pendulous, oblong, 3 inch long on stems over an inch
long, ripe June or July. Shrub to6feet. Japanese GoumI
(535) — Eleagnus léngipes.

C. Fruit rather dry, silvery white, oval, +4 inch long on short
stems, ripe July, Aug. Erect spineless shrub to 12 feet; leaves
silvery on both sides and with brownish scales beneath.
EvzaGnus or SILVERBERRY — Eleagnus argéntea.

C. Fruit somewhat poisonous, though eaten by birds, bright orange,
globular (} inch), in clusters, found in abundance but only on
a portion of the plants as the flowers are dicecious ; leaves very
slender, grayish green above and silvery below. Bronches end-
ing in sharp spines. Sea Buckrnorn (536) — Hippophaé
rhamnoides.

KEY TO THE SILVERY-SCALED SHRUBS, ETC. 305

* Leaves alternate, evergreen; usually flowering in the fall; hardy
only South, small shrubs to 6 feet. (H.) -

B. Branchlets silvery-white; no spines; leaves broad, silvery be-
neath. LarcEe-LEAVED EvERGREEN Exmacnus — Eleagnus
macrophylla.

E. Branchlets brown; usually very spiny; leaves oval, undulate,
2-4 inches long, silvery beneath with some brownish scales; fruit
short-stalked, $ inch long, covered with silvery and brown scales;
leaves often variegated with blotches and lines of white, yellow,
or pink, giving rise to several named varieties. Tsaorny Evrer-
GREEN Er#zacnus — Eleagnus pingens.

* Leaves opposite, deciduous, entire, 1-2 inches long, densely silvery
beneath. Hardy American plants sometimes cultivated for the sil-
‘very foliage or edible fruit; more or less completely dicecious.
(F.)

F. Without thorns; twigs brown-scurfy; leaves oval; shrub 4-8
feet high, rarely cultivated; fruit red or yellow, oval, } inch
long, hardly edible. SnepnEerpia or Canapian BurraLo BERRY
— Shepherdia canadénsis.

F. With numerous thorns; young twigs silvery; leaves oblong-
lanceolate ; berries globular, red or yellow (4 inch), sour, edible,
ripe July, Aug. Upright tall shrub to 18 feet. Burraxo or
Rassit Berry (537) — Shepherdia argéntea.

* Leaves opposite, evergreen, entire, round-oval
and somewhat cordate at base. Dicecious bush
from Utah. Shepherdia rotundifolia.

Fig. 538.— Grevillea. Fie. 539.— American Mistletoe.
APGAR’S SHRUBS — 20

306 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Grevillea robusta. GReEVILLEA (538), the so-called Sitz ‘Oak,’ is a
beautiful fern-leaved plant which in the open in the extreme South forms
a tall tree. It is usually cultivated as a pot plant, and in this condition
has its greatest beauty when less than 10 feet high, so it is raised each
year from seeds. The flowers and fruit are small and inconspicuous, and,
of course, do not appear on these young plants. Very ornamental as
a foliage plant. [Seeds.]

Phoradéndron flavéscens. The American MIsTLETOE (539) grows wild
as a parasitic plant on several deciduous trees, more frequently on the Sour
Gum and the Red Maple, and is gathered
for Christmas decorations. It grows in
large dense bunches, with opposite, entire,
fleshy, yellowish-green evergreen leaves and
stems, and small white globular berries.

(Seeds. ]

Fic. 540.— Common Boxwood.

*

Bixus. The Boxwoops or Box
Trees are extensively cultivated ever-
green shrubs or small trees with small
opposite entire leaves. They are dense
but slow growing plants, frequently
used for pruning into fantastic shapes and as borders to flower beds and
paths. There are a score of named varieties differing in size of leaves and
tallness of growth. The flowers and fruit are inconspicuous.

The tallest growing form sometimes reaches the height of 25 feet, TREE
Box or Common Boxwoop (540) — Buxus sempérvirens,— with square,
and somewhat hairy stems and rounded leaves 3 to 1} inch long. This
species has several forms with variegated foliage: argénteo-marginata,
white-edged ; aireo-marginata, yellow-edged ; autrea, yellow-leaved. The
smallest growing form of this Chinese species is suffruticdsa (nina). A
less hardy species growing to the height of 6 feet with more wedge-shaped
leaves is the Japan Box — Buxus japonica, — this also has several color

Fic. 541.— Chinese Elm.

BUXUS 307—

Fic. 544. — Variable-leaved Rubber Fic. 545.— Fiddle-leaved Rubber
Plant. Plant.

308 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

varieties. A smooth and almost prostrate shrub with leaves 4 to 1 inch long
is the SMALL-LEAVED Box —Buxus microphylla. ‘The least hardy species
is the SpanisH Box — Buxus bale-
drica, — with lighter-colored and
larger leaves, 1 to 2 inches long.

(Twig cuttings; divisions;
seeds. ]

Ulmus. The Exms are almost
entirely tall trees, but there are
two small and somewhat shrubby
species from eastern Asia some-
times cultivated. These are
Weerinc Erm—Ulmus ptmila—
and CurnEsE Erm (541) — Ulmus
parvifolia. The latter has thicker
leaves and the former more of a
.weeping habit. The leaves of
both are alternate, small, usually
about an inch long, and some-
what oblique at base and straight-

Fic. 546.—Rusty-leaved India Rubber Veined, like other elms.
Plant. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ]

Ficus. This genus is a very large one, 600 species, of mainly tropic
plants, many of them climbing.and more or less parasitic and including
the noted Banyan TrEE, the Inp1a Rupper Puan, the Fic (hardy from
Virginia south), and many conservatory creepers, etc. They all have
abundant milky juice and all except one in cultivation in the United
States have alternate simple leaves. The fig has large deeply 3- to 5-
lobed rough leaves and solitary axillary pear-shaped luscious fruit. The
India rubber plant has oblong smooth entire leaves with many parallel
side-veins. [Layers. ]

KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND TREE-LIKE FORMS
OF FICUS

* Cultivated for the fruit; with radiately 3-7-lobed wavy-edged leaves ;
growing 15-80 feet high. Fic (542) — Ficus Carica.

* Cultivated for ornament indoors in the North, hardy only in the
extreme South. (Many species are omitted because of creeping or
climbing habits or because, when grown outdoors, they become
great trees.) (A.)

KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND TREE-LIKE Fics 309

A. Leaves alternate. (B.)

B. Leaves thick and leathery, green and smooth below. (C.)

C. Leaves large, oblong, entire, with many side-veins. Inp1a
RupBer Piant (543) — Ficus eldstica.

C. Leaves entire or somewhat lobed with about 10 pairs of side-
veins. VARIABLE-LEAVED RuBBER Pant (544) — Ficus
erécta.

C. Leaves with 5-7 side-veins and usually lobed like the white
oak, Oak-LEAVED Fic — Ficus quercifolia.

C. Leaves with 5-7 side-veins, with ear-like lobes at base, a
foot or more long. FippLe-LeavepD Rusper Puant (645) —
Ficus pandurata.

B. Leaves thick and rusty below and more or less notched at tip
and base. Rusry-Leavep Invia Rusper Pranr (546) —
Ficus rubigindsa.

B. Leaves rounded (3 inches long), thick and densely covered with
woolly hairs below. PaLmMer’s RusBpeR Piant— Ficus Palmeri.

B. Leaves thin and membranous, lizht green blotched with white.
Parcett’s Ruspper PLrant — Ficus Parcélli.

A. Leaves usually opposite, entire or somewhat toothed. Roucu

RvuBBER PLant — Ficus hispida.

A

Fie. 547. — Osage ‘ Orange.’ Fic. 548. — Wax ‘ Myrtle.’

310

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 551.— Sweet ‘Fern.’

Fia. 550. — Waxberry.

Maclira. Osace ‘ORANGE’
(547) — Maclura (Téxylon) pomf-
fera —is a thorny shrub or tree
with alternate entire glossy leaves
having milky juice. The large
orange-like fruit gives name to
the plant. In the past it was
extensively used for hedges; for
this it was well fitted, because of
its thorns and dense growth.
The introduction of wire fences
has lessened its value to the hor-
ticulturist and now it is generally
seen as a tree from 30 to 50 feet
high. The short sharp thorns
about an inch long just above the
bases of the ovate entire leaves
(4 inches long) together with
the abundant milky juice will
enable the reader to separate
this from other plants. [Seeds.]

BETULA 3ll

Myrica and Comptdnia. Wax‘Myrtiz’ (548) — Myrica cerffera, —
Sweer Gatr (549) — Myrica Gale, — Waxsperry or BayBerry (550) —
Myrica carolinénsis, — and Swerr ‘ Fern’ (551) — Myrica (Comptonia)
asplenifdlia, — are fragrant plants with alternate simple leaves, inconspic-
uous flowers, and waxy or bur-like dry globular fruits. They are wild
shrubs rare in cultivation. The Swurt ‘Fern’ receives its name from the
fern-like appearance cf its leaves and is useful to cover, with its dense
foliage, rocky barren and shady places. ([Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.]

* Leaves narrow and notched like a fern; fruit bur-like. Swrer
‘Fern’ (551) — Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifolia.
* Leaves entire or with few notches; fruit globular, waxy. (A.)
A. Low shrubs always less than 10 feet high; leaves usually blunt at
tip. (B.)
B. Twigs dark brown; leaves small, 1-2} inches long. Sweer
GaLz (549) — Myrica Gale.
B. Twigs gray; leaves larger, 24 inches long. WaxBerry
(550) or BAyzerry — Myrica carolinénsis.
A. Tall shrub, sometimes a small tree to 40 feet; leaves generally
with acute tips. Wax ‘Myrrie’ (548) — Myrica cerffera.

Bétula. The Bircues are mainly tall hardy trees but there are several
species shrubby in growth and frequent in cultivation. The birches have
alternate simple straight-veined notched leaves, sometimes cut into lobes,

&
Baga

: ES ;
“a @
ws

Fig. 552. — European White Birch. Fig. 553, — Scrub Birch.

312 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

The species seen with chalky bark is generally the WuiTe Brirca— Betula
Alba — of Europe, which grows to the height of 80 feet in its regular form.
There are a score of named varieties some of which are low trees and some
only shrubs, as European Wuitt Bircn — Betula péndula (552).

The four species always shrubby in growth are: Scrus or Dwarr Bircu
(553) —Betula glanduldsa,—1 to 4 feet high with rounded small leaves,
} to 1 inch long, and brown glandular warty twigs; Dwarr Burcu (554)
— Betula nana, — a low spreading
smooth shrub rarely 4, feet high
with small rounded notched leaves
broader than long; Low or Swamp

Fic. 554. — Dwarf Birch. Fic. 555.— Low Birch.

Brrcu (555) — Betula pimila,—2 to 15 feet high with longer and less
rounded leaves having dense brownish hairs below when young; and
Surupsy Bircu (556) — Betula humilis, — 2 to 6 feet high, with glandular
twigs and crenately-serrate smooth leaves } to 1} inches long. [Seeds.]

Alnus. The Aupers are generally shrubby plants growing abundantly
along streams and in damp places. They have alternate simple straight-
veined notched deciduous leaves and dry rounded cones which remain on
the bushes throughout the year; these cones are the best test of the
alders. Most have catkin flowers opening in early spring. The species
with fall catkins is usually a tree to 30 feet, Seasipe ALDER (557) — Alnus
marftima, — which has shining foliage and yellow catkins in August to
September.

CORYLUS 313

The smallest species is the Gretn or Mountain ALDER (558) — Alnus
crispa (A. viridis), — which never grows to over 10 feet. It can be surely
known by the winged nuts or seeds,
in the cones, nearly } inch wide.
The other two American species are :
SpeckLep or Hoary ALDER (559) —
Alnus incana, — with leaves hairy be-
neath, at least on the veins; and
Smoota ALDER (560)—Alnus ru-
gosa, — with leaves green and smooth
on bothsides. The tallest species and
the only one which grows well in dry
places is BLack ALpEr (561)— Alnus
glutindsa — of Europe, with gummy
twigs, sometimes reaching the height
of 70 feet. The figures given illus-
trate the great variety of foliage in
the forms of this species.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings; suckers. ]

Cérylus. The Hazeinurs and
Firserts are shrubby plants with
rounded hard-shelled nuts inclosed
more or less in green leaf-like bracts. Fig. 556.— Shrubby Birch.

The leaves are alternate, simple, straight-veined with notched edges. The
three common species can be best separated by means of the difference in
the bracts which surround the nuts: in the Breakup Hazmunut (562) —
Corylus rostrata, —2 to 6 feet high, the bracts
are not very leaf-like and project beyond the
nut into a beak; inthe eastern Hazeunut (563)
— Corylus athericina, — 3 to 8 feet high, these
bracts form a fringe-like
border generally hiding
the nut ; the EvropEan
Firzerr (564) — Cory-
lus Avellana — grows
much taller, to 15 feet,
and never has the bracts
fully hiding the nut.
Of this last species,
which has been culti-
vated for centuries, there are many named varieties: aurea, yellow
leaves ; laciniata, deeply cut leaves; péndula, weeping; etc. The other

Fic. 557. — Seaside Alder.

314 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

species of filberts are so rare in cultivation that none need be mentioned in

this book except PurPLE-LEAVED FILBERT —Corylus maxima purplrea, —

which is cultivated for its deep purplish red leaves rather than for fruit.
{Seeds ; suckers. ]

Quércus. The Oaxs are nearly all tall trees and the few shrubby forms
are practically never cultivated and so this book of ornamental shrubs
needs no place for them. The
acorn fruit is distinctive and sepa-
rates oaks from all other plants.

Bear or Brack Scrus Oar (565)
— Quercus ilicifolia — is a spread-
ing shrub 5 to 10 feet high with
tangled branches.and 3- to 7-lobed
leaves, the lobes ending in bristles
and the lower’ side covered with
whitish hairs. Cninquarin Oak —
Quercus prinoides—is rarely over
8 feet high with wavy-edged leaves
having 4 to 8 blunt teeth on each
side. [Acorns. }

Castanea. This genus includes
the CuEstnutT trees and the Curn-
QUAPIN shrubs and may be known
by the alternate simple straight-
veined leaves and the large spiny-
coated fruit with more or less
rounded nuts. Cainquarin (566) —
Castanea piumila —is a handsome shrub or tree 6 to 50 feet high with a
single (rarely 2) nut, 4 inch, in a pri¢kly bur. The leaves are whitish-downy
below. Japan Cuestnut (567) — Castanea crenata —is a hardy shrub
or tree to 30 feet which begins to bear chestnuts when only a few years old
and but a few feet high; the leaves are smooth below when mature.
[Seeds.]

Fic. 558.— Green Alder.

Salix.. The Wittows form a large genus, nearly 200 species, of
hardy shrubs and trees abundant in all cold countries. A number of trees
are in cultivation and many of those which are only shrubby are con-
sidered worthy of ornamental use. There is no genus of plants more
difficult to separate into species than the willows. All are dioecious,
meaning that the pollen-bearing catkins are on one plant, the seed-form-
ing catkins on another, and thus many hybrids are found.

THE ALDERS 315

Fic. 559. — Speckled Alder. Fic. 560.— Smooth Alder.

Fic. 561.— European Black Alder. Fic. 562.— Beaked Hazelnut.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

316

Fic. 564.— European Filbert.

Fic. 563. — Hazelnut.

Fie. 566. — Chinquapin.

.— Bear Oak.

Fie. 565.

THE WILLOWS 317

Fic. 567.— Japan Chestnut. Fic. 568.— Dwarf Gray Willow.

_ Fra. 570.— Osier Willow.

Fic. 569.— Rosemary Willow.

318 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic, 573.— Prairie Willow. Fic. 574.— Broad-leaved Willow.

THE WILLOWS 319

Fic. 577. — Slender Willow. Fic. 578.— Shining Willow.

320 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 581. — Heart-leaved Willow. Fie, 582.— Purple Willow.

They

KEY TO THE COMMON SHRUBBY WILLOWS 321

are so easily raised from slips placed in the ground that they are,

in cultivation, raised only that way. So, any sport or Variety found any-

where is

introduced into cultivation and ‘perpetuated without the origin

being known. The soft wood, alternate simple leaves, and flowers of both
sorts, always in catkins in spring or summer, are enough to enable any
one to separate willows from all other plants.

KEY TO COMMON SHRUBBY WILLOWS, BASED ON

LEAF PECULIARITIES

* Leaves about entire-edged and more or less conspicuously whitened
below. (A.)

A.
B

B.

Leaves under } inch wide. (B.) .

. Leaves under 2 inches long and almost sessile. Dwarr Gray
Wixtow (568) — Salix tristis.

Leaves 2-5 inches long. One of the willows used to graft on
goat willow stock to produce an umbrella tree. Rosemary
Wixtow (569) — Salix incana.

Leaves 4-10 inches long and beautifully silvery. One of the
willows used in basket work. Osizr WiLLow (570) — Salix
viminalis.

A. Leaves 3-3 inch wide and more or less rolled at the edges. (C.)

c.

A.

Leaves rarely over 2 inches long; twigs slender, smooth, pale
brown. A low willow 1-3 feet high growing in bogs. Boe
Witiow (571) — Salix myrtilloides.

Leaves 2-4 inches long; twigs and leaves, when young, densely
covercd with white woolly substance. Like the last, a low wil-
low 2-5 feet high, in wet bogs. Sacre Wi ttow or Hoary WIL-
tow (572) — Salix cdndida.

. Leaves 2-4 inches long, grayish and peculiarly veined. A wil-

low 8-8 feet high growing in dry soil. Prairie WuiLLow
(573) — Salix humilis.
Leaves 3-1} inches wide. Giaucous WiLLow — Salix discolor.
(Placed here as it sometimes has entire-edged leaves, though
usually with notched ones.»

* Leaves notched at the edges. (D.)
D. Leaves conspicuously of two colors, decidedly whitened below.

E.

ne
Leaves frequently 2 inches wide, shining dark green above,
glaucous below; twigs light gray. A willow 2-6 feet high,
abundant on the sands of the shores of thé Great Lakes.
Broav-Leavep Witiow (574) — Salix glaucophylla.
APGAR’S SHRUBS— 21

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

. Leaves 1-1} inches wide, bright but not glossy green above,

white below; buds very large and nearly black; shrub or tree
to 25 feet. Guiaucots WiLLow — Salix discolor. _

. Leaves 1-14 inches wide, smooth dark green. above, whitened

and very net-veined below. A willow, 4-10 feet high, of
the North (Labrador, etc.). Bausam Wititow (575) — Salix
balsamifera.

. Leaves 1-3 inches wide, rough above, thickish and with stout

stems }-} inch long. A plant often used as stock upon which
to graft other willows to make such weeping trees as the Kil-
marnvock willows. Goat Wittow (576) — Salix Caprea.

. Leaves less than an inch wide, dark green above and glaucous

below, leaf-stems nearly } inch long. A slender-growing plant
5-12 feet high found in the swamps of the North and West.
SLenpeR WiLLow (577) — Salix petiolaris.

D. Leaves, though lighter below, are green on both sides. (F.)

FP.

Leaves glossy green on both sides, fragrant when bruised,
usually over 1 inch wide, leaf-stalk with conspicuous glands,
These two are among the finest willows in cultivation and grow
from 8-20 feet high. (G.)
G. Catkins large and conspicuous appearing with the leaves,
Surnine Wittow (578) — Salix lucida.
G. Catkins rather small and appearing after many of the leaves
are fully grown. BarY-LEavep or LAUREL-LEAVED WILLOW
(579) — Salix pentandra. .

F.. Leaves rough above, soft with hairs below, 1-8 inches wide,

F.

P

blunt at tip. A willow often used for stock for grafting, 12-25
feet high. Goar WitLow (576) — Salix Caprea.
Leaves smooth, silky and dark green above at least when young,
4-§ inch wide; shrub or tree 5-12 feet high growing along
streams. Sitky Wittow (580) — Salix sericea.

. Leaves under 4 inch wide ; plants generally 5-15 feet high. (H.)

H. Leaves 2-3 inches long, about } as wide, sometimes heart-
shaped at base; stipules large and usually persistent. A
very variable small willow of the watercourses, spreading at
base into long flexible branches. Hrart-LEAvED WILLOW
(581) — Salix cordata.

H. Leaves 3-6 inches long and about 4 as wide, often appearing
opposite. Plant spreading at base with long flexible branches,
so sometimes used as a basket willow. There is a variety,
péndula, with drooping branches, PurrLe Wit.ow (582)
— Salix purpurea.

H. Leaves 2-6 inches long and very narrow, usually less than

KEY TO THE DWARFS OF THE PINE FAMILY 323

yy a8 wide as long, midrib yellow. A willow with slender
erect branches forming broad thickets on sand bars in the
streams. Sanp Bar Winitow — Salix longifolia (S. fluvi-

dtilis).

Riscus aculeatus. The Burcuer’s
Broom (583) is a peculiar evergreen
shrub, 1 to 4 feet, with alternate
sessile ovate leaves } to 14 inches long;
these are not true leaves but flat leaf-
like branches ending in sharp points
and having on their lower sides the
small flowers in spring and the red
berries (4 inch thick) later in the sea-
son. Itis hardy only in the extreme
South, (Suckers. ]

Coniferous Evergreens. The shrubby
plants with narrow-linear, needle-
shaped, and scale-shaped‘ leaves are
still to be described. They include
Pines, Spruces, Argorvira, JunNi-
pers, etc. These: ornamental shrubs

[Twig cuttings. ]

Fic. 583, —Butcher’s Broom.

are included in key 9, small-leaved plants, but for convenience the
following key is devoted to the Pine family alone. In this family there
are no compound leaves; each green scale or needle-shaped part is a

whole leaf.

KEY TO GENERA WITH DWARF FORMS BELONG~
ING TO THE PINE FAMILY

* Leaves elongated four or more times as long as wide and spreading

away from the twigs. . (A.)

A. Leaves not flattened but rather needle-like so that they can be

rolled between thumb and finger.

(B.)

B. Leaves in clusters or bundles of 2-3-5 surrounded at base by a

sheath. Pinus.

B. Leaves separated from each other, spirally arranged and
attached to short brownish projections on grooved twigs.

Picea.

A. Leaves decidedly flat and linear in shape. (C.)
C. Leaves with distinct more or less greenish stems spirally fas-

324 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

tened to the twigs, usually so twisted as to spread out flat from
the twigs. (D.)
D. Leaves blunt or rounded at tips and whitened below. Tsiga.
D. Leaves sharp or acute at tips and green below. Taxus.

C. Leaves without stems and opposite or whorled on the

twigs. (E.)
EH. Leaves with 1 or 2 silvery lines on the upper side; fruit
berry-like. Junfperus.
BE. Leaves with no silvery lines above, but sometimes be-
low. (F.) ,
F. Fruit elongated cones with lapping scales (4-1 inch long).
Thija.
F. Fruit rounded cones with scales widening at ends and
touching edge to edge. Chamecyparis.

* Leaves scale-like and so pressed to the twigs as tocover them. (These
plants often have flat linear spreading leaves as well, especially on
young growths.) (G.)

G. Branchlets flattened out like a fan; fruit a dry cone of 6-12
scales. (H.)

H. Cone elongated with lapping scales. Thija.

H. Cone nearly globular with the scales widening at tips and
touching edge to edge; seeds 2 under the scales. Chame-
cyparis.

G. Branchlets not flattened like a fan but extending irregularly in
all directions. (I.)

I. The linear leaves with silvery lines on the upper side; fruit a
berry bluish or brownish when ripe, often covered with a glau-
cous bloom. Jun{perus.

I. The leaves, if elongated and spreading enough to show, will be
found without silvery lines on the upper side; fruit a globular
cone with the scales widening at tip and touching edge to edge,
seeds many under the scales. (These trees probably have no
ornamental dwarf forms, and so are omitted.) Cupréssus.

It is well to remind the reader here that new forms of the entire Pine
family are constantly appearing, and that those mentioned below are
merely suggestive of the variation of forms.

Pinus. The Pines are in almost all cases tall trees with an elongated
central trunk. The evergreen leaves are needle-shaped_ and clustered in
bundles of 2 to 5 with an inclosing sheath at their base. The fruit is a
woody cone with 2-winged seeds above each scale.

There is one variety of the Swiss Mountain Prxe — Pinus montana, —

PINUS

Mucuo Pine (584)— Pinus montana Mighus, — which is always a low

spreading shrub with crooked gnarled stems and branches.

leaves are in twos, 1 to 3 inches
long, inclosed in a much wrinkled
sheath } inch long. The cones are

Fic. 584.— Mugho Pine.

ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long, nearly ter-
minal to the branches. This moun-
tain pine grows to the height of 2 to
5 (rarely 10) feet, but spreads so as
to be broader than high. It isan ex-
cellent plant for the lawn.

Besides this pine with stiff leaves
two together in a cluster, there are
a few dwarf forms of the Wurtz Ping
— Pinus Strobus — with rather soft
leaves five together in elongated
sheaths. The finest of these is prob-
ably Dwarr Wuire Pine (585), var.
brevifolia, also called nina. Itis a
dwarf cushion-shaped little bush
rarely over 4 feet high but spreading
out in a broad flat compact tuft of
glossy green spray. This is splendid
for the lawn.

[Seeds ; twig cuttings.]

The rigid

Fic. 585.— Dwarf White Pine.

yy

Fic. 586.— Gregory’s Dwarf Spruce.

326 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Picea. The Spruces are in the main tall tree-like evergreens with
needle-like 4-angled leaves usually } to 1} inches long, attached to a
grooved twig on brownish projections. The readiness with which the
leaves fall from the severed twigs and the roughness of the twigs, due to
these projecting points, are the best distinctions for separating spruces
from other cone-bearing plants. The commonest species in cultivation
in this country is the Norway Srruce—Picea Abies(P. excélsa), —and of

WK

\

ne i

Gf,
lp —— ay
==

Fic. 587.— Sargent’s Weeping Fic. 588. — Hovey’s Arborvitz.
Hemlock. :

the many varieties sold there are several that grow more like a shrub than
atree. Among these varieties are: GreGoRY’s Dwarr Spruce (586) —
Gregoryana,—seldom more than 1 to 2 feet high with numerous small,
spreading branches densely clothed with short stiff spreading leaves;
SaaLtt Norway Spruce — piunila,—a dwarf with a more conic form and
with glaucous leaves spreading in all directions from the branches; Piomy
Spruce — pygmza, — with leaves very small, close set and sharp-pointed;
and Lorp CransrasiL’s Spruce — Clanbrasiliana, — a dense globose or
rounded shrub seldom 5 feet high, all parts much shortened and close set.

« (Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers.]

Tsiga. The Hemuocus are generally trees with short, } inch, flat,
blunt leaves having two silvery lines on the lower side. These leaves are
so twisted on the twigs as to extend in two directions from them, giving

TSUGA 327

Fig. 589.— Golden Dwarf Arborvite. Fic. 590. — Dwarf Dolabrata
Arborvite.

Fic. 592. —Heath-leaved Arborvite.

Fic: 591.— Lawson’s Cypress.

328 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

an arrangement that is called 2-ranked. The cones are short, under 1 inch,
pendulous with smooth scales, found at the tips of the branches. Of the
Common HemLock —Tsuga canadénsis, —Sarcent’s WEEPING HEMLocK
(587) — var. Sargentiana, or Sargenti péndula — rarely grows over 3 feet
high and has short drooping branchlets forming a dense flat-topped’ mass
of foliage; Dwarr HemLock.— nana— is a dwarf with spreading branches
and short branchlets forming a depressed shrub under 3 feet high. There
is also a variety nana of the Japanese Hemxock, Tsiiga Siéboldi. The
latter can be separated from the common American one by a close exami-
nation of the leaves with a lens; the edge of the American is somewhat
notched, while the Japanese is entire. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; grafting. ]

Fic. 593. — Juniper-leaved Fic. 594. — Silver Retinospora.
Arborvite.

Thija and Chamacyparis. The Arborvite group of evergreens are
among the most difficult class of plants to classify. The greatest confu-
sion of names both common and scientific occurs with reference to them
in books and catalogues, They have two very distinct forms of leaves;
these are properly called the ‘‘ juvenile’? and the ‘adult.’ All of this
group have opposite sessile leaves ; but the seedlings begin with linear
spreading ones about a half inch long ; these are the juvenile leaves ; later
these change to scale-shaped leaves, appressed to and completely covering
the stems, the adult leaves. Some of the bushy forms, the only ones

329

THUJA AND CHAMACYPARIS

Fia. 596.— Tom Thumb.

Fic. 595.— Juvenile Cypress.

Fic. 598. — Feathery Pea-fruited

Fic. 597.— Intermediate Cypress.

Retinospora.

330 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

we have to consider, retain the juvenile form ; others have both forms on
different parts of tue ylants; while still others have only the scale leaves,
The two genera above given can be surely separated only by an examina-
tion of the cones; and small plants rarely show these. The cones of
Thuja are elongated with 8 to 12 lapping scales, and those of Chamez-
cyparis are nearly globular of 6 to 10 scales touching edge to edge. All
these cones mature in one season and are small, always less than an
inch and usually } to } inch in diameter.

‘When the scale leaves appear, the branches on both genera so form as
to produce flat fan-like growths. This plan of branching, called 2-ranked,
separates the Arborvite from all the Junipers— Juniperus —and the
true Cypresses — Cupressus.

These plants will be found in books and nursery catalogues under the
names of Thuja, Thuydpsis, Bidta, Cupréssus, Chamecyparis, and
Retindspora; but they will not all be spelled as here given. The first
is often spelled Thiia and Thiya in modern books, and the last
Retinispora.

KEY— BASED ON THE CONES—FOR SEPARATING
THE DWARF FORMS OF THUJA AND CHAMA-
CYPARIS

* Cones elongated, with elongated lapping scales, Thija. (A.)

A. Cone scales thin, 8-10 in number ; cones } inch long and some-
what pendulous. Common Arxporvirz (588) — Thuja occi-
dentalis.

A. Cone scales 6-8, thickened, and having a Horn-like process on
each. Cones nearly erect, and about an inch long. Tasrern
or Cu1vEsE ARrBorRVIT#& (589) — Thuja orientalis.

A. Cone scales 8-10, thickened and reflexed, with 3-5 seeds under
each ; cones somewhat pendulous. Dwarr Doranrata Arsor-
virz (590) — Thuja (Thuyépsis) dolabrata.

* Cones globular, of 6-12 scales, which touch edge to edge. Chame-
cyparis. (B.)

B. Cones about 4 inchin diameter, of 8-10 brown scales. Hu1noK1
Retinospora — Chamecyparis obtusa.

B. Cones about } inch in diameter, of 10-12 brown scales. Sawara
Rerinospora — Chamecyparis pisffera.

B. Cones about } inch in diameter, of 8reddish brown scales. Law-
son’s Cypress (591) — Chamecyparis Lawsoniana.

B. Cones about } inch in diameter, of 6 glaucous-green or purplish
scales. Wuite Cepar—Chamecyparis thyoides (C. sphe-
roldea),

KEY TO DWARF THUJA AND CHAMACYPARIS 331

KEY — BASED MAINLY ON THE LEAVES — FOR THE
DWARF VARIETIES OF THUJA AND CHAMA-
CYPARIS

* Leaves about linear, and spreading well from the stems. (A.)

A. Leaves sharp-pointed and rather stiff, dull green above, and
grayish below, changing to brownish in winter. (B.)

B. Bush globose or broadly pryamidal; leaves rather distantly
arranged on slender branchese HeaTH-LEAVED ARBORVITE
(692) — Thuja occidentalis ericoides.

B. Bush of several erect stems, and branches also erect ; leaves
not so distantly arranged. JUNIPER-LEAVED ARBORVIT&
(593) — Thuja orientalis decussata.

A. Leaves less sharp, soft rather than stiff, and with a somewhat
silvery appearance ; low tree, but sometimes shrub-like, with
branches much divided. Sinver Retinospora (594) — Cha-
mecyparis pisffera squarrosa. :

A. Leaves as in the last, but more spreading; silvery only on lower
side. JuvreNILE Cypress (595) — Chamecyparis thyoides
ericoides.

* Leaves of two kinds on different branchlets, some linear and
spreading, others scale-like ; branches with scale leaves flattened,
fan-form. (C.)

C. Low, compact, and broadly spreading, with somewhat silvery
foliage. Tom Tuums (596) — Thuja occidentalis Ellwangeriina.

C. Similar to the last but of more erect growth, leaves bluish green.
InTeRMEDIATE Cypress (597) — Chamecyparis thyoides (C.
sphaeroidea) Andelyénsis.

C. Similar (to first ©), but the upper branchlets slender and spar-
ingly divided. Sprarru’s Arsorvirz — Thuja occidentalis
Spaethii.

C. Most leaves elongated and slightly spreading; conic bush with
erect branchlets having a feathery appearance. Fraruery Pra-
FRUITED Retinospora (598) — Chamecyparis pisffera plumésa.

* Leaves all shortened and scale-like ; spray fan-like.

There are so many varieties in cultivation under this third * that it
will probably be better to give them under the names of the species,
allowing for the fuller descriptions.

HatTcHET-LEAVED ARBORVITZ — Thuja dolabrata — 1s one of the finest
of the Japanese trees, and is especially good for lawn planting in single

332 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

specimens. The common dwarf form, Dwarr DoLaBRaTA ARBORVITE
(590) —nana—is a very light: glossy green bush, with slender branch-
lets. There isa form of this with creamy tips to the branchlets, varie-
gata.

Fic. 599.— Globe Arborvitz. Fic. 600. — Little Gem Arborvite.

Common Arporvirz— Thuja occidentalis— has the largest number of
dwarf forms; most of them have fan-shaped spray, many having colored,
other than green,and variegated foliage. Only a few of the 30 or
more can here be mentioned. One of the smallest, Dwarr ARBorvITm
—dumédsa, — rarely grows over 3 feet high, and is a spreading, irregularly
branching shrub, with crowded and tufted fan-shaped parts; GLoze AR-.
BorvIT& (599) —globdsa — is a bright green somewhat open rounded
shrub with slender branches; Hovey’s Arnorvirm— Héveyi—is sim-
ilar to the last but more dense and ovate in shape; LirrLE Gem Arpor-
virz (600) is a spreading dark green very dwarf shrub, broader than
high; Basy-yettow ARBorviT2—litea ndna—is a dwarf compact
bush with golden foliage.

Eastern or Cuinese ARBORVIT# — Thuja orientalis— also has a
number of dwarf forms with light green, dark green, and colored foliage,
having fan-shaped spray: Gotpen Dwarr Argorvits (601) — aurea
nana—is very dwarf and compact, with golden foliage ; Ever-coLtpren
ARBORVIT£ — semperauréscens —is more globose, and the yellow color

,

ARBORVIT& 333

lasts throughout the year; THREAD-BRANCHED ArBorvVitT& — filiférmis
stricta—is a round-headed dwarf bush with upright slender, almost
thread-like, branches ; WuircorpD WEEPING ARBORVIT& (602) — péndula
—is a weeping bush with tufted cord-like branchlets ; JunIPER-LEAVED
Argorvita&z — decussita —is a bright bluish green low compact rounded
form, with linear spreading leaves, similar to Chamecyparis squarrosa,
very useful for window boxes. 2

The so-called ‘Japanese Revinosporas’ furnish a number of dwarf
forms with fan-like spray. They belong to Hinox1 Rutinospora or Cy-
press — Chamecyparis obttisa — and Sawara or PEa-FRvITED RETINO-
spora — Chamecyparis pisffera; the latter with the smaller cones, pea-
like, as is indicated by the specific name. These, as well as the Thujas,
have forms with golden and silvery foliage. Both the species occasionally
grow in their native country to the height of 100 feet or more. The
smallest of the varieties of Chamecyparis obtusa, Piemy Hivoxr Rett-
nospora (603) —pygmea, — has almost creeping branches, rarely reach-

Fic. 601.— Golden Dwarf Arborvite. Fic. 602. — Whip-cord Weeping
Arborvite.

ing a foot in height, and is very useful for rockeries; Dwarr Hinoxr
Retrinosrpora — nana— is a low form with short deep green branchlets;
Cup Moss-teavep Hryoxr Retinospora —lycopodioides —is low with
spreading rigid branches having 4-sided branchlets ; Fern-rixe Hrnox1

.

334 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fie. 604. — Fern-like
Hinoki Retinospora.

Fic. 605. — Sander’s Retinospora. Fic. 606.— Thread-branched Pea-
fruited Retinospora.

RETINOSPORA 335

Retinospora (604) —filicoides—is of slow growth, wiv.. aense, fern-
like branchlets. The most peculiar of all the Hinoki Cypresses is San-
DER’s Retinospora (605) —ericoides; it is a small dense shrub with
blunt stiff spreading leaves forming four rows on the stems; in color it
is the brightest bluish green of any of the coniferous plants.
Chamecyparis pisffera has but few dwarf forms with fan-shaped spray;
the tendency is more apt to be toward linear spreading leaves. Tureap-
BRANCHED ReTInosporA (606) —filffera—has peculiar elongated thread-
like growth of twigs with distant sharp-pointed leaves; a low tree or
subprostrate shrub ; of this there is a glaucous-leaved form, glatca.

Fic. 607.— Common Juniper. Fic. 608.— Curved-branched Juniper.

The varieties of Pza-rruitep RETINosPoras with longer and more
spreading leaves are among the most popular and beautiful of the ever-
greens of Japan. Fearuery Pra-rruirep Retinospora —Chamecyparis
pis{fera plumdsa —has awl-shaped spreading leaves dark green in color and
is often called Green Retinospora. The colored forms of this are:
SPECKLED ReEtTINosPpoRA — plumdsa ‘albo-picta, — with the tips of the
branchlets cream-white; Creamy Retixospora—plumdsa argéntea, —
with the whole of the young spray cream-white, becoming green the fol-
lowing season; and Gotpen Revinosrora —plumdésa atirea, — with all
the terminal shoots light golden yellow in the spring and changing to a
deep green later. Besides the Feathery Retinosporas, there is a variety
with linear leaves in pairs spreading squarely from the stems, of almost a
silvery color, Si:veR Retinospora — Chamecyparis pisifera squarrdsa.

336 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

Fic. 611.— Waukegan Juniper. Fic. 612.— Tamarisk-leaved Juniper.

KEY TO THE JUNIPERS 337

This is a tree or a large shrub of irregular outline, and is in its leaf form
and arrangement so like some of the Thujas as to lead to much confusion
of names in nurseries. [Seeds twig cuttings; grafting.]

Juniperus. The Junrerrs are trees or shrubs with evergreen sessile
opposite or whorled leaves. These are either linear, flattened, sharp-
pointed and spreading or small scale-like and pressed to the twigs which
they cover. In these respects they are much like the genera Thuja and
Chamecyparis. The junipers have berry fruits ingtead of cones, but as
the junipers are quite generally dicecious, therefore usually found
without fruit, there must be some other method for separating them.
When there are present the elongated leaves, the junipers show one or
two silvery lines on the upper side. This fact will separate them also
from the genus Cupressus, which may have silvery lines but always on the
lower side. The junipers, when with scale leaves, never so branch as to
form fan-shaped growths, as do the Thuja and the Chamecyparis bushes,
but the branching extends irregularly in all directions,

KEY TO THE JUNIPERS

* Plants with only the spreading, linear, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves
generally arranged in 3’s around the stem, though sometimes oppo-
site. (A.)

A. Leaves with one silvery line on the upper, concave side; fruit
globular, } inch wide. (B.)

B. Leaves broadly spreading; fruit axillary, almost sessile, dark
glaucous-blue, ripening the third year, 3-seeded. Common
Junirer (607) — Juniperus communis.

B. Leaves only slightly spreading ; fruit oblong, terminal, 1-seeded ;
not hardy North. Curvep-BRANCHED JUNIPER (608) — Juni-
perus rectirva, :

A. Leaves with two silvery lines on the upper side; fruit globular,
usually 8-seeded and dark brown; shrub to 12 feet, not hardy
North and probably not cultivated South. (C.)

C. Fruit nearly } inch and glaucous. LaRGE-FRUITED JUNIPER
— Juniperus macroc4rpa.

C. Fruit less than 4 inch, shining and but slightly glaucous.
Prickiy Juniper — Juniperus Oxycédrus.

* Plants with both the linear spreading leaves and the scale ones
scattered on different parts of the bush. (D.)

D. Fruit globular, shining reddish brown, 3-6-seeded; leaves mi-
nutely notched at edges. Puanician Juniper — Juniperus
pheenfcea.

APGAR’S SHRUBS — 22

338 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

D. Fruit globular, glaucous brownish-violet with 2-3 seeds; the scale
leaves without notches and blunt at tip. Cuinese JunipER (609)

— Juniperus chinénsis.

o

Fruit small, glaucous, brownish, 1-2-seeded on short straight

stems ripening the first year; leaves very small and sharp-pointed.
Vireinian Juniper or Rep Cepar — Juniperus virginiana.

D. Fruit larger, light blue, pendulous, borne on curved stems, 1-4-
seeded, ripening the second year; low spreading shrubs with
slrong disagreeable odor when bruised. Savin or SurupBy RED
Cepar or Junirer (610) or WauKecan Juniper (611) or
TAMARISK-LEAVED JUNIPER (612) — Juniperus Sabina.

Fic. 613. — Prostrate Juniper.

Of the above species, com-
munis, chinénsis, virginiana, and
Sabina have most of the dwarf
varieties. With the fruit there
will be but little difficulty in cor-
rectly naming them, but without
the fruit there will be much
trouble. Sabina can be readily
separated by its odor from virgin-
iana, which it most resembles.
Below are given most of the va-
rieties that are shrubby.

CURVED-BRANCHED JUNIPER
(608) — Juniperus rectrva — is a

shrub or tree to 30 feet. It has dwarf varieties of which the lowest one,

ProstRaTE JUNIPER (618) —
squamata, —has prostrate or trail-
ing branches; leaves straight and
slightly spreading, of a glaucous
bluish green color; DerwnseE-
BRANCHED JUNIPER — dénsa—has
short crowded branchlets and
curved grayish green leaves.
Common Juniper (607) —Juni-
perus comminis —in its tree form
ranges from 20 to 30 feet but is
often a shrub of 4 to 5 feet;
RounpDED JuNIPER — hemi.
spherica — is, as its name indi-
cates, a rounded shrub with many

Fic. 614.— Spreading Juniper.

JUNIPER 339

branches and crowded branchlets, the leaves whitish above and distinctly
ridged below; Spreapine Juniper (614) — nana—is an almost prostrate
shrub with thickish much-divided
branchlets sometimes forming circu-
lar patches 10 feet in-diameter, the
leaves short, incurved, almost cover-
ing the stems, often considered a
separate species— Juniperus nana;
Dove as’ GoLpen JuNIPER (615) —
canadénsis atrea—is similar to var.
nana, but more erect and the leaves
longer and narrower, with tips of
branchlets golden yellow;. OBLone 5
JuNIPER —oblénga—is a large shrub or small
tree with slender somewhat pendulous branches
having longer and more spreading bright green
leaves; Wrerinc Common Juniper — péndula—
is a lower bush with still more pendulous branch-
lets.

VirGinian JUNIPER Or RED Cepar — Juniperus
virginiana —is the tallest of the junipers, some- Fic. 615. — Douglas’
times reaching the height of 100 feet, but it hag @!den Juniper.

s

« number of dwarf varieties of which Dwarr Vircinian JuNiPER—
dumosa— is about the lowest, growing into a rounded or pyramidal bush,
it has many close-set ascending branches
with generally linear bright green leaves ;
Weerinc Vircinian Juniper — péndula
—has weeping branchlets with many
bright green scale leaves; Creerinc Vir-
GINIAN JUNIPER — réptans— is bright green
with horizontally spreading branches and
more erect branchlets.

Savin Juniper (610) — Juniperus Sa-
bina—is, like the last, one of the native
American species, but instead of growing
tall is always a low shrub, rarely reaching
the height of 10 feet. Almost all of the
dwarf forms of Juniperus virginiana are
duplicated in this species. The one test

Fic. 616.—Golden Japan _ that will separate them is the very strong

Juniper. and, to many, disagreeable odor of the
bruised leaves of Sabina. Among the named varieties are: Procum-
gent JuniPER— humilis—a nearly prostrate shrub with numerous erect

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

340

Fic, 618, — American Ye

=)

|

617. — English Yew.

Lo}

Fic. 620, — Short-leaved Yew.

Fic. 619. — Golden Yew.

TAXUS 341

branchlets and peculiarly bright, sharp-pointed leaves; WAUKEGAN or
TRAILING JunIPER (611)—J. horizontalis (J.S. prostrata ),— a procumbent;
trailing or rarely ascending shrub, the long branches being much divided
into short branchlets, the leaves bluish; TamMARISK-LEAVED JUNIPER (612)
— tamariscifolia — has more ascending branches with many linear slightly
curved dark green leaves usually in 3’s; Sreecxiep JunipeR —variegita
—is a dense dwarf with the tips of the youngest growths cream-white,
which gives it a specklea appearance, the leaves are mostly scale-like.

Curnese JunirEr— Juniperus chi- :
nénsis — is usually a tree to 50 feet but
is often shrub-like, among which latter
GoLpEN CHINESE JuNIPER (609) —
atrea—has the whole growth of the
year a golden yellow, especially bright
if growing in the sun, this changes
to a green the second year; Procum-
BENT CHINESE JUNIPER — proctimbens
—is often procumbent with elongated
branches and short branchlets, in the
young growths, the leaves are linear
and spreading, but in the older parts
scale-like. The dwarf golden ever-
green — aurea —is acutely pyrami-
dal, and according to the nurserymen,
more erect and vigorous than the so-
called

GoLpEN JAPAN JUNIPER (616) —
Juniperus japénica (J. chinénsis)
aurea. These both retain their deep
golden color even through the winter.

[Seeds, 2-3 years to germinate; twig cuttings under glass.]

Fic. 621.— Spreading English Yew.

Taxus. The Yews are desirable evergreens for park and cemetery
planting, and are of slow growth. They are densely clothed with dark
green linear leaves, and the pistillate plants are especially beautiful in the
fall with their scarlet berry-like fruit. (YELLow-BERRIED Yuw — Taxus
pbaceata frictu liteo—has, as the name shows, yellow berries.) The
leaves are linear and sharp-pointed, in shape and attachment much like
the hemlocks, but the undersides of the leaves of the yews are a lighter
though bright green, while the hemlock leaves are whitened by silvery
lines.

The two species in cultivation with dwarf forms are the Enetisn Yew
(617) — Taxus baccata — and the American Yew or GRounp HEeMLocK

‘

342 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS

(618) — Taxus canadénsis. The latter is the more hardy, doing well even
in Canada, while the former needs protection in Massachusetts. T. baccata
is much the taller and tree-like, sometimes reaching the height of 60 feet,
while T. canadensis is generally a prostrate shrub rarely reaching the
height of 5 feet. The first is generally dicecious, while the last is rarely
so, and therefore nearly all plants old enough will have berries. The
leaves of T. canadensis are narrower, shorter, and of a more yellowish
green, and its fruit ripens a month or two earlier than the European
species.

The Eneitish YEw — Taxus baccata — has many cultivated forms with
variegated foliage or less erect growth, among which may be mentioned:
Sitvery Yew —argéntea, — with whitish-striped leaves; GoLtpEN YEw
(619) — aurea, — with golden-yellow-edged leaves; Fisnzr’s Yew — Fish-
eri, — with some of the leaves deep yellow throughout; Jacxson’s Yew —
Jacksoni or péndula, — with weeping tips to the branches; SHoRT-LEAVED
Yew (620) —adpréssa, — with long spreading branches and short leaves
4 inch or less long; Srreapinc Eneuish YEw (621) — procimbens, —
prostrate.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end; even-pinnate.
Acuminate. Taper-pointed. ‘
Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle.
Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one
after the other along the branch. ! :
a The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the
pollen.
Aztl. The upper angle between the leafstalk and the twig. .
eee F Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the
axil of a leaf.

Berry. Used in this work to jnclude any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least
more than one) readily separated seeds buried in the mass,

Bipalmate. Palmately branched with the branches again palmated.

Bipinnate., Twice-pinnate.

Blade. ‘The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or fruit; usually a small
leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows.

Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one
cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single

Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge.

Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends. ie “

Corymb._ A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied
only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme.

Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth.

Cyme. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first.

Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral
leaves when they fall before the fruit forms.

Dentate, Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward.

Diecious. ith stamens and pistils on different plants.

Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all
fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even
if the stone has s2veral seeds.

Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval.

Emarginate, With a notched tip.

Entire. With an even edge; not notched.

Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the
winter and until new ones appear.

Exstipulate. Without stipules.

Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib.
Filament. The stalk of a stamen; any thread-like body.

Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit.

Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion.

L shaped. L late. Like a-lance-head in shape.

Legume. A pea-like pod.

Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel.

Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number.
Lobed. Having lobes along the margin.

Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point.
3438

344 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees.
Nut. A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit.
Nutlet. A small nut.

Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end.

Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel.
Obovate. A reversed ovate.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet.

Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node.

Orbicular. Circuler in outline.

Oval. Broadly elliptical. _

Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds.
Ovules. The parts within-the ovary which may form seeds.

pare: A leaf with the veins on the leaflets all starting from the end of the
petiole. : ;
ee nee veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, starting from

e base.

Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit.

Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved.

Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or

midrib.
Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster.
Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a cluster.
Petal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower.
Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf.
Petiolate._ Said of a leaf which has a stalk.
Pinne. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.
i ticlaraias leaf. A ‘compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the
stem.
Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower.
Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea.
Pollen. The dust or light powdery grains contained in the anther.
Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals.
Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells.

Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged:along the peduncle.

Samara. A winged fruit; a key fruit.
Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem.
Serrate. aving a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward.
Sessile. Without stem. :
, Shrub. A bush-like plant; one branching from near the base.
Spike. An Biocenter: cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile.
tamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower.
‘tigma. That part of a pistil which is fitted to receive the pollen.
Stipe. The stalk of a pistil.
Stipules. Small blades at the base of a leafstaik.
Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant.

Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground.

Umbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length. and
starting from the same point.

Veinlets. The most minute framework of a leaf.
Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf.

Whorl. Ina circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant.

Tue NumBers IN PARENTHESIS REFER TO THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

INDEX

ALL OTHER

InpEX NUMBERS REFER TO THE PaGEs.

Aaron’s Beard (41), 78.
Abelia, 237.
Chinese (398), 240.
Entire-leaved a3), 239.
Hybrid (395), 239.
Mexican (393), Os.
Serreterenyed

Two-flowered, 240.

Eellow-thrpates Rosy

(397), 2

Yellow throcted White

(394
Acacia, Bo"
Beautiful (193), 142.

Blunt-leaved (175), 140.
7), 142.

Drummond’s (19
Fern-leaved eer gas
Eragront (185),
Knife-leaved 78), 140.
Long-leaved ee 140.
Meissner’s (176), 1
as liga

Narrow-leaved, 140.

niece teed (170),
Oleander-leaved (184),

Oswald’s,
Berets (190), 141.
Rose (141), 119.
cythe-leaved, 141.
-Shining (177), 140.
hpeL-euncked

141.
Short-l eam 141,
Silky,
Small Loved (174), 140.

Say sbedPayee (183),
ayeseade -leaved (179),

Willow-leaved, 141.
Acanthopanax, 212,
Acer, 103.

Achenes, 32.

“ésculus, 102.

Albizzia, 131,
Evergreen (169),.132.

Alder, e
Black (561), 313.
Dwarf (321), 203.
Green (558), 313.
Hoary (559), 313.

(396),

(182),

(181),

Mountain et 313.
Seaside (557
Smooth (560), Prey
Speckled (559), 313.
Allspice, Carolina (287),
186, 188.
Almond, 145,
Japan (201), 145.
Russian, .
Alnus, 312,
Alternate Leaves, 21.
Althza, Shrubby, 82.
Amelanchier, 180.
Amorpha, 117.
Downy, 119.
Andromeda, 249.
Marsh (422), 253.
Privet (424), 253.
Scurfy (417), 252.
Angelica-tree, 211,
Chinese, 211.
Anther,

29.
apa taan Tea (361),

deci, 92,
Apricot, 142.
Siberian, 145,
Aralia, 211,
Five-bladed, 212.
Formosa
(337),
Japan Rice-paper, 214.
Rice-paper, 212.
Sessile-flowered, 212.
Arborvitz, 323, oa
Baby-yellow, 3
Chinese (589), 336, 332.
aaa ig ae 330, 332.
Dwarf, 3
ee ae Dolibeats (590),
Eastern, 330, 332,
Ever-golden, Pig
Globe (599), 3.

Golden Dwarf e508), 332.
Hatchet-leaved, 331.
Heath-leaved (592), 331,
Hovey’s, 332.
seeiper eave (593),

Little’ Gem. (600), 332.

Spaeth’s, 331.

Thread-branched, 333.

Whip Cord Weeping
(602), 333.

345

Rice-paper

Arbutus, 249.

Arctostaphylos, 246.
Bicolored (415), 248.
Bristly (413), 248.
Downy (410), 248.
Pale-leaved (412), 248,
Pringle’ . oe 248,
Wind 2

Ardisia,
Red- boca (459), 269,
White-berried, 269.

Aronia, 184, 186.

se alin of Leaves,

of Flowers, 31.

Arrowwood (359), 224,
Downy (357), 224,
Soft-leaved (360), 225,

Aruncus, 154, 161.
Astilbe-like (240), 161.

Ascyrum, 74,

‘Ash,’ Prickly, 83.

Asimina, 64.

Astilbe, 154, 160, 161.
Japan (239), 160.

Aucuba, 218.

Azalea, 21, 257,
California, 259.
Chinese, 260.
Evergreen, 260.
Flame (440), 260.

hent, 260.
Hybrid. 260.
Pink (439), 259.
Pontic (441), 260.

‘ Rhombic-leaved, 260.
Smooth (438), 259.
Vasey’s (442), ks :
White (437),

Baccharis 241.

Banana Shrub (9), 61.
Banyan Tree, 308.
Bache does Pride (167),

131.
Barkers American (16),

Bearded (19), 6
Box-leaved ( rat ‘66.
Common nee 65.
European, 6:

Holly- ear (18), 66.
Jameson’s, 66.
Persian, 66,

Swamp

346

Small-leaved, 66.

Thunberg’s (12), 64.

eee 66.
Bauhinia, 1

Gee ete (161),

Purple-flowered (160),

128.
Red-flowered (162), 128.
Variegated-flowered, 128.
White-flowered (159),

128.
Bay, Bull, 295.
ed, 2!

Swamp (514), 296.
Bayberry (550), Biles
Beach Plum (199), 1
‘Bean Tree (135), ie 117.
ae Chinese (502),

288.
Beauty Fruit (505), 289.
Benjamin Bush (518), 297.
Benzoin, 297.
Berberis, 64.
Berries, 32.
Bilberry, Bog (405), 245.
ilberry, Bo; 1
Dwarf, 2: 248,
Great (405), 245.
Oval-leaved, 245.
Thin-leaved, 245.
Bivuiie Leaves, 22.
Birch, 3
rch, a (ee. a 312.
Low (555), 3 et
Scrub (553), 3
Shrubby (358), "310,
Swamp see ), 312.
White. 312.
Blackberry, 164.

Cub loawed (248),
een (248), 165,
166.
Sand, ere
Blackcap, p, 166
Blackthorn (198), 144,
Bias Nut, American

California, 106.
Caucasus (113), 106.
European (114), 106.
Japan, 106.

Bladder Senna, 123,
_ Blueberry, Black, High,

Early “Sweet, 246.
as Vine . (407),

High-bush, 245.
Late Low, 246.
Low, 245,
Low Black, 246.
Mountain, 246.
Swamp, 245.
Velvet-leaf, 246.
Blue ‘ Myrtle,’ 99.
Blue Tangle, 245.
Bottle-brush, 207.
Lance-leaved, 208,

165, |

INDEX

Rigid-leaved, 208.
Showy (330), 203.
Slender-leaved, 208.
Box ‘Elder,’ 1
Box, Japan, 306.
Small-leaved, 308.
Spanish, 308.
Box Thorn, 284.
Box Tree, 306.
Boxwood, 306.
aria (540), 306.
Bramble, 164.
Brasiletto Shrub,
Bridal Wreath oan “192.
Broom, 113.
Black-rooted, 116.
Butcher’s (583), 323.
Hairy Eee 115,
Portugal, 1
Scotch tiosy. 118, 115.
Buckberry (408), 246.
Buckeye, 21, 102.

Red (101), 102.
Smooth-fruited, 102.
Buckthorn, 91, 214, 269.
Alder-leaved (87), 96.

Carolina (89), 9

Common (83), 96.

Dahurian, 96.

False, 269.

Fern-leaved (91), 96.

Lance-leaved (88), 96.

Lebanon (86), 96.

Mountain, 96.

Red-fruited (84), 96.

Sea (533), 303, 304.

Southern (460), 2'
Budding, 11.
Buddleia, 287.

Colvill’s (500), 288.

Globe-flowered (501),

288.
Hybrid, 288.
japon (496), 288.
ascar (499), 288.

Bue erry (537), 303.

Canadian, 303, 305.
Bull Bay, 295.
Bumelia, 269.
Burning Bush, 91.

American (76), 91.

Narrow-leaved, 92.
Bush over (152),

Japanese, 125.
Siebold’s (153), 125.
Bute s Broom (583),

Butneria, 1
ees sry 400), 241,
Buxus, 306.

Cactus, 209,
eaf,
Purple (335), 211.
Ceegalpinia, 129,
ve (166), 180.
Japan (165), 130, 131.
Calico Bush (43 33), 256.
Callicarpa, 289,

124,

American 504),
Japan, 289.
Small (505), 289.
Callistemon, 207.
Calluna, 255.
Calycanthus, 186.
Cambi, 241.
Camellia, 79.
Japan (49), 7!
Pend ee '399, 240,

Caper-bush a 296.
Caper Tree, 296.
Capparis, 296.
Capsules, 32.
Caragana, 122.
nese (146), 122.
arf (147), 122.
Targe flowered

Tall (145), 122.

Caryopteris, eh

Cassena (70), 88.

Cassia, 128.
eRe ee onmnelas 129.

Catalpa, 2:
ee 11.

Chinese (492), 286.
Dwarf (492), 286.
Round-headed, 286.

Castanea, 314.

Catkin, 31.

Ceanothus, 97.
Entire-leaved (96), 99.
Evergreen (93), 99.
Fendler’s (94), 99.
Hairy, 99.

Hybrid, 99.
poeetome (97), 99.
Spiny (95), 9!

Spreading, oo,

Velvety (98), 99.

Cedar, Red, 338.
Shrubby Red, 338.
White, 330.

Cephalanthus, 241.

Cercidiphyllum (10), 62.

Cercis, 127

Chamecyparis, 324, 328

Chaste-tree (506), 289, 201.
Cut-leaved (507), 291.

Cherry, 142.

Brush (326), 206.
Cayenne, 206.

Chinese Cornelian, 216.
Cornelian (341), 216.
Hurgpead Bird (203),

Ground, 145,

Rosebud, 145.

Sand (200), 145.
Chestnut, 314.

Chinese Flowering (99),

Japan (567), 314.
Chilopsis, 286.
Chimaphila, 265.
Chinquapin (566), 314.
Chionanthus, 287,

(503,

(148),

Chittam Wood, 110.
Chokeberry, 186.

Black, 186.

Purple, 186.

Red (282), 186,
Obrinieass Berry (278),
Cinque 16

aby (345), 164,
Cistus, 7

Hairy (33), 72.
Tau leaved (32), 72.
Citrus, 86.
Claw, 30.
Clerodendron, 291.

Sweet (511), 292.
Clethra, 265.

puilippine,, Ze}

Southern, 2!

Sweet (488). 65.
Cleyera, 81.

Japanese (55), 81.
Coffee-berry, 96.
Colutea, 123.

Orange-flowered

144.

Oriental, 124.

Tall (150), 124.
Compound Leaves, 21.
bee drama 311,
Coni: cate Evergreens,

Corat a (126), 112.
Gone bory (373),

oer 516,
Alternate-leaved (338),

217

Eunees eae 217.

Japan, 217.

Panicled (344), 217.

Round-leaved, 217.

Silky (347), 217.

Stiff (846), 217.
Cornus, 214. ,
Coronilla, 125.
Corylopsis, 204.

Few-flowered (322), 204.

Spiked (323), 204.
Corylus, 313.

(151),

228,

Cotoneaster | (27 4),

Box-leaved, 178.
Chinese (273), 179.
Common (271), 178.
Evergreen (269), 178.
Pointed- lenyed 178.
Prostrate, 178
Round Jeo (270), 178.
Simond’s, 1
Small. eee “(268), 178.
Woolly (272), 178.
Cowberry (406), 246.
Crab, American, 185,

176,

INDEX

Crab Apple, 185.
Crab Cherry, 185,
Dwarf, 186.
Flowering, 186.

Kaido,
Narrow-leaved

Oregon, 185.
Parkman’s, 186.

(286),

‘Cranberry-bush,’ Manchu-
rian, 224,
pogh Bush

Cranberry,
Japan Bush, 225.
Crategus, 173.
Cucumber Tree, 60.
Large-leaved, 60.
Cupressus, 324.
Currant, 201.
Buffalo (313), 202,
Fetid, 202.
Golden (313), ene.
Indian (373), 2
Pink-flowered,
Red-! flowered ae, 202.
Skunk, 2
Wild Black (314), 202.
Cuttings, Beacts
Twigs,
cyelopettia« of Horticulture,

Gctiotte, 182.
Cypress, Hinoki, 330, 333.
Intermediate (597), 331.
Juvenile (595), 331.
Lawson’s (591), 330.
Sawara, 330.
Cyrilla, 89.
Cytisus, 113.
Narrow-bladed

Purple (131), 115.
Racemed, 115.

Dahoon (69), be
Dangleberry, 2:
Daphne (520), ‘Os, 299.
Daphne, Hybrid (525), 299.
Japanese, 269.
Olive-like (594), 2
Pink Garland Gai), 09:
Pontie (527), 299.
Silky oe 299.
Sweet, 2
White Sariand

299.
Wood (526), 299.
Deciduous, 25.
Deerberry oe 246.
Dendrium, 263
Desert Willow (493), 286.
Deutzia, 191.
Le Moine’s (297), 192.
Rough-leaved (295), 192.
Siebold’s, 189, 192.
Slender (294), 192.
Small-flowered, 192.
Devil’s Walking-stick, 211,

(133),

(522),

347

Dewberry, 164, 166.

Diervilla (389), 234, 236.

Dikamali, 241

Dirca, aan

Divisions

Deere (356), 224.

Dogwood, 214.
Aljerate-louyed (338),

Bailey’s (345), 217.
Evergreen (340), 216.
Biguering (339), 214,

Japan, 215, 216.
Red Osier Ge), a
Red-stemmed,
White-fruited ‘4d, 217.
Drupes, 32
Duration of Leaves, 25.
Byer 6 cueeuweet (129),

Eglantine (251), 170.
Elxagnus, 3!
Garden (530, 531), 304,
Japanese (534), 302.
Lasgo leave” Evergreen,

Small -leaved (533), 302,

chor Eeerareen, 305.
Elder, 21,

pepe (368), 227,

California, 227.

i peor Black (369),

European Red- ented,
i

Red-berried, 227.

Soft, 286.

Yellow (491), 286.

Flliptic, 2

Elm, 308.

Chinese (541), 308.
Weeping, 308.

Entire, 23.

| Erica, 254.

Escallonia, 188.
Hairy, 190.
Hontessiee (291), 190.
"gan Mountain (292),

Red (293), 190.
Wand-stemmed, 190.
Eugenia, 206.
Euonymus, 91.
Bunge’s, 93.
Climbing, 92.
Hamilton’s, 93.
Running (75), 91.
Siebold’s, 93,
Warty (80). 92.
Evergreen, 25.
Evergreens,

Exochorda, 161,
Farkleberry (409), 246.

Fatsia, 2
‘Fern,’ Sweet, 311,

Coniferous,

348

Fetid Shrub, 64.
Fetter-bush (423), 253.
ian, 253.
Japan (421), 253.
Mountain (420), 253.
Ficus, 308.
Fig (542), 308.
Oak-leaved, 309.
Filament, 30.
Filbert, 313.
European (564), 313.
Purple-leaved, 314
Flower Arrangement, 31,
Flowers, 27. .
Forsythia, 274.
Erect (473), 274.
European Gip 275.
Fortune’s, 274.
Hybrid, 275.
Siebold’s, 274.
Weeping (474), 274.
Fothergilla. 203.
Foxberry ea al “246.
Franklinia (53
Fringe-tree teas "Ger.
Chinese Veh 287, 288.
Frostweed (28), 69.
Fruit, 27, 31.
Furze, 113, 116:

Gardenia, 240.
Gaylussacia, 244.
General Keys, 33-55.
Genista, 114.

Florist’s, 115,

Yellow (132), 115.
Germander, Shrubby,

(512), .
Globe Flower (242), 162.
Golden Bell, 274.
Golden Chain, 116.
Gold oee, 78-
Gooseberry, 2
Eastern Wild (317), 202.
European (316), 202.
Fuchsia-flowered, 201.
Garden (316), 202.
Lebb’s (318), 201.

Hemme deaved (317),
Southern, 246.
Gordonia, 80.
Chinese (54), 8
Gorse (127), 113, The.

Japanese (535),
Grafting, 11.
Grape fruit, 86.
Greene, vars L., men-
tioned, 8
Greeuwerd, on gs (129),

Grevillea (538), 306

Ground Hemlock, 341.

Greundsel Bush (401), 241.

Groundsel Te Willow-
leaved, 2

certian 335), 206.

Guava, 206.

Brazil, 207.

Gouri,

INDEX

Guiana, 207.

Lemon (328), 207.

Strawberry (339), 207.
Guelder ‘Rose,’ 223.
Gum, Sour, 306.

Halesia, 272.
Halimodendron, 122.
Hamamelis, a fe
Hardhack, 1
pty oe (63), 86,
aw; 173.
“Black (363), 225.
Ae oa rine (265), 175.
Fore i leaved (263),

ply ‘175.

Red (264), 174,

Scarlet, 174.

Southern Black, 2 225.
Hawthorn (262), 173, 174.

English (261), 174.
Hazelnut (563), 313.

Beaked (562), 313.
Head, 31.
Heath, 254.

Cornish, 255.

Corsican, 255.

Trish (432), 255.

Pink Moor (429), 255.

Scotch (430), 255.
Heather (431), 254, 255,

ell, 255.

False (34), 73.
Helianthemum, 69.
Hemlock, 326.

Common, 328.

Dwarf, 328.

Ground, 341.

Japanese Dwarf, 328.

Sargent’s Weeping (587),

328.
Hercules’ Club, 19, 211.
American (336), 211.
Hibiscus, 81.
els of Snow, oP:
ippophaé, -303
He ble-bush (351), 223.
Holly, American 65), 87.
Chinese, 88.
Entire-leaved, 88.
European (64), 87.
Japan Large-leaved (66),

88.
Large-leaved (73), 89.
Mountain (68), 88.
Small-leaved, 88.
Swamp (72), 89.
Honey Locust, 22.
Honeysuckle, ‘ee 240.
Alpine al ae 33,
American Fly (376), 233.
Blue (375), 232.
Bush (389), 237.

Early, 233.
Early Sweet (379), 233.
European Fly (882),

233.
High Bush, 237.
Hispid, 233,

Tnyolusred Fly (377),

inet (383), 2:
Large-fruited (374), 232.
Ledebour’s, 233.
Low, 232.
Manchurian, 234.
Mountain Fly G75), 232.
Standish’s (378), 233.
Swamp Fly (381), 233.
Tartarian (384), 234.
Tree-flowering, 234.
Hop Tree (61), 84.

|} Horse Chestnut, 22, 102.

Horse Sugar (468), 273.

: ee Black (403),

Box,

Deed ‘Goo. 245.

Hairy,

Southern lack, 245.
Hudsonia, 72.

Heath-like, 73.

Woolly (34), 73.
Hydrangea, 192, 219.

Abundant- flowered, 195.

Bretschneider’s, 196.

Common are 196.

Gray (304), 1
Bear leaved Wild (303),
Large flowered (298),

Nepal (305), 196.

leaved (301), 195.
eaidet 195.
Wild (302), 195.

Hypericum, 77.
Bartram’s (45), 78.
Buckley’s, 78.
Hooker’s (40), 78.
Small-leaved (48), 78.

Ilex, 86.

Indian Bean, 286.

India Rubber Plant, 308.
indize greniand (137, 138),

Chinese Gees 119.

False, 117. .
Indigofera, 119.
Indigo Plants, ie
Inkberry ee
Itea (312), 2
‘Ivy,’ Pulbane (18), 109.

Jambolan Plum, 206.
Jambos (327), a
Jasmine, 238,

Goran White (469),

Indian (470), 274.
Italian Yellow (472),

274,
Naked-! Se 274.
Royal (470), 2'
Sweet Yellow Ve 1); 274,
Jasminum, 273.
Jessamine (469), 240, 273.

Judas Tree, 127.
Jujube, 99.
ommon, 100.
Juneberry, 180.
Some Dwarf (277),

82.
Northwestern (277), 182.
Oblong-fruited (280),

182.
Round-leaved (279), 182.
Juniper (610), 323, 337,

Chinese, 3

Common 1607), 337, ae

treeping Virginian, 33 9.
meat -branched (608),

ae 338.

Douglas’ Golden (615),

Dat Virginian, 339.
icy Chinese (609),

Golden Japan (616), 341.
Large-fruited, 337.
Oblong, 339.
Phoenician, 337.
Prickly, 337.
Procumbent, 339.
Procumbent Chinese,

341.
Prostrate (613), 338.
Rounded, 338,

Speckled, 341.
Spreading (614), 339.
Tamarisk-leaved ( (612),
Virginian, 338.
Wiaaogan (611),

Weeping Common, 339.
Weeping Virginian, 339.
Juniperus, 337.

Kalmia, 256.
Broad-leaved (433), 256.
Deciduous-leaved, 257.
Hairy (436), 257.
Narrow-leaved (434),

256.
Pale (435), 257.
Bangeroa Thorn

0.

Karo (27), 69.
Kerria, 162.

White, 163.
Keys, General, 33-55.
Kilmarnock Willow, 11.
Kinnikinnik (347), 217.
Kurrajong, Green, 82.

Labrador Tea. 263
Broad-leaved (450), 263.
Glandular (451), 263.

N oa" -leaved (449),

338,

(173),

Laburnum, 116.
Adam’s (136), 117.
Cluster-flowered, 115.

INDEX

Proliferous, 115.

Scotch (134), 116
Lacquer Tree, 110.
Lagerstraemia, 209.
Lambkill (434), 256.
Lanceolate, 25.

Pale (435), 257.

Sheep (434), 256.

Swamp (435), 257.

Tree (443), 261.
Laurestinus (366), 226.

Hairy (367), 226.
haveniler, Cotton (402),

Layers, 10.
Lead Plant (139), 119.
Leaf, What it is, 13.
Leather Leaf (418), 252.
Leatherwood (74), 87, 297.
Leaves, Alternate, 21.
Arrangement, 19.
Compound
Opposite, 31.
Simple, 21.
Study of, 13.
Whorled, 21.
Ledum, 263.
Leiophyllum, 263.
Lemon, 86.
Lespedeza, 1
pie iin (490), 2: 5.
Teng thoe ,Catesby’: aT),

Mountain, 253.
Swamp (426), 253.
Ligustrum, 279.

Amur, 279.

Common (477), 277, 278.
Fern-leaved, 278.
Himalayan (478), 278.
Hungarian, 278.

Japan Tree, 279.
Ligustrina, 278.

Persian (476), 277, 278.
Privet, 277, 278.

Rouen. (481), 277, 278.

Thick-leaved (479), 278.

Tree, 278.

White Persian, 278.
Lime, 86.
Linear, 25.
Ling (431), 255.
Linnzus mentioned, 3.

23,
Loblolly ‘ Bay’ (52), 81.
Locust, 119.
Bristly (141), 119.
Clammy, 119.
Western (142), 120.
Lonicera, 230.

Lotos Tree, 1
Lycium, 284:

gnolia, 58.

Brown-flowered, 61.
Bush,
Campbell’ 3, 60.
Chinese White, 60.
Evergreen (6), 61.
Great-leaved, 60.
Hall’s Japan (4), 60.
Japanese Umbrella, 61.
Kobus (7), 60.
Purple (8), 60.
Small, 60.
Soulange’s, 60.
Star (4), 57, 60.
Swamp (5), 60.
Watson’s, 61.
Yulan, 60.

Mahonia (20), 66.
Ash (21), 67.
Fortune’s, 67.
Fremont’s, 66.
Beliyeleaved 62, 65.
Japan (15), 66.
Nepaul, eo

Trailing,
Male Berry a, 253.
Mallow, Rose, 81.
Swamp (57), 82.
Malus, 182.
Mamillaria, 211.
Maple, 21, 103.
‘Ash-leaved (102),
English Corkbar.

104.
Field (107), 1
Goosefoot e108, 104,
Hornbeam, 105.
Japan (105), 104.
Japan Vine, 104.
Montpelier (108), 104.
Mountain (103), 103.
See 3 Japan, 105.

306.
Round: Nag MERT 104.
Siberian (106), 1
Striped (104), 103"
Tartarian -(110), 105.
Vine, 104.
Margins of Leaves, 23.
Matrimony Vine, Chinese
(489), 284.
Common eee 284,
May (261), 1
Mesdow Sweet (230), 158.

Medlar. Yoga), “182, 185.
Mespilus, 182.
Moree Common (520),

Michelia, 61.

Midrib, 24.

Mimosa, 22.

Mimosa, Tree (168), 131,

Mistletoe, American (539),
306.

103.
(107),

390

Meck pone (205), 21, 69,
196.

fiissectodew: 272.
Moseerosd (104), 104,
(351), 223, (519), 297.
Mountain Ash, 186.
Western, 186.
Mountain Ebony, 128.

Mulberry, French (503,
504), 2:

Mulega (191), 1

Myall, ay he ase), 141.

Myrica, 311.
Myricaria, 73.
Myrtle (324), 204,
lue, 99.
Crape (332), 209.
Sand (452), 263
ax, 31l.
Myrtus, 204.

Nandina,

Nannyberry (362), 225.

Nemopanthus (68), 88.

Nerium, 270.

Neviusia, 171.

New Jersey Tea, 9

Ninebark (236, Ba, 158.
Eastern, 159.

Nutlets, 34.

Oak, 3
ce 65), 3
Black Serub (365), 314,
binguann, 314,

Poison,
Silk (338). 306.

Obcordate, 25.

Oblanceolate, 25.

Oblong, 2

Obovate, 25.

Old Man, 294.

Old Man’s Beard (494),

oets,

Olea, 2

Bias (461), 270.
Sweet-scented (462), 270.

Olea (530, 531), 301,

Japanese Eee ‘iad 304,
Spiny (532), 3
live, 282
African, 282.
European, 282.
Fragrant (486),

ish.

Japanese (22),

Holly-leaved
aa (530, 531

Opoponax (195), 142:
Opossum Woo: (466), 272.
Opposite Leaves, 21.
Opuntia, 209
Orange, 86.

Hardy (63) 86.

Mock, 21, 67.

Osage (547). 310.
Orbicular, 25.
Osmanthus, 282.
Oval, 24,

301,

284.

INDEX

Ovary, 29.
Ovate, 25.

Peeonia, 57.

Peony, 57.

Pagoda Tree, 21.
Flat-podded, 112.
Japan (125), 112.

Palmate Leaves, 22, 23.

Panicle, 31.

Papaw, 64.

Papaw, North American

| Peach, 1

‘Pear,’ Alligator (515), 296.
Pearl ‘Bush ath 161, 162.
Pea Trees, 122

Siberian (143)
‘Small-bladed M144): 122.
Pedicel, 30.
Peduncle, 30.
Pelu Free, 112,
Peony, 57.
Poppy, 57.
Tree (1, 2), 57.

‘Pepper,’ ‘Chinese (59), 83.

Pepperbush, Mountain,

265.
Sweet (453), 265.
Persea, 294.
Petiole, 30.
Philadelphus, 196, 275.
Phoradendron, 306.
Photinia, 179.
Corymbed, 1
Panicled (G76), 180.
Smooth, 180
Phyllocactus, 211,
Physocarpus, 154, 158.
Picea, 323, 326.
Pimbina oop 224,
Pine, 323,
Dwarf White heh 325.
Mugho (584), 3
Swiss Moanin, “a2,
White, 325.
Ffanate jearee, 22, 23.
Pinus, 323, 3
Pinxter eee (489), 259
Pipsissewa (455), 265, 267.
Pistils, 29.
eer ecw erey (28); 68, 69.
Cape (26
Common 2 on, 69.
Madras, i
Tobira, 6
Waxy-leaved (23), 69.
Plum, 142,
Beach (199), 144.
Flowering, 145.
Jambolan, 206.
Purple-leaved, 145.
Sand, 145
Plumbago, 268.
Cape (457), 268.

Rosy (458), 268.
FRaleenes warf (167),
La Plata,

Poison ‘Ivy’ tia, 109.

Poison ‘Oak,’ 109.

Pollen, 29.

Polygonum, 299.
Siebold’s (528), 300.

Pomegranate (3: 1), 209.

Popinac (195), 142,

Potentilla, 164.
Shrubby, 164.

Prickly ‘Ash,’ 83.
Northern (58), 83.
Southern (60), 83.

eee Pear, Tree-like,

210.

Eastern (333), 210.

Western (334), 211.
Prim (483), 281.
Privet, 279.

Amur, 281.

Bright-fruited, 281.

ue (482),

Chinese, 281.

Common (483), 280, 281.

Ibota, 281.

Japan, 281.

Late how ering, 281.

Nepal,

Thiek! leaved Jae 281.
Wax (484), 2:

Pronunciation, fine

Propagation of Plants, 9.

Prunus, 142.

Psidium, 206.

Ptelea, 84.

‘Punica, 209.

Pyracantha, 175.

Pyrola, 265.

Pyrus, 182.

Queen of Meadow, 157, 158.
Quercus, 314.
Quince, 182.
Chinese (283), 185.
Common, 1
ae Pine aie (285),

mee tan (281), 185.
Japan (281), 22, 185.

Rabbit Berry (537), 305.

Raceme, 31.

Raisin, Wild, 225.

Raspberry, 164.
Hawthorn-leaved, 166.
Purple Slowenius (246),

Strawberry (247), 165.
fea lonenne: 166.
Wild Red, 166.
Red nu American (156),

127.

California, 127.

Chinese (157), 127.

European (158), 128.
Red Cedar, 338
Red-osier, 217.
Red-root, Smaller, 99.
Resin-plant, 241.

270,

Retinospora, Club Moss-

Pea-fruited
, 331, 335.

-Fern-like Hinoki (604),
334

Golden, 335.

Green, 335.

Hinoki, 333.

Japanese, 333.

Pea-fruited, 333, 335.

Pigmy Hinoki (603), 333.

Sander’s (605), 335.

Sawara, 333.

Silver (594), 331, 335,

Speckled, 385.
Rhamnus, 93.
Rhododendron, Sg 260.

Californian, 2'

Catawba (445). 261, 262.

Dahurian (448), 262.

Dotted-leaved et 262.

Pontic (444), 261.

Rhodotypos (244), 163.
Rhodora, 260.

Cyprus (30), 7
Uncdulateleaved (29), 71.
Rosa,
Rose ‘ pre (327), 206.
Rose, ‘
‘Arkansas, 170.
Bee sae 165, 166.
Cherskee 2 (259), 171.

Reds ayia C (256), 170.
Glossy (253), 170.
Guelder, 223.
Japanese, 162.
Japanese Rough-leaved

(249), 167, 170.
Macartney (258), 171.
. Memorial (257), 171.
Pasture (254), 170.
Prairie (255), 170.
Prickly, 170.
Swamp (252), 170.

Rose Mallow, 81.

‘Rose of Sharon’ Ane 8

Rosemary (513
osmarinus,

Rubber Plant, 3
Fiddle-leaved (545), 309.
India (543), 3
Palmer’s, or iad
Parcell’s, 309.

Rough, 309.
Rusty-leaved (546), 309.
Variable-leaved (544),
309.
Rubus, 164.
Ruscus, 323.

Sacaline (529), 300.

INDEX

St. Andrew’s Cross (39), 74.
St, John’s-wort, 77.

Salix, se

Salmon Berry, 166.

Salt Bush (149), 122.

Salt-water Shrub, 241.

Sambucus, 226

Santolina, 243.

Sassafras (516), 296.

Savin, _—

Scape, 3'

Scorpion Senna’ (154),125.

Seedli a f

Seeds, 9.

Senna, Australian (163),
129

Corymbed (164), 129.
Glaucous Scorpion (155),

127.
Pooled Mt5); 125.
Wild, 129

Serrated, 2
eG ea (278), 182.
Shad Bush, 178,

Sheepberry (362), 295.
Shepherdia, 303.
BARD, Ornamental Sweet,

Sweet-scented, 186.

Thick-leaved Sweet, 188.

Western Sweet, 188.
Silk ‘Oak’ ea 306.
Silver Bell, 272

Four-winged (466), 272,

Meehan’s,

Small-flowered, 272.

Two-winged (467), 272,
Silverberry, 21, 304,
Simple Leaves, 21.
Skimmia, 84.

Chinese, 85.

Japan (62 ), 8
smoke Bush 138), 21, 110.
Smoke-tree, 109.

, 110.
Snowball, 219.
Chinese, 223.
Japanese (350), 223.
Snowberry, 228, 229.
Low, 229.
Western, 229
Snowdrop Tree *(466), 272.
Snow Garland, 154.
Hybrid (208), 154.
Snow Wreath (260), 171.
Sophora, 1
arge-fruited, 112.
Sorbaria, 154, 159.
Aitchison’s, 160.
Large-flowered, 160.
Lindley’s, 160.
Milfoil leaved, 160.
Sorbus, 186.
Sorrel Tree (427), 254,

351

Sorrel Tree,

82,
Sparkleberry (409), 246.
Sn Bush (518), 297.
Spike, 31.

Spindle-Tree, 91.
Broad-leaved (82), 92.
European (81), 92.
Japanese (78), 92.

Spireza, 146.

Spirea, Alpine (210), 154.
aaieny. Waterer’s (225),

Ash-leaved, 159.
Beautiful (221), ies
Billard’s (232), 158
Birch-leaved (227), 157.
Blue (502), 288.

Blume’s, 155.
Broad-clustered, 156.
Bremald’s (224) 156.
Chinese, 1

Coa (20), pots
Crenate (211), 1
Decumbent, 156
Dense-flowered, 157.
Douglas’ (233), 158.
Downy-leave (216),

Queensland,

Fontenay’s, 157.
Fortune’s (222), 156.
Fox’s, 156.

Geroipnd erleseee (218),

Hoary-leaved, 154.
Hypericum-leaved (209),

. Intermediate ae 155.
Lance-leaved (215), 155.
Long-budded (220), 156.
Meadow Sweet, eer
Menzies’ (231), 1
Mountain Ash (388, 160.
Pink Hybrid, 1
Plum-leaved (208), ee
Round-leaved (212), 1
Three-lobed (213), be
Thunberg’s (207), 154,
Van Houtte’s (214), 185. :
Virginia, 157.
Wedge-leaved (219), 156.
Western Corymbed, 230,

157.

White ge ae leived
(235), 1

Whitesiowesed (223),
156.

Willow-leaved, 158.
Spruce, 323, 326.
regory's "Dwarf (586),

pend Clanbrasil’s, 326.
igmy, 5

Norway, 326.

Small Norway, 326.
Squash-berry, 224,
Stag-bush (363), 225.
Stagger-bush (428), 254.
Stalk, 31.

‘| Stamens, 29.

352

Staphylea, 105.

Steeple Bush (234), 158.
Stephanandra (243), 163,
Stigma, 29

Stipe, 30.

Stipules, 22.

bags American (465),

71.
Broad-leaved (463), 271.
California, 271.
Japanese (464), 271.
Large-leaved American,

71.
Giay Bush, 91.
Erect (79), 92.
Strawberry Shrub, 188.
Strawberry Tree (416), 249.
Stuartia, 80.
Alleghany (50), Bt:
Japanese (51), 8
Round-fruited, 30.
Styrax, 270.
Suckers, 10.
Sumachs, 107-111.
Sun Rose, 71.

aie Rose Mallow (57),

Sweet Amber, 78.
Sweet ‘Bay,’ 61.
Sweetbrier ( (251), 1
Sweet ‘Fern’ (551), aa
Sweet Gale (549), 311.
Sweet-leaf (468), 273.
Himalayan, 273.
Symphoricarpos, 228.
Symplocos, 273.
Syringa, 196, 198, 275.
Broad-leaved (310), 199.
Falconer’s (307), 198.
Golden (306), 198.
Gordon’s (311), 199.
Hairy (309), 199.
Large-flowered (308),

198.
Lemoine’s, 198.
Lewis’, 199.
Odorless, 199.
Satsuma, 199.
Small-leaved, 199.
Zeyher’s, 198.

Tagasaste, 115.
Tamara, African (36),

Caspian, 74.
Chinese, 74. .
Dahurian, 73.
Four-anthered, 74.
French (37), 74.
German oie 73.
Japan, 7
Pubeseont- leaved, 74.
Tamarix, 7
Tan ‘Bay’ (52), 81.
Tawhiwhi, wo
Taxus, 324, 3
Tea, Appalachian (301),

INDEX

Tea Plant, 79.

‘Tecoma, 285.

Teucrium, 294.

Thorn, 173.
Cockspur, 175.
Evergreen Gon. 175.
Fire (267), 1
Tampertedtbed (366), 175.
One-flowered, 175.
Small-fruited, 175.
Washington, 174.

Thuja, 324, 328.

ine, Small, 278.

Ti-ti, Black, 89.

Tom’ Thumb (596), oar

Toothache-tree (60), 83.

Toyon (276), 1

Trefoil, Shrubby, 84.

Tripalmate Leaves, 22.

Tsuga, 324, 326.

Turk’s Turban, 291.

Twig Cuttings, 10.

Umbecite Mies) 61.

Vaccinium, 244.
Van a Henry, quoted,

28.
Varnish Tree, 110.
Veining of Leaves, 24. .
Viburnum, 21, 193, 219.
Chinese (354), 224.
Japanese (353), 224,
Japan Evergreen, 226.
Maple-leaved (356), 224.
Se sea) ase. Evergreen
Siebold’s (358), 224.
Small, 225.
Sweet. (362), 225.
Sweet-scented Eve
green (365), 226.
225.

Vitex, 289
Waahoo (76), 92.

Wattle, 132.
Blue-leaved, 141.

142,
Waters, 228, 229, (550)

Wax Myrtle? (548), 311.
Were ds: Tree, European
Weeping Kall (186), 141.
Weigela, 234.

Common (385), of

Desboisi’s (391), 2

Eva Rathke (391), 36.

Japan (387), 236.

Hang corered (386),

Many-flowered,
Middendorf’s Tso) 236

What is a Leaf, 13.

Whorled Leaves, 21.

Wicky (434), 256.

Wi spy (619), 297
icopy ‘ ‘

Wild Raisin, 225.

Willow, 314.
Balsam (575), 322.
Bay-leaved a 322.
Bog (571), 3.
Broad-! feabed Gre, 321.
Desert (493), 286.
Dwarf Gray (508), 321.
Glaucous, Wee Ys
Goat (576), 3
Heart-leaved ‘Gan, 322.
. Hoary (572), 321
Kilmarnock, 11
Laurel-leaved (579), 322.
-Osier (570), 5
Prairie (573),
Purple (582), 309.
Rosemary (569), 321,
Sage eee 1.
Sand B.

Winterberry, 89.
Red (67), 88.
Smooth, 89.
Wintergreen, 265.
Greenish- flowered (456),

267.
Evol, 267.
Round-leaved, a
Spotted (454), 2
Witch Hazel Gio. "00,
Japan (320), 202
Witch Hobble Gi), 223,
Withe-rod (361),' 225.
Larger, 225.
Woad-waxen, 114.

| Wolfberry, 229.

Xanthoceras, 101.
Yellow-root Shrub (3), 58.

ew, 341.
yep ee

ene (61 D Ty
Fisher’s, 342.

Golden, 310,

Jackson’ 8, 342.

Short-leaved (620), 342.
. Silvery, 342.

Spreading English (621),

Yellow-berried, 341.
Zanthorhiza, oe.
Zanthoxylum, 8
FeSO Ie, Besutifal (425),

25
Glaucous, 253.
Zizyphus, 99,

ey)
m4 i neste

a i
oo Hit yy
i, ) ne

pane
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