enh bee CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ay The Frederick A. Rice ‘09 Memorial Book Fund Given by Frederick A. Rice, Jr. RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Library QL 690.G7L77 1883 List of British birds / maan AEA Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002149502 A LIST Or BRITISH BIRDS COMPILED BY A COMMIPTTEL oF TILE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, * MEDLO TUTISSIMCS IBIS.” LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. 1883. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRERFT. PREFACE. At the Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithol«- gists’ Union held at their office, 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, May 15, 1878, Mr. Scuarer proposed that a Com- mittee should be appointed to draw up a list of British Birds in accordance with the most approved principles of modern nomenclature. My. Scuater gave an outline of his plan, and suggested that the following Members of the B. O. U. should be requested to serve on the Committee, viz. :— Mr. O. Satvin, Mr. P. L. Sciarer, Mr. H. DuCanz Gopman, The Secretary of the B. O. U., Mr. H. E. Dresser, Prorrssor Newton, Mr. H. Srrsoum, and Mr. Henry T. Wuarton. |ethe Editors of.‘ The This,’ This proposal was unanimously agreed to; but Professor Newton subsequently excused himself from joining the Committee. The remaining members held their first meeting on June 4, 1878, when Mr. Sciarer was elected Chairman and Mr. H. T. Waarron Secretary and General Editor. On August 12, 1879, Messrs. Howarp Saunpers and R. Bowpier Suarre were added to the Committee. iv PREFACE. The work of preparing the various portions of the List was undertaken by different members of the Committee; but the whole has been revised during the seventy-one meetings the Committee has held. The notes ou the etymology of the scientific names have been compiled by Mr. Henry T. Wuarton; and for them he accepts the main responsibility. No attempt at a complete synonymy has been made; but references are given to the following leading works on the subject, viz. :— Naumann’s ‘ Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschiands,’ 1822-1860 ; Macgillivray’s ‘ History of British Birds,’ 1837-1852 ; Hewitson’s ‘Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds,’ ed. 3, 1856; G. R. Gray’s ‘ Catalogue of British Birds in the British Museum,’ 1863 ; Yarrell’s ‘ History of British Birds :’ first edition (1839), second (1815), third (1856), and fourth (the first and second volumes edited by Prof. Newton and the third by My, H. Saunpers) so far as complete ; Gould’s ‘ Birds of Great Britain,’ 1850-1868 ; Harting’s ‘ Handbook of British Birds,’ 1872; and Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe,’ 1871-1881. 4 These are respectively cited as Naum., Macg., Hewitson, Gray, Yarr. (ed. 1, ed. 2, ed. 3, Newton, Saunders), Gould, Harting, and Dresser. In quotations from Linnzeus’s Systema Nature the specific name is printed with a capital initial whenever Linneus hirp- PREFACE. Vv self so marked it, it having been his practice to distinguish thereby a substantive (in apposition) from an adjective (in agreement with the generic name). Tn those cases in which the Linnean specific name has been raised to generic rank, references are given to Linnzus’s Systema Nature as well as to the work in which the specific name now used first occurs. The classification adopted is that modification of Professor Huxzry’s which was first promulgated by Mr. Scrarer in the ‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium’ (1873), and is further explained by him in ‘The Ibis,’ 1880, pp. 340-350 and 399-411. Those species which the Committee does not regard as positively authenticated as British are distinguished by having their names printed in italics and included in square brackets. But it has been deemed advisable to regard as “British” every species of which even a single specimen has been obtained in an undoubtedly wild state within the confines of the British Islands. The present list enumerates 452 species, of which 76 are included in square brackets, leaving 376 species as the ascertained number of British birds. These 376 may be divided into four categories :— (1) Residents, which are found throughout the year, and actually breed in some part of the British Islands. (2) Summer Visitors, which visit these islands in summer and breed within their confines. vil PREFACE. (3) Winter Visitors, which visit us in winter, but do not breed here. (4) Occasional Visitors, which are only of irregular occur- rence, but are met with in our islands with more or less frequency. It is in many cases difficult to decide in which of these four divisions a particular species should be placed; but the Table on the next page is believed to give with tolerable accuracy the number of species, in each of the seventeen orders, members of which occur in the British Isles. P.L.S. H. T. W. April 3rd, 1883. PREFACE, TasLe or Baitisn Brrps. vli R. | 8. Vv.) W.V.] O. V. Toran. L.) Passerésscccsssnntsasnvaxseaate 50 23 6 51 |) 130 TL) Pieariteinccnsvarvcasavavgoaress 4 4 10 18 TIL.) Striges: wicssascsecnnwoseanens 4 e 11 LV), Accipibres vasssessuscssecisees 12 2 13 27 V.) Steganopodes ...........00.. 3 3 VI.| Herodiones ...........0.0005 1 13 14 VIL} Ans6r68 sss .axcdiocncndysnennes 17 1 9 17 44 VHHL) Columbie: ....ccssitscaiscne. 3 1 1 5 IX.| Pterocletes ........cccceeeee he dl. 1 X| Gallingtiss. cs .cscssovaiswenny a 7 1 1 9 XE) Pullicarive ccs ciscoescave nies 3 2 2 7 XIL| Alectorides ..........0000 4 4 XIII.) Hemipodii ............0.. 1 1 ATV.) Limicole sicissssvesseavecees 3 13 13 19 48 XY | Gave: ssssesccsteouesiness: oes 9 5 2 13 29 AVI, Tubinares: scaicsswnnecceases 4 6 10 XVII.) Pygopodes ........eeee es 8 1 6 15 128 52 31 | 165 || 376 VIN TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Order PASSERES.....0000.00000..00ccccccceees 1 Suborder OSCINES ......0.. ccc cc ccccccccecceeucuens 1 Section OSCINES DENTIROSTRES .................. iL Family TURDID AD ssosccsevecsessscaniserede ries 1 Subfamily TURDIN AD sasiascaneynaavs came esewarends 1 Gems TOR DUS dies a dcseacsiace sca ton guest avesdinie y oudcbiane 0 wei 1 Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush................0 1 Turdus musicus, Song-Thrush ...........0.00eeeee 1 Turdus iliacus. Redwing ............e cece ee ee ees 2 Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare ......... cece cee eee ee 2 Turdus migratorius. American Robin oo... 06.0 e ee 3 Turdus atrigularis. Black-throated Thrush ......,... 3 Turdus varius. White’s Thrush ............000005 3 Turdus sibiricus. Siberian Thrush. oo... ccc cc cece 4 Turdus merula. Plackbird......... 0c. ccc eee 4 Turdus torquatus, Ring-Ouzel ................000 5 Gemis MONTICOGA. xt vageaoieles aidan vsaecincw win naeiae x 5 Monticola saxatilis. Rock-Thrush ................ 5 Monticola cyanus. Blue Rock-Thrush ..... 00. ..0005 5 Genus SARICOLA, spar sremaas sides meaamegaseaiaie eects 6 Saxicola enanthe. Wheatear .................00. 6 Saxicola stapazina. Black-throated Wheatear ...... 6 Saxicola deserti. Desert Wheatear ................ 7 Gentis PRATINCOLA acca asiaie hand PEE8 oa danse ders 7 Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat ............. 00.0005 7 Pratincola rubicola. Stunechat.................05. 8 Genius, RUTICILLA. cco twin Yvamreesiadie own san 8 Ruticilla phoenicurus. Redstart ................., 8 Ruticilla titys. Black Redstart.................... es) CONTENTS. Page Genus 'CYANE@UIA sscee yeas wees damn oes anes eees pee Cyanecula wolfi. White-spotted Bluethroat .......- 9 Cyanecula suecica. Red-spotted Bluethroat.........- 10 Genus ERITHACUS. 0... 0... c eect ete 10 Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast ........... 0000 cee 10 Genus DAULIAS eins guace sgn te tea xt ade adam bsae wads ll Daulias luscinia. Nightingale ...........0. seer eee 11 Subfamily SYLVIINAB oo... ee een es 11 Gems SYNE cccanneed whee ee eth de dean beens s 11 Sylvia cinerea. Whitethroat ........... 00 cere eee ee il Sylvia curruea. Lesser Whitethroat............06+. 12 Sylvia orphea. Orphean Warbler ...............065 12 Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap .......... cece eee eee ee 12 Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler ..............-. 13 Sylvia nisoria. Barred Warbler ..............-005 13 Genus MELIZOPHILUS ...... cece cece cece eee ene ee aes 13 Melizophilus undatus. Dartford Warbler............ 14 Gomis REGULUS? .cuacienge tracey piesa eg eaedde ey 14 Regulus cristatus. Golderest ....... 0.000000 e eee 4 Regulus ignicapillus. Fire-crest ..............00., 15 Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Wren oo ccc ccc ceee 15 Genus PHYLUOSCOPUS 55 6dcsGee a Mw Cae deed re ee ee 15 Phylloscopus superciliosus. Yellow-browed Warbler... 15 Phylloscopus rufus, Chiffchaff ...0...0.....0...00. 16 Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow-Warbler............ 16 Phylloseopus sibilutrix. Wood-Warbler ............ 17 Gots FIYPOEAIS: 25 yoke aa seb0s bine eee eelbd anuaee-eon nk 17 Hypolais icterina. Icterine Warbler................ 17 GOUSEATSDON. * eda lege Oast dane atelaad avg eanetisiay hone odes 18 Aédon galactodes. Rufous Warbler ..............., 18 Genus ACROCEPHALUS...... 00.00.00 ccc eececuceeeee 18 Acrocephalus streperus. Reed-Warbler ..........., 18 Acrocephalus palustris, Marsh-Warbler ..........., 19 Acrocephalus turdoides. Great Reed-Warbler .,.... 19 Acrocephalus aquaticus. Aquatic Warbler ....,..,.. 20 Acrocephalus phragmitis. Sedge-Warbler .......... 20 Genus LOCUSTELEA: «uses seu ees sgn a eer edies inne: 20 Locustella nevia. Grasshopper Warbler ......,.. 20 Locustella luscinioides. Savi's Warbler CONTENTS, xl Page OT le OF OF 11. a 21 Cettia sericea, Cetti’s Warbler oo... ccc cece c ccc ae 22 Subfamily ACCENTORINAL.......0.00.0ccce eee e eee 22 Genus ACCENTOR ..... 0... c cece tence ence renee nnes 22 Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow .............. 22 Accentor collaris. Alpine Accentor ................ 23 Subfamily MIMINAL 2. ssiocwie sini wos awaited wien ibn: 23 GOMUS TIT MTIS). oon serie patina do acim kgs spatial s ealedes 23 Mimus polyglottus, Northern Mocking-bird .......... 23 Family CINCLIDAL ..... ce erie reece eee eens 23 GBS CIN CTU BE oie suck pnanin ge Argan e Gucdl abla ea aan d Gadde 23 Cinclus aquaticus. Dipper ............. 00s eee ee eee 23 Cinclus melanogaster. Black-bellied Dipper ........ 24 Family PANURID AB... oe eee cece ene 24 Gentis PANURUS wiiidscsinied samen Ba dade ivaa ne taeas 24 Panurua biarmicus. Bearded Titmouse.............. 24 Family PARIDAN «oo. eee cee tenn nes 25 Genus ACREDUPA, sa5.acs ented aces xecaaw se eseed eu 25 Acredula caudata. White-headed Long-tailed Titmouse 25 Acredula rosea, British Long-tailed Titmouse ...... 25 Geniis PARUS: 52546 oNeeavados Ramis Maes LRRES oe 26 Parus major. Great Titmouse .....-..... cece eee 26 Parus ater. Continental Coal Titmouse ............ 26 Parus britannicus. British Coal Titmouse .......... 26 Parus palustris. Marsh-Titmouse .................. 27 Parus cxruleus. Blue Titmouse..............000005 27 Parus cristatus. Crested Titmouse .............045 28 Family SITTIDAD......eccce cere ee eee eee een ees 28 Gens SITTA. occa needs (44G.006a 49 aE AEN emDEN 28 Sitta egesia. Nuthateh... cc ccc cs ne eee eens 28 Family TROGLODYTID AB... . 6... cece e eee 29 Genus TROGLODYTES 2.0.6... cece ees e cece nee e teens 29 Troglodytes parvulns. Wren ........00- eee eee es 29) b2 xu CONTENTS, Page Family MOTACILLIDAL ...... 00.0. cere eee 29 Genus MOTACILEA c.ceesg nasi eren eae er eegpaeye eens 29 Motacilla alba. White Wagtail.......-..c. cece eee 29 Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail..............0055 30 Motacilla melanope. Grey Wagtail ................ 30 Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail........ 31 Motacilla viridis. Gtrey-headed Yellow Wagtail ...... 31 Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail...........+...0e ees 31 Genus ANTHUS apy cc pierced ances Wh abana Ha a eae one be 32 Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit ...............04, 32 Anthus cervinus. Red-throated Pipit ... 0.0060 32 Anthus trivialis, Tree-Pipit ......... 0. cece eres 33 Anthus campestris, Tawny Pipit ................6. 33 Authus richardi. Richard’s Pipit ................65 34 Anthus ludovictanus, American Pipit ....... 0.0004 bd Anthus spipoletta. Water-Pipit ...........-..00-. 34 Anthus obscurus. Rock-Pipit ...............0.00. 35 Family PYCNONOTID AD occ eee c ice en ens 35 Cents PAR OROP UN. co ou Saas sane teeeed tees thnk 35 Pycnonotus barbatus, Dusky Bulbul... 0 cena 35 Pycnonotus capensis. Gold-vented Thrush... 6... 0005 36 Family ORIOLID AL ... cee eee e eee e tenes 36 Genus ORTIOLUS:...c5c4028 Gut ane a et ee 36 Oriolus galbula. Golden Oriole ...... 60... cece eae 36 Family LANIID AS wxscssnssssedes to sexiexes vaawaas 36 Grams ANTS) fee aie) ase as sebiecd BNE be aay UR Bee wea 36 Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike ............4. 37 Lanius major. Pallas’s Great Grey Shrike .......... 37 Lanius excubitorides. American Grey Shrike .......4 37 Lanius minor, Lesser Grey Shrike ........... 0.00. 38 Uanius collurio, Red-backed Shrike ................ 38 Lanius pomeranus. Woodchat ...........0. 00.000 38 Family VIREONIDAG o0 occ 39 loniig VIREG, 4 rise hava nausieeiktah wea eiaiwe tus 39 CONTENTS. Xu : Page Family AMPELIDAL ... 1... eee cece ees 39 Gents AMPRTTS 5 .05.cais ise dv ween ae Page A REea ts giAes 39 Ampelis garrulus, Waxwing.............eceeeues 39° Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar-bird oo... 0.0. cece cece 40 Family MUSCICAPID AD seucecsausecseoeveraeennes 40 Genus MUSCICAPA oo cue ccusneeeioursueseures oui 40 Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher.............. 40 Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher ............ 41 Muscicapa collaris, White-collared Flycatcher ........ 4] Muscicapa parva. Red-breasted Flycatcher.......... 42 Section OSCINES LATIROSTRES .................... 42 Family HIRUNDINIDA .............0.. cece 42 Genus HIRUNDO .... eee cece eee eens 42 Hirundo savignii. Chestnut-bellied Swallow .......... 42 Hirando rustica, Swallow... .... 0... cece cece eens 42 Fiirundo rufula. Red-rumped Swallow ......0.00.... 43 Hirundo bicolor, White-bellied Swallow ..........4. 43 Genus CHELIDON «ace ea eed sos caus ee cain che amma ene 44 Chelidon urbica. Martin. ...............00c cee eee 44 Gens COME ic ncnndeiia orgies que wee aen ee 44 Cotile riparia, Sand-Martin ..........0........0.. 44 Genus: PROGNE: ws jig hoe dasa dammed ae sinew de aeale whee 45 Progne purpurea. Purple Martin .....6...000000 00. 45 Section OSCINES CURVIROSTREG .................. 45 Family CERTHIIDAL..... 0... ee een eee es 45 GENUS: CEBTETA she scr aiseis vid loiace are a aaa e sek Mw od atin 45 Certhia familiaris. Tree-creeper ..............0005 45 Genus TICHODROMA pice cyes gar needa enter eee ees walt 46 Tichodroma muraria. Wall-ereeper ..... 0. cece cee 46 Section OSCINES CONIROSTRES .................... 46 Family FRINGILLIDE .........-. eee eee 46 Subfamily FRINGILLINAD oo... cece eee 46 Genus CYANOSPIZA . 0... cece cece tence nen tnnes 46 Cyanospiza ciris. Nonpareil Finch oo... 000.0. cece 46 XIV CONTENTS. Page Genus CARDUELIS.. 0... eee cece eect ee eens AT Carduelis elegans. Goldfinch ........... 00+ esse eres 47 Genus CHRYSOMITRIS . 6... cece cet e eee een tees 47 Chrysomitris citrinella, Cutril Finch ... 6... e cere ees 47 Chrysomitris spinus. Siskin ..........eee cere e sees 48 Genus CRITHAGRA icici ccc cen eee ttn ties 48 Crithagra chrysopyga. Yellow-rumped Seed-eater .... 48 Genus SERINUS 2. cece cece eee eee nett 48 Serinus hortulanus. Serin 22... 0. cece eee ee eens 49 Serinus canarws, CANATY ccceccvcvccccncccncetvees 49 Genus LIGURINUS., 2.0... cece cc eee eee te eee eee 49 Ligurinus chloris. Greenfinch ..............00+-- 49 Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES . 0... cece cece cen eee 50 Coccothraustes vulgaris. Hawfinch ................ 50 Gems PASSER: sess saad be 7 Stee sys daa ged Pew 51 Passer domesticus. House-Sparrow ................ 61 Passer montanus. Tree-Sparrow ...............0-. 51 GENUS FRINGIEEA ay.aie Gaede aks wel ek Goda ed Auninse a Soret a Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch ......... 00.0 e eee eae 62 Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling................ 52 Genus bINOTA, A. as aditianuioe Peeks ot aiaedes puede aay aad 53 Linota cannabina. Linnét: 4 0.5. p60. ce cade eas ee 53 Linota linaria. Mealy Redpoll .................... 53 Linota rufescens. Lesser Redpoll ...............0., 54 Linota hornemanni. Greenland Redpoll ............ 54 Linota flavirostris, Twite ...........000, Renae nares 54 Subfatiily LOS TIN AG, sce aaviveigug aredies alee ea § na ested sods 55 Gens CARPRODA GUS). jensen Melia eae da Souleane ewes 55 Carpodacus erythrinus. Rosy Bullfinch ............ 55 Geis. PYRRHULA:. occacaantee con eeae ne saauees Pape es 56 Pyrrhula europea. Bullfinch...............000000, 56 Genus PINICOLA. augeesuersy eevee veer local aes 56 Pinicola enucleator. Pine-Grosbeak ..............., 56 Genus LOX devo s ci gins ares PMiawae i ekacadats ere 57 Loxia pityopsittacus. Parrot Crossbill ..........., 57 Loxia curvirostra. Crossbill Loxia leucoptera. White-winged Crossbill Loxia bifasciata. Two-barred Crossbill CONTENTS, XV Page Subfamily EMBERIZINAL. «0.1... ec eee 59 Gentis EMBERIZA. o.oo sain peed ances ca ad ond bae 59 Emberiza melanocephala. Black-headed Bunting .... 59 Emberiza miliaria. Corn-Bunting...............005 59 Embeviza citrinella, Yellow Hammer.............. 60 Emberiza cirlus. Cirl Bunting ............. 000000 60 Emberiza hortulana, Ortolan Bunting .............. 61 Emberiza rustica. Rustic Bunting ...... leueibcatrodiiaie. 61 Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting .................. 61 Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed-Bunting .............. 62 Genus CAL CARIUS cid maieid di nin ee J muqansions tialelaah wo Ouest 62 Calcarius lapponicus. Lapland Bunting.............. 62 Genus PLECTROPHANES su scicarsea vans Pe aaen KeeaKY 63 Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow-Bunting .............. 63 Gents ZONOTRICHIA, | yes.c0s wc vigenine elena Gudlnad aes wees 63 Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Song-Sparrow .. 63 Section OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES .................. 64 Family ICTERIDAG cocci ccc enn nes 64 GNUS AGEL BOS ie. ha cia ade PCE SEA EHELOA RE ORLO DERE F 64 Ageleus pheniceus. Red-winged Starling............ 64 Genus STURNELLA oo cc cus cues e ence cee ee te ne nens 64 Sturnella magna. American Meadow-Starling ........ 64 Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS oo. ccc cece cece een eens 65 Scolecophagus ferrugineus. Rusty Grachle,........... 65 Family STURNIDAD ..-.s essen reece rere 65 Gents STURNUB. 0 cnc ced as eee a EE eee eee aioe tee 65 Sturnus vulgaris. Starling......... 0s. eee e eee 65 Gens PASTOR: vanr diye it aod acc ea tate Maen T Re 66 Pastor roseus. Rose-coloured Pastor .............. 66 Family CORVIDAD «...eseeeeeeeeere eters te ee eee 66 Genus PYRRHOCORAK .... ++ seer cece reece eee ete 66 Pyrrhocorax graculus. Chough......ss.ssseeeeeees 66 Grenus NUCIFRAGA see eec cert eee rennet nee e nes 67 Nucifraga caryocatactes. Nutcracker .............. 67 Genus GARRULUS 01... cece renee teen eens 67 Garrulus glandarius. Jay... .e eee e eee Xvi CONTENTS. Page Gens Pret. (isis pai tcaeads Band cen a Raa ese ana tnd canetare’e 68 Pica rustica. Magpie ....... ccc eee eee ce eee eee 68 Gens CORVGS oo2us ay walk ie Radda aebudanuian Abe 68 Corvus monedula. Jackdaw ...,.......00.0e eevee 68 Corvus corone, Carrion-Crow ..........00 cee eee 69 Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow ........ cc... cee eee 69 Corvus frugilegus, Rook... 0... cece ce eee 70 Coryuscorax,, Raven saios pauses ger saseegarsoeces 70 Section OSCINES SCUTELLIPLANTARES ............ 70 Family ALAUDIDAR «0... c eee n ceca 70 Genus AL AUDA go ollie aa seeks Sick seane op asdee Mew g b ae ele 70 Alauda arvensis, Sky-Lark ......... cece e eee 71 Alauda arborea. Wrood-Lark..................00.. 71 Alauda cristata. Crested Lark .................00. 71 Genus CALANDRELLA oo... ccc e cece ccc e eee n ee eaes 72 Calandrella brachydactyla. Short-toed Lark ........ 72 Genus MELANOCORYPHA ..... 00 cece ec eeec ccc ceeeeees 72 Melanocorypha calandra, Calandra Lark ............ 72 Melanocorypha sibirica. White-winged Lark ........ 73 Genus OTOCOBYS. ¢ ivi ime ge ies sstwvedewees vem 73 Otocorys alpestris, Shore-Lark................000. 73 Order PIC BRAG ccs scics i, cepectae ae Rahleueies 73 Sahonder CUP SMe go 2sy scat eeati ms sartereera agate 73 Pomily: CY PSHUIDAl wciascidadecssaomverediranss 73 GETUSEC APSE GCS: |4 asec apt a aditlanry ers nano Raw AGH ae oes 73 Cypselus apus. Swift 2.0.0.0... cece cece cee ees 74 Cypselus melba. White-bellied Swift ............., 74 Genus ACANTHYITIS: .oi.0 sujcpe dant cocks Hed aey va ee one 74 Acanthyllis caudacuta. Needle-tailed Swift .....,.. ver Family CAPRIMULGIDA ............00.0..000.., 15 Genus CAPRIMULGUS occ cece eee ce eet e eee eer eeee 75 Caprimulgus europeus. Nightjar.............,.,., 75 Caprimulgus ruficollis, Red-necked Nightjar 75 CONTENTS, xvii Page Suborder PICL saw cewiiesca sna cnnals savnmw wn alee naieaeeees 76 Bataily PICT DiAb occ scunstwanwesrenenogasgananieas 76 Subfaniily PICINGG © 1 suse ean s puniex eave oor ale 76 RENUS PIOUS 5 5.04 ss x aah ROE RT RER ET vada 76 Picus martius. Great Black Woodpecker..........45 76 Gets DENDROGOPUS i cuoc craves tase csuwerewy omens 76 Dendrocopus villosus. Hairy Woodpecker...........5 77 Dendrocopus pubescens. Downy Woodpecker ........ 77 Dendrocopus major. Great Spotted Woodpecker .... 77 Dendrocopus medius. Middle Spotted Woodpecker .... 78 Dendrocopus minor. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker.... 78 Canis PICOTDES' ea ass ea ein aan eA ERE Ee 78 Picoides tridactylus. European Three-toed Woodpecker 78 Genus: GreInuss nat nomad verona ema aad Ee aeNt 79 Gecinus viridis. Green Woodpecker................ 79 GORUS COLAPTES asian cn iia woh bunssne 9 Gohan SRB AAS. aaah a 79 Colaptes auratus. Golden-winged Woodpecker ........ 79 Subfamily TYNGIN Abs. cence cuss beatae a cand sea ies 80 Gents TENS so cpnic saat ies siren ee cans events 80 Tynx torquilla. Wryneck ......... 0. eee e ieee eens 80 Suborder ANISODACTYLAL «0. ese c cece eee eens 80 Biraily A UCMIIN LIM na penesiontyr cate nceien 80 Gents ALCEDO: scnicc pases § SR Oek Tae Pag aE Pe eae 80 Alcedo ispida. WKingfisher ............... esses eee 80 Gets CERVEE ssswaacreneeas yautixeas teen eee 81 Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher.................. 81 Family CORACIIDAL «.--.--- eee eee eee eee eee enes 81 Gerius CORACIAS. + 205. viws ners amend divers eyeanes nani 81 Coracias garrula, Roller............ eevee eee eeee 82 Family MEROPIDAR «« ++. e secrete reece eee 82 Gens MEROBS ou nc sagiirnits in arterawae heise ee we 82 Merops apiaster. Bee-eater ........ 0.0: e erent eens 82 Merops philippinus. Blue-tailed Bee-cater ... +6. 00. 82 XVI CONTENTS. Page Family UPUPID AD ... eect cece erence ees 83 Gents UPUBA: ven oe pikeeaia aes wis toda earwdenes 83 Upupa epops. Hoopoe ........ cece cece ee ees 83 Suborder: COCOY GES sissevcs sank conde ca eeeyeeavrn ten 83 Family CUCULIDAD «0.1... eee eens 83 Gents CUCTLUS: oy ects 8 edits ate aay seg aot nig alee Somes 83 Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo wo... eee ee 83 Getius COCCYSTESs oa sare sa har hese ned eee ta ven wale 84 Coecystes glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo........ 84 Gents COCOXZUS: cles cd iodides cna WRsle Ts dee eens 84 Coceyzus americanus. Yellow-billed Cuckoo ........ 84 Coceyzus erythrophthalmus. Black-billed Cuckoo. .. 85 Order STRIGES :..csccsscs ccceeiccecsevcosecsersis 85 Family STRIGIDAD <.4ss0s venient niapesereeeuies 85 Genus: STRIR: ney eye aa a ceserie wed nes498 gene tence a ey 85 Strix flammea. Barn-Owl .. 00.0.0... cc eee e cece es 85 Family ASIONID AG wiiseecceeeee cas gaees cer en ones 86 Grenuis ANSTO: sda causal Manuel Son ehatty aid Gat ees manny wae 86 Asio otus. Long-eared Owl ............. 000 eee ee 86 Asio brachyotus. Short-eared Owl ............006. 86 Gens SERNIUME cig at de ae@ueeaane senda Ad salp ae eaves 86 Syrnium aluco, Tawny Owl ........0 00. eevee eee 87 Gels NA CRE .cccaetiniidait ind Genca egies ai du dade a 87 Nyctca scandiaca. Snowy Owl ............. 000000. 87 Genus SURNIA, sch peid gen yes Rate asieee eee oa Las 88 Surnia ulula. European Hawk-Owl................ 88 Surnia funerea. American Hawk-Owl.............. 88 Geniis INSOTALA sa vewne gees Cees RE See eeh a wlelde cael os 88 Nyctala tengmalmi. Tengmalm’s Owl.............. 88 Nyctala acadica. Saw-whet Owl... 0.600. 89 GenusSCOPS san kas i geese we nes wd Sed Was anes daca 89 Scops git: Scops Owl oo scead paevuensanweeeanes « 89 Scops asio, Amertean Screcch-Owl CONTENTS. xix Page Genue BUBO a: segues ages ieee Ne meee eeeseNe 90 Bubo ignavus. Hagle Owl. ....... ccc cence eee 90 Gres APE NB aio gor ey patent Seatac eaeort tensa ase 91 Athene noctua. Little Owl ........ cece eee 91 Order ACCIPITRES .......... ROR PRT RED DETTE 91 Family VULTURIDA ........-.... 000s ee ian 91 Genus GYRS) occieys xa dusmes oserwy es omens emnee ees 91 Gyps fulvus. Griffon Vulture ............. 000 aes 91 Genus NEORHRON :co05 de gguig serene auaipwe greenies 92 Neophron perenopterus, Egyptian Vulture.......... 92 Family FALCONIDAL ..-- + ieee eee e reece eee 92 GieMS CIR GOS) ose ssoidue toe wenanien guna cae sonata AOw loraratineted aan 92 Circus eruginosus. Marsh-Harrier ................ 92 Circus cyaneus. Hen-Harrier ....... ec cece ee eees 93 Cireus cineraceus. Montagu’s Harrier.............. 93 Glens: Buted uw ce eas gua gucudes tamalceaenurd 93 Buteo vulgaris, Buzzard ..... cece see eee ewes 94 Buteo borealis. Red-tailed Buzzard oo... ccc eee 94 Buteo desertorum. African Buzzard oo... cece. 94 Buteo hineatus. Red-shouldered Buzzard ............ 94 Genus ARCHIBUTRO. is s0ne nea ee ae yceeberaeeaert eas 95 Archibuteo lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard ........ 95 Archibuteo sanctijohannis, Black Buzzard .....5.... 95 Gents: AQuILA. sccgccsesuneveguante sud gwen eran 96 Aquila clanga. Spotted Eagle .............ee cen, 96 Aquila chrysaétus. Golden Eagle.................. 96 Genus HALTANTUS 242.) sawp eager na igeak deoes 97 Haliaétus albicilla, White-tailed Hagle ............ 97 Gens ASTOR) si05sji.c05: a suidunialeth Qaee Rae ae riseachwi 97 Astur palumbarius. Gos-Hawk.................04. 97 Astur atricapillus. American Gos-Hawk .......... 98 Genus AGCIPITER. . ccs sees td Hee ERROR LOR eee 98 Accipiter nisus, Sparrow-Hawk ...............04. 98 Genus MENUS: .cc¢coeses eraiiada mead eee es 99 Milvus ictinus. Kite ..........6 RAR MOOT OTE AR eds 99 Milvus migrans. Black Kite ...... eas es scasttNentang 99 XX CONTENTS. Page Genus ELANOIDES 1.0.00: e eee nee eee eee 99 Elanoides furcatus. Swallow-tailed Kite .........- 100 Genus ELANUS vivcccccuseenenceeneenenenenennees 100 Elanus ceruleus. Black-winged Kite ......ceceeees 100 Genus PERNIS... ccc cece ete ete tenet e eens 100 Pernis apivorus. Honey-Buzzard ......-++-++++++ 100 Genus HimROFALCO oo cc eee eee eee tenes 101 Hierofalco gyrfaleo. Gyr Falcon.........+-++ sees 101 Hierofaleo candicans. Greenland Falcon .......... 101 Hierofalco islandus. Iceland Falcon .............. 102 Geis PALCG cyclad oo sters 4 RE Od SA eee PaO 102 Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Faleon .............. 102 Falco subbuteo. Hobby ..........eee eee erence 102 Falco salon. Merlin ....... 6... c eee eee eee 103 Gieniis TINNUNGOLUS ics s.4 stale «bales decaulen eee ae o bomen 103 Tinnunculus vespertinus. Red-footed Falcon ...... 103 Tinnunculus alaudarius. Kestrel.................. 104 Tinnunculus cenchris. Lesser Kestrel.............. 104 Genus PANDION ..vacgcasenc edad cated aas nee ena oe ¥ 104 Pandion haliaétus. Osprey ........... 0.00 c eee ee 105 Order STEGANOPODES ........0.00... 105 Fannly: PETRMOAN Duh ciesnctgeusisersensescases 105 Genus PHATACROCORAX. goscyamvsayoweeaeeeesiaeis 105 Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant ................ 105 Phalacocorax graculus, Shag ...........0... 00005 106 Gens SUA sing se gh oe Riad aad aus a eed Wp haw wed 106 Sula bassana. Gannet ..... 0.0. cece cece cence 106 MG, PUL BOANUS, «codec tense pach a atlan oo HEE RS bee 107 Pelecanus onocrotalus. White Pelican ....... 000000. 107 Order HERODIONES ......0000. 107 Family ARDEIDAG «1... cence 107 Genus ARDEA. pods ades eamwy oaad eee adaalnvda nas 107 Ardea cinerea, Heron ......00... 0. ccc cece cece 107 Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron .................. 108 CONTENTS. XX1 Ardea alba. Great White Heron Ardea garzetta. Little Egret .................0.. 108 Ardea bubulcus. Buff-backed Heron .............. 109 Ardea ralloides. Squacco Heron................0. 109 Gens ARDETTA: gus est Sdaueeace cate cama wanton ons 110 Ardetta minuta, Little Bittern 2.0.0.0... 110 Gens NYGTICORAX 4 cpensviianieainn toma gu gicnss 110 Nycticorax griseus. Night-Heron ................ 110 Gents BORAURUS! as jacerdnc eine od oad da Wadi ane 111 _ Botaurus stellaris, Bittern .................0005. 111 Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern .......... 111 Family CICONIIDAD ... 1s. eee eee eee ee ees 112 Genits(@rconta. aus en ste tveuniet se sisileon buen Ob maumnba 112 Ciconia alba. White Stork ..................000. 112 Ciconia nigra. Black Stork ..................004, 112 Family PLATALEIDA .... 6. eee 112 Genus, PLATALBA, - oc i hacciginrrhneg iketenitid enermee sey 112 Platalea leucorodia. Spoonbill.................08. 113 Genus PLEGADIS.. 0... cece cee cere cent ee eeenenees 113 Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy Ibis.................. 113 Family ANATIDAD ..0- cece cece eee ee ees 114 Genus PLECTROPTERUS Voice cece een nnesneeceres 114 Plectropterus gambensis, Spur-winged Gloose ........ 114 Genus CHENALOPEX .... cc cece eee eee e nee nen 114 Chenalopex egyptiacus. Egyptian Goose............ 114 Genus ANSER, osicuse raven cies seweEasvaes cares 115 Anser cinereus. Grey Lag Goose .............04, 116 Anser segetum. Bean-Goose ............ 0c eee 115 Anser brachyrhynchus. Pink-footed Goose ........ 116 Anser albifrons. White-fronted Goose’.......... . 116 Anser indicus. Bar-headed Go0s€ .icccie cece euae 116 Anser cygnotdes. Chinese Goose .... cece eeeeenees 17 MX CONTENTS. Page Genus CHEN whiveako tte caddis qias one eee ds E888 117 Chen albatus. Cassin’s Snow Goose .........-0065 117 GenseBiRNIGE Ms eigen ain had tela eae ees, Saetk Alek hades eat to 117 Bernicla brenta. Brent Goose ............0 0 eee 117 Bernicla leucopsis, Barnacle Goose .............5 118 Bernicla canadensis. Canada Goose... cece cee cae 118 Bernicla ruficollis. Red-breasted Goose............ 119 Genus CYGNUS. casei bas Het eed aoe Se ian -JI19 Cygnus olor. Mute Swan..... NER a wea RAR Rp 119 Cygnus immutabilis. Polish Swan..............., 120 Cygnus musicus. Whooper Swan .........060. 00s 120 Cygnus americanus. American Swan vi... ccc eceee 120 Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan oo... ccc cca. 121 Cygnus bewicki. Bewick’s Swan .............0., 121, Genus CATRINEG cies 2 i Sabie Bien OP Raga Ao aae A RO 121 Catrina moschata. Muscovy Duck oo... cca 121 Gens TADORNA, sch enn pee eee ae GER eae ees ]22 Tadorna cornuta. Common Sheldrake ............ 122 Tadorna casarca. Ruddy Sheldrake ....... ...... 122 GOMES AGE Fs No REED WH SEAT HSe- ee ib ns 123 Ex sponsa. Summer Duck oo... cee 123 Genus ATARHGAL duh welpeivetede ey ace a vows eee eas oe 123 Mareca penelope. Wivenn .................0000, 123 Mareca americana. American Wigeon ............ y24 Genus: DAnii its nutes ian mete an ewan aurea eed doe 124 Datla acuta: Pintails wii atts oe meies awa 4 eaes 124 GeHUS: ANAS on coon AG ha Ewer abana she ea ees Eakd 125 Anas boseas. Wild Duck............0.. 0.0000 085 125 Gents CHAMERDASMUS! si joisss cena Geils team agen 125 Chaulelasmus streperus. Gadwall ................ 125 Genus QUERQUEDULA oo... cece cece eevee eee ee 126 Querquedula circia. Garganey............00...0.. 126 Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal............ 126 Querquedula creeca. Common Teal .............. 127 Querquedula bimaculata, Bimaculated Duck ......., 127 Querquedula carolinensix. American Green-winged Gall, heed Sag cna eid tras Passat ph Rane Dactiee & welnraSalse ian 127 GEnUS SPATUBA ois causes so Shed hc een kde wae e ga Gee 128 CONTENTS. XXill Page Genus FULIGUIA. cass deawsgeewdy gig ania teotiapess 128 Foligula rufina. Red-crested Pochard ............ 128 Fuligula cristata. Tufted Duck ......... 00.000 129 Fuligula collaris. Ring-necked Duck oc. cece cca 129 Fuligula marila. Scaup ......... cc cece eee eens 129 Fuligula affinis. Lesser Scaup Duck... 00.0.0 c ces 130 Fuligula,ferina, -Pochard iicisscacen exe cevcewew s 130 Gents NYROWA: Fie es patina dtavgue mamnarienlonees 130 Nyroca ferruginea, White-eyed Duck ............ 180 (GGT SCAN GOIN as, Sas shia'y wml de aicsadien Fas Muscioe baba Meese 131 Clangula glaucion. Goldeneye ............e eee ee 131 Clangula islandica. Barrow’s Goldeneye .......... 131 Clangula albeola. Buffel-headed Duck ............ 182 Genus COSMONETIA. pcs decia engin sa waeueaernae reuse 1382 Cosmonetta histrionica. Harlequin Duck .......... 132 Gents HAR BUDAS oj siesta amin ian avnn eduisdceglaacamtend ie Rabsnis 133 Harelda glacialis. Long-tailed Duck .............. 133 Genus HENICONBEITA < ocsins ecwaies saan ve swans seams 133 Heniconetta stelleri. Steller’s Duck .............. 183 Genus SOMATERIA .......... Aisi OSS alge Moen eae’ 184 Somateria mollissima, Eider Duck................ 134 Somateria spectabilis. King Eider ................ 184 Gers CHD EMA, .i.ccansunsia oararnalacte ausials aaarndies arate 1. 135 CEdemia nigra. Common Scoter ........... cece 185 CEdemia fusca. Velvet Scoter..........0. 00. e eee 135 (Edemia perspicillata. Surf-Scoter,............... 136 Gents. MERGUS Kensscine spared osuine pane aseuwg eee 136 Mergus merganser. Goosander .,........0eee eee 136 Mergus serrator. Red-breasted Merganser.......... 186 Mergus cucullatus. Hooded Merganser............ 187 Mergus albellus. Smew ........seesees es eeeenee 137 Order COLUMBM .................06000000008. 137 Family COTFUIVEB TIDAL: tsiaiietiguicenanalpccontes edmece 137 Cierias COTATI A eo io. sos) Saha sen B auasahaeanaaiainie kauane eg eae 183 Columba palumbus. Ring-Dove ..............0.0. 138 Columba cenas. Stock-Dove ............0 ee eee 138 Columba livia. Rock-Dove ......... 0.0 ccc ea eens 139 XX1V CONTENTS. Page Genus TURTUR ..e cece cece tee tenet 139 Turtur communis. Turtle Dove .........--0 +e eaee 39 Genus ECTOPISTES .. 0-60. cc eee teen teens 140 Ectopistes migratorius. Passenger Pigeon......-..- 140 Order PTEROCLETES .................0.:::005 140 Family PTEROCLIDE « «0 ---00-.eseeeeer ees 140 Genus SYRRHAPTES 1.0... . cece eee eee ete eee 140 Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Pallas’s Sand-Grouse ...... 140 Order GALLING .........0.....0.cc cece ees 141 Family PHASIANIDE .....-. 00sec reece 41 Genus PHASIANUS:. «ssiccsceaue ee pod iaa sa eeas wa desde 141 Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant ........... 0.00 eee 141 Gens CAGCCABIS.. 2p nen cera dere swneg saan ie Rudd woes 141 Caccabis rufa. Red-legged Partridge .............. 141 Caccabis petrosa. Barbary Partridge .............. 142 Gets: BER DIN i sei iaisa nieces sheen Waa Hale te ane ae 142 Perdix cinerea. Partridge .......... 0.0. ce ee eee 142 Genus: COTURNIRE us sug asjomencaed <4 dee eee tes ya 142 Coturnix communis, Quail ...... cece eee eee eee 143 Gieiiis: ORLY so gasses dasa pews bate ah wad Ree 4 148 Ortyx virginianus. Virginian Colin voce cece ccees 143 Family TETRAONIDAL..... 00. 143 Grenis LAG OPUS -sijctcm aga as ees Pim ude eal 143 Lagopus mutus. Ptarmigan...................04. 144 Lagopus scoticus. Red Grouse ...............04. l4d Lagopus rupestris. Rock-Ptarmigan vo... J44 (FENUS TETRAO ciasiy woecnd bes wine eeWe de helenae 145 Tetrao tetrix. Black Grouse ...............0.00, 145 Tetrao urogallus. Capercaillie................000, 145 CONTENTS. XXV Page Ordér HEMIPODIL ....c020.ccisorcesccenetess ene 146 Gants! TURNER ai csainaanimacie baa wicowilile Pe Beedle 146 Turnix sylvatica. Andalusian Hemipode .......... 146 Family RALLIDAD ... cece cect eet e eee eens 146 Gens FUATTIUS) atic aiedeie ed etic ou agin Aopen 4 eating 146 Rallus aquaticus. Water-Rail................000. 146 Genus PORZANA viiyccrnc nna ee ied eas Dries taints 147 Porzana maruetta. Spotted Crake .............5 .. 147 Porzana carolina, Carolina Rail. oie ccc 147 Porzana bailloni. Baillon’s Crake ..............6.. 148 Porzana parva. Little Crake 20... 0... eee eee 148 Genus CREKS os 5 swkr cenware Genre dat eeeier tees 149 Crex pratensis. Corn-Crake.........: ccc y eee aee 149 (GENUS: RORPH VRIO sissies coacinoss wlvana se tinde@acniecy aoaseeted 149 Porphyrio ceruleus, Purple Gallinule... 0.6... 0065. 149 Porphyrio smaragdonotus. Green-backed Gallinule .. 150 Porphyrio martinicus. Martinique Gallinule ........ 150 Genus GALLIN UDA: 15 cc gede eae due pe pews Hai Manone 151 Gallinula chloropus. Moor-hen ............++00-+ 151 Genus HULICAy, scence ydunidcng d aindanat nals eRe eae berrad 161 Bulicadtra: (Coot sas ccggicann avian ea meneqae dows 151 Order ALECTORIDES .......................5. 152 Family GRUIDAD «-... 1 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeteees 152 CEST GRITS frais te sstseaen im tty aad nae ase A IPM oe in 152 Gyrus communis. Crane... .. cece cee ee eee 152 Grus virgo. Demoiselle Crane oo... cee cece veces 152 Genus BALEARICA 0... cca ee pee ene eee tebe tenes 153 Balearica pavonina. Balearte Crane... civ ver enes 153 AXV1 CONTENTS. Page Family OTTDID AS «0s ses ves new nese deees wren snes 153 Genus OTIS <<. same ecn. dance dh ie ee thaee cies mee 153 Otis tarda. Great Bustard ....... 0.0.00 cece eee 153 Otis tetrax. Little Bustard ......... 00. c eee ee eee 154 Genus HOUBARA awieetescee eave aw ag eee eae ERED Es 164 Houbara macqueeni. Macqueen’s Bustard.......... 154 Order LIMICOLA ...........00.0000 ee 155 Family @DIONEMIDA sasi-snesisieesweress 155 Genus CEDICNEMUS: sac0s iene pac ees aa on awee aed 155 CEdicnemus scolopax. Stone-Curlew.............. 155 Family GLAREOLIDZE -. 10+ ieee eee es 155 Gentis: GLANEOLA. cg senda van sake ex seam eee 155 Glareola pratincola. Collared Pratincole ........., 155 Family CHARADRIIDAE ..... 6 eee 156 Genus; CURSORIUS: sci uee crane ted ales $48 waviewame ete 156 Cursorius gallicus. Cream-coloured Courser........ 156 Genus CHARADRIUS 0.0.0... eee cee eens 157 Charadrius pluvialis. Golden Plover ............-. 157 Charadrius fulyus. Eastern Golden Plover ........ 157 Genus SQUATAROLA oo. cece eee ee eee teen ees 158 Squatarola helvetica. Grey Plover................ 158 Genus: JEGTALITIS: ora pu ses Wan cock oa a eee whe Bd 158 Atgialitis cantiana. Kentish Plover .............. 158 AKgialitis curonica. Little Ringed Plover ....,..... 159 Aigialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover .............. 169 zIgialitis vocifera, WKilldeer Plover ............,, 160 Genus EUDROMIAS ... i icc c east eeateeees 160 Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel .................. 160 Cenus VANELLUS occas games taeda peg we ee deeesaun 161 Vanellus vulgaris. Lapwing...................... 161 Genus STREPSILAS . 00.0... 00. e cee ccc scence caus 161 Strepsilas interpres, Turnstone ..........,..0.0., 161 Genus H@MATOPUS 6.1... eee igen ececec eee. 162 Hematopus ostralegus. Oyster-catcher .....,,,.,., 162 CONTENTS, XXV1i Page Family SCOLOPACIDAL .... eee eee cence ees 162 Genus RECURVIROSTRA... 0c. c cece eee eens 162 Recurvirostra avocetta. Avocet ........eceee sees 162 Gents HIsANTOPUS ...3 esate adeicca eV aE PS aa esd td 163 Himantopus candidus. Black-winged Stilt ........ 163 Genus PHALAROPUS.: 4.3 44a vue x ae Dade ek ede cte de tas 163 Phalaropus hyperboreus, Red-necked Phalarope.... 164 Phalaropus fulicarius. Grey Phalarope ............ 164 Gens SCOUOPAR 55.2 scx ccona a Vee ewe aA eats esd 164 Scolopax rusticula. Woodcock ............00.005 165 Gents GALLINAGO i: sees ouseia uy isa paw cee Seeds 165 Gallinago major. Great Snipe..........e eee eee 165 Gallinago ceelestis. Common Snipe..............4. 166 Gallinago wilsont. Wilson's Snipe oo... 0... cea 166 Genus LIMNOCRYPTES occ. cece cece ee renee 166 Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe .............. 167 Genius LIMICOLA ni.02 ia ccde eee miei, pena tg hae Tharp 167 Limicola platyrbyncha. Broad-billed Sandpiper .... 167 Genus TRINGAs v.ci edicnsiee vey da eae ends sieweng twa 168 Tringa maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper.............. 168 Tringa fuscicollis. Bonaparte’s Sandpiper.......... 168 Tringa alpina, Dunlin ;o..2s ase ossnavesuees crane 169 Tringa minuta., Little Stint..............00..0000. 169 Tringa temmincki. _Temminck’s Stint ............ 169 Tringa minutilla. American Stint ................ 170 Tringa subarquata. Curlew Sandpiper ............ 170 Tringa striata. Purple Sandpiper ................ 171 Trinpavcanutus, Knot: pisses vise ca dtodaeawavna sx 171 Genus MACHEDES' icles stim saaas Halas Cee eek eas 171 Machetes pugnax. Ruff ........... cee 171 Genis CALIDRIS toc ois saws goeawee nee sea neaeee wie ees 172 Calidris arenaria. Sanderling ..............000005 172 Géhus TRYNGITES -¢ coat al deta ceed deed wae 172 Tryngites rufescens. Buff-breasted Sandpiper ...... 172 Gaius ACTITURUS wri new stride wes er ewe dawns 173 Actiturus longicauda. Bartram’s Sandpiper ........ 173 Genus TRINGOIDES icsica da weeny IW Wa Sas wate Boas 173 Tringoides hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper........ 173 Tringoides macularius, Spotted Sandpiper viccccccas 174 AXVIL CONTENTS. Page Genus HELODROMAS 1.0... c creer tren n eres v4 Helodromas ochropus, Green Sandpiper .......-+- li Genus TOTANUS ... 0.0 cece ene nent ene 175 Totanus glareola. Wood-Sandpiper ....-.-+-.++-5 176 Totanus solitarius. Solitary Sandpiper ..... eevee 175 Totanus calidris. Redshank........... 00 ee eee eee 176 Totanus fuscus. Spotted Redshank.............+4. 176 Totanus flavipes. Vellowshanh . or ceeeve cree n renee 176 Totanus canescens, Greenshank .........+.0e-e ees Vi Genus MACRORHAMPHUS «10. e eect eee etree eee li7 Macrorhamphus griseus. Red-breasted Snipe ...... i7 Genus LIMUSA 0... eee ret enn enn enes 1i7 Limosa lapponica. Bar-tailed Godwit ......-.-.-. li? Limosa egocephala, Black-tailed Godwit.......... 78 Genus NUNENIUS «cry emqau spade enete es Gyan ad ate 178 Numenius borealis. Esquimaux Curlew .......... 178 Numenius pheopus. Whimbrel .................- 179 Numenius arquata, Curlew ......... 0 cece eee Wo Order GA VI AG weeviicidssccecsecivwisssaexerasounsos 180 Family LARIDE ... 1001-2 cece eee eee 180 Subfamily STICIN ENS oa naciorss Sales bane wane es 180 Genus STURN pig wid wessty pees toa ey eaAew sek 180 Sterna macrura. Arctic Tern ........00.......000. 180 Sterna fluviatilis. Common Tern ................ 180 Sterna dougalli. Roseate Tern .................,. 1s] Sterna minuta. Little Tern.........00 0... 0.0.00, 18] Sterna caspia. Caspian Tern... 0.0.0. 182 Sterna bergit. Riippells Tern cove ccc eee 182 Sterna anglica. (itdl-billed Tern. ..............04. 182 Sterna cantiaca. Sandwich Tern...............044 183 Sterna fuliginosa. Sooty Tern................00.. 185 Sterna anestheta. Scopoli’s Suoty Tern. ........... 184 Genus HyYpDROCHELIDON J... eee eee eee 184 Ilydrochelidon hybrida. Whiskered Tern.......... 184 Ilydrochelidon leucoptera. Wohite-winged Black Tern 185 Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern ..............., 1385 Gents ANGUS .3 fini caked iain ueamanaheenadbwhes 1&6 Anous stolidus. Noddy CONTENTS, XXI1X Page Subfamily LARIN AG... ccc cece cece nee een ences 186 Genus: PAGOPHIBA, . cci wpa ivawas ea nee gsi eeawiey 186 Pagophila eburnea. Ivory Gull ........... cece ae 186 Gents: RISA ors ciate ek S ae bua me tedinn sath pean ee 187 Rissa tridactyla. Mittiwake.......... cece cena 187 Gens LA RUS) 25 Giics cas aaa sy mrss d Wreaie tne Saehdeel aca 187 Larus glaucus. Glaucous Gull........... i Visidaiey ew 187 Larus leucopterus. Iceland Gull...............06. 188 Larus argentatus. Herring-Gull ...............005 188 Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull .......... 189 Larus canus. Common Gull..... cece cee eee eee 189 Larus marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull ........ 189 Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull vic ceccce ccc cease 190 Larus ichthyaétus. Great Black-headed Gull ...... 190 Larus melanocephalus. Adriatic Gull oo... 0 eee 191 Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull ............ 191 Larus minutus. Little Gull ..c.... cc cece eee ee eee 191 Larus philadelphia. Bonaparte’s Gull 0.0.0.0... 192 Genus RHODOSTETHIA wo evcise cece get bia eens 192 Rhodostethia rosea. Cuneate-tailed Gull... 0.0... 40. 192 GenlseXENA | geoiesdwees chat qumakead anes waded 193 Xema sabinii. Sabine’s Gull .......... ec eee eee ee 193, Subfamily STERCORARIINAL ... 0... eee eee 193 GenuSsSTERCOBARIUS ic. iia Hea cei 4-84 aide ee 4d Kae peace 193 Stercorarius catarrhactes. Common Skua.......... 194 Stercorarius pomatorhinus. Pomatorhine Skua...... 194 Stercorarius crepidatus. Richardson’s Skua ........ 195 Stercorarius parasiticus. Buffon’s Skua............ 195 Order TUBINARES ..................000.00.. 196 Family PROCELLARIIDA..... cece cece nee 196 Gentis PROCELULARIA. sa iciseiscg nace see cei en Matec aes nto 196 Procellaria pelagica. Storm-Petrel..............+. 196 Procellaria leucorrhoa. Leach’s Petrel ............ 196 Goris OCHANITES «a6 o5 seis ca daa eee sore gags Ore Ha wien ave 197 Oceanites oceanicus. Wilson’s Petrel..,........... 197 XXX CONTENTS. Page Genus PUFFINUS... cies eta ners ew eT REN Tees 197 Puffinus anglorum. Manx Shearwater ............ 197 Puffinus griseus. Sooty Shearwater ...........065 198 Puffinus major. Greater Shearwater .............. 193 Puffinus obscurus. Dusky Shearwater ............ 198 Goris DAPTION ¢ cick vec awn vee eed oa5ae 045 Bae GES 199 Daption capense. Cape Pigeons... .cccc cece cece ees 199 Genus FULSARUS: gucci. aus cadide gk ve se tow Ree 199 Fulmarus glacialis. Fulmar............. 0.000000 199 Geniis: GESPRETATA: — sas pings eek BEAN Sean oo na 200 CEstrelata hesitata. Capped Petrel ............., 200 Genus BULWERIA. iidsioo ne ores peace eee sede DNS ae 200 Bulweria columbina. Bulwer’s Petrel ............ 200 Order PYGOPODES ..........000. i. 201 Family COLYMBIDsE ..... eee eee 201 (Genus G OUYAIB US) 3 .cda aurea vermin eae 201 Colymbus glacialis. Great Northern Diver ........ 201 Colymbus adamst. YVellow-hilled Diver oo. eee 201 Colymbus arcticus. Black-throated Diver.......... 201 Colymbus septentrionalis. Red-throated Diver...... 202 Family PODICIPID.E.......-.... 6c, 202 Genus PODIChrsi:s weet saan see Vedas pay O44 Eee 202 Podiceps cristatus. Great Crested Grebe .........,. 202 Podiceps gri-eigena. Red-necked Grebe............ 203 Podiceps auritus. Sclavonian Grebe .............. 203 Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe ................ 204 Genus TACHVBAPTES: oy yuk ere oy sae eee da AMn es Gauekls 204 Tachybaptes fluviatilis, Little Grebe.............. 204 GENUS PODTBIMBUS sae o acstcy ten talib sacs Ce ARE EA 205 Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe ............ 205 Family ALCIDAE ... ee cence ees 205 Genus ALCA......., SHEER Oe Merwe Ree ee pas PEE SA 205 Aleatorda. Razorbill +4..2004s4¢aSw sae ded Sa pues 205 Alea impennis. Great Auk .......000...0. 00.008, 206 CONTENTS. XXX1 Page Gens TOMVIA oc sii iceacheale stented sale adh ae aaeeauee ge. 206 Lomvia troile. Common Guillemot..............0- 206 Lomyia bruennichi. Briinnich’s Guillemot.......... 207 Gens UR os eadinava mica eremareni emus © 207 Uria grylle. Black Guillemot ................0005 207 Gers MER GULUS: os cee cancun d sontncnangbed saa aces iene 208 Mergulus alle. Little Auk... 0... occ ee ees 208 Genus BRATEBCULA. adie ivan aiudad eeu game et tis 208 Fratercula arctica, Puffin ........... ccc veneer ees 208 LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. Order PASSERES. Suborder OSOINES. Section OSCINES DENTIROSTRES. Family TURDID. Subfamily Turpina. Genus TURDUS, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus = a Thrush, in classical Latin. Of uncertain derivation. Turdus viscivorus. Musse.-Turvsu. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus viscivorus, Naum. ii. p. 248; Macg. ii. p. 114; Hewitson, i. p.79; Gray, p. 73; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 187; id. ed. 3,1. p. 197; Newton, i. p. 258; Gould, 1. pl. 33; Harting, p. 11; Dresser, ii. p. 3. Missel Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 179. Viscivorus, from viscwm = mistletoe, and véro = I devour—a translation of Aristotle’s name for the bird, ifoBdpos. A common resident in England and Wales, rarer in Scot- land and Ireland. Breeds commonly throughout Central Europe, more rarely eastwards, and as far as Turkestan, Kashmir, and Lake Baikal. From countries where the winters are severe it migrates to South Eurone, North Africa, and South Persia. Turdus musicus. Sone-Turvsu. Turdus musicus, Linn. 8. N. 1. p. 292 (1766). Turdus musicus, Naum. ii. p. 262; Macg. ii. p. 127; Hew- itson, i. p. 81; Gray, p. 74; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 202; B 2 TURDIDE. id. ed. 8, i. p. 212; Newton, i. p. 264; Gould, ii. pl. 32; Harting, p. 11; Dresser, i. p. 19. Song Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 193. Misicus = musical, tuneful; from Misa, Movca, the goddess of music, poetry, &e. A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds through- out temperate Europe and Asia, migrating from places where the winters are severe to South Europe, North Africa, and South Persia. Turdus iliacus. Repwine. Turdus iliacus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 292 (1766). Turdus iliacus, Naum. i. p. 276; Macg. ii. p. 141; Hewitson, i. p. 87; Gray, p. 74; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 207; id. ed. 3, i. p. 217; Newton, i. p. 268; Gould, ii. pl. 34; Harting, p. ll; Dresser, ii. p. 35. Redwing, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 198. Iliacus: Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 20, mentions iArds or iAAds (or TuAds) as a small bird of the Thrush kind, which Gaza, in his Latin translation (Venice, 1476), calls iliacus. Derivation and quantity unknown ; it is probably a foreign word, as the variation of readings shows. There can hardly be any connexion with tiacus = relating to the colic; for there is no adjective in classical Latin from tia = flanks, although it is possible that Linnzus had this notion in his mind. A common winter visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in the Arctic pine-regions of Europe and Asia; very rarely east of the Yenisei. Winters in Western aud Southern Europe, and, more rarely, in Algeria, Persia, Turkestan, and North-west India. Turdus pilaris. Fie.prare. Turdus pilaris, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus pilaris, Naum. ii. p. 296; Macg. ii. p. 105; Hewitson, 1. p. 84; Gray, p. 73; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 198; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 208; Newton, i. p. 272; Gould, ii. pl. 35; Harting, p- 11; Dresser, u. p. 41. Fieldfare, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 189. TURDUS. 3 Pilaris, the translation given by Gaza (1476) of rptyds, a kind of Thrush, in Aristotle, Hist, An. ix. 20, as if that name were derived (which is very un- certain) from Opi = pilus = hair. The classical Latin word pilaris = relating to a ball, can have no reference to any special development of “ hair’ on the head. A common winter visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in the pine-regions of Northern Europe and Asia as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Western and Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkestan, and Kashmir. [Turdus migratorius. Amwerrcan Rozw. Turdus migratorius, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 292 (1766). Turdus migratorius, Naum. xiii. p. 336. Migratorius = migratory, from its well-known habits. A specimen caught alive off Dover in April or May 1876 (Zool. 1877, p. 14f) had probably escaped from confinement. Exceedingly common in North America, this species has very rarely, if ever, occurred in Europe. ] Turdus atrigularis. Buacx-ruroarep Turusu. Turdus atrogularis, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. i. p. 169 (1820). Turdus bechsteinii, Naum. ii. p. 310. Turdus atrigularis, Newton, i. p. 276; Harting, p. 101; Dresser, ii. p. 83. Turdus atrogularis, Gould, ii. pl. 36. Atriguldris = black-throated, from ater + gila. An accidental straggler into Europe; a young male was shot in Sussex, December 23, 1868. It breeds in Central Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalayas, and winters in Eastern Persia and Northern India. Turdus varius. Wuurts’s Turvsu. Turdus varius, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 449 (1811). Turdus varius, Macg. ii. p. 146; Newton, i. p. 251; Harting, p- 100; Dresser, il. p. 77. B2 4 TURDIDZ. Turdus aureus, Gray, p. 75. Turdus whitei, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 192; id. ed. 3,1. p. 202. Oreocincla aurea, Gould, ii. pl. 39. White’s Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 184. Varius = variegated. A rare accidental visitor to England and Europe. Breeds in North-east Siberia. Winters in Japan, South China, and the Philippines. [Turdus sibiricus. Srerrran Turvsu. Turdus sibiricus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. App. p. 694; (1776). Turdus bechsteinii (partim), Naum. ii. p. 310. Turdus sibiricus, Nawm. xiii. p. 848; Newton, 1. p. 279, note; Harting, p. 101; Dresser, i. p. 87. Sibiricus = Siberian, because Pallas first met with it in Siberia. This rare straggler from Eastern Asia to Europe is reported to have been once shot in Surrey in the winter of 1860-61 (‘The Field,’ September 24, 1870). Another was shot in Belgium, 1879. Its exact breeding-place is unknown. ] Turdus merula. Buacxsirp. Turdus Merula, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 295 (1766). Turdus merula, Naum. ii. p. 8326; Macg. ii. p. 81; Hewitson, p. 91; Gray, p. 76; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 211; id. ed. 3, 1. p- 221; Newton, i. p. 280; Harting, p. 12; Dresser, ii. p. 91. Merula vulgaris, Gould, ii. pl. 37. Blackbird, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 202. Meértila = a Blackbird, in classical Latin. Akin to péAas = black (Vanicek). A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds in tem- perate and Southern Europe, eastwards to Palestine. The northern birds winter on both shores of the Mediterranean. TURDUS.—MONTICOLA. 5 Turdus torquatus. Rine-Ovzet. Turdus torquatus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 296 (1766). Turdus torquatus, Naum. ii. p. 818 ; Macg. ii. p. 100; Hewit- son, p. 93; Gray, p. 76; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 218; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 228; Newton, i. p. 287; Harting, p. 12; Dresser, ii. p. 1138. Merula torquata, Gould, ii. pl. 38. Ring-Ouzel, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 206. Torquatus = adorned with a collar, torques. A summer migrant to the mountains of temperate Europe and the British Isles. Winters in Central Africa. Genus MONTICOLA, F. Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552. Monficéla = a dweller in the mountains, from mons 4+ cdlére. Monticola saxatilis. Rocx-Turvsn. Turdus saxatilis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 294 (1766). Turdus saxatilis, Naum. ii. p. 8348; Gray, p. 75. Petrocincla saxatilis, Hewitson, p. 95; Yarr. Suppl. 1, p. 18; id. ed. 2, i. p. 235; ad. ed. 3, i. p. 245 ; Gould, ii. pl. 44; Harting, p. 99. Monticola saxatilis, Newton, i. p. 292; Dresser, ii. p. 129. Saxatilis = that dwells among rocks, saxa. A rare accidental visitor to England. Breeds in South Europe, Persia, Turkestan, South Siberia, and North China. Winters in Africa, N.W. India, and Upper Burma. [Monticola cyanus. Brun Rocx-Turvsx. Turdus Cyanus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 296 (1766). Turdus cyanus, Naum. ii. p. 341. Monticola cyanus, Newton, i. p. 295. Petrocossyphus cyanus, Dresser, 11. p. 189. Cijanus = ebavos = a dark-blue substance, probably enamel or lacquer; applied to the Wall-creeper by Aristotle, Hist, dn. ix. 21, and lian, NY. 4 iv. 59. The Cyanus of Bélon and Gesner is the present species, 6 TURDID®. A specimen was erroneously recorded as shot in West- meath, November 17, 1866 (‘ Zoologist,’ 1870, p. 2019; 1880, p. 67). It is a South-European and Asiatic species which has once occurred in Heligoland. ] Genus SAXICOLA, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 216 (1802). Saxicdla = that dwells among rocks; from sarwm + célére. Saxicola enanthe. Wuearear. Motacilla Oenanthe, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 382 (1766). Saxicola cenanthe, Naum. ii. p. 863; Macg. ii. p. 289; Hewitson, p. 110; Gray, p. 55; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 276; id, ed. 3, 1. p. 286; Newton, i. p. 347; Gould, ii. pl. 45; Harting, p. 13; Dresser, ii. p. 187. Wheatear, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 253. Enanthé = otvarvOn, the bird that appears when the vine shoots (Aristotle, Hist, An. ix. 498, 8); from otvn = the vine, and dy@os = a blossom or sprout. A regular summer migrant, breeding on downs and in moorland districts throughout the British Islands, also in Central and Northern Europe, westwards as far as Green- land, and eastwards across Siberia into Alaska. Winters in Africa, Persia, and Jniia. Saxicola stapazina. Brack-rnroarep WueEatnar. (Enanthe stapazina, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 425 (1818). Saxicola stapazina, Naum. ii. p. 879. Saxicola rufa (Russet Chat), Dresser, ii. p. 207. Stapazina, the Linnean name, latinized from the Bolognese Strapazino, used by Aldrovand, Willughby, &c., as if connected with It. s¢rapazzare = to insult or work coarsely One was shot near Bury, Lancashire, May 1875 (P. Z. 8. SAXICOLA.—— PRATINCOLA. 7 1878, pp, 881, 977). It inhabits Southern and South- western Europe and Northern Africa, and it has occurred in Heligoland. Saxicola deserti. Dersirr WueatTear. Saxicola deserti, Temminck, ex Riippell, Pl. Col. 359. fig. 2 (1825). Saxicola deserti (Desert-Chat), Dresser, ii. p. 215. Déserti, gen. of désertum = a desert, from its inhabiting desert places. One was shot in Clackmannanshire, November 26, 1880 (Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin. vi. p. 64). Occurs in Northern and North-eastern Africa, and eastward through Persia to the north-west of India; a rare straggler north of the Mediterranean, although it has been taken twice in Heligoland. Genus PRATINCOLA, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. i. p. 190 (1816). Pratincéla, from prétwm = a meadow, and incdla = an inhabitant. Pratincola rubetra. Wuuincuar. Motacilla Rubetra, Linn. 8.N.i. p. 332 (1776). Saxicola rubetra, Naum. iii. p. 903 ; Hewitson, p. 108; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 272; id. ed. 3, i. p. 282; Newton, i. p, 344; Gould, ii. pl. 46; Harting, p. 13. Fruticicola rubetra, Macg. ii. p. 2738. Pratincola rubetra, Gray, p. 56; Dresser, ii. p. 255. Whinchat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 249. Rubétra = that frequents rubéta, bramble-thickets ; or, perhaps, simply from ruber = ruddy. A regular summer migrant, breeding in most counties of Great Britain and throughout temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. 8 TURDIDA. Pratincola rubicola. Sroxecuat. Motacilla Rubicola, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 332 (1766). Saxicola rubicola, Naum. iti. p. 884; Hewitson, p. 107; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 268; id. ed. 8, i. p. 278; Newton, i. p. 339 ; Harting, p. 18. Fruticicola rubicola, Maeg. ii. p. 279. Pratincola rubicola, Gray, p. 56; Gould, ii. pl. 47; Dresser, li. p. 263. Stonechat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 245. Rubicdla = that inhabits bramble-bushes, from rizbus + cdlére. A resident throughout the greater part of the British Islands. A summer visitor to the rest of Europe as far east as the Volga. Winters in Africa, where a few remain to breed. Genus RUTICILLA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1280. Ruticilla = a little red (bird), diminutive of ruticilus, from ritilus = red. Ruticilla phenicurus. Repsrarr. Motacilla Phenicurus, Linn. 8. N.1i. p. 335 (1766). Sylvia phonicurus, Naum. iii. p. 510. Ruticilla pheenicurus, Macg. ii. p. 305; Newton, i. p. 829; Dresser, ii. p. 277. Pheenicura ruticilla, Hewitson, p. 104; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 259; id, ed. 3, i. p. 269. Ruticilla phenicura, Gray, p. 57. Ruticilla pheenicura, Gould, ii. pl. 51; Harting, p. 12. Redstart, Yarv. ed. 1, i. p. 287. Pheniciirus = 6 gowvixovpos, the redtail, in Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 498, 4; from goim£ = purple-red, and otpa = the tail. A regular summer migrant, breeding in all the counties of Great Britain. Rare in Ireland. Common throughout tem- perate Europe and Asia, as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Africa aud Persia. RUTICILLA.—CYANECULA. 9 Ruticilla titys. Brack Repsrarr. Sylvia tithys, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 157 (1769). Sylvia tithys, Naum. iii. p. 525. Ruticilla tithys, Macg. ii. p. 8311; Gray, p. 58; Gould, ii. pl. 52; Harting, p. 13. Pheenicura tithys, Hewitson, p. 105; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 264; id. ed. 3,1. p. 274. Ruticilla titys, Newton, i. p. 3833; Dresser, ii. p. 298. Black Redstart, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 241. Titys, so spelt. by Gesner ; but the best Greek authorities write riris, a small chirping bird. Cf rirruBifw = I chirp like a Partridge, and our Titmouse, Titlark. (Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, s. p. 227.) A winter visitant to the south-west of Great Britain: occasional elsewhere, and in Ireland: has been known to breed in Notts. Breeds all over Central and Southern Europe. Winters in North Africa. Genus CYANECULA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1280. Cyanécila = the little bluebird, from eyanus = kbavos, a dark blue substance. Cyanecula wolfi. Wuore-srorren BuurrHRoar. Sylvia wolfii, Brehm, Beitrige zur Vogelkunde, ii. p. 173 (1822). Sylvia (Cyanecula) wolfii, Nawm. xiii. p. 377. Ruticilla wolfi, Newton, i. p. 324. Cyanecula leucocyana, Gould, ii. pl. 50. Cyanecula wolfi, Harting, p. 103; Dresser, ii. p. 311. Named after Prof. Johann Wolf, Professor in Nuremberg, a celebrated German ornithologist, and joint author with Dr. B. Meyer of the ‘ Taschenbuch d. deutsch. Vogelkunde’ (1809-1810) and other works. A single specimen of this, the usual Western-European form, was obtained in the Isle of Wight by Capt. Hadfield (cf. Harting, /. c.), and another near Scarborough, April 1876 (‘ Zoologist,’ 1876, p. 4956). A third example is recorded by Mr. J. Hancock (‘Birds of Northumberland and Durham,’ p. 67) from near London, May 1845. 10 TURDIDA, Cyanecula suecica. Rep-srporrep BLuETuRoat. Motacilla svecica, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 336 (1766). Sylvia suecica, Naum. ii. p. 414. Sylvia (Cyanecula) leucocyana, id. xiii. p. 378. Ruticilla eyanecula, Macg. 11. p. 300. Pheenicura suecica, Hewitson, p. 102; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 254; id, ed. 3,1. p. 264. Cyanecula suecica, Gray, p. 59; Gould, ii. pl. 49; Harting, p. 102; Dresser, 1. p. 317. Ruticilla suecica, Newton, 1. p. 321. Blue-throated Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 233. Suecica = Swedish. A rare accidental visitor, on spring and autumn migrations, to England. Breeds in the arctic regions of Europe and Asia; found in the latter continent as far south as Kashmir. Winters in Africa, India, and South China. Genus ERITHACUS, Cuvier, Lec. d’ Anat. Comp. i. tab, 2 (1800). Erithacus = ép.@akos, a solitary bird that could be taught to speak (Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 498, 4, &c.; Pliny, Hist. Nat. x. 44). Perhaps akin to épevOw = I make red. Erithacus rubecula. Repsreast. Motacilla Rubecula, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 337 (1766). Sylvia rubecula, Naum. ii. p. 397. Erithacus rubecula, Macg. ii. p. 263; Newton, i. p. 305; Dresser, i. p. 829. Erythaca rubecula, Hewitson, p. 98; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 247; id. ed. 38,1. p. 257; Hurting, p. 12. Erythacus rubecula, Gray, p. 58; Gould, ii. pl. 48. Redbreast, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 227. Rubécitla = the little red bird, diminutive from 7%b20 = I am red. A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds in temperate Europe, North Africa, and occasionally in South Persia. From districts in which the winters are severe it migrates southwards. DAULIAS.—SYLVIA. ll Genus DAULIAS, F. Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542. Daulias = Aavdtds, a woman of Daulis, a town in Thrace, where Philomela, wife of Tereus, was, according to the myth, turned into a Nightingale. Used absolutely of a Nightingale by Catullus, 65. 14. Daulias luscinia. Nientineate. Motacilla Luscinia, Linn. S.N. i. p. 328 (1766). Sylvia luscinia, Naum. ii. p. 373. Philomela luscinia, Macg. ii. p. 321; Hewitson, i. p. 124; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 800; id. ed. 3, i. p. 318. Luscinia philomela, Gray, p. 45; Gould, ii. pl. 56; Harting, p. 15. Daulias luscinia, Newton, i. p. 312; Dresser, ii. p. 363. LIuscinia = a Nightingale, in classical Latin ; perhaps from the root of XdXos = talkative, and of céno =I sing ; ef. dessus = a dirge. A regular summer migrant, breeding in England south of Yorkshire and east of Devonshire, and in Central and Southern Europe. Winters in Africa. Subfamily Syivrina. Genus SYLVIA, Scopoli, Ann. 1. Hist. Nat. p. 154 (1769). Sylvia = the woodland bird, from silva = a wood. Sylvia cinerea. Wuurersroar. Motacilla Sylvia, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 330 (1766). Sylvia cinerea, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 170 (1802). Sylvia cinerea, Naum. ii. p. 464; Macg. ii. p. 850 ; Hewitson, p- 130, Gray, p. 48; Gould, ii. pl. 57; Harting, p. 16. Curruca cinerea, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 316; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 335, Sylvia rufa, Newton, 1. p. 406 ; Dresser, i. p. 877. Common Whitethroat, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 289. Cinéréa = of the colour of ashes, cinéres. A common summer visitor to the British Islands, tem- perate Europe, and Persia. Winters in Africa. 12 TURDIDA. Sylvia curruca. Lesser WurTernroat. Motacilla Curruca, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 329 (1766). Sylvia curruca, Naum. ii. p. 451; Hewitson, p. 182; Gray, p. 47; Newton, 1. p. 410; Dresser, ii. p. 883; Gould, ii. pl. 58. Sylvia garrula, Macg. ii. p. 357. Curruca sylviella, Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 320; id. ed. 3, i. p. 839. Sylvia sylviella, Harting, p. 16. Lesser Whitethroat, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 293. Curriica, a late Latin word, perhaps from curro=Irun. An English lexi- cographer, Eliot, identified the name with the Hedge-Sparrow; hence Leach’s name for that bird, Curruca eliote. Asummer migrant to Great Britain and temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. Sylvia orphea. OrpHean Warsier. Sylvia orphea, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 107 (1815). Sylvia orphea, Naum. ii. p. 445 ; Hewitson, p. 183; Gray, p. 50; Newton, i. p. 423; Harting, p. 106; Dresser, ii. p. 411. Curruca orphea, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 843; Gould, ii. pl. 61. Orphéa = with a voice like Orpheus, the famous mythic singer of Thrace. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds throughout Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Winters in Africa. Sylvia atricapilla. Brackcap. Motacilla Atricapilla, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 332 (1766). Sylvia atricapilla, Naum. ii. p.492; Macg.ii. p.3839; Gray, p.49; Newton, 1. p. 418; Dresser, ii. p. 421; Harting, p. 15. Sylvia atracapilla, Hewitson, p. 126. Curruca atricapilla, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 807 ; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 326; Gould, ii. pl. 60. Blackcap Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 280. Atrieapilla, from ater = black, and edpillus = the hair of the head. SYLVIA.—MELIZOPHILUS. 13 A common summer migrant to England and Wales (rarer in Ireland and Scotland), temperate Europe, and Persia. Winters in South Europe and in Africa. Sylvia hortensis. Garpen Warsier. Sylvia hortensis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 169 (1802). Sylvia hortensis, Naum, ii. p. 478; Macg. ii. p. 345; Hewit- son, p. 128; Gray, p. 49; Harting, p. 15. Curruca hortensis, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 312; id. ed. 3, i. p. 331; Gould, ii. pl. 62. Sylvia salicaria, Newton, i. p. 414; Dresser, ii. p. 429. Garden Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 285. Hortensis = of or belonging to a garden, hortus. A common summer migrant to Great Britain (rarer in Ireland) and North temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. Sylvia nisoria. Barren Warsier. Motacilla nisoria, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 580 (1795). Sylvia nisoria, Naum. ii. p. 480; Dresser, ii. p. 435. Niséria = hawk-like, from nisus = a Sparrow-hawk (g. v.), on account of the barred plumage. One was shot many years ago at Cambridge (Newton, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 219). A summer visitor to Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe; it is found in Sweden and Norway, and has occurred in Heligoland. Genus MELIZOPHILUS, Leach, Catal. Brit. Mus. 1816, p. 25. Melizophilus = song-loving ; a barbarous compound of pedilw = 1 warble, and gikéw = I love. 14 TURDIDA, Melizophilus undatus. Darrrorp WarBLER. Motacilla undata, Boddaert, Tabl. d. Pl. Enl. p. 40 (1783). Melizophilus provincialis, Macg. ii. p. 883; Hewitson, p. 148 ; Gould, 11. pl. 59. Sylvia undata, Gray, p. 47; Harting, p. 16. Melizophilus dartfordiensis, Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 340; id. ed. 3, i. p. 365. Melizophilus undatus, Newton, i. p. 898; Dresser, ii. p. 441. Dartford Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 311. Unddatus = marked with waves, unde. A resident in the furze districts of South England, Western and Southern Europe, and North Africa. Genus REGULUS, Cuvier, Leg. d’Anat. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800). Régilus, diminutive of rer =a king. Used of the Wren, Carm. Philomel. 13 (about a.p. 500). Regulus cristatus. Go.pcresr. : Motacilla Regulus, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 338 (1766). Regulus cristatus, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. i. p. 199 (1816). Regulus flavicapillus, Naum. iii. p. 968. Regulus auricapillus, Macg. 11. p. 408; Hewitson, p. 146. Regulus cristatus, Gray, p. 53; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 346; id. ed. 3,1. p. 871; Newton, i. p. 449; Gould, ii. pl. 69; Harting, p. 19; Dresser, ii. p. 453. Golden-crested Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 317. Cristdtus = furnished with a tuft or crest, erista. A common resident in the British Islands, temperate Europe, North Africa, and throughout Northern Asia to Japan. REGULUS.—PHYLLOSCOPUS. 15 Regulus ignicapillus, Fire-cresr. Sylvia ignicapilla, Temminck, ex C. L. Brehm, Man. d’Orn. i. p. 231 (1820). Regulus ignicapillus, Naum. iii. p. 983; Macg. ii. p. 416; Hewitson, p. 148; Gray, p. 54; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 851; id. ed. 3, i. p. 876; Newton, i. p. 456; Gould, ii. pl. 70; Harting, p. 19; Dresser, ii. p. 459. Fire-crested Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 822. Ignicapillus, from ignis = fire, and cépillus = the hair of the head. An accidental visitor to England. Resident in temperate Europe and Algeria. Migratory in countries where the winters are cold. [Regulus calendula. Rusy-crowwen Ween. Motacilla Calendula, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 337 (1766). Regulus calendula, Gray, p. 248; Harting, p. 107. Ruby-crowned Wren, Newton, i. p. 455, note. Calendila = a marigold, in medieval Latin; probably from edlére = to glow, from its fiery colour. A common North-American species, of which one is said to have been shot near Loch Lomond in the summer of 1852 (P. Z.S. 1858, p. 290).] Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 970. Phylloscépus, from gv\XNov = a leaf, and ccowéw = I look at. Phylloscopus superciliosus. Yrxtow-srowep WARBLER. Motacilla superciliosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 975 (1788). Regulus modestus, Naum. xii. pl. 378; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 355 ; id. ed. 3,1. p. 880. Regulus superciliosus, Gray, p. 54. 16 TURDIDA. Phylloscopus superciliosus, Newton, i. p. 443; Dresser, il. p. 469. Reguloides superciliosus, Gould, ii. pl. 68; Harting, p. 107. Dalmatian Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 316%. Supercilidsus = with conspicuous eyebrows, swpercilia, An accidental visitor to England and Europe. Breeds in Northern Siberia, and winters in South China and Burma. Phyloscopus rufus. Currrcnarr. Sylvia rufa, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 188 (1802). Sylvia rufa, Nawm. iii. p. 581; Hewitson, p. 189; Gray, p. 50; Yarr. ed. 3,1. p. 360. Phyllopneuste hippolais, Macg. ii. p. 379. Sylvia hippolais, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 335. Phylloscopus collybita, Newton, i. p. 437; Dresser, ii. p. 485. Phyllopneuste rufa, Gould, ii. pl. 66; Harting, p. 18. Chiff Chaff, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 807. Riifus = red. A common summer visitor to the British Islands and North temperate Europe. Winters on the shores of the Mediterranean. Phylloscopus trochilus. Wittow-Wazster. Motacilla Trochilus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 338 (1766). Sylvia trochilus, Naum. ii. p. 568; Hewitson, p. 1387; Gray, p. 51; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 829; id. ed. 8,1. p. 351. Phyllopneuste trochilus, Macg. ii. p. 371; Gould, iu. pl. 65; Harting, p. 18. Phylloscopus trochilus, Newton, i. p. 432; Dresser, ii. p. 491. Willow Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 302. Trichilus = rpoxiros, a small bird, the Nile Plover, said by Herodotus (2. 68) to pick leeches, BdéAXat, out of the crocodile’s throat. From rpéyw = I run. A common summer visitor to the British Islands, Arctic and North temperate Europe, and Asia as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Persia and throughout Africa, PHYLLOSCOPUS.—HYPOLAIS. 17 Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Woop-Warster. Motacilla sibilatrix, Bechstein, Naturforsch. xxvii. p- 47 (1793). Sylvia sibilatrix, Naum. iii. p. 556; Gray, p. 52. Phyllopneuste sylvicola, Macg. ii. p. 364. Sylvia sibillatrix, Hewitson, p. 135. Sylvia sylvicola, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 324; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 346. Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Newton, i. p.427; Dresser, ii. p. 497. Phyllopneuste sibilatrix, Gould, 1. p. 67; Harting, p. 17. Wood Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 297. Sibilatrix =that hisses or whistles, from siildre=to whistle. A summer migrant to Great Britain and North temperate Europe. Winters in North Africa.. Genus HYPOLAIS, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1283. Hypoldis =iodais, a bird mentioned by Aristotle (Hist. dn. vi. 7.5); pro- bably so called from its creeping under (v7) stones (Adas). Linnaeus wrote hippolais by mistake (of. Newton, J. ¢. infra). Hypolais icterina. Icrerme Warsier. Sylvia icterina, Viellot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi. p. 194 (1817). Sylvia hypolais, Nawm. ii. p. 540. Sylvia hippolais, Hewitson, p. 141; Gray, p. 52; Yarr. ed. 2, Suppl. p. 13; éd. ed. 3, 1. p. 357. Hypolais icterina, Newton, i. p. 860; Dresser, 11. p. 521. Ficedula hypolais, Gould, ii. pl. 71. Phyllopneuste hypolais, Harting, p. 106. Ietérina, adj. from ixrepos=a bird of a yellowish-green colour, by looking at which a jaundiced person was cured ; the bird died! Pliny, NV. 7. 30.11. Cf Galbula and Charadrius. This bird has twice occurred in the British Islands (Dover and near Dublin). Breeds in Central and Northern Europe, extending northwards to the Arctic Circle, passing through South Europe and North Africa on migration, and wintering in South Africa. c 18 TURDIDE. Genus AEDON, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Aédon =1; dndwy, the songstress, from deidw =I sing. The story goes that Aédon was wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and mother of It¥lus, whom she slew by mistake; to relieve her grief, Zeus changed her into a Nightingale. Aédon galactodes. Rurovs WarsLer. Sylvia galactodes, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. i. p. 182 (1820). Sylvia galactodes, Naum. xiii. pp. 62, 398. Aedon galactodes, Gray, p. 46 ; Newton, i. p. 355 ; Gould, ii. pl. 53; Harting, p. 105; Dresser, 1. p. 547. Salicaria galactodes, Varr. ed. 3, 1. p. 314, Galactédés = yadaxradns, contracted from yadaxro-e1d7ys = milk-white, from ya, gen. ydhacros, milk, and eidos= form. A rare accidental visitor to England. Breeds in South- western Europe and North-western Africa. Winters in Africa. Genus ACROCEPHALUS, Naumann, Naturg.Vig.Deutschl. Nachtr. p. 201 (1819). Acrocéphilus, from dxpos =highest, and cepaAj=head. Perhaps Naumann thought dxpos =aciitus, as Agassiz (Nomencl. Zool.) did ; but this is an error. Acrocephalus streperus. Rrep-Warster. Sylvia strepera, Fetllot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi. p. 182 (1817). Sylvia arundinacea, Naum. iii. p. 614. Calamoherpe arundinacea, Macg. i1. p. 895; Gould, ii. pl. 73. Salicaria strepera, Hewitson, p. 119; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta strepera, Gray, p. 44. Salicaria arundinacea, Varr. ed. 2, i. p. 2953 id. ed. 3, i. p. 309. Acrocephalus streperus, Newton, i. p. 8369; Dresser, ii. p. 567. Reed Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 269. Strépérus =noisy ; a late Latin adj. from strépére=to make a noise, rattle. ACROCEPHALUS. 19 A summer visitor to the British Islands, common in the eastern and southern counties, but very rare in Scotland and Ireland. Breeds in temperate Europe and in Asia as far east as Persia. Supposed to winter in Africa. Acrocephalus palustris. Marsu-Warser. Sylvia palustris, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186 (1802). Sylvia palustris, Nawm. iii. p. 630. Calamodyta palustris, Gray, p. 45. Acrocephalus palustris, Newton, i. p. 373, Dresser, ii. p. 573. Calamoherpe palustris, Gould, ii. pl. 74. Salicaria palustris, Harting, p. 104. Palustris=marshy, from palus=a marsh, A rare summer visitor to the southern counties of England. Breeds in temperate Europe and in Asia as far east as Turkestan. Winters in Africa, Acrocephalus turdoides. Great Resp-Warster. Sylvia turdoides, Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 116 (1815). Sylvia turdoides, Naum. iti. p. 597. Salicaria arundinacea, Hewitson, p. 122. Calamodyta arundinacea, Gray, p. 45. Salicaria turdoides, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 299. Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Newton, i. p. 364; Dresser, ii. p. 579. Acrocephalus turdoides, Gould, ii. pl. 72. Salicaria arundinacea, Harting, p. 14. Turdo-ides = like a Thrush, from twrdus + eidos. A hybrid word. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds in temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. c2 20 TURDIDE, Acrocephalus aquaticus. Aquatic WarsLer. Moitacilla aquatica, Gmelin, 8. N. i. p. 953 (1788). Sylvia cariceti, Naum. ii. p. 668. Sylvia aquatica, Naum. iii. p. 686. Acrocephalus aquaticus, Newton, i. p. 380; Dresser, ii. 591. Calamodyta aquatica, Gould, 1. pl. 76. Salicaria aquatica, Harting, p. 105. Aquaticus = found by the water, aqua. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds in temperate Europe and North Africa. Winters in Africa. Acrocephalus phragmitis. Srpan-Warsuer. Sylvia phragmitis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186 (1802). Sylvia phragmitis, Naum. iii. p. 648. Calamoherpe phragmitis, Macg. i. p. 390. Salicaria phragmitis, Hewitson, p.117; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 289; id. ed. 3,1. p. 803; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta phragmitis, Gray, p. 43; Gould, ii. pl. 75. Acrocephalus schcenobzenus, Newton, i. p. 876; Dresser, ii. p. 597. Sedge Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 265. Phragmitis = haunting fences, hedges, from ¢pdypa = a fence. This species breeds throughout Europe, and in Siberia at least as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in South Africa. Genus LOCUSTELLA, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 115 (1829). Locustella, dimin. of locusta, from its cricket-like cry. Locustella nevia. GrassHopper WARBLER. Motacilla naevia, Boddaert, Table des Pl. Enl. p. 35. no. 581 (1783). Sylvia locustella, Naum. iii. p. 701. LOCUSTELLA.—CETTIA. 21 Sibilatrix locustella, Macy. ii. p. 399. Salicaria locustella, Hewitson, p.112; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 285; id, ed. 3, i. p. 295; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta locustella, Gray, p. 42. Acrocephalus neevius, Newton, i. p. 3884. Locustella avicula, Gould, ii. pl. 78. Locustella nzevia, Dresser, ii. p. 611. Grasshopper Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 261. Nevia = that has » mole (nevus) on its body; hence, spotted. This Warbler breeds in temperate Europe, including the British Islands. Winters in North Africa and occasionally in South Europe. Locustella luscinioides. Savi’s WARBLER. Sylvia luscinioides, Savi, Nuova Giornale de’ Lit- terati, vii. p. 341 (1824). Sylvia (Salicaria) luscinioides, Naum. xiii. p. 474. Sylvia (Calamoherpe) luscinioides, Naum. xii. p. 87. Salicaria luscinoides, Hewitson, p.115; Harting, p. 15. Calamodyta luscinoides, Gray, p. 44. Salicaria luscinoides, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 293; id. ed. 3,1. p. 307. Locustella luscinioides, Dresser, 1. p. 627. Acrocephalus luscinioides, Newton, i. p. 389. Lusciniopsis luscinioides, Gould, i. pl. 77. Savi’s Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 268%. Luscinioides, a hybrid word from luscinia = a Nightingale, and etdos = form, nature, A very rare summer visitor to England: found in temperate Europe and as far east as Palestine, also in North Africa. [Genus CETTIA, Bonaparte, Comp. List B. Eur. & N. Am. p. 11 (1838). Cettia, in honour of the Jesuit Francois Cetti, born at Como in 1726, professor of philosophy at Sassari, where he died about 1780; he published a history of the Sardinian vertebrata, 1774-1777. 22 TURDIDE. Cettia sericea. Crrrr’s Warerer. Sylvia sericea, Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 197 (1820). Sylvia Cetti, Marmora, Mem. Accad. Torino, xxv. p. 254 (1820). Bradypterus cettii, Dresser, i1. p. 639. Séricéa = silky. Confused by Temminck (Man. d’Orn. i. p. 194) with Locus- tella luscinioides, and recorded by him (cf. Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. p. 107, 1835) as having been killed in England ; but it has never been known to occur so far north. It is found in Southern Europe and North Africa, and in Asia as far east as Turkestan. ] Subfamily AccENTORINA. Genus ACCENTOR, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 191 (1802). Aeccentor = one who sings with another; from ad + cantor, a singer, from caino = I sing. Accentor modularis. Huxpcr-sparrow. Motacilla modularis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 329 (1766). Accentor modularis, Naum. ui. p. 951; Macg. ii. p. 251; Hewitson, p. 97; Gray, p. 60; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 248; id, ed. 3,1. p. 253; Newton, i. p. 301; Gould, ii. pl. 55; Harting, p.12; Dresser, iii. p. 39. Hedge Accentor, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 223. Médilaris = that sings in a measured manner; from méddiilus = a measure, melody. Resident throughout the British Isles, except in the bleakest of the Hebrides; in Orkney, however, it is an autumnal visitor, and it has been observed once in Shetland. Common almost all over Europe, ranging in winter as far east as Arabia. CINCLIDA, 23 Accentor collaris. Axpine Accentor. Sturnus collaris, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p.131 (1769). Accentor alpinus, Naum. iii. p. 940; Macg. ii. p. 258; Hewitson, p. 96; Gray, p. 60; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 239; id. ed. 3, i. p. 249; Gould, ii. pl. 54; Harting, p. 102. Accentor collaris, Newton, i. p. 296; Dresser, iii. p. 29. Alpine Accentor, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 219. Coliéris = with a conspicuous neck, collwin. This species has occurred in Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Sussex, Devon, Gloucestershire, and Wales— in all, about a dozen times in Great Britain. It inhabits the mountains of Central and Southern Europe. [Subfamily Mruina. Genus MIMUS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Mimus = pipos, a mimic, Mimus polyglottus. Norruprw Mocxrna-srrp. Turdus polyglottos, Linn. 8.N.i. p. 293 (1766). Polyglottus = wodbyAwrros, many-tongued ; from wodds + yAOrra. Specimens imported in cages occasionally escape ; but there is no authentic instance of this common North-American bird having occurred wild in Europe. ] Family CINCLIDA. Genus CINCLUS, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 808 (1802). Cinclus = xiykdos, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, from the characteristic motion of which the verb cey«AiZey = to wag the tail, was formed. Probably akin to cé\Aw = I move, with a nasal reduplication. Cinclus aquaticus. Drrrzr. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 206 (1802). Cinclus aquaticus, Nawm. iii. p. 925; Hewitson, p.77; Yarr. 24 PANURIDA, ed. 2,i. p. 181; id. ed. 3,1. p. 191; Newton, i. p. 241; Gould, ii. pl. 41; Harting, p.10; Dresser, ii. p. 167. Cinclus europeus, Macg. ii. p. 50. Hydrobata cinclus, Gray, p. 72. Common Dipper, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 178. Aquaticus = living in or by the water, agua. A resident on the mountain-streams of Central Europe and of the British Isles. Cinclus melanogaster. Buack-BeLLiep Dipper. Sturnus Cinclus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 290 (1766). Cinclus melanogaster, C. L. Brehm, Lehr. eur. Vog. i. p. 289 (1823). Cinclus melanogaster, Naum. xiii. p. 1388; Newton, i. p. 244; Gould, ii. pl. 42 ; Dresser, 11. p. 177. Mélénogaster = black-bellied, from pédas + yaornp. This, the common Scandinavian and North-Russian form, is said to have occurred in Norfolk, Yorkshire, and Ireland ; but some authorities hold that the specimens so determined are not the true C. melanogaster. Family PANURIDA. Genus PANURUS, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 201 (1816). Panirus = all tail, from mas + ovpa. Panurus biarmicus. Bearpep Trrmovst. Parus biarmicus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 342 (1766). Parus biarmicus, Naum. iv. p. 98. Calamophilus biarmicus, Macg. iii. p. 694; Hewitson, p.161 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 881; id. ed. 3, i. p. 406; Gould, ii. pl. 30; Dresser, i. p. 49. Panurus biarmicus, Gray, p.65; Newton, i. p.511; Harting, p. 22. Bearded Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 349. PARIDA. 25 Biarmicus = of Perm, in Eastern Russia. Probably confused by Linneus with Albin’s “ Beardmanica” and the modern Dutch name “ Baardmannetjo”’ = bearded mannikin. Resident in Norfolk and in Cambridgeshire; not known for certain to occur in any other county at the present day. An inhabitant of Europe and Central Asia in suitable localities. Family PARID A. Genus ACREDULA, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816). Acredula caudata. Wurre-neapep Lona-raILeD ‘TITMOUSE. Parus caudatus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 342 (1766). Parus caudatus, Naum. iv. p. 82. Acredula caudata, Dresser, iii. p. 67. Caudaté = tailed, 7. ¢. with a conspicuous tail, cauda. Resident in Northern and Central Europe; accidentally met with on the east coast of Great Britain. Acredula rosea. Barrtish Lone-raitep TITMOUSE. Mecistura rosea, Blyth, White’s Nat. Hist. Selborne, p- 111, note (1836). Mecistura longicaudata, Macg. ii. p. 454. Parus caudatus, Hewitson, p. 158; Gray, p. 64; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 376; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 401. Mecistura caudata, Gould, ii. pls. 28, 29. Acredula caudata, Newton, i. p. 504. Acredula vagans, Newton, i. p. 508. Acredula rosea, Harting, p. 21; Dresser, iii. p. 63. Long-tailed Tit, Yarrell, ed. 1, i. p. 344. Réséa = rose-coloured. Resident throughout the British Isles, excepting in the extreme north; it extends to the Outer Hebrides; and its numbers in Ireland have of late years increased. On the continent it is met with in France, Belgium, and Germany. 26 PARIDA. Genus PARUS, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 340 (1766). Pérus = a titmouse, in Carm. de Phil. 9 (about a.v. 500). Of uncertain etymology. Parus major. Grear Trrmouss. Parus major, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 341 (1766). Parus major, Naum. iv. p.9; Hewitson, p.149; Gray, p. 61; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 858; id. ed. 3, i. p. 883; Newton, i. p- 479; Gould, ii. pl. 23; Harting, p. 20; Dresser, iii. p. 79. Parus fringillago, Macg. ii. p. 425. Great Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 326. Major = greater. A common resident, breeding in every county, in the shel- tered and wooded districts. Breeds throughout Central and Southern Europe, Western Siberia, Turkestan, and Persia, and in most of the countries of Africa in the basin of the Mediterranean. Parus ater. Continentat Coan Tirmouss. Parus ater, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 341 (1766). Parus ater, Naum. iv. p. 834; Dresser, iii. p. 87. Ater = lustreless black, opposed to niger = glossy black. This form has occurred in Great Britain (Norfolk). It is found over the whole continent of Europe, and in North- western Asia, Parus britannicus. Britisn Coan Trrmovse. Parus britannicus, Sharpe & Dresser, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 437 (1871). Parus ater, Macg. ii. p. 440; Hewitson, p.156; Gray, p. 62; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 369; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 894; Newton, i. p. 489; Gould, ii. pl. 25; Harting, p. 21. PARUS. 27 Cole Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 337. Parus britannicus, Dresser, iii. p. 93. Britannicus = British, because not hitherto found out of Great Britain. This olive-backed form of the Coal Tit is peculiar to the British Islands, and seems to be much more common now than formerly, breeding in every county in all suitable loca- lities. (Cf Dresser, J. c.) Parus palustris. Marsu-Tirmovuse. Parus palustris, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 341 (1766). Parus palustris, Naum. iv. p.50; Macg. ii. p. 445; Hewitson, p- 157; Gray, p. 63; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 372; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 897; Newton, i. p.495; Harting, p. 21; Dresser, iii. p. 99. Peecile palustris, Gould, ii. pl. 27. Marsh Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 340. Palustris = marshy, or frequenting marshes; from palws = a marsh. This species breeds and appears to be resident throughout Europe. In Great Britain it is somewhat local: it is commonest in England, rarer in Scotland, and has been only recorded in one or two instances in Ireland. Parus ceruleus. Brive Trrmovse. Parus ceruleus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 3841 (1766). Parus ceeruleus, Naum. iv. p. 62; Macg. ii. p. 431. Parus ceeruleus, Hewitson, p.151; Gray, p.62; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 8362; id. ed. 3, i. p.887; Newton, i. p.483; Gould, , ii. pl. 24; Harting, p. 20; Dresser, iii. p. 131. Blue Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 380. Ceriléus = blue. A common resident, breeding in every county in suitable localities. Found throughout Central and Southern Europe, rarely straggling as far north as the Arctic Circle. 28 SITTIDA. Parus cristatus. Crestep Titmouse. Parus cristatus, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 340 (1766). Parus cristatus, Naum. iv. p.42; Macg. ii. p. 450; Hewitson, p. 154; Gray, p. 63; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 866; id. ed. 3, i. p.891; Newton, i. p.499; Gould, ii. pl. 26; Harting, p. 20. Lophophanes cristatus, Dresser, iii. p. 151. Crested Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 334. Cristatus = furnished with a crest, crista, This species is found in the forests of Northern and Central Europe as far east as the Ural. In the British Islands it is extremely local, being very rare in England and Ireland, and breeding only in a few of the oldest forests in Scotland. Family SITTID A. Genus SITTA, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p.177 (1766). Sitta = oirrn, a bird well known to the Greeks, Perhaps akin to Wirraxos =a parrot, an Indian word, of which a softer form, o:rrd«ey, occurs; or possibly from oiZw = I hiss or whistle. Sitta czesia. Nurwatcn. Sitta caesia, Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Vog. 1. p. 128 (1810). Sitta europea, Naum. v. p.377; Macg. iii. p. 48; Hewitson, p. 247; Gray, p. 39; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 183; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 188. Sitta cesia, Newton, i. p. 473; Gould, ii. pl. 22; Harting, p. 20; Dresser, ii. p. 175. Nuthatch, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 174. Cesia = bluish grey. Resident throughout the wooded districts of England and Wales, though less frequent towards the north-west and north ; accidental in Scotland, and unknown in Ireland. It inhabits most parts of the Western Palearctic Region south of Jutland and west of Moscow, being replaced in Scandinavia by S. europea, TROGLODYTID #.—MOTACILLIDA. 29 Family TROGLODYTID&. Genus TROGLODYTES, Vicillot, Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 52 (1807). : Tréglédytes = rpwydodé'rns, one who creeps into holes; first applied to a bird by Aétius, about a.p. 550, From rpdydn = a hole, and ddw = I go into. Troglodytes parvulus. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 161 (1816). Troglodytes parvulus, Naum. iii. p. 725 ; Gray, p.40; Newton, i. p. 460; Harting, p.19; Dresser, iii. p. 219. Anorthura troglodytes, Macg. iii. p. 15. Troglodytes vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 244; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 169; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 174. Troglodytes europzeus, Gould, ii. pl. 68. Wren, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 162. Parviilus = very small, dimin. of parvus = small. A common resident in the British Islands, temperate Europe, and North Africa, extending eastwards into Western Asia. Family MOTACILLID. Genus MOTACILLA, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 328 (1766). Métacilla, as if motdcila from *motax, from méto = I keep moving. Hence not a compound, as has been alleged, of a non-existent word KiAXos = a tail. Motacilla alba. Wuuire Waeratt. Motacilla alba, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 331 (1766). Motacilla alba, Naum. iii. p. 803; Macg. il. p. 221; Hewitson, p. 165; Gray, p. 66; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 403 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 428; Newton, i. p. 548; Gould, ui. pl. 2; Harting, p. 23; Dresser, iii. p. 233. Pied Wagtail, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 362. Alba = white. A rare straggler to the south of England and to Ireland. Breeds throughout Europe; in the south only at high eleva- 30 MOTACILLIDE. tions, but in the north beyond the limit of forest-growth, the northern birds migrating to South Europe, Africa, and India. Eastwards it occurs as far as Lake Baikal. Motacilla lugubris. Prep Waeram. Motacilla lugubris, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. i. p. 258 (1820). Motacilla yarrelli, Naum. xiii. p. 114; Macg. ii. p. 225; Gould, ui. pl. 1; Harting, p. 23. Motacilla yarrellii, Hewitson, p. 163; Gray, p. 66; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 895; zd. ed. 3,1. p. 420. Motacilla lugubris, Newton, i. p. 538; Dresser, iil. p. 239. Pied Wagtail, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 362. Ligubris = mournful, from ligéo = I mourn. A common resident throughout the United Kingdom, and partially migratory. Breeds also in Western France. Mi- grates southwards in winter as far as the western part of North Africa. Motacilla melanope. Grey Wacrait. Motacilla Melanope, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 696 (1776). Motacilla sulphurea, Naum. ii. p. 824; Gray, p.67; Newton, i. p. 552. Motacilla boarula, Macg. ii. p. 235; Hewitson, p.167; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 407; id. ed. 3,1. p. 482; Harting, p. 23. Calobates sulphurea, Gould, iii. pls. 6, 7. Motacilla melanope, Dresser, i. p. 251. Grey Wagtail, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 370. Mélandpé = black-faced, from pédas = black, and *&y = the face. A local resident in Great Britain and Ireland, becoming much scarcer in the eastern and southern counties of England. Breeds throughout Europe as far north as the British Isles and North Germany, the extreme northern birds wintering in South Europe and North Africa. LEastwards it extends through Persia and South Siberia as far as Japan, wintering in India and the Moluccas. MOTACILLA. 31 Motacilla flava. Buve-seapep YeLtow Wactatt. Motacilla flava, Linneus, S. N.i. p. 331 (1766). Motacilla flava, Naum. iii. p. 889; Hewitson, p. 168; Gray, p. 67; Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 4387; Newton, i. p. 558; Harting, p. 23; Dresser, iii. p. 261. Motacilla neglecta, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 412. Budytes flava, Macg. ii. p. 208; Gould, iii. pl. 4. Flava = yellow. An accidental straggler to the southern, south-western, and eastern counties of England, and more rarely to South Treland and Scotland: nests in Northumberland. Breeds in the central portions of Europe and Asia and as far east as Alaska, and winters in South Europe, North Africa, and India. [Motacilla viridis. Grey-xzapep Yarrow Waerart. Motacilla viridis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 962 (1788). Motacilla cinereicapilla, Newton, i. p. 560, note. Budytes cinereocapilla, Gould, iii. pl. 5. Motacilla cinereocapilla, Harting, p. 108. Motacilla viridis, Dresser, iii. p. 269. Viridis = green, from the general colour of the back. Inserted by Mr. Gould (7. c.) by mistake, as his figure does not represent this species, for it has a white streak behind the ear. A specimen recorded from Norfolk proved to be one of M. flava, L. (Gurney, Trans. Norf. & Norw. Nat. Soc. 1876, p. 226). An inhabitant of the northern portion of the Palearctic Region. ] Motacilla raii. Yertow Waerat. Budytes Rayi, Bonaparte, Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Am. p. 18 (18388). Budytes rayi, Macg. ii. p. 212; Gould, ii. pl. 3. Motacilla rayi, Hewitson, p. 170; Yarr, ed. 3, i. p. 443; Harting, p. 28. Motacilla campestris, Gray, p. 68. 32 MOTACILLIDZ. Motacilla raii, Newton, i. p. 564; Dresser, iii. p. 277. Ray’s Wagtail, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 380. aii, in honour of John Ray, the friend of Willughby, whose ‘ Ornithologia’ he edited and translated ; born 1628, died 1705. A regular summer visitant to all suitable localities in Great Britain, but becoming rarer in the extreme north, and only a stray visitant to Ireland, where it breeds in one locality alone. It also breeds in Central and Western Europe, and winters in Africa as far south as the Transvaal. Eastwards it has been recorded as far as Turkestan. Genus ANTHDS, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 704 (1807). Anthus = dv@os, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, translated Florus by Gaza, perhaps from its looking like a flower, ay@os. In mythology, Anthus, the son of Autonous and Hippodameia, was torn to pieces by his father’s horses, and was metamorphosed into a bird, which imitated the neighing, but always fled from the sight, of a horse. Anthus pratensis. Merapow-Prrrr. Alauda pratensis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 287 (1766). Anthus pratensis, Naum. i. p.774; Macg. ii. p. 181; Hewit- son, p.173; Gray, p. 69; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 427; id. ed. 3, i. p. 452; Newton, 1. p.575; Gould, iii. pl. 13; Harting, p. 24; Dresser, iii. p. 285. Meadow Pipit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 389. Pratensis = found in meadows, prata. A common resident throughout the British Islands. Breeds throughout arctic and temperate Europe as far east as the Ural Mountains, the northern birds migrating southwards to the basin of the Mediterranean. [Anthus cervinus. Rep-ruroarep Prerr. Motacilla Cervina, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 511 (1811). Anthus cervinus, Naum. xiii. p. 97; Newton, i. p. 579, ANTHUS. 33 note; Gould, iii. pl. 12; Harting, p. 109; Dresser, iii. p. 299. Cervinus = of or pertaining to a deer, cervus, from its fawn-coloured throat. A specimen is said to have been obtained in Unst, Shetland, in May 1854 (ef. Newton, /.c.). It is a common summer visitor to Arctic Europe and Asia.] Anthus trivialis. Trer-Piri. Alauda trivialis, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 288 (1766). Anthus arboreus, Naum. iii. p. 758; Gray, p.70; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 422; id. ed. 3, i. p.447; Gould, iii. pl.14; Harting, p. 24. Alauda arborea, Macg. ii. p.174; Hewitson, p. 179. Anthus trivialis, Newton, i. p. 569; Dresser, iii. p. 309. Tree Pipit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 384. Trivialis = common, from trivium =a place where three roads (fer + via) meet. A common summer visitant to the cultivated districts of Great Britain, becoming rarer in the extreme north. Breeds throughout the northern and central portions of Europe and Asia as far east as the Yenisei, passing through Southern Europe on migration, and wintering in Africa. Eastwards it occurs in winter in Persia and India. Anthus campestris. Tawny Piri. Alauda campestris, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 288 (1766). Anthus campestris, Naum. i. p. 745; Gray, p.70; Newton, i. p. 592; Gould, iti. pl. 9; Harting, p.108; Dresser, iii. p. 317. Campestris = of the plain, campus. An occasional straggler to the south coast of England. Breeds in Central and Southern Europe, extending into Central Asia, and wintering in India and North Africa. D 34 MOTACILLIDA. Anthus richardi. Ricwarp’s Piri. Anthus richardi, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818). Anthus richardi, Macg. ii. p. 199; Hewitson, p. 175; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 486; id. ed. 3,1. p. 461; Newton, i. p. 598; Gould, iii. pl. 8; Harting, p. 24; Dresser, iii. p. 325. Anthus richardi, Gray, p. 69. Richard’s Pipit, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 398. Richardi, in honour of M. Richard, of Lunéville, who sent the first specimens to Vieillot from Lorraine in 1815. An occasional straggler to the south of England during autumnal migration. Found sparingly throughout Europe; an inhabitant of Southern Siberia, wintering in China and India and in North-east Africa. [ Anthus ludovicianus. American Prerr. Alauda ludoviciana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 793 (1788). Anthus ludovicianus, Naum. xiii. p. 111; Newton, i. p. 590, note; Harting, p. 109. Ludovicidnus, the latinized adjective from “ Louisiana.” The occurrence of this Pipit in Britain is uncertain. One was probably obtained by Macgillivray in August 1824 (Man. Brit. Orn. 1. p. 169), though described by him as A. spinoletia (cf. Newton, J. c.) ; but the other specimens enumerated by Harting, /.c., have, it appears, been incorrectly identified. Frequent throughout North America and Japan ; it has occurred as a straggler in Heligoland (Ibis, 1877, p. 165). Anthus spipoletta. Warer-Pirrr. Alauda Spinoletta, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 288 (1766). Anthus aquaticus, Nawm. ii. p. 789, xiii. pp. 104, 110. Anthus spinoletta, Gray, p. 71; Gould, iii. pl. 11; Harting, p. 24; Dresser, i. p. 335. PYCNONOTIDA, 35 Anthus spipoletta, Newton, i, p. 581. Spipoletta, the common Italian name for any Pipit. Cf. Ital. pispigliare = to whisper. From the root of pipio, pipilo =I chirp, Fr. piper, Dutch pieper, our pipe, peep, pipit. Linnzus’s spinoletta is a misprint; ¢f. Newton, J. ¢. A very rare straggler to Great Britain. Breeds in Central and Scuthern Europe, and extends eastwards into Central Asia; winters in North Africa. Anthus obscurus. Rocx-Prrir. Alauda obscura, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 494 (1790). Anthus aquaticus, Macg. i. p. 194; Hewitson, p. 174. Anthus obscurus, Gray, p.71; Newton, i. p.586; Gould, iil. pl.10; Harting, p. 24; Dresser, iii. p. 343. Anthus petrosus, Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 482; id. ed. 3,1. p. 457. Rock Pipit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 394. Obsciirus = dark. A common resident on the British coasts. Breeds through- out Northern Europe, and winters in Central and Southern Europe. [Family PYCNONOTIDAL. Genus PYCNONOTUS, Kuhl, fide F. Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973. Pycnondtus, from ruxvés = close, compact, and ywrov = the back; in refer- ence to the dense plumage. Pycnonotus barbatus. Dusky Borzvt. Turdus barbatus, Desfontaines, Mém. de l’Ac. Roy. des Sciences, p. 500 (1787). Pycnonotus barbatus, Newton, i. p. 250; Dresser, iii. p. 358. Barbétus = having a beard, barba, from the dark throat. An inhabitant of North-west Africa down to the Gaboon; it has erroneously been said to have been found in Spain. Its occurrence in England (Zool. s. s. p. 228) is exceedingly doubtful. ] D 36 ORIOLIDZ.—LANIID. [Pycnonotus capensis. Gorp-ventep Turvsu. Turdus capensis, Linnaeus, 8. N.i. p. 295 (1766). Turdus aurigaster, Yarr. ed. 3, 1. p. 204. Pycnonotus capensis, Newton, i. p. 247; Gould, i. intr. p.1xi1; Harting, p.101; Dresser, ii. p. 361. Capensis = of or from the Cape (of Good Hope). One is said to have been shot near Waterford, in Ireland, in January 1838. It is common in the Cape Colony, but not known further north. ] Family ORIOLIDA. Genus ORIOLUS, Linnaus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 160 (1766). Oridlus, from aurédlus = golden, of gold, awrwin. Oriolus galbula. Go.pxn Ortots. Oriolus Galbula, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 160 (1760). Oriolus galbula, Naum. ii. p.171; Macg. ii. p.73; Hewitson, p. 94; Gray, p.77; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 227; id. ed. 3,1. p. 237; Newton, i. p. 233; Gould, 1. pl. 31; Harting, p. 10; Dresser, ui. p. 365. Golden Oriole, Yarr. ed.1, i. p. 212. Galbiila, a yellow bird mentioned by Pliny, H. N. 30, 28, the sight of which cured jaundice, though the bird died! From galbus = yellow. A straggler to England on migration, and has occasionally nested in the southern counties. Breeds in Central and Southern Europe, and occasionally in North Africa, wintering in South Africa, Eastwards it is found in Persia and Tur- kestan. Family LANIID. Genus LANIUS, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 184 (1766). Lanius = a butcher ; a name first applied by Gesner, in reference to the bird's habits. LANIUS. 37 Lanius excubitor. Great Grey SHRIKE. Lanius Excubitor, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 185 (1766). Lanius excubitor, Naum. ii. p.7; Macg. iti. p.492; Hewitson, p. 69; Gray, p. 81; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 156; id. ed. 3,1. p. 165; Newton, i. p. 199; Gould, ii. pl. 13; Harting, p. 9; Dresser, iii. p. 375. Great Grey Shrike, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 149. Excibitor = a watchman ; from excitbo = I sleep out of doors, keep watch. A rare autumnal visitant to the British Islands. Breeds in Central Europe, wintering on the northern shores of the Mediterranean, interbreeding in Scandinavia and North Russia with its near ally ZL. major, and in South Russia with an equally closely allied species, L. homeyeri. Lanius major. Pattas’s Great Grey SHRIKE. Lanius major, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 401 (1811). Major = greater. An occasional visitant on migration to various parts of Great Britain. It breeds from North Scandinavia eastwards throughout Siberia. [Lanius excubitorides. - Aunrrcan Grey Suntxn. Lanius excubitorides, Swainson & Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 115, pl. 84 (1881). Lanius excubitoroides, Newton, i. p. 203; Harting, p. 98. Excubitorides = resembling (Lantus) excubitor. The supposed instances of this bird’s occurrence in Britain (cf. Harting and Newton, J. c.) seem all to have been those of Lanius major. L. excubitorides is now classified by the American ornithologists as a subspecies of L. ludovicianus, L.] é 38 LANIIDA. Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Surike. Lanius minor, Gmelin, S.N.1. p. 808 (1788). Lanius minor, Naum. ii. p. 15; Gould, ii. pl. 14; Harting, p. 98; Newton, i. p. 205; Dresser, i. p. 393. Minor = lesser. A rare accidental visitor to England, breeding in Central and Southern Europe and North Africa, and wintering in South Africa, Eastwards its range extends through Persia and Turkestan. Lanius collurio. Rep-packep Surixe. Lanius Collurio, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 186 (1766). Lanius collurio, Naum. ii. p. 30; Macg. iii. p. 505 ; Hewitson, p. 70; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 161; id. ed. 3, i. p.171; Newton, i. p. 209; Harting, p.9; Dresser, iii. p. 399. Enneoctonus collurio, Gray, p. 82; Gould, ii. pl. 15. Red-backed Shrike, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 154. Colliério, thus latinized by Gaza (1476) from Aristotle’s ko\Avpiwy, A. A. ix. 23, where some read copvAXiwy, which might mean “hooded,” from képus = a helmet, and become rodAvpiwy by metathesis. A common summer visitor, becoming rarer in the north. Breeds throughout Central and Southern Europe, except in the Spanish Peninsula, wintering in South Africa. Eastwards it ranges through Persia to Turkestan, occasionally straggling into North-west India in winter. ” Lanius pomeranus. Woopcuar. Lanius pomeranus, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. fase, i. no. 1 (1786). Lanius rufus, Naum. i. p. 22; Hewitson, p. 72. Lanius rutilus, Macg. iil. p. 502; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 167; id. ed. 3, i. p.177; Harting, p. 9. Enneoctonus rufus, Gray, p. 83; Gould, 11. pl. 16. Lanius auriculatus, Newton, 1. p. 215; Dresser, iii. p. 407. VIREONIDH.—AMPELIDE. 39 Woodchat Shrike, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 160. Pomeranus = of Pomerania. An accidental visitor to England on migration, breeding in Central and Southern Europe, and wintering in North Africa, where many also remain to breed. Eastwards its range extends as far as Persia. [Family VIREONID &. Genus VIREO, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 83 (1807). Viréo = a kind of small bird known to Pliny; from viréo = I am green. Vireo olivaceus. Rzpv-zynp Frroarouer. Muscicapa olivacea (partim), Linneus, 8S. N.i. p. 827 (1766). Vireosylvia olivacea, Newton, i. p. 232, note; Harting, p. 99. Olivacéus = olive-coloured, from oliva = an olive, referring to the prevailing hue of the plumage. Two specimens of this North-American species are said to have been caught near Derby, May 1859 (Mosley, Nat. Hist. Tutbury, p. 385, pl.6; Zool. 1864, p. 8965). Dr. C. R. Bree thinks, from the plate, that these were examples of Vireo ailti- loqguus, Gambel (Field, 1870, May 14). It has not occurred elsewhere in Europe. ] Family AMPELIDA. Genus AMPELIS, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 297 (1766). . Ampélis = dpredis, the bird which frequents the vine, dumedos (Aristophanes, Aves, 304). Ampelis garrulus. Waxwine. Ampelis Garrulus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 297 (1766). Bombycilla garrula, Naum. ii. p. 143 ; Macg. iii. p. 533 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 888; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 418. 40 MUSCICAPID&. Ampelis garrulus, Gray, p. 80; Newton, i. p.523; Gould, ii. pl.21; Harting, p. 23; Dresser, i. p. 429. Bohemiam Waxwing, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 356. Garriilus, applied by Linnzus to the Waxwing because of its likeness to a Jay = Garrulus, not from its chattering (¢f Newton, J. ¢. p. 535). For deri- vation, cf. Gallinago, infra. An irregular visitor to the British Islands. It breeds in the pine-regions at or near the Arctic Circle in both hemispheres, wandering southwards in winter. [Ampelis cedrorum. Cxrpar-zirp. Bombycilla cedrorum, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 88 (1807). Ampelis cedrorum, Gray, p. 81; Newton, i. p. 537, note. Cedrérum, gen. pl. of cedrus, xédpos, a cedar-tree, from its common name. Common throughout North America. Two, said to have been killed at Stockton-on-Tees early in 1850 (Zool. 1852, p. 8507), had probably escaped from confinement. ] Family MUSCICAPID. Genus MUSCICAPA, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 324 (1766). Muscicapa, from musca = a fly, and cépie = IJ catch. Muscicapa grisola. Sporrep Fiycatcuer. Muscicapa Grisola, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 828 (1766). Muscicapa grisola, Naum. ii. p. 216; Macg. iii. p.518; Hewit- son, p.74; Gray, p.79; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p.172; id. ed. 3, i. p. 182; Newton, 1. p. 220; Harting, p. 10; Dresser, ii. p. 447. Butalis grisola, Gould, ii. pl. 19. Spotted Flycatcher, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 164. Grisdla = a little groy bird, from griséus = grey. A common summer visitor to all suitable localities in Great MUSCICAPA. 41 Britain and Ireland, becoming rarer in the north. Breeds throughout Europe as far north as lat. 70°, and in Asia as far east as Lake Baikal, wintering in Africa as far south as the Cape. Muscicapa atricapilla. Prep Frycarcuer. Muscicapa Atricapilla, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 826 (1766). Muscicapa luctuosa, Naum. ii. p. 231; Macg. iii. p. 524. Muscicapa atricapilla, Hewitson, p. 75; Gray, p. 79; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 177; id. ed. 3, i. p. 187; Newton, i. p. 229; Gould, ii. pl. 17; Harting, p.10; Dresser, iii. p. 453. Pied Flycatcher, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 169. Atricapilla = black-haired. Cf. Blackcap. A local summer visitant to Great Britain, breeding chiefly in the lake-districts of England and in Wales, and in the eastern and midland counties of Scotland; unknown in Treland. Breeds throughout Europe, ranging as far north as the Arctic Circle, and wintering in Africa down to the -Gambia. Eastwards it occurs as far as Persia. [Muscicapa collaris. Wurrs-cottarep Fircarcuer. Muscicapa collaris, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 495 (1795). Muscicapa melanoptera, Naum. xiii. p. 245. Muscicapa collaris, Naum. xii. p. 247; Newton, i. p. 232; Gould, ii. pl. 18; Dresser, ii. p. 459. Collaris = pertaining to the neck, collwm, from its distinctive white neck. Mr. Gould (/. c.) remembered having seen at a bird-stuffer’s shop a specimen of this bird which was said to have been killed in Britain; but there is no other record. It breeds in Southern and Central Europe, rarely extending to the northern parts. | 42 HIRUNDINIDA. Muscicapa parva. Rep-preastep FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa parva, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 505 (1795). Muscicapa parva, Naum. il. p. 241; Gray, p. 80; Newton, i. p. 224; Harting, p.99; Dresser, iii. p. 465. Erythrosterna parva, Gould, ii. pl. 20. Parva = small, A very rare straggler, which has occurred once in Cornwall and twice in the Scilly Isles. Breeds in some parts of Central and South-eastern Europe, migrating in winter into North Africa, and ranging through Turkestan and Persia as far eastwards as India. Section OSCINES LATIROSTRES. Family HIRUNDINID. Genus HIRUNDO, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 343 (1766). Hirundo = a Swallow, in classical Latin; cognate with yedidwy, which is connected with yeip = the hand, “ seizing flies,” [Hirundo savignit. Cuxesryor-setzrep Swatiow. Hirundo Savignili, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. x. p. 90 (1817). Hirundo cahirica, Naum. xiii. p. 207. Hirundo savignii, Dresser, iu. p. 473. Savignii, in honour of Marie Jules-César Lelorgne de Savigny, b. Apr. 5, 1777, d. Oct. 5, 1851, who first figured the species, Oiseaux de VEgypte, pl. 4. Resident in North-eastern Africa and Palestine, rarely, if ever, straying north of the Mediterranean. Erroneously reported to have occurred near Tees-mouth by Mr. J. H. Gurney, Jun. (Ibis, 1866, p. 423).] Hirundo rustica. Swantow. Hirundo rustica, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 343 (1766). Hirundo rustica, Naw. vi. p.49; Macg. iii. p.558; Hewitson, p. 257; Groy, p. 83; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 231; id. ed. 3, HIRUNDO. 43 li. p. 241; Newton, ii. p. 340; Gould, ii. pl.5; Harting, p. 385; Dresser, i. p. 477. Swallow, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 218. Rustica = of or belonging to the country, rus. A summer visitant to all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, though rare in the outer Scotch isles. It has a wide range in the Palearctic Region, and winters throughout the Hthio- pian and Indian Regions. [| Hirundo rufula. Rep-rumpPED Swallow. Hirundo rufula, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. iii. p. 298 (1835). Hirundo rufula, Naum. xiii. p. 209; Gray, p. 33; Dresser, ili. p. 487. Rifila, fem. of rifiilus = reddish, diminutive of rufus = red, from the cha- racteristic colour of the nape and rump. One was reported as seen at Penzance by the late Mr. Rodd (Zool. 1853, p. 3753; Birds of Cornwall, p. 69, 1880). The species inhabits South-eastern Europe, and Asia as far east as Turkestan. ] [ Hirundo bicolor. Wuuire-Betirep SwaALLow. Hirundo bicolor, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 61 (1807). Hirundo bicolor, Gray, p. 33; Harting, p. 125. Tachycineta bicolor, Newton, u. p. 363, note. Bicélor = of two colours, bis = twice, cdlor = colour; from its uniformly dark upper and white lower parts. One is reported by Wolley (Zool. 1853, p. 8806 ; cf. Newton, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 131, and Zool. 1860, p. 7145) as having occurred near Derby in 1850. The species is common throughout temperate North America. ] Ad HIRUNDINIDA. Genus CHELIDON, F. Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550. Chelidun = yedj{dwv, a Swallow, in classical Greek ; cf. Hirundo, p. 42. Chelidon urbica. Marmy. Hirundo urbica, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 344 (1766). Hirundo urbica, Naum. vi. p. 75; Macg. iii. p. 573 ; Hewitson, p- 261; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 245; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 255; Harting, p. 35. Chelidon urbica, Gray, p. 35; Newton, ii. p. 349; Gould, ii. pl.6; Dresser, ii. p. 495. Martin, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 222. Urbica = found in cities, urbes, A summer visitant throughout the British Isles, excepting the Outer Hebrides. It breeds in most parts of Europe and North Africa, wintering south of Abyssinia. Genus COTILE, F. Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550. Cétile, from cwrikds = the twitterer, a peculiar poetical feminine of ewri’dos = prattling; it occurs in Anacreon, fr. 99, as the Beotian name for the Swallow. Cf. H. T. Wharton, Ibis, 1879, p. 451. Cotile riparia. Sanp-Marmu. Hirundo riparia, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 344 (1766). Hirundo riparia, Naum. vi. p.100; Macg. 11. p.595; Hewit- son, p. 264; Yurr, ed. 2, ii. p. 251; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 261; Harting, p. 35. Cotyle riparia, Gray, p. 34; Gould, 1. pls. 7, 8; Dresser, iii. p. 905. Cotile riparia, Newton, i. p. 355. Sand Martin, Yarr. ed. 1, 11. p. 228. Ripéria = that frequents river-banks, ripe. A summer visitant, breeding in every district except in Shetland. It is found throughout the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, wintering in Africa, India, and South America down to Brazil. CERTHIIDA. 45 [Genus PROGNE, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971. Progné = Wpdéevy, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, sister of Philomela and wife of Tereus, mythologically changed into a Swallow. From the root of mepkvos = speckled, répen = a perch, &c. Progne purpurea. Puree Marri. Hirundo purpurea, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 844 (1766). Progne purpurea, Gray, p. 34; Newton, ii. p. 361; Gould, i. intr. p. li. Hirundo purpurea, Harting, p. 125. Purpivréa = purple. One is said to have been shot near Kingstown, co. Dublin, early in 1840. Common over the greater part of America; a summer visitor in North America. ] Section OSCINES CURVIROSTRES, Family CERTHIID. Genus CERTHIA, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 184 (1766). Certhia, the late Latin form of cép810s, a bird known to Aristotle. Certhia familiaris. Tree-crzepzr. Certhia familiaris, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 184 (1766). Certhia familiaris, Nawm. v. p. 3898; Macg. iii. p. 33; Hewit- son, p. 243; Gray, p. 39; Yarr. ed. 2, u. p. 165; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 170; Newton, i. p. 468; Gould, ii. pl. 64; Harting, p. 20; Dresser, ui. p. 195. Common Creeper, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 158. Familiaris = friendly, from familia = the household. Resident in all the wooded districts of the United Kingdom, except in the outer Scotch isles. The Tree-creeper, or one of its climatic varieties, occurs throughout the Pale- arctic and Nearctic Regions. 46 FRINGILLIDA. [Tichodroma muraria. Warr-crerperr. Tichodréma = that runs along a wall; from retyos + dpapetv. Certhia muraria, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 184 (1766). Tichodroma muraria, Naum. v. p. 421; Dresser, iii. p. 207. Murdria = frequenting walls, murus. Willughby (Orn. p. 99,1576) observes that the Wall-creeper is said to have occurred in England; and one was found at Stratton, in Norfolk, by Robert Marsham, in 1792 (ef. his correspondence with Gilbert White, Trans. Norf. & Nor. Nat. Soc. ii. pp. 177-189, 1876) ; but there is no later record. It is an inhabitant of the mountain-ranges of Southern Europe, extending eastward to the Himalayas. ] Section OSCINES CONIROSTRES. Family FRINGILLID 2. Subfamily FRinGILuInaz. [Genus CYANOSPIZA, Baird, Birds N. America, p. 500 (1858). Cyanospiza, from kiavos = dark blue metal, and omiZa = a small piping bird known to the Greeks. Cyanospiza ciris. Nonpargtt Fincu. Emberiza Ciris, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 313 (1766). Spiza ciris, Gray, p. 101. Ciris = xeipts, a bird into which Scylla, the daughter of Nisus, was said to have been changed. The fable (Virgil, Ciris, 488 ff, Ovid, Metam. 8, 151) described it as indued with wonderful colours. A specimen was taken alive on Portland Island in 1802 (Montagu, Ornith. Dict. Suppl., under “ Grosbeak, White- winged,” fol. K. 2, 1813), which had evidently escaped from confinement. An inhabitant of Central and North America.] CARDUELIS.—- CHRYSOMITRIS. 47 Genus CARDUELIS, Brisson, Orn. iii. p.53 (1760). Carduélis = a thistle-finch, in Pliny, H. N. 10. 42; from cardiius = a thistle. Carduelis elegans. Gotprincn. Carduelis elegans, Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 30 (1826). Fringilla carduelis, Naum. v. p. 126; Hewitson, p.196; Gray, p.95; Harting, p. 27. Carduelis elegans, Macg. i. p. 393; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 588; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 565; Newton, ii. p. 117; Gould, iii. pl. 36; Dresser, iii. p. 527. Goldfinch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 490. Elégans = choice, elegant. A resident or partial migrant in nearly every county. Almost universally distributed throughout the Western Palearctic Region, though not reaching far north. Genus CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322. Chrijsomitris, ypvodpirpis = with a girdle or head-band of gold, from ypuods + pirpa. [Chrysomitris citrinella. Orrri Frnon. Fringilla Citrinella, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 320 (1766). Fringilla citrinella, Naum. v. p. 155. Chrysomitris citrinella, Dresser, iii. p. 535. Citril Finch, Newton, 1. p. 113, note. Citrinella, diminutive of citrinus, for which see Serinus, p. 48. One was said to have occurred in England (Zoologist, s. s. pp. 1984, 2022), through a mistake. An inhabitant of Central and Southern Europe, breeding in the mountainous districts; not known east of Constantinople, and only a rare straggler to the Cisatlantean subregion. | 48 FRINGILLIDA. Chrysomitris spinus. Sisk.y. Fringilla Spinus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 822 (1766). Fringilla spinus, Naum. v. p. 155; Hewitson, p. 198; Gray, p. 96; Harting, p. 27. Carduelis spinus, Macg. i. p.400; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 544; id. ed. 3,1. p.571; Newton, ii. p. 126. Chrysomitris spinus, Gould, iii. pl. 37; Dresser, iii. p. 541. Siskin, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 496. Spinus = orivos or onivos, a small bird commonly eaten at Athens; from its shrill piping cry, ¢wiZw = I chirp shrilly. A winter visitant to nearly every county, though rare in Cornwall and Shetland, and unknown in Orkney. It breeds regularly in many parts of Scotland, and occasionally in Ireland and England. It is found throughout the temperate portions of the Palearctic Region. [Genus CRITHAGRA, Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 348 (1827). Crithagra, from Kpi0n = barley, and dypa = hunting. Crithagra chrysopyga. Yertow-rvarerp Sexp-g4rer. Crithagra chrysopyga, Swainson, Birds W. Africa, 1. p. 206, fig. 17 (1837). Crithagra chrysopyga, Newton, il. p. 112, note. Chrysopyga = golden-rumped, from ypvads + rvyn. One was reported by Mr. W. Hazel (Nat. 1853, p. 20) as having been taken near Portsmouth; it had probably escaped from captivity. A native of Africa. ] Genus SERINUS, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 228 (1816). Serinus, latinized from the French Serin, which is corrupted from citrinus = citron-coloured, «irpivos, froin kirpior = the citron-tree, SERINUS.—LIGURINUS. 49 Serinus hortulanus. Sznrry. Serinus hortulanus, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 22 (1816). Fringilla serinus, Nawm. v. p.114; Harting, p. 112. Serinus hortulanus, Newton, ii. p. 111; Gould, iii. pl. 38; Dresser, ii. p. 549. Hortulénus = of or belonging to a small garden, hortilus, from hortus = a garden. The Serin has been taken in Somersetshire and Sussex, and near London. It breeds in Central Europe, and in the whole southern portion of the Western Palearctic Region. [Serinus canarius. Canary. Fringilla Canaria, Linneus, 8S. N.i. p. 321 (1766). Serinus canarius, Dresser, iii. p. 557. Candrius = from the Canary Isles. An inhabitant only of the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores. Specimens escaped from captivity are often met with in England. ] Genus LIGURINUS, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 230 (1816). Ligivrinus, not from Atyvpds = whistling; but latinized by Gaza from the Italian Lucarino = the Siskin, which is spelt variously and is said to be derived from liicus = a grove. Ligurinus chloris. Greenrivcu. Loxia Chloris, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 804 (1766). Fringilla chloris, Naum. v. p. 62; Gray, p. 96. Linaria chloris, Macg. i. p. 365. Coccothraustes chloris, Hewitson, p. 204; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 527; id. ed. 3, i. p.552; Newton, li. p.105; Harting, p. 29. E 50 FRINGILLID. Ligurinus chloris, Gould, ili. pl. 39; Dresser, iii. p. 567. Greenfinch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 479. Chloris = ydwpis, a yellowish-green bird mentioned by Aristotle; from xAwpés = green. Resident in suitable localities throughout the British Isles, except in Orkney and Shetland, where it is a winter visitant. Generally distributed throughout the Western Palearctic Region. Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES, Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 218 (1760). Coccothraustés = 6 koxxoOpadvarns, the kernel-breaker, in Hesychius; from Kéxkos + Opabw. Coccothraustes vulgaris. Hawrincn. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 12 (1826). Fringilla coccothraustes, Naum. iv. p. 435. Coccothraustes atrogularis, Macg. i. p. 356. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Hewitson, p.205; Gray, p.92; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 531; td. ed. 3,1. p. 558; Newton, ii. p. 98; Gould, iii. pl. 40; Harting, p.29; Dresser, ii. p. 575. Hawfinch, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 483. Vulgaris = common, from vulgus = the multitude. In England the Hawfinch has occurred in winter in every county except Westmoreland ; and in summer it breeds regu- larly in all the home counties, and occasionally in most others south of York and east of long. 2° W. It seems unknown in Wales; but it visits the S.E. of Ireland in winter, and may possibly have bred there. In Scotland it is an accidental winter visitant. It occurs, with more or less frequency, throughout the Palearctic Region, except in some of the more northern parts, PASSER. 51 Genus PASSER, Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 71 (1760). Passer = a, Sparrow, in classical Latin. The original- form was probably *sparg-ter (as sparsus = *spargtus ; rs then becomes ss, cf. russum for rursum), from the root of omopyikos = some bird in Aristophanes (4v. 300), and of orapyadw = I swell, meaning “ the wanton bird”; akin to our “ Sparrow.” Passer domesticus. Hovss-Sparrow. Fringilla domestica, Linnaeus, S. N.1i. p. 323 (1766). Fringilla domestica, Naum. iv. p. 453. Passer domesticus, Macg. i. p. 340; Hewitson, p. 209; Gray, p. 100; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p.521; id. ed. 8, i. p.546; Newton, il. p. 89; Gould, iii. pl. 82; Harting, p.28; Dresser, iii. p. 587, House Sparrow, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 47-4. Domesticus = of or belonging to a house, ddmus. Universally resident in Great Britain, save in a few isolated and desolate spots. Common throughout the Palearctic Region. It has been introduced in North America and in most of our colonies. Passer montanus. Tres-Sparrow. Fringilla montana, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 324 (1766). Fringilla montana, Naum. iv. p. 480. Passer montanus, Macg. i. p. 351; Hewitson, p. 207; Gray, p- 100; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 516; éd. ed. 3,1. p.541 ; Newton, ii. p. 82; Gould, iii. pl. 33; Harting, p. 28; Dresser, iti. p. 597. Tree Sparrow, Yarr. ed.-1, i. p. 469. Monténus = of or belonging to mountains, montes. - Sporadically distributed over most of England, except in the extreme west and south; not known to breed in Wales or the west of Scotland; it is said to be resident near Dublin, but is unknown elsewhere in Ireland. It occurs throughout the Palearctic Region, and in the Indian Region as far south as Java. E2 52 FRINGILLID.E. Genus FRINGILLA, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 317 (1766). Fringilla = some small bird, in classical Latin; probably akin to frigo = I squeak, frigiitio = I twitter, ¢ovyikos = some bird in Aristophanes, Av. 762, 875, etc. Fringilla celebs. Cuarrincu. Fringilla celebs, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 318 (1766). Fringilla celebs, Naum.v. p.13; Macg.i. p.829; Hewitson, p. 192; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p.507; id. ed. 3,1. p.532; Newton, i. p. 68; Gould, ili. pl. 34; Harting, p.27; Dresser, iv. p. 3. Fringilla celebs, Gray, p. 94. Chaffinch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 460. Celebs = unmarried, single ; because Linnzus noticed that female Chaffinches emigrate southwards from Sweden in autumn, leaving the males “ celibate” till spring. Resident and generally distributed, except in the Hebrides. It occurs throughout the Western Palzarctic Region, though very rare in North-west Africa, where it is replaced by F. spodiogena, Fringilla montifringilla. Brams.ine. Fringilla Montifringilla, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 318 (1766). Fringilla montifringilla, Naum. v. p. 44; Macg. i. p. 335; Hewitson, p. 194; Gray, p. 94; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 512; id. ed. 3, i. p. 5387; Newton, ii. p.75; Gould, iii. pl. 35; Harting, p. 27; Dresser, iv. p. 15. Mountain Finch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 465. Montifringilla = mountain-finch ; from mons + fringilla, A winter visitant, irregular only in the midland and western districts, throughout the British Isles; it has once been known to breed in Perthshire. Found in most districts of the Palearctic Region, it rarely breeds south of lat. 60° N. LINOTA. 53 Genus LINOTA, Bonaparte, Comp. List, p. 34 (1838). Linéta, coined by Bonaparte from linwm = flax, on the analogy of the French Linotte. Linota cannabina. Lryver. Fringilla cannabina, Linneus, S. N.i. p. 822 (1766). Fringilla cannabina, Naum. v. p. 80; Hewitson, p.200; Gray, p. 97. Linaria cannabina, Macg. i. p. 371; Dresser, iv. p. 31. Linota cannabina, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 550; id. ed. 3, i. p. 577; Newton, ii. p. 153; Gould, iii. pl. 49; Harting, p. 27. Common Linnet, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p.502. Cannabina, from kavyvaBivos = of hemp, ravvapis. Generally resident, though partly migratory, throughout the British Isles. It occurs over the whole of the Western Palearctic Region, except in the extreme north. Linota linaria. Meaty Reppott. Fringilla Linaria, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 822 (1766). Fringilla linaria, Naum. v. p. 1738. Linaria borealis, Macg. i. p. 388. Fringilla canescens, Hewitson, p. 202 *. Fringilla borealis, Gray, p. 99. Linota canescens, Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 556; id. ed. 3, i. p. 583. Linota linaria, Newton, 1. p. 1383; Harting, p. 28; Dresser, iv. p. 37. AKgiothus linaria, Gould, iui. pl. 51. Mealy Redpole, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 508, Linéria = of or belonging to flax, linum. An irregular winter visitant to the eastern coast from Shetland southwards; unknown in the west, save in the south of Scotland, and on a single occasion in Ireland. An inhabitant of the more northern parts of both hemispheres, 54 FRINGILLIDA. breeding chiefly in the birch-region, and straying southwards in winter. Linota rufescens. Lesser Reppo.t. Linaria rufescens, Vieillot, Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. xxiii. p. 202 (1816). Linaria minor, Macg. i. p. 883. Fringilla linaria, Hewitson, p. 201; Gray, p. 98. Linota linaria, Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 562; 2d. ed. 3, 1. p. 589. Linota rufescens, Newton, ii. p. 146; Harting, p.28; Dresser, iv. p. 47. /Egiothus rufescens, Gould, ii. pl. 52. Lesser Redpole, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 514. Rufescens = becoming red, reddish; from riifus = red. Resident in Scotland and the north of England ; a winter visitant to the south, where, however, individuals often remain to breed. A winter visitant to France and the Netherlands. Linota hornemanni. Greey.anp REproLL. Linota hornemanni, Holbéll, Naturh. Tidssk. iv. p. 398 (1843). Linota hornemanni, Newton, ii. pp. 141, 143; Dresser, iv. p. 55. Named in honour of the Danish naturalist Jens Wilken Hornemann, b. 1770, d, 1841. One was killed in April 1855 on the sea-banks near Whit- burn, Durham (Hancock, Birds of North. and Durham, p. 54, pl. 5). Common in Greenland, rare in Iceland, and acci- dental in Europe. Linota flavirostris. Twire. Fringilla flavirostris, Linneus, S.N.1i. p.322 (1766). Fringilla montium, Naum. v. p.103; Hewitson, p. 208. LINOTA.— CARPODACUS. 55 Linaria flavirostris, Macg. i. p. 379. Fringilla flavirostris, Gray, p. 99. Linota montium, Yarr, ed. 2, i. p. 569; id. ed. 3, i. p. 596; Gould, iii. pl. 50. Linota flavirostris, Newton, ii. p.160; Harting, p. 28; Dresser, iv. p. 59. Mountain Linnet, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 521. Flavirostris = yellow-billed, from flévus + rostrum. A winter visitor to the eastern and southern parts of Eng- land. In the midland counties, and thence northward to Shetland and in Ireland it is found throughout the year. It breeds in various countries of Northern Europe, south of the Arctic Circle; in autumn it visits most parts of the continent down to the Mediterranean. Subfamily Loxrinz. Genus CARPODACUS, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 161 (1829). Carpodacus = fruit-biting, from capmés + dakvw. Carpodacus erythrinus. Rosy Buuirincn. Pyrrhula erythrina, Pallas, N. Comm. Ac, Sci. Imp. Petr. xiv. p. 587 (1770). Pyrrhula erythrina, Naum. iv. p. 418; Newton, ii. p. 172. Carpodacus erythrinus, Gould, ui. pl. 43; Harting, p. 112; Dresser, iv. p. 75. Erythrinus = épv@pivos, a kind of red mullet mentioned by Aristotle, Z 4. iv. 11, 8; from épvOpds = red. This species has occurred once near Brighton and once in Middlesex. It breeds in Finland, and is found throughout the Russian Empire, visiting India and China in winter; it is only a wanderer to Western Europe. 56 FRINGILLIDA. Genus PYRRHULA, Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 308 (1760). Pyrrhila, latinized from rvppodaas, a red-coloured bird mentioned by Aris- totle, H. A. viii. 3,5; from ruppds = the colour of flame, rip, and perhaps ovpa =a tail, as some texts read ruppovpas, the received form being used to avoid a third p. Pyrrhula europea. Buuurincn. Pyrrhula europea, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iv. p. 286 (1816). Loxia Pyrrhula, Linn. S.N. i. p. 300 (1766). Pyrrhula vulgaris, Naum. iv. p. 383 ; Hewitson, p. 211; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 574; td. ed. 3, i. p. 601; Gould, iii. pls. 41, 42; Harting, p. 29. Pyrrhula pileata, Macg. i. p. 407. Pyrrhula rubicilla, Gray, p. 109. Pyrrhula europzea, Newton, ii. p. 166; Dresser, iv. p. 101. Bullfinch, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 1. Europea = European. Resident throughout the British Isles, except in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland, where it is a rare straggler. Inhabits the continent of Europe, from Germany westward ; unknown in Norway and the south of Spain. Genus PINICOLA, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. iv, pl. 1. f.13 (1807). Pinicola, from pinus = a pine-tree, and clo = I inhabit. Pinicola enucleator. Prive-Grossrax. Loxia Enucleator, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 299 (1766). Pyrrhula enucleator, Naum. iv. p. 403; Macg. i. p. 411; Hewitson, p. 210*; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 581; id. ed. 3, i. p. 608; Newton, i. p. 177. Strobilophaga enucleator, Gray, p. 109. LOXIA. 57 Pinicola enucleator, Gould, iii. pl. 44; Harting, p. 113; Dresser, iv. p. 111. Pine Grosbeak, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 8. Enuclédtor, from é-nucléo = I take out the kernel, nucléus. Has occurred at Harrow, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and near Exeter: many other instances of its having been observed in various localities are on record, but few, if any, are worthy of credit (cf. J. H. Gurney, jun., Zoologist, 1877, pp. 242-250). It inhabits the conifer-zone of the northern parts of both the Old and the New Worlds, rarely straying southwards ; unknown in India; of doubtful occurrence in China and Japan. Genus LOXIA, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (1766). Lovia, from Xofds = crosswise; a medieval name. Loxia pityopsittacus. Parrot CrossBiL. Loxia Pytiopsittacus, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 106 (1802). Loxia pytiopsittacus, Naum. iv. p. 389; Macg. i. p. 429; Gray, p. 111. Loxia pityopsittacus, Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 24; td. ed. 3, 11. p. 23; Newton, ii. p. 207; Gould, iil. pl. 46; Harting, p. 114; Dresser, iv. p. 121. Parrot Crossbill, Yarr. éd. 1, ii. p. 34. Pityopsittacus, from mi’rvus, gen. rirvos, a pine tree, and Wirrd«os = a parrot. ¥' , P A rare visitor, examples having been obtained in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, and Hampshire, and twice in Scotland. It breeds in the pine-forests of Scandinavia and Northern Russia, and in winter strays as far as France and Italy. Loxia curvirostra. CrossBILL. Loxia Curvirostra, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 299 (1766). Loxia curvirostra, Naum. iv. p. 356 ; Hewitson, p. 212; Gray, 58 FRINGILLIDA. p- 110; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p.1; id. ed. 8, ii. p. 1; Newton, ii. p. 187; Gould, iii. pl. 45; Harting, p. 29; Dresser, iv. p. 127. Loxia europea, Macy. i. p. 417. Common Crossbill, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 14. Curvirostra = with a curved beak, from curvus + rostrum. An irregular and uncertain visitant, chiefly between mid- summer and February, to almost every part of the British Isles ; it breeds in many localities intermittently ; and the native birds are at irregular intervals supplemented by nomadic flights. It occurs in the pine-districts of the whole Palearctic Region, either as a resident or a wanderer. Loxia leucoptera. Wuuire-wincep CrossBIL. Loxia leucoptera, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 844 (1788). Loxia leucoptera, Naum. xiii. p. 188; Macg. iii. p. 689; Gray, p. lll; Yarr. ed. 2,11. p. 28; id. ed. 8, ii. p.83; Newton, ii, p. 218; Gould, iu. pl. 48; Harting, p.116; Dresser, iv. p. 187. White-winged Crossbill, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 38. Leucoptéra = white-winged, from Aeveds + mrepdy. One was killed near Worcester (1838), one at Exmouth (1845), and one was caught at sea off Great Yarmouth (1870). Inhabits northern North America. It has occurred in Heli- goland. Loxia bifasciata. Two-sarrep CrossBIL. Crucirostra bifasciata, C. L. Brehm, Ornis, iii. p. 85 (1827). Loxia bifasciata, Gray, p. 111; Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 27; Newton, ii. p. 211; Gould, iii. pl. 47; Harting, p. 115; Dresser, iv. p. 14. Bifascidta = with two bands, from bis + fascia. Small flocks have occurred in Cumberland and Suffolk, EMBERIZA. 59 and single specimens in Cornwall, Essex, and Ireland; many other recorded instances are open to considerable doubt. This Crossbill is a native of Siberia and Northern Russia, but occasionally strays as far as Switzerland in winter. Subfamily EMBERIZINE. Genus EMBERIZA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 808 (1766). Enmberiza, latinized from the Old German Embritz; cf. modern German Ammer, our Yellow Hammer. Emberiza melanocephala, Buacx-neapep BUNTING. Emberiza melanocephala, Scopoli, Ann. I. H. N. p. 142 (1769). Emberiza melanocephala, Naum. iv. p. 227; Harting, p. 112; Dresser, iv. p. 151. Euspiza melanocephala, Newton, 11. p. 64; Gould, iii. pl. 28. Mélanicéphala = black-headed, from pédas + Kedar. Has been shot once near Brighton (November 1868) and has also occurred in Heligoland and France. A summer visitor to South-eastern Europe and Persia, wintering in Northern India. Emberiza miliaria. Cory-Buntive. Emberiza Miliaria, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 308 (1766). Emberiza miliaria, Nawm. iv. p. 2138; Macg. i. p. 440; Hewitson, p. 186; Gray, p. 101; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 479; id, ed. 8,i. p. 504; Newton, il. p. 88; Harting, p. 26; Dresser, iv. p. 163. Crithophaga miliaria, Gould, ii. pl. 26. Common Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 433. Milidria = that feeds on millet, milium. 60 FRINGILLIDA. Resident, or locally migrant, in cultivated districts through- out the British Isles. Dispersed throughout the central and southern parts of the Palearctic Region as far east as Turkestan. Emberiza citrinella. Ysttow Hammer. Emberiza Citrinella, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 809 (1766). Emberiza citrinella, Naum. iv. p. 284; Macg. i. p. 445; Hewitson, p. 188; Gray, p.103; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 490; id. ed. 3,i. p.515; Newton, ii. p. 43; Gould, ii. pl. 22 Harting, p. 26; Dresser, iv. p.171. Yellow Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 448. Citrinella, diminutive of citrinus, for which see Serinus, p. 48. Resident in, or a winter immigrant to, every part of Great Britain. Occurs generally in Europe, and in Western Asia as far east as Turkestan. Emberiza cirlus. Ciru Buytie. Emberiza Cirlus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 311 (1766). Emberiza cirlus, Naum. iv. p. 251; Macg. i. p. 450; Hewit- son, p. 190; Gray, p. 104; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 495; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 520; Newton, ii. p. 50; Gould, iii. pl. 28; Harting, p. 26; Dresser, iv. p. 177. Cirl Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 448. Cirlus, like the German Zirl-ammer, is from the Italian zirlare = to chirp, to ery zi zi (cf. Klein, Hist, Av. Prodr. p. 91,1750). The bird is still called Zizi in Piedmont; and Salvadori (Fauna @Italia, p. 138) gives Zivolo, Zigolo, &c., as its common Italian names. Locally resident in all the southern counties of England, except the extreme east : has once been recorded from Banff, and has occurred in Ireland. Common in Central and Southern Europe, and in some parts of Algeria and Asia Minor. EMBERIZA. 61 Emberiza hortulana. Orro.an Buntina. Emberiza Hortulana, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 309 (1766). Emberiza hortulana, Naum. iv. p. 258; Macg. i. p. 457; Hewitson, p. 191; Gray, p. 108; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 502 id. ed. 3,1. p. 527; Newton, ii. p. 57; Harting, p. 27; Dresser, iv. p. 185. Glycyspina hortulana, Gould, iii. pl. 27. Ortolan Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 455. Hortiléna = of or belonging to a small garden, hortilus, dimin. of hortus. Has occurred several times, chiefly in spring and autumn, in the south and east of England; rarely in Scotland, and never in Ireland. A summer visitor to temperate Europe and Central Asia, breeding as far north as Trondhjem in Norway. Winters in North Africa and Western India. Emberiza rustica. Rustic Buytive. Emberiza rustica, Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 698 (1776). Emberiza rustica, Naum. xii. p. 180; Newton, ii. p. 29; Gould, iii. pl. 24; Harting, p.111; Dresser, iv. p. 229. Rustica = of or belonging to the country, rus. Has occurred near Brighton, October 1867, and in York- shire, September 1881 (Wm. Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1882, p. 182). Breeds in North-eastern Europe and Northern Siberia, straying occasionally into Western Europe. Emberiza pusilla. Lirrtz Buytine. Em beriza pusilla, Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 697 (1776). Emberiza pusilla, Naum. xii. p. 175; Newton, i. p. 34; Gould, iii. pl. 25; Harting, p.111; Dresser, iv. p. 235. Pisilla = very small; from piisus = a little boy. Has been caught once near Brighton, November 1864. Breeds in North-eastern Europe and Siberia, and occasionally 62 FRINGILLID&. visits many parts of the continent. Winters in India and in China. Emberiza scheniclus. Rzep-Buntina. Emberiza Scheniclus, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 811 (1766). Emberiza scheeniclus, Naum. iv. p. 280; Hewitson, p. 187; Gray, p. 102; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 484; td. ed. 3, 1. p. 509; Newton, ii. p. 23; Harting, p. 26; Dresser, iv. p. 241. Emberiza schoeniculus, Macg. i. p. 453. Scheenicola arundinacea, Gould, iii. pl. 29. Black-headed Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 438. Scheniclus = cyoivirdos, @ certain water-bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 18; from cyotvos = a rush, Resident in suitable localities in the British Isles, and generally distributed throughout the Palearctic Region; it has occurred once in India, near Delhi. Genus CALCARIUS, Bechstein, Ornith. Tasch. p. 180 (1803). Calcdrius = furnished with a spur, calcar. Calcarius lapponicus. Lap.anp Buntina. Fringilla lapponica, Linnaeus, 8. N.1. p. 317 (1766). Emberiza lapponica, Naum. iv. p. 319; Harting, p. 25. Plectrophanes lapponica, Macg. 1. p. 469; Hewitson, p. 182; Gray, p. 105; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 465; id. ed. 3, i. p. 490. Plectrophanes lapponicus, Newton, 1. p. 15; Dresser, iv. p. 253. Centrophanes lapponica, Gould, iii. pl. 30. Lapland Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 421. Lapponica = of Lapland. Has occurred, chiefly in autumn, near Brighton and London, as well as in Norfolk, Shropshire, Lancashire, and Westmore- PLECTROPHANES.—ZONOTRICHIA. 63 land, and twice in Caithness. A circumpolar bird, breeding in the Arctic regions of both hemispheres and going south in winter. Genus PLECTROPHANES, Meyer, Zusitze u. Ber. z. Mey. u. Wolf’s Taschenb. deutsch. Vég. p. 56 (1822). Pléctrophanes, trom whjxrpov = a spur, and gaivw = I show. Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow-Buntna. Emberiza nivalis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 308 (1766). Emberiza nivalis, Naum. iv. p. 297; Harting, p. 25. Plectrophanes nivalis, Macg. i. p. 460; Hewitson, p. 184; Gray, p. 104; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 470; id. ed. 3, i. . p. 495; Newton, u. p.1; Gould, ini. pl. 31; Dresser, iv. p. 261. Snow Bunting, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 425. Nivalis = snowy, from nix, gen. nivis, = snow. Breeds sparingly in the highlands and northern isles of Scotland ; a regular winter visitor to many parts of Great Britain. Common in summer round the whole Arctic Circle, straying irregularly southward in winter. [Genus ZONOTRICHIA, Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am. vol. ii. p. 493 (1831). Zénotrichia, from Zéyvn = a girdle, and rpixias = one that is hairy, the name being probably suggested by the feathers of the head being, in some species, coloured in a sort of zone. Zonotrichia albicollis. Wurrz-ruroarep Sona-Sparrow. Fringilla albicollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 921 (1788). Zonotrichia albicollis, Newton, ii. p. 67, note. Albicollis = white-necked, albus = white, collwm = the neck. One was recorded from near Aberdeen, August 17, 1867 (Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasgow, i. p. 209, and P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 52), 64 ICTERIDA. and another from near Brighton, March 22, 1872 (P.Z.S.1872, p- 681); but both may have escaped from confinement. Common in eastern North America. | Section OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES. [Family ICTERIDA. Genus AGELAUS, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 33 (1816). Ageleus = ayeXatos, gregarious, belonging to a herd, dyéAn. Ageleus pheniceus. Rzp-winerp Srariine. Oriolus phoeniceus, Linneus, S. N.1i. p. 161 (1766). Agelaius pheeniceus, Gray, p. 92; Yarr. ed. 8, li. p. 89; Gould, 1. Intr. p. lxxxviii. Ageleus pheeniceus, Newton, il. p. 223; Harting, p. 117. Phenicéus = powvixeos, purple-red, puniceus; from the root of gorvds, Hebrew pwah, red. Nearly a dozen examples have occurred in the British Isles; but it is doubtful how many of these were truly wild. Common in the United States, migrating southwards as far as Central America. ] [Genus STURNELLA, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 34 (1816). Sturnella, diminutive of Sturnis, q. v. Sturnella magna. American Measpow-Srarziwe. Alauda magna, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 289 (1766). (Sturnus ludovicianus, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 290.) Sturnella magna, Gray, p. 92; Harting, p. 118. Sturnella ludoviciana, Gould, i. Intr. p. Ixxxix. One was seen in Norfolk, October 1854, another was shot in Suffolk, March 1860, and a third was obtained near Cheltenham. Abundant in the United States of America.] STURNIDA. 65 [Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 494 (1831). Scélécophigus = worm-eating, from o«wAn’ + payeiv. Scolecophagus ferrugineus. Rusry Gracxzz. Oriolus ferrugineus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 393 (1788). Ferriginéus = of the colour of iron-rust, ferriigo, from ferrwm = iron. One was shot near Cardiff, October 4, 1881 (Seebohm, P. Z. 8.1881, p. 968). Common in North America, breeding in the northern regions, up to the limit of forest-growth, from Labrador to Alaska, and migrating southwards in winter. ] Family STURNID. Genus STURNUS, Linnaus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 290 (1766). Sturnus, the name in Pliny, perhaps akin to Wdp, strix, turdus, trissare = to twitter (Vanicek). The derivation from s¢el/a = a star, is clearly fanciful ; “ Starling” is merely the diminutive of “stare,” German “ Staar,” from the same root as sturnus, Sturnus vulgaris. Sraruine. Sturnus vulgaris, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 290 (1766). Sturnus vulgaris, Naum. ii. p. 187; Hewitson, p. 216; Gray, p- 91; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 40; td. ed. 3, 11. p. 44; Newton, ll. p. 228; Gould, i. pls. 58, 54; Harting, p. 30; Dresser, iv. p. 405. Sturnus guttatus, Macg. i. p. 595. Common Starling, Yarr. ed. 1, il. p. 44. Vulgaris = common. Resident or locally migrant throughout the British Isles. It occurs from the Azores to Persia and Northern India; rare north of lat. 60° N.; a winter visitant to the shores of the Mediterranean, 66 STURNIDE.—CORVIDZ. Genus PASTOR, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 82 (1815). Pastor = a herdsman, from pasco = I pasture, feed. Pastor roseus. Rosk-coLourED PASTor. Turdus roseus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 294 (1766). Merula rosea, Naum. ii. p. 206. Thremmaphilus roseus, Macg. i. p. 613. Pastor roseus, Hewitson, p. 217; Gray, p. 90; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 48; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 52; Newton, ii. p. 243; Gould, lil. pls. 55, 56; Harting, p. 30; Dresser, iv. p. 423. Rose-coloured Pastor, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 51. Réséus = rose-coloured, from rdsa = a rose. An irregular visitant, chiefly after midsummer, to nearly every part of the British Isles. Breeds in Western Asia, and, irregularly, as far west as Switzerland; a regular winter visitant to India. Family CORVIDA. Genus PYRRHOCORAX, Vieiliot, Analyse, p. 86 (1816). Pyrrhicéraz = mvp poxdpaé, a Crow with a reddish beak, in Pliny, NV. H. x. 68; from wuppés = the colour of fire, wip, and xépa~ = a Crow. Pyrrhocorax graculus. Cuxoven. Corvus Graculus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 158 (1766). Corvus graculus, Naum. ii. p. 114. Fregilus graculus, Macg. i. p. 587; Hewitson, p. 218; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 54; id. ed. 3, il. p. 58; Gould, iii. pl. 62.. Coracia gracula, Gray, p. 89. Pyrrhocorax graculus, Harting, p. 30; Newton, i. p. 252; Dresser, iv. p. 437. Chough, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 56. Graciilus = a Jackdaw, in. late classical Latin. Akin to gallus = a,Cock, garrio = I chatter, &e. A local resident, principally on the sea-cliffs of Great Britain westward from Hampshire and northward to the Hebrides ; also in Ireland and the Channel Islands. It occurs PYRRHOCORAX.—-GARRULUS. 67 locally throughout the mountainous districts of the Paleear ctic Region, except in the north. Genus NUCIFRAGA, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 58 (1760). Nucifraga, from nue = a nut, and frango = I break. Nucifraga caryocatactes. Nurcracker. Corvus Caryocatactes, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 157 (1766). Corvus caryocadactes, Naum. ii. p. 130. Nucifraga caryocatactes, Macg. i. p. 583; Gray, p. 85; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 125 ; ad. ed. 3, li. p. 180; Newton, ii. p. 330; Gould, iui. pl. 65, 66 ; Harting, p.118; Dresser, iv. p. 451. Nutcracker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 122. Caryécadtactés = kapvoxarderns, » Nutcracker in Atheneus, 538; from kdpvov = a nut, and car-dyvope = I break in pieces. Has occurred in Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Devonshire, and Flintshire, perhaps only once in Scotland, and never in Ireland. Breeds in the northern and mountainous districts of Europe down to the Pyrenees ; also occurs from Siberia to Japan. Genus GARRULUS, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 46 (1760). Garrilus =a Jay, in late Latin; from garrilus = chattering, from garrio = I chatter. Garrulus glandarius. Jay. Corvus glandarius, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 156 (1766). Corvus glandarius, Naum. ii. p. 122. Garrulus glandarius, Macg. i. p. 576; Hewitson, p. 2387; Gray, p. 84; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 119; ad. ed. 3, i. p. 124; Newton, ii. p. 823; Gould, ii. pl. 64; Harting, p. 32; Dresser, iv. p. 481. Jay, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 116. Glandarius = of or feeding on acorns, glandes. Resident in wooded districts throughout England, becoming F2 68 CORVIDE. rarer towards the north; unknown in Orkney. In Ireland it occurs only in the southern counties at the present day. This particular form of Garrulus seems to be peculiar to Europe. Genus PICA, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 35 (1760). Pica = a Magpie, in classical Latin. Feminine of Picus, g. v. Pica rustica. Marie. Corvus rusticus, Scopoli, Aun. I. Hist. Nat. p. 38 (1769). Corvus Pica, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 157 (1766). Corvus pica, Naum. ii. p. 101. Pica melanoleuca, Macg. i. p. 562. Pica caudata, Hewitson, p. 234; Gray, p. 85; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 109; zd. ed. 3, it. p. 114; Gould, ui. pl. 63; Harting, p. 8l. Pica rustica, Newton, u. p. 312; Dresser, iv. p. 509. Magpie, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 107. Rustica = of or belonging to the country, res. Resident in every county of England ; commoner in Scot- land, except in the more remote isles; and abundant in Ireland. Generally distributed throughout the Palearctic Region and Western and Northern North America. Genus CORVUS, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 155 (1766). Corvus =the Raven, in classical Latin. Akin to xépak, cornix, corone, our Raven, Rook, and to cowfw = I caw, cpdfw = I ery, and Engl. to “ ring.” Corvus monedula. Jacxpaw. Corvus Monedula, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 156 (1766). Corvus monedula, Naum. i1. p. 93 ; Macg.i. p.552; Hewitson, p- 232 ; Gray, p. 87; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 108; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 108; Newton, uu. p. 305; Dresser, iv. p. 523; Gould, iii. pl. 61; Harting, p. 31. Jackdaw, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 102. Ménédiila = a Daw, inv classical Latin. Derived by Ovid, in his account of the nymph Arne being mythically turned into a Daw for having betrayed her CORVUS. 69 country for gold (Metam. vii. 466), from monéta = money, and edo = I eat. But some MSS. of Plautus read monerula, asif from the root of piviipss = complaining in a low tone, pivupif{w = minurio = I warble, twitter, mintrare = to squeak like a mouse, &c. (Vanicek). Resident throughout the United Kingdom, except in the more distant northern islands. It occurs in most parts of Europe, although very local in the south, and in Northern Africa. Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow. Corvus Corone, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 155 (1766). Corvus corone, Naum. ii. p. 54; Macg. i. p. 516; Hewitson, p. 222; Gray, p. 88; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 78; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 82; Newton, i. p. 274; Gould, ii. pl. 58; Harting, p. 31; Dresser, iv. p. 531. Carrion Crow, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 79. Coréne = copwyn, a Crow, in classical Greek and Latin. See under Corvus for the derivation. Breeds throughout the cultivated parts of England and Wales, more rarely in Scotland, and seldom in Ireland. Of less general occurrence in winter. It inhabits most parts of Europe and Northern Asia, ranging into North-western India and China. Corvus cornix. Hoopep Crow. Corvus Cornix, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 156 (1766). Corvus cornix, Naum. ii. p. 65; Macg.i. p. 529; Hewitson, p. 224; Gray, p. 88; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 82; ad. ed. 3, ii. p. 86; Newton, ii. p. 275 ; Gould, iii. pl. 59; Harting, p. 81; Dresser, iv. p. 548. Hooded Crow, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 83. Corniz = a Orow, in classical Latin. Akin to Corvus, g. v. Breeds in most parts of Scotland and Ireland ; very rarely in England, except in the Isle of Man. A winter visitant to all parts of England, especially the eastern counties. It is found in Central and Southern Europe and in Eastern Siberia. 70 CORVIDZ.—ALAUDIDZ. Corvus frugilegus. Roox. Corvus frugilegus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 156 (1766). Corvus frugilegus, Naum. ii. p. 78; Macg. i. p. 5385 ; Hewit- son, p. 226; Gray, p. 87; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 91; éd. ed. 3, ii. p. 95; Newton, ii. p. 289; Gould, iii. pl. 60; Harting, p. 81; Dresser, iv. p. 551. Rook, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 91. Frigilégus = fruit-gathering, a poetical epithet of the ant in Ovid, Metam. vii. 624; from friges + légo. Resident and locally migrant throughout the whole of the mainland of the United Kingdom, rarer towards the extreme north, and only known as a straggler to most of the Scotch Isles. It occurs throughout Europe, and ranges into Central Asia and North-western India. Corvus corax. Raven. Corvus Corax, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 155 (1766). Corvus corax, Naum. i. p. 43; Macg. i. p. 498; Hewitson, p. 220; Gray, p. 86; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 61; id. ed. 8, ii. p. 65; Newton, li. p. 259; Gould, iii. pl. 57; Harting, p. 80; Dresser, iv. p. 567. Raven, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 63. Coraz = xépak, a Raven or Crow, in classical authors, Akin to our ‘“ Rook,” from the root kopwZw = I caw, capxaipw = I ring. Resident in some of the wilder parts of the interior and on the coasts of England; more frequent in Scotland, especially on the west coast, and in Ireland. It is found throughout the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Section OSCINES SCUTELLIPLANTARES. Family ALAUDID. Genus ALAUDA, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 287 (1766). Alauda = the Sky-Lark, in Pliny, N. H. xi. 44; said to be a Celtic word, meaning “great songstress,” from a/ = high or great, and aud =a song. Cf. French alouette, Breton al’choueder. ALAUDA. 71 Alauda arvensis. Sxy-Larx. Alauda arvensis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 287 (1766). Alauda arvensis, Naum. iv. p. 156 ; Macg. ii. p. 163 ; Hewit- son, p. 176; Gray, p. 106; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 447; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 472; Newton, i. p. 614; Gould, iii. pl. 15; Harting, p. 24; Dresser, iv. p. 307. Sky Lark, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 409. Arvensis = pertaining to a field, arvum. Resident throughout the British Isles, except that some individuals, chiefly from the more northern districts, go southwards in winter. It inhabits the Palearctic Region generally. Alauda arborea. Woop-Larx. Alauda arborea, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 287 (1766) Alauda arborea, Naum. iv. p. 192; Macg. ii. p.174; Hewitson, p. 179; Gray, p. 106; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 459; id. ed. 3,1. p. 484; Newton, i. p. 625; Gould, iii. pl. 16; Harting, p. 25; Dresser, iv. p. 321. Wood Lark, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 417. Arboréa = pertaining to a tree, arbor. Locally resident in the south and west of England and in Wales, rare in the east and north; more rare and local in Scotland. In Ireland it is a winter visitant. Unequally distributed over the Western Palearctic Region south of latitude 60° N. Alauda cristata. Cresrep Lark. Alauda cristata, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 288 (1766). Alauda cristata, Naum. iv. p. 1384; Hewitson, p. 178; Gray, p. 107; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 455; id. ed. 3, i. p. 480; Newton, i. p. 632 ; Harting, p. 110. Galerita cristata, Gould, iii. pl. 17; Dresser, iv. p. 285. Cristata = furnished with a crest, crista. 72 ALAUDID. A rare straggler, chiefly late in autumn, to the south coast of England ; it is also said to have occurred near Dublin. It is found in most parts of Continental Europe and Asia. Genus CALANDRELLA, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 39 (1829). Calandrella, diminutive of c4davdpa, for which see the next species. Calandrella brachydactyla. Suorr-rozp Lark. Alauda brachydactila, Leisler, Ann. d. Wett. Ges. f. d. ges. Nat. ii. p. 857 (1814). Alauda brachydactyla, Naum. iv. p. 188; Hewitson, p. 181; Gray, p. 107; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 463; id. ed.3, i. p. 488 ; Harting, p. 110. Calandrella brachydactyla, Newton, i. p. 637; Gould, iil. pl. 21; Dresser, iv. p. 341. Short-toed Lark, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 420*. Brachydactyla = short-toed, from Bpayis + dderidos. A rare autumn straggler to the south coast of England ; has also occurred once near Shrewsbury. It inhabits the south of Europe and North Africa, ranging into Persia and India. Genus MELANOCORYPHA, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322. [Melanocorypha calandra. Carawpra Larx. Alauda Calandra, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 288 (1766). Alauda calandra, Naum. iv. p. 127; Harting, p. 11). Melanocorypba calandra, Gray, p. 108; Newton, i. p. 646; Dresser, iv. p. 365. Calandra = xadavépa, a kind of Lark"in Oppian, Zz. iii. 15. Etymology unknown. One is recorded as having been killed near Devonport (Zool. 1863, p. 8768), and another near Exeter (Zool. 1869, p- 1599) ; but in both cases there is a possibility of mistake. A southern species, occasionally straggling into Central Europe. ] OTOCORYS. 73 Melanocorypha sibirica. Wuure-wincep Lark. Alauda sibirica, Gmelin, 8. N.i. p. 799 (1788). Melanocorypha sibirica, Newton, i. p. 642; Dresser, iv. p. 373. Melanocorypha leucoptera, Gould, iii. pl. 20. Alauda sibirica, Harting, p. 111. Stbirica = of Siberia. Has once occurred near Brighton, November 1869. An inhabitant of Russia and Siberia, occasionally straying into Central Europe. Genus OTOCORYS, Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. Uce. Introd. fol. #** (1839). Otocérys, from ods, gen. wrds, an ear, and képts = a helmet. Otocorys alpestris. Sworn-Lars. Alauda alpestris, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 289 (1766). Alauda alpestris, Naum. iv. p. 149; Macg. ii. p. 159 ; Hewit- son, p. 178*; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 440; id. ed. 8, 1. p. 465 ; Harting, p. 25. Otocoris alpestris, Gray, p. 108; Gould, ii. pl. 18. Otocorys alpestris, Newton, i. p. 604; Dresser, iv. p. 387. Shore Lark, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 402. Alpestris = alpine, from Alpes = the Alps. An irregular winter visitant to the coasts of Great Britain, from Aberdeen in the north to Torbay in the south. It inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Order PICARIA. Suborder CY PSEZI. Family CYPSELIDA. Genus CYPSELUS, Jiliger, Prodr. p. 229 (1811). Cypstlus = xinpedos, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, 7. A. ix. 80, 1, from its haunting hollow places, cupédat. 74 CYPSELIDA. Cypselus apus. Swirr. Hirundo Apus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 344 (1766). Cypselus apus, Naum. vi. p. 123; Gray, p. 31; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p- 260; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 270; Newton, . p. 364; Gould, i. pl. 8; Harting, p. 835; Dresser, iv. p. 583. Cypselus murarius, Macg. iii. p. 614; Hewitson, p. 267. Common Swift, Yarr. ed. I, ii. p. 233. A common summer visitant throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and also throughout the Palearctic and northern portions of the Oriental Regions ; winters in Africa. Cypselus melba. Wuurs-seLuiep Swirt. Hirundo Melba, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 845 (1766). Cypselus melba, Naum. vi. p. 115; Maeg. iii. p. 611; Gray, p. 81; Newton, ii. p. 872; Gould, ui. pl. 4; Harting, p. 125; Dresser, iv. p. 603. Cypselus alpinus, Hewitson, p. 269 ; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 266 ; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 276. Alpine Swift, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 239. Melba, of unknown (barbarous) origin. A rare straggler to England ; it has also occurred in Ireland, but not in Scotland. It is found locally throughout Central and Southern Europe and North Africa in summer, ranging as far east as India, and in winter southward down to the Cape colony. Genus ACANTHYLLIS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971. Acanthyillis = dcavOvdXis, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 9, ix. 14,2; probably Afgithalus pendulinus. Diminutive of dcav@is, deavOa, a thorn, from axis = a point, referring to the tail-feathers of the present species. Acanthyllis caudacuta. Nerpie-rartep Swrrt. Hirundo caudacuta, Latham, Synops. Suppl. ii. p. lvii (1801). Acanthylis caudacuta, Gray, p. 32. CAPRIMULGIDE. 75 Acanthyllis caudacuta, Newton, ii. p. 371, note; Dresser, iv. p. 613. Cypselus caudacutus, Harting, p. 127. Caudaciita = with a sharp tail, cauda = the tail, actitus = sharp; from the spine-like tips of its rectrices. One was shot at Great Horkesley, near Colchester, Essex, July 8, 1846 (Zool. 1846, p. 1492; 1863, p. 8329), and another near Ringwood, Hants, July 26, 1879 (P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 1, Zool. 1880, p.81). It inhabits Eastern Siberia, China, and the Himalayas, and winters in Eastern Australia. Family CAPRIMULGID. Genus CAPRIMULGUS, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 346 (1766). Caprimulgus = goat-milker, from caper + mulgéo; from a superstition referred to by Pliny, H. NV. x. 56. Caprimulgus europzus. Nicurvar. Caprimulgus europezus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 346 (1766). Caprimulgus europeus, Naum. vi. p. 141; Macg. iii. p. 638 ; Gray, p. 80; Newton, ii. p. 377; Gould, 1. pl. 1; Harting, p. 35; Dresser, iv. p. 621. Caprimulgus europeus, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 270; id. ed. 3, ii. p- 280; Hewitson, p. 270. Nightjar, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 242. Europeus = of Hurope. Commonly distributed in summer throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but rather local in the latter island. It is a summer resident throughout Europe, ranging as far east as Central Asia, migrating into Africa in winter. Caprimulgus ruficollis. Rep-veckep Niewrsar. Caprimulgus ruficollis, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 488 (1820). Caprimulgus ruficollis, Gray, p. 30; Newton, ii. p. 386 76 PICIDA. (note); Gould, ii. pl. 2; Harting, p. 127; Dresser, iv. p. 633. Ruficollis = with a red neck, from rufus + collum. Inhabits South-western Europe and North-western Africa, and has once occurred in Great Britain (Hancock, Ibis, 1862, p. 39). Suborder PICT. Family PICIDA. Subfamily Picina. [Genus PICUS, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 173 (1766). Picus = a Woodpecker, in classical Jatin; famous in augury, sacred to Mars (ef. H. T. Wharton, ‘ Ibis,’ 1881, p. 254 et seq.). Perhaps from the root of spécto = I look; cf. Germ. Specht, our Wood-spite; or from the same root as mroukiios = variegated. [Picus martius. Grear Brack Woovrscrer. Picus martius, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 173 (1766). Picus martius, Naum. v. p. 253; Macg. i. p. 77; Hewitson, p. 238; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 182; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 187; Newton, ii. p. 482; Harting, p. 120. Dryocopus martius, Gray, p. 115; Dresser, v. p.3; Gould, ii. pl. 73. Great Black Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 127. Martius = sacred to Mars. It is very uncertain if this species should really be included in the British avifauna, as all the reported occurrences are open to doubt. It is found generally throughout the Pale.- arctic Region as far east as Japan, but does not occur in the western Palearctic Region south of the Mediterranean. | Genus DENDROCOPUS, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 72 (1816). Dendrocépus, from dévdpov = a tree, and kémrw = I strike. DENDROCOPUS. 77 [Dendrocopus villosus. Harry Woovrucnr. Picus villosus, Forster, Phil. Trans. vol. xii. p. 883 (1772). Picus villosus, Gray, p. 114; Gould, Introd. p. xevii ; Harting, p. 122. Villésus = hairy, from villus = hair. Latham (Gen. Hist. iii. p. 390, 1822) reported a pair from Halifax, Yorkshire; and one is said to have been killed near Whitby, Yorkshire, in 1849 (Zool. 1849, pp. 2496, 2527 ; 1851, pp. 2985, 3034). A native of North-America. ] [Dendrocopus pubescens. Downy Woovrucrer. Picus pubescens, Linneus, Syst. Nat.i. p. 175 (1766). Picus pubescens, Gray, p. 114; Gould, Introd. p. xevii; Harting, p. 122. Pubescens = having reached the age of puberty, become downy ; from pubes = the hair which is the sign of manhood; from the hairiness of the feathers on the back. One is said to have been obtained near Blandford, Dorset- shire, in December 1836 (Zool. 1859, p. 6444). Common in the Eastern United States of America. | Dendrocopus major. Great Sporrep Woop- PECKER. Picus major, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 176 (1766). Picus major, Naum. v. p. 298; Hewitson, p. 240; Gray, p.118; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 148; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 153; Gould, ui. pl. 70; Harting, p. 82; Dresser, v. p. 19. Picus pipra, Macg. iii. p. 80. Dendrocopus major, Newton, i. p. 470. Great Spotted Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 142. Major = greater, comparative of magnus = great. Resident in Great Britain, and found in most counties in suitable localities ; only known in Ireland as a rare straggler. It is generally distributed throughout the Palearctic Region, but is subject to much local variation. 78 PICIDA. [| Dendrocopus medius. Mippiz Srorrep WooprEcxEr. Picus medius, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 176 (1766). Picus medius, Harting, p. 122; Dresser, v. p. 47. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, Gray, p. 113. Médius = in the middle, intermediate. Of several reported instances, not one British specimen seems to have been satisfactorily identified. Inhabits the continent of Europe generally. | Dendrocopus minor. Lesser Sporrep ‘WoODPECKER. Picus minor, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 176 (1766). Picus minor, Naum. v. p. 334; Hewitson, p. 241; Gray, p- 113; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 154; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 159 ; Gould, iii. pl. 72; Harting, p. 382; Dresser, v. p. 53. Picus striolatus, Macg. iii. p. 86. Dendrocopus minor, Newton, i. p. 477. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 147, Minor = lesser, comparative of parvws = small, Found as a resident, but nowhere commonly, in England as far north as Northumberland. It is doubtful whether it has ever occurred in Scotland, and it is only a very rare visitant to Ireland. It inhabits the whole Palearctic Region, but is subject to much local variation. [Genus PICOIDES, Lacépdde, Mém. de VInst. iii. p. 509 (1801). Piccides = like a Woodpecker ; a barbarous compound of picvs + eldos. Picoides tridactylus. Evrorran Tures-rozp WoopPEckeEr. Picus tridactylus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 177 (1766). Picus tridactylus, Naum. v. p. 346. Picoides tridactylus, Gray, p. 112; Dresser, v. p. 69. Tridactylus = three-toed ; tres = three, dactylus = Sarvdos, a finger. PICOIDES.—COLAPTES. 79 Donovan (Brit. Birds, vi. pl. 143, 1820) says one had then been “lately shot in Scotland;” but there has been no record since his time. It ranges from Scandinavia through- out the northern Palearctic Region, and also occurs in some mountainous parts of Central Europe. | Genus GECINUS, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542. Gécinus = from yn = the earth, and civéw = I shake. Gecinus viridis. Green Wooprrcxer. Picus viridis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 175 (1766). Picus viridis, Naum. v. p. 270; Macg. iii. p. 91; Hewitson, p. 239; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 1873 id. ed. 3, ii. p. 142; Harting, p. 32. Gecinus viridis, Gray, p.115 ; Gould, iii. pls. 74, 75 ; Newton, ll. p. 457; Dresser, v. p. 77. Green Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 182. Resident in England as far north as Northumberland, being commoner in the southern than in the northern counties; but it has only occurred four times in Scotland, and it has only twice been recorded from Ireland. It in- habits the Western Palearctic Region north of the Medi- terranean and the Pyrenees. [Genus COLAPTES, Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 353 (1827). Colaptés = xoddmrns, a chisel ; eo\adwrw =I peck with the bill, used almost always of birds. Colaptes auratus. Gozpen-winerp Wooppxcxrnr. Picus auratus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 174 (1766). Colaptes auratus, Gray, p. 116; Gould, Introd. p. xeviii. Picus auratus, Harting, p. 123. Aurdtus = gilded, from aurdre = to overlay with gold, aurwm—from the golden-yellow colour showing under the wings and tail, 80 PICIDH.—ALCEDINID. One is said to have been shot at Amesbury, Wiltshire, in the autumn of 1836 (Zool. 1859, p. 6327). It inhabits Eastern North America. ] Subfamily Iynein az. Genus IYNX, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 172 (1766). Tynx = ivy, the Wryneck, in classical Greek, from its cry sounding like the exclamation (4, whence figw = Ishout. Cf. H.T. Wharton, ‘Ibis,’ 1879, p. 453. Iynx torquilla. Wryyucx. Yunx Torquilla, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 172 (1766). Yunx torquilla, Naum. v. p. 356 ; Macg. iii. p. 100; Hewit- son, p. 2423; Gray, p. 116; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 158; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 163; Gould, iii. pl. 76. Jyux torquilla, Harting, p. 33; Dresser, v. p. 103. Tynx torquilla, Newton, ii. p. 487. Wryneck, Yarr. ed. 1,11. p. 151. Torquilla = the bird that twists its head round; from ¢orguéo = I twist, wind, Generally distributed during the summer season in England; rare in Scotland, where, however, it has been observed as far north as Sutherlandshire ; has once occurred in Ireland. Throughout the whole of the Palearctic Region it is a summer migrant, and is found in winter in North Africa, India, and China. Suborder ANJSODACTYLZ. Family ALCEDINIDA. Genus ALCEDO, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 178 (1766). Alcédo = a Kingfisher, in classical Latin ; the Greek ddxuwy Alcedo ispida. Kryerisuer. Alcedo Ispida, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 179 (1766). Alcedo ispida, Naum. v. p. 480; Macg. il. p. 671; Hewitson, ALCEDO.—CERYLE. 81 p. 255; Gray, p. 36; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 223; id. ed. 3, li. p. 228; Gould, ii. pl. 10; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 113. The Kingfisher, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 206. Ispida = the Kingfisher, in late Latin; said to be from hispidus = rough, hairy, prickly, because of the fish-bones strewn along the burrow in which it builds. Generally distributed, though nowhere very common, throughout Great Britain and Ireland. It inhabits the entire temperate portions of the Western Palearctic Region. In India and China it is replaced by A. bengalensis; but inter- mediate forms occur. Genus CERYLE, Boie, Isis, p. 316 (1828). Cérgle, from «hptdos = a sea-bird (perhaps Ceryle rudis, cf. Sundevall, Thierarten des Aristot. 1863, p. 133) well known to the Greeks. Ceryle alcyon. Betren Kiverisuer. Alcedo Alcyon, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 180 (1766). Ceryle alcyon, Gray, p. 37; Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 236; Harting, p. 124. Alcyon = adxveyv, the Kingfisher, in classical Greek. Etymology unknown ; often written halcyon, because of the fancied derivation from aAs = the sea. Cf. alcédo, and O. H. G. alacra = “ a Merganser.” One was reported in co. Meath, October 1845 (Ann. & Mag.-Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 430; 1845, p. 69; 1846, p. 313), and another in co. Wicklow, November 1845 (Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, vol. i. p. 373). It inhabits North and Central America and the Antilles. Family CORACIIDA. Genus CORACIAS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 159 (1766). Cordcias = coptixias, like a Crow, répaf. A kind of Chough in Aristotle, Hi, A. ix. 24, 6. G 82 CORACIIDZ.—-MEROPID#. Coracias garrula. Router. Coracias Garrula, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 159 (1766). Coracias garrula, Naum. ii. p. 158; Macg. iti. p. 540 ; Hewit- son, p. 253; Gray, p. 35; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 211; td. ed. 8, ii. p. 216; Gould, ii. pl. 11; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 141. The Roller, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 195. Garriila = a Jay, in late Latin ; from garriilus = chattering. A rare straggler to Great Britain and Ireland from the continent of Europe. It is a generally distributed summer visitant throughout the Palzarctic Region as far east as Turke- stan and Cashmir, not ranging far north in Scandinavia and Northern Russia, and occurs in winter far south in the Ethio- pian Region. Family MEROPIDA, Genus MEROPS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 182 (1766). Mérops = pépow, the Bee-eater, in Aristotle. Probably akin to paprrw = 1 seize; and not from pelpopat, pepifw, I divide, and o = the face, as if “ open- mouthed.” Merops apiaster. Ber-naTr. Merops Apiaster, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 182 (1766). Merops apiaster, Naum. v. p. 462; Macg. iii. p. 685 ; Hewit- son, p. 254; Gray, p. 37; Yarr. ed. 2, iu. p. 217; id. ed. 3, il. p. 222; Gould, i. pl.9; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 155. The Bee-eater, Yarr. ed. 1, u. p. 200. Apiaster, from dpis =abee. Servius, commenting on Virgil, Georg. iv. 14, early in the 5th century, translates merops by apiastra. A rare straggler to England and Scotland, its true home in summer being Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. In the winter it travels down to the extreme south of Africa. [Merops philippinus. Buve-rarcep Buu-naren. Merops philippinus, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 188 (1766). Merops philippensis, Newton, 11. p. 442, note. Philippinus= inhabiting the Philippines. UPUPIDEH.—CUCULIDA. 83 Mr. Hancock (B. Northumb. &c. p. 28) says an example of this Bee-eater “was shot near the Snook, Seaton Carew, in August 1862.” The occurrence of such a far eastern species in Europe is unprecedented, and there has probably been some error.] Family UPUPIDA. Genus UPUPA, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 188 (1766). Upiipa = a Hoopoe, in classical Latin; the Greek éoy, 9g. v. Upupa epops. Hooroz. Upupa Epops, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 183 (1766). Upupa epops, Naum. v. p. 437; Macg. iii. p. 41; Hewitson, p. 249; Gray, p. 88; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 175; id. ed. 8, i. p. 180; Gould, ii. pl. 12; Harting, p.33; Dresser, v. p. 179. The Hoopoe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 167. Epops = érow, the Hoopoe, in classical Greek. An irregular visitor, generally in spring and autumn, to the south of England and to most parts of Ireland; a rare straggler in Scotland. It has been known to breed in Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Surrey, and Northamptonshire. A regular summer visitant to the whole of the temperate portion of the Pale- arctic Region, wintering in Equatorial Africa and India. Suborder COCCY GES. Family CUCULIDA., Genus CUCULUS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 168 (1766). Cicitlus = a Ouckoo, in classical Latin; the Greek «d«cvg. Probably onomatopeic ; ef. English “Cock,” and coccuBdas = shrill. Cuculus canorus, Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 168 (1766). Cuculus canorus, Naum. v. p. 196; Macg. iii. p. 109; Hewit- son, p. 251; Gray, p. 118; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 189; id. G2 84, CUCULIDE. ed. 3, ii. p. 194; Newton, ii. p. 887; Gould, iii. pls. 67, 68; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 199. The Common Cuckoo, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 179. Cénérus = melodious, from eéno = I sing. A generally distributed summer visitant throughout Great Britain and the whole of the Palearctic Region, ranging in winter down into South Africa and Southern India. Genus COCCYSTES, Gloger, Handb. i. p. 449 (1834). Coccystes = koxxvorns, one who cries “ Cuckoo” (Ké«kvé). cy: n Coccystes glandarius. Great Sporrep Cuckoo. Cuculus glandarius, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 169 (1766). Cuculus glandarius, Nawm. v. p. 237; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 200 id. ed. 3, il. p. 205; Harting, p. 123. Oxylophus glandarius, Gray, p. 118; Gould, iui. pl. 69. Coccystes glandarius, Dresser, v. p. 219. Glandérius = of or belonging to acorns, glandes; probably from its crest re- sembling that of the Jay (Garrulus glandarius). This species, which inhabits Southern and South-western Europe and North Africa, has once occurred in Ireland. Genus COCCYZUS, Vieillot, Anal. p. 28 (1816). Coceyzus, said to be a misprint for Coccygus (Boie, Isis, 1826), as if the genitive of «éxcvt, kéxcvyos. But it is probably a false Latinizing of roxeddwy = crying “ Cuckoo.” Coccyzus americanus. Yert.ow-BiLLED Cuckoo. Cuculus americanus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 170 (1766). Coccyzus americanus, Macg. iii. p. 1387; Gray, p. 117; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 204; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 209; Gould, Introd. p. xcv; Dresser, v. p. 227. Cuculus americanus, Harting, p. 124. The Yellow-billed American Cuckoo, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 189. Americdnus = of America, STRIGIDA. 85 A very rare straggler from the American continent, where it occurs from Canada down to Brazil. It has occurred about five times in the British Islands. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Buack-Br.izp Cuckoo. Cuculus erythropthalma, Wilson, Am. Orn. iv. p. 16 (1811). Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Gould, Introd. p. xev; Dresser, v. p. 231. Cuculus erythrophthalmus, Harting, p. 124. Erythrophthalmus = red-eyed, from épv@pés + d¢0adpds. Of this Cuckoo a single example has occurred in Ireland. In America it is met with from Canada down to the Amazons. Order STRIGES. Family STRIGID. Genus STRIX, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 181 (1766). Strix = orpit, a Screech Owl, in late writers; from the root of rpifw =I cry sharply or shrilly, Of. s¢ridéo = I make a harsh sound, turdus. Strix flammea. Bary-Owt. Strix flammea, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 133 (1766). Strix flammea, Naum. i. p. 483; Macg. iii. p. 473; Hewitson, p. 61; Gray, p. 28; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 183; id. ed. 3, 1. p- 140; Gould, i. pl. 28; Harting, p. 8; Dresser, v. p. 287. Aluco flammeus, Newton, i. p. 194. The White, or Barn Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 126. Flamméa = of the colour of flame, famma, A resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland, not usually ranging more than 40° from the Equator except in Western Europe. 86 ASIONIDA, Family ASIONIDA. Genus ASIO, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 28 (1760). Asio = a Horned Owl in Pliny; perhaps akin to dsinus = an ass, from its long ears, Asio otus. Lone-narep OWL. Strix Otus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 1382 (1766). Strix otus, Nawm.i. p. 451. Asio otus, Macg. iii. p. 453; Newton, i. p. 158; Dresser, v. p. 251. Otus vulgaris, Hewitson, p.55; Gray, p. 26; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p- 124; éd. ed. 3,1. p. 181; Gould,i. pl. 31 ; Harting, p. 8. Long-eared Owl, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 117. Otus = wrés, an Owl conspicuous for its ears, dra. Spread over the Palearctic Region, and resident through- out Great Britain and Ireland. Asio brachyotus. Snorr-zarep Ow. Strix Brachyotos, Forster, Phil. Trans. lxii. p. 884 (1772). Strix brachyotis, Naum. 1. p. 459. Asio brachyotus, Macg. iii. p. 461. Otus brachyotus, Gray, p. 27; Harting, p. 8. Otos brachyotos, Hewitson, p. 58; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 128; id. ed. 3, i. p. 135. Asio accipitrinus, Newton, i. p. 163; Dresser, v. p. 257. Brachyotus palustris, Gould, i. pl. 32. Short-eared Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 121. Brdachyétus = short-eared, from Bpaxds + ods, gen. wrés. An almost cosmopolitan species; a winter visitant to Great Britain and Ireland, but resident on some of the marshy and moorland districts. Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny, Syst. des Ois. de ’Egypte, p. 51 (1810). Syrnium, a modern invention without apparent meaning (ef. Sundevall, Tentamen, p. 104). SYRNIUM.—NYCTEA, 87 Syrnium aluco. Tawny Ow. Strix Aluco, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 182 (1766). Strix aluco, Naum. i. p. 473; Newton, i. p. 146. Ulula aluco, Macg. iii. p. 438. Syrnium stridula, Hewitson, p. 63; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 188; td. ed. 3, i. p. 145. Syrnium aluco, Gray, p. 25; Gould, i. pl. 29; Harting, p.8; Dresser, v. p. 271. The Tawny Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 181. “Aluco, a word formed, says Gesner, by Gaza (1476) from the Ital. Alocho, to translate Aristotle’s éXeds (H. A. viii. 8, 3). The modern Italian Al/occo = an Owl, is possibly cognate with Germ. Eule, our “Owl.” An inhabitant of the western part of the Palearctic Region; a permanent resident in Great Britain, but of very rare occurrence in Ireland. Genus NYCTEA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 62 (1826). Nyctéa, from vvé = night. Nyctea scandiaca. Swowy Owt. Strix scandiaca, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 182 (1766). Strix nyctea, Naum. i. P- 417. Syrnia nyctea, Macg. iii. p. 407. Surnia nyctea, Hewitson, p. 64; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 141; id. ed. 3, i. p. 150. Nyctea nivea, Gray, p. 21; Gould, i. pl. 34; Harting, p. 89. Nyctea scandiaca, Newton, i. p. 187; Dresser, v. p. 287. The Snowy Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 184. Scandidca = of Scandia or Scandinavia. Inhabits the circumpolar area, straying south in winter, An occasional winter visitant to Great Britain and Ireland; most commonly met with in the north of Scotland. 88 ASIONID. Genus SURNIA, Duméril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 (1806). Surnia, an invented name; probably without meaning. Surnia ulula. Evrorzan Hawx-Owt. Strix Ulula, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 183 (1766). Surnia ulula, Dresser, v. p. 301. Tila = a Screech Owl, in classical Latin. Akin to Sanskrit wiéka, O.H.G. Ula, N. H. G. Eule, our “ Owl.” Of. 6\oAdLw = I cry aloud, dAdw = I howl. A specimen was shot near Amesbury, Wilts (R. B. Sharpe, P. Z.8. 1876, p. 334). It inhabits Northern Europe, Siberia, and Kamtschatka, migrating into Central Europe acciden- tally and in winter. Surnia funerea. American Hawk-Owt. Strix funerea, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 1383 (1766). Strix nisoria, Naum. i. p. 427. Syrnia funerea, Macg. iu. p. 404. Surnia funerea, Hewitson, p. 65; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 146; id. ed. 3, i. p. 155; Newton, i. p. 183; Gould, i. pl. 85; Harting, p. 91; Dresser, v. p. 309. Surnia ulula, Gray, p. 20. The Hawk Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 139. Fiméréa = of or belonging to a funeral, funus. Hence ill-boding, dismal; an epithet applied to dubo by Ovid, Metum. x. 226 & 453. Inhabits the northern part of the New World; an occasional straggler to Great Britain and Ireland. Genus NYCTALA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1271. Nyctala, from vveradds = nocturnal, Nyctala tengmalmi. Tervemam’s Own. Strix Tengmalmi, J. F. Gmelin, 8. N.i. p. 291 (1788). Strix Tengmalmi, Naum. i. p. 500. Ulula tengmalmi, Macg. in. p. 445. NYCTALA.—SCOPS. 89 Noctua tengmalmi, Hewitson, p. 66; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 153 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 162. Nyctale funerea, Gray, p. 22. Nyctala tengmalmi, Newton, i. p. 154; Dresser, v. p. 319. Nyctale tengmalmi, Gould, i. pl. 36; Harting, p. 96. Tengmalm’s Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 146. Tengmalmi, in honour of Peter Gust. Tengmalm, of Stockholm, who first described it (1788). An accidental visitor to the eastern counties of Scotland and England. It inhabits the whole of Northern Europe and Siberia; is not found in Southern Europe, but occurs all over the central portions of the continent. In North America it is found in the high north, rarely occurring within the United States. [Nyctala acadica. Saw-wurr Owt. Strix acadica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 296 (1788). Nyctale acadica, Gray, p. 23; Harting, p. 95. Nyctala acadica, Newton, i. pp. 157, 181, notes. Acadica = belonging to Acadia; the old name of Nova Scotia, whence specimens were first received. Sir William Milner (‘ Zoologist,’ 1860, p. 7104) reported a specimen from near Beverley, Yorkshire ; but he probably mistook the species. It inhabits the whole of North America ; and there is no other record of its occurrence in Europe. ] Genus SCOPS, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de ’Egypte, p. 47 (1810). Seéps = oxinp, a kind of Owl, in classical Greek; from sxowéw = I look carefully, because of its habit of staring ; or rather from ccwmrw = I mock ; ef. N. H. G. Heher = a Magpie, from Hohn = mockery. Scops giu. Scors Own. Strix Scops, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 182 (1766). Strix scops, Naum. i. p. 466. Scops aldrovandi, Macg. iii. p. 422 ; Hewitson, p. 54; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 120; éd. ed. 3, i. p. 127. Ephialtes scops, Gray, p. 23. 90 ASIONIDA. Scops giu, Newton, i. p. 173; Dresser, v. p. 329. Scops zorca, Gould, i. pl. 33. Scops asio, Harting, p. 93. The Scops eared Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 113. Giu (monosyllable), the Italian name ; also spelt Chiu; from the bird’s note. Inhabits the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Western Asia, and N. Africa; an occasional visitant to Great Britain and Ireland. [Scops asio. American Screxcx Own. Strix Asio, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 182 (1766). Scops asio, Newton, i. p. 177, note. Asio = a Horned Owl in Pliny, H. N. x. 33, xxix. 38. Cf. Asio, p. 86. One is recorded as having been shot near Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, 1852 (‘ Naturalist,’ 1855, p. 69), and another near Yarmouth, Norfolk (Stevenson). General in North America. ] Genus BUBO, Duméril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 (1806). Bubo = an ill-boding Horned Owl, in classical Latin poets. Cf. Bias, BdZa, the Greek equivalents, BiZw =I hoot &.; from the root of Boy =a cry; whence Byzantium, “the place of Owls.” Bubo ignavus. Eace Ow1. Bubo maximus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 57 (1828). Strix bubo, Naum. i. p. 440. Bubo maximus, Macg. ui. p. 428; Hewitson, p. 50; Gray, p. 24; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 114; id. ed. 3, i. p. 121; Gould, i. pl. 830; Harting, p. 94. Bubo ignavus, Newton, 1. p. 168; Dresser, v. p. 339. Eagle Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 107. Ignavus = idle. Generally distributed over the Palearctic Region ; a scarce and occasional visitant to Great Britain; not yet certainly recognized in Ireland. VULTURIDA. 91 Genus ATHENE, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 549. Athéné =’ A@hvn, the goddess of wisdom, to whom the Owl was held sacred. Athene noctua. Lrrttz Ow. Strix noctua, Scopoli, Aun. I. Hist.-Nat. p. 22 (1769). Strix noctua, Naum. i. p. 493. Syrnia psilodactyla, Macg. iii. p. 417. Noctua nudipes, Hewitson, p. 67. Athene noctua, Gray, p. 21; Gould, i. pl. 37; Harting, p. 91; Dresser, v. p. 357. Noctua passerina, Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 149; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 158. Carine noctua, Newton, 1. p. 178. The Little Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 142. Nocttia = a night Owl, in classical Latin; from nor = night. An inhabitant of Southern and Central Europe and Asia Minor ; a scarce occasional visitant to England ; not yet met with in Scotland or Ireland. Order ACCIPITRES. Family VULTURID. Genus GYPS, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de ’Egypte, p. 8 (1810). Gyps = yi, a Vulture in classical Greek ; perhaps an Egyptian word. Gyps fulvus. Grirroy Vutrurs. Vultur fulvus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1788). Vultur fulvus, Nawm. i. p. 162; Hewitson, p. 8; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 1; ed. ed. 3,1. p. 1. Gyps fulvus, Gray, p.2; Newton, 1. p.1; Harting, p. 83; Dresser, v. p. 373. Fulous = tawny. Inhabits Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia, as far west as Turkestan. Once obtained in Ireland. 92 VULTURIDZ.—FALCONIDA, Genus NEOPHRON, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de ’Egypte, p. 8 (1810). Nésphroin = veddpwy, childish in mind, from véos + gpyv. But the name is said to have been given from the bird’s having “the front of the head naked” (Eyton, Rarer British Birds, p. 3). Neophron percnopterus. Eayeriay Vourure. Vultur Percnopterus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 128 (1766). Cathartes percnopterus, Naum. i. p. 170. Neophron perenopterus, Macg. i. p. 166; Gray, p. 2; Yarr. ed. 2,i. p. 6; id. ed. 3,1. p.6; Newton, i. p.6; Gould, i. pl. 1; Harting, p. 83; Dresser, v. p. 391. Vultur percnopterus, Hewitson, p. 5. Egyptian Vulture, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 1. Percnoptérus = wepxvémrepos, dusky-winged, an epithet of, probably, Gypaétus barbatus, in Aristotle, H, A. ix. 32,3; from wepxvds + wrepdv. An inhabitant of Southern Europe, Africa, and South- western Asia; an accidental visitor (only twice recorded) to Great Britain. Family FALCONID. Genus CIRCUS, Lacépéde, Mém. de l’Inst. iii. p. 506 (1800). Circus = kipxos, a kind of Hawk. Not akin to circus =a circle, but to circia, p. 126, cpigw = I laugh, Eng. ‘laugh; cf. Corvus, p. 68. Circus eruginosus. Marsu-Harrier. Falco eruginosus, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 1380 (1766). Falco rufus, Naum. i. p. 378. Circus eruginosus, Macg. iil. p. 382; Gray, p. 19; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 97; id. ed. 3, i. p. 104; Newton, i. p. 127; Gould, i. pls. 24.& 25; Harting, p. 7 ; Dresser, v. p. 415. Circus rufus, Hewitson, p. 44. The Marsh Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 90. AErugindsus = rusty, rust-coloured; from eriigo = rust of copper, @s. CIRCUS.—BUTEO. 93 The Marsh-Harrier is spread over the whole of Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. It was formerly abundant through- out Great Britain and Ireland ; is now scarce and known to breed but in few localities. Circus cyaneus. Hen-Harrier. Falco cyaneus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 126 (1766). Falco pygargus, Naum. i. p. 391. Circus cyaneus, Macg. iii. p. 366; Hewitson, p. 47; Gray, p. 17; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p.101; id. ed. 3, i. p. 108; Newton, i. p. 182; Gould, i. pl. 26; Harting, p. 7; Dresser, v. p. 431. The Hen Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 94, Cianéus = kvdveos, dark blue. Inhabits the whole of Europe and Asia; visits Northern India and Abyssinia in winter. Formerly common in fenny districts in Great Britain and Ireland ; now rare. Circus cineraceus. Monrtaeu’s Harrier. Falco cineraceus (Falcon, Ash-coloured), Montagu, Orn. Dict. i. F. 2 (1802). Falco cineraceus, Naum. i. p. 402. Circus cineraceus, Macg. iii. p. 378; Hewitson, p. 49; Gray, p. 18; Newton, i. p. 188; Harting, p. 7; Dresser, v. p. 423. Circus montagui, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 107; id. ed. 3,1. p. 114. Circus cinerasceus, Gould, i. pl. 27. Montagu’s Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 100. Cinérdcéus = of the colour of ashes, cinéres. Found all over Europe, Asia, and Africa: formerly a numerous resident in fenny districts in England; now rare. A straggler in Scotland and Ireland. Genus BUTEO, Lacépéde, Mém. de 1’Inst. iii. p. 506 (1800). Bitéo, a kind of Hawk known to Pliny. Oognate with Bias, Buta, bubo, budére = to cry like a Bittern, ducea = the cheek, &c. (Vanigek). 94, FALCONIDA. Buteo vulgaris. Buzzarp. Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1816). Falco Buteo, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 127 (1766). Falco buteo, Naum. i. p. 346. Buteo fuscus, Macg. iii. p. 183. Buteo vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 38; Gray, p.7; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 82; id. ed. 3, i. p. 89; Newton, i. p. 109; Gould, i. pl. 6; Harting, p.6; Dresser, v. p. 449. The Common Buzzard, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 76. Vulgaris = common, from vulgus = the multitude. The Buzzard is generally distributed in Europe and Western Asia ; it was formerly a numerous resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland; but it is now growing rare. [B uteo borealis. Rup-rarzep Buzzarp. Falco borealis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 266 (1788). Borédlis = northern, from dédréas, Bopéas, the north wind. One is said to have been killed in Nottinghamshire in the autumn of 1860 (Sterland and Whitaker, List of Birds of Notts, 1879, p. 9). It inhabits Eastern North America and the West-Indian Islands. ] [Buteo desertorum. Arrrcan Buazarp. Falco desertorum, Daudin, Traité d’Orn. ii. p. 162 (1800). Buteo desertorum, Newton, i. p. 1138; Dresser, v. p. 457. Desertérum = of ov inhabiting deserts, deserta. One was reported as having been killed in Wiltshire (‘ This,’ 1876, p. 866; 1878, p. 118). It inhabits South-eastern Europe, the whole of Africa, and India. ] [Buteo lineatus. Rxzp-suovrpernp Buzzarp. Falco lineatus, Ginelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 268 (1788). Buteo lineatus, Newton, i. p. 118; Harting, p. 89. ARCHIBUTEO. 95 Linedtus = striped, marked with lines, Jénéa = a thread of flax, num, and thence a line; from the streaked upper plumage. One is said (‘ Ibis,’ 1865, p. 549) to have been killed in Invernesshire in 1863 ; but the record is probably due to the mistake of a dealer. It inhabits North America, wintering as far south as Texas. ] Genus ARCHIBUTEO, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1269. Archibutéo, from apy, like the English “arch” in archbishop, and bitéo = a Buzzard, g. Archibuteo lagopus. Roven-tueaep Buzzarp. Falco lagopus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1788). Falco lagopus, Naum. i. p. 359. Buteo lagopus, Macg. iii. p. 193; Hewitson, p. 39; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 87; id. ed. 3, i. p. 94; Newton, i. p. 115; Harting, p. 6. Archibuteo lagopus, Gray, p.8; Gould, i. pl. 7; Dresser, v. p. 471. The Rough-legged Buzzard, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 81. Lagépus = NKaywrovs, rough-footed like a hare; from Aayws + rovs. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe and Western Asia ; an irregular visitant to Great Britain, usually in autumn and winter ; rarer in Ireland. [Archibuteo sanctijohannis. Brack Buzzarp. Falco 8. Johannis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.i. p. 273 (1788). Sancti-johannis = of St. John, British North America, whence specimens were first obtained. The Rev. Murray A. Mathew (‘ Zoologist,’ 1876, pp. 4814, 4870) recorded a specimen from North Devonshire ; but it proved (J. c. p. 4901) to be merely a dark variety of Archibuteo lagopus. The species inhabits the whole of North America. ] 96 FALCONID. Genus AQUILA, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 419 (1760). Aquila = an Eagle, in classical Latin; from the root of aguilus = dark, axdts = mist, wypds = sallow. Aguila clanga. Sporrep Eacte. Aquila clanga, Pall. Zoogr. R.-A. 1. p. 351 (1811). Falco clanga, Naum. xiii. p. 40. Aquila nevia, Hewitson, p.18; Gray, p.4; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 10*; id. ed. 3, i. p. 20; Newton, i. p. 20; Gould, 1. pl.38; Harting, p. 83. Aquila clanga, Dresser, v. p. 499. Clanga, from chayyn = a scream, from its noisy cry. Breeds in certain forests of Central and South-eastern Europe—going south in winter. A very scarce visitor to Great Britain and Ireland. Cf. Gurney, Ibis, 1877, p. 382. Aquila chrysaétus. Go.prn Eacuz. Falco Chrysaétos, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 125 (1766). Falco fulvus, Naum. i. p. 208. Aquila chrysaétus, Macg. iii. p. 204; Newton, i. p.11; Harting, p. 3; Dresser, v. p. 533. Aquila chrysaétos, Hewitson, p.8; Gray, p.3; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 11; id. ed. 3,1. p. 11; Gould, i. pl. 2. The Golden Eagle, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 7. Chrisdétus = ypvoderos, the Golden Eagle, in Ailian, N. A. ii. 39; from xpvobs + deros. An inhabitant of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions ; a resident in some of the mountainous parts of Scotland and Treland ; occasionally occurring in England. HALIAETUS.—ASTUR. 97 Genus HALIAETUS, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de PEgypte, p. 25 (1810). ; Halidétus = adideros, » Sea-Eagle, in classical Greek poets; from dAs + aerés, Haliaétus albicilla. Woaurre-rawep Eacue. Vultur Albiulla (misprint), Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 123 (1766). Falco albicilla, Naum. i. p. 224. Haliaétus albicilla, Macy. iii. p. 221; Gray, p. 6; Gould, i. pl. 4; Dresser, v. p. 551. Aquila albicilla, Hewitson, p. 15. Halizetus albicilla, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 20; id. ed. 3, i. p. 25; Newton, i. p. 25; Harting, p. 8. White-tailed Eagle, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 15. Albicilla, from *albiciila, diminutive of albus = white; probably confused, like Motacilia, with an impossible derivation from a non-existent word, «iAXos =a tail. Inhabits the Palearctic Region; a resident on the sea- coasts of Scotland and Ireland, but now becoming scarce. An accidental visitor to England. Genus ASTUR, Lacépéde, Mém. de I’Inst. iii. p. 505 (1801). Astur, a species of Hawk, in late Latin (4th century); probably from aorTnp = astar, since dorepias = starred, spotted, occurs as a kind of Hawk in Aristotle. Astur palumbarius. Gos-Hawx. Falco palumbarius, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 180 (1766). Falco palumbarius, Naum. 1. p. 249. Accipiter palumbarius, Macg. iii. p. 340. Astur palumbarius, Hewitson, p. 84; Gray, p. 15; Yarr, ed. 2, i. p. 62; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 69; Newton, i. p. 83; Gould, i. pl. 9; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, v. p. 587. Goshawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 57. Palumbérius = a kind of Hawk which attacks Doves, palumbes. H 98 FALCONIDA. Is found over the whole Palearctic Region, and visits India in winter. A rare straggler to Great Britain, and still more seldom met with in Ireland. Astur atricapillus. American Gosnaws. Falco atricapillus, Wilson, Am. Orn. vi. p. 80 (1812). Astur atricapillus, Newton, i. p. 87, note; Harting, p. 87. Atricapillus = black-haired, from dter = black, and cdpillus = the hair of the head. One was killed in Perthshire, 1869 (‘ Ibis,’ 1870, p. 292), another in Tipperary in 1870 (‘ Ibis,’ 1870, p. 538), and a third in the King’s County in 1870 (Zool. 1871, p. 2524). An inhabitant of British North America and, in the winter, of the Northern United States. Genus ACCIPITER, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 310 (1760). Accipitcr = a Hawk, in classical Latin; from the same roots as @kimrérns = swift-flying, the name of a Harpy in Hesiod, Th. 267. Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Haws. Falco Nisus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 180 (1766). Falco uisus, Naum. i. p. 258. Accipiter nisus, Macg. ii. p. 346; Hewitson, p. 85; Gray, p. 16; Yarr, ed. 2,1. p. 67; id, ed. 3, i. p. 74; Newton, i, p. 88; Gould, i. pl. 10; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, v. p. 599. Sparrow-Hawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 62. Nisus, mythical king of Megira, who had his purple hair cut off by his daughter Scylla in order that she might gain the love of Minos. He lost his kingdom, and was turned into a Sparrow-Hawk (Virgil, Georg. i. 405 segg. ; Ciris, 110 seqg.). Inhabits the whole Palearctic Region, and visits India in winter. A permanent resident throughout Great Britain and Treland. MILVUS.—ELANOIDES, 99 Genus MILVUS, Cuvier, Leg. An. Comp. tab. 2 (1800). Milwus = a Kite, in classical Latin; a kindred form milto occurs, as if from *minlivio, *minulivus, from miniwto = I twitter (Fick). Milvus ictinus. Krrs. Milvus Ictinus, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de PE gypte, p- 28 (1810). Falco Milvus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 126 (1766). Falco milvus, Naum. i. p. 338. Milvus regalis, Macg. iii. p. 265; Gray, p.9; Gould, i. pl. 22. Milvus vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 86; Yarr. ed. 2, i: p. 71; id. ed. 3, i. p. 78. Milvus ictinus, Newton, i. p. 92; Harting, p.5; Dresser, v. p. 643. . Kite, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 66. Letinus = ixrivos, a Kite, in classical Greek. Perhaps from the root ih, to strike, as in TZ, Tt) = a worm, trvy = a Woodpecker, icére = to strike, &. ; but more probably from Sanskrit gjena = a Falcon, as if *i-ejetvos. Cf. ixris=a polecat, “ thief.” Inhabits Central and Southern Europe and North Africa. Formerly a common resident in Great Britain; now nearly extinct, and seldom known to breed. A rare visitor to Ireland. Milvus migrans. Brack Kire. Falco migrans, Boddaert, Table des Planches Eul. p. 28. no. 472 (1783). Falco ater, Naum. i. p. 340. Milvus migrans, Newton, i. p. 97; Gould, 1. pl. 23; Harting, p. 88; Dresser, v. p. 651. Migrans = that migrates, from migro = I move from place to place. A summer visitor to Europe south of the Baltic, and Western Asia; accidental, only once recorded, in Great Bri- tain (Hancock, ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 253). Extends all over Africa. Genus ELANOIDES, Vieillot, Encycl. Méth. iii. p. 1204 (1823). Elanoides = resembling Elanus ; from Elanus + eidos = form or likeness. H2 100 FALCONIDA. Elanoides furcatus. Swatiow-raitep Kite. Falco furcatus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 129 (1766). Nauclerus furcatus, Macy. iii. p. 277; Gray, p. 10; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 77; id. ed. 3, i. p. 84; Newton, i. p. 103; Harting, p. 88. Swallow-tailed Kite, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 71. Furcdtus = forked, from furca = a fork; from the shape of its tail. An inhabitant of Tropical America, breeding as far north as Wisconsin : a very rare accidental straggler to Great Britain. [Genus ELANUS, Savigny, Descr. de l’Egypte, i. p. 97 (1809). Elanus, from éhavés = a Kite. Elanus ceruleus. Brace-wiwerp Krrz. Falco ceruleus, Desfontaines, Mém. Acad. R. des Sciences, Paris, p. 503 (1787). Elanus czeruleus, Dresser, v. p. 663. Ceritléus = dark blue, in classical Latin. One is said to have been shot at Harristown Bay, near Beaupare, co. Meath, Ireland, about 1862 (‘Ibis,’ 1872, pp. 470, 471 ; ‘ Zoologist,’ 1875, p.4455). It inhabits Africa and Asia, as far east as India; but rarely strays north, although it has occurred in Belgium. } Genus PERNIS, Cuvier, Régne Anim. i. p. 322 (1817). Pernis = repvis, a late Greek word akin to wrepvis, a kind of Hawk men- tioned by Aristotle; cf. rrépyva = the heel, xrepvis = “long-heeled,” perna = the ham. Pernis apivorus. Hoyry-Buzzarp. Falco apivorus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 180 (1766). Falco apivorus, Naum. i. p. 367, xiii. p. 28. Pernis apivora, Macg. iii. p. 254, PERNIS.—HIEROFALCO. 101 Pernis apivorus, Hewitson, p. 40; Gray, p. 8; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p- 91; éd. ed. 3, i. p. 98; Newton, i. p. 121; Gould, i. pl. 8; Harting, p. 6; Dresser, vi. p. 8. Honey Buzzard, Yarr. i. p. 85. Apivorus = Bee-eater, from dpis + véro. A Palwarctic species, occurring also in Africa down to the Cape. A rare summer visitor, occasionally known to breed, in England and Scotland ; still more rare in Ireland. Genus HIEROFALCO, Cuvier, Régne Anim. i. p. 312 (1817). Hiérofaico, a hybrid word from iepés = sacred, and falco= a Hawk. Cf. the medieval falco sacer, our “ Saker.” Hierofalco gyrfalco. Gyr Fatcon. Falco Gyrfalco, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 180 (1766). Falco gyrfalco, Naum. xiii. p. 22; Gould, pl. 16; [ Harting, p. 84] ; Dresser, vi. p. 15. Gyrfalco = the Falcon that soars in circles; from gyrdre = to wheel round, and falco. Inhabits Arctic Scandinavia, migrating southwards in winter. One specimen was shot near Orford, in Suffolk, in 1867 (Seebohm, Hist. B. B. i. p. 19). Hierofalco candicans. Greenianp Fatcon. Falco candicans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 275 (1788). Falco candicans, Naum. 1. p. 269, xiii. p. 16 ; Newton, i. p. 36; Gould, i. pl. 13; Harting, p. 85 ; Dresser, vi. p. 21. Falco gyrfalco, Macg. ii. p. 284; Gray, p. 10; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 81 (in part) ; ed. ed. 3, 1. p. 36 (in part). Gyr-Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 26 (in part). Candicans = white, from candico = I am white. Resident in the northern districts of North-east America and Greenland ; a scarce occasional visitant from the north to the British Islands. 102 FALCONIDE. Hierofalco islandus. Icztanp Fatcon. Falco islandus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 271 (1788). Falco islandus, Naum. xiii. p. 22; Newton, i. p. 46; Gould, 1. pl. 11; Dresser, vi. p. 25. Falco gyrfalco (in part), Macg. iii. p. 284; Gray, p. 10; Yarr. ed, 2, i. p. 81; id. ed. 3, i. p. 36. Falco islandicus, Hewitson, p. 22; Harting, p. 86. Gyr-Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 26 (in part). Islandus = of Iceland. Resident in Iceland; in Great Britain it is only known as a scarce and occasional visitant. Genus FALCO, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 124 (1766). Faico = a Falcon, in classical Latin; probably cognate with falr = a sickle, flecto =I bend, &c., from the idea of being bent like a Hawk’s beak. Falco peregrinus. Prrecrive Fatcon. Falco Peregrinus, Tunstall, Ornith. Brit. p. 1 (1771). Falco peregrinus, Naum. i. p. 285; Macg. iii. p. 294; Hewit- son, p. 24; Gray, p. 11; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 87; id. ed. 8, i. p. 42; Newton, i. p. 53; Gould, i. pl. 17; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, vi. p. 31. Peregrine Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 82. Pérégrinus = foreign, because it was always caught a long way from its nesting-place (Gesner). An almost cosmopolitan species. A resident throughout the British Islands, but now growing scarce, and nearly con- fined to cliffs on the sea-coasts. Falco subbuteo. Hossy. Falco Subbuteo, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 127 (1766). Falco subbuteo, Nawm.i. p. 296 ; Macg. iii. p. 309 ; Hewitson, p. 26; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 45; id. ed. 3, i. p.52; Newton, i. p. 65 ; Gould, 1. pl. 18; Harting, p.4; Dresser, vi. p. 69. Hypotriorchis subbuteo, Gray, p. 12. Hobby, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 40. FALCO.—TINNUNCULUS. 103 Subbitéo = a little like a Buteo, q. v.; as if a translation of Aristotle’s bmorpidpxns (Gesner). Breeds. throughout temperate Europe and Asia, and winters in South Africa and India. A summer visitor to England, rarer in Scotland, a straggler in Ireland. Falco salon. Meru. Falco Hsalon, Tunstall, Ornith. Brit. p.1 (1771). Falco esalon, Naum. i. p. 303; Macg. iii. p. 317; Hewitson, p. 80; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p.53; 2d. ed. 3, i. p.60; Newton, i. p. 74; Gould, i. pl. 19; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, vi. p. 838. Hypotriorchis esalon, Gray, p. 13. Merlin, Yarr. ed. 1,1. p. 48. isélon = aicddwy, a kind of Hawk in Pliny. The Merlin is mostly met with as a winter visitant to Great Britain and Ireland, but it breeds in the north, in moorland districts. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the Old World, migrating south in winter. Genus TINNUNCULDS, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 89 (1807). Tinnuncttlus = a kind of Hawk in Pliny; probably from ¢innio =I ring, have a sharp shrill voice, from its bell-like (2. ¢. monotonous) note. Tinnunculus vespertinus. Rep-roorep Fatcon. Falco vespertinus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 129 (1766). Falco rufipes, Nawm. i. p.311; Yarr. ed. 2,1. p. 49; zd. ed. 3, 1, p. 56. Falco vespertinus, Macg. iii. p. 313 ; Hewitson, p. 28; Newton, i. p. 69; Harting, p. 86; Dresser, vi. p. 93. Tinnunculus vespertinus, Gray, p. 14. Erythropus vespertinus, Gould, i. pl. 20. Red-footed Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 44. Vespertinus = of the evening, vesper, because described to Linnaeus by G. de Démidoff as “ flying about in the evening and at night.” 104 FALCONIDA. Breeds all over temperate and warmer Europe and Western Asia, migrating in winter into Africa down to Damara Land. Is an occasional visitor to England, rarer in Scotland and Ireland. Tinnunculus alaudarius. Kustren. Falco alaudarius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 279 (1788). Falco Tinnunculus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 127 (1766). Falco tinnunculus, Naum. 1. p. 323; Macg. iii. p. 325; Hewitson, p. 32; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 57; id. ed. 3,1. p. 64; Newton, i. p. 78; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, vi. p. 118. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, p.138; Gould, i. pl. 21. Kestrel, or Windhover, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 52. Alaudarius = preying upon Larks (alaude). Found throughout the Palearctic Region, British India, and Africa; is a permanent resident in Great Britain and Treland. Tinnunculus cenchris. Lesser Kzsrret. Falco cenchris, Naumann, Voég. Deutsch. i. p. 318 (1822). Falco cenchris, Naum. i. p. 318; [Newton, i. p. 82]; Dresser, vi. p. 125. Cenchris, w kind of Hawk in Pliny; reyypis is cognate with eépyvy and kepxynis, from an onomatopeeic root denoting a hoarse sound. The reported occurrence of a specimen near Cambridge has been disproved; but one was obtained near York (W. Eagle Clarke, ‘ Yorksh. Vertebrata,’ p. 48) ; a third is said to have been taken alive near Dover (Zoologist, 1877, p. 298). It breeds in Southern Europe, but rarely strays north ; yet it has occurred in Heligoland. It extends to South Africa in winter. Genus PANDION, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de ’Egypte, p. 36 (1810). Pandion, « mythical king of Athens, father of Procne and Philomela; from was = all, and dtos = divine. PELECANIDE. 105 Pandion haliaétus. Osprey. Falco Halietus, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 129 (1766). Falco haliaétos, Naum. i. p. 241. Pandion haliaétus, Macg. iii. p. 239; Gray, p.5; Gould, i. pl.5; Dresser, vi. p. 139. Pandion halixetus, Hewitson, p.19; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 25; id. ed. 3, i. p.80; Newton, i. p- 80; Harting, p. 3. Osprey, or Fishing-Hawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 20. ; Haliaéius = adtderos, w Sea-Eagle, in classical Greek poets; from dAs + aeéTos, A cosmopolitan species. A rather scarce visitor to England ; still known to breed in Scotland; an accidental visitor in Treland. Order STEGANOPODES. Family PELECANID. Genus PHALACROCORAX, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 511 (1760). Philacrécérax, from gadaxpds = bald-headed, and xépak = a Raven. Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant. Pelecanus Carbo, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 216 (1766). Halieus cormoranus, Naum. xi. p. 52. Phalacrocorax carbo, Macg. v. p. 380; Hewitson, p. 471; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 480; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 484; Gould, v. pl.52; Dresser, vi. p. 151. Graculus carbo, Gray, p. 246; Harting, p. 75. The Common Cormorant, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 373. Carbo = a coal; perhaps from the bird’s sooty blackness. Generally distributed around the British coasts, especially in the north, and breeds not only on the sea-cliffs, but on many inland waters. Almost a cosmopolitan, but not found on the American shores of the Pacific. 106 PELECANIDE. Phalacrocorax graculus. Suac. Pelecanus Graculus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 217 (1766). Halieus graculus, Nawm. xi. p. 88. Phalacrocorax graculus, Macg. v. p. 392; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p- 486 ; id. ed. 3, iti. p. 490; Gould, v. pl. 53; Dresser, vi. p. 163. Phalacrocorax cristatus, Hewitson, p. 478. Graculus Linneii, Gray, p. 246. Graculus cristatus, Harting, p. 75. The Shag, or Green Cormorant, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 378. Graciilus = a Jackdaw, in classical Latin; akin to garrto = I chatter, gallus =a cock, &. It was called “ graculus palmipes” by the old writers. Especially abundant on the western coasts of Scotland and Treland, and, although somewhat local, also to be found breeding from Dorsetshire to Lundy Island in the Scilly Islands, and up the coast of Wales; rarer elsewhere. It inhabits the Western Palearctic Region. Genus SULA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 497 (1760). Sula, latinized from the Norse Su/e (Briinnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 31), which is said to mean an awkward fellow, a dolt. Sula bassana. Ganver. Pelecanus Bassanus, Linneus, 8, N.i. p. 217 (1766). Dysporus bassanus, Naum. xi. p. 14. Sula alba, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 489; ad. ed. 3, ili. p. 493. Sula bassana, Hewitson, p. 474; Gould, v. pl. 54; Gray, p. 245; Harting, p. 75; Dresser, vi. p. 181; Macg. v. p. 405. The Gannet, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 381. Basséna = of the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth, because it was supposed to breed nowhere else. . A. breeding bird in several localities on the British coasts, and found round them throughout the year. It inhabits both shores of the North Atlantic, generally migrating southwards in winter. ARDEIDE. 107 [Genus PELECANUS, Linneus, S.N. i. p.215 (1766). Pélécdnus = wedécavos, a Byzantine form of wedexdv, a bird known to the Greeks, a Woodpecker, Aristophanes, dv. 884, 1155; the Pelican, Aristotle, HT, A. 9,10, 2. From zéXexvs = an axe, Pelecanus onocrotalus. Warre Patios. Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 215. Pelecanus onocrotalus, Naum. xi. p. 150; Gray, p. 247; Dresser, vi. p. 198. Onéerotélus = évorpéraXos, the Pelican, in Pliny; from évos = an ass, and kpérddov = a rattle. Montagu mentions one having been shot at Horsey Fen in May 1663, which was at the time supposed to be one of the king’s Pelicans escaped from St. James’s (Orn. Dict. Suppl. fol. p. 8, 1813). It inhabits South-eastern Europe and the Ethiopian and Indian Regions. Of late years its bones have -- been more than once exhumed from the fens of Norfolk (ef. Newton, P. Z. S. 1868, p.2; 1871, p. 702).] Order HERODIONES. Family ARDEIDA. Genus ARDEA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 392 (1760). Ardéa = the Heron, in Virgil, Georg. i. 364; cognate with the classical Greek épwotds, of which the supposed primitive form, pwdidés, occurs in Hipponax (about 546 z.c.); old Norse arta = a Teal. Ardea cinerea. Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 236 (1766). Ardea cinerea, Naum. ix. p. 24, xiil. p. 255; Macg. iv. p. 440; Hewitson, p. 310; Gray, p. 145; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 508; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 537; Gould, iv. pl. 20; Harting, p. 55; Dresser, vi. p. 207. The Common Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 444. Cinerea = ash-coloured, from cinis = ashes. 108 ARDEIDA. Generally distributed throughout the British Islands, col- lecting into colonies during the breeding-season. Found in the Palearctie, Aithiopian, Indian, and Australian Regions. Ardea purpurea, Purpie Heroy. Ardea purpurea, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 236 (1766). Ardea purpurea, Naum. ix. p. 63; Macg. iv. p. 453; Hewit- son, p. 312; Gray, p. 145; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 514; id. ed. 8, i. p. 545; Gould, iv. pl. 21; Harting, p. 55; Dresser, vi. p. 217. The Purple Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 450. Purpirea = purple. A rare straggler to the southern counties of England, occasionally straying to Scotland, and more rarely to Ireland. It inhabits the temperate and tropical portions of the eastern hemisphere: migratory in the northern portion of its range. Ardea alba. Grear Wurrn Heron. Ardea alba, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 239 (1766). Ardea egretta, Naum. ix. p. 85, xii. p. 255. Egretta nigrirostris et alba, Mfacg. iv. pp. 460, 465. Ardea alba, Gray, p. 146; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 518; id. ed. 3, i. p. 549; Harting, p. 147; Dresser, vi. p. 231. Herodias alba, Gould, iv. pl. 22. The Great White Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 454. Alba = white. Of accidental oceurrence in England and Scotland, but there are upwards of twenty records. It occurs in South-eastern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. Ardea garzetta. Lirriz Ecrer. Ardea Garzetta, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 237 (1766). Ardetta garzetta, Naum. ix. p. 101, xiii. p. 257. Egretta garzetta, Macg. iv. p. 471. ARDEA. 109 Ardea garzetta, Gray, p. 146; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 522; id. ed. 3, 11. p.553; Harting, p.148; Dresser, vi. p. 239. Herodias garzetta, Gould, iv. pl. 23. The Little Egret, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 458. Garzetta, the Italian name; also spelt Sgarzetta. Diminutive of Garza or Sgarza = the Heron in modern Italian. Has occurred several times in the British Islands. It inhabits Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Ardea bubulcus. Burr-packep Heron. Ardea bubulcus, Audouin, Expl. Somm. Pl. Ois. de Egypte, i. p. 298 (1825). Egretta russata, Macg. iv. p. 474. Ardea coromanda, Gray, p. 147. Ardea russata, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 526; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 557; Harting, p. 150. Bubulcus russatus, Gould, iv. pl. 24. Ardea bubulcus, Dresser, vi. p. 245. The Buff-backed Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 462. Bibulcus = one who ploughs with oxen; a herdsman. From bibulus = bovine, for *bovilus, from bos, gen. bdvis, an ox. Has been shot three times in the south of England. It inhabits Southern Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. Ardea ralloides. Seuacco Heron. Ardea ralloides, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 88. no. 121 (1769). Ardea comata, Naum. ix. p. 120, xiii. p. 258; Gray, p. 148 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 580; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 561; Harting, p. 149. Botaurus comatus, Macg. iv. p. 428. Buphus comatus, Gould, iv. pl. 25. Ardea ralloides, Dresser, vi. p. 251. The Squacco Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 466. Ralloides, from rallus = a Rail, and eidos = appearance, “like a Rail.” 110 ARDEIDZ. Of irregular occurrence on migration in the British Islands. An inhabitant of Southern Europe and Africa; migratory north of the Mediterranean. Genus ARDETTA, G. R. Gray, List Gen. B. App. p. 18 (1842). Ardetta, diminutive of ardea = a Heron, on the analogy of the Italian Gar- zetta, &e. In Pliny the diminutive is ardedla. Ardetta minuta. Lirriz Brrrern. Ardea minuta, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 240 (1766). Ardea minuta, Naum. ix. p.194; Gray, p. 148. Botaurus minutus, Macg. iv. p.423 ; Hewitson, p.315; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 583; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 565; Harting, p. 57. Ardetta minuta, Gould, iv. pl. 29; Dresser, vi. p. 259. The Little Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 469. Minita = small, from miniio = I diminish, A somewhat rare summer visitant to the British Islands. It breeds in the central and southern portions of the Pale- arctic Region, and winters in Tropical Africa. Genus NYCTICORAX, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xi. p. 608 (1819). Nycticérax = vucrucdpaé, a Night-Jar in Aristotle, a Screech-Owl in the Anthology (si. 186); but strictly a “ Night-Raven,” from vié + kédpak. Nycticorax griseus. Nicut-Heroy. Ardea grisea, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 239 (1766). Ardea nycticorax, Naum. ix. p. 189, xill. p. 259; Hewitson, p- 318. Nycticorax gardeni, Macg. iv. p. 483; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 549; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 581. Nycticorax griseus, Gray, p. 150; Gould, iv. pl. 26; Harting, p. 56; Dresser, vi. p. 269. The Night Heron, Yarr. ed.1, i. p. 485. BOTAURUS. 111 Griseus = grey, in post-classical Latin ; probably borrowed from O. H. G. gris; cf. mod. Germ. graw, our “prey, “ grizzled,” Lat. rdvus. A rare straggler to Great Britain. It inhabits Southern Europe, Africa, and Southern Asia. Genus BOTAURUS, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xi. p. 592 (1819). Botaurus = a Bittern, in late Latin; probably akin to our “Bittern,” French dutor, &e. Certainly not derived from 60s + taurus, though perhaps confused therewith in popular etymology. Botaurus stellaris. Brrrery. Ardea stellaris, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 239 (1766). Ardea stellaris, Naum. ix. p. 159. Botaurus stellaris, Macg. iv. p. 410; Hewitson, p. 316 ; Gray, p. 149; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 539; id. ed. 3, ii. p.571; Gould, iv. pl. 27; Harting, p. 56; Dresser, vi. p. 281. The Common Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 475. Stelléris = starry, marked with stars (stel/@); a translation of Aristotle's name, dorepias (H. A. ix. 1, 23). Formerly common in the British Islands, now a straggler. Inhabits the Palearctic and Athiopian Regions, extending southwards into India and China. Botaurus lentiginosus. American Brrrern. Ardea lentiginosa (Freckled Heron), Montagu, Suppl. to Ornith. Dict. (1818). Botaurus lentiginosus, Macg. iv. p. 417; Gray, p. 149; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 545; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 577; Gould, iv. pl. 28; Harting, p. 150; Dresser, vi. p. 289. The American Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 481. Lentigindsus = full of freckles, freckled ; from lentigo = a spot shaped like a lentil (lens). Has occurred several times in the British Islands. It inhabits North America down to Guatemala and some of the larger Antilles. 112 CICONIIDA.—PLATALEIDA, Family CICONIID. Genus CICONIA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 361 (1760). Cicénia = a Stork, in classical Jatin ; cognate with cdéxo =I sing, cixvos = a Swan, cavayf = a sharp sound, cdvaBos = a din, &e. Ciconia alba. Wuurre Stork. Ciconia alba, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 48 (1798). Ciconia alba, Naum. ix. p. 231; Macg. iv. p. 481; Hewitson, p. 817; Gray, p. 151; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 5545 ad. ed. 3, li. p. 586; Gould, iv. pl. 30; Harting, p. 54; Dresser, vi. p. 297. The White Stork, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 489. Alba = white. An occasional visitant to the British Islands. It breeds in the central and southern portions of the Palzeartic Region as far east as Turkestan, migrating southwards in winter. Ciconia nigra. Brack Srork. Ardea nigra, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 235 (1766). Ciconia nigra, Nawm. ix. p. 279; Macg. iv. p. 485; Hewit- son, p. 319; Gray, p. 152; Yarr. ed. 2,11. p. 558; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 591; Gould, iv. pl. 381; Harting, p. 145; Dresser, vi. p. 309. The Black Stork, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 493. Nigra = black. An occasional straggler to the British Islands. Found over the greater part of the Palearctic Region, also in India and Africa. Family PLATALEID.E. Genus PLATALEA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 231 (1766). Plétéléa = the Spoonbill, in Cicero, NW. D. ii. 49, 124; Pladéa, in Pliny, H.W. a. 40, 56; probably from wAarés = broad. PLATALEA.—PLEGADIS. 113 Platalea leucorodia. Spoonsi.t. Platalea Leucorodia, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 231 (1766). Platalea leucerodius, Naum. ix. p. 312. Platalea leucorodia, Macg. iv. p. 503; Hewitson, p. 320; Gray, p. 151; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 564; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 597 ; Gould, iv. pl. 82; Harting, p. 54. Platea leucorodia, Dresser, vi. p. 319. The White Spoonbill, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 499. Leucérédia, the late Latin form of XNevkepwdids (Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 12), which is from Aeveéds = white, and épwotds or pwdids = a Heron. A straggler to the British Islands ; formerly more abundant and breeding. It is a native of the Palearctic Region, India, China, and Japan. Genus PLEGADIS, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 82 (1829). _ Plég&dis, from mdnyds, gen. wrnyddos, a sickle, from zAjoow = I strike ; from the curved bill. Plegadis falcinellus. Guossy Isis. Tantalus Falcinellus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 241 (1766). Ibis falcinellus, Naum. viii. p. 589, xii. p. 253; Macy. iv. p. 493; Gray, p. 153; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 571; ad. ed. 3, ii. p. 604; Harting, p. 54. Falcinellus igneus, Gould, iv. pl. 47. Plegadis falcinellus, Dresser, vi. p. 335. The Glossy Ibis, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 505. Falcinellus, diminutive of *falcinus, from fale = a sickle. A rare straggler to the British Islands; formerly more abundant. Breeds in Southern Europe, and is generally distributed over the temperate and tropical portions of both hemispheres. 114 ANATIDE. Order ANSERES. Family ANATID AL. Genus PLECTROPTERUS, Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 6 (1824). Pléctroptérus = spur-winged, from wAnKrpoy + mrepdv. Plectropterus gambensis. Spur-wiwazp Goosn. Anas gambensis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 195 (1766). Plectropterus gambensis, Macg. iv. p. 644; Gray, p. 183; Harting, p. 157. Anser gambensis, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p.177 ; id. ed. 3, iti. p. 181. The Spur-winged Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 87. Gambensis = of Senegambia, in W. Africa. Four specimens have been recorded, one in Scotland and three in England; all were probably escaped birds. It in- habits Western and Southern Africa. ] [Genus CHENALOPEX, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xil. pt. 2, p. 41 (1824). Chéndlopéx = ynvararné, vulp-anser (Gaza), Fox Goose, in classical Greek ; from ynv + ddwrné, from its living in holes. Chenalopex cegyptiacus. Eerrrran Goosn. Anas exgyptiaca, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 197 (1766). Chenalopex wgyptiacus, Macg. iv. p. 369. Anscr cgyptiacus, Hewitson, p. 890; Yarr. ed. 2, iil. p. 173; id. ed. 3, ui. p. 177 ; Gould, Introd. p. exxi. Chenalopex agyptiaca, Gray, p. 1838. Anser egyptiacus, Harting, p. 61. The Egyptian Goose, Varr. ed. I, ii. p. 177. Atyyptiicus = Atyurrvands, Egyptian. Various specimens have been obtained; but all, it is sup- posed, must have escaped from confinement. It is a native of Africa. ] ANSER. 115 Genus ANSER, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 261 (1760). Anser = a Goose, in classical Latin; cognate with yqv, Sanskrit hansas, German Gans (our “ Gander”), Norse gaas, Anglo-Sax. gés = goose, gandra = gander, ganot = gannet, Eng. Goose; originally hanser. Probably from the root of xaivw, ydoxnw = I gape. Anser cinereus. Grey Lac Goosn. Anser cinereus, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Végelk. ii. p. 552 (1810). Anas Anser, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 197 (1766). Anser ferus, Macg. iv. p. 589; Hewitson, p. 382; Gray, p. 186; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 140; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 145; Gould, v. pl. 1; Harting, p. 59. Anser cinereus, Naum. xi. p. 229; Dresser, vi. p. 355. The Grey-legged Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 53. Cinéréus = ash-coloured ; from cinéres = ashes. The Grey Lag still breeds in considerable numbers in the northern parts of Scotland and its islands, visiting Ireland and England from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Pals- arctic Region, and winters in India and North Africa. Anser segetum. Bzay-Gooss. Anas segetum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 512 (1788). Anser segetum, Naum. xi. p. 302; Macg. iv. p. 595 ; Hewit- son, p. 885; Gray, p. 186; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 148; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 153; Gould, v. pl.2; Harting, p.59; Dresser, vi. p. 3638. Anser arvensis, Naum. xi. p. 277. The Bean Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, ui. p. 59. Ségétum, genitive plural of séges = a cornfield. Common in autumn and winter in Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern districts of England ; less frequent southwards. It inhabits the Palearctic Region, migrating nearly as far south as 30° N. lat. 12 116 ANATIDA, Anser brachyrhynchus. Piyx-roorep Gooss. Anser brachyrhynchus, Baillon, Mém. de la Soc. Roy. d’Em. d’Abbev. 1833, p. 74. Anser brachyrhynchus, Macg. iv. p. 602; Hewitson, p. 386 ; Gray, p. 187; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 153; td. ed. 3, ii. p. 158; Gould, v. pl. 3; Harting, p. 60; Dresser, vi. p. 369. The Pink-footed Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 64. Brachyrhynchus = short-beaked ; from Bpayds + piyxos. An ordinary winter visitant to Scotland and the northern and eastern coasts of England; rare or overlooked elsewhere. It probably inhabits the northern portion of the Palearctic Region in summer, migrating in winter to India; but its range is at present ill-defined. Anser albifrons. Warrn-rrontep Gooss. Branta albifrons, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 69. no. 87 (1769). Anser albifrons, Naum. xi. p. 351; Macy. iv. p. 609 ; Hewit- son, p. 387; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 157 ; éd. ed. 3, ili. p. 162; Gould, v. pl. 4; Harting, p. 60; Dresser, vi. p. 375. Anser intermedius, Nawm. xi. p. 340. Anser erythropus, Gray, p. 187. The White-fronted Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 68. Albifrons = with a white forehead ; from albus + frons. A winter visitor to Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern coasts of England. It inhabits the Northern Palearctic Region, wintering in India and Egypt. [Anser indicus. Bar-ueapep Goose. Anas indica, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839 (1790). Anser indicus, Gray, p. 188. Indicus = Indian, from its native country. One was reported from the shore of the Dee below Chester ANSER.—BERNICLA. 117 by Mr. Mather (‘Zoologist,’ 1858, p. 5988), but had probably escaped from confinement. An inhabitant of Northern India and Central Asia. ] [Anser cygnoides. Curwuse Goosen. Anas Cygnoides, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 194 (1766). Anser cygnoides, Gray, p. 187. Cygnoides = like a Swan; from cygnus = kéixvos, and éldos. A Chinese species frequently kept on ornamental waters, whence specimens occasionally escape. ] Genus CHEN, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Chén = xiv, a Goose, in classical Greek ; cognate with Anser, q. v., p. 115. Chen albatus. Cassin’s Svow Goosz. Anser albatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1856, p. 41. Anser albatus, Gould, Introd. p. exxi; Harting, p. 155. Chen albatus, Dresser, vi. p. 409. Albdtus = clothed in white, albus. Two obtained near Wexford, and two in co. Mayo, Ireland Saunders, P. Z. 8. 1872, p.519). An inhabitant of Western Pp North America. Genus BERNICLA, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Bernicla, of uncertain derivation. Max Miiller (‘Lectures on the Science of Language, 2nd series, 1864, pp. 533-551) thinks “barnacles,” the cirripeds (“ pernacule’’), were confused with the Geese that came from Ireland (“ hiber- nicule”); but he adduces no evidence. Bernicla brenta. Brent Goose. Anser brenta, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 229 (1811). Anas Bernicla, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 198 (1766). Bernicla brenta, Macg. iv. p. 629; Gray, p. 184; Gould, v. pl. 7; Dresser, vi. p. 389. 118 ANATIDA. Anser torquatus, Naum. xi. p. 398; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 164; id. ed. 8, ili. p. 169. Anser brenta, Hewitson, p. 389. Anser bernicla, Harting, p. 61. The Brent Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 75. Brenta, a medieval word (Branta in Gesner and Aldrovandus); probably the same as our “Brent” (7. ¢, burnt Goose), from its generally charred appearance. The Brent Goose occurs on the coasts of the United King- dom, especially in the north, from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, breeding in the extreme north. Bernicla leucopsis. Baryactz Goose. Anas leucopsis, Bechstein, Orn, Taschenb. ii. p. 424 (1803). Bernicla leucopsis, Macg. iv. p. 622; Gray, p. 184; Gould, v. pl. 5; Dresser, vi. p. 397. Anser leucopsis, Naum. xi, p. 378 ; Hewitson, p. 888; Yarr. ed. 2, iit. p. 161; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 166; Harting, p. 61. The Bernicle Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iil. p. 72. Leucopsis = white-faced ; from Aeveds + brs. A visitant from autumn to spring to the coasts of the United Kingdom, especially in the north. It inhabits the North-western Palearctic Region and Greenland, ranging southwards in winter to Spain, Egypt, and Palestine. Its exact breeding-ground has not yet been ascertained. [Bernicla canadensis. Canapa Goosn. Anas canadensis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 198 (1766). Anser canadensis, Macg. iv. p. 614; Hewitson, p. 391; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 181; éd. ed. 3, il. p. 185; Harting, p. 61. Bernicla canadensis, Gray, p. 185 ; Gould, Introd. p. exxti. Canada Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 91. Canadensis = of Canada, BERNICLA.— CYGNUS. 119 An introduced species, often found at large, especially in winter. Abundant in North America. ] Bernicla ruficollis. Rep-sreastep Goosn. Anser ruficollis, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fase. vi. p. 21, tab. v. (1769). Bernicla ruficollis, Macg. iv. p. 634; Gray, p. 185; Gould, v. pl. 6; Dresser, p. 403. Anser ruficollis, Naum. xi. p. 408; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 170; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 174; Harting, p. 156. The Red-breasted Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 80. Ruficollis = red-necked ; from rifus + collum. A very rare straggler to Great Britain. It breeds in North- eastern Siberia, migrating southwards in winter, in one case as far as Northern Egypt. Genus CYGNUS, Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iii, p. 815 (1809). Cygnus = the Swan, in classical Latin, the Greek kvevos, Of. Ciconia. Cygnus olor. Murs Sway. Anas Olor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p.501 (1788). Cygnus olor, Naum. xi. p. 442; Gray, p. 189; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 205; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 209 ; Gould, v. pl. 8; Dresser, vi. p. 419. The Mute Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iti. p. 115. Olor = a Swan, in classical Latin, especially in poetry ; perhaps a Spanish word. Cf. Welsh alarch. Probably introduced many centuries ago; generally distri- buted in a more or less domesticated condition. It inhabits the Palearctic Region. 120 ANATIDA. Cygnus immutabilis. Poise Swan. Cyguus immutabilis, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 19. Cygnus immutabilis, Macg. iv. p. 654; Gray, p. 189; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 225; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 230; Gould, Introd. p. exxili; Harting, p. 153; Dresser, vi. p. 429. The Polish Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 181. Immutabilis = wachanging, from in + mutdére; because the cygnets are as white as the adults (but ef. Gurney, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 466). Of occasional occurrence in winter on the east coast of England. It is probably a Palearctic species ; but its exact habitat is undetermined. Cygnus musicus. Wuoorer Sway. Cygnus musicus, Bechstein, Gemeinn, Naturg. Vig. Deutschl. iii. p. 830 (1809). Anas Cygnus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 194 (1766). Cygnus musicus, Macg. iv. p. 659; Harting, p. 59; Dresser, vi. p. 433. Cygnus xanthorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 478. Cygnus ferus, Hewitson, p. 393; Gray, p. 188; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 187; id. ed. 3, ill. p. 191; Gould, v. pl. 9. The Hooper, Yarr. ed. 1, in. p. 97. Misicus = musical ; from Misa = the Muse. An annual winter visitant to the United Kingdom, espe- cially the northern districts. It inhabits the Palearctic Region, breeding in Lapland and Northern Russia. [Cygnus americanus. Axrrrcan Swan. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless in Doughty’s Cab. Nat. Hist. 1. p. 185 (1830). Cygnus americanus, Macg. iv. p. 675; Gray, p. 189; Harting, p. 154. Americdnus = American. One specimen was obtained from an Edinburgh poulterer by Macgillivray in February 1841 ; but none have since been recorded. It inhabits North America. ] CYGNUS.—CAIRINA. 121 [Cygnus buccinator. Trumprrer Swan. Cygnus buccinator, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. ii. p. 464 (1831). Cygnus buccinator, Harting, p. 155. Buccindtor = a trumpeter, one who blew the buccina or crooked horn, Out of five seen at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, in October 1866, four were shot; but they were possibly wrongly identified. It inhabits Western North America. ] Cygnus bewicki. Buwicx’s Swan. Cygnus bewickii, Yarrell, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 445 (1833). Cygnus bewicki, Dresser, vi. p. 441. Cygnus melanorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 497. Cygnus bewickii, Macg. iv. p. 669; Hewitson, p. 396; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 194; id. ed. 3, iti. p. 198. Cygnus minor, Gray, p. 190; Gould, v. pl. 10; Harting, p. 59. Bewick’s Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iti. p. 104. Bewicki, named after Thomas Bewick (born 1753, died 1828), author of the ‘History of British Birds.’ Of frequent occurrence in severe winters throughout the United Kingdom. Itis found all over the Palearctic Region, except in Iceland, and breeds on the Petchora (Seebohm). [Genus CAIRINA, Fleming, Phil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). Catrina, the name in Aldrovandus, “Anas Cairina,” because the bird was in his time brought from Cairo. Cairina moschata. Muscovy Ducx. Anas moschata, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 199 (1766). Cairina moschata, Gray, p. 198. ‘ Moschata = from the Mosquito Coast, Central America. Any reference to a “musky ” odour seems impossible in fact, 122 ANATIDE. A domesticated species which frequently escapes. An inhabitant of Central and South America. ] Genus TADORNA, Fleming, Phil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). % Tadorna, an Italian word, which seems first to occur in Bélon, 1585, as the Latinized name of a bird. Tadorna cornuta. Common SHELDRaAKE. Anas cornuta, S. G. Gmelin, Reise d. Russl. ii. p. 185, pl. 18 (1774). Anas Tadorna, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 195 (1766). Tadorna vulpanser, Macg. v. p. 22; Hewitson, p.397; Gray, p- 190; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 235; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 240; Gould, v. pl. 11; Harting, p. 61. Anas tadorna, Naum. xi. p. 534. Tadorna cornuta, Dresser, vi. p. 451. The Common Sheldrake, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 141. Cornitta = horned ; from cornu = a horn. Resident in certain spots on the sandy shores of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Palearctic Region. Tadorna casarca, Rvuppy SHELDRAKE. Anas Casarca, Lineus, 8, N. iii. App. p. 224 (1768). Tadorna casarca, Macg. v. p. 19; Dresser, vi. p. 461. Anas rutila, Naum. xi. p. 564. Tadorna rutila, Hewitson, p. 399; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 230; id. ed. 3, i. p. 235; Harting, p. 157. Casarca rutila, Gray, p. 191; Gould, v. pl. 12. The Ruddy Sheldrake, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 136. Casarca = a Goose, in South Russian ; Tartar karakchés = black Goose. A rare visitant to the United Kingdom; some recorded occurrences are perhaps of escaped specimens. It inhabits the eastern and southern portions of the Palearctic Region, and is a common winter visitor to India. #®X.—MARECA. 123 [Genus AEX, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329. fix = alk, a water-bird, probably some kind of Goose, mentioned by Aris- totle; said to be thesame word as aif =a goat, from dicow = I dart or spring, from the root of dyw = I drive, “agile.” LE& sponsa. Scvuuer Dover. Anas Sponsa, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 207 (1766). Aix sponsa, Gray, p. 196. Sponsa = a bride, from its gay plumage. A common North-American species frequently kept on ornamental waters; every specimen reported as killed in Britain has almost certainly escaped from confinement.] Genus MARECA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 130 (1824). Maréca, the native name, according to Marcgrave, of the Brazilian Teal (Querquedula brasiliensis). Mareca penelope. Wicron. Anas Penelope, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 202 (1766). Mareca penelope, Macg. v. p. 83; Gray, p. 191; Gould, v. pl. 13; Dresser, vi. p. 541. Anas penelope, Naum. xi. p. 724; Hewitson, p. 412; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 286; id. ed. 3, ill. p. 287; Harting, p. 62. The Wigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, in. p. 190. Pénélipé; rnvédo = a kind of Duck with purple stripes, in classical Greek, which was said to have fed Penelope, subsequently the wife of Ulysses, after ler parents had thrown her into the sea, from mhvn = woof, *rnvedy + dps = sight, ‘ braided-looking.” The Wigeon breeds in the north of Scotland, and is abundant during winter throughout the rest of the United Kingdom. It occurs generally in the Palearctic Region, and sparingly in the Nearctic, 124, ANATIDA. Mareca americana, American Wiczon. Anas americana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 526 (1788). Mareca americana, Macg. v. p. 90; Gray, p. 192; Gould, Introd. p. cxxiv. Anas americana, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 292; id. ed. 3, il. p. 298 ; Harting, p. 159. The American Wigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 196. Americéna = American. Six or seven specimens have been recorded as obtained in various parts of Great Britain, none of which can have escaped from confinement, since none are yet known (Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 514) to have been imported into Europe. It abounds in North America, migrating southwards to Guate- mala in winter. Genus DAFILA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 126 (1824). Dafila, apparently an invented word of no meaning. Dafila acuta, Pinran. Anas acuta, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 202 (1766). Querquedula acuta, Maeg. v. p. 65. Anas acuta, Naum. xi. p. 638; Hewitson, p. 403; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 253 ; id. ed. 3, ll. p. 258; Harting, p. 62. Dafila acuta, Gray, p. 192; Gould, v. pl. 18; Dresser, vi. p. 581. The Pintail Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 158. Aciita = sharp, pointed ; from acito = I sharpen. Breeds sparingly in Scotland and the extreme north of England, occurring pretty plentifully in winter throughout the United Kingdom. It inhabits both the Palearctic and Nearctie Regions. ANAS.—CHAULELASMUS. 125 Genus ANAS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 807 (1760). Anas =a Duck, in classical Latin; akin to vArra, vinooa, vaooa, Germ. Ente, Lith. Gnitis, Anas boscas. Wu Duc. Anas Boschas, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 205 (1766). Anas boschas, Macg. v. p. 31; Naum. xi. p. 575; Hewitson, p. 407; Gray, p.193; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 264; id, ed. 3, lil. p. 265; Gould, v. pl. 15; Harting, p. 62; Dresser, vi. p. 469. The Wild Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 169. Boscas = Booxkds, a small kind of Duck in Aristotle ; apparently the genuine forms are Baoxds and gaokds. Origin unknown (ef. H. T. Wharton, ‘ Ibis, 1879, p. 452); perhaps confused with Bdocw = I feed, in popular etymology. Resident and generally distributed. It inhabits both the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Genus CHAULELASMUS, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii p. 617 (1845). Chaulelasmus, from yavdés = loose or gaping ; a word only found in classical Greek in composition, yavAcédous = with outstanding teeth; and éAacpdés = metal beaten out, a metal plate, from édavvw = I drive, strike, beat out. From the projecting laminz of the upper mandible. Chaulelasmus streperus. Gapwatt. Anas strepera, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 200 (1766). Querquedula strepera, Macg. v. p. 59. Anas strepera, Naum. xi. p. 659; Hewitson, p. 402; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 249; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 2514; Harting, p. 62. Chaulelasmus strepera, Gray, p. 196; Gould, v. pl. 19. Chaulelasmus streperus, Dresser, vi. p. 487. The Gadwall, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 154. Strépérus = noisy. The Gadwall occurs somewhat sparingly from autumn to spring on the coasts and waters of the United Kingdom, and is known to breed in Norfolk. It inhabits the Pale- arctic and Nearctic Regions. 126 ANATIDS. Genus QUERQUEDULA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii, pt. 2, p. 142 (1824). Querqueditla, a kind of Duck mentioned by Varro and Columella; perhaps from «épcovpos = a light vessel used by the Oyprians; or from kapraiow = I ring (Vanigek). Prof. Skeat says the name is from an onomatopeic base, guerg or kark, significative of any loud noise. Querquedula circia. Garcayey. Anas Circia, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 204 (1766). Anas Querquedula, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 203 (1766). Querquedula circia, Macg. v. p. 55; Gould, v. pl. 17; Hart- ing, p. 63; Dresser, vi. p. 518. Anas querquedula, Nawm. xi. p. 677; Hewitson, p. 409; Yarr. ed. 2, 111. p. 277; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 278. Pterocyanea circia, Gray, p. 195. The Garganey, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 181. Circia, the ancient name, though not used by any classical author ; probably from the root of cipkos = a Hawk. See Circus, p. 92. The Garganey is a summer visitant, breeding sparingly in the eastern counties of England. It occurs in many other counties, but rarely in Scotland and very rarely in Ireland. It inhabits the temperate and southern parts of the Palearctic Region, and is common in India in winter. Querquedula discors. Bivn-wixcep Tzat. Anas discors, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 205 (1766). Anas discors, Harting, p. 63. Discors = unlike, from its peculiar wing-markings ; from dis- = apart, and cor = heart. One was obtained on the Nith, Dumfriesshire, in January 1863 (Gray, ‘Birds of the West of Scotland,’ p. 373). Common in Eastern North America, occurring as far north as Alaska, and in winter in Central America and the Antilles. It has been reported from France (Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 521). QUERQUEDULA. 127 Querquedula crecca. Common Txt. Anas Crecca, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 204 (1766). Querquedula crecea, Macg. v. p. 48; Gray, p. 194; Gould, v. pl. 16; Harting, p. 62; Dresser, vi. p. 507. Anas crecca, Naum. xi. p. 701; Hewitson, p. 410; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 281; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 282. The Teal, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 185. Crecea, probably from its note. Cf. Crez, q. v., and the German Kriech- Ente, old English Cracker = Pintail. Resident and generally distributed throughout the United Kingdom. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, and is abundant in winter in India. [Querquedula bimaculata. Brriacurarey Dvox. Anas bimaculata, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur. p. 227 (1840). Anas glocitans, Macg. v. p. 42; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 260. Querquedula bimaculata, Gray, p. 194. The Bimaculated Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 165. Bimacilata = marked with two spots, mdcile. A spurious species, described from a cross between a Teal and a Wild Duck. ] Querquedula carolinensis. Asurican GReEy- WINGED TEAL. Anas carolinensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 533 (1788). Anas carolinensis, Harting, p. 63. Carolinensis — from Carolina, in North America. One was obtained near Kingsbridge, South Devon, Noy. 93, 1879, and another in Hurstbourne Park, Hants, more than forty years ago (‘ Zoologist,” 1880, p. 70). Abundant in North America. 128 ANATIDE. Genus SPATULA, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. Spatila = any thing broad like a spoon, spatha. Spatula clypeata. Smove.er. Anas clypeata, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 200 (1766). Rhynchaspis clypeata, Macg. v. p. 74. Anas clypeata, Naum. xi. p. 747; Hewitson, p. 400; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 242; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 247; Harting, p. 62. Spatula clypeata, Gray, p. 197; Gould, v. pl. 14; Dresser, vi. p. 497. The Shoveler, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 147. Clipédta = armed with a shield, clypeus or clipeus; from its white shield-like gorget. The Shoveller breeds in some districts of Great Britain, and occurs in tolerable abundance from autumn to spring in other parts of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the Palearctic, the northern portion of the Ethiopian, and the Nearctic Re- gions, migrating southwards in winter to India, Australia, and Colombia. Genus FULIGULA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 187 (1824). Filigtla, tor fulicula, diminutive of Filiv or Fulica, q. v. Fuligula rufina. Rep-cresrep Pocuarp. Anas rufina, Pallas, Reise, ti. App. p. 718. no. 28 (1778). Aythya rufina, Macg. v. p. 109. Anas rufina, Naum. xii. p. 7. Branta rufina, Gray, p. 198; Gould, v. pl. 22. Fuligula rufina, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 827; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 329 ; Harting, p. 159; Dresser, vi. p. 559. The Red-crested Whistling Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, ini. p. 229. Rifina, apparently an adjectival form from rifus = red. A rare winter visitant to the eastern and southern waters of England, once obtained in Ireland, and once in Scotland. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Pale- arctic Region, and is a winter visitant to India. FULIGULA. 129 Fuligula cristata. Turrep Ducx. Anas cristata, Leach, Syst. Cat. M. & B. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1816). Anas Fuligula, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 207 (1766). Fuligula cristata, Macg. v. p. 121; Hewitson, p. 430; Gray, p. 199; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 851; id. ed. 8, ili. p. 353; Gould, v. pl. 23; Harting, p. 66; Dresser, vi. p. 573. Anas fuligula, Naum. xii. p. 64. The Tufted Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 251. Cristata = crested, from crista = a crest. The Tufted Duck breeds sparingly in several localities in England and Scotland, and occurs irregularly throughout the United Kingdom from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palearctic Region. [Fuligula collaris. Rive-wncxen Duce. Anas collaris, Donovan, Brit. Birds, vi. t. 147 (1809). Fuligula collaris, Gray, p. 199. Collaris = with a conspicuous neck, collwm, One was obtained in Leadenhall Market, January 1801 (Donovan, /.c.). Mr. Gurney has reported some obviously imported specimens at Liverpool (‘ Zoologist,’ 1877, p. 341). Common in North America and the West Indies, occurring as far south as Guatemala. | Fuligula marila. Scavp. Anas Marila, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 196 (1766). Fuligula marila, Macg. v. p. 116; Hewitson, p. 426; Gray, p-.-199; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 341 ; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 348; Gould, v. pl. 24; Harting, p. 64; Dresser, vi. p. 565. Anas marila, Naum. xii. p. 88. The Scaup Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 241. Marila, from papidn = the embers of charcoal ; from its pitch-black fore parts, An abundant and regular visitant to the United Kingdom, especially the northern portions, from autumn to spring ; K 130 ANATIDA. some stay to breed in Scotland. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. [| Fuligula affinis. Lxzssrr Scavp Duce. Fuligula affinis, Eyton, Monogr. Anat. p. 157 (1838). Affinis = allied, from its close resemblance, exceptin size, to Fuligula marila. One was obtained in the London market many years ago (Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, p. 140). One has also been reported from Holland; but it is not otherwise known than as a common North-American bird.] Fuligula ferina. Pocuarp. Anas ferina, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 203 (1766). Anas ferina, Naum. xii. p. 21. Aythya ferina, Macg. v. p. 108. Fuligula ferina, Hewitson, p. 423; Yarr. ed. 2, ui. p. 832; id. ed. 8, ui. p. 3884; Harting, p. 63; Dresser, vi. p.551. Nyroca ferina, Gray, p. 200; Gould, v. pl. 20. The Pochard, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 233. Férina = of or belonging to wild animals, fére; perhaps in reference to its “game” flavour. Cf. German Tafel-Ente, “ Table-duck.” Resident and breeds in several localities in England and Scotland ; elsewhere a common visitant, especially in winter. It inhabits the temperate Palzearctic Region. Genus NYROCA, Fleming, Phil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). Nyroca, Latinized from the Russian name, Ootna nyrok. Nyroca ferruginea. Wuurs-rvep Duck. Anas ferruginea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 528 (1788). Foligula nyroca, Macg. v. p. 118; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 887; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 839. Fuligula leucophthalmos, Hewitson, p. 425. Anas nyroca, Naum. xii. p. 41. NYROCA.—CLANGULA. 131 Nyroca leucophthalmos, Gray, p. 201; Gould, v. pl. 21. Fuligula ferruginea, Harting, p. 64. Nyroca ferruginea, Dresser, vi. p. 581. The Ferruginous Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 238. Ferruginéa = of the colour of iron-rust, ferriigo, from ferrwm = iron. A spring straggler to the eastern coasts of England, and once met with in Scotland. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Palearctic Region. Genus CLANGULA, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. Clangitla, diminutive of Clanga; khayyi = clangor, any sharp sound, espe- cially the scream of Oranes. Clangula glaucion. Gotpznzys. Anas Glaucion, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 201 (1766). Anas Clangula, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 201 (1766). Clangula chrysophthalma, Macg. v. p. 174. Anas clangula, Nawm. xii. p. 162. Fuligula vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 435. Clangula glaucion, Gray, p. 202; Gould, v. pl. 31; Harting, p- 66; Dresser, vi. p. 595. Fuligula clangula, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 368; id. ed. 3, iii. p- 371. The Golden Eye, Yarr. ed. 1, in. p. 267. Glaucion = yhab«vov, a grey-eyed water-bird in Athenzus, 395 C.; from yhaveds = bluish-grey, Generally Latinized into glaucitwm by pre-Linnean writers, and always (for Chelidonium Glaucium) by botanists, including Linnzus. A winter visitant to the United Kingdom, especially the northern districts. It inhabits the Northern Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Clangula islandica. Barrow’s GoupENeye. Anas islandica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 541 (1788), Anas islandica, Naum. xii. p. 186. Clangula islandica, Dresser, vi. p. 603. Tslandica = of Iceland. K 2 182 ANATIDE. One was shot at the mouth of the Derwent, out of a flock of five, in the winter of 1863-64 (Zool. 1864, p. 9038). Found only in the northern portions of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, seldom migrating far south in winter ; but a speci- men has been obtained near Valencia, in Spain. Clangula albeola. Burret-neapep Duck. Anas Albeola, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 199 (1766). Clangula albeola, Macg. v. p. 185; Gray, p. 203; Gould, Introd. p. exxviil; Harting, p. 161; Dresser, vi. p. 589. Fuligula albeola, Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 374; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 377. Buffel-headed Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 273. Albédla = the little white (albus) bird. A very rare straggler, obtained four or five times on the coasts of Scotland and England. It inhabits the Nearctic Region. Genus COSMONETTA, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 196 (1829). Cosmonétta, from kéopos = ornament, and virra =a Duck; from its bril- liantly contrasted plumage. Cosmonetta histrionica. Haruequin Duck. Anas histrionica, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 204 (1766). Anas histrionica, Naum. xil. p. 199. Clangula histrionica, Macg. v. p. 169; Gray, p. 203. Fuligula histrionica, Hewitson, p.433; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 363 ; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 365. Histrionicus torquatus, Gould, v. pl. 82; Harting, p. 160. Cosmonetta histrionica, Dresser, vi. p. 609. The Harlequin Duck, Yar. ed. 1, 11. p. 262. Histrisnica = belonging to or like an actor, histrv. A very rare straggler—only two well-autheuticated occur- rences, both in the north of Scotland, beg on record. It inhabits Iceland and the Northern Nearctic Region. HARELDA.—-HENICONETTA. 183 Genus HARELDA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xii, pt. 2, p. 174 (1824). Harelda, Latinized from Haveld or Havelda, the Icelandic name. Briinnich (Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 17) says it is called in the Feroes Oedel, and in Iceland Ha-Klla or Ha-Old, Harelda glacialis. Lone-rartep Duck. Anas glacialis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 203 (1766). Harelda glacialis, Macg. v. p. 192; Gray, p. 203; Gould, v. pl. 33; Harting, p. 66; Dresser, vi. p. 617. Anas glacialis, Nawm. xii. p. 210. Fuligula glacialis, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 355 ; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 357 ; Hewitson, p. 431. The Long-tailed Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 255. Glacialis = living among the ice, gldciés. Breeds sparingly in Shetland, and is tolerably abundant from autumn to spring on the northern coasts of the United Kingdom, but rarer southwards. It is a circumpolar species which migrates south in winter in both hemispheres. Genus HENICONETTA, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. p. 75 (1840). Heniconetta, from éyixés = single, unique, and viirra = a Duck. Heniconetta stelleri. Srunuer’s Duck. Anas stelleri, Pallas, Spic. Zool. fasc. vi. p. 35 (1769). Stelleria dispar, Macg. v. p. 164. Anas dispar, Naum, xii. p. 240. Eniconetta stelleri, Gray, p. 204; Gould, v. pl. 25. Somateria dispar, Yarr. ed, 2, 11. p. 805; zd. ed. 3, ii. p. 306. Somateria stelleri, Harting, p. 164; Dresser, vi. p. 649. Steller’s Western Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, 11. p. 208. 134 ANATIDA. Stelleri, in honour of Geo. Wilh. Steller, who first discovered the bird in Kamtchatka, 1741-42. Two specimens have been obtained on the east coast of England. It inhabits the Northern Palearctic and North- western Nearctic Regions. Genus SOMATERIA, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. : Somatéria from odpa, genit. owparos, the body, and épvoy = wool, which its breast supplies in the breeding-season, Somateria mollissima, E:er Dvcx. Anas mollissima, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 198 (1766). Somateria mollissima, Macg. v. p. 147; Hewitson, p. 414; Gray, p. 205; Varr. ed. 2, ill. p. 297; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 298; Gould, v. pl. 26; Harting, p. 67; Dresser, vi. p. 629. Anas mollissima, Naum. xii. p. 252. The Eider Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 201. Mollissima, superlative of mollis = soft. The Eider Duck breeds from the Fern Islands northwards, and occurs sparingly in winter on the coasts of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the north-western portions of the Palearctic Region. Somateria spectabilis. Kine Err. Anas spectabilis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 195 (1766). Somateria spectabilis, Macg. v. p. 158; Hewitson, p. 417; Gray, p. 206; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 808; id. ed. 3, i. p. 810; Gould, v. pl. 27; Harting, p. 163; Dresser, vi. p. 643. Anas spectabilis, Naum. xii. p. 285. The King Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 211. Speetabilis = worth seeing ; from specto = I watch, frequentative of spécio = I look at. A rare straggler to the British Islands, occurring most @DEMIA. 185 frequently in the northern portions. It inhabits the northern Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Genus @DEMIA, Fleming, Phil. of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). Gdemia, from oidnwa = a swelling, from oidéw = I become swollen; from the tumid bill. (Edemia nigra. Common Scorer. Anas nigra, Linneus, 8.N. i. p.196 (1766). Oidemia nigra, Macg. v. p. 140; Gray, p. 207; Hewitson, p. 421; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 817; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 319; Gould, v. pl. 28. Anas nigra, Naum. xii. p. 108. (demia nigra, Harting, p. 66; Dresser, vi. p. 663. The Common Scoter, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 220. Nigra = black. The Scoter breeds in several of the northern counties of Scotland, and visits the more southern coasts of the United Kingdom in winter. It inhabits the Palearctic Region. (idemia fusca. Vetver Scorzr. Anas fusca, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 196 (1766). Oidemia fusca, Macg. v. p. 184; Gray, p. 206; Hewitson, p- 419; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 312; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 314; Gould, v. pl. 29. Anas fusca, Naum. xii. p. 123. (Edemia fusca, Harting, p.67; Dresser, vi. p. 657. The Velvet Scoter, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 215. Fusca = dark, dusky. The Velvet Scoter occasionally breeds in some parts of Scotland, and visits the coasts of the United Kingdom in winter. It inhabits the Palearctic Region. 136 ANATIDA, (Edemia perspicillata. Surr-Scorsr. Anas perspicillata, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 201 (1766). Oidemia perspicillata, Maecg. v. p.129; Gray, p. 207; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 822; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 324; Gould, v. pl. 30. Anas perspicillata, Nawm. xii. p. 140. (Hdemia perspicillata, Harting, p. 162; Dresser, vi. p. 669. The Surf Scoter, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 225. Perspicillata = dappled, covered with small looking-glasses (spécii/a)—a late, and rather unnatural, derivative. A very rare winter visitant to the shores of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the Nearctic Region. Genus MERGUS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 207 (1766). Mergus = a diving-bird, in classical Latin; from mergo = I dive. Mergus merganser. Goosanper. Mergus Merganser, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 208 (1766). Meganser castor, Macg. v. p. 207. Mergus merganser, Naum. xii. p. 856; Hewitson, p. 489 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 895; id. ed. 8, ili. p. 898; Harting, p. 68; Dresser, vi. p. 685. Mergus castor, Gray, p. 208; Gould, v. pl. 34. The Goosander, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 292. Merganser = diving Goose; from mergus + anser. Coined by Gesner, on account of the bird’s size. The Goosander breeds sparingly in the North of Scotland, and occurs on the coasts and waters of the United Kingdom from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Mergus serrator. Rep-sreasrep MERGANSER. Mergus Serrator, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 208 (1766). Merganser serrator, Macg. v. p. 216. Mergus serrator, Nawm. xii. p. 333 ; Hewitson, p. 487 ; Gray, p. 209; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 8895 ad. ed. 3, ini. p. 392; Gould, v. pl. 85; Harting, p.67; Dresser, vi. p. 698, COLUMBIDA. 137 The Red-breasted Merganser, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 287. Serrator = one using a saw, serra. The Red-breasted Merganser breeds in Scotland and North Treland, and occurs from autumn to spring in all parts of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Mergus cucullatus. Hoopep Mercanser. Mergus cucullatus, Linneus, 8.N.1i. p. 207 (1766). Merganser cucullatus, Macg. v. p. 225. Mergus cucullatus, Gray, p. 209; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 388; id, ed. 8, iii. p. 386; Gould, v. pl.36; Harting, p. 165. The Hooded Merganser, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 282. Cuculldtus = with a cap or hood, cticullus. Avery rare straggler to the United Kingdom. It inhabits North America. Mergus albellus. Smew. Mergus Albellus, Linneus, 8S. N.i. p. 209 (1766). Mergus albellus, Macg. v. p. 283; Naum. xii. p. 314; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 378; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 881; Gould, v. pl. 37; Harting, p. 67; Dresser, vi. p. 699. Mergellus albellus, Gray, p. 210. The Smew, Yarr. ed. 1, ili. p. 277. Albellus = the little white (albus) bird. An irregular winter visitant to the coasts of the United Kingdom, more abundant on the north and east. It inhabits the Northern Palearctic Region. Order COLUMBA. Family COLUMBID&. Genus COLUMBA, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 279 (1766). Columba = a Dove, in classical Latin; probably as if meaning ‘‘ dark,” from the root of caligo = darkness. But cf Lith. gulbe = swan, O. Irish gall, with the meaning “ white.” Probably not akin to Colymbus. 188 COLUMBIDZ. Columba palumbus. Rrve-Dovz. Columba Palumbus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 282 (1766). Columba palumbus, Naum. vi. p. 168; Macg. i. p. 259; Hewitson, p. 271; Gray, p. 120; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 277; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 287; Harting, p. 36; Dresser, vii. p. 3; Saunders, iii. p. 1. Palumbus torquatus, Gould, iv. pl. 1. The Ring Dove, or Wood Pigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 249. Péilumbus = a Wood-Pigeon, in classical Latin; akin to wéAera, wedds, pullus, “ dark,” Generally distributed and common throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and found throughout the Western Palearctic Region, except in the far north; ranging only a short distance into the Eastern Palearctic Region, where it is replaced by Columba casiotis. Columba cnas. Srock-Dove. Columba Oenas, Linneus (partim), 8. N. i. p. 279 (1766). Columba cenas, Naum. vi. p. 215; Macg. i. p. 287; Hewitson, p.273; Gray, p.120; Gould, iv. pl.2; Harting, p. 36; Dresser, vii. p. 23; Saunders, iii. p. 8. Columba zenas, Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 283; id. ed. 3, il. p. 293. The Stock Dove, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 254. Oenas = oivads, a wild Pigeon the colour of ripening grapes (otvn = the vine), in Aristotle, which Gaza translates Vinago. The Stock-Dove is found in most parts of England, though somewhat local in its distribution, and is most numerous in some of the midland and eastern counties, but it does not occur in Scotland or Ireland. It is generally distributed throughout the Western Palearctic Region as far north as the limit of the growth of the oak, and ranges into Asia about as far as Persia. COLUMBA.—TURTUR. 189 Columba livia. Rock-Dovz. Columba livia, Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth. i. p. 227 (1790). Columba livia, Naum. vi. p. 186; Macg. i. p. 268; Hewitson, p. 274; Gray, p.121; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 288; id. ed. 3, il. p. 298; Gould, iv. pl. 3; Harting, p. 86; Dresser, vii. p. 11; Saunders, iii. p. 1. The Rock Dove, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 259. Livia, from its leaden colour, livor, Gaza translates Aristotle’s mehevds by livia, because 7eAds = dark-coloured ; cf. French Biset, from Fr. bise = vor. Generally distributed in suitable localities, principally on rocky cliffs on the coast, not only throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but over the whole western Palearctic Region. Genus TURTUR, Selby, Nat. Libr. Ornith. v. p. 169 (1835). Turtur = a Turtle Dove, in classical Latin. Said to be onomatopeic ; but cf. Tetrax. Turtur communis. Turtie Dove. Turtur communis, Selby, Nat. Libr. Ornith. v. pp. 153, 171 (1835). Columba Turtur, Linneus, 8. N. 1. p. 284 (1766). Columba turtur, Naum. vi. p. 283; Macg.i. p.291; Hewitson, p: 275; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 299; id. ed. 8, ii. p. 309. Turtur auritus, Gray, p. 121; Gould, iv. pl. 4; Harting, p. 37. Turtur vulgaris, Dresser, vil. p. 39. Turtur communis, Saunders, iii. p. 21. The Turtle Dove, Yarr. ed. 1, li. p. 267. Commimis = common. A summer visitant to Great Britain, being common in the southern counties and rarer in the northern counties of England ; but a rare straggler to Scotland, and a somewhat rare summer visitant to Ireland. It is generally distributed throughout the temperate portions of the western Palearctic Region, and is found in Africa as far south as 10° N. lat. In Asia it ranges as far east as Yarkand. 140 COLUMBID. --PTEROCLIDA. Genus ECTOPISTES, Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 362 (1827). Ectopistés = éxromtorhs, the wanderer; from éxrowiZw = I migrate. Ectopistes migratorius. Passuneur Prazon. Columba migratoria, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 285 (1766). Ectopistes migratorius, Gray, p.121; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 804; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 314; Gould, introd. p.c; Saunders, iii. p. 26. Columba migratoria, Harting, p. 128. The Passenger Pigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 272. Migratérius = migratory. A very rare straggler from the Nearctic Region, where it is common from the Atlantic to the great central plains, and from the Southern States to the 65th parallel of northern latitude. Order PTEROCLETES. Family PTEROCLID. Genus SYRRHAPTES, Jiliger, Prody. p. 243 (1811). Syrrhaptés, derived by its inventor, l.¢., from cuppdmrey = to sew or stitch together, because the last phalanges of the toes alone are free. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Pauzas’s Sanp-Grovsn. Tetrao paradoxa, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, i1. App. p- 712 (1778). Syrrhaptes paradoxus, Gould, iv. p. 11; Harting, p. 128; Dresser, vi. p. 75. Paradoxus = rwapddogos, strange, contrary to expectation; from the curious structure of its fect. Has occasionally occurred in large numbers, particularly in 1868, in Great Britain and Ireland, and under similar circumstances in-various parts of Europe. Its true home is the steppes of Central Asia. PHASIANIDA. 141 Order GALLINA. Family PHASIANIDA. Genus PHASIANUS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 270 (1766). Phasténus = gactayés, the Phasian bird, in Aristophanes; from the river Phasis, in Colchis, whence it is said to have been first brought by the Argonautic expedition. Phasianus colchicus. Puzasanr. Phasianus colchicus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 271 (1766). Phasianus colchicus, Naum. vi. p. 433; Macg. i. p. 114; Hewitson, p. 276; Gray, p.123; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 310; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 820; Saunders, iii. p. 91; Gould, iv. pl. 12; Harting, p. 37; Dresser, vii. p. 85. The Common Pheasant, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 277. Colchicus = of Colchis, a province of Asia east of the Black Sea, now Mingrelia, through which the river Phasis, now Rion, flows. Generally distributed throughout the British Isles, where it is naturalized, as also in the rest of Europe. Its true home is South-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. Genus CACCABIS, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 183 (1829). Caccébis = kaxkaPis, » collateral form of carcaBn, a Partridge, in classical Greek ; perhaps from its “cackling.” Cf. cuckaBad = the cry of the Screech-owl ; but Curtius wrongly connects it with caxcdw = cacdre, and compares Perdis, q. v. Caccabis rufa. Rep-teccEp Parrripce. Tetrao rufus, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 276 (1766). Perdix rubra, Naum. vi. p. 563; Macg. i. p. 215. Perdix rufa, Hewitson, p. 282; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 381; id. ed. 8, li. p. 894; Harting, p. 40. Caccabis rufa, Gray, p.126; Dresser, vii. p. 103; Saunders, ii. p. 115. Caccabis rubra, Gould, iv. pl. 14. The Red-legged Partridge, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 343. Rifa = red. 142 PHASIANID&. Naturalized in the east of England. Found in Eastern and Southern Europe. Caccabis petrosa. Barbary Parrripes. Tetrao petrosus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 758 (1788). Caccabis petrosa, Gray, p. 127; Dresser, vii. p.111; Saunders, iii. p. 121. Perdix petrosa, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 387; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 400; Harting, p. 129. Petrésa = haunting rocks, rérpat. A rare straggler to England. It inhabits Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Genus PERDIX, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 219 (1760). Perdiz = 7ép0.é, a Partridge, in classical authors; probably from the root of mépdopar = pédére, cum enim sonum edit. Cf. Caccabis, from raxkdw (Curtius); Old Norse 7jzipa = ptarmigan, ropa = eructare. Perdix cinerea. Parrripce. Perdix cinerea, Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. pt. 1, p. 290 (1787). Tetrao Perdix, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 276 (1766). Perdix cinerea, Naum. vi. p. 177; Macg. 1. p. 218; Hewitson, p. 281; Gray, p. 127; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 870; id. ed. 3, li. p. 883; Saunders, ui. p. 105; Gould, iv. pl. 13; Harting, p. 89; Dresser, vii. p. 181. The Common Partridge, Yarr. ed. 1, 11. p. 3338. Cinéréa = ash-coloured ; from cinéres = ashes. The Partridge occurs throughout the British Isles, and is generally distributed through temperate Europe and Hastern Asia to Persia and Turkestan. Genus COTURNIX, Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth. i. p. 217 (1790). Coturnizx = a Quail, in classical Latin. Etymology unknown. COTURNIX.—ORTYX. 143 Coturnix communis. Quam. Coturnix Communis, Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth. i. ; p. 217 (1790). Tetrao Coturnix, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 278 (1766). Perdix coturnix, Naum. vi. p. 575. Coturnix dactylisonans, Macg. i. p. 233. Coturnix vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 284; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 400 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 418; Harting, p. 40. Coturnix communis, Gray, p. 128; Gould, iv. pl. 15 ; Dresser, vil. p. 143 ; Saunders, iii. p. 123. The Common Quail, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 855. Comminis = common. Thinly distributed throughout the British Islands during the summer months. It is found throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. [Genus ORTYX, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xi. pt. L, p. 376 (1819). Ortyx = éprvé, the Quail, in classical Greek ; from the root of verto = I turn, from its whirling flight (Curtius). Cf. Sanskr. vartakas = quail, vart = to roll. Ortyx virginanus. Virernran Coxzy. Tetrao virginianus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 277 (1760). Ortyx virginiana, Macg. i. p. 228; Gray, p. 129; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 891; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 404, Ortyx virginianus, Harting, p. 129; Saunders, iii. p. 122. The Virginian Colin, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 348. Virginianus = of Virginia. Introduced from North America, but never really esta- blished.] Family TETRAONID A. Genus LAGOPUS, Brisson, Ornith. i. pp. 181, 216 (1760). Ligépus = Naywrovs, rough-footed like a hare; from Aayws + rods. 144 TETRAONIDA. Lagopus mutus. Prarmicay. Tetrao mutus, Montin, Phys. Salsk. Handl. p. 155 (1770). Tetrao Lagopus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 274 (1776). Lagopus cinereus, Macg. i. p. 187. Tetrao lagopus, Naum. vi. p. 401; Hewitson, p. 280; Hart- ing, p. 39. Lagopus albus, Gray, p. 132. Lagopus vulgaris, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 859 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 372. Lagopus mutus, Saunders, iii. p. 83; Gould, iv. pls. 8-10; Dresser, vii. p. 157. The Ptarmigan, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 322. Mitus = dumb, mute. Common on the highest mountain-tops of Scotland; found in similar districts throughout Europe and Central Asia. Lagopus scoticus. Rep Grouss. Tetrao scoticus, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 641 (1790). Lagopus scoticus, Macg. i. p. 169; Gray, p. 181; Yarr. ed. 2,11. p. 351; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 864; Saunders, ii. p. 73 ; Gould, iv. pl. 7; Dresser, vi. p. 165. Tetrao scoticus, Hewitson, p. 279; Harting, p. 39. The Red Grouse, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 315. Scoticus = of Scotland, to which it was supposed to be peculiar. On moorlands throughout the greater part of the British Islands, but not south of Derbyshire in England. It does not occur outside the British Isles, but is represented on the continent by the closely allied form Lagopus albus. [ Lagopus rupestris. Rock-Praruigan. Tetrao rupestris, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 751 (1788). Lagopus rupestris, Dresser, vii. p. 175. Ripestris = frequenting rocks, ripes. One is said to have occurred in Sutherlandshire (Selby, TETRAO. 145 Cat. Birds Sutherland, 1834), and another in Perthshire, in 1825 (Eyton, ‘Rarer British Birds,’ p. 25, 1838). It inhabits Iceland, Greenland, Arctic America, and Arctic Siberia. ] Genus TETRAO, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 273 (1766). Tétréo = rerpdwv, a bird mentioned by Athenwus and Pliny; akin to rérpak, rérot, Sanskr. tittiris, Old Norse thidr, Lat. turtur ; perhaps a Persian word. Tetrao tetrix. Buack Grovss. Tetrao Tetrix, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 274 (1766), Tetrao tetrix, Naum. vi. p. 324; Macg.i. p. 145; Hewitson, p-. 278; Gray, p. 180; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 340; id. ed. 3, li. p. 351; Saunders, iii. p.60; Gould, iv. pl.6; Harting, p. 88; Dresser, vii. p. 205. The Black Grouse, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 304. Tétrix = rérp.t, a bird mentioned by Aristotle ; cf. Tetrao, Generally distributed throughout the moorlands of Great Britain, and in similar situations all over Europe, Siberia, and China. Tetrao urogallus. Capercaiun. Tetrao Urogallus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 273 (1766). Tetrao urogallus, Naum. vi. p. 277 ; Macg.i. p. 188; Gray, p. 180; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 8233 id. ed. 3, ii. p. 333 ; Saunders, iii. p. 45; Gould, iv. pl. 5; Harting, p. 37; Dresser, vii. p. 228. Wood Grouse, Hewitson, p. 277. The Capercaillie, Yarr. ed. 1, u. p. 289. Urogallus, from trus = a kind of wild ox, and gallus =a cock. Gesner formed the name from the German Auerhahn, taking Auer as equivalent to Urus, in reference to the bird’s size, comparing it to the bovine Aurochs. Formerly an inhabitant of Northern England, Ireland, and Central Scotland. It became extinct in the last century, and is now again naturalized about Taymouth and elsewhere (ef. L 146 RALLIDAS. Harvie-Brown, ‘The Capercaillie in Scotland,’ 1879). It extends through the pine-forests of Northern and Central Europe. Order HEMIPODII. Genus TURNIX, Bonnaterre, Encyl. Méth. i. p. 5 (1790). Turnizx, shortened from Coturnizx, q.v., to show it was a mutilated form, wanting the hind toe. Turnix sylvatica. Anpa.usiay Hemrpope. Tetrao sylvaticus, Desfontaines, Mém. de }’Acad. Roy. des Sciences, Paris, p. 500 (1789). Turnix africanus, Gray, p. 128. Hemipodius tachydromus, Yarr. ed. 2 ii. p. 408; id. ed. 3, li. p. 421. Turnix africanus, Gould, iv. pl. 16. Turnix sylvatica, Harting, p. 180; Dresser, vii. p. 249; Saunders, iii. p. 181. Sylvatica = found in woods, silve. Three examples are said to have been obtained in England. It is a local resident in Southern Spain, Sicily, and North Africa. Order FULICARIZ. Family RALLIDA, Genus RALLUS, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 261 (1766). Rallus, the latinized form of the French dle (spelt Rasle in Bélon, 1555) our Rail, Dutch Ral; akin to rattle. Rallus aquaticus. Warer-Rar. Rallus aquaticus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 262 (1766). Rallus aquaticus, Naum. ix. p. 472; Macg. iv. p. 521; Hewit- son, p. 873; Gray, p. 177; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 110; PORZANA. 147 id. ed. 3, iii. p. 125; Gould, iv. pl. 86 ; Harting, p. 57; Dresser, vii. p. 257. The Water Rail, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 24. Aquaticus = living in or by the water, dgua. Generally distributed and resident in Great Britain and Ireland. It inhabits most parts of Europe, Asia as far east as India, and North Africa. Genus PORZANA, Vieillot, Anal. p. 61 (1816). Porzdna, the Italian name ; also written Sforzana (Salvadori) and Forzane (plux.?, Willughby). Of unknown derivation, Porzana maruetta. Sporrep Crake. Ortygometra Maruetta, Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1816). Rallus Porzana, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 262 (1766). Crex porzana, Naum. ix. p. 523; Macg. iv. p. 585 ; Hewitson, p. 875; Yarr. ed. 2, iil. p. 97; id. ed. 3, iii, p. 112; Harting, p. 58. Ortygometra porzana, Gray, p. 179. Porzana maruetta, Gould, iv. pl. 88; Dresser, vii. p. 267. The Spotted Crake, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 11. Maruetta, latinized from the French fa Marouette. The word is probably not Italian, as it is not mentioned by Salvadori. A somewhat local bird in England and Scotland, breeding occasionally with us, and being more frequently met with in the maritime counties. Less numerous and but an irregular summer visitant to Ireland. It is generally distributed throughout Europe, and occurs in Asia as far east as Eastern Siberia and as far south as India; and it also visits North Africa during the winter season. [Porzana carolina. Carozra Rar. Rallus carolinus, Linnaeus, 8. N. 1. p. 263 (1766). Crex carolina, Harting, p. 152. Carolina, because first described from specimens obtained in that country. L2 148 RALLIDE. One is said to have occurred on the Kennet, Berkshire, October 1864. Common in North America.] Porzana bailloni. Bartuon’s Crake. Rallus Bailloni, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. XXvili. p. 548 (1819). Crex pygmaea, Naum. ix. p. 567. Crex baillonii, Harting, p. 58. Ortygometra bailloni, Gray, p. 180. Crex baillonii, Macg. iv. p. 539; Hewitson, p. 377; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 106; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 121. Porzana pygmexa, Gould, iv. pl. 89. Porzana bailloni, Dresser, vii. p. 275. Baillon’s Crake, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 20. Bailloni, in honour of Louis Antoine Francois Baillon, of Abbeville, who died about 1855. He first found the species in Picardy, and gave Vieillot details of its habits &e. A somewhat rare visitant to Great Britain, probably from Holland; has been obtained in England in almost every month in the year; has also occurred twice in Scotland, and once in Ireland. Is with certainty known to have once bred in Norfolk. It inhabits Central and Southern Europe, and is found in Asia as far east as China and as far south as the Andamans ; it is also met with in Africa as far south as the Cape Colony and in Madagascar. Porzana parva. Lirrie Crake. Rallus parvus, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 108 (1769). Crex pusilla, Naum. ix. p. 547; Macg. iv. p. 541; Yarr. ed, 2, ili. p. 101; éd. ed. 3, i. p.116; Harting, p. 58. Ortygometra minuta, Gray, p. 179. Porzana minuta, Gould, iv. pl. 90. Porzana parva, Dresser, vil. p. 283. The Little Crake, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 15. Parva = small. A somewhat rare visitant at different seasons of the year CREX.—PORPHYRIO. 149 to England, chiefly the east coast, having been thirteen times obtained in Norfolk alone; has once occurred in Scotland in March, and once in Ireland in the same month. It is gene- rally distributed throughout Europe, but is only met with in Asia as far east as North-west India, and occurs but rarely in North Africa. Genus CREX, Bechstein, Ornith. Taschenb. p. 336 (1803). Crex = «pét, a Rail, in classical Greek ; cf. epéxw = I strike so as to sound. Crex pratensis. Corn-Craxe. Crex pratensis, Bechstein, Ornith. Taschenb. p. 337 (1803). Rallus Crex, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 251 (1766). Crex pratensis, Naum. ix. p. 496; Macg. iv. p. 527; Hewitson, p. 372; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 92; id, ed. 3, ii. p. 107; Gould, iv. pl. 87; Harting, p. 57; Dresser, vu. p. 291. Ortygometra crex, Gray, p. 178. The Landrail, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 6. Pratensis = found in meadows, prata. A summer resident and generally distributed throughout the United Kingdom, occasionally remaining throughout the winter, particularly in Ireland. It is an inhabitant of Europe, Western Asia as far east as India, and Africa as far south as the Cape colony. [Genus PORPHYRIO, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 522 (1760). Porphyrio = wopdvpiwy, a red-coloured water-bird known to the Greeks ; from mopptpa = purple. Porphyrio ceruleus. Porpre Gatirvze. Fulica cerulea, Vandelli, Flor. & Faun. Lusit. Spec. (Mem. da Acad. Real das Sci. Lisboa, i. p. 87, 1797). Fulica Porphyrio, Linneus, 8S. N.1i. p. 258 (1766). 150 RALLIDE. Porphyrio veterum, Dresser, vil. p. 299. Cerisléus = dark blue, in classical Latin. One was taken alive at Boldon Flats, August 1863; and another was caught near Ponteland, August 1873 (Hancock, ‘Birds of Northumberland and Durham,’ 1874). One was shot near Campbeltown in Argyleshire, December 1863 (R. Gray, ‘ Birds of West of Scotland,’ p. 337). These and other recorded occurrences were probably of escaped spe- cimens, as this North-west African and South-west Euro- pean species rarely occurs far north, having only once occurred in Germany. P orphyrio smaragdonotus. GREEN-BACKED GALLINULE. Porphyrio smaragnotus, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. i. p. 700 (1820). Porphyrio smaragnotus, Dresser, vil. p. 303. Smaragdo-nétus = with the back (v#rov) coloured like a cpdpaydos = an emerald. Has thrice occurred in Norfolk, viz. one at Tatterford, October 1876 (Zool. 1877, pp. 228, 252, 253, 433), one near Hickling, November 1, 1877 (Zool. 1878, p. 29), and another on Barton Broad, August 23, 1879 (Zool. 1879, p. 458). Some records of P. ceruleus are likely to refer to the present species ; both are not uncommonly kept in confinement and escape. It inhabits the whole continent of Africa, and is only a straggler north of the Mediterranean. Porphyrio martinicus. Marrrreve Glarirwore. Fulica martinica, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 259 (1766). Porphyrio martinica, Gray, p. 181. Martinicus = of the island of Martinique, which was its only habitat known to Linneus. One is said to have been killed in Ireland (Thompson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 1846, p. 311). species in Tropical America. ] A common GALLINULA.—FULICA. 151 Genus GALLINULA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 3 (1760). Gallinitla = a Chicken; diminutive of gallina =a Hen. Of. Gallinago. Gallinula chloropus. Moor-nev. Fulica chloropus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 258 (1766). Gallinula chloropus, Naum. ix. p. 587; Macg. iv. p. 547; Hewittson, p. 378 ; Gray, p. 180; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 114; ad. ed. 8, iil. p. 129; Gould, iv. pl. 85; Harting, p. 58 ; Dresser, vii. p. 318. The Moor-hen, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 28. Chiérépus = green-footed, from ydwpds + zods. Resident and generally distributed over the United King- dom. It occurs throughout Europe, and in Africa as far south as the Cape colony. Subject to some variation it it is found in Asia as far east as Japan and as far south as Java and Sumatra. Genus FULICA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 23 (1760). Filica = a Coot, in classical Latin. Another form, fulix, genit. fulicts, occurs in Cicero, Akin to ¢aA-axpés = bald-headed, and Eng. bald. Fulica atra. Coor. Fulica atra, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 257 (1766). Fulica atra, Naum. ix. p. 635; Macg. iv. p. 560; Hewitson, p- 380; Gray, p. 181; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 123; id, ed. 8, iil. p. 138; Gould, iv. pl. 84; Harting, p. 58; Dresser, vii. p. 327. The Common Coot, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 36. Atra = black. Resident and generally distributed in the Palzearctic and in the continental portions of the Oriental Region ; in winter it is common in Egypt as far south as Kordofan. 152 GRUIDA, Order ALECTORIDES. Family GRUIDA. Genus GRUS, Bechstein, Vig. Deutschl. iii. p. 60 (1793). Grus = a Crane, in classical Latin; akin to yépdvos, gallus, garrio = chatter, &c. Grus communis. Cras. Grus communis, Bechstein, Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 60 (1793). Ardea Grus, Linneus, S. N.1. p. 234 (1766). Grus cinerea, Naum. ix. p. 345; Macg. iv. p. 20; Hewitson, p. 808; Gray, p. 144; Yarr. ed. 2, 1. p. 501; id, ed, 3, li. p. 5380; Gould, iv. pl. 19; Harting, p. 54. Grus communis, Dresser, vii. p. 337. The Common Crane, Yarr, ed. 1, i. p. 487. Commitnis = common, A rare straggler to various portions of the United King- dom, probably from Scandinavia. Has apparently occurred more frequently in Orkney and Shetland than elsewhere in Great Britain. It inhabits the Palearctic Region, migrating in winter to India and North Africa. [Grus virgo. Demorsnire Crave. Ardea Virgo, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 234 (1766). Grus virgo, Harting, p. 146; Dresser, vii. p. 353. Virgo =a maiden, from the bird’s elegant appearance and “ dancing” propensity. One was shot near Deerness, Kirkwall, Orkney, May 14, 1863, where another was seen but not obtained (Zool. 1863, p- 8692) ; these were possibly escaped specimens. Another is said to have been picked up dead near Wincanton, Somer- setshire (Zoologist, 1876, p. 4928). It has a wide range through Africa and Southern Asia, is resident in Southern and South-eastern Europe, and has occurred in Sweden and in Heligoland. | BALEARICA. 153 [Genus BALEARICA, Brisson, Ornith. vy. p. 511 (1760). Baléarica = from the Balearic Isles. Balearica pavonina. Barmarre Crawn. Ardea pavonina, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 233 (1766). Grus pavonina, Harting, p. 146. Pavonina = of or coloured like a peacock, pavo, raws. One has been reported as obtained in Ayrshire, September 17, 1871 (Ibis, 1872, p. 201). It inhabits Northern and Western Africa, rarely, if ever, straying to the continent of Europe. ] Family OTIDIDA. Genus OTIS, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 264 (1766). Otis = ris, a kind of Bustard with long ear-feathers, known to the Greeks ; from ods, genit. wrds, an ear. Otis tarda. Great Bustrarp. Otis Tarda, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 264 (1766). Otis tarda, Naum. vii. p.12; Macg. iv. p. 830; Hewitson, p. 285; Gray, p. 133; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p.415; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 428; Gould, iv. pl. 17; Harting, p. 41; Dresser, vil. p. 369. The Great Bustard, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 362. Tarda, the Spanish name, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat. x. p. 29). A Celtic or Basque word, bearing no relation to ¢ardus=slow. Tarda and Bistarda are always used as substantives, like the French Outarde (from avis tarda, through the Provengal Austarde, as avis struthio became Autruche in French and Ostrich in English) and our Bus-tard. Formerly a resident in England and Ireland, but long extinct in the latter country. In England it used to breed not uncommonly, but has been gradually exterminated, the last nest having been found within the last half-century. Now it is only a rare straggler from Continental Europe, It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palzarctic Region. 1lo4 OTIDIDA. Otis tetrax. Lirriz Bustarp. Otis Tetrax, Linneus, S. N.i. p. 264 (1766). Otis tetrax, Naum. vil. p. 52; Macg. iv. p. 35; Hewitson, p- 287; Gray, p.1314; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 426; id. ed. 3, u. p. 452; Gould, iv. pl. 18; Harting, p. 42; Dresser, vil. p. 383. The Little Bustard, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 371. Tétrax = rérpaé, a bird known to the ancient Greeks. Akin to rérpiz, rerpawy, rerpddwy, Lithuanian fefervas, Sanskrit ¢ittiris, Old Norse thidr, Latin ¢ur¢vr—all names of birds, which may perhaps be onomatopeic (Curtius, p. 242); cf. rerpdfw =I cackle. Perhaps it is a Persian word. A somewhat rare visitaut from Southern Europe to Eng- land, Scotland, and Ireland, having always been obtained in winter dress. It inhabits the southern portions of Europe, Asia as far east as India, and North Africa. Genus HOUBARA, Bonaparte, Sagg. Distr. Met. An. Vert., Aggiunte, p. 142 (1831). Houbdara, the Arabic name for a Bustard. Houbara macqueeni. Mucquesy’s Busrarp. Otis Macqueenii, J. EL. Gray, Ilustr. of Indian Zool. ii. pl. 47 (1833-34). Otis houbara, Naum. vii. p. 66. Otis macqueenii, Nawm. xiii. p. 216; Gould, Introd. p. ciii. Eupodotis undulata, Gray, p. 134. Otis macqueeni, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 457; Harting, p. 131; Dresser, vil. p. 395. Macqueen’s Bustard, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 33. Macquceni, in honour of the sender of the specimen described by J. E. Gray. Cf. ‘List of Specimens of Birds, B. M.,’ part iii. p. 57 (1544), Has only once occurred, in Lincolnshire, in October 1847. Inhabits the plains of Western Asia, ranging as far east as North-west India, Accidental in Europe. DICNEMID#.—-GLAREOLIDA. 155 Order LIMICOLA. Family GDICNEMIDA. Genus HDICNEMUS, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 322 (1815). Gdienémus, from otdos = a swelling, and cvAun =leg; from the thickness of the proximal end of the tarsus in the young. Cidicnemus scolopax. Sronz-Cur.ew. Charadrius scolopax, S. G. Gmelin, Reise durch Russland, iii. p. 87 (1774). Charadrius Gdicnemus, Linneus, §.N. i. p. 255 (1766). Cidicnemus crepitans, Naum. vii. p. 92; Macg. iv. p. 77; Hewitson, p.288; Gray, p. 135; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 436; id, ed. 3, il. p. 465; Gould, iv. pl. 35; Harting, p. 42. (dicnemus scolopax, Dresser, vil. p. 401. The Great Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 380. Scélopax ; see p. 164. A summer visitant to Great Britain, breeding somewhat locally in England; a straggler in Ireland and Scotland. Appears to be gradually decreasing in numbers. It is dis- tributed throughout Temperate and Southern Europe, in Asia as far east as India, and is common in North Africa. Family GLAREOLIDA. Genus GLAREOLA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 141 (1760). Glérééla, a diminutive from gldréa = gravel, from its haunting gravelly places. Glareola pratincola. Cottarep Prativcots. Hirundo Pratincola, Linneus, 8.N.i. p. 345 (1766). Glareola torquata, Naum. ix. p. 437, xii. p. 261; Hewitson, p. 290; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 441; td. ed. 3, it. p. 470. 156 CHARADRIID. Glareola pratincola, Macg. iv. p. 49; Gould, iv. pl. 46; Gray, p. 187; Harting, p. 133; Dresser, vi. p. 411. The Collared Pratincole, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 1. Pratincolu, from pralum =a meadow, and incdla = an inhabitant. From its frequenting the open meadows of Austria (Kramer, Elench. Veg. et Anim. per Austriam obs. p. 381, 1756). A rare straggler from Southern Europe to England and Scotland, which has been obtained at various seasons of the year. It inhabits Southern and Central Europe, Asia as far east as India, and Africa as far south as Natal. Family CHARADRIID. Genus CURSORIUS, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 751 (1790). Cursérius = pertaining to a race-course; cursor =a runner, from curro = I run. Cursorius gallicus. Cream-conourep CourseEr. Charadrius gallicus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788). Cursor europaeus, Naum. vii. p. 77. Cursorius europeus, Macg. iv. p. 42; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 481; id. ed. 3, 11. p. 460. Cursorius gallicus, Gray, p. 136; Gould, iv. pl. 44; Harting, p. 131; Dresser, vii. p. 425. The Cream-coloured Courser, Yarr, ed. 1, ii. p. 376. Gullicus = of the Gauls, Galli. Gmelin seems to have thought it only occurred in France. A rare straggler to England, most frequently obtained in the late autumn. It inhabits the sandy desert plains of Western Asia and North Africa, being only an occasional visitant even to Southern Europe. CHARADRIUS. 157 Genus CHARADRIUS, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 253 (1766). Charadrius = yapadpu0s, in classical Greek, a bird dwelling in clefts or river- valleys, xapadpat, The sight of it was held to be a cure for the jaundice. Charadrius pluvialis, Gounnn Prove. Charadrius Pluvialis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 254 (1766). Charadrius auratus, Naum. vii. p. 188 (Ch. pluvialis, xiii. p. 221). Pluvialis aurea, Macg. iv. p. 94. Charadrius pluvialis, Hewitson, p. 291; Gray, p. 189; Yarr. ed. 2, il, p. 447; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 476; Gould, iv. pls. 88, 89; Harting, p. 42; Dresser, vii. p. 435. The Golden Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 885. Pluvidlis = rainy; from plivia = rain. Quia loca imbribus madida et paludes frequentat (because it frequents places damp from rain, and marshes), says Charleton, Onomast. Zoic. p. 109, 1668; though Littré derives the French pluvier from the fact of the birds only reaching France in the rainy season. Met with, especially in winter, throughout the United Kingdom, breeding numerously in the northern districts and sparingly in the south. It is found as far east in the Pale- arctic Region as Western Asia, and as far south in the Ethi- opian Region as the Cape colony, being replaced in the eastern Palearctic Region by Charadrius fulvus and in the Nearctic Region by Charadrius virginicus. Charadrius fulvus. Eastern Goupren Proven. Charadrius fulvus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 687 (1788). Charadrius fulvus, Dresser, vil. p. 443. Fulous = tawny. One was found in Leadenhall Market, December 1874, which had been received from Norfolk (Dresser, ‘ Ibis,’ 1875, p. 513). It has a wide range in Asia and Australia, but rarely reaches Europe, though it has occurred in Heligoland, Malta, and Algeria. Breeds in Eastern Siberia. 158 CHARADRIIDE. Genus SQUATAROLA, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1816). Squatérola, the Italian name; of uncertain origin. Squatarola helvetica. Grey Prover. Tringa helvetica, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 250 (1766). Charadrius squatarola, Naum. vii. p. 249, xiii. p. 230. Pluvialis squatarola, Macg. iv. p. 86. Squatarola helvetica, Gray, p. 1388; Gould, iv. pls. 36, 37; Harting, p. 43; Dresser, vii. p. 455. Squatarola cinerea, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 477; id. ed. 3, ii. p.511. The Grey Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, u1. p. 413. Helvetica = Swiss; from Helvetit = the inhabitants of Switzerland, whence M. de Réaumur first received specimens (Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 110, 1760). A tolerably common visitant to our coasts during the two seasons of passage, being more abundant on the east coasts than elsewhere. It is very generally distributed throughout the world, but is only known to breed in the Arctic regions. Genus AIGIALITIS, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 558. Agialitis = aiyradires, of the shore, aiy:ddéds. Aigialitis cantiana. Keytisu Prover. Charadrius cantianus, Latham, Suppl. ii. to Gen. Synopsis, p. lxvi (1801). Charadrius cantianus, Naum, vii. p. 210; Macg. iv. p. 125; Hewitson, p. 298; Gray, p. 141; Yarr. ed. 2, il. p. 469; id, ed. 3, ii. p. 498. /Egialophilus cantianus, Gould, iv. pl. 40. Agialitis cantiana, Harting, p. 44; Dresser, vii. p. 483. The Kentish Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 405. Cantiéna = Kentish, because specimens were first sent to Latham by Dr. Boys from Sandwich in Kent. A somewhat rare visitant during the seasons of passage on the coasts of England, Wales, and Ireland, remaining to breed in limited numbers on the coasts of Kent and Sussex. It is found throughout the temperate parts of the Palearctic Region, wintering in Africa, India, and South China. ARGIALITIS. 159 Aigialitis curonica. Lirriz Rineep Puover. Charadrius curonicus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788). Charadrius minor, Naum. vii. p. 225, xiii. p. 229; Macg. iv. p. 128; Hewitson, p. 299; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 478; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 502. Charadrius curonicus, Gray, p. 141. Aigialitis minor, Gould, iv. pl. 42. Aigialitis curonicus, Harting, p. 134. Agialitis curonica, Dresser, vii. p. 491. The Little Ringed Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 409. Curonica, because it inhabits Curonia (Courland) on the Baltic. A rare straggler to the coasts of England. It is found throughout Europe south of the Arctic regions, in Asia as far south as Java, and in Africa as far south as the Gaboon and Mozambique. Aigialitis hiaticula. Rivczp Proven. Charadrius Hiaticula, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 253 (1766). Charadrius hiaticula, Nawm. vi. p. 191; Macg. iv. p. 116; Hewitson, p. 296; Gray, p. 140; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 465; id. ed. 8, ii. p. 494, AMgialitis hiaticula, Gould, iv. pl.41; Harting, p.44; Dresser, vii. p. 497. The Ringed Plover, Yarr. ed. 1, ui. p. 401. Hidticitla, Gaza’s translation (in 1476) of Aristotle’s yapaopios (cf. Chara- drius) ; so called from its haunting the mouths (Aid?zis) of rivers, Common and resident on almost all parts of our coasts. It is found throughout the whole of Europe, ranging east- ward into Western Asia; and it winters in Africa as far south as the Cape colony. It has once been recorded ‘from Australia. 160 CHARADRIIDA. Megialitis vocifera. Ku.pzer Prover. Charadrius vociferus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 258 (1766). Charadrius vociferus, Gray, p. 142. Megialitis vocifera, Gould, Introd. p. cix. Kgialitis vociferus, Harting, p. 134. Vociféra = that cries out, screams; from vor = voice, and féro = 1 bear. From its peculiar piercing note. One was shot near Christchurch, Hants, April 1857 (Sclater, ‘Ibis,’ 1862, p. 275). It inhabits both North and South America. Genus EUDROMIAS, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 545 (1831). Eudrémias = ciSpopias, good runner ; from ed + dpdpos. Eudromias morinellus. Dorreret. Charadrius Morinellus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 254 (1766). Charadrius morinellus, Naum. vii. p. 163; Hewitson, p. 293 ; Gray, p. 140; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 455; id. ed. 3, i. p. 484. Pluvialis morinellus, Macg. iv. p. 104. Eudromias morinellus, Gould, iv. pl. 43; Harting, p. 43; Dresser, vi. p. 507. The Dotterel, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 392. Morinellus, diminutive of mdrus = pwpéds, a simpleton. Cf Dotterel = a little dolt. Breeds in Scotland, the northern counties of England, and possibly in Ireland, being only a spring and autumn migrant in other portions of the United Kingdom. This species is not found out of the western Palearctic Region (where it is widely distributed) except in the winter, when it migrates into North Africa. VANELLUS.—STREPSILAS. 161 Genus VANELLUS, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 94 (1760). Vanellus (formerly often spelt Vannellus), diminutive of vannus = a fan, whence the French name Vanneau. Vanellus vulgaris. Lapwine. Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein, Ornith. Tasch. p. 313 (1803). Tringa Vanellus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 248 (1766). Charadrius vanellus, Nawm. vii. p. 269. Vanellus cristatus, Macg. iv. p. 1383; Hewitson, p. 301; Gray, p. 187; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 481; id. ed. 8, ii. p. 515; Gould, iv. pl. 33; Harting, p. 43. Vanellus vulgaris, Dresser, vii. p. 545. The Peewit, or Lapwing, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 417. Vulgaris = common; from vulgus = the multitude. A common resident throughout the United Kingdom, but absent in the winter from the more northern portions. It is generally distributed throughout Europe, migrating to North Africa in winter. In Asia it is found as far east as Japan, and in Northern India. Genus STREPSILAS, Jiliger, Prodr. p. 268 (1811). Strepsilas, from orpépw =I turn, and dé@as, contracted in Attic to Aas = a stone. Strepsilas interpres. Turysroys. Tringa Interpres, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 248 (1766). Strepsilas interpres, Naum. vii. p. 303; Macg. iv. p. 148; Hewitson, p. 303; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 486; id. ed. 3, ii, p. 520; Gould, iv. pl. 60; Harting, p. 44; Dresser, vii. p. 555. Cinclus interpres, Gray, p. 143. The Turnstone, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 422. Interprés = an agent between two parties, an explainer; from dnter = between, and the root of the Sanskrit prath = unfold (whence rXards = broad) ; perhaps in allusion to its warning note. A tolerably common species on most parts of our coasts M 162 SCOLOPACID®. during passage, and to some extent a winter resident, but does not breed in Great Britain. It isa bird of very wide range, being found in almost all parts of the world, breeding on the shores of the northern portions of both hemispheres. Genus HAXMATOPUS, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 257 (1766). Hemdatipus = with blood-coloured feet ; from aipa + rods. Hematopus ostralegus. Ovysrer-carcuer. Hematopus Ostralegus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 257 (1766). Hematopus ostralegus, Naum. vii. p. 325; Macg. iv. p. 152; Hewitson, p. 305 ; Gray, p. 142; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 496; id, ed. 3, 1. p. 525 ; Gould, iv. pl. 45; Harting, p. 45; Dresser, vii. p. 567. The Oyster-Catcher, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 482. Ostraliqus, from ostréa = an oyster, and légo = I bring together, collect. Resident in the northern districts of England and Ireland and throughout Scotland, being found in the southern dis- tricts only in the autumn, winter, and spring. It is found throughout almost the whole of the Palearctic Region, in Asia as far south as Ceylon, and in Africa as far south as Mozambique. Family SCOLOPACID A, Genus RECURVIROSTRA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 256 (1766). Reeurvirostra, from récurvus = turned back, and rostrum = the beak, Recurvirostra avocetta. Avocer. Recurvirostra Avocetta, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 256 (1766). Recurvirostra avocetta, Naw. viii. p. 218, xiii. p. 245 ; Macg. RECURVIROSTRA.—PHALAROPUS. 163 iv. p. 806 ; Hewitson, p. 339 ; Gray, p. 162; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 624; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 671; Gould, iv. pl. 52; Harting, p- 46; Dresser, vii. p. 577. The Avocet, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 555. Avocetta, the Italian name; said to be connected with avis = a bird. Formerly a summer resident on the east coast of England, but now only a rare visitant, occurring chiefly on the southern and eastern coasts. It is found throughout Central and Southern Europe, in Africa, and in Central and Southern Asia as far east as China and perhaps Japan. Genus HIMANTOPUS, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 34 (1760). Himantépus = a kind of water-bird in Oppian (circ. a.v. 180); from ids = a thong, and wods = a foot. Himantopus candidus. Buack-wiveup Stir. Himantopus candidus, Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth. p. 24 (1790). Charadrius Himantopus, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 255 (1766). Hypsibates himantopus, Naum. viii. p. 191, xiii. p. 244, Himantopus melanopterus, Macg. iv. p. 312; Hewitson, p. 841; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 629; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 676. Himantopus candidus, Gray, p. 163; Gould, iv. pl. 34; Harting, p. 1385; Dresser, vii. p. 587. Black-winged Stilt, Yarr. ed. 1, u. p. 559. Candidus = of a glistening white. A rare straggler from Southern Europe, chiefly to the southern and eastern districts of England. It also inhabits Africa down to the Cape of Good Hope, and Asia as far east, as China and as far south as the Philippines. Genus PHALAROPUS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 12 (1760). Phaldarépus, from gadapis = a Coot, in classical Greek, which is from $aAGpos = having a patch of white (on its forehead), and wots = a foot. M2 164 SCOLOPACIDA. Phalaropus hyperboreus. Rep-necxep PHALAROPE. Tringa hyperborea, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 249 (1766). Phalaropus angustirostris, Nawm. vii. p. 240. Lobipes hyperboreus, Macg. iv. p. 291; Gould, iv. pl. 83. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Hewitson, p. 370; Gray, p. 176; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 185; id. ed. 3, i. p. 102; Harting, p. 50; Dresser, vii. p. 597. The Red-necked Phalarope, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 48. Ayperboréus = northern ; dwepBdpeos = beyond Boreas, “‘ at the back of the north wind ;” from imép = above, beyond, and Bopéas = the north wind, the north. A regular summer visitor to the islands off the coasts of Scotland, and more rarely to the mainland; occurring only during passage on the coasts of England, Wales, Ireland, and Southern Scotland. Jt ranges throughout the Pale- arctic and Nearctic Regions, migrating into North Africa, Southern Asia, and Central America in winter. Phalaropus fulicarius. Grey Puaarors. Tringa fulicaria, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 249 (1766). Phalaropus platyrhynchus, Naum. viii. p. 255. Phalaropus lobatus, Macg. iv. p. 284; Hewitson, p. 368; Yarr, ed. 2, 11. p. 180; id. ed. 3, i. p. 97. Phalaropus fulicarius, Gray, p. 176; Gould, iv. pls. 81, 82; Harting, p. 50; Dresser, vu. p. 605. The Grey Phalarope, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 43. Fiilicdrius = like a Ooot, filica, q. v. p. 151. An irregular visitant during migration to the whole of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the north of both the Pale- arctic and Nearctic Regions, passing south during the winter. Genus SCOLOPAX, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 292 (1760). Scolipax = oxoddraké, a kind of Snipe mentioned by Aristotle; probably from oxdAop = any thing pointed, a stake, and akin to cca\\w =I stir up, probe. But possibly foreign; for other forms, ccod@mak and docahwras, occur, SCOLOPAX.—GALLINAGO. 165 Scolopax rusticula. Wooncock. Scolopax Rusticola, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 243 (1766). Scolopax rusticula, Nawm. viii. p. 361. Rusticola sylvestris, Macg. iv. p. 386. Scolopax rusticola, Hewitson, p. 8348; Gray, p. 175; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 1; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 1; Gould, iv. pl. 77; Harting, p. 50; Dresser, vii. p. 615. The Woodcock, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 588. Rusticila = a little Heath-cock in Pliny, H. WV. x. 88, 54; rustictilus = a little countryman, in Cicero, Sest. 38, 82. Diminutive of rusticus = of or belonging to the country, 7vs. Linngus seems to have mistaken the word ; ef. H. T, Wharton, ‘ Ibis,’ 1879, p. 453. Common in winter throughout the British Islands, more especially in the west of England and in Ireland, much less abundant in summer; but it breeds regularly in many coun- ties. A Palearctic species, occurring also in winter in India and Ceylon, and occasionally straggling to North America. Genus GALLINAGO, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1816). Gallindgo, from gallina = a Hen, feminine of an obsolete adjective gallinus, from gallus =a Cock. The termination is adjectival, as if from *gallinaz, like virago from *virax. Gallinago major. Great Syipr. Scolopax major, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 661 (1788). Scolopax major, Naum. viii. p. 291; Macg. iv. p. 364; Hewitson, p. 351; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 18; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 24. Gallinago major, Gray, p. 172; Gould, iv. pl. 78; Harting, p. 51; Dresser, vii. p. 631. The Great Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 597. Major = greater ; comparative of magnus = great. A straggler to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern and North-eastern Europe, and migrates in winter to Africa, occurring as far south as Natal ; also found in Northern Asia, 166 SCOLOPACIDA. Gallinago czlestis. Common SyiPs. Scolopax celestis, J. S. T. Frenzel, Beschreib. der Vogel u. ihrer Hier in d. Geg. v. Wittenberg, p. 58 (1801). Scolopax gallinago, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 244 (1766). Scolopax gallinago, Naum. viii. p. 810; Macg. iv. p. 368; Hewitson, p. 853; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 25; id. ed. 3, ill. p. 31. Gallinago media, Gray, p. 173; Harting, p. 51. Gallinago scolopacina, Gould, iv. pl. 79. Gallinago ccelestis, Dresser, vii. p. 641. The Common Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 608. Celestis = pertaining to or coming from heaven, celum. The Snipe was called by the older authors Capella celestis, from its imitating the voice of a goat (capella) in its “ drumming” during the treeding-season (see Klein, isy. Av. Prodr. p. 100, 1750). Common throughout the British Islands, and also in Europe and Asia, and in winter as far south as North Africa, Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands. [Gallinago sabini is merely a melansim of the present species. ] [Gallinago wilsoni. Wrsow’s Swrez. Scolopax Wilsonii, Temminck, Planches Coloriées, v. livr. 68, note in text to plate 403 (1826). Gallinago wilsoni, Harting, p. 148. Wilsoni, in honour of Alexander Wilson, the American ornithologist (born in 1766, died in 1813), One is said to have been shot at Taplow Court, Bucks, August 1,1863. It inhabits North America, extending south- wards in winter to the northern parts of South America. ] Genus LIMNOCRYPTES, Kawp, Natiirl. Syst. p. 118 (1829). Limnoeryptés; from Nipvn = a lake, and cpirrw = I hide, LIMNOCRYPTES. —LIMICOLA. 167 Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Syipz. Scolopax Gallinula, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 244 (1766). Scolopax gallinula, Naum. viii. p. 344, xiii. p. 246; Ma iv. p. 380; Hewitson, p. 855; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 33; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 89. Gallinago gallinula, Gray, p. 174; Harting, p. 52; Dresser, vil. p. 658. Limnocryptes gallinula, Gould, iv. pl. 80. The Jack Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 611. Galliniila = a Chicken ; diminutive of gallina =a Hen. Of, Gallinago. Common in winter in the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe and Asia, migrating in winter to India and Northern Africa. Genus LIMICOLA, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 316 (1816). Limicéla = living in muddy places; from imus and célo, Limicola platyrhyncha. Broap-situep Sanp- PIPER. Tringa platyrincha (misprint), Temminck, Man. Orn. p. 898 (1815). Limicola pygmea, Naum. viii. p. 271, xiii. p. 245; Gould, iv. pl. 75. Tringa platyrhyncha, Macg. iv. p. 224; Hewitson, p. 359; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 61; id. ed. 3, iii. p 65; Harting, p. 141. Tringa pygmea, Gray, p. 170. Limicola platyrhyncha, Dresser, vii. p. 3. The Broad-billed Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 638, Platyrhyncha = broad-billed ; from dards + pbyxos. Arare straggler to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe. Found in winter in North Africa and India. 168 SCOLOPACIDA, Genus TRINGA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 247 (1766). Tringa, the late Latin form of Aristotle’s rptyyas. Derivation unknown ; but cf. rpvZw, rpifZw = I sound, &e. Tringa maculata. PrcroraL Sanppirer. Tringa maculata, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 465 (1819). Tringa pectoralis, Macg. iv. p. 190; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 77; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 82. Tringa maculata, Gray, p. 166; Harting, p. 140; Dresser, vill. p. 11. Limnocinclus pectoralis, Gould, iv. pl. 67. The Pectoral Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 654. Maculdta = spotted; from mactilare = to mark with spots, macile. A rare straggler to the British Islands. A North-American species, migrating southwards in winter as far as Chili and Brazil. Tringa fuscicollis. Bonaparrn’s Sanppiper. Tringa fuscicollis, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 461 (1819). Tringa schinziu, Naum. vii. p. 458, xiii. p. 2835; Macg. iv. p. 222; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 74; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 79. Tringa bonapartei, Gray, p. 167. Triuga bonapartii, Harting, p. 142. Pelidna bonapartei, Gould, iv. pl. 71. Tringa fuscicollis, Dresser, viii. p. 15. Schinz’s Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 651. Fuscicollis = with a dusky neck, from fuseus+collum. A rare strazgler to the British Islands. An inhabitant of North America, migrating southwards in winter as far as the Argentine Republic and the Falkland Islands, TRINGA. 169 Tringa alpina. Duwi. Tringa alpina, Linnaeus, 8. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Tringa alpina, Nawm. vii. p. 426; Gray, p. 167; Harting, p- 49; Dresser, viii. p. 21. Tringa cinclus, Macg. iv. p. 208. Tringa variabilis, Hewitson, p. 864; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 81; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 86. Pelidna cinclus, Gould, iv. pls. 69, 70. The Dunlin, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 658. Alpina = alpine. Common on the British coasts in winter, breeding on the northern moors. A Palearctic species, found also in North America. Tringa minuta. Lirriz Srv. Tringa minuta, Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechstein’s Naturg. Deutschl. pp. 74-81 (1812). Tringa minuta, Naum. vii. p. 891; Macg. iv. p. 227; Gray, p- 168; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 66; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 70; Harting, p. 49; Dresser, viii. p. 29. Actodromas minuta, Gould, iv. pl. 72. The Little Stint, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 643. Miniita = small. In the British Islands only met with during migration. Breeds in the extreme north of Europe and Asia, and reaches as far south as the Cape colony and India in winter. Tringa temmincki. Txmmivcn’s Sunt. Tringa Temminckii, Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. pp. 63-73 (1812). Tringa temminckii, Naum. vii. p. 483, xill. p. 234; Macg. iv. p. 282; Hewitson, p. 362; Gray, p. 169; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 70; id. ed. 8, ill. p. 74; Harting, p. 49, 170 SCOLOPACIDA. Tringa temmincki, Dresser, viii. p. 45. Leimonites temminckii, Gould, iv. pl. 73. Temminck’s Stint, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 647. Temmincki, in honour of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, keeper of the Leyden Museum, born 1778, died 1858. Of regular but rather rare occurrence in England during migration. Breeds in Northern Europe, winters in South Europe and North-east Africa. Found also throughout Asia, Tringa minutilla, American Srivz. Tringa minutilla, Vieilot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Xxxlv. p. 466 (1819). Tringa pusilla, Yarr. ed. 8, i. preface, p. vi; Harting, p. 148. Actodromas pusilla, Gould, Introd. p. cxvi. Tringa minutilla, Dresser, viii. p. 51. Minutilia, diminutive of minitus = small. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in North America, whence it migrates in winter to Central America, the West Indies, and Brazil. Tringa subarquata. Curtew Sanpprper. Scolopax subarquata, A. J. Giildenstidt, Novi Com- ment. Acad. Petropol. xix. p. 471 (1774). Tringa subarquata, Naum, vii. p. 408, xiii. p. 284; Macg. iv. p. 215; Gray, p. 169; Yarr. ed. 2, iti. p. 47; id. ed. 3, ni. p. 50; Harting, p. 48; Dresser, viii. p. 59. Ancylocheilus subarquata, Gould, iv. pl. 68. The Curlew Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 625. Subarquata = a little like a Curlew, Argudta. Not uncommon on the shores of Great Britain in spring and autumn. Widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Breeding-quarters not certainly known. TRINGA.—MACHETES. 171 Tringa striata. Purrie Sanpprper. Tringa striata, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 248 (1766). Tringa maritima, Naum. vii. p. 467; Macg. iv. p. 197; Hewitson, p. 366; Gray, p. 166; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 88; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 93; Harting, p. 48. Arquatella maritima, Gould, iv. pl. 74. Tringa striata, Dresser, viii. p. 69. The Purple Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 665. Stridta = striped ; literally, furnished with flutes (strie) like a column. Of occasional occurrence on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland in the winter season. Breeds in Northern Europe; migrates southwards as far as the Cape colony. Found also in North America. Tringa canutus. Kvor. Tringa Canutus, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 251 (1766). Tringa islandica, Naum. vii. p. 872, xiii. p. 282. Tringa canutus, Macg. iv. p.185; Gray, p.165; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 52; id. ed. 3, itl. p. 55; Gould, iv. pl. 65; Hart- ing, p. 48; Dresser, vil. p. 77. The Knot, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 630. Caniitus, in honour of King Canute, because it was supposed to come from Denmark; or perhaps from its littoral habits, in allusion to the story of Canute’s celebrated reproof to his courtiers. Common on the shores of the British Islands in winter. Breeds in the Arctic regions, and found as far south as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Genus MACHETES, Cuvier, Régne An. i. p. 490 (1817), Machétés = paynrhs, a warrior, fighter; in allusion to its pugnacious habits. Machetes pugnax. Rvrr. Tringa Pugnax, Linneus, 8S. N.i. p. 247 (1766). Machetes pugnax, Naum. vii. p. 502; Macg. iv. p. 171; Hewitson, p. 845; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 645; id. ed. 3, ii. 172 SCOLOPACIDAE. p. 692; Gould, iv. pls. 61,62; Harting, p.48; Dresser, vill. p. 87. Philomachus pugnax, Gray, p. 164. The Ruff, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 573. Pugnaxe = fond of fighting ; from pugna = a fight. In former days the Ruff bred in numbers in the east of England, but is now only seen on passage. It is distributed over the whole of Europe and Asia, except the extreme north. In winter it extends as far south as the Cape colony and India. Genus CALIDRIS, Cuvier, Lec. An. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800). Calidris = kaddpis or oeddtdprs, a speckled water-bird in Aristotle. Deri- vation unknown, The word is spelt Chalidris by Bélon in 1555, Calidris arenaria. Sanprr.ine. Tringa Arenaria, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 251 (1766). Calidris arenaria, Naum. vil. p. 358, xiii. p. 231; Maeg. iv. p. 237; Gray, p. 171; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p.491; id. ed.8, iil. p. 506; Gould, iv. pl. 66; Harting, p. 49; Dresser, vill. p. 101. The Sanderling, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 427. Arendria = pertaining to sand, aréna, Common in winter on the coasts of the British Islands. Found on the shores of nearly the whole world. Breeds in the Arctic regions. Genus TRYNGITES, Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 418. Tryngites = like a Tringa, rpiyyas. Tryngites rufescens. Burr-preasreD SANDPIPER. Tringa rufescens, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 470 (1819). Actitis rufescens, Naum. xiii. p. 289. Tringa rufescens, Macg. iv. p. 194; Yarr, ed. 2, iii. p. 57; id. ed. 3, ill. p. 60. ACTITURUS.—TRINGOIDES. 173 Tringoides rufescens, Gray, p. 161. Tryngites rufescens, Gould, iv. pl. 64; Dresser, viii. p. 111. Tringites rufescens, Harting, p. 188. The Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 634. Rifescens = becoming red, reddish; from rifus = red. A rare straggler to Great Britain. Common in North America, migrating as far south as Brazil in winter. Genus ACTITURUS, Bonaparte, Sagg. Distr. Met. An. Vert., Agg. p. 148 (1831). Actitirus = with the tail (obpd) of an Actitis. Actiturus longicauda. Barrram’s SanpprvEr. Tringa longicauda, Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. aller bek. Vogel, p. 453 (1811). Actitis bartrami, Naum. viii. p. 48, xiii. p. 238. Tringoides bartramius, Gray, p. 162. Totanus bartramii, Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 632. Actiturus bartramius, Gould, iv. pl. 63; Harting, p. 137. Actiturus longicaudus, Dresser, viii. p. 119. Bartram’s Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 40. Longicauda = a long-tailed (bird) ; from longus+cauda. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in the southern States of North America, where it breeds, migrating southwards in winter as far as Brazil. Genus TRINGOIDES, Bonaparte, Sagg. Distr. An. Vert. p. 58,(1831). Tringoides, a hybrid word from ¢ringa and eldos = form. Tringoides hypoleucus. Common Sanppiper. Tringa Hypoleucos, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 250 (1766). Actitis hypoleucos, Naum. viii. p. 7; Macg. iv. p. 351; Gould, iv. pl. 58. 174 SCOLOPACIDA. Totanus hypoleucos, Hewitson, p. 3383 ; Yarr. ed. 2,11. p. 607; id. ed. 3, 1. p. 654; Dresser, vill. p. 127. Tringoides hypoleuca, Gray, p. 161. Tringoides hypoleucus, Harting, p. 48. The Common Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 539. Hypoleucus = bzédeveos, which generally = whitish (pale from the ordi- nary sense of #7é in composition, ‘‘somewhat”), but here plainly = white underneath. It was the bird’s common medizval name. Generally distributed throughout Great Britain in the summer, breeding in the north; found also throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. [Tringoides macularius. Sporrzp SanprrpEr. Tringa macularia, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Actitis macularia, Naum. viii. p. 34, xiti. p. 237; Macg. iv. p- 356; Gould, iv. pl. 59. Totanus macularius, Hewitson, p. 335; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 6138; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 660. Tringoides macularia, Gray, p. 160. Tringoides macularius, Harting, p. 139. The Spotted Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 544, Macilarius = spotted ; from mdcitla = a spot. Of doubtful occurrence in the United Kingdom. It is common in North America, migrating southwards as far as Brazil. | Genus HELODROMAS, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 144 (1829). Haélédrémas, from é\os = a marsh, and dpopzds = a runner. Helodromas ochropus. Green Sanpriper. Tringa Ocrophus (misprint), Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 250 (1766). Totanus ochropus, Naum. viii. p. 59, xiii. p. 241; Macy. iv. p. 842; Hewitson, p. 334* ; Gray, p. 158; Yarr. ed. 2, HELODROMAS.—TOTANUS, 175 iil, p. 595; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 642; Gould, iv. pl. 56; Harting, p. 47; Dresser, viii. p. 135. The Green Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 528. Ochrépus, from wypds = pale yellow, and rods = a foot, A frequent spring and autumn visitant to the British Islands, rare in winter ; generally distributed in Europe and Asia, breeding in the north, and migrating in winter into Africa and India. Genus TOTANUS, Bechstein, Orn. Tasch. ii. p. 284 (1803). Totanus, \atinized from the Italian Tétano. Derivation unknown. Totanus glareola. Woop-SanppipEr. Tringa Glareola, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 677 (1788). Totanus glareola, Naum. viii. p. 78; Macg. iv. p. 346; Hewit- son, p. 380; Gray, p. 159; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 601; zd. ed. 3, ll. p. 648; Gould, iv. pl. 57; Harting, p. 47; Dresser, viii. p. 143. The Wood Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 584. Glarééla, a diminutive from gldréa = gravel, from its haunting gravelly places (cf. Klein, Hist. 4v. Prodr. p. 100, 1750). A name of wide significance formerly, including most of the Limicole. A somewhat rare straggler, during passage, to the British Islands. Found throughout the entire Palearctic Region, passing southwards in winter to South Africa, India, and the Philippine Islands. [Totanus solitarvus. Sorrrary Sawprrpse. Tringa solitaria, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 53, pl. 58. fig. 3 (1818). Totanus solitarius, Harting, p. 137. Solitarius = living alone, sdlus. Ts said to have occurredon the Clyde. Commonin North America, migrating southwards to Brazil.] 176 SCOLOPACIDZ. Totanus calidris. Repsmanx. Tringa Calidris, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 252 (1766). Totanus calidris, Naum. vill. p.95; Macg. iv. p. 333 ; Hewit- son, p. 829; Gray, p. 158; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 591; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 628; Gould, iv. pl. 54; Harting, p. 46; Dresser, viii. p. 157. The Common Redshank, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 524, Calidris, see p. 172. Resident in Great Britain and Ireland. Found all over Europe and Asia, migrating in winter as far south as the Cape colony and India. Totanus fuscus. Sporrep RepsHaNE. Scolopax fusca, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 243 (1766). Totanus fuscus, Naum. viii. p. 128, xiii. p. 242; Macg. iv. p. 828 ; Hewitson, p. 826; Gray, p. 157; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 587; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 624; Gould, iv. pl.55; Harting, p. 46; Dresser, viii. p. 165. The Spotted Redshank, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 520. Fuscus = dark, dusky. Occurs during migration, somewhat rarely, in the British Islands. It inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa generally. [Totanus flavipes. Yuttowsuaye. Scolopax flavipes, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 659 (1788). Totanus flavipes, Gray, p. 158; Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 687; Hart- ing, p. 187. Yellow-shanked Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 45. Flavipes = yellow-footed ; from fldvus + pes. Of doubtful occurrence in the British Islands. Common in North America, migrating southwards in winter to Central America, Chili, and Brazil.] - TOTANUS.—LIMOSA. 177 Totanus canescens. GreensHank. _ Scolopax canescens, Gmelin, 8. N.i. p. 668 (1788). Totanus glottis, Naum. viii. p. 145, xiii. p. 243; Hewitson, p. 336; Gray, p. 160; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 618; id. ed. 3, i. p. 665; Harting, p. 46. Glottis chloropus, Macg. iv. p. 319. Glottis canescens, Gould, iv. pl. 53. Totauus canescens, Dresser, viii. p. 173. The Greenshank, Yarr. ed. 1, 1. p. 549. Canescens = becoming hoary, cdnus. A spring and autumnal visitant to England, breeding in the north of Scotland; found also generally in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Genus MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1816). Macrorhamphus = with a long beak ; from pakpds + papygos. Macrorhamphus griseus. Rxp-Breastep SNipu. Scolopax grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 658 (1788). Macrorhamphus griseus, Macg. iv. p. 275; Gray, p. 172; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 43; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 46; Gould, iv. pl. 76; Harting, p. 144; Dresser, viii. p. 187. The Brown Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 621. Griséus = grey; of. p. 111, supra. A rare straggler to the British Islands; common in North America, migrating in winter as far south as Brazil. Genus LIMOSA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 262 (1760). Limésa, from limésus = muddy, from limus, mud. Limosa lapponica, Bar-rartep Gopwir. Scolopax lapponica, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 246 (1766). Limosa rufa ef meyeri, Naum. vill. pp. 446 & 428, xiii. pp. 246 & 247, N 178 SCOLOPACID®. Limosa rufa, Macg. iv. p. 260; Hewitson, p. 343; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 641; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 688; Gould, iv. pl. 51. Limosa lapponica, Gray, p. 155; Harting, p. 53; Dresser, viii. p. 2038. The Bar-tailed Godwit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 569. Lappéniea = of Lapland. A spring and autumn visitant to the British Islands, breeding in Northern Europe. It extends southwards in winter as far as the Gambia, and is found also as far east as Scinde. Limosa egocephala. Brack-rarLeD Gopwir. Scolopax Mgocephala, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 246 (1766). Limosa melanura, Naum. vii. p. 406; Hewitson, p. 342; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p.684; id, ed. 3,11. p.681; Gowdd, iv. pl.50. Limosa eegocephala, Macy. iv. p. 269; Gray, p. 156; Harting, p. 58; Dresser, vill. p. 211. The Black-tailed Godwit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 563. Afyscéphala, the Linnean form (Willughby, Orn. p. 215, 1676, whom Lin- neus, Joc. cit., quotes, giving however the wrong page, uses Aigocephalus) of aiyoxédados, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. ii. 15,7; from aif = a goat, and kepadf = the head. An autumn and spring visitant to the British Islands, which formerly bred in the east of England. Distributed over Europe, Asia, North Australia, and Africa as far south as Abyssinia. Genus NUMENIUS, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 311 (1760). Niiménius = voupnros, a kind of Curlew in Diogenes Laértius, ix. 114 (about a.p. 200) ; from véos = new, and pijvn = the moon, from its “ crescent” beak. Numenius borealis. Esquiavy Curtew. Scolopax borealis, J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans. lxii. pp. 411, 431 (1772). Numenius borealis, Naum. viii. p. 506; Gray, p. 154; Yarr. NUMENIUS. 179 ed. 3, ll. p. 620; Gould, i. Introd. p. cxi; Harting p. 145; Dresser, vil. p. 221. Esquimaux Curlew, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 36. Borédlis = northern ; from Bopéas = the north wind. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in North and Central America, and found in South America as far south as Buenos Ayres. Numenius pheopus. Warveret. Scolopax Pheopus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 248 (1766). Numenius pheopus, Naum. viii. p. 506; Macg. iv. p. 258; Gray, p. 154; Gould, iv. pl.49; Harting, p.53; Dresser, vill. p. 227. Numenius pheopus, Hewitson, p.324; Yarr.ed. 2,11. p. 583; id, ed. 3, u. p. 616. The Whimbrel, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 516. Phespus, the medieval name ; from gatés = dusky, and ods = a foot. The Whimbrel has a wide range in Great Britain during migration, and breeds in the Orkneys; it occurs throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Numenius arquata. Curizw. Scolopax Arquata, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 242 (1766). Numenius arquata, Naum. viii. p. 478, xii. p. 248; Macg. iv. p. 243; Hewitson, p. 322; Gray, p. 153; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 577; id. ed. 3, i. p. 610; Gould, iv. pl. 48. Numenius arquatus, Harting, p. 53; Dresser, vii. p. 243. The Common Curlew, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 510. Arquata, the medieval name. It is generally said (¢. gy. by Gesner, H. A. lib. iii. p. 196, ed. 1617) to be derived from the bird’s bill being bent likea bow , arcus; but it more likely refers to arguatus morbus = the jaundice (‘when the skin turns to the yellow colour of the rainbow ”), in allusion to the legend about Charadrius, Galbula, Icterus, &c. Common on the coasts throughout Great Britain. It is generally distributed through Europe, Asia, and Africa, and breeds on some of the moors in Scotland. N2 180 LARID A. Order GAVIA. Family LARIDA. Subfamily Ste RNINE, Genus STERNA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 202 (1760). Sterna, the latinized form of the name; cf. Frisian Stirn, Germ. Tanner, Swedish Fisk-térna, Norwegian Makrel-terne, our Tern and Tarney. Deri- vation unknown. Sterna macrura. Arctic Trry. Sterna macrura, Naumann, Isis, 1819, p. 1847. Sterna macrura, Naum. x. p. 114; Gould, v. pl. 72. Sterna arctica, Macg. v. p. 643; Hewitson, p. 481; Yarr. ed. 2, 10. p. 507; ¢d. ed. 3, ui. p. 512. Sterna macroura, Gray, p. 240. Sterna hirundo, Harting, p. 76; Dresser, vill. p. 255. The Arctic Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 399. Macrira = long-tailed ; from parpds + ota. A regular summer visitant, breeding north of the Humber, and becoming more abundant in the northern and western portions of the kingdom. It inhabits the northern portions of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions; a straggler on migration to the Neotropical and Ethiopian Regions. Sterna fluviatilis. Common Try. Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann, Isis, 1819, p. 1848. Sterna hirundo, Naum. x. p. 89; Macg. v. p. 638; Hewitson, p. 480; Gray, p. 240; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 504; td. ed. 3, il. p. 509; Gould, v. pl. 70. Sterna fluviatilis, Harting, p. 75; Dresser, viii. p. 268. The Common Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 396. Fluvidtilis = of or belonging to a river, flévius. A regular and generally distributed visitant to the coasts STERNA, 181 and lakes of the United Kingdom from spring to autumn. It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palearctic Region as far as Central Siberia, beyond which its place is taken by its close ally S. tébetana. It is also found in the eastern por- tion of the Nearctic Region. Sterna dougalli. Rossarz Tern. Sterna Dougallii, Montagu, Orn. Dict. Suppl. (1813). Sterna dougalli, Nawm. x. p. 78; Dresser, viii. p. 273. Sterna dougallii, Macg. v. p. 648; Hewitson, p. 479; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 501; éd. ed. 3, iti. p.505; Harting, p. 76. Sterna paradisea, Gray, p. 239; Gould, v. pl. 71. The Roseate Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 3938. Dougalli, in honour of Dr. MacDougall, of Glasgow, who first sent a speci- men and description to Montagu in 1812. A summer visitant, very local in its breeding-distribution, and rapidly disappearing before its stronger congener S. fluvia- tilis. It breeds exclusively on islands, generally on remote, storm-beaten rocks; the reports of its breeding on certain Scotch lochs are devoid of foundation. It inhabits the coasts of the western Palearctic, the eastern Nearctic, and the northern portions of the Neotropical Regions, the Indian and Malayan Regions down to Australia, and South Africa. Sterna minuta. Lrriz Tern. Sterna minuta, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 228 (1766). Sterna minuta, Naum. x. p.145; Macg. v. p.652; Hewitson, p. 484; Gray, p. 242; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 519; id. ed, 8, iii. p. 524; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 279. Sternula minuta, Gould, v. pl. 73. The Lesser Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iil. p. 410. Minita = small. A regular summer visitant, breeding on many portions of the shingly shores of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palearctic Region, as far east as 182 LARIDA. Northern India, descending in winter as far south as the Cape Colony. In eastern North America its place is taken by the closely allied S. antillarum. Sterna caspia. Caspian Terry. Sterna caspia, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 582 (1769). Sterna caspia, Nawm. x. p. 18; Hewitson, p. 477; Gray, p. 288; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 493; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 497; Harting, p. 167; Dresser, viii. p. 289. Sylochelidon caspia, Macg. v. p. 626. Hydroprogne caspia, Gould, v. pl. 68. The Caspian Tern, Yarr, ed. 1, iii. p. 385. Caspia = from the Caspian Sea. A rarer summer visitant to the eastern and southern shores of England than might be expected, seeing that it breeds on Sylt and the Danish coasts. Not recorded from Scotland or Ireland. It inhabits the Palearctic and the greater part of the Nearctic Regions; also the African and Indian coasts, down to Australia and New Zealand, where it also breeds. [Sterna bergii. Ruprztz’s Tern. Sterna Bergili, Lichtenstein, Verzeichn. p. 80 (1823). Sterna velox, Harting, p. 168. Bergii, in honour of C. H. Bergius, a young collector for the Berlin Museum (1816, 1817), who died of consumption at the Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Peters), One was quite erroneously reported from near Dublin in December 1876 (cf. H. Saunders, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 658). It inhabits the Indian seas, from the Cape of Good Hope to Ceylon and Australia. ] Sterna anglica. Gut1-BiLtED Terry. Sterna Anglica, Montagu, Orn. Dict. Suppl. (1813). Sterna anglica, Naum. x. p. 38; Hewitson, p. 476; Gray, STERNA, 183 p. 241; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 515; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 520; Harting, p. 170; Dresser, viii. p. 295. Gelochelidon anglica, Macg. v. p. 666; Gould, v. pl. 74. The Gull-billed Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 407. Anglica = English, because first described from a Kentish specimen, An irregular visitant, principally in spring and summer, to the southern and eastern portions of England. It inhabits the Central and Southern parts of the Palearctic Region, the Indian Region down to Australia, as also the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, being probably a migrant in the latter. Sterna cantiaca. Sanpwicn Tern. Sterna Cantiaca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 606 (1788). Sterna cantiaca, Naum. x. p.50; Macg. v. p. 630; Hewitson, p. 478; Gray, p. 239; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, vii. p. 801. Sterna boysii, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 497; éd. ed. 3, ili. p. 501. Actochelidon cantiaca, Gould, v. pl. 69. The Sandwich Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 389. Cantiéica = Kentish, because first described from specimens sent by Mr. Boys from Sandwich in Kent. A regular summer visitant to this country, breeding in several suitable localities on our eastern and western coasts ; also on some lochs in Scotland and in Ireland. It frequents the coasts of the temperate portions of the Palearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions, the northern portions of the Neotropical Region, and the coasts of India and of Africa in winter. Sterna fuliginosa. Soory Tzry. Sterna fuliginosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 605 (1788). Sterna fuliginosa, Nawm. xiii. p. 267; Gray, p. 242; Yarr. ed. 2, suppl. p. 50; id. ed. 3, iti. p. 543; Gould, Introd. p. exxxvii; Harting, p. 169; Dresser, viii. p. 307. Fuliginésa = the colour of soot, fuligo. 184 LARIDA. Two or three occurrences of this rare visitor in England are on record. It inhabits the intertropical seas and coasts from the West Indies to Australia. As a straggler it visits the coasts of the United States as far north as New England. Sterna anzstheta. Scopom’s Sooty Trry. Sterna Anaethetus (sic), Scopoli, Del. Faun. et Flor. Ins, ii. p. 92 (1786). Anesthéta = dvaisc§nros, without understanding (aicOnots), senseless, One was obtained off a lightship at the mouth of the Thames (H. Saunders, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 43). It inhabits the intertropical seas. Genus HYDROCHELIDON, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Aydrochelidon, from téwp = water, and yediduv = a Swallow. Hydrochelidon hybrida. Wuusxerxp Tzrv. Sterna hybrida, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 338 (1811). Sterna leucopareia, Naum. x. p. 168; Hewitson, p. 488; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 512; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 517. Hydrochelidon leucopareia, Macg. v. p. 663; Gould, v. p.77. Hydrochelidon hybrida, Gray, p. 242; Dresser, viii. p. 815. Sterna hybrida, Harting, p. 168. The Whiskered Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iti. p. 404. Hybrida = a mongrel, hybrid, because Pallas thought it like a hybrid be- tween H. nigra and Sterna fluviatilis, A rare straggler in the warm season to the southern and eastern shores of England and Ireland. It inhabits the southern Palearctic Region and the Oriental and Ethiopian, and Australia. HYDROCHELIDON. 185 Hydrochelidon leucoptera. Wuirs-winexp Buack TERN. Sterna leucoptera, Schinz in Meisn. & Schinz’s Vég. d. Schweiz, p. 264 (1815). Sterna leucoptera, Nawm. x. p. 215; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 527; id, ed. 3, iii. p. 582; Harting, p. 169. Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Macg. v. p.661; Gould, v. pl. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 321. Hydrochelidon nigra, Gray, p. 248. Leucoptéra = devedrrepos, white-winged ; from Aeveds + mrepdy. A rare straggler, generally in spring and summer and occa- sionally in late autumn, to the southern and eastern coasts of England ; has been recorded twice in Ireland. It inhabits the southern and central Palearctic and the Ethiopian Regions, and has occurred as a straggler in New Zealand and the United States. Hydrochelidon nigra, Brack Tzrv. Sterna nigra, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 227 (1766). Sterna nigra, Nawm. x. p. 189; Hewitson, p. 488. Hydrochelidon nigra, Macg. v. p. 658; Gould, v. pl. 75; Dresser, viii. p. 327. Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray, p. 243. Sterna fissipes, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 523; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 528; Harting, p. 76. The Black Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 413. Nigra = black. A spring and autumn visitant, and formerly abundant in the breeding-season, especially in the eastern counties of England, from which it is now banished by drainage and persecution. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Re- gions, descending far south in winter. 186 LARIDA. Genus ANOUS, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1. p. 189 (1825). Anéiis = dvoos (trisyllable), without understanding (dos, vods), foolish, Anous stolidus. Noppy. Sterna stolida, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 227 (1766). Megalopterus stolidus, Macg. v. p. 672. Sterna stolida, Hewitson, p. 486; Yarr. ed. 2, in. p. 531; id. ed. 8, iil. p. 587; Harting, p. 170. Anoiis stolidus, Gray, p. 244. The Noddy Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 417. Stélidus = stupid; allied to stultws = foolish. Two or three specimens are recorded as having been obtained off the coast of Ireland. It occurs in all the inter- tropical seas. Subfamily Larin a. Genus PAGOPHILA, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 69 (1829). Pagéphila, from wayos = a high pointed rock, and giAéw = I love. Pagophila eburnea. Ivory Gut. Larus eburneus, Phipps, Voy. towards N. Pole, p. 187 (1774). Larus eburneus, Nawm. x. p. 841; Yarr. ed. 2, mi. p. 567; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 586; Harting, p. 174. Cetosparactes eburneus, Macy. v. p. 508. Pagophila eburnea, Gray, p. 237; Gould, v. pl. 62; Dresser, vill. p. 349. The Ivory Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 449. Eburnéus = of ivory, ébur. An occasional straggler in winter to the British coasts ; more frequent in the northern districts. It is a circumpolar species, breeding in Spitsbergen. RISSA,—LARUS. 187 Genus RISSA, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 180 (1825). Rissa, probably latinized and softened from the Icelandic Ritsa (Briinnich, Ornith. Boreal. 1764, p. 42). Derivation unknown, Rissa tridactyla. Kirmwaxz. Larus tridactylus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 224 (1766). Larus tridactylus, Naum. x. p. 322; Hewitson, p. 493; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 562; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 581; Harting, p. 77. Rissa tridactyla, Macg. v. p. 515; Gray, p. 236; Gould, v. pl. 61; Dresser, viii. p. 447. The Kittiwake Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 444. Tridact$la = rpwWdaervdos, three-toed ; from rpeis + dderddos. A regular visitant, especially abundant in the summer months about the northern and precipitous portions of the British coasts: it is consequently of local distribution. It inhabits the Arctic and Subarctic regions, being partially migratory in winter. Genus LARUS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 224 (1766). Larus = dd’pos, a ravenous sea-bird, in classical Greek. Akin to Old Norse “ri =a Tern. Larus glaucus. Guavcous Guu. Larus glaucus, Fabricius, Faun. Greenl. p. 100 (1780). Larus glaucus, Naum. x. p.350; Macg. v. p.557; Hewitson, p. 504; Gray, p. 230; Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 595; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 614; Gould, v. pl. 57; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 483. The Glaucous Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 475. Glaucus = yAav«es, bluish-grey. A winter visitant, sometimes in considerable numbers, especially to the northern portions of the United Kingdom. 188 LARIDA. It inhabits the circumpolar region, seldom breeding south of the Arctic circle, and descends to about 36° N. lat. in winter. Larus leucopterus. Icetanp GULL. Larus leucopterus, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 91 (1822). Larus leucopterus, Naum. p. 367; Macg. v. p. 566; Hewit- son, p. 498; Gray, p. 230; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, vill. p. 439. Larus icelandicus, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 575; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 594: Larus islandicus, Gould, v. p. 58. The Iceland Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, ui. p. 456. Leucoptérus = white-winged ; from Neveds + wrepdv. A rarer and more irregular winter visitant than L. glaucus, principally to the northern coasts and islands. It inhabits the Arctic regions from Greenland to Behring’s Straits and Alaska. Larus argentatus. Herrine-Gut. Larus argentatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 600 (1788). Larus argentatus, Naum. x. p. 879; Macg. v. p. 544; Hewitson, p. 499; Gray, p. 232; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 588; zd. ed. 3, ili. p.607; Gould, v. pl. 59; Hartiug, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 399. The Herring Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 468. Argentatus = ornamented with silver (argentwm), silvery-white. Resident and generally distributed on our coasts, breeding in many suitable localities. It mhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. LARUS. 189 Larus fuscus. Lesser BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus fuscus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Larus fuscus, Naum. x. p. 419; Macg. v. p. 538; Hewitson, p. 496; Gray, p. 281; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 583; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 602; Gould, v. pl. 56; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 421. The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 463. Fuscus = dark, dusky. A resident, or but partial migrant, breeding in suitable localities on all parts of our coasts. It inhabits the tempe- rate portion of the western Palearctic Region, Egypt, and the Red Sea, and the Atlantic seaboard as far as Senegal in winter. Larus canus, Common Guu. Larus canus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 224 (1766). Larus canus, Naum. x. p. 8301; Macg. v. p. 575; Hewitson, p- 495; Gray, p. 283; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 570; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 589; Gould, v. pl.60; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 381. The Common Gull, Yurr. ed. 1, iii. p. 452, Canus = hoary. A resident, migrating from the northern districts in winter, and returning thither to breed. It has no authenticated breeding-place south of Scotland and of Mayo in Ireland. It inhabits the Palearctic Region. Larus marinus. Greater Buack-Backep GULL. Larus marinus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 225 (1766). Larus marinus, Nawm. x. p. 438; Macg. v. p. 526; Hewit- son, p. 501; Gray, p. 231; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 591; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 610; Gould, v. pl. 55; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 427. The Great Black-backed Gull, Yarr. ed, 1, ii. p. 471. 190 LARIDA. Mérinus = of the sea, mare. A resident or partial migrant, generally distributed along the British coasts; but, as a breeder, more abundant in the western and northern districts. It inhabits Northern and Temperate Europe, passing southwards in winter to the Mediterranean as far as Greece and the Canaries. It breeds in Labrador, visiting Florida in winter, and has occurred in Japan. [Larus atricilla. Laverne @uxt. Larus Atricilla, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Gavia atricilla, Macg. v. p. 585. Larus atricilla, Gray, p. 234; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 557; id. ed, 8, ui. p. 576; Harting, p. 175. The Laughing Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iu. p. 439. Atricilla, diminutive from ater = black, on the analogy of Albicilla, Motacilla, &e., q. v- A single specimen (said to have been one of five seen near Winchelsea, August 1774) is in the collection formed by Col. Montagu, now in the British Museum. The species inhabits the Nearctic and northern Neotropical Regions. ] Larus ichthyaetus. Grear Biack-neapep Guu. Larus Ichthyaetus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. App. p. 718 (1778). Larus ichthyaétus, Gray, p. 233; Harting, p. 175; Dresser, vili. p. 369. Ichthyattus = fish-eagle ; from ix@vs + derés. A single specimen in full breeding-plumage obtained at the mouth of the Exe at the end of May or the beginning of June 1859, is now in the Exeter Museum. The species in- habits the shores and waters of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian Seas, Egypt, the Red Sea and India. LARUS. 191 [Larus melanocephalus. Aprrarro Gute. Larus melanocephalus, Natterer, Isis, 1818, p. 816. Larus melanocephalus, Naum. x. p. 254; Harting, p. 175; Dresser, viii. p. 365. Mélinocephalus = black-headed ; from pédas + kepadh. A single specimen in immature plumage, now in the British Museum, is said to have been obtained at Barking Creek, January 1866. The species inhabits the Mediter- ranean and Black Seas, and the Atlantic coast of Europe as far north as Bordeaux. | Larus ridibundus. Buack-weapep Gut. Larus ridibundus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 225 (1766). Larus ridibundus, Naum. x. p. 264; Hewitson, p. 491; Yarr. ed. 2, li. p. 550; td. ed. 3, iii. pp. 566, 569; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 357. Gavia ridibunda, Macg. v. p. 598. Gavia capistrata, Macg. v. p. 605. Larus ridibundus e¢ capistratus, Gray, pp. 234, 235, Larus capistratus, Yarr. ed. 2, lil. p. 547; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 566. Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Gould, v. pl. 64. The Masked Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 480. The Black-headed Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 483. Ridibundus = full of laughter ; from ridéo = I laugh. An abundant and regular visitant, breeding in many suitable localities in the United Kingdom; but wholly or partially migratory in winter. It inhabits the Palearctic Region from Britain to Japan, visiting India and Africa in winter. Larus minutus. Lirrie Guin. Larus minutus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. App. p- 702 (1776). Larus minutus, Nawm. x. p. 242; Hewitson, p. 490; Gray, 192 LARIDA, p. 285; Yarr. ed. 2, iil. p. 543; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 562; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, vii. p. 378. Gavia minuta, Macg. v. p. 613. Hydrocoleus minutus, Gould, v. pl. 66. The Little Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 426. Miniitus = small. An irregular visitant (chiefly in immature, sometimes in winter, and rarely in breeding-plumage) to the eastern and southern coasts of England, and occasionally to those of Scotland. It inhabits temperate Europe, principally the north-eastern portion, and Siberia as far east as the river Lena, visiting North Africa and India in winter. [Larus philadelphia. Bonararrn’s Gotz. Sterna philadelphia, Ord in Guthrie’s Geogr. 2nd Amer, ed. ii. p. 319 (1815). Gavia bonapartii, Macg. v. p. 610. Larus bonapartii, Yarr. ed. 3, ui. p. 554. Larus philadelphia, Gray, p. 235; Harting, p. 172. Philadelphia, because found at Philadelphia. This transatlantic species is said to have occurred in Ire- land, and near Falmouth, Cornwall. It is common through- out North America. ] [Genus RHODOSTETHIA, MacGillivray, Man. Brit. Orn. il. p. 252 (1842). Rhédostéthia = rosy-breasted ; from pddov + or Gos. Rhodostethia rosea. Cowrarz-rartzp Gotz. Larus roseus, Macgillivray, Mem. Wern. Soc. v. p. 249 (1824). Rhodostethia rossi, Macg. v. p. 618; Gray, p. 229; Gould, v. pl. 63. RHODOSTETHIA.—STERCORARIUS, 198 Larus rossii, Nawm. xiii. pt. 2, p. 270; Yarr. ed. 2, suppl. p. 59; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 558. Larus rossi, Harting, p. 178. Rhodostethia rosea, Dresser, viii. p. 343. Réséa = rose-coloured ; from rdsa = a rose. A single specimen, now in the Leeds Museum, is stated, on questionable authority, to have been killed in Yorkshire. It inhabits the Arctic Regions between Melville Island and Franz-Josef Land.] Genus XEMA, J. Ross in Ross’s Voy. 8vo ed. ii. p. 164 (1819). ema, a fancy name apparently devoid of meaning. Xema sabinii. Sazre’s Gut. Larus sabini, Joseph Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 522 (1818). Gavia sabini, Macg. v. p. 607. Larus sabinii, Nawm. xii. pt. 2, p. 272. Xema sabini, Gray, p. 236; Gould, v. pl. 67. Larus sabini, Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 587; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 548; Harting, p. 171. Xema sabinii, Dresser, viii. p. 337. Sabine’s Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, ui. p. 421. Sabinit, in honour of Capt. Sir Edward Sabine, late P.R.S., who discovered the species on the west coast of Greenland in 1818. A scarce autumnal straggler to the British coasts. It inhabits the arctic districts of North-eastern Asia and North America, and has been obtained as far south as Lima in winter. Subfamily Ste RcORARIINA, Genus STERCORARIUS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 150 (1760). Stercérdrius = of or belonging to excrement, stercus, 194, LARIDA. Stercorarius catarrhactes. Coumon Sxu,. Larus Catarractes, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 226 (1766). Lestris cataractes, Naum. x. p. 470; Yarr. ed. 2, it. p. 602; id, ed, 3, ii. p. 621. Lestris catarractes, Macy. v. p. 479; Hewitson, p. 505; Farting, p. 78. Stercorarius catarrhactes, Gray, p. 227; Gould, v. pl. 78; Dresser, vil. p. 457. The Common Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, il. p. 481. Catarrhactés = earappderys, a sea-bird known to classical Greek writers, from its “rushing down”’ on its prey liko a cataract. The only breeding-places in Britain are in the Shetland Islands; but in autumn and spring individuals occur along the coasts of the United Kingdom, especially over the fishing- grounds some distance from land. It inhabits the north- western portion of the Palearctic and the northern Nearctic Region. Stercorarius pomatorhinus. Pomaroruine Sxva. Lestris pomarinus, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 514 (1815). Lestris pomarina, Naum. x. p. 487. Lestris pomarinus, Macy. v. p. 487; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 606; id. ed. 8, ili. p. 625. Stercorarius pomarinus, Gray, p. 227. Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Gould, v. pl. 79; Dresser, viii. p. 463. Lestris pomatorhinus, Harting, p. 78. The Pomerine Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 485. Pomitorhinus, from Tema, genitive toparos, a lid or cover, and pis, genitive pivés, the nose, nostril; from the nasal operculum. Originally written poma- rinus, on the analogy of other compounds often cut short; but amended by Sclater, ‘ Ibis,’ 1862, p. 297. A visitor to the shores of the United Kingdom in autumn and spring, appearing occasionally in great numbers. It breeds in the arctic regions of both the Old and New worlds, STERCORARIUS. 195 and passes southwards on migration, sometimes straggling even into the southern hemisphere. . Stercorarius crepidatus. Ricwaxrpsoy’s Sxua. Larus crepidatus, Gmelin, i. p. 602 (1788). Lestris parasitica, Naum. x. p. 506. Lestris richardsonii, Macg. v. p. 492; Hewitson, p. 509 Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 611; id, ed. 8, iil. p. 630. Stercorarius parasiticus, Gray, p. 228; Gould, v. pl. 80. Lestris parasiticus, Harting, p. 78. Stercorarius crepidatus, Dresser, viii. p. 471. Richardson’s Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 489. Crépiddtus = wearing sandals, crépide ; from its particoloured feet. Breeds in the Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides, and a few spots on the northern mainland of Scotland, appearing on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland on the autumnal and vernal migrations. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, straggling occasionally as far south as the Cape and New Zealand. Stercorarius parasiticus. Burroy’s Sxva. Larus parasiticus, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 226 (1766). Lestris crepidata, Naum. x. p. 534. Lestris parasitica, Macg. v. p. 508. Stercorarius cepphus, Gray, p. 229. Lestris buffonii, Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 616; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 635; Hewitson, p. 508. Stercorarius longicaudus, Gould, v. pl. 81. Lestris longicaudus, Harting, p. 78. Stercorarius parasiticus, Dresser, vill. p. 481. Buffon’s Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, iti. p. 494. Parasiticus = rapacirixds, parasitic, from wapdaotros = one who eats unin- yited at the table of another ; from zapé = beside, and ciros = wheat, food. An occasional visitant on migration, generally in immature plumage. It inhabits the cireumpolar districts of both the Old and New worlds, whence it spreads southwards in winter. 02 196 PROCELLARIIDA. Order TUBINARES. Family PROCELLARIIDA. Genus PROCELLARIA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 212 (1766). Procellaria, from the adjective formed from précella = a storm. Procellaria pelagica. Srorm-Psrren. Procellaria pelagica, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 212 (1766). Thalassidroma pelagica, Naum. x. p. 557; Macg. v. p. 460; Hewitson, p. 517; Gray, p. 224; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 647; id. ed. 3, il. p. 675; Gould, v. pl. 86; Dresser, vill. p. 491. Procellaria pelagica, Harting, p. 80. The Storm Petrel, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 524. Péligica = wedayids, oceanic; from wéAdyos = the open sea. Frequents the open seas of the United Kingdom, and breeds in suitable localities on the coast and islands. It inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean. Procellaria leucorrhoa, Leacu’s Perret. Procellaria leucorhoa, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. xxv. p. 422 (1817). Thalassidroma leachii, Naum. x. p. 575; Macg. v. p. 451; Hewitson, p. 520; Gray, p. 225; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p- 643; id. ed. 3, il. p. 671; Gould, v. pl. 85. Procellaria leachii, Harting, p. 80. Thalassidroma leucorrhoa, Dresser, viii. p. 407. The Forked-tailed Petrel, Yarr. ed. 1, iii, p. 520. Leucorrhéa, from Neveds = white, and 6660s = the rump; from its white hinder parte. Breeds at St. Kilda, and occurs as a straggler during stormy weather on the coasts of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean. OCEANITES.—PUFFINUS. 197 Genus OCEANITES, Keyserling § Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur. p. 288 (1840). Océinites = weeavirys, living on the open sea, Wreaveds. Oceanites oceanicus. Wrutson’s Perren. Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. p. 136 (1820). Thalassidroma wilsonii, Macg. v. p. 456. Thalassidroma oceanica, Gray, p. 225. Thalassidroma wilsoni, Yarr. ed..2, iii. p. 689; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 667. Procellaria wilsoni, Harting, p. 178. Oceanites oceanicus, Dresser, viii. p. 505. Wilson’s Petrel, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 516. Océdnicus = of the open sea, wKeavds. A rare visitor to the coasts of England, principally to the British Channel. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Genus PUFFINUS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 1381 (1760). Puffinus, the latinized form of the English “ Puffin ;” from “to puff” = to blow in an intermittent way, thence “to swell,” French “ douffer;” from the swollen bill of Fratercuta arctica, Brisson seems to have applied the name to the Shearwater, from Willughby calling it the “ Puffin of the Isle of Man.” Puffinus anglorum. Mawx Suuarwarer. Procellaria anglorum, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 806 (1820). Puffinus arcticus, Naum. x. p. 618. Puffinus anglorum, Macg. v. p. 441; Hewitson, p. 514; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 631; id. ed. 3, li. p. 654: Gould, v. pl. 84; Harting, p. 79; Dresser, vin. p 517. The Manx Shearwater, Yarr. ed.1,i1. p. 508; Gray, p. 223, Anglorwm = of the English, Angi. Resident. Breeding on the coasts of Great Britain and Treland, especially on the western side, from the Scilly 198 PROCELLARIID A. Islands to the Shetlands. It inhabits the seas and coasts of Eastern North America and Western Europe. Puffinus griseus. Soory SHEARWATER. Procellaria grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 564 (1788). Puffinus cinereus, Macg. v. p. 438 (partim). Puffinus obscurus, Harting, p. 176 (partim). Puffinus griseus, Dresser, vil. p. 523. Griséus = grey, in post-classical Latin; probably borrowed from O. H. G. gris, the modern German graw, our grey. Met with occasionally on the coasts of Great Britain, where it has often been confounded with P. major, Of general oceanic distribution. Puffinus major. Greater SHEARWATER. Pufiuus major, Faber, Prodr. isl. Orn. p. 56 (1822). Puffinus cinereus, Macg. v. p. 488 (partim) ; Gray, p. 222. Puffinus major, Hewitson, p. 516; Yarr, ed. 2, il. p. 624; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 647; Gould, v. pl. 83; Harting, p. 79; Dresser, viii. p. 527. The Greater Shearwater, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 502. Major = greater. Occurs irregularly in autumn off the coasts of the United Kingdom, principally on the south and west. It inhabits the Atlantic Ocean. Puffinus obscurus. Dvusxy Suearwater. Procellaria obscura, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 559 (1788). Putimus obscurus, Gray, p. 223; Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 659; Harting, p. 176. Obsctirus = dark. One was taken in Valentia Harbour, co. Kerry, May 11, 1853; and another was picked up dead in Norfolk, April, PUFFINUS.—FULMARUS, 199 1858 (H. Stevenson, Zoologist, 1858, p-. 6096; P.Z.S. 1882, p. 421). It is of general oceanic range. [Genus DAPTION, Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 239 (1825). Daption, from dédarw=T tear and devour. Daption capense. Carn Praxon. Procellaria capensis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 218 (1766). Capense =of the Cape (of Good Hope). One is said to have been shot near Dublin, Oct. 20, 1881 (A. G. More, ‘Ibis,’ 1882, p. 346). The bird has occurred three timesin France. It inhabits the oceans of the southern hemisphere. | Genus FULMARUS, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 233 (1826). Fulmarus, latinized from Fudmar, akin to Foumart = a polecat, and meaning “foul marten;” cf. French putois (from putidus = fetid), Germ. Stinkmarder ; from the foul odour of the bird. The derivation from fulix maris = Sea-coot, is a mere guess. Fulmarus glacialis. Formar. Procellaria glacialis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 218 (1766). ; Procellaria glacialis, Naum. x. p. 589; Hewitson, p. 512; Gray, p. 226; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 619; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 638; Gould, v. pl. 82. Fulmarus glacialis, Macg. v. p. 429; Harting, p.79; Dresser, vill. p. 535. The Fulmar Petrel, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 497. Glicidlis = living among the ice, glaciés, Breeds on some of the western islands of Scotland and on one of the Shetlands, but is a rare winter and storm-driven visitor. to the rest of the British coasts. It inhabits the Arctic and Subarctic regions of the North Atlantic. 200 PROCELLARIIDA. Genus @STRELATA, Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856). strélita = oiorphdaros, driven by frenzy ; from olerpos = a gadfly, thence any thing that drives mad, and é\aéyw = I drive; in allusion to the bird’s habit of perpetually flying to and fro. Cstrelata hesitata. Caprpep Perret. Procellaria hasitata, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. i. p. 142 ° (1820). Procellaria hesitata, Gray, p. 226; Yarr.ed. 2, Suppl. p. 63; id. ed. 8, i. p. 643. Aistrelata hesitata, Gould, Introd. p. cxxxix. Cistrelata hesitata, Dresser, vill. p. 545; Harting, p. 177. Hesitéta, from hesitare = to be uncertain, hesitating, as if it were a ‘‘ doubt- ful” species. A single straggler has been obtained in Norfolk. It in- habits some of the West-Indian Islands and adjoining seas. Genus BULWERIA, Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Uce, Eur. p. 81 (1842), Bulweria, in honour of the Mr. Bulwer, a resident in Madeira, who obtained the specimen figured in Jardinévand Selby’s ‘Illustrations of Ornithology,’ ii. pl. 65. Bulweria columbina. Butwer’s Perreu. Puffinus columbinus, Moguin-Tandon, Orn. Canar. p. 44 (1841). Thalassidroma bulwerii, Macy. v. p. 449; Hewitson, p. 522; Yarr. ed. .2, 11. p. 686; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 664. Thalassidroma bulweri, Gould, Introd. p. exl; Gray, p. 224. Procellaria bulweri, Harting, p. 178. Bulweria columbina, Dresser, viii. p. 551. Bulwer’s Petrel, Yar. ed. 1, iii. p. 518. Columbina = dove-like ; from edlumba =a dove, q. v. Two stragglers appear to have been obtained on the coasts of Yorkshire. It imhabits the Atlantic, in the vicinity of the Canaries and Madeira. COLYMBID#. 201 Order PYGOPODES. Family COLYMBIDZ. Genus COLYMBUS, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Colymbus = édupBos, a. diver; cohvuBdw = I dive, lit, I “take a header ;” akin to copvgy = the head. Colymbus glacialis. Grear Norryern Diver. Colymbus glacialis, Linneus, 8. N.1i. p. 221 (1766). Eudytes glacialis, Naum. xii. p. 397. Colymbus glacialis, Macy. v. p. 283; Hewitson, p. 449; Gray, p. 211; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 425; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 428; Gould, v. pl. 43; Harting, p. 68; Dresser, viii. p- 609. The Great Northern Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 320. Glacidlis = living among the ice, glaciés. Is believed to breed in some of the Shetland Islands, and occurs on the coasts of the United Kingdom from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions. [Colymbus adamsi. Yxtrow-xizzep Driver. Colymbus adamsii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 167. Adamsi, in honour of Surgeon Adams, who discovered it. A specimen having some of the characters of this species, from Pakefield, in Suffolk, was exhibited by Mr. P. L. Sclater (P.Z. S. 1859, p. 206). Occurs in Alaska and various parts of Arctic America and Asia. It is now regarded by Dr. Coues (B. N. W. 1874, p. 721) as a mere variety of Colymbus glacialis.| Colymbus arcticus. Buack-ruroarzp Diver. Colymbus articus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 221 (1766). Eudytes arcticus, Naum. xi. p. 418. Colymbus arcticus, Macg. v. p. 294; Hewitson, ii. p. 451; Gray, 202 PODICIPIDA. p- 211; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 484; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 487; Gould, v. pl. 44; Harting, p. 69; Dresser, viii. p. 615. The Black-throated Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 328. Areticus = apkrixés, arctic. northern; from “Aperos = the constellation of the Bear. Breeds on many lochs in the north of Scotland, and occurs as a somewhat rare straggler on the British coasts. It in- habits the northern parts of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Colymbus septentrionalis. Rep-ruroarep Diver. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Eudytes septentrionalis, Nawm. xii. p. 434. Colymbus septentrionalis, Macy. v. p. 801; Hewitson, p. 453; Gray, p. 212; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 441; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 444; Gould, v. pl. 45; Harting, p.69; Dresser, vill. p. 621. The Red-throated Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 335. Septentriondlis = of the north; from Septentriéncs = the seven plough-oxen, the Great Bear, and, by transference, the north. Breeds on the lochs in the northern portions of Scotland and its islands, and frequents the coasts of the British Islands throughout the greater part of the year. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Family PODICIPIDA. Genus PODICEPS, Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 294 (1787). Pédiceps, an ill-formed word from pédex, genitive pddicis, the fundament, and pés = foot; as if for podici-pes. Podiceps cristatus. Great Crestep Gree. Colymbus cristatus, Linneus, S.N. 1. p. 222 (1766). Colymbus cristatus, Naum. ix. p. 686; Gray, p. 214. Podiceps cristatus, Macy. v. p. 250; Hewitson, p. 441; PODICEPS. 2038 Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 400; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 403; Gould, v. pl. 88; Harting, p. 69; Dresser, viii. p. 629. The Great-crested Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 297. Cristdtus = furnished with a crest, crista, Still breeds on some of the lakes of England and Ireland, and is a visitor on migration and in winter to the coasts, becoming rarer northwards and in Scotland. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Palearctic Region, and extends to India, Australia, New Zealand, and the Cape colony. Podiceps griseigena. Rup-neckep Gress. Colymbus grisegena, Boddaert, Tabl. des Pl. Enl. p. 55 (1788). Colymbus rubricollis, Nawm. ix. p. 720. Podiceps rubricollis, Macg. v. p. 259; Hewitson, p. 448; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 407; id. ed. 3, ni. p. 410; Gould, v. pl. 39; Harting, p. 69. Podiceps grisegena, Gray, p. 213. Podiceps griseigena, Dresser, vill. p. 639. The Red-necked Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 304. Griséigéna = with grey cheeks; from griseus + géna. A somewhat rare visitant to the British coasts from autumn tospring. Itinhabits the temperate portions of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, ranging down to about 35° N. lat. Podiceps auritus. Sciavontan Gress. Colymbus auritus, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 222 (1766). Colymbus auritus, Naum. ix. p. 768. Podiceps cornutus, Macg. v. p. 264; Hewitson, p. 444; Gray, p. 214; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 411; id. ed. 3, iii. p- 414; Harting, p. 69. Podiceps auritus, Gould, v. pl.40; Dresser, viii. p. 645. The Sclavonian Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 308. Auritus = eared; from auris = the ear. A common winter visitant to Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern coasts of England; less abundant else- 204: PODICIPIDA. where. It inhabits the northern, but not circumpolar, por- tions of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Podiceps nigricollis. Esrzp Grese. Podiceps nigricollis, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 968 (18381). Colymbus cornutus, Naum. ix. p. 739. Colymbus arcticus, Naum. ix. p. 755. Podiceps auritus, Macy. v. p. 270; Hewitson, p. 445; Gray, p.215; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 417; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 420; Harting, p. 70. Podiceps nigricollis, Gould, v. pl. 41; Dresser, viti. p. 651. The Eared Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 313. Nigricollis = with a black neck ; from niger + collum, An irregular visitant, generally in spring, to the southern and eastern districts of England, rarely to Scotland and Ireland. It inhabits the temperate and southern Palearctic Region and Africa down to the Cape colony. Genus TACHYBAPTES, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. p. ii (1851). Tach¥baptés = diving quickly ; from rayés + Barrys. Tachybaptes fluviatilis. Lirrie Gresr. Colymbus fluviatilis, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 8 (1771). Colymbus minor, Naum. ix. p. 785. Sylbeocyclus europeeus, Macg. v. p. 276. Podiceps minor, Hewitson, p. 446; Gray, p. 215; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 420; id. ed. 3, iii. p.423; Gould, v. pl. 42; Harting, p. 70. Podiceps fluviatilis, Dresser, viii. p. 659. The Little Grebe or Dabchick, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 316. Fliviatilis = of or belonging to a river, luvius. Resident and generally distributed. It inhabits the Old World. ALCIDE. 205 [Genus PODILYMBUS, Lesson, Traité d’Orn. p. 595 (1831): Podilymbus = podi[ceps] + [collymbus, as if a hybrid between a Grebe-and a Diver. Podilymbus podiceps. Prep-s1rrep Grese. Colymbus Podiceps, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 223 (1766). Pédiceps. See under the name of the genus Podiceps, p. 202. One was reported by Mr. R. B. Sharpe (P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 734) as having occurred the previous winter at Radipole, near Weymouth; but the species, common in North, Central, and South America, has not been found elsewhere in Europe. (Gf. ‘ Zoologist,’ 1881, p. 334.)] Family ALCIDA. Genus ALCA, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 210 (1766). Alea, latinized from the Icelandic Xa, our “ auk.” Alca torda. Razorsiu. Alcea Torda, Linneus, 8. N.1. p. 210 (1766). Alca torda, Naum. xii. p. 606; Hewitson, p. 468; Gray, p- 217; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 473; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 476; Gould, v. pl. 47; Harting, p. 70; Dresser, viii. p. 557. Utamania torda, Macg. v. p. 346. The Razorbill, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 366. Torda, the name by which it is known in Gothland ; cf. Tordmude, its name in Angermannia, Sweden (Linnzus, Faun. Suec. 1746, p. 43), and in modern Swedish generally. Breeds in suitable localities (which principally occur on the western coasts) throughout the British Islands, from Lundy Island to the Shetlands, and is to be found in British waters throughout the year. It inhabits the Palearctic and Nearctic seas and coasts. 206 ALCIDA. Alca impennis. Grear Aux. Alca impennis, Linneus, 8. N.i. p. 210 (1766). Alca impennis, Naum. xii. p. 680; Macg. v. p. 859; Hewit- son, p. 469; Gray, p. 216; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 476; id, ed. 3, il. p. 479; Gould, v. pl. 46; Harting, p. 71; Dresser, viii. p. 5638. The Great Auk, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 369. Impennis = wingless; from in + penna. The Great Auk formerly occurred in various British waters, and bred at St. Kilda and perhaps on other northern islands, but is believed to be now extinct everywhere, the last recorded examples having been killed on Eldey, on the coast of Iceland, in 1844. It originally inhabited the seas and islands from N. Scotland to Iceland, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Genus LOMVIA, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. 1837, ii. p. 345. Lomvia, latinized from the Norwegian name, spelt Lomwia by Willughby (Orn. 1676, p. 244). Lomvia troile. Common Guritemor. Colymbus Troile, Linneus, 8S. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Uria lomvia, Naum. xii. p. 508. Uria troile, Macg. v. p. 318; Hewitson, p. 455; Yarr. ed. 2, 11. p. 450; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 453; Gould, v. pl. 48; Harting, p. 74. Uria hringvia, Nawm. xii. p. 524. Uria lacrymans, Macy. v. p. 326; Yarr. ed. 2, iil. p. 458; id. ed. 3, ili. p. 461. Uria troile e¢ ringvia, Gray, p. 219. Alea troile, Dresser, vill. p. 567. The Common Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 3-48. The Ringed Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 351. Troile, said to be intended as a compliment to Troil the Icelander. LOMVIA.——URIA. 207 Breeds in suitable localities throughout the British Islands, and is found on our coasts throughout the year. It in- habits the northern portions of the Western Palearctic and Eastern Nearctic Regions. Lomvia bruennichi. Brinnicu’s Guinot. Uria briinnichii, Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 538 (1818). Uria arra, Naum. xii. p. 585; Harting, p. 166. Uria brunnichii, Macy. v. p. 8314; Hewitson, p. 460; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 455; id. ed. 8, iii. p. 458. Unia briinnichii, Gray, p. 220. Alcea bruennichii, Dresser, viii. p. 575. Briinnich’s Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 348. Bruennichi, in honour of Mart. Thrane Brimnich, the author of ‘ Ornithologia Borealis’ (Hafniz, 1764) &e. A rare straggler in winter to the northern islands and coasts of Scotland. It inhabits the Arctic regions of Europe and America. Genus URIA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 73 (1760). Uria = oépia, a water-bird mentioned by Athenzus, 3895p. ; of. Sanskrit vdrz = water, otpov = urine, dpveurnp = a diver, Lat. urinor = I dive, &e. Uria grylle. Brack Guinot. Colymbus Grylle, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Cepphus grylle, Naum. xii. p. 461. Uria grylle, Macg. v. p. 331; Hewitson, p. 462; Gray, p. 220; Yarr. ed. 2, iil. p. 462; td. ed. 3, in. p. 465 ; Gould, v. pl. 49; Harting, p. 74; Dresser, viii. p. 581. The Black Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 355. Gryllé = ypiddn, the grunting of swine; ypvAXos = a pig; from its note ? Breeds on the coasts and islands of Scotland and Ireland, and visits those of England on its partial migration. It in- habits the arctic and temperate portions of Europe and North America, 208 ALCIDA. Genus MERGULUS, Vieillot, Anal. p. 67 (1816). Mergitlus = the little diver, mergus. Mergulus alle. Lirriz Aux. Alea Alle, Linneus, 8. N. i. p. 211 (1766). Mergulus alle, Naum. xii. p.552; Macg. v. p. 341; Gould, v. pl. 50; Dresser, viii. p. 591. Arctica alle, Hewitson, p. 465; Gray, p. 221. Mergulus melanoleucos, Yarr. ed. 2, ili. p. 465; td. ed. 3, iii. p. 468. Alea alle, Harting, p. 71. The Little Auk, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 358. Allé, the Lapp name of the Long-tailed Duck ; ef. Swedish Al-fogel ; perhaps from the bird’s note. An irregular visitant, sometimes in large numbers, to the British coasts, especially in the north. It inhabits the cir- cumpolar regions of the western Palearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions, straggling southwards in winter. Genus FRATERCULA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 81 (1760). Fratercitla, as if from fratereulus = a little brother, frdter. The medieval name, from its gregarious habits. Fratercula arctica. Purriy. Alca arctica, Linneus, 8.N. i. p. 211 (1766). Lunda arctica, Naum. xii. p. 577. Mormon arcticus, Macg. v. p. 365. Fratercula arctica, Hewitson, p. 466; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 469 ; id. ed. 3, iil. p. 472; Gould, v. pl. 51; Harting, p. 70; Dresser, viii. p. 599. Kratercula arctica et glacialis, Gray, p. 218. The Puffin, Yarr. ed. 1, iti. p. 362. Arctica = inhabiting the northern regions. Breeds in suitable localities all round the coasts of the United Kingdom, migrating southwards in winter. It in- habits the coasts of North-western Europe and Eastern North America. INDEX. Acanthyllis caudacuta, 74, 75. Accentor, Alpine, 23. » Hedge, 22. Accentor alpinus, 23. collaris, 23. modularis, 22. Accipiter nisus, 98. palumbarius, 97. Acredula caudata, 25. rosea, 25. vagans, 25. Acrocephalus aquaticus, 20. arundinaceus, 19. —— lusciniordes, 21. —— nevius, 21. palustris, 19. —— phragmuitis, 20. schenobenus, 20, streperus, 18. turdordes, 19. Actitis bartrami, 173, hypoleucos, 173. —— macularia, 174. rufescens, 172. Actiturus bartramius, 173. longicauda, 173. Actochehhdon cantiaca, 183. Actodromas minuta, 169. pusilla, 170. Adriatic Gull, 191. Aédon galactodes, 18. Agyialitis cantiana, 158, curonica, 159, hiaticula, 159, —— minor, 159. —— voeifera, 160. Agialophilus cantianus, 158. Agiothus linaria, 53. rufescens, 54. 4 strelata hesitata, 200. x sponsa, 123. Ageleus pheniceus, 64. Agelaius pheeniceus, 64. Aix sponsa, 128, Alauda alpestris, 73. arborea, 33, 71. arvensis, 71. brachydactila, 72. —— brachydactyla, 72. calandra, 72. campestris, 33. cristata, 71. —— ludoviciana, 34. —— magna, 64. —— obscura, 35. pratensis, 32. sebirica, 73. —— spinoletta, 34, trivialis, 38. Alca alle, 208. arctica, 208. —— bruennichit, 207, impennis, 206, torda, 205. trove, 206. Alcedo aleyon, 81. bengalensis, 81, isyda, 81. Alpine Accentor, 23. Swift, 74. Alueo flammeus, 85. American Bittern, 111. Buzzard, 94. —— Goshawk, 98. P 210 American Green-winged 17, Grey Shrike, 37. — Hawk-Owl, 88. —— Meadow-Starling, 64. —— Pipit, 34. —_— Rabin, 3. —— Screech Owl, 90. —— Stint, 170. —— Swan, 120. Wigeon, 124. Ampelis cedrorum, 40. garrulus, 39, 40. Anas acuta, 124. —. egyptiaca, 114. albeola, 132. americana, 124. anser, 115, berniela, 117. bimaculata, 127. boseas, 125. boschas, 125. —— canadensis, 118. —— carolinensis, 127. —— casarea, 122. eircia, 126. —— clangula, 131. elypeata, 12%. collaris, 129. cornuta, 122. creced, 127, —— cristata, 129. cygnoides, 117. —— cygnus, 120. —-— discors, 126. dispar, 133. ferina, 180. —— ferruginea, 130. —— fuligula, 129. —— fusca, 135. gambensts, 114. —— glacialis, 133. -—— glaucion, 131. —— glocitans, 127. —— histrionica, 132. -— indica, 116. -—-= tslandica, 131. leucopsis, 118. marda, 129, mollissima, 134. moschata, 121. nigra, 135, nyroca, 130. olor, 119, ---— penelope, 128, —— perspreillata, 136. Teal, INDEX. | Anas querquedula, 126. —— rufina, 128. —— rutila, 122. -—— segetum, 115. spectabilis, 134. sponsa, 123. —— stellert, 133. strepera, 125. tadorna, 122. Ancylocheilus subarquata, 170. Andalusian Hemipode, 145. Anorthura troglodytes, 29. Anous stolidus, 186. Anser egyptiacus, 114. albatus, 117. —— albifrons, 116. —— arvensis, 115. —— bernicla, 118. —— brachyrhynchus, 116. —— brenta, 117. cinereus, 115. eygnordes, 117. —— egyptiacus, 114, —— erythropus, 116. —— ferus, 115. gambensis, 114. —— indicus, 116. intermedius, 116. —— leucopsis, 118. —— ruficollis, 119. —— segetum, 115. torquatus, 118. Anthus aquaticus, 34, 35. —— arboreus, 33. campestris, 33. —— cervinus, 32. —-— ludovictanus, 34. -—— obscurus, 35, petrosus, 39. —— pratensis, 32. —— richardi, 34. ——. spinoletta, 34. —— spipoletta, 34, 35. —— trivialis, 38. Aquatic Warbler, 20. Aguila albicilla, 97. chrysaétos, 96, chrysaétus, 95. clanga, 96, nevia, OW, Archibuteo lagopus, 95. —— sancti-johannis, 96. Arctic Tern, 180, Arctica alle, 208. Ardea alba, 108. —— bubulcus, 109. Ardea cinerea, 107. —— comata, 109. coromandu, 109. —— egretta, 108. —— garzetta, 108, 109. —— grisea, 110. —— lentiginosa, 111. nigra, 112. —-— nycticorax, 110, —— pavonina, 153. —— purpurea, 108. —— ralloides, 109. —— russata, 109. stellaris, 111. —— virgo, 152. Ardetta minuta, 110, Arquatella maritima, 171. Asio accipitrinus, 86, brachyotus, 86. otus, 86. Astur atricapillus, 98. palumbarius, 97. Athene noctua, 91. Auk, Great, 206. , Little, 208. Avocet, 162, 168. Aythya feria, 130, —— rufina, 128. Baillon’s Crake, 148. Balearic Crane, 153. Balearica pavonina, 153. Barbary Partridge, 142. Bar-headed Goose, 116. Barnacle Goose, 118. Barn-Owl, 85. Barred Warbler, 13. Barrow’s Goldeneye, 131. Bar-tailed Godwit, 177, 178. Bartram’s Sandpiper, 178. Bean-Gouse, 115. Bearded Tit, 24. Titmouse, 24, Bee-eater, 52. , Blue-tailed, 82. Belted Kingfisher, 81. Bernicla brenta, 117. canadensis, 118. -——— leucopsis, 118. ruficollis, 119. Bewick’s Swan, 121. Bimaculated Duck, 127. Bird, Cedar, 40. Bittern, 111. , American, 111. ——, Common, 111. INDEX. Bittern, Little, 110. Blackbird, 4. Black Buzzard, 95. Blackcap, 12. Blackcap Warbler, 12. Black Grouse, 145. Guillemot, 207. —— Kite, 99. —— Redstart, 9. — Stork, 112. Tern, 185. Black-bellied Dipper, 24. Black-billed Cuckoo, 85. Black-headed Bunting, 59, 62. Gull, 191. Black-tailed Godwit, 178. Black-throated Diver, 201, 202. Thrush, 3. —— Wheatear, 6. Black-winged Kite, 100. Stilt, 163. Blue Rock-Thrush, 5. Blue-throat, Red-spotted, 10. ——, White-spotted, 9. Blue Tit, 27. Titmouse, 27. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail, 31. Blue-tailed Bee-eater, 82. Blue-throated Warbler, 10. Blue-winged Teal, 126. Bohemian Waxwing, 40. Bombycilla cedrorum, 40. garrula, 39. Bonaparte’s Gull, 192. Sandpiper, 168. Botaurus comatus, 109. lentiginosus, 111. —— minutus, 110. stellaris, 111. Brachyotus palustris, 86. Bradypterus cettii, 22, Brambling, 52. Branta albifrons, 116, rufina, 128. Brent Goose, 117, 118. British Coal Titmouse, 26. British Long-tailed Titmouse, 25. Broad-billed Sandpiper, 167. Brown Snipe, 177. Brimnich’s Guillemot, 207. Bubo ignavus, 90. Bubulcus russatus, 109. Budytes cinereocapilla, 31. flava, 31. rayt, 31. Buft-hacked Heron, 109. 211 212 Buff-breasted Sandpiper, 172, 173. Buffel-headed Duc Buffon’s Skua, 195. Bulbul, Dusky, 35, Bullfinch, eae , Rosy Bulweria a ae 200, Bulwer’s Petrel, 200. Bunting, Black-headed, 59, 62. ——., Cirl, 60. ——,, Common, 59. ——,, Corn, 59. ——,, Lapland, 62. —., Little, 61. , 182. Lf ——,, Reed, 62. ——., Rustic, 61. ——,, Snow, 63. , Yellow, 60, Buphus comatus, 109, Bustard, Great, 153. , Little, 154. , Macqueen’s, 154. Butalis grisola, 40. Buteo borealis, 94. desertorum, D4. fuscus, O4. lagopus, 95. lineatus, 94. maximus, 90. vulgaris, 94. Buzzard, 94. , American, 4. ——., Black, 95. ——, Common, 94. ——., Honey, 100, 101. ——, Red-shouldered, 9-. ——, Red-tailed, 94. —, ” Rough- legged, 95. Caccabis petrosa, 142. rubra, 141. rufa, 141. Cairina moschata, 121. Calamodyta aquatica, 20. arundinacea, 19, locustella, 21. luscinordes, 21, palustris, 19. ——. phragmitis, 20. strepera, 18. Calamoherpe arundinacea, 18. palustris, 19. . phragmites, 20. Calamophilus brarmicus, 24. Calandra Lark, 72. INDEX. Calandrella brachydactyla, 72. Calcarius lapponicus, 62. Calidris arenaria, 172. Calobates sulphurea, 30. Canada Goose, 118. Canary, 49. Cape Pigeon, 199. Capercaillie, 145. Capped Petrel, 200. Caprimulgus europeus, 75. ruficollis, 75. Carduelis elegans, 47. spinus, 48. Carine noctua, 91. Carolina Rail, 147. Carpodacus erythrinus, 56. Carrion-Crow, 69. Casarca rutila, 122. Caspian Tern, 132. Cassin’s Snow Goose, 117. Cathartes percnopterus, 2. Cedar-bird, 40. Centrophanes lapponica, 62. Cepphus grylle, 207. Certhia faumiliaris, 45. muraria, 46. Ceryle alcyon, 81. Cetosparactes cburneus, 186. Cettia sericea, 22. Cetti’s Warbler, 22. Chaffinch, 52. Charadrius auratus, 157. cantianus, 158. curonicus, 159, —— fulvus, 157. gallicus, 156. hiaticula, 159. —— himantopus, 103. minor, 159. morinellus, 160. eedicnemus, 155. —— pluvialis, 157, scolopax, 155, sguatarola, 158. vanellus, 161. virginicus, 157, vociferus, 160. Chat, Desert, 7. , Russet, 6. Chaulelasmus streperus, 125. Chelidon urbica, 44. Chen albatus, 117. Chenalopex eyyptiacus, 114. Chestnut-bellied Swallow, 42. Chiffchaff, 16. Chinese Goose, 117. INDEX, 2138 Chough, 66. Common Coot, 161. Chrowcocephalus ridibundus, 191, Cormorant, 106. Chrysomitris citrinella, 47. Crane, 152. spinus, 48. Creeper, 45. Ciconia alba, 112. —— Crossbill, 58. nigra, 112. Cuckoo, 84. Cinclus aquaticus, 23. Curlew, 179. europeus, 24, ‘Dipper, 24. —— interpres, 161. —— Heron, 107. melanogaster, 24, Guillemot, 206. Circus eruginosus, 92. —— Gull, 189. cinerascens, 93. Linnet, 53. cyaneus, 93. Partridge, 142. montagut, 93, —— Pheasant, 141. rufus, 92. —— Quail, 143. Cirl Bunting, 60. Redshank, 176. Citril Finch, 47, Sandpiper, 173, 174. Clangula albeola, 182. — Scoter, 135. chrysophthalma, 131. —— Sheldrake, 122. glaucion, 131. —— Skua, 194. histrionica, 132. Snipe, 166. islandica, 131. — Starling, 65. Coccothraustes atrogularis, 50. —— Switt, 74. chloris, 49. —— Teal, 127. vulgares, 50. Tern, 180. Coccystes glandarius, 84. Continental Coal Titmouse, 26. Coccyzus americanus, 84. Coot, 151. erythrophthalmus, 85. , Common, 151, Colaptes auratus, 79. Coracia gracula, 66. Cole Tit, 27. Coracias garrula, 82. Colin, Virginian, 143. Cormorant, 105, Collared Pratincole, 155, 166. , Common, 105. Columba enas, 138. , Green, 106. casiotis, 138. Corn-Bunting, 59. livia, 139. Corn-Crake, 149. —— migratoria, 140. Corvus caryocadactes, 67, enas, 133. caryocatactes, 67. palumbus, 138. corax, 70. turtur, 139. — corniz, 69. Colymbus adamsi, 201, corone, 69. arcticus, 201, 204. frugilegus, 70. auritus, 203. glandartus, 67. cornutus, 204. graculus, 66. cristatus, 202. —— monedula, 68. —— fluviatilis, 204. — pica, 68. glacialis, 201. rusticus, 68, grisegena, 203. Cosmonetta histrionica, 132. grylle, 207. Cotile riparia, 44. —— minor, 204. Coturmax communis, 148, podiceps, 205, dactylisonans, 143. rubricollis, 203. vulgaris, 143, septentrionalis, 202. Cotyle riparia, 44. trotle, 206. Courser, Cream-coloured, 156. Common Bittern, 111. Crake, Baillon’s, 148, Bunting, 59. ——, Corn, 149. —— Buzzard, 94. ——, Little, 148. alt Crake, Spotted, 147. Crane, 152. , Balearic, 153. ——., Common, 152. ——, Demoiselle, 152. Cream-coloured Courser, 156. Creeper, Common, 46. ——, Tree, 45. , Wall, 46. Crested Lark, 71. Tit, 28. Titmouse, 28. Crea baiilonit, 148. carolina, 147. porzana, 147. pratensis, 149. —— pusilla, 148. pygmea, 148. Crithagra chrysopyga, 48. Crithophaga miharia, 59. Crossbill, 57. , Common, 58. ——, Parrot, 57. ——, Two-barred, 58. ——, White-winged, 58. Crow, Carrion, 69. , Hooded, 69. Crucirustra bifasciata, 58. Cnekao, 83. , Black-billed, 85. ——, Common, 84. , Great Spotted, 84. , Yellow-billed American, 84. Cuculus americanus, 84. canorus, 83. erythrophthalma, &5. glandarius, 84. Cuneate-tailed Gull, 192. Curlew, 179. , Common, 179. ——, Esquimaux, 178, 179. ——., Sandpiper, 170. » Stone, 155. Curruca atricapilla, 12. cinerea, 11. cliote, 12. hortensis, 18. orphea, 12. sylriclla, 12. Cursor europ@us, 156. Cursoriaus europeus, 156. gallicus, 156, Cyanecula leucocyana, ‘). -—— suecica, 10. wolft, 9. Cyanospza ctris, 46. INDEX. Cygnus americanus, 120. bewickt, 121 —— buccinator, 121. ferus, 120. immutabilis, 120. —— melanorhinus, 121. —— minor, 121, —— musicus, 120. olor, 119. wanthorhinus, 120. Cupselus alpinus, TA. apus, 74. —— caudacuta, 75. —— melba, 74. —— murarius, 74. Dabchick, 204. Dafila acuta, 124. Dalmatian Regulus, 16. Daption capense, 199. Dartford Warbler, 14. Daulas luscinia, 11. Demoiselle Crane, 152. Dendrocopus mujer, 77. medius, 78, —— minor, 78. —— pubescens, 77. villosus, 77. Desert-Chat, 7. Desert-Wheatear, 7. Dipper, 23, 24. , Black-bellied, 24. Diver, Black-throated, 201, 209. , Great Northern, 201. ——., Red-throated, 202. , Yellow-billed, 201. Dotterel, 160. Downy Woodpecker, 77. Dove, Ring, 138. , Rock, 1:30. — , Stock, 15s. , Turtle, 139. Dryocopus martius, 76. Duck, Bimaculated, 127. , Buffel-headed, 132. ——, Fider, 154. ——, Ferruzinous, 131. ——, Harlequin, 152. —, king, 134. ——.,, Lesser Scaup, 130. ——.,, Long-tailed, 155. , Muscovy, 121. ——.,, Pintail, 12+. ——, Red-crested Whistling, 128, —---, Ring-necked, 129. Duck, Scaup, 129. ——., Steller’s, 133. ——, Steller’s Western, 135. ——, Summer, 123. ——., Tutted, 129. —, White-eyed, 130. , Wild, 125, Dunlin, 169. Dusky Bulbul, 35. Shearwater, 198. Dysporus bassanus, 103. Eagle, Golden, 96. ——,, Spotted, 96. ——, White-tailed, 97. Eagle Owl, 90. Fared Grebe, 204. Eastern Golden Plover, 157. Ectopistes migratorius, 140. Egret, Little, 108, 109. Egretta garzetta, 108. nigrirostris et alba, 108, —— russata, 109. Egyptian Goose, 114. Vulture, $2. Hider, King, 134. Eider Duck, 134. Llanoides furcatus, 100. Elanus ceruleus, 100. Emberiza ciris, 46. cirlus, 60. eitrinella, 60. hortulana, 61. lapponica, 62. melanocephala, 59. miliaria, 59. nivalis, 63. —— pusilla, 61. —— rustica, 61. scheeniclus, 62. scheniculus, 62. Eniconetta stellert, 133. Enneoctonus collurio, 38. rufus, 38. Ephialtes scops, 89. Erithacus rubecula, 10. Erythaca rubecula, 10, Erythacus rubecula, 10. Erythropus vespertinus, 103. Erythrosterna parva, 42. Esquimaux Curlew, 178, 179. Eudromias morinellus, 160. Eudytes arcticus, 201. glacialis, 201. septentrionalts, 202. Eupodotis undulata, 154. INDEX. 215 European Hawk-Owl, 88. Three-toed Woodpecker, 78. Euspiza melanocephala, 59. Hye, Golden, 131. Falcinelius igneus, 113. Faleo eruginosus, 92. esalon, 103, alaudarius, 104. — albieilla, 97. —— apivorus, 100. —— ater, 99. —— atricapillus, 98. ——. borealis, 94. —— buteo, 94. candicans, 101. —— cenchris, 104. —— chrysaétos, 96. —— cineraceus, 93. elanga, 96. ceruleus, 100. —— cyaneus, 93. —— desertorum, 94. —— fulvus, 96. furcatus, 100. — gyrfalco, 101, 102. haliaétos, 105. tslandicus, 102. islandus, 102. lagopus, 95. — lineatus, 94. —— migrans, 99. —— mitlvus, 99, —— nisus, 98. palumbarius, 97. peregrinus, 102. —— pygargus, 93. —— rufipes, 103. —— rufus, 92, —— 8S. Johannis, 95. subbuteo, 102. —— tinnunculus, 104. vespertinus, 103. Falcon, Greenland, 101. , Gyr, 101, 102. ——., Iceland, 102. —., Peregrine, 102. , Red-footed, 103. Ferruginous Duck, 131. Ficedula hypolats, 17. Fieldfare, 2. Finch, Citril, 47. —, Mountain, 52. » Nonpareil, 46. Fire-crest, 15. 216 Fire-crested Regulus, 15. Fishing-Hawk, 105. Flycatcher, Pied, 40. , Red-breasted, 42. ——,, Red-eyed, 39. —, Sg 40. , White-collared, 40. Forked-tailed Petrel, 196. Fratercula arctica, 208. glacialis, 208. Fregilus graculus, 66. Fringilla albicollis, 63. borealis, 53. — celebs, 52. canaria, 49, canescens, 53. cannabina, 53. —— carduelis, 47. —— chloris, 49. citrinella, 47. coccothraustes, 50. coelebs, 52. —— domestica, 51, —— flarirostris, 54, 55. lapponiea, 62. — linaria, 53, 54. —— montana, 51. —— montifringilla, 52. montium, 54, serinus, 49. sptnis, 42. spodiogena, 52. Fruticicola rubetra, 7. rubicola, 8. Fulica atra, 151. cerulea, 14. chloropus, 151. —— martinica, 150. porphyrio, 149. Fuligula affinis, 130. albeola, 132. elangula, 131. collaris, 129. ertstata, 129, ——- ferina, 180. ferruginea, 131. — glacialis, 133. histrionica, 132. leucophthalmos, 130. marila, 129, 180. —— nyroca, 130. rufina, 128. vulgaris, 131. Fulmar, 199. Fulmar Petrel, 199. Fulmarus glactalis, 199. INDEX. Gadwall, 125. Galerita cristata, 71. Gallinago celestis, 166. gallinula, 167, —— major, 165. —— media, 166. —— sabini, 166. scolopacina, 166. wilsont, 166. Gallinula chloropus, 151. Gallinule, Green-backed, 150. ——, Martinique, 150. ——., Purple, 149. Gannet, 106. Garden Warbler, 13. Garganey, 126. Garrulus glandarius, 67. Garva atricilla, 190. —— bonapartii, 192. —— capistrata, 191. minuta, 192. —— ridibunda, 191. sabini, 193. Gecinus viridis, 79. Gelochelidon anglica, 183. Glareola pratincola, 155, 166. torquata, 155. Glaucous Gull, 187. Glossy Ibis, 118. Glottis canescens, 177. chloropus, 177. Glycyspina hortulana, 61. Godwit, Bar-tailed, 177, 178. , Black-tailed, 178. Golderest, 14. Golden-crested Regulus, 14. Golden Eagle, 96. Goldeneye, 131. , Barrow’s, 131. Golden Oriole, 36. Plover, 157. Golden-winged Woodpecker, io, Goldfinch, 47, Gold-vented Thrush, 36. Goosander, 136. Goose, Bar-headed, 116. ——., Barnacle, 118. , Bean, 115. ——, Brent, 117, 118. , Canada, 118. ——.,, Cassin’s Snow, 117. ——., Chinese, 117. ———, Egyptian, 114. ——, Grey Lag, 115. , Grey-legged, 115. Goose, Pink-footed, 116. ——, Red-breasted, 119. ——, Spur-winged, 114. ——, White-fronted, 116. Gos-Hawk, 97. Goshawk, American, 98, Grackle, Rusty, 65. Graculus carbo, 105. cristatus, 106. linneii, 106. Grasshopper Warbler, 20, 21. Great Auk, 206. Black Woodpecker, 76. —— Black-headed Gull, 190. —— Bustard, 153. Crested Grebe, 202, 208. Grey Shrike, 37. —— Northern Diver, 201. —— Plover, 155. —— Reed-Warbler, 19. Snipe, 165, —— Spotted Cuckoo, 84. —— Spotted Woodpecker, 77. —— Tit, 26. Titmouse, 26. —- White Heron, 108. Greater Black-backed Gull, 189. Shearwater, 198. Grebe, Eared, 204. , Great Crested, 202, 203. , Little, 204. ——.,, Pied-billed, 205. ——., Red-necked, 203. ——,, Sclavonian, 203. Green Cormorant, 106. Greenfinch, 49, 50. Green Sandpiper, 174, 175. Greenshank, 177. Green Woodpecker, 79. Green-backed Gallinule, 150. Greenland Falcon, 101. Redpoll, 54. Grey Lag Goose, 115. Phalarope, 164. —— Plover, 158. Wagtail, 30. ; Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail, 3l. Grey-legged Goose, 115. Griffon Vulture, 91. Grosbeak, Pine, 56, 57. Grouse, Black, 145. , Pallas’s Sand, 140. ——, Red, 144. , Wood, 145. Grus cinerea, 152. INDEX. 217 Grus communis, 152. pavonina, 153. virgo, 152. Guillemot, Black, 207. —., Briinnich’s, 207. ——, Common, 206. ——, Ringed, 206. Gull, Adriatic, 191. ——., Black-headed, 191. ——., Bonaparte’s, 192. ——, Common, 189. ——, Cuneate-tailed, 192. —-~, Glaucous, 187. , Greater Black-backed, 189, , Great Black-headed, 190. ——, Herring, 188. ——., Iceland, 188. ——,, Ivory, 186. ——.,, Kittiwake, 187. ——,, Laughing, 190. ——.,, Lesser Black-backed, 189. —, Little, 191, 192. ——, Masked, 191. ——,, Sabine’s, 193. Guli-billed Tern, 182, 183. Gyps fulvus, 91. Gyr Falcon, 101, 102. Hematopus ostralegus, 162, Hairy Woodpecker, 77. Hahaétus albieilla, 97. Halieus cormoranus, 105, graculus, 106. Hammer, Yellow, 60. Harelda glacialis, 133. Harlequin Duck, 132. Harrier, Hen, 93. , Marsh, 92. —., Montagu’s, 93. Hawfinch, 50. Hawk, Fishing, 105. ——.,, Gos, 97. ——,, Sparrow, 98. Hawk Owl, 88. —— —,, American, 88. , European, 88. Hedge Accentor, 22. Hedge-Sparrow, 22. Helodromas ochropus, 174. Hemipode, Andalusian, 145. Hemipodius tachydromus, 146. Hen, Moor, 151. Hen-Harrier, 93. Heniconetta stelleri, 133. Q 218 Herodias alba, 108. — garzetta, 109. Heron, 107. , Buff-backed, 109. ——, Common, 107. , Great White, 108. —,, Night, 110. ——,, Purple, 108. , Squacco, 109. Herring-Gull, 182. Hierofalco candicans, 101, gyrfaleo 101, aslantis, L 12. Himantopus candidus, 163. melanopterus, 163. Hirundo apus, 74. bicolor, 43. cahirica, 42. —— caudacuta, 74. melba, 74. pratincola, 155. —— purpurea, 45. — riparia, 44. — rufula, 43. —— rustica, 42. savignit, 42. urbrea, 44. Histrionicus torquatus, 132. Hobby, 102. Honey-Buzzard, 100, 101. Hooded Crow, 69. Merganser, 137. Hooper, 120. Hoopoe, 83. Houbara macqueeni, 154. House-Sparrow, 51. Hydrobata cinclus, 24. Aydrochelidon fissipes, 185, —— hybrida, \34. leucopareia, 124. —— leucoptera, 125. nigra, 185. Hydrocoleus ninutus, 192. Hydroprogne caspia, 182. Hypolais wcterina, 17. Hypotriorchis esalon, 103. —— subbuteo, 102. Hypsibates himantopus, 163. This, Glossy, 118. Ibis faicinellus, 113. Iceland Falcon, 102. Gull, 188, Icterine Warbler, 17. Ivory Gull, 186. Lina torquilla, 80. INDEX. Jackdaw, 68. Jack Snipe, 167. Jay, 67. Jynx torquilla, 80, Kentish Plover, 158. Kestrel, 104. , Lesser, 104. Killdeer Plover, 160. King Duek, 134. Eider, 134. Kingfisher, X0, 81. » Belted, 81. Kite, 99. , Black, 99. — , Black-winged, 100. , Swallow-tailed, 100. Kittiwake, 187. Gull, 187. Knot, 171. Lagopus albus, 144. cinereus, 144. mutus, J44. rupestris, 144, seoticus, 144. vulgaris, 144. Landrail, 149. Lanius auriculatus, 38. collurto, 38. ercubitor, 37. excubitorides, 37. ludovivianus, 37. major, 37. minor, 3B. pomeranus, 38. rufus, 38. rutilus, 32. Lapland Bunting, 62. Lapwing, 161. Lark, Calandra, 72. ——,, Crested, 71. , Shore, 73. ——,, Short-toed, 72. — , Sky, 71. ——,, White-winged, 73. , Wood, 71. Larus argentatus, 183. atricilla, 140. bonapartit, 192. canus, 13), capistratus, 191, catarractes, 14. erepidatus, 195. eburneus, LSU, Tuscus, 189, Larus glaucus, 187. welandicus, 188. tchthyaétus, 190. islandicus, 188, —— leucopterus, 188. —— marinus, 189, —— melanocephalus, 191. —— minutus, 191. parasiticus, 195, —— philadelphia, 192. —— ridibundus, 191. roseus, 192. rossi, 193. sabint, 193. tridactylus, 187. Laughing Gull, 190. Leach's Petrel, 196. Leimonites tenuminckii, 170. Lesser Black-backed Gull, 189. Grey Shrike, 38. Kestrel, 104, Redpole, 54. —— Redpoll, 54. —— Scaup Duck, 130. —— Spotted Woodpecker, 78. Tern, 181, Whitethroat, 12. Lestris buffonit, 195. cataractes, 194, crepidata, 195. longicaudus, 195, parasitica, 195. —— pomarinus, 194. pomatorhinus, 194. richardsoni, 195. Ligurinus chloris, 49, 50. Limicola platyrhyncha, 167. pygmea, 167. Limnocinelus pectoralis, 168. Limnocryptes gallinula, 167. Limosa egocephala, 178. —— lapponica, 177, 178. melanura, 178. meyert, 177. rufa, 177, 178. Linaria borealis, 53. cannabina, 53. — chloris, 49. flavirostris, 55. —— minor, 54. rufescens, 54. Linnet, 53. , Common, 53. , Mountain, 55. Linota canescens, 53. cannabina, 53. INDEX. Linota flavirostris, 54, 55. hornemanni, 54. linaria, 53, 54. montium, 55. rufescens, 54. Little Auk, 208. — Bittern, 110. — Bunting, 61. —— Bustard, 154. Crake, 148. —— Egret, 108, 109. Grebe, 204. —— Gull, 191, 192. — Owl, 91. —— Stint, 169. Tern, 181. Lobipes hyperboreus, 164. Locustella avicula, 21. luscinioides, 21, 22. nevia, 20, 21, Lomvia bruennichi, 207. trotle, 206. Long-eared Owl, 86. Long-tailed Duck, 133. —— Tit, 25. Lophophanes cristatus, 28. Lowxia bifasciata, 58. — chloris, 49. —— curvirostra, 57. enucleator, 56. europea, 68. — leucoptera, 58. pityopsittacus, 57. — pyrrhula, 56. —— pytiopsittacus, 57. Lunda arctica, 208. Luseinia philomela, 11. Lusciniopsis luscinioides, 21. Machetes pugnax, 171. Macqueen’s Bustard, 154. Macrorhamphus griseus, 177. Magpie, 68. Manx Shearwater, 197. Mareca americana, 124. penelope, 123. Marsh-Harrier, 92. Marsh Tit, 27. Marsh-Titmouse, 27. Marsh Warbler, 19. Martin, 44. , Purple, 45. ——, Sand, 4. Martinique Gallinule, 150. Masked Gull, 191. Meadow-Pipit, 32. 219 220 Meadow-Starling, American, 64. Mealy Redpole, 53. Redpoll, 53. Meeistura caudata, 25. longicaudata, 25. rosea, 25. Megalopterus stolidus, 186. Melanocorypha calandra, 72. leucoptera, 73. sibireca, 73. Melizophilus dartfordiensis, 14. provinctalis, 14. undatus, 14. Merganser, Hooded, 137. , Red-breasted, 136, 187. Merganser castor, 136. cucullatus, 137. serrator, 136. Mergellus albellus, 137. Mergulus alle, 208. melanoleucos, 208. Mergus albellus, 137. castor, 136, cucullatus, 137. merganser, 136. serrator, 136. Merlin, 103. Merops apiaster, 82. philippensts, 82. — philppinus, 82. Merula rosea, 66, — torquata, 5, — vulgaris, 4. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, 78. Milvus ictinus, 99. migrans, 99. regalis, 99. vulgaris, 99. Mimus polyglottus, 23. Missel-Thrush, 1. Mocking-bird, Northern, 23. Montagu’s Harrier, 93. Monticola cyanus, 5. saxatilis, 5. Moor-hen, 151. Mormon areticus, 208. Motacilla alba, 29. aquatica, 20. atricapilla, 12. boarula, 30. calendula, 15. campestris, 31. cervina, 32. ctnereicupilla, 31. etnereocupilla, 31, —— curruca, 12. INDEX. Motacilla flava, 31. lugubris, 30. —— luscinta, 11. —— melanope, 30. modularts, 22. ——~ nevia, 20 neglecta, 31. nisoria, 13. enanthe, 6. —— phemeurus, 8. rau, 31, 32. regilus, 14, rubecula, 10. rubetra, 7. rubicola, 8. sibilatrix, 17. sulphurea, 30. superciliosus, 15, svecica, 10, sylvia, 11. trochilus, 16. undata, 14. viridis, 31. yarrelli, 30. Mountain Finch, 52. Linnet, 55. Muscicapa atricapilla, 41. collaris, 41. grisola, 40, —— luctuosa, 41. —— melanoptera, 41. olivacea, 39. parva, 42, Muscovy Duck, 121. Mute Swan, 119. TTT Nauclerus furcatus, 100. Needle-tailed Swift, 74. Neophron percnopterus, 92. Night-Heron, 110, Nightingale, 11. Nightjar, 75. , Red-necked, 75, Noctua nudipes, 91. passerina, 91. tengmalmi, 89, Noddy, 186. Tern, 186. Nonpareil Finch, 46, Northern Mocking-bird, 23. Nuctfraga caryocatactes, 67. Numenwus arquata, 179, —— borealis, 178. pheopus, 179, Nutcracker, 67. Nuthatch, 28. Nyctala acadica, 89, Sunerea, 89. tengmalm, 88, 89. Nyctea nivea, 87. scandiaca, 87. Nycticorax gardent, 110. griseus, 110. Nyroca ferina, 130. —— ferruginea, 130, 131. —— leucophthalmos, 131. Oceanites oceanicus, 197. Gdemia fusca, 135, nigra, 135. perspicillata, 136. Gidienemus crepitans, 155. scolopax, 155. Gnanthe stapazina, 6. Gstrelata hesitata, 200. Oidemia fusca, 135. nigra, 135. perspieillata, 136. Oreocincla aurea, 4. Oriole, Golden, 36. Oriolus ferrugineus, 65. —— galbula, 36. pheeniceus, 64. Orphean Warbler, 12. Ortolan Bunting, 61. Ortygometra bailloni, 148. crex, 149. —— maruetta, 147, —— minuta, 148. porzana, 147. Ortyx virginianus, 143. Osprey, 105. Otis houbara, 154. macqueent, 154. tarda, 153. — tetrax, 154. Otocorys alpestris, 73. Otus brachyotos, 86. brachyotus, 86. vulgaris, 86. Ouzel, Ring, 5. Owl, American Hawk, 88. ——., Barn, 85. ——., Eagle, 90. ——., European Hawk, 88. ——, Hawk, 88. ——,, Little, 91. ——, Long-eared, 86. ——., Saw-whet, 89. ——., Scops, 89. , American Screech, 90. INDEX. Owl, Scops Eared, 90, , Short-eared, 86. ——, Snowy, 87. ——, Tawny, 87. -——, Tengmalm’s, 88, 89. ——, White, 85. Oxylophus glandarius, 84. Oyster-catcher, 162. Pagophila eburnea, 186. 221 Pallas’s Great Grey Shrike, 37. Sand-Grouse, 140. Palumbus torquatus, 138. Pandion halieetus, 105. haliaétus, 105. Panurus biarmicus, 24. Parrot Crossbill, 57. Partridge, 142. , Barbary, 142. —, Common, 142. , Red-legged, 141. Parus ater, 26. biarmicus, 24. britannicus, 26, 27. — ceruleus, 27. caudatus, 25. eristatus, 28. Fringillago, 26. —— major, 26. —— palustris, 27. Passenger Pigeon, 140. Passer domesticus, 51. montanus, 51, Pastor, Rose-coloured, 66. Pastor roseus, 66. Pectoral Sandpiper, 168. Peewit, 161. Pelecanus bassanus, 106. carbo, 105. —— graculus, 106. —— onocrotalus, 107. Pelican, White, 107. Pelidna bonapartet, 168. cinclus, 169, Perdix cinerea, 142, coturnix, 143. —— petrosa, 142. rubra, 141. rufa, 141. Peregrine Falcon, 102, Pernis apivorus, 100, 101. Petrel, Bulwer’s, 200. , Capped, 200. -—, Forked-tailed, 196. ——.,, Fulmar, 199. -—., Leach’s, 196. 222 Petrel, Storm, 196. , Wilson’s, 1137. Petrocinela suxatilis, 5. Petrocossyphus cyanus, 5. Phalacrocorax carbo, 105. eristatus, 106, graculus, 106. Phalarope, Grey, 164. , Red-necked, 164. Phularopus anygustirostris, 164. Julicarius, 164. —— hyperbureus, 164. lobatus, 164. platyrhynchus, 164. Phasvanus colchicus, 141. Pheasant, 141. , Common, 141. Philomachus pugnaxr, 172. Philomela luscinia, 11. Phenicura ruficilla, 8. suecica, 10. tithys, 9. Phyllopneuste hippoluis, 16. hypolais, 17. rufa, 16. sibilatrix, 17. —— aylvicola, 17. trochilus, 16. Phylloscopus collybita, 16. rufus, 16. sibtlatrix, 17. superciliosus, 15. trochilus, 16. Pica caudata, GS. melanolenca, 68, rustica, 68. Picoides tridactylus, 73. Picus auratus, 79. major, 77. —— martius, 76. —— medius, 78. —— minor, 73. pipra, 77. —— pubescens, 77. strivlatus, 73. —— tridactylus, 78. villosus, 77. viridis, 79. Pied Flycatcher, 41. Wagtail, 20, 30. Pied-billed Grebe, 205, Pigeon, Cape, 199. , Passenger, 140. , Wood, 13s. Pine-Grosbeak, 56, 57. Pinicolu enucteator, 56, 57. INDEX. Pink-footed Goose, 116, Pintail, 124. Duck, 124. Pipit, American, 34. , Meadow, 32. ——, Red-throated, 32. ——., Richard's, 34. — ,, Rock, 35. — , Tawny, 33. ——,, Tree, 33. , Water, 34. Platalea lewcorodia, 113. Platea leucorodia, 113. Plectrophanes lapponica, 62. nivalis, 63. Plectropterus gambensis, 114. Plegads falernellus, 113, Plover, Eastern Golden, 157. , Golden, 157. ——, Great, 155. —,, Grey, 1538. ——,, Kentish, 158. ——,, Killdeer, 160. ——,, Little Ringed, 159. , Ringed, 159. Pluvialis aurea, 157. morinellus, 160. sqguatarola, 158. Pochard, 130, , Red-crested, 128. Podiceps auritus, 203, 204. cornutus, 203. — cristatus, 202. Jluviatilis, 204. grisetgena, 203. niyricollis, 204. —— minor, 204. rubricullis, 203. Podilymbus podiceps, 205. Peecile palustris, 27. Polish Swan, 120. Pomatorhine Skua, 194. Pomerine Skua, 194. Porphyrio ceruleus, 149, 150, martinicus, 150. smaragdonotus, 150, veterym, 150. Porzana bailloni, 148. carolina, 147. maruetta, 147. munuta, 148, parva, 148, pygmea, 148. Pratincola rubetra, 7. rubicola, 8. Pratincole, Collared, 155, 156. Procellaria anglorum, 197. bulwert, 200. capensis, 199. — glacialis, 199. —— grisea, 198. —— hesitata, 200. — hasitata, 200. leachti, 196. —— leucorrhoa, 196. obscura, 198. —— oceaniea, 197. —— pelugica, 196. wilsont, 197. Progne purpurea, 45, Ptarmigan, 144. , Rock, 144. Pterocyanea circia, 126. Puffin, 208. Puffinus anglorum, 197. arcticus, 197. —— cinereus, 198. columbinus, 200. griseus, 198. —— major, 198. obscurus, 198. Purple Gallinule, 194. — Heron, 108. —— Martin, 45. — Sandpiper, 171. Pycnonotus barbatus, 35. capensis, 36. Pyrrhocorax graculus, 66. Pyrrhula enucleator, 56. erythrina, 55. —— europea, 56. —— pileata, 56. rubtcila, 56. vulgaris, 56. Quail, 143. , Common, 143. Querquedula acuta, 124. bimaculata, 127. carolinensis, 127. cetreta, 126. —— crecca, 127. —— discors, 126. strepera, 125. Rail, Carolina, 147. , Water, 146, 147. Rallus aquaticus, 146. bailloni, 148. carolinus, 147. crex, 149. 228 Rallus parvus, 148. porzana, 147. Raven, 70. Ray’s Wagtail, 32. Razorbill, 205. Recurvirostra avocetta, 162. Redbreast, 10. Red Grouse, 144. Redpole, Lesser, 54. , Mealy, 53. Redpoll, Greenland, 54. , Lesser, 54. , Mealy, 53. Redshank, 176. ——, Common, 176. ——.,, Spotted, 176. Redstart, 8. 5 Black, 9. Redwing, 2. Red-backed Shrike, 38, Red-breasted Flycatcher, 42. —— Goose, 119, —— Merganser, 136, 137. Snipe, 177. Red-crested Pochard, 128. Whistling Duck, 128. Red-eyed Flycatcher, 39. Red-footed Falcon, 103. Red-legged Partridge, 141. Red-necked Grebe, 203. Nightjar, 75. Phalarope, 164. Red-rumped Swallow, 43. Red-shouldered Buzzard, 94. Red-spotted Bluethroat, 10. Red-tailed Buzzard, 94. Red-throated Diver, 202. Pipit, 32. Red-winged Starling, 64, Reed-Bunting, 62. Reed- Warbler, 18. , Great, 19. Reguloides superciliosus, 16. Regulus, Dalmatian, 16, ——, Fire-crested, 15. , Golden-crested, 14. Regulus atricapillus, 14, calendula, 15. cristatus, 14. Jlavicapillus, 14. —— ignicapillus, 15. modestus, 15. superciliosus, 15. Rhodostethia rosea, 192, 198. —— rossti, 192. Rhynchaspis clypeata, 128. 224 Richard’s Pipit, 34. Richardson’s Skua, 195. Ring-Dove, 138. Ring-Ouzel, 5. Ringed Guillemot, 206. Plover, 159. Ring-necked Duck, 129. Rissa tridactyla, 157. Robin, American, 3. Rock-Dove, 139, Rock-Pipit, 55. Rock-Ptarmigan, 144. Rock-Thrush, 5. Roller, 82. Rook, 70. Roseate Tern, 181. Rose-coloured Pastor, 66, Rosy Bullfinch, 55. Rough-legged Buzzard, 95. Ruby-crowned Wren, 15. Ruddy Sheldrake, 122. Ruff, 171, 172. Rufous Warbler, 18. Riippell’s Tern, 182. Russet Chat, 6. Rustic Bunting, 16. Rusticola sylvestris, 165. Rusty Grackle, 65. Ruticilla cyanecula, 10, phencura, 8. pheenicuus, 8, suecica, 10. tithys, 9. —— titys, 9. wolfi, 9. Sabine’s Gull, 193. Salicaria aquatica, 20. arundinacea, 18, 19. galactodes, 18. — locustella, 21. —— luscinordes, 21. palustris, 19. — phragmites, 20. —— strepera, 18. turdotdes, 19. Sanderling, 172. Sand-Grouse, Pallas’s, 140. Sand-Martin, 44. Sandpiper, Bonaparte’s, 168. , Bartram’s, 173. ——.,, Broad-billed, 167. —,, Buff-breasted, 172, 173. ——.,, Common, 173, 174. ——, Curlew, 170. ——,, Green, 174, 175. INDEX. Sandpiper, Pectoral, 168. ——, Purple, 171. ——,, Schinz’s, 168. ——,, Solitary, 175. ——,, Spotted, 174. ——, Wood, 175. , Yellow-shanked, 176. Sandwich Tern, 183. Savi’s Warbler, 21. Saw-whet Owl, 89. Saaicola desertt, 7. enanthe, 6, rubetra, 7. — rufa, 6. —— saxicola, 8. stapazina, 6. Scaup, 129. Duck, 129, Schinz’s Sandpiper, 168. Schenicola arundinacea, 62. Sclavonian Grebe, 203. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, 65, Scolopax egocephala, 178. arquata, 179. borealis, 178. —— celestis, 166. canescens, 177, JSlavipes, 176. fusca, 176. gallinago, 166. gallinula, 167. —— grisea, 177. lapponica, 177. major, 165. pheopus, 179. rusticola, 165. rusticula, 165. subarguata, 170. wilsoni?, 166. Scopoli’s Tern, 184. Scops aldrovandi, 89. — asto, 90. gin, 89, 90. zorea, 90. Scops Eared Owl, 90, Owl, 89. Scoter, Common, 135, —., Surf, 136. , Velvet, 135. Sedge-Warbler, 20. i au Yellow-rumped, Serin, 49. Serinus canartus, 49, hortulanus, 49, Shag, 106. MTT | INDEX. 225 Shearwater, Dusky, 198, ——,, Greater, 198. ——, Manx, 197. ——, Sooty, 192. Sheldrake, Common, 122. , Ruddy, 122. Shore-Lark, 73. Short-eared Owl, 86. Short-toed Lark, 72. Shoveller, 128. Shrike, American Grey, 37. ——, Great Grey, 37. ——., Lesser Grey, 38. ——, Pallas’s Great Grey, 37. ——., Red-backed, 38, , Woodchat, 39. Siberian Thrush, 4. Sibilatrix locustella, 21. Siskin, 48, Sitta cesia, 28. europea, 28. Skua, Buffon’s, 195. ,» Common, 194. ——,, Pomatorhine, 194. ——, Pomerine, 194. ——.,, Richardson’s, 195. Sky-Lark, 71. Smew, 1387. Snipe, Brown, 177. , Common, 166. ——,, Great, 165. ——,, Jack, 167. ——, Red-breasted, 177. » Wilson’s, 166. Snow-Bunting, 63. Snowy Owl, 87. Solitary Sandpiper, 175. Somateria dispar, 138. mollissima, 134. spectabilis, 134. stellert, 133. Song-Sparrow, White-throated, 63 Song-Thrush, 1. Sooty Shearwater, 198. Tern, 183. Sparrow, Hedge, 22. , House, 51. ——, Tree, 51. , White-throated Song, 63. Sparrow-Hawk, 98. Spatula clypeata, 128. Spiza ciris, 46. Spoonbill, 113. , White, 113. Spotted Crake, 147. Spotted Eagle, 96. —— Flycatcher, 40. Redshank, 176. —— Sandpiper, 174. Spur-winged Goose, 114. Squacco Heron, 109. Squatarola cinerea, 158. helvetica, 158. Starling, 65. ——., American Meadow, 64. , Common, 65. , Red-winged, 64, Stelleria dispar, 133. Steller’s Duck, 133. Western Duck, 133. Stercorarius catarrhactes, 194. cepphus, 195. erepidatus, 195. longicaudus, 195. parasiticus, 195, pomarinus, 194, pomatorhinus, 194, Sterna anestheta, 184. anglica, 182. antillarum, 182. arctica, 180, bergu, 182. —— boysti, 183. cantiaca, 183. casyna, 182. dougall, 181. Jissypes, 185. flaviatilis, 180, 181. —— fuliyinosa, 183. —— hirundo, 180. — hybrida, 184. leucopareta, 184, — leucoptera, 185. macroura, 180. —— macrura, 180. — minuta, 181. nigra, 185. paradisea, 181, — philadelphia, 192. — stolida, 186. velox, 182. Sternula minuta, 181. Stilt, Black-winged, 163. Stint, American, 170. ——,, Little, 169. ——, Temminck’s, 169, 170. Stock-Dove, 138. Stonechat, 8. Stone-Curlew, 155. Stork, Black, 112. , White, 112. 226 Storm-Petrel, 196. Strepsilas interpres, 161. Striv acadica, 89. aluco, 87. asio, 90. brachyotis, 86. —— brachyotos, 86. bubo, 90. flammea, 85, Sunerea, 88. nisoria, 88, noctua, 91. nyctea, 87. otus, 86. scandiaca, 87. scops, 89. —— tengmalma, 88. ulula, 88. Strobilophaga enucleator, 56. Sturnella ludoviciana, 64. magna, 64. Sturnus cinclus, 24. collaris, 23. guttatus, 65. —— ludovicianus, 64. vulgaris, 65. Sula alba, 106. bassana, 106. Summer Duck, 123. Surf-Scoter, 186. Surnia funerea, 88. nyctea, 87. ulula, 88. Swallow, 42, 43. , Chestnut-bellied, 42. ——, Red-rumped, 43. , White-bellied, 43. Swallow-tailed Kite, 100. Swan, American, 120. —— , Bewick’s, 121. ——, Mute, 119. ——, Polish, 120. , Trumpeter, 121, ——, Whooper, 120. Swift, 7-4. , Alpine, 74. ——, Common, 74, ——.,, Needle-tailed, 74. , White-bellied, 74. Sylbeocyclus europeus, 204. Sylochelidon caspia, 182. Sylvia aquatica, 20. arundinacea, 18. —— atracapilla, 12. — atricapilla, 12. —— caricet, 20. INDEX. Sylvia cetti, 22. cinerea, 11. eurruca, 12, galactodes, 18. garrula, 12. hippolats, 16, 17. hortensis, 13. hypolats, 17. ictertna, 17. —— ignicajnila, 15. locustella, 20. luscinta, 11. —— luscinioules, 21. nisoria, 13. orphea, 12. palustris, 19. phéncurus, 8. —— phragmitis, 20. rubecula, 10. rufa, 11, 16. ——- salicaria, 13. sericea, 22, —— sibilatrix, 17. strepera, 18. suecica, 10. sylvicola, 17. —a sylviella, 12. — tithys, 9. — trochilus, 16. —— turdovdes, 19. undata, 14, wolfit, 9. (Calamoherpe) luscinioides, 21. (Cyanecula) leucocyana, —— (——) wolfii, 9. (Salicarta) lusciniotdes, 21. Syrnia funerea, 88. nyctea, 37, psilodactyla, 91. Syrnium aluco, 87. stridula, 87. Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 140. Tachybaptes fluviatilis, 204. Tachycineta bicolor, 43, Tadorna casarca, 122. cornuta, 122. rutila, 122. vulpanser, 122. Tantalus falcinellus, 113. Tawny Owl, 87. Pipit, 33. Teal, American Green-winged, Lee Teal, Blue-winged, 126. , Common, 127. Tengmalm’s Owl, 88, 89. Tern, Arctic, 180. , Black, 185. , Caspian, 182. , Common, 180. ——, Gull-billed, 182, 183. ——,, Lesser, 181. ——., Noddy, 186. ——,, Roseate, 181. ——, Riippell’s, 182. ——,, Sandwich, 183. ——., Scopoli’s, 184. —., Sooty, 188. ——, Whiskered, 184. ——, White-winged Black, 185. Tetrao coturmz, 1438. lagopus, 144. mutus, L44. paradoxa, 140. perdix, 142. petrosus, 142. rufus, 141. rupestris, 144. seoticus, 144. —— tetriz, 145. —— urogatlus, 145. virginianus, 143. Thalassidroma bulwerii, 200. leachit, 196. ——- leucorrhoa, 196. oceantca, 197. pelagica, 196. wilsonit, 197. Thremmaphilus roseus, 66. Thrush, Black-throated, 3. , Blue Rock, 5. ——.,, Gold-vented, 36. ——, Missel, 1. ——, Rock, 5. , Siberian, 4. ——, Song, 1. , White’s, 3, 4. Tichodroma muraria, 46. Tinnunculus alaudarius, 104. cenchris, 104. vespertinus, 103. Tit, Bearded, 24, , Blue, 27. —,, Cole, 27. , Crested, 28, , Great, 26. ——., Long-tailed, 25. ——, Marsh, 27. INDEX. Titmouse, Bearded, 24. , Blue, 27. ——., British Coal, 26. —, Long-tailed, 25. ——. Continental Coal, 26. ——,, Crested, 22. ——., Great, 26. ——.,, Marsh, 27. 227 ——, White-hended Long-tailed, 25 Totanus bartrami, 173. cealidris, 176. ee avipes, 176. — 176. —— glareola, 175. —— glottis, 177. —— hypoleucos, 174. macularius, 174. ochropus, 174. solitarius, 175, Tree-Creeper, 45, Tree-Pipit, 33. Tree-Sparrow, 51. Tringa alpina, 169. arenarta, 172. —— bonapartit, 168. calidris, 176. canutus, 171. — cinclus, 169. —— fulicaria, 164. —— fuscicollis, 168. —— glareola, 175. —— helvetica, 158. —— hyperborea, 164. hypoleucos, 173. interpres, 161. —— islandica, 171. longicauda, 173. — macularia, 174. —— maculata, 168. maritima, 171. —— minuta, 169. —— minutilla, 170, ocrophus, 174. pectoralis, 168. —— platyrhyncha, 167. platyrincha, 167. —— pugnax, 171, —— pusilla, 170. —— pygmea, 167. — schinzit, 168. solitarta, 175. striata, 171. subarguata, 170. ~— temmincku, 169, 170. 228 Tringa vanellus, 161. cartabilis, 169, Tringites rufescens, 173. Tringoides bartramius, 173. hypoleucus, 173, 174. macularius, 174. rufescens, 173. Troglodyles enropaus, 29, parvilus, 20, vulgaris, 2), Trumpeter Swan, 121. Tryngites rufescens, 172. Tufted Duck, 129. Turdus atrigalaris, 3. atrogularis, 3. — _ aurens, 4, caaigaster, 3G. barbatus, 39. bechsteintt, 3, 4 capensis, 30, eyanus, 5. —— iliacus, 2. morula, 4. neyratorins, 3. musicus, 1, —— pilaris, 2. —— polyglottos, 25. roxeus, 66. suvatilis, 5. sehirzeus, 4. forquatus, 5. varius, d. — viscivorus, 1. ‘“—— whitei, 4, Turniv africanus, 146, sylvatica, LAG, Turnstone, 161. Turtle Dove, 159. Turtur auritus, 139, ~— faints, 139. vulgaris, U3. Twite, 54. Two-barred Crossbill, 58, Tlila aluco, 37. Fengnralait, BS, pupa epops, 83. Uria arra, 207. —— brinnichii, 207. grylle, 207. -— hringria, 206. lacrymans, 206. lomeoin, 206. ringria, 206. (rote, 206. Ulamania torda, 205. INDEX. Vanellus eristatus, 161, vulgaris, 161. Velvet Scoter, 135. Vireo altilogiars, 39. ol’raceus, 39. Vireosylvia olivacea, 39. Virginian Colin, 143. Vultur albiulla, 97. fulvus, 91. percnopterus, 92, Vulture, Egyptian, 2. — , Griffon, 91. Wagtail, Blue-headed Yellow, 31 aon Grey, 30. ——,, Grey-headed Yellow, °1. —.,, Pied, 29, 30. , Ray’s, 32. ——,, White, 29. , Yellow, 81. Wall-creeper, 46. Warbler, Barred, 13. , Blackeap, 12. , Blue-throated, 10, ——., Cetti’s, 22. ——,, Dartford, 14. , Garden, 13, ——, Grasshopper, 20, 21, —— .,, Great Reed, 19. ——, Icterine, 17. -——, Marsh, 19. ——, Orphean, 12. -—., Reed, 18. ——, Rufous, 12. ——,, Savi's, 21. ——,, Sedge, 20. -——., Willow, 16. —., Wood, 17. , Yellow-browed, 15. Water-Pipit, 34. Water-Rail, 146, 147. Waxwing, 39. , Bohemian, 40. Wheatear, U. ——, Black-throated, 6. , Desert, 7. Whimbrel, 179. Whinchat, 7. Whiskered Tern, 184. Whistling Duck, Red-crested, 128. White Owl, 85. — Pelican, 107. —— Spoonbill, 113. —— Stork, 112. INDEX. 229 Whitethroat, 11. --—, Common, 11. -—, Lesser, 12. White Wagtail, 29. White-bellied Swallow, 43. Swift, 74. White-collared Flycatcher, 40. White-eyed Duck, 130. White-fronted Goose, 116. White-headed Long-tailed Tit- mouse, 25. White’s Thrush, 3, 4. White-spotted Bluethroat, 9. White-tailed Eagle, 97. White-throated Song-Sparrow, 63 White-winged Black Tern, 185, Grosbeak, 46. —— Lark, 73. Whooper Swan, 120. Wigeon, 123. , American, 124. Wild Duck, 125. . Willow- Warbler, 16. Wilson’s Petrel, 197. Snipe, 166. Windhover, 104. Woodchat, 38. —— Shrike, 39. Woodcock, 165. Wood-Grouse, 145. Wood-Lark, 71. Woodpecker, Downy, 77. ——-, European Three-toed, 78. ——,, Golden-winged, 79. ——,, Great Black, 76. —, Spotted, 77. ——, Green, 79. ——., Hairy, 77. ——,, Lesser Spotted, 78. ——, Middle Spotted, 78. Wood-Pigeon, 138. Wood-Sandpiper, 175. Wood-Warbler, 17. Wren, 29. , Ruby-crowned, 15. Wryneck, 80. Xema sabini, 193. Yellow-billed American Cuckoo, 84 — Cuckoo, 84. —— Diver, 201. Yellow-browed Warbler, 15. Yellow Bunting, 60. Hammer, 60. Yellowshank, 176. Yellow Wagtail, 31. Yellow-rumped Seed-eater, 48. Yellow-shanked Sandpiper, 176. Yunx torquilla, 80. Zonotrichia albicollis, 63, THE END. Printed by Tayzor and Francrs, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. A LIST OF EUROPEAN BIRDS, INCLUDING ALL SPECIES FOUND IN THE WESTERN PALAARCTIC REGION. The Womenclature carefully Bebiacd by HENRY E. DRESSER, F.LS., F.Z.S., &c., &c., AUTHOR OF ‘ THE BIRDS OF EUROPE.’ LONDON: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT 6 TENTERDEN STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, W. 1881. ALERE Q FLAMMAM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. INTRODUCTION. Ssverat of the Subscribers to my ‘ Birds of Europe’ have urged me to publish a List of the Birds of the Western Palearctic Region, as a check-list for labelling, and for reference in making exchanges of birds and eggs; and as no such list already existed, I hope that the present one may prove useful. T have, as will be seen, followed Professor Huxley’s classification, which appears to me to be the best that has yet been elaborated, which classification I have adopted in the ‘ Birds of Europe;’ and in order to facilitate reference, the species are numbered con- secutively, as has been done in that work. A few alterations in the nomenclature, which further research has proved to be necessary, have been made. H. E. DRESSER. 6 Tenterden Street, W., _ London, 28th February, 1881. A LIST Or EUROPEAN BIRDS. AVES CARINATA. AGITHOGNATHA. Order I. PASSERES. Suborder OSCINES. Section 1. OSCINES DENTIROSTRES. Family TURDID. Subfamily TuRDINzZ. 1. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. Missel-Thrush. 2. Turdus musicus, Linn. Song-Thrush. 3. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Redwing. 4, Turdus pilaris, Linn. Fieldfare. 5, Turdus naumanni, Temm. Red-tailed Fieldfare. 6. Turdus dubius, Bechst. Dusky Thrush. 7. Turdus ruficollis, Pall. Red-throated Thrush. 8. Turdus obscurus, Gmel. Pale Thrush. 16. 17. 18. 26. 27. . Turdus varius, Pall. White’s Thrush. Turdus atrigularis, Temm. Black-throated Thrush. . Turdus stbiricus, Pall. Siberian Thrush. . Turdus merula, Linn. Blackbird. . Turdus torquatus, Linn. Ring-Ouzel. . Monticola saxatilis (Linn.). Rock-Thrush. 5. Monticola cyanus (Linn.). Blue Rock-Thrush. Subfamily CrncLin.z. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Common Dipper. Cinclus melanogaster, C. La. Brehm. Black-bellied Dipper. Cinclus albieollis (Vieill.). Pale-backed Dipper. Subfamily SaxrcoLin.z. . Saxricola enanthe (Linn.). Common Wheatear. . Savicola isabellina, Riipp. Isabelline Chat. . Saricola albicollis, Vieill. Black-eared Chat. . Saxicola rufa (C. L. Brehm). Russet Chat. . Saxicola melanoleuca (Giild.). Black-throated Chat. . Saxicola deserti, Riipp. Desert-Chat. . Saxicola finschii, Heugl. Arabian Chat. Savicola mesta, Licht. Tristram’s Chat. Saxicola xanthoprymna, Ehr. Red-rumped Chat. 28. Saxicola lugens, Licht. Pied Chat. 29, Saxicola morio, Ehr. Eastern Pied Chat. 30. Saxicola monacha, Temm. Hooded Chat. 31. Saxicola leucopyga, C. L. Brehm. White-rumped Chat. 32. Saxicola leucura (Gm.). Black Chat. 33, Pratincola rubetva (Linn.). Whin-Chat. 34, Pratincola rubicola. Stone-Chat. 34a. Pratincola maura (Pall). Eastern Stone-Chat. 35. Pratincola hemprichi (Ehr.). White-tailed Stone-Chat. 36. Ruticilla phenicurus (Linn.). Redstart. 37. Ruticilla mesoleuca (Ehr.). Ehrenberg’s Redstart. 38. Ruticilla rufiventris (Vieill.). Indian Redstart. 39. Ruticilla titys (Scop). Black Redstart. 40. Ruticilla mousstert (Olph-Gall.). Moussier’s Redstart. 41. Ruticilla erythrogastra (Giild.). Giildenstadt's Redstart. Subfamily Syivinz. 42, Cyanecula wolfi, C. L. Brehm. White-spotted Bluethroat. 43. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). Red-spotted Bluethroat. 44, Erithacus rubecula (Linn.). Redbreast. 45. Calliope camtschatkensis (Gm.). Ruby-throated Warbler. 46, Cossypha gutturalis, Guérin. White-throated Robin-Chat. 47. Nemura cyanura (Pall.). Red-flanked Bluetail. 48, 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 565. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64, 65. 66. 67. 68. Daulias luscinia (Linn.). Common Nightingale. Daulias philomela (Bechst.). Northern Nightingale. + Sylvia rufa (Bodd.). Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca (Linn.), Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia subalpina, Bonelli. Subalpine Warbler. Sylvia conspicillata, Marm. Spectacled Warbler. Sylvia deserticola, Tristram. Tristram’s Warbler. Sylvia melanothorax, Tristram. Palestine Warbler. Sylvia melanocephala (Gm.). Sardinian Warbler. Sylvia momus (Ehr.). Bowman’s Warbler. Sylvia orphea, Temm. Orphean Warbler. Sylvia rueppelli, Temm. Riippell’s Warbler. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.). Blackcap. Sylvia salicaria (Linn.). Garden-Warbler. Sylvia nisoria, Bechst. Barred Warbler. Melizophilus undatus (Bodd.). Dartford Warbler. Melizophilus sardus (Marm.). Marmora’s Warbler. Subfamily PHyLLoscopinm. Regulus cristatus, Koch. Golden-crested Wren. Regulus ignicapillus (C. L. Brehm). Fire-crested Wren. Regulus maderensis, Vern. Hare. Madeiran Goldcrest. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm.). Yellow-browed Warbler. 69, 7 j=) 71, 72, 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84, 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth. Siberian Chiffchaff. . Phylloscopus collybita (Vieill.). Chittchaff. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). ‘Willow-Wren. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). Wood-Wren. Phylloscopus bonellit (Vieill.). Bonelli’s Warbler. Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Swinh. Grey-legged Willow-Wren. Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius). Eversmann’s Warbler. Subfamily AcRocEPHALINZ. Hypolais polyglotta (Vieill.). Melodious Warbler. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.). Icterine Warbler. Hypolais olivetorum (Strickl.). Olive-tree Warbler. Hypolais opaca (Licht.). Western Olivaceous Warbler. Hypolais languida (Ehy.). Upcher’s Warbler. Hypolais pallida (Ehr.), Olivaceous Warbler. Hypolais caligata (Licht.). Booted Warbler. Aedon galactodes (Temm.). Rufous Warbler. Aedon familiaris (Ménétr.). Grey-backed Warbler. Acrocephalus agricola (Jerd.). Paddy-field Warbler. Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth. Blyth’s Reed-Warbleyr. Acrocephalus streperus (Vieill.). Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.). Marsh- Warbler. Acrocephalus arundinaceus (L.). Great Reed-Warbler. 100. 101. 107 10 . Acrocephalus stentoreus (Ehy.). Clamorous Sedge-Warbler. . Acracephalus aquaticus (Gmel.). Aquatic Warbler. 2. Aerocephalus scheenobenus (L.). Sedge-W arbler. . Lusciniola melanopogon (Temm.). Moustached Sedge-Warbler. . Locustella nevia (Bodd.). Grasshopper Warbler. . Locustella lanceolata (Temm.). Lanceolated Warbler. . Locustella fluviatilis (Wolf). River- Warbler. . Locustella liscinioides (Savi). Sayi’s Warbler. . Locustella certhiola (Pall.). Pallas’s Warbler. . Cettia cettit (Marm.). Cetti’s Warbler. Subfamily Drymacin.z. Cisticola cursitans (Frankl.). Fantail Warbler. Drymeca gracilis (Licht.). Streaked Wren-Warbler. Subfamily CraTEROPODINE. . Argya fulva (Desf.). Algerian Bush-Babbler. . Argya synamiceps (Cretzschun.). Palestine Bush- Babbler. Family ACCENTORID.E. . Accentor collaris (Scop.). Alpine Accentor. . Accentor montanellus (Pall.). Mountain-Accentor. . Accentor modularis (Linn.). Hedge-Sparrow. Family PANURID AE. . Panurus biarmicus (Linn.). Bearded Reedling. 11 Family PARID A. 108. Acredula rosea (Blyth). British Long-tailed Titmouse. 109. Acredula caudata (Linn.). 110. 111. Long-tailed Titmouse. Acredula irbii, Sharpe & Dresser. Irby’s Long-tailed Titmouse. Acredula tephronota (Giinther). Turkish Long-tailed Titmouse. 112. Parus major, Linn. 118. Great Titmouse. Parus ledouci, Malh. Algerian Coal Titmouse. 114. Parus ater, Linn. 115. 116. 117. European Coal Titmouse. Parus britannicus, Sharpe & Dresser. English Coal Titmouse. Parus palustris, Linn, Marsh-Titmouse. Parus borealis, De Selys. Northern Marsh-Titmouse. 118. Parus camtschatkensis (Bp.). 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 127. Siberian Marsh-Titmouse. Parus lugubris, Temm. Sombre Titmouse. Parus cinctus, Bodd. Lapp Titmouse. Parus ceruleus, Linn. Blue Titmouse. Parus teneriffe, Less. Ultramarine Titmouse. Parus cyanus, Pall. Azure Titmouse. . Lophophanes cristatus (Linn.). Crested Titmouse. . Ayithalus pendulinus (Linn.). Penduline Titmouse. . Aigithalus castaneus, Severtz. Chestnut-crowned. Titmouse. Family SITTIDA. Stita europea, Linn. Northern Nuthatch. 128, 129. 130. 131. 182. 138. 134. Sitta cesia, Wolf. Common Nuthatch. Sttta neumayeri, Michah. Syrian Nuthatch. Sttta krueperi, von Pelz. Kriiper’s Nuthatch. Family CERTHIIDA. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Common Creeper. Tichodroma muraria (Linn.). Wall-Creeper. Family TROGLODYTID.#. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. Commen Wren. Troglodytes borealis, Fischer. Northern Wren. Family MOTACILLIDA. . Motaciila alba, Linn. White Wagtail. . Motacilla lugubris, Temm. Pied Wagtail. . Motacilla citreola, Pall. Yellow-headed Wagtail. . Motacilla melanope, Pall. Grey Wagtail. . Motacilla flava, Linn. Blue-headed Wagstail. . Motacilla viridis, Gmel. Grey-headed Wagtail. . Motacilla melanocephala, Licht. Black-headed Wagtail. . Motacilla rai’, Bp. Yellow Wagtail. . Anthus pratensis (Linn.). Meadow-Pipit. . Anthus bertheloti, Bolle. Canarian Pipit. . Anthus gustavi, Swinh. Petchora Pipit. 12 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162, 163. 13 Anthus cervinus (Pall.). Red-throated Pipit. Anthus trivialis (Liun.). Tree-Pipit. Anthus campestris (Linn.). Tawny Pipit. Anthus richardi, Vieill. Richard’s Pipit. Anthus ludovicianus (Gmel.), Pennsylvanian Pipit. Anthus spinoletta (Linn.). Water-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Lath.). Rock-Pipit. Family PYCNONOTIDA. Pycnonotus barbatus (Desf.). Dusky Bulbul. Pycnonotus xanthopygus (Ehr.). Palestine Bulbul. Pycnonotus capensis (Linn.). Gold-vented Bulbul. Family ORIOLID. Oriolus galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole. Family LANDA, Lanius excubitor, Linn. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius lahtora, Sykes. Pallid Shrike. Lanius meridionalis, Tenm. Southern Grey Shrike. Lanius algeriensis, Less. Algerian Grey Shrike. Lanius minor, Gmel. Lesser Grey Shrike. Lanius collurio, Linn. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius auriculatus, Mill. Woodchat Shrike. l4 164. Lanius isabellinus, Ehr. Isabelline Shrike. 165. Lanius nubicus, Licht. Masked Shrike. 166. Telephonus erythropterus (Shaw). Flooded Shrike. Family AMPELIDAi. 167. Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Waxwing. Family MUSCICAPID.Z. 168. Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Spotted Flycatcher. 169, Muscicapa atricapilla, Linn. Pied Flycatcher. 170. Muscicapa collaris, Bechst. White-collared Flycatcher. 171. Muscicapa parva, Bechst. Red-breasted Flycatcher. Section 2, OSCINES LATIROSTRES. Family HIRUNDINID. 172. Tirundo savignii, Steph. Chesnut-bellied Swallow. 173. Mirwndo rustica, Linn. Swallow. 174, Hirwndo rufula, Temm. Red-rumped Swallow. 175. Chelidon urbica (Linn.). Martin. 176, Cotile riparia (Linn.). Sand-Martin. 177. Cotile rupestris (Scop.). Crag-Martin. 178. Cotile obsoleta, Cab. Pale Crag-Martin. Section 3. OSCINES CONIROSTRES. Family FRINGILLIDA. Subfamily Frinei.inz. 179. Carduelis elegans, Steph. Goldfinch. 15 . Chrysomitris citrinella (Linn.). Citril Finch. . Chrysomatris spines (Linn.). Siskin. . Serinus hortulanus, Koch. Serin Finch, . Serinus canonicus, Dresser. Tristram’s Serin. . Serinus canarius (Linn.). Canary. . Sertnus pusillus (Pall.). Red-fronted Finch. . Ligurinus chloris (Linn.). Greenfinch. . Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pall. Hawfinch. . Passer italia (Vieill.). Italian Sparrow. . Passer domesticus (Limn.). Common Sparrow. ; . Passer hispaniolensis, Temm. Spanish Sparrow. . Passer montanus (Linn.). Tree-Sparrow. . Passer simplex (Licht.). Desert-Sparrow. . Petronia stulta (Gmel.). Rock-Sparrow. . Petronia brachydactyla, Bp. Desert Rock-Sparrow. . Montifringilla nivalis (Linn.). Snow-F inch. . Fringilla celebs, Linn. Chaffinch. . Fringilla tintillon, Webb & Berthel. Azorean Chafinch. . Fringilla spodiogena, Bp. Algerian Chaffinch. . Fringilla montifringila, Linn. Brambling. . Fringilla teydea, Webb & Berthel. Teydean Chaffinch. . Linota cannabina (Linn.). Linnet. 16 202. Linota linaria (Linn.). Mealy Redpoll. 203. Linota rufescens (Vieill.). Lesser Redpoll. 204. Linota exilipes (Coues). Coues’s Redpoll. 205. Linota hornemanni, Holb. Greenland Redpoll. 206. Linota flavirostris (Linn.). Twite. 207. Linota brevirostris, Gould. Eastern Twite. Subfamily Loxinz. 208. Carpodacus rubicilla (Giild.). Caucasian Rose Finch. 209. Carpodacus sinaiticus (Temm.). Sinaitic Rose Finch. 210. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). Scarlet Grosbeak. 211. Erythrospiza githaginea (Licht.). Trumpeter Bulltinch. 212. Erythrospiza sanguinea (Gould). Crimson-winged Finch. 213. Pyrrhula major, C. L. Brehm. Northern Bullfinch. 214. Pyrrhula europea, Vieill. Common Bullfinch. 215. Pyrrhula murina, Godm. Azorean Bullfinch.’ 216. Pinicola euncleator (Linn.). Pine-Grosbeak. 217. Loxia pityopsittacus, Bechst. Parrot Crossbill. 218. Loaia curvirostra, Linn. Common Crossbill. 219. Lora leucoptera, Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. 220, Lovia bifasciata (C. L. Brehm). Two-barred Crossbill. Subfamily EMBErrizina, 221. Emberiza melanocephala, Scop. Black-headed Bunting. 17 22. Emberiza cinerea, Strick). Strickland’s Bunting. 223, Emberiza nfiliaria, Linn. Common Bunting. 224. Emberiza citrinella, Linn. Yellow Bunting. 25, Emberiza cirlus, Linn. Cirl Bunting. 226. Emberiza hortulana, Linn, Ortolan Bunting. 227. Emberiza chrysophrys, Pall. Yellow-browed Bunting. 228, Emberiza striolata (Licht.). Striped Bunting. 229, Emberiza cia, Linn. Meadow-Bunting. 230. Emberiza cesia, Cretzsch. Cretzschmar’s Bunting. 231. Emberiza leucocephala, Gmel. Pine-Bunting. 232. Emberiza aureola, Pall. Yellow-breasted Bunting. 233. Emberiza rustica, Pall. Rustic Bunting. 234, Emberiza pusilla, Pall. Little Bunting. 235. Emberiza scheeniclus, Linn. Reed-Bunting. 236. Emberiza pyrrhuloides, Pall. Large-billed Reed-Bunting. 237. Plectrophanes lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Bunting. 8. Pleetrophanes nivalis (Linn.). Snow-Bunting. Section 4. OSCINES SCUTELLI- PLANTARES. Family ALAUDIDA, 239. Certhilauda alaudipes (Desf.). Curve-billed Lark. 240. Certhilauda duponti (Vieill.). Dupont’s Lark. 241. Galerita cristata (Linn.). Crested Lark. 242. Galerita macrorhyncha, Tristr. Tristram’s Lark. 248, Galerita isabellina, Bp. Isabelline Lark. 244. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Sky-Lark. 245. Alauda arborea, Linn. Wood-Lark. 246. Ammomanes deserti (Licht.). Desert-Lark. 247. Ammomanes cinctura (Gould). Gould’s Desert-Lark. 248. Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisl.). Short-toed Lark. 249. Calandrella minor (Cab.). Lesser Short-toed Lark. 250. Calandrella betica, Dresser. Andalucian Short-toed Lark. 251. Calandrella pispoletta (Pall.). Pallas’s Short-toed Lark. 252. Melanocorypha bimaculata (Ménétr.), Eastern Calandra Lark. 253, Melanocorypha calandra (Linn.). Calandra Lark. 254. Melanocorypha sibtrica (Gmel.). White-winged Lark. 255. Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (Forst.). Black Lark. 256. Rhamphocorys clotbey (Bp.). Thick-billed Lark. . Otocorys alpestris (Linn.). Shore-Lark. 258. Ofocorys penicillata (Gould). Eastern Shore-Lark. 259. Otocorys bilopha (Riipp.). Algerian Shore-Lark. Sect. 5. OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES. Family STURNIDA. 260, Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common Starling. 261. 282. 19 Sturnus unicolor, De la Marm. Sardinian Starling. Sturnus purpurascens, Gould. Purple-winged Starling. . Pastor roseus (Linn.). Rose-coloured Starling. Family CORVIDA. . Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). Red-pbilled Chough. . Pyrrhocorax alpinus, Koch. Alpine Chough. . Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linn.). Nutcracker. . Perisoreus infaustus (Linn.). Siberian Jay. . Garrulus glandarius (Linn.). Common Jay. . Garrulus brandti, Eversm. Brandt’s Jay. . Garrulus atricapillus, St. Hilaire. Syrian Jay. . Garrulus krynicki, Kalenicz. Black-headed Jay. . Garrulus cervicalis, Bp. Algerian Black-headed Jay. . Cyanopica cooki, in agpie. Azure-winged . Pica rustica (Scop.). Magpie. . Pica maurttanica, Malh. Moorish Magpie. . Corvus monedula, Linn. Jackdaw. . Corvus corone, Linn. Carrion-Crow. . Corvus cornix, Linn. Hooded Crow. . Corvus frugilegus, Linn. Rook. . Corvus affinis, Riipp. Fantail Raven. . Corvus tingitanus, Irby. Irby’s Raven. 282. Corvus corax, Linn. Common Raven. 283. Corvus umbrinus, Hedenb. Brown-necked Raven. Order II. MACROCHIRES. Family CYPSELID/. 284. Cypselus apus (Linn.). Common Swift. 285. Cypselus affinis, J. E. Gray. White-rumped Swift. 286. Cypselus pallidus, Shelley. Pallid Swift. 287. Cypselus unicolor, Jard. Madeiran Swift. 288. Cypselus melba (Linn.). White-bellied Swift. 289, Acanthyllis caudacuta (Lath.). Needle-tailed Swift. Family CAPRIMULGID. 290. Caprimeulgus europeus, Linn. Common Nightjar. 291. Caprimulgus egyptius, Licht. Egyptian Goatsucker. 292. Caprimulgus ruficollis, Temm. Russet-necked Nightjar. Order III. PICI. Family PICIDJE. Subfamily Picrvz, 293. Dryocopus martius (Linn.). Great Black Woodpecker. 294, Picus major, Linn. Great Spotted Woodpecker. 295. Picus numidicus, Malh. Algerian Pied Woodpecker. 296. Picus syriacus, Ehy. Syrian Pied Woodpecker. 297. Picus leuconotus, Bechst. White-backed Woodpecker. 298. Picus lilfordi, Sharpe & Dyesser. Grecian Woodpecker. 299. Picus medius, Linn. Middle Spotted Woodpecker. 300. Picus minor, Linn. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. 301. Picus pipra, Pall. Siberian Lesser Spotted Wood- pecker. 302. Picoides tridactylus (Linn.). Three-toed Woodpecker. 303. Geetnus viridis (Linn.). Green Woodpecker. 304. Gecinus sharpii, Saunders. Sharpe’s Green Woodpecker. 305. Gecinus vaillantti (Malh.). Algerian Green Woodpecker. 306. Gecinus canus (Gmel.). Grey-headed Green Woodpecker. Subfamily Ivneinz. 307. Iynx torquilla, Linn. Wryneck. DESMOGNATH A. Order I. COCCYGES. Suborder COCCYGES ANISO- DACTYTLI. Family ALCEDINID. 808. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Common Kingfisher. 809. Ceryle rudis ee Pied Kingfisher. 310. Haleyon smyrnensis (Linn.). Smyrna Kingfisher. Family CORACIID. 311. Coracias garrulus, Linn. Common Roller. . Coracias indicus, Linn. Indian Roller. Family MEROPID.2. . Merops apiaster, Linn. Common Bee-eater. . Merops persicus, Pall. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. . Merops viridis, Linn. Little Green Bee-eater. Family UPUPID. 316. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoopoe. Suborder COCCYGES ZYGO- DACTYLI. Family CUCULID &. 817. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cuckoo. . Coccystes glandarius (Linn.). Great Spotted Cuckoo. 319. Coceyzus americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 320. Coceyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo. Order II. ACCIPITRES. Suborder STRIGES. Family STRIGIDA. . Strix flammea, Linn. Barn-Owl. Family BUBONIDA. . Asio otus (Linn.). Long-eared Owl. . Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl. 324. Asio capensis (Smith). Cape Hared Owl. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. Syrnium aluco (Linn.). Tawny Owl. Syrnium uralense (Pall.). Ural Owl. Syrnium lapponicum (Sparrm.). Lapp Owl. Nyctea scandiaca (Linn.). Snowy Owl. Surnia ulula (Linn.). Hawk Owl. Surnia funerea, Linn. American Hawk Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi (Gmel.). Tengmalm’s Owl. . Scops giu (Scop.). Scops Owl. . Bubo ignavus, Forst. Eagle Owl. . Glaucidium passerinum (Linn.). Pygmy Owl. . Athene noctua (Retz.). Little Owl. Athene glaux (Savigny). Southern Little Owl. Suborder ACCIPITRES. Family VULTURID. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). Griffon Vulture. Vultur monachus, Linn. Cinereous Vulture. Neophron percnopterus (Linn.). Egyptian Vulture. Gypaetus barbatus (Linn.). Bearded Vulture. Family FALCONID. Circus eruginosus (Linn.). Marsh-Harrier. Circus cineraceus (Mont.). Montagu’s Harrier. 23 8438. Circus eyaneus (Linn.). Hen-Harrier. . Circus swainsoni, Smith. Pallid Harrier. . Buteo vulgaris, Leach. Common Buzzard. . Buteo desertorum (Daud.). African Buzzard. . Buteo ferox (Gmel.). Long-legged Buzzard. . Archibuteo layopus (Gmel.). Rough-legged Buzzard. . Aquila pennata (Gmel.). Booted Eagle. . Aquila pomarina, C. L. Brehm, Lesser Spotted Eagle. . Aguila clanga, Pall. Larger Spotted Eagle. . Aquila nipalensis, Hodgs. Steppe-Eagle. . Aquila rapax (Temm.). Tawny Eagle. . Aguila adalberti, L. Brehm. White-shouldered Eagle. . Aquila moginik (Gmel.). Imperial Eagle. . Aguila chrysaetus (Linn.). Golden Kagle. . Hahaetus leucoryphus, Pall. Pallas’s Sea-Hagle. . Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.). Sea-Eagle. . Circaetus gallicus (Gmel.). Short-toed Eagle. . Nisaetus fasciatus (Vieill.). Bonelli’s Eagle. . Astur palumbarius (Linn. ). Goshawk. . Aceipiter nisus (Linn.). Sparrow-Hawk. . Accipter brevipes (Severtzoff). Levant Sparrow-Hawk. . Milvus ictinus, Savigny. Kite. vt te Or 365. Milvus migrans (Bodd.). Black Kite. 366. Milvus egyptius (Gmel.). Arabian Kite. 367. Elanus ceruleus (Desf.). Black-winged Kite. 368. Pernis apivorus (Linn.). Honey-Buzzard. 369. Falco gyrfalco, Linn. Jerfalcon. 370. Falco candicans, Gmel. Greenland Falcon. 371. Falco islandus, Gmel. Iceland Falcon. 372. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. Peregrine Falcon. 373. Falco minor, Bp. Lesser Peregrine. 374, Falco barbarus, Linn. Barbary Falcon. 875. Falco feldeggt, Schlegel. Lanner. 376. Falco sacer, Gmel. Saker. 377. Falco subbuteo, Linn. Hobby. 378. Falco esalon, Tunstall. Merlin. 379. Falco vespertinus, Linn. Red-legged Falcon. 380. Falco eleonore, Gené. Eleonoran Falcon. 381. Falco tinnunculus, Linn. Common Kestvril. 882. Falco cenchris, Naum. Lesser Kestrel. 883. Pandion haliaetus (Linn.). Osprey. Order III. STEGANOPODES. Family PELECANID A. 384. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). Cormorant. 26 . Phalacrocorax graculus (Linn). Shag. . Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.). African Cormorant. . Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Pall. Pygmy Cormorant. . Sula bassana (Linn.). Gannet. . Pelecanus onocrotalus, Linn. Roseate Pelican. . Pelecanus erispus, Bruch. ‘Dalmatian Pelican. Order IV. HERODII. Family ARDEIDA. . Ardea cinerea, Linn. Common Heron. 2, Ardea purpurea, Linn. Purple Heron. . Ardea melanocephala, Childr. Black-necked Heron. . Ardea alba, Linn, Great White Egret. 5. Ardea garzetta, Linn. Lesser Egret. . Ardea bubuleus, Audouin. Bufft-backed Heron. Ardea ralloides, Scop. Squacco Heron. . Ardetta minuta (Linn.). Little Bittern. . Nycticorax griseus (Linn.). Night-Heron. . Botanrus stellaris (Linn.). Bittern. . Botaurus lentiginosus (Mont.). American Bittern. Family CICONIID A. 2. Ciconia alba, Bechst. White Stork. 403. Ciconia nigra (Linn.). Black Stork. Family PLATALEID A. 404. Platalea leucorodia, Linn. Spoonbill. Family IBID. 405. Ibis comata (Riipp.). Red-cheeked Ibis. 406, Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.), Glossy Ibis. Family PHOENICOPTERID. 407. Phenicopterus roseus, Pall. Flamingo. Order V. ANSERES. Family ANATIDA. 408. Anser cinereus, Meyer. Grey-lag Goose. 409, Anser segetum (Gmel.). Bean-Goose. 410. Anser brachyrhynchus, Baill. Pink-footed Goose. 411. Anser albifrons (Scop.). White-fronted Goose. 412. Anser erythropus (Linn.). Lesser White-fronted Goose. 413. Bernicla brenta (Pall.). Brent Goose. 414. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.). Bernacle Goose. 415. Bernicla ruficollis (Pall.). Red-breasted Goose. 416. Chen albatus (Cassin). Cassin’s Snow-Goose. 417. Chen hyberboreus (Pall.). Snow-Goose. 418. Cygnus olor (Gmel.). Mute Swan. 27 9. Cygnus immutabilis, Yarr. Polish Swan. . Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Whooper Swan. . Cygnus bewicki, Yarr. Bewick’s Swan. . Tadorna cornuta (Gmel.). Common Sheldrake. 3. Tadorna casarea (Linn.). Ruddy Sheldrake. . Anas boscas, Linn. Mallard. . Anas angustirostris, Ménétr. Marbled Duck. . Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.). Gadwall. . Spatula elypeata (Linn.). Shoveller. . Querquedula crecca (Linn.). Common Teal. . Querquedula circia, Linn. Garganey Teal. Querquedula formosa (Georgi). Baikal Teal. . Querquedula faleata (Georgi). Falcated Teal. . Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintail. 3. Mareca penelope (Linn.). Wigeon. . Fuligula ferina (Linn.). Pochard. . Fuligula rufina (Pall.). Red-crested Pochard. . Fuligula marila (Linn.). Scaup. . Fuliqula cristata (Leach). Tufted Duck. . Nyroca ferruginea (Gmel.). ‘White-eyed Duck. . Clangula albeola (Linn.). Buffel-headed Duck. . Clangula glaucion (Linn.). Goldeneye. 29 441. Clangula islandica (Gmel.). Barrow’s Goldeneye. 442. Cosmonetta histrionica (Linn.). Harlequin Duck. 443, Harelda glacialis (Linn.). Long-tailed Duck. 444, Somateria mollissima (Linn.). Hider Duck. 445. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider. 446. Somateria stellert (Pall.). Steller’s Duck. 447, Gdemia fusca (Linn.). Velvet Scoter. 448. Gidemia nigra (Linn.). Common Scoter. 449, Gsdemia perspicillata (Linn.). Surf-Scoter. 450. Erismatura leucocephala (Scop.). White-headed Duck. 451. Mergus merganser, Linn. Goosander. 452. Mergus serrator, Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. 458. Mergus albellus, Linn. Smew. SCHIZOGNATH &. Order I. COLUMBZ. Family COLUMBID . 454. Columba palumbus, Linn. Ring-Dove. 455. Columba livia, Bonnat. Rock-Dove. 456. Columba cenas, Linn. Stock-Dove. haggis 457. Columba bollit, Godm. Bolle’s Pigeon. 458. Columba laurivora, Webb & Berth. Canarian Pigeon. 30 . Columba trocaz, Heinek. Madeiran Pigeon. . Turtur communis, Selby. Turtle Dove. . Turtur orientalis (Lath.). Asiatic Turtle Dove. 2. Turtur isabellinus, Bp. Isabelline Turtle Dove. . Turtur risorius (Linn.). Collared Turtle-Dove. . Turtur senegalensis (Linn.). Egyptian Turtle Dove. Family PTEROCLIDE, . Pterocles arenarius (Pall.). Black-bellied Sand-Grouse. . Pterocles alchata (Lin n.). Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse. 467. Syrrhaptes paradoaus (Pall.). 468. 469. Pallas’s Sand-Grouse. Order II. GALLINZ. Family PHASIANID-%. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Pheasant. Caccabis saxatilis (Meyer). Greek Partridge. . Caccabis chukar (G. R. Gray). Chukor Partridge. . Caccabis rufa (Linn.). Red-legged Partridge. 2. Caccabis petrosa (Gmel.). Barbary Partridge. . Ammoperdix bonhami (G. R. Gray). Seesee Partridge. . Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Francolin. 5. Perdix cinerea, Lath. Partridge. . Coturnix communis, Bonnat. Common Quail. 477. 478. 479, 480. 481. 482. 483. 484, 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. 490. 491, 492, 493. 31 Family TETRAONID A. Lagopus mutus, Leach. Common Ptarmigan. Lagopus scoticus (Lath.). Red Grouse. Lagopus rupestris (Gmel.). Rock-Ptarmigan. Lagopus hemileucurus, Gould. Spitzbergen Ptarmigan. Lagopus albus (Gmel.). Willow-Ptarmigan. Bonasa betulina (Scop.). Hazel-Grouse. Tetrao tetrix, Linn. Black Grouse. Tetrao mlokosiewics, Taczan. Georgian Black Grouse. Tetrao urogallus, Linn. Capercaillie. Tetraogallus caucasicus (Pall.). Caucasian Snow-Partridge. Tetraogailus caspius (Gmel.). Caspian Snow-Partridge. Family TURNICIDA. Turnix sylvatica (Desf.). Andalucian Hemipode. Order III. GRALLZ. Family RALLIDZ. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Water-Rail. Porzana maruetta (Leach), Spotted Crake. Porzana bailloni (Vieill.). Baillon’s Crake. Porzana parva (Scop.). Little Crake. Crea pratensis, Bechst. Land-Rail. . Porphyrio ceruleus (Vandelli). Purple Gallinule. . Porphyrio smaragdonotus, Temm. Green-backed Gallinule. . Porphyrio allen, T. R. H. Thomps. Allen’s Gallinule. . Gallinula chloropus (Linn.). Moorhen. . Fulica cristata, Gmel. Crested Coot. . Fultca atra, Linn, Common Coot. Family GRUID.E. . Grus communis, Bechst. Common Crane. . Grus virgo (Linn.). Demoiselle Crane. 502. Grus leucogeranus, Pall. 507. 508. Siberian Crane. Order IV. LIMICOLZE. Family OTIDA. . Otis tarda, Linn. Great Bustard. . Otis tetrar, Linn. Little Bustard. . Otis undulata (Jaeq.). Houbara Bustard. . Otis macqueent, J. E. Gray. Macqueen’s Bustard. Family G2DICNEMID. sdienemus scolopaa (Gmel.). Stone-Curlew. Family GLAREOLID.E. Glareola pratincola, Linn. Common Pratincole. 509. 510. 611. 612. 513, 514. 515. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. Glareola melanoptera, Nordm. Nordmann’s Pratincole. Family CHARADRIID. Cursorius gallicus (Gmel.). Cream-coloured Courser. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Golden Plover. Charadrius fulvus, Gmel. Eastern Golden Plover. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.). Grey Plover. Aigialitis geoffroyt (Wagl.). Greater Sand-Plover. Aigialitis asiatica (Pall.). Caspian Plover. AE gialitis cantiana (Lath.). Kentish Plover. AL gialitis curonica (Gmel.). Lesser Ringed Plover. Asgialitis hiaticula (Linn.). Ringed Plover. Eudromias morinellus (Linn.). Dotterel. Pluvianus egyptius (Linn.). Black-headed Plover. Chettusia gregaria (Pall.). Sociable Plover. Chettusia leucura (Licht.). White-tailed Lapwing. Hoplopterus spinosus (Linn.). Spur-winged Plover. Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst. Lapwing. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). Turnstone. Hematopus ostralegus, Linn. Oystercatcher. Family SCOLOPACIDAL Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. Avocet, 33 548, 549. . Himantopus candidus, Bonnat. Black-winged Stilt. . Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.). Red-necked Phalarope. . Phaleropus fulicarius, Linn. Grey Phalarope. . Scolopax rusticula, Linn. Woodcock. 2. Gallinago major (Gmel.). Double Snipe. . Gallinago celestis (Frenzel). Common Snipe. . Gallinago gallinula (Linn.). Jack Snipe. . Limicola platyrhyncha (Temm.). Broad-billed Sandpiper. . Tringa maculata, Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. . Tringa fuscicollis, Vieill. Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. . Tringa alpina, Linn. Dunlin, . Dringa minuta, Leisl. Little Stint. . Tringa temminckt, Leisl. Temminck’s Stint. » Tringa minutilla, Vieill, American Stint. . Tringa subarquata (Gild.). Pygmy Curlew. . Tringa striata, Linn. Purple Sandpiper. . Lringa canutus, Linn. Knot. . Machetes pugnae (Linn.). Raff. . Calidris arenaria (Linn.), Sanderling. . Tryngites rufescens (Vieill.). Butf-breasted Sandpiper. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartram’s Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.). Common Sandpiper. 34 550. 562. 563. 564, 565. 566. 567. 35 Totanus ochropus (Linn.). Green Sandpiper. . Totanus glareola (Linn.). Wood-Sandpiper. . Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. Marsh-Sandpiper. . Totanus calidris (Linn.). Common Redshank. . Totanus fuscus (Linn.). Spotted Redshank. . Totanus canescens (Gmel.). Greenshank. . Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). Red-breasted Snipe. . Terekia cinerea (Gild.). Terek Sandpiper. . Limosa lapponica (Linn.). Bar-tailed Godwit. . Limosa egocephala (Linn.). Black-tailed Godwit. . Numenius borealis (Forst.). Esquimaux Curlew. . Numenius pheopus (Linn.). Whimbrel. Numenius tenuirostris, Vieill. Slender-billed Curlew. Numenius arquata (Linn.). Common Curlew. Order V. GAVIA. Family LARIDA. Subfamily STERNIN.Z. Sterna macrura, Naum. Arctic Tern. Sterna fluviatilis, Naum. Common Tern. Sterna dougalli, Mont. Roseate Tern. Sterna minuta, Linn. Little Tern. 568. Sterna media, Cretzschm. Allied Tern. 36 . Sterna caspia, Pall. Caspian Tern. . Sterna anglica, Mont. Gull-billed Tern, . Sterna cantiaca, Gmel. Sandwich Tern. . Sterna fuliginosa, Gmel. Sooty Tern. . Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pall.). Whiskered Tern. . Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz). White-winged Black Tern. . Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.). Black Tern. Subfamily Larinzm. . Nema sabinit (Sabine). Sabine’s Gull. . Rhodostethia rosea (Macgill.). Cuneate-tailed Gull. . Pagophila eburnea (Phipps). Tvory Gull. . Larus ridibundus, Linn. Black-headed Gull. . Larus melanocephalus, Natt. Adriatic Gull. . Larus ichthyaetus, Pall. Great Black-headed Gull. . Larus minutus, Pall. Little Gull. 583. Larus canus, Linn. Common Gull. 584. Larus gelastes, Licht. 588. Slender-billed Gull. . Larus audouint, Payr. Audouin’s Gull. . Larus argentatus, Gmel. Herring-Gull. . Larus leucopheus, Bruch. Yellow-legged Herring-Gull. Larus affinis, Reinh. Siberian Herring-Gull. 589. Larus fuscus, Linn. Lesser Black-backed Gull. 590. 591. 592. 598. 594, 595. 596, 597, 598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604, 605. 606. 607. 37 Larus marinus, Linn. Greater Black-backed Gull. Larus glaucus, Fabr. Glaucous Gull. Larus leucopterus, Faber. Iceland Gull. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). Kittiwake. Subfamily STERCORARIINE. Stercorarius catarrhactes, Linn. Common Skua. Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temm.). Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius crepidatus (Banks). Richardson’s Skua. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.). Buffon’s Skua. Order VI. TUBINARES. Family PROCELLARIID. Procelluria pelagica, Linn. Storm-Petrel. Procellaria leucorrhoa, Vieill. Leach’s Petrel. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson’s Petrel. Puffinus kuhlé (Boie). Mediterranean Shearwater. Puffinus anglorum (Temm.). Manx Shearwater. Puffinus griseus (Gmel.). Sooty Shearwater. Puffinus major, Faber. Great Shearwater. Fulmarus glactalis (Linn.). Fulmar. Gstrelata hesitata (Kuhl). Capped Petrel. Bulweria columbina (Moq.-Tand.). Bulwer’s Petrel. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 38 Order VII. ALCZ. Family ALCIDA. Alea torda, Linn. Razorbill. Alca impennis, Linn. Garefowl. Lomvia troile (Linn.). Common Guillemot. Lomvia bruennichi (Sabine). Briinnich’s Guillemot. Uria grylle (Linn.). Black Guillemot. Uria mandti, Licht. Spitzbergen Guillemot. Mergulus alle (Linn.). Little Auk. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). Putin. Order VIII. PYGOPODES. Family COLYMBID. Colymbus glacialis, Linn. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Black-throated Diver. . Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn. Red-throated Diver. Famity PODICIPITID. . Podiceps cristatus (Linn.). Great Crested Grebe. . Podiceps yriseigena (Bodd.). Red-necked Grebe. . Podiceps auritus (Linn.). Sclavonian Grebe. . Podiceps nigricollis (OC. L. Brehm). Tared Grebe. 3. Podiceps fluviatilis (Tunstall). Little Grebe. SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF SUBDIVISIONS, AVES CARINATA. AAGITHOGNATHE, Order I. PASSERES. Suborder Oscinzs. Section 1. Oscines dentirostres. Page Family Turdide ...........4.. 5) Subfamily Turdine .......... 5 Cincline ......., ta 6 Saxicolinw ........ 6 Sylvie 2. ces. s au 7 Phylloscopine...... 8 Acrocephaline...... 9 Drymeecine........ 10 Orateropodine...... 10 Family Accentoride ............ 10 PaDOTd® ojeie sca cragaeees 10 Partid® «evsncxriaved vcs 11 STI. os joa haa eared s 11 Certhiide .............. 12 Troglodytide .......... 12 Motacillide ............ 12 Pycnonotide............ 18 Oriolide ciccsswesssaws 13 AGBNTG 80) ccs “cA iaieshiceinct. ans 13 Amped ou. iaeeewes des 14 Muscicapide............ 14 Section 2. Oscines latirostres. Family Hirundinide............ 14 Section 3. Oscines conarostres. Family Fringillide ............ 14 Subfamily Fringilline nia ceeees 14 Loxiine .......... 16 S Section 4. Oscines scutelliplantares. ‘ ; Page Family Alaudide .............. 17 Section 5. Oscines cultrirostres. Family Stumidw .............. 18 COrvid® ai 650 dues cea ues 19 Order Il. MACROCHIRES. Family Cypselide ............., 20 Caprimulgide .......... 20 Order III. PICT. Family Picide ................ 20 Subfamily Picine ............ 20 Tyngine .......... 21 DESMOGNATH EE. Order I. COCCYGES. Suborder CoccyGEs ANISODACTYLI. Family Alcedinide ............ 21 Coraciide .............. 21 Meropide .............. 22 WD pupld ee: sa5.5 «nals ties vss 22 Suborder Coccye@zs zyGoDAcTYLI, Family Cuculide .............. 22 Order II. ACCIPITRES. Suborder Strigzs. Family Strigide .............. 22 Bubonide .............. 22 40 SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF SUBDIVISIONS, Suborder Accrpitres. Family Vulturide .............. Falconidea ............4. 23 Order IT. STEGANOPODES. Family Pelecanide ............ 25 Order IV. HERODIL. Family Ardeide............0005 26 Ciconlide) o.245¢4was sa a 26 Plataleidea ...... 0... eee 27 UI ei 3 4. ienn ed aia Diaper 27 Phoenicopteride ........ 27 Order V. ANSERES. Family Anatida..............4. 27 SCHIZOGNATH ZA. Order I. COLUMBE. Family Columbide ............ 29 Pteroclide............-. 30 Order II. GALLINZE. Family Phasianide ............ 30 Tetraonide ............ 31 TUInicidee ss snaive siee eo 81 Order III. GRALLZE. Page Family Rallide ..............4. ol GEUIDED 6. ede cavers oes oie 32 Order IV. LIMICOLZ. Family Otide...............025 32 Cidicnemide .......... 32 Glareolide ............ 32 Charadriide ............ 33 Scolopacide ............ 33 Order V. GAVLA. Family Laride ..............., 35 Subfamlly Sternine .......... 35 Darin! gescscn's c sonas 36 Stercorariine ....., 37 Order VI. TUBINARES., Family Procellariide............ 37 Order VI. ALCE. Family Alcide ..............., 38 Order VIII. PYGOPODES. Family Colymbide ............ 38 Podicipitide ............ 38 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,