e485, Dale oie eutive tts vinta ‘ res We sabi a nit anton ‘ ia shat wi Sante di Mawes Mite ’ hi hath ae ait meyedrolt rede: Oh Nouvel an aie aieteitatt ee hi int Ro hy aa gy i ny ease ce ee whet Ah inl Mi phencs eae Sos sae sat i oe pha = ! Sosa ic enn hen oe vs — : (he tN, eae rruglt —— israeli om es co sae tit a p ah iets wel ” anaes rete i Ajo: Athans i E ibe ‘eh AN ho ie mye ia Hei ieaattea . Cyril et Sota w eae sori pe be Viole aad. ame at ae i Ciutat gam Elma esc: Ai Ditsrk mente 6 eet INA seats ol oe eenras harden ens Sri san be ens Lae da Ach fed jocdaprii leben coher ee ae ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New YorK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY ors ay grsity Library Cr Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924001744634 SV INO LTE Al. FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. SV NOPTICAL PLORA OF NORTE AMERICA, By ASA GRAY, LL.D., F.M. B.S. & L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Geettingen ; Roy, Acad. Sci. Munich, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit, France. FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, VoL. I.— Part II. CAPRIFOLIACEZ — COMPOSIT A. Publishes by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. LONDON: WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND, AND TRUBNER & CO. LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL Jury, 1884. yr University Press: JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE. SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. Divistoyn I. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. PERIANTH consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or less gamopetalous. Cixceptions: A part of Hricucew, Pliunbaginacer, Styrucarece, and Oleacee have unconnected petals; some Oleacee, &c., ar 69 70. -~1 w e apetalous.) GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. * Ovary inferior or mainly so: stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with its lobes, and + Unconnected: leaves opposite or whorled. . CAPRIFOLIACE.E, Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linnea, doubled by division in Adoza). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite : stipules none, or rare as appendages to base of petiole. RUBIACE.E. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with two or more cells or placente. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire, with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without. stipules, the additional leaves probably representing them. . VALERIANACEA, Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules. . DIPSACACE.E, Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four. Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous seed, Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. + + Stamens with anthers connate into a tube. . COMPOSITA, Syngenesious stamens as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some- times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Flowers in involucrate heads. No stipules. 1 2 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. « * Ovary either inferior or superior, two-several-celled: stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them: no stipules. (Orders from these onward are in Vol. I. Part I.) + Juice milky except in the first order: corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate in the bud. 74, GOODENIACE®. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky. 75, LOBELIACEA. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona- delphous or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not indusiate. Cells of ovary or placenté two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence centripetal. 76. CAMPANULACEE. Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinct. Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen- collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky aud bland. (Exception : Sphencelea.) + + Juice not milky nor acrid: corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some- times convolute in the bud. 77. ERICACE. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra-pentamerous through- out: corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided. * * « Ovary superior, many-celled: stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes of the hypogynous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube. 78. LENNOACE. Root-parasites. * * * * Ovary superior: stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same numbcr as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them: flowers regular. + Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base : seeds small. 80. PLUMBAGINACEE. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or eom- pletely distinct unguiculate petals, Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene ov utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby. 81. PRIMULACEAE. Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla (or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes): stam- inodia only in Sumolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta. Fruit capsular. Ferbs. 2. MYRSINACE.E. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta: otherwise as Prémulucee. ihe) GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUs ORDERS + oe Ovary few-scveral-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, usually only one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp. ‘S3, SAPOTACEE. Shrubs or trees, mostly with milky juice and alternate simple leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra-heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much imbricated in the bud; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appeudages within, sometimes petaloid staminodia also, * = * * * Ovary interior or superior, few-several-celled: cells of the fruit one-seeded: stamens at least twice as many ay the petals or lobes of the corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their base or tube: flowers regular: shrub: or trees. with simple alternate leaves. sometimes a resinous but no milky juice. S4. EBENACE.E. Flowers diccious or polygamous; the male ones yvlyandrous. Ovary superior and corolla hypervnous. Style: as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few large seeds with bony testa and cartilazinwus albumen. STYRACACE.E. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer stamens monadelphous in a siuele series. Style and stizma entire. Corolla epiyv- nous, in Styrax perizvnous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one—four-seedel. when dehiscent the seed bony: albumen fleshy. og wr * * * * * * Ovary or gynecium superior. dicarpellary, or in some monocar- pellary. very rarely tri-pentacarpellary. sometimes appearinz to be tetra- earpellary by the division of the two ovaries: stamens borne on the corolla (in apetalous Oleacee@. &c.. on the receptacle). alternate with its divisions or lobes. of the same number or fewer. + Corolla not scarious and veinless. ++ Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals. or no corolla: style one: seeds solitary or very few. 85, OLEACELE, Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves : no stipules, no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate With the carpels ; these two-ovuled, or sometimes four-ovuled : seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Forestiera and part uf Frazinus apetulous and even achlamydeous. ++ ++ Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions. five or four. = Ovaries two (follicular in fruit); their stigma: and sometimes styles perma- nently united into one: plants with milky juice: flowers hermaphrodite: leaves simple, entire. sv. APOCYNACE-E. Stamens distinct, or the anther: merely connivent or lightly co- hering: pollen ordinary. Stvle single. && ASCLEPIADACE.£, Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached to a large stigmatic body: pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometime: granu- lose masses. Curpels united only by the common stizmatic mass. 89. 90. 91. ee 92. 93. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. = = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94. = = = Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five) cells or placente : stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate). a. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line connecting their bases: no milky juice. LOGANIACE, Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled : style single, but stigmas occa- sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous: embryo rather small, in copious albumen. b. Leaves with no trace of stipules: milky juice only in Convolvulacee. GENTIANACEZ. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in ALenyan- thee. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled: placente or ovules parietal. Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, i. e. dehiscent through the placentze or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu- men. Herbage smooth. . DIAPENSIACE. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary, three-celled, as also the loculicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu- mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous : in some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in- flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent, Calyx and corolla imbri- cated in the bud. Style one: stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials, POLEMONIACE.E. Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule, with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five, distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla; the latter convolute in the bud, the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit : stigmas in- trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen. HYDROPHYLLACE, Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided. Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla five-lohed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct. Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style €with one exception) two-parted or two- lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introflexed pla- centa, each bearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal) seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placente in the axis. Seeds with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in solid albumen. BORRAGINACE. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cvmose, commonly in the scorpioid mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac- teute false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming tetramerous, being of four (i. e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style, maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets ; or ovary not. lohed, two-four- celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli- tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen: radicle superior or centripetal, GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5 94. CONVOLVULACE.E. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun- cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four—five-lobed or commonly entire margin, plicate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds (these sometimes separated by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle- dons (in Cuscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries. 95. SOLANACE.X. Leaves alternate, sometimes unequally geminate. Inflorescence various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled (oceasionally three—five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placents in the axis: style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel- dom much broader than the radicle. ++ ++ ++ Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (3); its lobes variously imbricate or convolute, or sometimes almost regular: stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two: style undivided: stigma entire or two-lobed or bilamellar; the lobes anterior and posterior: ovary in all dicarpellary ; the cells or carpels anterior and posterior. = Pluriovulate or multiovulate. 96. SCROPHULARIACEZ. Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placenta occu- pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in- definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle. 97. OROBANCHACE.E. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many- ovuled placenta. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage. 98. LENTIBULARIACE.E. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multiovulate pla- centa: globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen, filled by a solid oblong embryo, Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens two; anthers confluently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless. 99. BIGNONIACEA, Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition beyond the two parietal placente, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo : cotyledons broad and foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal notch including the short radicle: no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing, large-flowered : leaves commonly opposite. 100. PEDALIACE. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placente, which are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from the walls. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Scecs wingless, with thick and close testa, filled by the large straight embryo: cotyledons thickish. Herbs, with mainly opposite simple leaves : juice mucilaginous. 6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 101. ACANTHACE.E. Ovary two-celled, with placente in the axis, bearing a definite number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule. Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Hlytraria), either globular on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat cotyledons. = = Cells of the ovary uniovulate or biovulate. 102. SELAGINACEA. Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu- men : radicle inferior, Leaves alternate. 103. VERBENACE.E. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior. 104. LABIAT.E. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior, Commonly aromatic herbs or undershrubs. + + Corolla scarious and nerveless: flowers tetramerous, regular. 105. PLANTAGINACE.E. Calyx imbricated. Corola-lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one-two-celled : cells sometimes again divided by a false septum. Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate, with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one- many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves. CAPRIFOLIACE. 7 OrpER LXIX. CAPRIFOLIACE Al. Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow- ers; calyx-tube adnate to the 2-5-celled or by suppression 1-celled ovary; sta- mens as muy as lobes of the corolla (in Linnea one fewer, in Adora doubled) and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base; embryo small in the axis of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatro- pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous. Tribe I. SAMBUCELE. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Style short or hardly any: stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells, Fruit baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose. * Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order. 1. ADOXA. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary; limb about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled auther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-celled: style short, 3-5-parted. Ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut- lets. Cauline leaves a single pair. * * Frutescent to arborescent: inflorescence compound-cymose: flowers articulated with their pedicels: stamens as many as corolla-lobes: anthers 2-celled: calyx 5-toothed. 2. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5- celled, forming small baccate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen. 38. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or stone. [Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate. Tripe II. LONICERE. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly nore or less irregular. Style elongated: stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stupules or stipular appendages seldom seen. * Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5- lobed; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4-5-) celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell: style slender: stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes: putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4 or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets. * ¥* Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 5. LINN 4A. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al- most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled; two of the cells containing several abortive ovules; one with a solitary suspended ovule, forming the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted: stigma capitate. * * * Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing: fruit 2-many-seeded: style slen- der: stigma capitate, often 2-lobed. 6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5Jobed. Stamens as 8 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Adoxa. many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled; two cells contain- ing a few sterile ovules: alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo- bose berry-like drupe, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed; sterile cells soon obliterated. 7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb. Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular and commonly bilabiate ({), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few- several-seeded berry. 8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily deciduous lobes. Corolla funnelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu- late), inconspicuously gibbous at base; a globular epigynous gland within oceupying the gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at- tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. ADOXA, L. (From ddogos, obscure or insignificant.) — Single species, an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order. ___A. Moschatéllina, L. (Moscnarer.) Glabrous and smooth: stem and once to thrice ternately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock : cauline pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets: flowers small, greenish- white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule: corolla of the terminal one 4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft: drupe merely succulent: odor of plant musky. — Lam. TL. t. 320; Gaertn. Fruct. t.112; Schk. Handb. t. 109; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 648.— Subalpine, under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and@ the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado, (Eu, N. Asia, &c.) 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Etper. (Classical Latin name, said by some to come from cayBv«y, a stringed musical instrument.) — Suffrutescent to arbo- rescent (in both Old and New World); with large pith to the vigorous shoots, imparipinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous) in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species; but stipels not rare. Flowers occasionally polygamous, produced in summer. %* Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifid and again bifid or trifid: pith of year-uld shoots deep yellow-brown: no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves : early flowering and fruiting. - §. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks: branches spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong: flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), vily : nutlets mi- nutely punctate-rugulose. ~ Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. F]. i.181; DC. Prodr. iv. 8323; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 13; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. 5. pubescens, Pers. Sv. i. 328; Pursh, Fl. i. 204. — Rocky banks and open woods, Nuva Scotia to the mountains of Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. (Iu., N. Asia.) : Var. arboréscens, Torr. & Gray,l.c¢. A form with leaflets closely serrate with _. strong lanceolate teeth. — Washington Terr. to Sitka. Var. lacinidta, Kocn, with leaflets divided into 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or laciniate segments, occurs on south shore of L. Superior, .trst/n. S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9: cyme convex, as broad as high: flowers white: fruit black, without bloom: otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76.— Ravines of the Rocky Meun- tains of Montana ( Watson) to those of E. Oregon (Cusick), south to the Wahsatch (|utson), . Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE-E. 9 New Mexico (Hendler), and the Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, Bolander): a plant with foliage not unlike that of »§. Canadensis. * * Compound cymes depressed, 5-raved; four external rays once to thrice 5-raved, but the 1ays unequal, the two outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays smaller and at length reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers: pith of year-old shoots bright white: ‘‘ berries” sweet, never red: nutlets punctate-rugulose. =§,. Canadénsis, L. Suffrutescent or woody stems rarely persisting to third or fourth year, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves beneath: leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lancevlate, acuminate, the lower not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe: stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped with a callous gland: fruit dark-purple, becoming black, with very little bloom.— Spec. i. 269; Michs. FLi.281; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 13. 0S. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 141. 4. hu- milis, Raf. Amer. Nat. 13. S. glauca, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66 (not Nwtf.), narrow-leaved form; Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. — Moist grounds, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Texas, west to the mountains of Culorado, Utah, and Arizona; fl. near mid- summer. Nearly related to 8. nigra of Eu. Var. laciniata, Leaflets or most of them once or twice ternately parted into lanceo- late divisions.— Indian River, Florida, Pa/wer. A still more dissected form, in waste places, Egg Harbor, J/rs. Treat, may be |S. nigra, var. laciniata, of the Old World. — §. glatica, Nutr. Arborescent, 6 to 18 feet high; the larger forming trunks of 6 to 12 inches in diameter, glabrous throughout: leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, ovate to narrowly oblong ; lower ones rarely 3-parted: stipels rare and small, subulate or oblong: fruit blackish, but strongly whitened with a glaucous mealy bloom, larger than in .S. Canadensis. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278, in part. — Oregon and throughout California, common near the coast, eastward to Idaho and Nevada. ——S. Mexicana, Presr. Arborescent, with trunks sometimes 6 inches in diameter: leaves and young shoots pubescent (sometimes slightly so, sometimes cinereous or tomentulose- canescent) : leaflets, &c., nearly as preceding: fruit (as far as seen) destitute of bloom. — Presl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. S. glauca, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. ia-part. S. velutina, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. y. 8.— California, from Plumas Co. southward to mountains of Arizona, and New Mexico on the Mexican border. Glabrate forms too near S. C'unadensis. (Mex.) 3. VIBURNUM, L. (Classical Latin name of the Wayrariye-Tree, TV. Lantana, of Europe.) — Shrubs or small trees (of various parts of the world) ; with tough and flexible branches. simple and not rarely stipulate or pseudo-stipu- late leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of mostly white flowers, produced in spring or early summer. — Viburnum and Opulus, Tourn. V. Tiscs, L. (Tinus, Tourn., GErst.), the Larnestiyvs, cultivated from Europe, with puta- men not flattened and ruminated albumen, is left out of view in our character of the genus, as also the outlying forms with campanulate or more tubular corolla, upon which C&rsted (in Vidensk. Meddel. 1860) has founded genera, with more or less reason. The albumen in the N. American species is even, or obscurely ruminated in the first species. § 1. Cyme radiant; marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in Hydrangea: drupes coral-red turning dark crimson or purple, not acid: puta- men sulcate: leaves pinnately straight-veined, scurfy : winter-buds naked. — V. lantanoides, Micux. (Hospiencsu.) Low and straggling, with thickish branches, sometimes 10 feet high, scurfy-pubescent on the shoots and inflorescence: leaves ample (when full grown 6 inches long), conspicuously petioled, rounded-ovate, abruptly acumi- nate, finely doubly serrate, membranaceous, minutely stellular-pubescent and glabrate above, rusty-scurfy beneath on the 10 or 12 pairs of prominent veins, and when young also. on the very numerous transverse connecting veinlets: stipules small and subulate, or obso- lete: fruit ovoid, flattish ; the stone moderately flattened, 3-suleate on one face, broadly and deeply sulcate on the other, and the groove divided by a strong median ridge, the edges also 10 CAPRIFOLIACEE. Viburnum. slightly suleate: seed reniform in cross section and somewhat lobed ; the albumen not rumi- nated. — Fl. i. 179; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 18; Audubon, Birds Amer. i. t. 148. Vz aln(folium, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. Lantana, var. grandiflorum, Ait. Kew. i, 372. V. grandifolium, Smith in Rees Cyel.— Moist woods, New Brunswick and Canada to N. Carolina in the higher mountains; fl. spring. (Japan ‘) § 2. Cyme radiant, or not so: drupes light red, acid,.edible, globose: putamen very flat, orbicular, even (not suleate nor intruded or costate): leaves palmately veined: winter-buds scaly. — Opulus, Tourn. —V. Opulus, L. (Hicu Craxperry, Crinperry-Tree.) Nearly glabrous, occasionally pubescent, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves dilated, three-lobed, roundish or broadly cuneate at 3-ribbed or pedately 5-ribbed base; the lobes acuminate, incisely dentate or in upper leaves entire: slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near summit, and usually setaceous stipules near base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branches, radiant. — Spec. i. 268; Ait. Kew. i. 378 (var. Americanum) ; Michx. Fl. i. 180 (vars.); Torr. & Gray, loc. 1. trilobum, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. opuloides, Muhl. Cat. 1 Oxycoccus & V. edule, Pursh, Fl. i. 203.—Swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in Atlantic States south to Pennsylvania. Variable in foliage ; no constant difference from the European, which is cultivated, in a form with most flowers neutral, as SNowBALL and GGUELDER Rose. (Eu, N. Asia.) — V. paucifiédrum, Prtare. Glabrous or with pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling: leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either olso- letely or distinctly 3-lobed (the lobes not longer than broad), about 5-nerved at base, loosely veiny : cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers: stamens very shurt: fruit nearly of preceding. — Pylaie, Herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 17; Herder, Pl. Radd. iii. t.1, £3. V. acerifolium, Bong. Veg. Sitka, 144. — Cold moist woods, Newfound- land and Labrador, mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, west to Alaska and Washington Terr., southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. § 3. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity. * Leaves palmately 3-5-ribbed or neryed from the base, slender-petiola‘e: stipules subulate-seta- ceous: pubescence simple, no scurf: primary rays of pedunculate cyme 5 to 7: filaments equal- ling the corolla. + Pacific species: drupe oblong-oval, nearly half-inch long, bluish-black. === V. ellipticum, Hook. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: winter-buds scaly: leaves from orbicular- oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at length rather coriaceous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel : corol- las 4 or 5 lines in diameter: stone of fruit deeply and broadly suleate on both faces; the furrow of one face divided hy a median ridge. — Hook. Fl. i. 280; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278. — Woods of W. Washington Terr. and Oregon (first coll. by Douglas), to Mendocino and to Placer Co., California, Ae/loyy, Mrs. Ames. + + Atlantic species: drupe globular, quarter-inch long, bluish-purple or black when ripe: cyme mostly with a caducous involucre of 5 or 6 small and subulate or linear thin bracts. -— V. acerifolium, L. (Arrow-woop, Dockmicktn.) — Soft-pubexcent, or glabrate with age, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender branches: winter-buds imperfectly sealy: leaves mem- branaceous, rounded-oyate, 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate hase, and with 3 short and acute or acuminate divergent lobes (or some uppermost undivided), usually dentate to near the base (larger 4 or 5 inches long): cymes rather small and open: corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter: stone of drupe lenticular, hardly sulcate on either side. — Spee. i. 268; Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 272; Michx. Fl. i. 180; Wats. Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 118 (poor) ; Hook. Fl. 1. ¢. (partly); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 17; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ii. t. 19, — Rocky and cool woods New Brunswick to Michigan, Indiana, and N. Carolina. : V. densiflorum, Cuarm. Lower, 2 to 4 fect high: leaves smaller (inch or two long) with mostly shorter lobes or sometimes none: cyme denser: involucrate bracts more con spicuous and less caducous: stone of the drupe undulately somewhat 2-suleate on one face and 3-suleate on the other. —Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. — Wooded hills, W. Flovida, Chapman Also, Taylor Co., Georgia, Neisler, a glabrate form. Too near V. acerifolium. ; ; Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 11 * ¥* Leaves pinnately and conspicuously veiny with straight veins (impressed-plicate above, promi- nent beneath and the lowest pair basal), thinnish, coarsely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous: cymes pedunculate, about 7-rayced: stone of the drupe more or less sulcate. ARROW-WooD. +— Stone and seed flat, slightly plano-conyex: Ivaves all short-petioled or subsessile. —— V. pubéscens, Pursn. Slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong- or more broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, acutely dentate-serrate (15 to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 tu 4 lines long, or upper hardly any), soft-tomentuloxe with simple downy hairs beneath, but varying to slightly pubescent (and in one furm almost glabrous with upper face lucidulous): peduncle generally shorter than the cyme: drupe oval, 4 lines long, blackish-purplc, flatteuved when young; stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces, margius narrowly incurved, no intrusion on ventral face. —FL i. 202 (excl. habitat, and syn. Michx.); Torr. FI. i. 320; DC. Prodr. iv. 326; Hook. FL i. 280; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206; Cérst. Le. t. 7, fig. 21,22, I deutatum, var. pubescens, Ait. Kew. i. 3727 WV. déntatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. Fl. i, 179, in small part (spec. from L. Champlain). V. villosum, Raf. in Med. Rep. 1808, & Desy. Jour. Bot. i. 228, not Swartz. VL Rafinesquianum, Roem, & Schult. Syst. v. 630.— Rocky ground, Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, west to Illinois, south to Stone Mountain, Georgia. (Not, as Pursh would have it, in the lower parts of Carolina.) +— + Stone deeply sulcate-intruded ventrally : transverse section of seed about three-fourths annular, with flattish back: leaves rather slender-petioled. -—< V.dentatum, L. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous or nearly so, no stellular pubescence: leaves from orbicular- to vblong-ovate, with rounded or sub- cordate base, acutely many-dentate (2 or 3 inches long); primary veins 8 to 10 pairs (some of them ounce or twice forked), often a tuft of hairs in their axil: peduncle generally longer than the cyme: drupe ovoid, three lines long, terete, bright blue, darker at maturity. — Spec. i. 268; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t.36; Torr. 1.c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t.25; Torr. & Gray, le. excl. var.; Gray, Man. lc. V7. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Kew. 1. c.— Wet ground, chiefly in swamps, New Brunswick to Michigan, and south to the mountains of Georgia. Seems to pass into following, but the extremes widely different. — V. molle, Micux. Young shoots, petioles, cymes, &c. beset with stellular pubescence : leaves orbicular or broadly oval to ovate, more crenately dentate, soft-pubescent at least beneath (larger 4 inches long); veins of the preceding or fewer: petioles shorter: drupe 4 lines long, more pointed by the style: calyx-teeth more conspicuous. — FI. i. 180, but foliage only seen; Gray, Man. ed. 3 & ed. 5, 206. V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. lc. in large part; El. Sk. i. 365. J" dentatum, var.? scabrellum, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 16. V. scabrellum, Chapm. Fl. i. 72. — Coast of New England (Martha’s Vineyard, Bessey) to Texas: flowers at the north in summer, later than V. dentatum. %* * * Leaves lightly or loosely pinnately veined, of firmer or somewhat coriaceous texture, petioled, mostly glabrous: stipules or stipule-like appendages none: mature drupes black or with a blue bloom, mealy and saccharine; the stone and seed flat or lenticular, plane: winter- buds of few and firm scales: petioles and rays of the cyme mostly lepidote with some minute rusty scales or scurf, +— Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed: drupes globose-ovoid, 3 lines long: stone orbicular, flattened- lenticular: shrubs 5 to 8 or 12 feet high, in swamps. ‘— V. cassinoides, L. (Wirne-rop.) Shoots scurfy-punctate: leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1 to 3 inches long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire: peduncle shorter than the cyme. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 384 (pl. Kalm), excl. syn., at least of Mill. & Pluk.; Torr. FL i.318; DC. lc. I. squamatum, Willd. Enum. i. 327; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t 24. V. pyrifolinn, Pursh, Fl. i. 201, not Poir. V. nudum, Hook. Fl. i. 279; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ed. 2, 411, t. 18. V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 14; Gray, Man. Lc. — Swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New England to New Jersey and Pennsylvania : flowers earlier than the next. ; -—- V.ntdum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate: leaves more veiny, oblong or oval, sometimes narrower, entire or obsoletely denticulate, Iucid above (commonly 2 to 4 inches long): peduncle usually equalling the cyme.— Spec. i. 268 (pl. Clayt.); Mill. Ic. t. 274; Willd. Spec. i. 1487; Michx. Fl. i178; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2281; Torr. & Gray, 1 c., var. Claytoni. — Swamps, New Jersey or 8. New York to Florida and Louisiana: fl. summer, or southward in spring. 12 CAPRIFOLIACES. Viburnum. Var. angustifélium, Torr. & Grar, 1c. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo- late. —V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. i. 371, ex. char. —N. Carolina to Louisiana. Var. grandifélium. Larger leaves 8 inches long, 4 wide. — KE. Florida, Mrs. Treat. Var. serétinum, Raveyer, in Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 624. A strict or more simple- stemmed form, with foliage of the type, and smaller blossoms, produced in November ! — On the Altamaha River, near Darien, Georgia, Ravenel. +— + Compound cymes sessile, of 3 to 5 cymiferous rays, subtended by the upper leaves, ++ Many-flowered: trees or arborescent, 10 to 30 feet high: winter-buds minutely rusty-scurfy or downy, ovoid and acuminate: leaves ovate or oval, lucid, closely and acutely serrate, abruptly rather long-petioled : drupes comparatively large, oval, 5 to 7 lines long, when ripe sweetish and black or bluish from the bloom, with very flat stone. — BLack Haw, SIIEEP-BERRY, Sweer VIBuRNUM. -——V. Lentago, L. Often arboreous: leaves ovate, acuminate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), thickly beset with very sharp serratures: petioles mostly undulate-margined : larger winter- buds long-pointed, grayish. — Spec. i. 268; Michx. 1. c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 21; Hook. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 15.— Woods and banks of streams, Canada to Saskatchewan, Missouri, and mountains of Georgia; fl. spring. <=} V. prunifélium, L. Seldom arboreous: leaves from roundish to ovate or oval with little or no acumination and finer serratures (larger ones 2 or 3 inches long): petioles naked, or on strong shoots narrowly margined, these and the less pointed winter-buds vften rufous- pubescent. — Spec. i. 268 (Wespilus prunifolia, &e., Pluk. Alm. t. 4, f. 2); Michx. 1. c.; Duham. Arb. ii. t. 38 (Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 23”); Torr. & Gray, lc. V. pyrifoliui, Poir. Dict. v. 658; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 22.—Dry or moist ground, New York (and Upper Canada’) to Michigan, Ilinois, and south to Florida, Texas, and Kansas: flowering early. +++ ++ Cymes (3-4-rayed) and the lucid coriaceous commonly entire Jeaves small. = —V. obovatum, Warr. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high: leaves from obovate to cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, with some obsolete teeth or none (half-inch to thrice that length), narrowed at base into very short petiole: flowering cymes little surpassing the leaves: drupes oval, 5 lines long, black; stone thickish-lenticular, the faces obscurely sul- cate. — Walt. Car. 116; Pursh, Fl. i. 201; Ell. Sk. i. 366; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1476; DC. Prodr. iv. 326. V. cassinoides (Mill. Ic. t. 837); Willd. Spee. i. 1491; Michx. Fl. i. 179, not L. V. kevigatum, Ait. Kew. i. 371; Pursh, 1. c.; DC. 1. c.— Wooded banks of streams and swamps, Virginia to Florida in the low country. 4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Feverwort, Horse-Gentran. (Name shortened by Linneus from Tr/osteospermum, Dill., meaning three bony seeds or stones to the fruit.) — Coarse perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America, one Japanese and one Himalayan); with simple stems, ample entire or sinuate leaves more or less connate at base, and pinnately veiny; the dull-colored sessile flowers in their axils, either single or 2 to 4 in a cluster, produced in early summer, fol- lowed by orange-colored and reddish drupes. In our species the foliaceous linear calyx-lobes are as long as the corolla (about half-inch), and longer than the fruit. — Lam. Ill. t. 150; Guwertn. Fruct. t. 26. Triosteospermum, Dill. Elth. 394, t. 2038. — T. perfoliatum, L. Minutely soft-pubescent, or stem sometimes hirsute, stout, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, narrowed below either to merely connate or more broadened and connate-perfoliate base: corolla dull brownish-purple : nutlets of the drupe 3-ribbed on the back. — Spev. i. 176; Schk. Handb. t. 41; Bigel Med. Bot. i. 90, t.19; Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 4; Swect, Brit. Vl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45; Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 12. 7. majus, Michx. Fl. i. 107.— Alluvial or rich soil, Canada and New England to Illinois and «Alabama. — Also called TrykeEr’s-weep, WiLp Corres, &e. -——T. angustifolium, L.1.c. Smaller: stem hirsute or hispid: leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering above the more or less connate bases: corolla yellowish. — Torr. & Gray, -e. Te minus, Michx. lec. Periclymenuin herbacenm, &e., Pluk, Alm. t. 104, £. 2. — Shady grounds, Virginia to Alabama, Missouri, and Illinois. ; Symphoricurpos. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 13 5. LINN ASA, Gronov. Twry-rLower. (Dedicated to Linneus.) — Gro- noy. in L. Gen. ed. i. 188. — Sinvle species; fl. early summer. ——L. borealis, Groxoy. Trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, somewhat pubescent: leaves obovate and rotund, half-inch to inch long, crenately few-toothed, some- what rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles filiform, terminating ascending short leaty branches, bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a fili- form one-flowered pedicel, occasionally the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of flowers ; pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular- hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over it or enclosing and even adnate to the akene-like fruit: flowers nodding: corolla purplish rose-color, rarely almost white, sweet-scented, half-inch or less long.—L. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, f. 4, & Spec. ii, 631; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 171, t. 9, #.3; Fl. Dan. t.3; Schk. Handb. t.176; Lam. Ill. t. 536; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 3. — Covl woods and bogs, New England to New Jersey and mountains of Maryland, north to Newfoundland and the Arctic Circle, westward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, the Sierra Nevada in Plumas (v., California, and northwest to Alaskan Islands; in Oregon, &c. Var. LoncirLora, Torr. in Wilkes 8. Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 287, with longer and more funnelform corolla. (N. Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowzerry, Ivpray Crrrayr. Supdopéw, to bear together, capmds, fruit. the berry-like fruits mostly clustered or crowded.) — Low and branching shrubs (N. American and Mexican), erect or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire (occasionally undulate or lobed, very rarely serrate) and short-petioled leaves, scaly leaf-buds, and 2-bracteolate small flowers, usually crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters. rarely solitary, produced in summer; the corolla white or pinkish. — Dill, Elth. 371, t. 278; Juss. Gen. 211; DC. Prodr. iv. 338; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4; Gray, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. Symphoria, Pers. Syn. i. 214. § 1. Short-flowered: corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines long. * Style bearded: fruit red: flowers all in dense and short axillary clusters: corolla 2 lines long, glandular within at base. =— S. vulgaris, Micux. (Corarserrry, Ispiay Crrrayt.) Soft-pubescent or glabrate: branches slender, often virgate, flowering from must of the axils: leaves oval, seldom over inch long, exceeding the (1 to 4) glomerate or at length spiciform dense flower-clusters in their axils: corolla sparingly bearded inside: fruits very small, dark red. — Fl. i. 106: DC. Prodr. iv. 339; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soe. 1c. 10. Symphoricarpos, Dill, l.c. 3S. parviflora, Desf. Cat., &e. Lonicera Symphoricarpos, L. Spec.i.175. Symphoria conglomerata, Pers. 1. c. S. glomerata, Pursh, Fl. i. 162.— Banks of streams and among rocks, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois, Nebraska, and Texas. Var. spicdtus (S. spicatus, Engelm. in Pl. Lindh. ii. 215) is a form with fructiferous spikes more elongated, sometimes equalling the leaves. — Texas, Lindhevmer. * * Style glabrous: fruit white, in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils. = §. occidentalis, Hoox. (Worr-serry.) Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long): axillary flower-clusters not rarely peduncu- late, sometimes becoming spicate and inch long: corolla 3 lines high, 5-cleft to beyond the middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs: stamens and style more or less exserted. — Fl. i. 285; Torr. & Gray in Fl. ii. 4; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. lec. Syne phoria occidentalis, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Jour.— Rocky ground, Michigan to the mountains of Colorado, Montana (and Oregon ?), north to lat. 64°. a=, racemosus, Micux. (Svow-perry.) More slender and glabrous: leaves round-oval to oblong (smaller than in the preceding): axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flowered: corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded within, narrowed at base: stamens and style not exserted.— F]. i. 107; Hook. 1 c¢.; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, le. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. 1.c.; Pursh, Fl. i. 169; R. Be. Bot. 14 CAPRIFOLIACE. Symphoricarpos. Mag. t. 2211; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 230; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 19. S. elongata and S. heterophylla, Presl, ex DC.— Rocky banks, Canada and N. New England to Penn., Sas- katchewan, and west to Brit. Columbia and W. California, even to San Diego Co. ——Var. paucifiédrus, Rosziys. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only inch long: flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal cluster. — Gray, Man. & in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. — Mountains of Vermont and Penn., Niagara Falls to Wisconsin and northward, in Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, west to Oregon. -——S. mollis, Nurr. Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent, even velvety-tomentose, some- times glabrate: leaves orbicular or broadly oval (half to full inch long) : flowers solitary or in short clusters: corolla open-campanulate and with broad base (little over line high), 5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within: stamens and style included. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.c.; Gray, le. & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. ciliatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c., a glabrate form, from the char. — Wooded hills, California, both in the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, first coll by Coulter and Nuttall. — ... --Var. actus. Not improbably a distinct species, but materials incomplete: leaves very soft-tomentulose, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes irregularly and acutely dentate. — S. mollis? Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 328,— Washington Terr. east of the Cascade Mountains, Pirkering § Brackenridge, with the narrower and entire leaves. Lassen’s Peak, N. E. California, J/rs. Austin, with broader leaves, commonly having 3 or 4 unequal serratures on each margin. § 2. Longer-flowered: corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed only at summit: fruit (in the Mexican S. microphyllus flesh color, ex Bot. Mag. t. 4975) in ours white: flowers mostly axillary: leaves small. %* Style glabrous: corolla with broad and short lobes slightly or merely spreading. —— §S. rotundifdlius, Gray. Tomentulose to glabrate: leaves from orbicular to oblong- elliptical, thickish (half to three-fourths inch long): corolla elongated-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long ; its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the lobes: nutlets of the drupe oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends.—PI. Wright. ii. 66, Jour. Linn. Soc. lc. & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 132, partly. — Mountains of New Mexico and adjacent Texas to those of Utah, N. W. Nevada, adjacent California, and north to Mt. Paddo, Washington Terr., Suksdor/’: first coll. by Wright and Bigelow. == §. oredphilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence: leaves oblong to broadly oval, thinner: corolla more tubular or funnelform, 5 or 6 (rarely only 4) lines long ; its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes: nutlets of the drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. —Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c¢. 12, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. S. montanus, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not HBK.— Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and E. Oregon ; first coll. by Parry. % * Style bearded: corolla with oblong widely spreading lobes. S. longiflorus, Gray, ].c. Glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, glaucescent : leaves spatulate-oblong varying to oval, thickish, small (quarter to half inch long): corolla white, salverform, slender; the tube 4 to 6 and lobes one and a half lines long, very glabrous within: anthers linear, subsessile, half included in the throat: nutlets of the fruit oblone. — Mountains of 8. Nevada and Utah, iss Searls, Parry, Ward, Pulmer, &e. Apparently also S. W. Texas, Havard. 7. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckie, Woopsrne. (Adam Lonitzer, Lat- inized Lonicerus, a German herbalist.) — Shrubs of the northern hemisphere, some erect, others twining; with normally entire leaves, occasionally on some shoots sinuate-pinnatifid ; the flowers variously disposed, produced in spring or early summer. § 1. Xyiéstzon, DC. Flowers in pairs (rarely threes) from the axils of the leaves, the common peduncle bibracteate at summit, the ovaries of the two either Lonierra. CAPRIFOLIACE-E. ey distinct or connate: ours (the genuine species of the section): all erect and branching shrubs, with rather short corollas; the calyx-limb minute or obsolete. — Aylosteon, Tourn.. Juss. Xylosteum, \dans.. Michx., Ke. * Bracts at the summit of the peduncle small or narrow, often minute, sometimes obsolete or caducous: bractlets to the two flowers minute or none. + Leaves glaucescent or pale both sides, oblong-elliptical, very short-petioled, reticulate-venulose beneath: corolla ochroleucous, sometimes purplish-tinged, 4 to 6 lines long. e= L. certlea, L. not been found elsewhere; but it is still sparingly in cultivation. ++ ++ Corolla shorter, more or less hirsute within the throat: tube usually somewhat cibhous. == Rather freely twining and high-climbing. little or not at all glaucous, pubescent: leaves deep green above. ——. L. hirstta, Estos. Leaves oval, conspicuously veiny and venuluse both sides (3 or + inches long). svit-pubesvent (as also usually the branchlets) and pale beneath; upper one or two pairs connate, lower short-petivled. corolla orange-yellow fading to dull purplish or brownish, more or less viscid-pulesvent outside: tube half-inch long, little exceeding the limb; throat and lower part of filaments hirsute. — Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 307 (1818); Torr. Fl. i. 342: Hook. Bot. May. t. 3103, & FLi. 282; Torr. & Gray. FL ii6. 0 LZ. eclusa Muhl. Cart. 22, not DC. L£. Douglasii, Hook. 1. c., being Cope tum Dougiasi, Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vil. 244; DC. lL e.; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 530, fig. 972. L. porviflora, var. ¢ Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7, mainly. Z. pulescens, sweet, Hort. Brit. 194; DC. Prod. iv. 332; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs. 529 (under £. flaca). L. Guilds, Spreng. Syst.$. 758.0 Cuprirsium pubescens, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323; Hook. Exot. FL t. 27. — Rocky hanks. &c., Northern New England and Canada to Penn., Michigan, and north shore of Lake superior to the Saskatchewan. == = Fechly twining or merely sarmentose or bushy, 2 to 6 feet hizh. conspicuously glauccus. — J. Sullivantii, Gray. At length much whitened with the slancvus bloom, 3 to 6 feet high, glabrous: leaves oval and obovate-oblong, thickish. 2 to 4 inches lony. all those of flowering stems ¢ e. and most of them connate, the uppermost into an orbicular disk: corolla pale yellow, glabrous outside; tube half-inch or less lung, little longer than the limb: filaments nearly glalrens.— Proc. Am Acad. xix. 76.— £. n. sp. Sulliv. Cat. Pl. Columb. 57. LZ. place, var. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Man., mainly. — Central Ohio to Tllincis. Wisconsin, and Lake Winnipeg. also Tennessee and apparently in mountains of N. Carolina. wW— |. glatica, Hirt. Glabrous. or sometimes lower face of leaves tomentulose-puberulent, 3 to 5 feet high, zenerally bushy: leaves oblong, often undulate (glaucous, but less whitened than in the preceding. 2 or at most 3 inches long:, 2 to 4 upper pairs connate: corolla quite glabrous wutside, greenish yellow or tinged or varying to purple, short ; the tube only 3 vr 4 lines long. rather broad, nearly equalled by the limb, within and also style and haze of filaments hirsute. — Hort. Kew. (1769) 448. t. 15: Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. L. dioica, L. Svet. Veg. 215: Ait. Kew. i. 230; Bot. Reg. t. 13. but not dicecious. L. media, Murr. in Comm. Geett. 1776. 28.0.3. LZ. parviflora, Lam. Dict. i. 728 (17831: Torr. Fl. i. 245; DC. 2 18 CAPRIFOLIACEZ. Lonicera. l.c.; Hook. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. var.; Gray, Man., and a part of var. Douglasi?. Caprifolium glaucum, Moench, Meth. 502. C. bracteosum, Michx. Fl. i. 105. C. parviflorum, Push, FL i. 161. C. dioicum, Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 260.— Rocky grounds, Hudson’s Bay ¢ and to Saskatchewan, Canada, New England, Penn., and mountains of Carolina ? L. albifléra, Torr. & Gray. Wholly glabrous, or with minute soft pubescence, bushy, also disposed to twine, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves oval, inch long, or little longer, glaucescent both sides, usually only uppermost pair connate into a disk and subtending the simple sessile glomerule: corolla white or yellowish-white, glabrous; the tube 3 to 5 lines long, hardly at all gibbous: style and filaments nearly naked. — Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii, 213, L. dumosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, the minutely pubescent form. — Rocky prairies and banks, W. Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, first coll. by Berlandier, Leavenworth, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) + + + Tube of corolla only quarter-inch long, equalled by the limb, gibbous, more or less hairy within: Pacific species. L. hispidula, Dover. Bushy and sarmentose, often feebly twining: leaves small (inch or so in length, or the largest 24 inches), oval, or from orbicular to oblong, rounded at both ends, or lower and short-petioled ones sometimes subcordate, uppermost connate or occa- sionally distinct: spikes slender, commonly paniculate, of few or several whorls of flowers : corolla from pink to yellowish, barely half-inch long: filaments and especially style more or less pubescent at base.— Dougl. in Lind]. Bot. Reg. t. 1761 (the latter figured and pub- lished the species as Caprifolium hispidulum); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627, & Bot. Calif. 1.280. L. microphylla, Hook. FI. i. 283. — Polymorphous species, of which the typical form (var. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c.) is hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, disposed to clim) : lower leaves mostly short-petioled and inclined to subcordate, not rarely a foliaceous stipule- like appendage between the petioles on each side: inflorescence and pink corollas glabrous. —Wooded region of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first coll. by Douglas. —— Var. vacillans, Gray, lc. Stem and leaves either glabrous or pubescent, with or without hirsute hairs: inflorescence and corollas pubescent or glandular, varying to glabrous: otherwise like the Oregon type.— ZL. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7; Benth. PL Hartw. Z. ciliosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 143, 349, not Poir. LZ. pilosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62. — From Oregon to Monterey, California. Var. subspicata, Gray, ].c. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular-pubescent above, at least the pale pink or yellowish flowers: leaves small (half-inch to inch long), even uppermost commonly distinct: stipule-like appendages rare. — L. subspicata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 349; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. — Common in California, from Monterey to San Diego. Var. interrupta, Gray, lc. Like the preceding, or sometimes largerleaved and more sarmentose, but glabrous or minutely puberulent, more glaucous : spikes commonly elongated, of numerous capitellate whorls: corolla perfectly glabrous, pinkish or yellow- ish, less hairy inside. — L. interrupta, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313. — Common in California: also Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 8. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Buse Honryscexte. (Dr. Dierville took the original species from Canada to Tournefort in the vear 1708.) — Low shrubs (of Atlantic N. America, Japan, and China) ; with scaly buds, simply serrate membranaceous leaves, and flowers in terminal or upper axillary naked eymes, produced in early summer. — The E. Asian species, Welgela, Tivaiih, (of which D. Japonica is common in cultivation), have ampliate and mostly rose-colored corollas, herbaceous calyx-lobes deciduous from the heak of the fruit, and reticu- late-winged seeds. Ours have small and narrow-funucelfyrm corollas, of honey- yellow color, thin-walled capsule, and close coat to the seed, the surface minutely reticulated; herbage nearly glabrous. — Torr. & Cray, Fl. ii. 10. =a: J), trifida, Manen. Branchlets nearly terete ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, distinctly petioled : axillary peduncles more commonly 3-flowered : limb of the corolla ivosiulsy equal- ling the tube, sometimes irregular, three of the lobes more united, the middle one deeper Diervilla. RUBIACE-E, 19 yellow and villous on the face: capsule oblong, with a slender neck or beak, crowned with slender-subulate calyx-lobes.— Meth. 492; ‘Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excel. var. D. Acadiensis Jruticosa, &v., Tourn. Act. Acad. Par. 1706, t. 7, £1; L. Hort. Cliff. 63, t. 7; Dubham. Arb. ed. 1. D. Tournefortii, Michx. Fl. i. 107. D. humilis, Pers. Syu. i. 214. D. Canadensis, Willd. Enum. 222; DC. Prodr. iv. 330; Hook. Fl.i. 281. D. lutea, Pursh, Fl.i. 62. Lonivera Diervilla, L. Mat. Med. 62, & Spee. i. 175.— Rocky and shady ground, Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Maryland, and in the mountains to N. Carolina. D. sessilifolia, Brcxrey. Branchlets quadrangular: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, closely sessile, of firmer texture, more acutely serrulate: cymes several-fiowered ; corolla-lobes nearly equal, shorter than the tube, one of them obscurely pilose : capsule short- oblong, short-necked, and crowned with short lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 174; Chapm. FI.170; Fl. Serres, viii. 292. — Rocky woods and Lanks, mountains of Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Curtis. OrpER LXX. RUBIACE_E. Herbaceous or woody plants: with opposite entire and stipulate leaves. varv- ing to verticillate, or in the Sred/ut@ the leaves in whorls without stipules (unless accessory leaves be counted as such); mostly hermaphrodite regular flowers, either 5-merous or 4-merous; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; and stamens as many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla. inserted on its tube or throat. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Fruit various: seeds in our genera albuminous. Of this vast and largely tropical order 26 of the 140 recoynized genera come within our limits. but more than half of them only in subtropical Florida. They rank under 14 of the 25 recognized tribes. —too large a scutfolding for a fray- mentary structure. So they are here disposed under three series; of which the third is only a special modification in foliage of the second. Series I. Cixcnwonacex. Ovules numerous in each cell. * Fruit capsular: seeds numerous, flat, winged all round. 1. EXOSTEMA,. Calyx with clavate tube, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with long and narrow tube and 5-parted limb; lobes long-linear, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla-tube: filaments and style filiform, exserted: anthers slender- linear, fixed by the base. Capsule 2-celled, septicidal. Sees downwardly imbricated on the placente. 2. PINCKNEYA. Calyx with clavate tube; limb of 5 subulate-lanceolate lobes, or in the outer flowers of the cyme one (or rarely two) of them an ample petaloid and petiolate leaf, al] deciduous. Corolla salverform with somewhat enlarging throat, and 5 oblong recurved- spreading lobes, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the corolla: filaments filiiorm: anthers ollong, fixed by the middle, slightly exserted. Style exserted: stigma barely 2-lobed. Capsule didymous-globular, 2-celled, loculicidal, and valves at length 2-parted. Seeds horizontal, with small nucleus. broad and thin lunate-orbicular wing. and comparatively large embryo: cotyledons broad. 3. BOUVARDIA. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous. Calyx with turbinate or campanulate tube, and 4 subulate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular or salverform, the 4 short lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat or on the tube below it: anthers sub- sessile, oblong or linear. Style filiform and more or less exserted in long-styled flowers, much shorter in the other sort: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule didymous-globose, coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds peltate, somewhat meniscoidal, imbricated on the globular placente. 20 RUBIACEE. * * Fruit capsular or at least dry, 2-celled: seeds several or numerous in each cell, wing- less: calyx-tube short ; lobes persistent: corolla valvate in the bud: almost all herhs, with leaves no more than opposite: stipules not setose, or in one species setulose. + Summit or sometimes even three fourths of the capsule free from the calyx at maturity: flowers in most and probably in all heterogone-dimorphous: seeds peltate: albumen cur- neous. 4, HOUSTONIA. Flowet's 4-merotis. Calyx-lobes mostly distant. Corolla salverform to funnelform, with 4-parted limb. Stamens (according to the form) inserted either in the throat or lower down on the tube: anthers oblong or lineat, fixed by near the middle. Style reciprocally long of shorter: stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Capsule usually somewhat didy- mous-globular, or emarginate at the free summit, there loculicidal, occasionally afterwards partially septicidal. Seeds few or moderately numerous in each cell, on usually ascending placentx, acetabuliform, meniscoidal, or sometimes barely concave on the hilar face, not angulate; testa scrobiculate or reticulate. + + Summit of capsule not extended beyond the adnate calyx-tube: flowers not hetero- gone-dimorphous, small: seeds numerous, angulate or globular, smooth or nearly so: albumen fleshy. 5. OLDENLANDIA. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla from rotate to short-salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens short: anthers oval. Capsule hemispherical, oval, or turbinate, loculicidal across the summit. 6. PENTODON. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube turbinate or obpyramidal: limb of 5 del- tuid-subulate teeth, in fruit distant. Corolla short-funnelform, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, short: anthers short-oblong. Capsule obconical, obscurely didymous, loculicidal across the trun- cate summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, reticulated. Stipules or some of them 2-4- subulate. * * * Fruit baccate or at least fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded (rarely few-seeded), + Five-celled: shrubby. 7. HAMELIA. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted low on the tube: filaments short: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma fusiform, sulcate. Berry cvoid. Seeds very numerous in the cells, minute, angulate or flattened. Inflorescence scorpioid-cymose. + + Ovary and fruit 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so by the placente not meeting in the axis: shrubs. 8, CATESBAA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel- form; lobes short, ovate or deltoid, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the tube: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled: style filiform: stigma undivided. Berry coriaceous, globular. Seeds flattened. 9. RANDIA. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-7-merous. Corolla salverform or somewhat fun- nelform; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla: filaments short or none: anthers linear, acute or acuminate. Ovary completely 2-celled : style stout: stigma clavate or fusiform, entire or 2lobed. Berry globose or ovoid. Seeds mostly imbedded in the pulpy placents, sometimes very few: testa thin, adherent to the corneous albumen. 10. GENIPA. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube more or less produced beyond the summit of the ovary, the border truncate or sometimes bearing small teeth. Corolla salyerform ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Anthers linear, nearly sessile. Ovary one-velled, with two projecting parietal placente which almost meet in the centre. Berry large, becoming 2- celled by the junction or coalescence of the ample pulpy many-seeded placente in the centre. Seeds large, flat: albumen cartilaginous. Series II. Correacer. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary: leaves with obvious stipules, opposite or only casually in threes or fours. * Shrubs: flowers compacted in pedunculate heads with a globose receptacle. 11. CEPHALANTHUS, Flowers 4-merous, crowded in a long-pedunculate head, but distinct, dry in fruit. Calyx oblong, soon obpyramidal: limb obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla RUBIACE.E. 94 tubular-funnelform, with 4 short lobes imbricated in the bud, one lobe outside. Stamenx included: filaments short, inserted in the throat: anthers 2-mucronate at base. Style long- exserted: stigma clavate-capitate. (vary 2-celled, a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous from near the summit of each cell. Fruits akene-like, obpyramidal by mutual pressure, 1-2- seeded. 12. MORINDA. Flowers usually 5-merous, compacted and the ovaries or fruits confluent in a short-peluncled fleshy head. Calyx urceolate vr hemispherical, with truncate or ob- scurely deutate limb. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnelform, mostly short; lobes val- vate in the bud. Stameus short, inserted in the throat. Style bearing 2 slender stigmas. Ovary 4celled, or rather 2-celled and the cells 2-locellate ; an ascending ovule in each cell. . Fruits drupaceous, maturing 2 to 4 bony seed-like nutlets, all confluent into a succulent synearp. * * Shrubs: flowers distinct, in cymes or panicles: fruit drupaceous, +— With 4 to 10 cells, at least in the ovary. 13. GUETTARDA. Flowers 4-9-merous (sometimes polygamo-dicecious). Calyx with ovoid or globular tube, continued above the ovary intu a cupulate or campanulate limb; the border truncate, commonly irregularly denticulate or dentate. Corolla salverform, with elongated tube, and rounded or oblong lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included : filameuts short or none: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma subcapitate or minutely 2lobed. Ovary 4-9-celled: an anatrupous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell ou a thickened funiculus. Drupe globular, with thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous 4-9-celled and lobed putamen; the cells and contained seed narrow. Embryo cylindrica] : albumen little or none. 14. ERITHALIS. Flowers 5-merous, varying to 6-10-merous. Calyx with obovate or glob- ular tube and a truncate or denticulate short limb or border. Corolla rotate, parted intu 5 or more oblung-linear divisions, valvate, or at tips slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments hairy at base: anthers linear-oblong. Style thickish : stigma of 5 or more minute lobes. Ovary 5-10-elled, with solitary pendulous ovules. Drupe small, globose, 5-10-sulcate, containing as many bony seed-like nutlets. Em- bryo small in copious albumen. +— + With 2 (rarely by variation 3) cells to the ovary: ovules anatropous. 15. CHIOCOCCA. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx with ovoid or turbinate tube and 5-toothed limb. Corolla funnelform, 5-cleft; the lobes valvate or at apex obscurely imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very hase of the corolla: filaments monadelphous at base, somewhat hairy: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma clavate. Ovules suspended. Drupe. globular, small, containing two coriaceous seed-like nutlets. 16. PSYCHOTRIA. Flowers (small) 5-merous, sometimes +-merous, in terminal naked eymes. Calyx xhort. Corolla from campanulate to short-tubular vr funnelform, not gib- hous: lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat of the corolla, distinct. Stigma 2-cleft. Ovule erect from the hase of each cell. Drupe globular, small, containing 2 flattened and commonly costate or cristate nutlets. Leaves mostly dilated and mem- branaceous. Flowers in sume heterogone-dimorphous. 17. STRUMPFIA. Flowers (very small) 5-merous, in axillary thyrsiform cymes. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla short, 5-parted; lobes oblong-lanceolate, lightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla: filaments very short, monadelphous : anthers oblong, with adnate iutrurse cells, connate ly their broad coriaceous connectives into an ovoid tube. Style hirsute: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drupe small, with a 2-celled 2-seeded (or by abortion single-seeded) putamen. Leaves linear, rigid, Resemary-like. « * * Suffruticose and procumbent plants: flowers axillary and sessile: fruit drupaceous, 2-celled: seeds peltate. 18. ERNODEA. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes elongated, subulate-lanceo- late, persistent. Corolla salverform; lobes valvate in the bud, linear, at length revolute. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, much exserted: filaments filiform: anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with a peltate amphitropous ovule borne at the middle of the 22 RUBIACE. cells. Style filiform, exserted: stigmas 2, obtuse. Drupe obovate, thin-fleshy, containing 2 cartilaginous plano-convex nutlets. Nee plano-convex. Embryo straight in fleshy albu- men : cotyledons cordate, foliaceous: radicle inferior. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, sessile. % x * * Low herbs, with entire and naked interpetiolar stipules: ovules erect, anatropous : style filiform: stigmas filiform or linear. 19. MITCHELLA. Flowers (3-6-) generally 4-merous, heterogone-dimorphous, geminate at the summit of a peduncle and the ovarics of the two connate. Calyx-teeth persistent. Corolla between salverform and funnelform ; lobes valvate in the bud, upper face densely villous-bearded within. Stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, with oblong anthers, on short filaments when the filiform style is exscrted, on long exserted filaments when the style and stigmas are included. Style-branches 4, hirsute-stigmatose down the inner side. Fruit a globular baceate syncarp, containing 8 compressed roundish cartilaginous nutlets (4 to each flower). Albumen cartilaginous: embryo minute. Prostrate and creeping evergreen. 20. KELLOGGIA. Flowers (3-5-) generally 4-merous, singly slender-pedunculate. Calyx with obovate tube and minute persistent teeth. Corolla between funnelforim and salver- form; lobes naked, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, more or less exserted : filaments flattened : anthers oblong-linear, fixed above the base. Style fili- form, exserted : stigmas 2, linear-clavate, papillose-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled: ovules erect from the base, anatropous. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with uncinate bristles, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels, which are conformed and adherent to the seed, somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large, in fleshy albumen : coty- ledons elliptical, as long as the radicle. * * * * * Low herbs, with short-vaginate stipules setiferous or sometimes only 4—6-cus- pidate: ovary 2-4-celled: solitary ovules borne on the septum and amphitropous: fruit dry: seed sulcate or excavated on the ventral face: embryo in corneous or firm-fleshy albumen; the radicle inferior: flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary glomerules : corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes valvate in the bud. +— Fruit circumscissile, upper part with persistent calyx-limb falling off, exposing the seeds. 21. MITRACARPUS. Flowers commonly 4-merous, capitate-glomerate. Calyx-lobes per- sistent, unequal, the alternate pair mostly shorter or minute and stipule-like. Stamens in- serted on the throat of the corolla. Short style-branches or stigmas 2. Fruit didymous, membranaceous, 2-celled, a pyxidium, the upper half separating from the lower by transverse circular dehiscence. Seed cruciately 4-lobed on the ventral side. + + Fruit septicidal into its 2 to 4 component carpels: calyxlimb gamophyTlous at hase and circumscissile-deciduous as a whole at or before dehiscence: stamens borne on the throat of the corolla. 22, RICHARDIA. Flowers (4-8-) commonly 5-6-merous and 2-4-carpellary. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate or narrower. Corolla funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear or spatulate. Carpels separating from apex to base, coriaceous, roughish, closed or nearly so; uo per- sistent axis. 23. CRUSEA. Flowers (3-5-) usually 4-merous and 2- (sometimes 3-4-) carpellary. Calyx- lobes subnlate to triangular-lanceolate, sometimes very unequal or intermediate ones reduced to small teeth. Corolla salverform to narrow funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear to spatu- late-oval. Fruit 2-+-lobed, separating from a persistent axis into oboveid or globular charta- ceous carpels, which either open at the commissure or sometimes remain closed. + + + Fruit septicidal at summit or throughout, its 2 or rarely 3 carpels or valves bear- ing persistent and quite or nearly distinct calyx-teeth. ; 24. SPERMACOCE. Calys-teeth, lobes of the short corolla, and stamens 4, or two of the former sometimes abortive. Fruit small, from membranaceous to thin-crustaceous, one or both the carpels opening ventrally to discharge the seed; no persistent carpophore, or some- times a thin dissepiment remaining. 25, DIODIA. Calyx-lobes (1 to 6) usually 2 or 4, distinct, distant. Corolla funnelform or nearly salverform, with mostly 4-lobed limb, and stamens as many, inserted in its throat. Style filiform, entire or Q-cleft: stigmas 2. Fruit somewhat Hleshy-drupaccous or erustacco- ei tardily separating through the dissepiment into 2 closed carpels: no car- pophure. 9 Boucurdia, RUBIACE.E. 2 Q Series HI. Srerrare. Ovules (peltate and) solitary in the cells of the ovary: embryo incurved, in corneous albumen: leaves verticillate without stip- ules, unless the supernumerary leaves be foliaceous stipules. which may in some cases be nearly demuustrated. 26. GALIUM. Flewer-s 4-merous (rarely 3-merous), 2carpellary, sometimes dicciou- Calyx-tube globular ; limb obsolete, a mere ring or obscure border. Corolla rotate; lobes valvate, and commonly acuminate or mucronate apex inflexed in the bud. Stiunen- with short filaments and anthers. style 2-cleft or styles 2: stiginax capitellate. Ovary 2-celled, 2lobed ; a single amphitropous ovule borne on the middle of the di--¢piment in each cell. Fruit didymous, dry, fleshy-coriaceous, or occasionally baccate, articulated on the pedicel, tardily separating into two closed carpels, or only one maturing. Seed deeply hollowed on the face: sced-coat adnate to the albumen within, and often also to the pericarp. 1. EXOSTEMA, Rich. (Not Evostenmma. to which later authors lave changed the name, which is from éfu, on the outside. and orjua. stamen, 1. c. stamens exserted.) — Tropical American rubs or tree». one reaching Florida. — Rich. in Humb. € Bonpl. Pl. cEquin. i 131, t. 58. Evostemma, DC. Prodr. iv. So8: A. Rich. Rub. 200; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 42.0 Cruchona § Evostema, Pers. Svu. i. 195 (1805), where the name first appears. — HE. Caribéum, Rex. & Siuvrt. Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, coriaceous: stipules subulate, small: flowers on short and simple axillary pe- duncles, fragrant: calyx-teeth very short: corolla white or tinged with rose; tube inch long and lobes hardly shorter: seeds narrowly winged.— Syst. v. 18; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. Cinchona Caribea, Jacq. Amer. t. 179; Lamb. Cinch. t.4. ©. Jamoicensis, Wright, in Phil. Trans. Ixvii. t. 10; Andr. But. Rep. t. 481. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.) 2. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Gerorora Barg. (Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney.) — Sinule species. === P. ptibens, Micnx. Tall shrub or small tree, pubescent: leaves ample, oblong-oval to ovate, acute at both ends, petioled: stipules subulate, cadneous: cymes terminal and from upper axils, pedunculate: petaloid calyx-lobe resem)ling the leaves in form, pink-colored, 2 inches or more long: corolla inch long, cinereous-pulescent, purplish: capsule half-inch in diameter. — Fl. i. 103, t 13; Michx. f. sylv. t. 49; Bart. Fl Am. Sept. t. 7; Audubon, Birds, t. 165: Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 37. P. pubescens, Geertn. Fruct. iii. 80, t. 194. Piukaed pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 197. Cinchona Curoliniana, Poir. Dict. vi. 40.— Marshy bank» of streams in pine barrens of the low country, 8. Carolina to Florida; fl. early summer. 38. BOUVARDIA, Sili-b. (Dr. Charles Bouvard.) — Low shrubs or per- ennial herbs (from Texas to Central America. -ome cultivated for ornament) ; with mostly scssile.and not rarely verticillate leaves. subulate interposed stipules. and handsome tubular flowers in terminal cymes. — Parad. Lond. t. 88: HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. iii, t. 288; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii, 386,— Leaves in our snecies mostly verticillate and corolla not glabrous. its short lobes ascending or barely spreading. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous in the manner of Houstonia, B. ovata, Gray. Herbaceous, glabrous, vbseurely scabrous: leaves mostly in fours, short- petioled, ovate, one or two inches long, costately 5-veined on each side of the midrib : corulla probably purple or reddish, inch luug, iinutely puberulent. — Pl. Wright. ii. 67.—S -Ari- zona, between Sau Pedro and Santa Craz, Wright. ——B. triphylla, Sari-e. Suffruticose or more shrubby, scabro-puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high: eB leaves in threes or fours (or on branchlets in pairs), from ollong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, usually hispidulous-scabrous, at least the margins, 3-4-veined each side of the midrib : corolla scarlet, about inch long, outside furfuraceous-pubescent. — Parad. Lond. 1. c. (broad-leaved var., but not with villous-closed throat in any form); Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 107; Sims, Bot. 24 RUBIACEE. Bouvardia. Mag. t. 1854; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 37. B. Jacquini, HBK. |. c. 385; DC. Prodr. iv. 365; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 67. B. quatcrnijolia, DC. 1c. 1B. coceined, Link, Enum. i. 139, B. ternifolia, Schlecht. in Linn. xxvi. 98. B. splendens, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3781. Lxora ternifolia, Cay. Te. iv. t. 305. LZ. ckmericuna, Jacy. Hort. Schwub. iit. t. 257. LToustonia coc- cined, Andy. Bot. Rep. t. 106.— Rocky ground, 8. Arizona, Xc., Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex.) ; Var. angustifélia. Cinereous-puberulent or hirtclous: leaves smaller (8 to 18 lines long), subsessile, less veiny, from oblong-lanceolate to almost linear. —B. hirtella & B. angus tifolia, HBK. 1. ¢. 884. B. hirtella, Gray, Pl. Wright. i? 80, ii. 67. —S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex.) 4, HOUSTONIA, Gronov. (Named by Gronovius, as says Linnaeus, in memory of Dr. Im. Houston, who dicd in Jamaica in 1753.) — Low herbs, or one or two suffruticulose (Atlantic-American and Mexican), with heterogone- dimorphous flowers; the corolla blue or purple to white, upper face of lobes sometimes puberulous. — L. Hort. Cliff. 35, & Gen. ed. 1 (1737); Juss. Gen. 197 : Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 313, & Man. ed. 5. 212; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 60. Heilyotis in part (Wight & AArn.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 56. (Aacrohoustonia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 8314, is a peculiar group of Mexican species, between this genus and Bouvardia.) § 1. Ecnovsrénta. Low herbs, comparatively small-flowered: leaves not rigid: capsule more or less didymous or emarginate, sometimes septicidal as well as loculicidal across the broad summit. %* Delicate species, inch to span high: corolla salverform: anthers or stigmas included or only par- tially emerging from the throat: peduncles single, clongated and erect in fruit: seeds rather few acetabuliform with a deep hilar cavity: stipules a transverse membrane uniting the petioles, mostly entire or truncate and naked. +— Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems: peduncles filiform, inch or two long: seeds subglobose with orifice of the deep hilar cavity circular. «= H. certilea, L. (Brvers of the Canadians, Iynocuncy.) Perennial by slender rootstocks, forming small tufts, erect, a span or more high, glabrous, and with lower leaves hispidulous : these spatulate to obovate and short-petioled ; upper small and nearly sessile: corolla violet- blue to lilac, varying to white, with yellowish eye; tube (2 or 3 lines long) much exceeding calyx-lobes, longer than or equalled by those of corolla: capsule ohcordate-epressed, half free. — Spec. i. 105 (Moris. Hist. sect. 15, t. 4, £1; Pluk. .\lm. & Mant. t. 97, 1.9); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 370; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 34, £1. A. pusilla, Gmel. Syst. i. 236 ¢ AL Lin- net, var. elatior, Michx. Fl. i. 85. HZ. serpyllijolia, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 2822, from habitat and figure, but corolla-tube too short. Hidyotis ecrulea, Took. Fl. i. 286; Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 88. ZZ. gentianoides, Hud. Tconogr. t. 89. Oldenlandia cerulea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 174. — Low and grassy grounds, Canada to Michigan and the upper country of Georgia and Alabama, fl. early spring. ——H. serpyllifolia, Micsx. Perennial by prostrate extensively creeping and rooting fili- form stems, and some subterranean ones, glabrous or slightly and minutely hispidulous below: leaves orbicular to ovate or ovate-spatulate (2 to 4 lines long) and abruptly petioled, or upper ones on flowering stems oblong and nearly sessile: corolla deep violet-blue, rather larger than in JT. coerulea, — Fl. i. 85; Pursh, Fl. i. 106. //. tenella, Pursh, 1. ¢. TTed yotis serpyllifolia, Torr. & Gray, FL it, 39. Oldenlandia serpyllifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2: Chapm. Fil. 180:— Along streamlets and on mountain-tops in the Alleghanies, from Virginia to Tenn. and $. Carolina; flowering through carly swimmer. : + +. Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root, glabrous or obscurely scabrous: pedun- cles a quarter-inch to at length sometimes an inch long: capsule somewhat didymous, less than half free: mature seeds generally as of the preceding. : — H. patens, Eup. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect pe- duneles : leaves spatulate to ovate: corolla much smaller than that of 77. cardlea ; the tuhe twice the length of the calyx-lobes and more or less longer than its lobes, violet-blue or pur: Houstonia. 7 RUBIACE-E, 25 plish without yellowish eve.— Sk. i. 191; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. A. Linnei, var. minor, Michx. Fl. i. 85. Hedyotis minima, Tory. & Gray, FL 1c. in part, & HZ. cerulea, var. minor, — Dry or sandy soil, =. Virginia to Texas in the low country, alsu Illinois 7 and Ten- nessve; fl. early spring. Var. pusilla. An inch or so high, more diffuse in age: leaves narrowly spatulate (half a line oy a line wide) ; upper ones nearly linear: ~eeds sinoother, with more open and oval hilar cavity, and sometimes an elevated line within, as described in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., a character not found in the larger and broader leaved form. Perlaps from the char. this ix the true ZZ. paters, EM. But we have it only from Louisiana (Hale, Drummond) and Texax, Drummond and others; there passing into the other form. —=>H. minima, Brees. More diffuse, commonly scabrous: leaves spatulate to ovate: flowers usually larger: calyx-lobes more foliaceous, oblouy-lanceolate, sumetimes 2 lines long, very much longer than the ovary, equalling the tube of the purple or violet corolla; lobes of the latter 2 or 3 lines long: primary peduncles sometimes declined in fruit ?— Amer. Jour. Sci. x. 262; Gray, Loe Medyot(s mrnima, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., in part only. — Dry hills, Mis- sonri and Arkansas to Texas, first coll, by £. C. Bek about st. Louis; fl. early spring. % & Slonder leafy-stemmed annual, with lateral horizontal peduncles, and very small flowers: corolla short-salverform: seeds crateriform, with a medial hilar ridge. H. subviscoésa, Gray. .\ span or two high, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, with rather simple spreading branches: leaves narrowly linear, half-inch long: peduncle in first fork and from all following nodes, rather shorter than leaves, horizontally refracted in fruit : calyx and capsule a line high: corolla about same length, white : capsule didymous, only the summit free: sects 10 in each cell. —Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. Oldenlandia subviscosa, Wright in Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68. —s. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. %* * % Depressid or low-tufted ~pecics: corolla salverform or in one species funnelform: fila- ments as well as anthers or summit cf style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: Jructifercus peduncles all shert and recurred. +— Annual, with small funnelform corolla: seeds open-crateriform: scarivus stipules setulo-e- ciliate! H. humifusa, Gray. Much branched from the root, repeatedly dichotomons, forming a de- pressed turt, puberulent and viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, thickish (half-inch or more long’), mucronate: fl wers in all the forks, crowded wich the leaves at the ends of branchlets: calyx 4-parted into long setaceous-subulate spreading lobes: corolla pale purple or nearly whice, open-funnelrorm, 3 lines ly, hardly twice the l-igth of the calyx: the oblong lobes pubern- lous inside: capsule a line in diameter, globose-cidyineus, three-fourths free, only the base girt by the short accrete calyx-tube. — Proc. Am, Acad. iv. 314 (not of Hemsl. Biol. Bot. which is HW. Wrightit). Hedyotis (Houstonra) humifusa, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 216.— Sandy or gravelly plains and hills, Texas. Wright, Lindheimer, Reverchon, &c.: fl. spring. +— + Perennials. prostrate, with naked stipules and elongated salverform corolla, towering con- spicuously in early spring: later growth producing through the summér inconspicuous cleistoga- mous flowers, with short (vet mostly well-formed but unopening) coruillas. “™H. rotundifolia, Micux. Perennial by slender rootstocks or shoots. more or less creep- ing, glabrous or with some hispidulons pubescence: leaves somewhat orbicular, slightly peticled, not longer than the internodes: peduncles 2 to 4 lines long or in cleistugamous flowers very short: developed corollas bright white, with filiform tube (3 or 4 lines lens) longer than the oblong lobes: capsule more than half free, somewhat didymous: seeds comparatively large (half-line in diameter), rough-scrvbiculate, acetabuliform.— Fl. i. $5: Pursh, l.¢.; Ell. lc. Hedyotis rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. it. 38. Oldeniandia rotundi- tolia, Chapm. Fl. 180, the later “apetalous fruiting” flowers noted. — Low sandy ground, S. Car. to Florida and Louisiana. H. rubra, Cav. Suffrutescent and multicipital from a deep root. forming a depressel tuft of 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous or minutely puberulent, Jensely leafy: leaves narrowly linear, an inch or more long. or earlier ones rather lanceolate and shurter: corolla “red” or rather purple, sometimes lilac or varying to white; tube half-inch to nearly inch long, slender; oblong acute lobes 2 or 3 lines long: capsule 2 lines wide, less high, didymons, fully three-fourths free: seeds open-crateriform. — Ic. vi. t. 374; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 15. Hedyo- tis (Honstonia) rubra, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 61. Oldenlandia ( Honstun‘a) rubra, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68. — Stony or gravelly hills, New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex.) 26 RUBIACER. Houstonia. +“ + + Lignescent-rooted perennial, with small and short corvlla and naked stipules. ——H. Wrightii, Grav. Many-stemmed from a deep root, a span or less high, erect or spreading, glabrous or very obscurely pruinose: branches quadrangular: leaves thickish, linear or lowest rather lanceolate (half-inch to inch long): flowers in terminal glomerate leafy cymes: corolla purplish or nearly white, between salverform and funnelform, 2 to hardly 4 lines long, with narrow oblong lobes: capsules on very short recurved peduncles, globose-didymous, about three-fourths free: cclls 5-8-seeded: seeds crateriform, with a small hilar ridge. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 202. IZ. humifusa, Gray, V1. Wright. i. 82, & Oldentandia hinnifusa, Pl. Wright. ii. 68, chiefly, not Pl. Lindh. — Hills, 8. W. Texas and New Mexico to 8S. W. Arizona, first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex., Parry g§° Palmer.) * * * * Erect perennials: corolla funnelform or in one species almost salverform, small: stamens and sumiit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: fructiferous peduncles erect: capsule from a third to nearly half free: seeds oval or roundish, barely concave on ventral face and with more or less of a medial hilar ridge: stipules entire, scarious, between and connecting the bases of the sessile cauline leaves: fl. mostly in summer. «=H. purptrea, L. Forming small tufts or offsets by filiform rootstocks, a span to a foot high, hirsutulous-pubescent to glabrous: radical leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled: flowers corymbosely cymose: corolla funnelform, light purple or lilac, varying to nearly white : eapswle globular and obscurely didymous, upper half free. — Spec. i. 105; Pursh, FI. i. 107 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5,212. H. varians, Michx. FL. i. 86. IL. pubescens, Raf. Med. Rep. & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 230, if of the genus. Aden/undia purpurea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. Tedyozis lanceolata, Poir. Suppl. iii. 14. IZ. umbellata, Walt. Cay. 857 Anotis lanceolata, DC. Prodr. iv. 433. — Canada to Texas. — Truly polymorphous, of which the typical form “leaves ovate- lanceolate,” L., or Jutijoliv, is comparatively large, often a foot high and pubescent: leaves ovate to ovate-lancevlate, inch or two long, the larger with rounded closely sessile base: calyx-lobes subulate, sometimes slightly sometimes conspicuously surpassing the emarginate summit of the capswe. — HZ. purpurea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.40. This form from Maryland to Arkansas, and southward to Alabama, especially in and near the mountains. == Var. ciliolata, (ray, Man. lc. A span high: leaves only half-inch long, thickish ; cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, in rosulate tufts, hirsute-ciliate ; calyx-lobes a little longer than the capsule. — ZZ, ciliolata, Torr. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 40, & Fl. i. 173, H. longifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3099, not Gertn. Hedyolis ciliolata, Torr. & Gray, Fi ii. 40 (excl. syn. 7. serpyllifolia, Graham).— Chiefly northward, on rocky banks along the Great Lakes and their tributaries, Canada to Michigan and south to Kentucky, passing into the next. == Var. longifélia, Gray, 1c. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leared : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 to 20 lines long) ; radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate: calyx-lubes little surpassing the capsule. — IZ. longifolia, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 226, t. 49, f.8; Willd. Spee. i, 583. /edyotis longifolia, Hook. Fl. i. 286; Torr. & (aaiy’y Lee: FT. angustifolia, Push, Fl. i. 106, partly. — Rocky or gravelly ground, Canada to Saskatche- wan, Missouri, and Georgia. == Var. tenuifélia, Slender, lax, diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, with loose intlorescence, almost filiform branches and peduncles: cauline leaves all linen, hardly over a line wide : otherwise as preceding. — Z/, tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 95. MTedyotis longifolia, var. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. — 8. E. Ohio, and through the mountains, Virginia to N. Carolina and Tennessee, == Var. calycésa. Near a foot high: leaves lroadly lanceolate, thickish : calyx-lobes elongated (2 to 4 lines long), much surpassing the capsule. — Medyotes ealycosa, Shuttlew. in distrib. Pl. Rugel. — Mountains of Alabama (Angel) to Arkansas (.Vuttal/), and Illinois (EZ. Hall) ; also coll. by Drummond. ——H. angustifdlia, Mix. Rather rigid, becoming many-stemmed from a perpendicular root, glabrous: leaves narrowly linear or lowest somewhat spatulate, on the stems commonly fascicled in the axils: flowers coryinbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled or sub- sessile: corolla nearly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, mostly white, upper face of the lobes commonly villous-pubescent: capsule with turhinate or acutish hase, only the summit free, and barely equalled hy the short calyx-teeth, first opening across the tip, at length septi- cidal: seeds obscurcly concave on the hilar face. (Transition to Oldenlandia.) = RIA 85; Gray, le. ID. fruticusa & HH. rupestris, Ral, Hed yotis stenophylla, Tory, & Gray, le. Olden- Oldenlandia. RUBIACE_E. pan landia angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 56, & Man. ed. 2. — Barrens, inois to Kansas, and Tennessee to Florida and Texa-. — Var. filifolia. VDiffus.. di-posed to be lignesvent at base: cauline leaves mostly fili- form flowers and capsules smaller, more pedunculate.— Old: nlandia angust/jolia, Chapm. Fi. 1s1.— Rocky pine barrens near the coast, Florida. In Texas passing into the ordinary form. Var. rigidiuscula. A span ta foot high, stonter: leaves mo- 4 or 5 iu each cell, elongated-oblong. barely concave on the ventral face. — Includes sume of Hedyotis stenophylla or Oldenlandia angustifolia, var. parviflora of Gray, Pl. Wright. i. & ii; —s. W. borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow, Wright, G. R. Vasey. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) H. acerésa, Gray, lc. -\ span or two high, fruticulose, tufted, with slender ascending branches, minutely hispidulous-po’esvent or glabrate, very leafy throughout: stipules -hort, commonly with a median cusp: leaves acicular-setaceous. 3 to 5 lines long: ealys-loles similarly setaveous : flowers ~c~~ile : corolla purplish, salverform with =lizlitly dilated throat : its slender tube 3 or 4 linex long, much exceeding the ovate lobes : capsule globular, over a line long, about a quarter part free, much overtopped by the acicular calyx-lobes; cells 12-20-seeded: seed> roundish, with small ventral excavation. — //: dyotis (Eveieetis) acerosu, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. $1. Oldenlandia acerosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii, 87. Miliestoma acerosa, Hemsl. Biol. Centr-Am. Bot. ii. 31.— High plains and hiils. +. W. Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, Were At, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) : 5. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. (Dr. A. B. Oldenland.) — Mostly subtrey ical and humble herbs. with inconspicusus white or whitish flowers. — Nov. Gen. 42. t. 36, & Pl. Am. ed. Burm. t. 212. f.1; L. Gen. ed. 1, 362; Benth. & Hook. Gen. un. 38. * Corolla salverform, surpassing the calyx: flowers crmose: calyx-lobes distant in fruit. O. Greénei, Gray. Erect annual, paniculately branched, a span or more high, vlabren leave> spatulatelinear or broadly linear with narrowed base (the larger oue+ inch lous: flowers sessile in the fork and along the lax |ranclies of the pedunculate cyme: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate. about the length of the turlinate tube: corolla les- than 2 lines los with tube longer than its own lobes and those of the calyx: capsule quadrangular-hemi- spherical, or at first semewhat turbinate: seeds moderately angled. — Proc. Am. Acad. 77. — Fines Altes Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Huachuca Mountains. >. Arizona, ‘ Leminon. * * Corolla rotate, shorter than the calvx-lobes. inemnspicuous: capsule rounded at base: stipules mostly bimucronate or bicuspidate: calyx-teeth approximate at base: diffuse low herbs; fi. summer. : O. Béscii, Cuapa. -A span or so hizh from a perennial root. diffusely spreading. slender, glabrous: leaves linear with attenuate base, inch or less long. olscurely onenerved: flowers few or sclitary and nearly sessile at the axils: calvx-teeth broadly subulate. rather shorter than the capsule. —FI.181. Hedyor's Bosci DC.1.¢. 420: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 41. — Low or wet cround, S. Carolina to Arkansas and Texas. — O. glomerata, Micux. -\ span to a foot high from an annual root. erect or sson diffuse, freely branching. somewhat hirsutulous-pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, thinnish, 28 RUBIACE.E. Pentodon. half-inch long, contracted at base as if petioled: flowers in terminal or lateral sessile glome- rules, rarely solitary : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, foliaceous, louger than the subglobose or hemispherical hirsute capsule. — FI. i. 83; Pursh, Fl. i. 102. O. uniflora, L. Spec. i. 119 name passed by as incorrect. Hedyotis auricularia, Walt. Car, 85, not L. 4. glomerata, Ell. Sk. i. 187; DC. Le; Torr. & Gray, Le. A. glomerata & H. Virginiea, Spreng. Syst. i. 412. — Low grounds near the coast, Long Island, New York, to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.) 6. PENTODON, Hochst. (Hévre, five, d8ovs, tooth, differing from the pre- ceding genus in 5-merous flowers, therefore five calyx-teeth.) — Tender and weak somewhat succulent annuals, glabrous; with 4-angular branching and diffusely spreading stems, ovate or oblong short-petiolate leaves, 2-3-flowered terminal peduncles, occupying the forks of the stem or becoming lateral. or by suppression of leaves bearing several quasi-racemose flowers: corolla white. — Flora, 1844, 522: Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 59. Hedyot’s § Pentotis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 42. —Consists of an African species (P. decumbens, Hochst. 1. ¢., Oldenlanilia pen- tandra, DC.) and the following, which differs from the character of that plant in the points mentioned below. P. HaAlei. Leaves rather obtuse: peduncles shorier than the leaves, or hardly any: pedi- cels only twice the length of the flowering or fruiting calyx, soon clavate-thickened : corolla only a line long, not hirsute within. — Hedyotis Hale’, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Olden- landia Halei, Chapm. Fl. 181.— Low swampy grounds, W. Louisiana, Hale. Florida, Rugel, Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba.) 7. HAMELIA, Jacq. (HL. DuHamel du AMonceau.) Tropical Ameri- can shrubs: with petiolate sometimes verticillate leaves. interpetiolar lanceolate- subulate stipules, and red or yellow flowers in naked and scorpioid terminal eymes.— Stirp. Amer. 71. t. 50. Duhamelia, Pers. Syn. i. 203. —— H]. patens, Jaca. lc. Shrub 8 or 10 feet high, cinereous-pubescent on all young parts: leaves more commonly in threes, oval-oblong, acuminate: cyme 3-5-raved, with flowers almost sessile along its branches: corolla crimson, puberulent, almost cylindrical, over half- inch long: fruits black, small. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 107. A. coccinea, Swartz, Prodr. 46.— Keys and shores of E. Florida. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 8, CATESB AA, Gronov. (Ilark Catesby, author of Nat. Hist. of Caro- lina, Florida, ete., and of Hortus Brit.-Amer., etc.) —W. Indian spinose shrubs ; one has reached the shores of Florida. — L. Gen. ed. 1, 356. C. parviflora, Swarrz. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with rigid very leafy branches, glabrous, spinose from the axils: leaves mostly fascicled at the nodes, coriaceous. shorter than the spines (quarter to half inch long), roundish, lucid: flowers very small for the genus, solitary and sessile : corolla only half-inch long, white: berry small, white. — Prodr. 30, & FEL i. 236: Vahl, Ecl. i. 12, t. 10; Griseb. FI. W. Ind. 317; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 625. — Bahia -Honda Key, 8. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind.) 9. RANDIA, Houst. ex L. (Dedicated by Houston, in a letter to Lin- nevus, to John Rand, an English apothecary.) — As now reecived, au ample genus of tropical shrubs or trees, largely Asiatic and African, but the original species American, often spinose, and with sessile flowers in the axils or terminating short branchlets. — L. Hort. Cliff. 485, & Gen. ed. 1, 376; Benth. & Fiaok, Gen, ii. 88. —_R. aculeata, L. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous, with rigid spreading branches: axillary spines simple, sometimes few, not rarely wanting: leaves obovate bo alltpeie at length coriaceous, from 2 inches down to half-inch long, many fascicled in the axils ot on short spurs: calyx-teeth short and small: corolla white, 3 or 4 lines long: berries less than half Guettarda. RUBIACE.E. 29 inch long, subglobose, blue or black, not many-seeded.— P. Browne, Jam. t. 8. f. 1; Griceb, FI. W. Ind. 318; Chapm. Fl. 179. 2. aculeata & R. mitis, L. Spee. ii. 1192. the latter nearly a spineless form. LR. latifolia, Lam. Dict. iii. 24, & Ill. t. 156. Gardenia Randia, Swartz. Fl Ind. Oce. i. 526: Sims, Bot. May. t. 1841,— Coast and Keys of S. Florida. (W. Ind., &e.) R. Xaraprysis, Mart. & Gal. occurs not very far beyond the Mexican border. 10. GENIPA, Plum. (Altered from an aborizinal name.:— Shrubs or small trees of Tropical America ; with ample coriaceous and mostly lucid leave-. deciduous interpetiolar stipules, no spines. but rather large white or whitish flowers which are more or less pedunculate in a terminal cyme, and a large firm-rinded berry. — Plum. Cat. 20. & Pl. Amer. ed. Burm, 127. t. 186: Tourn. Tnst. 658, t. 456. 457; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 316. —G. clusizfolia, Grises.1.c. Glabrous: plant blackening in drying: leaves obovate, very obtuse or retuse, mucronulate. slightly petioled. 2 to 5 inches long, nearly ~traiht-veined, fleshy-coriaceous, lucid: truncate calyx-limb bearing 5 distant and slender sulwlate teeth : corolla inch long, fleshy. glalrous within and without; tube longer than the oblong-lanceolate lobes: acute tips of anthers exserted: stigmas 2, subulate: fruit 2 or 3 inche> long, ovoid. — Gardenia clusuefolia, Jacq. Coll. App. 37, t. 4: DC. Prodr. iv. 381. Randia? clusiatolia, Chapm. F1.179. deven-years Apple, Catesb. Car. i. 59, t.59.— Keys and shores of s. Florida, first coll. by Blodgett. (Bahamas, Cuba.) Garpexia FLoripa, L., cult. ax Cape Jr-+s imine, belonging to the genus most allied to Genipa, is planted out freely in the Southern Atlantic States. 11. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Betroy-nrsn. (Kedady, head, and dv6os, flower. the blossoms densely aggregated in a round head.) —Two or three American and as many Asiatic or African species. == C, occidentalis, L. Shrub 3 to 15 feet high, glabrous or pubescent: stipules one on each sie between the petioles. triangular, sphacelate, at length deciduous . leaves ovate to lanceo- late: flowers white: setiform lractlets between the flowers glandular-capitate: calyx not glandular, a little hairy around the base. — Spec. i. 95; Lam. II. t. 59; Michx. FL i. 87; Schk. Handb. t. 21: Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 91; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 31; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 282. — Swamps and along streams, Canada to Florida and Texas, Arizona, and Cali- fornia; f.summer. Var. brachypodus, DC., of Texas, and var. Californicus. Benth. Pl. Hartw., are mere forms. with leaves short-petioled and often in threes. Var. salic/folius (C. salictfolius, Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. -Eyuin. t. 98) is an unusually narrow-leaved Mexican form. (Mex., Cuba.) 12. MORINDA, Vaill. (Name contracted from Jrus Indicus, the svn- earp resembling a mulberry.) — Tropical shrubs or small trees. mostly glabrous ; with oval to lanceolate leaves. their bases or petioles united by small scarious stipules. terminal or axillary peduncles. and white flowers. — Rovoc, Plum. Nov. Gen. 11, t. 26. ——M. Roioe, L. Low shrub, or sometimes climbing by twining: leaves oblong-lanceolate : stipules subulate-pointed: peduncles svlitary, bearing single or sometimes geminate small heads — Spec. i. 176; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 16; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 129.— Coast and Keys of S. Florida. (W = Ind.) 13. GUETTARDA, L. (Dr. J. E. Guettard.) — Tropical and subtropi- cal shrubs, chiefly American, and one widely diffused littoral species: leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, with prominent primary veins beneath: flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes; the corollas sericeous-canescent outside. — L, Gen. ed. 5. 428: Vent. Choix. t.1; DC. Prodr. iv, 455, excl. § 4. Mathiola. Plum. Gen. 16; L. Gen. ed. 1, 49. 30 RUBIACE.E. Guettarda. G. scdbra, Lam. Florida along the cuast. first coll. by Mychauz and SVare. (W. Ind., Mex.?) —— P. tenuifdlia, Swartz. Shre' 1 tw 4 feet high, with more simple and erect partly herba- ceous floweriny branches. glabrous or commonly with a very minute pruinose puberulence, no ferruginwus hairiness: stipules distinct, vvate. often acute, sometimes setaceously-acumi- nate. caducus. leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader (3 to 6 inches lung), acuminate at both eusls : cyme either short-pedunciled or sessile. compactly many-flowered : flowers uearly of the preceding : drupes not seen in the Florida plant, according to Swartz “oblong.” tellipsuidal, Grisebach,) in Cubari specimens globose. — Fl. Ind. (ee. i. 402 (ex char.) : Griseh. Lc. 341. P. lanceolata, in distrib. coll. Rugel. in part. & coll. Curti-:: als» Chapm. Fl. 1. c. in part; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 135, not Nutt. (Near P. pubescens, Swartz. but has different ~tipules.) — Rich woods, s. Florida; Tampa and Manatee River, Leavenworth, Rugel, Indian River, Cintiss. (W. Ind.) 17. STRUMPFIA, Taey. (0. © Strap. who edited the fourth edition of Linn. Genera Plantarum.)— Stirp. Amer. 218: Lam. III. t. 751: A. Rich. Mem. Rub.t. '; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 117, — single species. S. maritima, Jace. Low shrub, much branched, erect, exceedingly leafy : branches where the leaves have fallen annulateroughened by the squarr. s¢ remair-: of the stipules, which closely approximate : leaves more commonly in threes, firm-coriaceous and rigid, linear, with strongly revolute margins. glabrous or puberulent, at length shiniug. inch or less lore. mustly exceeding the flower-clusters: corolla white: fruit white. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 20%: DC. Prodr. iv. 470; Chapm. Fl. 173: Griseb. Lc. 336. Tournesortia, &c., Plum. Amer. ed. Burm. t. 251, f. 1. — Rocks on the sea-shore, Keys of Florida. (WW. Ind.) 18. ERNODEA, Swartz. (Epvodys, sprouting or branching.) — Prodr. 2:', & FL. Ind. Oce. i. 223. t. 4. Anox‘o. P. Browne, Jam. 140. Thymelea, Sloane, Hist. Jam. t. 169. — Single species. meme H, littoralis, Swartz, 1. ¢. Procumbent, svifraticose. glabrous: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, inch or less long. crowded on the branchlets, obscurely nervese-veined : stipwies shurt-vaginate, produced between the leaf-).ases into cuspidate peints: corolla vel- lowish, half-inch or less long: drupe yellow, pisiform, crowned by the conspicuyus calyx- lobes. — A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 5, f.2; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 347 — Shores of S. Florida. (W. Ind.) 19. MITCHELLA. L. Parrrmee-perry.— (Dr. John Mitchell of Vir- zinia. earliest N. American botanical author. founder of several new -nera in 1741.:— Gen. ed. 5. 49: Lam. Il t. 63. Chamedaphne, Mitch. — Or a zinele species. for that of Japan seems not diiferent. —= WVi.répens,L ‘Sm! creeping evergreen, glabrous or nearly so: leaves deep green, ovate or sulcordate, half-inch to near an inch in length, s:ender-petioled ; stipules triauzular-subulate, minute: peduncle shurt, terminal: corollas white or tinged with rose outside; tube half- inch long, surpassing the o' lous lobes: two-eyed “berry” rather dry and tasteless. bright red, s/metimes white. — Spec. i 111 (Lonicera, &c., Gronov.: So rmva bucefera, &c., Pluk. Amalth, t. 444. Catesb. Car. t. 2u:. Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 979: Bart. Fl. Am. pepr. ct. 95, £1; Torr. & Grav, F] ii. 34: Gray, Struct Bot. ed. 6, fig. 467-469. V/. undulata, Sicb. & Zuce.; Miquel, Prolus. Jap. 275. — Woods. especially under Conifere, Nova Scutia and Canada to Florida and Texas. (Mex., Japan.) 20. KELLOGGIA. Torr. (Dr. Albert Kellogg, of California.) — Wilkes. S. Pacif. Ex. Exped. xvii. 332 ($74). t. 6 (1362): Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii, 157; > 32 RUBIACE.E. Kelloggia, Q Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539, & Bot. Calif. i, 282. — Single species: most allied to Galopina of 8. Africa. . == K. galioides, Torr. 1c. Slender and glabrous or puberulent perennial, a span to a foot high, with foliage of a Houstonia (leaves only opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and entire or 2~lentate interposed stipules), fruit and paniculate inflorescence of a Galium, and corolla (of Asperula) white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long, the lobes equalling or shorter than the tube. —Mountain wooils, mostly under coniferous trees, Sierra Nevada, California (first coll. by Brewer and Torrey), south to mountains of Arizona, east to Utah, and north to Wash- ington Terr. and N. W. Wyoming. 21. MITRACARPUS, Zuccarini. (Mirpa, a girdle or head-band, evi- dently taken in the sense of mitre, and xapzos, fruit.) — Low annuals or per- ennials (American and one or two African) ; with the habit of Spernucoce, and with small white flowers. — Zucc. in Rom. & Schult. Syst. Mant. ili, 210, name given only in the accusative case, “ Mitracarpum,” in index rightly under the nominative “ J//tracarpus.” Mistaken for a nominative, we have the ungram- matical Itracarpum, by Cham. & Schlecht., followed by A. Rich., DC., Endl, Benth. & Hook., and wrongly corrected by Benth. Bot. Sulph. and Gray, Pl. Wright.,into Mitracarpium. (Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77.) Staurospernuun, Thonning in Schum. Pl. Guin. 73, is of same date (1827). M. breviflorus, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, nearly glabrous and smooth, bearing 2 or 3 axillary verticillastrate-capitate clusters and a terminal one: leaves lanceolate, about inch long: stipules with few setiform appendages: two larger calyx-lobes lanceolate-subu- late, longer than tube, equalling or surpassing the small (barely line long) glabrous white corolla; intermediate ones small and dentiform, hyaline. — PI. Wright. ii. 68; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 137.— Ravines and hillsides, $. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, &e. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &e.) M. tixeAnis, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, also coll. by Xun/us, has narrow leaves, and tube of corolla at least twice the length of the calyx. 22. RICHARDIA, Houst., L. (Dr. H. Richardson of London, father of Richard Richardson, the correspondent of Gronovius, &e. Sce Smith’s Corr, Linneus and other Naturalists, ii. 173.) — Mispid or hirsute perennials or annu: als, natives of Tropical America; with broadish subsessile leaves, setiferous stipules, and whitish flowers ; these mostly in a terminal capitate cluster, involu- crate by the one or two uppermost pairs of leaves. —Gen. Pl, ed. 1,100; Geertn. Fruct. t. 25; Ruiz & Pay. Fl. Per, & Chil. t. 279; Tiern in Fl. Prop. Nir, iii, 242. Richardsonia, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iy. 430, & BK. Nov. Gon. & Spec. ii, 350, t. 279: but it appears that this, which correctly indicates the naturalist to whom the genus was dedicated, cannot be allowed to supersede the original name, faulty as it is in this respect. mae FR SCABRA, L. Loosely branching and spreading: leaves ovate to lanceolate-ohlong (inch or two in length), roughish: stipules with rather few sctiform appendages; glomerules of flowers and fruit depressed : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. — Spee. i. 330, R. pilosa, Ruiz & Pav. Le; HBK. Lc. Richardsonia scabra, St. Mil. PL. Us. Bras. 8, t. 8; DC. Prodr. iv. 567: Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. — Low or sandy grounds, abundantly naturalized in the low country, 8. Carolina to Texas, called Meican Clover in Alabama, and relished hy cattle + the root in 8. America used as an emetic and as a substitute for Tpeceac, Sparingly oveurs as a ballast-weed at Northern ports. (Nat. from Mex. & S. .\m.) ‘ 23. CRUSEA, Cham. (Prof. Win. Cruse, of Keenigshere, who wrote on Rubiacee.) — Perennials or annuals (of Mexico and adjacent districts), with habit Spermacces. RUBIACEE. 33 of Diodia, the rose-colored or white corollas elongated in the typical species : sta- mens and style usually exserted. — Linnea, v. 165: DC. Prodr. iv. 566; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. t. 09; Benth. & Hook. Geu. ii, 144 calyx wrongly said to persist on the fruit); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77.— where the genus is extended. * Corolla rose-purple, with slender almost filiform tube: erect annual. C. Wrightii, Gray. Sparsely hirsute, about a foot high, with long internoles: leaves oblong-lanceolate, nervos+-veiny, upper attenuate-acute ; uppermo-. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. Habit of C. rubra, but far smaller-flowered. % * Corolla white or whitish, small (about 2 les long): stamens and style little exscrted: stiz- maz :hort: Jow and diffuse annuals or perennials. C. subuldta, Gray. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems ascending from an annual root, a span ur two high. svmewhat paniculately branched: branches flowering from must of the axils: leaves narrowly linear becoming subulate (inch or less ]uug:: clusters rather few-flowered : corolla almist =lverform : calyx-lobes 2 or 3 lanceolate and foliaceous, one or two much smaller and partly s-arivus or reduced to stipule-like teeth: evnu-cium 2-merous: fruit cuneate-obovate, slightly didymeous, obscurely puberulent: carpel~ coriaceous, at ma- turity separating from a uarrow linear and bifid persistent carpophere (not unlike that of some Umbellifere) and openiny on the ventral face — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7‘. not that of Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am., which is a slip of pen or type for C. subalata, Hook. & Arn. Spermacoce subulata, Pay. ex DC. (Borreria subulata, DC. Prodr. iv. 543): Hemsl. 1 ¢. 60.— S. Arizona, Wright (from seeds which were raised in Botanic Garden, Cambridge, in 1252), Lemmon. (Mex.) C. allocécea, Gray, ].c. Hirsute or hispiduluus to almost glabrovs. diffusely branched from a perennial rout. low and much spreading or depre G. lanceolatum, Torr. : ; ny . : a their corolla yellow, or rarely cream-color, sometimes changing to purple ; the ray not COMPOSITE. 55 yellow, wanting only in certain species (much reduced and inconspicuous in a section of Erigeron and one of dster). Reveptacle naked (not paleaceou:), with an occasional exception. ~ Pappus of both disk and ray none or coroniform. + Involucre lroad, many-flowered: rays numerous, fertile, conspicuous. 35. BELLIS. Bracts of the involucre nearly eyual in length, herbaceous or somewhat membranacevus. Receptacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches tipped with a short triangular appendage. Akenes obovate and compressed, uerveless except at the margins. Pappu none. 36, APHANOSTEPHUS. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in few series, broadly lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous with scarious apex and maryins, the outer shurter. Recep- tacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches with a very short and oltuse appendage. a\kenes prismatic or terete, truncate: the broad apex bordered with a short coroniform and either dentate or entire and minutely setulose-ciliate pappus. Base of corollatube often skirrous-thickened in age. 37. GREENELLA. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in a few series, the outer shorter, all olluny, coriaceo-chartacevus. with scarivus margins and an herbaceous dorsal tip. Re- ceptacle flat, barely convex. tvle-branches with u-linear rather obtuse appendage, which i> four tines the length of the quadrate stigmatiferous portion and much exserted. Akenes short, somewhat turbinate, olscurely Snerved, hispidulous. Pappus a_hyaline-scarious crown cleft into numerous -etule or denticulations. + +— Involucre narrower and flowers less numerous. 38. KEERLIA. Involucre narrowly campanulate or turbinate; its bracts imbricated in few series. of unequal length, oblong. smooth, thin-membranace sus with svarious maryins, mostly sctaceously mucronate. Receptacle small and flat. Rays 5 to 15, with oblong ligule ona-slender tube. Style-appendages either short and obtuse or long and -lender. Akenes obovate and compressed or subclavate, 2-3-nerved, and with very small epigynons ‘isk; those of the disk-flowers mostly sterile. Pappus minute and coroniform or evanescent from the mature akenes. * * Pappus of sclitary or few setiform awns or bristles and of a few palee or a crown: ray< conspicuous, fertile: akenes without wings or callous margins: receptacle flat or nearly so. 39. CHA.TOPAPPA, Involucre several-many-flowered, campanulate or narrower; its bracts oblong or lanceolate, thin-herbaceous, with scarivuus margins and tip, imbricated in two or more ranks, the outer shorter. Rays 5 to 20; the ligule oblong, raise| on a slender tube. Disk-flowers often sterile: their styleappendages short. Akenes either fusiform or compresse], 2-3-nerved. Pappus of five or fewer thin and nerveless short pales, alter- nating with as many or fewer mustly long and setiform scabrous awns, or the latter sume- times wanting. 40. MONOPTILON. Involucre many-flowered, broad; its numerous bracts equal and almost in a single series, narrowly linear, somewhat herbaceous. Rays numerous: the ligule obovate or oblong and with a rather long tube : this and the tube of the disk-corolla -parsely villous. Style-appendaves triangular and obtuse. Akenes ob loug-ohovate, compressed. one- nerved at each margin, or the outermost also on one face. Pappus both in disk and ray a short and cupuliform barely denticulate crown, and a single s-tiform awn which is barbellate or plumose toward the apex. * * = Pappus short-setuluse or squamellate and mostly biaristate, i. e. a ring of very short bristles or setiform squamelle and a pair of naked upward-tapering awns, one over each edge of the broad and flat winged or callous-margined akene: involucre many-flowered, hemispherical or broader; the bracts -»mewhat herbaceous and thin-margined: recep- tacle strongly convex or low conical: rays conspicuous, fertile; their akenes occasionally B-winged. Al. DICH ETOPHORA. Involucre somewhat uniserial; the lanceolate bracts of equal length. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers triangular-lanceolate. Akenes surrsunded by an almost orbicular firm wing, its edge and the body of the akene glochidiate-hispid. Pappus of two divergent awns about half the length of the akene, and of several minute 56 COMPOSITE. squamellm, which are shorter than and concealed by the bristly hairs of the akene. Low annual, 42, BOLTONIA. Involucre imbricated, appressed ; the outer bracts shorter. Style-append- ages short-lanceolate. Akenes obovate, very flat, with callous or winged margin, glabrous or minutely and sparsely hispidulous. Pappus of several short-setulose sqyuamell, and usu- ally of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) elongated rigid awns. Leafy-stemmed perennials. * * * *& Pappus asingle series of long awns (or ouly 2 or 3) or of coarse and rigid bristles, or in the (fertile and conspicuous) ray reduced to squamelle or palew : receptacle flat. 43, TOWNSENDIA. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated ; the bracts lanceolate, with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous. Re- ceptacle broad, merely arcolate. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong, much compressed, and with thickish or mostly callous margins, those of the ray sometimes triangular. Awns or bristles of the pappus from hispidulo-scabrous to barbellulate. 4% % % * * Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, at least in the disk, with or without a short setulose or squamellate outer series: receptacle flat or barely couvex : akenes mostly compressed. + Style-appendages of disk-flowers comose-bearded: anthers tipped with slender-subulate appendages, as in Lessingi: rays neutral. F 44, CORETHROGYNE. Involucre broad, imbricated; its bracts with herbaceous or green tips. Receptacle foveolate, rarely with a few chaffy bracts toward the margin. Style- appéndages short-lanceolate, dorsally beset with long hispid hairs forming a bearded tuft. Akenes of the ray abortive and with reduced scanty pappus or none; those of the disk narrow, silky-villous or pubescent, few-nerved ; their pappus of rather rigid and unequal capillary bristles. + + Style-appendages merely hispidulous or puberulous, not comose. ++ Pappus none or a mere yestige in the ray-flowers: these often sterile but styliferous. 45, PSILACTIS. Involucre hemispherical; its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and with herbaceous tips, or the outer herbaceous. Rays in a single series, sometimes short. A kenes pubescent, narrow; those of the ray sometimes with an obscure ring in place of pappus; those of the disk bearing a single series of soft capillary bristles. Leafy-stemmed annuals. ++ ++ Pappus present and mostly similar in ray and disk: flowers (with rare exceptions) all fertile. Genera of difficult limitation. 46. EREMIASTRUM. Involucre broad, many-flowered, of numerous lax and linear bracts, all as long as the disk and nearly in a single series, herbaceous, with hyaline-scarious and erose-fimbriate margins, their back setose-hispid. Receptacle broad and flat. Rays numerous in a single series; ligules broad, their base and tube villous-harhate. Style-ap- pendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate-oblong, compressed, 2-nerved. Pappus of rather few very unequal and somewhat rigid bristles; the stronger ones considerably shorter than the disk-corolla and only 8 to 12; the smallest and outermost setulose and scarcely longer than the hirsute pubescence of the akene, sometimes conlescent irregularly at base; intermediate ones of various length and more uumerous. Depressed winter-annual. 47. SERICOCARPUS. Involucre several-flowered, narrow, of closely imbricated and appressed whitish and coriaceons or cartilaginous bracts, with green-herbaceous abrupt and looser or spreading tips. Receptacle small, foveolate. Corollas both of ray and disk white or cream-color ; the rays seldom over 5 or 6, rather broad ; disk-corollas (8 to 20) with 5-cleft limb. Style-appendages lanceolate-subulate. Akenes narrow, little compressed, 2-nerved, sericeous-pubescent. Pappus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles. Leaty-stemmed perennials. : 48. ASTER. Tnvolucre from hemispherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or turbinate, imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous. Rays numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate-acute, com- monly lanceolate. Akencs mostly conipressed, 10-4-2-nerved, and the pappus mostly simple and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leaty-steommed herbs, the greater part perennials. 49. ERIGERON. Differs from Aster in the more naked-peduneulate heads, simpler in- yolucre of narrow and crect equal bracts, which are never coriaceous, nor folineeous or with distinct herbaccous tips, narrower and usually very numerous rays often occupying more COMPOSITE. Dy than one series, very short and roundish or obtuse style-appendages, small akenes for the greater part 2-nerved, aud more scanty or fragile pappus, in many with a conspicuous short outer series. Subtribe IIT. Coxyzex. Characters of the preceding subtribe ; but corolla of the numerous female flowers reduced to a filiform or short and narrow tube, wholly des- titute of ligule. 50. CONYZA. Heads small, many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre narrow, inappendiculate, in 1 te 3 series. Female towers much more numerous than the hermaphro- dite ; their filiform or slender tubular corolla shorter than the disk and style, truncate or 2-4-toothed at the apex. Akenes small, compressed. Pappus a single series of suft capillary bristles, sometimes an added outer series of short bristles or syuamelle. Subtribe IV. BaccHarmes. Heads discoid and unisexual. Corolla of the fertile flow- ers filiform. Pappus of capillary bristles. 51. BACCHARIS. Heads completely dicecious, many-flowered. Involucre rezularly im- bricated, of syuamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chaffy. Flowers of the male heads with tubular-funneltorm 5-cleft corolla, and style-branches as of ister or Solidago, but the stigmatic portion obswlete and ovary abortive; the female with corolla reduced to a slender truncate or minutely toothed tube, shorter than the filiform style. Akenes 5-10-costate. Pappus of the male flowers of a series of scabrous and often tortuous and more or less clavellate bristles; of the fertile flowers of usually more numerous and fine bristles, and often elongated in fruit. Slirubly or some herbaceous. Tribe IV. Iytiompex. Heads heterogamous and either radiate or discoid; the female flowers being either ligulate or filiform (rarely open-tubular), or sometimes homogamous and tubuliflorous. Anthers sagittate, and the base of the lobes produced into more or less of a tail (cavdate) or other appendage. Style-branches of the her- maphrodite flwers filiform or flattish, not appendayed ; the stigmatic lines running to or vanishing near the roundish or truncate tip, which is at most papillose or somewhat penicillate: stvle of staminate-sterile flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capil- Jary or none. Leaves mostly alternate and heads homochromous ; the involucre com- monly dry or scarious. rarely foliaceous. See also ».necionide, subtribe Tussilaginee. (No North Ameriean species has conspicuous rays, except a naturalized Inula ) Sultribe I. PrecHersex&. Heads discoid, heterogamous and mostly androgynous. In- volucre more or less dry, but hardly scarions. Receptacle not paleaceous. Female flowers with filiform corolla. Adjacent anther-tails or acuminate bases connate, at least in our genera. 52. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers, a few hermaphrodite but usually sterile ones in the centre. Involucre imbricated, of coriaceous to submembranaceous bracts; the outer broad, all but the innermust persistent. Receptacle flat, naked and glabrous. Corolla of the female flowers reduced to a slender truncate or 2-3-toothed tube, shorter than the style; of the hermaphrodite-sterile ones regularly 5-cleft, the style either entire or 2-left at apex. Akenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a series of capillary and soft or rigid bristles. Heads cymosely clustered or scattered. 53. PTEROCAULON. Heals and flowers as in Pluchea, but involucre of fewer and linear or subulate bracts: these deciduous with the matured flowers, leaving a few short basal ones which are more persistent, mainly by their implexed wool. Receptacle small, naked, sometimes pilose. Heads glomerate and the glomerules spicate. Perennial herbs. Subtribe II. Firacinex. Heads heterogamous, mostly androgynous, discoid. In- volucre of few scarious or firmer bracts. Receptacle chatfy ; a chaff (palea) or involueral bract enclosing or subtending each female flower or akene. Corolla of the female flowers a filiform tube, shorter than the style; of the few hermaphrodite com- monly sterile flowers resularly 4-5-toothed ; their anthers sometimes only acutely sagittate or auriculate at base, and the short style-branches or undivided style not 58 COMPOSITA. truncate. Akenes (with one or two exceptions) smooth and even, small and seed- like, the very thin pericarp destitute of nerves or other markings, conformed to the seed and sometimes connate with the simple seed-coat, or evanescent. Low and floc- cose-woolly aunuals. (Characterized to the exclusion of three outlying Indo-African genera.) * sometimes slender, somevinies an abrupt apiculation or short ol. tuse cone. 167. HYMENATHERUM. Pappus of several or numerous palea. either 1-5 aristate or pointed, or partly resolved into as many Lristle-. or some or all of them entire and even truncate (rarely even concreted). Involucre campanulate, cupulately camophyllous hizh up, with or without some loose accessory bract:. St ]e-branches truncate or very obtuse, some- times tipped with a minute apiculation. Akeues mostly terete, and striate. 168. TAGETES. Palez of the pappus 3 to 6, firm, commonly unequal, entire, not setiferous, but one or more of them frequently subulate-pointed or ari-tifurm. Involncre naked at base, gamophylous nearly throughout into an oblong or more elongated cup or tule. Akeres compressed or angulate, hardly striate. Herbs. * * Pectipes. Style of hermaphrodite flowers or perennials. 6. Flowers from whitish or eream-culor to violet or rose-red: involucre narrow, unchanged in age, a ~cries of equal erect bracts, and a few short calyculate ones at base: stvies usually lung and =lender: akenes columnar or linear, or even fusiform, mostly truncate at summit. 228. PRENANTHES. Heads 5-30-flowered, mostly nodding hefore or during authesis. aAkenes terete or 4-5-angled, commonly striate, sometimes -triately pluricustate, with tran- cate summit. Papyus of copious rather rigid capillary }i-tl->, in the section Vabalus from whitish to ferrnginous. Leaty-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or racemiform-thyrsoidly disposed head». leaves dilated. 229. LYGODESMIA. Heads 3-12-flowered, erect. Akencs terete, olscurely few-striate or angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform, in the larger species concave at insertion. Pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or riyidulous, from sordid-whitish to white. Stems mostly rush-like and striate, in one species spinescent, and leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Flowers rose-colored. ++ ++ Beak to the akenes di-tinct and slender, except in one or two species of Trorimon: heads erect before and during anthesis: involucre unchanged in age: akeues oblong or obovate to linear. 230. TROXIMON. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Inyolucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akeues 10-costate or 10-nerved, smvuth, not muricate nor sculptured, with or without a small callus at insertion; the beak various, or in two species wanting. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yellow, orange, or rarely purple. 231. TARAXACUM. Heads many-flowered, svlitary, terminating simple and fistulous naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts. a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the hase. Style-branches slender and nearly filiform, as in most genera. Akenes oblong-obovate to fusiform, 4-5+-ostate or angled, and usually with some intervening nerves. muricate or spinulose, at least near the summit, which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus suft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow. 232. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Heads and involucre nearly of Tararacum, terminating scapose or leafy stems or branches. Style-branches short, oblong. very obtuse. Akenes oblong or linear-fusiform, about 5custate or suleate, muriculate-ragulo-e or hirsutulou--vabrous, tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copivus, soft and capillary, fulvous or rufous, its base usually surrounded by a swit-villons ring. Flowers yellow. 233. CHONDRILLA. Heads several-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled on slender branches. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear equal lracts, and some short calyculate ones. Akenes 4-5-angled and with intervening nerves or ribs, muricate toward the summit, which is abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus fine and suft, Lright white. Flowers yellow. + + + Akenes flattened: pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles: leaty- stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads. 234, LACTUCA. Involucre cylindraceons, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, -evrral-many- flowered, either calyculately or more regularly imbricated. Akenes obcompressed. and with a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately. 235. SONCHUS. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy- thickened at hase. and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very suft and fine flaccid bristl-s. which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one ur more stronger ones, which fall separately. 88 COMPOSITA. Stokesia. Tre I. VERNONIACEA, p. 50. 1. STOKESIA, L’Her. (Jonathan Stokes, a British botanist, coadjutor of Withering: some say Dr. Wm. Stokes of Dublin.) — A most peculiar genus, of a single species, of local habitat; a perennial, flowering in early summer; the large and showy head of flowers having considerable resemblance to that of a China Aster. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 234. == § cyanea, L’Hrr. A foot high: stem stout, at first. floccose-lanate; the few branches terminated by solitary heads: leaves glabrous, bright green, puncticulate, thickish ; radical and lower cauline entire, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole; upper be- coming ovate lanceolate, partly clasping, and bearing toward their base some spinulose- aristiform teeth; some subtending the head and passing into the bracts of the involucre: head, with the radiant marginal corollas (of an inch long), 3 inches in diameter: flowers bright purplixh-blue. — L’Her. Sert. Angl. 27; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 491; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ji. 60; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4966; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ii. t. 13. Carthamus levis, Hill, Hort. Kew. 57, t. 5. Cartesia centauroides, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816. Centaurea Americana, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48, by mistake. — Moist ground, in the low country, from south- western part of S. Carolina to E. Louisiana: rare. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Vaill., L. (Greek for Elephant’s foot, which is a translation of a Malabarian name of the original species.) — Perennial herbs, of warm regions, extending northward almost through the Atlantic U. S.; with un- divided pinnately-veined leaves and usually bluish-purple flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 237. Elephantopus, Elephantosis, & Distreptus (Cass.), Less., DC.— Our species all belong to the typical section of the genus; with stem dichoto- mously branching; heads capitately glomerate at the summit of pedunculiform branches, the compound glomerule involucrate by two or three cordate and closely sessile bracteiform leaves ; and simple pappus of about 5 awns or rigid bristles, with chaffy-dilated base: fl. late summer. Of the nearly related species (with glabrous corolla) 4. scaber belongs to the extra-American and E. mollis to the American tropics. Schultz Bip., in Linnea, xx. 514, too hastily combined all the American species. * Stem leafy: upper cauline leaves very similar to the basal. «==> E. Carolinianus, Wirip. Rather softly hirsute or pubescent, sometimes 3 feet high: leaves thin, oval-obovate or ovate, crenate or repand-dentate, not rugose, nor prominently veined (the larger 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 wide); uppermost oblong: chaffy base of awns of the pappus decidedly longer than the diameter of the akene, lanceolate-subulate and very gradually attenuate into the awn.— Spec. iii. 2390 (excl. syn.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 187; EL Sk. ii. 480; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 60. 4. scaber, Walt. Car. 217, &e , not L. — Dry soil in open woods, Pennsylvania to INinois, Kansas, ‘Texas, and Florida. ; * * Stem usually naked and seapiform: its few leaves small and bract-like; principal leaves radical and flat on the ground. =H. tomentésus, L. Somewhat canescently hirsute and villous; leaves silky-villous beneath (rather than tomentose), varying from obovate or rarely oval to narrowly-spatulate; veins of the lower surface prominent: scapiform stem a foot or two high: involucre of the large glomerules rigid: pappus-scales about the length of the breadth of the akene, triangular- subulate, attenuate into the bristle. — Spec. ii. 814, & ed. 2, excl. syn. Browne; Torr. & Gray, Flic. £. Carolinianus, var. simplex, Nutt. Gen. ii. 187. FE. nndicaulis, Ell. Sk. ii. 481. £. clatus, Bertol. Misc. xi. 21, t. 5. — Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana. E. nudatus, Gray. Minnutely strigose-pubescent: leaves: membranaccous, green, at most somewhat hirsute beneath, from spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, not prominently veined: glomerules smaller: pappus-scales very short, broadly deltoid, abruptly terminated by the Vernonia. COMPOSIT._E. 89 bristle. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv.47. (Echinophore affinis Muriona, ete., Pluk. Mant. 66, t. 388, fig.67) £. seaber, Michx. Fl. in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c., not L. £. nudicaulis, El. in herb. Hook., not of Sk. 1. c. —Low and sandy woodlands, Delaware (Canby) to Georgia, W. Louisiana, and Arkansas (Harvey). 8. VERNONIA, Schreb. Inox-weep. (Win. Vernon. an early collector in Virginia, &c.) — Perennial herbs (or some in the tropics sirubs) ; with alter- nate and pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers, occasionally varying to white. — Gen. 541; DC. Prodr. v. 15; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57; Benth. & Mook. Gen. ii. 227. — A huge genus. of nearly 400 species, the greater part S. American, some 8. African and S. Asian: the N. American species all of the section Lepidaplua, Benth. & Hook. 1. ¢. (Lep(daploa. &e., Cars), having somewhat spherical heads in terminal cymes or terminating corymbiform branches. Ours all many-flowered; the (fuscons or even ferruginous) pappus persistent or nearly so, and double; akenes commonly sprinkled or beset with resinous atoms between the salient ribs: foliage often puncticulate. FI. late summer and autumn. The species are extremely difficult: there are spontaneous hybrids between such very different species as J 7 Arkansana and 1 Baldwinti, TV. fasciculata and V. Baldwinii, and even between T Baldwinii and V. Lind- hetmeri! * Stems leafy throughout: short outer pappus conspicuous, and squamellate rather than setose. +— Heads larve, sometimes an inch high, 50-70-flowered. === V. Arkansana, DC. Tall (x or 10 feet), rather glabrous: leaves all linear-lanceolate (4 to 12 inches long and lines wide), attenuate-acuminate, runcinately denticulate: heads all on simple and somewhat clavate peduncles, nearly hemispherical: involucre green, very squarruse ; its bracts all equalling the disk, and with long filiform tips (those of the upper reddish), the outer and loose ones filiform nearly or quite to the base: akenes minutely hispid on the ribs. — Prodr. vii. 264; Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. no. ser. vil. 283; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 59; Torr. fr Sitgreaves Exped. t. 2.— Plains and alluvial banks of streams, Missouri and Kansas to E. Texas. “+— -+— Heads smaller, half-inch high or less, 15-40-flowered, rarely only 10-flowered. ++ Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, and without revolute margins, inost of them acutely den- ticulate or serrate with rigid or somewhat spinulose teeth, varying from linear-lancevlate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or very acute, pinnately veined: stems leafy up to the inflorescence; cymes mostly compound. (Species not clearly limited.) == Akenes under a lens more or less hispidulous on the ribs. “= V.Noveboracénsis, Witrp. Somewhat glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves from elongated- to oblong-lanceolate (3 to 9 inches long): heads in an open cyme, 20-40- flowered : involucre commonly brownish or dark purplish; the ovate and ovate-lanceolate bracts (or at least the upper ones) abruptly acuminate into a slender cusp or slender tortuous awn, usually some of the lower wholly aristiform and loose. —Sypev. ili. 1632; DC. Prodr. v.63; Torr. & Gray, F). ii. 57. Serratia: Noreboracensis (founded on Herm. Parad. Bot., & Dill. Elth. 355, t. 263) and 8. prralta (in herb. and of Dill. Elth. t. 264, bracts more aristate than the figure shuws), L. Spec. ii. 818. V2 prealta, Less in Linn. iv. 264; Hook. Fl. i. 304. V. tomentosa, El Sk. ii. 288 (Chrysocoma tomentosa, Walt. Car. 196), a form with tomentulose pubescence. Varies with pale or sometimes white instead of pink-purple corollas, the involucre then greenish.— Low grounds, coast of New England to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri, but mostly an eastern species. =—— Var. latifolia. Lower, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, pale or glaucescent beneath, the larger more cuarsely serrate: head» fewer: involucre vary- ing from hemispherical (of fewer bracts) to somewhat turbinate, and its bracts merely acute, acuminate, mucronate, or some with a short filiform cusp. — Serratula glauca, L. 1. c¢., founded on Dill. Elth. 354, t. 262; the specimen has many aristate-tipped bracts. Vernonia glauca (and nearly.V. prealta), Willd. Spec. iii. 1633. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Chapm. 90 COMPOSITE. Vernonia. FI. 187, extreme form, mostly with muticous involucral bracts. —In shady places, Penn. and Ohio to Florida. —=V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate : involucre (a quarter-inch high) when young globose, hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose by the spreading or recurved acute or acuminate tips of its bracts. — Ann. Lye. No Vl 2113 Torr. & Gray, lee. Vi spheroidea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. — Prairies and barren hills, E. Missouri to Texas; flowering early, in July and August. Passes into the next. —< V. altissima, Nutr. Nearly glabrous, or sometimes cinereous-pubescent, 5 to 10 feet high: leaves thinnish, veiny, obscurely if at all puncticulate, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong : cyme usually loose or open: involucre of wholly appressed obtuse or merely mucronate-acute bracts ; ribs of the akenes minutely or sparsely hispidulous. — Gen, ii. 134; EIL Sk. ii. 289; Less. in Linn. vi. 639, partly. 17 preeulta, Michx. 1. ¢., partly ; DC. 1. c., partly. Vo fasercu- lata, var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 59; Chapm. FL 188. Chrysocoma gigantea, Walt. 1.c. Varies much, especially in the size of the heads: the form pareiflora, with involucre only 2 or 3 lines high and rather pauciseriate, being Nuttall’s original. — Low or wet grounds, W. Penn. to Mlinois, Louisiana and Florida. Var. grandiflora. Less tall: heads larger: involucre mostly 4 lines high; the bracts 35 to 40 and in more numerous ranks. — Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Philad. — Low prairies and along streams, Illinois and Kentucky to Texas. — = Akenes smooth and glabrous on the ribs, or nearly so: bracts of the involucre all closely appressed and inappendiculate, coriaceo-chartaceous. ===, V. fasciculata, Micux. Glabrous, or the cyme puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves thick- ish, when dry puncticulate, from linear (and with obscure veins or veinlets) to oblong- lanceolate (and more evidently veined), conspicuously spinulose-denticulate: heads numerous and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme: involucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20-30- flowered; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. — FI. ii. 94; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. vars. V. corymbosa, Schweinitz, in Keating, Narr. Long Exped. Mississ., the form with broad and short leaves. V. altissima, DC. 1. ¢. partly, & excl. syn. Dill, &c. —Low grounds, prairies and river-bottoms, Ohio and Kentucky to Dakota and south to Texas. a+ ++ Leaves perfectly glabrous and smooth, veinless, commonly entire, narrowly linear, plane: heads narrow, few-flowered. ——~—v.. Lettermani, Excrerm. Habit of the preceding, 2 to 4 feet high, fastigiately and cymosely much branched at summit: leaves 3 or 4 inches long, only a line wide, the margins not revolute: heads numerous, pedunculate, clavate-cylindraceous, 10-14-flowered, half-inch long: bracts of the involucre all appressed and inappendiculate, but acute or acuminate ; outermost ovate-subulate, innermost narrowly lanceolate and purple: ribs of the glandular akenes obscurely scabrous. — Proc. Am. «Acad. xvi. 78. — Arkansas, on Cooper’s Creek, Bigelow. Gravelly banks and sand-bars of the Washita, /:fterman, V. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high: leaves linear- lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of V. fasciculata, but smaller and less or obsoletely denticulate ; veins and veinlets obscure: heads few or numerous in a loose and open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate : involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15-25-flowered, from hemispherical-campanulate to turbinate-oblong ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse, or (in the larger form of involucre) acute or acuminate. — FI. 1. ¢.; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 82. V. altis- sima, var. marginata, Torr, Aun. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210.— Plains of Nebraska and wArkansas to W. Texas and E. New Mexico, first coll. by Dr. James. ++ ++ ++ Leaves with upper face scabrous and margins often revolute, then entire, not canescent. == V. angustifolia, Micux. Stem a foot to a yard high, slender, from roughish-hirsute to nearly glabrous: leaves from narrowly linear or approaching filiform to lanceolate, the broader ones sparsely denticulate and also veiny : cyme loose, simple or compound, sometimes paniculate, sometimes umbeclliform, mostly naked: heads 15-25-flowered: involucre about 3 lines high, commonly somewhat turbinate; its bracts or most of them mucronate, some- times cuspidate-acuminate: akenes minutely hirsute, at least on the ribs. — FI. ii. 94; EL Sk. ii. 87; Torr. & Gray, lee. V. fusefeutata, DC. 1. ¢., not Michx. Chrysocoma gramini- folia, Walt. Car, 196. Liatris wmbcllata, Bertol. Misc. y. t. 4. — Dry pine barrens, N. Caro- lina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. , Stevia. CONPOSIT.E. 9] Var. scabérrima. Leaves mostly short and sparsely denticulate or toothed, from linear to oblong-lancevlate, scabrous to rough-hispidulous above: bracts of the involucre or some of them produced into long and louse or spreading subulate or filiform tips. —Torr. & Gray, lc. Ve scaberrima, Nutt. Gen. ii. 134; Ell. 1. ¢. — South Carolina to Florida. Var. Texana. Stem virgate, rather tall: lower leaves large, lanceolate (3 to 6 inches Jong); upper ones small, linear or subulate: cyme naked: bracts of the involucre all point- less or merely mucronate.— Torr. & Gray, |. c., character, without name.— Pine woods, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Var. pumila, Cuapm. Glabrous and hardly at all scabrous, even the leaves; these small, mostly linear and entire: stem slender, a span to 18 inches high: cyme of few heads : bracts of the involucre pointless. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. — Wet pine barrens, S. E. Florida, Blodytt, Garber. ++ ++ ++ ++ Leaves with revolute entire margins, not scabrous, veinlexs, lanose beneath. w= V. Lindheimeri, Gray & Excriu. About a foot high, excessively leafy up to the corym- biform cyme, lanose-canescent, even to the obtuse and pointless bracts of the involucre : leaves narrowly linear (1} to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), glabrate and green above ; heads all pedunculate: akenes glabrous: pappus purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 217.— Rocky hills and plains, W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &. Berlundur collected an apparent hybrid between this most distinct species and VW. Baldu/nii. %* %* Outer pappus inconspicuous and rather setose than squamellate: cauline leaves few and small. V. oligophylla, Micnx. Minutely scabrous-pubescent: stem about 2 feet high, slender, bearing a few heads in a very loose naked cyme: radical leaves ample (4 to & inches long) in a rosulate tuft, oblong; cauline lanceolate, few and small, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts; all veiny and denticulate: heads 15-30-flowered: bracts of the involucre subulate (mostly from a broad hase), loose: bristles of the pappus slender: akenex hirtellous on the ribs. — FI. ii. 94; DC. Prodr. v. 62; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 57.0 Svrratula Carolinensis, Dill. Elth. ¢. 261. Chrysocoma acaulis, Walt. Car. 196.— Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, near the coast. — Varies with foliage soft ciuereous-pubescent: S. Carolina, J. Donnell Smith. Tripe I]. EUPATORILACE.E, p. 50. 4. STEVIA, Cav. (Dr. Pedro Esteve.) — Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants ; with mostly opposite and triplinerved leaves, small and narrow heads usually corymbosely crowded in terminal naked cymes or fascicles, and flowers white or rose-purple: pappus variable; the awns when present barbellate-scabrous. — A large Mexican genus (a few species reaching our borders), also well developed on the eastern side of South America in corresponding latitudes. — Cay. Ie. iv. 32, t. 354-856; Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 268. x Branches and heads paniculate, loose: root annual. S. micrantha, Lac. Puberulent and somewhat viscid: stem slender, a foot or two high, bearing short flowering branches almost from the base: leaves thin, ovate with subcuneate or rarely subcordate base, serrate (inch long), petioled ; heads pedicellate in the loose clusters, 3 and 4 lines long: pappus of 3 awns with short paleaceous-dilated base, or in one or two flowers occasionally awnless. —Elench. Hort. Madrid, 1815, & Nov. Gen. & Spec. 27. S. macella, Gray, PL. Wright. ii. 70. — Shady cliffs, New Mexico, Wright. Southern Arizona, Lemmon, by which is generally meant Jr. J. G. and Mrs. Sura Plummer Leminon, associates in exploration. (Mex.) %* * Heads loosely eymose-paniculate and pedunculate: root perennial. S. amdbilis, Lewsoyx. Stem slender and virgate, or with long virgate branches, about 2 feet high: leaves all alternate, linear with narrowed base, or the lowest oblanceolate, entire, thinnish ; involucre slender, glandular-viscid: flowers purple: pappus of 5 Jong awns and with extremely short (broader than long) intermediate palew.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 1.— Plains near Cave Cafion, 8. Arizona, Lemmon. 92 COMPOSITA. Stevia. % % * Heads subsessile and fasciculate; the fascicles corymbosely cymose: root perennial. +— Herbaceous, leafy up to the dense fastigiate clusters of heads: leaves subsessile, serrate. — S. serrata, Cav. Pubescent or somewhat hirsute: leaves often alternate, crowded, from spatulate-linear to oblong-spatulate, irregularly and sometimes coarsely serrate or some entire, loosely veiny, strongly punctate: flowers white or pale rose: pappus 1—5-aristate or in some flowers reduced to a crown of short obtuse palea.— Ie. iy. t. 355; DC. Prodr. v. 118. 8. ivefolia, Willd. Mag. Naturf. Berl. 1807, 137, & Enum. 855. S. canescens, HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spee. iv. 143; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 19; Gray, PL Wright. ii. 71. 5. virgata, HBK. 1c. S. punctuta, Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 286. Ageratum punctatum, Jacq. Hort. Scheenbr. iii. t. 300. (Variable species.) —New Mexico and Arizona, Wright and later collectors. (Mex., Venezuela. ) S. Plammere, Gray. Puberulent and almost glabrous: leaves nearly all opposite, less crowded, oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute, incisely serrate, bright green, very conspicu- ously neryose-veiny and reticulated, hardly punctate (2 inches long): flowers rese-color: pappus of 4 broad and truncate fimbriate-denticulate palexe.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 204. — S. Arizona, Rucker Valley of the Chiricahua Mountains, Mrs. Lemmon, born Plummer, Var. Alba. Flowers white: leaves less serrate and not so strongly veiny.— 8S. Arizona, in Ramsey’s Cation, Lemmon. +— + Shrubby: leaves subsessile, mostly entire and opposite. S. Lemmo6ni, Gray. Fruticose, puberulent throughout, leafy up to the dense clusters of very numerous heads: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thinnish, obscurely triplinerved:; involucre somewhat viscid-pubescent: flowers apparently white: pappus a cupulate and nearly entire or merely lacerate crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. v.— S. Arizona, cailons in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon, Pringle. é —__.. S. salicifdélia, Cav. Frutescent, low, nearly glabrous: leaves coriaceous, linear or linear- lanceolate, occasionally serrate, commonly glutinous-lucil: heads in small and more open fascicles: flowers white: pappus 1-3-aristate, or sometimes of obtuse palew.—TIc. 1. c. t. 354; Schultz Bip. 1. c. 290; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73. 4S. angustifolia, HBK. 1. ¢. (awn- less pappus).— S. border of Texas, Parry, a low and very narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) 5. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. (2xAypds, hard, and Aemis, scale, from the cartilaginous paleaw of the pappus.) —Genus of a single species, peculiar to the Atlantic coast. Fl. summer. == 5S. verticillata, Cass. Subaquatie perennial, nearly glabrous, stoloniferous from the base: stems slender, usually simple, above the water bearing many whorls of narrowly linear one- nerved entire sessile leaves (half-inch to an inch long), and terminated by a solitary pedun- culate small head (rarely branching at top and 3-4-cephalous): flowers rose-purple. — Dict. xxv, 365; DC. Prodr. v.114; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 65. Ethulia uniflora, Walt. Car. 195. Spargonophorus verticillatus, Michx. Fl. ii. 95, t. 42. — Low pine-barren ponds and streams, in shallow water, New Jersey to Florida. Leaves + to 6 in the whorls. 6. TRICHOCORONIS, Gray. (@péé, tpixos, hair, and xopwric, top or apex.) — Texano-Mexican herhs, fibrous-rooted, aquatic or paludose ; with stems creeping at base or spreading, branching, leafy, pubescent with somewhat viscid and weak multicellular hairs: leaves of soft texture, opposite or the upper alter- nate, sessile and partly clasping, glabrate : heads slender-peduncled, terminating the branches: flowers flesh-color or rose-purple. — Pl. Fendl. 65; Benth. & Tlook. Gen. ii. 240, T. Wrightii, Gray, lc. Stems assurgent from an annual root, paniculately-branched above: leaves undivided, sparingly serrate, half-inch or more long; the lower opposite and oblong; upper alternate and cordate-lancevlate : heads diffusely panicled, only two lines high and wide: involucral bracts about 18, oblong-lanceolate : receptacle convex: tube of the corolla shorter than the expanided throat and limb: style-branches narrow : pappus a minute but evident crown of more or less concreted setuliform squamelle, or some of them aristellate. — Ayeratum? (Mierageratum) Wrightii, Torr, & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, Hofmeister ia. COMPOSITE. 93 Aargacola parvula, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 1862. — Wet ground in prairies, Texas, Wright, Buckley, &c. (Mex., Pulmer.) T. rivularis, Gray, 1c. Sten floating, in shallow water rooting, and flowering branches emersed and ascending : leaves succulent, mostly opposite, an inch or two in leugth, cuneate- obovate, sparingly incised or palmately 3-lohed, contracted into a narrow connate-clasping auriculate base: heads fewer or solitary on simple peduncles, 3 or 4 lines in diameter: involucral Iracts about 12. oval, obtuse : receptacle highly convex: tube of corolla slender, equalling the hemispherical throat and limb : stvle-branches flat and linear, acutish : puppus a minute and evanescent or obscure sctuluse crown. — In springs and streamlets, s. W. Texas, Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex , Gregg, &c.) 7. AGERATUM, L. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some aromatic plant of this order. probably an Achillea, from a privative and yijpas, ~y/paros. not waxine old, transferred by Linneus to an American genus.) — Chiefly tropical, herbaceous. and with opposite petiolate leaves; heads small in terminal corymbiform cymes or rarely paniculate; flowers blue, purple, or white, in summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii, 241, excl. syn. Oxylobus. Ageratum & Celestina, Cass., DC.; to which should be added Alomia, HBK.. differing only in the want of pappus. $1. Evscerates. Pappus of distinct aristate or sometimes muticous pale : receptacle naked. A. coxyzofpes, L. Annual, pubescent: leaves ovate or deltoid-subcordate, crenately serrate : pappus of 5 tu 7 lanceolate rivil scales, mostly tapering into a scabrous awn which nearly equals the blue or white corolla. — Schk. Handb. t. 238: Hook. Exot. F].t.15. A. MWexricanum, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2524, &e., a more pubescent form, common in ornamental cultivation. — Sparingly naturalized near towns in the 8. Atlantic States. (Nat. from Trop. Amer., &c.) $ 2. C@Lestina. Pappus coroniform or cupulate (by the union of the palez into an entire or toothed cup or border). sometimes obsolete. — Celestina. Cass., DC., &e. (In our species the receptacle is naked. duration of root uncertain, and flowers usually blue or violet.) : A. corymboésum, Ztccacxi. Scabrous-puberulent, erect: leaves short-petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, irregularly few-several-toothed: floriferous branches naked above: corolla-tube glanduliferous: pappus prominently cupulate, more or less dentate. — Zuccagni ex Balb. in Hort. Taur. 1806; Pers. Svn. ii. 402. A. ca@lestinum, Sins. Bot. Mag. t 1730; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 6238. Calestina ageratoides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 151; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 70. C. cerulea, Cass. Dict. vi. suppl. §. t. 93. ©. corymbosa, DC. Prodr. +. 108. — New Mexico, Wright, &ce. (Mex.) ~——A. littordle, Gray. Glalrous. decumbent or assurgent: leaves rather succulent, long-peti- oled, ovate with cuneate base, serrate: corolla glabrous: pappus an extremely short crown, with or without several minute narrow teeth, or reduced to a mere ring. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 78.— Celestina maritima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 64; not Aderatum maritimum, HBK., which is a true Ageratum with diminutive pappus. — Key West, 8. Florida, Bennett, Glod- gett, Palmer, Garber. 8. HOFMEISTERIA, Walp. (I Hofmeister, a vegetable histologist.) — Low suffrutescent plants; with heads terminating slender peduncles. small incised leaves either opposite or alternate on long petioles. and whitish flowers; the style-branches clavate. —Two species. the original one (H. fasciculata. Walp. Rep. vi. 106; Helogyne, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14), of Lower California, with 2-3-awned pappus. H. pluriséta, Gray. Slightly puberulent and viscidulous, much branched : leaves with small (2 to 5 lines long) deltoid to oblong blade very much shorter than the petiole: heads about 94 COMPOSITA. Nitin, 20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long: bracts of involucre with pointed somewhat spreading tips : akenes rather short: pappus of 10 or 12 bristles and about as many small and narrow acute squamella. —Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 96, t. 9, & Bot, Calif. i. 299.—Cafions, San Bernardino desert, Southeast California to Arizona and S. Utah, Bigelow, Parry, Newberry, &c. 9. MIKANIA, Willd. (Prof. J. G. Mikan, of Prague, or his son and suc- cessor, J. CL Mikan, who collected in Brazil.) —Twining perennials, or many erect and shrubby in tropical America, where most of the numerous species occur ; with opposite leaves and small variously clustered heads. Our species, confined to the Atlantic States, have slender-petioled angulate-cordate leaves, corymbosely cymose heads of pale flesh-colored and more or less fragrant flowers, produced in summer and autumn; the throat of the corolla abruptly dilated from the narrow tube, and broadly campanulate. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1472; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 246. s. M. scandens, Wirtip. Glabrous or puberulent: herbaceous stems high-twining: leaves somewhat hastately or deltoidly cordate, acuminate, irregularly and obtusely angulate- dentate or repand, rarely almost entire : heads crowded, about 3 lines long : involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate or slender-apiculate: corolla-lobes ovate, much shorter than the very wide throat: akenes a line loug, resinous-atomiferous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91; Baker in Fl. Bras. vi. 248, in part. Hupatortum scandens, L.; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 169; Michx. Fl ii. 97. — Moist ground along streams, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas. (Mex. and W. Ind. to 8. Brazil, mostly in peculiar forms, if not species.) —__—— Var. pubéscens, Torr & Gray, ].¢. From slightly to densely puberulent. — JZ. pu- bescens, Muhl. Cat. 71; Nutt. Gen. ii. 136. .1/. menispermea, DC. Prodr. vy. 200.— Southern Atlantic States to Texas. —@ M. cordifolia, Witty. Puberulent or pubescent, frutescent at base: branchlets often striate-angulate : leaves broadly cordate and angulate: inflorescence more compound : heads 4 or 5 lines long: involucral bracts oblong-linear, obtuse or muticous: corolla-lobes oblong- lanceolate, fully as long as the campanulate throat: akenes 1} to 2 lines long, glabrous. — Cacalia cordifolia, L. £. Suppl. 351, & herb. Mutis, fide Baker, l. e. 253. J. cordifolia (and according to Baker also AZ. rubiginosa), Smith. MM. suaveolens, HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spee. iv. 135. Mf. gonoclada, DC. 1. ¢. 199. AM. convolvulacea, DC. 1. c.—W. Louisiana, Hale. (Mex., W. Ind., Brazil.) 10. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Tronovenwort, &e. (Wethridates Eu- pator, king of Pontus.) — Perennial herbs, a few annuals, and some shrubby in the warmer regions; with commonly opposite leaves, mostly resinous-2tomiferous and bitter; the small heads corymbosely cymose, or sometimes paniculate, rarely solitary. Fl. late summer and autumn. akenes minutely hispid on the ribs, not glandular.— Bot. Kine Exp. 137, t. 15, f. 1-6.— Sandy banks of streams, &c., Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah and borders of Arizona; first coll. by Watson. B. Mohavénsis. Low, more cinereons-pubescont, brachiately branched: leaves narrowly oblong : bracts of the involucre obtuse, rather broadly linear, outermost oblong : akenes cinereous-hispidulous: pappus-bristlos approaching barbellulate.— Rocky washes in the Mohave Desert, S. K. California, Parish. : ; Brickellia. COMPOSITE. 105 B. B. — + + + Barely pubescent or glabrate perennial herbs, not viscid: leaves slunder-petioled, at least all the lower ones opposite, deltoid-ovate or cordate, serrate, mostly acuminate or attenuate- acute, thinnish: heads half to two-thirds inch long: involucre subtended by some loose linear- subulate accessory bracts. Typical species. cordifélia, Exz.1.¢. Minutely soft-pubescent; stem branching, 3 feet high: leaves deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoidly ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate: heads rather few, lousely corymbosely cymose, 40-50-tlowered : involucral bracts somewhat coriaceous. linear, mostly obtuse: pappus rufous or tawny. — Torr. & Ciray, Fl. ii. 80. Eupatorium Brickellia, DC, Prodr. v. 182. — Wooded hills, W. Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and Florida: rare, first coll. by Dr. Brickell. grandiflora, Ncrt. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, panicu- lately branched; the numerous heads paniculate-cymose and drooping: leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, or the upper «dleltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate and with an entire gradually acuminate apex (the larger 4 inches long) : involucre about 40-flowered ; its bracts papery and scarious-nargined when dried; the short outer ones ovate; inner oblong-linear, oltuse or acutish, or sume exterior ones with louse subulate acumination : pappus white, inclined to deciduous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Suc. u. ser. vil. 287: Torr. & Gray, loc. Lupatorium? grandiforum, Hook. FI. ii. 26.— Hills along streams of the Rocky Mountains and the Sivrra Nevada, from Mvuntana to the borders of Oregon, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. Name of the species not appropriate. ——Var. petiolaris, Gray. Heads and leaves commonly smaller; the latter inclined to hastate-deltoid, and equalled or even surpassed by the slender petiole !— Proc. Am. .Avad. xvii. 207.— Mountains of Arizona, Lemmon, and the borders of New Mexico, Rusby. Passes into the following and into the typical form. Var. minor, Gray (Proce. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67), is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre 30-35-flowered. — Clear Creek, Colorado, to California in the Sierra Nevada above Lake Tahoe, and mountains of Arizona, B. simplex, Gray. Resembles the preceding: stem a foot or two high, slender, simple, ==. Bb. B bearing a single terminal or 3 or 4 racemuse slender-pedunculate comparatively large heads, or producing numerous simple floriferous branches: involucre about 30-flowered, of less imbricated and acute bracts, most of them linear, the outer series very short, as are the few loose subtending ones: leaves 10 to 20 lines long, from deltoid-cordate to deltvid-oblong, mostly obtase. — PI. Wright. ii. 73.— Shaded hills, Arizona, [right, Thurber, Lemmon. * * Heads !)-25-tluwered (or iu the penultimate species 3-5-flowered), not over half an inch long: pappus-bristles scabrous or not manifestly barbellate, except in the penultimate subdivision. -— Leaves slender-petioled, all opposite, deltoid-cordate or triangular-hastate, small: heads pedun- culate, in naked cymes terminating the stem or branches: bracts of the involucre thin, smooth and glabrons: shrubby. Cotlteri, Gray. A foot to a yard high, with numerous spreading slender branches, only the flowering ones herbaceous. minutely puberulent to glabrous leaves from sparingly laciniate-dentate to nearly entire, acute or acuminate (larger ones an inch long, smaller less than half-inch) : heads rather few in the naked and very open cymes , slender-peduncled, half-inch high: involucre about 12-flowered ; its bracts linear lanceolate, subulately acumi- nate or acute: akenes pubescent. — Pl Wright. i. $6.— Common in Arizona, in cafons, first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Pumas, &e.) -— + Leaves distinctly petioled, all or mostly alternate: stems shrubby at base: inflorescence thytsiform, «+ Naked when well developed; the heads distinctly peduncled or in pedunculate small corymbi- form cymes, forming an ample nearly leafless open paniculate thyrsus. . floribtinda, Gray. Glahrate or barely puberulent below, but the branches with the inflorescence and outer involucral bracts glandular-pubescent and viscid: stem 4 feet high, woody only at base, much branched : leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate or the lower ane cordate, irregularly dentate (2 and 3 inches long); veins loosely reticulated: heads (5 lines long) 15-22- amenails bracts of the involucre broadly linear and obtuse, with some oblong- ovate acutish short ones, and often 2 or 3 loose and herbaceous ones subtending the head. — Pl. Wright. ii. 73. B. Wrightii, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140, not Gray, Le. — Ravines and river banks, 8. Arizona, Wright, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon, Pringle. 106 COMPOSIT, Brickellia. a+ a Foliose, i. e. the heads sessile or short-peduncled, terminating short leafy branchlets or in axillary clusters, forming a spiciform, paniculate, or interrupted leafy thyrsus. — Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous, glabrous and smooth, the outer- most very short and appressed, wholly destitute of green tips. u. Leaves mainly with truncate or subcordate base, crenate or dentate, but not laciniate: involucral bracts all obtuse, or imermost linear ones abruptly acute; short outermost oval and ovate: heads 10-20-fluwered, 4 or 5 lines high. B. Rusbyi. Tall, copiously branched, largely herbaceous, amply floriferous, with the habit of B. floribunda, except that the inflorescence is thyrsoid-paniculate, minutely puberulent : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) from deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with truncate or some with more or less cuneate base, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, un- equally dentate to or above the middle. — Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, Rusby, G. R. Vasey, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. ——B. Wrightii, Grav. Usually much branched from a woody hase, 2 to 4 feet high, puberu- lent, sometimes a little scabrous. leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, or rounded-cordate and obtuse, or at most acute (but not prolonged upward), more or less crenate-dentate (larger cauline an inch and a half long, smaller only half-inch): heads glomerate-paniculate, the clusters shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : involucre often purple. — Pl. Wright. ii. 72. B. Californica, vay., Gray, Pl. Fendl. 64. —W. borders of Texas to Colorado and Arizona, where it is not clearly distinguishable from B. Californica. Var. ténera. A form with thin dilated-ovate leaves, fewer heads, and pale involucre, evidently growing in shade. — B. tenera, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 72. — Mountain ravines, 8. .\ri- . gona, Wright, Lemmon. Var. reniférmis. Leaves also thin, broader than long, some of them quite reniform, coarsely crenate, mostly surpassing the glomerules of heads.— B. reniformis, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 86; an older name than B. Wright’, but inappropriate for the species, of which this is an extreme form.— Mountain valley near the western border of Texas, Wright. s==B. Califérnica, Griy. Moderately and virgately branched, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely pu- berulent : leaves ovate, obtuse, rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-dentate, commonly an inch or less long, mostly surpassed by the small clusters of heads, these rather spicately glomerate, forming an interrupted strict thyrsus. — PJ. Fendl. 64, Pl. Wright. i. 85, & Bot. Calif. i. 300. Bulbostylis Cavanillesti, DC. Prodr, v. 38, as to Calif. plant. B. Culifornica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 79. — California, from Mendocino Co. southward to adjacent parts of Nevada and Arizona, and Utah # b. Leaves cuneate at base, tapering into the petiole, very numerous, incised or deeply toothed, sel- dom an inch long, the upper about equalling the glomerate heads in their axils: involucre narrow, 4 or 5 lines long; bracts mostly obtuse, the outer oblong, innermost linear: much branched and shrubby, 2 to 5 feet high. B. baccharidea, Gray. Leaves coriaceous, resinous-atomiferous and very glutinous, rhombic-oyate or oblong, and with 2 to 5 strong tecth to each margin, much reticulated: heads 15-18-flowered. — Pl]. Wright. i. 87.— Mountains of S. W. Texas, east of El Paso, Wright. San Francisco Mountains, N. E. Arizona, Greene. -B. lacinidta, Gray. Leaves thin, puberulent and somewhat scabrous, ovate-cuneate and oblong, laciniate-toothed or lobed, obscurely veiny: heads 9-12-flowered, — Pl. Wright. i. 87. B. dentatu, Schultz Bip. Bot. Herald, 301, excl. syn. DC.— 8. W. Texas, east of El Vaso, Wright. S. Arizona, Thurber. (Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.) = = Involucre of firmer bracts, the outer with greenish and somewhat spreading tips, outermost loose and herbaceous and passing into the small leaves of the branchlets. B. microphylla, Grav. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched; the short leafy branchlets termi- nated by 1 to 3 heads: leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous, obtuse or apiculate, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger half-inch long, those of flowering Ianchlets a line or two long; heads nearly half-inch long, about 15-flowered. — © PL Wright. i 85; Bot. Calif. i. 800. Bulbostylis microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser, vil. 287; Torr. & Gray, FL. i. 79. — Dry interior of Oregon and California in the east- ern part of the Sierra Nevada to Idaho, the mountains of Utah, and 8. W. Colorado; first... coll. by Nuttall. Brickellia. COMPOSITE. 107 +~ + + Leaves sessile, subsessile, or the lower short-petioled: heads not pendulous. ++ Leaves mainly opposite, veiny: heads mostly pedunculate: bristles of the pappus merely sca- brous or barbellulate-serrulate under a lens: last two species with much imbricated involucre. == Stems lignescent at base, slender. _— B. oliganthes, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, a foot or two high: leaves coriaceous, from oblong tw linear, obtuse, obtusely and often vbscurely serrate, an inch or two long, canescent and the veins very prominently reticulated beneath: peduncles mostly elongated, axillary and terminal, 1-3-cephalous, racemosely or somewhat corymleosely disposed : heads half-inch long, 10-12-flowered : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate ; the short outermost ovate, innermost linear. — Pl. Wright. i. $4. & ii. 71. Eupatorium oliganthes, Less. in Linn. iv. 137. Bulbostylis oliganthes, DC. Prodr. \. 139. —S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, mostly a narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) B. parvula, Gray. Minntely scabro-puberulent, low; leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely few- toothed, green both sides, barely half-inch long . the upper oblong. sparse and much =maller : peduncles few and slender, monocephalous, corymbosely disposed at the summit of the stems: head 5 lines long. about 12-flowered: bracts of the involucre few-ranked ; innermost linear, rather obtuse ; outer broader and mucronate-acute. —Pl. Wright. i. $7.— Mountains of S W. Texas near the pass of the Rio Limpio, Wright. == = Stems herbaceous to the base: leaves reticulate-veiny. B. Wislizéni, Gray. Glandolar-hirsute. 2 or 3 feet high: cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong x with a subcerdate closely sessile base, acute, acutely and numerously serrate, thin, loosely yeiny, 14 to 3 inches long ; those of the branches mainly obtuse at base: peduncles axillary and simple and as long as the leaves. or exceeding them on axillary branches. filiform : heads 5 or 6 lines Jong, 12-20-flowered: bracts of the involucre all lanceolate and gradually acuminate, or the innermost linear. — Pl. Feudl 64; Pl. Wright. i. $4. & ii. 71.—% Arizona, on mountain-sides, Wright. (Heads rather smaller and fewer-flowered than in the original of adjacent Mex.) Var. lanceolata. Loosely paniculate-branched and floribund, the numerons heads smaller: leaves broadly lanceolate, the cauline half-inch wide, tho-e of the branches small, or the upper minute. — San Francisco Mountains, N. E. Arizona, Greene. B. betonicefolia, Gray. More minutely glandular-hirsute : stems 1 to 3 feet high, vir- gate: leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, crenate or ohtusely dentate, rugesely veiny ; the Jower mostly with short but distinet petioles: inflorescence virgate-racemiform: peduncles mostly shorter and the 12-flowered heads rather smaller: otlerwise nearly as the preceding. = PP Wright. ii. 72. — Hills, New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Greene, Ke. B. Lemmoni, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not glandular, slenler, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate, all acute at ase and as if with short margined petiole, remotely or obscurely serrate, livhtly triplinerved (inch or two long): heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous ina rather loose narrow leafy thyrsus, on slender short peduncles, 10-12-flowered: bracts of the involucre nearly all acute; the rather few and short outer ones ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, inner linear: akenes canescent. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 206.—Chiricahua Mountains, s. Arizona, Lemmon. ——B. Pringlei, Gray, 1c. Cinereous-puberulent and the foliage scalirous: stem strict. rather stout, 2 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, mestly obtuse at base, on very short but distinct peiivles, somewhat serrate, nearly coriaceous, 3-nerved from just above the base, conspicuously and beneath saliently reticulated : heads (half-inch long) in a loose and narrow leafy thyrsus, 20-24-flowered: involucre ylabrous, rather louger than the scaly-bracteate peduncles : their rounded bracts passing above into the ovate and obtuse or barely mucronu- late outer bracts of the involucre, the innermost of which are lanceolate and acute: akeucs canescent. — Iucky cations, 8. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. B. cylindracea, Griy & Eycrrm. Ciuereous-pubescent, somewhat scabrous . stem com- monly stout and strict, 2 to + feet high: leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at both ends, obtusely serrate, thickish, 3-nerved or triplinerved from near the sub- sessile base (about 2 inches long) : heads (6 to § lines ] ug} numerous in a virgate racemiform thvrsus, short-peduncled, sometimes almost sessile, 10-flowered : involucre cylindrical, closely imbricated ; the broadly ovate outer bracts in several ranks, mucronate, multistriate, mostly yillous when young; inner broadly linear, obtuse or mucronulate: akenes pubescent. — 108 COMPOSIT A. Brickellia. Proc. Am. Acai. i. 46, Pl. Lindh. ii. 218, Pl. Wright. 1. c. — Hillsides and thickets, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Varies into Var. laxa, Gray. Paniculately branched, and the branches hearing numerous smaller (5 or 6 lines long) loosely disposed and sometimes slender-peduncled heads, having fewer bracts to the involucre: leaves of the branches either subsessile or abruptly petioled. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 207. —S. W. Texas, Palmer. ++ ++ Leaves alternate, veiny: stems herbaceous from a perennial root: pappus barbellate. B. Riddéllii, Gray. Minutely cinereous or puberulent, glabrate : stem strict and stout, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or fastigiately branched above, exceedingly leafy to the summit: leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, sparingly denticulate, occasionally more dentate, often entire, thickish, obscurely veiny, 8 to 18 lines long: heads subsessile, numerous, crowded in a leafy spiciform thyrsus, 15-20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long: involucre campanulate, some- what pubescent; the bracts few-striate, obtuse or mucronate ; the outer ovate, inner oblong- lanceolate: pappus barbellulate under a lens. — Pl. Wright. i. 83. Claviyeru dentata, DC. Prodr. v. 128, but the character does not well agree, and the specific name is inappropriate, C. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 77.— River banks, middle and southern parts of Texas, Berlandiecr, Tiida: Ul, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. B. brachyphylla, Gray. Minutely puberulent: stems a foot or two high from a lignes- cent caudex, slender, simple, and bearing a few racemosely paniculate slender-pedunculate heads, or paniculately branched and polycephalous: leaves oblong-lancevlate, entire or sparingly serrate, half-inch or the larger an inch long: heads 5 lines long, 9-12-flowered : involucral bracts few, acute, short outermost ovate or oblong, inner linear: pappus-bristles almost plumose under a lens. — Pl. Wright. i. 84. Clavigera brachyphylla, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 63.— Rocks and ravines, western border of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Fendler, Bigelow, Greene, Lemmon, &c. ++ ++ ++ Leaves mostly nervose and narrow, entire, the lower opposite: stems paniculately much branched: heads very numerous, thyrsoid-paniculate: akenes usually glabrous: pappus merely scabrous: plants nearly glabrous. (B. spinulosa, Gray, of Mexico, is of this group.) B. squamuldsa, Gray. Suffrutescent at base, 2 or 3 feet high: stems or shoots of the first year bearing narrowly linear (2 or 3 inches long, less than 2 lines wide) obscurely 3-nerved deciduous leaves ; flowering shoots the next year bearing only minute squamiform obtuse leaves of a line or less in length, and closely imbricated on short branchlets and thence passing into the bracts of the involucre: heads 10-12-flowered, turbinate, about 5 lines long: involucral bracts pluriseriate, thickish, obscurely nerved, green with whitish margins, externally somewhat canescent; the short outer ones ovate or oblong and obtuse, inner narrow and acutish.— Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 30.— New Mexico near Santa Rita del Cobre, Greene. S. Arizona, near Fort Iuachuea, Lemmon. (San Luis Potosi, Mex.) B. longifolia, Warsoy. Suffruticose: flowering branches leafy: leaves lanceolate-linear (1 to 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), 3-nerved; upper gradually diminished in the open- paniculate leafy thyrsus : heads subsessile in small clusters, 3-5-flowered, only 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre about 10, of 2 or 3 lengths, conspicuously striate, obtuse. — Am. Nat. vii. 301; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 139, t. 5. —S. Utah and 8. Nevada, Wheeler, Mrs. Thompson, Paliner. B. multiflora, Kerroce. Suffrnticose: cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and with divergent lateral nerves, an inch or two long; those in the crowded panicle from lanceolate to linear, small, and with obscure lateral nerves: heads 3-5-flowered : akenes sparsely hairy : other- wise much resembling B. longifolia. — Kelloge in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 49; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8. — On rocks, in acajion of King’s River, southern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Kellogg. ++ +h ++ ++ Leaves all alternate, spatulate, veinless: stems shrubby: heads sparse or solitary. B. frutéscens, Gray. Rigid undershrub with divaricate branches, cinerouspmbescent : leaves spatulate or obovate, entire, 3 to 5 lines long, including the attenuate petiole-like hase : heads (half-inch long) terminating the branchlets, about 20-Howered : involucral bracts rather obtuse; outer ones somewhat grecuish-tipped: akenes hispidulous-scabrous: bristles of the pappus very ininutely but densely serrulate. — Proc. Aim, Acad. xvii, 207, — Southern bor- ders of California, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey, Parish. Liatris. COMPOSITE. 109 14. CARPHOCH ZTE, Gray. (Kdpdos, scale or chaff, and xairn, bristle, from the pappus.)— Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants (of New and North- ern Mexico}. glabrous or nearly +0; with opposite and entire sessile thickish 1—3- nerved but nearly veinless leaves. and solitary or somewhat clustered heads. terminating leafy or pedunculiform branches: the flowers (about an inch lone) much exceeding the inyolucre: this and the corolla rose-colored: nearly of Liatris habit, and pappus somewhat of Seria. — Pl. Fendl. 65; Pl. Wright. iL 9, ie hs ““" C. Bigelovii, Gray, lc. A span to a foot high, woody at base, fasciculately branched: lower leaves spatulate-oblong, inch long, and fascicles of smaller ones in the axils, upper oblong or linear: heads sessile or very -hort-peduncled, mostly terminating very leafy some- what paniculate short branchlets : aristiform palew of the pappus 11 to 14, and a few very small exterior squamelle.—N. New Mexico, Bigelow, Wrijht, Greene. Arizona, Pringle. 8. W. Texas, Girard. The one or two other species are more herbaceous, slender, and with loose pedunculate heads. 15, LIATRIS, Schreb. Braziye Star, Brrroy SvaKERooT. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Perennial Atlantic N. American hers; with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly wlobose and corm-like stock, bearing reversely racemose or spicate heads of handsome rose-purple flowers (rarely also white), in late summer and autumn; the leaves all alternate. narrow, entire, rigid or with cartilaginous murgins. mostly glabrous or glabrate.— Gen. 542 (where Gertner’s name is mentioned; but Gertner takes up the genus. like Schreber, from the Anonymos, Walt., under the name S«prago, confusing it with Vernonia, and in a volume two years later than Schreber’s); Torr. & Grav. Fl. il. 67 (excl. $ 2 & 8); Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248. x Pappus very plumose: heads 4-5-flowered: inner involucral bracts with prolonzed petaloid tips. — Calostelma, Don. ~—=L. élegans, Wittp. Partly pubescent, 2 to 3 feet high: linear upper leaves commonly soon reflexed: spike or raceme virgate, dense, 3 to 20 inches long : heads either sessile or on bracteolate pedicels, about half-inch long: bracts of the involucre few-ranked, the inner dilated at tip into an oblong or lanceolate mucronate-acuminate rose-red spreading append- age, which surpasses the flowers and pappus. — Spec. iii. 1065; Michx. Fl. ii. 91; Ker, Bot. Reg. t 267; DC. Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, le. Stahelina eleqavs, Walt. Car. 202. Serratula speciosa, Ait. Kew. iii. 138. Eupatorium speciosum, Vent. Cels. t. 79. Liatris radians, Bertol. Misc. v. 9, t. 1.— Dry pine barrens, Virginia? to Florida and Texas. * * Pappus very plumose: heads 16-60-flowered. cylindraceous with turbinate base: bracts of involucre much imbricated, with herbaccou: tips if any: lobes of the corolla pilose inside: leaves all linear and rigid, hardly punctate: the lower elongated and craminiform. — = L.squarrésa, Witip. Pubescent or partly glabrous: stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high: heads few (even solitary), or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, rarely some- what paniculate, the larger an inch or more long: bracts of the involucre all herbacesus and acuminate, or with foliaceous or herbaceous (or innermost slightly colored) lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips: these usually squarrose-spreading and prolonged. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c., incl. vars. floribunda & compacta. Cirsium tuberosum, ete., Dill. Elth. t. 71, fig. 82. Serratula squarrosa, L. Spee. ii. 818. Pleronia Curoliniana, Walt. Car. 292. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Upper Canada to Florida, Nebraska, and Texas. Passes into Var. intermédia, DC. Heads narrow: bracts of the involuere erect or little spread- ing. less prolonged. — Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1.¢., with var. compacta. L. intermedia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 948. — Upper Canada to Nebraska, Louisiana, and Texas. : esx, L. cylindracea, Micux. Mostly glabrous, a foot high: heads few or several, 16-20- flowered, an inch or less long: bracts of the involucre all appressed, barely herbaceous, rounded and abruptly mucronate at tip, the outermost very short.—Fl. ii. 93; Ell. Sk. 110 COMPOSITA. Liatris. ii. 275; Torr. & Gray, 1c, not Pursh. LZ. graminifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, excl. syn. Walt. G hab.; Muhl. Cat. 73. Z. stricta, Macnab in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xix. 60. ZL. flexuosa, D. Thomas, in Am. Jour, Sci. xxvii. 338 7 — Dry prairies and open woodlands, Upper Canada and Michigan to Minnesota and Missouri. %* * ¥* Pappus distinctly plumose to the naked eye: heads 3-6-flowered: bracts of the involucre acuminate or mucronate, coriaceo-herbaceous, not appendaged: corolla-lobes naked: leaves all narrowly linear or the upper acerose. w= 1, punctata, Hoox. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick and branching or some- times globular stock, stout: leaves as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid: head 4-6- flowered, oblong or cylindraceous, thickish, from half to three-fourths inch long, mostly . numerous and crowded in a dense (below leafy) spike: bracts of the involucre oblong, abruptly or sometimes more gradually cuspidate-acuminate, often lanuginous-ciliate : pappus almost as plumose as in the preceding. — FI. i. 306, t. 55; Torr. & Gray, 1c. L. cylindrica, Torr, Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 210. ZL. resinosa, DC. Prodr. v. 129 (pl. Arkans.), not Nutt.— Dry prairies and plains, Saskatchewan and Minnesota west to Montana and Colorado, south to Texas and New Mexico. (Mex.) _._- L. acidéta, Excerm. & Gray. Stem a foot or two high from a globose or at length elon- gated tuber: leaves very slender: heads 3-5-flowered, three-fourths to half an inch long, numerous in a slender and strict naked spike: bracts of the involucre rather few, thinnish, mostly glabrous, ovate- and oblong-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly acuminate or cuspidate- mucronate: pappus short-plumose. — P]. Lindh. i. 10; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 83. L. mucronata, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 70, not DC. — Prairies of Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Var. vernalis, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c., is a depauperate vernal form. ‘ Var. mucronata. Heads and flowers smaller; involucral bracts abruptly mu- cronate-pointed. — L. mucronata, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 10.— Texas, Lindhetmer. L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous: stem very slender, a foot or two high: leaves punctate; lower narrowly linear, upper acerose: heads rather numerous in a strict naked spike, 3-4-flowered, hardly half-inch long: Iracts of the involucre only about 8, thin, lanceolate, acuminate, the inner somewhat scarious at margins and ti: pappus short-plu- -mose.— FI. ii. 70. — Near Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Not since found. * %& * * Pappus from barbellulate to minutely short-plumose under a lens, not to the naked eye. +— Heads subglobose or hemispherical, 15-40-flowered : involucral bracts mostly spatulate, many- ranked, somewhat spreading: corolla-lobes comparatively short. = L. scariésa, Wittp. Pubescent or glabrate: stem stout, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves spatulate- or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole (4 to 6 inches long, half-inch to inch and a half wide) ; upper narrowly lanceolate; uppermost small, linear, sessile: heads racemose or spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), mostly 25-40-flowered and about an inch high and wide: involucral bracts broadest and rounded at summit, there cither herbaccous or scarious edged and tinged with purple (rarcly white-scarious) : pappus-bristles minutely barbellate. — Willd. Spec iii, 1635; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1709; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 590; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1654; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 29. L. aspera & spharoidea, Michx. Fl. ii. 92. L. seariosa & J. spheroidea, DC. 1. c. LE. spharoidea, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 87. L. borealis, Nutt. in Paxt. Mag. v. t. 27. Z. squarrosu, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 442% Serratula scariosa, L. Spec. ii. 818.— Dry and usually sandy ground, Upper Canada and New England to the Saskatchewan, west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and Texas. Varies greatly ; in the involucre, which is either herbaceous or with the tips largely scarious and colored ; in the size of the heads, &¢., passing into the extreme microcephalous form (which except for the transitions would be regarded as a distinct species), Viz. :— Var. squarruldsa. Comparatively small and slender: heads merely half or two- thirds inch long, 14-20-flowered : involucral scales narrower, innermost sometimes linear or lanceolate and acutish. — L. squarrulosa, Michx. l.c. ZL. heterophylla, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 503; Pursh, FI. ii. 508; Nutt. Gen. ii. 131.— Open woods, N. Carolina to Texas. The heads of ordinary ZL. seariosa, when abnormally numerous and paniculate, are some- times reduced to the smallest size. , +— + Heads oblong, 5-flowered: involucre squarrose by the spreading colored tips of the bracts. -—=> L pycnostachya, Micnx. Hirsute, or below glabrous: stem stout, 3 to 5 feet high: leaves crowded throughout; the lower lanceolate and the upper very narrowly linear: spike — r Liatris. COMPOSITE. iat dense, cylindrical (5 to 18 inches long): heads (4 to 6 lines long) all sessile: bracts of the involucre 14 to 16, oblong or the inner narrower; the more or less scarious syuarrose tips purple or purplish, usually acute: pappus copious; minutely barbellate. — Fl. ii. 91; Pursh, FI. ii. 507 (excl. syn. Dill. & Walt. ?); Torr. & Gray, le. ZL. brachystachya, Nutt. in Jour. -\cad. Philad. vii. 72, a glabrous form. — Prairies, Iinois and Iowa to Arkansas and Texas. -\pparently this hybridizes with Z. spicata; at least specimens occur which are intermediate between the two species. + + + Heads from short-oblong to cylindraceous: bracts of the involucre all appressed, ++ Obtuse and mostly rounded at the pointless apex. = Leaves narrowly linear, or the lowermost larger and broader; upper ones gradually reduced to linear-subulate bracts. L. spicata, Wittp. Glabrous, or with some sparse hirsute pubescence : stem stout or tall, usually 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : heads 8-13- (sometimes 5~7-) flowered, half-inch long, almost erect, closely sessile and numerous in a dense spike of a span to a foot or more in length: involucre obtuse or rounded at base ; its bracts obscurely if at all glandular-punc- tate, but not rarely glutinous; the tips of the inner usually with narrow colored scarious margin. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1411; Torr. & Gray, l.c. 73; Torr. Fl.N. Y.35,t.47. Cirsium tuberosum, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 72, fig. 83. Srrvatula spicata, L. Spec. ii. 819 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; Andr. But. Rep. t. 401. 8. compta, Dryander in herb. Banks, cited by Pursh under the next. Lratr/s macrostachya, Michx. Fl. ii. 91; Pursh, 1c. ZL. resinosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 131, a small form with 5-flowered heads. ZL. sessi/(flora, Bertol. Misc. v. 10, t. 2 (but our specimen from coll. Alabama, Gates, has hirsute foliage), a form with slender and looser spike. — Moist or rich soil, Mass. and New York to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south through the upper country to Florida and Louisiana. Var. montana. Low and stout, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves broader, lower ones half tu two-thirds inch wide, obtuse: spike proportionally short and heads large. — L. macrostachya, Michx. 1. c., in part. L. pumila, Loddiges. L. spicata, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t.49. L. pilosa, in part, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 74. — Rocky mountain-tops in Virginia and N. Carolina, where it abounds. == L. graminifolia, Ptrsu. More slender than the preceding, mostly only 2 or 3 feet high : leaves usually ciliate toward the hase with scattered hispid hairs, rigid, often sparse: heais more sparsely spicate or scattered, not rarely becoming racemose or paniculate, mostly half. inch long: involucre acutish at base; its bracts firmer, oval and oblong, glandular-punctate oa the herbaceous hack, the rounded (or sometimes slightly herbaceous-apiculate) tip hardly » at all scarious-edged. — (Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, only as to name & syn. of Anonymos gramini- Jolia, Walt., which is also uncertaiu.) Pursh, Fl. ii. 308 (excl. portions of char. taken from Willd.) : Nutt. Gen. ii. 131; Ell. sk. ii. 274: DC. Prodr. \. 130, chiefly; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 72. L. pilosa, var. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 131. LZ. virgata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 72, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. u. ser. vil. 284, a form running into compound-paniculate inflores- cence, with small heads. S+rratu/a_folt/s linearibus, Gronoy. Virg. ed. 1, 92; cited by Linneus under 8S. spicata. — Dry or moist ground, Virginia to Florida. sec; Var. dubia, Gray. Spike strict and virgate, with many approximate rather large heads, or ovcasivnally racemiform, or abnormally paniculate: bracts of the involucre nar- rower and thinner, sometimes obscurely scarious-margined. — Man. 224 (Torr. & Gray, l. c.). L. pilosa, Willd. (Servatula pilosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, iii. 1387, apparently a state with unusually narrow involucral scales, and like Lodd. Cab. t. 356, the only character being “8. joliis linearibus pilosis, floribus axillaribus longe pedunculatis”’); Pursh, 1. ¢.; Ell. 1. ¢.; Lind]. Bot. Reg. t.595. L. pilosa, var. levicaulis, & L. spicata, var. racemosa, DC. 1.v. L. dubia, Bart. Mat. Med. ii. 222, t. 49. Z. propinqua, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3829.— Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama, near the coast, in wet or dry soil. ~——~L,. gracilis, Prnsu. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves rather short, mostly spreading ; lower usually oblong-linear or oblanceolate, upper small and narrow: heads small (4 or 5 lines long), 3-5- or rarely 6-7-flowered, numerous in a virgate raceme, on spreading or horizontal slender pedicels, or rarely spicate, often loosely com- pound-paniculate : bracts of the involucre lax, rather few (7-10), thinnish, commonly gland- ular-puberulent, not scarious at tip. —Fl. ii, 508; Torr. & Gray, Lv. L. pauciflosculosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. lc. 71. JZ. lanceolata, Bertol. Misc. v. 11, t. 3. — Dry pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. 112 COMPOSITA, Liatris. == = Leaves all very slender: heads 4 or 5 lines long. _.. L. tenuifdlia, Nurr. Glabrous or with a few bristles below: stem strict and slender, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves rigid, attenuate-linear and when dry with revolute margins ; radical and lower cauline very numerous and crowded, a foot or less long, a line or two wide ; upper cauline short, becoming acerose or filiform and reduced to setaceous bracts: heads about 5-flowered and 4 lines long, very numerous in a strict virgate raceme (of a foot or two in length), which vecasionally develops into a panicle: invelucre of about 10 oblong bracts, not punctate, the inner more or less scarious and purplish: pappus strongly barbellate. — Gen. ii. 131; Ell. Sk. ii. 275; Torr. & Gray, lc. Z. levigata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. lc. 285, a large form with coarser radical leaves. — Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. ++ ++ Inyolucral bracts or most of them acuminate or mucronate-tipped, = Hirsute with short many-jointed hairs. L. Garberi, Gray. A foot or two high, hirsute with many-jointed spreading hairs, or the linear and rigid strongly punctate leaves glabrate: upper leaves very short, linear-subulate, erect ; heads 6-7-flowered, 5 or 6 lines long, crowded in a dense spike: involucre campanu- late; its bracts (about 10) greenish and very glandular-punctate, villous-hirsute, in age glabrate; outer ones ovate, inner oblong, all obtuse and conspicuonsly mucronate-pointed : pappus minutely barbellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48. — Tampa, Florida, Garber. = = Involucre glabrous or nearly so, narrow, indistinctly glandular-punctate, 3-5-flowered (bracts variable): pappus more distinctly barbellate toward the base. L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Tomentulose-puberulent, glabrate: stem a foot or two high, strict and rigid: leaves short, lincar, or the lower oblong-linear and obtuse (1 to 3 inches long) and the upper small and narrow: heads numerous, mostly 3-flowered, erect in a strict and dense virgate spike: involucre cylindrical; its bracts thinnish, lanceolate or the short outer ones oblong, mostly acute and mucronate or short-acuminate, sometimes point- less: flowers large for the size of the head, two thirds of an inch long: pappus half-inch long. — Fi. ii. 502; Chapm. Fl. 191.— Dry sandy ridges, Middle Florida, first coll. by Chapman. L. paucifléra, Pcrsu. Glabrous or minutely puberulent: stem slender, often weak and declining : leaves rigid, linear, mostly narrow: heads numerous in a virgate often secund spiciform raceme (of 6 to 24 inches in length), when seeund on short spreading or recurving pedicels: involucre cylindraceous ; its bracts thinnish, oblong, or the short outermost oval and the inner lanceolate, mostly mucronate-acute or acuminate: flowers 5 or 6 and pappus 4 or 5 lines long. — Fl. ii. 510; Chapm. Le. LZ. secunda, Ell. Sk. ii. 278; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 71. — Sandy pine woods, 8. Carolina to Florida. 16. GARBERIA, Gray. (The late Dr. A. P. Garter, the re-discoverer.) — Proc. Acad. Philad. Nov. 1879, 379, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi.. 79. Liatris § Leptoclinium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vil. 285; Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 76. Leptoclinium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48, not Benth. & Hook. G. fruticésa, Gray, 1... Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, branching, leafy: branchlets and involu- cre puberulent: leaves with base of a short petiole articulated with the stem, vertical by a twist, glabrous, pale and of the same hue both sides, nearly veinless, obovate, retuse (barely inch long): heals (half-inch long) numerous in fastigiate naked terminal cymes: involucre much shorter than the pappus.— Liatr’s fruticosa, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. vy. 299. Lepto- clinium fruticosum, Gray, 1. ¢.—S. Florida, Ware, Garber. Found by the latter on dry sand- ridges of the western coast, at Tampa Bay. Lower leaves opposite according to Nuttall. 17. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Kapdos, chaff, and gopds, bearing.) — Perennials, with no hulbiform stock or tuber; the rose-purple or white flowers in cymosely disposed heads; all N. American, late-flowcring. — Bull. Philom. 1816, & Dict. vii. 148; DC. Prodr. v. 132 (one species); Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. 5 , ‘ P F $1. Pappus of copious and unequal minutely barbellate bristles, occupying more than one series: flowers purple: stem simple, leafy: even the lowest leaves alternate, cuuline ones sessile: Atlantic-Statcs species, herbs. Trilisia, COMPOSIT_E. 115 % Leaves all acerose, erect or appressed. -_— C. Pseudo-Lidtris, Cass. lec. Cinereouspuhescent, glabrate below, glaucescent: stems a foot or two high, very strict: leaves with base half-clasping the stem, rizil, somewhat cariuate ; lowest $ or 10 inches long, a line or less broad; cauline sradually reduced to sub- ulate appressed bracts: heals few or numerous in a small compact terminal cyme: involu- cral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely pube~ceut. — Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.: Pertel. Mise. v. 14. Liatris sjuamosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73; Hook. Comp. Bet. Mag. i. 05. — Grassy pine barrens. Alabama, Middle Florida, and Mississippi to Louisiana. = %* Leaves plane, thickish; radical ones spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole; cauline ob- long, short, closely sessile: bracts of the involucre pluriserial. C. tomentosus, Torr. & Grar, lc. About 2 feet high. tomentulose, or below hirsute and glabrate: heads numerons in the eyme (over half-inch lon): bracts of the involucre canescently hirsute and viscid, mostly acute. — Liatris tomentosa, Michx. Fi. 73. L. Walter, Ell. Sk. ii. 285, excl. syn. Walt. — Low pine barrens, N. Carclina to Florida. ~==C. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray,1].c. Stouter and taller, minutely hirsute or pubescent: cauline leaves brvadly oblong : heads numerous in the compound eyme: involuere clubrous : the bracts all very obtuse or truncate, inner ones scarious-margined and erose at apex. — Livtris corymbosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 132, excl. svn. ZL. tomentosa, Ell. 1. ¢., not Michx. — Marzin of swamps in pine barrens, N. Carolina to Flurida. C. bellidifélius, Torr. & Gray, lc. About a foot high, rather slender, often branched below the middle. almost glabrous. cauline leaves narrowly oblong or oblancevlate : heads* fewer and scattered, more pedunculate : involucre of looser bracts; the lower rather spread- ing, innermost thin and linear, all very obtuse. — Liatris belliditilia, Michx. 1. ¢.; Nutt. Lc. anon yinos wnrlorus, Walt. Car. 19§ ? — Sandy woods and pine larrens. from Wilmington, N. Carolina, to Georgia. § 2, Kvayiowes, Gray. Pappu: a single series of about 15 plumose bristles: flowers white or ochroleucous: bracts of the involucre fewer, in about 3 ranks: stems much branched, shrubby at base, few-leuved: lower leaves opposite: Pacitic species. ~——=C. juinceus, Besru. Minutely hispid or glabrate, or above somewhat canescent, 2 or 3 feet lng: uranches slender and rigid. junciform; the branchlets often leafless, terminated ly solitary or 2 or 8 hemispherical heals (of half-inch length): leaves linear, sometimes sparingly lobed, upper ones filiform or reduced to subulate bracts, or early deciduous: bracts of the involucre obtuse or acutish; outer cues canescently hirsute and ovate or oblong; inner ores thin and narrower. — Bot. Suiph. 21; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vill. 032. & Bot. Calif. 301. — Sauly banks of streams, southern borders of California to Arizona, where the involucral bracts are narrower. (S. Calif., first cull. by Hinds.) C. aterpiiciréiics, Gray, Pree. Am. Acad. v. 159, from Cape San Lucas, *. California, Xumtus, is possibly a form of the last, with oblong laciniate-toothed or somewhat hastate leaves, on distinct petiole:, and rather oblong heads : specimens insufficient. 18. TRILISIA. Cass. (Zres. three, licia. threads or girdles; application ob- scure.) — Atlantic U. S. perennials ; with simple and erect rather tall leafy stems. terminating in a thyrsus or panicle of eymules of smal] heads: leaves entire, oval to lanceolate; cauline partly clasping. radical much larger and tapering at base into a margined petiole. Flowers rose-purple. autumnal. Involucre of few oval or oblong somewhat herbaceous equal bracts. usually with 2 or 3 small and loose exterior “ones. — Bull. Philom., 1518, & Dict. iv. 310: Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248, Liatris § Trilisia. DC.. excl. spec.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 76. —— T, odoratissima, Cass.lc. (Vayrrra-piast, HorypsToncve.) Glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thickish, pale, often glaucous, obs. urely-veined, vanilla-scented in drying ; radical and lower cauline 4 to 10 inches long. oval or oblong. upper ones becoming very small: heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather numerous in open cymules, and these cymosely pa- niculate; akenes C. Mariana, Nurr. A foot or two high from a perennial root, loosely silky-villous with arachnuid hairs, glabrate in age: leaves thinnish, green: heads several in a corymbiform cluster: involucre glabrous but yranulate-glandular.— Gen. 1. c. (under Znula); Torr. & + Gray, L c¢.; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 2. Jnula Mariana, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1240. Aster Caro- lintanus pilosus, etc., Mill. Ic. t.57. Diplopappus Marianus, Hook. 1. v.— Pine barrens and sandy soil, coast of New York to Florida and Louisiana. “=O: gossypina, Nurv.1.c. A foot or two high from a biennial root, densely lanate, the wool becoming tomentose-floccose : leaves all obtuse, mostly short and spatulate or oblong: heads terminating pedunculiform branches or loosely corymbose: involucre very woolly, or be- coming glabrate or even glandular.— Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Bertol. Mise. vii. t.1. Inula gossypinu, Michx. FI. ii. 122. f. glandulosa, Lam. Dict. iii. 2597 Erigeron pilosum, Walt. Car. 206. Chrysopsis dentatu, Ell. Sk. ii. 337, a form with lower leaves few-toothed. C. de- cumbens, Chapm. Fl, 217, a coast form with glandular peduncles and involucre. — Sandy pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida aud Alabama, in the low country. +-— + Pubescence from hispid to silky-villous, persistent: root perennial. Includes a multitude of forms, seemingly not distinguishable into species. <=. villosa, Nurr. lc. A foot or two high: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, rarely few- toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the margins and midrib, an inch or two loug: heads mostly terminating leafy branches some- times rather clustered, naked at base or folivse-hracteate : involucre campanulate, + or 5 Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 423 lines high; its bracts commonly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute: akenes oblong-obovate, villous: outer pappus setulose-squamellate. — Amellus villosus, Pursh, FL ii. 564. Diplopappus villosus & D. hspidus, Hook. F). ii. 22. Chrysopsis viliosu, hispida, Joliosa, mollis, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; also C. canescens, Torr. & Gray, C. echioides, Benth. But. Sulph. 25 & PL Hartw. 316. — Prairies, plains, and other open grounds, from Dlinvis and W. Alabama north to Saskatchewan, south to .\rizona, and west tu British Columbia and the coast of California; iu various forms. The typical eastern and northern plant is rather large, with cinereous and roughish but not canescent pubescence. Westward, extending to the southern part of California, it usually becomes more canescent and villous as well as hirsute and hispid; the size and fulness of the heads greatly varying. The more marked but quite unlimited forms are the fol- lowing :— eee Var. hispida, Griy. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canes- cent: heads particularly small: involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. — Proe. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Diplopappus hispidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Chrysopsis hispida, IC. Prodr. vii. 279; Nutt. 1. e.— Saskatchewan to Idaho, south to W. Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. And forms between this and the next in California. ----Var. viscida. Low: leaves small, oblong to spatulate, green, sparingly if at all hispid, not rough, hut viscid-hirtellous or with viscid points, and the invelucre commonly viscidulous. — Utah and Arizona, in the mountains, Jones, Greene, Pringle, Lennon. Var. discoidea. Heads destitute of rays: involucre somewhat canescent : otherwise nearly as var. hispida. — Cations, W. Montana, Watson. Var. stenophylla, Gray. Low and rough-hixpid, rigid: leaves spatulate-linear, only a line or two wide: heads small. — VP]. Lindh. ii. 223.—Crevices of rocks, W. Texas, Lindheumer, and S. W. Arkansas, Bigelow. Var. canéscens. Wholly canescent with short and appressed sericcous pubescence, and with sume spreading hispid bristles along the stem and margins of the narrow mostly oblanceolate leaves: heads small: involucre also canescent: outer pappus less distinct. — Aplopappus 2? (Leucopsis) canescens, DC. Prod. y. 349. Chrysopses cancscens, Torr. & Gray, Fi. ti, 256. — Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Stems a foot, some- times “2 to 5 feet,” high; very leafy and branching. Var. folidsa, Exrox. Canescent with appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft and destitute of hispid bristles; but stem often hirsute or villous: leaves short, oblong or elliptical: heads small, rather numerous and clustered. — Bot. King Exp. 164. C. foliosa & C. mollis, Nutt. lc. ('. foliosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 99, & ii, $1, a smallleaved and some- what hispid form, between this and var. hispida. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and uArizona. Var. Rutteri, Rormrocx. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous-canescent with usually longer soft hairs: heads of double the size, fully half-inch high and wide, solitary or few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30 to 40, half-inch long. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. C. foliosa, var. sericeo-villosissima, &c., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 81. —S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, Lemmon. — Seemingly the most distinct form of all; but connected with the eastern type by one with slightly canescent leaves, Colorado, Greene. —— Var. sessilifi6ra. From hirsute and hispid or greenish to villous-canescent: leaves oblong or spatulate: heads mostly large, solitary and foliose-bracteate at base: outer pappus more conspicuous and syuamellate. — C. (Phyllotheca) sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sve. lic. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 309, partly, especially var. Bolunderi. C. Bolunderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, which is a well-developed form. — California, near the coast, from Mendocino Co. to San Diego and .Arizona. Disk-corollas in the bud tipped with some scattered very slender hairs. ———~WVar. echioides. A branching form, with rather numerous and naked heads of small size, and usually small leaves, commonly canescently hispid, sometimes greener: passes into var. foliosa, var. hispidu, &e.— C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph, 25 (from Bodegas, a form nearer the foregoing) & Pl. Hartw. 816, form with small and scattered heads. C’. sessie- flora, var. echioides, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 309.— California, common from the Sacramento southward to .\rizona. * * ¥ Leaves not nervose, somewhat veiny: involucre hemispherical: akenes turgid-obovate and flattish, indistinctly 10-nerved, minutely pubescent: outer pappus paleolate and conspicuous; inner not very copious: root annual, 124 COMPOSITA. Chrysopsis. C. pildsa, Nurr. A foot or two high, branching: branchlets terminated by solitary middle- sized heads: pubescence soft-hirsute or villous, also a minute glandulosity: leaves oblong- lanceolate, occasionally denticulate or toothed; the lower sometimes incised: bracts of the © involucre acuminate, glandular-viscid: rays almost half-inch long. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 66, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Lc. (§ Phyllopappus) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. ©. § Achyraa, — Open pine and oak woods, N. W. Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, first coll. by Nuttall. § 2. Ammépra, Gray. Rays none: outer pappus slender-setulose, inconspicu- ous or obscure: somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials, with bracts of the involuere thinner and more scarious. — Proc, Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vil. 321. . —C. Oregéna, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched: leaves oblong or lanceo- late, sometimes hirsute or almost hispid; midrib conspicuous: involucre nearly equalling « the flowers; its bracts pluriseriate: corollas slender: akenes oblong.— Proc. Am. Acad. loc. & Bot. Calif. i. 309. Anunadia Oregana, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 9, A. Brickellia Cumingii, Watt, in Abh. Nat. Gesells. Halle, xv. 5.— Sandy or gravelly banks of streams, Oregon and W. California. Var. scabérrima. Leaves (of branches) small, these and the branches very hispid scabrous. — Dry creek, Tulare Co., California, Congdon. == C. Bréweri, Gray, l.c. A foot or more high, more slender, less pubescent or almost gla- brous: leaves shorter, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-nerved at base (an inch or two long): - heads naked-pedunculate : involucre shorter ; its bracts fewer-ranked and somewhat broader : corollas funnelform: akenes obovate. — California, in the Sierra Nevada, from 4,500 to 11,000 feet, in open woods, first coll. by Brewer. 28. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. (“Axaprros, unbending or stiff, and mammos, pappus.) — Low shrubs, of the Arizona-Nevadan desert region, « foot to a yard high, glabrous or obscurely puberulous, not glandular nor resinous : leaves small, entire, sessile, nearly veinless except midrib, lower spatulate, upper linear- oblong to linear: heads terminating pedunculiform branchlets, yellow-flowered. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634, xvii, 208. —— A. spherocéphalus, Gray, 1].c. Branches striate, corymbosely polycephalous: heads discoid, homogamous, depressed-globular, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of involacre whitish, outer ones commonly with a pale greenish spot.— Aplopappus (Acamptopappus) spheero- cephalus, Gay, Pl. Fendl. 76; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 6.— Arizona and S$. Utah to the Mohave desert in California, first coll. hy Coulter. A. Shockléyi, Gray. Branchlets simpler, monocephalous: head hemispherical, radiate : rays 10 to 12, elongated, linear-oblong, bright yellow: outer bracts of involucre more con- spicuously green on the back. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208.— Mountains of S. W. Nevada, at Candelaria, Esmeralda Co., HW". 8. Shockley. 29. XANTHISMA, DC. (EdvOiopa, dyed yellow, alluding to the bright yellow flowers of the showy head.) — Prodr. v. 94; Benth. & Took. Gen. li. 253. Centauridium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246.— Single species, near to Aplopappus, showy in cultivation. — X. Texanum, DU.1.c. Nearly glabrous, biennial or annual, 1 to 4 feet high, with virgate branches terminated mostly by solitary large heads: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceo- late ; radical and lower cauline not rarely laciniate-pinnatifid and even Iipinnately parted ; cauline sessile, sparsely serrate or denticulate, or the upper cutire. outer bracts of the involucre commonly narrowed beluw the green body or appendage ; this whitish-margined, and sometinies with rounded barcly mucronate summit, oftener either gradually or abruptly acuminate and cuspidate: rays about 20, an inch or less long, the ligule borne on a very short tube, and the style short. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 98 (var. Berlandieri, with rounded obtuse involucral bracts, and var. Drummondii, with pointed ones); Torr. Bot. Marcy Rep. Aplopappus. COMPOSIT_E. 245 t. 10. Centauridium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 293. Macharanthera grandiflora, Buckley in Proc. Acai. Philad. 1561, 456. — Open woods, Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c.; f\. all summer. 30. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. (‘AnAdos, mirros, simple pappus.) — A large American genus (chiefly W. North American and Chilian) the analogue of {ster in the heterochromous division and equally polymorphous ; mostly herbaceous perennials, some suffruticose or even shrubby, a few annual: the flowers all yellow, produced in summer and autumn. — Dict. lvi. 168. Haplopappus & Eri- eamerta, Benth. & Took. Gen. ii, 253, 255.— Note that one or two species occasionally and certain species uniformly want the ray-flowers, obliteratiny the distinction between this genus and the followine! - § 1. Prionorsis. Gray. Heads very large and broad: involucre depressed- hemispherical, of lanceolate acuminate bracts, the outer mostly foliaceous and spreadiny : rays very numerous: disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-touthed: style- appendages short and rather obtuse: akenes very glabrous; those of the ray short, turgid-elliptical; of the disk oblong or narrower, and the central ones inane: pappus of very rigid and unequal bristles and comparatively little nu- merous; the innermost and larger ones somewhat flattened toward the base and their margins scabrous-ciliolate ; the outermost very small and short: root annual or biennial. — Pl. Wright. i. is. Préonops’s, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sov. n. ser. vi. 329. — (Connects with Nonthisma and has the foliage of Grindlia.) “~. E. California. Parish, &c. Svems s.metimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter. B. arboréscens, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear, very numerous (1 to 3 inches Jong. a line wide), moderately punctate: heads 2u-25-iwered, barely 3 lincs long: outer flowers often deformed. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640. Lenosur’s arborescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 79. — Dry ground, common in the Coast Ranges of California, sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ; first coll. by Fitch and Kellogg. x * Branched from the base: beads paniculate or more scattered: leaves filiform, thickish: bracts of involucre larger and rather few. oblong, »ltuze. B. Codperi, Gray. Apparently low, with leaves half-inch or less long. balsamic-viscid : heads few in a cluster at the end of the branchlets. 6—-S-tlowered: bracts of involucre nar- rowly oblong, chartacecus. pale to the apex: style-appendages ovate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640, & Bot. Calif. i. 315.— S$. E. California, on eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. Not again found: only branchlets known. B. brachylepis, Gray. shrub 4 to 6 feet high: leaves inch or half-inch long, balsamic- cameria diFisa, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23. viscid, conspicucn-ly resinous-punctate: heads loosely paniculate or solitary terminating paniculate branchlets. §-12-flowered, 4 or 5 lines hizh: bracts of the campannulate involucre oblong, more or less carinate by a glandular thickened midnerve j innermost not surpassing the linear-oblong akenes, outermost passing into small commonly imbricated scales on the peduncle : style-appendages subulate-filiform. — Bot. Calif. i. 614.— 5. California, along the seuthern borders of San Diego Co., near the Mexican frontier, Pulmer, Cleveland, Nevin. (Adj. Lower Calif.) B. pirrtsa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640 (Linosyris Sonsrenss, Gray, lc. 221, Eii- Sedago diffusa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159), of Lower California (Hinds, Nontus) and S-nera Pa'me:), is a species of this group, with filiform leaves obscurely punctate, and involucral bracts of firmer texture, the tips greenish, verging therefore to the next section. 142 COMPOSITA, Bigelovia. § 5. Aptopiscus, Gray, l.c. Heads several-many-flowered: bracts of the involucre either coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, and usually somewhat herbaceous or thickened at the obtuse or barely acute apex, all strictly appressed and well imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous: style-appendages subulate- lanceolate or broader, shorter than the stigmatic portion: akenes short, sericeous- pubescent: herbaceous or suffruticose, commonly more or less balsamic-viscid : leaves not punctate, sometimes dentate or pinnatifid. — Aplopappus § Aplodiscus, DC. Prodr. v. 350, excl. A. ramulosus, which is a Baccharis. * Herbaceous down to suffrutescent base: leaves linear: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous or almost chartaceous, and with obscure if any greenish tips. B. plurifiéra, Griy, 1.c. Leaves narrowly linear, entire: heads 15-18-flowered, 4 lines high: involucre somewhat turbinate, very smooth; its thinnish bracts lanceolate, acute: otherwise like the next, of which it is perhaps a mere form, but is insufficiently known. — Chrysocoma graveolens, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 211, not Nutt. Livosyris pluriflora, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. — Colorado? probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte, James in Long’s expedition. —-B. Wrightii, Gray, 1c. Commonly glabrous or nearly so: stems rather strict and slender, 6 a foot or two high from the lignesceut base: leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire, some- times lower ones sparingly laciniate-dentate, margins either smooth or sparingly hirtello- scabrous: heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7-15-flowered, usually numerous and crowded in a corymbiform cyme: bracts of the involucre oval-oblong to broadly lanceolate, obtuse ; the back at or near the apex usually greenish, but no definite tip. — Linosyris Wrightii & L. heterophylla, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 95, ii. 80.— Banks of streams and in saline. soil, W. Texas to 8. Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by Wright. , Var. hirtélla. Leaves cinereous-hirtellous or hirsute-pubescent and roughish, but often glabrate in age or only ciliolate: stems sometimes pubescent. — Lixosyris hirtella, Gray, Pl Wright. i. 95.— Same range; first coll. by Wright. * * Suffrutescent: leaves linear-filiform and pinnately parted: involucre nearly of the preceding. B. coronopifolia, Gray, 1c. Glabrous: stems freely branching, slender, a foot or two high, leafy: divisions of the leaves 3 to 9, often half-inch long, not thicker than the filiform rhachis, setulose-mucronate: heads somewhat thyrsoid-glomerate (4 or 5 lines long), 10-12- flowered. — (Excl. pl. Arizona, Palmer.) Linosyris coronopifolia, Gray, V). Wright. i. 96. — S. Texas along the Rio Grande, Wright, Bigelow, Havard, Palmer. * * * Suffruticose: bracts of involucre more coriaceous and more definitely greenish-tipped. +- Leaves all entire (or rarely a tooth or two), linear or spatulate-linear: branches partly her- baceous: glabrous. B. Drummoéndii, Gray, lc. About a foot high, with many slender erect or ascending branches or stems from a woody hase: leaves all narrowly linear, with tapering base (inch or two long, seldom over a line wide): heads 5 or 6 lines high, rather numerous in a corymbi- form cyme, 18-30-flowered: involucre campanulate; its bracts linear-oblong, with obtuse or obtusish and short green or greenish tips: pappus rather soft. — Linosyr’s Drummondit, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 233. — Coast of Texas, and Lower Riv Grande; first coll, by Berlandier, Drummond, Trécul. Ti. Arizona, Rusby. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) B. acradénia, Greene. S. cesia, L. Slender, commonly branching and glabrous or nearly so up to the peduncles, smooth, a foot vr two high: leaves lanceolate or the lower from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, serrate with erect or ascending teeth, the venation not prominent: heads small, few- flowered: bracts of the involucre all obtuse. —Spec. ii. 879 (founded on Dill. Elth. 414, t. 307, & Virgasimrea Murilandica, ete., Ray); Ait. Kew. iii, 217 :°Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 199. S. ixicaulis, Le 1. ¢., ag to herb., excl. char. & syn.— Shaded banks, or in wooded grounds, Canada to N. W. Arkansas, Georgia, and Texas. Var. axillaris, Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 1. ¢. (-. arillaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 542), is a common form in shade, with elongated-lanceolate thin leaves, all much exceeding the short clusters of rather few heads. — Chiefly northern, in woods. Var. Pee Gray, l.v. Paniculately branched above, smaller-leaved, flori- bund; the clusters of leads becoming racemose-paniculate toward the end of the lranches: « stems often purple and branchlets occasionally pubesvent. — > gracilis, Poir. Dict. viii. 476 ; NC. Prods. v. 336. YN. Sehraderi, DC. 1. ¢. ? (abnormal form), & of the Gardens. S. arguta, st. not Ait. S. argentea, Hornem. ex Spreng.—-.\ form of drier and open grounds, commoner in 8 States, and of European cultivation, where it is much altered, and appears to pass into S. RECURVATA, Willd. Enum. 889 (not Mill. Dict.). Tall, more paniculate, and the heads in racemosely crowded clusters on spreading (but hardly recurved) or ascending flowering branches, few if any in the axils of cauline leaves; usually some pubescence. — European gar- dens. May be a hybrid between 5. cesfa and >. ulmifolia or >. rugusa. S. rivipa, Willd. lc. 491. Srouter, purple-stemmed, with thyrsiform-paniculate intlores- cence of more crowded heads: apparently a cultivated modification of S. ca sia, var. paniculata, with a large-tlowered indigenous form of w hich (from Monticello, Georgia, Purter) it is congru- , ous. It is S flubellata, > chrader ex Spreng. (3. argula, Spreng.), and ». flabellizornis, W endl, in DC. Prodr. . 336. “+ ++ Stem and branches angled, manifestly so in dried specimens, green, not glaucous. Sprig, - =m §. latifélia, L. stem much angled, often flexnous, glabrous. 1 to 3 feet high: leaves ample and normally thin, broadly ovate or the upper ov are-laneevlate, conspicuously acuminate, abruptly and acuminately contracted at base into as it were a winged petiole of usually about | the length of the axillary clusters, mustly pilese-pubescent beneath, thickly and coarsely serrate with salient subwlate teeth: rays 3 or 4: disk-flowers 6 or 7: akeues very hirsute. — Spec. ii. $79 (ex herb. & habitat, excl. svn. Pluk.); Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 198. s Aericaulss, L. Le. ex syn. & char. (not of herb.) :_ Ait. Kew. iii, 217; DC. Prodr. v. 335. 3. Aerie raulis, var. latipvtia, Willd. Spee. iii, 2004. S. macrophylla, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2.305, not Pursh. — Moist woods and shaded banks, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Missenri and along the mountains to Tennessee and Georgia. In grounds exposed to the sun, the clusters of heads are often extended and spiciform, or the whole inflorescence becomes a terminal thyrsus. —S. lancifdlia, Torr. & Griy. Nearly glabrous: stem strict and stout, 3 or4 feet high, suleate-angled : leaves ce lanceolate or the lower broader, s oe by a gradually nar- rowed entire base, above sharply serrate with the teeth ascending. 4 to $ i inches long: heads 10 146 COMPOSITE. Solidago. larger than in the preceding (3 lines long), usually more spicately clustered and with more numerous flowers (rays about 8): involucre of more imbricated and broader very obtuse narrowly oblong bracts, externally granular-puberulent when young: akenes canescently hirsute. —Chapm. FI. 209. S. ambigua, var. ? laneifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. — Damp woods of the higher Alleghanies in N. Carolina and Tennessee ; first coll. by Curtis. wma S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or somewhat ‘pubescent: stem commonly branching, slender, moderately angled, 2 feet high: leaves from oblong to elongated-lanceolate, with gradually attenuate entire base, subsessile, serrate with ascending subulate teeth, 3 to 5 inches long: heads in looser clusters, smaller and fewer-flowered (rays 4 to 7): bracts of the * involucre much fewer, linear, obtuse. —Fl. ii. 200 (excl. yar.); Chapm. lc. S. flexi- caulis, in part, in herb. Michx. — Open woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia, at low or moderate elevations; first coll. by Michaux, next by Curtis. Var. pttbens, Gray, lc. From sparsely to somewhat densely pubescent: leaves . from ovate with tapering base to lanceolate.— S. pubens, M. A. Curtis in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 198; Chapm. 1. e. — Common in the mountains of Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia; first coll. by Curtis. 4 + Akenes glabrous: inflorescence less axillary-clustered, more virgately thyrsoid. =—S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acuminate or acute at both ends, 1 to 4 inches long ; the lower rather sparingly serrate with acute teeth: heads small: involucral - bracts linear, acutish: rays 5 or 6, yellow. —Chapm. Fl. 209. S. Curtisii, var. ? monticola, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. — Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland to Georgia and Alabama; first coll. by Curtés. <=, 8S. bicolor, L. Puberulent, commonly cinereous: stem often hirsute below, strict, a foot to a yard (rarely a span) high: leaves oblong or the lower obovate and ovate, short, mostly obtuse ; lower slightly or obtusely serrate : clusters crowded in a simple or compound often elongated thyrsus: involucral bracts linear-oblong, very obtuse: rays from 5 to 14, small, white, and the disk-corollas also white or yellowish. — Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 216; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 197. 8. alla, Mill. Dict. Virga-aurea flore albo, etc., Pluk. Alm. t. 114, fig. 8. S. vininea, Bose in herb. Poiret, therefore S. erecta, DC. Prodr. v. 340. Aster bicolor, Nees, Ast. 283. — Dry ground, Nova Scotia to Virginia and the upper part of Georgia. —— Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray, lc. Flowers both of ray and disk yellow (or some rays yellow, others white) : foliage sometimes greener, sometimes lanate-hirsute. — S. hispida, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii, 2063. S. hirsuta, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 103, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 227. — New Brunswick and Maine to Lake Superior, Missouri, and Tennessee. * Var. lanata, Gray, 1.c. Low, villous-lanate: heads simply spicately crowded at the summit of the stem or branches. — 8. lanatu, Hook. Fl. ii. 4. — Plains of the Saskatchewan toward the Rocky Mountains, Drummond. % * % Heads mostly large for the genus (in some 6 and seldom less than 4 lines Jong, smaller in forms of S. humilis, &c.), many-flowered, collected in thyrsoidal inflorescence which is not at all secund nor strictly racemiform (but in two species approaches corymbiform): rays 6 to 14: leaves veiny from a simple midrib, in most species bright green: stems commonly low or not tall. (From the inflorescence a few other species, such as S. speciosa, might be sought here.) — TnyRsiFLor©. +— Southwestern species, fully 2 feet high: leaves very numerous up to or into the inflorescence, uniform in size and shape, short (inch or two long), closely sessile, of rather firm texture, en- - tire, rough-margined, somewhat scabrous: pubescence minute and somewhat cinercous: heads 4 lines long: bracts of the involucre narrow, obtusish, or in some acute. S. Bigelovii, Griy. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends and hispidulous on the margin: thyrsus simple or compound, rather dense or at - length open: involucre broadly campanulate, puberulent: akenes minutely pubescent or glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80, xvii. 190. S. petiolaris, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 79, not Ait. — Mountains of Ncw Mexico and Arizona, Jigelow, Wright, Parry, Greene, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.) a Var. Wrightii, Gray, lc. Leaves sometimes narrower: thyrsus simple and short, of comparatively few heads, or corymbiform almost in the manner of the Corymbos«. — Solidago. COMPOSITE. 147 S. petiolaris, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 94... “alifornica, var., Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi 145.—S. W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona; same collectors. S. Lindheimeriana, ScHEEce. Obscurely puberulent and glabrate, strict, more rigid, especially the broadly lanceolate or oblong more acute and grecner leaves: heads denscly glomerate in an oblong spiciform thyrsus: involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts more unequal; akenes glabrous. — Linn. xxi. 599... speciosa, var. rigidiuscula, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii, 222, not Torr. & Gray. — Texas, on rocky bluffs and in exsiccated beds of streanis, Lind- heimer, Lever chon. +- +- Southern Alleghanian species: leaves thinner, mostly ample, bright green, tapering to both ends,.some of them acutely serrate: pubescence loose and somewhat hirsute. S. Buckléyi, Torr. & Griy. Stem 2 or 8 feet high, glabrous below : leaves oyate-oblong tu oblong-lanceolate (the larger 3 to 6 inches long): thyrsus loose and elongated, nearly naked: heads 4 or 5 lines long, mostly pedunculate : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong with rounded-obtuse green tips: akenes glabrous. — Fl. ii. 198. — Lincoln Co., N. Carolina, Curtis. Middle Alabama, Buckley. Jasper C'o., Georgia, Porter. “== 5S. clomerata, Micnx. Mostly glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem stout, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top: leaves ample, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (the lower 5 to 12 inches long) : heads 5 or 6 lines long, in a leafy interrupted thyrsus, or often + in remote axillary clusters, all or most of them much shorter than the subtending leaves: involucral bracts oblong, obtuse: akenes glabrate. — Fl. ii. 117; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 209. — Moist wooded sides of the high mountains of Carolina and Tenn., especially Grandfather and Roan. The well-developed inflorescence hardly ever glomerate, therefore the name of this most marked species is misleading. owe S. spithamea, M..\. Cvrtis. Stems a span to a foot high, roughish-pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves glabrate ; lower obovate-spatulate ; upper oblong (an inch or two in length), acute: heads (barely 4 lines long) somewhat corymbosely glomerate at the summit, also (in cult.) in low axillary clusters: involucral bracts acute or acutish: rays short, hardly surpass- ing the disk: akenes pubescent. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42; Torr. & Gray, F1. ii. 208. — Rocky summits of the higher mountains in N. Carolina, especially on Grandfather and Roan ; first voll. by Curtis. + + + Boreal and montane, of difficult and uncertain limitation: rays usually numerous. ++ Bracts of the involucre acute. *=§. macrophylla, Prnrsu. Glabrous or a little pubescent: stem stout, 8 inches to 3 or even + feet high, leafy to or near the summit: leaves thin, ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate ; the lower (3 or 4 inches long) rounded at base or abruptly con- tracted into a long winged petiole: heads (5 or 6 lines long) mostly pedunculate, few or loose * in the clusters, which in smaller specimens form a simple oblong or racemiform thyr-us, and in the larger occupy the axils of many of the cauline leaves: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear, thin and when dry somewhat scarious: rays rather long and nar- row: akenes glabrous or rarely a little pubescent at summit. — Fl. ii. 542; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. I87, 191. S. thyrso‘dea, E. Meyer, Pl. Labrad. (1830), 63: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 207. 8. letocarpa, DC. Prodr, vy. 339. 8. Virgaurea, Bigel. Fl. Bost ed. 2, 306, excl. var. oS. multiradiata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. a. ser. vii. 328, not Ait. — Mountain woods of N. New England, extending upward to the limit of trees, north to L Superior, Hudson's Bay, and Labrador. (Appreaches 8. Mirgaurea, var. leiocarpa, of E. Asia.) —=§. multiradidta, Air. Villous-pubescent above or glabrate, a span to a foot or so high: leaves of rather firm texture and fine venation, minutely and sparingly serrate above, some- times entire; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, all tapering gradually to sessile base, or the radical into a slender margined petiole: heads (mostly 4 lines long) generally few and glomerate in a single terminal roundish or oblong compact often corymbiform cluster, occa- sionally with one or two looser axillary clusters or branches: bracts of the involucre nar- rowly lanceolate, thinnish or thin-edged: rays numerous and narrow: akenes pulescent. — Ait. Kew. iii. 218; Pursh, Fl. ii. 542; Hook. Fl. ii. 5. 8. compacta, Turez. in Bull. Mosy. 1840, 73, ex char. 5S. Virgaurea, var. arctica, DC. Prodr. ¥. 239. S. Tirgaurea, var. multi- radiata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 207.—Labrador and Hudson's Bay to Behring Strait and Unalaska. The original high northern form very near to forms of S Virgaurea. Bracts of the invelucre attenuate. On the northern Rocky Mountains passes into 148 COMPOSITA. Solidago. Var. scopulérum, Grar,1.c. More glabrous, 3 to 18 inches high, commonly strict : heads when numerous in a more open or compound cluster, mostly smaller: bracts of the involucre closer, shorter, and merely acute.—S. corymbosa, Nutt. 1. ¢. (8. heterophylla in herb.).— Along the higher Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, Utah, &c., the Cascade Moun- tains, and rare (in a dwarf state) along the Sierra Nevada. Var. Neo-Mexicana. Two feet high, with numerous heads more loosely disposed in approximate axillary as well as terminal clusters, composing a narrow elongated thyrsus, somewhat like that of S. macrophylla. — High summits of the Mogollon Mountains, N. Mexico, Rusby. A doubtful plant. ——-§. Virgatrea, L. Of this Old World and polymorphous or confused species, the var. alpes- tris (of which S. macrophylla is the American representative) reaches the Asiatic side of Beh- == ring Strait, and seems to pass into S. multiradiata>~The var. Cumbrica is represented by Var. alpina, Bicrr. Dwarf, 2 to 8 inches high, obscurely pubescent or glabrous: leaves few, thickish, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse; cauline sessile, the uppermost lanceolate, lowest and radical narrowed into a margined petiole: heads (4 lines long) 3 to 7 in a terminal cluster, or also subsolitary in uppermost axils: involucre broad; its bracts rather broadly lanceolate, barely acute: akenes pubescent. — Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 307; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. — Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New York, New England, and Lower Canada, on Anticosti, and Hudson’s Bay? Seems nearly to pass into S. humilis, and like that to be somewhat viscid. Fa ++ ++ Bracts of the involucre obtuse. ——~§. himilis, Pursw. Glabrous, disposed to be glutinous, bright green: stems strict, a span to a foot high, leafy: leaves of firm texture and fine venation, smooth; cauline all sessile ; upper lanceolate to nearly linear, entire; lower and radical becoming spatulate with long attenuate base, sparingly appressed-serrate above the middle: heads (3} or 4 lines long), rather crowded in a narrow racemiform paniculate simple or sparingly branched thyrsus * (which is leafy below and naked above): bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: akenes pu- bescent. — Fl. ii. 543 (the Newfoundland plant, in herb. Banks, where Svlanider indicated the species) ; Hook. Fl. ii.5; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 206, not of Desf. & DC. S. stricta, Hook. lic. partly. S. Virgaurea, var. humil’s, Gray, Man. 241. — Rocky ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and Rocky Mountains, Northern New England, and at two remarkable south- ern stations in the Atlantic States (viz. on the Susquehanna, York Co., Penn., Porter, and Great Falls of the Potomac, Robbins, Vasey): in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico and Utah, perhaps also Sierra Nevada in California, there too like S. multivadiata, var. scopu- lorum. The typical plant is narrow-leayed, with slender but rigid stems and virgate inflo- rescence : it often hecomes larger, broad-leaved, and with ample compound thyrsus; and on mountains occurs a dwarfer broad-leayed form, passing to — Var.nana. A western alpine form, analogous to S. Viryaurea, var. alpina, 2 to 5 inches high, with spatulate to obovate leaves, and few heads in a close glomerule, or more + numerous in w spiciform thyrsus.— S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Prov. Am. .\cad. viii. 889. S. Virguurea, var. alpina, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 145.— High Rocky Moun- tains, Colorado (first coll. by Parry), and the Cascades of Oregon and Washington ‘Terr., Hall, Howell, Suksdorf. Var. Gillmani, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. Large, 2 feet high, rigid, in eul- tivation with compound ample panicle, and laciniate-dentate leaves. — Sand-hills of the Lake shores, N. Michigan, Gillman, IW. Boott. —— S. confertiflora, DC. A foot or two high, strict, rigid, sometimes strikingly glutinous or resiniferous: leaves nearly of the preceding: heads smaller and numerous, fewer-flowered, crowded in a virgate or pyramidal compound thyrsus.— Prody. y, 339; Fisch. & Moyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. (1840), vii. 57. 8. glutinosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. e. 328. — Coast of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first. collected by Hanke, with inflorescence incompletely evo- lute. Shoalwater Bay, Cooper. Sauvie’s Island, Lowell. Near Portland, Pringle, in a form too near JS. humilis. + + + + Californian coast species: rays inconspicuous, shorter than the disk. S. spathulata, DC. Glabrons, glutinous: stem a foot high, few-leaved, terminated by a ; single spiciform thyrsus, the upper clusters of which are monocephalous, the lower 2-5-ceph- alous, and about equalled by the small subtending leaves: lower and radical leaves spatulate, Suliduyo COMPOSITE. 149 rounded at apex, these sharply serrate, below long-attennate into a margined petiole: heads 4 lines long: involucral bracts oblong and broadly linear: akenes silky-pubescent. — Prodr, v. 339; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. 8. peiolar’s, Less. in Linn. vi. 502; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 145,in part. S. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 202. Homopappus? spathulatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 332 — Monterey, California, first coll. by Lleuke, Chamisso, Coulter. Not “ Mexico,” where, however, is the somewhat related S. simplex, IIBK., recently rediscovered by Schaffuer. % * %& % Heads small or middle-sized (2, 3, or rarely 4 lines long), not in a terminal corymbi- form cvme, but in pauiculate or racemiform clusters, which when well developed are collected in a terminal and more or less naked compound panicle or set of panicles (a few species tend to have axillary clusters, or the panicle leafy below); when the clusters are racemiform and spread- ing they are apt to be seeund: stems generally simple or branching only at summit. —(Lyrecte in part and U'ndlaterales, DU.) Panicurarx. + Confined to the sea-coast or the vicinity of brackish water, very smooth and glabrous, and with firm and thickish or even somewhat fleshy bright-green foliage; but occasionally varying with some minute pubescence in and toward the inflorescence, Ke. (S. lithospermifolia is mani- festly pubescent, but that species is not known as an indigenous plant): leaves obscurely punc- ticulate, entire, or some lower ones a little serrate, with a prominent midrib, but incouspicuous veins and veinlets in a fine reticulation; the lower leaves sometimes with one or two pairs of low-lateral or basal ribs or veins: inflorescence thyrsoidal, but the clusters sometimes racemiform and even secund. — Maritime. ++ Flowering rather early, commonly stout and middle-sized or tall: general inflorescence panic- ulate or hardly strict, leafy at the base: upper leaves not notably unlike the lower ones, and not appressed. S. confinis, Gray. Apparently pale green: leaves lanceolate and rather short (cauline 2 to 3 inches long), or the radical obovate: heads small (2 lines long), crowded in a dense . oblong panicle, not secund, on glabrous pedicels: rays small, not surpassing the disk-flowers : akeues canescently pubescent. — Proc. Am. «Acad. xvii. 191. 0S. sempervirens, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 319, as to pl. coll, Palmer. —%. California; in San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland, Vasey. San Bernardino Co., at hot springs on the lower mountains, Parish. — §. sempérvirens, L. Bright green, leafy to the tup, 2 to $ feet high: leaves lanceolate or varying to linear and mostly acute or the lower obtuse, lowest often oblong and spatulate, of firm or rather fleshy texture: heads commonly large (4 or 5 lines long, or in slender forms only 3 lines long) and showy, numerous in short racemiform or corymbulose and somewhat + secund clusters collected in an open thyrsus, or when fewer lovsely paniculate: flowers golden yellow; rays 7 to 10, mostly large — Spee. ii. 878; Ait. Kew. ii, 214; DC. Prodr. v. 335; ‘Dorr. & Gray, FL ii 211. S. Me reeana, L. Le. 879, & authors. 8 carnosa & Noveboracensis, Mill. Dict. 5. levigata, Ait. Kew. ]. v. 215; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159. 8. lémonifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 249. SN, Azorica, Hochst. in Seubert, Fl. Azor. 31.— Along and near the sea-coast and tidal streams, New Brunswick and Canada to Florida, in wet or dry soil. «Also San Francisco Bay, &e., on the Pacific. Inflorescence occasionally pubescent, and when away from salt water not rarely the upper part of the stem also, and leaves duller, so approaching the fol- lowing cultivated variety. (Mex., Bermmda, .\zores ) Var. viminea, Gray, Proc. lL. c.192. Cultivated form, with duller-green leaves, which . have lost the somewhat fleshy-coriaceous texture: upper part of stem and the inflorescence appresseil-paberulent: racemiform clusters hardly developed, but the leads more scattered in a leafy panicle. — S. integerrima, Mill. Dict. 5. viminea, Ait. Kew. 1. c. 215; Willd. Spee. iii. 2064. S. integrifolia, Desf. Cat. 1804, 103, & ed. 38, 402; DC. Prodr. 1. c., excl. svn. Nutt. S. carinata, Schrad. in DC. 1. ¢. 8337. — Common in European Botanic Gardens; passes into S. LITHOSPERMIFOLIA, Willd. Enum. 891, and 8. EvATA, Pursh (Svlander, mss.), Fl. ii. 543). Taller, robust, larger-leaved, even the leaves somewhat puberulent. Unknown as in- digenous, obviously S. sempervirens, var. viminea, more altered ; but so unlike the species that it demands separate mention. ++ ++ Late-flowering, wholly glabrous, virgate; the upper portion of the stem beset with small appressed leaves: heads (commonly 8 lines long) in a strict and narrow naked panicle. ==. §. stricta, Ait. Stem simple, slender, very strict, 3 to 8 feet high: leaves all entire or the lowest cauline and radical rarely a little serrate ; these oblong or spatulate and very obtuse ; cauline very numerous, approximate, small and becoming bract-like, appressed, from oblong 150 COMPOSITA. Solidago. or spatulate to linear-lanceolate, obtuse but mucronate-apiculate: heads commonly in a simple and very narrow virgate panicle of a span or two in length, but not rarely fastigiate compound: rays 5 to 7.— Ait. Kew. iii. 216 (as to the true original, cult., with inflorescence branched); Pursh, Fl. ii. 540; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 182, 192, not of subsequent authors. S. virgata, Mich. FI. ii. 117; “Ell. Sk. ii. 384; Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 201. S. Mnoi- des, Solander, in herb. Banks, not Boott & A. Gray. S. genistoides, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. 37. — Low and sandy pine barrens. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba.) Var. angustifélia, Gray, lc. Leaves narrower and the lower longer, all entire; radical mostly lanceolate or narrowly spatulate (4 to 7 inches long, 4 to 9 lines wide); cau- line lanceolate gradually reduced to subulate-linear: clusters of the strict panicle often more racemiform and secund. — 8. angustifolia, Ell. Sk. ii. 388; Torr. & Gray, ii. 212. Forms in brackish soil not clearly distinguished from the most slender and narrow-leaved S. semper- virens. — Carolina to Florida and Texas, along the coast. S. flavovirens, Cuapm. Stem 2 to 6 feet high: radical and lower cauline leaves oblong- ovate or oblong, obtusely serrate, ample (4 to 6 inches long besides the winged petiole) ; upper oblong (gradually reduced to half or quarter inch), all obtuse and yellowish green: * inflorescence and heads of the preceding, but the short racemiform clusters at length more spreading and secund: rays few, mostly 3.—Fl. 211.— Florida, in brackish marshes at Apalachicola, Chapman. Robust and largest-leaved specimens of S. stricta seem to pass into this. +— + Not maritime, nor alpine, nor canescently pubescent, and leaves not triple-ribbed. Yet in : some a pair of stronger primary veins in the larger lower leaves gives nearly the character of the Tviplinervie, and the Pacific species, S. lepida and S. elongata, referred to the latter, would rather be sought here. — Unicostata. ++ Slender, wholly glabrous and smooth, with narrow obscurely veined leaves, rayless! S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple or with long and very slender branches, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thickish ; radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate with long taper- ing base, 3 or 4 inches long, obscurely serrulate ; upper mostly linear and becoming sinall, + entire: heads comparatively large, 3 lines long, more or less secund in a long and slender and virgate racemiform or sometimes paniculate inflorescence (its apex often recurving): involucre broad ; its bracts oblong, very obtuse, thickish, mostly greenish at the tip: flowers 9 to 12, one sometimes imperfectly ligulate: akenes pubescent. — FL. ii. 215; Chapm. Fl. 212.— Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida, Chapman, &c. ++ ++ Rather small-leaved, minutely puberulent, but with no other pubescence: leaves not at all triple-ribbed, the small upper ones only obscurely venulose: heads (small) in a narrow thyrsoid panicle, never secund. —— §. pubérula, Nurr. Smooth, the soft puberulence nearly imperceptible to the naked eye: stem rather slender, 2 feet or more high, very leafy, strict: leaves obovate and oblong, or the lower (1 to 3 inches long) spatulate, these more or less serrate; upper entire, from oblong to lanceolate: heads crowded on the short branches of the thyrsus; involucral bracts ~ subulate-lanceolate : rays small, about 10: akenes glabrous. — Gen. 162; Torr. & Gray, F1. ii. 202. S. pubescens, Ell. Sk. ii. 3881. — Sandy ground, New Brunswick (glabrate and ambignous form) and New England (chiefly along the coast, occasionally on the mountains) to Florida and Mississippi. Southward the characteristic minute puberulence is more manifest in Var. pulverulénta, Cuarm. Almost cinereous-puberulent; the upper cauline leaves shorter and broader, gradually diminished to half or quarter inch in length.— FI. 210. + S. pulverulenta, Nutt. 1c. 161; El. Le.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. lc. S. obovate, Bertol. Mise. Bot. vii. 36.— Lower Georgia, Alabama, Florida. te th te Obscurely-veined and mainly entire-leayed species; the eauline leaves closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base, with midrib prominent beneath, but veins and veinlets usually very inconspicuous: heads (about 2 lines long) crowded in’ slender spreading or recurving racemiform and secund clusters, which are all collected in a mostly short and broad naked terminal panicle: involucre of narrow and rather obtuse few-ranked bracts: rays 3 to 5 or rarely more: disk-flowers hardly more numerous. y : = Leaves all entire and glabrous, smooth, except the margins, usually more or less pellucid- punctate. “™ §. odora, Arr. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, rather slender, often reclining, glabrous, or above minutely pubescent in lines: leaves commonly anise-scented when bruised, narrowly Solidago.. COMPOSIT.E. 151 or linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading (14 to 4 inches long, haif-inch or much less in width) : rays rather small. (.\ form, var. inodora, Gray, Man., growing with the ordinary plant, is scentless ) — Ait. Kew. iii. 214 (Pluk. Alm. t. 116, f. 6, & 236, f.1); Pursh, Fl. ii. 539 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 188, t. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 219. |S. retorsa, Michx. Fl. ii. 117. S. punc- tiewlata, DC. Prodr. y. 832.— Dry or sandy svil, Canada to Florida and Texas, chiefly near the coast, but as far interior as Kentucky. (Mex.) “—— §. Chapmani, Griy. Rather stouter and more rigid: stem roughish-puberulent above : leaves vblong or elliptical, obtuse or even rounded at the apex, about an inch long; those next the broad expanding thyrsus very small, often roundish. — Proc, Am. a\cad. xvi. 80, xvii. 193. 8. odora, Chapm. F1. 213, in part. — Vine barrens of Florida, Chapman, Garber, . Curtiss, distributed as 5. tortifolia, Between . odora and S. pilosa. == = Lower leaves more or less serrulate and all scabrous or pubescent, not punctate, more evidently veiny than the preceding, spreading: stem very leafy: rays small, hardly surpassing the disk-tlowers. “= S. tortifdélia, Ert. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous-puberulent: leaves all linear (an inch or two long, 14 to 3 lines wide), acutish, commonly twisted, especially in age, hir- tello-puberulent or glabrate, the lower with a few sharp denticulatious: heads small, few- flowered. — Sk. ii. 377; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. 8. odora, Michx. Fl. ii. 118, not Ait. 9. retrorsa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 539; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159, not Michx. — Dry sandy soil, coast of Virginia to Florida and Texas. eee S. pildsa, Watt. Stem stouter, 3 to 7 feet high, hirsute with short spreading hairs: leaves lanceolate-vblong (2 or 3 inches long), or the upper elliptical or oblong (8 to 18 lines long), these mostly obtuse, the midrib beneath and margins scabrous- or hirsute-ciliate; the lower 4 with some acute small teeth: rays several or few and trifid, very small. —Car. 207 (not Mill. Dict.) ; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 219. 3. fistulosa, Mill. Dict. 8. altissima, Michx. 1. ¢., ex herb. |S. pyramidata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 537; Nutt. Gen. ii. 118. JS. villosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 372; DC. Prodr. vy. 333. — Moist ground, New Jersey (pine barrens) to Florida and Louisiana, in the low country : flowering late. ry ++ ++ ++ ++ Leaves not small for the size of the plant, not prominently veiny, of firm texture, entire or little serrate, glabrous and smooth, but sometimes with ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads (middle-sized) crowded in thyrsoid inflorescence, not secund. ‘ == Pacific species: rays rather numerous (8 to 15) and small: akenes pubescent. S. Tolmieadna. Low, a foot or less high, leafy up to the short and rather broad inflores- cence of spiciform somewhat corymbosely disposed clusturs: leaves thickish and veins very inconspicuous, linear or lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long), entire, rarely with some minute ser- * ratures, the margins usually scabrous-ciliolate : heads about 3 lines high: involucral bracts lanceolate, acutish, thin. (Has been taken for a form of S. J//ssouriensis, var. montuna.) — Idaho, Washington Territory and regon ; first coll. by Tolmie, then by Spurding and later collectors. S. Guiradonis, Gray. Slender, 2 feet high, bearing rather few heads in a simple virgate thyrsus: leaves all quite entire, thickish, bright green, attenuately cuspidate-acuminate ; + radical and lower cauline linear-lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, about 4 inches loug); upper more attenuate: bracts of the involucre small, lanceolate or linear, acutish.— Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 543, & Bot. Calif., in part.— California, along brooks, base of San Carlos Peak, Fresno Co., Guirado, an assistant of Prof. Brewer. S. spectabilis, Gray. A foot or two high: heads numerous and crowded in a narrow or compound and broader thyrsus: leaves paler, sumetimes thinner; cauline lanceolate, or the small uppermost becoming linear, acute ; lower and radical spatulate-lanceolate or oblong, « acutish or obtuse, often an inch wide and obscurely triple-ribbed ; radical rarely with a few serratures ; involucral bracts lanceolate or broader, mostly obtuse. — Proc. Am. = Leaves usually of firm texture and inconspicuous reticulation, occasionally thin and membranaceous or more yeiny, not scabrous above, commonly glabrous as alsu the stems: bracts of the involucre from broadly linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse. a, Stem equably and very leafy up to or into the pyramidal compound thyrsus: leaves compara- tively short and broad, even the lower not much narrowed downward, the secondary veins often manifest. S. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glabrous throughout, or the thyrsus somewhat pubescent: stem tall, rigid: leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apiculate-acumi- nate or acute, minutely and sparsely serrate with appressed teeth, scabrous on the margin, mostly closely sessile by a broadish base (1 to 4 inches long): heads (3 lines long) crowded on the secund and spreading or sometimes ascending and straight racemiform or spiciform branches of the pyramidal panicle: bracts of the involucre rather broadly linear: rays § to 12, short: akenes pubescent. — Fl. ii. 218. and S. elliptica of the same, as to the plant of New York. 3S. elliptica? Ell. Sk. ii. 376. >. elongata, Hort. Par. 1832. — Moist ground near the coast, Massachusetts to New York and through the low country south to Gevrgia. 1 54 COMPOSIT&. Solidago. b. Less leafy, or leaves toward the naked panicle small compared with the lower, which are con- tracted or tapering into a conspicuous narrowed base or winged petiole: veins inconspicuous; panicle commonly narrow, or its branches short: plants wholly smooth aud glabrous, except the somewhat ciliolate-scab:ous margins to the leaves, in drier ground sometimes obscurely scabrous. —— S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Stem strict and simple, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves bright green, lanceolate or the larger oblong-lancevlate, acute, mostly serrate or serrulate ; radical ones ample (often a foot or more long, including the elongated petiole): panicle generally thyr- soid and narrow, of short and crowded more or less secund clusters, or in larger plants more compound with spreading racemiform branches: heads at most 3 lines long: involucral bracts oblong-linear : rays 3 to 7 and disk-flowers 5 to 7: akenes from sparsely puberulent to glabrous. — Fl. ii. 213; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 204. —In swamps, especially in sphagnous bogs, or on their borders, Lower Canada to Maryland, west to Hlinois and Wisconsin. Forms with almost entire leaves and strict panicle too nearly approach S. uliginosa, Nutt., while some with large and serrate leaves are more like S. arguta. The most slender is Var. linoides. Stem simple, commonly 2 feet high, slender: radical leaves 4 to 8 inches long, a third to half inch wide; upper cauline very small and erect : panicle of rather few and approximate racemiform secund clusters: heads rather smaller: rays only 2 or 3. — S. uliginosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, in part, but not of his own herb. nor descr. S. linoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216, not of Soland. in herb. Banks, which is S. stricta, Ait. Bigelovia? uniligulata, DC. Prodr. v. 829. Chrysoma uniligulata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 325. — Sphagnous swamps, Massachusetts to New Jersey. S. Terree-Nove, Torr. & Gray. Still obscure species, probably a form of S. neglecta, somewhat dwarfed and with a corymbosely paniculate thyrsus: involucral bracts rather thinner and narrower. — FI, ii. 206. — Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland, Pylaie, Miss Brenton. c. Stems not strict, disposed to branch below the inflorescence: racemiform clusters of the in- florescence often leafy-bracteate, rather rigid, sparse and azeending, or forming a loose elon- gated thyrsus: leaves more veiny and serrate; cauline commonly abruptly contracted into a petiole-like or narrow base: rays not numerous, sometimes wanting: bracts of the involucre rather firm, obtuse, mostly greenish toward the tip. —< §. Bodttii, Hoox. Sometimes minutely scabrous-pubescent, or below hirsute with jointed hairs, often quite glabrous: stem slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves rather finely serrate with ascending teeth; radical and lower cauline from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate (the larger 3 to 5 inches long, besides the petiole-like base); upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire: heads (2 and 3 lines long) rather loosely racemose: bracts of the campanulace involucre oblong-linear: rays 2 to 4 or rarely 5, sometimes solitary or none: akenes pubescent. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 215. 8. juncea, DC. Prodr. y. 334, not Ait.— Dry wooded ground, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and ‘Texas. The larger forms northward nearly approach the next species. Southward the smaller ones pass inte ——— Var. brachyphylla, Gray. More slender; the flowering branches even filiform: larger leaves an inch or two long, all from ovate to oblong, seldom acuminate, commonly . obtuse, upper reduced to half or quarter inch, sessile by a broad base: heads sparse, 4-7- © flowered: rays none or an imperfect one.— Proc, Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. brachyphylla, Chapm. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 215, & Fl. 213.— Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida, Chapman, &c. Var. Ludoviciana, Gray, lc. Perhaps a distinct species, stouter, tall, rather large- leaved: lower leaves and lower part of the stem sometimes roughish-hirsute or hispidulous with many-jointed hairs, or glabrous: heads larger, even 4 lines long!—.S. Boottii, var. ¢, partly, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— W. Louisiana, /Tale. ~~ §. argtta, Air. Glabrous, sometimes slightly pilose-pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ny thinnish (in shade membranaceous), usually ample; the lower and larger 5 to 9 inches long, ovate or oval, acuminate, very strongly and sharply (or even doubly) serrate with salient teeth ; upper reduced to oblong-lanceolate, only the small ones of the branches entire; heads somewhat crowded on the branches of the irregular panicle, fully 3 lines long: involucral bracts oblong-linear: rays 5 to 7, rather large: disk-flowers 10 to 12: akenes glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent. — Ait. Kew. iii. 213; Pursh, Fl. ii. 538; Mubl. Cat. ; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 458; DC. Prodr. y. 333; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. xvii. 180, 195; not Torr. & Gray, Solidago. COMPOSITE. 155 who followed a wrong determination. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Geett.12,t.6% S. Muhlen- berg’, Torr, & Gray, Fl. ii. 214. — Moist woodlands, New England and Canada to Ohio, through Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia. Var. Caroliniana. Leaves of firmer texture, simply serrate as in S. Boottii, but larger: heads thicker, with 4 or 5 short rays aud 10 to 14 disk-flowers: involucral bracts firmer, oblong: akencs pubescent. — Mountains of N. Carolina and of adjacent S. Carolina * and Georgia, G. R. Vasey, J. Donnell Sith. Perhaps distinct both from this and the pre- ceding species. d. Stems not strict, simple or corymbosely branched at summit inflorescence an open spreading panicle, usually as broad as high, composed of recurving naked and minutely subulate-bracteate secund-racemiform clusters of crowded small heads, the rhachis and pedicels slender: rays numerous and small. «~ §S. juncea, Arr. Mostly smooth and nearly glabrous: stem 1 to 3 feet high, rigid, com- monly simple up to the mostly crowded branches of the wide panicle: leaves of rather firm texture ; radical oval to oblong-spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole, usually large and sharply serrate ; cauline from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), not rarely almost entire or sparsely serrulate, the small upper not much narrowed at base: panic- ulate racemes slender: heads seldom over 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and pale: rays 7 to 12, hardly surpassing and little fewer than the disk-flowers: akenes gla- brous or slightly pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213; Pursh, 1.c.; Muok. FL. ii. 3; Gray, Prov. 1. ¢. S. ediaris, Muhl.in Willd. Spee. iii, 2056; Darlingt. 1. c.; DC.1.¢. 331 (excl. syn. ¥. glabra). S. argua, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214, not Ait., &e., as was wrougly supposed. — Common in dry or rocky ground, Hudson’s Bay and Saskatchewan to Wisconsin, and through the Northern States to the upper country of Carvlina and Tennessee. — The original type by Solander is a small form from Hudson's Bay. The specific name alludes to the inflorescence, remotely resembling that of some species of Juncus. 8. ciliaris is a common broad leaved form, the larger deaves a little ciliate. — Var. scaBRELLA (S. arauta, var. scalrella, Torr. & Gray, lL ¢.is a form with Tigid and roughish leaves, growing in arid soil. Wisconsin and Illinois to Keutucky; in which district the leaves become more or less triple-ribbed and rigid, and seemingly pass into \. VW /ssvuriensis. + + + Not maritime: leaves more or less triple-ribbed, or with a pair of lateral veins con- tinued by inosculation parallel to the midrib, yet these sometimes obscure or evanescent. — Triplinervia. ‘ ++ Smooth and glabrous, at least as to the stem and bright green leaves (the latter sometimes a little pilose-pubescent in S, serotina), not cinereous or canescent: inflorescence when well de- veloped of naked and secund commonly recurving racemiform clusters, collected in a terminal compound panicle: akenes more or less pubescent. ! = Leayes of firm texture, rather rigid, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the slender lateral ribs not rarely evanescent in the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre rather firm; the short outermost ovate or oval and the inner obloug-linear, all obtuse. A form of the first species connects with the last preceding. a. Rays rather small: stems leafy to the summit: leaves commonly with scabrous margins, the larger mostly with some scattered teeth or denticulations. =~ §. Missouriénsis, Nurr. Low or middle-sized, smooth : leaves thickish, mostly tapering to both ends, and the serratures when present sharp and rigid, somewhat nervose; lower spatulate-lanceolate (larger 4 to 6 inches long); upper mostly linear and entire, acute ; some- times all entire: racemiform clusters approximated in a short and broad panicle (like those of S. juncea, but usually shorter), recurving in age: rays 6 to 13, small.— Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 32, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 327 (excl. hab. N. Carol.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 322. S. serotina, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, not Ait. S. glaberrima, Martens in Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. (1841), 68.— Dry prairies, Indiana and Tennessee to Texas, and westward to the Rocky Mountains; in the more eastward stations passing into or else hybridizing with S. juncea. === Var. montana, Gray. Dwarf, 6 to 15 inches high: leaves entire or with few small serratures; cauline obscurely triplinerved, an inch or two long: panicle small and compact (at most 2 or 3 inches long); its clusters short, crowded, seldom recurved or much secund.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. 5S. Wissouriens’s, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. ¢., as to the original from “upper branches of the Missouri, |"yeth.” — Dakota to the Saskatchewan and west to Idaho. 156 COMPOSITA, Solidago. Var. extraria, Gray, lc. . rugosa): heads sometimes 3 lines long.— S. scabra, Muhl. Fl. Lancast. ined., not Willd., which is S. rugosa.— Drier and sunnier places, Penn. to Florida and Texas. (5S. seabrida, DC. Prodr. v. 331, of Mexico, appears to be a form of this.) —r—Var. canéscens, Grir. Stem and both faces of the narrow and commonly entire Jeaves canescent with suft and fine pubescence: bracts of the involucre broader and more obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197.— 8. W. Texas, Berlundier, Lindheimer, Bigelow, and S. New Mexico, Thurber. Var. Arizonica, Gray, l.c. Minntely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, hardly scabrous: stems low: heads mostly 3 lines long: thin bracts of the involucre commonly acutish. — 8. mollis, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.— Mountains of 8. Utah, Wurd, and of New Mexico & Arizona, Biycluwr, Rothrock, (Heads, &c., nearly of S. velutina, DC., a Mexi- can species, which approaches this and the preceding ambiguous forms of 5. Canadensis.) ‘ 158 COMPOSITA. Solidago. entire: pubescence all close, cinereous or canescent, or scabro-hispidulous; lateral ribs com- monly incomplete, often obscure or wanting: panicle mostly compact, naked: bracts of the jnvulucre broadish and obtuse, of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow. The species are confluent. u. Cinereous to canescent with fine and soft or at length minutely scabrous pubescence: leaves firm but seldom very rigid. == §,. Califérnica, Nurr. Stem rather stout, either low or tall, canescently puberulent or pubescent: leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate and the lower obovate, obtuse or apiculate, entire or the lower with some small teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more pubescent: thyrsus virgate, 4 to 12 inches long, dense; the racemiform clusters erect or * parely spreading in age, when elongated mostly secund, and even with the apex at length recurved; heads 3 or 4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse, externally somewhat puberulent: rays 7 to 12, fewer than the disk-flowers : akenes minutely pubescent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 319. 8. puberula, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502, not Nutt. S. petiolaris, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 145, partly. S. velutina, DC., var. “panicula contracta,” DC. Prodr, v. 332, Henke, whose “Real del Monte” is Monterey, California. — Dry ground, California to the borders of Nevada and Mexico. Var. Nevadénsis, Gray. Thyrsus and its clusters more secund: heads rather * smaller: involucre mostly glabrous. — Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Sierra Nevada, California, and Nevada from Plumas Co. to Owens Valley, &c. Transition to S. nemoralis. — S. nemordlis, Arr. Mostly low, with the fine and uniform close pubescence either soft or (in age and in dried specimens) minutely scabrous: leaves from spatulate-obovate to ob- lanceolate or somewhat linear; upper entire and small (half-inch or more long) ; radical and lower cauline sparingly serrate: thyrsus and its compact racemiform clusters secund, com- monly recurved-spreading: heads 2 or 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse, smooth and glabrous: flowers (appearing rather early) deep yellow: rays 5 to 9, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes closely pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 537; DC. Prodr. v. 333; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S$. hispida, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii, 2063; Pursh, Fl. ii. 541. S. conferta, Poir. Dict. viii. 459. S. cinerascens, Schwein. in Ell. Sk. ii. 375. 4S. decemflora, DC. Brodr ty. 322. S. puberula, DC. 1. ¢. 833, not Nutt.— Dry hills or sterile soil, throughout Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas, and west to Arizona, Utah, and Nevada; in the eastern region soft-cinereous; be- yond the Mississippi often greener and more scabrous; or in Utah and New Mexico greenish and hardly scabrous. In the Rocky Mountains and northward mostly occur low and more canescent forms. (.\dj. Mex.) Var. incAna, Gray, Proc. lc. Dwarf, a span to a foot high: leaves oval or oblong, rigid, more or less canescent, sometimes rather strongly serrate, sometimes mostly entire: racemiform clusters erect or the lower somewhat spreading, collected in a dense oblong or conical thyrsus. —S. mollis, Bartl, Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett. 1836, 5; DC. Prodr. \. 279; in cult. specimens the involucral bracts are narrowish and somewhat acute, as also in one form of S. incana, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 221 (excl. var.), while in a similar one, collected with it by Nicollet, they are linear-oblong and obtuse. — Plains of Minnesota and Dakota (Nicollet, &c.) to the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Colorado. (Adj. Mex ) S. nana, Ncrr. A span to-a foot high, canescent with minute dense puberulence, not sca- brous in age: leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire, small: heads (3 lines long) * broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform panicle, not at all secund: bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse: otherwise nearly as S. nemoralis. — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe, 1. ¢, 327 (in herb. “8. pumila”); Torr. & Gray, 1. e — Rocky Moun- tains and high plains, Wyoming to N. Arizona and N. E. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall. b. Hispidulous-scabrous, rigid, green! =~ §. radula, Nurr. Stem a foot or two high, scabro-puberulent: leaves rigidly coriaceous, short, loosely reticulate-veined, occasionally with well-developed lateral ribs, obtuse, sparsely . serrate or entire, from oval or obovate to oblong-spatulate (lowest 2 or 3 inches long, upper- most an inch or less, or rounded ones on the branches reduced to half or quarter inch), very hispidulous-scabrous at least on the veins, the midrib and margins often hispid; branches of the thyrsus secund and when well developed recurved-spreading : heads 2 and at most 3 = = Leaves obtuse or abruptly apiculate, or acutish, of firm or coriaceous texture, upper ones . Solidago. COMPOSIT.E. 159 lines long: bracts of the involucre rather rigid, glabrous, oval to linear-oblong: rays 3 to 6, rather fewer than di>k-flowers: akenes minutely pubescent. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 327 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. 3. rotundifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 332, & S. seaberrima, Torr. & Gray, l.c., broad-leaved form. .S. decemflora, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 223, not DC.—Dry hills and prairies, S$. W. Illinois to Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas; first coll. by Lerlandier and Nuttall, c. Scabro-puberulent, somewhat cinereous, small-leaved: the lateral ribs obsolete. S. sparsiflora, Gray. Founded on incomplete specimens (branches), of doubtful affinity, scabrous rather than puberulent, leafy into the narrow and strict branches of the panicle : leaves all small (the larger hardly an inch long), lanceolate-linear, rather acute at both ends, rigid, entire, with lateral ribs and veins almost obsolete: heads somewhat scattered or few in the short imperfectly racemiform and somewhat secund clusters, 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre rather small, oblong-linear, barely obtuse: rays 6 to 10, little surpassing the disk. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.—S. Arizona, near Camp Lowell, Rothrock. Llano Estacado, N. W. Texas on the borders of New Mexico, Bigelow. — To which must be added Var. subcinérea, Gray. Quite cinereously puberulent, the leaves scabro-puberulent : heads more crowded and secund in the virgate panicles: rays more conspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197. — Rucker Valley, 8. Arizona, L-mmon. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown: the affinity decidedly with ¥. nemoralis. Also a form between this and S. Cana- densis, var. canescens, with larger heads, &c., coll New Mexico in the Mogollon Mountains, 1881, Pusby. == = = Leaves thinnish, puberulent but green, broad, acute, divergently triplinerved and veiny: branches of the loose panicle racemiform, secund, leafy: bracts of the involucre nar- rowly oblong, obtuse, outer with greenish tips: rays few. ——S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Soft-puberulent: stem 3 feet high, freely branched: leaves ovate or broadly oval, nearly or quite glabrous above; cauline copiously serrate, com- + monly acute at both ends, almost petioled (lower 3 or 4 inches long and 2 or more broad); those of the flowering branches numerous even through’ the inflorescence, from 2 inches down to a quarter-inch long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate or entire: rays 4 or 5, often 3-lobed, rather large. — Fl. ii. 217. S$. ulmifolia, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97.—S. W. Iii nois and Missouri to Louisiana, flowering late; first coll. by Drummond. Allied in some respects to S. rugosa and S, amplericaulis. * * * * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme: radical leaves mostly long-petioled and with prominent midrib: akenes except in the first species wholly glabrous. — CoRYMBOS£. +— Leaves, even the radical, not triplinerved, flat; cauline sessile, very numerous: involucre of oblong-linear to oval faintly striate bracts: akenes very glabrous. — S.rigida, L. Somewhat cinercous with a short and dense, either soft or (in age) rather seabrous pubescence: stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high (rarely more dwarf) : leaves rigid, obscurely serrate or entire; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both ends or acute at base, 3 to 7 inches long; upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradually smaller upward, with slightly clasping or decurrent base: clusters dense: heads about 5 lines long, campanulate, many- (over 30-) flowered: involucral bracts broad: rays 7 to 10, rather large: akenes turgid, 12-15-nerved. — Spec. ii. 880; Ait. Kew. iii. 216; Michx. Fl. ii. 118; Ell. Sk. ii. 390; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 208. S. grandiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, ». 359, & Desy. Jour. Bot. i. 226. — Dry and gravelly or sandy soil, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to the upper part of Georgia, southwest to Texas and W. Colorado. Varies with smaller heads, looser inflorescence, and greener more scabrous leares, in Texas, &e. S. corymbésa, Err. Stem and leaves (except their margins) quite smooth and glabrous, green: heads (3 to 5 lines long) in looser inflorescence: akenes short, turgid, 10-nerved : * otherwise as in the preceding, of which it may be a glabrous variety. — Sk. ii. 378; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; not of Poir. Suppl. v. 461, which is a form of S. Virgaurea. — Upper and middle Georgia and Alabama; first coll. by Mr. Jackson: apparently also in Texas. —“~8, Ghioénsis, Rrppett. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high: * radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 5 to 9 inches long, half-inch to an inch or more wide, attenuate at base, almost entire; upper lanceolate, sessile by a 160 COMPOSIT&. Solidago. narrowed base: cyme fastigiate: heads pedicellate, small (3 lines long), narrow, 16-24- flowered: bracts of the involucre narrower: rays 6 to 9, small: akenes slightly 5-nerved. — Synop. 57; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Low prairies or meadows, W. New York to Ohio and Indiana; first coll. by Aiddell. “+ + Leaves somewhat conduplicate; lower slightly triplinerved. = §, Riddéllii, Frayx. Glabrous and smooth, or the inflorescence puberulent: stem a foot or two high, very leafy: leaves elongated-lanceolate, entire ; radical 8 to 12 inches long, attenuate at both ends; canline rather long, erect at the base which nearly sheathes the stem, partly conduplicate above, and the upper part faleately arcuate : heads densely cymose, 3 or 4 lines long, 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 9, small and narrow: akenes faintly 5-nerved. — Riddell, Synops. l. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii) 210. S$. amplexicoulis, Martens in Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. (1841) 68.— Wet prairies, Ohio (first coll. by fiddell) to Towa and Missouri. (Also Fort Monroe, Virginia, Vasey and Chickering, these adventive ?) S. Houghtoni, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves indistinctly « nerved, rather rigid, scattered (3 or 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide): heads rather few in a corymbiform cyme, 20-30-flowered: rays 7 to 10, rather large: bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: akenes 4-5-nerved.—Gray, Man. ed. 1, 211, ed. 5, 242.— Swamps, north shore of L. Michigan, Houghton. Genessee Co., New York, Paine. Flowering early. + + + Leaves flat, smooth, and glabrous, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, more or less tripli- nerved or 3-nerved, or nervose: heads only 8 or 4 lines long. ~ §. nitida, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth except the summit and inflo- rescence, which are minutely hirsute: leaves coriaceous and rigid, evidently nervose, punc- tate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 5 lines wide): heads numerous in the corymbiform cyme, about 14-flowered: rays 2 or 3, large: bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong: akenes 10-nerved. — F1. ii. 210. — Dry pine woods and barrens, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by Drummond and Learenworth. — S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-stemmed from a woody branching and cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous: leaves rigid, 3-nerved, acute; radical 2 or 3 inches long: cyme glomerate-fastigiate: heads nar- rowly oblong, 5-8-flowered: rays 1 to 8, short: involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate, and with small green (sometimes mucronulate) tips: mature akenes flattish and unusually broad, rather longer than the rigid pappus: akenes 5-nerved. — FI. ii. 210. _ Chrysoma pumila, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325.— Rocky dry places, N. W. Texas to S. W. Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, mostly in the mountains; first coll. by Vudtadl. § 2. Eurufaa, Nutt. Receptacle of the flowers fimbrillate or the alveoli pilose: rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and never surpassing them in height: heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose, small: leaves verv numerous, all linear, entire, 1—O-nerved, somewhat punctate, sessile: akenes villous-pubescent, short and turbinate: filiform rootstocks exten- sively creeping. — Luthamia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 471; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., Le. * Taller and paniculately branched Pacific species. ==§. occidentalis, Nurr. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clus- ters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth eyen on the midrib, and margins obscurcly scabrous: bracts of the involucre rather narrow : rays 16 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 14.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 156. S. /an- ceolata, Cham, & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502; ITook. Fl. ii, 6, partly. Luthamia occidentalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser, vii, 326. Aplopappus baccharoides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 24.— Moist ground, British Columbia to S. California, extending eastward to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. — Long rootstocks tuberous-thickened at the extremity. * * Comparatively low, a foot or at most a yard high, eymosely much branched above and flat- topped: heads mostly glomerate-sessile: Atlantic species. ~~ S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, distinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an alditional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves Lessingia, COMPOSITA. 161 beneath : outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, and the inner linear: rays 15 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 12.— Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; Torr, & Gray, FL. ii. 226. 8S. gramini- Jolia, EM. Sk. ii. 891. Chrysocomu graminifolia, T.. Spec. ii. 841. Luthamia graminifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 162 (subgen.), & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. — Low ground, Canada to Georgia, and northwest to Montana. — S. tenuifdlia, Pursu. Lower (a foot or two high), slender, more resinous-atomiferous and glutinous, but glabrous: leaves all narrowly linear, one-nerved or with a pair of indis- tinct lateral nerves: heads smaller: rays 6 to 12: disk-flowers 5 or 6.—FL ii. 540; Ell Sk. ii. 892; Torr. & Gray, 1.0. 4S. lanceoluta, var. minor, Michx. Fl. ii. 116. Erigeron Caroliut- anna, L. Spee, being Virgaurea Carol., &e., Dill. Elth. 412, t. 306, f. 394. Euthamia tenui- Jolia, Nutt. 1. ¢.— Sandy or gravelly aud moist or dry ground, coast of New England to Florida and Texas. ==§. leptocéphala, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, with more simple branches, wholly 4 smooth and glabrous except the margin of the leaves; these with prominent midrib, very obscure lateral nerves, and no apparent veins: bracts of the involucre and the head narrower : rays 8 or 10: disk-flowers 3 or 4.— Fl. ii. 226.— Low ground, W., Louisiana and Texas; first coll. hy Leavenworth aud Drummond. Also, in a narrow-leaved form, N. W. .\rkansas, F. L. Harvey. § 3. Curyséma, Torr. & Gray. Suffruticose: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, peculi- arly areolate-venulose in the dried state: otherwise as § I irgaurea. —Chrysoma, Nutt., in part. S. pauciflosculésa, Micrx. A foot or two high, much branched from the shrubby base, glabrous, somewhat viscid: leaves from spatulate-oblauceolate tu linear, very obtuse, entire, an inch or two long and with a contracted petiole-like base, one-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, not venose, hut minutely and uniformly venulose, the impressed veinlets forming microscopic quadrate or roundish meshes over both surfaces: thyrsus somewhat corymbusely paniculate ; the clusters only obscurely secund: heads 3 or 4 lines long: rays 1 to 3, rather large: dist:- flowers 3 to 5, deep yellow: akenes pubescent: pappus brownish.— Fl. ii. 116; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 224. Chrysoma solidayinoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 325.— Dry hills and sand-banks on the sea-shore, 8. Carvlina to Florida and Alabama; flowering late. (Bahamas.) 33. BRACHYCH ATA, Torr. & Gray. (Bpayvs, short, yaéry, bristle, from the very abbreviated setose pappus, which, with the cordate leaves, some- what artificially distinguishes the genus from Solidago.) — Single species, flower- ing in late summer and autumn. — FI. ii. 104. ——B. cordata, Torn. & Gray, Lc. Soft-pubescent: stems 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root: leaves membranaceous, veiny, mostly acutely serrate; radical rather large, round- cordate, on long and nearly wingless petioles ; cauline ovate, the lower on winged petioles : heads 2 or 3 lines long, narrow, solitary or fascicled in the racemiform and secund clusters or narrow thyrsus: bracts of the involucre with greenish tips, inner ones linear-oblong : flowers golden vellow, those of the disk and short ray each 4 or 5: pappus shorter than the akene and shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Solidayo sphacelata, Ref. Aun. Nat. (1820), 14. S. cordata, Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky, Suppl. Brachyris ovatifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 313. — Open woods, &e., W. North Carolina and E. Kentucky to the upper part of Georgia ; apparently first coll. by Rafinesque. 34. LESSINGIA, Cham. (Dedicated to the eminent German author, G. E. Lessing, and to his grand-nephews, Aar/ Lessing the painter, and Christian Fr. Lessing, author of Syn. Gen. Compositarum. ) — Californian annuals or bien- nials, flocculent-woolly when young; with alternate leaves and rather small heads of flowers, either of the xanthic or cyanic series; the pappus becoming fuscous or rufous. Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the sstivation indu- il 162 COMPOSIT&. Lessingia. plicate up to the nerve. —~ Linnea, iv. 203; Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 315, Proc. Am. Acad. vil. 351, vili. 364, & Bot. Calif. i. 306. — Flowering spring and summer. %* Flowers yellow, sometimes purplish in age; some of the marginal ones with conspicuously larger and more or less irregular and radiatiforin corolla: bracts of the iavolucre with herbaceous tips: akenes narrow, compressed, 2-3-nerved: style-branches truncate-obtuse, bearing a brush-like tuft of bristles, in which a minute or obscure sctiform tip is partly or wholly hidden: heads about 3 lines high, terminating spreading slender branchlets. L. Germanorum, Ciam.1.c. Low and diffusely spreading from the base, or procumbent, arachnoid-lanate with appressed white tomentum, glabrate with age; filiform flowering branches sparsely leafy or naked: lower leaves spatulate and usually pinnatifid or incised, with long tapering entire base; those of the branches becoming linear and entire, all nar- rowed at base: involucre hemispherical; its bracts with loose and foliaceous tips or the outer foliaceous, all glandless.— Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 326, t. 7 (style bad); Gray ia PL Hartw. 1. ¢., & Bot. Calif. 307, only in part. —Open dry ground, near San Francisco and in adjacent parts of California; first coll. by Chamisso. Corollas said by Chamisso to he “croceous.” s==J,, glandulifera, Gray. Diffusely much branched from an erect stem, more rigid, above glabrous or early glabrate: leaves more commonly entire, sometimes spinulose-dentate ; those of the branches small and very numerous (3 to 1 lines long), or minute and almost covering flowering branchlets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, thick and rigid, commonly beset along the margins with yellowish tack-shaped glands: involacre campanulate to turbinate ; its bracts more appressed, the outer successively shorter, and some or all of them glandulif- erous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, LZ. Gerimanornim in part, & L. ramulosa, var. tenuis, Gray, Bot. Calif 1. c., in part. — Arid grounds, from Monterey to San Diego, San Ber- nardino, &c.; common. The glands are like those of Cu/ycadenia on a smaller scale, some- times copious and strongly marked, sometimes few and inconspicuous. > %& Flowers purple or white; the corollas all alike and regular or nearly so: bracts of the inyolu- cre with appressed or erect tips: akenes less or hardly at all compressed, 4—5-nerved. / +— Stems slender and loosely branching, erect, a span to a foot or two high: white wool deciduous in age: leaves oblong to lanceolate or the lower spatulate, entire or sparingly dentate, the small upper with partly clasping or adnate base: involucral bracts mostly herbaceous-tipped. ae L. ramuldésa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat granulose- or hirtellous-glandular on the glabrate branches and upper leaves, occasionally with some minute tack-shaped glands: stem usually stout at base: heads (3 or 4 lines long) terminating diffuse slender branchlets: involucre campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 10-20-flowered : corollas short (purple) : style-append- ages with minute setiform tip.—On dry hills, not rare through the northwestern part of California to Bay of San Francisco; first coll. hy Pickering and Brackenridge. Var. ténuis, Gray. A slender and ambiguous form, not thickened at base of stem, low and diffuse, analogous to the depauperate states of the next species, — Bot. Calif. i. 307, as to pl. of Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 364.— Southeastern California, at head of Peru Creek, Rothrock. L. leptoclada, Griv. Glabrous after denudation of the floccose wool: stem slender (the taller forms 2 feet or more high, the most depauperate only 3 or 4 inches), and with long virgate or filiform branches bearing solitary or few heals : upper leaves commonly with sagittiform-adnate base: involucre turbinate, from 20-flowered down (in depauperate plants) to 5-flowered ; its bracts in numerous ranks: corolla conspicuously exserted : style-append- ages with a conspicuous subulate tip.— Proc. Am, Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— Dry ground, common through the western and central parts of California, in very diverse forms; sometimes with numerous heads spicately crowded along the summit of the branches, and too nearly approaching the next. : L. virgata, Gray. More densely woolly: stem and yirgate branches more rigid : upper leaves appressed, concaye; carinately one-nerved : heads spicately sessile, each in the axil of a leaf of nearly the same length: involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5-7-flowered : style-branches with a conspicuous subulate tip. — Pl. Hartw. 1. e.; Bot. Calif. 1e.—On the Sacramento, probably in the northern part of the State, Yickering and Brackenridge, Newberry. Aphunostephus. COMPOSIT.E. 163 +- + Depressed or dwarf, flowering from the ground: inner bracts of involucre cartilaginous- aristate! L. nana, Gray, lc. Usually stemless. a very woolly and pellet-like tuft from a lender root, an inch or two high, a cluster of sessile (half-inch long) heads, each surrounded by a rosulate cluster of spatulate or lanceolate leaves: involucre 10-12-‘lowered ; its outer bracts linear- lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspilate, little herbaceous; inner ones pearly white, ~cariouy chartaceous, tapering iuto a rigid subulate acumination or awn which equals the flowers and very rufvus pappus: akenes short and turgid : tip to the tufted style-appendases wanting. — Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 33s. t. 7, poor.— Dry ground, foot-hills of the Sicrra Nevada, from Siskiyou Co, to Kern Co., Pickering, Fitch, Muir, Canby, Rothrock. Var. cauléscens. Leaves larger; radical ones much surpassing the sessile heads in their axils: al-u -evetal developed sivins. of an inch to 4 inches high, sparsely leaved, and bearing either sulitary or 3 or 4 spicately disposed heads. — ». California, at Tehachipi Pess, Parry. — 35. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. (Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) — Low herbs, of the northern bemixphere: the typical species perennial and stemle-- : radical leaves obovate: rays white. rose-colored, or purple. The akenes in the two perennial Mexican ~pecies. viz. Bo ranthacomoides (Brachycome. Less.) and —~ B. Mericanu, Gray. Pl, Wricht. i. 93 (coll. Wright and Bourgenu). as also in our annual species. are less flat, and marvinal nerves -Iender or less thickened, than in the Old World species — Benth. & Hook. Geu. ii. 205. B. pEreNnis, L., the common European Daisy, is escaping from cultivation and leginning to be spontanecus in a few places. —— B. integrifdélia, Micux. Annual, sparsely pilose-pubescent, diffusely branched and leafy, aspan to a foot high: leaves spatulate-obovate and the upper narrower, entire: pednum vs terminating phe branches: bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scaricus-mar- giued: rays half-inch or less in length, u-ually pale violet. — Fl. ii. 131: Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3455; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 189.) Eelipta tategrifolia, Spreuy. Syst. iii, 602. A-tranthium inteqripolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. soc. ser. 2, vii. 312.—Low grounds, Kentucky to Arkansas and Texas; fl. spring and summer. 36. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. (‘Adar}-. vanishing or inconspicuous, and o7zédos, crown; from the pappus.:— Texano-Mexican annuals or bicnnials, sometimes perhaps of longer duration. pubescent. leaty-st-mmezd1 and branching: with rather showy heads. resembling tho-e of Dtisy. on solitary peduncles termi- nating the branches. and nodding before anthesis: loaves from entire to pinnately lobed: rays from white to violet-purple: xkencs elmost or quite glabrous. Fi. summer. -— Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 93: Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii, 2625 Gray. Proe. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. Aphanostephus. Keerlia (excl. one -pecies. which is a Nentho- cephalum). « Leucopsidium. DC. Prodr. v. 502. DLO vis Lb * Pappus a very short crown with a ciliate-friuged edge. which commonly is obsolete in age: base of the corolla-tube seldoz~ thickened. A. Arizénicus, Grar. Erect, a foot high, minutely sor-pubescent, not cinereous: upper leaves linear and entire; lower linear-spatulaze, 3-5-loved or laciniate: heads small, on at length clavate-thickened peduncles: akenes narrow, terete, evenly striate with about 10 nar- row ribs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. 4. ramosissimus, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 147. — Arizona, on the Gila River, Mut) rock. — A. ramosissimus, DC. [rect or at length diffuse, slender, a foot or less high, hispidu- lous-pubescent : upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed; lower laciniate- pinnatifid or incis-l: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 to 5 lines long: akenes almost terete and even, the ribs or nerves few and mostly obscure, except on some outermost. — Prodr. v.310; Gray, Pl. Wright. 1.c.; Torr. in Marcy Rep.t.9. A. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 189. A. pilosus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., a remarkably hispid form. Egletes 164 COMPOSITA, Aphanostephus, ramosissima, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 220.— Rocky and sandy prairies, Texas, (Adjacent Mex.) __—A. hutimilis, Gray, l¢. Low and diffuse, soft-pubescent and cinereous: leaves rarely entire, often pinnatifid: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 or 4 lines long: akenes shorter and more distinctly costate-angulate.— Leucopsidinm humile, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 18. Egletes humilis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71.— Southern and western borders of Texas, Wright, Palmer (but his plant, no. 494, doubtful), Reverchon. (Mex.) A. ramdésus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90 (Acerlia ramosa, DC.), Mexico, Keerl, is im- perfectly known. * * Pappus more conspicuous and dentate or laciniate: base of the corolla-tube in age promi- nently thickened and indurated, long persistent on the strongly angulate-costate akene. — A. Arkansanus, Gray, lc. Diffuse, a foot high, cinereous-pubescent: leaves from oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate ; lower often toothed or sinulate-lobed : heads larger : rays commonly half-inch long: outer akenes usually suberose-angled or ribbed: pappus mostly obtusely 4-5-lobed or pluridentate. ~ Leucopsidinm Arkansanum, DC. Prodr. vi. 43. Keerlia skirrobasis, DC. Prodr. v. 310; Deless. Ic. iv. t. 18; Hook. Ie. t. 240. Egletes Arkan- sana, Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 394; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 411.— Plains of Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. Var. Hallii, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat smaller: leaves varying from entire to pinnately parted : crown of the pappus more conspicuous, deeply cleft into 4 or 5 unequal subulate- acuminate lobes! — Texas, £. Hall (no. 303, 304), Palmer. 37. GREENELLA, Gray. (Rev. Edward Lee Greene, the discoverer.) — Slender and low winter annuals; the typical species (analogous to Gutierrezic) diffuse and conspicuously radiate ; an ambiguous species rayless, and perhaps not truly congeneric. — Proc. Am, Acad. xvi. 81. e~G. Arizdénica, Griry, lc. Smooth and glabrous, diffusely branched from the base: leaves small (inch or less long), entire, veinless, sessile, alternate; radical ones lanceolate or ob- securely spatulate, hispidulous-ciliolate; cauline narrowly linear and gradually reduced to subulate: heads solitary at summit of divergent filiform branchlets: involucre 2 or 3 lines high and wide; bracts with a conspicuous su apical green spot: rays 10 to 16, oblong or obovate, white: mature akenes densely white-villous, the hairs tipped with a capitellate gland: border of the pappus-crown multisetulose-lissected. —Mesas of Arizona, Greene (1877), Lemmon, Pringle. The root obviously not perennial. G. discoidea, Gray. Stems or branches numerous from a probably monocarpic but lig- nescent root, strict, very leafy : leaves all narrowly linear, acute ; the lower (over an inch Jong) with obscurely ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads somewhat corvmbose : involucre barely 2 lines high; the bracts more scarious and with indistinct green spot: rays none: ovaries glabrous: pappus pluridenticulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.—8. Arizona, in Tanner's Cation, Lemmon. 38. KEERLIA, Gray. (F. WW. Keerl, a German traveller in Mexico.) — Diffusely and slenderly branched Texan herbs, leafy-stemmed ; with small panicu- late heads on almost capillary peduncles, white or purple rays, and oblong entire sessile leaves ; the style-appendages in one species much elongated (in the manner of the preceding genus), and this has only sterile ovaries in the disk. — PI. Lindh. ii. 220, & Pl. Wright. i. 92, not DC., whose genus of this mame was founded on two species of Aphanostephus and a Nauthocephalum, to which was added a syn- onyme belonging to a Bellis. : — K. bellidifolia, Gray & Evertm. Annual, pubescent, effusely branched from near the base, a span or two high; when young with the habit of Bellis inteqrifolia: lower leaves obovate or spatulate ; uppermost somewhat linear: involucre only 2 lines long: rays 4 to 15 blue: style-appendages in the disk-flowers short and yery obtuse: akenes ohorate-clavate and moderately compressed. — Proc, Am, Acad. i, 47; Pl. Lindh, Lc. : PL Wright, le. — Fertile soil, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. , >. Dicheetophora. COMPOSITE. 165 K. effusa, Gray. Perennial, often 2 feet high, with simple stem branching above into an effuse ample panicle: leaves (an inch or less long) hixpid as well as the stem, rigid and sca- brous, oblong, mostly with a broad sessile base: heads very numerous: involucre more turbinate: rays 4 to 7, white: disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, apparently always sterile, and with clongated linear-lanceolate style-appendages : fertile akenes obovate, flat, callous-uerved at the margins (or with one margin 2-nerved).— Pl. Lindh. ii. 221; Pl. Wright. i. 93. — Hillsides, central parts of Texas, Berlundier, Lindheimer. 39. CHATTOPAPPA, DC. (Nairy. bristle, and rdzzos, pappus.) — Low and small Texano-Mexican winter annuals, difiusely branched; the branches terminated by small heads: rays white or purple: leaves entire, the lower spatu- late, upper gradually becoming linear or reduced to subulate bracts. Fl. spring and early summer. — Chetanthera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. Che- tophora, Nutt. in DC. Chetopappa & Distasis, DC. Prodr. v. 801, 279; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 268. Diplostelma, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 72. -— C. asteroides, DC.1.c. Slender, 2 to 10 inches high, pubescent: involucre (2 lines long) rather narrow, of 12 to 14 bracts: rays 5 tu 12: disk-flowers 8 to 12: style-appendages very obtuse: akenes slender, little compressed, vbscurely few-nerved, pubescent, all the central ones sterile and often awnless: palez vf the pappus very thin and hyaline, narrowly oblong, not rarely laverate or cleft. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 187. Chetanthera asteroides, Nutt. 1. ¢.— Dry ground, Texas to Arkansas and the borders of Missouri. (.\djacent Mex.) Var. imbérbis, Gray. B. asteroides, L’Hrr. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, mostly greenish: rays from white to purplish or pale violet-color- setulose sqnamellx of the pappus mostly nu- merous and conspicuous, the two awns sometimes wanting or obsolete, more commonly present and little shorter than the akene.— JMuiricaria ustcroides, L Mant. i16. Md. glasti- Jolia, Hill, Mort. Kew. 19, t. 8. Chrysanthemum Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 204. Boltonia giastifuiia & B. asterodes, L’Her. 1. ¢.; Michx Fl. ii. 182; Willd. Spee. iii. 2162, Sims, Bot. Mag ¢t. 2381 & 2554; DC.1. ¢.— Moist or wet ground along streams, Pennsylvania to Tlli- nois and Florida, The awnless form (B. usterodes) is not constant to this character, but is commonly smaller, and with fewer and smaller heads. Var. decurrens, Exceim in herb. A large form (in cultivation 7 or 8 feet high), with leaves alate-decurrent on the stem and even the branches; the wings sometimes ending below in a free and subulate point: pappus-awns slender, — M issouri, Lyqert. —— B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger and more showy rays blue-violet. bracts of the involucre oblong to uvate, obtuse or muacronate-apiculate . awns of the pappus uniformly present and conspicuous, the setnlose squamellie small — Am Jour, Sci. ser 2. XXMqii 238. — Kansas and W, Missouri, near the mouth of the Kansas River, Parry Now not rare in cultivation, the handsomest species. Var. occidentalis. Heads rather smaller: rays white. — River-bottoms of Union Co., Eastern Oregon, Cusick. 43. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. (David Townsend, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.) — Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs (of the Rocky Mountains) ; with from linear to spatulate entire leaves, and comparatively large heads, resembling those of As/er; the numerous rays from violet or rose- Townsendia. COMPOSITE. 167 purple to white; fl. from early spring to summer. Akene commonly beset with bristly * duplex” hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-cupitellate apex. Inyolu- cral bracts mostly ciliate. —FL. ii. 16. t. 110; Torr. & Caray, EL. a. D805 Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xvi. 82, For structure of the achenial hairs, see Macloskie in Proc. Am. Nat. xvii. 81, xviii. 1102. * Bracts of the involucre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate: head large; the involucre half-inch or more high, and rays half-inch lony: fl. summer. +— Caulescent biennials or annual-, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at leneth glabrate: involucre uaked; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: rays showy, briglt blue or violet. (Pappus of the first species anomalous!) T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14 inches high: leaves spatulate or the upper lanceolate: head sparingly leafy-bracted or naked at base: involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with * green centre: akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate (sprinkled with a few short and olscure glochidiate-tipped hairs) : pappus wholly persi-tent, of 2 subulate at length corneous stuut awn: which are rather shorter than the akene (seietimes wanting in the ray), and a circle uf rigid squamelle which are mostly coroniform-concreted at base and rigid in age. — P]. Fendl. 70; Pacif. R. R. Exp. iv. 98; Proc. Am. .Acad. 1. ¢. 83. — Mountain rides, New Mexico and adjacent part of Colorado, Fendier, Bigelow, &c. —~T. grandiflora, Nutr. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched above, a spau or two high: upper leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subtending the head. involucre nearly of the preceding: akenes uarrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidi- ateapitellate hairs: pappus in the ray reduced to a crown of short squamella, in the man- ner of the genus, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akene.— Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. n. ser. vil. 306; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.— Flaius and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to the borders of New Mexico, first coll. by James and Nuttall, T. Parryi, Exroy. Stems erect, simple, stout. naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to 6 inches high (the taller forms sometimes branching) : leaves mostly spatulate: ract~ of the very Lroad involucre lanceolate, thinner, with svfter and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate: akenes narrowly obovate, canes ently pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them 1-2-dentate at tip: pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the di-k, or somewhat more scanty, rays “blue” or violet. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 1. c. — Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho, Hayden, Parry, &e. Var. alpina, Gray, 1c. T. fidrifer, Gray. akencs 3-several-ribbed or nerved, hardly or moderately compressed, mostly linear: pappus shghtliy rigid, simple; radical and lower cauline leaves cordate, on long nuked petioles, ample, couspicuously serrate and acuminate: fl. midsummer and early autumn. (Other Asters with cordate peti- olate leaves are only the Heterophyll’.) —Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 104. Biotia, DC. Prodr. v. 264. =~ A. corymbosus, Arr. Stem slender, 2 feet high, sometimes flexuous, terete: leaves miembranaceous, much longer than wide, gradually or very prominently acuminate and actuninately serrate: involucre only one-fourth inch high, little surpassing the rather broadly compressed fusiform akenes: rays 6 to 9, white — Kew iii. 207 , Willd. Spee. iii. 2036 ; Torr. & Gray, Loe. A. diraricatus, L. Spee di 873, as to herb. excel, sym. Gronoy & Pluk. (which relate to wt. firmus), and cordate leaves not described ; name to subside 4. cordi- Jolins, Michx. Fl. it. 114, in part. Eurybia corymbosa, Cass Viet. xxxvii 487: AUS, Leb, 143, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1532, Biotia corymbosa, DC. 1, ¢. 265. — Woodlands, Canada to upper part of Georgia. Aster. COMPOSITE. 175 eA, macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thickish, serrate with proportionally smaller and broader les~ salient teeth, abruptly acuri- nate ; radical and lowest usually brvad]y ovate- or even reniform-cordate (4 to 10 inches loxg) ; upper ovate to oblong, often wing-petioled, and uppermost sometimes sessile by a bread hase . invelucre commonly 5 lines high, often viscid-puberulent, in fruit much surpassing tl.e fusiform-linear obscurely compressed akenes: rays 10 to 15, white or tinged with Vluish purple. — Spee. ed. 2, ii, 1232; Willd. lL c.; Torr. & Gray, loc. Lary’ia macrophylla & E. Jussiet, Cass. Dict. lc. E. macrophylla (larger-leaved and more scabrous form), glouwe- rata, & Schrebert (thinner-leaved form in shade and drier evil), Nees, Ast. 140. Lroa Schreberi, latifolia (A. latiolis, Dest Cat.. form approaching 1. corymlosrs), glomerata, & macrophyiia, DC. 1.¢.— Weedlands. commonly in damp or rich svil. from Canada and Manitoba tu the mountains of Georgia. Variable species: of which forms with smaller heads and thinner leaves appear to paxs into .1. corymbosvs. .\ robust form, with large heads, more glandular involucre and peduncles, upper leaves ovate and sessile, lower and petivled cauline leaves all rounded at base, and most of the radical ones little cordate (.1. macrophycus of Willd. herb. chietly, the rays perhaps violet), comes near the uext following. § 6. Aster proper. Heads various: bracts of the involucre (or at least the outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or appendages. or wholly or partly foli- aceous, imbricated or pluri-erial, their margins not scurious: akenes from obovate- oblong to linear, 3-several-nerved: pappus rather fine and soft. or in the first subsection more coarse and rivid, simple, i. e. with no exterior setulose series. — § Aster prover. with part of Oritrophium & Culliastrum. Torr. & Gray, FI. Probable hybrids abound. x 1. Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous, with short and al'rupt mostly obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous spreading t ps (the outermost semetimes louse and more fou- aceou~): akenes narrow, 5-10-nerved, from minutely pubescent to glabrous: pappus mostly more rizid than in any of the following: rays showy, blue or violet: !vave~ of firm texture, more or Jess scabrous (the last -pecie~ excepted), none of them cordate or clasping (§ Calli astrum, Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 106, excl. spec.). — NPECTABILES. + Radivai and lowes cauline leaves ovate or ovate-oblong. some with rounded base, or even sub- cordate. leads half-mcb high: involuere nearly hemispherical; the zreen tip- of the involucral bracts very skort and eitber indistinct and erect or abruptly spreading: stems a foot or two lish. Transition to Bivtiv, possibly hybrids of the preceding sjecies with true Asters. being lucal and rare, bu: if so the other parent not at all determinable. A. mirabilis, Torr & Gray. Scalrou-pubescent. bearing few or several somewhat panicu- late heads: leaves all ovate or oval, finely and acutely serrate, hispidulou~~cabrous above : upper small and roundish. lower abruptly contracted into margined petites (true radical not seen): involucre nearly smooth and glabrous, neither glandular nor vis id; its lracts with roundish-obtuse abrupt and very short squarrose-spreading tips: rays about 20. half-inch lony violet: pappus ferruginous. —Fl. ii. 165.— Near Columbia, S Carolina, Gibbes, >ept., 1825, not since collected. A. Hervéyi, Gray. Shghtly scabrous. the corrm)ose branches and short peduncles ¢landu- lar-pnierulent. leaves minutely or obscurely serrate: radical and lowest cauline ovate on slenler naked petinles; upper lanceolate: heads loosely corymbiform eymose: involucral bracts all erect and with less distinct close tips. pulverulent-glandular ; the short outer oblor g- linear rays 15 to 24. narrow, half-inch long. lilac or violet. — Man. ed. 5, 230. Eurylia commizta, Nees, Ast. 143. Brotia commixta, DC. Prodr v. 265 (excl. syn. !), is a robust culti- vated form of this, which has long been in the gardens, of unknown origin. — Borders of oak woods, E. Mas and Rhode Island, near the coast, Hervey, Surgent, &e. Grows in com- pany with 4. macropayllus and A. spectubilis, evidently most related to the former, both in foliage and involucre: fl. Auy . Sept. + + Radical leaves all tapering at base into winged or margined petioles. ++ Involucre squarrose by the spreading or recurving herbaceous tips of the bracts: akenes slender, slightly pubescent. leaves obscure!y veined, shehtly scabrous: rootstocks slender and creeping. stems low, bearing few or several (rarely solitary) short-pedancled and showy heads. Atlintc U S. species. 176 COMPOSITA. Aster. =—~ A, spectabilis, Air. from omalobavare to broadly lancevlate (2 to 4 inches long), serrate with nuwer us sharp teeth, scabrous: heads numerous. corymbo-e ly eymose: involucre broadly turbinate, 3 or 4 lines high; its bracts regularly imbricated and ‘outer success ely shorter, cinerevu~ pubes cut or elabraté, not glandular nor visvid, from broadly lanceolate or oblong to linear, abruptly acutish or obtuse: rays 3 to 5 lines lung, pale violet, sometimes whiti-h : akenes minutely pubescent. — Proc. Am. cal. viii. 358, & Bor. Calif. i. 323. 4. radula, Les. in Linn. vi. 125, not Ait.— Dry ground, California, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra Nevada to Oregon and Wa-hington Terr. —— A. conspicuus, Lixpr. » ae ae steta 2 feet high, stout, rigid, bearing several or nu- merous corymburcly cymose heals: leaves ri: wid, ovate. oLlung, or the lower obovate, acute, ample (commonly 4 to 6 inche- Tone and 14 to 4 inches broad), acutely serrate, rigid, reticu- late-venulose as well as veiny: involucre broadly campanulate, about equalling the disk, , >to 6 lines high; its bracts in several scric-. minutely glandular-poberulent or viscidulous, lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips little spreading: rays half-inch long, violet: akenes minutely pube-ceut. — Hook. Fl]. ii. 7, & DC. Prodr. v. 220; Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 107. — sa-katchewan to British Columbia, and Su to the Yellowstone in the Rocky Mountains ; first coll. br Dranmoud, ++ ++ ++ Involucre very squarrose by the foliaceous widely spreadinz tip: of the bracts, smooth and slalrou:, as is also the faze: heads large and paniculate: Ally shazian. w— A. Curtisii, Torn. & Gray. Almost wholly glal.rou. and smooth: stems 2 or 3 feet high, rather -lender, the larger loosely paniculately ‘branched ; branches bearing scattered larse heads : radical and lower leaves (3 or 4 inclics long) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparinely serrate. gradually or abruptly contracted into winged petioles ; upper ones lanceolate and sessile, becoming entire: invulucre hemispherical, equalling the disk, half-inch high; the much imbricated curiacewus bracts very conspicuously appendaged with fuliaceous ovate or short-lancevlate tips. or the outer more than half foliaceous: rays rather broad, half-inch long or more, deep viclet-blue: akenes compressed, broader upward and with narrowed apex, glabrous. — Fl. ii. 110.— Margin of woodlands, in dry soil, through the Allezhanies in N. Carolina and adjacent borders of Tennessee: very showy. % 2. Invelucre and uzually branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, therefore more or les veolent, either well imbricated or loose: rays showy, violet to purple: akenes mostly several- nerved and narrow: pubescence not ‘ericeous: Jeave~ all entire or lower with few and rare teeth, except in the la-t species: cauline all -¢ssile or partly cla-ping: true perennials, mestly multi- plying by subterranean rourstocks or otber shvet-. (Glandular involucre also in ~pecies of § ‘Macheranthera, some of which are short-lived perenniais.) — GLANDULOSI. -+— Bracts of involuere rather well imbricated, commonly with more or less rizid appressed base and foliaceus or berbaceous tips: rays not extremely numerous. from 15 to 40. ++ Stem simple: leaves and heads proportionally large: Rocky Mountain alpine or subalpine species. “— A. integrifolius, Ncrr. Stem mostly a foot or more high. stout, sparsely leafy, villous- -eut but glabrate, bearing few or several racemosely or thyrsvidly disposed heads : -s of firm texture, obloug or spatulate (the larger 4 to 7 inches lung) or the smaller upper ones lancevlate, sometimes obsuletely repand-serrulate, apicalate, traversed by a stroug midrib, venulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-clasping : : lowest tapering into a long stout wiug- marvined petiole with claspiug base: heads fully half-inch high, hemispherical: involucre and branchlets viscil-glandular ; its bracts few-ranked, linear, ascendins, not squarrose; the outer semetimes short and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceons, nearly equal- ling the inner; these equalling the disk: rays 15 to 25, bluish-purple, half-inch long: akenes compressed-fusiform, 5-nerved, and sumetimes with intermediate nerves, sparsely pubescent : pappus decidedly rigid. — Trans. Am.. Phil, Suc. n. ser. vil. 291; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 111; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324.— Open and moist subalpine woods or meadows, Montana to the Cascade Mountains in € regen, south to Colorado, and along the sierra Nevada, California, in the Yusemite. &c.; first coll by Nuttall. 12 178 COMPOSITE. Aster. A. Kingii, Earoyn. A span or less high, cespitose: leaves mainly radical, spatulate, entire, or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinnish, glabrous or nearly so (1 to 3 inches long) : flowering stems pubescent and above glandular, bearing solitary or 3 to 5 middle-sized heads: involucre somewhat campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, merely puberulent-glandular, hardly at all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with attenuate and squarrose-spreading green tips: rays less than 30, barely half-inch long, white: akenes narrow, pubescent.— Bot. King Exp. 141, t. 16. — Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains at 7,000 to 11,000 feet, Wutson, Parry, M. E. Jones. ++ ++ Stems branching: leaves comparatively small: species neither alpine nor subalpine. == Involucre of the small and scattered or somewhat racemosely disposed heads not squarrose; the green tips of the bracts more or less erect: slender and low species, a span to a foot or less high, of the Rocky Mountain and interior western region. — A. campéstris, Nourr. Pruinose-puberulent and viscidulous, somewhat heavy-scented : leaves linear (about ‘an inch long, a line or two wide) or lower narrowly lingulate-spatulate (radical “serrulate,” Nuttall), mostly glabrate, some obscurely 3-nerved: involucre 3 or 4 lines high, hemispherical, of rather few-ranked and little unequal linear acute bracts, prui- nose-glandular . rays 3 or 4 lines long, light violet or purple. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) vii. 293. — Low grounds and plains, interior of Washington Terr. and Idaho to Montana (first and sparingly coll. by Nuttall and Spalding, recently by Watson, Suksdorf, Forwood, &e.), E. Oregon (Cusick) to N. California ( Grezne). : Var. Bloémeri. More-rigid (in drier more exposed situations) : stem and leaves hir- sutulous : invelncral bracts sometimes more unequal. —.1. Bloomeri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539, & Bot. Calif. 323.— High slopes, &e., W. Nevada, Bloomer, Lemmon, in specimens of the latter, from Carson, passing into A. campestris. eme=A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, a span to a foot high, sparsely hispidulous: the linear one- nerved firm leaves hispid-ciliate, otherwise usually smooth and glabrous: involucre somewhat campanulate (3 lines high); outer bracts shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, pruinose-glandular, inner acute or apiculate: rays violet, 4 lines long. — Pl. Fendl. 66. 1. Nuttallii, var. Fendleri, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 97.— Plains and sand-hills, from W. Kansas to 8. Colorado and N. New Mexico ; first coll. by Fendler. == = Involucre of the large heads very squarrose-foliaceous: leaves proportionally very small, rigid, recurved or reflexed. A. grandiflérus, L. About 2 feet high, with long and slender spreading rigid branches, hispid with short spreading bristles, not viscid: leaves oblong-linear or obscurely spatulate, rough-hispidulous ; cauline rarely 2 inches long; of the branches half to less than quarter inch long; uppermost passing into bracts of the (half-inch high) many-rauked obscurely granulose-viscid involucre ; the green tips oblong-linear or shorter, or the inner linear: rays three-fourths inch long, deep violet, large and numerous, rather broad: akenes little com- presseil, canescent, 7-10-costate. — Spec. ii. 877 (Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. t. 191; Dill. Elth. t. 36, fig. 41); Mill. Ic. t. 282; Bot. Reg. t. 273; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 65, t..A,f1. A. asper- rimus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. vii. 293.— Dry and gravelly soil, Virginia to Georgia in the middle country. : = = = Involucre of middle-sized (a third to half inch) heads well imbricated: the unequal bracts with loose squarrose-spreading tips: leaves not rigid, spreading, = A. Nove-Anglize, L Stem stont and strict, 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy to the top, coarsely hirsute or hispid with many-jointed hairs, also with glandular ‘pubescence : leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, pubescent (2 to 5 inches long), entire, slightly if at all narrowed below, half-clasping by a strongly auriculate-cordate base: heads crowded: ravs 50 to 60 or more, fully half-inch long, purple. — Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff. 408; Herm. Par. Bot. t. 98); Bot. Reg. t. 183; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 145. A. amplericaulis, Lam. Dict. i. 304, excl. syn. Tourn. A. spurins, Willd. iii. 2032, a low and branching form with scattered leads. il conetnuins, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. iii. t. 12, not Willd. — Low grounds, Canada and Saskatch- ewan to 8. Carolina and Colorado. A peculiar and handsome species. Var. roseus, DC. Rays rose-colored. — (Bot. Reg. 1. c. fig. d.) A. rosens, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 401, not Stev. — With the ordinary form occasionally, permanent in cultivation. A. oblongifélius, Nurr. About 2 feet high; stem hirsute-pubescent, very leafy, corym- bosely branched : leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly linear (larger cauline 2 inches Aster. COMPOSITE. 179 long, 3 or 4 lines wide), somewhat hispidulous-puberulent ; those of flowering branchlets not rarely glandular: involucre campanulate, aromatic-scented, the linear bracts granulose- glandular and viscidulous: rays 25-30, bright violet, 5 or 6 lines long: akenes ciuerewus- pubescent. —Gen. ii. 156, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lL ¢. 294; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 143. A. biennis, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N.Y. ii. 122, not Nutt. A, multiceps, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. y. 237, from St. Louis, not “Louisiana.” — Rocky banks and bluffs, Penn. and Virginia, from the Alleghanies westward to Wisconsin, Kansas, and Texas. - Var. rigidulus. Low, more fastigiate, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves. — A. Aundeini, Fries, in distrib. Mus. Ups. no.5.— In drier and more exposed places, Illinois and Wisconsin, to Texas and Colorado. + + Bracts of the involucre loose and more or less herbaceous (or somewhat colored) almost from the base, linear-attenuate, all equalling the disk: heads hemispherical, numerous and usually thyrsoidly or cymo-cly congested at the summit of the simple very leafy stem: rays numervus and narrow: style-appendages lanceolate: akenes hirsute. ~— A. modéstus, Lixpt. Merely pubescent or glabrate: stem more slender, 2 feet high: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or broader (2 to 4 inches long), sparingly and acutely serrate or denticulate, very acute, mostly narrowed to a se=-ile or partly clasping but not auriculate base : heads fewer and smaller than in the preceding: bracts of the involucre and rays les: numer- ous; these “pale blue.” — Houk. Fl. ii. 8, & DC. 1. ¢. 231; Torr. & Gray, le. iL. sv yanus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. sec. 1 ¢. 294. A. Cnalaschkensis? var. major, Hook. FI. ii.7. 1. mutatus, Torr & (sray, Fl. ii. 142. — Moist woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia on the Pacific, and east to Sa:katchewan and Pembina (.lacoun). %* 3. Involucre imbricated. hemispherical, not glandular nor viscid, squarrose with ovate or Janceo- late foliaceous tips to the bracts: pubescence whully soft and cinereous: cauline leaves all with sagittate-auriculute clasping base, both sides of the same hue, entire: base of stem said to be somewhat woody! — SAGITTIFEKI, a.— A. Carolinianus, Wart. Minutely and softly cinereous-pubescent, not glandular nor viscid: stem diffusely branched, often reclin‘ng, 4 to 10 feet long, with straggling slender branches: leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or two long, contracted above the sag/ttately auriculate insertion: heads terminating small-leayed branchlets: bracts of the involucre well imbricated ; the outer shorter and somewhat spatulate, with ovate-lanceolate green tips or more fullacevus; inner linear: rays 5 or 6 lines long, narrow, pale purple or rvse-color: akenes narrow, glabrous, 10-nerved. — Car. 208; Michx. Fl. ii. 211; Ell. Sk. ii. 353; Chapm. FL 205. 1. scandens, Jacq. f. Ecl. t. 125. — Marshes and river-banks near the coast, 5. Car- olina to Florida. . #4. Involucre imbricated: the bracts with coriaceous base and foliaceous or herbaceous Jooze tips: pubescence soft-sericeous ond sometimes silvery: leaves of the same hue both sides, all entire, disposed to become vertical by a twist near the sessile bas: : heads middle-sized or smaller: rays violet: akenes narrow, 5-10-nerved. — SEKIC Eo-CONCOLULES, + Heads terminating open branches, middle-sized (about half-inch high): involucre loose and foliaceous, of comparatively large bracts; the outermost passing into leaves of the branchlets: leaves mucronate: akenes glabrous. — A. sericeus, Vexr. A foot or two high, paniculately branching : leaves silvery-white with soft silky pubescence, oblong (an inch or less long), or the lowest oblanceolate (3 inches long}: involucre oblong ; foliaceous tips of the hravt< from ovate to lanceolate, sericecus- canesceut: rays 18 to 25, fully half-inch long, rather broad, deep violet. — Hort. Cels. t. 33 ; Pursh, FL ii. 348: Torr. & Gray, Lc. 112. A. argenteus, Micbx. Fl. ii. 111.— Prairies and dry banks, Minnesota and Illinois to Tennessee and Texas. “Var. montanus. Les: silvery, merely canescent: leaves commonly narrower : upper leaves and bracts of the shorter involucre sometimes glabrate and villose-ciliate ; approaching the next species. — A. montanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. — In the mountainous district from Bun- combe Co., N. Carolina, to N. W. Georgia. A. phyllolepis, Torr. & Gray. More slender and with long simple branches, merely canescent: leaves small; lower cauline inch or more long, oblong ; the branches elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, half to quarter inch long ; uppermost and the large ovate or ovate-lanceo- late foliaceous portion of the involucral bracts cuspidate-acuminate, slabrate, conspicuously hirsute-ciliate: rays less than half-inch long.—Fl. ii. 113. 4. sericeus, var. microphyllus, 180 COMPOSITE. Aster. DC. Prodr. v. 233. A. ciliatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vil. 295, not Walt. — Prairies, W. Louisiana and Texas ; first coll. by Drummond. + + Heads smaller, usually numerous and racemosely disposed on virgate simple stems: involu- cre closer and of sinall bracts: akenes silky-villous. “== A concolor, L. Stems slender, 2 feet high, sometimes from a tuberous-thickened root- stock, very leafy: leaves small, canescent with minute pubescence, rarely glabrate, from oblong to short-linear; the lower on fertile stems only inch long, above gradually reduced in’ the inflorescence to small bracts: heads rather narrow (4 lines high): bracts of the involucre * lanceolate, erect, sericeous-canescent; the tips short and narrow, or sometimes more pro- longed: rays 10 to 15, 3 or 4 lines long, violet-purple. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1228; Walt. Car. 209; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 113; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. t. 6. — Sandy or gravelly soil, mostly in pine barrens, toward the coast, Rhode Island to Florida and Louisiana. * 5. Involucre turbinate, pluriserial, not glandular; the appressed coriaceous whitish bracts with definite and short (mostly ovate) and slightly squarrose green tips, outer successively shorter: heads rather small, but large in proportion to the minute (line or two long) crowded and uniform cauline leaves; radical leaves rosulate, subsessile, abruptly larger and very unlike the cauline, sometimes an inch long: herbage scabrous: rays violet, 3 or 4 lines long: akenes short, pubes- cent: flowering late in autumn. — BracnHyPHy Ltt. A. squarrdsus, War. Stems rigid, slender, paniculately much branched, a foot or two high, bearing scattered heads: branches throughout uniformly squarrose with the minute recurved-spreading rigid leaves; these mostly ovate-subulate and a line long; lowest on sterile shoots 2 or 3 lines long, lanceolate-subulate, mucronate-cuspidate: bracts of the obo- vate-turbinate involucre with very ubtuse or roundish green tips. —Car. 209; Michx. Fl. ji, 112; El. Sk. ii. 530; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 114.— Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. A. adnatus, Nurr. More hispidulous-scabrous and virgately branched: leaves almost’ im- bricated on the stem and branches, lanceolate-oblong, with clasping base, appressed and by. the midrib adnate to the stem for most of their length, only the lowest larger and free: heads rather smaller and involucral bracts acutish.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 82; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, 1c. A. microphyllus, Torr. ex Lindl. in DC. Prody. y. 244; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 5.— Pine barrens of Alabama and W. Florida. * 6. Involucre ovoid with turbinate base or campanulate, appressed-imbricated, pluriserial; the bracts narrow, coriaceous, minutely granulose or scabrous, but not glandular, acute, with indis- tinctly marked green tips, the outer successively shorter: whole herbage scabrous-pubescent : cauline leaves all with sessile and completely cordate-clasping base, the basal lobes generally meeting or overlapping around the stem; radical not cordate; all entire: heads showy: akenes many-striate, sericcous-pubescent, narrow. — PATENTES. “A, patens, Arr. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, with long and slender rigid divergent branches, mostly bearing single heads: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, rather rigid, scabrous, rarely with obscure serratures, roughly hispidulous-ciliolate ; the cauline an inch or two long, sometimes narrowed above the broad auriculate clasping base ; those of the branchlets grad- ually reduced to small subulate bracts: heads half-inch or less high; rays a third to half an inch long, about 24, deep violet. — Ait. Kew. iii. 201; Pursh, Fl. ii. 551; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i114. A. undulatus, EM. Sk. ii. 361, not L. At. amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 114; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 312, not Lam. A. patentissimus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. y, 232, a rigid and long- branched form. — Dry open grounds, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, .Arkansas, and Texas. sx Var. gracilis, Hoox. . A. attenvats, Lindl.in Comp. Bot. Mag.i. 97. A. gracilentus, Torr. & Gray, 1. v. 166. — Upper N. Carolina to Louisiana and Texas. Form with narrow and linear leaves (lower 3 or 4 inches long by 2 or 3 lines wide) seems very distinct: broader- leaved forms pass into the next. w=A. lévis, L. Stouter, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid: leaves from ovate or oblong to lanceolate (4 or 5 inches long, decreasiug upward); radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged petiole; upper all with auriculate or subcordate partly clasping base: heads sparsely thyt- soid-paniculate, on shurt and rigid branchlets - involucre campanulate or obscurely turbinate ; the whitish coriaceous lracts bearing abrupt rhomboid or deltoid short green tips: rays 20 or 30, broadish, sky-blue verging to violet : akenes glabrous or nearly so.— Spec. ii $76; Ait. Kew. iii. 206; Nees, Ast. 128, partly; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216 (the var. is the typical plant); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 166. 4. rubricaulis, Lam. Dict. i. 305: Nees, Ast. 131. A. amplezicaulis, Mubl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 2046; Nees. lie, not of others. 4. Pennsyl- ranicus, Poir. Suppl. i. 498. A. cyaneus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 71, t B, £1; Nees, lc; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1495. 4. glaucescens & A. politus, Nees, synops. 23. A. lerigatus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2395, not Lam. nor Willd.— Borders of woodland, in dry or barely moist eround, Canada to Louisiana and west to the Rocky Mountains from Saskatchewan to New Mexicu. A form from Fort Edward, N. Y. (Vanderberg), bore white rays changing to rose. Var. Géyeri. A foot or two high: involucre broader and less imbricated; its bravts of thinner texture, mostly attenuate-acute, the green tip less definite.— Valleys of the Northern Rocky Mountains to Idaho, south to Wyoming, &e. ++ ++ Ambiguous species, green, at least not glaucous: involucre greener and somewhat looser. A. versicolor, Wirrp. Leafy up to the more corymbuzely disposed inflorescence: leaves thinner than in preceding, bright green, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely if at all auriculate and not broadened at insertion, lower with some sharp serratures: involucre shurt-campanulate : rays “changing from white to deep violet,” or commonly pale or bright violet from the first. — Spec. iii, 2045 & Enum. ii. 885; Nees, Ast. 128. A. levigatus, Willd. 1. . 2046 (in part); Nees, 1¢.129, not Lam. A. levis of the same authors, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1500. A. mutabilis, Willd. 1. v. 2045; Nees, 1 ¢. 125. A. confertus, Nees. Ast. 146, white-fl. state. — Common in European gardens, doubtless from Atlantic N. America; but decisive indige- nous s)¢cimens hardly known. A. concinnus, Wittp. Stem and paniculate branches slender, 1 to 3 feet high (above * often showing traces of pubescence in lines! : leaves pale green, lanceolate, mostly some- 184 COMPOSIT&. Aster. what serrate or serrulate ; upper ones an inch or two long; lowest and radical spatulate- lanceolate and tapering into a winged petiole: heads much smaller than in preceding, numerous: rays 4 or 5 lines long, violet. — Enum. ii. 884; Nees, Ast. 121 (excl. 8%); Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1619. A. elegans, Hort. Par. 1814, not Willd. — North America, received by Willdenow from Muhlenberg. An indigenous specimen from Pennsylvania, J/inn, in herb. Cosson. This and perhaps that of N. Carolina, Schweinitz in herb. EU. (now lost), and Arkansas, Harvey, seem to be the only indigenous ones seen. +— + Involucre of the small or barely middle-sized and paniculately or racemosely disposed heads (3 or 4 lines high) pluriserially imbricated; its bracts rather rigid, narrow, with subulate or acute green nearly erect tips: rays white, sometimes turning purplish or violaceous: leaves mostly narrow and entire, narrowed at base: akenes minutely pubescent. — Ericoidei. ; , ++ Heads disposed to be corymbosely or open-paniculate on erect branches: involucre nearly hemispherical: rays numerous, bright white, disposed to turn rose-purplish, 4 lines long. <= A. Porteri, Griy. , not by in- digenous ascending or erect from creeping rovtstocks, commonly branching, bearing few or rather numerous loosely paniculate or subcorvilose heads (these 4 or 5 lines high): leaves of firm and thickixh texture (veins olscure), linear to spatulate- lanceolate, entire, with margins commonly hispidulous-ciliate or scabrous: bracts of the hemispherical involucre oblong-linear or obscurely spatulate, moderately unequal and in comparatively few ranks: the green tips looser, either glabrous, puberulent, or ciliclate ; inner often mucronulate : rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet or purple. — DC. Prodr. vy. 221, & Hook. Fl.ii 8; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 111. A. denudutus, var. ciliatifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc vil. 293. A. fulcatus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 140, mainly. A. multijlorus, var. com- mutatus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76, a large form. — Plains and moist banks, Saskutchewan and Montana, tv Colorado, New Mexico, N. Arizona, and W. Nevada, ascending the mountains to 10,000 feet ; first coll. in Brit. America by Drimmoud, Var. denudatus, Torr. & Gray, lc. A low or slender form, smoother, less leafy, , or ramneal leaves much reduced in size, and smaller heads and rays. — ul. denudatus (& A. ramulosus, in part, as to specimens), Nutt. Le. 292. A. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 126; Eaton in Bot. King Exp., 1. c.— Plains of Utah to 8. Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall. .. War. Yosemitanus. Greener, less rigid, with comparatively large heads and looser involucre. — Sierra Nevada, from Summit tu the Yosemite Valley. A. Hallii, Gray. Stem strict, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous short racemoscly disposed and ascending flowering branches: these minutely pubescent : leaves (1 or 2 inches long, barely 2 lines wide) entire, scalrous-ciliolate, otherwise smooth and glabrous, neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads small (3 lines high) and numerous, somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded : involucre campanulate, glabrous; the bracts subspatulate-linear with oval or oblong green tips rather close and erect: rays 2 or 3 lines long. white or whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388, name only.— Dry ground, Oregon, E. Hall (distrib. no. 243), Lobb (289), Henderson. Perhaps this is A. bracteolatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii. 293, no specimens of which seem to have been preserved, and which is compared with 1. campestris, but is said to have a smooth inyolucre. &. Involucre of the middle-sized heads more or less imbricated but looser; the bracts all narrow (linear or approaching subulate), thinnish, from moderately to hardly unequal, loosely erect, all acute or acutish, with not at all dilated tips, nor are the outermost normally eularged-foliacecus : leaves mostly entire. 1. Low, or only a foot or two high, chiefly of the mountains and high northward, mostly glabrous or a little pubescent. A. Andinus, Nett. Dwarf, with decumbent stems 2 or 3 inches long from filiform creep- ing rovtstucks, bearing a svlitury comparatively large head: leaves only half-inch long ; radical and lower cauline spatulate ; cauline (2 or 3) linear-lanceolate : involucre hemispheri- * cal, 4 lines high; its linear acutish Lracts of almost equal length, nearly glabrous: rays violet, 4 lines ‘Tong (35 to 40): style-tips short-lanceolate, acute. — Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 220; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 154.—Mocky Mountains at Thornberg’s Ridge, Wyoming, lat. 42°, near perpetual snow, .Vvitall. Not since found: perhaps a high alpine state of A. Fremonti. A. spathulatus, Lixspt. Low, a span or two high, with ascending stems sparingly branched above and bearing 3 to 5 corymbosely disposed pedunculate rather large (half-inch high) heads: leaves (14 to 3 inches long) linear-spatulate or upper linear-lanceolate with half- clasping hase, and radical broader: involucre hemispherical; its linear bracts acutish, nearly equal: rays rather short, 3 lines long. — DC. Prodr. v. 231, & Hook. Fl ii. §: Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. — Subarctic America, between Bear Lake and Fort Franklin, on the Mackenzie River, Richardson. Approaches the next ; but not matched. a= A. Fremonti. -\ span to a foot (rarely 2 feet) high, glabrous or some minute soft pubes cence along the upper part of the slender erect stem : leaves thinner and with margins either quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate-scabrous ; radical and lowest cauline oblong or oblanceolate, or somewhat obovate (inch or two long), and tapering into a slender mar- gined petiole; cauline from oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-lasping at base ; heads solitary in the smaller specimens, several in the larger, one third to half an inch high (and the numerous violet rays 4 lines long), somewhat naked-peduncled: bracts of the invo- lucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish, or the inner acute, some of the outer shorter, all 192 COMPOSITAE. Aster. loose and similar. — A. adscendens, var. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 503. A. adscendens? partly, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324. A. laxifolius, in part, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 160.— Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Colorado and Utah, in wet ground below the alpine region, west to the Cascade Mountains, lat. 49°, and along the Sierra Nevada, California. Var. Parishii. A dubious form (connecting with the next species ?), with more im- bricated and acute involucral bracts, their margins ciliolate.— Bear Valley in the San Ber- nardino Mountains, 8. E. California, Parish. A. occidentalis, Nurr. A span to a foot or more high, smooth and glabrous (except some minute pubescence below the head), slender; smaller plants simple, bearing solitary or few heads; larger with slender branches and several or more numerous corymbose or paniculate heads (these 4 or 5 lines high): leaves mainly linear and narrow; cauline 1 to 3 inches long and only a line or two wide, rarely lanceolate and larger, occasionally (in Nuttall’s specimens) bearing one or two salient lateral teeth or lobes; radical sometimes lanceolate-spatulate with long tapering base: involucre of narrowly or subulate-linear acutish or acute thinnish loose bracts, obviously imbricated, of 2 or 3 lengths: rays light violet, about 4 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 164 (Lripolium occidentale, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 296), a small and weak alpine form, apparently of a species which at lower eleva- tions becomes taller, rather freely branched, and in Oregon passes into a diffusely much branched and paniculate polycephalous form.— Moist grounds and along streams, Idaho to Washington Terr., and along the Sierra Nevada, California, to Kern Co. (.1. estivus, Roth- rock in Wheeler Rep.) ; first coll. in Oregon by Douglus. Var. scabriusculus. More strict, rather rigid, probably in drier soil with more ex- posure to aridity. stem and leaves scabrous-puberulent.— A. estivus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 141. — Mountains of N. E. Nevada and Utah, JVatson, Wood. Var. intermédius, Ambiguous between A. occidentalis and a glabrous variety of A Menziesic or of A. adscendens, a foot or two high, rather rigid, somewhat sparingly leafy, with paniculate flowering branches’ short outer bracts of the involucre often quite obtuse, but narrower than in the two last-mentioned species: radical and sometimes cauline leaves lanceolate. — Wet meadows, Falcon Valley, &c., Washington Terr., Suhsdorf, Howell, Bran- deyee, and N. California, Pringle. 2. Tall (3 to 8 feet high) and branching, leafy to the top, paniculately polycephalous: Southwestern. wmnA.hespérius. Resembles A. paniculutus and A. salicifolius of the East, equally variable, from nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous-pubescent. leaves lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations (2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide): heads rather crowded, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradu- ally acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated, or with some loose and slender herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner: rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines long. — Damp soil and along streams, S. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona and ¥. Cali- fornia, Has been variously taken for A, /ongijolius, Novi-Belgii, astirus, &e., and coll. by Wright, Greene, Rothrock, Cleveland, Parish, Lemmon, &e. c. Involucre loose and foliaceous-bractcate at least some of the outer bracts herbaceous or foliaceous to the base or nearly so, equalling the inner, and more or less enlarged, either ascending or squarrose-spreading: the involucre of primary or early heads is more foliaceous ; but, when the heads are more numerous, the eularged outer bracts are not rarely wanting. 1. Heads small. A. Oreganus, Nourr. Nearly glabrous: stem rather slender, 2 feet high, paniculately branched at summit, or bearing several to many paniculate heads; these about 3 lines high: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (2 to 4 lines wide): outer and herbaceous involuecral bracts lanceolate, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones (in some heads few or none): rays about 2 lines long, white or purplish. — Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 163, viz. Tripolium Oreganum, Nutt. Trans, Am, Phil. Soc. vii. 296, on small and hardly developed specimens. A. simpler and perhaps A. carneus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. le. A larifolius, in part, Hook. Loud Jour, Bot vi. 240, not Nees, — Wet banks of streams and hogey meadows, Idaho and N. Nevada to Oregon and Washington Terr.: probably also N. California. 2. Heads middle-sized or large: rays violet or purple. (Species confluent.) A. Douglasii, Lixpi Smooth, glabrous or nearly so: stems 2 or 3 feet high, with erect or ascending branches, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads; these 5 or 6 lines Aster. COMPOSITE. 195 high: cauline leaves (either thinnish or rather firm) lanceolate (2 to G inches long, 3 to & lines broad in the middle), tapering to both ends, inserted yy a narrow base, commonly ser- rate along the middle by acute and appressed or erect teeth: lracts of the involucre linear and acute, loosely imbricated and the small green tips commonly spreading ; outer foliaceous ones few and not dilated, often wanting: rays 5 or 6 lines long. — DC. Prodr. v. 239 (not of herb. DC.), & Hook. FL ii. 11; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 158. A. subspicatus, Nees, -A-t. 74, from Cape Mulgrave, Alaska, is doubtless a form of this or of the next, and the name migl:t apply to some specimens of either with contracted inflorescence. — Moist ground, commonly in shade, Northern Brit. Columbia tu Oregon and N. California. == A. foliaceus, Lixpt. Smooth and glabrous, or upper part of stem tomentulose or pubes- cent: leaves from broadly lanceolate to oblong and the luwer spatulate, entire or nearly su ; upper cauline very commonly with partly clasping and sometimes even subcordate-auriculate base: heads half-inch high, when few or solitary fully as broad, when more numerous less ample: involucre mostly with conspicuous loose foliaceons lanceolate or broadly linear outer bracts, which equal the inner, or sometimes more imbricated and squarruse: rays violet or purple, in the larger heads nearly half-inch long. — DC. Prodr. vy. 228. Here made to iu- clude very various forms. ‘The originals, from Unalaska and Sitka, are rather low, simple, or simple-stemmed with short monocephalous branches, leafy about the heads: farther south it becomes more branching, 2 or 3 feet high; generally differing from the preceding species in the ampler and broader as well as entire leaves, disposed to be half-clasping at Lase, and the leafy-bracted or much greener involucre. A. Donylasi’, Eaton, But. King Exp. 141, & Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 324, mainly. — Wet ground, Alaska, idrit. Columbia, and along the moun- tains to eastern part of California and Nevada. Eastward it passes into Var. frondeus. ‘Stem simple or with sparing erect flowering branches, sparsely leaved: leaves comparatively ample, 4 or 5 inches long; lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often with clasping base: heads sulitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the outermost broader and leaf-like.—.1. adscendens, var. Parryi, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 139.— Subalpine on the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, from the borders of Brit. Columbia to those of Colorado and the Wahsatch in Utah. Var. epricus. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, grown in exposed places, somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved : stems ascending from tufted rootstocks, a span or two high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads: involucral lracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or acutish: rays “deep blue-violet and reddish -purple intermixed.” — High mountains of Colorado, at Union Pass, Rothrock, and near Gray’s Peak, at 11,000-12,000 feet, in open and very dry places, Patterson. On Mount Paddo, Washington Terr., Suisduri, Howell, the Jatter in a taller form, and looking toward -{. spathulatus. Var. Parryi. Includes some ambiguous forms, seemingly between the preceding variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with smooth and thickish rather large Jeaves, mostly naked heads; the involucre sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the man- ner of the present Species, sometimes wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of 1. Fremonti. With that species this has been referred to «1. adscendens.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, subalpine, Parry (417), Hall & Harbour (253), Vasey (251), &c., and S. Wyoming, HT, Engelmann. Var. Burkei. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to the top: leaves thickish, very smooth, ample; upper cauline. mostly oblong, and with broadly hali-clasping usually auriculate insertion : heads solitary or several, very broad: in- voluere of oblong or spatulate and obtuse loosely imbricated bracts, the outer commonly shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and equalling the disk. — Rocky Mountains, Burke iti herb. Hook. Simcoe Hills, Washington Terr., Howell. Wahsatch Mountains at Alta, Utah, VW £. Jones. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, and Arizona, Rushy. Var. Cénbyi. Like the preceding form in foliage, apparently tall and stout (base of stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the thyrsoid panicle of numerous sub- sessile heails: these comparatively small: upper leaves (only ones seen) rather broadly oblong and with broad half-clasping base obscurely auriculate: bracts of the involucre im- bricated, with small and erect lanceolate green tips, only in some heads a few of the outer- most loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the disk.—On White River in Western Colorado, Vasey, 1868, distributed under the name of A. Canbyi, Vasey ; perhaps a distinct species. 13 194 COMPOSITE. Aster. Var. Hatoni. Rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), branching, bearing numerous and smaller paniculate or glomerate heads, and comparatively narrow lanceolate leaves: involu- cre loosely imbricated ; outer and sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, either erect or squar- rose-spreading: transitional between A. foliuceus and A. Oreyanus, and some specimens approaching A. Chamissonis. — A. Douglusit mainly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 141. — Open ground or woods and along streams, Brit. Columbia to California along the borders of Nevada, and northeastward to Montana. A. Amplus, Linpu. Glabrate: stem over 2 feet high, strict, robust, remotely leafy: leaves thinnish, acutely and saliently serrate or serrulate, or some entire, oblong or oval-lanceolate ; cauline 24 to 5 inches long, mostly with narrowed partly clasping base; radical larger (over inch and a half wide), tapering into very long wing-margined petioles: heads several on rather naked peduncles: bracts of the involucre lanceolate and linear, of about two series, loose, of equal length, all rather shorter than the developed disk.— Hook. Fl. ii. 10, & DC, lc. 236; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 137. — Northern Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Not since collected, seen only in herb. Hook., perhaps rather of the following group. . ++ ++ Cauline leaves either conspicuously contracted at base, some as it were into a winged peti- ole, or with auriculate-clasping insertion, or with both: inyolucre lax. == Narrowed base of leaves not cordate- or auriclate-clasping at insertion. A. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the stout (2 or 3 feet high) stem minutely pubes- cent, very leafy to the corymbosely paniculate inflorescence: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceo- late, serrate with small and appressed rather obtuse teeth, tapering below into the narrowed and as if wing-petioled base ; upper 4 to 6 inches and lowest a foot or less long, including the channelled winged petiole : heads numerous, nearly half-inch high: bracts of invulucre all of nearly equal length, loose, very narrowly subulate-linear, their green tips mostly spread- ing: rays narrow, “bright purple,” 5 lines long. — Fl. ii. 140; Chapm. Fl. 204. A. puniceus, Ell. Sk. ii. 355, by the detailed descr. and specimen, excl. char. from Willd.— Swamps in the low country near the coast, 8. Carolina to Florida. @ A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, either low or 2 to 4 feet high, with loose flowering branches: leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, acuminate at both ends, the lower into wing-margined petiole or attenuate base, even the uppér with obscure if any auriculate insertion: heads loosely paniculate, about 4 lines high: bracts of involucre linear, erect or nearly so, loosely imbricated, the outer more or less shorter: rays light violet or purple, varying to white. — Dict. i. 308; DC. Prodr. y. 234. A. Tradescanti, Hoftm. Phyt. Blatt. 86, t. D, f. 2, not L. A. pallens & probably A. precor, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 58. 4. Cornuti (Wendl. ex Nees, where published, and why Cornuti 2?) & A. acuminatus, Nees, Ast. 58 & 60. A. abbreviatus, Nees, Syn. Ast. 16.— Canada and New Brunswick to E. New England, chiefly known in cultivation: introduced into the Paris garden in the days of Tournefort and Vaillant. There is a low form in the gardens, early flowering, having weak and often decumbent stems, as Lamarck characterized his species. The taller plants flower later. == = Base of most cauline leaves auriculate- or cordate-clasping at. insertion: involucral bracts loose, disposed to be equal in length and the outer foliaceous. a. Atlantic species, chiefly Northern. A. tardifloérus, L. A foot or two high, glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), bearing corymbosely disposed heads: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually acu- minate, mostly with contracted or tapering base and with auriculate or obliquely semi- auriculate insertion : heads about 5 lines high: rays pale violet. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1231 (founded on plant cult. in hort. Upsal., low, with weak stems, which grew for 18 years before it flowered, and then late, whence the name: represented in the herb. hy two specimens of the non-flowering, with the semi-amplexicaul spatulate-lanceolate leaves well marked, and one flower-bearing), not of later authors and gardens. al. vimineus, Nees, Ast. 68 ib pratt not Lam. nor Willd. — Along streams, Lower Canada and New Brunswick to Tavhindens Neatly related to A. patulus on the one hand, to the succeeding and to A. puniceus, var. levicaulis on the other. Ordinarily not a late-flowered species. << A, prenanthoides, Mun. A. foot or two high, nearly glabrous, or the slender stem pubescent in lines, bearing loosely corymbiform cymose heads: leaves thin and elongated Aster. COMPOSITE. 195 (4 to 8 inches long), oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, saliently serrate in the middle, attenuate- acuminate, and lower half or third narrowed as if into a broadly winged petiole, which is more or less (in most causes conspicuously) dilated into aa auriculate-clasping base; upper surface minutely scabrous, lower smooth: heads (mostly 4 lives high) on short rather rigid and divergent peduncles. rays not very numerous, about 5 lines long, pale violet or in shade whitish: bracts of involucre narrow and outer more or less spreading — Willd. Spec. iii. 2046; Nees, Ast. 61; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 465; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 142.— Moist ground especially along streams, W. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and throughout Canada. The var. seaber, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (New York & Penn. in few specimens, with stem almost hispid in the upper part, or else tall and branching), is probably a hybrid with A. powceus. me. A. puniceus, L. Stem commonly 3 to 7 feet high, loosely branching above, rather stout, often red or purple (whence the name), hispid with spreading bristles which are taper- pointed from a thickened rigid base (but sometimes these are few and sparse): leaves not rigid (3 to 6 inches long), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and irregularly serrate to sparingly denticulate or sometimes entire, not at all or slightly narrowed toward the sub- cordate-semiamplexicanl base, commonly scabrous above and often hispid along the midrib beneath: heads (4 to 6 lines high) subsessile, either sparsely paniculate or thyrsoid-crowded : involucre of loose and thin suft and narrowly linear merely herbaceous bracts, with or with- out some larger and more foliaceous accessory ones: rays half-inch long, violet, varying to purple or vecasionally white. —Spee. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff., Herm. Lugd. t. 651, &c.); Ait. Kew. iii. 208; Michx. Fl. ii. 115; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1636 (var. demissus), Torr. & Grav, FL. ii. 140. A. hispidus & A. amenus, Lam. Dict. i. 306. A. blandus, Lodd. But. Cab. t. 959. — Swamps and low thickets, Nova Scotia and Canada, west to Dakota, and common in the Atlantic States as far south as N. Carolina and the upper part of Georgia. A common species in cool districts, generally well marked, but running into some peculiar varieties, which may mostly be grouped uniler the following. Var. levicatlis. Usually lower, a foot to a yard high: stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, above with mere traces of the characteristic hispid or hirsute pubes- cence: leaves serrate. — A. L/andus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 555 (Solauder in herb. Banks), appears to be this, but may be .1. tardiflurus. A. firmus, Nees, Ast. 66, a low form, certainly of puniceus, with few-flowered branches. A puniceus, var. firmus, Torr. & Gray, le. A. cone fertus, Mort. Par. 1835-1869, probably Nees, Ast. 126, 2 form with numerous thyrsvid- crowded heads. A. vimineus, Nees, Ast. 68 (form with longer and nearly glabrous branches), not of Willd., nor of Lam.— New England, Canada, &c. Var. lucidulus. -\ foot toayard high, very leafy stems glabrous, or with vestiges or even conspicuous traces of hispidulous pubescence: leaves lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, somewhat lucid, wholly glabrous, but upper surface more or less scabrous: heads commonly numerous and thyrscid-paniculate: involucral hracts less loose and less attenuate. — A. lucidus, Wenderoth, Ind. Sem. Marb., ex DC. Prodr. y. 247. A. punieis, var. vimineus, Torr. & Gray, L. v., chiefly. — Low ground, New England to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. b. Rocky Mountain and Western species. —— A. Cusickii, Gray. Svft-pubescent throughout, or sometimes appzoaching to glabrous: stems afoot or so high, simple or corymlusely branched, leafy to summit: leaves thin, nearly entire, oblong-lanceolate or oblong; upper ones moderately contracted above the deeply cordate-clasping base; lower with more elongated narrow lower portion or winged petiole with dilated but smaller auriculate-clasping insertion: heads large (over half-inch hieh) and broad, terminating stem or leafy short branches: involucre very foliaceous or foliuse-subtended and loose; the larger and broader-lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling the inner: rays numerous, narrowly linear, nearly half-inch long, pale vivlet : akenes glabrous. —Prov. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. — Along subalpine streams, in mountains of E. Oregon, Cusick. Mountain meadows of W. Idaho, Watson. The latter seemingly connects with Var. Ly4lli. Villous with soft pubescence: stem over 2 feet high, rather stout: radi- cal leaves not seen; cauline mostly narrowed below and with more or less auriculate half- clasping base, but even lower and larger (5 inches long and inch broad) not petiolar- contracted: heads terminating simple leafy branches: rays long for the size of the head (8 or 9 lines). — Between the Kootenay and Pend Oreille, Washington Terr., Aug., 1561, Lyall. Perhaps a distinct species and more allied to 4. amplus, seen only in herb. Kew. 196 COMPOSIT.Z. Aster. § 7. Erteersstrum. Involucre of EHrigeron, i.e. broad, of very many and- narrow acute or attenuate bracts, all of the same length, herbaceous, with no dis- tinction of body and tip: rays numerous and narrow: pappus simple: heads soli- tary, or rarely two, large, terminating the simple stem: this leafy to the top, in which and in the acute style-tips the section differs from Hrigeron, to which it makes transition: arctic and subarctic species. A. peregrinus, Pursn. Tomentose-pubescent and glabrate, a span to 20 inches high from a thickish creeping rootstock: leaves oblong-lanceolate or upper ovate-lanceolate, these closely sessile by partly clasping base (inch or two long), either entire or sharply denticulate- serrate: head half-inch high and broader: bracts of the involucre attenuate, tomentose- pubescent or villous, not at all viscid or glandular: rays half-inch long, violet-purple. — Fl. ii 556; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155; Herder in Pl. Radd. ii. 10, in part. A. Unalaschensis, Less. in Linn. vi. 122. A. Tilesii, Wikstr. in Act. Holm. 1822, 137 A. salsuginosus, Hook. Fl. ii. 7, in part. A. consanguineus, Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii. 473 ?— Alaskan Islands to Arctic coast; first coll. by Nelson. (Arct. E. Asia.) Has been confused with A. salsuginosus, Richards., now removed to Lrigeron, which is naked-stemmed above, its involucre viscidu- lous-glandular and not villous. ; A. pygmeus, Lixpt. Villous-pubescent and below glabrate, a span or less high and loosely cespitose: stems assurgent from a slender rootstock or creeping base: leaves lingu- late-lanceolate to linear, entire, obtuse, nearly veinless (mostly an inch long): head about 4 lines high, solitary: bracts of the involucre spreading, linear, acute or obtuse, flaccid, densely or sparsely villous: rays 30 or more, apparently violet.— Hook. FI. ii. 6, & DC. Prodr. y. 228; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 154. — Arctic sea-coast, Richardson, Rar, &. Seemingly connects with Erigeron grandiflorus ; but has subulate and very acute style-tips. § 8. DeriincEria. Pappus manifestly double ; outer setulose, i. e. of numer- ous rigid and short bristles or squamell in a distinct series, inner of long capil- lary bristles, some of which are usually clavellate-thickened at the tip: involucre of § Orthomeris, i. e. bracts destitute of herbaceous tips and thin-coriaceous, shorter than the disk: rays not numerous (8 to 13), always white: disk-corollas barely yellowish: akenes mostly obovate, several-nerved: heads corymbosely cy- mose (rarely solitary) at summit of stem or sparing branches, not large: leaves mostly entire, not rigid, veiny: pappus becoming tawny.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 486, not HBK. Dellingeria, Nees, Ast. 176, excl. spec. Deplostephium, § 1, DC. Prodr. v. 272, exel. spec. Diplopuppus § Triplopappus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 182. (The most distinet sub- genus, even worthy of generic rank, except for some transitions. A. oboratus, Meyer, Rhinactina, Less., has similar pappus, but is otherwise as Nylorrhiza.) * Leaves acute or acuminate, all entire, generally green and almost glabrous, with loose veins and beneath a minute reticulation of veinlets (visible only under a lens): bracts of the short involu- cre mostly obtuse: akenes turgid-obovate at maturity, glabrate or glabrous: pappus rather rigid, at least some of the longer bristles clavellate: disk-corollas deeply 5-lobed. <= A.umbellatus, Mizz. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, generally tall and corymbose at summit, very leafy, bearing numerous rather crowded cymosely disposed heads : leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), acuminate and with tapering base: involucre hardly longer than the akenes; its bracts lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse : sty ic-appendages del- toid-ovate, acutish: stronger pappus-bristles delicately clavellate. — Dict. ed. 7, no. 2: Ait. Kew. iii, 199; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 74, t. B, tf 2. A. amygdalinus, Lam. Dict. i. 305; Michx. Fl. 109; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1517. Chrysopsis amygdalina, Nutt. Gen. 11.153. /)iplo- stephium umbellatum & D. amugdalinum, Cass. 1. e.; DC. Le. 272; Diplopappus umbcllatus, and D. amygdalinus, partly, Torr. & Gray, lc. 183. — Low grounds, Newfoundland, 8. Lab- rador, and Saskatchewan to Arkansas and Georgia; the typical form commoner northward: low forms with broader and more scabrous leaves common southward. Aster. COMPOSITE. 197 Var. pubens. Lower face of the oblong-lanceolate leaves tomentulose-pubescent, also usually the flowering branchlets. —~ Saskatchewan tu Upper Michigan. Var. latifolius, Stems 2 tv 5 feet high: leaves from ovaie-lanceolate to ovate, com- paratively short, less uarrowed or sometimes even rounded at base. — A. humilis, Willd. Spee. iii 203s, as to char. and indigenous specimen in herb., from Muhl., not Hurt Berol. t. 67. al. amygdalinus, Bertol. Misc. vi. t. 5. £1. Dullngeria amygdalina, Nees, Ast. 179, chiefly, excl. syn. D. corn/folia, Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot Mag. i. 98. Diplopappus amygdalinis, Torr. & Gray, 1. «. — Low pine barrens, &c., Penn. and New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Extreme forms secm very different from .f. umbellatus, having leaves even 2 inches wide by 3in length. In specimen from Georgia, J. Donnell Sauth, sty le-appendages (abnormally 7) rounded-obtuse. - “A. infirmus, Micux. Stem slender, often flexuous, a foot to a yard high, less leafy, simple or with diverging flowering branches, bearing several or few (or even svlitary) pedunculate heads: leaves obovate to ovate or oblong (rarely lanceolate, lower small and scattered), with attenuate base and hispidulous-ciliolate margin and midrib, more copious primary and some loosely reticulated secondary veins: involucre more imbricated, of thicker and broader obtuse bracts: stvle-appendaves linear-subulate: pappus more rigid; bristles of the longer pappus nearly all clavellate, rather scanty. — Fl. ii. 109. .4. dévaricutus, L. Spec., as to syn. Gronoy. & Pluk. Alm. t. 79, not of herb., nor char. A. corn/folius, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 2039. A. humilis, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 67 (not herb. nor Spec. Lc.) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 548 ; EIL Sk. ii.366. Chrysops’s humilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 153, at least partly. Dedllingeria cornifolia, Nees, Ast. 181. Diplostephium cornifolium, DC. 1.¢. Diplopappus cornifol/us, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 182. —Open woodlands, Massachusetts and Penn. to Upper Georgia, Tennessee, and Louisiana # * * Leaves obtuse, occasionally toothed, both veins avd veinlets conspicuously reticulated be- neath: akenes oblong, pubescent: pappus softer and finer, inner bristles not clavellate: disk- corollas with short lobes. ——A. reticulatus, Prrsn. Canescently puberulent : stems strict, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or fastigiately branched at summit, bearing few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads: leaves oval or oblong, or lowest obovate (larger 3 inches long and 2 wide) : involucral bract~ lance- olate: rays 10 to 13, rather long and narrow. — FI. ii. 548. Chrysopsis obovata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. Aster oboratus & A. dichotomus (the latter a slender and paniculately branching state), Ell. Sk. ii. 368, 366. Diplostephium boreale, Spreng. Syst. tii, 544. D. obovatum & D. dichotomum, DC.1.¢. Dulliny ria obovata, Nees, Ast. 182. Diplopappus obovatus, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 184. — Low pine barrens, $. Carolina to Florida. § 9. Iixtue. Pappus less distinctly double ; outer setulose (in one species obscure), inner not clavellate: otherwise as in § Orthomeris: involucre about equalling the disk, of narrow and appressed well-imbricated bracts: rays 10 to 18, violet: akenes narrow, villous: low and tufted plants, with rigid stems, which are thickly beset with the small linear or lanceolate entire and rigid one-nerved and veinless leaves. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium § Amel- loidea, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus § Amelloidei, DC. Prodr. v. 277, partly. Diplopappus § Ianthe, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 181. * Head rather large (half-inch high) and broad: stvle-appendages elongated, subulate-linear or narrower: akenes flat, with strong marginal nerves and sometimes a single lateral nerve. — A. linariifolius, L. Stems 6 to 20 inches high, puberulent, strict, very leafy up to the heads: leaves widely spreading (except the small ones on the branchlets), narrowly linear, mucronate, about an inch long, green, smooth except the hispidulous-cilivlate or scabrous acute margins ; uppermost more or less passing into the rigid acutish bracts of the plariserial campanulate ‘or somewhat turbinate involucre: rays deep violet. — A. linariifolius & A. rigt- dus, I. Spec. ii. 874; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 104; Bertol. Mise. Bot. v. t. 6. A. pulcher- rimus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. i. t. 6. Chrysopsis linariifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. Diplostephium linariifolium, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus lnariifolius (Hook. F1., Torr. & Gray, Fl.) & D. rigidus, Lindl. in Do. Prodr. v. 277.— Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Newfoundland to Wis- consin and Texas. .A variety with white rays is occasionally seen. 198 COMPOSIT. Aster. A. scopulérum, Gray. Scabro-puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stems tufted, rigid, only a span high, terminated by a solitary pedunculate head: leaves short (3 to 6 lines long), rigid, from oblong to linear or the lowest spatulate, the broader obtuse with an abrupt mucro, callous-margined: involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, scabro-puberulent, lanceolate, acuminate: rays half-inch long, light violet: outer pappus sometimes distinctly squamellate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Chrysopsis alpina, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 84, t. 3, fig. 2. Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt. ‘Trans. Am. Fhil. Soc. vii. 304; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.— Rocky Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, to W. Nevada and the border of Calitornia; first coll. by Wyeth. ‘A. stendmeres, Gray, More slender, 6 to 10 inches high, green, minutely scabrous : soli- tary naked pedunculate head larger: leaves all linear (half to full inch long, a line wide), acutely mucronate, hardly margined: involucre broad ; its bracts barely in two moderately unequal series, linear, acute or acuminate, thinnish, often pubescent: rays pale violet, over half-inch long: outer pappus setulose.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209.— Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, Burke, Watson. * * Head smaller (a third to a quarter inch high) and narrow: the disk-flowers sometimes hardly more numerous than those (12 to 15) of the ray: style-appendages ovate and obtuse: akenes less compressed, lightly few-nerved: outer pappus of few or indistinct unequal short bristles. «+ A. ericefdélius, RorurocKx. About a span high, strigosely canescent or hispidulous aud glandular-scabrous, much branched: branches erect or diffuse, terminated by somewhat pedunculate heads: leaves commonly hispid-ciliate, erect or little spreading, 3 to 6 lines long ; lowest spatulate and tapering into a petiole; upper from linear to nearly filiform, piliferous-mucronate: bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate, acute or apiculate, thinnish, scarious-margined: rays purple or violet, sometimes white. — Rotlirock in Bot. Gazette, ii. 70, & Wheeler Rep. vi. 152. Inula? ericoides, Tory. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 212. Eucephalus cricoides, Nutt. in Traus. Am. Phil Soc. 1. ¢. 299. Diplopapus ericoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 182; Gray, 11. Fendl. 69, var. jirtel/a, a hispid form.— Dry hills, Kansas and Texas to Utah, Arizona, and border of California; first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.) Var. ténuis, Gray. Much less or not at all hispid: branches filiform and diffuse : all the upper leaves minute. — New Mexico, Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex. to San Luis.) § 10. OrTHOMERIS. Pappus simple: bracts of the involucre imbricated and appressed, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips, often scarious-edved or more or less dry: rays fertile. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. § Orthomeris with part of § Oxytripolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. e. %* Involucre well imbricated, of small and narrow bracts, greener than in others of this section (much as in Aster proper): Jow and slender herbs (a foot or less high), leafy -stemnued, branch- ing above; with mostly linear erect and entire Jeaves, and several small white-rayed heads: akenes somewhat 4-5-angled or nerved, acme ey 5 ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Rather rigid, 6 to 20 inches high in a tuft from short and thickish rootstocks, from smooth or minutely scabrous to hirtellous-puberulent, bearing a corymbiform cyme of several or numerous heals: leaves of firm texture, lincar or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, lucid both sides, the broader ones neryose: bracts of the campanulate or somewhat turbinate involucre oblong-lancevlate, obtuse, thickish, rather rigid: rays 2 to 4 lines long, bright white, broadish: style-appendages acutely lanceolate-subulate : pappus white, of rather rigid bristles, longer ones manifestly clayellate at tip: akenes very glabrous, hardly at all compressed.— Fl. ii. 160. Chrysopsis alla, Nutt. Gon. ii. 152. Ducilingeria ptarmicoides, Nees, Ast. 183. Diplopappus allus, Wook. Fl. ii. 21. cleastrum album, DC. Prodr. v. 264, excl. syn. Willd. Aster albus, Eaton & J. Wright, Mau, Bot. 146, not Willd. herb. & Spreng. Syst. (which is A. Ame/lus). Lucephalus albus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vil. 299. — Rocky banks and bluffs, W. New England (S. Hadley, Mass.), to [linois, the Sas- katchewan, and the mountains of Colorado ; first coll. by Nuttall. Depauperate plauts some- times only 2 or 8 inches high, and monocephalous. === Var. Georgianus, Gray. Taller and slender, over 2 fect high; lowest leaves 5 or 6 inches long, sometimes with 2 or 8 coarse denticulations : heads and rave rather small — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98; Chapm, I]. Suppl. 627, — Upper Georgia, near Rome, Chapman. Nearly the same from open woods of N. W. Arhausas, F. L. Harvey. Aster. COMPOSITA. 199 Var. lutéscens. Rays pale yellow, small. — A. lutescens, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1c. Diplopappus albus, var. lutescens, Hook. 1. vu. D. lutescens, Lindl. in DC. 1. c. — Suskatchewan, on dry limestone rocks of Red River, Luayius, a breadish-leaved scabrous-puberulent form. Englewood, N. Mlinois, £. J. Hill, a slender and smooth form, with numerous and unusually suncul heads. A. Lemmoni. Sleuder, from filiform rootstocks, somewhat strict, smooth and glabrous, bearing a few rather scattered heads: leaves not rigid nor lucid, not nervuse ; cauline some- what gramineous, narrowly linear and attenuate (larger 4 or 5 inches louy,a line or two wide), on flowering branches gradually reduced to subulate-attenuate; radical shorter, lan- ceolate-oblong or spatulate: involucre (3 lines high) equalling the disk, of about 3 series of thin linear and acute or acuminate bracts: rays 2 lines long: pappus of soft and slender bristles: akenes minutely canescent. — .\long mountain streams in $ Arizona: Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle, and Huachuca Mountains, Leminon. * * Involuere rather loosely imbricated, of thin narrowly linear-lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts in not more than 3 series: akenes glandular, seyeral-nerved: stems leafy, a foot or two high from fililorm creeping rovtstucks, bearing several or sometimes solitary long-peduncled middle- sized heads: leaves mostly pinnately veined, thin or thinnish, from lanceolate tu oblong-ovate. Northern Atlantic species. ee, A. acuminatus, Micux. Somewhat pubescent or puberulent: stem leafless below, leafy and somewhat corymbosely branched above, or often simple, sumevimes flexuous: leaves membranaceous, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly oblong with cuneitorm-attenuate base and slender « acuminate apex, sharply and coarsely dentate, primary veins abundant and conspicuous: heads usually several and corymbiform-paniculate, barely half-inch high: rays linear, white. or tinged purplish: style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, slender: akenes narrow. — Fl. ii. 109; Hook. Bot. Mag. ¢. 2707, & Fl. ii. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 157, not Nees. A. divaricatus, Lam. Dict. i. 305 (herb. Juss.), not L. of the involucre lanceolate, acute, commonly purplish-tinged, 2-3- seriate: rays white or purplish: stsle-appenlages ovate or triangular and acuminate-sub- ulate. — 4. glacéialis, in part, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 142 (no. 509). also mixed with speci- mens of A. pulchellus. — Mountains of N. Nevada, Wahsatch Mountains at the head of American Fork; first coll. by Wutson. A. arenarioides, Estoy. Stews tufted on a woody candex, almost filiform, 6 to 9 inches high, spariugly branched above, or bearing 2 to 4 heads: leaves filiform-linear, even the lower (inch or two long} only obscurely dilated upward: uppermost reduced to minute subnlate bracts: bracts of the involucre linear, rather rigid, unequal and 3-seriate: rays white or bluish : style-appendages ovate-ubulate, merely acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. vili. 647. Eri. geron stenoph Mum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152. t. 17, not Gray. — Wahsatch Mountains, above Cottonwood Cafion, §.000-9.000 feet, Wursen. * * « * * Involucre (except in 4. pauciforus) well imbricated and with short outer bracts dis- posed to pass into scale-like bracts of the peduncle: herbs or shrudby plants, maritime or of alkaline soil; the leaves more or less fleshy or reduced to scales. —§ Ozytripoliam in part (the perennial species), Torr. & Gray. + Heads rather Jarge (about half-inch high), with showy violet rays: involucre well imbricated in several ranks: leaves Jon and narrow, entire, moderately fle-hy: very glabrous herb- of the Atlantic coast. (Bere also 4. imbricatus. Walp. Rep. ii. 574. Tripolium imbrcatum, Nutt., and the true J. conspicuum. Lindl. in DC , of Chil; see Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 210.) A. Chapmani, Torr. & Gray. Stern simple and slender, 2 or 3 feet high, from a thick- ish caudex, bearing a few simple slender monocephalous branches at sumunit: leaves rigid when drv, linear, or radical spatulate-linear (these 5 to 9 inches long, including the lung at- tenuate base), obscurely nerved when dry ; cauline becoming subulate-filiform and erect, and reduced on the branches to minute bracts: involucre campanulate, equalling the di-k: its rather firm bracts mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate: styleappendages ovate- 202 COMPOSITA, Aster. subulate: akenes oblong, 7-10-nerved: pappus rather rigid. — FI. ii.161; Chapm. Fl. 205.— Pine-barren swamps, W. Florida, Chapman, Curtiss. ==> A, tenuifdlius, L. Stem simple or paniculately branched above, a foot or two high from a weak and slender rootstock, often flexuous, somewhat sparsely leafy: leaves rather fleshy, at least thickish, linear, tapering to both ends, acute ; the lower (2 or 3 lines wide) with long tapering base; upper subulate-attenuate : involucre turbinate ; its bracts lanceolate-subulate and attenuately very acute: style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes narrow, 5-ribbed, his- pidulous-pubescent : pappus soft.— Spee. ii. 873 (excl. syn. Pluk.) & herb. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vili. 647. A. flecuosus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. sparsiflorus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 547; Ell. Sk. ii. 346, not Michx. .1. Z'ripolium, Walt. Car. 154. — Salt or brackish marshes, coast of Mass. to Florida. This is one of the plants of Clayton which by the char- acter in Gronoy. Fl. Virg. was referred by Linnzus to A. linifolius. +— + Heads rather small (quarter-inch high), with conspicuous violet or purple rays: little im- bricated involucre with peduncles and upper part of stem viscid-glandular : wholly herbaceous, western, might be sought among the Glawdulusi of true Aster. “A. paucifiérus, Nurr. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple and bearing few heads, or branching above and with several corymbosely disposed short- peduncled heads: leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated- lanceolate, entire, uppermost reduced to short sparse bracts: bracts of short hemispherical involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks: style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akcnes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed- pubescent. — Gen. ii. 154, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164. A. curicifolius, UBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. iv. 92, t. 833. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 167; Lindl. in Hook. FI. ii. 15, & DC Prodr. v. 254. 7. caricifolium, Schauer in Linn. xix. 721. — Wet saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (Mex.) Var. gracillimus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76, a very slender form, with leaves almost filiform ; from New Mexico, Wright. +- + + Heads small or rather small, with close imbricated involucre and who'e herbage smooth and glabrous: branching plants with lignescent base, or even shrubby, all uf the Southwestern borders and Mexican, and in saline soil. ++ Low and spreading or tufted, with merely lignescent base, leafy: rays purple or violet, rather conspicuous, about 3 lines long. A. blepharophyllus, Gray. Loosely surculose-tufted, with ascending flowering stems a span or two high: leaves fleshy, conspicuously hispid-ciliate with strong bristles; those of creeping sterile shoots and rosulate tufts linear-spatulate, half-inch long; of the branching flowering stems much smaller, short-linear, and upper ones reduced to minute and merely bristle-tipped scales: heads 3 lines high: involucre turbinate; its bracts dry and pale, ovate- oblong to lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate-onenerved: rays 10 to 14: style-appendages short-subulate: akenes obscurely striate-nerved, not compressed, sericeous. —Pl. Wright. ii. 77. — Las Vlayas Springs, New Mexico, Wright. A. riparius, HBK. A foot or two high from a somewhat lignescent base, diff usely branched A branches terminated by solitary heads (of 4 or 5 lines in height and equally broad): leaves linear and entire, or lowest spatulate and incisely few-toothed, an inch or less long, on the branches toward the heads gradually reduced to small subulate bracts: iuvolucre shorter than the disk; its numerous well-imbricated bracts narrowly lanceolate and with subulate- acuminate greenish tips: style-appendages subulate, rather short: akenes pubescent, ob- scurely striate: pappus rufous. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. iv. 92, the rays said to be white, which is probably a mistake, and the involucre subsquarrose, but it is not so, though the onter may be a little loose. A. Sonora, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76.— 3s. «Arizona, west uf the Chiricahui Mountains, Wright. (Mex., Mimboldt.) ++ ++ Taller, much branched, rigid, woody at base, with small heads terminating the branchlets: rays small (a line or two long) and white or none: anomalous species. —— A. carndsus, Gray. Glaucescent or pale, 2 or 3 feet high; the rigid slender stems diffusely and at length intricately much branched ; lower leaves linear and very fleshy, an inch or less long; upper and those of the branchlets reduced to small or minute subulate scales : heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre campanulate or turbinate, of lanceolate acute chartaceous bracts: rays wuuting: style-appendages linear-subulate ; akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Lino- Aster. COMPOSITE. 203 syris? carnosa, Gray, P]. Wright. ii. 80. Diyelovia intricata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208, a slender form, with smaller heads. — Saline arid region, S. Arizona, Wright, to Cali- fornia, in the Mohave Desert, Parry, Greene, Pringle, Purish, and near Visalia, Congdon. “== A.spinosus, Beytu. Base of stem usually persistent and woody, sending up (3 to & feet long) slender and lithe striate green branches, resolved into paniculate branchlets, terminated by small heads: cauline leaves small, linear or spatulate-lanceolate, entire, mustly few and fugucivus, some of them with soft subulate spines in or above their axils; those of the branchlets reduced to subulate scales or wanting: involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high, of small and thinnish subulate-lancevlate bracts, imbricated in about 3 serics: rays white, 2 lines long: style-appendages subulate-triangular, much shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes glabrous. — Pl. Uartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 165; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 219. — Banks of streams, or in moist ground, 8. W. Texas to Arizona and 3S. California, common ; first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.) ——A. Palmeri, Gray. Decidedly shrubby, with the habit of a smallleaved Baccharis, 3 or 4 feet high, very much branched throughout: branchlet~ slender, striate-angled, terminated hy the small heads : leaves apparently not fleshy, narrowly linear (of the branches an inch or less long), entire: involucre equalling the ‘isk, barely 3 lines high, of closely imbricated narruwly oblong obtuse rather dry bracts: rays 6 to 10, a line long: disk-flowers about 20: akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Perhaps rather of the W. Indian genus (rundlachia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100.—S. Texas, at Corpus Christi Bay, Palmer. Serics II. Biennials and annuals. § 11. Oxyrriréticu. Involucre of § Orthomeris; the bracts thin and nar- row. Hnear-lanceolate or linear-subulate. gradually very acute or acuminate, commonly greenish above or in the centre. but without herbaceous tips. imbri- cated in few series, the outer successively shorter, all erect-uppressed: rays at least equalling the disk, numerous, often more numerous than the disk-flowers (revolutely coiled in drying): style-appendages lanceolate-ubulate: akenes nar- row, more or less pubescent. few-nerved: pappus fine and soft: yvlabrous and smooth annuals, chiefly of saline soil, paniculately branched, becring numerous small heads, with bluish or purplish rays. and with entire narrowly lanceolate or linear leaves, on the branchlets reduced to sululate bracts, — Gray. Proc. Am. -Acad. xvi, 98. Tripolium § Oxytripolia, DC. Prodr. vy. 263. excl. spec. Lrizo- linm § Astropolium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. ulster § Coy tripolium. Torr. & Grav. Fl. ii. 161, in part. The two species are quite distinct in the Atlantic U. $.. but seemingly confluent in Mexico and S. America. wed. exilis, Err. Mostly slender and diffusely branched above: principal cauline leaves linear (3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, lowest sometimes broader and lanceolate, rarely wich a few serratures): heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate or more lan- ceolate and acuminate: rays 15 to 40, bluish or purple, rather conspicuvus (about 2 lines Jong). usually much surpassing the pappus: disk-flowers generally more numerous.— Lil. Sk. ii. 344: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163: believed to be the species here described; but the original of herb. Ell. is now lost. 4. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray, ].¢., not L., &e. de suber latus, Michx. Fl. ii. 112, in part. Tr/pulivm subulatum, Nees, Ast. 157, in part; DC. Predr. lie. 254. excl. var. boreale. Tripolium divaricatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ev. 225. — Sulsaline or even not at all brackish moist soil, S. Carolina to Texas, Arizona, and Cali- fornia: on the southern borders occurs with very shert ligules. (Jiex., W. Ind., &e.) Var. australis, the commoner Mexican and §. American form of this pelymorph- us and widely diffused species, is less diffuse, less slender, often broader-leaved, and with larger heads, the involucral bracts broader, less acute, and greener or purplish-tinged.— 1. subu- latus, Less. in Linn. vi. 120. Erigeron multiflorvin, Mook. & Arn. Dot. Beech. £7. Tripolivia conspicnuin of authors, but not the original of Lindley.— Coast of Oregon and California (et Visalia, in the interior, Congdon, a form with unusually large heads), &c. (Mex. to Chili, Brazil, &c.) 204 COMPOSITA. Aster. TPA. subulatus, Micrux. Stouter, only a foot or two high, with short usually purplish stems and branches: leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate (lower 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide), or the upper linear passing into subulate: heads narrower, cylindraceous, 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate with much attenuate apex: rays 25 to 30, pur- plish, very small and inconspicuous, hardly surpassing thedisk, with ligule very much shorter than the tube, often surpassed by the (not very copious) mature pappus, more numerous than the (10 to 15) disk-flowers.— Fl. ii. 111, partly (char. “ligulis minimis,” & hab.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 154. T'ripolium subulatum, Nees, DC., &e., in part. Aster lnifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 162, not L., not even as to the syn. “Gron. Virg ” cited (which belongs to A. tenuifolius, p. 202).— Salt marshes, from New Hampshire to Florida. Closely connects with the following section. § 12. Conyzépsts. Involucre campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of linear or oblong bracts, nearly equal in length; the outer foliaceous or herbaceous and loose, resembling the rameal leaves; the inner more membranaceous or scarious : rays small and not longer than the mature pappus, or the ligule wanting; the female flowers mostly in more than one series and more numerous than the her- maphrodite ; these with slender corolla, its limb 4-5-toothed: style-appendages lanceolate: akenes narrow, not compressed, 2—3-nerved, appressed-pubescent : pappus simple, very soft: low and branching leafy-stemmed annuals (of W. North America and N. E. Asia, and of moist subsaline soil), nearly glabrous, except that the linear (or the lowest spatulate) chiefly entire leaves are more or less hispidulous-ciliate; the numerous rather small heads in well-developed plants disposed to be racemose-paniculate. (Char. from the two genuine species, which are intermediate between the Oxytripolium section, A. subulatus connecting them, and Conyza.) —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Aster § Oxytripolium, subsect. Conyzopsis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 162. Brachyactis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii. 6 (excl. spec.), & Gen. Pl; Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. vill. 647, & Bot. Calif. 1. 326. A. frondésus, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot or more high, branching from the hase, when low usually spreading, when taller the branches bearing numerous spicately paniculate heads (of 4 lines in height): outer bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, wholly foli- aceous and loose, numerous: rays in anthesis exserted, a line long, linear, pinkish-purple, always longer than the style, but equalled or surpassed by the mature copious pappus. — Fl. ii. 165. Zripolium frondosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. d. angustus, Gray, Pl Wright. ii. 76; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144, not Torr. & Gray. Brachyactis ciliata, var. carnosula, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii. 6. B. frondosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1 ¢.; Bot. Calif. lc. — Borders of springs, pools, &c., Rocky Mountains of Idaho to the Sierra Nevada, California, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico. —~ A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. Leaves commonly narrower: bracts of the involucre all linear, acute: corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the ¢ elongated style, or rarely with a rudimentary ligule ?— Fl. ii. 162. Orinituria humilis, Hook. FI. ii. 24. Linosyris? humilis, Vorr. & Gray, 1. «. 234. Erigeron ciliatus, Ledeb. Fl, Alt. iv. 92, & Ie. t. 100. Conyza Altaica, DC. Prody. y. 380, Tripolivm angustum, Lindl. in Hook. Fil. ii. 15, & DC. 1. ce. 254. Brachyactis ciliata, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. le. (excl. var.); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. (‘The poor figure in Ledeb. Te. 1. e. represents a ligulate female flower, which accords with neither specimens nor character.) — Saline wet ground, Saskatchewan to Utah and Colorado, eastward to Minnesota, and now extending to Chicago, &e. (N. Asia.) § 18. Macua&rantrntra. ITnvolucre pluriserially imbricated, hemispherical or campanulate; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, and with herbaccous or foliaceous spreading tips: rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple : akenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, and the faces somewhat Aster. COMPOSITE, 905 striate: receptacle alveolate. the alveoli toothed or lacerate: style-uppendages from linear-lanceolate to filiform-subulate: paypus copious and simple, of rather rigid unequal bristles : leafy-stemmed and branching biennials (sometimes more enduring, but no rootstocks, stolons or buds below the crown). or occasionally annuals (W. N, American and Mexican): the showy heads terminating the branches: involucre either canescent or somewhat viscid or «landular: leaves from sparingly dentate to bipinnately purted, the teeth or lobes apt to be bristle- tipped. — Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647, & Bot. Calif. i. 322. MJacheranthera, Nees, Ast. 224; Gray, Pl. Wright. 1.90. Déeferia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 300; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4. * Anomalous, seemingly perennial and multicipital, but otherwise of this section. A. Coloradoénsis, Gray. Rays of the small heads not excessively numerous, nor very narrow (2 or 3 lines long), white or barely purplish-tinged; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or very few: outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamelle, persistent after the fravile inner pappus has fallen: tall and erect winter annuals or Diennials, leafy, branched above, hearing coryimborely cymose or paniculate heads, commonly produced all sum- mer: leaves green, sometimes serrate or the lower incised: weedy species, of wide distribution; the two generally distinct in the Atlantic States, hardly so on the Pacifie side. — Phalacroloma, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 404, ——-E. 4anuus, Pers. Sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves membra- naceous, from ovate to broadly lanceolate, mostly serrate, lower often very coarsely so: ’ Erigeron, COMPOSITE. 219 involucre commonly beset with some hvistly hairs. — Syn. ii, 431; TIook. FI. ii. 20; Torr. & Gray, FL i175. £. heterophyllus, Muhl. in Willd. iii. 1956+ Pers. Lc. ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 148; Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 21. E. strigosus, Bigel. FL Bost ed. 2, 302, not Muhl. Aster annuus, L. Hort. Cliff. & Spee. i. 875.0 Pulfeuria annua, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 462. Lvplopappus dubius, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817 & 1818. Stenactis dubia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 485. S. annua & N. strigosu (excl. syn.), DC. Prody. vy. 299. Phalucroloma acutifolium, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405. — Fields and open grounds, common from Canada to Virginia: aso in Oregon, &., in a form quite intermediate between this and the following. (Nat. in Eu.) “=H. strigésus, Meu. Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute : stem seldom over 2 feet high: leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate and the upper eutire ; lower from spatulate-lanceslate to vblong, often sparingly serrate: involucre with few or no Ivisdly hairs. — Willd. Spec. 1. e.; EN, Sk. ii. 394: Hook. 1 e.; Torr. & Gray, lc. £. ner- vosum, Pursh, lL ¢., not Willd. 2. ainbiguus, Nutt. Gen. ii, 147. E. Philadelphicus, Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 20.0 Ly infeqritilius, Bigel. loc. Doronicum ramosum, Walt. Car. 205. Phutacroloma obtusifolium, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405. Stenactis wmbiqua, DC. 1. e. — Dry open grounds, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas, Oregon, and California. Passes into or mixes with the preceding. Occurs rarely with abortive rays, var. discoideus, Robbins, in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 237. Var. Beyrichii. .A slender form, with minute and sometimes almost cinereous pu- bescence, smaller heads, and rays frum white to pale rose-culor.—Torr. & Gray, le. £. Leyrichii, Hort. Berol. Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sein. Petrop. v. 27. Pha- lacroloma Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. v. vi. 63. — Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, perhaps first coll. by Le yrich. ++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrow divisions: rays very numerous (100 or more) and nar- row: pappus alike in ray and disk; the bristies of the inner very deciduous; the short squa- melle of the outer more or less confluent into a multidentate crown. — Original of Steractis, Cass. ex Benth. Polyactis, Less. Syn, Comp. 188, Polyactidium, DC. Prodr. y. 281. _——H. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray. A foot or two high from a biennial or winter-annual root, leafy, paniculately branched, hispidulous or hispid with spreading bristly hairs: divisions of the cauline leaves 3 to 9, linear or linear-spatulate, oltuse, of the radical shorter and broader : rays white or purplish-tinged, narrowly linear, 4 or 5 lines long. — Proc. .Am. Acad. xix. 2. E. delphinifulius, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 77; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153 (where the root ix said to be perennial, which needs confirmation), not Willd. — Hillsides, New Mexico and arizona, Wright, Thurber, Pulmer, Rothrock, Lemmon. : E. peveuinirouits, Willd. (Stenactis, Cass., Polyactidium, DC.), from which Bentham first distinguished our very similar species, appears to be wholly Mexican, has appressed pubescence and more numerous as well as more slender rays. § 2. Trimorri£a. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceediny the disk: within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (com- monly none in the last species): leaves entire or nearly so. — Trimorphea, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. & liv. %* Stems low from a truly perennial rootstock, mostly simple and monocephalous: ray-corollas bearing a few long and articulated hairs on the wpper part of the tube: short outer pappus manifest. ——-. alpinus, L. A span or so high, 1-3-cephalous: herbage and involucre more or less hir- sute: leaves entire; lowest spatulate, uppermost usually linear: rays purple, about twice the length of the pappus.—Spec. ii. 864; Engl. Bot. t. 464; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Hook. FI. ii. 18, excl. yars.; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 914.— High region of Northern Rocky Moun- tains, Drummond, only specimen seen is not certain. (Eu., N. Asia.) % ¥% Stems a span toa foot or more hich from a biennial or sometimes more enduring root, the laryer plants branching and bearing several or numerous somewhat paniculately disposed heads: pappus nearly or quite simple. ae a He Acris, L. More or less hirsute-pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular): cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatulate: involucre hirsute: rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple: filiform female flowers numerous. — Spec. ii. 863; Engl. Bot. t. 1158; Reichenb. Lv. t. 917; Blytt, Norg. 220 COMPOSITA. Erigeron. ‘FL 561. £. alpinus & E. glabratus, in part, Hook. Fl. 1.¢e. Trimorphcea vulgaris, Cass. Dict. liv. 324. — Anticosti to Labrador, Saskatchewan, &c., to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado and Utah. (Eu., N. Asia.) ; f —— Var. Drebachénsis, Brrrr,1.c. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so: involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute ouly at the base, often minutely viscidulous: slender rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. — EF. Drebachensis, O. Mueller, Fl. Dan. t. 874; Fries, Summa Scand. 182; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 916. 2. elongatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 91, & Fl. Ross. ii. 487. £. Kamtschati- cus, DC. Prodr. v. 290, £. glabratus, Hook. FI. ii. 18, mainly, not Hoppe. — New Bruns- wick and the north shore of Lake Superior to the Arctic Circle and Kotzebue Sound, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, at about 10,000 feet. Clearly passes into the other form. (Eu., N. Asia.) : Var. débilis. Sparsely pilose: stems a span to a foot high from an apparently per- ennial root, slender, 1-3-cephalous: leaves bright green; radical obovate or oblong; cauliue spatulate to lanceolate, short: involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenu- ate tips of the bracts, spreading: rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. — Northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana, Canby, Sargent, at Woodruff’s Falls, the tips of involucral bracts strongly recurved.. Mount Paddo, Sulsdorf, Howell. Also Hud- son's Bay, Burke, and. N. Labrador, named by Steetz, £. Drabachensis, var. hirsutus. Pass- ing into that species or form. “—~E. armerizefolius, Tercz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves glabrous and most of the (narrowly linear and elongated) cauline bristly-ciliate: inflorescence more racemose and strict: involucre sparsely hirsute: rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, whitish, no filiform rayless flowers seen (even in Siberian specimens, though described by Turezaninow). — Cat. Baik. & DC. Prodr. v. 291; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 489; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif. i. 326. £. lonchophyllus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18. E. glabratus, var. minor, Hook. 1. ¢., partly. E. racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 312.— Sas. katchewan and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mountains of S. Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada, California. (N. Asia.) § 3. Canérus, Nutt. Rays of the small and narrow seemingly discoid (and mostly thyrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube, often shorter than the style-branches, or even obsolete : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed corolla: annuals or biennials, with the aspect of Conyza, and passing into that genus: the pappus in the genuine species simple: bracts of the involucre not rarely somewhat unequal and imbricated. — Gen. ii. 148; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 281. *, Floccose-lanuginous with white wool, destitute of either hirsute or viscid pubescence. EH. eriophyllus, Gray. A foot or two high, bearing few heads on almost leafless branches: lower leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrate near the apex (inch long); upper linear, entire : involucre glabrate (3 lines high): corollas purplish, not exceeding the pappus: akenes ob- long-obovate, flat, callous-margined : pappus completely simple, somewhat deciduous in a ring. —Pl. Wright. ii. 77.—S. Arizona, on the Sanoita, Wright. * #& Lightly araehnoid, but green and at length naked, somewhat viscid-pubescent. E. subdecutrrens, Scuutt% Bir. A foot or two high, strict, bearing numerous heads ina virgate racemiform leafy thyrsns : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate Bach or less long), spar- ingly dentate, or the lower sometimes sinuate-laciniate, the base partly adnate-clasping , invo- lucre (2 lines high) sparsely hirsute with viscid hairs: flowers whitish : ligules veEe short: disk-flowers 6 to 10: pappus scanty, somewhat deciduous in a ring. — Conyza subdecurrens DC. Prodr. v. 379. ¢. Coulteri, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 155, not Cray. — Arizona, ati Mount Graham at 9,000 feet, Rothrock. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Pulmer, &e.) * * & Pubescence hirsute or hispid, neither lanate nor viscid, very leafy. + Introduced weed: heads fully 3 lines high. : sew BE. vivirécivs, Willd. A foot or two high, rr f . ; \ ather strict, bearing loosely paniculate heads, hirsute, also somewhat scabrous with minute : appressed pubescence : upper leaves narrowly Baccharis, COMPOSITE. 99) - linear, mostly entire, narrowed downward; lowest broader, incisely toothed or laciniate- involucre cinereou--pubescent: ligules very small, shorter than the style and the at length ferruginous pappus. — Spec. iii. 1955; Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 495. E. ambiguis, Schultz Bip. in Phyt. Cauar. ii. 208. £. Bonariensis, DC. Prodr. v. 259, in part. Couyza ambiqua, DC. Fl. Franc. & Prodr. lc. C. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 323. — Waste grounds, cuast of S, Carolina to Florida. (Intr. from tropics.) + + Indigenous weeds; but the common species now cosmopolitan: heads only 2 lines high: involucre almost glabrous: leaves commonly more or less hispid-ciliate. === HH. Canadénsis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high and with few scattered heads: leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised ur few-toothed: rays white, usually a little exserted and surpas=ing the style-branches. — Spec. ii. 863; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. paniculatus, Lam. F]. Franc. E. pu- sillus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148, a depauperate form. £. strictum, DC. Prodr. v. 289, a strict and setuse-hispid form. Senecio ciliatus, Walt. Car. 208.— Open or waste grounds, throughout temperate N. \merica, especially the warmer parts. (Nat. in Eu., &c.) “=H. divaricatus, Micux. Low (a xpan to a foot high), diffusely much branched, somewhat fastigiate: leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire : rays purplish, rarely surpassing the style-branches or the pappus. — FI. ii. 123; Nutt. L c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.— Upen grounds and river banks, Indiana tu Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas. 50. CONYZA (Tourn., L. in part), Less. (Name used by Dioscorides and Pliny for some kind of Fleabane. supposed to come from Kove, a flea.) — Her- baceous or some shrubby, of various habit ; what were the orisinal species belong to Inula, &c., those now referred to it are of warm regions, and approach the Cenotus section of Erigeron. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 283. ——C. Cotilteri, Gray. Apparently annual, a foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or partly hirsute with many-jointed hairs: cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid (an inch or two long): involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreading hairs, consideralily shorter than the soft pappus: flowers whitish; the numerous female with an entire corolla- tuhe barely half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5 to 7.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif. i. 332. C. subdeeurrens, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 7s, & Pl. Wright. 1.102, not of DC Erigeran discoidens, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. £. subdecurrens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78.— River-hottoms, &c., W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and California. Much resembling ©. subdecurrens, DC., which, from the more developed corolla of the ray, is referred to Eviqerun, but has also a different pubescence. (Adj. Mex.) Var. tenuisécta. Greener, extremely leafy: leaves pinnately or even somewhat bipinnately parted into linear lobes: heads smaller and very numerous in an ample panicle. — 8. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. Apparently growing with the ordinary form. 51. BACCHARIS, L. (Named after Bacchus, unmeaningly.) — Shrubs, under-hrubs. or some perennial herbs; with alternate simple leaves, sometimes reduced to scales. and the branches commonly. striate or sulcate-angled, bearing small heads of white or whitish or yellowish flowers. A huge .\merican genus, chiefly tropical and S. American. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 246; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212. § 1. Pappus of the fertile flowers very copious and pluriserial, elongated in fruiting, soft: akenes 5-10-costate: stems herbaceous from a lignescent or more woody base: leaves linear, l-nerved: receptacle flat and broad, naked. Here also B. junecea, of S. Brazil (CArrhenachne, Cass., Stephananthus, Lehm.), and B. Seemanni, of Mexico. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211. 222 COMPOSITE. Baccharis. —.B. Wrightii, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved: slender branches terminated by solitary heads: leaves small; uppermost linear-subulate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; its bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back: pappus fulvous or some- times purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8-10-nerved akene.— Pl. Wright. i. 101, & ii. 83. — W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) —— B. Texana, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or more high, with many nearly simple rigid stems from a woody base, leafy to the top, where it bears a few somewhat corymbosely disposed heads : leaves an inch or two long, rather rigid; involucre 3 lines long, of firmer and nar- rower merely acute bracts : akenes smoother. — J]. Fendl. 75, & Pl. Wright. 1. ¢. Linosyris Tevana, Vorr. & Gray, FI. ii, 232, male plant. Aplopappus linearifolius, Buckley in Proc. Acai. Philad. 1861, 457.— Texas, furming large patches in dry prairies, Berlandier, Drum- mond, Wright, &e. § 2. Pappus of the fertile flowers more or less copious, but uniserial or nearly so, conspicuously elongating in fruiting, soft and fine, mostly flaccid and bright white: akenes 10-nerved: branching shrubs, glabrous or nearly so, usually viscous with a resinous exudation: leaves sometimes lobed or angulate-dentate : heads glomerate or paniculate : receptacle naked and flat. * Eastern species, of the coast or along streams in subsaline soil: shrubs 3 to 12 feet high. “<= B. halimifolia, L. Cauline leaves from dilated-obovate to oblong with cuneate base, attenu- ate into a petiole, laciniately or angulately 3-9-toothed, those of the flowering branchlets be- coming lanceolate and mostly entire: heads in pedunculate and paniculate glomerules (3 to 5 together): involucre of the male heads only 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate obtuse bracts; of the female rather longer and narrower, the inner bracts linear-lanceclate and acute. — Spec. ii. 860; Michx. Fl. ii. 125; Duham. Arb. i. t. 60.— Sea-coast, New England to Florida and Texas. (W. Ind.) B. glomerulifiéra, Pens. Brighter green: leaves mostly cuneate-obovate or the upper: most spatulate, less petioled or sessile, merely angulate-toothed: heads larger, sessile or in very short-peduncled glomernles in the axils of the upper leaves: involucre of both sexes campanulate, pluriserially imbricate, of obtuse bracts. — Syn. ii. 423; Pursh, Fl. ii. 523. B. sessiliflora, Michx. F1. ii. 125; Ell. Sk. ii. 320, not Vahl. — Swamps near the coast, N. Caro- lina to Florida. (Bermuda.) B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly subsessile, from oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly tuothed, rarely entire: heads or glomerules pedunculate : involuere of both sexes campanulate (nearly 3 lines long), of mainly ovate and acutish bracts. — Fl. ii. 258. B, sali- cifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 3837. —Colorado (banks of the Arkansas, &c.) to W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, near El Paso. = B. angustifolia, Micnx. Rather strict: leaves narrowly-linear (larger 2 or 3 inches long, a line or two wide), entire or with few denticulations ; and some lower ones broadly lanceo- late and more serrate: heads or glomerules short-pedunculate, amply paniculate: involucre 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bracts, the outer obtuse, innermost acute. — Fl. 1.125; Ell Le; Torr. & Gray, Le. B. salicina, Gray, PL Wright. i. 101, not of ii, nor Nutt. — Brackish marshes, &e., S. Carolina to Florida, and to Texas on the Rio Grande; also 8. Arizona, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.) ——— * * Western species (Pacific coast to Arizona): branches smooth or nearly so, striate-angled. — B. pilularis, DC. Either depressed, spreading on the ground, or more erect and sometimes 4 feet high, leafy up to the glomerate sessile heads: leaves short (seldom over inch long), obovate and cuneate or roundish, very obtuse, sessile, coarsely few-toothed or some entire: involucre nearly hemispherical, 2 lines long; its bracts oval and oblong, all but the inner- most very obtuse: flowers bright white. fertile pappus not over 4 lines long. — B. pilularis & B. consanguinea, DC, Prody. y. 407, 408; ‘Torr. & Gray, FL ii 259; sonth, Bot. Sulph. 25. B. glomeruliflora, Less. in Linn. vi. 506; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech, 147.— Near the coast, Monterey, California, to Oregon. a=~mB, Hmoryi, Gray. Erect, with slender branches, 2 to 15 feet high: canline leaves mostly oblong or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base aud the larger somewhat ‘9, Baccharis. COMPOSITE. 22 +s petioled, more or less triplinerved, often with 2 to 4 short lobes or teeth; those of the branches from oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire, l-nerved: heads somewhat nakediy paniculate on the branchjets, short-pedunculate or the glomerules more or Jess pedunculate ; inyolucre campanulate or oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, mostly of firm coriaceous and obtuse lracts: the outermozt oval, innergblong, the innermust thin, linear and acutish: pitp- pus of male flowers bearded towards the tip; of the female in fruit half-inch loug. — Lot. Mex. Bound. 83, & Bot. Calif. i. 333, described from mere branches. 2. pilularis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. e., partly, not DC. B. sadicina, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 156, & Bot. Calif. ii. 456, partly. — Along watercourses, from Los Augcles southward, through «\rizona and in 8. Nevada and Utah. B. sarothroides, Gray. Erect, fastigiately much branched, 10 to 15 feet bich: leaves all nearly linear, entire, l-nerved, rigid, small; the larger (Jess than inch long and 2 lines wide) narrowed at base; those of the slender and strongly striate-angled branchlets commonly sparse and minute: heads lovuscly paniculate, terminating ultimate naked branchlets, small: invelucre of the male campanulate, hardly 2 lines long; of the female rather oblong, only about 10-flowered ; short outer bracts ovate or oval, very obtuse, innermost thin and broadly linear: clavellate tips of male pappus naked: female pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — Proc. alm. Acad. xvii. 212.—S8. California, from San Diego to the Mexican line, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, Has been confounded with B. Emoryi and B. sergiloides. (Adj. Mex.) %* %* * Species of Mexican border, with branchlets terete, less striate, pruino /ott. (Mex.) M. longicérnu, Gray. Sparsely hispidulous: rays exserted, ollong. when well devel- oped 3 lines in length and as long as the involucre, the outer bracts of which are distinct: fructiferous bracts more nervuse, little tuberculate or smooth, the summit cupulately pro- duced and gradually extended exteriorly into a circinnate or revolute horn or rigil awn, fully as long as the body, longer and more attenuate than in J. sericeum, and sericeous- pubescent along the outside. — Mem. Amer. Acad. (Pl. Thurb.) y. 321, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 85.—. Arizona, Thurber, Schott, (Adj. Mex.) 69. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. ("Axavfa, a prickle or thorn, and oréppa, seed, i. e. prickly-fruited.)— Homely annual weeds. much branched from the hase; with opposite dentate leaves. in their axils and in the forks small subsessile or short-peduncled heads of yellowish flowers: the (4 to 7) bur-like involucral bracts enlarging in age. Natives of the tropics. one or two species becoming naturalized. — Pl. Rar. Hort. Monae. t. 53; DC. Prodr.y. 521. Cen trospermum. HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 270. t. 347. ses A. xantnrofpes, DC. lc. Diffusely procumbent or creeping: stems pubescent: leaves small (about inch long}, mostly obovate, narrowed at Lase into a short petiole ; fructiferous involucral bracts narrowly oblong, longitudinally -ulvate, truncate, thickly leset especially along the angles with uniform and small hooked prickles. — 4. Brasilum, Schrank, 1. c.? a hirsute form. Melampodium australe, Lefl., L. Centrospermum xanthioides, HBL. 1. c. — Roadsides and waste grounds, $. Carolina to Florida, &c. (Nat. from S$, Amer.) 240 COMPOSIT.E. Acanthospermum. A. utamte, DC. Larger, commonly erect, hirsute: leaves wing-petioled or sessile by a cuneate base: fructiferous bracts somewhat 3-angled, not grooved, armed (besides the prickles) with one or two long spines from the truncate summit. — A. humile & A. hispidum, DC. 1c. Melampodium humile, Swartz, Prodr. 114. Centrospermum humile, Less. Syn. 217. — Ballast-weed, about Philadelphia and New York; naturalized at Pensacola. (Nat. from W. Ind.) 70. S{LPHIUM, L. Rosry-werp. (SiAguov, ancient name of an Um- belliferous plant in N. Africa which produced a guim-resin, transferred by Lin- neus, in his accustomed way, to an American genus.) — Tall and coarse perennials (all of Atlantic U. 8.) ; with resinous juice, thick roots, commonly large leaves, and ample pedunculate heads of yellow flowers (one species with white rays!), produced in summer and autumn. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 275; Benth. & Hook. we ; v2 Sng ii. Led ‘ Ie Za a llenper— S. tem square, leafy to the top: bagé& of the lea¥és or of their winged petioles cupulate-connate. ==S. perfoliatum, L. (Cup-prant.) Stem 4 to 8 feet high, commonly very smooth and glabrous: leaves either smooth or scabrous, sometimes hirsute-pubescent beneath, ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate (the larger a foot or more long), dentate or denticulate with mucronate teeth; upper ones united by their broad bases and lower by winged petioles into a perfoliate cup: heads terminating the loosely cymosely disposed flowering branches, on naked peduncles: involucre short-campanulate, half or two-thirds inch high; outer bracts ovate, from erect to somewhat squarrose-spreading : rays inch long: akenes either with deep or shallow notch, the narrow wings being produced either into very small obsolete or prom- inent triangular teeth. — Spec. ed. 2, ti. 1301; Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 462; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3354; Torr. & Gray, Le. 0S. connatum, L. Mant. 574, a form with branches somewhat hispid. S. tetragonum & S. scabrum, Monch, Meth. 606. S. conjunctum, Willd. Enum. 633. 4S, Hornemanni, Schrad. Hort. Gott.; DC. Prodr. vy, 514. S. erythrocaulon, Bernh. in Spreng. Syst. ili, 630.— Alluvial soil, Michigan and Wisconsin to, Upper Georgia and Louisiana. Common in cultivation; variable but characteristic. 2s %* Stem from obtusely quadrangular to terete, leafy: leaves all or some of them opposite, entire or serrate, not connate-perfoliate, + All but the lower sessile, and either all opposite or the upper pairs occasionally disjoined: akenes with a broad wing and a deep narrow notch: stems 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, very leafy to the top. “=. integrifolium, Micux. Stem smooth or scabrous, sometimes rough-hispidulous: leaves entire or denticulate, lancevlate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; all the upper ones closely sessile by a broad and roundish or subcordate partly clasping base, aud tapering from below the middle to an acute apex, scabrous above, from nearly glabrous and smooth to cinereous- pubescent beneath, 3 to 5 inches long, commonly of firm texture: heads somewhat corym- bose, nearly all short-peduncled : involucre over half-inch high; its bracts mostly ovate and spreading : akenes broadly obovate, the body 4 lines long, the scarious wing a line or so wile, at least toward the summit.— Fl. ii. 146; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 279, hardly of Ell. 3S. levi- gatum, Pursh, as to char, S. speciosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Noe, vii. 341, a very smooth form, the var. Jere, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Prairies, &e., Wisconsin and Illinois to .Arkansas and Texas, and possibly to W. Georgia. ==§. aspérrimum, Hoox. Commonly taller: stem rough-hispid: leaves of the preceding but more scabrous: heads generally larger: akenes with broader wings, the triangular apical portions 2 or 3 lines high. —Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99. S. redula, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sue, ee. S. seaberrimum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 279, var. y, hardly Ell. — Plains of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. S. scabérrimum, Evi. Stem and commonly both sides of the leaves hispid: leaves in remotcr pairs, thinner, oblong or ovate, all but the uppermost rather coarsely serrate and with narrowed or even short petiole-like base (the larger 4 to 6 inches long): heads fewer, more pedunculate: rays inch long: outermost inyolucral bracts smaller: akenes including broad wing nearly orbicular in outline, half-inch in diameter. — Sk. ii. 462; Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 279, excl. yar. y.— W. Georgia to Louisiana and E. Texas. Silphium. COMPOSIT-E. 241 + + Leaves rather few on the slender stem, the lower slender-petioled, often alternate: akenes with the broad wings of the preceding. S. gracile, Gray. Hispidulous: stem 12 to 30 inches high, rather naked, terminated by solitary or few mostly long-pedunculate heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate-oblong or ob- long-lancevlate, acute at both ends, denticulate; radical and lower cauline ample (5 to 9 inches long); upper cauline from 2 inches to half-inch long: involucre of nearly equal and rather few oblong bracts: akenes orbicular or very broadly oval, broadly winged, and with a comparatively shallow notch.— Proc. Am. .\cad. viii. 653.— Prairies of Middle Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Hall, &c. Sometimes the leaves are all alternate and the petioles of the one or two principal cauline 2 or 3 inches long, equalling the blade. +— + + Leaves numerous on the stem, varying from opposite to alternate or the middle ones verticillate, only upper and alternate ones (if any) strictly sessile by a broad base: akenes with narrow wings and a comparatively shallow open notch; awn-like pappus-teeth usually evident and not rarely partly separate from the wing. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, commonly hispid: leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lancevlate, coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate, or some entire, scabro-hispid- ulous or hispid, all the upper not rarely alternate, seldom any verticillate ; upper commonly sessile hy a rounded or partly clasping base; lower short-petioled: heads solitary or few on leafy branches: involucre foliaceous and squarrose (half-inch high), hirsute or hispidulous : akenes obovate-oval. — Sjiec. ii. 920 (Dill. Elth. t. 37, f. 42): Michx. Fl. ii. 146; DC. Prodr. y.512; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 278.— Dry sandy soil, common from Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. : Var. levicatile, DC.,1.c. Stem smooth and glabrous, either throughout or up to the branches. — Torr. & Gray, lc. S$. scabrum, Walt. Car. 217. 3. reticulatum, Meench, Meth. 607, fide syn. L. 8. Aster/scus, var. scabrum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 183. S. dentatum, Ell. sk. ii. 468 ; Torr. & Gray, lc. S. lanceolatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Svc. vii. 341, a narrow-leaved form. S. Asteriscus, var. dentatum, Chapm. Fl. 221. —S. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. <= §. trifolidtum, L.,l.c. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous, terminated by naked corymbiform panicles of numerous usually slender-peduncled heads: leaves lanceo- late, varying to oblong-ovate, and from entire to sparsely serrate, from almost glabrous and smooth to scabrous cr hispidulous-pubescent, seldom alternate, a part of them usually 3-4- nately verticillate, commonly acute at base and the upper subsessile, lower tapering into margined petioles: involucre somewhat campanulate, narrower and usually sinaller than in the foregoing ; the bracts hardly foliaceous, smooth and glabrous, except the ciliate margins : akenes broadly obovate-oval. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3355; Torr. & Gray, 1c. 5. trifoliatum, ternatum, & atropurpureum, Retz in Willd. Spee. iii. 2333. S. ternifolium, Michs. FI. ii. 146. —Dry woodlands, Penn. and Ohio, and through the upper country to Alabama. Var. latif6lium. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves broader, sellom more than opposite : heads fewer and broader. — 8. levigatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 465 (perhaps Pursh, Fl. ii. 578, but his character points to S. integrifolium) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—W. Georgia, Alabama, and low country of 8. Carolina; and broad-leaved northern forms are similar. * * * Stem terete, almost leafless and scapiform, bearing a loose panicle of slender pedunculate heads: involucre nearly hemispherical. of rounded mostly erect and coriaceo-herbaceous bracts : radical leaves ample, long-petioled, cordate at base: cauline when present all alternate and slender-petioled: herbage almost glabrous and smooth, or the leaves hispidulous and papillose- scabrous. (True Rostn-WEEDs.) S. compésitum, Micux. Stem slender, 2 to 6 feet high, commonly glaucous: radical leaves of roundish-cordate or reniform or more ovate circumscription, 6 to 12 inches long or broad: heads small and numerous: involucre a third or rarely half inch high: rays small and scattered, 4 lines long: akenes roundi-h-obovate and with wing broadened above, so as to form a deep notch, with which the two subulate pappus-teeth are confluent, sometimes nar- rowly winged so that the summit is barely emarginate and minute pappus-teeth nearly free. — Torr. & Gray, Fl.ii. 276. The first-deseribcd form (var. Michaurii, & var. oratifolium, Torr. & Gray...) has the leaves varying from deeply sinuate-pinnatifid to pinnately or somewhat ternately divided into 3 to 7 divisions, which are again sinuate-lobed ; for this the specific name is appropriate, being 33. comypwsitum, Michs, FL ii. 145; Ell. lc.; DC. 1 ¢., and S. la- ciniatum, Walt. Car. 217, not. L. S. nudicanle, M.A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 127, 16 242 COMPOSITA. Silphium. a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., has rounder leaves, some only sinuate- dentate, others deeply palmately cleft. S. elatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. terebinthinaceum, EIL Sk. ii, 463, not Jacq. S. reniforme, Raf. Med. F1. ii. 283; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 341. — Pine woods and barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. “~~ §. terebinthinaceum, Jicg. (Prarrin Dock.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several or numerous large heads: leaves of thick and firm texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small teeth, becoming rough in age: involucre nearly an inch high: rays an inch or more in length: akenes obovate, narrowly winged, merely emarginate and obscurely 2-toothed at summit. — Hort. Vindob. i. t.43; L.-f. Suppl. 383; Gertn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk. Handb. t. 262; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Prairies and dry open wood- lands, Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana. Var. pinnatifidum, Gray. Leaves laciniately or sinuately pinnatifid. — Man. ed. 1, 220. 3S. pinnatifidum, Ell. 1. c. — Ohio and W. Georgia, not common. * * * * Stem terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-peduncled large heads racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and bracteate: involucre rigid; its bracts ovate, thickened and at length coria- ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaceous acumination: rays numer- ous: herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. — Compass-PLANTS. = s lacinidtum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high: radical leaves (a foot or two long) long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan- ceolate to linear; cauline with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some- times palmatifid appendages; upper sessile and reduced to bracts: involucre inch or more high and broad: rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow: akenes half-inch long, oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch; no awns.—Spec. ii. 919; L. £. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Ecl. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, le.; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 46; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl. y. 157. S. gummiferum, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. — Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to place the edges north and south,—in respect to which there is abundant literature. See Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626. S. albiflédrum, Gray. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous: leaves rigid, as broad as long, more disposed to pedate division ; dilated base of petiole entire: tips of invo- lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk: rays white, about inch long: akenes puberulent; the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awus, the notch narrow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4.— On cretaceous rocks, W. & N. Texas, Reverchon. 71. BERLANDIERA, DC. (J. L. Berlandier, x» Genevese botanist and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.) — Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. S.); with canescent or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads: the rays yellow: involucre radiately expanding in fruit. F). spring and summer. — Prodr. v. 517; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 17; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 280. * Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads: leaves crenate, some or all the cauline cordate; radical oblong. B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet high) very leafy stem commonly hirsute or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauline leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous beneath, somewhat scabrous above ; upper closcly sessile, lower short-petioled: heads usually fas- tigiate-cymose. — Prodr. l.¢.; Deless. Ie. Sel. iv. t. 26 ; Torr. & Gray, Le. 2B. longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342.— Margin of woods and hillsides, ‘Texas (first coll. by Ber- landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to 8. W. Missouri. Leaves of Betonica. : Var. betonicifoélia, Torr. & Gray, 1] ¢. A form with,most of the cauline leaves petioled, and the peduncles hirsute with purplish hairs. — Silphium betonrerfolium, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99.— Louisiana, Drummond. Chrysogonum. COMPOSIT.E. 948 ~ — B. tomentésa, Nerr.l.c. Canescent throughout with soft and close pannose tomentum no hirsute or villous hairs, when glabrate hardly at all scabrous: stem a foot or two high, rarely only a span high: leaves all obtuse, green above, generally whitish beneath; radical and lower cauline elongated-oblong and petioled ; upper cauline usually ovate-oblong or oval, sometimes subcordate-oyate, short-petioled or sessile heads fewer, in low specimens almost solitary and longer-peduncled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 282. B. pumila, Nutt. Lc. Sv/phium pumilum, Michx. FI. ii. 146. 8. tomentosum, pumilum, & reticulatum? Pursh, FI. ii. 578, 579. S. Asteriscus, var. pumilum, Wood, Bot. 442. Polymnia Caroliniana, Poir. Dict. y. 505.— Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Missouri. Var. dealbata, Torr. & Gray, lc. More robust and leafy, 2 or 3 feet high, branch- ing at summit and bearing more numerous and shorter-peduncled heads: cauline leaves broader and more sessile, densely white-tomentose beneath; lower broadly cordate, upper often deltoid (with or without a subcordate base), either obtuse or acute. — Texas, Drum- mond, Hall, Reverchon, a very soft-canescent form. Varies into a less canescent state, approaching B. Terana, the leaves scabrous above (var. y, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. %* * Stems commonly low and with long monocephalous peduncles; the earliest often produced from near the root, and scapiform, the later from leafy stems or branches: leaves variable, all attenuate at base, disposed to be pinnatifid or lyrate. B. subacatilis, Nutr. 1c. Barely cinereous with minute often hispidulous pubescence (or the peduncles sometimes hirsute), soon green, becoming a foot or so high and leafy: leaves of oblong-linear or oblong-spatulate outline, irregularly sinuately or lyrately pinnatifid, with short obtuse lobes: akenes narrowly obovate-oval, merely carinately costate on the inner face. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. Si/phium subacaule, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301; DC. Prodr. \. 512. 3. Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, as to syn.— Florida, in dry pine barrens ; first coll. by Wure. ——B. lyrata, Bexrn. Canescent with minute white or gray tomentum: leaves at length greenish above, variously lyrate-pinnatifid ; the lateral lobes oblong or narrower, obtusely dentate, sometimes incised: akenes obovate, the costa of the inner face strongly carinate. —Pl. Hartw. 17; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 78, & Pl. Wright. i. 103, B. incisa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. Silphinm Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, excl. syn.— Plains and hills, W. Texas and Arkansas to Arizona. (Mex.) Var. macrophylla. Radical leaves often a foot long, lanceolate-oblong or spatulate, either merely crenate or pinnatifid at base: later flowering stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high. —S. Arizona, Lemmon. 72. CHRYSOGONUM,L. (Greek name of some plant in Dioscorides. Linneus gives the derivation of his genus from ypvods, golden, and yor. knee ; of no obvious application.) — Gertn. Fruct. ii. 456, t. 174; Lam. Ill. t. 718; DC. Prodr. y. 510; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 274; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 350, excl. syn. Joonta, &e.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvil. 216. Diotostephus, Cass. Dict. xlviii. 543. — Single species: fl. spring and summer. ==C. Virginidnum, L. Perennial from creeping rootstocks and sometimes by runners, pubescent, often hirsute, flowering acaulescently from the ground, also with stems a span to a foot high, bearing 3 cr 4 pairs of long-petioled leaves; these ovate, mostly obtuse and crenate; cauline rarely subcordate and-equalling or shorter than their petioles, or the radical obovate with cuneate attenuate hase: peduncles solitary in the forks and terminal, all but the radical ones elongated: involucre one-third and yellow rays half inch long. — Spec. ii. 920 (Pluk. Alm. t. 83, f. 4, & 242. £3); Walt. Car. 217; Michx. FL ii. 148; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. C. Virginianum & C. Diotostephus, DC. 1. c. Diotostephus repens, Cass. 1. ¢. — Dry ground, S. Pennsylvania to Florida. Varies considerably according to age and season, usually low when blossoming hegins. Var. dentétum, Gray. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate, the tip and teeth, also the tips gf the bracts of the outer involucre, terminated by a more conspicu- ous callous mucro. — Bot. Gazette, viii. 31. — High Island at the falls of the Potomac above Washington, J. Donnell Simith, Ward, Vasey. ; 244 COMPOSITE. Lindheimera. 73. LINDHEIMERA, Gray & Engelm. (Ferdinand Lindheimer, the discoverer of this neat plant, now prized in cultivation, and remarkable for its golden yellow rays simulating a 5-petalous flower.) —Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vi. 225, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 225. Single species. L. Texana, Gray & Encenw. lc. At length 2 feet high from an annual root, hirsute or hispid, branching above, bearing loosely cymose-paniculate usually slender-pedunculate heads: lower leaves spatulate to cuneate-ovate, alternate, coarsely sinuate-deutate ; upper ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a broad closely sessile base, acuminate, commonly entire, mainly opposite, their edges and also the peduncles usually beset with some small tack- shaped glands: ligules half-inch or more long. — Open woods and bottoms of the upper Guadalupe River, &c., Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. 74, ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. (George Engelmann, an eminent botanist, died while this volume was printing, Feb. 4, 1884, wt. 75.) — Torr. & Gray in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 343, & Fl. ii. 283. Angelandra, Endl. Gen. Suppl. iii. 69. — Single species, in structure nearer to Parthenium than to Silphium. F. summer. —— E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray, 1c. A foot or two high from a stout perennial roct, roughish-hirsute or hispid, branching above, and bearing somewhat paniculately disposed heads of golden-yellow flowers on mostly slender naked peduncles: leaves all alternate, deeply pinnatifid ; radical and lower cauline short-petioled and their linear or oblong lobes sometimes sparingly lobulate; upper cauline sessile and with broad base: head about 4 lines high: rays half-inch or more long: akene rough-hispidulous.— Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 11; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2,i.t.2. E. Tevanu, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 155.— Prairies and rocky hills, Arkansas and Louisiana to Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) 75. PARTHENIUM, L. (Ancient name of some plant, from rap6evos, virgin.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose (all E. American), bitter-aromatic; with small heads of whitish flowers ; in summer. — Gertn. Fruct. t. 168; DC. Prodr. vy. 5381; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 284; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 351. § 1. Parruent{strum (Nissole), DC. Ligule more or less evident: caules- cent, usually branching, with alternate leaves either dentate or variously lobed or divided: heads corymbosely or paniculately eymose. * Herbaceous, with membranaccous once or twice pinnatifid leaves, and habit of Ambrosia. == P. Hysterophorus, L. A foot or two high, from an annual root, diffuse, strigoscly pubes- cent, sometimes also hirsute, gencrally green: heads in a loose and open naked panicle: cauline leaves of broadly ovate outline, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 mostly narrow again pinnatifid lobes; of the flowering branches linear or lanceolate and entire or few-lobed : pap- pus of 2 rather large and roundish scales. — Spee. ii. 988; Bot. Mag. t. 2275. Argyrocheta bipinnatifida, Cav. Ic. iv. 54, t. 378. Villanova bipinnatifida, Ort. Dec. iv. 48, t. 6. (P. lo- batum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 457, should he this, by its “annual root,” rather than the following.) — Waste grounds, Florida to ‘Texas, where it may be indigenous, but probably introduced from within the tropics: also an imported ballast-weed as far north as Philadelphia. (Mex., Trop. Am.) P. lyrdtum. A foot high from a truly perennial root, canescent or cinereous with fine and close sometimes also loose hirsute pubescence, erect: heads corymbosely crowded, more pubescent: leaves of obovate or oblong outline, lyrately pinnatifid, the lobes short and ob- long. — P. Hysterophorus, var. lyratum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216. — Texas, in the southern and western parts, Berlundier, Lindh imer, Wright, Reverchon, &e. Equally allied to the preceding species and to the Mexican P. conjertum, Gray. (Adj. Mex.) * %* Fruticose or suffrutescent, with firmer and more simply lobed leaves. — P.incanum, HBK. Decidedly shrubby, 1 to 3 fect high, much branched, canescent with fine tomentum: leaves mostly obovate in outline, sinuately pinnatifid into 3 to 7 oblong or Iva. COMPOSIT.E. 245 roundish and obtuse lobes: heads numerous, paniculate-cymose: ligules commonly longer than bread: pappus a pair of short-subulate erect or at length spreading awns. — Nov Gen. & Spec. iv. 260, t. 391; Gray, Pl. Wright.i.103. P.incanum & P. ramosissimum, DC. Prodr. y. 532. — Dry hills, W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) P. argentatum, Gray. Suffrutescent, a foot high, silvery-canescent with close tomentum : branches erect, rather leafless above, bearing comparatively large and few heads (of 2 ines in diameter) : leaves lanceolate to spatulate in outline, some entire or incisely 2-8-tovthed ; the larger incisely pinnatifid into 2 to 7 acute lateral lobes: pappus a pair of lanceolate chaffy awns.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 86.—S8. W. borders of Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Parry, Palmer. Produces a gum or resin in Mexico.) * * * Perennial herb, with larger heads and leaves; the latter undivided, thickish. e—P. integrifolium, L. Stout, 1 to 3 feet high, minutely pubescent, corymloscly branched above, the branches terminated by a dense cyme of many heads (these a quarter-inch high) : leaves ovate-oblong or narrower, thickly crenate-dentate, rarcly doubly dentate or somewhat incised, hispidulous-scabrous, prominently veiny from a strong midrib; radical a foot or more long and tapering into a petiole; upper cauline closely sessile and broad at base: pap- pus a pair of small chaffy teeth or scales. — Spec. ii. 988 (Dill. Elth. t. 225: Pluk. Alm. t.53 & 219); Lam. Il. t. 766; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 4; Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. — Dry ground, Mary- land to Illinois and Texas. § 2. Borérnytem, Torr. & Gray. (Bolophyta, Nutt.) Ligule wanting, the corolla being reduced to a truncate tube, which is obscurely notched at back and front: acaulescent cespitose perennial. P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray, lc. Densely tufted on a thick branching caudex, depressed, rising only an inch or two high: leaves crowded, silvery-cauescent with a fine appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely inch long, entire: heads solitary and nearly sessile among the leaves: pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous scales. — Bolophyta alpina, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Svc. n. ser. vii. 347. — Rocky Mountains in Wyoming (at 7,000 feet), on rocks near the Three Buttes, Nuttall. 76. PARTHENICE, Gray. (MapOevixy, a poetical form of the word from which the name of the preceding nearly related genus is derived.) — Pl. Wright. ii. 85; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 552.— Genus of a single species, allied also to the succeeding genus. P. mollis, Gray,].¢c. Annual, with odor and savor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, panicu- lately branched, minutely puberulent-cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any coarser pubescence: leaves membranaceous, all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (as much as 10 or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-petioled: heads small (2 lines broad), numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles, mostly pedicellate : flowers greenish-white. — Hillsides and along streams, $8. Colorado to Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, &c. F. autumn. 77. IVA, L. (An unexplained name.) — American herbs or shrubs; with entire or dentate or dissected Jeaves, at least the lower ones opposite, and small spicately or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads: fl. summer. — Lam. Il. 766; Geertn. Fruct. t. 164; DC. Prodr. v. 629. Ira & Cyrlachena (Fresen.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. il. 255; Benth. & Tlook. Gen. ii. 352. § 1. Crcracn#na. Heads naked-paniculate, inconspicuously bracteate : co- rolla of the 5 fertile flowers a very short rudiment or none: leaves membranaceous, from incisely serrate to dissected, mostly petioled: flowers somewhat inclined to polygamo-dicecious through abortion of the ovaries: annual herbs. — Cyclachena, Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. Franc. 1836, & Linn. xii.; Torr. & Gray. 1. ¢. 285. 246 COMPOSIT.A. Iva. % Heads nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated in a panicle. == [, xanthiifélia, Nurr. Tall and coarse (3 to 5 feet high), pubescent, at least when young : leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or incisely serrate, acu- minate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above, and when young canescent beneath : panicles axillary and terminal: involucre depressed-hemispherical, biserial; outer of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or trun- cate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity aud half embrace the obovate-pyriform and glabrate akenes (on the apex of which sometimes persists a minute crown answering to the obsolete corolla, or this wholly absent).— Gen. ii. 185. I. (Picrotus) xanthiifolia & paniculata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 347. Cycluchwna xanthiifolia, Fresenius, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286. Euphrosyne santhi/folia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 85.— Alluvial ground or along streams, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall. I. dealbdta, Gray. A foot or two high, canescent with floccose wool except the elongated and narrow terminal panicle: leaves in greater part alternate, soft-tomentose, reticulate- veiny (14 to 3 inches long), from obscurely angulate-toothed to laciniately piunatifid, cune- ately or abruptly contracted at base into a short winged petiole: heads only a line long: involucre of only 5 obovate concave somewhat herbaceous bracts: corolla of fertile flowers a short cup or ring: akenes pyriform, roughish and glandular.— Pl. Wright. i. 104. — Val- leys of S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., Thurber, &c.) * * Heads pedicellate, in looser panicles, more or less leafy-bracteate: habit and foliage of Euphrosyne. _—— I. ambrosizefolia. A foot or two high, hirsute or villous-hispid, paniculately branched : leaves almost all alternate, thin, twice or thrice piunately parted into small oblong lobes: involucre of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous outer bracts, and as many smaller obovate thin- scarious inner ones: corolla of fertile flowers a mere vestige: akenes turgid-obovate. — Euphrosyne ambrosiefolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 102, ii. 85. — W. borders of Texas and ad- jacent New Mexico, Wright. (Mex.) § 2. Iva proper. Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaves or foliaceous bracts, and nodding: fertile flowers with evident corolla. — Jva, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. e. * Heads in terminal and solitary or paniculate compact squarrosely bracteate spikes: leaves not coriaceous: root annual, R. hirta, L.\ Stouter and larger, 1 to 3 feet high from a biennial or sometimes annual root rough-hispid and hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly’ entire, slightly triplinerved, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles: rays when well developed an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored toward the base: disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in fruit. — Spec. ii. 907 (Dill. Elth. t. 218); Michx. Fl. ii. 143, mainly ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 82: Torr. & Gray, 1. c., chiefly. R. gracilis (Herb. Banks.?), Nutt. Gen. ii. 178? a depauperate form. R. discolor, Ell.2 not Pursh. R. serotina, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80, at least the cult. plant described, fide -herb. Acad. Philad. R, strigosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soe. vii. 354, a hairy and short-rayed form. — Dry and open ground, Saskatchewan and W. Can- ada to Florida, Texas, and Colorado: naturalized in grass-fields in Eastern States: flowering early as a biennial. : , ° = = “tyle-tips short and thickened, obtuse ( ; d in &, mollis narrower and sometimes acutish): pap- pus more or less manifest: perennials. a, Chaffy bracts of the receptacle obtuse and glabrous or nearly so, with blackish-purple tips of the same hue as the corollas, so that the hemispherical at length globose-ovoid disk is deep black- purple: rays golden yellow, not rarely orange toward the base: akenes small, equably quad- rangular: pappus a very short commonly 4-toothed crown. == R. filgida, Air. Hispid or hirsute, a foot or two high: leaves from narrowly to oblong- lanceolate, mostly entire, lowest and radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into slender petioles: foliaceous bracts of the involucre often ample and equalling or semper ines half the Rudbeckia. COMPOSITE, 261 length of the 12 to 14 fully inch-long rays: disk over halfinch in diameter. — Ait. Kew. iii. 251; Bot. Mag. t. 1996; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 54, & iii. t. 98 (both figures doubtful) ; Torr. & Gray, l.¢., partly. RB. chrysomela, Michx. Fl. ii. 143. 2. discolor, Pursh, F). ii. 574 DC. 1. c., hardly of Elliott. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania? and Virginia to Louisiana and Texas, west to Missouri; flowering rather late. R. spathulata, Micux. Strigulose: stem slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high: leaves obovate or spatulate, or the uppermost lanceolate, denticulate or sparingly serrate, their pubescence wholly appressed and short; radical and lowest cauline leaves mostly roundish at summit, at base abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, or even subcordate: peduncle usually elon- gated: involucre commonly shorter and rays fewer and broader than in the preceding, and disk smaller. — FI. ii. 144; Nutt. Gen. ii. 178. BR. Heliopsidis, A. H. Curtiss, coll. no. 1427, not Torr. & Gray. R. fulgidu, Torr. & Gray, l.c., var. y, & B in part. — Pine woods, Vir- ginia to Tennessee and Florida, ~—~R. speciosa, Wexverorn. Sparsely strigulose or hispid, or glabrate : stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually with spreading branches terminating in long naked peduncles: leaves ovate- lanceolate or the upper elongated-lanceolate, bright green, irregularly serrate or some laciniately dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline oblong or ovate, 3-5- nerved, abruptly contracted into long margined petioles: rays 12 to 20, elongated, at length inch and a half long: disk two-thirds to three-fourths inch high at maturity, the tips of the purple chaffy bracts sparingly or obscurely ciliate: akenes larger and longer than in the related species (line and a half long), more curved.—Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828, & in Flora, 1829, i. Suppl. 30; Schrad. in DC. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gard. Chron. 1881, ii. 372, fig. 72. Probably R. aspera, Pers. Syn. ii 477. BR. fulgida, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i, t. 14. — Moist ground, Penn. to Michigan, Arkansas, and upper part of Alabama. Long cultivated in gardens as R. fulgida, &e. 8. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle with the obtuse tips canescently puberulent or pubescent, and the flowers duller purple; the di-k therefore browner. 1. Cauline leaves all closely sessile or partly clasping. not nervose: bristly style-tips little thick- ened: akenes small: p:ppus very short or obsolete. — R. mollis, Ert. Cinereous, the leaves with fine and close pubescence, the (2 or 3 feet high and usually branching) stem with hirsute or villous hairs, leafy: leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate, somewhat triplinerved (1 to 3 inches Jong): rays 12 to 20, at length inch and a half long and disk fully half-inch high. — Sk. ii. 453; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. spathulata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 574.— Dry soil, Georgia and Florida. 2. Cauline leaves mostly petioled: heads small: quadrangular akenes only a line long: pappus an obscure crown or hardly any. R. Helidpsidis, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous, 2 feet high, rather slender, branched above: leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat serrate, triplinerved and with a pair of nearly basal nerves, abruptly contracted, the upper into short and wing-margined, the lower into long and naked petivles: peduncles rather short and corymbose: involucre much shorter than the at Jength globular disk (which is hardly half-inch high) : rays light yellow, 10 or 12, an inch or less long. — Fl. ii. 310.— Pine woods, Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Cherokee Co. and Lee Co., Alabama, Buckley, J. Donnell Smith. 3. Cauline leaves mostly petioled and like the radical 3-5-nerved ; the veinlets reticulated : heads large and showy: the soon drooping light yellow rays 1 or 2 inches long, and the eiey hee at length somewhat conical receptacle becoming three fourths of an inch high: involucre rather small: akenes somewhat compressed: pappus a conspicuous cup-shaped irregularly dentate or crenate crown: stem 2 or 3 feet high, usually simple, and head long-peduncled. R. alismeefolia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or minutely scabrous: leaves oval, obtuse i sometimes acute, obscurely repand-dentate or entire, 3 to 6 inches long, abruptly pales into the petiole: rays 10 to 15. —Fl. ii. 310.— Plains and open pine woods, S. Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and adjacent Texas, Learenworth, Hale, Drummond. - R. grandifiéra, C. C. Guetrs. Hispidulous and- scabrous throughout : Jeaves more rigid, ovate to oval-lanceolate or uppermost lanceolate, commonly acute or acuminate at se St sparingly serrate or denticulate, 4 to 9 inches long: rays 20 or more. — Hort. pel : arlsr. 1811; DC. 1. ¢. 556 (with some erroneous characters as to chaff and pappus, taken ae plant of R. hirta); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Centrocarpha grandiflora, Don in Sweet. Brit. Fl. 262 COMPOSIT. Rudbeckia. Gard. ser. 2, t. 87, but has not the character of his genus, which was founded on R. triloba. — Dry plains, Arkansas and W. Louisiana. * * Disk from globular to cylindrical, greenish, fuscous, or yellowish; its chaffy bracts navicular or more conduplicate, truncate or obtuse, little surpassing the mature akenes, sometimes Cecid- uous from the receptacle at full maturity: style-branches with short and truncate-capitate or obtuse tips: akenes comparatively large and somewhat compressed, inserted by a more or less oblique or lateral areola, the more lateral when the receptacle is elongated: root in all perennial, +— Rays several or numerous, an inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow: bracts of receptacle pubescent at summit. ++ Leaves entire or barely dentate: disk when well developed at length columnar, an inch or two long, three-fourths inch thick; the receptacle bodkin-shaped: akenes about 3 lines long: pap- pus a conspicuous irregularly toothed or denticulate cup: herbage completely glabrous and smooth, or sometimes slightly scabrous in age: stems simple or nearly so, and the long-pe- duncled heads solitary or few: involucre comparatively small. — § WZucrvcline, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 812. R. nitida, Nurr. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves bright green, commonly lucid, thin- coriaceous, nervose-ribbed, mostly acute, denticulate or entire; radical and lower cauiline ovate-spatulate to lanceolate-oblong, taperiug into long margined petioles, upper cauline sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 313. R. laevigata? Nutt. Gen. 178, not Pursh.— Wet ground, lower part of Georgia to Florida and Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. Var. longifélia. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or broader, attenuate to both ends, sparingly dentate or repand-denticulate, more nervose-veiny, in age sometimes minutely scabrous; radical and lowest cauline 8 or 10 inches long, an inch or more broad in the middle. — &. glabra, DU. Prodr. v. 556. — Near Savannah, Georgia, according to herb. DC. Tuskegee, Alabama, Beaumont. Manatee, Florida, (/arber. ——R. maxima, Nutr. Stem 4 to 9 feet high, and whole plant smooth and glaucous: leaves from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, with numerous pinnate veins, the larger a foot or less long; upper cauline subcordate-clasping. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 354; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Moist pine woods and plains, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. ++ ++ Leaves more or less dentate, sometimes 2-lobed at base: pappus a conspicuous crown deeply cleft into four irregular chaffy lobes: Pacific species! R. Californica, Gray. Pubesceut, slightly scabrous: stem simple, 2 to 4 feet high, bear- ing a solitary long-peduncled head: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the upper sessile by a narrow base : rays from half-inch to 2} inches long, surpassing the loose linear bracts of the involucre: disk from short-oblong to cylindraceous (becoming sometimes 2 inches long); its bracts canescent at summit: akenes flattish. —Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. Calif. i. 347. — California; moist ground in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Bridges. ++ ++ ++ All or most of the cauline leaves 3-7-cleft or divided: pappus a short toothed or nearly entire crown: disk from globular or even hemispherical to oblong-cylindraceous in age, dull yellowish; the tip of the chaffy bracts canescent. =—R lacinidta, L. Gilabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely hispidulous-scabrous, at Jeast on the margins and upper face of the leaves: stem 2 to 7 fect high, branching above : leaves veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate; radical commonly pinnately 5-7-foliolate or nearly so, and divisions often laciniately 2-3-cleft; lower cauline 3-5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those of the branches few-toothed or entire: involucre loose and irregular, foliaceous: rays svon drooping, few or several, oblanceolate. — Spec. i. 906 (Curnuti, Canad. t. 179, &e.); Michx, Fl. ii. 144; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 16; Torr. & Gray, lc. A. laciniata, quinata, & digitata, Mill. Dict. ed. 6. 2. laciniuta & digitata, Ait. Kew. iii. 251; DC.1. e.— Moist ground, commonly in thickets, Canada to Florida, and westwardly from Montana to New Mexico and Arizona, A variable xpecies, of which an extreme form is Var. himilis. A foot or two high, simple or branching, commonly slender, glabrous : radical leaves diverse, some of them undivided or with roundish divisions : heads smaller ; the rays seldom inch long and globular disk barely half-inch high.— Probably R. leviyata, Pursh, 1. ¢.— Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee, common in open woods, &c., at 4,000 to 6,000 Lect. Li pachys. COMPOSITE. 265 R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Cincreous-pubescent : stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender, bearing several somewhat corymbose short-peduncled small heads: leaves coarsely and rather vbtusvly serrate; some of the radical cordate-obicular aud undivided, others with 3 ovate undivided leaflets, the terminal peticlulate , lower cauline 8-5-parted ; upper all ovate, cvarecly toothed, nearly sessile : rays an inch or less long: disk in fruit globose and barely half-inch high. — Fl. ii. 312; Chapm. F]. 228. — Swamps, Middle Florida, Chapman. + -+— Rays wholly wanting: proper tube of disk-corollas very short: disk brownish, from ovoid to columnar; its chaffy bracts puberulent at tip: receptacle bodkin-shaped: akenes rather large: scarivus cupulate-coroniform pappus very conspicuous: stem stout, nearly simple, 2 or 3 feet high: involucre foliacebdus, variable. — § Acosmia, Nutt. . +R. occidentalis, Nurr. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : leaves undiviied, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irregularly and sparingly dentate (4 to 8 inches long); upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; lower abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes: disk in age becoming inch and # half long, and akeunes 2 lines long.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. — Wouds along streams, Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon; first. coll. by Nwtail, Sierra Nevada in Butte Co., California (Bodwell), &e. — R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stunt: leaves (& to 12 inches long) pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate upper- most cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes: disk cylindraceous or ‘cylindrical, at length often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter: akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 lines long. — Proce. .Am. Acad. xvii. 217. — Rocky Mountaius of Colorado, £. Hui, Brande- gee, the latter in the Elk Mountains. § 2. Dracopts. Akenes nearly terete, not angled, minutely striate, destitute of pappus, inserted by an obliquely lateral areola, and subtended by navicular bracts, which are more or less deciduous in age. — Dracopis, Cass., DC.. &e. = R. amplexicatlis, Vaux. A foot or two high from an annual root, smooth and glabrous, somewhat glaucous, leafy; the branches terminated by solitary rather showy heads: leaves strictly one-ribbed, reticulate-veiny, from entire to sparingly serrate; lower oblong--patulate and sexxile by a tapering hase ; upper oblong and ovate with cordate-clasping base. involucre of a few small foliaceous bracts: rays oblong, half-inch or more long, yellow, often with a brown-purple base. disk brownish, cylindraceous in age : receptacle slender: akenes small, minutely rugulo-e-roughened transversely between the suleate striw.— Act. Hafu. ii. 29, t. 4 (1793); Schkuhr, Handb. t. 259; Pursh, FL ii. 573. 2. amples: folia, Jacq. Ic. Rar iti. t. 592 (1793). R. perfoliata, Cav. Tc. t. 252. R. spathulata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178 (excl. hab.), not Michx. Dracopis amplexicaulis, Cass. Dict. xxxv. 273; DC. Prodrm +. 558; Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 316. — Low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 96. LEPACHYS, Rat. (Aeris, a scale, and rays. thick, the upper part of the bracts of the receptacle thickened.) — Herbs (Atlantic N. American) ; with pinnately divided or parted alternate leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy heads, the drooping rays mostly broad, yellow or partly brown-purple; the disk at first erayish. the truncate inflexed tips of the chaff canesceutly pubescent ; disk-corollas yellowish turning fuscous. Heads redolent with anisate odor when bruised. Chaffy bracts commonly marked with an intra-marginal purple line or spot, containing yolatile oil or resin. Fl. summer. — Less. Syn. 225; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 313. Lepachys & Ratibida, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 1819, 100. Obelis- cearia, Cass. Dict. xlvi. 401 (1825); DC. Prodr. v. 558. $1. Akenes with convex or obscurely angled faces: root perennial. — Obelis- caria, Cass. % Stvle-tips lanceolate-subulate: rays large and long. “= L. pinndta, Torr. & Gray, Le. Strigulose-pubescent and scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high, slender: leaves 3-7-foliolate, and the leaflets lanceolate or broader, usually sparsely serrate, sometimes lobed, the uppermost commonly confluent: rays pure yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 264 COMPOSIT.A. Lepachys. often 2 inches long or more, very much exceeding the at length short-oblong disk: chaffy bracts of the receptacle becoming much corky-thickened at the enlarging summit: ovary not rarely wing-margined ; akenes subcuneate-oblong, the inner margin acute and salient, and produced at summit into a short rounded tooth, which is occasionally aristellate-pointed. — L. pinnatifida & L. angustifolia, Raf. 1c. Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. Cels. t.71; Smith, Exot. Bot. i. t. 38; Bot. Mag. t. 2310. R. digitata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2247, excl. syn. £2. tomentosa, El. Sk. ii. 453, as to herb., hardly of char. Obeliscariu pinnata, Cass. 1. ¢. ; DC. 1. ¢.— Dry prairies, W. New York to Michigan and Iowa, south to W. Florida and Louisiana. * %* Style-tips short and obtuse: rays oval or oblong, mostly shorter than the fruiting disk, not rarely particolored with brown purple: akenes commonly with a searious and more or less cili- ate margin or sometimes narrow wing to the inner edge: divisions or lobes of the leaves mostly entire. — L. Tagétes, Gray. A foot high, branching, leafy, strigulose-cinereous: leaves thickish, mostly with 3 to 7 narrowly linear rather rigid lobes: heads rather short-peduncled: rays few, a quarter to half an inch long: disk globose to barely oblong, half-inch high: pappus of one or sometimes two subulate or awn-like deciduous teeth, and no intermediate squamelle. —Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 103. Lepachys columnaris, var. Tagetes, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 106. Rudbeckia Tagetes, Janes in Long Exped. ii. 68. &. globosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii..19, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. ¢. 355. Obeliscaria Tagetes, DC. 1. v.— Alluvial plains, Arkansas to W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by James. e==T,. columnaris, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. Strigose-scabrous, a foot or two high, branching from the base, terminated by long peduncles bearing a showy head: divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2-3-cleft: rays commonly an inch long or more, normally all yellow: disk at length columnar and inch or more long: pappus of the preceding, but usually a series of minute and delicate squamellx around the broad flat summit. — Rudbeckia columnaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 575; Bot. Mag. t. 1601; Hook. Fl. i.311; Sprague, Wild Flowers of Amer., 43, t. 8. Ratibidu sulcata, Raf. 1c. R. columnaris, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. u. ser. iv. 361. Obeliscaria columnaris, DC. 1. ¢.— Plains and prairies, Sas- katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Texas and Arizona. Var. pulchérrima, Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Differs only in having a part or even the whole upper face of the ray brown-purple; varies southward into more slender and branch- ing forms, some with rays reduced to a quarter-inch.— Obeliscaria pulcherrima, DC. 1. c. Ratibida columnaris, var. pulcherrima, Don, 1. ¢. t. 361.— Nebraska to Arizona and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) § 2, Akenes completely flat: style-tips slender-subulate, very hispid: root’ probably annual or biennial. — § Lophochena, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. L. peduncularis, Torr. & Gray. Strigose-scabrous or pubescent and somewhat cinereous, 2 or 3 feet high, including the naked peduncle of a foot or more: leaves rather large, irregularly bipinnately parted or pinnately parted and some of the lobes incisely pinnatifid or toothed, these oblong-linear or broader: rays obovate, an inch or less long and pure yellow, or sometimes only quarter-inch long and particolored: disk cylindrical, the largest an inch and a half long: akenes broadly and somewhat obliquely obovate, with no nerye or elevation on the face, from narrowly to broadly winged and squamellate-fimbriate on at least the inner edge, deeply notched at summit by an extension into two chaffy teeth, the inner one large and triangular-subulate, the outer smaller, and the notch fringed with small irreg- ular squamellx. — Fl. ii. 315.— Low ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, &e. Var. picta, Griy. Pubescence more cinereous : leaves simply and lyrately pinnately parted into fewer (5 to 7) divisions; these incised, the larger terminal one ovate-oblong or obovate: rays barely half-inch long, hrown-purple with yellow edge: disk becoming inch and a half long.—Pl. Wright. 1.107. Z. serrata, Buckley in Proc, Acad. Philad. 1861, 457, — Texas, near the coast, and in sandy woods, Wright, Buckley, Hall. 97. WEDELIA, Jacq. (Prof. G. W. Wedel, of Jena, in the latter part. of the 17th century.) — Tropical herbs or undershrubs, mostly of sea-shores; with opposite leaves, and lateral or terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. One species has reached our southernmost coast. Balsamorrhiza. COMPOSITE, 265 W. carndésa, Pers. Perennial herb, slightly strigose-hispidulous, glabrate: stem exten- sively creeping, sending up erect branches: leaves tleshy, mostly sessile, cuneate-oblong to obovate, somewhat serrate, often with some coarse teeth or 3 to 5 short lobes: ravs golden yellow, 3-toothed, little surpassing the oblong foliaceous involucral bracts: akeues (3 lines long including the cupulate pappus) much thickened and muricate-scabrous at maturity, the attenuate base compressed and sharp-cilged. — Syu. ii. 490; DC. Prodr. v. 538: Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 371. Si/phium trilobatum. L. Spec. ed 2, ii, 1302 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 107, £. 2; Sluane, Jam. t. 155, £1). Buphthalmum repens, Lam. — Biscayne Bay, s. E. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind., 8. Am.) 98. BORRICHIA, Adans. (Ole Borrich, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.) -- Shrubs or suffruticose and more or less fleshy plants of the sea-coast. canescent, or becoming glabrate and green; with opposite entire or denticulate leaves tapering somewhat into a petiole, and rather large heads of yellow flowers on terminal peduncles: fl. summer. — Fam. ii. 130; DC. Prodr. vy. 485, —— B. arboréscens, DC. Shrub 4 feet or less high, fleshy, much branched: leaves spatulate- lancevlate, rigidly mucronate, veinless: involucre appressed: bracts of the receptacle oltu-c or barely mucronate.—Prodr. l. ¢. .{steriscus, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 43. Coronua-sol.s Srutescens, &c., Plum. ed. Burm. t. 16, f. 2. Buphthalmum arborescens, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1273. — Sandy shores and Keys, 8. Florida. (W. Ind. to Peru.) == B. frutéscens, DC. Less woody, more permanently canescent ; the simpler stems 1 to 3 feet high: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, from obovate to spatulate-lanceolate, sometimes deutate : bracts of the involucre smaller and looser, spreading in age; of the receptacle spinuluse- cuspidate.— Prodr. 1. ¢. Asteriseus frutescens, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 38, £44. Chrysanthemum Sruticosum, &e., Catesb. Car. i. t. 93. Buphthaliaum frutescens, L. Spec. ii. 903; Walt. Car. 212; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 268. — Sandy sea-coast, Virginia to Texus. (Mex., &c.) 99. BALSAMORRHIZA, Hook. (BdAcapov, balsam, pila, root.) — Low perennials (all of Central and Western N. America): with thick and deep roots, which exude a terebinthine balsam. and send up a tuft of radical leaves. mostly on long petioles, and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked scapes. bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers; the rays ample and numerous. Cauline leaves when present alternate or occasionally opposite, petioled. The root, when peeled (to get rid of the terebinthine rind) and baked. is an article of food to the aboriyines, and the akenes are also eaten. — Fl. i. 310 (under Hel/opsis); Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 800; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 41. $1. Ligules becoming thin-papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous from the canescently pubescent akenes. — Kalliactis, Gray, |. ¢. B. Careyana, Gray, 1c. Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous: flowering stems a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to 7 racemosely disposed head:: leaves subcoriacevus, entire, reticulated ; the radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length: involucre half-inch or more high: ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a very short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate and very hispid throughout. — Sandy plains on the Clearwater, Idaho, fl. May, Syw/ding. Rediscovered on the Wallawalla, Washington Terr., 1883, by Brandegee, with the rays deciduous from the mature fruit. § 2. Ligules deciduous in the ordinary manner: akenes glabrous: stems or scapes terminated by solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 heads. 2 x Leaves entire or merely serrate; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and jong-peti- oled. —§ Artorkiza, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Suc. vii. 350. Eypeletia, Nutt. Jour, Acad. Ph.lad. vii. 39, not Humb. & Bonpl. s==B. sagittata, Nerr. Silvery-tomentulose or canescent, and the involucre white-woolly : radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so (4 to 9 inches long, the 266 COMPOSIT. Balsamorrhiza. base 2 to 6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length); the few and inconspicuous cauline from linear to spatulate: scape at length a foot or more high: rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 348. &. sagittata & B. helianthoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Lc. ; Torr. & Gray, lv. LEspeletia helianthoides & E. sagittata, Nutt Jour, Acad. Philad. vii. 38, t.4. Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh, FI. ii. 564. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Mon- tana and Brit. Columbia, the border of California, and S. Utah. Young stalks, root, and seeds used for food by the Indians. Outer bracts of the involucre sometimes oblong-lanceo- late, foliaceous, and surpassing the disk (as in Pursh’s original); or all more imbricate and conformed, the outer shorter. = B. deltoidea, Nutr. Trans. l.c. Green, more or less pubescent or glabrate: leaves broadly cordate to cordately ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid, from irregularly serrate to entire, 4 to 10 inches long: scape with small lanceolate or rarely ovate leaves, not rarely 2-3-cephalous: rays an inch or more long.— Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. B. glabrescens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 817.— Idaho and Brit. Columbia to $. California. B. Bolanderi, Gray. Green, glabrate: stems stout, a span or two high, and bearing 2 or 3 subcordate nearly entire leaves, similar to and as large as the radical ones: principal invo- lucre of the short-peduncled head a single or double series of ovate-lanceolate foliaceous bracts, over an inch long: apparently disk-akenes flattened.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. — California, at Auburn, and on the Sacramento, Fremont, Lich, Bolander. %* %* Leaves not cordate and entire, varying from laciniately dentate to pinnately or bipinnately divided: heads sulitary on a naked scape, or scapiform stem bearing a pair of small opposite leaves towards the base: thick caudex or root exceedingly balsamic-resiniferous. Perhaps all forms of one polymorphous species. —§ Eubalsamorrhiza, Nutt. B. macrophylla, Nurr. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous: leaves ample, ovate or oblong in out- line, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnately parted into broadly lanceolate and commonly entire lobes (of 2 or 3 inches in length): scapes a foot or two high: bracts of the involucre from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of the rays. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 350; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 168.— Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson. B. terebinthacea, Nurr. Slightly and minutely if at all canescent: leaves from green and glabrate to minutely hispidulous-scabrous, or barely hirsutulous at margins, at length rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate and with cuneate or truncate base (4 to 8 inches long, 1 to 3 wide), spinulosely dentate or sometimes crenate-dentate, or some laciniate-incised, or even pinnatifid: scapes a span to a foot high: involucre lanate-tomentose, of numerous and narrow linear-lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal bracts, an inch long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 349 (name only); Gray, Pl. Fendl. 82. B. Hookeri, var., Torr. & Gray, lc. Heliopsis? terebinthacea, Hook. Fl. ii. 310?— W. Idaho to E. Oregon, in hard or stony ground, Douglas, Spalding, Nevius, Cusick. = B. Hookeri, Nurr.1.c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pubescence, but not at all hirsute: scapes and leaves a span to a foot high; the latter lanceolate or elongated- oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised: involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate ; its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outermost foliaceous and enlarged. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var.; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. lc. Helopsis? balsamorrhiza, Wook. 1. ¢.— Hills and rocky plains, eastern parts of Washington Terr. to Nevada and W. California; first coll. by Douglus. Var. incana. Densely white-tomentose: leaves often of broader outline, — B. tneana, Nutt. 1. ¢, 350; Torr, & Gray, lc.— Wyoming and Montana to northern parts of Cali- fornia; first coll. by Nuttall. B. hirsuta, Norr.1.c. Green, roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomentose nor canes- cent: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or divided, the divisions (9 to 15 Hines in length) incisely toothed or again pinnatifid, soon rigid: scapes a span to a foot high : invo- lucre hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, of narrowly lanceolate or more attenmate bracts. — Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Eaton, 1. c.— Utah to Brit. Columbia and N. E. California, in the dry region ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall. W'yethia. COMPOSITE. 267 100. WYETHIA, Nutt. (Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who collected the species on which the genus was founded, and with whom Nuttall subsequently crossed the continent.) — Stout and mostly low perennials (W. North-American) ; with more or less balsamic or resiniferous juice, ample and undivided pinnately veined alternate leaves (commonly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers. (Thick roots and secds were food of the Indians.) —Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 351; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 654. Alargonia, DC. Prodr. v. 537. * Itays from “ pale yellow” or dull straw-color to white. — The original MWyethia, Nutt. W. helianthoides, Ncrr. .\ span to a foot and a half high, simple and with a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute: leaves from oval to broadly lancevlate, denticulate or eutire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole: heads an inch high: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous: rays nearly 2 inches long: akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus shorter than the width of the akene, sometimes minute, chaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth.— Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. v. t.5; Gray, 1. ¢.— Northern Rocky Mountains, in moist valleys, 5. W. Montana to E, Oregon, Wyeth, Nevius, Cusick, Watson, Scribner. %* * Rays bright yellow. — Alargonia, DC. (Dedicated to the memory of Hernando de Alarcon, a noble Spanish navigator, who, in 1540, first visited and carefully surveyed the coast of Cali- fornia.) +— Involucre of the very large and broad heads foliaceous; the spreading outer bracts ovate or oblong, commonly 2 inches or more in length, much surpassing the disk (which is of about equal breadth) and often exceeding the rays: akenes very stout and thick, half-inch long, with com- paratively obtuse angles, crowned with a l.rge chaffy-coriaceous calyciform pappus, which is cleft into unequal teeth or lobes: cauline leaves short-petioled. W. helenioides, Nurr.1.c. Very stout, 2 or 3 feet high, floccosely tomentose, glabrate in age: leaves oblong and ovate, mustly entire, radical a foot or two and upper cauline 6 to 8 inches long: akenes pubescent toward the summit.— Gray, PJ. Fend]. 82, Proc. Am. Acad. loc. & Bot. Calif. i. 349. Alarconia helenioides, DC. 1. ¢.— Hillsides around and near San Francisco Bay, California; first coll. by Douglas. W. glabra, Gray. FH. decapétalus, L. Rootstocks rather slender, branching, more or less tuberous-thickened at apex: stem smooth and glabrous below, 2 to 5 feet high; the branches slightly pubescent or scabrous: leaves usually membranaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, saliently ser- rate, green both sides, either smooth and glabrous or above papilluse-scabrous and slightly scabrous below, 4 to 8 inches long, the truncate or somewhat cuneate base abruptly con- tracted into a winged or naked petiole: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear or linear, thin, often foliaceous and surpassing the disk: rays 8 to 10 or more, light yellow, only an inch long. — Spee. ii. 905; Ait. lL c.; Willd. 1 ¢.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3510; Torr. & Gray, l.c. HH. frondosus, L. Ameen. Acad, iv. 290, & Spee. ed. 2, ii. 1277, merely a form with foliaceous involucre. H. strumosus, Willd. 1. c. 2422; Ell. Sk. ii. 420. ZZ. tenuifolivs, Ell. 1. c., thin-leaved form of shady places. — Banks of streams and moist woods, Canada to Michigan, Ilinois, Kentucky, and Georgia, in the upper country. Var. multifidrus ? A. multiflorus, L.1. c.; Bot. Mag. t. 227, known only in culti- vation, from early times; must have been derived from H. decapetalus. It has short and thick rootstocks, somewhat firmer leaves, on naked petioles, larger heads, more numerous bracts to the involucre, and 20 or more rays. The more common form of it in gardens is dwarf, and the disk filled with transformed ligulate flowers. <lender-peduucled, about 3 lines long: outer involucre of 3 to 5 linear foliaceous bracts, hispidly ciliate at base, and overtopping the thin and oval striate inner bracts: outer akenes oval, at maturity ¢vm- biform or becoming oblong by inflexion of the callous wing, destitute of pappus ; innermc st commonly infertile, subulate, attenuate into a scabrous beak, bearing a pair of short decidu- ous awns. — Willd. Spec. iii, 2129; DC. Prodr. v. 632. H. tagetinum, Gray, P). Fendl. £7, & Pl. Wright. ii. 91, a form with simply pinnate leaves often marked with glandular spots, the awns sometimes wholly wanting or caducous.— W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 116. LEPTOSYNE, DC., extended. (Aerroorr7. slenderness; a name applicable to the original, but not to most of the species here associated, except as to the leaves and their divisions.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (of California and Arizona), smooth and glabrous; with alternate or opposite and usually rather fleshy ternately or pinnately divided or dissected leaves. and showy pedunculate heads, both disk and ray flowers brizht yellow. Hahit of Coreopsis (which it represents on the western side of the continent). but mostly with pistil- late rays, and always with a ring on the tube of the disk-corollas or at its junc- tion with the throat. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218. Leptosyne, DC. Prodr. v. 31, with .lyarista, DC. 1. ¢. 569. Corescarpus & Acoma. Benth, Bot. Sulph. 28, 20, t. 16,17. Leptosyne & Pugiopappus, Gray (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104), Bot. Calif. i. 354. ‘ § 1. Ev rertésrxe. Akenes callous-winged and commonly meniscoidal at maturity, a small or obscure saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus: rays pistillate and commonly fertile, obovate, more or less 8-lobed: stvle-tips of the disk- flowers capitellate either with or without a minute setiform cusp: low annuals, with all but the lowest leaves alternate, and long or scape-like monocephalous peduncles: bracts of the outer involucre linear or lanceolate, loose. — Leptusyne, DC. A.€, — L. Douglasii, DC. A span to a foot high, leafy only at or near the hase: leaves once to thrice parted into nearly filiform divisions: rays half-inch or more long: ring of the disk- corollas usually distinctly bearded: akenes thickened at maturity (at least the more fertile outer ones) and corky-winged, also corky-ridged down the inner face, roughened nearly throughout with capitellate or clavate short and rigid bristles: pappus-cup somewhat con- spicuous. — Prodr. vy. 531; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.355; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.356. LZ. Californica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 363, & LZ. Newberryi, Gray, Proc. Am. .Acad. vil. 358, Bot. Calif. 1. c.; state with young akenes or infertile inner ones thin-winged, and ring of corolla- tube less bearded.— California (from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino) and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Douglas: flowering early. L. Stillmani, Gray. Stouter, more leafy below: lobes of the leaves linear, a line or more broad: ring of the disk-corollas beardless: akenes somewhat obovate, quite smooth and naked on the back, becoming papillose or tuberculate on the inner face, at Jeast aluug the slightly ridged centre, the corky wing more or less rugose. — But. Mex. Bound. 92, & Bot. Calif. i. 356. — California, from San Francisco Bay northward and eastward; first coll. by Stillman. 300 COMPOSITA. Leptosyne. $2. Tuckerménnta. Akenes plane, oblong, smooth and glabrous, with obscure wing-like margin: pappus none or sometimes the margins continued into an acute tooth or short naked awn: rays fertile, oblong, obscurely toothed at the apex: ring of disk-corollas beardless : perennial, with more fleshy leaves and thickened succulent stem or caudex: the heads Jarge and showy. — Tuckermannia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. ¢. 363. L. maritima, Gray. Stems low, fleshy-herbaceous from a thick base or caudex: branches terminating in monocephalous peduncles of a span to a foot in length: leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear lobes of a line or two in width: rays 16 to 20, an inch or more long, and disk commonly an inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.; Regel, Rev. Hort. 1872, tab. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, t.81. Coreopsis maritima, Hook. £. Bot. Mag. t. 6241. — 8. Coast of California, at San Diego and on the adjacent islands. L. gigantéa, Kevioce. Fleshy-woody stem 2 to 8 feet high, 1 to 5 inches thick, leafy at top: leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided into filiform lobes: heads smaller (disk half- inch in diameter) on short corymbosely clustered peduncles: inner bracts of the involucre with prominent midrib. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 198; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 356.— California, on the mountains near Sta. Barbara and San Miguel, and islands off the coast; first coll. by Coulter. May be a form of the preceding, but seemingly is quite distinct. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer.) § 8. Puarordppus. Akenes dimorphous; those of the ray- or outermost disk- flowers very like those of the preceding section (oval, flat, glabrous), either fer- tile or sterile; those of the disk also flat, but narrowly oblong, marginless, clothed at least on the margins with long and soft-villous hairs (which are bidentate at apex under a lens), bearing a conspicuous pappus of a pair of linear triquetrous palee: annuals with the habit and otherwise the character of Euleptosyne ; the ample golden yellow rays multinervose, commonly styliferous, not rarely fertile, yet sometimes neutral or with mere included rudiment of style. — Agarista, DC. Prodr. v. 569; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 337, not Don. Pugiopappus, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. l.c., & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, viii. 659. L. Bigelévii, Gray. A foot or less high, with the habit of Z. Douglasii, leafy only at base, and with long often scapiform peduncles: leaves once or twice ternately or quinately parted into narrow linear lobes: involucre half-inch or less high; its outer bracts linear or nearly so, inner oblong-ovate: rays obovate or quadrate-oblong, half to two-thirds inch long, 10-12- nerved: ring of disk-corollas beardless: ray-akenes oblong, with narrow callous-winged mar- gin; disk-akenes elongated-oblong, very villous at the margins, sparsely so or naked on one or both faces, twice the length of the palex of the pappus. — Pugiopappus Bigelovii & P. Breweri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 660, & Bot. Calif. 1. c., the former described from immature and incomplete specimens, in which the villosity of the disk-akenes was little developed. — South- ern part of California, from San Buenaventura and Tejon to the Mohave Desert. L. calliopsidea, Gray. T, gracile, Gray,l.c. More rigid, a foot or two high from a deep perennial root, less branched, naked above: leaves once or twice 3-5-nately divided or parted into filiform-linear or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and entire: bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, very short, ovate or oblong; of the inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their lobes slightly scarious; disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis: akeues less papillose or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns: rays usually none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long. — Bidens gracilis, Torr. Aun. Lyc. N.Y. ii. 215. Cosmidium gracile, Torr. & Gray, 1. e.—Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) %* * Lobes of disk-corollas from ovate to oblong, decidedly shorter than the cylindraceous throat; the proper tube also shorter than in the foregoing: pappus shorter and more coroniform, desti- tute of retrorse bristles or hairs, or wanting. +— Leafy-stemmed, branching, herbaceous to the ground: style-appendages subulate-tipped. T. subsimplicifélium, Gray. Stems slender, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves sometimes all entire and filiform (14 to 3 inches long), sometimes 3-5-parted into filiform entire lobes : outer bracts of the involucre oblong to linear, short: rays half-inch Jong: akenes short- fusiform: pappus 2 minute slightly hairy teeth, or obsolete. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 90. 7. sim- plicifolium, Gray, Kew Jour. Bot. l.c. Cosmidium simplicifolium, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 86.— Rocky prairies, Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) +- + Low, branching from a lignescent base, very leafy below, sending up long and naked or scapiform peduncles: outer involucre short and small: akenes fusiform, more incurved at maturity. T. subnidum, Gray. Rather stout: leaves thickish and rigid, once or twice ternately parted into linear or lanceolate lobes: peduncles 4 to 10 inches long: head rather large (half-inch high): rays sometimes none, sometimes ample (the larger two-thirds inch long and over half-inch wide): style-appendages subulate-tipped: pappus a minute 4-5-toothed naked crown, or obsolete. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 72. Includes also T. subsimplicifolium, var. seaposum, Gray, coll. Parry, &¢«.— New Mexico, S. Utah, and N. Arizona, Palmer, Parry, Ward. Also apparently Green River, Wyoming, Parry, a plant referred to 7. gracile. “———~ T. longipes, Gray. Fastigiately much branched at the woody base, very leafy: leaves 3-5-parted into filiform divisions which are usually no wider than the rhachis: peduncles filiform, wholly simple, 5 to 10 inches long: head small (quarter-inch high), rayless : style- appendages tipped with a very short cone: akenes barely 2 lines long, arcuate at maturity, falling free from the chaff: pappus quite obsolete. — Pl. Wright. i. 109; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 164. — Dry hills and banks, W. Texas and Arizona, IWright, Rothrock (not showing the woody stems), Lemmon. (Mex., Schaffner.) 118. BALDWINIA, Nutt., in the form of Balduina. (Dr. Vm. Baldwin, collaborator with Elliott, died early.) — Apparently biennials or annuals (of S. Atlantic States), mostly glabrous or minutely puberulent: with alternate entire leaves, puncticulate in the manner of Heleniim and yeinless, and solitary or corym- bosely paniculate heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes purplish- tinged: fl. Jate summer and autumn.—Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Ell. Sk. ik 447; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 891. Bulteinia and Actinospermum (Ell), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 888. (True affinity rather with the Heleniofdee.) === B. uniflora, Nurr. 1c. Stem rather stout, simple or simply branched, 1 to 3 fect high from a perhaps “ perennial” root, with terminal usually elongated peduncle bearing a solitary large head: leaves obtuse, spatulate, or the upper linear ; bracts of the involucre numerons, in about 4 series, thickish, at first appressed ; rays 20 to 30, cuneate-linear, 3-toothed at truncate apex, inch or more long: concreted chaff of receptacle truncate: akenes cylindra- ceous-ohconical, with pappus of 7 to 9 narrowly oblong palex of nearly its length. — KIL Sk. ii. 447, — Low pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ; first coll. hy Bartram. ~~ . B. multifléra, Nerv. ic. Slender, from an annual or biennial root, branching above, very leafy up to the several or numerous slender peduncles, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hir- sute: Jeaves all narrowly linear: heads small (3 or in fruit 5 lines high): bracts of the Galinsoga. COMPOSITE. 303 involucre fewer and narrow: rays 8 or 10, cuneate, half-inch Jong, 3-4-lobed at summit: alveoli cuspidate-toothed at the augles: akenes stipitate, turbinate, the flat summit crowned with the pappus of about 12 radiate and orbieular-obovate palex. —.Letinospermum, Ell. 1. ¢. A. angustifoliam, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. Buphthalmum angustijolium, Pursh, F1. ii. 564. — Saud- hills, Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Burtram. 119. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. (Humphry Marshall. author of the earliest indigenous work on the sylva of N, America.) — Low and smooth nearly glabrous perennials (of 5. Atlantic States) ; with fibrous roots, commonly simple stems, and solitary pedunculate (Armer/a-like) heads of rose-purple or white glandular- puberulent flowers, with blue anthers, produced in spring or summer : peduncle puberulent: leaves alternate, entire, mostly 3-nerved, but not manifestly veiny. — Gen. ii. 810; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 390. Persoonta, Michx. Fl. ii. 104, not Smith. Trattenichia, Pers. Syn. 403, not Willd. Therolepta, Raf. * Leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, all but the upper tapering below into a slender sessile base or margined petiole; radical spatulate. M. angustifolia, Pursu. Sometimes 2 feet’ high and branching above. cauline leaves linear, or the uppermost linear-subulate ; radical spatulate: bracts of involucre narrow, mostly acute, rigid, head only half-inch high: corollas pale purple: akeues minutely pubes- cent or at maturity glabrous, longer than the pappus.— Fl. ii. 520; Ell. sk. ii. 316 (& var. eyananthera) ; Torr. & Gray, le. Athanasia graminifolia, Walt. Car. 201. Persoonia angus- tifolia, Michx. 1. ce. Trattenickia angustifolia, Pers. 1. c.— Low pine barrens, N. Carolina (and Tennessee ?) to Florida and Louisiana. M. ceespitdsa, Nutt. More tufted, a foot high or less, either leafy only at hase and with scapiform peduncle, or sparsely leafy-stemmed and sparingly branching: leaves spatulate- linear, or somewhat lanceolate and the upper linear: bracts of involucre narrow-linear, acute or acutish: head two-thirds inch or more high: corollas pale rose-culor or white: akenes obpyramidal, villous on the angles, shorter than the pappus. — Nutt. in DC. Prodr. vy. 680; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3704; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Calcareous soil, Arkansas to Texas; first coll. by Berlandier and Nuttall. fue M. lanceolata, Pursu. A foot or less high, commonly leafy only at base and with scapi- form simple peduncle: leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 3 to 6 lines wide: bracts of involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse: akenes elongated-turbinate, pubescent, much longer than the pappus. — IT). ii. 519; Ell 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. Persoonia lan- ceolata, Michx. 1. v. Trattenickia lanceolata, Pers. 1. ec. —Open dry woods, N. Carolina to Florida, preferring the upper districts. — Var. platyphylla, M. A. Curtis. Leafy-stemmed, sometimes 2 feet high, with spatulate-oblong leaves 2 to 6 inches long, all obtuse. — Chapm. Fl. 241.— Moist or wet ground, N. Carolina, &c., from the middle country westward. x % Leaves thinner, conspicuously 3-nerved; cauline acuminate. M. latifélia, Pcrsn, l.c. A foot or so high, leafy to the middle or more: cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, sessile hy a merely narrowed base, gradually acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long: bracts of the iuvolucre linear, acute or acutish, rigid. — Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. Athanasia trinervia, Walt. 1.¢. Persoonia latifolia, Michx. 1. ¢., t. 43. Trattenickia latifolia, Pers. loc. Aurshallia Schreberi, Tratt. Arch. Gen. i. 108.— Moist soil, Virginia to Missis- sippi, along the middle country. 120. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. (JL Galinsoga, a Spanish physician and botanist.) — Annuals of Tropical America, the common species now widely disseminated. == G. parviflora, Cav. A foot or two high, looseiy branching, slender, somewhat pubescent: leaves thin, ovate, acute, serrate, 3-nerved from near the base, petioled: heads 2 lines long, slender-peduncled from the summit of the branches, somewhat paniculate: rays whitish, barely exserted : disk-flowers yellow : pappus usually of 8 to 16 short paleze. — Ic. iii. 41, t. 281; DC. Prodr. v. 677; Gray, Man. 264; Reichenb Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 983. — Open or waste grounds, 304 COMPOSIT.E. Blepharipappus. perhaps indigenous to New Mexico and Arizona, an introduced weed about gardens in the Northern States. In indigenous plants of the Southern border (var. Caracasana, & var. semicalva, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 98) pappus of the ray much reduced or wanting. (Mex., S. Amer.) 121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook. (BAcdapis, the eyelash, rémzos, seed-down, from the fringed palez of the pappus.) — A single but variable species. (Transition to the Madiee.) B. scdber, Hoox. Annual, a span to a foot high, loosely branched, puberulent and sca- brous, and with some hispid hairs, above more or less glandular: leaves alternate, narrowly linear, with revolute or involute margins when dry, entire: heads short-peduncled, terminat- ing the paniculate branchlets, 3 to 5 lines high: both rays and disk-flowers white: anthers brownish-purple. — Fl. i. 316; Torr, & Gray, Fl. ii. 391; Gray, Bot Calif. 1. 858. Ptilonella scabra, Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 386.— Dry plains and mountains, interior of Oregon, Idaho, &c., to Nevada and the Sierra Nevada, California. Var. subcalvus, Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. Pappus both of ray and disk obsolete or reduced to hyaline vestiges. — Eastern borders of California, Lemmon, Matthews, &e. Var. levis, Gray, lc, Slender, with filiform branches, almost smooth: heads few- flowered. — California, Bridges. Taken for Hemizonia in Gen. PI. ii. 395. 122. MADIA, Molina. Tarweep. (Jad, the Chilian name of the com mon species.) — Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented ; with leaves entire or merely toothed, some or all of them alternate; heads axillary and terminal; the yellow flowers vespertine or matutinal, closing in sunshine: in summer, — Molina, Chil.; Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298; Don in Bot. Reg.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 893. Aladaria (DC.), Madariopsis, Madorella, Amida, Anisocar- pus, & Harpecarpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Le. § 1. Mapérra. Ligules exserted and conspicuous: disk-flowers sterile or partly fertile: disk-corollas pubescent, except in the first species: herbage hir- sute, the upper part minutely glandular.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 188, & Bot. Calif. i. 558. * Annual, low and slender, with mostly alternate leaves and small heads: pappus both to ray and disk-flowers ! M. Yosemitana, Parry. . W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. L. cinérea, Gray. Tomentose-canescent: leaves more orbicular, almost entire: paprus hardly surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, which is more than half the lenzth of the short-cylindraceous throat: akenes sometinies 4nerved.— Bot. Mex. Bound. $2.— Mocks along Escondido Creek, 8. W. Texas, Biyelow. § 2. Lapaioma proper, Gray, l.c. Pappus of a solitary very slender bristle (very rarely a pair from the same angle), or none: akenes flatter: disk-flowers 15 to 2U: their corollas with longer and glandular tube. —_Ivnothric, Torr. in Stansb. Exped. 3st). t. 7. * Involucre 15-20-flowered, of nearly as many plane and linear pubescent bracts: leaves nearly orbicular in outline, palmately lubed or dissected, not punctate, the lower opposite. L. Lemmoni, Gray. Depre~se:l and diffuse, much branched, hardly a span high, villosely pubescent, leafy throughout: leaves a quarter or third of an inch in diameter and with petiole of equal length, obtusely 3-lobed and the lobes coarsely crenate-dentate : heads (3 or 4 lines long) short-peduncled . rays none: akenes canescently puberulent: pappus a very delicate bristle, or occasionally a pair from the same angle, little surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, or often none. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 191.— Southern Arizona, near Camp Lowell, Lemmon. Var. pedata, Grar,].c. Leaves pedately parted and cut into narrow lobes. — With the other form, also on the Chiricahua Mountains, L-mmon. * * Involucre 15-25-flowered, rather narrow, glabrous, of thinnish nearly plane bracts, 2 or 3 lines long: herbage merely puberulent: leaves mostly angulate-toothed or incised, the lower opposite: heads commonly corymbosely cymose and pedunculate. L. halimifélia, Gray. Stems a span or more high and crowded on a thick woody caudex : leaves coriaceous, resincus-punctate or atomiferons, somewhat viscid, broadly ovate or rhom- bic, seldom inch long, laciniately dentate, abruptly long-petioled: rays 4 to 6, with broad and short ligules little longer than the tube: pappus none. — Pl. Wright. ].c. 99, t.9.—S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. L. angustifolia, Gray. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, tapering into margined petioles, laciniately 1-5-toothed or lobed: heads less numerous, scattered : rays none: other- wise much like the preceding species. —Pl. Wright. }.c. & ii. $1.—S. W. Texas, on high and rocky hills of the Pecos, Wright, Havard, the latter's specimens connecting with var. laciniata, Gray. Bot. Mex. Bound. $2. which proves to be only a form with lony and weak stems, hanging from rucks on the Rio Grande, Bigelow, S hutt. 320 COMPOSITE. Laphamia. L. Lindheimeri, Gray. Stems a foot or less high from a thick woody base: leaves thin- + ner, oblong or ovate, glabrous, few-toothed or some entire, contracted at base into a short petiole: heads loosely cymose: rays 3 to 6, very short, sometimes none: pappus a single slender bristle equalling the proper tube of the corolla. — PL Wright. i. 101. — Rocky banks of the Guadalupe, near New Braunfels, Texas, Lindheimer. * * * Involucre 35-50-flowered, of numerous carinate-concave brac‘s, somewhat puberulent or glandular on the back: herbage minutely puberulent: leaves thickish. + Flowers said to be white: leaves mostly opposite, numerous up to the heads, dentate. L. Palmeri, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent: leaves broadly ovate or deltoi-rotund, rigid, coarsely 5-7-dentate or laciniate-lobed, half-inch long, veiny, abruptly short-petioled: heads somewhat crowded on the fastigiate flowering branches, little surpassing the upper leaves: involucre campanulate, about 35-flowered; its bracts linear, somewhat pubescent: rays none: pappus a bristle of the length of the akene and a little shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 372. — Cafions at Beaver-dam, N. W. Arizona, pendulous from rock-crevices, Palmer, who notes that the flowers are “ creamy white.” + + Flowers yellow: leaves small, 2 to 4 lines long, mostly orbicular, more entire, the upper alternate, scattered: heads solitary and naked, terminating the loose branchlets, nearly hemi- spherical. L. megacéphala, Warsoy. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown; those of flowering branches all very small, alternate, short-petioled: involucre about 50-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, minutely glandular: rays none: pappus none. — Am. Nat. vii. 301. — S. Nevada, Wheeler. L. Stansburii, Griv. Stems slender and lax from a woody base: lower leaves opposite and on petioles of their own length; upper alternate, also slender-petioled: involucre 35—40- flowered, its bracts fewer and broader, lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous: rays 6 to 10, con- spicuous, oblong: pappus a bristle somewhat shorter than the disk-corolla. — Pl. Wright. i. 101; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 164. Jfonothrix Stunsburii, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 389, t. 7.— Rocks on Stansbury Island, &c., Salt Lake, Utah; first coll. by Stansbury. § 3. Diturrx. Pappus a pair of stouter naked bristles, one from each angle of the akene: head only 6-8-flowered. L. bisetésa, Torr. Hispidulous-puberulent, minutely resinous-atomiferous and punctate: stems | to 3 inches high from the woody base: leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous, spatulate- ovate, obscurely few-toothed (quarter-inch long including the petiole): heads solitary and sessile: rays none: involucre (3 lines long) with bracts broadly linear, slightly pubescent, carinate-concave at base: flowers proportionally large: corolla (whitish or pale yellow ?) with glandular tube one-third the length of the campanulate cylindraceous throat: akenes hispidulous-puberulent, the narrow marginal nerves naked : rigid awns rather shorter than the akene, more than half the length of the corolla. — Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 106. — On the Rio Grande, Texas, in a cafion below Presidio del Norte, Parry. 135. PERITYLE, Benth. (IHep/, around; TvAn, a callus; the akenes callous-margined.) — Californian and Mexican herbs, the genuine species mostly annuals; with petiolate dentate or palmately-lobed leaves, lower opposite, upper alternate, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads terminating the branches: disk-flowers yellow (or sometimes white ?): rays when present yellow or white. — Bot. Sulph. 23 & 119, t. 15; Gray, Pl. Fendi. 77, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194, & Bot. Calif. i. 396. P. irckyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is an outlying anomalous species: all the others are as follows. § 1. Crown of the pappus an entire or undulate firm and shallow border: akene hardly ciliate: suffruticulose: transition to Laphania. P. dissécta, Gray. Dwarf, 3 or 4 inches high from the woody base, cinereous-pubescent, very leafy : leaves with blade (quarter-inch long) equalled by the petiole, round-cordate in Perityle. COMPOSIT-E. 321 = outline, pedately cleft or parted and dissected into short linear lobes: heads subsessile 3 or 4 lines high: involucre campanulate, of numerous narrow linear bracts: ravs none; disk- flowers about 20 (perhaps white): akenes linear-oblong, minutely cinereons-hirsute, and thre cartilaginous margins somewhat more hirsute; a short scabrous awn from one angle, of nearly half its length, or this wanting: style-branches slender-subulate, not short and ob- tuse, as said in Proc, Am. Acad. ix. 195.— Laphamia dissecta, Torr. in Pl. Wright. ii. $1. — Rocks at Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico. § 2. Genuine species: pappus a crown of hyaline lacerate squamelle, either somewhat united at base or distinct, rarely obsolete. * or ania perennial, with commonly dissected leaves: rays and perhaps disk-flowers also White. P. coronopifdlia, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, many-stemmed from the woody base, a foot or less high, slender, leafy: leaves small, somewhat pedately or pinnately once or twice divided or parted into linear or narrow spatulate lobes, or some coarser and merely trifid: heads disposed to be paniculate, 3 lines high: rays as long, broadly oblong, coarsely 3-toothed at apex : style-tips slender-subulate: akenes narrowly oblong, glabrate on the faces, densely hirsute-ciliate: awns 2, little shorter than the corolla, —Pl. Wright. ii. $2, & Bot. Mex. Bound. §2.— Rocks on mountain-siles, New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright. Varies with roundish merely incisely-cleft leaves. * * Herbaceous, chiefly and perhaps all with annual root, loosely branching, and bearing scattered pedunculate heads: leaves often palmately cleft. +— Akenes thin-margined, hispidulous or hirsutely ciliate: crown of pappus minute or obsolete and awns wanting: style-appendayes short, acute. (Perhaps extra-limital.) P. Fitchii, Torr. Viscid-pubescent: leaves and involucre nearly of the following species: akenes unknown: ovaries apparently destitute of pappus. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. — “ Cali- fornia, Rev. A. Fitch,” in herb. Torr. Probably from the islands: imperfect, seemingly winter specimens. (To this apparently is to be joined var. Parwenrr, P. Emoryi of coll. Palmer, no. 44, which has the whole aspect and foliage of P. Californica, var. nuda, but akenes narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately oblique, with a short pappus of numerous squamelle united into an erose-denticulate crown. — Guadalupe Island off Lower California.) + + Akenes callous-margined and densely ciliate with long beard: pappus-crown more con- spicuous: awns rarely wanting. ++ Style-branches with short and obtuse or acute minutely hirsute appendages: rays 6 to 12, short, the oblong or broader ligule little longer than the tube, perhaps always white. P. Califérnica, Bextn. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent, also viscid and glandular: leaves broadly ovate or roundish-cordate, incisely lobed or more deeply 3-5-cleft and the lohes coarsely dentate: heads fully 3 or 4 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong: akenes oblong, densely hispid-villous on the margins, crowned with conspicuous squamelle, and with a single more or less barbellate awn of about the length of the akene. — Bot. Sulph. 23, t.15. P. Emory’, Torr. in Emury Rep. (1848), 142; Gray, Bot Calif. i. 397, form with usually more rounded lobed and incised leaves. — Desert-region of the Mohave and Gila, S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower California, Guadalupe Island, &c. Now found by many collectors.) Var. nida, Gray, Bot. Calif. lc, under P. Emoryi. Awn of the pappus none: otherwise as in the P. Emory? form.— P. nuda, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100.— With the aristate form and commoner. (Lower Calif.) P,. plumigera, Gray. Flowering branches only seen, small-leaved, viscid-glandular: heads much smaller than in the preceding (narrowish, barely 3 lines high): akenes oval-oblong, the margins very densely long-villons: awn selitary, longer than the akene, sparsely barbellate- hispid. — P]. Fendl. 1. e. —“ California,” probably Arizona, Coulter. Possibly a late-flower- ing form of the preceding. P. microgléssa, Bestu. Merely puberulent, obscurely glandular above: leaves broadly ovate with subcordate or truncate base, or upper somewhat hastate, incisely dentate, often 3-5-lobed : heads 3 lines high: akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, with broad summit, villous- ciliate margins, and a pair of delicate awns, which barely equal the breadth of the akene and are twice or thrice the length of the crown of squamellee. — Bot. Sulph. 119; Hemsl. Biol. 2h 322 COMPOSIT. Perityle. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 210. P. Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159, not Benth. P. Acmella, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 77, & Bot. Calif. 1. c., with P. Californica, mainly. Spilanthes Pseudo- Acmella, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 150. Boltuniu § Dichetophora sp., Benth. & Hook. Gen. ji. 269. — California, from Monterey?’ southward, Lay g° Collie, Coulter, Parish. (Mex.) Var. effasa. Very much branched from the annual root, paniculately floriferous : leaves and heads smaller (the former half-inch or so, the latter only 2 lines high): akenes correspondingly small, narrowly obovate-oblong. — Santa Cutalina Mountains, 8S. Arizona, Pringle. ++ ++ Style-branches tipped with setaceous-filiform acute hispidulous appendages: rays with narrow ligules, or wanting in one species: disk-corollas slender, with long and narrow throat: akenes oblong: pappus of a rather conspicuous crown of squamella and one long and delicate awn: heads 5 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear: perhaps perennials or with lignescent base, not improbably all of one species. P. leptogléssa, Gray. Minutely puberulent or glabrate, not at all glandular: leaves roundish-subcordate, coarsely and doubly crenate-dentate (half to three-fourths inch long): rays oblong-linear, 4 lines long: akenes (a line long) linear-oblong, with comparatively short hispid ciliation, the setiform awn shorter than the disk-corolla.— Pl. Fendl. 77; Bot. Calif. 1. ec. — “ California,” Coulter, more probably from Arizona. P. Parryi, Gray. Minutely pubescent and obscurely viscid: leaves reniform-cordate, cre- nately dentate and often lobed (the larger inch broad): rays oblong, barely 2 lines long: akenes (a line and a half long) oblong, strongly hirsute-ciliate: awn of the pappus nearly equalling the disk-corolla.— Pl. Wright. ii. 106.—S. border of Texas, or on the Mexican side, in a caiion of the Rio Grande below Presidio, Parry. Also mountains on the Texan side, Havard. P. aglossa, Gray, lc. Somewhat puberulent, obscurely viscid: leaves roundish, with -.. subcordate or truncate base, mostly 3-5-cleft and coarsely dentate (the larger 2 inches broad) : bracts of the involucre very narrowly linear: rays none: akenes narrowly oblong, with rather short and dense hirsute ciliation: awn of the pappus equalling the disk-corolla.— Cafion of the Rio Grande, with or near the preceding, Parry. 136. PERICOME, Gray. (llep/, around, and xépy, a tuft of hairs; a coma of long hairs all round the margin of the akenes.) — Pl. Wright. ii. 82; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406.— The latter authors indicate a Mexican radiate species, of anomalous character, which they associate with the typical P. caudata, Gray, lc. Rather tall widely branching perennial herb, strong-scented, very minutely puberulent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and membranaceons, minutely somewhat resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate (2 to 5 inches long), with sparingly cre- nate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in Jess degree are the basal angles: heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes, half-inch or less high; flowers golden ¥ellow, conspicuously longer than the glabrous involucre: akenes linear-oblong ; the flat faces glabrous, the nerviform margins densely villous-bearded: pappus a crown of hyaline squamella which are more or less connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the fringe dissected into bristles or hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene; also sometimes a slender awn from one or both margins of the akene.— Rocky cations, &e., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Wright, Bigelow, &e. Fl. late summer and autumn. 187. EATONELLA, Gray. (Prof. Daniel Cudy Eaton, author of Ferns of N. America, the Composite of King’s Expedition, &c., grandson of zlmos Haton for whom was named the genus Haton‘a.) —Very floecose-lanate annuals, of California and adjacent Nevada; with mostly alternate leaves and small sessile heads of yellow or white flowers: fl. spring or early summer. — Bot. Calif. 1.579, as subgenus under Activolepis ; Proce, Am, Acad. xix. 19. E. nivea, Gray, l.e. Depressed in a small tuft from a slender root, an inch or so high, subcaulescent, densely leafy, white with long and loose wool: leaves obovate-spatulate, entire, Monolopia. COMPOSIT-E. 23 (oe) equalling or surpassing the sessile heads: involucre of about & narrowly oblong bracts, sub- tending as many ray-flowers: ligules hardly exceeding the disk: disk-corollas 5-toothed ; akenes all compressed and with only marginal callous uerves, linear-obloug, the dark faces polished and shining, the comoxe long and soft villous hairs of the margin bright white: pappus a pair of comparatively large opaque palem, of broadly ovate or quadrate form (the insertion of the two occupying the whole circumference of the akene), sparingly laciniate- dentate or erose at summit, and the middle produced into a subulate naked awn which nearly equals the 4-tuothed corolla. — Burrielia nivea, D. C. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 174, t.18. Acti- nolepis (Eutuurlla) nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 379.— Sterile hills of the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada; in the Pah-Ute Mts., Nevada, Watson, and Surprise Valley, E. California, Lemmon. E. Congdéni, Gray. A span or two high, loosely branching, sparsely leaved, floccosely lanate : leaves-oblong linear, sparsely sinuate-dentate or repand: heads short-peduncled or nearly sessile at the summit of the stem: involucre of 5 or 6 oval-oblong herbaceous bracts : ray-flowers none: disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes oval (the faces at first pubescent, at length glabrate), the outermost triangular-obcompressed, the others compressed and flat: papyus of 2 to 4 very thin and hyaline erose-laciniate awnless palex, not exceeding the long villosity, forming a crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. — California, at Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Cong- don, and on the San Joaquin, Parry. 138. MONOLOPIA, DC. (Movédoros, sinyle husk, alluding to the uniserial involucre.) — Annual herbs, Californian, clothed with floccose wool; with alternate (or only lower sometimes opposite) sessile leaves. and compara- tively large pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers terminating the stem and few branches. — Prodr. vi. 74; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 343, 344. Spiridanthes, Fenzl in Endl. Gen. Suppl. ii. 105. § 1. Monorérta proper. Ray-corollas with ample coarsely 3—4-toothed or lobed ligule, and bearing at base on the opposite side of the style a roundish denticulate appendage: leaves undivided, strictly sessile or partly clasping by a broadish base. — Bot. Calif. i. 383. M. major, DC.1.¢. A foot or two high, rather stout and simple; the floccose white wool tardily deciduous: leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, repand-serrate to entire: bracts of the broad (half-inch high) involucre united to above the middle, the lobes triangular- ovate: ligules 6 to 10 lines long: akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. — Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 344, & Bot. Mag. t. 3839; Gray, Bot. Calif. l.¢. Hologymne Douglasti, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 64. —Common in low ground, through W. California. Var. lanceolata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢. .A mere form, with bracts of involucre dis- tinct to near the hase. — VW. lanceolata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 175. Near Los Angeles, &c. M. gracilens, Gray. . Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &. (Lower California, Ort.) 148. HYMENOPAPPUS, L’Her. (From tyijv. membrane, rérros. pappus. the latter of hyaline palew.)— North American and North Mexican herbs (chiefly of the prairies and plains), perennial, biennial, or some perhaps winter annuals, mostly floceose-tomeutose and with suleate-angled erect tems. alternate 1—2-pinnatifid or parted leaves. the lower sometimes entire, and corym- bosely cymose or solitary pedunculate middle-sized heads of white or yellow flowers. Leaves in some species evidently impressvd-punctate. When the corolla is deeply cleft the nerves of its lobes are deeply intramarginal. FI. spring. — ~L’Her. Diss. cum icon.”; Michx. Fl. ii. 195; Cass. Dict. lv. 266, 279; DC. Prodr. v. G58: Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. %* Lobes of the white corolla as long as the short-campanulate or crateriform throat; the tube long and slender, much exceeding the short pappus: stamens with even the filaments mo-tly exserted : akenes merely pubescent, clavate-vbpvramidal, with much thickened summit and stipitiform base: involucre of comparatively lax and partly white-petaloid bracts: heads corymbiform- cymose and rather numerous, on short peduncles: comparatively Eastern species, bienuials, 1 to 3 feet high. +— Pappus of very small obovate or roundish nerveless palee forming a crown, much shorter than the breadth of the summit of the merely pubescent akene, often minute, even obsolete: floccose or pannose tomentum thin, sometimes deciduous. H. scabioséus, L’Her. Leafy to the top, thinly tomentose: radical leaves pinnately parted or occasionally entire, cauline irregularly 1-2-pinnately parted into broadly or nar- rowly linear lol.e- : heads about 5 lines hizh: the brvad involucre suewhat radiate-expanded, its mainly white bracts roundish-cbovate, at first surpassing the disk: akenes short-pubescent. — Michx. Fl. ii. 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 372. Llothia Curolinensis, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. i. 16, t. 1, & Ill. t. 667. — Sandy pine-barrens, Middle Florida to 8. Carolina, and west to Tlinois and Texas. H. corymbésus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, smaller, and glabrate, naked above: lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into narrowly linear acute divisions and lobes: heads 3 or 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre much smaller, shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit only greenish-white: akenes puberulent. — Fl. ii. 372. — Prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. The var. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, as to plant in herb. Torr., belongs here, but the H. tenuifolius of Nuttall in other herbaria ix Pursh’s species. +— + Pappus of larger spatulate-chovate palez, in length nearly equalling the breadth of the summit of the villous-pubescent akene, partly traversed by a callous-ihickened axis or obscure costa. — H. artemisiefdlius, DC. Pannosely or somewhat floccosely white-tomentose, or some- what denudate in age: leaves from simply pinnatifid or lyrately few-lubed, and sometimes quite entire (lanceolate or oblong), to bipinnately parted into broadly linear or narrowly oblong obtuse divisions and lobes: heads 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre obovate- oblong, about equalling the di-k-flower-. dull white, lower half green. — Prodr. y. 655: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 372. — Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. % %* Lobes of the corolla more or less shorter than the throat: pappus conspicuous, of spatulate or narrow palez, which have a manifest costa or thicker opaque axis, this evanescent near or beluw the obtuse or retuse apex: akenes villous: involucre greener, less petaloid. 336 COMPOSIT.A. Hymenopappus. +— Stems leafy, from a biennial root a foot or two high: heads rather numerous and corymbosely cymose, on rather short slender peduncles: corolla-tube slender, throat short, and lobes rather long. » .. H. flavéscens, Gray. Densely white-tomentose, sometimes glabrate in age: leaves once or twice or even thrice pinnately parted; the divisions or lobes from narrowly to rather broadly linear: heads 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the involucre roundish-obovate or ovate, with greenish-white or barely yellowish margins: corolla from yellowish to yellow, and short-campanulate throat almost equalled by the lobes: akenes rather short-villous: pale of the pappus spatulate, usually only half the length of the slender corolla-tube. — Pl. Fend]. 97, & Pl. Wright. i. 121, ii. 94 (excl. the last var.); Rothrock in Wheeler Exped. vi. 167, where one form is printed “ . canescens.” H. robustus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63, stout specimens of the form with finely much divided leaves and somewhat reduced pappus. — Sandy plains and valleys, W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) —— H. tenuifolius, Pours. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green: leaves rather rigid, once or twice (or radical thrice) pinnately parted into very narrowly linear or fili- form divisions, their margins soon revolute: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: involucre more erect and close; its bracts oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins: corolla dull white ; its lobes moderately shorter than the throat: palew of the pappus shorter than the corolla-tube, oblong-spatulate: akenes long-villous.—Fl. ii. 742; Nutt. Gen. ii. 139; DC. Prodr. v. 658; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas, and apparently also in Utah. +_ + Stems clustered on a perennial caudex, leafy below, naked above, bearing fewwor solitary comparatively large heads. ome, filifélius, Hoox. Tomentose-canescent, or somewhat denudate and glabrate: stems a span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform : leaves nearly of /. tenu/fol/us, or of more filiform rigid divisions: heads a third to half inch high: bracts of the inyolucre oblong or obovate- oblong, largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged: corolla yel- lowish-white or sometimes clear yellow, its reflexed lobes or teeth very much shorter than the throat: akenes very long-villous: pales of the pappus equalling or much shorter than the tube of the corolla, but commonly equalled by the villosity of the akene.— FI. i. 317, but the pappus is not “extremely minute.” . jilifolius & H. luteus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. lc. 2. tenuifolius, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 173.— Rocky Mountain plains, from Nebraska and Montana to New Mexico, mountains of Arizona, and southern borders of California. The forms referable to H. luteus are more white-tomentose, have shorter and more crowded lobes to the leaves, and southward have almost scapiform stems. Northeastern forms are greener, more leafy, and with smaller heads, approaching HZ. tenuifolius. * %* % Lobes of the honey-colored or yellow corolla much shorter than the throat: akenes broad, the faces almost destitute of nerves: pappus obsolete or wanting: root perennial: fl. July—Oct. H. Mexicanus, Gray. Densely floccose-tomentose, sometimes denudate in age, a foot or two high from a thick root or caudex: radical leaves from lanceolate to spatulate, and from entire to pinnately parted, the lobes entire; upper cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, often entire: heads few or several and loosely corymbose-paniculate, 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, green with yellowish tips: akenes slightly pubescent and glabrate. —Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. H. flavescens, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 94.— Mountain ravines, New Mexico, Wright, Greene, Rusby. (Mountains near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, these certainly perennial, Schaffner.) 149. FLORESTINA, Cass. (Probably dedicated to a female friend.) — Slender annuals (of Mexico and its northern borders), leafy-stemmed, loosely paniculately branched, pubescent and above beset with stipitate glands: all but the lowest Jeaves alternate, petiolate, simply palmately or pedately divided into entire segments, rarcly entire: heads loosely paniculate, quarter-inch high: flowers white or flesh-color, in summer. — Bull. Philom. 1815, & Dict. xvii. 155, t. 86; DC. Prodr. v. 655, excl. spec. — Consists of the Mexican F. pedata, Cass., and the following. ne) Polypteris. COMPOSIT.E. Soe F. tripteris, DC.1.c. Lowest leaves commonly ovate or oblong and entire; others of 3 ova] or oblong or the upper linear leaflets : tips of involucral bracts and flowers usually dull white: anther-tips acutish. — Gray, PL Wright. i. 121.—S. Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (.\dj. Mex.) 150. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. (odv’s, many, and wrepis, meant for rrepor, wing ; many-winged or feathered, i. e. the pappus.) — Southeastern N. American herbs (entering Mexico), more or less scubrous-pubescent; with undivided and mostly entire petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate. and loosely corymbose- cymose or paniculate and pedunculate heads of rose-purple or flesh-colored flowers, in summer and autumn. ~ Gen. ii. 139; Ell. Sk. ii, 314 (not of DC., which was a Gallard’a) ; Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soe. ser. 2, 577; Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Part of Pulsfusia, Less., DC., &e. : §$ 1. Heads homogamous, middle-sized or small: bracts of the involucre her- baceous up to the small sphacelate colored tip: corollas d-parted nearly down to the slender tube: akencs narrowly obpyramidal: root annual. (Nearest to F'lo- restind.) —— P. callésa, Gray,l.c. Slender, paniculately branched, a foot or two high: leaves linear, slightly petioled: peduncles glandular: involucre turbinate, 10-12-flowered, quarter-inch high, of § or 10 linear-oblong bracts: akenes minutely pubescent or glabrous: palew of the pappus all short, obovate or roundish, with costate-thickened centre seldom reaching the obtuse or erose and retuse apex, occazionally minute or wholly wanting. — Stevia callosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 121; Bart. Fl Am. Sept. t. 46. Florestina callosa, DC. Prodr. y. 655. Palafoxia callosa, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 369.— Low or dry ground, Arkansas to Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. =P. Texdna, Gray, lc. Stouter: leaves from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate-oblong (at least below), distinctly petioled: peduncles less glandular: involucre campanulate or broader, 20-30-flowered, 3 to 5 lines high, of § to 12 spatulate-oblong bract~: pale of the pappus from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with slender nearly complete or slightly excurrent costa, sometimes almost as long as the akene, in the outer flowers often much shorter. — Palaforia Terana, DC. Prod. v. 124; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.— River-banks, Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) § 2. Heads heterogamous, larger, with palmately 3-lobed rays: di-k-corollas parted not quite to the filiform tube: bracts of the involucre herbaceous up to the small and narrow sphacelate colored tip: akenes slender: root annual. P. Hookeridna, Gray, l.c. Stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, above glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid: leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, mostly 3-nerved below: inyo- lucre many-flowered, broad, half-inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate bracts in two series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with purplish tips: ray-flowers § to 10, the deeply 3-cleft rose-red rays half-inch long. but sometimes reduced or abortive: pappus in the ray a crown of 6 to § short and obtuse rather rigid spatulate palee; in the disk of narrowly lancevlate thin pales, traversed by an excurrent costa. attenuate at apex into a slender point or short awn, nearly of the length of the akene.— Stevia sphacelata (Nutt.), Torr. in Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 214. Palafoxia Terana, Hook. Tc. Pl. t. 148, not DC. P. Hookeriana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 368; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5549, with var. subradiata, a reduced state. — Sandy plains of Nebraska to Texas. (Adj. Mex.) § 3. Heads homogamous, rather large: corollas with the base of 5-parted limb forming a short-campanulate throat: involucre more imbricated and whitish- scarious. glabrous: akenes slender: root perennial. — Polypteris, Nutt. — P. integrifélia, Ncrt. Not glandular: stems 2 to 5 feet high, fastigiately corymbose at summit, almost glabrous: leaves scalirous, lanceolate and obtuse, upper ones linear, lowest spatulate-vbluug tu obovate: heads fully half-inch high, many-flowered : principal bracts of 22 338 COMPOSITE. Palafowia. the involucre obovate-spatulate, very obtuse, thin, mainly whitish, some outer or accessory bracts narrower and shorter, partly herbaceous: corollas white or flesh-color: palew of the pappus little shorter than the akenes, linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate, more vr less pointed by the excurrent tip of the strong costa.— Gen. ii. 139; Ell. Sk. ii. 314, not DC. Paleolaria fastiqiata, Less. Syn. 156. Palafoxiu fastigiata, DC. Prody. vy. 125. P. integri- folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 269.— Pine barrens, Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Dr. Baldwin. 151. PALAFOXIA, Lag. (José Palafox, noted Spanish general.) — Her- baceous or suffruticose plants (of Mexico and the U. S. borders) ; with branching stems, rather large scattered or loosely cymosely disposed pedunculate heads of flesh-colored or whitish flowers; the leaves linear to oblong, alternate, entire, the lower short-petioled. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 26 (Elench. Hort. Madr. 1815); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 31. Palafoxia in part, Less., DC., Benth. & Hook. P. vatrréxra, DC. Prodr. v. 125, of Southern Mexico, is unknown to us, and by its opposite cordate leaves and obovate involucral bracts is probably of some other genus. * Anomalous species, connecting with Polypteris. P. Feayi, Gray. A foot or two high, suffruticose at base, very leafy to near the summit, minutely scabrous: leaves short (little over inch long), oblong or ovate-oblong and rounded at both ends, or uppermost lanceolate and acutish, thickish, 3-nerved at base: heads corym- bosely cymose, over half-inch high: involucre campanulate, about half the length of the flowers; its bracts spatulate-linear, at apex truncate-obtuse and somewhat purplish-sphace- late: corollas with oblong lobes fully half the length of the cylindraceous throat: pappus shorter than the corolla-tube and several times shorter than the glabrate akene, of 8 oblong rigid pointless lacerately scarious-edged pale (comparable with those of some outermost flowers of the following).— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59, xix. 31.—Coast of 8. Florida, in sandy soil, Feay, Chapman, Curtiss, no. 1507. * * Genuine species, with narrow and paniculately scattered heads, narrowly linear involucral bracts, these in age usually concave and applied to the subtended akenes. —— P. linearis, Lac. 1.c. Flowering as an annual, but becoming perennial and frutescent, strigose-cinereous and partly hirsute or hispid, slender flowering branches sometimes glanduliferous: leaves linear, or lower ones lanceolate, more or less canescent: heads about inch long, 15-30-flowered (or by depauperation 10-12-flowered) + corolla-lobes oblong-linear, half the length of the throat: pappus of 4 (sometimes 5) linear hyaline palex with strong and rigid excurrent costa, and little shorter than the slender akenes, or sometimes 2 to 4 additional and shorter blunt ones, or in the outer flowers all reduced, short, and of firmer texture, with imperfect costa, or abortive. —DC. Prodr. v. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2132. Ageratum lineare, Cav. Ic. iii. 3, t. 205. Paleolaria carnea, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816, & Dict. P. leucophylla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 291, & Bot. Calif. i. 388, a shrubby form with reduced pappus, from seeds of which were raised plants having nearly the ordinary pappus of the species, which, although flowering as an herb with seemingly annual root along the Mexican border, was originally described as shrubby.—On the Cvlorado near Fort Yuma, &e., 5. California, aud Arizona. (Mex.) 152. RIGIOPAPPUS, Gray. (From piy.os, stiffened, and admros, pap- pus.) — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548, Bot. Calif. 1.387; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406, — Single but variable species. R. leptocladus, Gray, 1. Slender annual, a span to a foot high, minutely hirsute-pubes- a cent to almost glabrous, paniculately or subcorymbosely branched : branches commonly filiform, elongated, and leafless below, smooth, simple or proliferous, bearing solitary heads : leaves all alternate, very narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the heads small and subulate: involucre 3 lines high: flowers yellow but often changing to pur- ple or whitish: palew rather than awns of the pappus from half to two-thirds the length of the akene, 3 to 5, occasionally only 2 or 1, or rarely wanting. — Dry ground, interior region of Washington Terr. to the middle of California and Nevada; first coll. by Lyall. : Cheenactis. COMPOSITE. 339 Var. longiaristaétus. A small form: involucre only 2 lines high: pappus of (mustly 3) more slender awns, subulate-dilated at base, much longer than the corolla, rather longer than the akene. — Rattlesnake Bar, California, Mrs. Curran. 153. CHA NACTIS, Dc. (Xaivo, to gape, and deris, ray. the enlarving orifice and limb of the marginal corollas in most species simulating a kind of ray.) — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent (Western N. American) ; with alter- nate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, and pedunculate solitary or sometimes cymosely disposed heads of vellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers. Pappus more commonly shorter or of fewer pale in the outer flowers. .Akenes pubescent, rarely glubrate.— Prodr. vy. 659; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 401; Gray, Proe. am. Acad. vi. 545, x. 738. § 1. Cuenactis proper. Pappus of entire or merely erose persistent palez, rarely obsolete: akenes more or less tetragonal or terete, slender. * Corollas yellow, the marginal ones with enlarged throat and limb, somewhat unequally or as if palmately 5-lobed: annuals, mostly winter annuals, flowering in spring. +— Pappus of 4 (rarely if ever ‘5 or 6”) nearly equal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate acut- ish pale, at least the inner attaining to the throat of the corolla. ——C. lanésa, DC. Floccosely white-woolly when young, flowering from near the hase with (3 to § inches) long naked peduncles, the earliest scapiform: leaves thickish, simply pin- nately parted into a few narrowly linear (rarely again parted) lobes no wider than the rhachis, or uppermost entire: heads half-inch high: involucral bracts nearly linear: marginal flowers moderately ampliate, not surpassing the disk. — Prodr. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 370; Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 389.— Califurnia, common from Monterey southward to San Ber- nardino, &e. C. glabriuscula, DC. Taller, stouter, more caulescent, a foot or more high, thinly flocense, at length denudate. branching above, and with stout sometimes elongated peduncles Learing solitary heads of two-thirds to three-fourths inch high: leaves with more numerons and irregular lobes: bracts of the involucre broader, thickish, glabrate, obtuse: marginal corollas with much ampliate and more palmate limb, surpassing the disk. — Prodr. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c. C. denudata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 177. The var. megqacephala, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104, is merely a larger form. — California, from valley of the Sacramento southward. @—C. tenuifdlia, Nctrt. Somewhat white-tomentulose when young, glabrate, ]uosely branched, often diffuse, bearing scattered or paniculately disposed heads (a third of an inch high) on short slender peduncles: leaves once or twice pinnately parted into irregular and =mall linear or oblong or sometimes nearly filiform lobes: involucral bracts narrow, rather rigid: limb of marginal corollas short, not surpassing the disk.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 375; Torr. & Gray, l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. Lc. C. filifolia, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98, the most slender-leaved form. On the sea-shore occurs an opposite extreme, with primary divisions of the leaves pinnatifid into very short and thickish lobes. — Coast of California, from Santa Barbara to San Diego; also San Bernardino. +— -+— Pappus of very obtuse mostly unequal palex, or obsolete. C. heterocarpha, Gray. Lightly floccose, soon denudate, a span or two high, simple or sparingly branched: leaves pinnately or sometimes bipinnately parted into irregular and unequal rather crowded and short divisions and lobes: heads half-inch high, mostly on rather long peduncles terminating stem and branches: bracts of the involucre broadly linear or sometimes wider: limb of the marginal flowers conspicuously ampliate, surpassing the disk: pappus of inner flowers of 4 elliptical-oblong pale fully half the length of the corolla, and with 4 or fewer alternate outer and roundish very short ones, but these occasionally wanting ; in the outermost flowers all shorter or very short. — Pl. Fendl. 98, & Bot. Calif. l.c. Var. tanacetifolia, Gray, 1. v. (C. tanacetisolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545), proves to be only a stunted and condensed form. — California, from the Upper Sacramento and Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co.; first coll. by Hartweq. C. Névii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Dwarf, rather stout, puberulent, or leaves nearly glabrous: peduncles short: marginal corvllas little ampliate: pappus of a few minute denti- 340 COMPOSIT&. Cheenactis. form vestiges: otherwise resembles the preceding, so far as an insuffitient specimen shows. — Coll. in Idaho, 1876, Nevius. %* %* Corollas white or pale flesh-colored. +— Marginal ones with throat and limb manifestly enlarged, and unequally 5-lobed or even pal- mately ligulate: bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or acutish: pappus of 4 pale: winter annuals. —— C. Fremonti, Gray, l.c. Glabrate, the slight woolliness caducous, or glabrous, except the puberulent or hispidulous peduncles, a foot or less high, rather stout: leaves thickish, narrowly linear, many entire, some with 2 to 5 similar linear lobes: heads half or two-thirds inch high, terminating rather simple erect branches: bracts of the involucre thickish, rather acute, with prominent midrib: marginal corollas comparatively large and conspicuous, ligu- lately palmate, not rarely developing a cuneate almost equally 4-5-cleft ligule (of 3 lines in length): palez of the pappus linear-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with manifestly thickened axis at base forming a vanishing costa. — Desert of the Mohave and Lower Colo- rado, California, and adjacent Nevada and Arizona, Fremont (imperfect specimen), Newberry, Parish, Lemmon, &c. Partly confounded in Bot. Calif. with the next. —C. stevioides, Hoox. & Ary. Floccose-tomentose, glabrate in age, seldom a foot high, freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous somewhat cymosely disposed heads (of half- inch in height) on short slender peduncles: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into short linear lobes, uppermost rarely entire: bracts of involucre narrowly linear, obtuse, with obscure midrib: marginal corollas with moderately ampliate unequally 5-lobed limb, not surpassing the disk : pale of the pappus scarcely thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate and shorter than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, sometimes much shorter. — Bot. Beech. 353; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 371; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 172. — Dry interior region, Utah and S. Idaho, to eastern side of Sierra Nevada and through Arizona; first coll. by T'olmie. C. brachypappa, Gray. Resembles the preceding : leaves perhaps thicker : heads broader: involueral bracts with prominent midrib: palee of pappus alike in inner and outermost flowers, quadrate or slightly cuneate, very truncate, not longer than the short proper corolla- tube, barely one fourth the length of the akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390, & Bot. Calif. i. 889.—S. E. Nevada, iu the Pahranagat Mountains, J//ss Searls. +— +- Marginal corollas little enlarged, nearly regular: receptacle commonly with a few fimbrille or bracts in the form of setiform awns: bracts of the receptacle very narrowly linear, cuspidately or setaceously acuminate: pappus of 4 palew: winter annuals, minutely puberulent, with no woolliness. —C. carphoclinia, Gray. A foot or less high, diffusely much branched, slender, bearing numerous scattered heads (barely half-inch high) on short filiform peduncles: leaves 1-2-pin- nately parted into almost filiform lobes: involucre 30-40-flowered: awns on the receptacle 5 to 10 among and nearly equalling the flowers, rigid, persistent : palew of the pappus ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and little or moderately shorter than the inner corollas, or in the outer much shorter, occasionally very short. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 94, & Bot. Calif. 1c. — Arid districts, W. Arizona and S. Utah to 8. E. California; first coll. hy Gen. Thomas. C. attenuata, Gray. More slender, with narrow 15-20-flowered heads: ray-corollas hardly at all enlarged: hardly any fimbrille on the receptacle : palex of the pappus very short, broadly obovate-cuneate and truncate: otherwise nearly like the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. x, 73, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Ehrenberg, Arizona, Janvier, through Canby. +— +- + Marginal corollas not larger than the others (or only slightly so in C. XNantinna). receptacle quite naked: involucral bracts pointless, narrowly linear, rather loose, the midrib obvious: pappus of 4 conspicuous palew and usually 2 to 4 small alternating outer ones: leaves simply pinnately parted, with divisions entire or merely 1-2-toothed: winter annuals. C. Xantiana, Gray. Stout, often a foot or more high, tomentulose when young, some glabrate: ascending simple branches terminated by large (three-fourths to inch long) solitary many-flowered heads on thick often fistulous peduncles: leaves with a few narrowly linear distant lobes, or some cutire: corollas with short oval or oblong lobes a little bearded ex- ternally, or in the margin rather broader and more spreading, but equal: anthers partly exscrted (in the manner of the genus): pappus of 4 lanceolate palex little shorter than the corolla, and of as many very short obovate or obcordate ones. —Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, Chenactis. COMPOSITE. 541 x. 74, & Bot. Calif. i. 390, with var. integrifolia, which is more slender, fewer-flowered, and usually entire-leaved. C\. glabriuscula, var. megacephala, (sray, Jour, Bot. Nat. Uist. Sue., vii. 146, not Pacif. R. Rep. — Eastern California and adjacent Nevada, from Tejon to Car- son, &c., Dr. Horn, Anderson, Lemmon. ——-C. macrantha, Earoy. A span high, rather simply branched from the hase, canescently tumentulose, partly glabrate: leaves short, with linear or oblong-linear lobes usually ap- proximate : heads 12-20-flowered, mostly shert-peduncled, or the earlier on longer naked peduncles from uear the base of the stem: bracts of the involucre thinnish, more or less tomentose: corollas half to three-fourths inch long, narrow, externally pubcrulent, all alike; the 5 short teeth linear-oblong, ascending or barely spreading : anthers wholly included in the throat, the tips lanceolate: pappus of 4 linear-oblong palex barely half the length of the corolla, and 2 to + very short cuneate-oblong ones, but these occasionally obsolete or wanting. — Bot. King Exp. 171, t.18; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Hills in the desert region, W. Nevada to S. Utah and the Mohave in California ; first coll. by Watson. + + + + Marginal corollas not distinctly larger than nor different from the others (the lobes if slightly larger still regular): bracts of many-flowered involucre linear or somewhat spatulate, obtuse, sometimes one or two loose and shorter outer ones: pappus of 8 to 14 mostly equal and large obtuse palew: biennial, perennial, or suffrutescent plants: fl. summer. — Muero- carphus, Nutt. ==C. Douglasii, Hoox. & Ary. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose or pannose tomen- tum, or sometimes early glabrate, a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or more enduring root: leaves mostly of broad outline and bipinnately parted into crowded short and very obtuse divisions and lobes: heads from half to three-fourths inch lung, in larger plants several or numerous and corymbosely cymose: pale of the pappus from linear- ligulate to narrowly oblong and from half to three-fourths the length of the corvlla, or in marginal flowers shorter and broader.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. l. c. C. Douglasii & C. achillewfolia, Ilook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 354; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. ¢.; Torr. in Stansh. Rep. t. 6. Hymenopappus Douglasii, Hook. Fl. i. 316; DC. Prodr. +. 658: Mucrocarphus Dunglasc’ & M. achillewfolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Suc. u. ser. vii. 376. — Dry plains and mountains, Montana to New Mexico, west to Washington Terr. and Cali- fornia. From 8. E. California, Palmer, an incomplete specimen of a peculiar large and glabrate form, with sparser divisions to the leaves, and shorter spatulate-oblong palexw of pappus. Very variable species. Var. alpina. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly svlitary heads, surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex or rootstock. — Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, of the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Terr. Seems distinct from the fol- lowing. ——€. Nevadénsis, Gray. Very dwarf, in small tufts surmounting filiform branches of sub- terranean rovtstucks, mostly growing in volcanic scoriw or ashes: leaves small (half to barely inch Jong), densely white-woolly, crowded, obovate or flabelliform-cuneate in outline, once or twice pinnatifid or parted into obovate or spatulate-linear loles: peduncles inch or less long, bearing a solitary rather narrow head. — Bot. Calif., 390. Hymenopappus Niva- densis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Avad. \ 46.— Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, Califoruia, from Shasta and Lassen to the sources of the San Joaquin, Aefloyq, Muir, Lemmon, &e. == C,. santolinoides, Greexs, in herb. Subcaulescent perennial: leaves all crowded on short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown, white-tomentuse, linear in outline, with broadish rhachis thickly beset with small (line or so long) oblong obtusely few-lobed and crispate divisions: peduncles scapiform, 4 to 6 inches high, simple or once or twice forked, glandular and viscid: head half-inch high, rather narrow: pappus of Sor 10 linear-ligulate pale, a little shorter than the corolla.— San Bernardino Mountains, above Bear Valley, S. E. California, Parish. C. suffrutéscens, Gray. Canesctntly tomentose, a foot or more high from decumbent woody stems: leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 7 narrowly linear entire or rarely 1-2-toothed divisions : heads solitary or scattered, on slender peduncles, three-fourths inch high: pappus of 10 to 13 linear or narrowly ligulate-oblong pale a little shorter than the corolla, vr in the outermost flowers considerably shorter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100. — California, on the EO Paithet 342 COMPOSIT A. Chenactis. rocky banks of the Sacramento, below Mount Shasta, Lemmon (perhaps a mistake as to habitat); S. E. California, south of San Jacinto Mountains, Parish. § 2. AcarPH#A. Pappus of deciduous and fimbriate palee, or wanting: akenes obovate- or linear-clavate, hardly angled, blackish: involucre viscid : corollas whitish or ochroleucous, all alike or nearly so, the marginal not obviously ampliate: annuals. —Acarphea, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98; characterized anew in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. C. artemisizfdlia, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched, furfuraceous- pubescent, somewhat viscid, above glandular-hirsute, especially the naked summit and peduncles and involucre of the loosely cymose-paniculate heads : leaves 2-3-pinnately divided or parted into short linear or oblong lobes: involucre broadly campanulate, half-inch high, many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, acute: akenes linear-clavate, flattened, hardly at all angled, the sides minutely impressed-striate ; epigynous disk small and obscurely annu- late. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. l.¢. Acurphea artemisievjilia, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32. —San Diego Co., California; first coll. by Coulter. C. thysanocarpha, Gray. Slender and low annual, paniculately branched, viscid-puber- went, with some early deciduous villosity, sparsely leafy up to the subsessile small heads: leaves narrowly linear, entire: involucre barely 3 lines high, of few linear-oblong and vis- cidulous bracts, 7-10-flowered : akenes clavate-obovate, obscurely angled: pappus about half the length of the corolla, of 8 or 9 nearly equal thin spatulate pales which are erosely fim- briate quite down to their unguiculate base, deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30.— Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.? California, at 9,800 feet, Rothrock, no. 345. Apparently depauperate or unseasonable specimens of a peculiar plant; coll. Sept. 154. HULSEA, Torr. & Gray. (The late Dr. GW. Hulse, U.S. Army.) — Herbs, of the Sierra Nevada and its continuations, viscid-pubescent and bal- samic-scented, most of the species when young floccose-woolly ; with alternate mostly sessile entire or dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or scattered large heads of yellow flowers, or rays sometimes purple; in summer. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 98; Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 77, t. 13; Bot. Calif. i. 385. * More or less floccose-woolly when young, and denudate in age: upper leaves reduced in size and bract-like on the naked flowering branches or peduncles: root perennial, or in the first species per- haps biennial. H. Californica, Torr. & Gray, lc. Robust, 2 feet or more high, leafy, bearing several paniculately disposed heads, when young whitened by long and soft loose wool: leaves entire or nearly so; lower spatulate or lingulate, uppermost ovate-lanceolate to linear: invo- lucre two-thirds inch high and broad; its bracts very numerous, linear, gradually acute, villose-lanate : rays very many, with linear ligule half-inch long: palex of the pappus «uad- rate-oblong and somewhat equal, or the two over the principal angles longer, erose-denticulate at summit. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 386. — 8. California, in mountains of San Diego Co., Parry, -and (near Campo, June, 1880), Parish, G. R. Vasey. H. vestita, Gray. Commonly a foot or less high from a rosette of pannosely white-tomen- tose spatulate leaves (either entire or lyrately dentate, tardily somewhat denudate); the flowering stems sometimes scapiform and monocephalous, commonly sparsely leaved below and bearing two or three slender pedunculate heads: involucre half-inch high, of mostly broadly lanceolate viscid-pubescent bracts: rays little surpassing the disk-flowers, sometimes shorter, or even wanting, yellow or changing to reddish; pappus of conspicuous and silvery quadrate erose-toothed pale, either nearly equal or two rather longer.—Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547, & Bot. Calif. i. 387. (Forms have been distributed under the names of 77. Parryi, Gray, and IT, cullicarpha, S. Watson.) —S. ¥E. California; volcanic hill south of Mono Lake, Brewer, low, scapiform, with large head. San Jacinto Mountain, San Diego Co., 1882, Parish. Mohave country, San Bernardino Co., Parry, 1876, form with dentate or almost pinnatifid leaves. Alsu a more leafy and branched form, 2 feet high, with more deciduous wool and rather longer rays, Parish. Blennosperma, COMPOSITE. 343 === Var. pygmea. Depressed, rising only 2 inches high, the head subsessile in the tuft of leaves: rays saffron or rose-colured. — San Bernardino Co., on the summit of Greyback Mountain, Lemmon, W. G. Wright, and Bear Valley, Parish. H. algida, Gray. .\ span or two high from a deep perennial rootstock, the villous or cot- tony wool caducons, viscid pubescence remaining: stem simple, stout, terminated by a solitary short-peduncled large lead: leaves linear-lingulate, irregularly dentate, sometimes with large salient teeth ; lower crowded (2 to 5 inches long, quarter to half inch w ide), upper gradually smaller and sparser: involucre almost inch high and broad; its bracts linear, attenuate-acute, lax, villose-lanate and viseid: rays very numerous, linear, nearly half-inch long, yellow: pappus short, not exceeding the breadth of the akene, equalled by its hairs; the palew deeply fimbriate-lacerate.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547, Bot. Calif. i. 386.— Cali- fornia, on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Dana southward, Brewer, Bolunder, Muir, on Mount Whitney up to 13,700 feet, Rothrock. H. nana, Gray. A span high from long branching rootstocks rising through volcanic ashes and scorie, villouslanate when young, viscid-pubescent : leaves crowded around base of the thickish (inch or two long, or sometimes very short) monocephalous peduncle, oblong spatu- late, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering into a margined petiole: involucre half-inch or more high, of lanceolate bracts: rays about 30, yellow, broadly linear, nearly half-inch long: palew of the pappus (either broad or apparently splitting intu narrower ones) usually longer than the breadth of the akene, equalled by its villous hairs, incisely or fimbriately lacerate. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 76, t. 13, Bot. Calif. lL. c.— Volcanic peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Vewherry, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf. Var. Larseni, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢. More woolly even in age, and leaves somewhat scattered on the flowering stems, even up to the head: rays smaller. — California, in volcanic ashes on peaks of northern part of the Sierra Nevada, such as Shasta and Lassen ; first coll. by Lemmon and Larsen. * * Apparently quite destitute of floccose wool from the first, but with some long and soft many- jointed and viscidulous hairs: stems mostly simple, equably leafy to the top, bearing solitary or somewhat racemosely disposed short-pedunculate heads: paleze of the pappus conspicuous, oblong or narrower, the two over the angles longer. H. heterochréma, Gray. Rather stout, sometimes over 2 feet high from an annual root: leaves oblong, saliently dentate: involucre two-thirds or three-fourths inch hich, of linear- lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts: rays very numerous, 3 or 4 lines long, rose-purple, some- times inconspicuous or obsolete : tube of disk-corollas hirsute: shorter palew of the pappus truncate-lacerate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 369, & Bot. Calif. 1. e.— California, from the Yo- semite, Bolander, to the mountains of San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, Parish. H. brevifolia, Gray, ].c. Slender, a foot high from an annual or possibly perennial root, the stem or simple branches bearing a solitary comparatively small and narrow head: leaves small (the largest inch and a half long), spatulate-oblong, denticulate: involucre half-inch high, of linear rather loose bracts: rays only 10 or 12, 3 or 4 lines long, light yellow: palez of the pappus rather entire. —California, along the Merced in and near the Yosemite Valley, Bolander, Se. 155. TRICHOPTILIUM, Gray. (Opts tptxos, hair, and wri\or, feather or plumage. the pappus-palew feathery-dissected.) — Single species, yellow-flow- ered winter annual; fl. spring. T. incisum, Gray. Diffusely branched, low and spreading, loosely floccose-woolly, also somewhat pubescent and glandular: leaves vblong-rhomboidal or cuneate-lanceolate, incisely and acutely dentate, alternate or the lower opposite: heads scarcely half-inch high, on slen- der peduncles terminating stem and branches. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 97, Pacif. R. Rep. v.t. 5, & Bot. Calif. i. 395. Psathyrotes incisa, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 322. — Arid district of the Mohave, Lower Colorado, and Gila, W. Arizona and 8. E. California; first coll. by /’remont. 156. BLENNOSPERMA, Less. (BAéwa, mucus. orépya, seed; the akenes developing copious mucus when wetted; that is, the club-shaped papille then swell up through imbibition, open at the apex, or else split into two valves. and emit a pair of uncoiling filaments of extreme tenuity, in the manner of 344 COMPOSITA. Blennosperma, Crocidium, to which this anomalous genus is perhaps most related.) — Low and small annuals, of two species, one Chilian, the other Californian. — Less. Syn. 267; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272; Remy in Gay, FI. Chil. iv. t. 48; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 404. Apalus, DC. Prodr. v. 507, Coniothele, DC. 1. ¢. 531. —— B. Califérnicum, Torr. & Gray,l.c¢. ». E. Cali- fornia and adjacent Arizona, Coulter, Kc. (Adj. Mex.) * * * Toot perennial: rays sterile, either neutral or with abortive style and akene: ligules equal- ling or exceeding the ulvbular disk: receptacle ovate: leaves mostly narrowly decurrent on the stem and branches: pale of the pappus aristate-acuminate, hardly half the length of the disk- corolla: heads on short slender peduncles. w=H, nudifi6drum, Nurr. Somewhat puberulent, 1 to 3 feet high, with leafy branches and corymlosely disposed heads: leaves from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, entire, or the radi- cal obuvate or spatulate and dentate: rays half to three-fourths inch long, either pure yellow or partly (sometimes wholly) brown-purple, once or twice the length of the brownish or purplish disk: receptacle ovate, in age acutish, but sometimes rounder and very obtuse. — Gray, Proce. Am. .\cad. ix. 203, excl. svn. H. parr(florum. H. nudiflorum & H. inicranthum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. le. 384. H. quadridentatum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. H. atropurpureum, Kunth, Ind. em. Berol. 1845, 21, purple-rayed state. H. S-minariense, Featherman in Lunisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. Leptopoda brachypodo, Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 388; Curtiss, distrib., a very slender and small-rayed form.— Low ground, N. Carolina and Ii- nois to Arkansas and Texas; and naturalized eastward. Hybridizes with H. autumnale. H. parviflérum, Nett. lc. Glabrate or glabrous, much branched and with scattered small heads: leaves broadly lanceolate. with contracted base, sparingly denticulate, very narrowly decurrent on the branches: disk and rays yellow, the former 3 or 4 lives in di- ameter; the latter 3 to 5 lines long. styliferous: receptacle short-ovate. — Georgia, Nuttall (a specimen pamed by him is ticketed Alabama); in a swamp near Macon, J. Downell Smith. Seemingly quite distinct. Simple-stemmed and low specimens with larger heads, Delaware Co., Penn., verge rather to #. autunnale. * * * * Root perennial: rays fertile and conspicuous: stem or branches more or less winged by the decurrent leaves: receptacle from half to two-thirds spherical: pappus with the palee acuminate-ari-tate, not rarely somewhat lacerate or with one or two setiform teeth. + Heads corvmbose at summit of very leafy stem and branches; the disk globose: leaves mostly serrate or denticulate : flowering late. =*H. autumnale, L. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem narrowly winged, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong: heads alout half-inch in diameter, usually equalled by the rays: pappn+ commonly half or two-thirds the length of disk-corolla. — Spee. ii. 866; Lam. IIL t. 6 Schkuhr, Handb. t. 250: Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 26; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2994; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 354. HT. longifolium, Smith in Rees Cyl. H. pumilum, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 60, may be a common dwarf form. H. pubescens, Ait. Kew. iii. 2¢7. H. canaliculatum, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. ii, 213, t. 35, & A. tululurum, DC. Prodr. v. 666, a state with tubulose ligules. 7. altiss‘mum & HH. cominutatum, Link, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1$40. Fi. grandiflorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Suc. vii. 384, larger-flowered form. HH. montans, Nutt. Le. — Wet ground, Canada to Georgia, Texas, and westwarl to Brit. Columbia and Arizona; the var. grandiflorum, with rays three-fourths inch long, only in the northwest. 350 COMPOSIT. Helenium. +— + Heads solitary or few on long (sometimes foot long) peduncles, terminating the stem or lax branches; disk depressed-globose or almost hemispherical: leaves en ire. =H] Bigelovii, Gray. Almost glabrous: stem simple or loosely branched, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, the radical oblong-spatulate, elongated: pedun- cles mostly slender: disk of the head three-fourths globose at maturity, two-thirds to three- fourths inch in diameter, equalled by the rays: pales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or subulate and awn-pointed, considerably shorter than the corolla. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205, & Bot. Calif. i. 393.— Wet ground, California, not rare from Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co. ; first coll. by Bigelow. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Somewhat furfuraceous-pubescent: stems stout, often simple, 1 or 2 feet high: leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, or lowest obovate: peduncles thick, commonly upwardly enlarged and fistulous: disk of the head decidedly broader than high, inch or more wide: rays often inch long: pale of pappus lancevlate or subulate, with slender awn, almost equalling disk-corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, ix. 204, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— Low grounds near the coast, northeastern part of California, Bolander, &c. § 3. Leprépopa. Rays neutral, very numerous, mostly surpassing the linear bracts of the involucre, cuneate, 3-5-cleft, yellow, as are also mostly the flowers of the broad disk: pappus of thin-scarious wholly nerveless sometimes lacerate or fimbriate pales: simple-stemmed perennials (sometimes biennials?), from slender or filiform rootstocks; virgate stem continued into an unusually long solitary peduncle, the apex of which is mostly turbinate-thickened under the large and broad head: leaves narrowly or not at all decurrent.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204. Leptopoda, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174; Ell. Sk. ii. 445; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 386, excl. § 2. * Receptacle ovate-conical and the disk semi- to sub-globose: involucre soon reflexed and the rays (over half-inch long) drooping in the manner of Euhelenium: nearly glabrous, with somewhat elongated-lanceolate mostly entire cauline leaves, but no conspicuons radical tuft: akenes more or less hairy on the ribs. H. Curtisii, Gray. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high: disk of the head half-inch in diameter, surpassed by the rays: pale of the pappus almost entire, obovate, muticous, about one third the length of the disk-corolla.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Leptopoda integrifolia, M. A. Curtis in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 387, under L. brevifolia, var.— Near Raleigh, N. Carolina, M. A. Curtis. ‘ =H. fimbridtum, Gray, lc. Less slender: disk two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad, equalled by the rays: palew of the pappus broad, dissected from summit to beyond the middle into many capillary bristles. — Gailardia fimbriata, Michs. Fl. ii. 142. Leptopoda Jimbriata, Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. ¢. — Low pine barrens, Florida and Texas. * * Receptacle and disk depressed-hemispherical or flatter: involucre and ravs merely horizontal or tardily recurved: flowering stem usually from: a rosulate cluster of radical leaves: cauline leaves gradually diminished upward, the uppermost usually bracteiform and subulate, all sume- what fleshy. H. Nuttallii, Gray, lc. A foot or more high, with nearly the foliage of the preceding and head of the following: ovary and akene glabrous and glandular-atomiferons : palex of the pappus oval or oblong, more or less erose or lacerate, muticous, or some of them aristel- late. — Leptopoda Helenium, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174, excl. syn.? LZ. denticulata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 872. L. decurrens, Machride in Ell. Sk. ii. 446, form with denticulate leaves. — Damp ground, 8. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Var. incisum, Gray, 1.c. Leaves incised or sinuate-pinnatifid in the manner of the following. — Leptopoda incisa, Torr. & Gray, V1. ii. 387.— Georgia, Le Conte. —— H. vernale, Warr. Somewhat puberulent or tomentulose and viscidulous, a foot or two high: principal leaves in a radical tuft, spatulate-lanceolate or narrower, 4 to 6 inches long, from repand-denticulate to incisely pinnatifid; upper cauline small, linear-subulate and bract-like: disk of the head two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad, yellow: akenes pubes- cent: pales of the pappus obovate or spatulate, with laccrate or fimbriolate-toothed summit. — Walt. Car. 210; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. ix. 205. Leptopudu puberulu, Macbride in Ell. Gaillardia. COMPOSIT.E. 351 lic.; Torr. & Gray, 1.¢., with var. pinnatifida. L. pinnatifida, Schweinitz; Nutt. Trans. am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢.— Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. H. brevifolium, Grar,l.c¢. More glabrous: leaves shorter and entire or nearly so, lower and radical spatulate: head smaller, with brownish or purplish disk: akencs pubescent: palee of the pappus uearly entire. — Li ptopoda brevifulia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. sve. Le; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var. — Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Alabama. 159. AMBLYOLEPIS, DC. (Composed of épBdxs. blunt, and Nexs. scale; from the pappus.) — Prodr. y. 667.— Single species, exhaling the odor of Melilot in drying: fl. all summer. A. setigera, DC. lc. Annual, a foot or sv high, sometimes glabrous and very smooth, sometimes villous with very long hairs rising from minute papilla, especially along the margins of the leaves: stem loosely branching below, terminated by long monocephalous peduncles: leaves membranaceous, bright green, entire; radical oblong-:patulate with lor.¢ tapering base; cauline oblong or vvate, with rounded or -ubcordate half-clasping base anu mucronate-acuminate tip: head large: flowers all golden yellow: rays almost inch long. 3-4lobed: palex of the pappus 5, about half the length of the akene, broadly ovate, silvery- scarious, entire and nerveless, very obtuse, or in some outer flowers short-acuminate. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 121.— Prairies of Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) 160. GAILLARDIA, Fougéroux. (JL Goillard de Merentonneau.) — N. American herbs (and one extra-trop. S. Amer.), chiefly of the Atlantic side; with alternate sometimes resinous-atomiferous and impressed-punctate leaves. and ample and showy Scabious-like heads on terminal or sometimes scapiform pedun- cles; the flowers often fragrant, yellow or reddish-purple; in summer.— Mem. Acad, Sei. Par. 1786, 5. t.1, 2; DC. Prodr. v. 651; J. Gay in Ann. Sei. Nat. ser, 2. xii. 56. Galardia, Lam. Dict. ii. (1786), 590, & TL t. TUS: Michy, Fl. ii. 142; Nutt. Gen. ii. 175. Calonea, Buchoz, Iv. (1786). t. 126. ex DC. Vir- gia, L’Her. & Smith. not Lam. = Guatherca, Spreng. Svst. lil. 356, § 1. Style-branches tipped with short (in ours naked) appendage of only once to thrice the lenvth of the penicillate tuft: lobes of di+k-corolla short and obtuse: ravs sometimes fertile, often none: akenes villous all over: winter annuals or at’ most biennials. — Guntheria, Spreng. Syst. iii, 356, 449. and Corcostylis, Less. Syn. 239; an extra-tropical S. American species. Agass(zia, Gray & Engelm. Proc. Am. Acad. i. 50, & Jour. Bot. Nat. Hist. vi. 229, G. comésa, Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. xviii. 109, xix. 34, of Coahnila, Mexico, is a third spe- cies of this section: it has truly fertile rays, exceedingly long hairs to the akene which nearly cover the short-awned pappus and at length almost equal the disk-corolla, and very short soft fimbrille to the receptacle ; the head on a naked scape. G. simplex, Scuerere. Leaves all in a radical cluster or a few near the base of the simple (foot or two long) monocephalous scape, commonly spatulate, from pinnatifid to coarsely dentate or some entire: head globose in fruit: involucre of about 2 series of short and narrow hracts: flowers heliotrope-scented: rays none or imperfect and irregular and stylifer- ous, or but few fully developed and neutral: villous hairs of the akene little surpassing the base of the larse palew of the pappus, these 6 to 11, their slender awns at length surpassing disk-corolla. — Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. G. tuberculata, Scheele, 1. c. 349, is apparently the subcaulescent and more radiate form. Agessizia suavis, Gray & Engelm. 1. c.— Rocky prairies of Texas; first coll. by Lindheimer and Wright. § 2. Stvle-branches tipped with a long hispid or hispidulous filiform append- ave: rays neutral, in first species sometimes wanting. — Gaillardia, Foug.. DCL. ke 352 COMPOSITA. Gaillardia. %* More or less pubescent or hirsute with many-jointed hairs, leafy-stemmed: leaves not coriaceous : bracts of the involucre ‘at least the outer and larger) mainly foliaceous and spreading, la: ceo- late or narrower: disk-Hlowers apt to turn brown or dark-purple: villous hairs covering the akene mainly at its base or below the broad summit: palex of the pappus slender-awned. + Fimbrillx of the receptacle obsolete or reduced to very short soft teeth: corolla-lobes caudately acuminate from a short broadish base, G. lanceolata, Micux. Minutely or somewhat cinereously pubescent, not hirsute, about 2 feet high from an annual or perhaps perennial root, virgately branched: leaves rather small, from spatulate-lanceolate to linear, entire or slightly or sparsely serrate: outer bracts of the involucre lax and herbaceous to the base: rays rather few and sparse, half or two- thirds inch long, 3-cleft into narrow lobes and with slender tapering base, sometimes obsolete or wanting : flowers sweet-scented: the disk commonly dark and the rays yellow or copper- colored with dark veins. —Fl. ii. 142; Gray, 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 365, not DC. Galardia bicolor, Pursh, FI. ii. 572 (excl. syn. and it cannot be Leysera Caroliniana, Walt.) ; Nutt. 1. e.; Ell. Sk. ii. 449. Polypteris integrifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 659, excl. syn. — Dry pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida, Kansas, and Texas. ——2 +— + Fimbrille of the receptacle setiform or subulate-aristiform, mostly surpassing the akenes. ++ Lobes or teeth of disk-corolla subulate-acute and usually tipped with a seta or cusp, externally beset with long and beaded hairs: rays usually numerous and when well developed contiguous or overlapping, short-cuneate at base: pappus aristate even in the ray-flowers: bracts of invo- lucre callous at base, more or less hirsute, as also the herbage. =>. aristata, Pursu. Perennial; often 2 feet or more high: leaves of firm texture, lanceo- late or broader, or lower spatulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid : rays all yellow, in the largest heads inch and a half long: setiform fimbrille sometimes little shorter than disk-corollas. — Fl. ii. 573; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1186; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2940, & Fl. i. 315; DC. Prodr. v. 652; Gay, l.c¢.; Torr. & Gray, Lc. G. bicolor, Hook. FI. 1. c., excl. syn. G. bicolor, var. aristata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Hook. Bot. Mag. sub t. 3368. G. rustica, Cass. Dict. xviii. 20; Desf. Cat. G. lanceolata, DC. 1. ¢., excl. syn. — Plains, Saskatchewan to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, south to S. Colorado, New Mexico, and even the borders of California ? ——G. pulchélla, Fove. lc. Annual, a foot or less high, diffusely branched at base: leaves softer, from entire to pinnatifid: rays two-colored, lower part red-purple or darker, the upper or teeth yellow, at most inch long: lobes of disk-corolla more attenuate: fimbrille rather stouter, hardly surpassing the mature akenes. — Cass. Dict. xviii. 19; DC. l.c.; Gay, lc.; Torr. & Gray, l.e. G. bicolor, Lam. Dict. ii. 590, & TIL t. 708; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1602 (as to figure); Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3551 (var. Drummondii, integerrima). G. Drummondii, DC. Prodr. v. 652. Virgilia helioides, L’Her.; Smith. Exot. Bot. i. t. 37. — Plains, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) Var. picta, Form with somewhat succulent leaves, when growing near the sea-shore: fimbrilla of the receptacle shorter and stouter, more or less snbulate. — G. bicolor, var. Drum- mondii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3368. G. picta, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 267; Gay, l.¢.— Texas, in low grounds. Common in gardens. ++ ++ Teeth of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless or obscurely apiculate: invo- lucre more or less callous at base. == Akenes destitute of villous hairs (glabrous or glabrate) at the upper part, and not overtopped by the basal villi: fimbrille of the receptacle sctifurm, equalling or surpassing the akenes: leaves undivided. G. amblyodon, Gay. Annual, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, mostly hirsute: leaves oblung or the lower spatulate, all sessile by an auriculate hase, denticulate or the upper entire: bracts of the involucre hirsute-ciliate, outer with conspicuous erect callous base ; rays numerous and coutizuous, oblong-cuneate, throughout brownish red or maroon-color, an inch or less long: ray-pappas awnless.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 367; Gray, Chloris Am. Bor. (Mem, Am. Acad. iii.) 32, t. 4; Meehan, Nat. FI. ii. t. 46.— Sandy prairies of Texas; first coll. by Drummond. “~~ G. Mexicana, Gray. A foot or less high from a perennial root, with the habit of G. lan- ceolata, minutely pubescent, naked above, with long rather rigid peduncles : leaves lanceolate, rather small, entire, or tha lowest cauline and radical sparingly dentate or laciniate; head ) Flaveria. COMPOSITE. 353 rather small (disk barely half-inch in diameter): rays rather sparse and narrow, half-inch or less long, vellow and brownish: teeth of disk-corolla oblong: akenes with rather short and scanty villosity, surpassed by the numerous setiform fimbrilla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 34. G. pulchella, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 120, along with plants mentioned as (. lanceo- lata. — Hills of the Rio Frio, 8. W. Texas, Wright. (Adj. Mex. to San Luis.) == = kenes densely long-villous all over: fimbrille subulate-setaceous: rays yellow: pedun- cles scapiform or from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches long: some or even all the leaves pin- natifid, but very variable. ——~ G. pinnatifida, Torr. Perennial, cinereous-pubescent: leaves sometimes linear or with linear lobes, sometimes spatulate and sinuate or even entire: pappus-palex lanceolate. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214; Torr. & Gray, ]. c. — Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.) G. Arizénica, Annual, greener: leaves less frequently pinnatifid and with only oblong lobes: pappus-palew obovate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse.— High plains of S. Utah and «Arizona, Palmer, Parry, Greene, Pringle. Has been confounded with the preceding. * * Glabrous or nearly so, thick-leaved, impressed-punctate, low, perennial from a stout multi- cipital caudex: rays and disk-flowers both yellow: bracts of involucre more coriaceous, mostly ovate or oblong and with short herbaceous tips: teeth of disk-corolla short, ovate, obtuse: akenes moderately villous all over. G. spathulata, Gray. Hardly a foot high, leafy-stemmed, branched from the base: leaves spatulate, entire, inch long, uppermost gradually smaller: head barely half-inch in diameter : rays few and small: pappus with awns surpassing disk-corolla: fimbrille setaceous-attenuate, shorter than the akenes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59.— Rabbit Valley, Utah, Ward. G. acatilis, Gray. Leaves all clustered on the thick caudex, ovate and obovate, somewhat spatulate, contracted into slender petioles, entire or sparingly dentate: scapes a span to a foot high: head larger: rays more numerous, over half-inch long, rather narrow and with narrow lobes: pappus with short awns not equalling the disk-corolla: fimbrille subulate, shorter than the akenes.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73.—S. W. Utah and adjacent .\rizona, at Mokiak Pass, &c., Purry, Palmer. 161. SARTWELLIA, Gray. (In honor, now in memory, of Dr. Henry P. Sartwell.) — Annuals (of the Texano-Mexican border), glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy. fastigiately branched, and bearing very numerous small heads (only 2 lines high) of yellow flowers in corymbiform cymes; the leaves all narrowly linear or filiform, entire, rather fleshy, opposite, slightly connate at base. — PI. Wright. i. 122, t. 6, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 34. — Two species. S. Flavériz, Gray, lc. Leaves nearly filiform: pappus a truncate cupule. —S, W. Texas, on the Pecos, &c., Wright, Thurber, Havard. S. MexrcAya, Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xviii. 107, xix. 34 (coll. Palmer in Northern Mexico), has less filiform leaves, and a pappus of nearly distinct palex, with which as many longer delicate awns alternate. 162, FLAVERIA, Juss. (From flavus. yellow; plants used to dye yel- low.) — Glabrous herbs (mainly tropical-American), mostly annuals; with small and fascicled or glomerate heads of yellowish or yellow flowers, and opposite sessile leaves, the broader ones 3-nerved. Akenes mostly smooth and glabrous. —Gen. 186; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 400. Flaveria & Broteroa (Brotera, Spreng.), DC. Prodr. v. 635. Vermifuga, Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. 114, t. 24. § 1. Involucre 4-15-flowered, composed of 3 to 5 principal bracts. % Heads more or less clustered in broad and open naked-pedunculate compound terminal corymbi- form cvmes: leaves somewhat fleshy: involucre of 5 bracts: corollas except in the last species nearly or quite glabrous. F. chlorzfolia, Gray. Glaucons, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves entire, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, broadest (half to fully an inch broad) and connate or connate-perfoliate at base: 354 COMPOSIT. Fluveria. heads about 12-flowered, 3 lines long: no ray. (A few flowers once seen with a pap- pus of 4 thin palew!)—PI. Fendl. 88, & Pl. Wright. 114.— Low grounds, on and near the Rio Grande, 8. W. Texas, Wright, Purry, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., |Wislizenus, Gregg, Palmer.) -F. longifdlia, (ray, l.c. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, pale: leaves from linear to lance- olate, broadest or not narrowed at the closely sessile base, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or with rare spinulose denticulations: heads in very ample cymes, 10-15-flowered, often 3 lines long: no ray: bracts of the involucre broad. — Gymnosperma? oppositifolium, DC. Prodr. v. 312. — Not yet found on the Texan side of the Rio Grande. (Adj. Mex.) F. linearis, Lac. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate, or sometimes lower oblong-lanceolate (and inch broad), all contracted above the somewhat connate bases, sometimes denticulate: heads smaller and more glomerate, 5-8- flowered, commonly uniligulate.— Noy. Gen. & Spec. 33; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 360. 7. ma- ritima, HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. iv. 285. F. tenuifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 81. Selloa nudata, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 300; therefore Gymnosperma nudatum, DC. Prodr. vy. 312, — Coast and Keys of 8. Florida; first coll. by Ware. (Cuba & Bahamas.) % ¥ Heads in closer subsessile or short-pedunculate or foliose-involucrate chiefly terminal glomer- ules: involucre of mostly 3 bracts, narrow, 3-5-flowered or some only 2-flowered, commonly uniligulate: disk-corollas sparsely hirsute at base. —~ F. angustifolia, Pers. Erect, a foot or two high: leaves from linear to lanceolate, serrn- late or entire, lightly 3-nerved, sessile by broadish or little contracted base : ligule somewhat exceeding the disk. — Syn. ii. 489; DC. Prodr. vy. 635; Gray, Pl. Fendl.ss. ALilleria anyusti- folia, Cay. Ic. iii, 12, t. 223.— Alkaline ground, S. W. Texas to E. Colorado and New Mexico. (Mex.) F. Coyrrayeénna, Pers., is S. American, spreading to W. Indies, and possibly to within our borders, has mostly oblong-lanceolate leaves contracted at base and conspicuously 3-nerved, more glomerate heads, and ligule not exceeding the disk or wanting. § 2. Involucre 1-2-flowered, of 1 to 3 unequal bracts: heads densely glomer- ate. — Broteroa, DC., corrected from Grotera, Spreng. in Schrad. Jour. Bot. (1800), ii. 186, t. 5. ——~ F. repanda, Lac. 1.c¢. Divergently branched annual: leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate with narrowed petiole-like base, strongly 3-nerved, acutely serrate: glomerules of many con- fluent heads, sessile in the forks and involucrate at end of the branches, outermost heads commonly of a single short-ligulate flower. — F’. Contrayerba, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 114, not Pers. Brotera Contrayerba, Spreng. 1. ce. B. trinercata, Pers. Syn. ii. 498. B. Sprengelii, Cass. Dict. xxxiv. 804. Mauenbergia trinervata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2393. Broteroa trinervata, DC. Prodr. v. 636.—S. W. borders of Texas, Wright. (Mex., &e.) 168. POROPHYLLUM, Vaill. (Iépos, a passage or pore, PvAdor, leaf, the foliage or involucre appearing as if punctate on account of the translucent oil-glands.) — Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warmer parts of America), usually glaucous; with alternate or opposite undivided leaves, and pedunculate heads of yellow or purplish flowers. Oil-glands present in the involucre when wanting in the leaves, in the form of dots or stripes. —L. Hort. Cliff. 494; Adans. Fam, ii. 122; DC. Prodr. v. 647, excl. § 2,3. Aleinia, Jacq. Stirp. Am. 215, t. 127, not L. * Annual, with bread crenate-repand leaves on slender petioles: bracts of evlindrical jnvolucre 5: corollas purplish, with filiform tube several times longer than the throat and limb: akenes filiform or slender-fusiform. P. macrocéphalum, DC. A foot or two high: leaves roundish-oval to oblong (or some of the lowest narrower), about the length of the petiole: peduncles enlarged above, clavate and fistulous: head inch long: bracts of involucre obtuse: akenes much longer than the pappus. — Prodr. v. 468; Gray, Pl Wright. ii. 93.— Rocky hills and ravines, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex.) Dysodia. COMPOSIT.E. ra (ou Crt % * Perennial (as to N. American species), with narrow entire sessile leaves, glaucescent, much branched, 1 to 3 feet high. P. gracile, Bestu. Lisnescent at base, with slender striate branches: odor pungent, “Fen- nellike’’: leaves narrowly liuear with tapering base, or uppermost filiform or subulate, or all filiform : involucre cylindraceous, half-inch long ; its bracts 5, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, scarious-marzined, often slightly purple-tinged: corollas dull white and purple, with tube as long as the narrowish throat and short triangular-lanceolate lobes: akenes attenuate at apex, rather longer than the pappus. — But Sulph. 29; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 399. P. Greys, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 120, in part, & ii. 04. — Arid plains, S. W. Texas to San Diego Co., California, (Lower Calif., dj. Mex.) P. scoparium, Gray. Shrubby at base, with slender rush-like branches: leaves thick and firm, linear-ubulate and filiform, narruw at la-e, mucronate-apiculate; involucre campanu- late, 4 or 5 lines high, of 7 to { broadly lanceolate greenish bracts, one third to half shorter than the mature pappus: corollas yellow, with very short obtuse teeth, and narrow throat much longer than the proper tube (i. e. below the insertion of the stamens): akenes not at- tenuate at apex, fully equalled by the pappus. — Pl. Wright. i. 120. ii. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 108. P. Greggii, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1. ¢., as to pl. Gregg, a stouter form. — Rocky banks and plains, 8. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. W. borders of Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mes.) P. amprexicatie, Engelm. in Pl. Wright. 1.¢., of adjacent Mexico, is stouter, less branched, with solitary and larger leads, and fleshy-coriaceous leaves lancevlate, tapering from a partly clasping base, all but the uppermost opposite: bracts of the involucre 8 to 10, half-inch long. — 164. CHRYSACTINIA, Gray. (Xpvads. gold, dxris, ray. from the golden yellow rays. which distinguish the genus from the preceding.) — Pl. Fendl. 93, & Pl. Wright. i. 119. — Single species. with re-inous-aromatic odor, — C. Mexicana, Gray, le. Fruticulose, about a foot high from a stout base, much branched, very leafy: leaves alternate, Heath-like, thick or almost terete, short-linear or filiform, with narrowed base, cuspidate-mucronate, entire, with abundant round oil-glands: heads on slen- der peduncles terminating the lrauches. a third of an inch high: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hardly longer than the akenes, usually bearing a single large and prominent infra-apical vil-gland: disk-corollas with short proper tube and long cylindrical throat (in the way of Poreylyllum scoparium and P. amplexicaule): akenes shorter than the pappus. — Rocky ground, W. Texas and adjacent New Mexico ; first coll. by Gregg. (Mex.) 165. NICOLLETIA, Gray. (Memory of J. V. Nicollet, astronomer and explorer of the resion between Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.) — Two low annuals; with alternate leaves irregularly pinnately parted, and leafy branches terminated by large heads of purple or flesh-colored flowers, or disk-corollas at first yellow. — Rep. Fremont 2d Exped. 315, Pl. Wright. i. 119. « Bot. Calif. 1. 598, == N. occidentalis, Gray, lc. Stout, somewhat fleshy, a foot or two high: branches leafy up to the head: leaves with numerous or several short lanceolate-subulate or linear setosely tipped lobes: involucre three-fourths inch long. of § to 12 bracts: ligules oblong. little sur- passing the disk. — Sandy banks and plains of the Mohave Desert rezivn, 8. E. California ; first coll. by Fremont, who made his earliest exploration under Nicollet. N. Edwardsii, Gray. More slender, a span or two high: leaves attenuate-linear, few- lobed: heads somewhat naked-pedunculate: involucre turbinate at base, half-inch long, of 8 or 9 bracts: ligules much exserted, elongated-oblong, dentate or denticulate at the truncate summit, commonly half-inch long. — PI. Wright. i. 119, t. 8. & Bot. Mex. Bound. 93.— sandy banks and plains, 8. W. ‘Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow, Parry. (Adj. Mes., Dr. Edwards, Palmer. Lower Calif., S/reets.) 166. DYSODIA, Cav.. as Dyssodia. (Avowdia, an ill smell.) — Herbs or suffrutescent plants. of N. America and Mexico, mostly strong-scented; with alternate or opposite leaves. and solitary or rarely somewhat paniculate heads of 356 COMPOSITE. Dysodio. yellow or orange flowers, sometimes turning purplish or reddish. — Anal. Cienc. Nat. vi. 334; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 29 (mainly); Cass. Dict. xxv. 396; DC. Prodr. v. 639 (excl. § 5 and incl. Clomenocoma & Lebetina, Cass.); Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 409 (but not excl. § Gymnolena, DC.); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87. Bebera, Willd. Spec. iii. 2125. D. anruemrprroiia, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, is of a peculiar section (Beberastrum, Gray, 1. c.), with simple and more open involucre, broad conspicuous rays, style- branches nearly of Bebera, and pappus with the paleaceous part more conspicuous, the lower bristles on the sides much reduced in size. § 1. Eupysépi1a, Gray, 1. ¢. Involucre calyculate with some external loose bracts: style-branches (at least in our species) tapering into slender-subulate appendages: teeth of the corolla usually narrow: heads comparatively large, pedunculate, and terminating naked branches: perennials; ours obviously fru- tescent at base, very glabrous, and with glabrous akenes which are shorter than the pappus; this of rather scanty bristles; the receptacle minutely if at all fim- brillate. D. Codperi, Gray. Stout, a foot or two high: leaves all alternate, sessile, thickish, short (the larger less than inch long), from broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute, spinulose-dentate, many with a pair of stipule-like small lobes at base, mostly glandless: head broad, inch high: principal bracts of the involucre 20 to 30. distinct, subulate-acuminate ; accessory ones small and subulate: rays little surpassing the disk orange or turning purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 201, & Bot. Calif. i. 398.— Dry ravines of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Cooper, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish. _— _ D. porophylloides, Gray. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a woody base, with numerous spreading slender branches: leaves partly alternate, 3-5-parted; the lower petioled and with cuneate to lanceolate entire or incised divisions; upper sessile and the divisions linear-subu- late, not setigerous: head narrower, half to three-fourths inch high: principal bracts of the involucre 14 to 20, linear, abruptly acute or mucronate, commonly slightly united below: rays few and inconspicuous, yellow. — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Amer. Acad. v. 322, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Dry hills and mesas, 8. E. California and Arizona; first coll. by Thurber. D. speciésa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. y. 163, is a species of Lower California, allied to the preceding, with opposite trifoliate leaves, and mostly petiolulate leaflets. —~~D. canceirdra, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 38 (Lebetina, Cass ), is a species very closely related to D. porophylla, DC. (and with similar abruptly short-appendiculate style-appendages), but the pappus is anomalous in having an outer series of short and blunt and wholly naked palee. Common in the northern part of Mexico, reaching so near the Texan border that it may be expected within it. § 2. Bésera, DC., excl. spec. Involucre regularly calyculate with accessory bracts : style-branches with very short conical tips: corolla-teeth short, ovate: palew of the pappus multicapillary : akenes pubescent : receptacle merely pubes- cent or puberulent: rathe’ low herbs (the two Mexican species perennials, with naked-peduncled conspicuously radiate heads) ; all with opposite pinnately divided leaves, and some pubescence. === D. chrysanthemoides, Lac. Much branched and ill-scented annual, leafy up to the sub- sessile or short-pedunculate small heads leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear lobes: involucre purplish-tinged or greenish, campanulate, of 8 or 10 scarious-tipped oblong bracts, and some linear loose accessory ones: rays few and inconspicuous, not surpassing the disk. — Noy. Gen. & Spec. 29; DC. l¢.; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 362. D. glandulosa, Cav. D. fas- tiyiata, DC. 1c, excl. syn. Tugetes papposa, Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 36; Michx. Fl. ii. 132. Bebera chrysanthemoides, Willd. Spec, iit. 2125, B. glandulosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 459, — Alluvial soi Minnesota to Louisiana and southwest to Arizona: now spreading eastward in tho Atlantic States as a weed. (Mex.) Hymenatherum. COMPOSITE. 357 167. HYMENATHEROM, Cais. (‘Ypnv, membrane, dOjp, awn, the paler of the pappus awned.) — Low herbs or suffruticulose plants (chiefly of the AMiexican borders), of various habit, mostly pleasant-scented; with alternate or opposite leaves, and sm:ll or barely middle-sized usually radiate heads of yellow flowers. — Cass. Bull. Philom. 1s17, 1818. & Dict. xxii. 813; Gray, PL, Feadl. ss, & Pl Wright. i115; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 410. Hymenatherum (excl. § 2). Dysodia $ Aciphyllea, & Gnaphaliopsis, DC. Prodr. Now adding Thy- mophylla, Lag. (slightly earlier published name, but obscure), & Lowellia, Gray, with muticous pappus. Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40. § 1. AcirHyLi£a, Gray. Palew of the simple pappus numerous (18 to 20), above resolved into about 5 or the alternate ones into 3 capillary bristles. like those of Dysodéa (to which it makes transition) : heads sessile or nearly so at the end of the woody branchlets: leaves entire, opposite. — PI. Wright. i. 115. ——~ H. acerésum, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, a span to a foot high from a thick base, rigid, exceed- ingly branched: branches barely puberulent: leaves filiform-acerose, usually with shorter ones fascicled in must of the axils: heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre with copious large oil-glands, subtended by uppermost pair of leaves or by a few shorter subulate foliaceous bracts : rays oblong. — Dysodia? (Aciphyllea) acerosa, DC. Prodr. v. 641. Aviphuitea acerosa, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 91.— W. borders of Texas to Arizona toward the Mexican boun- dary, Wright, &. (Mex.) § 2. Dysoprdpsis. Gray, l. ¢., excl. spec. Pulew of the simple pappus ouly 10, rigid, not longer than the thickish akene, much shorter than disk-corolla, some entire with a single awn, others with 3 aristute-subulate tips : heads loosely foliose-calyculate : leaves alternate. — H. tagetoides, Gray, l.c¢. A rigid aunual, and becoming perennial, glabrous, a foot or so high, fastigiately branched at summit: leaves narrowly linear, 2 or 3 inches long, rigid, laciniately and spinulosely dentate or almost pinnatifid: heads indistinctly peduncled, less than half-inch high: involucre rigid ; its bracts ubviously imbricated, but connate almost to the tip: rays oblong, conspicuous. — Dysodia tagetoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 361.— Low prairies, Texas; first coll. by Drummon BA, Beet 1y ee e § 38. EcvayMENatHiénea. Gray. 1) c.* Palew of the pappus 10 to 20. all or the inner ones 1—5-aristate. and the awns about equalling or surpassing the ‘isk- corolla: heads naked at base, or with some small and scanty subulate accessory bracts. (See also § 4.) * Rays inconspicuous and few, with ligule not surpassing the disk or the double and dimorphous pappus; thus of 10 rigid paleze in each series, inner with stout awns. H. Neo-Mexicanum, Gray. A slender erect annual, a foot or less high, glabrous, fas- tigiately branched above: leaves mostly pinnately parted into a few linear-filiform entire divisions : lower opposite, upper alternate : heads short-peduncled : involucre turbinate, 3 or 4 lines hich, of 5 to 7 oblong connate bracts. subtended hy 2 to + filiform-subulate bractlets : akenes appressed-villous at the attenuate base, shorter than the inner pappus, the oblong- lanceolate paleze of which are cleft into 3 scabrous rigid awns, the middle one longer; thuse of the short outer pappus oblong-spatulate, retuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40. Adenxophyllum Wrightii, Gray, P]. Wright. ii. 92. — Hillsides, New Mexico, Wright. * * Rays exserted and conspicuous, oblong: awns of the pappus capillary or slender-setiform. +— Most of the pale of the nearly homomorphous pappus 3-awned, lateral awns shorter: glabrous leafv-stemmed herbs, either annuals or slender-rooted subperennials: upper leaves all alternate. — H. polychetum, Gray. Low, diffusely much branched from an annual root, leafy to near the numerous short-peduncled heads: leaves not rigid, pinnately parted into several short-filiform obtuse and pointless divisions: involucre barely 3 lines high, 10-16-toothed : 358 COMPOSITE. Hymenatherum. pappus of 18 or 20 very narrow palez, of 2 or 3 lengths, the smaller attenuate into a short single awn, the larger into a much longer capillary awn, with a delicate short one at each side of its base, or rarely an additional pair of seta. — Pl. Wright. i. 116.— Prairies, 5. W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright. (Chihuahua, adj. Mex., Thurber.) H. Wrightii, Gray. Erect or diffuse, a foot or less high from a firm annual or perhaps perennial root: branches rather simple, bearing few or solitary heads on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long: leaves not rigid, narrowly linear or almost filiform (an inch or more long), setu- lose-mucronate, many entire, some with 1 to 3 small subulate lobes: involucre fully 3 lines high, 16-20-toothed : pales: of the pappus 10, all slenderly 3-awned from a short lanceolate base; lateral awns with subulate base, half the length of middle one. — 1. Fendl. 89, Pl. Lindh. ii, 229, & Pl. Wright. 1. v.— Prairies of Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. ——H. tenuilobum, DC. Diffusely branched and spreading from a seemingly annual but sometimes more enduring root: branches a span to a foot long: heads on filiform (1 to 4 inches long) peduncles: leaves rather rigid, all pinnately parted into 7 to 11 subulate-filiform setulose-mucronate divisions (of only 2 to 4 lines in length): involucre 3 lines high, about 12-toothed : pales of the pappus 10, more rigid, all nearly similar and bearing two lateral and a middle longer stouter awn, the latter hardly longer than the lanceolate paleaceous por- tion (which, however, sometimes splits away from the awn on each side), rarely one or two smaller lateral setae or cusps. — Prodr. vy. 642. “. tenutfolium, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1. ¢., not Cass. — 8S. Texas along and near the Rio Grande, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex.) +— + All 10 palex of the pappus nearly similar and tapering into a single short awn, and the larger mostly 2-setulose: leaves acerose. H. Thurberi, Gray. Habit and character of a more leafy-stemmed form of H. pentachetum: palex of the pappus not distinctly in two series, all narrowly lanceolate, alternate shorter ones subulate-awn-pointed, the others with awn rather shorter than the pales, and a pair of obscure or more manifest setulose teeth at its base. — Proc, Am. Acad. xix. 41. ZZ. tenui- folium, yar.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 93. — Texas or adjacent New Mexico, on the Mexican border near El Paso, Wright. Corralitas, Thurber. (Apparently also Northern Mexico, Parry.) +- + + Pappus manifestly double and dimorphous, of 10'scarious pale; the 5 outer shorter, spatulate or oblong, obtuse and pointless; inner lanceolate or oblong, bearing a single awn, of equal or greater length, between a pair of cusps or subulate or sometimes aristellate teeth. ++ Low and diffuse suffruticulose perennials, minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, not woolly, much branched from the base: leaves rigid or rigidulous, pinnately parted into few or several mostly filiform or acerose entire divisions, subulate or setulose-mucronate at tip: heads on elon- gated filiform peduncles. H. Hartwégi, Gray. A span or two high, nearly herbaceous and glabrous : leaves chiefly opposite, of few rather long filiform-acerose divisions: heads numerous: involucre rather narrow, 2 lines high, almost naked at base: outer pales of pappus subcoriaceous, with trun- cate summit obscurely denticulate. — PI. Wright. i.117. ZZ. Berlandieri, Benth. Pl, Hartw. 18, not DC.— W. Texas to 8S Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. (Mex.) ——H. pentachetum, DC. Decidedly suffruticulose, low, diffuse, cinereous-puberulent, sometimes glabrate and rather shining, sometimes the foliage canescent with short and fine spreading pubescence; leaves rigid, upper alternate, divisions slender subulate-aceroxe: in- volucre from broadly campanulate to hemispherical, 2 or 8 lines high: outer palex of the pappus thinnish, usually erose at summit. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 117. ZZ. pentachatium (the outer pappus overlooked) & H. Berlundicr’, DC. Prodr. v. 642. — Dry hills, Texas (first coll. by Berlundier) to Avizona and 8. Utah: very variable. (Mex.) H. Trectlii, Gray. Diffuse, neurly herbaceous, almost glabrous, with loose elongated leafy branches and very scattered heads: leaves perhaps rather succulent, pectinately parted into linear-subulate equal short (2 or 3 lines long) divisions, which are rather narrower than the rhachis: involucre (3 lines high) and pappus of the preceding. — V’roc. wm. Acad. xix. 42. —s. EB. Texas, Tréeu/, in herb. Mus. Paris. ++ ++ Low and densely floccose-lanate and soft-leaved annual. — Graphaliopsis, DC. —. H. Gnaphalidpsis, Gray. Depressed or diffusely spreading, clothed even to the involucre with dense white wool in the manner of a Cudweed, leafy up to the sessile or short-peduncled solitary heads: leaves mostly alternate, spatulate, cutive, barely half-inch long: involucre Tagetes. COMPOSIT.E, 359 quarter-inch high : rays oval, short : receptacle flat and wholly naked: palez of inner pappus narrowly lanceolate. — P'1. Fendl. 90 (as IZ. gnaphalodes) & 115; Pl. Wright. 1c. Gnaphali- opsis micropoides, DC. Prodr. viie 258.— Hills and plains, 5. Texas, Wright, Havard, &e. (Adj. Mex. ; first coll. by Berlandier.) § 4. TiryMopny ira. Gray. Palew of the pappus } to 12, truncate and muti- cous (yet in one species occasionally some are short-awned !), somewhat coriaceous, distinct or cupulately connate. — Proc, Am. Acad. xix. 42. Dhymophylla, Lag. Noy, Gen. & Spec. 25; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 91, & Pl. Wright. i. 119, t. 7; Benth. & Hook. Gen. il, 410 (us Thymophyllum). * Fruticulose plants, with habit and character of the acerose-leaved genuine species of Hymena- therum, but white tomentuse, and rays in one species wantiny. H. setrr6iicm, Gray, 1. v. (Thymophylla setifolia, Lag. 1. ¢., on which the long imperfectly known genus was founded), may possibly reach our limits. It has a canescent involucre, no rays, and normally « pappus of 5 or 6 distinct quadrate pale. But in some specimens of Parry and Palmer’s no. 516 occurs an inner alternating series of longer and narrower aristate pale, — completely invalidating Lagasca’s genus. -—~ H. Gréggii, Gray. A span or two high in dense tufts: branches thickly leafy up to the tiliform glabrate peduncles: leaves white-tomentose, short, Heath-like; lower 3-7-parted, upper entire, setaceous: involucre campanulate, glabrous, naked at base: rays 10 to 12, short, but distinctly exserted, sumetimes wanting: pale of the pappus united into an entire truncate cup. — Proce. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Thymophylla Greggii, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 92 (speci- men apparently rayless), & Pl. Wright. i. 109, t. 7, radiate. —5. W. Texas, on the Pecos, &c., growing in large bunches, Wriyht, (Adj. Mex., Gren.) * * Annual, wholly glabrous, wholly resembling H. polychetum and its near allies, except the pappus. — Lowellia, Gray. H. atreum, Gray. ++ Heads many-flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines in diameter), several or rather numerous and loosely racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems of a foot or less in height: subarctic and subalpine, with dissected leaves and no cottony tomentum. A. Richardsoniana, Bess. 181. CACALIOPSIS, Gray. (Kaxadéa, ancient Greek name of Colts- foot? and oyw-, likeness; from resemblance, if not to the ancient Cacalia, at least to that of Tournefort.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— Single known species. ——C. Nardosmia, Gray, 1c. Robust perennial, a foot or two high, floccose-woolly, at length glabrate: leaves considerably resembling those of /’-tusites palmata, alternate, long-petioled, all but 2 or 3 radical, orbicular-cordate or flabellate, 5-9-cleft or rarely parted; the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely lobed or dentate: heads (an inch high) few or several, pe- dunculate, corymbosely or racemosely disposed at the naked summit of the stem: corolla honey-yellow : flowers honey-scented. —Cacalia Nardosmia, Gray, Proe. Am, Acad. vii. 361. Adenostyles Nardosmia, Gray, 1. ¢. viii. 631, & Bot, Calif. i. 301, following Benth. & Mook. — Open pine woods, California from Mendocino Co. northward (Bolander, Aellogy, Greene) to Oregon and Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell. 182. LUINA, Benth. (Anagram of Jvula, which this genus approaches.) — Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1189; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii, 48. — Single species. — L.hypoletca, Bexrn. lc. Herbaceous and simple-stemmed from a stout woody root- stock, while with appressed tomentum : stems hardly 2 foot high, equably leafy up to the corymnbiform cyme of several small heads: leaves ovate or oval, alternate, sessile, entire, inch or less long, nervose-veiny and reticulated, the upper face soon glabrate and green, Psathyrotes. COMPOSITE, B77 involucre 4 lines high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix, 206, & Bot. Calif. i. 409.— Cascade Muuntains, on the border of Brit. Columbia, Lyall. Yakima Co., Washington Terr., Brandeyee. Var. Californica, Gray, lc. More densely woolly, and upper face of the leaves tardily glabrate: corolla-lobes shorter. — W. California, on Chimney Rock, Mendocino Co. (and, according to the ticket, behind Santa Cruz), Avellogg. 183. PEUCEPHYLLUM, (ray. (Mevky, the Fir, dvAdov, leaf, from some likeness in foliage.) — Bot. Mex. Bound. 74; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. Psathyrotes § Peucephyllum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206.— Single species. P. Schottii, Gray, 1c. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high, glabrous but resinous-viscid and balsamic, very much branched, rigid (the stem at base often 3 inches in diameter, including the rough bark): branches and branchlets very leafy up to the terminal heads: leaves alternate and some fascicled in the axils, nearly terete, half-inch to inch long, as it were aceruse but Llunt- ish and not very rigid, minutely impressed-punctate; the lower sometimes 3-parted : heads barely half-inch high: corollas dull yellowish, with the teeth becoming fuscous. anthers in- cluded or half-exserted. — Psuthyrotes Schott, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif. i. 409. — Desert region of S. E. California and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Schott and Newberry ; later by Parry, Lemmon, Pringle, &e. 184. PSATHYROTES, Gray. (Wabupérqs, brittleness, from the brittle stems and branches.) — Low and pubescent or scurfy winter annuals (of Nevada and Arizona); with round-cordate or ovate petioled leaves, and rather small heads of yellowish flowers, sometimes turning purplish. — Pl. Wright. ii. 100; Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 863; also Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif. i. 409, excl. § 2. Letradymia § Polydymia, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1848, 145. Bulbostylis (Psathyrotus), Nutt. Pl. Gamb. in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. i. 179. § 1. Divaricately much branched, spreading or depressed, leafy ; with solitary heads in the forks, either erect or nodding on short or slender peduncles: corollas more or less woolly at summit: style-branches glabrous, or with some very minute pubescence at or toward the tip. P. ramosissima, Gray. Lanate, at least the stems and branches, and the young leaves covered with dense and somewhat scurfy white tomentum: leaves long-petioled, roundish, subcordate or almost cuneate at base, coarsely crenate (half-inch wide): outer bracts of the involucre 5, spatulate-obovate, much larger than the inner, the upper part spreading and foliaceous: corollas plainly yellow: akenes short-turbinate, densely Jong-\illous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif. l.c. 2. annua, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 223, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102, in part. Tetradymia (Polydymia) ramosissima, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1. c.— Gravelly hills and rocks, along the Mohave and Gila, 8. E. California and throughout adjacent Arizona ; first coll. by Emory. P. Adonua, Gray. Furfuraceous-canescent or cinereous: leaves more dentate, seldom cor- date, commonly wider than long: outer bracts of the involucre ovate-ollong or narrower, less foliaceous, rather shorter than the inner, erect: corollas more slender, pale yellow, changing sometimes to purplish: akenes oblong-turbinate, densely villous: pappus rathe1 less copious. —P1. Wright. ii. 100, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364, & Bot. Calif. Loc. Bulhostulis (Psathyrotus) annua, Nutt. 1. c.— Saline plains, Nevada, eastern borders of California, S. Utah, and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Gaihel. P. pilifera, Gray. Minutely furfuraceous-tomentose: leaves dilated rhombic-obovate_ or roundish with cuneate base, entire; their margin and sometimes upper face and long petiole beset with very long and soft (probably viscid) many-jointed hairs: heads narrower: outer bracts of cvlindraceous involucre oblong-linear, herbaceous only at summit: young akenes oblong, short-hirsute : style-branches dorsally somewhat pubescent for some distance below the truncate tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— Southern Utah, near Kanab, Irs. Thompson, Parry. aTo COMPOSITE. Psathyrotes. § 2. Scapose, erect: corollas nearly glabrous throughout: style-branches flatter, very obtuse, externally minutely hirsute over most of the back. P. scaposa, Griy. Leaves all at or near the base, ovate or roundish, almost entire, short- petioled, at first loosely white-tomentose, at length glabrate: scapes or naked peduncles several, 3 or 4 inches high, bearing 3 to 7 corymbosely disposed heads, glandular-pubescent, as also the campanulate involucre: bracts of the latter all somewhat herbaceous ; outer ones broadly linear or barely vblong, equalling and uot unlike the inner: akenes oblong-turbi- nate, hirsute: pappus about half the length of the corolla. — Pl. Wright. ii. 100, t. 13.— Borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, near El Paso, on the Rio Grande, Wright. (Adj. Mex.) 185. BARTLETTIA, Gray. (John FR. Bartlett, Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey, in which this plant was discovered.) — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Amer. Acad. vy. 324; Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. B. scaposa, Gray,l.c. Slender winter-annual, almost glabrous, flowering almost from the base hy monocephalous scapes of 6 to 9 inches high, and later by similar peduncles termi- nating sparsely leafy branching stems: leaves slender-petioled, roundish or subcordate, membranaceous, repand-dentate, some 3-5-lobed: head half-inch or less high: involucre pubescent: flowers yellow: pappus rather fragile, little longer than the akene.— New Mexico, near El Paso, perhaps only below the Mexican boundary, Thurber, Schott, G. R. Vasey. (Adj. Mex.) 186, CROCIDIUM, Hook. (Diminutive formed from «pdx, loose thread or wool, alluding to the wool which usually persists in the axils of the leaves.) — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 335, t. 118; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 448; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 440. — Single species; fl. early spring. ——~C. multicatile, Hoon. lc. Small winter annual, a span or two high, flocculent-woolly when young, soon mostly glabrate, producing many simple stems from the tuft of obovate or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves: cauline leaves small, lanceo- late to linear: head slender-pedunculate, rather small, but showy; the ray and disk deep golden yellow. — Plains and hills, British Columbia and Idaho to the northern part of Cali- fornia; first coll. by Douglas. 187. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. (‘Am)oos, simple, éo67s, garment, the involucre of unusually few pieces.) — Pl. Fendl. 109, Pl. Wright. i. 125, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. H. Gréggii, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutescent, a foot or two high, fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes of a few slender-pedunculate naked heads: leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire; the lower connate at base: heads 2 or 3 lines high: flowers yellow: ligules 1 or 2 lines long.— Saline soil, S. E. Colorado and W. Texas to the Mexican border, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, &e. (Adj. Mex.; first coll. by Gregg.) 188. LEPIDOSPARTUM, Gray. (Aeris, a seale, and ozaprov, the Broom plant.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50.— Single species. w=L. squamatum, Griy,l.c. A rigid Broom-like shrub, 4 or 5 feet high; seedling plants floccose-tomentose and with spatulate entire alternate leaves of half-inch or more in length; but the primary branches and whole subsequent growth glabrous or nearly so, and beset with small and thickish appressed green scales in place of leaves: heads terminal or more commonly spicate-paniculate on the slender branchlets, 3 to 5 lines long: involucre very glabrous, 10-18-flowered : corollas pale yellow. — Linosyris squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vill. 290. Fetradymia (Lepidosparton) squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. .Acad. ix. 207, & Bot. Calif. i. 408; var. Breweri & var. Palmeri are mere varying forms. Carphephorus junceus, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8, not Benth. Has been mistaken also for a Baccharis.— Dry Tetradymic. COMPOSIT.E. 519 hills and arid plains, from Los Angeles Co., California, to Arizona; first coll. by Heermann and by Breer. 189. TETRADYMIA, DC. (TerpdSupos, four together, the heads of the principal species only 4-flowered.) — Low and rigid shrubs (of the arid interior of N. America), sometimes spinescent, cauescently tomentose; with alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves. rather large cymose or clustered heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. — Prodr. vi. 540; Deless. Ie. Sele iv. t. 60; Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 447. $1. Evretraptrura. Involucre 4-flowered. of 4 or 5 bracts: pappus ex- tremely copious: akenes either very villous. elabrate, or clabrous, varying even in the same species: undershrubs, a foot or two high. —=="T. canéscens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum, unarmed, fas- tigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or less long: heads half to three-fourths inch long, must of them short-pedunculate. — Prodr. 1. c.; Deless. Ie. iv. t. 60.— Hills and plains, along with Artem/sra widentata, N. Wyoming and Brit. Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern borders of California. asses freely into Var. inérmis, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 408. A form with shorter and crowded branches, shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, aud smaller heads — 7. fnermis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. £15; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— The commonest aud almost the only form eastward. T. glabrata, Gray. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed: branches more slender, spreading : leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender- subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half-inch long; those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless: heads mostly short-pedunculate: involucre often glabrate: akenes as far as known very villous. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 193: Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 4us.— Common in Utah and to the eastern borders of California and 8. E. Oregon; first coll. hy Beckwith. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves: leaves of the asillary fascicles mostly spatulate: leads more glomerate. — Fl. 1. ¢.; Eaton, le. 7. spinosa, Nutt. 1. ¢., not Hook. & Arn.— Utah and Wyoming or 8. Idaho, Nuttall, Watson. § 2. Lagotusuyts. Torr. & Gray. loc. Involucre 5-9-flowered, of 5 or 6 broader bracts: proper pappus less copious, reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles. which are covered by a false pappus of the extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely clothe the akene: shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely white-tomentose. — Lagothamuus. Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soe. vil. 416. T. spindésa, Hoox. & Ary. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or re- curved spines in place of primary leaves: secondary leaves fa-cicled in their axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate: heads scattered, pedunculate, fully half-inch long: pappus of comparatively rigid capillary bristles. somewhat surpassing the wool of the akene. — Bot. Beech. 360; ‘Torr. & Gray, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. }. ¢.— Luyothamnus wicro- phyllus & Ly ambiguus, Nutt. Trans. .\m. Phil. Suc. vii. 416.—%, Wyoming and Utah to Idaho, E. Oregon, and along the southeastern borders of California to border of Arizona. w==J. comésa, (iray. Branches erect, elongated : primary leaves linear, svft, floccose-tomen- tose: the earlier 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines wide, plane; those of the branches often fili- form and deciduous, some of the upper changed to long and soft spines: fascicled secondary leaves wanting, or fewer and like those of 7. spinosa: heads corymbose or glomerate at the summit of the branches : pappus finer and more scanty, concealed by the luug wool of the akene.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60; Bot. Calif. ii. 458.—N. W. borders of Nevada (Lennon), San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, Parry, Lemmon, Parish, Cleveland. 380 COMPOSITA. Raillardella. 190. RAILLARDELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Raillardia, an allied Hawaian genus of shrubs.) — Perennial and mostly scapose herbs of the Sierra Nevada, California, intermediate between the Senecionidee and the Helenioidee. Leaves entire, narrow; cauline alternate or none: head solitary, with yellow flowers; in summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 450 (§ of Ratllardia), & in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 442; Bot. Calif. i. 416. § 1. Genuine species, with creeping rootstocks, producing rosulate clusters of spatulate-lanceolate or narrower thickish leaves, and occasionally one or two small ones near the base of the otherwise naked elongated simple scape, which is terminated by the solitary (commonly inch long) head: pappus-bristles 15 to 20 or more, conspicuous] y short-plumose, white: no hirsute pubescence, but invo- lucre and upper part of scape glandular. _R. argéntea, Gray, lc. Rootstocks extensively creeping, somewhat lignescent: leaves silvery with a silky tomentum, inch or two long: scape 2 to 4 inches high: head narrow, in depauperate specimens 7-8-flowered, but usually about 15-flowered: no rays. — High Sierra Nevada (9,000 to 11,000 feet) from the San Bernardino Mountains to Lassen, Brewer, Greene, Lemmon, &c. R. scaposa, Gray, l.c. Somewhat pubescent, but no tomentum, glabrate: leaves 1 to 4 inches long: scape 4 to 10 inches high: inyolucre cylindraceous, in depauperate plants 10-12-flowered, in others 20-30-flowered : corollas light yellow. — Sierra Nevada above and - east of the Yosemite, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander ; the latter found some specimens with incipient rays, connecting with Var. Biseni. A small form: heads with 3 or 4 deformed rays. — R. Liseni, Kellogg in herb. Calif. Acad. — Mountains of King’s River, Fresno Co., G. Eisen. R. Pringlei, Grerxe. Rootstock stout and branching: leaves glabrous and smooth, thick- ish, some obscurely denticulate, 3 or 4 inches long; 3 or 4 lines wide: scape 10 to 18 inches high: involucre campanulate, about 40-flowered, of correspondingly numerous and more distinct bracts: flowers orange-yellow, 6 to 10 of them conspicuously radiate : pappus-bristles rather fewer (15 to 18) and rather less plumose than in the foregoing. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 17.— High mountains of N. California, west of Mount Shasta, Pringle. § 2. Anomalous species, hirsute, leafy-stemmed, perhaps some of the central flowers infertile. R. Muirii, Gray. About a foot high, roughish-hirsute, leafy below, sparsely so and bearing stipitate glands toward the summit: leaves inch long, lanceolate-linear, acute, closely sessile ; radical ones unknown: heads terminal and one or two lateral, half-inch high, wholly dis- coid: involucre campanulate, hirsute, its narrow bracts distinct to the base: akenes oblong with tapering base: pappus of 11 or 12 somewhat more aristiform and rather less plumose bristles than in preceding species. — Bot. Calif. ii. 618.—In the Sierra Nevada, probably southward, but station unknown, Jfuir, Too little known. 191. ARNICA, L. (Thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) — Peren- nial herbs, of the northern temperate and arctic zones; with erect stems, either quite simple or branching above, opposite leaves (or upper occasionally alternate), and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers; the rays usually elongated, rarely wanting. Anthers yellow except in the last species. Il. summer.— Gertn. Fr. t.173; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 248; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 449, 5 * Radical leaves roundish and sessile in an ample rosulate cluster. Atlantic U. 8. A. nudicatlis, Nort. Hirsute: stem robust, 1 to 3 fect high, simple aud bearing few heads, or loosely paniculate with many: leaves deuticulate or nearly entire; radical 2 to 5 inches long ; caine only one or two remote pairs up to the inflorescence, small, oval, closely sessile: rays half-inch long. — Gen. ii. 164; LIL. Sk. ii. 333; DC. Prody, vi. 818; Torr. & Arnica. COMPOSIT.E. 881 Gray, 1.¢. A. Clayton’, Pursh, Fl. ii. 527. Doronienm acaule, Walt. Car. 205. D. nudicaule, Michx. FL. ii. 121.— Pine barrens, &¢., Penn. to Florida. * * Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles: rootstocks slender and creeping. Pacific and Rocky Mountain species. +-— Rays wanting or rarely some rudiments: cauline leaves sometimes by disjunction alternate, some of them petioled, irregularly dentate: heads rather numerous, paniculate. A. parviflora, Gray. +§. Soldanélla, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high, somewhat succu- lent: leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reniform to spatulate-obovate, denticulate or entire ; cauline one or two or none: head solitary, erect. two thirds to nearly a full inch high: involucral bracts lanceolate and a very few calyculate ones: rays 6 to 10, oblong, quarter-inch long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Porter & Coulter, Fl Colorad. 83. — High alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour, Coulter, &c. “~~, ampléctens, Gray. Lightly floccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so high, few-seyeral-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedunculate nodding heads : leayes thinner than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate; radical ob- ovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole; cauline as large or larger (4 to 6 inches long), oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base: involucre over half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones: rays linear, inch long or more, acute or acutely 2-3-toothed at tip. — Aim. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 240, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. &. — Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky Mountains, Colorado ; first coll. by Parry. =— Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only aspan or two high, with fewer and smaller cauline leaves; these and the radical commonly spatulate and with tapering base, not rarely lacini- ately subpinnatifid: head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. — High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada; first coll. by Parry. The most dwarf forms are very unlike the type. == = Not alpine: seapiform stem low, strict and strictly monocephalous. S. Actinélla, Grerxr. Floccosely white-tomentose, glabrate in age: simple stem 6 to 10 inches high, bearing several small and appressed linear bract-like leaves and an erect head of two thirds of an inch in height: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, obovate-spatulate, denticu- late, subcoriaceous, an inch or more long including the cuneate narrowed base or short winged petiole: involucral bracts subulate-linear : rays 9 to 12, rather conspicuous, broadly linear. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87.—N. Arizona, near Flagstaff, Rusby. = = = Not alpine, with leafy stems a foot to a yard high, and several or few or sometimes solitary erect heads. (Here 8. Clarkianus, if the heads were a little larger.) S. Whippleanus, Gray. Probably floccose when young, sprinkled with less decidnous araneose hairs: stem robust, apparently 3 or 4 feet high, naked above, with an ample loose cyme: leaves ample (6 or 8 inches long), sinuately or laciniately pinnatitid, the lobes few and irregular; cauline sessile: peduncles mostly elongated, naked: involucral bracts tleshy- thickened, oblong-linew, abruptly acuminate; a very few loose and small slender calyculate bracts: rays half-inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54, without char. S. eurycephalus, yar, major, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. (Bot. Whipp.) iv. 111.— Lower Sierra Nevada, at Murphy's, Calaveras Co., California, Bigelow. Further specimens needed. The broad heads nearly three-fourths inch high. S. Mendocinénsis, Gray. Lightly arachnoid-floccose, soon glabrate : stem robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy lelow, naked above, bearing a corymbiform cyme of several heads on sparsely setaceous-bracteolate peduncles: leaves somewhat sueculent, irregularly repand- denticulate to dentate ; radical and lower 8 tu 6 inches long, oval to obl ne-tanceolate, taper- ing into margined petivles; upper lanceolate from a broad sessile husxe, above reduced to Senecio. COMPOSITE. 85 co subulate bracts: involncral bracts linear-subulate, and with several loose and slender calvcu- late ones: rays oblong, seldom half-inch in length. — Proc. Am. .Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif. 1c. 413. — Plains, Mendocino to Humboldt Co., California, Bolander, Kellogg, Hav sord. S. Greénei, (ay. Lightly floccose-tomentose, seldom a foot high, simple, bearing 1 to 3 short-peduncled heads: leaves (about inch long) coarsely dentate; radical roundish, with abrupt or somewhat cuneate base, coarsely crenate-dentate, slender-petioled ; cauline few, sessile, upper lanceolate and entire, sometimes all small and bract-like : heads two-thirds inch long: bracts of involucre linear, no outer calyculate ones: rays deep orange, half-inch or more long: style-tips of disk-flowers conspicuously penicillate-margined and with a central cusp.— Proce. Am. Acad. x. 75, & Bot. Calif. i. 412.— Wooded mountain-side, near the Geysers in Lake Co., California, Greene. S. megacéphalus, Ncrr. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate, leafy: leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole, and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish (obscurely glandular under the wool?): heads 1 to 3, short-peduncled (8 lines to an inch high); involucre calyculate by some very loose and setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts; sometimes the true bracts and peduncles bear a few hirsute hairs besides the loose wool: rays over half-inch long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 438.— Mountains of Idaho, Nuttall, Watson, and Rocky Mountaius, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet, near British Boundary, Lyall, Canby. a+ ++ Heads rayless, nodding: some sparse crisped hairs in place of tomentum: caudex hardly any; the root a cluster of fibres. <= S. Bigelévii, Gray. Rolmst, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply paniculate inflorescence, pubescent with some sparse crisped hairs when young, and with mere traces of arachnoid caducous wool, at length glabrate: leaves from elongated-vblong to lanceolate, denticulate or more dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline 3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-petioled, or tapering into a winged petiole or partly clasping hase; upper lanceolate with partly clasping base: heads in small plants few _. or solitary, in larger ones several, nodding on their peduncles: involucre very broadly cam- panulate; its bracts lanceolate, thickish ; a few small and louse subulate accessory bractlets at base. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. §3: Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 178. With var. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1 e. (more sile-leaved), and var. monocephalus, Rothrock, 1. ¢. (smallest form).— Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet; first coll. by Bigelow. * * Heads middle-sized or small (half-inch or less), +— Nodding on the paniculate pedicels in anthesis. rayless. a few loose setaceous or subulate bract- lets at their base: very early glabrate or quite glabrous leafy-stemmed plants: leaves at most dentate, all either petioled or attenuate at base. S. Rusbyi, Greexe. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves very obscurely pruinose-puberulent under a lens, ovate-lanceolate, callous-denticulate ; the lower (3 to 6 inches long) with abrupt or truncate base and winged petiole with dilated and somewhat auriculate half-clasping in- sertion ; upper cuneately contracted into the winged petiole; the small uppermust closely sessile, attenuate-acuminate: heads (4 or 5 lines high) less nodding than in the next, almost hemispherical. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, at least as to pl. Rushy.— New Mexico, in the Mogollon Mountains, Rusby. Apparently in Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon, but specimens insufficient. Nearly related to the following : root nearly of the preceding. ma Sy, ‘cérnuus, Gray. Quite glabrous, usually more slender, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth, all tapering at have into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not claspiug base: heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them de- cidedly nodding: involucre narrow-campanulate : flowers pale vellow.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxviii. 10; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 82. — Mountains of Colorado, wholly below the alpine region ; first coll. by Parry. + + Heads erect, mostly radiate, occasionally rayless in same species. ++ Stem frutescent below. _§. Lemmdni, Gray. Loosely much branched, early glabrate and smooth : main stems de- cidedly woody: branches slender, spreading, very leafy below, nearly naked at summit, 25 386 COMPOSITA, Senecio. bearing several or numerous loosely cymose slender-pedunculate heads: leaves somewhat succulent, lanceolate, irregularly and sparsely dentate with salient teeth, attenuate below and with a dilated cordate-clasping base, or the lower tapering into a naked petiole; uppermost small, linear, entire: heads 4 or 5 lines high: rays about 12; disk-flowers 20 or more. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220.— Santa Catalina Mountains, 8. Arizona, Lemmon. ++ ++ Stems herbaceous, numerously leafy to the top: leaves all rounded-subcordate and angu- lately somewhat lobed, palmately veined and reticulate-venulose, petioled: heads small and numerous in a compound cyme. S. Hartwégi, Bextu. Flocculent-tomentulose when young, or nearly glabrous: stems 2 or 8 feet high from a somewhat tuberous rootstock: leaves chartacco-membranaceous (2 to 4 inches broad, and petiole inch or two long), the margin with 7 to 9 short angulate lobes or coarse teeth, and sinuses denticulate: veinlets minutely reticulated: heads 3 or 4 lines long, crowded: involucre narrow-campanulate, 12-20-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate, short: rays few.— Pl. Hartw. 18, form with leaves tomentulose beneath. S. Scemanni, Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 311, glabrous form. — Cafions, 8. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. (Mex.; of a Mexican type unlike any other N. American.) ++ ++ ++ Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top: leaves pinnately veined, not con- spicuously reticulated, from entire to laciniate-dentate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly linear: glabrous, or very early glabrate and smooth, seldom a vestige of wool at anthesis. == Low, alpine: heads subsolitary, radiate. —— 8. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot high: leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to oblong (inch or sometimes 2 inches long), obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifid-dentate, lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole; uppermost sessile by broadish base: heads half- inch high, short-peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets: rays 3 to 5 inches long. — FI. ii. 445.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains (first coll. by Fremont), from near Brit. boundary to 8. Colorado, Utah, and Lassen’s Peak, California: passing to Var. occidentalis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads longer- peduncled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the ground. — Bot. Calif. i. 618.— Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, Rothrock, &c. Also Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming and Montana, at 7,000 to 8,000 feet, Lyall, Parry, very dwarf. == = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless. 8. rapifolius, Nurr. About a foot high: leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping by a broad subcordate base: heads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 10, narrowly oblong. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 409: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 441.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte, Nuttul/, Fremont, &c. = = = Tall, with corymbosely eymose and radiate heads: involucre setaceously few-bracteo- late, campanulate or narrower: leaves nearly membranaceous. s=— §. triangularis, Hoox. Rather stout: stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme: leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate (sometimes minutely so, sometimes with long lanceolate-subulate and very salient teeth), deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and upper- most lanceolate with cuneate base: heads about half-inch high: involucre campanulate, mostly 25-30-flowered ; the oblong-linear rays 6 to 12.—F. i. 332, t. 115; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 441; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 189; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 414. S. Jongidentatus, DC. Prody. vi. 428. — Wooded districts in wet ground, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., south to the higher mountains of Colorado and through the Sierra Nevada, California. S. Huachucanus, Gray. Two or three feet high, somewhat branching: leaves ovate- to oblong-lauccolate, acuminate, minutely denticulate ; lower cauline (4 to 6 inches long) taper- ing into a winged petiole, upper partly elasping by a broad subcordate hase: heads fastigi- ately cymose, small, about 4 lines high: involucre eylindraceous-campanulate, 15-18-flowered : the small rays 3 or 4.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54.— igh bluffs near Fort IHuachuea, 8. Arizona, Lemmon. — S. sérra, Hook. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather few somewhat large (half-inch long) heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing Senecio. COMPOSITE. 387 numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads: leaves (4 to 6 inches long) all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base (or the lowest oblong-spatulate and taper- ing into a short petiole), usually with whole margin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : involucre oblong-campanulate, 20-30-flowered : rays 5 to 8, oblong-linear, sometimes fully half-inch long. — FI. i. 332 (Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441, as tv name only, the char. taken from |S. /unyidentatus, DC., wrongly referred, and syn. belonging to S. trianqu- laris); Gray, Proc, Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, under SS. Andinus 2? — Mountains, from Wyoming to Idaho and 8. Colorado; first coll. by Douglas. The form with the very serrate leaves of the original of Douglas, but with much fewer and larger heads, mountains of Colorado, Fremont, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Rothrock (under S. Andinus). Passes into —_Var. integriisculus. Heads smaller (usually only 3 or 4 lines high) and narrower, fewer-flowered: leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or broader and not acuminate. — 5. ..ndinus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1 ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. S. lanceolatus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440, an entire-leaved form.— Common from Wyoming to E. Cregon, and in the mountains of Nevada and the burders of California; perhaps first coll. by Nuttall. ++ +r ++ ++ Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves all entire or denticulate: involucre fleshy-thickened ! ee==S. crassulus, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous apparently from the first: stem rather stout, 5-7-leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large (fully half-inch high) and thick heads: leaves oblong-lanceolate, of rather firm texture, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ; radical and lowest cauline spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole ; upper sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base: involucre broadly canpanulate, 40-50- flowered, of 12 or more lanceolate to oblong fle-hy-thickened but thin-edge bracts, the base also much thickened, the whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit: rays about 8, oblong. — Proce. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. integerrimus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢., & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67, not Nutt. S. lugens, var. Hookeri, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, in purt. — Subalpine, Rocky Mountains of Colorado (first coll. by Parry) to the Wahsatch in Utah (Watson), and in N. Wyoming, Parry. ee ee te te +e Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves (and sometimes most of the cauline) reduced in size; the inflorescence therefore naked: none with narrow linear leaves (except one scapose species). = Plant tall and simple-stemmed, with a coarsely fibrous cluster of roots, perhaps not perennial: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate. =2=S, hydrophilus, Nett. Very glabrous and smooth, sometimes glaucous: stem robust, 2 to 4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate, with strong midrib and obsvlete veins; radical oblenceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long and nearly two inches wide; upper cauline sessile or partly clasping: heads numerous in a branching corymbiform cyme, 5 lines high, short-pedicelled: involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate ; its bracts 8 to 12: disk-fluwers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and small, sometimes none. — In water or very wet ground, especially in brackish water, Montana to Brit. Columbia, south to Colo- rado, and west to San Francisco Bay, California. = = Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks. a. Stems commonly robust, from a foot or rarely less to 3 or even 5 feet high, bearing mostly numerous heads in a cyme: involucre sparingly calyculate: leaves from entire to dentate, only jn the last species at all laciniate, none really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. Western species, none truly alpine. 1. Glaucous or glaucescent, apparently quite glabrous throughout from the very first: heads many-flowered. S. Clevelandi, Grerxe. Stems rather rigid and slender, a foot or two high from firm creeping rootstocks: leaves subcoriaceous, entire, obture, with veins almost obsolete, spat- ulate or rarely obovate; radical and lower cauline an inch or two long, tapering into much longer slender petioles; upper cauline few and smaller, with shorter petivles : heads 4 or 5 lines high: involucral bracts subulate-linear: ravs 6 to 8 and short, sometimes fewer, occasionally none. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Springy ground, Lake Co., California, Cleve- land, Pringle. 388 COMPOSIT.A®, Senecio. S. Toluccdnus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 110: apparently a com- mon Mexican species. ===. Var. microdéntus. About 2 feet high from a short rootstock or caudex: leaves thickish and firm; radical obovate to oblong, obscurely veiny, mostly acute, numerously denticulate, 2 to 6 inches long, tapering into shorter wing-margined petioles; cauline sessile, few and oblong-lanceolate toward the base of the stem, or commonly only one or two small and bractlike ones on a scapiform stem, these subtending the rather few-headed branches of the cyme: heads nearly half-inch high: involucral bracts linear: rays 6 to 10, conspicu- ous.— Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. Agrees with a specimen of coll. Seemann, N. W. Mexico, but not well with S. Toluccanus, var. modestus, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 211. Approaches very smooth forms of S. lugens. 2. Not glaucous, usually more or less woolly-pubescent when young, and the wool sometimes tar- dily deciduous, often quite glabrate and green at flowering time: heads many-flowered: rays 8 to 12, conspicuous. w= §. integérrimus, Nutr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elongated-oblong, quite entire or denticulate; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated base: heads several, umbellately cymose, commonly half-inch high: involucral bracts narrow, acute or acuminate. — Gen. ii. 165, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 11. 439, — Dakota to Wyoming and Saskatchewan ; first coll. by Nuttall. =~ §, lugens, Ricuarps. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical form early gla- brate and bright green. stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads (these about 5 lines high) : radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abrupily contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-den- ticulate; upper cauline lanceolate or reduced and bract-like: bracts of the campanulate involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31; Hook. FI. i. 332, t. 114; Torr. & Gray, I'l. ii. 439; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, var. J/ookeri, chiefly, & var. Parry’. iS. campestris, Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 294, 332, partly. Cineraria pratensis, Herder, Pl]. Radd. ii. 127, in part. — Low or moist grounds, Subarctic America to Kotzebue Sound? through the whole Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and west to California. In various forms. Var. folidsus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 418. Floccose wool usually persistent up to flowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity: stem seldom over a foot high, stouter, more leafy to near the inflorescence: leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly lanceo- late: heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower: tips of involucral bracts conspicuously blackish. — S. exaltatus, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 406. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton, 1. c. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah, from base up to 10,000 or 12,000 feet; first coll. by Parry. w== Var. exaltatus, Gray, lv. Lightly floceose when young, and not rarely with looser and more persistent scattered hairs: stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high: leaves thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader ones abrupt and sometimes even subcordate at base; cauline occasionally laciniate-dentate : heads mostly numerous in the cyme.— S. exaltatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. c. 410; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Wet ground, Brit. Columbia and Idaho to California, where it connects with the next species. Var. ochroletcus. Rays yellowish-white: otherwise like broader-leaved forms of the preceding, some radical leaves subcordate.—.S. cordatus, Nutt. 1. ¢. 411, probably, but color of flowers not noted.—QOpen woods, on Columbia River, Klikitat Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf. 3. Like the preceding, but with fewer-flowered heads and fewer or no rays: upper leaves occa- sionally incised. S. aronicoides, DC. Robust, lightly floccose when young, and usually with some decid- uous villosity, 1 to 3 fect high: leaves variable, from broadly ovate to oblong, repand-den- ticulate to coarsely dentate, or cauline sometimes pinnatifid-laciniate: heads mostly smaller than in preceding, often only 10-12-flowered; rays when present only one or two and short. —Prodr, vi. 426; Torr, & Gray, Fl. ii. 441; Gray, Bot. Calif. i, 414.—S. exaltatus, var. Senceto. COMPOSITE. eo cy uniflosculosus, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111. — Low grounds, common in California; first coll. by Douglas. Connects with S. lugens, var. exaltatus. &, Stems low and simple, bearing a solitary or few comparatively large heads: involucre not at all calyculate: leaves entire or merely dentate; radical and lower ones spatulate to vbovate. Arctic- alpine species, loosely cottuny-woolly, tardily glabrate. S. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Perhaps a less arctic variety of the next, bearing 3 to 5 closely corymbose heads, or a var. of S. campestris of the Old World, but ovaries and akenes glabrous. — FI. ii. 438. 8. fntegrifulius, Hook. Fl. i. 334, excl. syn. 8. campestris, Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 395, partly. Ciueraria integrifolia, Richards. }. e.— Arctic and Subarctic America and high-northern Rocky Mountains, Richardson, &e. S. frigidus, Less. A span or two high, 3-5-leaved, bearing a solitary head, sometimes 2 or 3: leaves spatulate, or the radical rounded-obovate and cauline lanceolate from a hroad or narrow sessile lasc, these sometimes dentate: involucre half-inch high, usually villous with some purplish hairs, especially at the thickened base or -ummit of the peduncle: rays rather numerous, becoming half-inch long: ovarics and akencs glabrous or sparsely hairy. — Less. in Linn. vi. 239; Hook. F1.i. 334, t. 112; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 445. Cineraria frigida, Richards. 1. c.; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 126; Herder, lc. 124. €'. atropurpurea, Ledeb. ex DC., &.— Newfoundland? and Labrador, Arctic coast to Kotzebue Sound, &e. (N. E. Asia.) c. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform: leaves clustered on the rootstock or caudex, entire or crenate; those of the scape few and very small, reduced to mere bracts: involucre slightly calyculate. Rocky Mountain species, chiefly alpine or -ubalpine. 1. Leaves linear, not thick: akenes papillose-hirtellous. S. Thurberi, Gray. Leaves densely tufted on the branches of the multicipital caudex, about inch long, barely a line wide toward the apex, tapering into a slender lase, entire or nearly so, tomentose-canescent, tardily glabrate: scapes glabrate, 4 to 6 inches high, bearing 2to 5 heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 7 to 10, 3 lines long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. S. canus, var. pygmeus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. — Mountain-sides, Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow. ; 2. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex, nearly veinless, even the midrib obscure: akenes glabrous. S. werneriefélius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate: leaves quite entire, erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base, by 2 or 3 lines wide) to elongated-oblong (inch long and half-inch wide) and short-petioled, the margins sumctimes revolute; scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or wanting.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, var. wernericjolius, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 81.— Mountains of Colorado, alpine, in coniferous woods near the upper limit of trees, and in the alpine region, mostly on the upper waters of Clear Creek, Hall & Harbour, Greene, Coulter, &c. —=S§. petreéus, Kratr. Glabrous or early glabrate: leaves from orbicular-obovate or oval (a quarter to half an inch long) to cuneate-oblong (largest inch long), entire or 3—1-crenate- toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled: scapes 1 to 3 inches high, bearing solitary or several clustered heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 6 to 10, golden yellow, 3 lines Jong. — Abhand. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, xv. (1881). 5. aureus, var. alpinus, (sray, Am. Jour. Sci. u. ser. XxNiii. 11; Porter & Coulter, lc. S. aureus, var. borealis, mainly, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 412.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (first coll. by Parry), of Utah (Ward), and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, &c. Approaches the preceding on one hand, and ‘5. aureus, var. borealis, on the other. 3. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled, more or less clustered at the base of the scape: akenes glabrous: plants very glabrous. S. renifélius, Porrer. Two inches high from filiform creeping rootstocks : leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rounded-subcordate or reniform, only about half-inch wide, coarsely 5-7-crenate: scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary comparatively large (half-inch long) head: rays about 8. oblong, + lines long. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. $3 —High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Cen- tral Colorado, at 13,000 feet, J. If. Coulter. 390 COMPOSIT.E. Senecio. S. Cardamine, Greys. Scapes a span or two high, slender, bearing solitary or 2 or 3 small (about 4 lines high) heads, and below one or two very small oblong-cordate clasping pinnatifid-dentate bract-like leaves: radical leaves orbicular-cordate, repand-crenate, thinnish, inch or two in diameter, on long slender petioles: rays about 8, pale yellow. — Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98. — New Mexico, on the higher slopes of the Mogollon Mountains, Greene. d. Stems low (2 to 6 inches high) and slender, 1-2-cephalous, few-leaved: leaves mostly lyrate- pinnatifid. High northern species. S. resedifélius, Less. Glabrous or soon glabrate: stems simple: earlier radical leaves roundish or subcordate, crenate or crenately lobed, later ones lyrate-pinnatifid, slender- petioled, all or the terminal lobes crenate-incised: heads 4 or 5 lines high: involucre very obscurely bracteolate: rays 5 lines long: style-branches commonly with slender cusp: akenes either papillose-hirsute or glabrous. — Less. in Linn. vi. 243; Hook. Fl. 1.333, t. 117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii 445. Cineraria lyrata, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 102; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Crit. ii. t. 101. — From Great Bear Lake, &c., near the Arctic Circle, to Kutzebue Sound and the Aleutian Islands. (N. Asia.) Var. Columbiénsis. Heads rayless: stems often sparingly branched and 2-4- leaved. — Mucklung River, British Columbia, Mr. Mackay. e. Stems a foot or two high (or in reduced forms lower), bearing some leaves and corymbosely cymose (only when depauperate solitary) heads: involucre sparingly or inconspicuously calycu- late, or nearly naked at base: foliage various. Not arctic nor alpine, except perhaps one vari- ety of S. aureus: usually some floccose tomentum, at least when young. 1. Leaves all entire, rarely a tooth or a few obscure denticulations, and narrowed at base. S. fastigidtus, Nurr. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose tomentum, or glabrate : stems strict, simple, 1 or 2 feet high, terminated by a fastigiate cyme of several heads, or sometimes with branches terminated by single and rather larger heads: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 2 inches long; upper often linear; lower cauline and the sometimes oblong radical tapering into slender petioles: heads 4 or 5 lines high: rays conspicuous: akenes glabrous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 439. — Plains of Oregon, Washington Terr., and adjacent Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall. Var. Layneze. Stems disposed to branch, and the branches to bear 2 or 3 or some times solitary heads, of half-inch in height: Jeaves mostly apiculate-acute. — S. Laynee, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Sweetwater Creek, FE] Dorado Co., California, JJ/rs. K. Layne-Curran. 2. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided: rays occasionally wanting. Species of perhaps impossible limitation. <= S. cdnus, Hoox. Permanently canescent with pannose tomentum, or at length flocculent, but rarely at all glabrate: stems from a span to a fovt or rarely 2 feet high: leaves some- times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong or round- ish-oval (half-inch to thrice that length) and slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid (either the upper or lower ones, or both): heads 4 or 5 lines high: akenes very glabrous (in figure of Hooker hispidulous on the angles): style-tips nsually with central cusp. — Fl. i, 333, t. 116; Torr. & Gray, 1. v.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 412. S. integrifolius, Nutt. Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria integrifolia minor, Pursh, FI. ii. 528. S. Purshianus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 412. iS. Howellii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98.— Rocky banks, Saskatchewan and Dakota to the mountains of Colorado, west to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada as far as Kern Co., California. —.\ notable and dubious form, low and stout, with comparatively large heads and always undivided leaves, abounds in the mountains of Colorado, at the upper limit of trees. “=s, tomentosus, Micux. Canescent or cinereous with a close or at length floccose and more or less deciduous wool: stems rather stout, commonly 2 feet high: leaves thickish, ob- long, crenate or sometimes entire; the larger radical ones ample, 5 or 6 inches long, on elongated stout petioles and with stout midrib; cauline similar and smaller or lvrate-pin- natifid, often few and small: heads, &c., of the next species: akenes always hispidulous, at least on the angles. — Fl. ii, 119; EM. Sk. ii, 329; Torr. & Gray, FL ii, 443. S. integri- Jolius, var. heterophyllus, Natt. Gen. ii. 165. Crneraria heterophylla, Pursh, Fl. ii. 528.— oe or sparsely wooded moist ground, Delaware to Florida and Arkausas ; first coll. by fichaus. Senecio. COMPOSIT.E. 391 == S. atrreus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering (in spring or early summer) and a foot or two high from small rootstucks: radical leaves mostly rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciniate : most polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high, surculose by slender rootstocks : leaves thin; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, crenate-dentate (1 to 3 inches in diameter), on long slender petioles ; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobelets on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed; others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often incised ; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base : heads rather numerous, 4 or 5 lines high: rays 8 to 12, couspicuons, rarely wanting : akenes quite glabrous. — Spee. ii. 870; Michx. FI. ii. 820; EJL Sk. ii. 331; DC. Prodr. vi. 432; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 442; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 77, t. 15, the normal form. |S. gracilis, Pursh, Fi. ii. 529; DC. 1. c.,a slender or depauperate form. S. Jastigiatus, Schwein. in Ell. J. e. — Swamps and wet banks, usually in shaded ground, Newfoundland to Florida, Texas, and to Brit. Columbia and the Sierra Nevada, California. e= Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray, ].c. Radical leaves of thicker texture, rotund with abrupt or truncate base, or obovate and cuneate-contracted into a short margined petiole, or the earliest in the rosulate tufts almost sessile and humifuse: vtherwise as in the typical form.— 5. olovatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1999; Pursh, l. c.; Ell. loc. 8. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 443, a form with the early radical leaves more plantagineous and very short-petioled. — More open and moist grounds, Canada to Indiana and Georgia, in the upper country, characteristically developed southward. == Var. Balsdmite, Torr. & Gray, lc. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or less wool until fruiting : depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high: principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, commonly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted into slender petioles; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid: heads usually rather small and numerous: akenes almost always hispidulous-pubescent on the angles. — ». Balsamite, Mubl.1.c.; Pursh,].c. S$. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 413, a robust and larger-leaved western form, verging toward '¥. tomentosus. S. aureus, var. lanceolatus, Oakes in Hovey’s Mag., & Torr. & Gray, 1. c., an attenuated form of this, or of the type, growing in shady swamps. |S. pauperculus, Michx. F). ii. 120, depauperate form. — Rocky or nearly dry ground, Canada to Texas, and northwestward to Brit. Columbia. Var. compactus. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age: radical leaves oblanceolate or attcnuate-spat- ulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatifid-dentate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnatifid: heads rather numerous and crowded in the cyme, rather small: ovaries papillose-hispidulous on the angles. —.>. aureus, var. borealis, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 125, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, in part.—N. W. Texas (JV riyht) to the base of the mountains in Colorado, Hall & Harlour, Greene, &c. ; mostly in saline soil. ‘== Var. borealis, Torr. & Gray, 1c. A foot down to a span high, at summit bearing either numerous or few heads; these not rarely rayless: leaves thickish ; radical from round- ish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, half-inch to inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much pinnatifid: akenes glabrous. — 5. elongatus, pauciflorus, & Cymbalaria? Pursh, Fl. ii. 529, 530. S. aureus, var. foliosus, &c., Hook. Ie: S. aureus, var. borealis & var. discoideus, Torr. & Gray, lc. 5S. cymbalarioides & S. debilis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 408, 412. — Labrador to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, the high Sierra Nevada in California, and mountains of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, where are forms undistinguishable from the following. = Var. croceus, Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate: leaves somewhat succulent; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes lyrate; cauline very various: heads usually numerous in the eyme: flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the rays, or these sometimes wanting. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68 ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 82; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 190, & S. Fendleri of the same 5S. aureus, var. multi- lobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 411, in part.— Wet ground, high mountains of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, north to Montana, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Parry, &c. Var. subnidus. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or two high, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a pair: radical leaves few, spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate : cauline incised or sparingly pinnatifid: rays conspicuous. — S. subnudus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428; Nutt. 392 COMPOSITE. Senecio. lc.; Torr. & Gray, lc. Here perhaps S. Cymbalaria, Pursh, Fl. ii. 530. — Wet ground on mountains, Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and sparingly in California. The most depauperate form. ——§, Féndleri, Gray. Very canescent with pannose or floccose wool, in age tardily glabrate : stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching: leaves vblong- lanceolate or narrower; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline sinuately pectinate-pinnatifid or even pinnately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 2-4-lobed: heads mostly numerous and crowded, small (3 vr 4 lines high): rays rather numerous: akenes and ovaries glabrous. — Pl. Fendl. 108, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111, & Proc. Acad. Phiiad. 1. c. —Dry ground, mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, at 6,000 tu 8,000 feet, Fendler, Bigelow, Parry, &c. == S. Neo-Mexicadnus, Gray. More or less canescent with looser tomentum, in age gla- brate: stems robust, a foot or two high (often from a simple thickish caudex), few-leaved, simple or often branching above, and bearing loose cymes of comparatively large (often half-inch) heads: leaves thickish (inch or two long); radical oblong-obovate to spatulate, with cuncate or tapering base, sometimes coarsely few-toothed only at summit, many lyrate- pinnatifid, with few or several pairs of small lateral lobes ; cauline similar or more pinnatifid, and the lobes incisely few-toothed: rays 12 to 16, in larger heads half-inch long: akenes sometimes hispidulous-papillose, sometimes quite glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix.55. Has been variously referred to S. Fendleri, to doubtful forms of S. aureus, &c. — Mountains and wooded hills of New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, Thurber, Henry, Greene, &c. Arizona, Lem- mon, Pringle. San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parish. S. Arizonicus, Greexe. Lightly and loosely floccose-woolly when young, early glabrate and green: stems a foot or two high, sometimes from a thick perpendicular caudex : leaves mainly in the radical tuft, thickish, ovate to oblong-ohovate (commonly 2 or 3 inches long), dentate with mucronate teeth, often with rounded or subcordate, but some with cuneate base, with or without one or two pairs of small lobes on the petiole; lower cauline leaves one or two and usually lyrate-pinnatifid, upper very small and bract-like: heads loosely cymose, 5 or 6 lines high: rays 9 to 12, conspicuous. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87.— Arizona, Palmer, Pringle (veferred to a form of S. aureus), Rusby. 3. Leaves all or mainly bipinnately dissected into narrow lobes. Atlantic species. S. Millefélium, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate: stems slender, a foot or two high, bear- ing a corymbose cyme of rather numerous heads: these 3 lines high : radical and cauline Taye similar (or the earliest less dissected), the very numerous lobes linear-oblong or nar- row (1 to 3 lines long), thickish: small upper leaves narrow and more simply dissected : rays few, a line or two long. —FI. ii. 444. — Sides of precipitous mountains, North and South Carolina, especially at Table Mountain, 8. Carolina, and vicinity ; first coll. by Fraser. 4. Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted, and again lobed or incised. Pacific species. —. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Glabrous or early glabrate: stems weak and slender, 6 to 30 inches high from slender creeping rootstocks: leaves thin and membranaceous, imostly petioled ; early radical orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9-lobed or crenate-incised; others pinnately divided into 5 to 9 distinct leaflets, or upper lobes confluent with rounded terminal one, all obtusely incised: heads several, loosely cymose, 4or 5 lines high: rays 5 to 8, rather long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif. i. 411. — Sandstone bluffs and in Redwoods, Mendo- cino Co., California, Pisterndens Rattan, to Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Ael/oyg, [ovell. S. eurycéphalus, Torr. & Gray. Floccose-woolly when young, sometimes early glabrate : stems robust, 1 to 3 feet high, corymbosely branching above, bearing several or numerous loosely cymose heads: leaves irregularly pinnately parted or the lower divided, radical mostly lyrate ; divisions of the cauline from cuneate to linear-lanceolate, variously lobed or incised, mucronately tipped: heads hardly at all calyculate, fully half-inch high, commonly as beat. but sometimes half smaller: rays 10 to 12, the larger half-inch long. — Gray, in Ph. Fendl. 109, & Bot. Calif. i. 411, exel. var. major, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111.— Toe grounds, California ‘orth of the Bay of San Francisco, and on Monte Diablo; first coll. by Fremont and /furtiveq. SS: eremophilus, Ricnarps, Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves mostly oblong in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes usually incised or acutely dentate : heads numerous in corymbiform cymes, 4 or 5 lines high, short: -pedun- Senecio, COMPOSITE. 393 cled: involucre campanulate or narrower, minutely bracteolate; proper bracts commonly purple-tipped: rays 7 to 9, 2 or 3 lines loug: akenes either minutely papillose-cinereous or glabrous. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31; Hook. Fl. i. 334; ‘Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 444; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192.— Shady moist ground, frum Mackenzie River and Saskatch- ewan, along the Rocky Mountains to those of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona; first coll. by Richardson. Tn caiiuns of 8. Arizona, a form with narrowest and even linear lobes to the leaves, coll. Lemmon. we oth th +h ++ ++ Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top, all pin- nately lobed or parted, or when entire narrowly linear. = Leaves comparatively broad, pinnatifid and laciniate: early glabrate if not glabrous. S. Clarkianus, Grir. Stems strict and simple, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-angled: leaves lanceolate ; cauline 4 to 7 inches long, sessile, simply pinnatifid or laciniate-dentate; the salient lobes or teeth lanceolate or triangular, very acute: heads several, eymose or some- what paniculate, fully half-inch high, shurt-peduncled: involucre of subulate-linear bracts, and several more slender loose calyculate ones: rays 4 or 5 lines long, narrow, — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif. i. 413. — Moist ground, in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, Yosemite to Kern Co., Boliunder, Rothrock, &e.; first coll. at Clark’s Ranch. == = Leaves or their divisions from linear to filiform, or broader toward the base of the stems. wwe 5S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed, a foot or two or southward even 5 or 6 feet high, either white-tomentose or glabrate and green: leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear (mostly 2 to 4 lines long and 1 or 2 lines wide), more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from a third to half an inch high, obscurely bracteolate, the proper bracts linear: rays 8 to 18, a third to half an inch long: akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. — Prodr. vi. 429; Torr. & Gray, Il. ii. 443; Gray, Bot. Calif. i.411. S. Reyiomontanus, DC. 1. c. (Monterey, California), & probably S. stachadiformis, DC. SS. longilobus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 18; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 108. S. yili- Jolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 414. S. Riddellii, S. filijolius, & S. spartioides, Torr. & Gray, lc. S. fastigiatus? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 99, a peculiar and abnormal broader-leaved form. — Open plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas, 8. Utah, Arizona, S$. California, and northward near the Pacific coast to Lake Co. 2. Perennial? viscidly pubescent: heads conspicuously radiate. yP 1 y S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or two high, branching, sparsely leafy to the inflo- rescence, pubescent with short and spreading and some longer viscid hairiness: root not seen: leaves irregularly dentate, oblong or the lowest spatulate, auriculate-clasping at base: heads cymose or somewhat paniculate, about half-inch long: involucre sparsely calyculate : akenes strigulose-canescent. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 103.—S. E. California on the San Ber- nardino and San Francisco Mountains, Lemmon, Greene. First coll. within the Mexican lines, on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua, beluw San Carlos, Purry. § 3. Annuals or biennials. * Indigenous species, of Southern range: heads conspicuously radiate: akenes seldom glabrous. S. ampullaceus, Hoox. Lightly floccose or araneose-woolly when young, glabrate and smooth: stem mostly stout, a foot or two high, leafy to near the summit: leaves all undi- vided, repand-dentate or entire (1 to 6 inches long), ovate or oblong; lowest obovate with tapering wing-petioled base; upper mostly clasping with broad base : heads rather numerous in naked loose cymes: involucre (4 lines high) calyculate-bracteolate, cylindraccous, becom- ing thickened and conoidal after anthesis: rays 7 to 9, oblong: akenes canescent.— Bot. Mag. t. 3487; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440; Gray, Pl. Lindh, i. 42.—Sandy prairies, Texas ; first coll. by Drummond. == S. Califoérnicus, DC. Early glabrate if not glabrous, slender, a foot or so high: leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lower oblong, varying from denticulate to pinnatifid, the lobes short and obtuse, all but the lowest auriculate-sessile or clasping at base (one or two inches long) : heads several and loosely paniculate or cymose at the naked summit cf the stem: inyolucre broadly campanulate, 3 or 4 lines high, nearly naked at base: rays oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : akenes canescent. — Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, l.v.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i410. S$. Coro- 394 COMPOSITA. Senecio. nopus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. ¢.; Torr & Gray, 1. c.; a form with leaves deeply and even doubly pinnatifid. — Low ground, California, from Santa Barbara southward. (Lower Calif.) ; S. multilobatus, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate and smooth, a foot or two high from a winter-annual or bieunial root, naked and often branching ahove, bearing numerous corym- bosely cymose heads: radical and lower cauline leaves lyrate, and the divisions dentate ; upper pinnately parted, their mostly numerous divisions narrowly cuneate, incised or 2-3- lobed at the apex: involucre 3 lines high, nearly or quite naked at base: rays 3 or 4 lines long: akenes slightly hispidulous or glabrate. — Pl. Fend]. 109, excel. var. pl. Coulter, which is probably S. Douglasii S. Tampicanus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 89, perhaps also i. 109. S. aureus, var. multilobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., partly. —S. Utah, Arizona, and western borders of Texas, Fremont, Wright, Palmer, &c. w=== §. lobdtus, Pers. (Burrer-weep.) Lightly floccose-tomentose when very young, early glabrous, very smooth, soft-succulent or tender: stem fistulous, 1 to 3 feet high, sometimes depauperate and slender, commonly branching, and bearing compound or paniculate cymes: leaves lyrately parted or divided, irregular and variable ; divisions from roundish to cuneate or oblong, obtusely sinuate-lobed or toothed: involucre barely 3 lines high, nearly naked at base: rays 6 to 12: akenes minutely hispidulous on some of the angles. — Syn. ii. 436; Ell. Sk. ii. 332; Torr. & Gray, Lc. S. lyratus, Michx. FI. ii. 120, not L., &e. iS. glabellus, Poir. Dict. vii. 102. S. Carol/nianus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 559. S. Mississippianus, DC. Prody. vi. 427. S. densiflorus, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brus. viii. 67. S. Schwe/nitzianus, Nutt. in Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 411. S. imparipinnatus, Klatt in Naturf. Gesellsch. Halle. xv. — Wet grounds, in the low country, N. Carolina to Texas, common. (Adj. Mex.) * * Indigenous, of northern range: heads obviously radiate: akenes glabrous: pappus elongated. — 5S. palustris, Hoox. Loosely woolly or villous with long and many-jointed hairs, in age sometimes glabrate :' stem 6 to 20 inches high from an annual or biennial root, leafy, usually stout: leaves broadly lanceolate, from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid-laciniate, cauline sessile by a cordate or auriculate partly clasping base: heads crowded in a glomerate or corymbi- form cyme, in flower only 4 lines long, and with short light-yellow rays, in fruit with pappus halgpch or more long: invulucre naked at base. — FI. i. 334; DC. Prodr. vi. 363; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 438. S. Aalmii, Less. in Linn. vi, 244, not Nutt., which is only a changed name for Cineraria Cunadensis, L. Cineraria palustris, L. Spee. ed. 2, 1243; Fl. Dan. t. 573; Schkuhy, Handb. t 246. C\ congesta, R. Br. in Parry, Voy., Richards., &c., only an arctic and woolly condensed form, var. congestus, Hook. 1. c.— Wet ground, N. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota to the Arctic sea-coast, N. Alaska, &e. (N. Asia, Eu.) * * * Naturalized annual weeds from Europe: rays none or minute. ‘c= S. syrvAricus, L. Slender, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot or more high: leaves usually pinnatifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high, narrow, nearly naked at base, bearing a few rays with inconspicuous ligule not surpassing the disk: akenes canescent.— Engl. Bot. t. 748; Fl. Dan. t. 869. — Waste grounds, of sparing occurrence in Nova Scotia and coast of California. (Nat. from. Eu.) ss §. vurcAris, L. (Grounpse.) Stouter, more branchy and leafy to the top, glabrate: leaves incisely pinnatifid, the oblong or roundish lobes and the sinuses sharply toothed : heads thicker, 4 or 5 lines high: tips of the involucral bracts and the short calyculate ones at base blackish: rays none: akenes canescently puberulent. — Engl. Bot. t. 747; Fl. Dan. t. 513; Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. — Waste grounds and cult. fields, not rare on both the Northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts. (Nat. from Eu.) —— S. viscésus, L. Cvarser, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented : leaves once or twice pinnatifid : heads rather larger, more pedunculate: involucre sparingly and slenderly bracteolate at base, its bracts not black-tipped : rays with inconspicuous ligule : akenes glabrous. — Engl. Bot. t. 82; VL. Dan. t. 1230.— Waste grounds on coast of New England, near Providence and Boston. (Nat. from Eu.) 193. CACALIA, L. Inpran Prantarn. (Ancient Greek name of some Senecioneous plant, perhaps Coltsfoot.) — Perennial herbs, not fleshy (some shrubby in the tropics), natives of America and Asia in the northern hemisphere, . Cacalia. COMPOSITE, 395 with aspect mostly unlike Senecio. Leaves petioled. Our species all smooth, glabrous, and akenes vlabrous: fl. summer. — L. (ren. ed. 4, 362 (partly); DC. Prodr. vi. 327 (with Psacalium, & excl. § 3, 4); Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xix. 51. § 1. Involucre in ours of rather many bracts, calyculate with some small loose ones, and many-flowered: corolla-lobes shorter than the throat: receptacle plane. = C. suavéolens, L. Nearly glabrous: stem striate-angled, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the corymbiform cyme of numerous heads: leaves hastate and on margined or winged petioles, or uppermo-t merely truncate or cuneate at base, acutely and often doubly dentate: proper bracts of the involucre about 12: flowers 25 to 30: corolla-lobes fully half the length of the throat: style-branches capitellate-truncate. — Spec. ii. 835; Walt. Car. 195; Michx. FI. ii. 96; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. & Gray, V1. ii. 434. Scnecio suareolens, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. — Moist and shaded ground, W. New England to Michigan and Illinois, and along the mountain region to W. Florida. C. nastAta, L., which reaches Kamtschatka, is said to have been collected in Sitka by four collectors (»ee Herder in Pl. Radd. iii. 105); but stewart’s plant, named by Herder, is Pre- nanthes alata, and probably the others likewise. § 2. Involucre of about 5 narrowly oblong or linear bracts and as many flow- ers: receptacle commonly with a fleshy projection or 2 or 3 thickish fimbrilla in the centre: corolla-lobes longer than the throat: heads numerous in corymbose cymes. — § Cunuphora, DC, * Leaves merely lobed, pedately ribbed, veiny: plants glabrous and smooth. w= C,renif6érmis, Muuz. Green, not at all glaucous: stem angled, 4 to 9 feet high: leaves slighdy angulate-lobed, repand-dentate, ample; radica] dilated-reniform, often 2 feet wide ; upper cauline subcordate or flabelliform: corolla parted down almost to the proper tube. —Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1735 (where the heads are wrongly said to be many-flow- ered); Pursh, Fl. ii. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 435.— Rich and damp woods, Penn. to Carolina and Tennessee along the mountains. <2, atriplicifdlia, L. Glaucous: stem terete, 3 to 6 feet high, naked at summit: leaves of firmer texture, lobed or incised, but not dentate; radical from round-reniform to subcordate- ovate (larger 6 inches broad); cauline angulate-cordate or triangular, or with cuneate base and 3 to 7 laciniate lobes, to rhombic-lanceolate and entire in the uppermost: cymes open : corolla-lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Spec. ii. 835; Walt. 1.c.; Michx. 1. c.; Pursh, l.¢.; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. Fl. N.Y. i. 401, t.59. ©. atriplicijolia, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 7, t. 15, £7. C. gigantea, Nees & Schauer, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. 1841, & Linnea, xvi. 216. Senecis atriplicifolius, Hook. FI. i. 332, with var. reniformis. — Moist or dry ground, W. Canada and New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Tlinwis. C. diversifélia, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucons: stem striate, 2 or 3 feet high: corolla- lobes a little longer than the oblong-campanulate throat : otherwise nearly as in the preced- ing, into which it may pass. — Fl. ii. 435.— River swamps in Middle Florida, Chapman. S. Carolina, Ravenel. % * Leaves from sinuately dentate to entire, 3-7-nerved or triplinerved: plants glabrous and smooth: style-tips with or without a short setiform central cusp. + Corolla-lobes moderately longer than the oblong-campanulate throat. C. Floridana, Gray. Not glaucous: stem 3 or 4 feet high, rigid, striate-angled : leaves thickish, ovate or oblong, obtuse, cuneate-contracted at base into a margined petiole, 3-5- nerved from or near the base, obtusely dentate (cauline 2 or 3, and radical 5 or 6 inches long): cymes open, irregular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 52.— Coast of Florida, Palmer, Chapman, 4+ + Corolla parted down almost to the proper tube: stems comparatively naked above, bearing loose fastigiate-corymbose cymes. C. ovata, Ext. Semewhat glaucous: stem terete: 3 or 4 feet high: leaves thinnish, from oval, or radical broadly ovate, to oblong or upper cauline oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or with a few irregular teeth; uppermost sessile ; lower and radical nervose at base and triplinerved above it, the nerves commonly diverging. — Ell. Sk. ii. 310; Torr. & Gray, 396 COMPOSITA. Cacalia. 1. c. — Damp woods, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana. It is impossible to determine whether this or the next is Walter’s C. ovata. ===" C. tuberdésa, Nurr. Green, not glaucous: stem 2 to 5 feet high from ‘‘a napiform root ” or stock, striate-angled: leaves thickish, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticu- late, or rarely repaud-dentate, conspicuously 5-7-nerved from base, and the uerves parallel and continued to the apex; radical plantagineous, 3 to 8 inches long, contracted or tapering at base into (sometimes foot long) petioles; lower cauline similar, upper comparatively few and small.— Gen. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 436. (C. paniculata & C. pleranthes, Rat. Ann. Nat. 1820, 14. C. ovata, Walt. Car. 196? from char., not Ell.— Wet prairies, &c., W. Canada and Wisconsin to Alabama. C. lanceclata, Nurr. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete, 2 or 3 feet high, slender: leaves all lanceolate and lightly 3-5-nerved, or even linear and 1-3-nerved, thickish, entire, some- times 2 or 3 laciniate teeth or small lobes: heads and cymes of the preceding or fewer. — Gen. 1. ¢.; Ell. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, Le. C. hastata? Walt. 1. c. 195 ?— Wet pine barrens, &c., 8. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. * * %* Leaves decompound: stem and branches slightly pubescent: corolla divided down to the proper tube into linear lobes somewhat exceeding it in length. C. decompésita, Gray. Stem slender, 3 feet high, floccose-woolly at base, naked and paniculately branched above, bearing numerous small (4 or 5 lines high) heads in open corymbiform cymes: leaves large (radical 2 feet high including the petiole), 3 or 4 times pinnately divided into linear chiefly entire lobes, the primary and secondary divisions more commonly alternate: involucre about half the length of the (5 or 6) flowers. — Pl. Wright. ii. 99. Senecio Gruyanus, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.Am. Bot. ii. 241.— Mountains of S Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 194. ERECHTITES, Raf. Frrewerp. (Name of a Groundsel by Dios- corides.) — Coarse and homely annuals (Eastern American, and some in New Zealand and Australia); with rank smell, alternate leaves, and cymosely or panic- ulately disposed heads of whitish or dull yellow flowers. — DC. Prodr. vi. 204; Benth. & Hook. FL. ii. 443. Meoceis, Cass. =H. hieracifolia, Rar. Glabrous or with some hirsute pubescence: stem commonly stout, 1 to 6 feet high, suleate, leafy to top: leaves of tender texture, lanceolate or broader, sessile, acute, acutely dentate, or some incised or pinnatifid, upper commonly with auriculate partly clasping base: heads half-inch high, cylindraceous, rather fleshy, setaceously bracteolate : pappus white. — DC. Prodr. Lc ; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 434. EB. (hicracijolia,) preealta, elon- gata, &e., Raf. Fl. Ludov. & in DC. Senecio hieracifolius, L. Spec. ii. 866. Cineraria Canadensis, Walt. Car, 207 1 — Moist woods and copses, a common weed in enriched soil, and especially where woods have been recently burned away (fl. late summer), Newfoundland and Canada to Louisiana. (Extends to 8. Amer.) Tring IX. CYNAROIDEA, p. 81. 195. SAUSSUREA, DC. (Theodore, and his father Horace Benedict Saussure, eminent Genevese naturalists.) — Perennials of the northern temper- ate and arctic zones ; with middle-sized heads of purple or violet-blue flowers. — Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. t. 10-13, & Prodr. vi. 532; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 471. — Ours all have the distinct and deciduous outer pappus of true Sanssurea: fl. Jate summer. —~ §. alpina, DC.1.c. Low, 2 to 12 inches high, with few cymose-glomerate heads, loosely arachnoid-tomentose and glabrate: leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate or even broader, all narrowed at base, denticulate, sometimes entire: bracts of the involucre char- taceo-membranaceous, acutish or acute, outer shorter: usually some setose chaff of the receptacle among the flowers. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 452; Reichenb, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 816, Cricus. COMPOSIT-#. 397 &e.; Herder, Pl. Radd. iii. 36. S. angustifolia, DC. 1. ce. S. monticola, Richards. App. Frank. Journ. ed. 2, 29. 8. multiylura, Richards. 1. v., ed. 1.— Mackenzie River to Arctic coast and Kotzebue Sound. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. Ledebouri. More glabrate: leaves from sinuately or laciniate-dentate to entire: involucre luuser; its bracts mostly attenuate-acuminate, less unequal, or the outer- most prolonged to the height of the inner: chaff of the receptacle either ~parse or wanting. — S. alpina, Huok. Fl. i. 303, in part. S. Ledebouri, Herder, 1. . 41... subsinuata, nuda, & Tilesii, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 60, 61,62. S. subsinuata, Seem. Bot. Ierald, 35,t. 7. . acumi- nata, Turcz. in DC. 1. ¢, 636, exactly S. nuda, Ledeb. 1. e.— Northern Rocky Mountains in the alpine region to Kotzebue Sound and Alaskan islands; in this country the commoner form and manifestly passing into ¥. alpina. (Adj. Asia.) — 8. Americana, Earoy. Tall, 2 vr 3 feet high, leafy, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, bearing numerous curymbosely cymose head-+: leaves membranaceous, denticulate or dentate, ovate and oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline sub- cordate and on slender margined petioles (4 inches long); upper sessile with acute base; uppermust lanceolate: heads half to three-fourths inch long: involucre cylindraceous or somewhat turbinate, pubescent, 10-17-lowered; its bracts thin-coriaceous, 5-G-ranked, all pointless and obtuse; outer successively shorter, ovate: corollas “dark blue” or “ purple”: receptacle bearing more or less copious setiform chaff [“naked” according to Eaton]. — Lot. Gazette, vi. 23.— Mountains of Eastern Oregon, Cusick. and Simeve Mountains, Washington Terr., 7. J. Lowell. Related to the W. Asiatic S. fut/folia, Ledeb., and 3. grand:polia, Maxim., especially to the latter, which has an cqually cupious outer pappus. 196. ARCTIUM,L. Brrpock. (“Apxres.a bear, from the rough invo- lucre ¢) — Coarse and rank biennials, of the Old World, unarmed, except the hooked tips of the involucral bracts forming the bur; with large and roundish mostly cordate leaves. the lower on stout petioles, and middle-sized heads of pink or purplish flowers, in summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 466. Lappa, Tourn., Juss.. Gertn., DC., &e. sms A. Lippa, L. Plant 3 to 5 feet high, with somewhat crmosely dispose heads: leaves mostly green and glabrous above, whitish with cottony down beneath: in the larger form, var. Asus (Lappa major, Gertn., Arctium majus, Schkuhr), the bur an inch or more in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous or nearly so.— Common in waste or manured ground, near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. Ttomestosum (A. Bardana, Willd., Lappa tomentosa, Lam.), a more woolly form ; with bracts of involucre cottuny-webbed. — Rare in N. America. —~— Var. miscs (A. minus, Schkuhr, Lappa minor, DC.), with smaller and only slightly webby heads; these more paniculate, and innermost bracts or awns of the bur erect. Varies with laciniate leaves. — Not uncommon. All the forms are vile weeds. 197. CARDUUS, Tourn. L.. partly. Preweress Tarstie. (Ancient Latin name of Thistle.) — Old World genus, one species locally naturalized. —_ C. strass, L. (Mcsx Turstie.) Biennial, 1 to 3 feet high, green: stem sinuately and interruptedly winged: head solitary, nodding: corvllas erimson-purple. — Fi. Dan. 675; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 877. —On the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) C. crisprs, C. acanTHofpes, and C. pYCNOCEPHALT-, L., occasionally appear as ballast- weeds or waifs at seaports. C. pectisAtvs, L. Mant. 279, grown in the Upsal Garden, from unknown source, said by Willdenow to come from Pennzylvanian seeds, but doubtless not American, is referred by Sprengel to C. defloratus. 198, CNICUS, Tourn., L., partly. Pxroumep Tutstre. (Latin name of Safflower, changed from «vjxos, of Dioscorides. applied by the herbalists and early botanists to Thistles.) — Stout herbs (of the northern hemisphere) ; with sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized 398 COMPOSITE. Cnicus. heads; the flowers red, purple, or rose-color, rarely white or yellowish, in summer. Many hybridize! — L. Gen. ed. 6, 409 (where the char. is pappus plumosus, and in Spec. ed. 2, two years earlier, C. benedictus is referred to Centaured) ; Willd. Spec. iii, 1662; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 468. Cirsium, DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3, iv. 110, & Prodr. vi. 634, not Tourn. $1. Naturalized from Europe: one species with dicecious heads. === C, arvansis, Horr. (Canapa TurstLe). Perennial and spreading by creeping root- stocks, a foot or two high, corymbosely branching, usually glabrate and green: stem and branches wingless: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furnished with abundant weak prickles: heads loosely cymose, less than inch high, dicecious; in male plant ovate-globular, and flowers (rose-purple) well exserted ; in female oblong-campanulate and flowers less _pro- jecting: bracts of involucre all appressed, short, and with very small weak prickly points : only abortive anthers to the female flowers. — F]. Germ. iv. 180 ; Pursh, FI. ii. 506. Serratula arvensis, L. Spec. ii. 820; Fl. Dan. t. 644. Carduus arvensis, Curt. Fl. Loud. t. 57; Engl. Bot. t.975. Carsium arrense, Scop. FI. Carn.; DC. Prodr. yi. 643; Torr FI. N.Y. i. 408, t. 61; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 842. Breea arvensis, Less. Syn. 9.— Meadows, pastures, and waste grounds, from Newfoundland through the Northern and Middle Atlantic States: too common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) ema, tayceorAtus, Horra. lc. (Common Tuistxe of fields.) Biennial, 3 or 4 feet high, with large heads (almost 2 inches high) terminating somewhat leafy branchlets, cottony-tomen- tose when young, becoming green, more or less villous or hirsute: leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid and with lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly ; upper face strigose-setulose ; base decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings: bracts of involucre arachnoid-woolly, lanceolate and mostly attenuate into slender and rigid prickly-pointed spreading tips: flow- ers rose-purple, hermaphrodite. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1666; Pursh,].¢. Carduus /anccolatus, L. ; Engl. Bot. t. 107; Fl. Dan. t 1173. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 1. ¢.; DC. 1. ¢.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 826.— Pastures and waste grounds, Newfoundland and Canada to Georgia (very common northward); also in Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Indigenous species, all but one Alaskan species endemic, all or mostly biennials. * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricated and the outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white-scarious tips. — Echenais, Cass., DC. C. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above: branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads: leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately pinnatifid, or some merely dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly : hewds erect, inch high~ principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate (not setose- spinuliferous) below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with barely exserted cusp or mucro; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips: flowers ochroleucous: stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavcllate at tip.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56, without char. C. carlinoides, var. Americanus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48, & Bot. Calif. i. 420, excl. syn. Nutt., &e. ehenais carlinoides, var. nutans, Gray, Proc, Acad. Philad. 1863, 69. — Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to the coast of California. (A-chybrid with C. undulatus ? with red-purple flowers and purplish tips to involucral bracts, is from Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.) * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot, + Some with scarious or fringed tip or margins, at least the innermost, slightly or not at all prickly-pointed (except accessory leafy ones): leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately prickly: Rocky Mountain and Western species. C. Parryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high: leaves lanceolate, sinuate-deutate : heads (inch high) several and spicately glomerate or more race- mosely paniculate, more or less bracteosc-leafy at base: accessory and outer proper bracts or sume of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or less Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 399 dilated or margined mo-tly lacerate-fimbriate tips: corollas pale yellow; the lobes longer than the throat: pappus of fine soft lristles, none of them obviously clavellate. — Prov. Am. Acad. x. 47; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 180.— Rucky Mountains in Colorado and Utah, at about 8,000 feet; first coll. by Parry. Appears to hybridize with (. ertocephalus, &e. C. remotifdlius, Gray, 1. ¢. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when young, 3 to 8 feet high: leaves from xiuuately to deeply pinnatifid, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum be- neath even in age: heads (inch and « half high) pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly su at base: involucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenuate, the outer into a weak small prickle; the inner or some of them with a scarious (from broadly subulate to ovate-lanceolate) entire or sparingly lacerate tip: corolla ochroleucons, its lobes much shorter than the throat: pappus of coarser bristles, the strongest with conspicuously clavel- late tips. — Carduus remotifolius, Hook. F1.i. 302. Cirsium remo folium, IC.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 460. C. stenolepidum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 419. — Along streams, Culum- bia River, from the Yakima district, Washington Terr., to the coast, and to Mendocino Co., California. Here no. 559 AeHoyy & Harford (not “ Hall & Harbour”), doubtfully re- ferred to C. Americanus in Bot. Calif. i. 421, a form most approaching the latter species. +— + None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-dilated tips, or obscurely so in the first species. ++ Proper bracts nearly all tipped with a slender acicular prickle, also somewhat viscidly long- woolly: leaves narrow, well armed with prickles: stem a foot or two high, leafy: pappus- bristles not clavellate-tipped. Rocky-Mountain species. C. Hookerianus, Gray, 1. ce. Arachnoid white-woolly, hardly glabrate, stout : leaves pin- natifid ; the short lobes rather distant, sparsely prickly ; hase little or not at all decurrent : heads few and sessile in » terminal cluster, or scattered, inch and a half high, somewhat bracteore-leafy at hase: proper bracts tapering from a broadish base into a rather rigid subulate prickly point: corellas white or whitish. —Carduus discolor, var. fl. albis, Hook. F1. i. 302. Cirsium Hookeriunum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418.— Upper wooded and subalpine region of the Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 48°, Dunglas, Bourgeau, &e. C. eriocéphalus, Gray, lL ¢. Loosely arachnoid-wooily and partly glabrate, very leafy: leaves pinnatifid into very numerous and crowded and numerously prickly short lubes, the base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings: heads (inch long) several, sessile, and crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule; the subtending leaves and the in- volucral bracts densely long-woolly (or the iumost bracts glabrous), all very slender-prickly : corollas light yellow or yellowish. — Cirsium eriocephalum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 69; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 146, excl. var.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, at the head of Clear Creek and its tributaries ; first coll. by Parry. ++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short prickle or soft point: leaves green both sides, glabrate, mostly membranaceou-, not decurrent on the stem, except the lower of the last species. Pacific species, with middle-sized or small heads. == C. édulis, Gray, 1c. Stem robust and somewhat succulent, 3 to 6 feet high, pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves oblong or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly-ciliate ; heads (the larger inch and a half high) scattered or few in a cluster, usnally bractevse-leafy at base: involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly gla- brate in age: corollas dull purple or whitish ; the lobes much shorter than throat, filiform in the dried state and capitellate-callous at apex !— Bot. Calif. i. $20. Cirsium edule, Nutt. l.c.; Torr. & Gray, lL. v.— Low grounds, British Columbia to W. California. C. Hallii, Gray. Glabrate and green: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, moderately leafy: leaves pinnatifid, the lobes and teeth rather strongly prickly : heads solitary and pedunculate, or 2 or 3 in a small terminal cluster (inch or more high), more or less bracteuse-leafy at base: involucre sparingly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but the outermost innocuous: corollas rose-purple, varying tu white; the lobes linear, plane, obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56.— Oregon, [all (310, was referred to C. edulis), to 5. California (San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, &c.) and 8. Utah, Mrs. Thompson. C, Kamtschaticus, Maxim. Glabrate and green, leafy up to the naked and short-pedun- culate (inch high) heads: leaves oblong-ovate or oval, from barely dentate to incisely pin- natifid, 6 to 10 inches long, weakly prickly ; lower decurrent on the stem into narrow prickly wings: involucral bracts all attenuate-subulate from a narrow base, arachnoid-pubescent 400 COMPOSIT.A. Cricus. when young or glabrate: corolla-lobes narrowly linear, apiculate: larger pappus bristles clavellate.— Mel. Biol. ix. 310. Cirsium Kamtschaticum, Ledeb. in DC. Prodr. vi. 644, & Fl. Ross. ii. 736. — Atkha, one of the Aleutian Islands, Lieut. Turner. Said to be “7 feet high”: corollas whitish: anther-tips slender, as in pl. Kamts., and longer than in var.? Grayanus, Maxim., of Japan. (Kamtschatka to Japan.) ++ ++ ++ Proper bracts of the involucre not at all prickly, but the large (2 inches high) heads conspicuously and numerously bracteose-leafy at base. Atlantic species. sx ©, horridulus, Pursu. K. montana, Nerr.}.c. Caulescent or subcaulescent from short cespitose rootstocks, not tuberiferous: peduncles simple and naked, a span to a foot long: leaves from oblong to linear, from entire to pinnatifid, thickish: head smaller than of the preceding. — Hyoseris montana, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Cynthia Dandelion, var. y, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 469. C. Dan- deliun, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 35.—Crevices of rocks, Alleghany Mountains (Blue Ridge), N. and S. Carolina and Georgia; first coll. by Michaux. a= K, amplexicaulis, Nurr.1.c. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous: stem a foot or two high, 1-3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles: leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repaud and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed ; these contracted into winged petioles ; cauline partly clasping hy a broad base : heads a third of an inch high. — Tragopoqon Virginicum, L. Spec. ii. 789. Hyoseris amplecxi- caulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. H. biflora, Walt. Car. 194% H. prenanthoides, Willd. Spee. iii. 1618. Cynthia Virginica, Don, 1. c.; Torr. & Gray,1 ¢. C. amplericaulis, Beck, Bot. 168; Darl. Fl. Cestr. 441. C. Grifithii, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69, with lower leaves run- cinate-lyrate. Luthera Virginica, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 257.— Moist banks, New York to Minnesota and Colorado, south to Georgia, 212. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Svccory, Cuiccory, Enpive. (Arabic name Latinized.) —Old World herbs. fl. summer. sas C. [xrysus, L. (Cuiccory ) Deep-rooted perennial, more or less hirsute, at least below, with rigid stout branches: radical leaves runcinate, cauline oblong or lanceolate, commonly dentate; those of flowering branches mostly reduced and scale-like, subtending solitary or clustered sessile heads, or some leads raised on a fistulous peduncle: flowers showy, matu- tinal, closing by midday, sky-blue, varying occasionally to purple or white. — Roadsides, common in E, New England, and in a few places westward. (Nat. from En.) 213. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. (Sredvy, a coronal or wreath, pepos, a division ; no particular application.) —W. N. American perennials or an- nuals, mostly smooth and glabrous; with branching or rarely virgate and often rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering branches, and usually paniculate small or middle-sized heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers, open only in early morning. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 427; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 722; Benth. & Took. Gen. ii. 533 (exel, Rajinesquia) : Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 427. ' Jamesia, Nees in Pl. Neuwied Trav. 516, not Torr. & Gray. § 1. ALiéseris, Gray. Tleads large for the genus, about 12-flowered: invo- lucre somewhat imbricated, the outer bracts being of 2 or 3 lengths: receptacle alveolate, and the short alveoli fimbriolate-hirsute : pappus-bristles 12-20, short- plumose for their whole length, sordid or almost fuscous.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 502, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. Stephanomeria, COMPOSITA. 413 — 5S. cichoridcea, Gray 1 ¢. Perennial, 1 to 4 feet high, comparatively stout, when young sometimes tomentulose leaves resemlling those of Chiceory, lanceolate, sparsely denticu- late to runcinate-laciniate involucre half-inch high: heads sessile along naked branches: mature akenes short-linear, smooth, lightly and acutely 5-angled. — Rocky hills and cafions through the southern portions of California, Lr. Horn, Parish, Pringle. § 2. STEPHANOMERIA proper. Heads 3-20-flowered : receptacle quite naked: involucre shglitly imbricated by having one or two intermediate bracts, espe- cially in the earlier species, or only calyculate at base: pappus setose and plu- mose throughout or only above the middle, the lower part of the bristle either slender to base or sometimes paleaceous-dilated. — Gray, 1. c. 61. * Heads fully half-inch high, 10-20-flowered, somewhat corymbosely disposed, + Terminating leafy stems and branches: pappus sordid or grayish, of 10 or 12 rather long-plu- mose bri-tles* akenes smooth and even, with slender ribs or angles: plants a span to a foot high from perennial roots; involucre obscurely imbricated, 10-12-flowered. S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, widely branched from the base: leaves thickish, deeply runcinately pinnatifid; thuse of the flowering branchlets rather numerous up to the head, small, somewhat spinulose-lobed: pappus-bristles rather stout, naked (and often united in twos or threes) at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 61.— Arid districts near St George, S. Utah, Parry. Borders of the Mohave Desert, $8. E. California, Palmer, Pringle. se~§,. lactucina, Gray. Rather slender, with erect branches, leaf y up to the nearly naked peduncles . leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth: pappus- bristles slender and plumose to the base. —Proc. Am. Acad. vi 552; Bot. Calif. le — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa Co. to Shasta, Newberry, Brewer, Bolander, &e. + + Heads naked-paniculate: pappus bright white: involucre merely calyculate. —. S. Thirberi, Gray. Simple-stemmed from a probably biennial root, a foot or two high: leaves mainly at and near the base, runcinate-pinnatifid, inch or two long; those of the naked stem and few corymbosely-paniculate branches reduced to linear-subulate or inconspicuous bracts: heads rather few: involucre narrow, 16-20-flowered . bristles of the pappus 20 to 20, soft and slender, very plumose to base. — P]. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acai. vy. 325, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 105.— New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, Thurber, Bigelow, Henry, Greenc, &e. S evAta, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 173,—said to be probably perennial and blue-flowered, simple- stemmed, 3 or 4 feet high, with very narrow linear leaves, about 10-flowered heads, inyolucre (6-8-phyllous) and branches sprinkled with resinous dots, and plumose white pappus, coll. at Santa Barbara, California, —remains quite obscure. % » Heads quarter to third inch high, or sometimes higher, narrow, mostly 5-flowered (flowers from 3 to 6, occasionally 8 or 9), and with about the same number of involucral bracts: mature akenes either smooth and even between the ribs, or rugose, or tubercular-thickened, sometimes in the same species. — Jamesia, Nees, 1. ce. + Perennials, paniculately or fastigiately branched from thick and tortuous roots or a lignescent base, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above: pappus-bristles not at all squamellate-appendaged or dilated at base. —— S. runcindta, Nurr. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along the branches: lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate; upper linear or reduced to scales: pappus dull white, plumose only to near the base.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 472; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 112. S. runcinata & S. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢., at least in part and by char., but poor specimens, seemingly confused with next. Prenanthes runcinata, James in Long Exped. P.? pauciflora, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210.— Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, N. W. Texas, Arizona, and S. California; first coll. by James. ~—-S. minor, Nutr. 1c. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usually terminal and smaller heads: cauline leaves all slender, often filiform: pappus white, very plumose down to base. — Torr. & Gray, l.c. Prenanthes? tenuifola, Torr. le. Lygodesma minor, Hook. Fl. i. 203, t. 103 A. Jamesia panciflora, Nees in Neuwied Tray. 516 (16).— Plaine and mountains, from borders of Brit. America to those of Texas, Arizona, the Sierra Nevada 414 COMPOSIT. Stephanomeria. in California, and Washington Terr. Generally of more northern range than the foregoing, not throughout distinguishable, perhaps has been rightly combined with it. S. myridoclada, Eatroy. Very slender stems and tortuous filiform branches very numerous and fastigiately crowded in an erect tuft, a foot or two high, terminated by scattered small heads: leaves linear and very small: involucre 2 and 8 lines long (of 4 or 5 as well as “3” narrow bracts) and 3-5-flowered: akenes pluristriate at maturity: pappus white, its bristles naked or merely hirsute below the middle or at the base. — Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20.— Dry rocky ridges, Thousand Spring and Goose Creek Valleys, Nevada, Wutson. Hawthorne, Nevada, AZ. F. Jones. -+— + Biennial, or probably perennial with long and slender subterranean shoots: pappus bright white; the bristles long-plumose to base, which is not at all paleaceous-dilated. S. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, slender, with single corymbosely paniculate stems: cauline leaves mostly filiform and entire; those of the radical tuft linear to spatulate and laciniate-pinnatifid : heads nearly half-inch long, 5-flowered, sparse, pedunculate, terminating slender branches: akenes smooth on the salient ribs and narrow intervals, contracted at summit: pappus long-plumose.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. S. runcinata, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 103, no. 1301.— W. Texas, in pebbly bed of Iluward’s Creek, Wright (without the elongated root or shoot), and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow. Apparently same from N. Arizona, Rusby, seemingly perennial from long and filiform subterranean shoots. + + + Annual, strictly erect: pappus white ; the bristles plumose to base, not paleaceous-dilated. S. virgata, Benru. Stem rigid, 1 to 4 feet high: heads 3 or 4 lines long, mostly subsessile or short-peduncled, spicately or thyrsoidly disposed along the naked upper part of virgate stem or similar branches, but sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets: upper leaves linear, small and entire; lower oblong or spatulate, often sinuate or pinnatifid: . inyolucre 4-8-flowered, originally described as “ 8-10-flowered””; akenes subclavate or ob- long, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose. — Bot. Sulph. 32; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.¢. S. paniculata, chiefly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f.5; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 428. Possibly (from habitat not improbably) S. clutu, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 173; but flowers not blue, and no resinous dots on involucre and branchlets. — California, common from San Bernardino and San Diego Co., to Oregon, east to Nevada and Utah. + + + + Annual, strictly erect: pappus grayish or fuscous; its bristles short-plumose nearly or quite to the more or less paleaceous or squamelliferous base. S. paniculata, Neurr. Stem erect from an annual root, a foot or two high, bearing numer- ous narrow 3-5-flowered heads in an elongated narrow or more open panicle, or else more strictly disposed on virgate branches: leaves linear or the lower lanceolate: akenes nearly of the preceding: pappus decidedly different. — Trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii. 428; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 473.— Plains of Idaho, and probably Northern Nevada, to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Mall, Cusick, &e. -— + + + + Annuals or biennials: bristles of the white or whitish pappus plumose above but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated or abruptly paleaceous, or clse with one or two adnate squamelle or bristly teeth at or near insertion: akenes thick-ribbed and tuberculate-rugose at maturity: stems paniculately and often divergently branched, bearing scattered squamulose-peduncled heads. —§ Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Calif., in part only. — SS. exigua, Neurr. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets, but stem not rarely robust (therefore ill named from depauperate specimens): radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales: invo- lucre 3 to 5 lines long, with commouly 5 flowers, “3 or 4” when depauperate, rarely 6 or 8 in strong plants: bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated and paleaceous or thickened hases commonly a little connate in 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2-setulose on each side. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ¢. 428; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 473 (attenuated form); Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f. 6,7; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 428. Hemiptilium Bigelovii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, a stout form. — Interior of Wyoming to the Upper Rio Grande on the border of Texas, west to Nevada and E. California. S. pentacheta, Karon. A span or two or even 2 or 3 feet high, like the preceding, or divaricately branched from the base: pappus of 5 or sometimes 7 bristles, all distinct to the base, which is little dilated, plumose only above the middle. — Bot. King Exp. 199, t. 20, Tragopogon. COMPOSIT&. 415 f. 8-10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 63. — Desert region, W. Nevada, Watson, Shockley. Edge of desert at San Felipe, San Diego Co., California, Purish. § 3. Hemiptitium, Gray, 1. ¢., xix. 63. Heads 5—flowered, small: receptacle naked: involucre merely calyculate: pappus of 4 to 6 narrow and rigid palex (rather than awns), not longer than the akene. sparsely short-plumose toward the summit, fuscous. — Hemiptilium, Gray. Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, excl. spec. S. Schottii, Gray. Probably annual, with habit of S. paniculata or S. exigua, slender : loosely paniculate, 3 lines long: involucre of 4 or 5 thinnish bracts and 2 or 3 small calyen- late ones: ligules barely 3 lines long: akenes less than 2 lines long, rather narrow, 4-5- angled, tapering very slightly from truncate summit to hase, minutely scabrous between the smooth angles. — Bot. Calif. i. 427. — Hemiptilium Schotti:, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. |. ¢.— Arizona, on the Gila River, Schott. Not since collected. 214. CHATADELPHA, Gray. (Xairg, bristles, and édeAd, sister, the bristles or awns of pappus as it were 5-adelphous.) — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 214; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 182, t. 15. — Single species. C. Wheéleri, Gray, 1. ¢. Much branched from a perennial root, flexuous and fastigiate, with aspect of Stephanomeria, or more of Lyqodesmia, a foot or two high: leaves narrowly linear, entire, uppermost reduced to subulate scales: heads solitary terminating the branch- lets: involucre half-inch and more high, somewhat exceeded by the pappus.— W. Nevada, on the borders of Arizona, Wheeler. Near Pyramid Lake, Lemmon. 215. RAFINESQUIA, Nutt. (Constantine S. Rafinesque Sehmalz, a noted botanist.) —Glabrous and branching slightly succulent and Senchus-like winter annuals (Californian and New Mexican), leafy ; with pinnatifid leaves, re- duced on the flowering branches to herbaceous bracts: the heads rather large, with showy white or rose-tinged flowers, mostly matutinal. — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 429; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 103, & Bot. Calif. 1. 429. ea R. Californica, Nurr.].c. Mostly robust, 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branching, bear- ing numerous heads: leaves oblong (larger 4 to 6 inches long); cauline partly clasping : involucre thickened at base (half to three-fourths inch high), of 12 to 15 principal bracts and some spreading calyculate ones: ligules comparatively short, white: beak of akenes very slender, as long as the body: pappus dull white. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t. 34, figure not good. — Moist or shaded ground, common in California toward the coast: a smaller-flowered form in N. W. Arizona, Palmer. R. Neo-Mexicdna, Gray. A foot or less high, more slender, bearing few but larger and more showy heads and much smaller leaves, the lower of these often runcinate: involucre narrow, more cylindraceous, sometimes inch long, little thickened at base, of fewer bracts: ligules large and conspicuous (half-inch and more long), white or tinged with flesh-color : beak of akene more gradually tapering, therefore stouter, rather shorter than the body: pap- pus bright white, of firmer bristles, the plume somewhat arachnoid. —PI. Wright. lL ¢.— Sandhills, &c., in the desert region, S. E. California to S. Utah and New Mexico on the Rio Grande ; first coll. by Wright. 216. TRAGOPOGON, Goar’s-BparD, SAaLsiry. (Tpdyos, goat, toryar, beard.) — Old World biennials or rarely perennials, glabrous; with long taproot ; entire and grass-like nervose leaves clasping at base; long and stout peduncles commonly thickened and fistulous under the large head; the flowers yellow or purple, closing at noon or earlier. — Two species sparingly naturalized, one of them cultivated. === TT ponrirdrivs, L. (Sarstry, OystER-PLANT.) Commonly 2 or 3 feet high: peduncle strongly clavate-thickened and fistulous for 2 or 8 inches beneath the head, which becomes 416 COMPOSITE. Tragopogon. 3 inches high: flowers violet-purple, mostly surpassed by the involucre: outermost akenes squamelate-muricate. — Sparingly in fields and near dwellings, as an escape from cultiva- tion in the Atlantic States, a naturalized weed in California and Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.) neta ba PRATENSIS, L. (Goat’s-BEarp.) parsely plumose bristles, deciduous in a ring. —Lam. Ill. t. 648; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. G-rm. t. 1373. — Intro- duced in a few places (as in Illinois, all), and as a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. Japonica, Recer. Very hispid with dark bristles, even to the involucre. — P. Japourca, Thanh. Fl. Jap. 299. P. Kamtschatica, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. 1814, & FI. Alt. iv. 159. P. Davurica, Fischer & Hornem Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 155.— Sitka, Voertens, according to Herder. (Occurs on Behring Island, off Kamtschatka, as well as on the mainland, Japan, &c.) ——P. (Metmistua) ecutofpes, L., of the Oll World., is a ballast-weed of occasional appear- ance near New York and Philadelphia: it is known by the ovate and subcordate foliaceous cuter bracts of the involucre, 3 to 5 in number, and by the narrow inner ones becoming thickened at base in age; also by the slender beak to the akene and a densely plumose pappus. 221. PINAROPAPPUS, Less. (Muwapds, dirty, rérr0s, pappus, this being sordid or fuscous.) — Syn. 143; DC. Prodr. vii. 99. — Single species. ——. P. rdseus, Less. 1. c. Glabrous and glaucescent deep-rooted perennial: stems scapiform with a few minute bracts, and monocephalous, or leafy below with a few naked branches, slender, rather rigid: leaves lanceolate and entire, and some pinnatifid: involucre over half- inch high : ligules conspicuous, rose-tinged or almost white. — Troximon Remerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 165. — High and rocky prairies, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. ( Mex.) 222. CALYCOSERIS, Gray. (Kdadvé, a cup, alluding to the shallow cup at summit of akene, cépis, a Cichoriaceous plant.) — New Mexican and Cali- fornian winter annuals, low, branching from the base, glabrous below and glau- cescent; with leaves pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes, and showy rather large heads terminating the branches; the ligules elongated ; peduncles sparsely or copiously hispid with tack-shaped glands. F 1. »priug. — Pl. Wright. il. 104, t. 14, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, & Bot. Calif. 1. 431. C. Wrightii, Gray. Flowers rose-color: akenes with thick and broad somewhat rugulose ribs and thickish beak. — Pl]. Wright. Lc. t. 14. —New Mexico from the Rio Grande to. Arizona and S. Utah; first coll. by Wright. C. Parryi, Gray. Flowers yellow: akenes more slender, 5-angled by the acute ribs, with narrower beak and smaller apical cup.—~ Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.; Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— San Diego Co., California, to S. Nevada and adjacent Utah; first coll. by Parry. 223, MALACOTHRIX, DC., extended. (Madaxds, soft, Opi, hair.) — W. N. American herbs, leafy-stemmed or sometimes scapose; with pedunculate heads usually nodding before anthesis: flowers yellow or white, sometimes becom- ing purplishtinged; in spring and early summer. — DC. Prodr. vii. 192; Torr. & Gray. Fl. ii, 485; Grav, Pl. Fendl. 113; Benth, & Hook. Gen. 11. 518; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif. i, 432, excl. § 3. 81. Maracévepts, Gray, 1.c. Involucre very broad, of silvery-scarious bracts . with only a linear central portion green, regularly imbricate] in several series; the short outer ones orbicular; inner from oval to oblong-lanceolate: receptacle bearing slender persistent bristles: corollas white, purplish-tinged in fading: broad-leaved annual. M. Cotlteri, Gray, 1]. v. A foot or two high, rather stout, glabrous : leaves oblong or spatulate, upper cauline ovate or cordate and clasping, sparsely laciniate-dentate : heads terminating loose branches, short-peduncled, hemispherical, over half-inch high : akenes acutely about 15-ribbed and 4-5-angled, the summit obscurely denticulate by projection of the ribs: one or two stouter pappus-bristles more persistent. — $. California, from the Mohave desert to San Luis Obispo, &c. ; first coll. by Coulter. 422 COMPOSITE. Malacothriz. § 2. Matacérnnrix proper. Involucre of narrow and acute or acuminate bracts, only narrowly scarious-margined, much less imbricated: bristles on the receptacle sparing, or fragile and deciduous, rarely none. — Leptoseris, Leucoseris, & Malacomeris, Nutt. * Annuals: flowers light yellow, sometimes purplish in fading. +— Simply scapose, with solitary large head, about 3-serially imbricated involucre, and herbage long-woolly when young. — Malucothrix, DC. M. Califérnica, DC. Leaves once or partly twice laciniately pinnatifid into narrow linear or almost filiform lobes, when young wvolly with long and loose very soft hairs (whence the generic name), as also is the base of the broadly campanulate (two-thirds inch high) invo- lucre; the outer bracts slender-subulate : delicate bristles of the receptacle generally present : akenes narrow, lightly striate-costate, the acutish base with a small concave callus: outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles and between them some minute pointed teeth: scape a foot or less high, bractless or nearly so. — Prodr. vii. 192 ; Gray, l. v., excl. var. glabrata, Eaton. — Open grounds, California, from the Sacramento valley to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas. +— + Subcaulescent or more leafy-stemmed, more or less branching, early glabrate or glabrous: involucral bracts nearly or wholly of two lengths; the outer (or calyculus) short, proportionally broader and loose. — Leptoseris, Nutt. ++ Heads comparatively large, and on elongated or the earlier on scapiform peduncles: leaves and their divisions long and slender, nearly as in the preceding species. e==\V. glabrata. Erect, or with ascending branches from the base, these leafy, often again branching and bearing a few lateral as well as terminal heads: involucre fully half-inch high, glabrous, or outer bracts sometimes tomentulose-cauescent wheu young: flowers, &c., as in MW. Californicu.— AL. Californica, var. glabrata, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201; Gray, Bot. Calif. l. ec. AZ. Torreyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, as to “slender narrow-leaved form.” — Dry eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, to 8. E. Utah and Arizona ; first coll. by Anderson. ++ ++ Heads smaller, with broadish campanulate involucre seldom less than half-inch high, short-peduncled on the leafy usually spreading branches: lower leaves oblong, rather short, pinnatifid, with short and dentate lobes; teeth and lobes commonly callous-mucronate: plants a span to a foot high. M. Torréyi, Gray. Akenes linear-oblong, 5-angled by as many salient often almost wing- like ribs, a much less prominent pair in each interval: outer pappus of 2 to 5 or sometimes 8 stouter persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of which are minute teeth: bracts of the involucre acuminate: peduncles commonly with some sparse gland-tipped hairs. — Proe. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif. i. 433. I/. sonchoides, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 392; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 105, in part; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201, not Torr. & Gray. — Low grounds, Utah to W. Nevada and 8. E. Oregon, probably tu California; first coll. by Stenshury. M. sonchoides, Torr. & Gray. Akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-costate, somewhat angled by 5 moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 15-deuticulate white border: no persistent bristles: involucral bracts rather broader, merely acute: branches more diffuse : rhachis of the principal leaves as well as lobes dentate. — FI. ii. 486; Gray, lc. Jf. obtusa, Eaton, lc, in part. Leptoser’s sonchoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soe. vii. 428. — Plains of W. Ne- braska to New Mexico, Nevada, and adjacent California and «Arizona; first coll. hy Wattall. M. Féndleri, Grav. Akenes cylindrical, equably 15-costate, dark-colored ; the summit bor- dered by a shallow cupulate crown, its margin entire, white within: no persistent pappus- bristles or only one.— PL Wright. ii. 104, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213. — E. New Mexico to 8. E. California, Fendler, Bigelow, Wright, Lemmen, &e. ++ ++ ++ Heads small, numerous and loosely paniculate on slender erect and rather naked stem and branches: involucre seldom over 3 lines high, narrower, fewer-flowered: the tips of the bracts commonly sphacelate or purplish. M. XAvyt1, Gray, 1.¢., the only outlying species of the genus (Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- fornia, Nintus), is 2 feet high, with leaves mainly radical and lyrate-pinnatifid, panicle very naked, narrow inyolucre 4 lines high, akenes obtusely 15-ribbed, five ribs moderately stronger, cupulate apex obtuscly 5-toothed, outer pappus of 3 to 5 very slender persistent bristles. Heads larger than in cither of the following. Glyptopleura. COMPOSITE. 42: eo ‘~~~ M. Clevelandi, Gray. Akenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate, 4 or 5 of the ribs slightly more prominent: outer pappus of one persistent bristle and a conspicuous circle of narrow white setulose teeth: leaves narrow, only -ume of the radical pinnatitid. — Bot. Calif. i. 433.—From Antioch (Mrs. Curren) to Santa Barbara and San Diego in California (first coll. by Cleveland) ; also mountains of Arizona. M. obtusa, Bestu. -Akenes obovate-oblong, obtusely angled by 5 rather prominent ribs, the others delicate or obscure, the apex somewhat contracted and its border entire: no per- sistent pappus-bristles : remain» of tomentum in axils of leaves, &c.: radical leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; the teeth or lobes short-oblong, sumetimes very obtuse: corollas (white?) in dried specimeus purplish-tinged.—Gray, Lc. Jf. obtusa, & M. parviflora, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 321. Senecio flocciferus, DC. Prodr. vi. 426.— Cali- fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co. and in the Yusemite; first coll. by Douglas and Hartweg. * ¥* Suffrutescent-perennial: ‘‘ flowers yellow.”? — Jfalacomeris, Nutt. M. incana, Torr. & Gray. Low, white-tomentose: leaves in tufts on short basal shoots, pinnatifid, with short lobes: flowering branches scape-like, a few incbes high, bearing one or two rather large heads: involucre Lroadly campanulate: no persistent pappus-Lristles. — Fi. ii. 486. V/u/acomeris incana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 435.— Island in the bay at San Diego, California, Nuttall, who only has collected it, and in imperfect specimeus. * * * Somewhat suffrutescent and leafy paniculately branching perennials: flowers white (changing to rose-color?): involucre broadly campanulate (nearly half-inch high), many- flowered; the loose calyculate bracts numerous, subulate, passing into similar bractlets on the peduncle: receptacle obscurely dentate-alveolate, no bristles detected: no persistent exterior pappus-bristles. — Leucoseris, Nutt. M. saxatilis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely tomentose when young, soon glabrate, somewhat succulent, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate, either entire or lacini- ate-pinnatifid: heads terminating the paniculate branches: akenes narrowly oblong, 10-15- costate, at maturity somewhat 4-5-angled by the stronger ribs: apex slightly contracted, bearing a very short multidenticulate white border. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. lc. B. saratilis & M. commutata, Torr. & Gray, 1.c., excl. syn. Senecio floce/jerus. Leucoseris sazalilis & L. Californica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 440, $41. Lseracium? Califor- nicum, DC. Prodr. vii. 235. Sonchus? Californicus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 261.— Coast of California at Santa Barbara and southward; first coll. by Coulter. Passes on the moun- tains and in the interior district into Var. tenuifdélia. Early glabrate or glabrous: stems slender, not succulent, 2 to 4 feet high, with long and slender loosely-paniculate branches, bearing slender-pedunculate heads (of equal or smaller size): leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, or on branchlets almost filiform. —J/. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. ].c. Leucoseris tenut- folia, Nutt. Lc. — Mountain-sides and cafions, Santa Barbara to San Diego, also Tejon, San Bernardino, and Arizona; first coll. by Coulter. 224. GLYPTOPLEURA, Eaton. (TAvrrés, carved, 7\evpd, side, from the sculpturing of the akenes.) — Winter annuals of the Utah-Nevada desert, many-stemmed and depressed, forming flat and leafy tufts, only an inch or two high; with thickish and oblong runcinate leaves on margined petioles: heads rather large for the size of the plant: fl. spring. — Bot. King Exp. 207, t. 20; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif. i. 431. ——G. margindta, Esroy,1.¢. Corollas white, turning pink in fading, little exserted : lobes and mostly whole margin of the leaves densely scarious-fringed, this white border mainly cut into short obtuse teeth, only pectinate-setiform on the leaves subtending the heads. — West- ern borders of Nevada, from the Truckee to Candelaria ( Watson, Lemmon, Shockley), and to the Mohave desert in California, Parish. G. setuldésa, Gray, 1c. Corollas yellow changing to pink, much exserted (half to three- fourths inch): white margin of the leaves less conspicuous, mainly composed of distinct sub- ulate or acicular white teeth. — St. George, 8. Utah, to the Mohave desert, Parry, Palmer, Parish, &c. 424 COMPOSITA, Apargidium, 225. APARGIDIUM, Torr. & Gray. (Likeness to Apargia, a sort of Dandelion.) — Fl. ii. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 439. — Single species. A. boredle, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Glabrous and slender perennial: leaves wholly radical, linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, thinnish: scapes at length a foot high: involucre half to three-fourths inch high: corollas deep yellow, conspicuous. —1purgia borealis, Bongard, Veg. Sitch. 146. Leontodon boreale, DC. Prodr. vii. 102. Microseris borealis, Schultz Bip., ex Herder in Pl. Radd. iii. (4), 28.— Wet meadows and bogs, Alaskan Islands (/ertens, &c.) to Mendocino Co., California. Mature akenes not yet seen. 226. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawxkweep. (The Greek and Latin name, from tepaé, a hawk.) — A huge European genus, and with a moderate number of peculiar American species; perennial herbs, often with toothed but never deeply lobed leaves; heads in ours from small to barely middle-sized, paniculate, rarely. solitary; the flowers yellow, in one species white, produced in summer and autumn, usually open through the day. — Freelich in DC. Prodr. vii. 198; Fries, Symb. Hist. Hier. (1848), & Epicrisis Hier. (1862); Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 516; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65. Sections after Fries. H. KAcnir, L. The original in the Linnzean herbarium is some wholly undetermined plant, probably not at all from Pennsylvania, nor from America, certainly not of this genus. § 1. Prmosfiia, Fries. Involucre not distinctly calyculate nor regularly much imbricate: pappus a single series of delicate bristles: akenes oblong, trun- cate: natives of the Old World. See H. aurantiacum, L. Somewhat stoloniferous from the tufted rootstocks, long-hirsute and above setose-hispid as well as setulose-glandular, the involucre especially with dark hairs: leaves radical and near the base of the simple scape or peduncle: heads’ (four lines high) in a naked cymose cluster: flowers deep orange-color to flame-color: pappus whitish. — Jacq. Fl. Austr. t.410; Fl. Dan. t. 1112.— Escaped from gardens to roadsides and fields in several places, New England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) H. prmdrrum, Viti. Glaucous, 2 feet or more high: stems scapiform, leafy only near the base, and there (as also the lanceolate leaves) sparsely beset with bristly hairs: heads rather numerous in an open cyme: involucre about three lines high. — A form of this appears to be established, along fences and field borders, near Evans Mills and Carthage, N. New York, L. F. Ward. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Aronrerdctum, Fries. Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbricated: pappus of more copious and unequal bristles : akenes columnar, truncate: chiefly natives of the Old World. % Stem scapiform, or only with a leaf or two above the base. —— H. muroérvum, L. The form called H. precox, Schultz Bip., or nearly: leaves thin, oval or oblong, obtuse, incisely dentate toward the subcordate base : scapiform stem a foot or less high, bearing few or several vymose heads: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, dark-glandular. — Open woodlands near Brooklyn, New York, Merriam. Also apparently in Lawer Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) —— H. vulgatum, Fries. Habit of the preceding, or more leafy: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends, decurrent on the petiole: heads few rather smaller than in the foregoing. — Novit. ii. 258, Symb. Hier. 115, & Epier. 98; Reichenb. Tes Fi. Germ. xix. t. 1526, 1527. H. sylvaticum, Smith (that of L. is rather ZZ. murorum) ; Fl. Dan, t. 1113; Schlecht. in Linn. x. 87. J/. molle, Pursh, Fl. ii. 503, not Jacq. — Labrador Kohimeister, &e. Canada, on shores of the Lower St. Lawrence (.Macoun) introduced. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.) : | H. anrixum, L., which has only a single large and dark-haired head, is in Greenland only, beyond our range. 2 there perhaps Hieracium. COMPOSITA. 495 * % Stem leafy to the top (a foot to a yard high), bearing short-pedunculate broad heads : invo- lucre half-inch high, or sometimes smaller: no stolons or running rootstucks: no cluster of leaves at base of the developed stems; cauline leaves all closely sessile: receptacle conspicuously fimbrillate-dentate: ligules not ciliate. H. umbellétum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few somewhat umbellately dis- posed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceolate, nearly entire, sparsely den- ticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base: involucre usually livid, glabrous or nearly so; outermost bracts loose or spreading. —Fl. Dan. t. 680; FI. Lond. vi. t. 58; Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 29% in part; Fries, lc. H. Canaclense, var. angusti- Jolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 476, in part. H. macrunthum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 446. H. rigidum? Fries in Epicr. 134. —N. shore of Lake Superior to the Ntocky Moun- tains, and northward. (Kamtschatka, N. Asia, Eu.) =~ H. Canadénse, Micux. Taller, robust, with corymbosely or paniculately eymose heads: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad or broadish at base: involucre usually pubes- cent when young, glabrate, occasionally glandular; the narrow outermost bracts loose: pap- pus sordid. — Fl, ii. 86; Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. 2. virgatum, fasciculatum, & macrophyllum, Pursh, Fl. ii.504. A. Kalmii, Spreng. Syst. iii 646; Bigel. F]. Bost.; Torr. Compend., &c., not L. H. scabriusculum, Schwein. App. Long Exp. /. prenanthoides, Hook. FI. i. 300, not Vill. HZ. helianthifolium, Froelich in DC. 1. c. 225. H. corymbosum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 185, as to pl. Newfound]. ? also 7. auratum, Fries, 1 ¢. 181, & Epicr. 124; these being thin-leaved forms of shady places. — Open woods in dry soil, Newfoundland ? and New England to Penn., north to the Mackenzie River, west to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, northwardly passing into H. umbellatum. (Greenland, N. Eu., if also 7. crocatum, Fries.) § 8. StrEeNotHEcA, Torr. & Gray, le. Involucre a serics of equal bracts and a few short calyculate ones, usually narrow and few-many-flowered: pappus of more or less scanty equal bristles: akenes in a few species slender or tapering to the summit. (Name therefore more applicable to the involucre than to the akenes.) — Fries, 1. c. Stenotheca, Monnier, Ess. Hieruc. 71, there restricted to species with attenuate akenes. Species of Pilosella, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, 433-440. * Atlantic species, all yellow-flowered and with sordid pappus. +— Akenes columnar, at maturity not at all attenuate upward: panicle not virgate. ++ Heids 15-20-flowered, narrow, effusely paniculate, on divergent or divaricate slender pedicels: stem leafy, sometimes almost leafless in depauperate plants. == H. paniculatum, L. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, usually leafy up to the sparse compound panicle, nearly smooth and glabrous (except some villosity at base of stem), not glandular: leaves thin, lanceolate or broader, tapering to both ends, sparingly denticulate or salient- dentate: peduncles and pedicels filiform, an inch or more long: involucre 3 or 4 lines long, of 8 to 14 narrow principal bracts. — Spee. ii. 802; Michx. Fl. ii. 86; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 478, — Open dry woods, Canada and New England to upper parts of Georgia and Alabama. H. venosum, var. caulescens, Arvet-Touvet, and H. Sullivuntii, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. (1881), 11, are seemingly depauperate forms of this. ++ ++ Heads 15-40-flowered, narrow-campanulate or oblong, on erect or ascending slender pedi- cels, in a naked and very loose corymbiform-paniculate cyme. == H. venosum, L. (RarriesyaKe-weEep.) Slender: stem leafless from a depressed radical rosette, or 1-2-leaved above it, a foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, branching above into a lax corymbiform cyme of few or several heads: leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong, mostly denticulate, subsessile, commonly purple-veined and sparsely setose-villous : involucre 4 lines long, 15-35-flowered (or even only 12-flowered), of 10 to 14 principal bracts and very few bractlets, either glabrous or with the peduncles beset with some small glandular hairs: akenes short, strictly columnar, even when young. — Spec. ii. 800 (founded on the syn., but the “scapo crassissimo” of Gronovius unaccountable); Willd. Spee. iii. 1570; Torr. & Gray, lc.: Fries, lc. A. Gronovii, L. 1. c. 802, as to herb. & descr. (but not the Gronovian plant) ; Willd. l.c.; Michx. l.¢., in part, the var. subcaulescens, Torr. & Gray, l.¢. HH. subuudum, 426 COMPOSITA, Hieracium. Frel. in DC. vii. 218, chiefly. Stenotheca venosa, Monnier, Fss. Hier. 72.— Open pine woods and sandy barrens, Canada and Saskatchewan to Georgia and Kentucky. H. Marianum, Wit.p. Larger, 2 or 3 feet high, few-several-leaved, pilose-hirsute below, branching at summit into a very open cymose panicle of several or numerous 20-43-flowered heads: leaves obovate-oblong with tapering base; radical erect or ascending, attenuate below into petioles, rarely at all purplish-veiny : peduncles and pedicels commonly minutely whitish- tomentulose, also usually the base of the involucre, at least when young, and beset with few aud sparse or more copious glandular bristles: akenes slender-columuar, with tapering sum- mit when forming, but not so at maturity. — Spec. iii. 1572, partly (& as to syn. Lf. Marianum, &c., Pluk. Mant. 102, t. 420, f. 2, whence the name); Freel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 217. H. Gronovii, var. subnudum, in part, & some of H. scabrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 447. HZ. Curo- linianum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 145, & Epicr. 151. HH. Rugeli’, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. (1881), 11, by the char.— Dry and open woods and clearings, New England to Penn. and Georgia. Various forms almost fill the interval between the preceding and the following species. ++ ++ ++ Heads 40-50-flowered, thickish (and the tumid-campanulate involucre 4 or 5 lines high), on shorter and rather rigid spreading pedicels, and somewhat crowded in a convex or barely flat-topped cyme: no rosulate tuft of radical leaves at flowering time. cx, H.scabrum, Micux. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, mostly leafy up to the inflorescence, hir- sutely hispid below, glandular-hispid above: whole inflorescence and mostly base of invo- lucre densely beset with dark glandular bristles and with some fine grayish tomentum: leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, pubescent or hirsute, sessile by a narrow base: akenes exactly columnar. — VL. ii. 86; Pursh, Fl. ii. 504; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 476; Fries, lc. 7. Marianum, Willd. 1. c., in part (as to one specimen); Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 288; Ell. Sk. ii. 263. — Dry open woods, Canada to Lake Superior, Missvuri, and to Georgia. +— + Akenes fusiform or with tapering summit: heads 15-30-flowered, on short and ascending pedicels disposed in a narrow thyrsiform or almost virgate panicle: glandular-bristly hairs on peduncles and cylindraceous involucre either scanty or numerous: radical leayes generally present at flowering time, and destitute of colored veins, oblong-obovate, all more or less long- pilose or setiferous, especially along the midrib beneath. «== H. Grondvii, L. Stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy (3-12-leaved) below, continued nearly through the virgate or thyrsiform panicle : pubescence mainly soft-setose, the stronger bristles from papilla: canline leaves oval or oblong, closely sessile mostly by a broad base; lowest and radical obovate or spatulate with attenuate base or short petiole: involucre 3 or 4 lines long, 15-20-flowered: akenes fusiform, with gradually tapering beak-like summit: pappus dirty whitish. — Spee. ti, 802, as to pl. Gronoy. (excl. remarks and pl. herb., which are of LF. venosum) ; Michx. Fl. (var foliosum); Monnier, Ess. Hier. 30; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 677, not of Willd., Freel. in DC., &e. LH. Murianum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 147, & Epier. 152, not Willd., except perhaps in small part. Stenotheca Mariana, Monnier, 1. ¢. 72% S. sudnuda, Monnier, 1. c. t. 2, f£.5; depauperate form (var. subnudum, Torr. & Gray), with narrow pani- cle reduced to a few heads. HH. Gronovii, var. hirsutissimum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is the most setose-hirsute form, with narrow panicle a foot or more long: and from that character, either this or the next must be J. Pennsylranicum, Fries, Symb. Ilier. 150, & Epier. 156; yet the akenes described are like those of Hl. Muarianum, Willd. — Sandy ground, and open dry woods, Canada? to Florida, Missouri, and Louisiana. =< =H. longipilum, Torr. Stouter, leafy to near the middle of the stem, and with linear- lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle: pubescence mainly setose and most abundant; the bristles from a small papilla, upright, commonly half-inch to even an inch long, fulvous or rufous, denticulate: leaves spatulate-oblong or upper lanceolate, thickish, the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time: involucre 5 or 6 lines long, 20-30- flowered, oblong-campanulate, and with short peduncles more or less tomentulose as well as glandular: akenes fusiform, but much less tapering upward than in the preceding: pappus at maturity fscous. — Hook. FI. i. 298 (note); Torr, & Gray, Fl. ii. 477; Fries, 1. ¢. LL. harbatum, Nutt, Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 70, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 446, not Tausch. > Open woods and prairies, Michigan to Nebraska and Texas. Var. spathulatum (Piloseilu spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, conjectured by the author to be a variety of Hicracinm scubrum), collected on ‘Tuscarora Mountain, in the Hicractum. COMPOSITA. 427 Alleghanies of Penn., Porter and Traill Green, seems to be a depauperate form of the present species, with stem naked and leafless except near the base, and bristly hairs uot so long: but heads in the specimens barely in blossom, and akenes unknown. %* * Rocky Mountain and Pacific species. (Involucre in most cases léss obviously double than in the Eastern species; the calyculate bracts sometimes unequal or emulating the interior, or else obsolete.) + Crinite-hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs, especially on both sides of the entire leaves, on the branching leafy stems and panicle, and commonly but not always on the involucre also: flowers yellow: akenes columnar and short, not at all narrowed upward, at most a line and a half long, shorter than the sordid pappus. H. Scoutleri, Hoox. Robust, a foot or two high: long and soft ~etose hairs commonly from small papillx: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lancevlate (3 to 6 inches long): panicle irregu- Jar or branching: heads half-inch high: invelucre somewhat furfuraceous and glandular, also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs: pappus whitish. — FI. i. 298, & Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 478, partly (some specimens of coll. Scouler distributed being LH. cynogios- soides, and the plant from “Pennsylvania, Schweinitz,” of Hooker, being Lf Gronovii); Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 199.— Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, southeast tu the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah. H. horridum, Fries. Low (a span to a foot high), in tufts, branched from the caudex: softer villous hairs not from papilla: leaves lingulate-lanceolate or spatulate-oblong, lowest petioled: panicle corymbiform-cymose, of numerous small and rather narrow heads: invo- lucre 3 lines high, sometimes nearly naked, oftener beset with scattered and long bristly hairs: pappus fuscous. — Epier. Hier. 154; Arvet-Touvet,l.c.19. A. Brewer’, Gray, Proc. Am, .Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif. i. 440. —On rocks, in the higher Sicrra Nevada, California, from Shasta to San Bernardino Co.; first coll. by Bridges, uext by Brewer. H. revicixem, Fries, Epicr. 153, would seem to be only a taller and simpler-stemmed form of the preceding, with widely open panicle and long-hirsute iuvolucre. Described from a specimen in herb. DC., from mountains of California, Bridges. + + Crinitely long-villous with soft-woolly and blackish smooth hairs, which involve the heads, &e., but are wanting to lower leaves; uo stellular pubescence and no glands: flowers yellow: pappus fuscous. H. triste, Cuam. A span or two high: stem simple, few-leaved, bearing solitary or mostly 2 to 4 somewhat racemosely disposed heads: radical leaves obovate to spatulate, entire, green and glabrate, or with sparse pale hairs; cauline oblong, upper ones and stem more or less villous-lanate; heads half-inch high: livid involucre and peduncles densely clothed with the very Jong dark-brown or partly grayish soft wool: akenes short-columnar. — Cham. in herb, Willd.; Spreng. Syst. iii 640; Freel. in DC. Prodr. yii. 209; Torr. & Gray, FY; ‘tk: 458, partly; Fries, 1. c.—.\leutian Islands to Behring Strait; first coll. by Chamisso aud Eschscholtz. + + + Dark-hirsute (verging to naked) and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short stellular-tomentum) on the involucre: leaves and lower part of scapiform stems not even p lose (but glabrous or at most puberulent): flowers yellow: pappus sordid. — H. gracile, Hoox. Pale green, in tufts: leaves nearly all in radical clusters, obovate- to oblong-spatulate (1 to 3 inches long) and attenuate into petioles, entire or repand-denticu- late: stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous-tomentulose above, bearing few or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower linear-bracteate : involucre about 4 lines high, usually blackish-hairy at base in the manner of the preceding, but the hairs much shorter than the head, also (as on the peduncles) some more setulose and glandular ones : akenes short-columnar. — Fl. i. 298; Fries, 1. ¢., not of Freel., which is later. HH. arcticwn, Freel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 209. H. Hooker’, Steud. Nomen. ed. 2, 763. H. triste, in part, Torr. & Gray, FL. ii. 478. H. triste, var. gracile, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 441. — Alaska (Norfolk Sound, ex F relich), Brit. Columbia, Northern Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and south to those of Utah and Colorado. Passes into ; ; : Var. detonsum. .\ span to nearly a foot high, with Tather smaller heads : dark hir- sute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the involucre. — /Z. triste, var. deton- sum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Mountains of Brit. Columbia to those of Colorado, and alpine region in the Sierra Nevada, California, at some stations accompanying the typical form. 428 COMPOSIT: Hicraetiem: + + + + Not crinite (yet sometimes scattered bristles on the involucre and panicle), but at least the radical leaves and base:of stem sparsely or even thickly setose-hirsute with long spreading hairs. : ++ Flowers white: stems leafy and in larger plants loosely branching, depauperate or subalpine plants even seapose: involucre 18-30-flowered: akenes linear-columnar (only a line and a half long), not at all narrowed upward: pappus sordid: leaves entire or denticulate. == H. albiflorum, Hoox. A foot to a yard high, smaller plants with simple and larger with compound open corymbiform-paniculate cyme. leaves oblong, thin (2 to 4 or larger 5 to 6 inches long), upper with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole: involucre narrow-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly gla- brous or nearly so, not rarely a few bristly hairs. — Fl. i. 298; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 479; Fries, Symb. Hier. 143; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 440.— Open dry woods, Rocky Mountains, from lat. 56° to Colorado and Utah, and Brit. Columbia to mountains of 8. California ; first coll. by Drummond. H. Vancouverianum, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 10 (at least specimens coll. Lyall distributed from Kew as “H. Scouleri”), is of this species, and doubtless white- flowered. 4+ ++ Flowers yellow: stems more or less leafy, except in var. of H. cynoglossoides: involucre 15-30-flowered, oblong-campanulate, of rather numerous narrow and acute or acutish bracts: akenes columnar, not at all tapering upward, not over a line and a half long: pappus from sor- did to dull white. == Leaves or many of them salient-dentate: pappus whitish. H. argttum, Nurr. A foot or two high, slender, hirsute with long shaggy hairs at base of stem, glabrous or merely puberulent above and throughout the very lax diffuse naked pani- cle: leaves numerous at and near the base of the stem, broadly lanceolate (or radical oblong- spatulate), acute or acuminate, tapering into margined petioles, larger ones 4 inches long, half or two-thirds inch wide, each margin with 4 or 5 salient triangular teeth; upper ones linear and entire, much reduced in size (1 to 3 lines wide): peduncles elongated and with the involucre more or less dark-glandular, sometimes a few scattered dark hairs. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 447. — Hills behind Santa Barbara, California, Nuita/! (specimen not seen), Ztothrock, who found it in Bartlett’s Cation, young, color of flowers uncertain; Santa Lucia Mountains, Parry, an almost naked-stemmed form with radical leaves merely dentic- ulate, the involucre and peduncles less glandular and more scurfy-puberulent ; corollas cer- tainly yellow. Also coll. by Henke? if Pilosella arguta, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, 438. H. Parishii, Gray. Leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, puberulent above, with no glandular hairs or stipitate glands: lower leaves shaggy-hirsute (along with hase of stem), elongated-lanceolate (5 to 8 inches long, half-inch or more wide), tapering to the base or margined petiole, with 5 to 8 salient teeth to each margin; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, those subtending lower branches of panicle (2 inches long) little shorter than they: peduncles seldom much longer and often shorter than the heads: involucre pale, granulose- puberulent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 67.— Rock-crevices, San Bernardino Mountains, 8. E. California, Parish. = = Leaves all entire, or merely repand, or slightly denticulate. H. Rusbyi, Grerne. Leafy-stemmed, 2 feet or more high, bearing numerous compound-. paniculate heads: stem hirsute below, above smooth and glabrous up to the rather short- peduncled heads: leaves all elongated-oblong ; cauline little diminished in size upward (3 or 4 inches long), quite entire, mostly half-clasping at base: involucre 3 lines high, pale, barely puberulent : akenes short-columnar, blackish: pappus sordid. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. Var. Wrightii, Gray, 1. ¢. More robust and branching: bristles of the stem truly hispid from papilliform base : branches and even peduncles setulose-hispidulous, and the latter obscurely glandular: sometimes a few small bristles near the tips of the involucral bracts: pappus dull white. — Crepis ambiqua, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 129, not Pl. Fendl.— W. borders of Texas, between the Limpio and the Rio Grande, Wright. H. cynoglossoides, Arver. Stem a foot or less high (either from naked hase or more commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2-several-leaved, bearing few or several eymosely disposed heads, setose-hirsute or hispid at base, either hispidulous or glabrous above : leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower couspicuously setose-hirsute ; upper some- Hieracium. COMPOSITE. 429 times glabrous: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, glandular, sometimes as also peduncles glandu- Jar-hispidulous: akenes rather short-columnar: pappus whitish. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. H. Scouwleri, Houker, in herb. & distrib., partly; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 475 & Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. ¢., mainly, not Hook. Fl. H. eynoglossoides, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 20, founded on undeveloped specimen of Parry’> N. Wyoming coll. no. 1Ss. E. Hall’s Oregon coll. 523 consists of this and H. Srouicri mixed. —N. W. Wyoming and Montana (Porter, Parry) to Washington Terr. and Oregon (first coll. by Tolmie, &c.); also Siskiyou Co., Cali- fornia, Greene, passing to : Var. nudicatile, Gray,].c. Leaves all in the radical tuft, or only one or two very small and hracteiform on the (& to 12 inch high) glabrous scape. — Northern Sierra Nevada, California, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, the latter on Lassen’s Peak. ++ ++ ++ Flowers apparently yellow, only 5 to 15 in the narrow and diffusely paniculate heads: involucre eylindraceous, not at all glandular (4 lines high), of 7 to 9 broadish-linear and obtuse principal bracts and 2 or 3 short one<: akenes comparatively large, fully 2 lines Jong, chestnut- brown, slightly or at maturity not perceptibly tapering to the summit: pappus dark-fuscous: leaves obovate-spatulate, all in a radical tuft at base of the loosely branching (span to foot high) scapes. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Radical leaves sparsely or densely long-hirsute, no other pubescence, scapes and involucre smooth and glabrous.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 365, Bot. Calif. i. 440, & Proce. Am. Acad. xix. 68. — Mountains of California, Humboldt Co., Bolunder. Near head- waters of the Sacramento, Pringle. Sierra Co., Lemmon. Only Bolander’s specimen has akenes narrowed upward. H. Gréenei, Gray. Radical leaves villous-hirsute, also canescent-tomentose on both sides with stellular pubescence: scape with peduncles and involucre cinereous-tomentose. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69.— Pine woods of Scutt’s Mountains, Siskiyou Co., N. California, Greene. +e +e ++ ++ Flowers yellow, 29 to 30 in the oblong heads: akenes fusiform, tapering gradually to a narrow summit, fully as long as the white or whitish and softer pappus: stems scapiform, bearing one or two small leaves toward the base and subulate bracts subtending peduncles or simple branches of the panicle: leaves of radical tuft obovate to spatulate, obtuse, entire or minutely denticulate. contracted into short wing-margined petioles. —§ Chionoracium, Schultz Bip. in Bonplandia, 1861. Crepidispermum, Fries, Svinb. Heterupleura, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1851. 434. (Transition to Crepis.) H. Pringlei, Gray. Strictly scapose, completely destitute of setose hairs and of glands: leaves wholly rosulate, very villous-lanate both sides, obovate (2 or 3 inches long): scape very slender, a foot or more high, minutely soft-pubescent, as also the involucre, ]ousely paniculate above, bearing few (4 or 5 lines long) and scattered heads: forming akenes summewhat nar- rowed upward: young pappus soft, briglt-white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69.— 5. Arizona, on Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle, Lemmon. Specimens too young. H. Féndleri, 8 urirz Bir. Sulscapose, not rarely one or two leaves toward base of the simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose-hirsute, not at all lanate, not gland- ular or only ob-curely so on the peduncles: radical leaves spatulate or broader; cauline verging to lanceolate, reduced above to linear bracts: heads few and racemiform-paniculate, or more numerous and corymbosely disposed, rather long-pedunculate: involucre half-inch high, of 16 to 24 linear bracts and some short ones, puberulent or glabrate, with or without scattered setose hairs: akenes 2} to fully 3 lines long, tapering from near the ha-¢ to sum- mit (at maturity the alternate nerves usually thicker than the others), sometimes reddish, at length commonly blackish : pappus copious, soft, sordid-whitish. — Bonplandia, ix. 173; Gray, Lc. Crepis ambigua, Gray, Pl- Fendl. 114.— New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, G. It. Vasey. Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour. ; == Var. discolor, Gray, 1c. Radical leaves (sometimes large, roundish, and over 2 inches broad) purple beneath: pappus nearly pure white. — Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains, &. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, the latter distributed as Hieracium erythrospermum, Greene, ined., which is the following. : uct War. Mogollénse, Gray, 1 ¢. Leaves narrower, hardly if at all pnrpletinged: bristly hairs disposed to be shorter: peduncles minutely and sparsely glandular-setulose : in yolucre smaller (only 5 lines high): immature akenes reddish : pappus pure white. — ZT. brevipilum, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, first distributed as “ Hieracium erythrosper- mum.” — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. — 430 COMPOSIT. Hivraciwm. +h oh +h +e ++ Flowers white or flesh-colored: akenes slender-columnar, hardly narrowed upward, about the length of the bright white soft pappus: stem leafy. (‘Lransition to Crrepés.) H. cérneum, Greexe. Wholly glabrous and smooth except below: stem slender, 2 feet or more high, loosely paniculate-branched, glaucescent, its base and the oblong or lanceolate subsessile radical leaves beset with long villous-setiform hairs: cauline leaves narrowly-lance- olate to linear, entire, very smooth, some of the lower sparsely piliferous: heads scattered in the corymbiform or irregular panicle: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, pale, of narrow linear-lanceolate bracts, 15-20-flowered: corollas light rose-color: akenes 2 lines long. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 184; Gray, lL c. 69.— Mountains of New Mexico, Greene. Also coll. by Bigelow or Wright. Huachuca Mountains, §. Arizona, Lemmon. H. Lemmoni, Gray. Villously or hirsutely setose throughout up to the racemiform close thyrsus: stem simple, 2 feet or more high, very leafy: leaves thiunish, lanceolate-oblong, deuticulate with callous or glandular teeth; cauline partly clasping, acute ; lowest oblong- spatulate, 4 to 7 inches long, tapering into winged petioles; those of radical cluster wanting : heads numerous and crowded in the oblong thyrsus, 4 lines high, 12-20-fluwered: involucre glabrous or nearly so, not glandular, not longer than the canescently puberulent peduncles ; its principal bracts narrowly linear, greenish-livid, obtuse : corollas short, seemingly white: akenes hardly 2 lines long, slender, obscurely if at all narrowed upward when mature but obviously so when younger: pappus less copious than in the preceding, bright white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 70.— S. Arizona, at Bear Spring, Cave Caiion, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. A species of Mexican type, of the group Thyrsoidea of Fries. H. anscissem, Less.,a Mexican species (with habit of 7. Lemmoni, but less leafy), probably also including /T. thyrsoideum, Fries, is said, in Fries, Epicrisis, 150, to come from “ Texas ad Malpays de la Joyas”’ (an unrecognized locality), and from ‘“ Alabama.” 227. CREPIS, L. (Name used by Pliny for some now unknown plant, from «pyis, a boot or sandal.) — Chiefly a European genus, of annuals or peren- nius, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked or beaked akenes, some with truncate or merely upwardly attenuate akenes; the involucre apt to he thickened at base, and leaves to be pinnatifid. Flowers in all ours yellow. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 487; Benth. &G Hook. Gen. ii. 5138. * Annuals or hardly biennials, sparingly introduced from Europe: akenes beakless or nearly so: bracts of involucre thickening and becoming more or less rigid at base after anthesis. ==(C. virens, L. A foot or two high, erect or ascending: leaves from dentate to laciniate-pin- uatifid, spatulate to lanceolate; cauline with sagittate somewhat clasping base: heads slender-peduncled, small: involucre 3 or 4 lines high: akenes oblong, 1u-striate, smooth, slightly and about equally contracted at both ends.— Vill. Fl. Delph. iii. 142. C. polymor- pha, Wallr.; DC. Prodr. vii. 162, mainly. Mulacothrix erepoides, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. xii. 49, & Crepis Cooper’, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 214, a small and diffuse somewhat naked- stemmed form, with scattered heads. — At landings and near towns on the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington Terr., probably at first a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) _-C, tectérum, L. Usually more slender: leaves narrow, less or not at all sagittate at base : akenes fusiform, with gradually attenuate summit, upwardly scabrous on the rihs. —A ballast-weed at New York Harbor. In fields at Lansing, Michigan. (Nat. from Eu.) C. Biénnis, L. Generally larger, more pubescent or hirsute, leafy-stemmed : leaves runcinate- pinnatifid, or some of the lower spatulate and barely dentate; cauline with sagittate-dentate base: involucre 4 to 6 lines high, broadly campanulate, somewhat canescently pubescent and hispidulous: akenes oblong with narrower summit, 13-striate, smooth. — Engl. Bot. t. 149; DC. Prodr. vii. 163 (excl. var. Americana) ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1439. — Waste grounds, Vermont, Pringle. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Perennials, indigenous westward or northward: akenes beakless or short-beaked. + Low or depressed, branched from base, glaucescent. and wholly glabrons, bearing numerous clustered and narrow short-peduncled heads: involucre eylindrical, 8-14-llowered, of 8 to 10 smooth and narrowly linear obtuse cqual bracts, ina single series (unchanged in fruit except by thickened midrib close to the base in C. nana), and 3 or 4 short calyculate ones at base: akenes Crepis. COMPOSITA, 431 narrow, 10-striate, the summit with a more or less dilated disk bearing the soft deciduous pap- pus. — Youngia, Ledel., &e., not Cass. Cc. nana, Ricuarps. Forming depressed tufts on slender creeping rootstocks: leaves chiefly radical (inch or two long, including petiole or attenuate ase), obovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate, or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or steins: heads in fruit half-iuch high or nearly: akeues linear, unequally costate, obscurely coutracted under the moderately dilate pappiferous disk. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 92; Hook. App. Parry Voy. 397, t.1, & Fli. 297; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.488. Hierucium, ete., Gmel. F1. Sibir. ii. 20, t. 7. Prenanthes pyqmea, Ledeb. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. y. 553. P. polymorpha, Ledeb. Fi. Alt. iv. 144. Burkhausia nana, DC. Prodr. vii. 156. Youngia pygmea, Ledeb. Fi. Ross. ii. 838. — Arctic coast and islands, and alpine mountain summits south to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada in California. (N. Asia.) C. élegans, Hoox. Many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, a span to a foot high, diffusely branched: leaves entire or nearly so; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to linear: head» smaller or narrower than in the preceding: akenes linear-fusiform, minutely scabrous on the equal narruw ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid dilated at summit. — Fl. i. 207; DC. Prodr. vii. 172; Torr. & Gray, lc. Lurkhausia elegans, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 435.— Saskatchewan district to Dakota and Montana; first coll. by Drummond. + + More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads: akenes thicker, not discoid-dilated at the insertion of the pappus. ++ No furfuraceous or canescent pubescence: foliage mostly glabrous: involucre campanulate, many-flowered; its bract» lanceolate or linear, acute, little thickened below after flowering: thick root possibly biennial, probably perennial: heads few or several and Joosely corymbosely cymose: pappus not remarkably copious. — Crepidium, Nutt. C. glatica, Torr. & Gray. Usually scapose, a foot or two high, glancescent or glaucous: radical leaves from oboyate-spatulate to lanceolate, from eutire to laciniate-pinnatifid: invo- lucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearly so, as also the peduncles: akenes oblong, with slightly narrowed summit, strongly and evenly 10-costate. — ‘1. ii. 438; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 203 ; Gray, Bot. Calif..i. 436. Crepidium glaucum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vil. 436.— Moist and saline ground, Saskatchewan and Nebraska, Utah and Nevada. Probably Arizona (Rothrock), but specimen too young and leafy, and peduncles sparingly hispidulous-glandu- lar. Crepidium caulescens, Nutt. 1. c., is probably a somewhat leafy-stemmed form. — C.runcinata, Torr. & Gray, ].c. Not glaucous or slightly so, a foot or two high: radi- cal leaves obuvate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, from repand to runcinate-pinnatifid with short Jobes or teeth; cauline none, or small and narrow at the forks: involucre half-inch high or smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, sometimes (with peduncles and upper part of scape) glandular-hixpiduluus: akenes narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-costate. — C. biennis, var., Hook. Fl. i. 297, not L. (. biennis, var. Americana, DC. Prodr. vii. 163. Hieracium runcinatum, James in Long Exped. i. 453; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii, 209. Crepidium runcinatum, Nutt. 1. ¢c.— Saskatchewan to Montana and south to Colorado and Utah, in subalpine swamps; first coll. by Jumes. C. Andersoni, Gray. Not glaucous, a foot or more high; leaves laciniately pinnatifid or dentate, but not runcinate: invelucre half to three-fourths inch high, cinereous-pubescent, of broader and firmer bracts, more imbricated, outermost oblong- to ovate-lanceolate: akenes fusifurm, unequally &-10-costate, tapering into a short but manifest beak.— Proc, Am. Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif. i. 436. — Eastern Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, in low grounds: a form with a cauline leaf or two in uplands; first coll. by .faderson. 4+ ++ Furfuraceous- or cinereous-pubescent, at lea-t the foliage, sometimes also hirsute, deep- rooted perennials, more or less leafy-stemmed: akenes oblong to fusiform, beakless, 10-12-c08- tate: pappus of very copious bristles, persistent: bracts of involucre at Jength with more or less thickened or catinate midrib, at least the base: leaves usually laciniate-pinnatifid. — Crepis § Leptotheca & Psiluchenia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 437, but false character of akenes of the latter, and outer flowers not sterile. Species difficult. = Principal bracts of the narrow involucre and flowers 5 to 8: no hirsute pubescence: pappus moderately copious and soft. == (CC, acuminata, Nurt.le. Minutely cinereously-puberulent below, but green: stem slen- der, 1 tu 3 feet high, 1-3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous 432 COMPOSITE. Crepis. small heads: leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, Jaciniate-pin- natifid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear tail-like prolonga- tion (of 2 or 3 inches in length); the lobes also mostly linear-lanceolate, rarely short: invo- lucre narrow-cylindraceous, a third to half inch long, rarely over 6-flowered, theinflorescence smooth and glabrous: the few calyculate bractlets minute and often tomentulose: akenes at maturity fusiform, considerably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate, moderately attenuate at summit. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii, 489; Torr. in Stansbury Rep. 392, t. viii. (akene too rostrate); Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 204, hardly of Gray, Bot. Calif.— Dry ground, Mon- tana and Wyoming to E. Oregon, southward to Utah and mountains of 8. Js. California; first coll. by Nuttall. C. intermédia. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less tall, more cinereous-puberulent, usually with fewer heads: involucre half-inch or more long, canescently puberulent ; its bracts in age more carinate by thickened midrib, the calyculate ones less minute: akenes acutely 10-costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. — C. acuminata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly. Rocky Mountaius in Colorado to the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to the interior of Washington Terr. and borders of British Columbia. Appears to pass both into preceding and following. Var. gracilis. 9 ’ 323. (Dedicated by the discoverer to Charles Crocker, Esq., of San Francisco, one of the most liberal and enlightened promoters of botanical investigation in California and adjacent regions.) — Habit, involucre, flowers, and receptacle essen- tially of Lasthenia § Hologymne. Akenes oval-obovate, very flat, the plane sides nerveless, glabrous; margins with a distinct filiform nerve, and very densely ciliate with short and pyriform or clavate rather rigid more or less glandular hairs; apex truncate. Pappus none. C. chrysantha, Greese, in Bull. Calif. Acad. ined. A span or two high from a slender annual reot, nearly glabrous, not at all woolly : leaves all opposite, linear, entire: heads a quarter-inch high: involucre nearly hemispherical, shorter than the disk; the 12 to 14 ovate bracts cupulate-connate to the middle: ray- and numerous disk-flowers gulden yellow, and quite like those of Lusthenia glabrata, To refer the plant to that genus seems impractica- ble. — Valley of the San Joaquin, California, in alkaline soil near Lake Tulare, April 15, issd, £. L. Greene. 446 ADDITIONS. 167. HYMENATHERUM, p. 357, add: § 28, Hererocurémea. Palez of the simple pappus 10, little shorter than the slender akene and the disk-corolla, lanceolate, resolved above into 5 or 7 awns, the central one longer, and the lateral successively shorter: rays white! H. concinnum. Depressed and spreading from the annual root, mostly glabrous, glau- cescent: leaves chiefly alternate, thickish, pinnately parted into narrowly linear obtuse and pointless divisions: heads sessile and clustered at summit of the short leafy branchlets: in- volucre 12-14-toothed, nearly naked at base: rays 10 or 12, the showy oblong ligules (2 lines long) bright white; the disk-flowers yellow. — Arizona, on the borders of Sonora, 1884, Pringle. — A handsome species, anomalous for its heterochromous flowers ; and in other re- spects serving to connect the first two sections with true ymenatherum. 192. SENECIO, at end of genus, p. 394, add: * * * * Indigenous winter annual: heads rayless or with a few minute rays. S. Mohavénsis. Glabrous, branching from the base, rather slender, leafy to the loose polycephalous panicle: leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate-dentate or sparingly incised, cauline all more or less cordate-clasping or auriculate: heads slender-peduncled, 4 lines high: invo- lucre narrow-canipanulate, 18-20-flowered ; calyculate bracts few and inconspicuous: ray- flowers when present with corolla commonly biligulate, not surpassing the disk-flowers : akenes canesceut. — 8. E. California on or near the Mohave and Colorado Rivers, Lemmon. (Also within the borders of Sonora, Mex., Pringle.) 226; HIERACIUM, to H. Marianum, p. 426, add: Var. spathulaétum. A mountain form: leaves all or mainly radical, unusually setose-hirsute or long-villous: scapiform stem simple, 10 to 16 inches high, bearing few rather short-pedicelled heads. — /T. longipilum, var. spathulatum, at. foot of p. 426, which is to be cancelled. Pilosella spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, 439 —On Tuscarora or Two-top Mountain, Franklin Co., Pennsylvania, Porter and Yraili Green (1845 and 1884), flowering and fruiting in June. Page 355. Nicolletia occidentalis proves to be a deep-rooted perennial, according to Lemmon and Parish. Possibly N. Edwardsii is also perennial. Page 415. Rafinesquia Californica not rarely has pale rose-colored ray-flowers. ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. *,* The figures give the whole number of species under each genus; those appended in parentheses represent the introduced (naturalized or adventive) species. Orpver CAPRIFOLIACEZ, p. 7. 7 1. Adoxa. . ... 1 4. Triosteum. . . . 2 7. Lonicera . 2. Sambucus. . . . 5 5. Lionwa. . . . . 1 8. Diervilla . 3. Viburnum ... 4 6. Symphoricarpos. . 7 Genera, 8. Indigenous species, 47. Orper RUBIACEA, p. 19. 1. Exostema. ... 1 10. Genipa . 2. 2. 1 19. Mitchella 2. Pinckneya. . . . 1 ll. Cephalanthus . . 1 20. Kelloggia 8. Bouvardia. . . . 2 12. Morinda. . .. 1 21. Mitracarpus 4. Houstonia. . . . 13 13. Guettarda ... 2 22. Richardia 5. Oldenlandia . . . 3 14, Erithalis. . . . 1 23. Crusea . 6. Pentodon. . .. 1 15. Chiococea . . . 1 24. Spermacoce 7. Wamelia’. .-. iI 16. Psychotria . 2 25. Diodia. . 8. Catesbea . . . - IL 17. Strompfa ... 1 26. Galium . 9. Randia. . ... J! 18. Emodea. . .. 1 Genera, 26. Indigenous species, 82; Naturalized, 4 = 86. Orver VALERIANACEA, p. 42. 1. Valeriana... . . 2. Walerianella . . (1) 13 Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 21; Naturalized, 1 = 22. (2 Orper DIPSACACE4S,, p. 47. 1. Dipsacus . . - (2) 2 Indigenous species, none; Naturalized, 2. . 1 - 2 ae | . 1 ee | OT e118 . 5 . 2 (4) 37 448 ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Orper COMPOSITA, p. 48. Tripe I. VERNONIACEA. 1. Stokesia. « . » - 1 2. Elephantopus . . Trise II. Evupatortacea, 4. Stevia . 2... « 6 9. Mikania . . . 5. Sclerolepis. . . . 1 10. Eupatorium. . 6. Trichocoronis . 22 e 11. Carminatia . . 7. Ageratum . . (1) 38 12. Kuhnia . . . 8. Hofmeisteria . . . 1 18. Brickellia . . Trips IIT. AstTEROIDEA. 3 2 39 1 2 30 19..Gymnosperma. . 1 80. Aplopappus.. 43 20. Xanthocephalum . 2 81. Bigelovia. . . . 31 21. Gutierrezia . 5 82.. Solidago. . . . 78 22, Amphiachyris . 2 83. Brachycheta . . 1 23. Grindelia . 12 34. Lessingia. . . . 6 24. Pentacheta . 4 35. Bellis... 2. . . 7 25. Bradburia 1 36. Aphanostephus. . 4 26. Heterotheca . 2 37. Greenella « 2 27. Chrysopsis 13 38. Keerlia . . . . 2 28. Acamptopappus 2 39. Chaetopappa 3 29. Xanthisma . 2 ot 40. Monoptilon. . . 1 Trine IV. _ INULOIDE. 52. Pluchea ... . 8 56. Psilocarphus 2 53. Pterocaulon . . 2 57. Evax . .. 2. 4 54. Micropus . . . .. 2 58. Filago. . . . (2) 5 55. Stylocline. . . . 38 59. Antennaria . . 12 Tripe V. HELIANTHOIDES. 64. Plummera . . . 1 86. Heliopsis » 4 65. Dicranocarpus . 1 87. Tetragonotheca . 3 66. Guardiola . . 1 88. Sclerocarpus*. . 1 67. Polymnia ~ 2 89. Iiclipta. . . . 1 68. Melampodium . 4 90. Melanthera . . 3 69, Acanthospermum (2) 2 91. Varilla. . . . 2 70. Silphium. . . . 11 92. Isocarpha . . 1 71. Berlandiera. . 4 93. Spilanthes. . . 1 72. Chrysogonum . 1 94. Echinacea . . 2 ‘73. Lindheimera’ 1 95. Rudbeckia . . 21 74, Engelmannia . . 1 96. Lepachys . . . 4 75. Parthenium. . . 6 97. Wedelia. . . . 1 76. Parthenice . . . 1 98. Borrichia . »- 2 77. Iva . ee). 99. Balsamorrhiza 8 78. Oxytenia. . . . 1 100. Wyethia . . . 12 79. Dicoria . 2 2 6 2 101. Gymnolomia . . 5 80. Hymenoclea. . . 2 102. Viguiera . . 7 81. Ambrosia . . 8 103. Tithonia . g Jal 82. Franseria . _ ll 104. Helianthus. . 40 83. Xanthium . . (2) 3 105. Flourensia . « 1 84, Zinnia. 2. . . 5 106. Encelia. . . . 9 85. Sanvitalia . . . 2 8. Vernonia. . . . Dichetophora . Boltonia. . . Carphochete . . Liatris. . . . . Garberia. . . Carphephorus . Trilisia 2. Townsendia . . Corethrogyne . . Psilactis . . . . Eremiastrum . . Sericocarpus . . Aster. . . . Erigeron. . . (1) 71 . Conyza .. . Baccharis . . . Anaphalis . . . Gnaphalium. .. . Inula. . . . (i) 1 . Adenocaulon . . 1 . Helianthella . . Zexmenia . . Verbesina . . . Actinomeris . Synedrella. . . Coreopsis . . . Bidens . . : . Cosmos. . . (2) . Heterospermum . . Leptosyne . . Thelesperma . . Baldwinia . . Marshallia. . . Galinsoga . . Blepharipappus . . Madia . . . . Hemizonella . . Hemizonia. . . Achyrachena . 126. Lagophylla 127, Layia . . . — ho AN Om a PN OT Or OH NY OOS i tw co Ot 214, 215. 216. . Jaumea. . . . Venegasia. . . . Riddellia . . . 2. Baileya. . . . . Laphamia . . . . Perityle. . .. . Pericome ... . Eatonella ae . Monolopia. . . . Lasthenia . . . . Burriellia . 2. . . Anthemis . . Cacaliopsis. . . » Luina . . . - Peucephyllum . . Psathyrotes . . . Hecastocleis . . . Gochnatia. . . 1 . Phalacroseris . . . Atrichoseris . Lampsana . . Apogon. . . . . Cichorium. . (1) . Stephanomeria ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Clappia. ... Whitneya . . . _ Crockeria . . . Ne DoT RE DRE OOK DOH mH Baerla .... _ Leucampyx . . - (2) Achillea ... whore Tussilago . Petasites - (1) + (1) Re ee Pe . Saussurea. . . 2 . Arctium . . Carduus -() 1 - (1 ~ (1) a WON eR Oe Owe ee Cheetadelpha . Rafinesquia . Tragopogon . (2) . Genera, 237. Indigenous species, 1551; Trige VII. TRIBE Trips VI. HELENIOIDER. 142. Syntrichopappus. 2 143. Eriophyllum . . 11 144. Bahia . . . . 10 145. Amblyopappus . 1 146. Sehkuhria. . . 147. Hymenothrix. . 148. Hymenopappus . 149. Florestina . . . 150. Polypteris. . . 151. Palafoxia . . . 152. Rigiopappus . . 153. Chenactis. . . 154. Hulsea . . . 155. Trichoptilium . pa Mao bm Arb bo 173. Matricaria . (1) 3 174. Chrysanthemum (3) 6 175. Soliva - (1) 2 185. Bartlettia . . . 1 186. Crocidium. . . 187. Haploesthes . . 188. Lepidospartum . 189. Tetradymia . oH ee Trine IX. CyYNAROIDES. 198. Cnicus . . . (2) 37 199. Onopordon. . (1) 1 TRIBE X. MoTISIACEA. 204. Chaptalia . .. 2 205. Perezia. . . . 5 Tripe XI. CrIcHORIACES, 217. Anisocoma .. 1 218. Hypocheris .(1) 1 219. Microseris. . . 19 220. Leontodon. . (1) 1 2208. Picris . . . . 1 221. Pinaropappus . 1 222. Calycoseris . . 2 2923, Malacothrix . . 11 224, Glyptopleura. . 2 225, Apargidium .. 1 29 ANTHEMIDEZ. VIII. S#nxEctonrpEa. 449 156. Blennosperma . 157. Actinella . . . 158. Helenium . . . 159. Amblyolepis . . 160. Gaillardia. . . 161. Sartwellia. . . 162. Flaveria .. . 163. Porophyllum . . 164. Chrysactinia . . 165. Nicolletia . . . 166. Dysodia ... 167. Hymenatherum . 168. Tagetes. . . . 169. Pectis . . « « ho oy HNP ODE WO OH Or Oo Ue fod 176. Cotula . . . (2) 2 177. Tanacetum . (1) 8 178. Artemisia . . (2) 42 190. Raillardella . . 4 191, Arnica. . . © 15 192. Senecio. . . (3) 57 193. Cacalia. . . » 9 194. Erechtites. . . 1 200. Silybum . 201. Centaurea . 206. Trixis . ... 1 296. Hieracium. . (3) 28 227. Crepis « (3) 11 228. Prenanthes . . 10 229, Lygodesmia . . 6 230. Troximon . . . 13 231. Taraxacum .. 1 232. Pyrrhopappus . 4 233. Chondrilla. . (1) 1 234. Lactuca. . . (1) 10 235. Sonchus . .(4) 4 Naturalized, 59 = 1610. INDEX. Names of orders are in CAPITALS; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted genera and species, in ordinary Roman type; of synonyms, in Jtalic type. — Abrotanum, 369. —— Absinthium, 369. + = vulgare, 370. ——Acamptopappus, 54, 124. Shockleyi, 124. sphzrocephalus, 124. ammezicantholena, 250. a= Acanthospermum, 60, 239. aot, australe, 239. a= Brasilum, 239. hispidum, 240. humile, 240. == xanthioides, 239. ——Acanthoxanthium, 253. Acarphea, 342. artemisiefulia, 342. Acheta, 288. =~ Achillea, 78, 363. <—=dorealis, 363. wm gracilis, 363. tailed, 363. «ae Millefolium, 363. multiflora, 363. aoe occidentalis, 363. ——Ptarmica, 363. axa tomentosa, 363. =———Achyrachzna, 69, 312. «me mollis, 312. esnichyret, 124. si ——Achyropappus, 332. Woo housei, 333. —Aciphyllza, 357. ——— acerosa, 357. = Acmella occidentalis, 258. repens, 258. Acoma dissectum, 301. —Acosmia, 263. smewAcourtia, 408. omnes microcephala, 409. —Actinea, 344. =—--Bloomeri, 134. Brandegei, 132. —— canescens, 123. ——n¢arthamoides, 126. cervinus, 134. —~—ciliatus, 125. smcroceus, 128. —s=cuneatus, 133. -~~~discoideus, 143. ews divaricatus, 130. ericoides, 133. ——~Slrifer, 168. <— Fremonti, 128, —~— INDEX. wmequadriaristata, 296. —striata, 297. ——tenuisecta, 297. mort ipirtita, 236. TBigeluvia, 54, 135. acradenia, 142. albida, 137. arborescens, 141, ae 137. Bolanderi, 136. brachylepis, 141. ceruminosa, 158. Cooperi, 141. eoronopifolia, 142. ——~coronopifolia, 143. ~~~» depressa, 137. diffusa, 141. —=Douglasii, 137. — dracunculoides, 139. Drummondii, 112. Engelmanni, 137. a= graveolens, 139. reenei, 138, ——Hartweai, 143. == Howardi, 136. —intricata, 203. lanceolata, 140. leiosperma, 139. juncea, 138. —Aenziesii, 143. =" Missouriensis, 139. Mohavensis, 138. — nudata, 141. aniculata, 138. eo Pareld, 141. = Parrvi, 136. pluritlora, 142, pulchella, 137. —— rupestris, 133. L—. spathulata, 133. —~=teretifolia, 138. ——~tridentata, 143. ja—uniliguiata, 154. Vaseyi, 140. ——~veneta, 142. weviscidiflora, 140. w—~Wrightii, 142. <=+Biotia, 174. w= Schreberi, 175. —Blazing Star, 103. —+ Blennosperma, 60, 343. —L. Californicum, 343. =+Blepharipappus, 69, 304. ——glandulosus, 314. |_——scaber, 304. Blepharizonia, 312. —TBlepharodon, 129. —TBluebottle, 407. —7Bluets, 24. =+-Beebera, 356. —chrysanthemoides, 356. — glandulosa, 356. Beeberastrum, 356. Bolophyta, 245. alpina, 245. .| Bolophytum, 245. ~=tsBoltonia, 56, 166. eewasteroides, 166, ex= (diffusa, 166. eeglastifolia, 166. —latisquama, 166. pusillum, 236. ramosissimum, 235+ rectum, 236. exespathulatum, 236. exspicatum, 236. prengelii, 234. '- Sprengelit, 285. exestachydifolium, 236. =-—~strictum, 235. —_ supinum, 236. —amsylvaticum, 236, — sylvaticum, 236. eewuliginosum, 238, s=eustulatum, 236, virgatum, 226. ——Wrightii, 234. ™Goat’s-beard, 415, 416. Goclinatia, 83, 407. hypoleuca, 407. GocHNATIEZ, 83 ewGolden-rod, 143. =Greenella, 55,.164. = Arizonica, 164. discoidea, 164. Grindelia, 53, 116. * angustifolia, 117. Arizonica, 118. om ar guid, 118. coronopifolia, 117. eostata, 117. cuneifolia, 118. discoidea, 119. glutinosa, 119. = grandiflora, 118. irsutula, 117. ‘humilis, 119. humilis, 119. integrifolia, 117. intemal, 118. inuloides, 117. w=elanceolata, 118. latifolia, 119. microcephala, 117, 118. -——nana, 119. rubricaulis, 117. msenhnireea ATS. wmesgucarrosa, 119, stricta, 117. = subdecurrens, 118, a Texana, 118. virgata, 118. “"Groundsel, 383, 394. —Guardiola, 60, 237. platyphylla, 237. —Guettarda, 21, 29. —ambigua, 30. Blodgettii, 30. ma a scabra, 30. ~Gim-plant, 116, 119. INDEX. —PGuntheria, 351. =»Gutierrezia, 53. 115. erlandieri, 116. Californica, 115, wm divaricata, 115. eriocarpa, 116. wee Kuthamiz, 115, = Li imeriana, 116. inearifolia, I1p. _ Uinearifolia, 115. ——microcephala, 115. —— microphylla, 115. ——spherocephala, 115. o——Texana, 116. —+Gymnocline, 365. =—-Gymnolena, 356. ~=—-Gymnolomia, 66, 269. encelioides, 269. 4——-multifiora, 269. Porteri, 269. tenuifolia, 269. triloba, 269. ~T-Gymnopsis, 269. Ze I uniserialis, 256. PGymnosperma, 52, 114. t———corymbosum, 114, ——multiflorum, 114. ~—nudatum, 854. ——oppositifolium, 354. ——scoparium, 114. | -Gymnostyles Chilensis, 365. nasturtitfolia, 366. stolonifera, 366. PGynema, 225. a—dentata, 226. ea=viscidu, 226, omeGyrophyllum, 2938. Halea Ludoviciana,. 256. repanda, 256. Pp——Terana, 256. -~+Hamelia, 20, 28. lemme COCCINER, 28. wee patens, 28. Haplvesthes, 80. 378. Greggii, 378. rHaplopappus, 125. /Hardheads, 406. I» Ss madarivides, 306. | Harpalium, 270, 271. }-—- rigidum, 275. PHarpalyce, 433. emalba, 484. wwe altissima, 435, ——crepidina, 433. == racemosi, 433. am serpentaria, 434, virgata, 433. Hartmannia, 307. ciliata, 316. w= corymbosa, 808. p—=<= fasciculata, 309. ome Pungens, 308. r Hawkbit, 420. PHawkweed, 424, Hecastocleis, 83, 407. Shocklevi, 407. t Hectorea villosissima, 121, eiTecubeea, 847. . Hedyotis acerosa, 27. some angustifolia, 26, em turicularia, 28. Boscii, 27. — carulea, 24. pHarpecarpus exiguus, 306. wee calycosa, 26. —ciliolata, 26. ammgentianvides, 24, am glumerata, 28. Halei, 28. ——humifusa, 26, 27. ——~ lanceolata, 26. — longifolia, 26. — minima, 25. - —mrotundifolia, 25. io fia, 24 —serpyllifolia, 24. — stenophylla, 26, 27. =umbellata, 26. —=Virginica, 28. eHeleastrum, 173. joo clbum, 198. ome petludosum, 174. em HELENIER, 72. «eT HELENIOIDES, 70, 317. — Helenium, 76, 347. —=altissimum, 349. amphibolum, 348. eemntropurpureum, 349, asta utumnale, 349. ==<-Bigelovii, 350. Bolanderi, 350. brevifolium, 351. Californicum, 349. =—ecanaliculatum, 349. —=commutatum, 349. Curtisii, 350. decurrens, 349. elegans, 348. ad pol rae 350. a grandiflorum, 349, ——Hoopesii, 347, ex lanatum, 330. awwlongifolium, 349. —— Mexicanum, 349, Mexicanum, 348, 349, —micranthum, 349. microcephalum, 348. amemontanum, 349. —enudiflorum, 349. Nuttallii, 350. ooclinium, 348. parviflorum, 349. puberulum, 349. wepubescens, 349, amepumilum, 349. -—-quadridentatum, 348. om quadridentatum, 349. woe quadripartitum, 348, leminariense, 349, —tenuilolium, 347, Thurberi, 348. ewmetubuliflorum, 849. ~——varium, 349, ———Vernale, 350. »Helepta grandiflora, 255. piielianthella, 67, 283. argophylla, 283. =—Californica, 285, —~Douglasii, 285. randiflora, 4 atifolia, 270. Mexicana, pk microcephala Shypse “nudieaulis, ne —Parryi, 284. quinquenervis, 284, tenuifolia, 285. = uniflora, 285. grt uniflora, 284, -“THELIANTHOIDE®, 59, 237. aHelianthus, 66, 271. ew altissimus, 276. = angustifolius, 273. =r annuus, 272. argophyllus, 272. aristatus, 288. <_—atrorubens, 274. w——atrorubens, 274, 275. Bolanderi, 272. Californicus, 277. ae canescens, 276. —cernuus, 281, —ciliaris, 274. cinereus, 275. cinereus, 279. ~——crassifulius, 275. cucumerifolius, 278, dealbatus, 280. ' ~—, debilis, 273. === decapetalus, 280. ———dentatus, 270. ——diffusus, 274. =e divaricatus, 279. mmdivaricatus, 278. emdiversifolius, 279. doronicoides, 279. ame doronicoides, 280. Douglasii, 278. Dowellianus, 275. = erythrocarpus, 272. exilis, 273. wee Floridanus, 273. == frondosus, 280. =e giganteus, 276. emmmgivanteus, 273, 277. ows Gi9as, 276. gracilentus, 277. om ZTOSse-serratus, 276, = Pececapivell is, 274, —— heterophyllus, 275. em hirsutus, 279. exo hispidulus, 279. Hookerianus, 268. am iniegrifolius, 272. -=— letiflorus, 275. levigatus, 278. wmmicevis, 255, 279, 296. wm lenticularis, 272. Lindheimerianus, 273. fongifolius, 278. longifolius, 268. wa MaACrocaTpus, 272. asammacrophyllus, 280. ome Maximiliani, 277. seme microcephalus, 278. ~—-Missowriensis, 275. —— Missuricus, 274. == mollis, 276. — mollis, 280. we Multiflorus, 272, 280. exm neglectus, 279. ——Nuttallii, 277. «owen occidentalis, 275. =e orgyalis, 273. xe ovatus, 272. Parishii, 277. eas parviflorus, 276. wane patens, 272. pauciflorus, 272. e==petiolaris, 272. “<—precox, 273. ==“prostratus, 280. mampubescens, 276, 279. ewe purilus, 275. f INDEX. PL ald 284, adula, 274. ——~Tigidus, 274. scaberrimus, 272, . ~——-scaberrimus, 275. Schweinitzii, 278. silphioides, 274. arsiflorus, 274. spathulatus, 276. squarrosus, 276. aeee strumosus, 279. eee gubtuberosys, 276. =——tenutfolius, 280, tephrodes, 271. thurifer, 281. tomentosus, 276. ~—tracheliifolius, 280. a= tracheliifolius, 278. tricuspis, 275. mem truncatus, 279. ome tubaformis, 272. eam tuberosus, 280. . Fa fuberosus, 276, eHHeliochroa amend, Zoo. ~~ elatior, 258. pa furcata, 258. ——™ Linneand, 258. b Heliomeris multiflora, 269. tenuifolia, 269. eHeliopsis, 64, 254. — annua, 255. L.——- Balsamorrhiza, 266. | buphthalmoides, 255. buphthal moides, 255. ome ccmescens, 255. gracilis, 255. =levis, 254. parvifolia, 255. _ fememrscabra, 255. terebinthacea, 266. +Helmintha, 420. | Helogyne, 93. LHTemiachyris Texana, 116. Hemiambrosia, 250. + Hemiptilium, 415. | —— Bigelwvii, 414, | ——- Schottii, 415. Hemizanthidium, 250, 251. ‘Hemizonella, 69, 306. |_——Durandi, 306. minima, 306. ——— parvula, 306. ( Hemizonia, 69, 306. angustifolia, 308. ——angustifolia, 311. ove balsamifera, 308. cephalotes, 312. ~— citriodora, 307. Clevelandi, 307. congesta, 307. congesta, 314. ~oom corymbosa, 308. wea ouglasii, 311. _—fasciculata, 309. lipes, 318. —Fitchii, 308. floribunda, 309. Fremonti, 312. frutescens, 307. ooglomerata, 309. eermanni, 310. hispida, 311. Kelloggii, 309. joe strrumosus, 278, 279, 280. 38% my — -_ { 463 Lobbii, 310. luzulefolia, 307. ~———-macradenia, 308. macradenia, 310. —__macrocephala, 308, mollis, 311. multicaulis, 309. ——~multiglandulosa, 312. opposilifi lia, 312. aniculata, 309. ——Parryi, 308. pauciflora, 311. plumosa, 312. ex pungens, 308. ramosissima, 310. rudis, 307. sericea, 807. icata, 311. treetsii, 307. =~=tenella, 310. j-———=truncata, 311. virgata, 310. Wheeleri, 307. Wrightii, 309. bHferba Impia, 230. Hesperastrum, 174. -Hesperevax, 228. e/Teterochata, 207. Heterochromea, 446. PH ETEROCHROMES, 54. eticterodonta, 295. Heterogyne, 253. Heteropectis, 361. -Heterophania, 231. + Heteropleura, 429. .| Heterosperma, 299. Heterospermum, 68, 299. pinnatum, 299. tagetinum, 299. PHeterotheca, 53, 120. —Chrysopsidis, 121. —Jloribunda, 121. randiflora, 121. amarckii, 120. —Lamarckit, 130. mlatifolia, 121. == /eptoglossa, 121. m=scabra, 121. PHieracium, 86, 424. abscissum, 430. ——albiflorum, 428. alpinum, 424. ——a«arecticum, 427. = argutum, 428. =—_aurantiacum, 424, —auratum, 425. —==barbatum, 426. Bolanderi, 429. brevipilum, 429. Breweri, 427. Californicum, 423. — Canadense, 425. —— Canadense, 425. carneum, 430. Carolinianum, 426. ——corymbosum, 425. ~——cynoglossoides, 428. —erythrospermum, 429. ‘asciculatum, 425. —~fendleri, 429. cile, 427. Greenei, 429. ——~Gronovii, 426. —-Gronovii, 425, 426, 427, ——helianthifolium, 425. 2 « 464 =~ Hookeri, 497, horriduny, 427. ——~ Kalnii, 445° ——Kalmii, 425. Lemmoni, 430. =< longipilum, 426, 446. ~—macranthum, 435, =wemacrophyllum, 425. arianum, bee 446. med farianum, 426 o™ molle, 424. murorum, 424. wae. paniculatum, 425. ‘arishii, 428. ——Pennsylvanicum, 426. prealtum, 424. precow, 424, ——~ prenanthoides, 425, Pringlei, 429. - coxepusillus, 207. relicinum, 427. —rigidum, 425. Rugelii, 426. —-runcinatum, 431. Rusbyi, 498. === scabriusculum, 425. ao scabrum, 426. scabrum, 426. =e 427. —— Scoulers, 429. ame subnudum, 425. mci aly 425." “™venosum., ” am virgatum, 425. amesyuleatum, 424. High Cranberry, 10. ™Tich-water Shrub, 247. =Hobble-bush, 9. Hofmeisteria, 51, 93. pluriseta, 93. ~Hologymne, 324. Douglasii, 323. glabrata, 324. Holozonia, 318. ~ Jilipes, 318. mello MOCHROME, —Lomoianthus, 408 ™=Homopcppus, 126. argutus, 127. lomeratus, 127. analoides, 128. —multifiorus, 129. paniculatus, 127. —~—racemosus, 127. spathulatus, 149. —squarrosus, 125. Honeysuckle, 141. ~ Hopkirkia anthemoides, 334, Horse-Gentian, 12. ~Houndstongue, 113. ™Houstonia, 20, 24. Nua) Acerosa, 37 wommanigustifolia, 26. woe corrtilea, 24. — ciliolata, 26. ——coccinea, 24. fasciculata, 27. ——«fruticosa, 26. INDEX; humifusa, 25. } meeLinneei, 24, 25. =——lon gifolia, 26. minima, 25. .—patens, 24, — Dea come PUT eee emmpusilla, 2 =~ rotundifolia, 25: . rubra, 25, 0 * 4 Pili ey ™ sm=serpyllifola, 24. subviscosa, 2 gaella, 2 SCenuifolia, 26. amamparians, 26. ~| ——Wrightii, 26. o——+ Hulsea, 75, 342. - algida, 343. br revifolia, an callicarp a ; heterochroma, 343, nana, 343." Parryi, 342. a~—vestita, 842. Ty drocarpea, 298, Hymenatherum, 77, 857. : 357. innum,.446. - } seas nbphatierots | etme preptiag ee, a 3 3 eum, ——tenuilobum, 358." Thurberi, 358. Treculii, 358. Wrightii,, 358. “—~yHymenoclea, 63, 248. “=~ monogyra, 248. fewer Salsola, 248. —Hymenonema glaucum, 417, 418, | laciniatum, 417. ——|Hymenopappus, 74, 235, —_— artemisivefolius, B35. corymbosus, 335. —-Douglasii, 341. f———-filifolius, 336. \—-—~ flavescens, 336. Ir——~“Juteus, 386. Mexicanus, 336. ——Wevadensis, 341. ~~ robustus, 336. scabioszeus, 335. |——tenuifolius, 336. pom tenuifolius, 836. —+ Hymenothrix, 73, 334, Wislizeni, aad. |—_Wrightii,’ 335. rrHymenozys, 346. Californica, 827, ry linearifolia, 344. mutica, 328. “[oodorata, 847. wT Hyoseris anicumtanls 412, angustifolia, 412 Siihors, 412. ‘aroliniana, 411. A e-tIndian Currant, 18. Indian Plantain, 394. Infantea Chelensis, 334, rai ae oe 24, Mel tivula, 59, 236. —argentea, 121. amdivaricnia, 130. ; ee 198. alcata, 122.” — glandulosa, 122. glutinosa, "i 19. ossypina, 122, a 421, aia, 236. ' Mariana, 122. Hi sacornti, ar, "225. -—t Iron-weed, $9. Tsocar pha, 65, 257. oppositifolia, 257. @-lsocoma vernoniotdes, 143, pIsopappus, 130. we divaricatus, 180. Hookervanus, 181. , weblva, 62, 245 ——~ambrosizfolia, 246. ——angustifolia, 247. = cannua, 246. } axillaris, 247. ciliata, 246. dealbata, 246. |——foliolosa, 247. = frutescens, 247. Hayesiana, 247.' |——~ imbricata, 246. ——nicrocepliala, 247, ‘ emaonophylla, 249. Nevadensis, 247. =—naniculata, 246. aman thiitelia, 246, ~rIzora Americana, 24. }_——~sernifolia, 24, eJacea, 406. Jamesia, 412, 413. 5 pane ior 413. aupea, 70, 317. Parise, 317. JAUMIES, 70. L Jerusalem Artichoke, 280, eJoe-Pye Weed, 95. Teen ee Kailliactis, 265. -Keerlia, 55, 164. ——bellidifolia, 164. effusa, a . ramosa, t~ skirrobasis, 164. | Kelloggia, 22, 31. bea ioides, 82. Kleinia, 317, 854. + Knapweed, dos. eKnoxia, 31. PKrigia, 84, 411. —~amplexicaulis, 412, WH) bellioides, 411. ‘we Caroliniana, 411. == Caroliniana, 412. -— Dandelion, 412. lichotoma, 411. —~~leptophylla, 411. -S=njontana, 412. nervosa, 411. occidentalis, 411. =< Virginica, 4. » Kuhnia, 51, 103. == Critonia, 103. == eupatorioides, 103. —— frutescens, 103. wglutinosa, 99, 103. —atepiophylia, 103. macrantha, 103. Masinsians, 103. <—_ paniculata, 103. w——=rosmarinifolia, 103. Schaffneri, 103. suaveolens, 103. =—~spec. Raf., 103. —Kuhnioides, 113. —Kymapleura, 439. —~ heterophylla, 440. ”LABIATIFLOR&, 50; 82. ~Lactuca, 87, 441. —— acuminata, 443. alpina, 444, Canadensis, 442. ——— Canadensis, 444. =—Caroliniana, 442. ——elongata, 442, 443. ——Floridana, 443. —Floridana, 444. ~—sgraminea, 443. ~—graminifolia, 442. o—— hirsuta, 442. =—— integrifolia, 442. —=——integrifolia, 443. ———~~leucophiea, 444. —— longifolia, 442. Ludoviciana, 443. macrophylla, 444. ~——pulchella, 443. ——sayittifolia, 442. ~~ sanguinea, 442. =—~Scariola, 442. ~ villosa, 444. ~Lactucastrum, 443. ~Lagophylla, 70, 313. congesta, 314. _ dichotoma, 313. filipes, 313. glandulosa, 313. ——~ ramosissima, 314. Lagatea, 200. wLagothamnus, 379. ambiguus, 379. microphyllus, 379. —Lampsana, 84, 410. —— communis, 410. Laphamia, 71, 319. angustifolia, 319. bisetosa, 320. cinerea, 319. dissecta, 321. halimifolia, 319. Lemmoni, 319. Lindheimeri, 320. megacephala, 320. Palmeri, 320. peninsularis, 319. van INDEX. rupestris, 319. Stansburii, 320. ——-Lappa major, 397. ——minor, 397. tomentosa, 397. —-Lapsana, 410. —~—+Lasianthea, 286. ~~-Lasthenia, 72, 324, ambigua, 331. Cali omiich, 324. ~—glaberrima, 324. glabrata, 324. obtusifolia, 324. Laurestinus, 9. —+|Layia, 70, 314. Calliglossa, 316. carnosa, 315. Douglasii, 316. =—~elegans, 315. = Fremonti, 316. gaillardioides, 315. glandulosa, 314. eterotricha, 315. Jonesii, 316. e=m> Neo-Mewicana, 314. pentachexta, 315. ~— platyglossa, 315, eLeachia, 291. _—- lanceolata, 292. been trifoliata, 293. p Lebetina, 356. PLeighia, 270. ax bicolor, 273. = lanceolata, 285. ae 278. eam UNiflorda, 284, 285. =~? Leontodon, 85, 420. alpinus, 440. —-2utumnalis, 420. boreale, 424. — Carolinianum, 441. ceratophorum, 440. —— hirsutum, 439. m=“hirtus, 420. =—hispidus, 420. lividus, 440. |_. officinalis, 440. ——Taraxacum, 440. ——-vulgare, 440. == Lepachys, 66, 263. axmwangustifolia, 264. ! gee colunaris, 264. . peduncularis, 264. ws=pinnata, 263. amo pinnatifida, 264, serrata, 264. Lepidanthus, 364. PL epidaploa, 89. + Lepidonema, 416. -——t-Lepidospartum, 80, 378. ——-_squamatum, 378. aoteLeptogyne, 225. ==-Leptopoda, 350. ——brachypoda, 349. brevifolia, 350, 351. i decurrens, 350. ‘ denticulata, 350. = fimbriata, 350. Helenium, 350. incisa, 350. ~ integrifolia, 350. 30 chrysanthemoides, 316. +Lepidostephanus madiordes, 313. +-Lepidotheca suaveolens, 364. Leptoclinium fruticosum, 112. pinnatifida, 351. 350. —tLeptoseris, 422. Californica, 423. saxatilis, 423. sonchoides, 422. —-Leptosyne, 68, 299. «= Arizonica, 301. Bigelovii, 300. ‘we | ween Cali 299, calliopsidea, 300. ——Douglasii, 299. gigantea, 300. heterocarpa, 301. . |——maritima, 300. | ——=Vewberryi, 299. arthenioides, 301. Balimani, 299. <— | Leptotheca, 431. =—+-Leria lyrata, 408. = nutans, 408. ——rLessingia, 54, 161. Germanorum, 162. landulifera, 162. Meiepciada, 162. nana, 163, emmeeramulosa, 162. virgata, 162. | Lettuce, 441. is Leucampyx, 78, 362. Newberryi, 362. integrtfolium, 865. weParthenium, 365. a= vulgare, 365. =—=Leucocoma, 172. ou J, da: A 465 Leucanthemum areticum, 365. 164. —=— humile, 164. ——+Leucopsis, 123, —+> Leucoseris, 422. tenutfolia, 423. ar Leysera Caroliniana, 352. =| Liatris, 52, 109. ~~ acidota, 110. = brachystachys, 111. Chapmanii, 112. —corymbosa, 113. wxwecylindracea, 109. == cylindrica, 110. ubia, 111. —elegans, 109. flexuosa, 110. Sruticosa, 112. Garbert, 112. gracilis, 110. =graminifolia, 111. — sumone, 110. eterophylla, 110. intermedia, 109: —-laevigata, 112. == lanceolata, 111. we macrostachya, 111. mucronata, 110. — odoratissima, 113. a ia 95. —paniculata, 113. pauciflora, 112. =—pauciflosculosa, 112. — pilosa, 111. —propinqua, 111. pumila, 111. we_punctata, 110. — eafolin, : g ellidifolia, 1 Morale? Boykin, 110. 466 ===pycnostachya, 110. — radians, 109. ome resinosa, 110, 111. w=scariosa, 110. secunda, 112. aw Sessiliflora, 111. maw Spheroidea, 110. ==spicata, 111. = Squamosa, 113. ==a squarrosa, 109. squarrulosa, 110. emstricta, 110. —tenuifolia, 112. tamentosa, 113. ~umbellata, 90. woovirgata, 111. Waliert, 113. mee LIGULIFLORZ, 50, 83. Lindheimera, 61, 244. _ Vexana, 244. s-Linnea, 7,13. . ” mae borealis, 18. we Linosyris, 136. « pala a 139; , 186. ceruminosa, 138. coronopifolia, 142. ~~———-dentata, 143. ~~~ depressa, 137. Drummondii, 142. — precede, 139. —— heterophylla, 142. hirtella, 142.. aon Howardi, 136. ——~ humilis, 204. -—— lanceolata, 140. ——Mexicana, 143. w— Nevadensis, 136. —Parryi, 136. . plurijiora, 142. ~~ ramulosa, 223. serrulata, 140. Sonoriensis, 141. ——squamatd, 378. ~—~teretifolia, 138. ——~ Texana, 222. INDEX. -——~Goldii, 17. wintermedia, 16. interrupta, 18. eminvolucrata, 16. _ =—Ledebourii, 16. —~microphylla, 1g wefociniana, 167 oblongifolia, 15. ~—-woccidentalis, 16, weeparviflora, 17. memepilosa, 18. ommepubescens, 17. == sempervirens, 16. subspicata, 18. =~ Sullivantii, 17. ~—Symphoricarpos, 18, Tartarica, 16 ———-Utahensis, 13, w= velutina, 15. == villosa, 15, 17. =—Virginiana, 16. PLONICERE, 7. | Lophochena, 264. ~—Lorentea, 254, 860. | Lowellia aurea, 359. uina, 79, 876. Z : —~—hypoleuca, 376. =F Luthera Virginica, 412. - om Lygodesmia, 87, 435.. |-~aphylla, 436. i exigua, 486. ‘| <= grandiflora, 435. | ===juncea, 435. a juncea, 436. | —. minor, 413. : rostrata, 436. spinosa, 486. == Macheranthera, 204. . = canescens, 205, 206. = grandiflora, 125. parviflora, 207. Shastensis, 174. mee tanacetifolia, 206. —~~Macrocarphus ap achilleefolius, 341, ~~ Douglasii, 341. “——TMacrohoustonia, 24. —visciaifiona, 138, 189, 140.~+Macronema, 135. : ; 2, —Wrightii, 142. “—Linsecomia , glauca, 974. e=eLion’s-foot, 434. Lipochata Texana, 286. maLogfia subulata, 230. wmeTnicera, 8, 14. ~z~malba, 30. *. albiflora, 18. ——Breweri, 15. —cerulea, 15. —Californica, 18. — Canadensis, 15. ——Caroliniana, 16. “=viliata, 15. ~—ciliosa, 16. ~—~cilivsa, 18. =—Diervilla, 19. edioica, 17. ~——Pouglasii, 17. dumosa, 18 == flava, 17. — flava, 17. — hirsuta, 17. hispidula, 18. w—flauca, 17. ae ZTata, 17, .omediscoiden, 135. y—~—— suffruticosa, 185. ==~-Macrorhynchus, 438. | ——ungustifolius, 439. — aurantiacus, 438. se il pa 439, Chilensis, 440. cynthioides,, 437. ~~ elatus, 438. © —~glaucus, 437. sri fore, 438, 489, arfordii, 439. heterophyllus, 439. —= humile, 489. ~—~ laciniatus, 439. —— Lessingii, 439. purpureus, 438. ~——retrorsus, 439. ——troximoides, 488. = Madaria, 304, — corymbosa, 805. —~elegans, 305. ——racemosa, 305. ewelMadariopsis, 805. eaeMadaroglossa, 314. angustifolia, 814, 315. — i ha 17 mosa, 314, th heterotricha, 315. ~~ hieracioides, 315. man hirsuta, 315. ? = Sahota ll, |——elegans, 305. | come filipes, 306. | s==-glomerata, 806. len, mellosa, 805. meen Nuttallii, 304. radiata, 305. | mmemgativa, 805. mmomeStellata, 305. - |———-wiscosa, 305, ul Yosemitana, 304. » MADIEA:, 69. L-Madorella dissitiflora, 805, P———~racemosa, 305. Malacolepis, 421. [Malacomeris, 423. incana, 423. Malacothrix, 86, 421. Californica, 422. =— Californica, 422. - =~—“Clevelandi, 423, commutata, 428, - Coulteri, 421. =—crepoides, 423. Fendleri, 422. | ——glabrata, 422. incana, 423. - obtusa, 423. obtusa, 422. parvifiora, 423. - platyphylla, 410. saxatilis, 423. sonchoides, 422. sonchoides, 422, tenuifolia, 428. Torreyi, 422. ——Torrey?, 422. Xanti, 422 Mallostoma acerosa, 27. Margacola parvula, 98. Marsh Elder, 247. *Marshallia, 68, 303. smeangustifolia, 803. cexspitosa, 303. lanceolata, 308. latifolia, 303. Schreberi, 308. PMaruta Cotula, 362. p= fatida, 862. Matricaria, 78, 363. =masterivides, 166. = =Chamomila, 364. coronata, 864. Courrantia, 364, e==qliscoidea, 864, —-glastifolia, 166. —==Inodora, 363. —— odorata, 365. | s=—Parthenium, 365. pyrethroides, 864. westanacetoides, 864. PMatthiola, 29. }—~scabra, 30. s May weed, 362. INDEX. 467 Megalastrum, 173. Monolopia, 72, 823. —— humifusa 26. ==MELAMPODIES, 60. bahiafolia, 324. pentandya, 28. =—-Melampodium, 60, 238. x glabrata, 324. — purpurea, 26. + eemquetrale, 239. cilens, 323. —rotundifolia, 25. == cinereum, 239. rmauni, 323. rubra, 25. cupulatum, 239, lanceolata, 323. mee BEN yllifolia, 24. hispidum, 239. major, 323. 4 iirc, 25. #. —leucanthum, 239, minor, 323. uniflora, 28. longicornu, 239. Monoptilon, 55, 165. —*T Oligoyyne Tampicana, 289. —ramosissimum, 239. bellidiforme, 165. m~eOligosporus, 368. ~—~Melananthera, 257. Monothrix Stansburti, 320, | — =~ pycnocephalus, 369, ~<-—Melanthera, 65, 257. Moquinia hypoleuca, 407. |. —-Oligotrichium, 218. angustifolia, 257. —7Morinda, 21, 29. awe Olocarpha, 308. wii deltoidea, 257. 17 Roioe, 29. Omalanthus camphoratus, 367. ——— hastata, 257. rT Mugwort, 367, 372. ie Omalotes camphoratus, 367.. lanceolata, 257. wrMulgedium, 443. ——| Omalotheca, 231, 236. ——Linnei, 257. ——uacuminatum, 444, ——— supina, 236. microphylla, 257. —Floridanum, 443. =-Onopordon, 82, 405. mom pandureformis, 257. hastatum, 485. --~=acanthium, 405. wwe triloba, 257. — Igterophyllum 43. =P Onopordum, 405. — Fee Tee - | —mleucopheum, Add. = +Oporinia, 420. teragyéeratuih, 92. a——lyratum, 442. —— autumnalis, 420. => Micropus. 58, 226. ——multi flor: : =" Orilrophium, 175. amphiboltis;227. 43. == Orthomeris, 198. —— angustifolius, 227 _ - ——pOsmadenia tenella, 311. —— (Californicus, 227. ~ —_ ave Osinia, 94. : Grayana, 227. rl spermum Uvedalia, 238. wee minimus, 229. —Nabalus,-43. —TOx-eye Daisy, 365. ~— Microseris, 85, 416. - alatus, 435.7 —T0 vlepis, acuminata, 419. —albus, 434. Grxytenia, 62, 2£8. phantocarpha, 419. ——altissimus, 435. ee ‘’ — acerosa, 248. *, attenuata, 419. — Boottit, 435 Oxyura chrysanthemoides, 316. Bolanderi, 418.~ —=cordatus, 435. em) yster-plant, 415... | 2 oreqlis, 424. eee fo ae 7 133. ee ire mayor, 420. ~~. | sme deltordes, 435: ~~... “—+Palafoxia, 74, 838. —7/ ~~ —— Douglasi, ae —raseri, 434. — semiflosculure, 408. ~—Perezia, 83, 408. —— Arizonica, 409. ————Coulteri, 409. ——microcephala, 409. -~< fe occidentalis, 482... “TPsilostrophe gnaphaliodes, 318. “PPsychotria, 21, 30. Seas ==chimarroides, 31. om lanceolata, 31, am nervosa, 31. == oligotricha, 31, =—rufescens, 31. —~tenuifolia, 31. - > : weundata, 30. amp Psychotro ham, 380. —PPtarmica borealis, 363. —— vulgaris, 363. =~ Pterocaulon, 57, 226. ="pycnostachyum, 226. virgatum, 226. pPteronia Caroliniana, 109. rPterophyton, 287. Ptilomeris, 327. affinis, 327. anthemoides, 328. aristata, 327. coronaria, 327, () mutica, 328. tenella, 327. ~——Ptilonella scabra, 304. ~—Ptiluphora, 416. major, 417. eon, NUEANS, 417. Pugiopappus, 300. . Bigelovii, 300. Breweri, 300. calliopsideus, 300. —Pulicaria annua, 219. ——Pyrethrum, 364. bipinnatum, 364. awminodorum, 363. —Parthenium, 365. Pyrocheta, 170. =—=Pyrrhopappus, 87, 440. —Carvlinianus, 441. grandiflorus, 441, a, Multicaulis, 441. am multicaulis, 441. —~— pauciflurus, 441. Rothrockii, 441. scaposus, 441. ——Sesseanus, 441. Pyrrocoma arguta, 127. ~ —carthamoides, 126. waa foliosa, 128. glomerata, 127. =——-grindelioides, 125. ae Menziesir, 148. paniculata, 127. ——~ racemosa, 127. radiata, 126. ——~Rafinesquia, 85, 415. <= Californica, 415, 446. Neo-Menicana, 415. mer Ragweed, 248. ——Raillardella, 81, 380. ——-argentea, 380. Eiseni, 380. Muirii, 380. Pringlei, 380. scaposa, 350. —Raillarda, 380. —— Rancagua, 324. ——Randia, 20, 28. — aculeata, 28. — clusiefolia, 29. —latifolia, 29. ——wmitis, 29. Xalapensis, 29. —Ratibida columnuris, 264. wo sylcati, 264. =—_= imparipinnatus, 30d. — integerrimus, 388. == integerrimus, 387. seen a es, 389, 290. — Spilanthus, 258. Spiridanthes, 323. | Stehelina elegans, 109. Starkea pinnata, 130. —"Starwort, 172. <= E Star Thistle, 405. Staurospermum, 32. Stemmodontia scaberrima, 286. we STELLATE, 23. =Stenactis, 207, 219. wambigua, 219. ——annua, 219. Beyrichii, 219. —— > dubia, 219. glauca, 208. ——speciosa, 209. j=——strigosa, 219. wmmverna, 216. —+ Stenotheca, 425. —WVariana, 426. =—subnuda, 426. = venost, 426. == Stenotus, 131. +— acaulis, 132. armerioides, 132. itosus, 132. t——florifer, 168. inearifolius, 132. multicaulis, 129. me PY Gmeus, 131. =| Begph inanthes, 221. ——+Stephanomeria, 84, 412. ——tichoriacea, 413. elata, 413. ——exigua, 414, —— heterophylla, 413. —sintermedia, 417. —— lactucina, 413. ——minor, 413. myrioclada, 414. aba ge 414. arryi, 413. pentacheta, 414. ~—runcinata, 413. ~—Thurberi, 413. 472 Schottii, 415. virgata, 414. Wrightii, 414. — Stevia, 51, 91. amabilis, 91. —_ angustifolia, 92. — caillosa, 337. —— canescens, 92. — wefolia, 92. Lemmoni, 92. macella, 91. micrantha, 91. Plummerzx, 92. punctata, 92. INDEX. capitatum, 367. diversifolium, 367. w= Douglasii, 366. elegans, 367. Tluronense, 366. Huronense, 367. Kotzebuense, 364. — matricarioides, 364. Nuttallii, 367. —~Parthenwum, 365. =——paucifiorum, 864, 366. ——poientilloides, 367. ——suaveolens, 364. a Vulgare, 366. -—salicifolia, 92, erate 1%_| Taraxacum, 87, 440. —sphacelata, 337. —wvirgata, 92. —=Stick-tight, 296. w= Stokesia, 50, 88. =~ cyanea, 88. me Strigia, 103. —Strongylosperma australe, 366 Strumpfia, 21, 31. maritima, 31. mn" Stylesia, 831. = Stylimnus, 225. —~ Stylocline, 58, 227. acaulis, 229. —— filaginea, 228. —~ gnaphalioides, 227. micropoides, 227. —Stylopappus, 489. ——elatus, 438. ° grandiflorus, 439. ——lacinialus, 439. —Succory, 412. we Sunflower, 271. me Suprago, 109. Sweet Scabious, 47. ceratophorum, 440. corniculatum, 440. —Dens-Leonis, 440. ——hirsutum, 439. levigatum, 440. lanceolatum, 440. \ latilobum, 440. montanum, 440. —“officinale, 440. palustre, 440. phymatocarpum, 440. my Tarweed, 304, 306. seefeasel, 47. . |. . ‘Tessaria borealis, 225. —Tetracarpum, 334. == Tetradymia, 80, 379. em=canescens, 379. == comosa, 379. glabrata, 379, inermis, 379. Nuttallii, 379. ramosissima, 377. spinosa, 379. ——squamata, 378. Symphiotrichium unctuosum, 189~Tetra gonosperma w= Symphoria conglomerata, 18. == elongata, 14. ae ane 138. amheterophylla, 14. occidentalis, 13. ==racemost, 13. =-Symphoricarpos, 7, 13. ——~ciliatus, 14... longiflorus, 14.. ——~mollis, 14. -——montanus, 14. =—~occidentalis, 13. ~—oreophilus, 14. a= parviflorus, 13. e==racemosus, 13. ——rotundifolius, 14. am spicatus, 13. eaevulgaris, 13. —Synedrella, 67, 289. ~———vialis, 289, Syntrichopappus, 73, 328. Fremonti, 328. = Lemmon, 328. ——~Tagetes, 77, 359. Lemmioni, 359. ——lucida, 359. ———micrantha, 360. —<= pumila, 253. ——revoluta, 253. f——tenuifiora, 253. Se? ZINNIEE, 63. 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