THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002402539 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE V. J. Harris, Kevil, First District; R. J. Bassett, Leitchfield, Second District; T. L. Honnspy, Eminence, Third District; J. L. Lerrerte, Harrods Creek, Fourth District; H. M. Froman, Ghent, Fifth District; E. K. Renaxer, Berry, Sixth District; Frep R. BLackaurn, Stanton, Seventh District; J. W. Newman, Com- missioner of Agriculture, Frankfort, Ex-Officio Chairman; Jos. H. Kastie, Director Ky, Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Lexington, Ex-Officio Vice-Chairman. Twenty-First Biennial Report OF THE Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics Of Kentucky FOR 1914-1915 _J. W. NEWMAN, Commissioner THE STATE JOURNAL COMPANY Printers to the Commonwealth Frankfort - . . Kentucky OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE J. W. NEWMAN, Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics. Q. T. GATEWOOD, Clerk of Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics. HARRY McCARTY, Director of Farmers’ Institutes. MRS. CHRISTY PARK, Clerk State Board of Agriculture. FONT KREMER, Immigration Clerk. HARRY M. LESLIE, State Labor Inspector. M. E. MALONEY, Assistant State Labor Inspector. MISS MADGE E. NAVE, Woman State Tabor Inspector. MISS MARGARET HALLNAN, Stenographer. STATE BOAED OF AGRICULTURE J. W. NEWMAN, Ex-Officio Chairman, Frankfort, Ky. JOSEPH H. KASTLE, Ex-Officio Vice Chairman, Lexington, Ky. V. J. HARRIS, First District, Kevil, Ky. R. J. BASSETT, Second District, Leitchfield, Ky. T. L. HORNSBY, Third District, Eminence, Ky. J. L. LETTERLE, Fourth District, Harrods Creek, Ky. H. M. FROMAN, Fifth District, Ghent, Ky. E. K. RENAKER, “Sixth District, Berry, Ky. FRED R. BLACKBURN, Seventh District, Stanton, Ky. LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD J. W. Newman, Ex-Officio Chairman. Prof. E. S. Good, Ex-Officio Member. H. M. Froman. R. J. Bassett. J. La Letterle, Fred R. Blackburn. Dr. S. F. Musselman, State Veterinarian, Frankfort, Ky. Dr. E. S. Garr, Assistant State Veterinarian, Lagrange, Ky. KENTUCKY STATE FAIR J. L. Dent, Secretary. Louisville, Ky. L. B. Shropshire, Assistant Secretary. Louisville, Ky. E. F. Durbeck, Superintendent of Grounds y Louisville, Ky. Miss Daisy Morrissey, Stenographer. PART ONE. RESOURCES. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Frankfort, Ky., January 1, 1916. To the General Assembly of Kentucky: We have the honor of submitting herewith the Twenty-first Biennial Report of the Department of Agri- culture, Labor & Statistics, in compliance with the law creating this Department of the State Government. It is impossible to give a detailed account of the vari- ous activities of this Department, and this report shows only a portion of the work really accomplished. The num- ber of silos erected throughout the State; the increased number of fields of alfalfa and crimson clover; the numerous mills grinding agricultural limestone; the greater number of live stock; the great improvement in the fertility of the fields; larger crops; the activities in the Boys’ Corn Club and Girls’ Canning Club work; the continued growth of the Kentucky State Fair; the extended interest manifested in Farmers’ Institutes; the improvement in methods of farming; the better live stoek; better plowing and seeding; the increased number of agricultural organizations; the improvement in sani- tary conditions on the farm; the better and larger com- munity life of the people, bear testimony that this De- partment has not been idle. The State Department of Agriculture does not claim credit for all the development in the State along the lines indicated above, but it has contributed its full share, and co-operated with all the many agencies work- ing to develop the resources and citizenship of the Com- monwealth. More scientific and intelligent farming means more profitable farming; more profitable farming means more 8 Twenty-First Brenniat Report money available for better roads, better schools, better churches and better homes. These are the things that make country life worth the living, and the more rural conditions are improved throughout the State, the fewer will be the people who leave the country for the city. It must be remembered that the efforts of.this De- partment are directed not only toward benefiting directly the seventy-five per cent. of Kentucky’s population that is classed as rural, but also directly toward aiding an additional fifteen per cent. that toil in the factories, mines and workshops; and indirectly those whose livelihoods are obtained in a business or professional way from these creators of wealth. It is our purpose to direct your attention to the fact that nothing like all of the people of the State are blessed with a common school education, and as the De- partment of Education can only directly assist the child, the children who are not in school, and those persons who are beyond the school age naturally look to the De- partment of Agriculture and Labor for assistance in learning how best to do things to increase their income, and to better their way of living in general. The Federal Congress has recognized the fact that the education of the schools, colleges and universities is insufficient in that so few have the means or opportunity to take ad- vantage of the free instruction that is so liberally pro- vided by the State and Federal authorities. It has, there- fore, made enormous appropriations to carry informa- tion into the homes, where the father and mother are given the opportunity to increase their earning capacity, and to obtain more of the comforts of life through their own efforts. Kentucky has never appreciated the fact that a great portion of her wealth is created upon the farm, and un- less the State’s per capita wealth increases in proportion to the State’s financial necessities, an increased tax rate upon all is inevitable and unavoidable. This Depart- ment, with the small amount of funds at its command, has demonstrated beyond a doubt that thousands of dol- lars of additional wealth can be created upon the farms by the expenditure on the part of the State of a few Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 9 dollars in showing the farmers how to become more efficient. Your attention is called tothe fact that the head of this Department does not even have an assistant, when, in fact, no one man can properly look after any one of the three-fold interests with which this Department is charged. It is my desire to make plain to you that it is absolutely necessary for the State of Kentucky to make provision in keeping with that made by other States, for the development of its agricultural resources. It is equally as important that a Labor Bureau be created, capable of really handling and guarding .the labor interests of the Commonwealth. About five thou- sand dollars of the money appropriated to this Depart- ment is expended in maintaining a Labor Bureau, and the remarkable results obtained through the expenditure of so little money are set forth in the Labor Report. Suf- fice it to say here that the state of New York expends approximately three-quarters of a million dollars for its Labor Bureau; Pennsylvania nearly one-half million dol- lars, while Kentucky expends little more than five thou- sand dollars. The wage earners of this State are en- titled to more attention, and to better laws for their pro- tection. A considerable portion of this report is taken up with an account of the recent outbreak of foot-and- mouth disease in the State. Herein you will find the appraised value of all the live stock slaughtered in order to eradicate this fearful plague. Many of the states had emergency funds to meet such conditions, and the won- der is Kentucky, with practically no emergency funds, and no trained organization, succeeded in stamping out this enemy of animal life, and wrecker of private for- tunes, so quickly, successfully and economically. Twenty- one states and one territory were similarly affected. My information is that all of them have made appropria- tions to cover one-half of the value of the animals de- stroyed, while the Federal Government has paid the other half. I feel sure that the General Assembly of Kentucky will see the wisdom of appropriating money to pay the claims in this State. I beg you to believe me when I say that not to pay them will leave my successor 10 Twenty-First Brennrau Report in office absolutely unable to protect the live stock in- dustry of Kentucky from this awful pestilence, which is likely to appear again at any time. Some provision should unquestionably be made for handling future out- breaks of this and other diseases of live stock. Had the various states been prepared financially, as well as or- ganized professionally to combat this plague, millions of dollars would have been saved to the live stock owners within the last year when foot-and-mouth disease ap- peared for the sixth time in the United States. It is not an exaggeration to say that hundreds of millions worth of property were lost as a result of this unpre- paredness on the part of the various states throughout the Union. It is nothing short of folly to leave the State of Kentucky with its present lack of funds, lack of laws and lack of organization, the prey of a disease that would wipe out a substantial portion of the taxable wealth of the State within a few months, should it once obtain a widespread foot-hold in our borders. The live stock owners suffered great losses in portions of the State where the disease did not exist, due to the necessary quarantine orders on the part of the Federal and State authorities, and as a result of the panic conditions throughout the country, resulting from a knowledge that this disease was on American shores. The live stock industry of this State has assumed great proportions and the larger it becomes the better for the State. Methods for transportation have been made easier, the live stock markets have been brought nearer, and the various live stock diseases are, therefore, more likely to enter the State. We have no adequate veterinary force, not more than one-half of the coun- ties of the State having graduated veterinarians living within their borders. There is no law regulating the practice of veterinary surgery, and Kentucky has be- come a promising field for quack veterinarians from other states. The competent, capable veterinarians of the State deserve from the General Assembly considera- tion that will give them a law for protection in their practice. Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 11 The law presumes that the Assessor will aid this Department in collecting statistics. The method of gath- ering these statistics, as now practiced, is harmful, in- stead of helpful to the State’s interest. False statistics are worse than no statistics at all, and some action should be taken that will either provide for the collec- tion of reliable statistics on the part of the Assessor, or the questions should be left off the Assessor’s blanks. We deem it unwise to publish as a part of the Biennial Report of this Department, the statistical report of the Board of Equalization, or its data on farm statistics. Its report is necessarily incomplete, due to the methods of collection, and to scatter it broadcast would do the State an injustice. The act providing for a Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor & Statistics, specifies the statistical information that shall be collected, and yet the funds are not sufficient to gather these statistics in one Con- gressional District. The thinking farmers of Kentucky are rapidly reaching the conclusion that the increased production of farm crops is not the only thing the State Government should foster along agricultural lines, but the market- ing of farm products is equally as important, and hence feel that the General Assembly should make some provision for a ‘‘marketing burean’’ in this Department. An expert accountant has examined our books each year, and copies of his statement showing where and for what the State’s money appropriated for this Depart- ment has been expended, is on file in this office. A study of the work of this Department should con- vince anyone that there should be laws enacted reorgan- izing the work so that the Commissioner and the State Board of Agriculture can render to the taxpayers of the State more efficient services along the lines indicated above, without any additional appropriation. With the authority given by the Legislature to do so, a part of the Department’s funds can be used to meet the require- ments of the Smith-Lever law, namely, that the State put up a given amount, and the Federal Government will duplicate it. By combining and co-operating with the Extension Department of the State University, the necessary additional funds may thus be secured for hold- 12 Twenty-First Brenntau Report ing Farmers’ Institutes, and part of the money now ap- propriated to the Department could be used for much needed work along other lines in this Department. It is gratifying to realize that Kentucky is coming forward along agricultural lines, and I urge that the future Commissioner be given the opportunity to help the farming and laboring interests of the State in ways. that I could not, owing to lack of the proper legislation. J. W. Newman. RESOURCES BY COUNTIES. Figures CoMPILep From Boarp oF HQuaLizaATION REPoRT oF 1915 Porunation From Unirep States Census 1910. ADAIR COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,888; 1910, 16,503; per cent. in- crease 10.8. Assessed acreage of land 226,283 (United States census 256,000). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,694,985. Assessed value of land with improvements, $1,670,158. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.38 (United States census $10.31). No railroads in the county; located in the south central por- tion of the State; formed in 1801; named for General John Adair; land rolling, and well timbered; county seat, Columbia, population 1,022. ALLEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,657; 1910, 14,882; per cent in- crease 1.5. Assessed acreage of land 200,840 (United States census 252,160). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,887,530. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,825,648. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.09 (United States census $12.18). Railroads in county, L. & N., mileage 9.83; located in south central portion of the State; formed in 1815; named for Col. John Allen; land rolling; timber mostly cut; is in the oil section; good grazing and fruit land; county seat, Scottsville, population 1,327. ANDERSON COUNTY. - Population 1900, 10,051; 1910, 10,146; per cent. in- crease .9. Assessed acreage of land 129,184 (United States census 128,640). Total assessed valuation tax- 14 Twenty-First Brewnrau Report able property $3,413,397. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 973, 922. Average assessed value of land per acre $15. Q7 (United States census $22.07). Railroad in county, Southern Ry. in Kentucky, mileage 20.902; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1827, and named for Richard Clugh Ander- son, Jr.; land underlaid with limestone; considerable rolling land; splendid grazing and tobacco land; county seat, Lawrenceburg, population 1,723. BALLARD COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,761; 1910, 12,690; per cent. in- crease 17.9. Assessed acreage of land 155,162 (United States census 161,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,651,832. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,949,096. Average assessed value of land per acre $12.56 (United States census $31.40). Railroads in county, I. C. 27.4, M.& ~ ‘ “~, total mile- age 31.47; located in extreme western part of State; formed in 1842, and named for Captain Bland Ballard; land mostly level; black loamy soil; timber mostly cut; splendid garden section; county seat, Wickliffe, popu- lation 989. BARREN COUNTY. Population 1900, 23,197; 1910, 25,293; per cent. in- crease 9. Assessed acreage of land 284,543 (United States census 310,400). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,804,306. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,152,355. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.07 (United States census $22.05). Railroads in county, L. & N. 8.42, Glasgow Railway Co. 10.50, Mammoth Cave R. R. 2.01, total mileage 20.93; located in south-central portion of State; formed in 1798, and named for a section of the State originally referred to as ‘‘The Barrens or Prairies,’’ timber had mostly disappeared as a result of the Indians burning off the land in the area in order that the buffalo and deer might have good grazing land; rather level section; splendid limestone quarries; land adapted to stock rais- ing and growing of tobacco, both Burley and Dark; county seat, Glasgow, population 2,316. Burgav or AGRICULTURE. 15 BATH COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,734; 1910, 13,988; per cent. de- crease 5.1. Assessed acreage of land 171,448 (United States census 172,800). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,099,113. Value of land with improve: ments $3,012,222. Average assessed value of land per acre $17.55 (United States census $38.98). Railroads in county, C. & O., mileage 15.86; located in the middle- eastern portion of the State; formed in 1811, and de- rives its name from the great number of medicinal springs within its borders; is on the dividing line be- tween the Blue Grass and the Knobs; western portion of the county is a part of the Blue Grass section, and the eastern portion a part of the Knob section; splen- did grazing land; this county adapted to tobacco and fruit growing; county seat, Owingsville, population 942. BELL COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,701; 1910, 28,447; per cent. in- crease 81.12. Assessed acreage of land 122,615 (United States census 245,760). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,771,042. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,173,516. Average assessed value of land per acre $25.88 (United States census $14.67). Railroads in county, L. & N. mileage 77.69, Cumberland R. R. 2.09, total mileage 79.78; located in extreme south- eastern portion of the State; formed in 1867, and named for Joshua F. Bell; mountainous land; well timbered, and rich in minerals; farming area limited; fruit and poultry are the principal farming industries in this county; county seat, Pineville, population 2,161; larg- est city, Middlesboro, population 7,305. BOONE COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,170; 1910, 9,420; per cent. de- crease 15.7. Assessed acreage of land 153,370 (United States census 160,640). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,165,285. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,657,950. Average assessed value of land per acre $30.37 (United States census $36.91). 16 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Railroads in county, C., N. O. & T. P. 9.13, L. & N. 9.46, total mileage 18.59; located in the north-central section of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Daniel Boone; land rolling; splendid grazing land; this county suited to fruit and tobacco growing; county seat, Bur- lington, population 172. BOURBON COUNTY. Population 1900, 18,069; 1910, 17,462; per cent. de- crease 3.4. Assessed acreage of land 183,832 (United States census 194,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $16,739,035. Assessed value of land with improvements $11,085,090. Average assessed value of land per acre $60.30 (United States census $88.94). Railroads in county, F. & C. 9.20, Kentucky Traction & Terminal Co. 8.44, L. & N. 36.63, total mileage 54.27; lo- cated in the central section of the State; formed in 1785, and named for the Bourbons of Fr ands gently rolling; practically no timber; some of the best blue grass lands in the State are found in this county; noted for its fine stock and Burley tobacco; county seat, Paris, popu- lation 5,859. BOYD COUNTY. Population 1900, 18,834; 1910, 23,444; per cent. in- crease 24.5. Assessed acreage of land 88,934 (United States census 101,760). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $10,166,766. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,720,028. Average assessed value of land per acre $19.34 (United States census $17.80). Railroads, Ashland Coal and Iron Ry. 13.69, C. & O. R. R. 27.03, Ohio Valley Electric Ry. 2.73, total mileage - 43.45; located in the extreme northeastern portion of the State; formed in 1860, and named for Honorable Lynn Boyd; the Big Sandy flows into the Ohio at Cat- lettsburg in this county; considerable bottom lands; hills low and rolling; splendid stock and fruit county; some timber left; county seat, Catlettsburg, population 3,550; largest city, Ashland, population 8,688; the latter one of the best manufacturing cities in the State. \ \ \ Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 17 ’ BOYLE COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,817; 1910, 14,668; per cent. in- crease 6.2. Assessed acreage of land 109,065 (United States census 119,040). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $9,687,236. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,320,611. Average assessed value of land per acre $39.61 (United States census $55.83). Railroads in county, C., N. O. & T. P. 10.42, L. & N. R. R. 15.36, Southern Ry. in Kentucky 2.00, total mileage 27.78; located in central portion of the State, south of the Kentucky River; formed in 1842, and named for ex-Chief Justice John Boyle; one of the best Blue Grass counties; small in area; practically no timber; great live stock and tobacco county; county seat, Danville, population 5,420; famous Central University located at Danville. BRACKEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,137; 1910, 10,308; per cent. de- crease 15.1. Assessed acreage of land 123,855 (United States census 130,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,825,227. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,278,339. Average assessed value of land per acre $18.39 (United States census $32.25). Railroads in county, C. & O. 19.29, Brooksville R. RB. 10.00, total mileage 29.29; located in the northeastern section of the State; formed in 1796, and named for William Bracken; land rolling, timber mostly cut; stock raising and Burley tobacco growing principal industries; splen- did fruit county; county seat, Brooksville, population 492; largest city, Augusta, population 1,787. BREATHITT COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,322; 1910, 17,540; per cent. in- crease 22.5. Assessed acreage of land 346,908 (United States census 309,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,041,057. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,952,619. Average assessed value of land per acre $5.62 (United States census $7.93). ‘Railroads, L. & N. 36.77, Ohio & Kentucky R. R. 13.82, total mileage 50.59; located in the eastern section of the State; formed in 1839, and named for Governor John 18 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Breathitt; lands mountainous, and well timbered; farm- ing area limited; this county is adapted to fruit and live stock growing; rich in coal and ore deposits; county seat, Jackson, population 1,346. BRECKINRIDGE COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,534; 1910, 21,034; per cent. in- crease 2.4. Assessed acreage of land 327,681 (United States census 363,520). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,854,702. Assessed value of land with improvements $2, 688,877. Average assessed value of land per acre $8. 20 (United States census $8. 29). Railroads, L. H. & St. L., mileage 67.30; located in the west-central portion of the State; formed in 17 799, and named for John Breckinridge; this is in the «Penny- royal’’ section; land rolling; timber mostly cut; splen- did stock, fruit and tobacco county; county seat Hardins- burg, population 737. RULiLSTT COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,602; 1910, 9,487; per cent. de- crease 1.2. Assessed acreage of land 169,177 (United States census 197,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,209,634. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 967, 601. Average assessed value of land per acre $11. 63 (United States census $13.66). Railroads, L. H. & St. L. 4.50, L. & N. 29.69, total mile- age 34.19; located in the west central portion ‘of the State ; formed in 1796, and named for Lieutenant Gov- ernor Alexander Scott Bullitt; lands level to hilly; tim- ber mostly cut; adapted to live stock, fruit and vegetable growing; close to the Louisville market; splendid dairy- ing opportunities; county seat Shepherdsville, popula- tion 318. BUTLER COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,896; 1910, 15,805; per cent. de- crease .6. Assessed acreage of land 226,828 (United States census 266,880). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,878,094. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,704,896. Average assessed value of Burezav or AGRICULTURE. 19 land per acre $7.51 (United States census $7.26). No railroads in county; located in the western south- central portion of the State; formed in 1810, and named for General Butler, of Revolutionary fame; lands hilly; timber mostly cut; some splendid bottom lands .along Barren River; county seat, Morgantown, population 569. CALDWELL COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,510; 1910, 14,063; per cent. de- crease 3.1. Assessed acreage of land 210,917 (United States census 206,080). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,517,924. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,830,706. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.68 (United States census $11.39). Railroads, I. C. 46.31; located in the western portion of the State; formed in 1809, and named for General John Caldwell; lands uneven; much limestone found in the county; timber mostly cut; land adapted to live stock raising, fruit and vegetable growing, and the growing of dark tobacco; county seat, Princeton, population 3,015. CALLOWAY COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,633; 1910, 19,867; per cent. in- crease 12.7. Assessed acreage of land 344,414 (United States census 263,680). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,323,333. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,303,949. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.59 (United States census $14.64). Railroads, N. C. & St. L. 17.97; located in the southwest portion of the State; formed in 1822, and named for Colonel Richard Calloway; land rather level; adapted to live stock, fruit and vegetable growing; large amount of dark tobacco produced; timber mostly cut; county seat, Murray, population 2,089. CAMPBELL COUNTY. Population 1900, 54,223; 1910, 59,369; per cent. in- crease 9.5. Assessed acreage of land 89,742 (United States census 92,800). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $25,630,654. Assessed value of land-with 20 Twenty-First Brenniat Report improvements $3,710,970. Average assessed value of land per acre $41.35 (United States census $38.56). Railroads, C. & O. 26.05, L. & N. 3.87, total mileage 29.92; located in the north-central portion of the State; formed in 1794, and named for Colonel John Campbell; lands hilly; practically no timber; some rich, fertile bottom lands; splendid dairy products; land adapted to fruit, vegetables and live stock; county seat, Alexandria, pop- ulation 353; largest city, Newport, population 30,309. CARLISLE COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,195; 1910, 9,048; per cent. de- crease 11.3. Assessed acreage of land 106,597 (United States census 126,720). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,898,992. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,607,000. Average assessed value of land per acre $15.07 (United States census $30.18). Railroads, I. C. 12.27, Mobile & Ohio 10.576, total mileage 22.846; located in the extreme western portion of the State; formed in 1886, and named for Hon. John G. Car- lisle; land mostly level, and well cut over; adapted to live stock, fruit and vegetable production; market op- portunities for vegetables splendid; county seat, Bard- well, population 587. CARROLL COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,825; 1910, 8,110; per cent. de- crease 17.5. Assessed acreage of land 80,826 (United States census 84,480). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,312,149. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,609,687. Average assessed value of land per acre $19.91 (United States census $30.99). Railroads, Carrollton & Worthville 9.98, L. & N. 17.09, total mileage 27.07; located on the Ohio River in the cen- tral section of the northern part of the State; formed in 1838, and named for Charless Carroll, of Carrollton; many rich first and second bottom lands in this county; other portions hilly; but little timber; splendid live stock and tobacco county; county seat, Carrollton, populativa tere the Kentucky River flows into the Ohio at Cuar- rollton. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 21 CARTER COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,228; 1910, 21,966; per cent. in- crease 8.6. Assessed acreage of land 236,334 (United States census 264,320). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,825,627. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,508,321. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.38 (United States census $8.35). Railroads, Ashland Coal & Iron Ry. 8.37, C. & O. 32.84, Eastern Kentucky Ry. 17.59, total mileage 58.80; lo- cated in the eastern portion of the State; formed in 1838, and named for Colonel William G. Carter; land hilly to mountainous; some timber and minerals found; fire clay is produced in great quantities; county seat, Grayson, population 735; largest city, Olive Hill, population 1,132. CASEY COUNTY, Population 1900, 15,144; 1910, 15,479; per cent. in- crease 2.2. Assessed acreage of land 245,774 (United States census 242,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,513,142. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,796,224. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.30 (United States census $9.34). No railroads in county; located in the south-central por- tion of the State; formed in 1806, and named for Colonel William Casey; lands rather hilly, and well cut over; splendid grazing lands; well adapted to fruits; county seat, Liberty, population 330. CHRISTIAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 37,982; 1910, 38,845; per cent. in- crease 2.3. Assessed acreage of land 434,426 (United States census 464,000). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $12,774,665. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,512,485. Average assessed value of land per acre $10.38 (United States census $20.65). Railroads, Cadiz R. R. .33, I. C. 10.44, L. & N. 32.31, Ten- nessee Central R. R. 16.10, total mileage 82.35; located in the southwestern portion of the State; formed in 1796, and named for Colonel William Christian; southern por- 22 TwENtTy-First Brenniau Report tion of the county level and very fertile, northern portion hilly and poor land; live stock, grain and tobacco pro- duced in large quantities; splendid farming’ county; county seat, Hopkinsville, population 9,419. CLARK COUNTY. Population 1900, 16,694; 1910, 17,987; per cent. in- crease 7.7. Assessed acreage of land 156,921 (United States census 169,600). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $12,966,257. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,739,900. Average assessed value of land per acre $42.95 (United States census $69.40). Railroads, C. & 0.:18.58, Kentucky Traction & Terminal Company 1.14, L. & N. R. R. 38.02, total mileage 57.74; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1792, and named for General George Rogers Clark; one of the best Blue Grass counties; land rolling; practically no timber; stock, grain and tobacco production large; county seat, Winchester, population 7,156. CLAY COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,364; 1910, 17,789; per cent. in- crease 15.8. Assessed acreage of land 276,158 (United States census 305,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,666,943. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,788,319. Average assessed value of land- per acre $6.47 (United States census $7.53). No railroads in county; located in the eastern portion of the State; formed in 1806, and named for General Green Clay; land classed as mountainous; well timbered; rich in minerals; farming area limited; fruit and live stock growing can be carried on here; county seat, Man- chester, population 626. CLINTON COUNTY. = Population 1900, 7,871; 1910, 8,153; per cent. in- crease 3.6. Assessed acreage of land 118,098 (United States census 149,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,501,312. Assessed value of land with improvements $902,974. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.64 (United States census $9.39). ¢ Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 23 No railroads in county; located along the Tennessee line in the south-central portion of the State; formed in 1835, and named for General DeWitt Clinton, of New York; land hilly; a live stock and fruit county; some timber left; oo is known to exist; county seat, Albany, population CRITTENDEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,191; 1910, 13,296; per cent de- crease 12.5. Assessed acreage of land 219, 459 (United States census 250,240). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,570,988. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 897, 950. Average assessed value of land per acre $8, 64 (United States census $9.76). Railroads, I. C., mileage 22.50; located in the western portion of the State ; formed in 1842, and named for John J. Crittenden; land hilly ; ; but little timber left; noted for its production of fluorspar; other minerals exist; land adapted to stock raising; tobacco and grain crops do well; county seat, Marion, population 1,627. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,962; 1910, 9,846; per cent, in- crease 9.9. Assessed acreage of land 158,247 (United States census 247,680). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,943,796. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,384,811. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.75 (United States census $9.95). No railroads in county; located in the extreme southern portion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Cum- berland River; lands generally hilly; rich fertile bot- toms; the lands are adapted to the production of live stock, corn, wheat and tobacco; some timber left; county seat, Burkesville, population 817. DAVIESS COUNTY. Population 1900, 38;667; 1910, 41,020; per cent. in- crease 6.1. Assessed acreage of land 273,006 (United States census 305,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $17,020,405. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,701,403. Average assessed value of 24 TwENTy-First Brenniau Report land per acre $24.54 (United States census $41.44). Railroads, I. C. 18.99, L. & N. R. R. 14.45, L. H. & St. L. Ry. 26.30, total mileage 59.74; located on the Ohio River, in the western portion of the State; formed in 1815, and named for Joseph Hamilton Daviess; land is generally level, but has some hilly portions; but little timber left; corn is grown in first bottom lands; wheat and grain in second bottom lands, while the hilly lands produce live stock, tobacco, wheat, etc.; county seat, Owensboro, pop- ulation 16,011. EDMONSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,080; 1910, 10,469; per cent. in- crease 3.9. Assessed acreage of land 173,975 (United States census 197,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,263,473. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,585,323. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.11 (United States census $7.35). Railroads, L. & N. 4.39, Mammoth Cave R. R. 6.74, total mileage 11.13. Located in the south-central portion of State; formed in 1825, and named for Captain John Ed- monson; lands hilly; some timber left; adapted to live stock and fruit production; in this county is the famous Mammoth Cave; county seat, Brownsville, population 313. ELLIOTT COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,387; 1910, 9,814; per cent. de- crease 5.5. Assessed acreage of land 131,930 (United States census 168,320). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,086,880. Assessed value of land with improvements $701,187. Average assessed value of land per acre $5.31 (United States census $5.66). No railroads in county; located in the eastern portion of State; formed in 1869, and named for Judge John M. Elliott; a mountainous county; well timbered; mineral wealth of the county considerable; large deposits of coal are found; county seat, Sandy Hook, population 300. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 25 ESTILL COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,669; 1910, 12,273; per cent. in- crease 5.2. Assessed acreage of land 142 428 (United States census 162,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,777,109. Assessed value of land with improvements $956,708. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.72 (United States census $10.81). Railroads, L. & N., 18.99. Located in eastern portion of State; formed in 1808, and named for Captain James Hstill; lands hilly; some timber left; lands well adapted to fruit and live stock production ; county seat, Irvine, popula- tion 282. FAYETTE COUNTY. Population 1900, 42,071; 1910, 47,715; per cent. in- crease 13.4. Assessed acreage of land 174,482 (United States census 172,160). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $41,002,316. Assessed value of land with improvements $15,393,680. Average assessed value of land per acre $88.23 (United States census $106.98). Railroads, C. & O. 14.26, C., N. 0. & T. P. Ry. 13.88, Ken- tucky Traction & Terminal Company 43.97, L. & N. 30.49, Southern Ry. in Kentucky 8.206, total mileage 110.806; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1780, and named for Marquis LaFayette; is in the center of the Blue Grass region; land level to rolling; practi- cally no timber; one of the best agricultural counties in the State; noted for its fine live stock production; for its grain and Burley tobacco yields; the whole county under- laid with limestone formation; some of the finest live stock farms in the world are in this county; county seat, Lexington, population 35,099. At Lexington are located the Kentucky State University, the Kentucky Agricul- tural Hixperiment Station, Transylvania University, Hamilton College, Sayre Institute, and St. Catherine’s Academy. Lexington is the largest loose-leaf tobacco warehouse market in the world, and prides itself on be- ing the ‘‘Hub’’ of the Blue Grass region. 26 Twenty-First Brennrat REPORT FLEMING COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,074; 1910, 16,066; per cent. de- crease 5.9. Assessed acreage of land 212,676 (United States census 208,000). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,307,793. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,123,024. Average assessed value of land. per acre $19.38 (United States census $32.75). Railroads, L. & N. 8.92, Cincinnati, Flemingsburg & Southeastern 5.60, total mileage 14.52; located at the edge of the Blue Grass region, in the northwestern por- tion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Colonel John Fleming; the western portion of the county is fine blue grass land, while the other portions are more or less hilly; little timber left; is a splendid stock and tobacco county ; county seat, Flemingsburg, population 1,219. FLOYD COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,552; 1910, 18,623; per cent. in- crease 19.7. Assessed acreage of land 404,371 (United States census 255,360). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,740,048. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,501,992. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.18 (United States census $11.01). Railroads, C. & O. 49.39; located in the extreme eastern portion of the State; formed in 1799, and named for Colonel John Floyd; a mountain county; well supplied with timber and minerals; farming area limited; splen- did near-by market at the coal mines for all poultry pro- ducts, fruits and vegetables grown; county seat, Pres- tonsburg, population 1,120. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,852; 1910, 21,135; per cent. in- crease 1.4. Assessed acreage of land 127,441 (United States census 127,360). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $9,081,057. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,276,561. Average assessed value of land per acre $25.71 (United States census $33.10). Railroads, F. & C. 10.02, Kentucky Traction & Terminal Co. 12.73, Kentucky Highland Ry. 4.21, L. & N. 15.57, total mileage 42.53; located in the central portion of the Burezav or AGRICULTURE. 27 State; formed in 1794, and named for Benjamin Frank- lin; a portion of the Blue Grass region; a part of the county very level and productive, while other parts are more or less hilly; a good farming county; little timber left; no minerals found; county seat and State Capital, Frankfort, population 10,465. Frankfort is a beautiful and prosperous little city, nestled between the hills along the Kentucky River, and is particularly proud of the new State Capitol building and the Governor’s Mansion re- cently completed; on the hill overlooking the city and the Kentucky River is the beautifully-kept cemetery, in which are buried more of Kentucky’s illustrious dead than any other cemetery in the State. FULTON COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,546; 1910, 14,114; per cent. in- crease 22.2. Assessed acreage of land 115,086 (United States census 123,520). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,389,748. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,466,765. Average assessed value of land per acre $21.43 (United States census $43.66). Railroads, I. C. 19.71, Mobile & Ohio 6.635, N. C. & St. L. 10.52, total mileage 36.865 ; located in the extreme west- ern part of the State on the Mississippi River; formed in 1845, and named for Robert Fulton; lands rolling, with little timber left; a level area with a rich loamy soil; particularly adapted to gardening and raising to- bacco; county seat, Hickman, population 2,736. GALLATIN COUNTY. Population 1900, 5,163; 1910, 4,697; per cent. de- crease 9. Assessed acreage of land 59,823 (United States census 69,760). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,421,289. Assessed value of land with improvements $890,031. Average assessed value of land per acre $14.87 (United States census $26.50). Railroads, L. & N. 11.51; located on the Ohio River and a part of the north-central section of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Albert Gallatin; the land area 28 TwENtTyY-First Bren NIau Report is rather rough, but fertile; good dairy opportunities, with possibilities for market gardening good, as this county lies about midway between Louisville and Cincin- nati; county seat, Warsaw, population 900. GARRARD COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,042; 1910, 11,894; per cent. de- crease 1.2. Assessed acreage of land 140,845 (United States census 151,680). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,895,320. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,613,070. Average assessed value of land per acre $32.75 (United States census $50.84). Railroads, L. & N. 14.20; located in the central portion of the State, and in the Blue Grass region, being one of the last counties south in this famous section; formed in 1796, and named for Governor James Garrard; land rolling; little timber left; live stock and tobacco predom- inate; splendid grazing land; county seat, Lancaster, population 1,507. GRANT COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,239; 1910, 10,581; per cent. de- crease 20.1. Assessed acreage of land 158,295 (United States census 168,960). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,885,876. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,405,045. Average assessed value of land per acre $15.19 (United States census $25.71). Railroads, C., N. O. & T. P. 22.45, L. & N. 7.32, total mileage 29.77; located in the north-central portion of State; formed in 1820; supposed to be named for Colonel John Grant, but possibly for his brother, Samuel Grant, who was an influential citizen of the county at the time of its formation; land hilly; underlying is a formation of limestone; the fine blue grass with which these hills are covered make it a great grazing county; it is also a good Burley tobacco county; county seat, Williams- town, population 800. GRAVES COUNTY. Population 1900, 33,204; 1910, 33,539; per cent. in- crease 1. Assessed acreage of land 341,704 (United States census 352,640). Total assessed valuation tax- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 29 able property $11,677,530. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,220,700. Average assessed value of land per acre $18.20 (United States census $20.78). Railroads, I. C. 30.67, N. C. & St. L. .49, total mileage 31.16; located in the extreme western portion of the State; formed in 1824, and named for Major Benjamin Graves; mostly level land; a good dark tobacco county; no great amount of timber left; land adapted to the pro- duction of vegetables ; markets convenient ; wns, seat, Mayfield, population 5,916. : GRAYSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 19,878; 1910, 19,958; per cent. in- crease .4. Assessed acreage of land 294,490 (United States census 318,080). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,814,818. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,570,029. Average assessed value of land per acre $5.34 (United States census $8.49). Railroads, I. C. 33.80; located west of the central portion of the State; formed in 1810, and named for Colonel William Grayson, of Virginia; land uneven to hilly; not much timber left; a great deal of attention paid to live a and poultry; county seat, Leitchfield, population 1,053. GREEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,255; 1910, 11,871; per cent. de- crease 3.1. Assessed acreage of land 154,266 (United States census 178,560). Total assesed valuation tax- able property $1,499,454. Assessed value of land with improvements $958,723. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.21 (United States census $13.70). Railroads, L. & N. 6:14; located in the south-central portion of the State; formed in 1792, and named for General Nathaniel Green; land rolling; timber well cut; some rich river and creek bottom lands; uplands rather thin; county seat, Greensburg, population 450. GREENUP COUNTY. Population 1900, 15,432; 1910, 18,475; per cent. in- crease 19.7, Assessed acreage of land 798, 1048 (United States census 221,440). Total assessed valuation tax- 30 TwENty-Fimst Brenniau Report able property $3,203,298. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,539,175. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.77 (United States census $10.82). Railroads, C. & O. 31.19, Eastern Ky. Ry. 17.08, total mileage 48.27; located in the northeastern portion of the State; formed in 1803, and named for Governor Christo- _ pher Greenup; some timher left; river and creek bottoms fertile; hill lands are adapted to fruits, vegetables and live stock; county seat, Greenup, population 680. HANCOCK COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,914; 1910, 8,512; per cent. de- crease 4.5. Assessed acreage of land 121,630 (United States census 123,520). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,197,703. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,396,557. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.48 (United States census $14.16). Railroads, L. H. & St. L. 24.10; located in the north- western portion of the State; formed in 1829, and named for John Hancock, president of the Continental Con- gress; this county is on the Ohio River, and has some rich bottom land as well as creek bottoms; the other lands are more or less hilly; timber well cut; county seat, Hawesville, population 1,002. HARDIN COUNTY. Population 1900, 22,937; 1910, 22,696; per cent de- crease 1.1. Assessed acreage of land 366,093 (United States census 387,840). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,157,749. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,269,521. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.11 (United States census $14.92). Railroads, I. C. 48.51, L. H. & St. L. 2.70, L. & N. 28.50, total mileage 79.71; located in the west-central portion of the State, in the heart of the ‘‘Pennyroyal’’; formed in 1792, and named for Colonel John Hardin; fine river and creek bottoms; uplands level to rolling; dairying in- ‘terests of this county are large; grains of all kinds grown; splendid fruit county; a demonstration orchard of 1,500 acres was planted here in 1918 by the State De- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 31 partment of Agriculture to emphasize the splendid fruit lands of this county; live stock raised in large numbers; timber mostly cut; county seat, Elizabethtown, popula- tion 1,970. HARLAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,836; 1910, 10,566; per cent. in- crease 7.4. Assessed. acreage of land 161,308 (United States census 305,920). Total. assessed valuation tax- able property $4,456,264. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,943,232. Average assessed value of land per acre $18.25 (United States census $18.41). Railroads, L. & N. 48.27; located in the extreme south- eastern portion of the State; formed in 1819, and named for Major Silas Harlan; mountainous land, much valu- able timber left standing; coal and ore deposits in large quantities; county seat, Harlan, population 2,500. HARRISON COUNTY. Population 1900, 18,570; 1910, 16,873; per cent. de- crease 9.1. Assessed acreage of land 188,656 (United States census 199,040). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $8,575,255. Assessed value of land with improvements $5,538,472. Average assessed value of land per acre $29.36 (United States census $44.60). Railroads, C., N. O. & T. P. 2.48, L. & N. BR. R. 21.32, total mileage 23.75; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1793, and named for Colonel Benjamin Harrison; a blue grass county; timber mostly cut; pro- duces large quantities of Burley tobacco, and a great deal of live stock; grains of all kinds do well in this county; county seat, Cynthiana, population 3,603. HART COUNTY. Population 1900, 18,390; 1910, 18,173; per cent. de- crease 1.2. Assessed acreage of land 245,965 (United States census 275,200). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,735,869. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,131,520. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.67 (United States census $18.99). 32 Twrnty-First Brennrau Report Railroads, L. & N. 22.27; located in the west-central por- tion of the State; formed in 1819, and named for Captain Nathaniel Hart; land mostly hilly; some splendid river and creek bottoms; second bottom lands produce large quantities of grain and tobacco; but little timber left; county seat, Munfordville, population 475; largest town, Horse Cave, population 881. HENDERSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 32,907; 1910, 29,352; per cent. de- crease 10.8. Assessed acreage of land 270,053 (United States census 278,400). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $13,632,144. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,016,490. Average assessed value of land per acre $22.28 (United States census $38.08). Railroads, I. C. 14, L. H. & St. L. 17, L. & N. 14.92, total mileage 45.92; located in the northern section of the western part of the State on the Ohio River; formed in 1798, and named for Colonel Richard Henderson; the Green River empties into the Ohio River on the border of the county; large area first and second bottom lands; not much timber left; large quantities of grain and dark tobacco produced; soil very fertile; is said to have the largest fruit interests of any county in the State; county seat, Henderson, population 11,452. HENRY COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,620; 1910, 13,716; per cent. de- crease 6.2. Assessed acreage of land 178,638 (United States census 193,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,768,307. Assessed value of lands with improvements $3,713,417. Average assessed value of land per acre $20.79 (United States census $37.09). Railroads, L & N. 29.67; located in the northern section of the middle division of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Patrick Henry; a blue grass county; not much timber; grain and Burley tobacco principal crops; a good live stock county; county seat, New Castle, popula- tion 468; largest city, Eminence, population 1,274. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 33 HICKMAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,745; 1910, 11,750; per cent. in- crease less than 1/10 of 1%. Assessed acreage of land 137,059 (United States census 144,000). Total assessed valuation taxable property $4,451,060. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,666,502. Average assessed value of land per acre $19.43 (United States census $31.04). Railroads, I. C. 17.16, Mobile & Ohio 17.052, St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 1.18, total mileage 30.392; located in the extreme western portion of the State; formed in 1821, and named for Captain Paschal Hickman; land mostly level; little timber left; much overflow land in this county; soil fertile, and adapted to gardening; the principal cotton county in the State; the yield is said to be the highest per acre of any county in the United States, and of great value in the production of cotton seed; county seat, Hickman, population 1,497. HOPKINS COUNTY. Population 1900, 30,995; 1910, 34,291; per cent. in- crease 10.6. Assessed acreage of. land 363,945 (United States census 349,440). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,080,550. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,145,951. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.64 (United States census $20.28). Railroads, J. C. 22.26, L. & N. 77.20, total mileage 99.46; located west of the central portion of the State; formed in 1806, and named for General Samuel Hopkins; lands vary in texture; surface level to hilly; timber mostly cut; coal interests large; grain and dark tobacco produced; county seat, Madisonville, population 4,966. JACKSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,561; 1910, 10,743; per cent. in- crease 1.6. Assessed acreage of land 196,906 (United States census 213,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,827,230. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,357,209. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.89 (United States census $5.08). Railroads (none in county); located east of the central section of the State; formed in 1858, and named for Gen- agr.—2 34 TwEnty-Finst Bren nian Report eral Andrew Jackson, afterwards President of the United States; lands hilly to mountainous; and vary in texture; some timber left; coal deposits. numerous; land adapted to live stock and fruit; county seat, McKee, population 146. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 232,549 ; 1910, 262,920; per cent. in- crease 13.1. Assessed acreage of land 185,127 (United States census 247,680). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $209,852,360. Assessed value of land with improvements $17,165,040. Average assessed value of land per acre $92.72 (United States census $90.40). Railroads, B. & O..S. W. .92, C. I. & L. 1.12, I. C. 20.55, L. H. & St. L. 11.50, L. & N. 43.834, L. & I. 69.497, L. & S. Indiana Traction Co. .134, Penn. Terminal Ry. 9.72, Sou. Ry. in Kentucky 21.387, total mileage 182.212; lo- cated in the north middle section of the State, and on the Ohio River; formed in 1780, and named for Thomas Jef- ferson, afterwards President of the United States, and with Fayette and Lincoln counties originally comprised the whole of Kentucky, then a county of Virginia; lands mostly level; practically no timber; soil mostly adapted to gardening; large quantities of onion sets and potatoes produced in this county; county seat, Louisville, popula- tion 223,928. Louisville is by far the largest city in Ken- tucky; has a great many manufacturing establishments and business interests; is known as the ‘‘Gateway of the South’’; the Kentucky State Fair is located here. JESSAMINE COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,925; 1910, 12,613; per cent. in- crease 5.8. Assessed acreage of land 104,513 (United States census 110,080). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,750,740. Assessed value of land with improvements $5, 340, 290. Average assessed value of land per acre $51. 10 (United States census $68.03). Railroads, C., N. O. & T. P. 15.94, Kentucky Traction & Terminal Co. 5.93, L. & N. 17.33, total mileage 39.20; lo- cated in the central portion of the State; formed in 1798, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 35 and named for Jessamine Creek, which was named for Jessamine Douglas, a young lady murdered by the In- dians on the banks of this stream; a blue grass county; not much timber; soil fertile; grain crops and Burley tobacco produced in large quantities; splendid live stock county; county seat, Nicholasville, population 2,935. JOHNSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,730; 1910, 17,482; per cent. in- crease 27.3. Assessed acreage of land 184,503 (United States census 171,520). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,308,031. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,872,798. Average assessed value of land per acre $10.15 (United States census $11.55). Railroads, C. & O. 17.54, Miller’s Creek 4.33, total mile- age 21.87; located in the extreme eastern portion of the State; formed in 1843, and named for Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson; a mountainous county; considerable timber left; coal and ore deposits large; farming area limited; the various coal mines furnish a splendid mar- a ot county produce; county seat, Paintsville, popula- ion 942: KENTON COUNTY. Population 1900, 63,591; 1910, 70,355; per cent. in- crease 10.6. Assessed acreage of land 96,484 (United States census 104,320). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $32,979,460. Assessed value of lands with improvements $4,297,920. Average assessed value of land per acre $44.55 (United States census $38.10). Railroads, C. & O. 1.913, C., N. O. & T. P. 14.37, L. & N. + 38.37, total mileage 54.653; located in the extreme north- ern middle section of the State; formed in 1840, and named for Simon Kenton; land mostly hilly; splendid dairy opportunities; garden truck produced in large quantities for Cincinnati, Covington and Newport mar- kets; county seat, Independence, population 153; largest city, Covington, population 53,270. Ss 36 Twenty-First Brennrsu Report KNOTT COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,704; 1910, 10,791; per cent. in- crease 24. Assessed acreage of land 203,238 (United States census 222,270). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,354,906. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,312,630. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.46 (United States census $6.98). No railroads in county; located in the eastern portion of the State; formed in 1884, and named for Governor J. Proctor Knott; land mountainous; much valuable tim- ber left; coal and ore deposits large; farming area lim- ited; the coal mines furnish a splendid market for coun- try produce; county seat, Hindman, population 370. KNOX COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,372; 1910, 22,116; per cent. in- crease 27.3. Assessed acreage of land 197,710 (United States census 227,840). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,170,009. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,284,121. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.55 (United States census $9.93). Railroads, L. & N. 27.89, Cumberland Ry. 12.90, total mileage 40.79; located in the southeastern portion of the State; formed in 1799, and named for General Henry Knox; lands mostly mountainous; some rich river and creek bottom land; some timber left; splendid vegetable county; live stock and fruit adapted to this county; county seat Barbourville, population 1,623. LARUE COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,764; 1910, 10,701; per cent. de- crease .6. Assessed acreage of land 158,034 (United States census 184,320). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,388,597. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,146,307. Average assessed value of land per acre $13.58 (United States census $19.31). Railroads, I. C. 4.75, L. & N. 4.45, total mileage 9.20; located in the west-central portion of the State; formed in 1848, and named for John LaRue; lands rolling to hilly, but fertile; little timber left; county seat, Hodgen- ville, population 744. ; Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 37 LAUREL COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,592; 1910, 19,872; per cent. in- crease 13. Assessed acreage of land 239,117 (United States census 286,820). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,902,820. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,583,144. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.62 (United States census $8.26). Railroads, L. & N. 30.36; located east of the central por- tion of the State; formed in 1825, and named from Lau- rel River, which was named for the plant called laurel, or rhododendron, that grows in great profusion along its banks; some bottom lands; some hilly, and some por- _ tions mountainous; some timber left; coal is mined in great quantities; fruit, live stock and poultry do well in this county; county seat, London, population 1,638. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Population 1900, 19,612; 1910, 20,067; per-.cent. in- crease 2.3. Assessed acreage of land 232,381 (United States census 270,492). Assessed value of land with improvements $1,657,461. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.13 (United States census $7.77). Railroads, C. & O. 38.76, Eastern Ky. Ry. 1.33, total mile- age 40.09; located in the extreme eastern portion of the State; formed in 1821, and named for Captain James Lawrence, of the United States Navy; land hilly to moun- tainous; some rich river and creek bottoms; the hills are of limestone foundation, and make splendid grazing lands; considerable timber left; coal and ore deposits; county seat, Louisa, population 1,356. LEE COUNTY. Population 1900, 7,988; 1910, 9,531; per cent. in- crease 19.8. Assessed acreage of land 128,245 (United States census 127,360). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,407,199. Assessed value of land with improvements $676,548. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.27 (United States census $6.67). Railroads, L. & N. 49.44; a small county; located east of the central portion of the State; formed in 1869, and 38 Twenty-First Brennrat REPoRT named for General Robert EH. Lee; coal and ore depos- its; land hilly to mountainous; some valuable timber left; farming area limited; county seat, Beattyville, popula- tion 1,360. LESLIE COUNTY. Population 1900, 6,753; 1910, 8,976; per cent. in- crease 32.9. Assessed acreage of land 287,250 (United States census 238,720). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,359,219. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,822,553. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.34 (United States census $6.90). No railroads in county; located in the southeastern por- tion of the State; formed in 1878, and named for Gev..: Preston H. Leslie; generally hilly to mountainous; val- uable timber; coal and ore deposits large; rich river and creek bottoms; live stock, fruit and vegetables chief pro- ducts; county seat, Hyden, population 316. LETCHER COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,172; 1910, 10,623; per cent. in- crease 15.8. Assessed acreage of land 262,697 (United States census 227,220). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,303,789. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,150,027. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.99 (United States census $6.43). Railroads, L. & N. 38.61, Sandy Valley & Elkhorn 6.70, total mileage 45.29; located in the southeastern portion of the State; formed in 1842, and named for Governor Robert P. Letcher; lands mountainous; valuable timber; large mineral deposits; both bituminous and cannel coal; live stock, fruits and vegetables adapted to this county; county seat, Whitesburg, population 321. LEWIS COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,868; 1910, 16,887; per cent. de- crease 5.5. Assessed acreage of land 301,989 (United States census 314,240). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,018,732. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,834,938. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.07 (United States census $9.71). Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 39 Railroads, C. & O. 56.38; located in the northeastern sec- tion of the State; formed in 1806, and named for Captain Meriwether Lewis; land level to hilly; some timber left; rich river and creek bottoms; the hilly land well adapted to fruit; a demonstration orchard of 1,350 acres was planted here in 1914 by the State Department of Agri- culture to emphasize the splendid fruit lands of this county; second bottom lands produce large quantities of vegetables; county seat, Vanceburg, population 1,145. LINCOLN COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,059; 1910, 17,897; per cent. in- crease 4.9. Assessed acreage of land 196,331 (United States census 216,320). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,257,337. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,587,446. Average assessed value of land per acre $22.36 (United States census $32.00). Railroads, C., N. O. & T. P. 13.83, L. & N. 26.90, total mileage 40.73; located in the south-central portion of the State; formed in 1780, and named for General Benjamin Lincoln; this county is one of the three original coun- ties of the State; a blue grass county, with the land roll- ing; but little timber; splendid grazing land; grains and Burley tobacco produced in large quantities; county seat, Stanford, population 1,532. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,354; 1910, 10,627; per cent. de- crease 6.4. Assessed acreage of land 180,658 (United States census 250,880). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,054,380. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,931,370. Average assessed value of land per acre $10.69 (United States census $11.75). Railroads, I. C. 3.97; located in the western portion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Robert R. Liv- ingston; lands hilly to level; but little timber left; rich river and creek bottoms; grain crops and dark tobacco produced; much attention is paid to live stock and poul- try; county seat, Smithland, population 557; the Cumber- land River flows into the Ohio in this county. 40 Twenty-First Brenniau Report LOGAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 25,994; 1910, 24,977; per cent. de- crease 3.9. Assessed acreage of land 328,976 (United States census 411,520). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,208,175. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,670,165. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.16 (United States census $19.68). Railroads, L. & N. 58.94; located in the southern part of the State; formed in 1792, and named for General Ben- jamin Logan; practically all the timber cut; land usu- ally level; rich loam, with red clay sub-soil; splendid all around agricultural county; county seat, Russellville, population 3,111. LYON COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,319; 1910, 9,423; per cent. in- crease 1.1. Assessed acreage of land 145,884 (United States census 177,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,834,387. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,066,749. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.31 (United States census $10.79). Railroads, I. C. 14.57; located in the western part of the State; formed in 1854, and named for Crittenden Lyon; land more or less rolling; county touched by both the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers; some rich bottom lands; not a great deal of timber left; grain crops and dark tobacco produced; considerable attention paid to live stock and poultry; county seat, Eddyville, popula- tion 1,442; at Eddyville is located the State Penitentiary. MADISON COUNTY. Population 1900, 25,607; 1910, 26,951; per cent. in- crease 5.2. Assessed acreage of land 260,193 (United States census 285,440). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $13,768,600. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,678,950. Average assessed value of land per acre $33.35 (United States census $41.62). Rail- roads, L. & N., 66.95; located in the central portion of State; formed in 1786, and named for James Madison, later President of the United States; a blue grass county; land rolling; not much timber; a splendid all- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 41 around farming county; particular attention given to cat- tle raising and feeding; county seat Richmond; popula- ation 5,340; at Richmond is located the Eastern State Normal School, and at Berea, in this county, is located Berea College. MAGOFFIN COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,006; 1910, 13,654; per cent in- crease 13.7. Assessed acreage of land 225,683 (United States census 193,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,489,578. Assessed value of land with improvements $955,771. Average assessed value of land per acre $4.23 (United States census $8.03). Rail- roads, (none in county); located in the eastern part of the State; formed in 1860, and named for Governor Beriah Magoffin; land hilly; considerable timber left; large deposits of coal and ore; good fruit section; county seat Salyersville; population 310. MARION COUNTY. Population 1900, 16,290; 1910, 16,330; per cent. in- crease .2. Assessed acreage of land 198,955 (United States census 220,800). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,266,539. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,647,905. Average assessed value of land per acre $13.30 (United States census $23.29). Rail- roads, L. & N., 40.86; located in the central portion of State; formed in 1834, and named for General Francis Marion; a blue grass county; not much timber; land rolling; some ‘‘knob’’ land; splendid live stock county; county seat, Lebanon, population 3,077. MARSHALL COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,692; 1910, 15,771; per cent. in- crease 15.2. Assessed acreage of land 206,573 (United States census 209,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,379,361. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,040,465. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.87 (United States census $15.15). Rail- roads, I. C., 12.20; N. C. & St. L., 17.99; total mileage 30.19; located in the western portion of the State; formed 42 Twenty-First Brennrau REPort in 1842, and named for Chief Justice John Marshall; land mostly level; not much timber; some rich river and creek bottom lands; live stock interest is large; county seat, Benton, population 824. MARTIN COUNTY. Population 1900, 5,780; 1910, 7,291; per cent. in- crease 26.1. Assessed acreage of land 231,147 (United States census 145,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,690,758. Assessed value of land with improvements $931,222. Average assessed value of land per acre $4.29 (United States census $7.15). Railroads, (none in county) ; located in extreme eastern portion of State; formed in 1870, and named for Colonel John P. Martin; land mostly mountainous; well timbered; rich coal and ore deposits; lands considerably worn; county seat, Inez, population 381. MASON COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,446; 1910, 18,611; per cent. de- crease 9. Assessed acreage of land 149,272 (United States census 145,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $10,908,705. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,043,300. Average assessed value of land per acre $40.49 (United States census $62.30). Rail- roads, C. & O., 19.58; L. & N., 14.85; total mileage 34.43; located in the extreme northeastern section of the State; formed in 1788, and named for George Mason; practi- cally no timber left; a blue grass county; land rolling and very fertile; the annual grain, live stock and Burley tobacco crops large; county seat, Maysville, population 6,141. McCRACKEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 28,733; 1910, 35,064; per cent. in- crease 22. Assessed acreage of land 152,728 (United States census 152,960). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $14,014,395. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,050,205. Average assessed value of land per acre $19.98 (United States census $29.86). Railroads, I. C., 33.97; N. C. & St. L., 12.78; total mileage Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 43 46.75; located in the extreme western portion of the State; formed in 1824, and named for Captain Virgil Mc- Cracken; not much timber left; land level to rolling; well adapted to vegetable production, and to fruits; large crops of corn grown on the river bottoms; county seat, Paducah, population 22,760; Paducah is the largest city in the western portion of the State, and has some splendid manufacturing establishments. McCREARY COUNTY. This county formed in 1912, and named for Governor James B. McCreary; assessed acreage of land 273,017. Total assessed valuation taxable property $1,917,048. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,415,100. Average assessed value of land per acre $5.18. Located in the southeastern portion of the State; lands rough and well timbered; railroads, C. N. O. & T. P., 23.71; Kentucky & Tennessee R. R., 16.27; total mileage, 39.98; county seat, Whitley City, population 300. The county seat was selected after a long drawn-out fight between Pine Knot and the present location. This county has been formed since the 1910 census. McLEAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,448; 1910, 13,341; per cent. in- crease 6.4. Assessed acreage of land 140,614 (United States census 161,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,875,883. Assessed value of land with improvement $1,719,180. Average assessed value of land per acre $12.27 (United States census $22.24). Rail- roads, L. & N., 11.36; located in the middle-west section of the State; formed in 1854, and named for Judge Al- vey McLean; land generally level; but little timber left; some coal; soil adapted to grain and fruit; county seat, Calhoun, population 742. MEADE COUNTY. Population 1900, 10,533; 1910, 9,783; per cent, de- crease 7.1. Assessed acreage of land 192,906 (United States census 192,640). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,107,761. Assessed value of land with 44 Twenty-First Bienyian Report vai ia a i ee oe $1, 774,629. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.28 (United States census $11.67). Rail- roads, I. C., 2.69; L. H. & St. L., 22.70; total mileage 20.39; located in the northwestern portion of the State; formed in 1823, and named for Captain James Meade; land rolling to hilly; not much timber; a good fruit sec- tion; county seat, Brandenburg, population 482. MENIFEE COUNTY. Population 6,818; 1910, 6,153; per cent. decrease 9.8. Assessed acreage of land 107,065 (United States census 129,920). Total assessed valuation taxable prop- erty $978,601. Assessed value of land with improve- ments $492,208. Average assessed value of land per acre $4.59 (United States census $5.74). Railroads C. & O. 6.31; located in the middle-eastern section of State; formed in 1869, and named for Richard H. Menifee; some timber left; lands level to mountainous; good live stock section; county seat, Frenchburg, population 173. MERCER COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,426; 1910, 14,063; per cent. de- crease 2.5. Assessed acreage of land 165,359 (United States census 169,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $8,344,760. Assessed value of land with improvements $5,384,612. Average assessed value of land per acre $32.90 (United States census $41.94). Rail- roads, C. N. O. & T. P., 8.14; Sou. Ry. in Ky., 22.049; total mileage 30.18; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1785, and named for General Hugh Mercer; practically no timber left; a blue grass county; land rolling; fertile and well watered; the annual grain, live stock and Burley tobacco crops large; county seat, Harrodsburg, population 3,147. METCALFE COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,988; 1910, 10,453; per cent in- crease 4.7, Assessed acreage of land 145,850 (United States census 193,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,676,630. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,132,859. Average assessed value of Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 45 land per acre $7.76 (United States census $12.20). No railroads in county; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1860, and named for Governor Thomas Metcalfe; some timber left; land rolling to hilly; splendid live stock county; county seat, Hdmonton; population 300. MONROE COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,053; 1910, 13,663; per cent. in- crease 4.7. Assessed acreage of land 160, 747 (United States census 282,240). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,424,715. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 512, 480. Average assessed value of land per acre $9.40 (United States census $8.26). No railroads in county; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1820, and named for James Mon- roe, President of the United States; some timber left; lands hilly; rich river and creek bottoms; splendid live stock county; county seat, Tompkinsville, population 639. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,834; 1910, 12,868; per cent. in- crease .3. Assessed acreage of land 120,822 (United States census 126,720). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,146,623. Assessed value of land with improvements $4, 106, 546. Average assessed value of land per acre $33.98 (United States census $56.77). Rail- roads, C. & O., 26.22; located in the middle-eastern sec- tion of the State; formed in 1796, and named for General Richard Montgomery; a blue grass county; not much timber left; land rolling; lands mostly devoted to the production of live stock and the grain crops; county seat, Mt. Sterling, population 3,932. MORGAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,792; 1910, 16,259; per cent. in- crease 27.1. Assessed acreage of land 226,935 (United States census 233,600). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $2,749,590. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 871, 707. Average assessed value of 46 Twenty-First Brenniau Report land per acre $8.20 (United States census $8.60). Rail- roads, Caney Valley, 12.80; Morehead & North Fork R. R., 9.50; Ohio & Kentucky Railroad 4.94; total mileage 27.24; located in the eastern portion of the State; formed in 1822, and named for General Daniel Morgan; some timber; lands hilly; devoted to the production of grain crops and live stock; county seat, West Liberty, popula- tion 442. MUHLENBERG COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,741; 1910, 28,598; per cent. in- crease 37.9. Assessed acreage of land 334,856 (United States census 302,080). Total assessed valuation taxable property $4,277,999. Assessed value of land with im- provements $2,140,044. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.38 (United States census $11.72). Railroads, 1. C., 26.05; Kentucky Midland R. R., 9.11; L. & N., 40.08; total mileage 75.24; located in the south-central portion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Peter Muhlenberg; but little timber left; lands hilly; is in the western coal field; land devoted to the production of grain and live stock; county seat, Greenville, population 1,604. NELSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 16,587; 1910, 16,830; per cent. in- crease 1.5. Assessed acreage of land 246,756 (United States census 263,040). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,814,640. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,275,753. Average assessed value of land per acre $17.73 (United States census $20.76). Rail- roads, L. & N., 54.62; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1784, and named for Thomas Nelson, ex-Governor of Virginia; land rolling to hilly; practi- cally no timber; part of the county in the blue grass re- gion, and part in the pennyroyal region; live stock in- dustry is large; a good dairy section; grain and tobacco crops raised in large quantities; county seat, Bardstown, population 2,126. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 47 NICHOLAS COUNTY. TpTnre ee Population 1900, 11,952; 1910, 10,601; per Henk de- crease 11.3. Assessed acreage of land 122, 169 (United States census 133,120). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,722,427. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,159,732. Average assessed value of land per acre $25.86 (United States census $50.89). Rail- roads, L. & N., 15.75; located in the north-central por- tion of the State; formed in 1799, and named for Colonel George Nicholas; land rolling to hilly; practically no tim- ber; live stock interests large; grain and Burley tobacco produced i in large quantities ; : county seat, Carlisle, popu- lation 1,293. OHIO COUNTY. Population 1900, 27,287; 1910, 27,642; per cent. in- crease 1.3. Assessed acreage of land 354,622 (United States census 373,760). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $5,491,839. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,133,810. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.84 (United States census $9.97). Rail- roads, I. C., 47.64; L. H. & St. L., 5.70; L. & N., 30.65; total mileage 83.99; located in the western-central por- tion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for the Ohio river; some timber left; this county is in the west- ern coal area; lands devoted to the production of live stock, grain and Burley tobacco; county seat, Hartford, population 976. OLDHAM COUNTY. Population 1900, 7,078; 1910, 7,248; per cent. in- crease 2.4. Assessed acreage of land 115,771 (United States census 115,200). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,514,243. Assessed value of land with im- provements $2,610,395. Average assessed value of land per acre $22.55 (United States census $30.12). Railroads, L. & N., 16.44; Louisville & Interurban Ry., 10.932; total mileage 27.372; located in the north-central portion of the State; formed in 1823, and named for Colonel Wil- . liam. Oldham; practically no timber left; land rolling to hilly ; especially adapted to fruit and vegetable produc- 48 Twenty-First Brenniau Report tion; splendid dairy opportunities; land adapted to the production of grain and tobacco, but owing to the proximity to Louisville, more attention is paid to the production of vegetables and to dairying; county seat, LaGrange, population 1,152. OWEN COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,553; 1910, 14,248; per cent. de- crease 18.8. Assessed acreage of land 219,816 (United States census 234,880). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,366,294. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,342,035. Average assessed value of land per acre $10.65 (United States census $21.98). Rail- roads (none in county) ; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1819, and named for Colonel Abra- ham Owen; not much timber left; land hilly; in the blue grass section; produces a fine quality of Burley to- bacco; a great deal of attention paid to live stock; county seat, Owenton, population 1,024. OWSLEY COUNTY. Population 1900, 6,874; 1910, 7,979; per cent. in- crease 16.1. Assessed acreage of land 111,613 (United States census 138,240). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,089,939. Assessed value of land with improvements $713,392. Average assessed value of land per acre $6,39 (United States census $6.65). No rail- roads in county; located in the middle-eastern portion of the State; formed in 1843, and named for Judge Wil- liam Owsley, afterwards Governor; lands hilly to moun- tainous; considerable timber left; rich coal deposits; great deal of attention paid to live stock; splendid fruit section; county seat, Booneville, population 236. PENDLETON COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,947; 1910, 11,985; per cent. de- crease 19.8. Assessed acreage of land 175,548 (United States census 178,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,295,893. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,499,775. Average assessed value of land per acre $14.24 (United States census $19.92). Rail- Bureau or AGRICULTURE, 49 roads, C. & O., 3.08; L. & N., 25.31; total mileage 28.39; located in the north-central portion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Edmond Pendleton, of Virginia; lands level to hilly; not much timber left; alfalfa and seed clover do well on the hills of this county; a great deal of attention paid to the production of live stock and tobacco; county seat, Falmouth, population 1,180. PERRY COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,276; 1910, 11,255; per cent. in- crease 36. Assessed acreage of land 477,700 (United States census 214,400). Total assessed valuation taxable property $3,378,841. Assessed value of land with im- provements $2,351,976. Average assessed value of land per acre $4.97 (United States census $7.13). Railroads, L. & N., 40.39; located in the southeastern portion of the State; formed in 1820, and named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, of the United States navy; lands moun- tainous and well timbered; coal deposits very large; not much attention paid to farming; splendid fruit section; county seat, Hazard, population 537. PIKE COUNTY. Population 1900, 22,686; 1910, 31,679; per cent. in- crease 39.6. Assessed acreage of land 763,761 (United States census 498,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $7,348,440. Assessed value of land with improvements $4,804,113. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.29 (United States census $8.82). Rail- roads, Big Sandy & Cumberland River, 8; C. & O., 42.19; Norfolk and Western Ry., 3.75; Sandy Valley & Elkhorn, 23.78; Williamson & Pond Creek R. R., 11.98; total mile- age 89.65; located in the extreme eastern portion of the State; formed in 1821, and named for General Zebulon M. Pike; a mountainous county with a large area; large amount of timber left; coal deposits very extensive; no great amount of attention paid to farming; lands well adapted to the production of fruit and grazing of live ‘stock; county seat, Pikeville, population, 1,280. 50 Twenty-First Brennrau REPORT POWELL COUNTY. Population 1900, 6,443; 1910, 6,268; per cent. de- crease 2.7. Assessed acreage of land 83,591 (United States census 115,840). Total assessed valuation taxable property $926,016. Assessed value of land with improve- ments $488,309. Average assessed value of land per acre $5.84 (United States census $15.89). Railroads, L. & N., 23.88; Mountain Central R. R., 3; total mileage 26. 88; located i in the middle eastern portion of the State; formed in 1852, and named for Governor Lazarus W. Powell; some timber left; lands level to hilly; the river and creek bottom lands fertile; land on top of hills not very fertile; splendid fruit county; county seat, Stanton, population 278. PULASKI COUNTY. Population 1900, 31,2938; 1910, 35,986; per cent. in- crease 15. Assessed acreage of land 317,641 (United States census 498,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $6,300,508. Assessed value of land with improvements $2, 744, 6938. Average assessed value of land per acre $8.64 (United States census $7.86). Rail- roads, C. N. O. & T. P., 30.99; Cincinnati, Burnside & Cumberland River 1.35; total mileage 32.34; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1798, and named for Count Pulaski; lands hilly; some timber left; splendid live stock county; good fruit lands; county seat, Somerset, population 4,491. ROBERTSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 4,900; 1910, 4,121; per cent. de- crease 15.9. Assessed acreage of land 61,928 (United States census 69,760). Total assessed valuation taxable property $1,106,222. Assessed value of land with im- provements $809,097. Average assessed value of land per. acre $13.06 (United States census $13.82). No rail- roads in the county; located in the northeastern section of the State; formed in 1867, and named for ex-Chief Justice George Robertson; lands hilly; not much timber; alfalfa and seed clover do well on the hills on account of the underlying limestone; splendid live stock and fruit county; county seat, Mt, Olivet, population 321. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 51 ROCKCASTLE COUNTY. Population 1900, 12,416; 1910, 14,473; per cent. in- crease 16.6. Assessed acreage of land 168,725 (United States census 198,400). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,764,768. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,029,443. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.10 (United States census $7.45). Rail- roads, L. & N. R. R., 39.61; located in the southern por- tion of the State; formed in 1810, and named for Rock- castle river; lands hilly, with some timber; one of the best fruit counties in the State; the land is thin, as a rule; county seat, Mt. Vernon, population 930. Brodhead is a prosperous little town in a good farmng section of the county. ROWAN COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,277; 1910, 9,438; per cent. in- crease 14.10. Assessed acreage of land 163,937 (United States census 174,080). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,380,779. Assessed value of land with improvements $638,426. Average assessed value of land per acre $3.89 (United States census $4.39). Railroads, C. & O., 16.73; Morehead & North Fork R. R., 14.50; total mileage 31. 23; located in the eastern section of the State; : formed in 1856, and named for Judge John Rowan; lands rolling to “hilly; not much timber left; is a great fruit county; in the spring of 1913, 1,650 acres of apple trees were planted in this county by the State Depart- ment of Agriculture; land well adapted to grazing pur- poses; county seat, Morehead, population 1,105. RUSSELL COUNTY. Population 1900, 9,695; 1910, 10,861; per cent. in- crease 12. ‘Assessed acreage of land 155, 197 (United States census 210,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,972, 845. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,231,194. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.93 (United States census $8.40). No railroads in the county; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1825, and named for Colonel Wil- liam Russell; lands rolling to hilly; some timber; land adapted to grazing; some rich bottom lands; a good. fruit county; county seat, Jamestown, population nia 52 Twenty-First Brenniat Report SCOTT COUNTY. Population 1900, 18,076; 1910, 16,956; per cent. de- crease 6.2. Assessed acreage of land 178,409 (United States census 184,960). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $10,022,922. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,290, ‘617. Average assessed value of land per acre $35.25 (United States census $56.28). Rail- roads, C. N. O. & T. P., 22.21; F. & C. R. R., 20.78; Ken- tucky Traction & Terminal Co., 5.64; Sou. Ry. in Ky., 7.60; L. & N., 1.95; total mileage 58.18; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1792, and named for General Charles Scott, later Governor; a blue grass county; land rolling; limestone formation; not much timber; splendid livestock county; a great deal of Burley tobacco produced; grain crops do well; county seat, Georgetown, population 4,533. SHELBY COUNTY. . Population 1900, 18,340; 1910, 18,041; per cent. de- crease 1.6. Assessed acreage of land 240,289 (United States census 273,280). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $13,883,040. Assessed value of land with improvements $9,049,525. Average assessed value of land per acre $37.70 (United States census $50.65). Rail- roads, L. & N., 40.03; L. & L R. B., 11.361; Sou. Ry. in Ky., 24.299; total mileage 77.69; located in the central portion of the State ; formed in 1792, and named for Isaac Shelby, first Governor of Kentucky; a blue grass county; land rolling, and mostly devoted to the growing of grains and Burley tobacco; a great live stock county; practically no timber; dairy interest large; this county known as the ‘‘ Jersey Isle of America;’’ more registered cattle said to be contained in this county than any other county in America; county seat, Shelbyville, population 3,412. SIMPSON COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,624; 1910, 11,460; per cent. de- crease 1.4. Assessed acreage of land 144,340 (United States census 138,240). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,460,734. Assessed value of land with improvements $1, 754, 992. Average assessed value of Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 53 land per acre $12.45 (United States census $27.83). Rail- roads, L. & N., 14.21; L. & L, .26; total mileage 14.47; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1819, and named for Captain John Simpson; land mostly level; not much timber; soil fertile; grain crops and dark tobacco grown in abundance; county seat, Franklin, population 3,068. SPENCER COUNTY. Population 1900, 7,406; 1910, 7,567; per cent. in- crease 2.2. Assessed acreage of land 116,642 (United States census 119,400). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,005,889. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,867,795. Average assessed value of land per acre $16.20 (United States census $29.25). Rail- roads, L. & N., 13.52; located in the central portion of State; formed in 1824, and named for Captain Speer Spencer; lands rolling to hilly; not much timber; grain crops and Burley tobacco produced in abundance; dairy interest large; county seat, Taylorsville, population 622. TAYLOR COUNTY. Population 1900, 11,075; 1910, 11,961; per cent. in- crease 8. Assessed acreage of land 165,172 (United States census 178,560). ‘otal assessed valuation tax- able property $2,017,400. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,113,092. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.95 (United States census $14.26). Rail- roads, L. & N., 12.59; located in the south-central portion of the State; formed in 1848, and named for General Zachary Taylor, afterwards President of the United States; land rolling to hilly; not much timber; splendid live stock county; grain crops and Burley tobacco grown; county seat, Campbellsville, population 1,206. TODD COUNTY. Population 1900, 17,371; 1910, 16,488; per cent. de- crease 5.1. Assessed acreage of land 224,189 (United States census 234,880). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,963,545. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,381,735. Average assessed value of 54 Twenty-First Brennua Report land per acre $10.62 (United States census $18.38). Rail- roads, L. & N., 20.30; Elkton & Guthrie R. R., 10.92; total mileage 31.22; located in the southern portion of State; formed in 1819, and named for Colonel John Todd; land mostly level; practically no timber; fertile soil; grain crops and dark tobacco grown; splendid live stock county; county seat, Elkton, population 1,228. TRIGG COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,073; 1910, 14,539; per cent. in- crease 3.3. Assessed acreage of land 281,076 (United States census 273,920). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,149,941. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,058,339. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.32 (United States census $8.60). Rail- roads, I. C., 8.67; Cadiz R. R., 10.00; total mileage 18.67; located in the southern portion of State; formed in 1820, and named for Colonel Stephen Trigg; land mostly level; some hilly lands; but little timber; grain crops and dark tobacco produced; good live stock county; county seat, Cadiz, population 1,005. TRIMBLE COUNTY. Population 1900, 7,272; 1910, 6,512; per cent. de- crease 10.5. Assessed acreage of land 90,073 (United States census 98,560). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,852,043. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,413,799. Average assessed value of land per acre $15.69 (United States census $19.87). No railroads in county; located in the extreme north-central portion of the State; formed in 1836, and named for Judge Robert Trimble; land rolling to hilly; not much timber; some rich bottom lands; a good fruit county; grain crops and live stock principal interests; county seat, Bedford, population 269. UNION COUNTY. Population 1900, 21,326; 1910, 19,886; per cent. de- crease 6.8. Assessed acreage of land 211,228 (United States census 208,000). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $9,681,080. Assessed value of land with Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 55 improvements $5,913,930. Average assessed value of land per acre $20.79 (United States census $43.53). Rail- roads, I. C., 42.66; L. & N., 13.21; total mileage 55.87; located in the western portion of the State; formed in 1811, and called ‘‘Union,’’ because of the hearty unani- mity with which the people consented to the division of the old county; it was formed entirely out of the western part of Henderson county; land mostly level; not much timber; rich coal deposits; corn and other grain crops produced in abundance; some attention paid to fruit; ee fertile; county seat, Morganfield, population 9125. WARREN COUNTY. Population 1900, 29,970; 1910, 30,579; per cent. in- crease 2.2. Assessed acreage of land 334,098 (United States census 339,200). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $13,121,624. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,053,176. Average assessed value of land per acre $18.11 (United States census $25.97). Rail- roads, L. & N., 38.82; located in the southern portion of State; formed in 1796, and named for General Joseph Warren; land rolling to hilly; not much timber; fertile soil; one of the best all-around farming counties in the State; the strawberry production of this county is the greatest of any county in Kentucky, more than one hun- dred car loads shipped each year; Bowling Green lime- stone is noted the world over as a building stone; the Governor’s new Mansion at Frankfort, Kentucky, erected at a cost of $100,000, is built of this stone; county seat, Bowling Green, population 9,173. At Bowling Green is located the Western State Normal School. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,182; 1910, 13,940; per cent. de- crease 1.7. Assessed acreage of land 173,032 (United States census 191,360). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,980,125. Assessed value of land with improvements $3,232,495. Average assessed value of land per acre $13.42 (United States census $30.90). Rail- roads, L. & N., 11.37; located in the south-central portion 56 Twenty-First Brennrau Report of the State; formed in 1792, and named for George Washington, first President of the United States; land rolling to hilly; not much timber; a blue grass county; limestone formation; soil fertile; grain crops and Burley tobacco produced in abundance; splendid live stock county; county seat, Springfield, population 1,329. . WAYNE COUNTY. Population 1900, 14,892; 1910, 17,518; per cent. in- crease 17.6. Assessed acreage of land 283,743 (United States census 377,600). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $3,806,313. Assessed value of land with improvements $1,905,165. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.71 (United States census $8.96). Rail- roads (none in county) ; located in the southern portion of the State; formed in 1800, and named for General Anthony Wayne; land rolling to hilly; some timber left; it is in the oil belt, and said to be the largest oil-produc- ing county in the State; a great live stock county; all the grain crops and dark tobacco produced; county seat, Monticello, population 1,338. WEBSTER COUNTY. Population 1900, 20,097; 1910, 20,974; per cent in- crease 4.4. Assessed acreage of land 207,852 (United States census 220,160). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $4,671,705. Assessed value of land with improvements $2, 374, 005. Average assessed value of land per acre $11.42 (United States census $24.28). Rail- roads, I. C., 20.50; L. & N., 25.80; Ky. Valley R. R., 9.38; total mileage 55.68; located in the western portion of the State; formed in 1860, and named for Daniel Webster; land level to hilly; some timber; located in the western coal field; lands mostly devoted to growing grain crops and dark "tobacco ; live stock interests important; county seat, Dixon, population 741. WHITLEY COUNTY. Population 1900, 25,015; 1910, 31,892; per cent. in- crease 27.9. Assessed acreage of land 273, 720 (United States census 374,400). Total assessed valuation tax- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 57 able property $5,396,721. Assessed value of land with improvements $2,150,504. Average assessed value of land per acre $7.89 (United States census $8.68). Rail- roads, L. & N., 65.40; located in the southeastern por- tion of the State; formed in 1818, and named for Colonel William Whitley; considerable timber; large coal de- posits; land hilly to mountainous; bottom lands fertile; splendid fruit county; county seat, Williamsburg, popu- lation 2,004. WOLFE COUNTY. Population 1900, 8,764; 1910, 9,864; per cent. in- crease 12.6. Assessed acreage of land 129,154 (United States census 147,200). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $1,457,556. Assessed value of land with improvements $797,163. Average assessed value of land per acre $6.17 (United States census $7.65). Railroads, L. & N., 5.79; Mountain Central R. R., 9.00; Ohio & Ky. Ry., 6.87; total mileage 21.66; located in the eastern por- tion of the State; formed in 1860, and named fo Nathaniel Wolfe; lands hilly; some timber; coal and ore deposits; river and creek bottoms fertile; other lands thin; a live stock and fruit area; county seat, Campton, population 326. WOODFORD COUNTY. Population 1900, 13,134; 1910, 12,571; per cent. de- crease 4.3. Assessed acreage of land 117,212 (United States census 224,800). Total assessed valuation tax- able property $11,381,040. Assessed value of land with improvements $6,977,329. Average assessed value of land per acre $59.52 (United States census $75.25). Rail- roads, Ky. Traction & Terminal Co., 13.88; Ky. High- lands Ry., 11.67; L. & N. R. R., 17.10; Sou. Ry. in Ky., 21.185; total mileage 63.83; located in the central portion of the State; formed in 1788, and name for General Wil- liam Woodford; lands rolling; practically no timber; lands fertile, it being a blue grass county; limestone for- mation; known as the ‘‘Asparagus Bed of the World;’’ live stock interests large; grain and Burley tobacco pro- duced in large quantities; county seat, Versailles, popu- lation 2,268. PART TWO DEPARTMENTAL WORK DEPARTMENTAL WORK, FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. The State Board of Agriculture has continued its policy of holding under the General Statutes of Kentucky a State Farmers’ Institute annually. It has caused to be held county institutes in a majority of the counties of the State each year, but has only held these institutes where there was a demand for same and where co-opera- tion was furnished by the local authorities. The great good done by these institutes is beyond question. They vary in their usefulness in the different counties, but where a county has once held a good institute as a rule it will continue to do so. The entire removal of politics from these meetings has given great confidence in their usefulness to the people and more loyal support has been given by the local authorities. It has been the policy of the State Board of Agriculture to have a lady lecturer at each of these Farmers’ Institutes,.and this has added materially in interesting both the men and women in better home life in the rural districts. Where there have been chautauquas held it has been the purpose of this department to co-operate with such authorities as had these meetings in charge. The State Farmers’ Institute held at Henderson, Kentucky, in 1915 was one of the greatest agricultural meetings ever held in Kentucky. The records of this office show that the County Farmers’ Institute held in one county in this State in the opinion of the farmers of that community has revolutionized the agricultural affairs in that section. With approximately five hundred names from this locality asking that an in- stitute be held there again shows the interest taken in the work at this place. On the other hand, there are coun- ties where it is difficult for the lecturers to get an audi- ence. The good seed sown, however, if only in a few spots, continues to bring forth splendid results, 62 Twenty-First Brennruat Report INSTITUTES. OFFICERS STATE FARMERS’ INSTITUTE—1914. Hugh Dawson, Olmstead, Ky. President Chas. E. Marvin, Paynes Depot, KV......... 1st Vice-Pres. Joe C. Van Meter, Lexington, K\v.................. 2nd Vice-Pres. L. Y. Woodruff, Murray, Kyeni.ccccecccececeeecn 3rd Vice-Pres. Christy Park, Frankfort, Ky Secretary COUNTY INSTITUTES 1913-1914. The following is a list of the counties where insti- tutes have been held during the latter half of 1913, and the first half of 1914, and the officers elected, where same was reported to this department: Adair County—James English, Columbia, President; Ores Borger, Columbia, Secretary. Allen County—Joe Meredith, Holland, President; W. L. Motley, Scotts- ville, Secretary. Ballard County—Hardy Nance, Wickliffe, President; W. S. Roach, Barlow, Secretary. Bath County—W. S. Gudgel, Owingsville, President; C. W. Tipton, Owingsville, Secretary. Barren County—Dolph Depp, Glasgow, President; H. P. Chamberlin, Glasgow, R. No. 7, Secretary. Bell County—B. A. Fuson, Pineville, President; H. B. Jones, Pineville, Secretary. : Boone County—John C. Bedinger, Walton, President; R. O. Hughes, Richwood, Secretary. Boyd County—Jesse Cyrus, Durbin, President; John Haney, Catletts- burg, Secretary. : Breathitt County—W. H. Blanton, Jackson, President; Sanford Brown, Noctor, Secretary. Bullitt County—J. T. Lee, Shepherdsville, President; Mrs. R. L. Trout- man, Shepherdsville, Secretary. Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 63 Caldwell County—L. Wyatt, Fredonia, President; L. B. Sims, Prince- ton, Secretary. Calloway County—L. Y. Woodruff, Murray, President; Wallace Futrell, Almo, Secretary. Carlisle County—lInstitute held at Bardwell, Kentucky; W. J. S. Denton, Bardwell, Secretary. Institute held at Milburn, Ken- tucky: Jewell Edrington, Arlington, President; W. J. S. Denton, - Bardwell, Secretary. ; Carroll County—C. C. Collins, Worthville, Delegate; Geo. Wood, Worthville, Delegate. Christian County—E. A. Hail, Pembroke, President; Geo. P. Rivers, Pembroke, Secretary. Clark County—A. T. Tucker, Winchester, President; James Mundy, Winchester, Secretary. Crittenden County—J. P. Price, Marion, President; W. L. Terry, Marion, Secretary. : Daviess County—John L. Johnson, Hawesville, President; Louis HE. Carrico, Knottsville, Secretary. Elliott County—J. W. Sparks, Sandy Hook, President; Mrs. Mollie Green, Sandy Hook, Secretary. Estill County—Dr. C. Marcum, Irvine, President; J. R. White, Irvine, Secretary. Fulton County—John L. Smith, Fulton, President; M. J. Browder, Fulton, Secretary. Garrard County—L. ‘'G. Davidson, Lancaster, Secretary. Graves County—C. C. Richmond, Water Valley, President; H. C. Holmes, Mayfield, Secretary. Grayson County—R. G. McGrew, Leitchfield, President; O. F. Hughes, Leitchfield, Secretary. Green County—S. T. Gorin, Greensburg, President; W. H. Graham, Greensburg, Secretary. Greenup County—H. EH. Fullerton, Greenup, President; L. R. McCarty, Greenup, Secretary. Hardin County—Samuel Fischer, Tunnel Hill, President; H. B. Stew- art, Elizabethtown, Secretary. Harlan County—A. E. Boggs, Harlan, President; Horace BE. McSwain, Harlan, Secretary. Hart County—C. T. Bungardner, Munfordville, President; W. H. Strange, Munfordville, Secretary. Hickman ‘County—K. M. Leath, Wingo, Member; W. M. Ward, Clinton, Member. Jefferson County—E. M. Coleman, Anchorage, ‘R. No. 16, President; J. C. Coleman, O’Bannon, Secretary. Johnson County—Milton McDowell, Manila, President; N. W. Williams, Paintsville, Secretary. Larue County—Jas. G. Terhune, Buffalo, President; Guy M. Hudgins, Buffalo, Secretary. Lee County—William Robinson, Beattyville, President; I. McGuire, Beattyville, Secretary. Letcher County—S. J. Hale, Whitesburg, Secretary. (Election of President not reported.) Lincoln County—J, M. Pettus, Stanford, President; C. E. Tate, Stan- ford, Secretary. Livingston County—W. HE. Chipp, Bayou, President; W. E. Abell, Birds- ville, Secretary. Logan County—L. H. Dawson, Olmstead, President; J. N. Flowers, Oakville, Secretary. Lyon County—A. C. Raney, Eddyville, President; H. Glenn, Kuttawa, Secretary. r) 64 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Madison County—J. W. Herndon, Berea, President; Jesse Bough, Berea, Secretary. Marshall County—W. M. Faust, Benton, President; J. M. Bean, Ben- ton, Secretary. Marion County—W. C. Rogers, Lebanon, Member; Professor J. W. ‘Clarkson, Lebanon, Member. McCracken County—M. B. Tapp, Heath, President; Jesse Lawrence, Kevil, Secretary. ; Meade County—A. J. Thompson, Guston, President; I. M. Wilson, Guston, Secretary. Menifee County—J. H. Williams, Frenchburg, President; S. M. Wil- liams, Frenchburg, Secretary. Montgomery County—Clayton Howell, Mt. Sterling, Member; H. R. Prewitt, Mt. Sterling, Member. Morgan County—J. C. Ferguson, West Liberty, President; J. H. Se- bastian, West Liberty, Secretary. Muhlenberg County—G. H. Holeman, Weatherford, Member; P. J. Ford, Weatherford, Member. Ohio County—Henry Leach, Hartford, President; J. L. Brown, Rock- port, Secretary. Oldham County—S. E. DeHaven, LaGrange, President. (Hlection of Secretary not reported.) Owen County—Wm. Gheightley, Owenton, President; L. B. Kinney, Owenton, Secretary. 7 Perry County—J. A. Conyers, Hazard, President; Clyda Baker, Hazard, Secretary. ; Pike County—J. R. Sword, Pikeville, President; Jerome Danron, Yea- ger, Secretary. Rockcastle County—George D. Moore, Brodhead, President; G. S§. Griffin, Mt. Vernon, Secretary. Rowan County—M. T. Dillon, Rodbourn, President; B. P. Ham, Crans- ton, Secretary. Simpson County—Dr. J. R. Claypool, Franklin, President; Volney Jameson, Franklin, Secretary. Taylor County—J. H. Wade, Campbellsville, President; Henry R. Tur- ner, Campbellsville, Secretary. ; Todd County—Will Hollins, Elkton, President; Porter C. Wood, Elk- ton, Secretary. Trigg County—Jas. D. Griner, Cadiz, President; A. L. Hall, Cadiz, Secretary. ; Trimble County—A. E. King, Milton, President; B. F. Snyder, Milton, R. F. D. No. 2, Secretary. Union County—W. A. French, Morganfield, President; Sam Clements, Uniontown, Secretary. Webster County—Henry Powell, Sebree, President; R. B. McGregor, Sebree, Secretary. Silo erected for J. W. Shockley, Ewing, Kentueky, showing method of scaffolding. ‘AM ‘OTISVD MON ‘UOISTIIM "DH ‘V ‘Ad Jo OTT Ny OUT “AM ‘ueUlyoTAR ‘JueMIdTYg W0}10D “Ue 97RIS Ayon UNM ‘selddy SuruulM sz (Zest eS¥%d 929) “LIYIIOM “O—'SI}JeUl 19}}I] a1e SSoy ooiy} aUL .,.SUIpyezJ euorle uso0ds,, JO Jonpoid wv se “Sd. ¢¢ poyStam (Std speq) Std [peuts ot) atl ‘ApTeATIOedSoI “Sq OZ PUB “ST GTZ SUTYSTIA ssid ssogq a “JUeuTIedxe SUIposs SOlg 19SOT ‘ITeY 978IG AYONJUaY ey} yw ‘squ[D Stq SAO Saoquiayy Johnnie Clinton Woodward, Wilmore, Ky., F. R. No. 2, and his seven- months-old Hampshire, weighing 330 lbs. This hog won a trip to the Kentucky State Fair for Johnnie. (See Page 132.) Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 65 OFFICERS STATE FARMERS’ INSTITUTE—1915. President Starling L. Marshall, Henderson, Ky... G. N. McGrew, Bayou, Ky 1st Vice-Pres. H. C. Rice, Fredonia, Ky 2nd Vice-Pres. H. G, Asbury, Augusta, Ky. s 3rd Vice-Pres. Mrs. Christy Park, Frankfort, Ky. ccccee Secretary COUNTY INSTITUTES 1914-1915. Adair County—J. A. English, Columbia, President; Mrs. Robert Price, Columbia, Secretary. Allen County—S., J. Read, Scottsville, President; D. W. Cliburn, Scotts- ville, Secretary. Anderson County—J. R. York, Lawrenceburg, R. F. D. No. 1, Presi- dent; J. B. Morris, R. F. D. No. 1, Lawrenceburg, Secretary. Ballard County—H. L. Nance, LaCenter, President; J. B. Lawrence, Barlow, Secretary. Barren County—E. P. Chamberlin, Glasgow, R. No. 7, President; M. Y. Chamberlin, Glasgow, R. No. 7, Secretary. Boyd County—Alex. Johnson, Cannonsburg, President; J. M. York, Catlettsburg, Secretary. Caldwell County—Arthur Hollingsworth, Princeton, President; L. B. Sims, Princeton, Secretary. Calloway County—R. E. Clayton, Murray, President; N. G. Wall, Murray, Secretary. Carlisle County—Claude Klapp, Arlington, R. R. No. 1, President; H. W. Clayton, Bardwell, R. No. 3, Secretary. Carter County—Mrs. William Lewis, Grayson, President; Miss Lula Anna ‘Hale, Grayson, Secretary. Christian County—F. H. Harned, Hopkinsville, President; G. I. Crab- tree, Hopkinsville, Secretary. Clay County—A. J. Holman, Manchester, President; T. J. Rawlings, Manchester, Secretary. : Crittenden County—J. N. Boston, Marion, President; W. L. Terry, Marion, Secretary. Cumberland County—C. E. Edens, Burkesville, President; E. M. Fergu- son, Burkesville, Secretary. Daviess County—John L. Johnson, Knottsville, President; Louis E. Carrico, Philpot, R. F. D. No. 2, Secretary. Fleming County—J. W. Shockley, Ewing, President; Wm. H. Shock- ley, Ewing, Secretary. Floyd County—A. L. Martin, Prestonsburg, President; Edward L. Allen, Prestonsburg, Secretary. Fulton County—J. A. Finch, Fulton, President; M. J. Browder, Fulton, Secretary. Garrard County—Joe E. Robinson, Lancaster, President; Walton Moss, Lancaster, Secretary. Graves County—H. C. Holmes, Mayfield, R..No. 7, President; J. L. Blalock, Jr., Mayfield, Secretary. agr.—3 66 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Green County—S. T. Gorin, Greensburg, President; W. H. Graham, Greensburg, Secretary. Greenup County—Elwood Kinner, Greenup, President; Annie M. Davidson, Greenup, Secretary. Hancock County—Jno. Minnet, Hawesville, President; J. D. Kelly, Hawesville, Secretary. Hardin County—S. M. Willis, Vine Grove, President; David Ditto, Vine Grove, Secretary. Hart County—R. C. Richardson, Munfordsville, President; J. D. Crad- dock, Munfordsville, -Secretary. Hickman County—W. B. Finch, Fulton, R. No. 4, President; O. Piper, ‘Clinton, Secretary. Hopkins County—John G. B, Hall, Madisonville, R. No. 3, President; G. W. Whitsell, Madisonville, R. No. 3, Secretary. Johnson County—Milton McDowell, Manila, President; W. B. Ward, Paintsville, Secretary. Knox County—Wm. Tye, Barbourville, President; S. B. Ries, Bar- bourville, Secretary. Larue County—John Duncan, Buffalo, President; A. J. Wheeler, Hod- genville, Secretary. Larue County—J. M. Feltner, London, President; C. W. Carnn, Lon- don, Secretary. Lawrence County—John Vaughn, Louisa, President; John G. Burns, Louisa, Secretary. Lewis County—S. M. Mustard, Clarksburg, President: Jesse T. Hen- derson, Clarksburg, Secretary. Lincoln County—J. M. Pettus, Stanford, President; W. P. Grimes, Stanford, Secretary. Livingston County—W. E. Chipp, Bayou, President; W. HB. Abell, Smith- land, Secretary. Logan County—Hugh Dawson, Olmstead, President; W. G. Snider, Lewisburg, Secretary. Lyon County—W. M. Wadlington, Kuttawa, President; H. P. Glenn, Kuttawa, Secretary. McCracken County—G. W. Potts, Paducah, R. No. 6, President; EH. Futrell, Jr., Paducah, R. No. 1, Secretary. McCreary County—Nora E. Alcorn, Whitley City, President; G. W. Stephens, Whitley City, Secretary. McLean County—G. S. Ford, Calhoun, President; Ashton Whayne, Rumsey, Secretary. Madison County—Robert Spence, Berea, President; Meredith Gab- bard, Berea, Secretary. Marion County—J. W. Clarkson, Lebanon, President; A. S. O’Daniel, Lebanon, Secretary. Marshall County—W. M. Foust, Benton, President; J. M. Bean, Ben- ton, Secretary. Mason County—W. Huffman, Germantown, President; Margaret ‘Coughlin (Miss), Germantown, Secretary. Mercer County—Samuel Bailey, Burgin, President; J. C. Gentry, Har- rodsburg, Secretary. Metcalfe County—A. J. Thompson, Edmonton, President; Jno. Ray, Edmonton, Secretary. Monroe County—J. E. Bryant, Fountain Run, President; V. Cc. Lan- drum, Fountain Run, Secretary. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 67 Tompkinsville Institute. F. M. White, Tompkinsville, President; E. T. Stephens, Vernon, Secretary. e Morgan County—Amos Davis, West Liberty, President; T. H. John- ston, West Liberty, Secretary. Muhlenberg County—A. Y. Finley, Greenville, President; James W. Oates, Greenville, Secretary. Nelson County—G. M. D. Stoner, Bardstown, President; J. E. Smith, Bardstown, Secretary. Ohio County—Henry Purtle, Beaver Dam, President; Wm. E. Travis, Beaver Dam, Secretary. Pulaski County—W. H. Lyons, Science Hill, President; Mrs. W. H. Lyons, Science Hill, Secretary. Rockcastle County—J. G. Frith, Brodhead, President; W. H. Ander- son, Brodhead, Secretary. Mt. Vernon Institute. W. U. Fish, Mt. Vernon, President; Mrs. G. M. Ballard, Mt. Ver- non, Secretary. Rowan County—H. Van Antwerp, Farmers, President; Mrs. C. N. Waltz, Farmers, Secretary. Taylor County—J. H. Wade, Campbellisville, President; Scott Buch- anan, Campbellsville, Secretary. Todd County—Norton Garth, Trenton, President; C. P. Ward, Trer- ton, .Secretary. Trigg County—James D. Guier, Cadiz, President; G. A. Bridges, Cadiz, Secretary. Union County—John Sugg, Jr., Morganfield, President; R. H. Jones, Morganfield, Secretary. Washington County—W. A. Watees, Springfield, R. F. D. No. 2, Presi- dent; R. C. Brown, Springfield, Secretary. Wayne County—M. D. Shearer, Monticello, President; Miss Ella Mae Bartleson, Monticello, Secretary. Webster County—Dr. C. Edwards, Sebree, President; T. Meinschein, Sebree, Secretary. Whitley County—BE. F. Davis, Williamsburg, President; Miss Rhoda Siler, Williamsburg, Secretary. Wolfe County—A. J. Russell, Campton, President; I. M. Combs, Camp- ton, Secretary. 68 Twenty-First Brennrat Report CONCRETE SILO CONSTRUCTION. The Department of Agriculture has continued its policy inaugurated in 1912 of encouraging the construc- tion of concrete silos throughout the State. The small amount of annual appropriation for demonstration work, namely, five thousand dollars, has been divided among the various lines indicated in this volume, and it has been impossible for the department to purchase anything like the number of forms for the construction of cement silos that could have been used; nor could the force of men be added to, and two men have continued to do the work the department has undertaken. How- ever, we have found by furnishing the forms to the County Demonstration Agents in some of the counties, practically the same results have been obtained as if they had been handled by the State. They have super- vised the work in many instances, after having been in- structed by one of the men employed by the department. In this way fifty or sixty concrete silos have been erected each year through assistance from this small appropria- tion. There has never been reported to this department a single failure of the concrete silo to keep ensilage when our instructions of painting the interior with coal tar paint, and washing the exterior with cement, have been followed. Storms have blown down the buildings adjacent to concrete silos, fires have burned them down, yet each silo constructed under the supervision of the department still stands. In one instance, lightning struck a silo, and tore a hole through a six-inch wall near the bottom of the structure, and a little cement to fill the aperture was all that was necessary to repair the damage. The experimental stage of the Monolithic Silo is passed. It has not been and is not the policy of the de- partment to condemn any material for the erection of silos. Wooden silos, when properly constructed and kept tight, will keep ensilage for twelve or fifteen years equally as well as a concrete one. The cement block, the cement stave, the tile and the metal silo, each is better Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 69 than no silo at all. The question with the farmer is not so much what kind of a silo he will have, but whether he can erect one. The work of this department has in no sense decreased the number of wooden silos purchased annually in the State, but its educational campaign has, on the other hand, very materially aided in increasing the number of silos of each character erected. A reg- ular contractor can usually keep busy an entire season erecting cement silos in any community. The farmer himself, with a little assistance, can erect his own cement structure. For permanency, economy and satisfaction we do not hesitate to recommend the Monolithic Silo to the farmers of this State. The wooden silo may be cheaper for the time being, it can be erected more hur- riedly, and where durability is not a factor to be con- sidered, may do just as well. But one out of every three wooden silos blows down, and it is necessary from time to time to tighten them, and they frequently become twisted, and very often they are not air-tight. The tile and metal silo are usually more expensive, and when all things are considered, a farmer who builds a concrete silo has a receptacle for green feed so long as he lives, or so long as he may own the farm upon which the silo is erected. The fact that the number of silos being erected in Kentucky annually amount to about two thousand, should be sufficient proof of their value. The use of ensilage has a tendency to increase the number of live stock kept throughout the winter, because of the fact that the entire corn crop when put in the silo is saved; because ensilage is fed without any great amount of loss, even in the worst weather, and it makes the feed- ing of live stock less difficult. It also encourages the saving of manure, and this annual dressing of a few acres on the average farm soon convinces the farmer that it pays to feed the land. As stated in the Twentieth Biennial Report, ‘‘The corn crop of Kentucky, that is the grain from the corn crop for 1912, is given by the Department of Agricul- ture at Washington as being worth in round numbers sixty millions of dollars. The chemists tell us that the feeding value of the stalks, blades, shucks, silks, tassels 70 Twenty-First Brenniau Report and cobs of the corn plant when in the silo stage is practically the same in quality and quantity as that of the grain on the plant. Stated in a different way, the grain grown on the plant in Kentucky is sixty millions of dollars per annum, and the feeding value of the plant other than the grain is approximately sixty millions of dollars. Anyone familiar with the methods of handling the corn stalk by the farmers of this State would not undertake to say that more than fifty per cent. of the feeding value of the corn stalks in Kentucky is actually saved by the farmers. There is an annual loss, there- fore, of approximately thirty millions of dollars in Ken- tucky through our wasteful methods of handling the corn plant after the ear is taken therefrom. Were all of these plants put into silos at the right time, practically - all of this waste would be prevented, since, in filling the silo, the entire corn plant is used. Stock, especially cattle and sheep, will eat practically the entire plant in the form of good ensilage. From a saving standpoint alone, therefore, the immense value of the silo to the corn-growing farmer is self-evident, but the value of the silo does not stop here.’’ The fact that live stock will go through an entire winter in better shape feeding off of ensilage, encour- ages the live stock owner, and a greater effort is made to produce the most possible out of the animals kept. The manure is used to build up the land. Clovers do better on lands full of humus, and soon the farmer has learned a great lesson in soil-building. The silo has done much toward turning farmers to constructive farming. Ken- tucky has made great strides along the lines of pro- gressive agriculture in the last few years, and nothing the department has done has paid better than its work in silo construction. It now owns about fifteen forms, varying from twelve to eighteen feet in diameter. These forms cost from seventy-five to ninety dollars each, with the exception of one fourteen-foot steel form, which cost about $650. Two men have been kept in the field dur- ing the summer months for the last four seasons. The salary of the representative of the department, his trans- portation and incidental expenses are paid by the State. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 71 From one to three silos are built in each community that it was possible to reach. Many requests have been received that it was impossible to fill. These forms have been used for demonstration purposes; that is, it has not been the policy of the department to build the silos for the farmer, but to show each community how readily a concrete silo could be constructed, and to let him see its value upon the farm. As a result the increased num- ber of these structures throughout the State means a paying investment of several hundred thousand dollars. The cost has varied very materially. Freight rates, the convenience of sand-and gravel, the ability of the farmer to get the most out of his labor, the weather and so on have resulted in quite a difference of cost, even in the same size structure. In order that the farmer may have an idea what a silo would cost him, we are attaching hereto the actual cost of several silos con- structed under the supervision of this department: Twenty-First Brennrat REPort 72 G6'ThS Go Ly ogee. ju “" 1 00°08 09°38 CEX9T nosed sorg ddiy9 06'Sez 00°86 OF'SS 00°9 06°13 SL'08 uS-LEXPT "TO SMOI Eg. | IeAOH “_ ‘ser 02°68 00°0TT 00°08 oss | 00°8T 01°96 OPxPT |* “uoysuOIg | ~“-ausLd “A “ef GL'PST 00°0 00°8T 00'0T ~~ | 00°88 GL'ge O&XST “OTTTASABIAL |" “STIOM \L our OS'SLT 00ST oog ju ais 09°8g OgxeL [ arayoyeH ueueyong PooMm 00°08F 00°08 00°08 00°08 00°08T GPXOT wozUSLL 1oqOMILIO WA FQ JOyJOMLIL 00°0TS 00'STT 00°Sz 00°S8 00°04 00°00T GPEPT [0 Plegsserg |: “SOIg SIIIeET 0g TOF 00°08 00°F 00°04 00';00T | 0S°3IT GPXPT [ e13sep MON |} “MOIST “D "WV 08'SLE 00°002 00°F o66L | TT OL'TL ePxer [PO OLOQSTOMO Jor AB1I99 “N ‘L 00°004 00'T22 00°08 00°02 00°67 00°06 OFEPFT uosAe.ty) SOILD Apuey, 0S LPE 9EXZT “OTTFAWIOAN) ot ““pmMg *S ‘Oo 00°0S7$ oo'Tse$ | “ oo're $ | OO'ST $ | OO'ST $ | OO'SOTS LEXpL po TeMpsreg pom AQSOW ‘I ‘WA a Q 4 <= Q fe} ie) S Bt eS es e oe 2 n iy ° Rn i + ta fea a | Se | 2 | Be | a a} @ Ss ZO as = Sa °, by Fe a SSOIPPV ouleN 99 aB © a0 m 8Q © ‘S w Q ao ee 4 = ei 8 [|e | E | "2 | & : = e fo) o 5B ‘NOILONYLSNOOD OTIS JO LSO0 GALVWILSS ‘POPNPOUL JOU W10}0q LO UOTyEpUNOJ IOF [e107 PIAL eeepc | ae e9¢ |= | Beare oe ous | OT |e) ee | ee pase 0S OTP | O98 | GGe | 83s | 99L | 869 | OT9 Lents 87 S6e | Les | 908 VHS | VTS? | 68T O'FL | G99 | 98S ae oF P'S | O'8E | 2'6s Ges | poe | Per | Sen) ots | g°g9 | 8°gs aii ad 9g8 | LTE | 0°86 TOs | G6T | SLT Ser gL9 | G09 | Les sacha oP OFE | ONE | 79d oe | 98T | POT OTT 079 | GLE | 90S LTé OF Gee | L8s | Pge T0% | SAT | LST TTL 809 | OSG | L8F S08 8é 90E | GLE | OFS O6T | SOT | SFT GOT GLG | OCG | 8SF L8G 9& 0°66 | Sge | Ges 6LT | SSE | OFT | STT | OOT Svs | O6P | FEF TL¢ UE SLE | OFS | STs 69L | SPL | Tet | tt | 76 VTS | O9F | GOF LSS GE GSe | 8eS | 8°6T SST | OFT | Set | GOT | 18 O8h | FEF | S8E OFS 0& O'S | OTS | LST SPL | OSE | OTE | LE a8 6 rr | 9OF | GSE 0s 86 96T | PLT Let | Tet | LOL! T6 Lh STP | SLE | O'S OTS 96 SST | O9T LOL | OTL | 66 9°8 OL G8g | OSE | L'0E 6 6T FG GOT | SFT OTL | cOT | 06 Lh g9 =") O'8E | 0°83 LLt 6S @ST | Sst oe" 1 86 v8 OL 8g oes ts |) HGS 0;9T 63 0¢ 8T 9T tL as or 02 8T 9T tT ras oT 08 8T 9T vas 6L oT “Ww ‘YJ UL JoJOULVIP OPISUT WoAls ‘qj UL JoJOUIVIP OpIsUl Wears ‘yJ UT Id]VWVIP OpISUI UeAIs ols IO} pelmnbsyY [eAviIy) JO ‘spzA “NO Ioj polmnbey pueg jo ‘spxz ‘nD 1OJ polmbeyY JuUeueD jo ‘siqd JO 14310 "pi %4Z:T ‘0]e10U09 JOJ SUOTJIOdOIg “oPpIM SeTOUL gz ‘sIOOq ‘seTOUL 9 ‘ST[BM JO SSOUHOIML ‘SOTIS AO STTIVM YOS GAYINDSY ANOLS GNV GNVS ‘LNAWA9 74 Twenty-First Brenniat Report CAPACITY OF SILOS IN TONS. Inside Diameter of Silo Inside Height of Silo | 10 ft. | 12 ft. 14 ft. | 16 ft. 18 ft. 20 ft. | 20 ft. 26 38 51 67 21 ft. 28 41 55 72 22 ft. 30 43 59 17 23 ft. ae | 46 63 81 103 24 ft. 84 49 67 86 110 25 ft. 36 52 val 91 116 143 26 ft. 38 55 75 97 123 152 27 ft. 40 58 79 102 130 160 28 ft. 42 61 83 109 137 169 29 ft. 44 64 87 114 144 178 og Zt. AT 67 91 119 151 187 31 ft. 49 70 96 125 158 196 32 ft. 51 74 "100 131 166 205 33 ft. Ba 17 105 137 174 215 34 ft. 56 80 109 143 181 224 85 ft. 58 84 114 149 189 234 36 ft. 61 87 118 155 196 243 37 ft. 63 90 123 161 204 252 38 ft. 66 94 128 167 212 262 39 ft. 68 97 133 173 220 272 40 ft. 70 101 138 180 228 282 41 ft. 72 105 143 187 236 291 42 ft. 74 109 148 193 244 300 43 ft. pees 113 154 201 252 310 44 ft. det 117 159 207 261 320 45 ft. oan a 165 215 269 330 46 ft. a ao 170 222 277 340 47 ft. "ees || (eee ol eats 229 285 350 48 ft. ae | | Gessee Ul Ge 236 293 361 49 ft. ease Yih Sete ate, SID) | eet 301 871 50 ft. samev fill “i gGadien yk ee! | leone 310 os2* Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 75 GROUND LIMESTONE DEMONSTRATIONS. Out of the funds for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, the Department of Agriculture saved sufficient to purchase two lime pulvers. By the time they were secured and started, the season was late and only a limited num- ber of demonstrations were given. These were started again in May, 1915, and ran until November. The bad weather and short working days made it impracticable to run this machine during the winter months. Each machine has been able to make about fifty farmers dur- ing the season, and it has been the policy of this Depart- ment to grind not exceeding fifty tons of limestone for one farmer. The farmer furnishes the engine, the ma- terial and the labor and- boards the man in charge of the machine, while the Department has furnished the ma- chine and the per diem of the man in charge. As a re- sult of this work, the value of ground limestone in sweet- ening the sour soils of the State is gradually being im- pressed upon the land owners. Farmers adjoining rail- roads can secure as a usual thing limestone at a reason- able price from rock crushers operated by private parties. It is the farmer, who lives several miles from any station, who finds it impractical to buy ground lime- stone and haul it to his farm. Experience shows that it costs about 25c¢ per ton per mile to move this material. If the farmer has to haul this exceeding six miles it runs the total cost in the neighborhood of $3.00 per ton. The machines owned by this Department have demonstrated to the farmers and to various communities through the co-operative ownership of one of these machines’ that ground limestone can be had at a cost of from 50c¢ to $1.00 per ton on the farm. The value of this material as a soil corrective has been demonstrated beyond the shadow of a doubt. Leguminous crops, such as alfalfa, clover, cowpeas and soy beans, that have been failures heretofore, flourish on soil covered with four or five tons per acre of this ground limestone. Some idea of the popularity and value of this work may be gathered from the fact that four years ago there were about seven places in Kentucky where ground limestone could be se- 76 Twenty-First Brenna, Report cured. Today there are in the neighborhood of 75 large mills producing ground limestone and some 50 small ma- chines are owned either individually or co-operatively within the State. Convicts in some of the states are be- ing used in operating quarries and machines to turn out ground limestone for the farmers. Under the amend- ment recently passed providing convicts may work out- side the penetentiary walls makes it possible for Ken- tucky to use some of her convicts for a similar pur- pose. A sufficient demand from the farmers for this material may possibly lead to some legislation along this line in Kentucky. It has been utterly impossible for this Department with two machines to reach more than one- tenth of the farmers asking for their use. It is a well- known fact that Kentucky has an unlimited supply of carbonate of lime. It needs only to be pulverized to sweeten the land, that now will not produce leguminous crops as a result of acidity. Here is the basis of soil improvement, and the sooner the farmers learn this fundamental truth, the quicker will be our beginning of real agricultural growth. CO-OPERATIVE ORCHARDS. During the past two years, a Co-operative Orchard Association has been organized in Lewis county, with a membership of approximately four hundred and thirty, owning one thousand four hundred and seventy-six acres. To plant these orchards it required seventy-three thou- sand eight hundred trees. These trees were of the fol- lowing varieties: Stayman Winesap, 15,000; York Imperial, 15,000; Rome Beauty, 15,000; Jonathan, 15,000; Grimes Golden, 7,000, and Yellow Transparent, 7,500. These trees were bought as whole root grafts and planted in the spring of 1915. The illustrations accom- panying this article show the growth of these trees in one season, which in some instances has exceeded six feet, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 77 Other orchards would have been established, but the fight against foot-and-mouth disease necessitated the use of the funds the Department had intended to devote to the development of additional work along these lines. The orchards planted in 1913 in the counties of Rowan and Hardin, are making a splendid growth. These three Co-operative Orchard Associations are or- ganized in counties where the lands are adapted to fruit growing. As stated in the Twentieth Biennial Report, the Department has only furnished trees where a suffi- cient number of farmers were organized to plant at. least one thousand acres. Every indication is that what is most needed in Kentucky along horticultural lines is a system of co-operative marketing. Kentucky ranks sev- enth as an apple-producing State among the states of the nation; yet the fact remains that the apple growers do not obtain anything like the prices they should get for their product. This is the result of so many varie- ties, and a lack of co-operation. Not more than six varie- ties of winter apples have been furnished to any one of the demonstration orchards as organized by this Depart- ment, and the only requirement the Department has made is that the members form an Association with the proper officers, and all surplus fruit be sold through the General Manager. Mr. R. E. Settle, Manager of the Hardin County Fruit Growers’ Association, writes as follows: ‘‘Our young orchards, planted here as a result of the co-operation of the Agricultural Department of the State, have made splendid growth this season, and are going into the winter in good shape. From what infor- mation I can gather, about seventy-five per cent. of the members of the Fruit Growers’ Association who put out the apple'trees furnished by the State, have taken fairly good care of their orchards. I have tried to give mine first-class attention, and they have responded well to the attention given them, as shown in the picture sent you. They were trimmed closely last spring, yet, you will notice, they are higher than a man’s head. I have some of the Stayman Winesaps in another part of the orchard that have made phenominal growth. We are planning 78 Twenty-First BrenniaL Report now to scatter next spring a few forks of manure around each tree after they have been mulched with the hoe. What we want next year, the year after they should be- gin to bear some fruit, is wood growth so as to get the proper bearing capacity, and we are going to force them next year. ‘We have a cold storage plant here that is buying up all the apples in the immediate vicinity, and this should be quite an encouragement to the apple growers, as these people will buy the apples right in the orchard, either on the trees or picked and put to the table. This makes it possible for a larger orchard to be handled with less farm labor. They do the barrelling themselves, and haul the apples in on large motor trucks 40 barrels at a load.’’ Mr. H. Van Antwerp, of the Rowan County Associa- tion, writes as follows: ‘‘We had no peach crop this year, and the apples are a little too young to bear yet, but the Experiment Station people say we have the finest little orchard in the business. ‘“We now have forty acres, sixteen of which were set last sprixg. One of the pictures shows a portion of the more recent setting. The left hand portion of this pic- ture includes some of the apple trees furnished by the State through your courtesy. ‘‘We do not know that anything much is being done out in the county, but articles in the county papers, and the demonstration we are making here will accomplish a little towards keeping up the interest, and, in time, something will be gained. Nothing is so good as demon- stration, and it takes time for these uew things to ‘percolate.’ ’’ COMMUNITY POULTRY BREEDING Out of the demonstration fund provided for this De- partment, it was deemed wise to show the advantages to a community by the proper organization of that commun- ity into a Poultry Association, with all members of the Association breeding the same varieties of poultry, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 79 The farmers of Science Hill, Pulaski county, have shown a great interest in undertaking this experiment. Twenty-five farmers joined the organization, and the Department furnished them a trio each of Plymouth Rock chickens, and from this foundation stock they will un- dertake to build up a community interest in poultry breeding. They adopted rules and regulations, and will produce a uniform product, and standardize the egg and poultry shipments from that community. The result of this undertaking will demonstrate the advisability of fu- ture work along this line. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK. The following report of Professor H. Garman, State Entomologist, shows the necessity of someone in this State inspecting the packages of nursery stock imported from the various foreign countries into Kentucky, be- fore they are sent out with the possibility of spreading plant disease. Under the general provisions of the act creating the Department of Agriculture, Labor & Statistics, we have taken from the funds of this Department and paid the expenses of the State Entomologist for the years 1914 and 1915, which have amounted to four hundred and seventeen dollars and eleven cents. The act providing for a State Entomologist, does not contemplate that he should do this work, but requires the inspection of local nurseries. Professor Garman has rendered his services free of charge, while this Department has paid his ac- tual traveling expenses. It was only by this co-operative arrangement that foreign nursery stock was permitted to come to Kentucky at all, the Federal Department of Agri- culture, under national law, having the power to prevent the importation of such packages unless properly in- spected at destination. A quarantine order was ready to be promulgated against Kentucky because of a lack of provision for such inspection. The General Assembly of Kentucky should make proper provision for this work, and after a study of this report the public no doubt will see the necessity for legislative action in this connection. 80 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Nursery Stock Inspection. In compliance with your request, I have to report as follows on inspections of imported nursery and flor- ists’ stock, made in co-operation with the State Depart- ment of Agriculture, and with the Federal Horticultural Board, by this Department of the Kentucky Experi- ment Station, during the past two years, beginning July 7, 1914. The inspections were undertaken at the re- quest of the Federal Board, which is acting under a Fed- eral law requiring State inspections, but leaving the work to State Inspectors whenever the states provide for them. In our own case, there was no special law provid- ing for such inspections, though they are very important as a means of preventing the shipment to Kentucky of diseased and insect-infested stock; and it was only pos- sible to carry out the provisions of the Federal law by making an arrangement with your Department whereby the actual expenses of inspection were furnished by the Department of Agriculture, the inspections being made by assistants employed in this Department of the Sta- tion. During the year 1914, beginning July 7, as stated, we inspected 107 shipments of imported stock, in 380 cases containing 179,925 plants, at an expense of $191.04. Most of these shipments came from Germany, Holland, Belgium and France, and were, in many cases, in bad condition, owing to careless packing, and also to careless- ness on the part of foreign inspectors. The law had but recently been enacted, and foreign shippers who had not yet learned of its enactment, did not feel the need of special care in excluding diseased plants. Some of the eastern inspectors found a number of shipments infested with such pests as brown-tail moth and gypsy moth, al- ready established in some of the Atlantic States. We have not found any Kentucky consignments infested with pests as objectionable as these, but in a number of cases plants have been found to bear scale insects and other pests which might, if overlooked, have spread, to the in- jury of people buying the plants. The inspections have had a decided effect in,improving the quality of stock re- ceived from abroad, and our inspections this year show that we are now getting better florists’ and nursery stock from such foreign countries as still ship to us, these being Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 81 Holland, France, and occasionally Belgium, than we have ever received before. I think the inspections should be continued, and some permanent provision made for pay- ing the expenses. The probability is that the work of inspection will continue to grow, and that the assistance now available will not be sufficient to do the work as promptly and carefully as is desirable. During the past two months we have had frequent calls from florists for inspection, sometimes several requesting an inspection at the same time. With only one man available for this work, it is sometimes difficult to accommodate everyone as promptly as we could wish. On this account it seems to me desirable that some amendment be made to our present nursery inspection law, enacted in 1897, whereby we can do this work under a single appropriation made by the State. As you know, the present arrangement can hardly be considered as more than temporary, and I wish here to call attention to the importance of amending the State law in the hope that something can be done at the coming session of the Legislature to provide for these and other inspections of nursery stock, needed in the State. In brief, we should have both the inspections of nurseries and orchards, and those of imported stock un- der one law, fixing the responsibility for the work and making a sufficient appropriation in funds to carry it out properly. In other states this provision is already made, with the entomologists of Experiment Stations generally in charge, and sometimes, where the number of nurseries is large, a staff of special assistants is pro- vided. From time to time during 1914-1915, I have reported to you on the examinations thus far made, but I have thought it worth while to bring together below in one re- port, the data secured from examinations of imported stock in 1915, since it will furnish a basis for an estimate as to the amount of work required in the future, and the probable expense of doing it. I think these inspections should remain at the Station, with other inspections, such as those of fertilizers, feeds, foods and the like. The total number of inspections made in 1915 to date was 87; in January, 4; February, 4; March, 8; April, 5; May, 3; October, 18; November, 44, and December, 1, with sev- 82 Twenty-First Brenniau Report eral others reported but not yet examined. The number of plants in these lots is approximately 208,560, of which 30,027 are florists’ and 178,533 nursery stock. With the plants examined in 1914 we have examined a total of 388,485. The total expenses of inspections made during 1914 and 1915 to date are $417.11. Details of the 1915 inspections follow: K. D. Alexander, Spring Station, Ky. 2 cases. March 26/15. Boskoop, Holland. 1605 Rose plants. No infestation. Beutel & Frederick, Louisville, Ky. 1 case. October 22/15. Meirelbeke, Belgium, 72 Azalea Indica. 1 case. October 21/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 25 Araucarias and 60 palms. No infestation except a few scattered soft scale on palms. 1 case. November 27/15. Boskoop, Holland. 200 Roses, 52 Shrubs, 50 Dicentra and 100 Spirea. Not yet inspected.. W. H. Carp, Ashland, Ky. 2 cases. October 21/15. St. Amand, Belgium. 113 Azaleas and 36 Araucarias. No infestation. The Donaldson Co., Sparta, Ky. 14 cases. January 9/15. Angers, France. 9500 Fruit tree stocks. 50975 Ornamental deciduous shrubs, 6000 Rose stocks. 5500 Forest and ornamental seedlings. 2000 Pinus and mughus. 4500 Conifers. 6300 Evergreen shrubs. : Sour cherry lightly infested with wooly species of aphids. ‘Helleborus nigra badly infested with aphids. 6 cases. February 16/15. Boskoop, Holland. 600 Juniperus. No infestation. 41 cases. February /15. Boskoop, Holland. 1576 Conifers. 606 Pinus mughus. 1141 Buxus. 250 Andromeda. 446 Azaleas. 200 Rhododendrons. 800 H. P. Roses. 650 Climbing Plants. 210 Evergreen shrubs. 150 Malus. 15 Trained fruit trees. 50 Magnolias. 70 Acer, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 83 Buxus—Large number of plants lightly infested with oyster-shell scale. Juniperus communis—Light infestation of aphidae. English holly—Light infestation of leaf miner and leaf spot. Malus and train fruit trees—Crown gall, 3 cases. March 26/15. Boskoop, Holland. 175 Conifers. 500 Hydrangeas. 25 Azaleas. 12 Rhododendrons. No infestation. 3 cases. March 27/15. Angers, France. 13500 Fruit tree stocks. 11325 Ornamental deciduous shrubs. 2500 Conifers. 675 Ornamental evergreen shrubs. No infestation. Unreported shipment. March /15. Boskoop, Holland. 1000 Boxwood. 500 Roses. 400 Juniperus. 100 Rhododendrons. No infestation. 3 cases. November 3/15. Boskoop, Holland. 1350 Peonies. 516 Dicentra. No infestation. 7 cases. November 4/15. Boskoop, Holland. 1000 Hydrangea. 100 Dutchman’s Pipe. 150 Azaleas. 50 Aesculus. 2000 Viburnum. 1000 Weigelia. No infestation. Cc. P. Dietrich & Bro., Maysville, Ky. 1 case. November 4/15. Ghent, Belgium. 50 Azaleas. No infestation. H. Fuchs, Louisville, Ky. 5 cases. January /15. Boskoop, Holland. 1510 Roses. 36 Azaleas. 12 Magnolias. 12 Malus. 12 Rhododendrons. 75 Clematis. No infestation. 3 cases. November 4/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 224 Azaleas. No infestation. 4 cases. November 27/15. Boskoop, Holland, 25 Abies, 50 Lilacs. 12 Maples. 400 Roses, 84. Twenty-First Brenniau Report 50 Evergreens. 50 Rhododendrons. 50 Hydrangeas. Not yet inspected. Edward H. Fries, Fort Thomas, Ky. 4 cases. May 21/15. Melle, Belgium. 200 Araucarias. 100 Aspididtras. No infestation. 2 cases. October 21/15. Melle, Belgium. 200 Azaleas. No infestation. Henry Goekel, Fort Thomas, Ky. 2 cases. November 4/15. Melle, Belgium. 124 Azaleas. Lightly infested with “white fly sp.” 1 case. November 7/15. Melle, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. No infestation. S. M. Harbison, Danville, Ky. 1 ‘case. November 5/15. Melle, Belgium. 57 Azaleas. 25 Araucarias. No infestation. H, F, Hillenmeyer & Sons, Lexington, Ky. 6 cases. February 16/15. Angers, France. 5175 Ornamental deciduous shrubs. 3500 Ornamental seedlings. 4450 Conifers. 200 Ornamental evergreen shrubs. 1600 Austrian pines. No infestation. 4 cases. January 12/15. Angers, France. 15500 Fruit tree stocks. 14200 Ornamental deciduous shrubs. 1200 Ornamental evergreen shrubs. 775 Forest and ornamental seedlings. No infestation. 1 case. February 24/15. Angers, France, Ornamental shrubs. Evergreen seedlings. Mahonia. Abies. Cotoneaster. Honeysuckle. No infestation, Honaker Bros., Lexington, Ky. 3 cases. October 20/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 175 Azaleas, 75 Azaleas. No infestation, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 85 John A, Keller Co., Lexington, Ky. 2 cases. October 20/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 125 Azaleas. No infestation. 1 case. November 7/15. Boskoop, Holland. 170 Deciduous shrubs, No infestation. 2 cases. November 5/15. Boskoop, Holland. 75 Evergreen shrubs. No infestation. 1 case. November 3/15. Ghent, Belgium. 100 Azalea Indica. No infestation. H. Kleinstarink, Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. November 8/15. Boskoop, Holland. 209 Hydrangeas. 50 Weigelias. 100 Hotteia Jap. 100 Buxus Semp. No infestation. 3 cases. November 20/15. Boskoop, Holland. 25 Coniferous Trees. 50 Roses. 60 Evergreen shrubs. 75 Deciduous shrubs. No infestation. C, H. Kunzman, Louisville, Ky. 1 case. November 5/15. Ghent, Belgium. 86 Azaleas. No infestation. 2 cases. November 20/15. Boskoop, Holland. 100 Roses. 85 Deciduous shrubs. 37 Evergreen shrubs. No infestation except on Buxus, very light infestation of oyster shell scale. J. F. Link, Louisville, Ky. 1 case. November 5/15. Melle, Belgium. 25 Araucaruas. 25 Azaleas. 20 Palms. No infestation. Michler Bros. Co., Lexington, Ky. 9 cases. February 18/15. Boskoop, Holland. 17 Juniperus. 38 Cupressus. 5 Thuya. 6 Abies. 98 Reh. 5 Blue spruces, 15 Picea. 2 Buxus. 5 Pinus mughus, 20 Taxus. Buxus slightly infested with oyster shell acale, 86 Twenty-First Bienniau Report 2 cases. March 10/15. Boskoop, Holland. 297 Buxus. No infestation. 1 case. November 3/15. Ghent, Belgium. 85 Azaleas. No infestation. 2 cases. November 5/15. 155 Vines. 5 Magnolias, 50 Dicentia. 20 Azaleas. 55 Hydrangeas. 20 Lilacs. 5 Mahonia. No infestation. 1 case. November 8/15. Boskoop, Holland. 3825 Roses. é 30 Evergreen shrubs. 4 Evergreen trees. No infestation. 1 case. November 17/15. Boskoop, Holland. 474 Roses. Not yet inspected. Joseph E. Merritt, Louisville, Ky. 3 cases. November 4/15. Boskoop, Holland. 100 Evergreens, assorted. 40 Roses, in var. 6 Azaleas. 12 Lilacs, in var. 12 Rhodos. in var. 5 Japan maples, red. 50 Box bushes. 7 Japan maples. 12 ‘Pyramid boxwood. No infestation. W. H. Leeming, Shively, Ky. 3 cases. April 12/15. Boskoop, Holland. — 150 Evergreens. No infestation. 5 cases. April 17/15. Boskoop, Holland. 102 Boxwood. 31 Picea. 10 Evonymus. 20 Juniperus. 5 Laurus. 10 Acer, Several plants of boxwood badly infested with oyster shell scale, G. R. Noble, Florist, Paducah, Ky. 2 cases. October 21/15. Ghent, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. No infestation. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 87 New Nanz & Neuner, Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. October 21/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 150 Azaleas. 50 Araucarias. No infestation. 4 cases. November 4/15. Boskoop, Holland. 232 Buxus. No infestation. 2 cases. November 4/15. Boskoop, Holland. 6 Hollies, berried. 12 Rhodos. pink pearl. 4 Rhodos. assorted. 8 Rhodos. assorted. 25 Abies nord. 12 Aucuba. Chas, Pfeiffer’s Sons, Fort Thomas, Ky. 1 case. May 17/15. Ghent, Belgium. 30 Kentia. 37 Araucaria. Kentia lightly infested with “aspidiotus hederae.”’ Araucaria free from infestation. 1 case. October 25/15. Meirelbeke, Belgium. 100 Azalea indica. No infestation. L. Pfeiffer & Sons, Newport, Ky. 4 cases. October 25/15. Meirelbeke, Belgium. 300 Azalea indica. No infestation. Popp Bros., Covington, Ky. 1 case. October 20/15. Meirelbeke, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. No infestation. 2 cases. November 3/15. Ghent, Belgium. 200 Azalea indica. No infestation. 1 case. November 7/15. Mt, St. Amand, Belgium. 105 Azalea indica. No infestation. S. Pontrich, Louisville, Ky. 1 case. November 11/15. Ghent, Belgium. 75 Azaleas. No infestation. Mrs, Edmund Power, Frankfort, Ky. 1 case. November 10/15. Destelbergen, Belgium. 24 Azaleas. No infestation. E. G. Reimers & Son Co., Louisville, Ky. 1 case. October 21/15. Ghent, Belgium. 105 Azaleas, an Found to be slightly infested with fungus Exobasidium, sp. 88 Twenty-First Brewnuat Report Geo. Schultz, Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. March 11/15. Boskoop, Holland. 56 Evergreen shrubs. 100 Field grown florist stock. 95 Deciduous shrubs. 25 Coniferous trees. Box bushes with light infestation of oyster shell scale. Stock unpacked and part of it sent away before being inspected. 2 cases. January 22/15. Lubeck, Germany. 100 Dormant lilac plants. No infestation. 2 cases. April 12/15. Boskoop, Holland. 220 Evergreens. Importer’s notice received, but Mr. Schultz failed to notify this Department of arrival of stock, which was unpacked and sold without being inspected. 5 cases. November 4/15. Mt. St. Amand, Belgium. 818 Azaleas. No infestation. 1 case. November 10/15. Ghent, Belgium. 145 Azaleas. 1 case. November 8/15. Aalsmer, Holland. 60 Lilac plants. 1 case. November 29/15. Boskoop, Holland. 41 Rhododendrons. 12 Kalmias, 12 Azaleas. Not yet inspected. 1 case. November 30/15. Boskoop, Holland, 6 Azaleas. 24 Rhododendrons. 75 Roses. 50 Hydrangeas. Not yet inspected. Schmaus Bros., Paducah, Ky. 3 cases. October 22/15. Melle, Belgium. 125 Azalea indica. 50 Coniferous trees. 100 Aspidistra. No infestation. 1 case. October 21/15. Ghent, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. No infestation. 38 cases. November 7/15. Boskoop, Holland. 150 Roses. 200 Deciduous shrubs. 50 Field grown florist stock. No infestation. 1 case. November 5/15. Evergem, Belgium. 125 Azaleas. No infestation. 1 case. December 1/15. Ghent, Belgium. 100 Azaleas, A Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 89 Schumann & Wahlers, Newport, Ky. 38 cases. October 20/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 280 Azaleas. No infestation. Will Schumann, Newport, Ky. 5 cases. November 10/15. Ghent, Belgium. 215 Azaleas. 155 Evergreen shrubs. < No infestation. John Van Aart, Paducah, Ky. 1 case. October 21/15. Ghent, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. are ON No infestation. 2 cases. 137 Deciduous shrubs. 162 Roses. No infestation. F. Walker Co., Louisville, Ky. 4 cases. April 5/15. Boskoop, Holland. 104 Vines. 90 Evergreens. 12 Magnolias. 100 Hydrangeas. 50 Roses. No infestation. 2 cases. April 12/15. Boskoop, Holland. 500 Maples. 100 Magnolias. 10 Polygonum. 100 Lilacs. 100 Viburnums. Norway maples badly infested with aphids. Inspection ‘certificate absent from case containing infested plants. 2 cases. October 11/15. Melle, Belgium. 116 Azaleas. No -infestation. 1 case. November 4/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 100 Azaleas. No infestation. 2 cases. November 9/15. Boskoop, Holland. 2 Wisteria. 52 Rhododendrons. ‘ 12 Magnolias. 6 Buxus pyramids. 10 Aucubas. 25 Lilacs. 25 Clematis. 25 Deutzias. 45 Roses. No infestation. 2 cases. November /15. Boskoop, Holland. 50 Azaleas. 100 Deciduous shrubs. 10 Evergreen shrubs, 12 Retinospora. Importer’s notice not received. Azaleas badly damaged in transit. No infestation. 90 Twenty-First Brennrau Report Miss Fannie White, Lexington, Ky. 1 case. May 21/15. Melle, Belgium. 12 Areca. 6 Palms. 1 case. November 5/15. Ghent, Belgium. 60 Azaleas. No infestation. Wm. Walker, Louisville, Ky. 275 Azaleas. 3 cases. October 20/15. Loochristy, Belgium. 2 cases. November 4/15. Boskoop, Holland. 2 Hollies, berried in tub. 48 Rhododendrons, assorted. 4 Abies nord. ‘ 100 Spirea. 12 Aucuba. 21 Abies Nord. No infestation. Wood, Stubbs & Co., Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. March 10/15. Boskoop, Holland. 50 Magnolias. 100 Frankia. 50 Tacoma. Stock unpacked and part sent away before being in- spected. No infestation. 3 cases. May 17/15. Angers, France. 5950 Ornamental evergreen shrubs. 5300 Ornamental deciduous shrubs. Stock unpacked and part of it sent away before being inspected. No infestation. 8 cases. December /15. Boskoop, Holland. Shrubs and hardy perennials, Not yet inspected. Importer’s notice not received. Morgan Floral Co., Henderson, Ky. 1 case. November 20/15. Boskoop, Holland. 2 Forest and deciduous trees, 10 Evergreen shrubs. 119 Deciduous shrubs. Not yet inspected. The Walther Co., Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. November 5/15. Boskoop, Holland. 50 Azaleas. 100 Deciduous shrubs. 10 Evergreen shrubs. 12 Retinospora. Not yet inspected. F, L. Metcalfe, Hopkinsville, Ky. 2 cases. November 18/15. Evergem, Belgium. 172 Azaelas. Not yet inspected. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 91 Morgan Floral Co., Henderson, Ky. 1 case. FJG 306. December 8/15. Forest and deciduous trees. Evergreen shrubs. ‘Deciduous shrubs. Importer’s notice received. Inspection made by H. R. Niswonger, and found free from infestation. F. L. Metcalfe, Hopkinsville, Ky. 2 cases. G. S. 130/131. December 9/15. Azalea indica. Importer’s notice received. Inspected by H. R. Nis- wonger, and found free from infestation. Jacob Schultz, Louisville, Ky. 1 case. O. H. 253. December 10/15. Rhododendrons. Kalmias. Azaleas. Importer’s notice received. Inspected by H. R. Nis- wonger and found free from infestation. 1 case. O. H. 254. Azaleas. Rhododendrons. Roses. Hydrangeas. Importer’s notice received. No infestation. Beutel & Frederick, Louisville, Ky. 1 -case. H. K. 241. December 10/15. Roses. Shrubs dicentia and spirea. Importer’s notice received. Inspected by H. R. Nis- wonger and found free from infestation. Michler Bros., Lexington, Ky. 1 case. Hortus 285. December 11/15. Roses. Importer’s notice received. Inspected by Erle C. Vaughn, and found free from infestation. Henry Fuchs, Louisville, Ky. 4 cases. H. K. 224/227. December 7/1915. Abies. Lilacs. Maples. Roses, Evergreens. Rbododendrons. ‘Hydrangeas. Importer’s notice received. Inspected by H. R. Nis- wonger, and rhododendrons found to be lightly in- fested with leaf spot fungus. F, Walker Co., Louisville, Ky. 2 cases. G. P. 227/8. November 16/15. Azaleas. Deciduous shrubs, Evergreen shrubs. Retonospora. 92 Twenty-First Brennrat Report Importer’s notice received. Inspected by H. H. Jewett, and found free from infestation. Azaleas badly dam- aged in transit. Wood, Stubbs & Co., Louisville, Ky. 8 cases. F, J. G. 392/6, 524, 624 and 624a. December 6-10/15. Deciduous shrubs. . Roses. Root stocks of perennials. Importer’s notice not received. Inspected by H. R. Nis- wonger, and Pyrus sp. found to be lightly infested with Aphis sp., egg stage. Inspection certificate torn from case. H. GARMAN, State Entomologist. INSPECTION OF NURSERY STOCK Lexington, Ky., Dec. 27, 1915. Dear Sir: I am giving below the names of the nurseries in- -spected under the State law during the past year, and have marked with a single star those infected with San Jose Scale, where all the requirements of the inspector have been complied with, infested stock being destroyed and the rest fumigated before being put on the market. I believe these nurseries have done all that can reason- ably be required of them, and I have issued certificates accordingly. Those nurseries marked with two stars were in- fested with San Jose scale, but have not yet received cer- tificates. The total amount of stock inspected this year was: Trees, 2,083,135; other stock, 8,054,550. Those nurseries marked with three stars did not have San Jose scale, but failed to receive certificates on account of other infested stock. Yours very truly, H. Garman, State Entomologist. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 93 KENTUCKY NURSERIES AND ORCHARDS INSPECTED IN 1915, AGA ITS) Nie. ise ccees sa sots adetessiscsgca thetic ctetevsctdeeuscaicieicees Waco *Aebersold, Chris Rock Haven *Ashby, W. S. & Sons Cloverport Barton, J. E., State Forester. Frankfort Beall, Alvin Mt. Sterling, R. R. No. 3 *Beyer, H. BE Paducah Blankenbeker, L. H Jeffersontown Bridges Bros ‘Cadiz Burnett, F. M Oakland Clark, Joe Paynesville *Clark, W. W. & Co Sharpsburg Childres, Jas Auburn *Donaldson, J. F. Sparta Downer, F. N Bowling Green Everett, J. F Cave City Fox, Shirley. Winchester, R. R. No. 6 *Galloway, D. B Corydon Gardiner, Boone (Ky. Nurseries)..................... Louisville, R. R. No. 10 *Hall, L. B Oakville *Harris, Chas. C Butler Hillenmeyer, H. F. & Sons. Lexington Hornbeak, J. F Sawyer *Keeling, J. W Elkton Kleiderer, W. S Henderson Leeming, W. H Shively *Ligon, Dr. P. Henderson *McGinnis, A. A Bowling Green ***Moreman, C. G Brandenburg New Nanz & Neuner Co Louisville *** Payne, J. J. Warsaw *Piper, O Clinton **Richards, EB. L Franklin *Samuels, W. B Clinton *Sandefur, W. A Robards **Schmaus, Geo Paducah *Smith, Prof. G. D Richmond **Smith Orchard and Nursery Co Dixon Stamper, O. W. Corbin Symmes, W. W Augusta, R. R. No. 1 *Walker, F. & Co Louisville Wells, Henderson Louisa, R. R. No. 2 Witty, G. G Bardwell *Wood, J. C Benton Wood, Stubbs & Co Louisville *Young, Shepherd Central City SALES OF LEAF TOBACCO IN KENTUCKY. The General Assembly of 1914 passed an act requir- ing each tobacco warehouse to make a monthly report of its sales to the Commissioner of Agriculture. The De- partment has deemed it wise to close the year’s business 94. Twenty-First Brenniau Report as of August 31st, as none of the new crop appears be- fore September 1st. After consultation with the to- bacco dealers and warehouse men, the tobacco grown ijn the State was divided into Burley, One-sucker, Unfired Dark, Fired Dark and Green River tobacco. The four last named are usually classed as ‘‘ Dark tobacco,’’ but. in this report they are kept separate, and the number of pounds and the average price for each class is given separately, and then totaled and averaged. It is impossible to ascertain definitely just how much money the 1914 crop of tobacco brought, as all of the crop has not yet been sold, and it is possible that part of that sold for dealers was grown by them, and a part of it bought by them and shipped, appearing for the first time on the market in dealers’ hands. The value of each class as sold for growers is as follows: Burley tobacco $21,825,496.51 One-sucker tobacco 631,163.28 Unfired dark tobDacco on... ceeeeeeeee 359,544.92 Fired dark tobacco ..........:cc.ccscscccceeeeeeeeees 438,031.57 Green River tobacco ...2........eseceeeeeceeceeeee 1,120,404.87 TOGA oe a et soa sega ere ees $24,374,641.15 Again, some of the crop was shipped out of the State or sold directly to the manufacturers. Of the 1913 crop sold for growers there is a value of: Burley tobacco $158,354.46 One-sucker tobacco 2,532.24 Unfired dark tobacco .........--..-2:ceecceeceee 4,230.35 Fired dark tobacco 57,462.07 Green River tobacco ......2....eeeceeeee eee 3,147.60 Total $225,726.72 Should there be as much of the 1914 crop in the hands of the growers at the present time as was held of the 1913 crop, we would have a total value for the 1914 crop of $24,600,367.87, to which must be added the value of the tobacco held by dealers, and that which was sold without passing through the tobacco warehouses. A much larger portion of the Burley tobacco passes through the ware- houses than of the dark tobacco. It is safe to estimate the value of the entire 1914 crop of tobacco at from $30,000,000 to $35,000,000. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 95 REPORT OF ACTUAL SALES OF LEAF TOBACCO, AS REQUIRED UNDER THE ACT OF THE LEGISLATURE APPROVED MARCH 20, 1914. Report Beginning August 1, 1914, and Ending August 31, 1915. 1913 CROP 1914 CROP Ave, Ave Pounds Bice Pounds es 100 lbs. 100 lbs. Burley tobacco sold for growers.... 1,991,880 $7.95 299,389,527 $7.29 Burley tobacco sold for dealers.... 8,363,655 9.42 26,612,054 8.40 Burley tobacco resale.................... 4,530,990 8.45 20,660,231 7.88 Total burley and average........ 14,883,520 8.92 346,761,803 7.54 One-Sucker tobacco sold for grow- ers 48,885 5.18 11,311,170 5.58 One-Sucker tobacco sold for deal- ers 783,935 5.83 1,688,465 5.41 One-Sucker tobacco resale.............- 140,895 5.68 472,796 5.01 Total one-sucker and average 973,715 5.60 13,472,431 5.32 Unfired dark tobacco sold for growers 81,825 5.17 6,374,910 5.64 Unfired dark tobacco sold for dealers 701,695 6.43 4,547,500 4.47 Unfired dark tobacco resale............ 76,905 5.43 990,560 4.93 Total unfired dark & average 860,425 6.22 11,912,970 5.24 Fired dark tobacco sold for grow- ers 1,302,995 4.41 6,898,135 6.35 Fired dark tobacco sold for deal- ers 1,727,180 7.20 1,740,250 6.75 Fired dark tobacco resale.............2.. 27,960 6.68 1,122,270 6.32 Total fired dark and average.. 2,991,800 5.91 9,760,655 6.58 Green River tobacco sold for = growers 63,205 4.98 18,580,512 6.03 Green River tobacco sold for dealers : 558,565 4.90 1,513,450 3.90 Green River tobacco resale.............. 66,025 6.61 83,785 5.92 Total Green River & average 687,795 5.01 20,177,747 5.98 Grand total and average.......... 20,466,595 8.06 401,244,681 7.39 SPRAYING AND PRUNING DEMONSTRATIONS. The Department of Agriculture has deemed it ad- visable to keep one or two men in the field during the months of January, February and March to give prun- ing and spraying demonstrations in different parts of the State. Kentucky has a great many valuable fruit trees that are not yet beyond redemption. The San Jose scale and the pear blight have discouraged a great many farmers and they have woefully neglected their orchards. 96 Twenty-First Brenniau Report A representative of the Department of Agriculture, with a spraying pump and a few pruning instruments, has been able to secure a crowd to watch his operations wherever he has gone. Much good has been done by this work. As many as two hundred farmers have gathered together in one orchard to learn how to take care of their own. Probably five hundred dollars could cover all the cost of this work so far done, but it has been demon- strated that much good would follow a thorough canvass of the State in an effort to instruct the farmers when and how to spray and prune these trees, that are now capable of yielding great quantities of fruit, but when neglected produce a very inferior quality of Lut little value. REPORT OF THE STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU. Fount Kremer, IMMIGRATION CLERK. The work of the Free Employment Bureau under the management of the State Immigration Clerk continues to demonstrate the advisability of the State to maintain this work. The limited amount of $2,000.00 annually is all that is provided by the General ‘Assembly for con- ducting this office. This is not sufficient to bring about the best results. In my previous report, I called the at- tention of the General Assembly to the fact that the State of Illinois maintains six free employment bureaus in different cities throughout that State and has an an- nual appropriation of $42,500.00. Missouri has three such offices with an annual appropriation of $18,000.00. This work in Kentucky is beyond the experimental stage, and the tabulation as presented below will show the great number of applicants seeking an opportunity to earn their wages. It will be seen that during the year 1915, 716 positions have been secured at a cost of less than $2,000.00. In other words, through the State’s expendi- ture of less than $3.00 some one has been able to secure a position wherein he became a wealth creator. With a properly organized force, it is believed that the average _ cost of each position secured can be reduced materially. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 97 TABULATION OF STATISTICS OF STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU From May 1st to December 31st, 1914. MALES FEMALES a A & ay & ay MONTE. oe | se i ae | 2a ~~ oF — HD a z Ao SE 22 Load oO ma ae | @a-) 8 | en Sa) Sl es >| Ss al] s Plalel Ss |e te) Ble te | 2) ey & NOILVdN900 ‘sojyewmoy JO4 *penuljuog—slél YUWASA AHL ONIYNG GAYNOAS SNOILISOd AO NOILVOISAISSV19 Burezavu or AGRICULTURE, 101 THE KENTUCKY STATE FAIR The Kentucky State Fair has continued to grow and has become a part of the work of the Department of Agri- culture that requires more and more attention of the Commissioner, as ex-officio Chairman of the State Board of Agriculture and President of the Fair. The fact that it is located at Louisville and its business affairs trans- acted as separate from the financial affairs of the Depart- ment proper makes it necessary for the Commissioner to spend much of his time at Louisville to properly super- vise the operation of the fair. When the fair was lo- cated in Louisville in 1908, the writer, then Secretary, planned not only for a show one week during the year, but to make the State Fair a great educational institu- tion with permanent features connected therewith. To this end with the limited funds at the command of the State Board of Agriculture, 150 acres of ground were purchased, and an option secured on an additional tract of 45 acres. The appropriation of $16,000.00 by the Gen- eral Assembly of 1912 enabled the State Board of Agri- culture to exercise its option on a tract of 45 acres. During my term of office as Commissioner of Agricul- ture, this has been divided into two tracts; one of 20 acres has been deeded to the Federal Government for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a Fish Hatchery, and will revert to the State Board of Agricul- ture in case the Fish Hatchery is removed therefrom. The other tract of 25 acres is now under agreement with the State Forestry Commission, of which the Commis- sioner of Agriculture is an ex-officio member, to be operated by the Forestry Commission as a forestry nursery, and on which is to be placed an arboretum that will ultimately be of great value to the State. Fifteen acres of the original tract has been set aside for a game preserve, and, in co-operation with the Fish & Game Commission of Kentucky, a most interesting permanent exhibit of animals and birds is gradually being collected. Properly supervised for a few years the Fish Hatchery, the State Arboretum, and the game exhibit will be at- 102 Twenty-Fiest Brenniau REPoRT tractive and valuable features not only of the State Fair but will become a show place the year round of which Kentuckians will be proud. There is ample room on the State Fair grounds for a forestry and mineral build- ing, in which should be collected a permanent exhibit of the State’s natural resources. A manufacturers’ build- ing to exhibit permanently ‘‘Made in Kentucky’’ goods is the fifth project of the Chairman originally contem- plated as a part of this State institution. ‘‘This dream is ultimately bound to come true.’’ Three of the pro- jects are already under headway, and the owners of min- eral and forestry properties in Kentucky are seriously contemplating an effort to erect a permanent exhibit on the fair grounds. The manufacturers of the State will finally see the great value the fifth undertaking will be to them. It is our purpose in publishing the following papers bearing upon the different departments of the Kentucky State Fair, together with the financial state- ment thereof, to show the magnitude of the work that is already being handled at Louisville, and with the hope that the people of Kentucky will come to realize more and more the benefits of this work to the great mass of the people. Good seeds have been planted and it only requires careful nursing and guidance for the State Fair of Kentucky to become a factor in the State’s development of importance second to no other State in- stitution. The writer has spent three years as Secretary of the fair and the last four years as its President. He has fostered this institution from its infancy and re- linquishes his connection therewith with regret, at the same time commending it to his successor and the mem- bers of the board as an institution fraught with great possibilities, and trusting that they will take the same deep interest in its welfare as he and his associates have done in the past. (Signed) J. W. NEWMAN. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 103 FINANCIAL REPORT. To the Members of the Kentucky State Board of Agricul- ture: Herewith, is submitted the financial report of the Kentucky State Fair of 1915. This report shows total receipts from all sources, for the fair of 1915, are $80,151.43, and that the total disbursements up to October 15th, including all the outstanding bills that were obtainable at that time, amount to $72,771.33, leav- ‘ing a net profit of $7,380.10 for this year’s fair. This, of course, does not include the running expenses of the fair from now until January 1, 1916, and some bills that were not in on October 15th. This report, also, does not include some miscellaneous receipts, which will come in from time to time, between now and the close of the year. These will be included in the final report, which will be made at the end of the year, after the books are examined and closed. In comparison with previous years, and more espe- cially 1914, which was the banner year, both in point of attendance and receipts, the showing made at this year’s fair should be most gratifying. While the total receipts for last year’s fair were $3,378.67 in excess of this year, the difference is traceable to three sources, to-wit: cata- logue advertising, special premiums and entry fees for saddle stakes, and old claims. Since the cost of printing the catalogue was materially reduced and the premiums for the saddle horse stake also reduced, there was but little, if any, difference in the actual results obtained from these sources or from the fair as a whole. Looking at the other side of the ledger, we find that the total disbursements for last year were $79,933.09, which is $7,258.57 in excess of this year’s expenses; in other words, it cost about $7,000.00 less to put on the 1915 fair. The following accounts show an increase in ex- penditures: Exhibits $ 300.00 Lighting 300.00 Attorneys’ Fees 250.00 Building and Ground Bxpenses o.oo... eeeeeeeeeeceaee 300.00 Total $1,150.00 104 Twenty-First Brenniau Report The following accounts show a decrease in expendi- tures: Catalogues $ 700.00 Shows and Hippodrome 500.00 Traveling Expenses 300.00 Police and Labor 500.00 Discount and Interest 700.00 Premiums 4,000.00 In submitting last year’s report, it was suggested that the amount of money offered for premiums could be materially reduced, without seriously affecting either the quality or character of exhibits. In apportioning the money for this year’s exhibit, the Board of Agricul- ture ordered a reduction of ten per cent. from the total amount of premium money offered for each department. ‘This order was carried out as far as possible, and ex- tended to nearly every department. It resulted in a ‘saving of $4,000.00 to the fair, and in the opinion of those best informed, did not materially hurt the exhibit in any department. On the contrary, the exhibit as a whole by far surpassed anything that was ever before assembled on the State fair grounds. Only in the Beef and Dairy Cattle Departments was there an appreciable falling off of exhibits, and that, as everyone knows, was due to the foot-and-mouth disease situation. In every other depart- ment the entries were larger and the exhibits were super- ior to any that had ever been shown at this fair before, with the possible exception of the Educational Depart- ment, For some reason, the secondary schools have not been sufficiently interested in making the exhibits in this department as creditable and as numerous as they should be; in fact, instead of the exhibits increasing from year to ‘year, they seem to have fallen off. In all the other departments along special educational lines, such as the Stock-Judging Contest, Boys’ Corn Club, Boys’ Pig Club, Farm Boys’ Encampment and Girls’ Canning Club, ete., there was a noticeable increase in interest, in the number of entries received and in the benefits apparently derived from them. The race meeting was by far the best in the history of the institution, and its value as a free attraction can best be attested by the throngs of people which filled Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 105 the grand stand and adjacent grounds every afternoon. The popularity of the night horse show in the hippodrome can, also, be attested by the increased attendance and receipts. Every year emphasizes more strongly than the pre- ceding one the absolute need of additional buildings and equipment. The fair has been maintained now for eight years, since it has been located in its permanent home, with only two substantial and permanent buildings. How long it will continue to give exhibitions with the present inadequate equipment, in the way of frame barns, tem- porary exhibition sheds and the like, is a problem that will have to be met sooner or later by. the fair manage- ment. At the next meeting of the State Board, I expect to be able to submit a plan for the erection of a suitable Exposition Building, which, I believe, would prove a great acquisition to the fair and a valuable addition to the fair plant. There is another matter upon which I feel that every member of this Board is fully advised, and that is, if this fair is to continue to grow and prosper and to keep pace with the other great institutions in the north and west, it must necessarily be planned on a larger scale from year to year, and this will mean a cor-. responding increase in expenditure. Such an increase of expenditure can only be met by an increase in attend- ance, which is the main source of receipts. To attain this end, a stronger appeal must be made to the people of the State to patronize their State institution, and an especial effort should be made to enlist the interests of those more directly concerned in agriculture, which is the basis of the State Fair exhibit, and the promoting and foster- ing of which is the sole purpose of the institution itself. A like effort should be made to awaken an interest in the city people. This interest can only be aroused by stag-. ing popular attractions. Great crowds from the city can- not be assembled on the fair grounds without the aid of some spectacular amusement or attraction. While such features are necessarily costly, they almost invariably pay in the end. In other words, they are a necessity to a growing, expanding fair, in that they both draw crowds and help pay the expenses. 106 Twenty-First Brennrat Report You will recall, at this time last year, there was an indebtedness of approximately $15,000, incurred in mak- ing permanent improvements on the grounds in recent years. With our profit this year applied to this indebted- ness, it leaves it necessary to take care of only approxi- mately $7,000.00 or $8,000.00. In conclusion, I desire to express my great apprecia- tion of the assistance rendered by the daily press of Louisville, the daily and weekly papers of the State, and commercial organizations of the city of Louisville and State of Kentucky. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) J. L. Dez, Secretary. STATEMENT OF CONDITION OF KENTUCKY STATE FAIR, OCTOBER 15, 1915, ASSETS. Real estate $ 75,069.10 Improvements 42,317.54 , ———_ $117,386.64 Live stock pavilion .....................--. $103,447.01 Race track and grand stand. --- 44,769.93 Temporary building .............. 27,285.85 Model cow and dairy barn.................. 1,601.95 Model school Judging pavilion ....0..2....eeceeeceeeeeene Ground equipment ......... a Dining room equipment $184,684.18 Implements and tools ............-...------+ 189.78 Furniture and fixtures .......0........... 508.25 Live stock 567.50 ————— _ $808,336.35 Accounts receivable ... $ 2,098.59 Suspense (Accts. Rec. 216.75 Petty cash 65.62 State of Kentucky 0000.22. 6,414.54 SSS 8,795.41 $312,131.76 Bureau or AGRICULTURE. LIABILITIES. Accounts payable “operating fund” $11,030.45 Accounts payable Main. and. Lab. fund 3,411.79 Futurity stake Cash overdraft Main and Lab. fund. Bal. Cv........... Permanent fund $287,065.50 Net income year 1915 to Oct. 15, 1915 (books not closed until MOG.: 5BE VOUS) is cecde catered dack 7,380.10 Crops & For. G0... eeceeeeeeeeee 72.80 Main & Lab. improvements, etc., (to be closed end of year into permanent fund) ....00...0..0..... 368.97 $ 14,442.24 180.74 536.32 2,085.09 $294,887.37 107 $312,131.76 MAINTENANCE AND LABOR FUND TO OCTOBER 15, 1915. Monthly pay rolls ground.................. $ 4,484.39 Feed 547.06 Blacksmithing 98.50 Fuel and lights 14.27 Repairs 1,559.40 Insurance 1,770.95 Veterinary Service .........2-------cees 12.00 Team hire 60.00 Miscellaneous eXpeDse .............:c-0 3.05 Harness Crops and forage Removal of barns Rent—1914 ......... 1915 Buildings and grounds expense........ 99.00 Improvements $ 275.10: Ground equipment ......... ores 50.87 Implements and tools Total Above items consist of following: Received acct. State appropriation Paid by checks on operating fund for which no warrants from State have been received ...............20----+ $ 327.78 Checks issued for monthly pay rolls—warrant not received at time of this statement 727.88 Same—veterinary service .............- 12.00 $ 1,067.66 Included in warrant for insurance —hbut amount deposited in bank - $ 10,702.18 368.97 $ 6,741.65 $ 11,071.10 108 Twenty-First Brenniau Report and check for $45.00 Robinson, Wilson Co. issued instead (policy cancelled) 150.00 F ———_ $_ 917.66 : $ 7,659.31 Accounts not yet paid (unpaid bills) 3,411.79 Total, AS ADOVE cee eeeeeeceeecee $ 11,071.10 Appropriation year 1914....................6 10,000.00 Amt. received 1914 to Dec. 31, 1914 6,843.81 Balance appropriation Jan. 1, 1915 $ 3,156.19 Appropriation year 1915 10,000.00 Amt. received 1915 to Oct. 15, 1915 Balance appropriation Oct. 15, 1915 Unpaid bills, as above... Leaves Bal. appropriation Oct. 15, 1915 Checks as above for which no war- Tant yet received... ecceeeeeee $ 1,067.66 Deposit as above insurance warrant 150.00 Amt. to be deposited to operating fund when warrants are received Would leave Bal. appropriation available for maintenance and labor fund, Oct. 15, 1915.00.00... $ 13,156.19 6,741.65 $ 6,414.54 3,411.79 $ 3,002.75 $ 917.66 $ 2,085.66 OPERATING FUND YEAR 1915 TO OCTOBER 15, 1915. INCOME. Admissions $ 34,376.38 Concessions 8,052.24 Catalogues 1,297.10 Races 5,050.00 Stall rent 1,860.00 Exhibitors’ tickets .00..0.0.....------cce- 346.00 Shows 1,527.80 Poultry fees 451.75 Dog show 424.75 Miscellaneous 204.92 pe: ———— $ 59,590.94 State appropriation ~...........------..----- $ 15,000.00 Other premiums and entry fees: Special premiums......... $1,701.00 Saddle horse stake...... 1,555.00 Special saddle horse stake -...............- .-. 9862.50 Roadster stake . 680.00 Harness stake .............. 890.00 Futurity stake, 60%...... 271.10 ———_ § 5, 459.60 —————_ $ 20,459.60 $ 80,050.54 Old claims 100.89 $ 80,151.43 Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 109 EXPENDITURES, Admissions $ 1,117.75 Concessions 227.00 Catalogues 1,537.96 Exploitations 6,784.66 Exhibits 4,895.31 Shows 4,260.00 Attractions .. 4,047.00 Badges and ribbons .00..0.....eeee eee 633.06 \ : —————_ $ 23,502.74 Traveling CXPeNSeS -..........eeeeeeeeee $ 157.60 State Board expense .........2...--..-----++ 87.86 —_—_ 245.46 Police and labor. ..........-2-.-:21--eeeeee 1,706.30 Lighting 1,041.23 Office expense 244,21 Stationery and printing ................... 1,205.35 Postage 948.66 Clerk hire 1,713.30 Telephone 213.57 Telegrams 48.57 Express 101.82 Drayage 89.29 Attorneys’ fees 750.00 Auditing and accounting ................. 325.00 Bonding fees 175.00 Official dining room .................------- 682.00 ————_ § 6,496.77 Farm boys’ encampment $ 611.03 Hospital service ........22..:-:-ceceeeeeeees 113.20 —_———_ 724.23 Building and grounds expense.......... 1,441.60 Damages and accidents .................... 22.20 Discounts 177.32 Interest 281.75 —_——-—— 459.07 Administration 3,583.35 Auto hire $ 365.55 Com. Agriculture office expense.... 95.93 Miscellaneous expense .............-..---4 173.73 Profit and loss (miscellaneous)...... TAL ; ———— 642.62 — $ 39,919.57 Premiums 32,293.25 $ 72,212.82 Old liability 558.51 Total expenditures ..................... -$ 72,771.33 Net income (gain) ...........-...--.... $ 7,380.10 Running expenses and bills not yet in between Oct. 15, 1915, and Jan. 1, 1916 (estimated)).....000000... 2,000.00 ——__ Would leave net income (gain) $ 5,380.10 110 Twenty-First Brenyrau Rerort HORSE DEPARTMENT. The entries in the Horse Department of the fair of 1915 exceeded in many ways those of all previous years. There were more horses on hand, the quality ran more even, and the entries were better distributed in the vari- ous classes. In past years the Horse Show has always been a source of gratification to the management. To it the greater part of the fair-going public look for entertain- ment; and the general public judges the success of our fairs almost entirely by the merits of its Horse Shows. This is an attribute one would hesitate to defend. It-is to be deplored, from an agricultural and educational. viewpoint, that it exists to the extent that it does; but in Kentucky it is, nevertheless, a fact. We have always had a very satisfactory Horse Show, each succeeding year surpassing in some way all those preceding it; but it remains for 1915 to show a decided step forward. This improvement has not been so much in numbers, as in quality, and while the best of the 1915 show’is no better than the best of other fairs, the evenness of the entries argues that the horses are being: culled previous to this show, and hence it has come to the point where there was an almost complete absence of animals that would not be a credit to the exhibitor, in victory or defeat. In another way there was evidence of a forward step—lIn previous years, there have been a number of ex- ceedingly ‘‘top-heavy’’ classes shown, and a correspond- ing number of lightly filled ones. This year, however, such has not been the case, the entries running with sur- prising evenness in all the classes. The show given in the Horse Department this year was close to its capacity. The stalls were filled; the show on some days lasted from 10 a. m. to 11:20 p. m., with intermission for the vaudeville performance. It seems _ as if the number of classes was approaching the maxi- mum, unless the Department is sub-divided into several divisions, with separate organization. “Bunsav oF AGRICULTURE. 111 From the inside, it appeared that the spectators were more interested than in any former year. When shows of real interest were being given, there was al- ways an audience, and an appreciative one. GuTHRIE WILson, Superintendent of Department. LAR yO LEP LE RELIST 3 BNE eh es cade (ie PUREE” satstlice Wine cous at AN eae) MULE AND JACK DEPARTMENTS. LR ees In both the Mule and Jack Departments, the numeri- eal high mark of 1914 was not maintained, but the ex- hibit was, nevertheless, exceedingly good. The competi- tion was strong, the quality good, and the judging seemed to give satisfaction to the exhibitors. The depression in the mule market accounts for the numerical falling off in both these Departments. The fair is making actual progress in these lines; and not. only is there no cause for discouragement, but under. normal conditions, it will only be a question of a few years until the Kentucky State Fair will have the pre- mier show in mules and jacks, as it already has among the light horses. GuTHIIE WILSON, Superintendent of Department. DAIRY CATTLE. _ The exhibits of dairy cattle were curtailed this year because of the recent epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease. There were 67 Jerseys, 16 Guernseys, 13 Ayrshires, and 6 Holsteins on exhibit at Louisville. At the Indiana State Fair there were but 62 Jerseys, which indicates that we had a good exhibit of this breed at the Kentucky State Fair. Despite the rather small entries of the other breeds, there was no lack of interest in the Dairy Cattle Department. Fortunately, we had secured the services of avery competent judge and lecturer in the person of 112 Twenty-First Brennrau Report Mr. Hugh G. VanPelt, of Waterloo, Iowa. Because of the rather meager entries in some of the classes there was an abundance of time in which to judge the dairy stock, and for that reason the visitors and exhibitors were encouraged to ask Mr. VanPelt any questions that arose in their minds. As a result there was always a group of interested spectators about him as he judged the cattle, and they stated that_they learned a very great deal about dairy cattle from him. Some of the oldest breeders stated they had gained much information about dairy stock while at the State Fair. On Friday morning at 11 o’clock, Mr. VanPelt made an address in the small judging pavilion to an audience of two hundred people in regard to the points of the dairy cow. We secured two excellent cows from each dairy breed, and in concluding his address Mr. VanPelt told the people in the audience why he preferred one of ~ the cows above the other. The audience who heard Pro- fessor VanPelt was composed of over one hundred boys from the Farm Boys’ Encampment, prominent breeders of dairy cattle, and visitors. In the past few months there has been some dis- cussion about reviving the large Jersey cattle show that- used to be held in Shelby county, but I believe that the breeders now see the wisdom of combining all of their energies with the State Fair, in order that a show of Jersey cattle may be made at Louisville next September that will rival the exhibit held at the National Dairy Show in Chicago. A movement was started by the breed- ers of Jersey cattle to duplicate the premiums offered by the State Fair. In past years the State Fair has ap- propriated $898 for premiums for Jersey cattle. I be- lieve it is going to be possible before next September for the breeders of Jersey cattle in Kentucky, through pri- vate subscriptions, and through financial assistance from the American Jersey Cattle Club, to duplicate these premiums so that the total premiums for Jersey cattle next September will amount to $1,796. Mr. VanPelt. stated that with such liberal premiums we might expect an entry of some four hundred Jerseys at the next fair.. Pror. J. J. Hoopzr, er ee Superintendent of Department. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 113 \ SWINE DEPARTMENT. An honorable feature of the swine exhibit at the Kentucky State Fair was the exhibit of eighteen pigs by members of the Boys’ Pig Club of Kentucky, in charge of Otis Kercher, Kentucky Agricultural Experi- ment Station. These pigs were representatives of only four coun- ties, although pig clubs have been organized in fifteen counties of the State. The counties represented at the fair were Jefferson, Christian, Crittenden and Wood- ford. Although small in numbers, the quality of these pigs and the interest shown by their little owners com- pelled the attention of the visitors to the swine barns to a larger degree than any other one swine exhibit. One of the most forcible examples of the difference that comes from using the balanced ration in opposition to the ‘‘old man’s method,’’ as Mr. Kercher styles it, is shown by the entry of Moser Brothers, two young Jeffer- son county boys. The boys took two pigs from a litter, and the father a third one. The three are in the same pen. The one raised on corn by the father, weighs a lit- tle more than fifty pounds, while the two raised by the boys tip the scales at more than 220 pounds each. The sons know that it cost them four and one-half cents to produce their pigs, while the father does not know what his runt cost. Ernest Minner, of Marion, Crittenden county, has a pig on display which shows he knows his business, and that he can make money on porkers. The pig is now a little more than six months old, and weighs 255 pounds, and is valued at $40.00. He bought it from his father for five cents a pound when it was two months old. ‘He has not only this book profit, but the pig won first prize in its class at the Crittenden county fair; and also secured for its owner a free trip to the State Fair. Ernest was one of the proudest boys on the grounds. John Woodward, of Wilmore, was easily the most. disheartened boy who had a pig entry. He had a pig which weighed 330 pounds when it was shipped from home. It died in the wagon, between the station and the 114 TweEnty-F'imst Brennrau Rerort fair grounds. John was on hand early in the morning, but could not find his pig. When Mr. Kercher appeared, he asked about his entry, and was informed that it had died. The boy was heartbroken, because he had hoped to win the prize. ‘‘Lady Wonderprice,’’ a Big Bone Poland China pig, weighing 252 pounds, won a niche in the State Fair’s gallery of famous exhibitors for Gordon Nelson, Jr., of Hopkinsville. After capturing first prize for the best registered hog of any breed or sex, over six months old, and less than one year, Lady Wonderprice was pitted against twenty-four choice pigs raised in several states, most of them by old farmers, and again it was victorious. The boy’s pig won the prize money for showing the great- est gain in weight at the lowest cost, increasing from sixty to 252 pounds by September first. Hogs raised by the Boys’ Pig Club, that were on exhibition at the fair, were sold (September 15, 1915), through the Bourbon Stock Yards by Mr. O. Kercher, State Agent of the Boys’ Pig Club, at a premium price of $8.15:a hundred, which was 25c a hundred above the top market price on this class of hogs. Nearly everybody that saw these pigs on exhibition considered them one of the finest lots of hogs that were seen in this locality for a long time. PRIZE WINNERS, 1561. Best registered hog, any breed, male or female, over six months and under one year: 1st, $15.00—Gordon Nelson, Hopkinsville. 2nd, 10.00—Ernest Minner, Marion. 3rd, 5.00—Wilson Ogden, Marion. 1562. Best grade hog, male or female, over six months and under one year: ‘ 1st, $15.00—Regis Alexander, R. R. No. 1, Midway. 2nd, 10.00—Scroggan Jones, Buechel. 3rd, 5.00—John Moser, R. R. No. 18, Anchorage. 1564. Pig showing largest gain per day at least cost: $5.00—Gordon Nelson, Hopkinsville. Extra Sweepstakes hog—one hog Joy Oiler: Regis Alexander, Midway. 1565. Best Duroc Jersey, eligible to record (male): $15.00—Newton B. Simcoe, St. Mathews. 1565, Best Duroc Jersey, eligible to record (female): $15.00—Wilson Ogden, Anchorage. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 115 1567. Best Duroc Jersey, not eligible to record (either sex): Ist, $10.00—Regis Alexander, Midway. 2nd, 6.00—Scroggan Jones, Buechel. 3rd, 4.00—John Moser, R. R. No. 18, Anchorage. 1568. To the member of the Kentucky Pig Club being the best judge of a ring of swine: ist, Silver Cup—Ray Jones, Williamsburg. 2nd, $10.00—Edward J. Hartman, Buechel. 3rd, 5.00—John Moser, R. R. No. 18, Anchorage. 1569. Best Hampshire Hog: Silver Cup ($10.00)—John Woodward, R. R. No. 1, Wilmore. C. C. WHrxtER, Supt. SHEEP AND GOATS DEPARTMENT. Complying with your request for a brief account of the interesting features of the Sheep and Goats Depart- ment and summary of the show at the Kentucky State Fair this year, I am pleased to state that in spite of re- ported fresh outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in II- linois, and the unsettled conditions resulting therefrom, the show in this Department may be considered a dis- tinct success. Possibly a larger number may have been on exhibi- tion in former years, but I doubt if at any time since this fair was inaugurated, has there been an exhibit of higher quality. Many of the flocks were being fitted for the Panama Exposition, and if no accident befall them, will be heard from at that great show. One: of the most pleasing features of the exhibi- tion was the strong showing made by Kentucky exhibi- tors, Mr. Turney C. Collins, of Leesburg, Kentucky, showing a flock of cheviots good enough to divide honors with so good a flock as that shown by Mr. R. D. Grieve, of Xenia, Ohio (a flock that looked invincible to many of the speetators) ; Mr. E. M. Shrout, of Georgetown, Ken- tucky, a flock of Southdowns of correct type and superb quality, that held its own with the well-fitted flock of Axe & Millett, of Indiana; and the Walnut Hall Hamp- shires were well represented in numbers, the quality fully up to, or possibly surpassing, that of former years, winning in every class. 116 Twenty-First Brennrau Report Mr. Thomas, of Oakland, Kentucky, was on hand with his beautiful Angoras, but Mr. Malone, also a Ken- tucky exhibitor, furnished strong competition, and won a goodly portion of the prize money. Very notable exhibits were the fine wool flock of R. D. Williamson & Sons, of Ohio, the Oxfords of Mr. M. R. Purviance, of Indiana, and the Dorsets of. Mr.. H. H. Cherry, of Ohio. Probably nowhere in America could better flocks of these breeds be seen. They would be a credit to any State Fair, Live Stock Show or Exposition in the world. All three of these flocks will be shown at San Francisco in November. In the Shropshire classes Axe & Millett won most of the money on their well-fitted entries, though the strong, rugged sheep of Frank Henn, of Illinois, who furnished the competition, looked so good to the Kentucky farm- ers that Mr. Henn sold his entire show flock, comprising sixteen head, to farmers and breeders out in the State before the show closed. Numerous sales were made by other exhibitors, indicating a keen demand for good sheep. This demand has existed for some time, and many exhibitors have been heard to remark that they had more inquiries for sheep at Kentucky State Fair than any other on the circuit. Cotswolds were well represented in the flocks of Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Daniel Bryan, of Indiana. Both flocks brought some grand individuals, nicely fitted, and furnished many interesting contests. A fact worthy of comment was the interest shown by spectators in the juding of the classes. That master shepherd, Professor Frank Kleinheinz, of the University of Wisconsin, who awarded the prizes, always does his work in such a manner as to interest and instruct those present; and it was gratifying to note the eagerness of so many Kentucky folk to take advantage of the op- portunity to learn the good and bad points of the indi- viduals showing and hear the judge patiently and clearly give his reasons for placing one animal at the head of its class, another second, and so on down the line. The constant stream of visitors passing back and forth through the alleys of the sheep barns asking a thousand and one questions concerning the various breeds on ex- Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 117 hibition, was a-strong and convincing answer to the charge so often made that the horse show at the fair is the only feature that interests the Kentuckian. There were so many interesting features of the show in the Sheep and Goat Department, that to mention them all my report would not be brief. Respectfully submitted, P. B. Gangs, Superintendent of Department. POULTRY DEPARTMENT. The Department of Poultry and Pigeons staged dur- ing the 1915 exhibition far outnumbered any of the pre- vious efforts and reached the grand total of 1,780 birds. For the first time in the history of the Fair, and to further attest the popularity and growth of the poultry depart- ment as an advertising medium, we were this year re- warded with entries of some of the most widely known fanciers of the more popular strains of poultry and pigeons, and quite a few applications have already been received asking that the classification for another year be enlarged to accept every known variety, and we are sure of the co-operation of the fair board to enable the fulfilling of these requests. Not only in point of number was the exhibition a success, but also in almost every breed, and many com- ments were made on the quality exhibited, and several who have made the show in former years and thinking that the competition would not necessitate such extreme care and conditioning necessary to carry off the honors in a. National Winter Exhibition, were sadly disappointed when they arrived and the birds were placed in their coops ready for judging. One well known artist from Chicago was very much surprised to find Kentucky could give just as good an account in a poultry way as along other lines of live stock, and made the comment that competition was as strong in some classes as he had noticed anywhere, and when artists from Buffalo, Chicago and Cleveland came 118 Twenty-First Brennrat REPoRT to our fair for no other purpose than to photograph win- ning poultry on exhibition at the Kentucky State Fair, why should we not be proud of the department? One well known Kentucky fancier made a collection of White Ply- mouth Rocks, the strongest class shown, from New Jer- sey, Mississippi, Missouri and Indiana, and had an entry of half a hundred fine birds to win for him the ribbons he carried home. Another class deserving mention was the White Wyandotte, only a trifle fewer in number than the Rocks, and just as good in quality, and to enumerate them all would be a task and require too much space. Yet all in all, if proper encouragement is given we are assured of the greatest and finest show for 1916 ever on the Kentucky State Fair Grounds. Joun T. Aparr, Superintendent of Department. DOG SHOW. The Dog Show at the 1915 Kentucky State Fair was the best in the history of this Department, both in quan- tity and quality. We had benched something over two hundred dogs, and very few inferior ones, many great dogs coming from Chicago, Minneapolis, Cincinnati, Co- lumbus, Lexington, ete., in addition to a splendid show of local dogs. The star feature of our show was the police and Dalmatian dogs shown by Mrs. Yates, of Virginia. The entries are heavily increasing each year, and more roomy accommodations will soon become imperative. H. M. Woop, Superintendent of Department. VEGETABLE AND MELON DEPARTMENT. Complying with your request for an account of the important features of the Vegetable and Melon Exhibit at the recent Kentucky State Fair, I feel that we had about as interesting an exhibit as could be expected con- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 119 sidering the season. This was particularly the case with such vegetables as are grown in large quantities in this county, such as sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes. The melon exhibit was almost a failure, as their was no home crop to speak of. There seems to be more interest manifested in the exhibits of this Department, and with a favorable sea- son I feel this interest will grow and the exhibits con- tinue to increase. Cuas. ScHourz, JR., Superintendent of Department. FIELD, SEED AND GRAIN DEPARTMENT. The Field, Seed and Grain Department of the 1915 Kentucky State Fair was one of the most attractive and interesting shows we have ever had. While there were only three county exhibits, they were very fine, and well arranged, and excited favorable comment from the in- terested crowds that view them. These exhibits were from Jefferson, Hardin and Oldham counties. In Lot 298, Farm Products, the exhibit was very at- tractive and extensive, and it was often taken for a county display. The corn exhibit was greater than ever, and the in- terest manifested was greater than I have ever noticed before. The ten-ear and single-ear displays were most attractive, judging from the remarks passed by the spectators who remained about the tables all day. The small grain, such as wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc., were not overlooked. Many were the questions that men in charge were called upon to answer. There were other products of the farm in this Department that were more or less interesting and attractive, for instance, sor- ghum, hemp, kaffir corn, grasses, clovers, etc. G. N. McGrew, Superintendent of Department. 120 Twenty-First Brennrau Report TOBACCO DEPARTMENT. The Tobacco Exhibit at the State Fair is becoming more of an attraction each year, and the 1915 exhibit so far as quality is concerned, was the very best we have ever had, both in Dark and Burley. The entry list on old Dark tobacco was the largest we have had, and rep- resented a larger scope of territory. The exhibit of new Dark tobacco was not so good, owing, no doubt, to the lateness of the crop. The samples sent did not represent the various types as closely as heretofore. The Burley entries were splendid in quality, but short in quantity; however, the entries came from sec- tions that had not exhibited before, which would indicate that more of our tobacco growers are appreciating the splendid opportunity to advertise their product, as well as their county. We hope that before the time of the 1916 fair, we will be able to so thoroughly advertise the Tobacco Show and its possibilities, that each tobacco-growing county will be represented. Thanking you for your splendid co-operation in all the efforts I have made to extend this Department, I am, Most respectfully yours, Evan 8. Rees, Superintendent of Department. THE APPLE SHOW AT KENTUCKY STATE FAIR. _Few people fully appreciate the important position fruit growing occupies in the agriculture of Kentucky. Ordinarily when one thinks of fruit production his thoughts are sure to carry him to the widely advertised States of Oregon, Washington, New York, Michigan, Ohio or Indiana. According to the census of 1910, of the fifteen leading States, Kentucky stands ninth in the point of number of apple trees of bearing age; but in produc- tion she stands fifth, exceeding her sister States, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana and Tennessee. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 121 The horticultural exhibit of the Kentucky State Fair is undoubtedly one of the greatest factors in educating the people of Kentucky, and other States as well, to the importance of orcharding as an industry. It emphasizes the fact that this year Kentucky grew over twelve mil- lion bushels of apples, an amount greater than the com- bined production of the widely heralded States of Wash- ington and Oregon. The purpose of the fruit exhibit at the State Fair is two-fold. The first aim is to aid the fruit growers of the State to produce better apples and to market them in a way that will do credit to the State. Here the growers see and learn what good. fruits really are. Fruit from every part of Kentucky was on exhibition and a great deal of valuable information was picked up by the va- rious exhibitors in discussing their methods of produc- tion. Fruit from Eastern Kentucky competed with fruit from Henderson and Paducah, and it is highly gratifying to the officials in charge to know that the premiums for the most part were well distributed. For a number of years exhibitors from Henderson and Louisville captured the lion’s share of the premiums. Lately a change has been noticed and every year the premiums are becoming more widely distributed. This is due in a large measure to the vigorous educational campaign conducted by the institute forces of the State Department of Agriculture and the Extension Division of the Kentucky State Uni- versity. The second purpose of the horticultural exhibit is to impress the public with the idea that Kentucky can pro- duce as good apples as grow in any other section, and for the most part better apples so far as flavor and keep- ing quality are concerned. The fruit exhibit does much to impress the general public that Kentucky can produce choice fruit at five or ten cents less than the northwest, and can market these at a saving of 30c to 35c per bushel. Apples by no means constitute the whole exhibit. Splendid displays of peaches, especially from Jefferson and Bullitt counties, always attract a great deal of atten- tion. Although the grape display was small, the quality was unusually good. The department owes a great deal 122 Twenty-First Brenniat Report ‘to Col. Young, of Shively, for the interest taken in the production of this valuable fruit. This is an age of co-operation. Heretofore fruit growers represented so many units interested solely in their own affairs. At the present time they are beginning to work harmoniously together on a number of projects for the betterment of horticultural conditions. The an- nual gathing of fruit growers at the State Fair is weld- ing together a number of men who will work co-opera- tively for the mutual benefit of all. Each year sees more force added and it will only be a short time until Ken- tucky will cut down the heavy tax paid annually for im- ported fruit that could be grown at home. Pror. J. H. Carmopy, Superintendent of Department. PLANTS AND FLOWERS DEPARTMENT. As Superintendent of the Plants and Flowers De- partment at the Kentucky State Fair, would say that from an artistic standpoint it was a very great success. All classes in plants, cut flowers and artistic floral work were entered into with much enthusiasm, compe- tition was very keen, and the result was a most excellent show. I have worked earnestiy for the past two years to secure more space for this Department, so that it could be improved and extended, and hope the Board of Agri- culture will see the wisdom of doing so in the near future. : Wirtum Mann, Superintendent of Department. WOMAN’S DEPARTMENT KENTUCKY STATE FAIR. One of the most attractive features at the Kentucky State Fair is the Woman’s Department, which is not only a credit to the State, but should be the pride of the State. The department has three divisions, Art, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 123 Culinary, and Textile. The culinary division presented this year a beautiful display in canned, preserved and pickled fruits and vegetables, and jellies, also bread, pas- try and fancy candies. The textile division had a large and attractive exhibit of embroideries and lace work, and each class was well filled, so much so, that in some classes the entries would number from seventy to eighty. The art division has never been very full from the fact that all art work is expensive and the premiums have never been sufficient to encourage exhibitions, although this year’s display was much larger than it has been in previous years. This display includes craft work, china painting, water color, oil, crayon and photography and showed a marked improvement in each class. Each division has contributed its share in the edu- cation of the women of our State and reached a standard of excellence far beyond the expectation of the Fair management. This department is managed by a super- intendent, assisted by four assistant superintendents, whose duties are to receive the entries, check them and distribute in classes ready to be judged. After each class is judged the articles are then placed on exhibition. At the close of the Fair these articles, which numbered about 4,000 this year, are checked again according to the entry blank of the exhibitor and carefully and securely wrapped to be returned to the owner. The department has grown so large that the quarters it now occupies are not adequate for its purpose, and a woman’s building is almost imperative. Each year new glass cases have been “added in which to house the articles, and the increase in articles exhibited this year crowded the displays and’ many beautiful things that should have been shown to the public were covered up through this cramped condi- tion. There is more in the Woman’s Department for the women of Kentucky than the competitive exhibits, for it has proven a great educational medium and a higher standard in woman’s work has been realized through their persistent efforts to receive the first or second pre- miums on articles entered, until this year when practi- cally all entries in each class were of such a high merit that every entry was worthy of consideration for awards. 124 Twenty-First Brennyiau Report The interest and enthusiasm is steadily growing and through the mailing list, which includes every county in the State, the department succeeded in securing exhibits from nearly every section of the State, thus making it truly a ‘‘State Fair.’’ This work that is broadening and educating our women of Kentucky and giving them 4n inspiration to produce the best in home-making and home industries should not only interest the Fair Association manage- ment, but should be a State pride which our State officials and members of the General Assembly should protect and encourage by their hearty support. (Signed) Mrs. Harry McCarry, Superintendent of Department. FORESTRY EXHIBIT. The Forestry and Mineral Exhibit at the Kentucky State Fair in the fall of 1915 was somewhat larger than any exhibit of this character heretofore made. The forestry end of the exhibit consisted largely of material furnished by the Forest Service of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, and was more extensive than the material heretofore displayed. Views of various for- est and lumbering operations in Kentucky were shown by means of bromides, charts, transparencies and maps. Various phases of forest activities were emphasized, particularly those which showed waste which could be avoided in connection with the lumbering operations. The willow industry was illustrated not only with views of the various phases of the industry, but also with actual material showing the manufacture of willow into bask- ets. Charts were displayed showing the consumption of hardwoods in connection with the various forest indus- tries, and the proportion of hardwoods used in each in- dustry. An interesting feature of the display were show cases illustrating the use of various woods and especially showing how various by-products are utilized in the character of small articles. The mineral exhibit was confined largely to the coal products of the State, and was more extensive than pre- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 125 vious years, although not commensurate with the min- eral resources of the State. Coal from both the Eastern and Western fields was displayed and the coke manufac- tured from the coal for various purposes was also illus- trated by samples. Limestone of various character was shown, and also building rock as exemplified by the Bow- ling Green sandstone. The new bituminous asphalt field in Western Kentucky was represented by samples of rock and the manufactured product. As a decorative feature of the entire exhibit, speci- mens of various trees native to the State were used as far as they could be obtained. J. E. Barton, State Forester. STOCK JUDGING CONTEST. You have generously endowed the stock judging contest among the students and farm boys to the extent of $250. This year there were twenty advanced students, ten freshmen, and five farm boys entered in the contest. Twenty students competed for the handsome cup valued at $50, which is offered by the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association for the best judging of saddle horses. The contestants judged at least four rings of each type of stock, which included horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. They worked earnestly for three days in an effort to win some of the premiums that were offered. The exhibitors of stock have always been exceedingly kind in bringing out any class of stock that we want to judge, and the superintendents of the various depart- ments have rendered valuable assistance in getting to- gether groups of animals to judge. J. J. Hoopzr, Superintendent of Department. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. I have the honor of reporting to you that the Edu- eation Department at the State Fair had a creditable and instructive exhibit. 126 Twenty-First Brenniau Report First, and best, there was the building itself, with its out-buildings, showing plan of school architecture. This is a most valuable feature which is being copied in many counties in the State. Second, the exhibit of work done by school children along the lines of manual training and domestic science was a fairly good one, though not an extensive one. This exhibit remained in the building all week, and excited much favorable comment. It showed the lines of im- provement in the country schools. Third, the School Garden Exhibit of the Brandeis School in Louisville was excellent. It was surrounded by admirers all day long. The promoters of this worthy experiment kept someone with the exhibit all the time to explain it. The exhibit consisted of the products of the flower and vegetable garden, both green and canned. It showed what a ‘‘School Garden’’ could be and do, and what it ought to be and do. Fourth, the exhibit of manual training and of sewing of the School of Reform at Greendale, Fayette county, was large and interesting. It showed what the best schools are doing along these important lines. This ex- hibit was under the direct control of Mrs. Martin of that institution. It was viewed and admired by thousands of visitors. Fifth, the exhibit of the State Department of Edu- cation, showing how the department is aiding the schools of the State, excited a great deal of comment. There was shown such bulletins as the ‘‘State Course of Study,’’ the ‘‘History of Hducation,’’ the ‘‘Arbor Day Book,’’ and many others as valuable. Altogether about 4,000 bulle- tins were distributed. Hundreds of people came and asked for them after the supply was exhausted. T. J. Coatss, Superintendent of Department. DAIRY PRODUCTS. The exhibits of farm butter and cottage cheese have become more extensive with each succeeding fair. It was only three years ago that premiums were established for the dairy products, and yet this has become a very Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 127 interesting department of the State Fair. This year there were twenty-five entries of farm butter, and fifteen entries of cottage cheese, two exhibits of creamery but- ter, and these products were sent from widely separated places in our State. Paducah and Bowling Green were represented in the list. Mr. C. O. Ewing, of Louisville, an extensive dealer in milk and manufacturer of butter, judged the dairy products. Move Darry. The Model Dairy on the State Fair grounds has been operated for several years. It has become one of the leading attractions of the fair. Four Holstein cows were stabled in the up-to-date stalls and were taken care of and fed in such a way as to instruct the visitors. In the Model Dairy Room, which adjoins the Model Dairy Barn, such operations as cooling and bottling milk, sep- arating cream, churning butter, and sterilizing dairy utensils were carried on. A student operated the Bab- cock. butter fat tester throughout each day, and hun- dreds of visitors learned how to operate this useful test. Many dairymen brought samples of milk which were tested for richness. Through the kindness of the man- agement of the State Fair the cattle barn that adjoins the Model Dairy was changed into a Convention Hall. The rear part of the hall was provided with a speakers’ stand and about two hundred chairs. Moving pictures were displayed in this hall during the daytime, and they served to teach useful lessons in regard to the care of live stock, and the construction of concrete buildings on farms. The extensive exhibits from the Experiment Sta- tion were displayed in the front part of the Convention Hall. It attracted considerable attention, and the attend- ants from the Experiment Station were constantly sur- rounded by interested groups of spectators as they ex- plained the various charts and exhibits. This hall is a delightful place for people to stop for a few minutes to rest, and to hear lectures or to see the moving pictures. It is a most useful addition to the Experiment Station equipment at the fair. J. J. Hoopsr, Head of Department. 128 Twenty-First Brenntat Rzport FARMER BOYS’ ENCAMPMENT. As Superintendent of the Farmer Boy Encampment, I have the honer to render you the following report: There were present at the Farmer Boy Encampment 100 boys. These boys were met at the trains and es- corted to camp. Monday the following routine was es- tablished : Reveille—6:00 A. M. Rotl Call. Physical Exercises—20 minutes. Police Duty. Breakfast—7:00 A. M. Lantern Slides and Lectures—Forenoon. Dinner—12:00 A. M. Visiting Exhibits—Afternoon. Horse Show—Hvenings. Check Roll Call and to bed immediately after show. The membership consisted of members of the Corn and Pig Clubs and boys appointed by members of the Board of Agriculture from counties having no such or- ganizations. - No accidents, no sickness. Kenzie Crutcher, of Nich- olasville, Ky., was sent home upon advice of Dr. McCor- mack because of a bladder trouble evident before he left home. Quarters were comfortable and convenient, canvas ample. No disobedience or infractions of rules. Had a few sure enough boys, that were disposed on the first night to become a little rough and have some horse play, but this was soon ended. The boys were the recipients of many courtesies, visiting Louisville one day in a body. They were given souvenirs and soda waters; went in and through Levy Bros.’ store; through the First National Bank at 5th and Jefferson, and looked on the city from its top; were taken all through a big steam boat and many other places of interest. Their caps admitted them gratis to Conn T.. Kenne- dy’s Shows and to the Pavillion. _ hey were addressed by several notables, having among others a dairy cattle lecture by Hugh Van Pelt. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 129 I desire here to express the appreciation of the en- tire demonstration force for the impetus given their work by this new method of selecting the personnel of the farmer boy encampment. Respectfully submitted, B. G. NEetson, Agent in Charge Boys’ Club Work. BABY HEALTH CONTEST. A Baby Health Contest is not an advertisement or a fad, but a serious effort on the part of its directors to help mothers find out the standing of the baby, as com- pared to that of other children of his age. For a long time baby shows have been features of fairs where good looks and good clothes took the prize. The score card used is that prepared by the Ameri- can Medical Association, and it is endorsed by physi- cians generally. It covers points of physical and men- tal development; the standard marks are made from sta- tistics covering children.in all States of the Union, to the number of several thousand, forty, I think. Each baby is examined by several doctors for teeth and throat, for weight, height, and other measurements; for walk. ing, running, and other muscular movements; for con- dition of skin, hair, etc., and for mental advancement. The third contest held by the Kentucky State Fair was an entire success. The entries the first year were 136, but not all of these were examined; the next year there were 180; and this year 221. Atl but twenty of this last number were examined, failuxe to reach the city or some sudden illness being the chief causes of failure to come at time appointed. When the baby’s name is received, the parents are sent a card telling them when to bring the child for ex: amination. This year the examiners were: For mental test, Dr. Sam P. Myer; for dental work, Dr. E. C. Hume; for nose and throat, Dr. George Robertson; for general physical development, Dr. John Bedinger and Dr. J. H. Pritchett, Dr. Irvin Lindenberger being in general agr.—b 130 Twenty-First Brenna Rerorr charge. When the baby appears for examination, the mother sits by enrolling clerk, and some little family his- tory is noted on the card—such as age, nationality of par- ents, system of feeding employed, and general care. The next step in the examination is the mental room. This is most interesting, but quite simple, and suited to ba- bies, as the age limits are from twelve to twenty-four months, and twenty-four to thirty-six months. Imita- tions of sounds and movements, pointing out objects in pictures, naming and showing features, as mother’s eyes, mouth, etc., are among the methods used in test- ing alertness and mental development. Next is the physical room, where the baby (un- dressed) is weighed and measured by a specially pre- pared measuring board, and where the throat, etc., are examined. Children who live in Louisville are examined the week before the fair, at the offices in the Paul Jones Building, while those living outside of Louisville are ex- amined on the fair grounds during the week of the fair. The house was built especially for this work, and has sereen wire around all sides, so that those interested may watch the work from the outside, and not disturb either children or examiners. In order to make the work continuous, a special prize has been offered to the child who makes the greatest gain over his own previous score, whether he was a prize winner or not, though the entries are still in the age limit of thirty-six months. There has been a confusion in the minds of some as to just who is a city baby. City in the fair catalogue includes all the classified towns in the State, but a baby must live in a community of less than one thousand pop- ulation if he is to be classed as a rural baby; and, of course, those living on farms and very small places are in this class. As the work goes on, we are able to trace several good effects. Parents have come to know that prizes are awarded for health standards, not favoritism or beauty; consequently, they value highly the examination which points out the defects. While these defects are pointed out, the way to remedy them is made plain, and many children have been returned from one year to the next with improvement that even a layman can see. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 131 The welfare of the child is a common meeting ground, and the friendly interest which prevails among parents from all walks of life is very gratifying. Mrs. Joun L. Woopsury, Superintendent of Department. GIRLS’ AND BOYS’ CLUB DEPARTMENT. This is the first year that any attempt has been made to properly exhibit the work of the girls and boys of the State of Kentucky at the State Fair. The department was suggested by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and was carried out by him in co-operation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington, and the Ken- tucky Agricultural Experiment Station at Lexington. There were four distinct departments: The Girls’ Can- ning Clubs, the Boys’ Corn Clubs, the Boys’ Pig Clubs, and the Girls and Boys Poultry Clubs. Each department was superintended by a specialist from the Extension Department of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. Lack of space prevented this exhibit from be- ing grouped into one building, and each department had to be shown in different buildings. This prevented vis- itors to the State Fair from grasping the importance and wide scope of the work that is being done by the girls and boys of the State. Canninc CLuB DEPARTMENT. This department was made up from entries from twenty counties, and was one of the most creditable ex- hibits on the ground. It was uniform in every way and the standard was excellent. It was impossible to tell the difference between the entries from the mountain coun- ties and those from the blue grass counties. The su- perintendent in charge of the Woman’s Department stated that the exhibits in her department had improved 50% this year, due to the fact that the girls in the can- ning clubs were teaching their mothers better methods. 132 Twenty-First Brenna Report Boys’ Pig Cuuss. A new and attractive feature at the Kentucky State Fair was the exhibit of pigs by the members of the first pig clubs of Kentucky. An interesting feature was the exhibit of Moser brothers, two pig club boys of Jefferson county, who forcefully demonstrated the difference in feeding a balanced ration from that of the common practice of feeding ‘‘corn alone.’’ The boys took two pigs from a litter, and the father a third one. The three pigs were in the same pen. The father’s pig weighed 95, the boys’ pigs 220 and 215 pounds, respectively. The sons know it cost them 4146 a pound to produce their pigs; the father has no idea of the cost of the runt. Gordon Nelson, Jr., another pig club boy, from Christian county, added to the honors of the club by taking the blue ribbon in the junior yearling sow class from the Poland China breeders with his club pig, after winning his class among the boys. Pig club boys had their separate classes, but were also allowed to enter against the farmer. After several hundred Alles in cash prizes and cups were hotly contested for, all these hogs were sold at a premium to Louisville packers, with a few excep- tions. Not only were the pigs present, but a considerable number of the boys also. This year the State Fair Board sent the winner of the contest in each county to the Farmer Boys’ Encampment. These boys, in addi- tion to their instruction in this camp, competed for a handsome trophy and $15 in cash given to the best judge of a ring of swine. The Boys’ Pig Club in Kentucky is organized by the Bureau of Animal Industry, in co-operation with the Bureau of Plant Industry and the Kentucky College of Agriculture, as a unit of the Farmers’ Co-operative Demonstration Work. It is, therefore, part of the reg- ular duties of the county agent, and is organized in coun- ties having these county agents only. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 133 Boys’ Corn CLus DEPARTMENT, There were over 100 entries in this department, from boys in 23 counties in the State. The corn was most ex- cellent, and compared very favorably with the entries in the Men’s Department. Every boy who entered an ex- hibit was required to have an expense account of his crop, showing what it had cost him per bushel to produce his corn. A prize was given to the best judge of corn, and 48 boys handed in essays stating the order in which they placed the exhibits they were given to judge, and their reasons for so placing them. Department W, ‘‘The Girls’ and Boys’ Clubs De- partment,’’ should be made one of the largest at the State Fair, and an entire building should be devoted to it. The girls and boys should be encouraged in every way pos- sible to enter exhibits and take an interest in their de- partment. Work of this nature will do much to build up the State Fair in the future. Grorrrey Morean, State Agent, Farmers’ Co-operative Demonstration Work, U. S. Department of Agriculture. THE WOMAN’S SHOP AT THE 1915 KENTUCKY STATE FAIR. The Woman’s Shop was a new department of the Kentucky State Fair this year, 1915. The object of the shop was to create a market for the work of Kentucky women. Mr. J. W. Newman, Commissioner of Agricul- ture, Labor and Statistics, had seen the Porto Rican women at work on their beautiful drawn work, and he knew that it had a large sale throughout the States. He believed that the efforts of Kentucky women would be widely recognized and paid for, if their work could only be brought before the public in the proper way. The most natural way and the best way seemed to be the medium of the State Fair, where all home talent is dis- played. Commissioner Newman invited the following women to meet with him in Louisville: Mrs. Helm Bruce, Mrs. 134 Twenty-First Brenniau Report Alfred Brandeis, Mrs. Morris Belknap, Mrs. Harry Bishop, Mrs. R. P. Halleck, and Mrs. 8. Thruston Bal- lard. He laid his plans befcre these women, and asked their co-operation in forming a committee of women who would help advertise the Shop, explain its purpose to contributors and purchasers, and be present at the State Fair to assist in making sales. The idea of such a shop met with the enthusiastic approval of these women. They promised their assistance, and went to work at once, be- cause they had only two days in which to secure mem- bers for the Women’s Shop Committee, and get their names in the State Fair catalogue. I was made chairman of this committee, with the following members consent- ing to serve: Mrs. J. A. Mitchell, Bowling Green. Mrs. Starling L. Marshall, Henderson. Miss Edna Dolfinger, Louisville. Mrs. Barbour Minnegerode, Louisville. Mrs. Avery Robinson, Louisville. Mrs. Leonard A. Hewett, Louisville. Mrs. Peter Lee Atherton, Louisville. Mrs. Richard Knott, Louisville. Mrs. Richard Ernst, Covington. Mrs. R. P. Halleck, Louisville. Mrs. W. L. Mills, Owensboro. Mrs. Anna Ernberg, Berea. Mrs. Helm Bruce, Louisville. Miss Amanda Rodes, Danville. Mrs. Harry Bishop, Louisville. Mrs. Alfred Brandeis, Louisville. Miss Mary F. Hutchcraft, Paris. Mrs. R. C. Ford, Middlesboro. Mrs. Sam Boyle, Louisville. Mrs. Paul Creel, Louisville. Mrs. T. J. Smith, Frankfort. Mrs. George A. Armstrong, Shelbyville. A number of other women throughout the State helped the official Woman’s Shop Committee in ascer- taining the names of women in Kentucky who made beau- tiful things. A letter of explanation was drawn up by the Woman’s Shop Committee, and mailed by the State Fair office to all these women, and to the women who had in former years sent articles to compete for prizes. All articles at the Woman’s Shop were for sale, and not for competition for prizes. No commission or charge of any kind was made. The entire proceeds of the sales went to the makers of the articles. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 135 Duplicate cards containing the name of the maker, and the price and description of the article were pre- pared to go on each thing in the shop. One of these cards was left on the article after it was sold, so that the pur- chaser could see who had done the work which she liked well enough to buy. In this way the women workers were advertised, and future purchasers knew where to go for various classes of goods. All of the business of the Woman’s Shop was at- tended to by the State Fair office. Efficient clerks, book- keepers and cashiers received the articles, entered and marked them, returned them to their owners when they did not sell, handled all the money taken in, and sent the checks to the consignors for the full amount of their goods sold. The Woman’s Shop Committee arranged the space for the exhibit, displayed the articles, decided what pro- portion of each contributor’s material could be placed in the cases each day, met the public to explain the worth of the shop, and assisted from early morning until late at night to make sales of everything sent in. The com- mittees was divided into sub-committees. Hach sub- chairman was given one day and one night for which she with her six workers was responsible. A considerable _ amount of friendly rivalry was thus aroused, because each chairman desired good business for her day and night. On the thirteenth of September, when the doors of the fair opened, everything in the Woman’s Shop was in perfect readiness. Shelves and cases were full. The wires above were hung with a wealth of quilts and coun- terpanes, appliqued and crocheted. Thousands of dol- lars were represented in these bedspreads alone, which ranged in prices from $15 to $250. The highest priced ar- ticle in the shop was a lace dress valued at $600. The sales, however, were not made from high-priced things. It was the articles costing from $1 to $25 that sold in greatest numbers. Most of the articles were practical, and beautifully made, while many of them were rarely artistic. Certain things could have been disposed of again and again. The 136 Twenty-First Brenniau Rerort public was surprised to find so many attractive things made in Kentucky. In addition to the sales made during Fair week, there were orders taken for duplicates of things shown, and further orders have been received by the consignors since the Fair closed. The advertising feature, there- fore, is at once proving to be of value. In the future consignors will know better what to send, because they will learn what is demanded by the buying public. An- other benefit derived from the shop is the introduction to the Woman’s Exchange belonging to the Business Women’s Club of Louisville, where things are sold on commission. Several smaller towns also have exchanges, and still more were urged to start them. There were 2,236 articles sent to the Woman’s Shop this year. Of this number 363 were sold. The number of women who sent consignments is 414. They repre- sented 100 cities in the State. The total sales amounted to $583. The large number of women who entered articles, and the size of the sales are most gratifying results for a first year. At the outset the Fair management figured upon receipts of $400 as a possible maximum, whereas the final figures are nearly one-third more. The sales will increase greatly another year, because the public will understand that the Woman’s Shop is a sales depart- ment, and will come prepared to buy. Mrs. 8. Toruston Bauuarp, Chairman Woman’s Shop. GOOD ROADS EXHIBIT. The Department of Public Roads and the Kentucky State Fair, in co-operation with the office of Public Roads of the National Government, placed on exhibit at the fair grounds during the fair week from September 13th to 18th, an extensive exhibit of road models and minia- ture machinery, which enlisted a great deal of interest from those who attended the fair for its educational ad- vantages. : Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 137 These models show in detail the proper methods of constructing all types of roads from the plain, common- place, ever day earth road, up through gravel construc- tion, water-bound macadam construction, bituminous construction, and the construction of the highest and lat- est types of asphalt, brick and concrete surfaces. These models in themselves if carefully studied will furnish a foundation for some excellent road building ideas. In addition to this a number of bromide enlargements of pictures of good and bad roads were exhibited, and these pictures illustrated the improved conditions of commu- nities along social, educational and commercial lines, through the improved conditions of their highways. The people of Kentucky are to be congratulated on the fact that the co-operation between these departments rendered it possible for them to have the opportunity for studying this modern array of road building methods. R. C. TERRELL, Commissioner of Public Roads. GIRLS’ CANNING CLUB EXHIBIT. The opportunities offered to members of the Girls’ Canning Clubs by the State Fair of 1915, were large, and not possible from any other source. The exhibit of can- ned vegetables, fruit preserves and jellies, pickle and ketchup was a source of wonder and admiration to the thousands who passed through the Women’s Building. This afforded the advertisement which we have so much needed, as a market for the girls’ canning club product is the ultimate end of the waste product of garden and orchard. Some goods were sold from the exhibit, and. many orders taken for next year’s delivery. About one thousand cans of blackberries and huckleberries sent in by the girls of the mountain counties were sold from the booth. The Commissioner of Agriculture offered a purse of $30 to be competed for by the twenty-five crganized coun- ties. Mercer County secured first prize of $15.00, Mc- Cracken County second prize of $10.00, and Hardin County third prize of $5.00. Competition in this class 138 Twenty-First Brennrau Report produced the beautiful exhibit amounting to 1,263 jars. All jars and glasses were of uniform design, which added to the beauty of the exhibit. The State Board of Agriculture not only was gener- ous in awarding liberal premiums, but paid the express charges on the goods sent to this exhibit. This amounted to more than $100. This assistance enabled us to send a large number of jars from each county, which together made one uniform exhibit. In a small building on the fair grounds, a demow- stration was made of some household conveniences, for the making of which the Home Demonstration Work pro- vides bulletins or instructions. We hope to make this a large feature of our exhibit next‘year. Hewten B. Wotcort, State Agent Home Demonstration Work. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 139 INOCULATION OF LEGUMES It is a well established fact that many of the leguminous plants that can be grown successfully in Kentucky when inoculated with their individual bacteria, will not grow and gather nitrogen when not given an artificial inoculation. More failures in growing alfalfa are due to a lack of inoculation probably than from any other cause, unless it be from a failure to properly lime the soil. The necessary bacteria for the inoculation of red clover, white clover, alsike clover and soy beans seem to be generally spread over the lands in this State. Some ex- periments have shown that soy beans and cow peas will grow and make a fair yield of forage while they gather but little nitrogen to leave in the soil when inoculation is not practiced. Realizing the virtue of inoculation, the State De- partment of Agricaltural furnished inoculating material for experimental purposes, in order to get a few well inoculated fields in each community. The inoculation purchased by this Department and distributed free was for alfalfa and crimson clover, and the reports received at this office indicate the success of the undertaking. In fact, the results obtained have been so satisfactory, that it seems probable it would pay the Commonwealth to properly provide for the manufacture or growth of these cultures for free distribution. When it is realized a well inoculated acre of any one of several of these leguminous plants will produce from $15 to $25 worth of nitrogen in one season, while an acre without inocula- tion may make practically the same forage, but will leave but a few dollars worth of nitrogen in the soil, it is likely that some steps will be taken to provide the cultures so essential for nitrogen-gathering from the air. The work of the experiment stations of the country has demonstrated the great value of bacteria of the leguminous plants in this work. It is simply a question for the Department of Agriculture to determine whether it is a judicious investment for the State to furnish suf- ficient cultures to give every farmer a start that will en- able him to inoculate other fields with the soil of what 140 Twenty-First Brenniat Report might be termed ‘‘the parent acre.’’ The Department has this year sent out sufficient cultures for two hundred acres of alfalfa, and two hundred acres of crimson clover. GARDEN CLUB WORK. During the year 1914 the Garden Club work was continued in the city of Louisville, and the report pub- lished below of Mr. C. L. Clayton, Superintendent, in- dicates the scope of the work undertaken. For the year 1915, it was deemed advisable, on ac- count of many of the coal mines being closed down in eastern Kentucky, to devote the funds heretofore ex- pended by the State in Garden Club work, in an effort to assist the miners out of employment. The owners of the coal properties in most instances donated the land, and something over one thousand gar- dens were planted in Bell county at the different coal mines. These gardens, supervised by Mr. C. L. Clayton, who had been in charge of the work for the Depart- ment in Louisville for three years, were a revelation to the people in that section. The améunt of vegetables produced was nothing short of phenomenal. The miners practically lived from their gardens during the sum- mer months, and yet the surplus of vegetables was so great that a lady was sent with a canner to teach the Garden Club members how to can and preserve the vege- tables for winter. The results obtained by this work in the one county of Bell, indicates a great field for vegetable growing in the settlements around the various coal mines in Ken- tucky. Much of the work in the production of vegetables among the miners is done by the women and children, and simply adds the value of these vegetables to the in- come of the miner. No demonstration work the Depart- ment has undertaken has returned quicker or larger profit for the amount of money expended. Buregavu or AGRICULTURE. 141 Louisville, Ky., April 15, 1915. Mr. J. W. Newman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Frankfort, Ky. My Dear Sir: Enclosed find financial report of the Louisville Garden Club, also bills amounting to $100.00, which are paid, and report of Mr. C. L. Clayton, Superintendent, for the year 1914. We regret exceedingly not being able to get this report to you sooner, but on account of business have not been able to do so. It is needless to state that the Louisville Garden Club has done a great deal of good in Louisville, and the results are being shown this year in the great number of gardens started in the city, and the interest taken by the schools and school children; and will state that this year, on account of not having the necessary funds to engage a super- intendent, prizes will only be given to the children; and we feel that the rough work of the club has been done during the last three years while Mr. Clayton was superintendent. We certainly appreciate your kindness and the help given us, and also say the same for a great many others who have gardens, and are interested in the work, who never would have thought of this work except for your efforts in helping us. If there is any other information or explanation in regard to anything that you would like to have, we will be very glad to inform you. We are also enclosikg clippings of the last notice we had in the paper, and will state that during the year we had a great many of these clippings, and we are also giving stereopticon lectures, which work was carried on all last year in different parts of the city, and through- out the county. We do not expect to have the financial backing we had last year, on account of change of times, but we expect to raise enough to give the children substantial prizes. Thanking you for your kindness, we remain, Yours truly, LOUISVILLE GARDEN CLUB, (Signed) G, C. Blackman, Treasurer. P. S.—Blue ribbon prizes were also given. REPORT OF C. L. CLAYTON, SUPERINTENDENT OF LOUISVILLE GARDEN CLUBS. For tHe SuMMER oF 1914. The Louisville Garden Club was organized to create an interest in gardening among the children and adults of the city of Louisville, with the idea of making use of some of the vast amount of waste space which is scat- tered throughout the city. Many people in the city are paying out a large share of their earnings for food, when by the use of some of their spare time spent in raising a small garden, they could grow a very consider- 142 TwENTY-F'imst BrennraL Report able amount of their own food, at least through the sum- mer months. It was to bring this fact before the people that this club was organized. We have tried to show the people of Louisville how, by the use of a certain amount of industry and thrift, they could save a considerable amount of the money now paid out. Many of the members of the club sold the vegetables which they raised, but this was not required of members, and in fact, most of the members used most of the produce they raised, selling only the surplus. We did not encourage children to plant vegetables for the money return they would get from them, except in special cases. In fact, I feel that the greatest benefits they received were in the way of added knowledge and self-reliance. “We tried to see that the children did the work in such a way that they got pleasure as well as benefit from it. Thus the children measured their gardens for the plant- ing, etc., and kept account of the yields. We also con- ducted two classes in the summer schools of the Second Presbyterian Church and the Cathedral House, each in connection with a garden. I found that parents were glad to have their chil- dren belong to the club, because: (1) It kept the chil- dren off the streets; (2) kept them outdoors and also gave them some spending money. Total number of gardens at end of season, 1914.00. 984 Number of gardens having groups of children working (mostly on vacant lots) 12 Number of children working in above 12 gardens 164 Total number of children and adults having gardens 1,148 Total number of instruction gardens used as central meeting places and being visited on an average of every twelve days 17 = Some of the above gardens were visited weekly and some less orten. . Of the above gardens about 90% were vegetable or vegetable and flower gardens, about 10% being flower gardens only. The flower gardens were mostly located in the densely settled portions where space was limited. Average. size of garden was (over entire city)... 550 sa. ft. Average size of garden in suburbs. 1,400 sq. ft. Average size of garden in city. 200 sq. ft. Average production of vegetables sold (estimate)................ $ 3.00 Average production of vegetables, total value... 10.50 Total value of vegetables raised by membefPs....................:-:00 10,000.00 $10,313.50 _ Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 143 This estimate we believe to be conservative. This is, we think, only a small part of what the club has done for the city, as large numbers of people have been persuaded to plant gardens who do not belong to the club. , Respectfully submitted, C. L. Crayton, Supt. REPORT OF GARDEN CLUB WORK FOR 1915 IN BELL COUNTY. The Garden Club Work was first begun in 1913 by J. W. Newman, Commissioner of Agriculture, in Louis- ville. At that time the Louisville Garden Club was or- ganized to promote the planting of back yards and vacant lots in the city of Louisville. This work was continued under the direction of the department in 1914 with in- creasing success. In 1915 such impetus had been gained that without any State aid there were so many gardens planted throughout the city that they were a noticeable factor in lowering the price of garden products in the district. In 1915 an offer was received from Dr. J. G. Foley, of Bell County, for a continuation of the work in the min- ing camps of that county. At this time the coal business was slack, mines were running only about one-half time, and the prospects were dark. Many of the miners were not working enough to enable the miners to earn living expenses, and unless they could get part of their living outside, they would have to be carried by the company. In view of these conditions it was decided to start the garden club work in Bell County. In the spring, meetings were held in each of the thirty-two mining camps of the county under the direc- tion of C. L. Clayton, the Supervisor sent by the State Department of Agriculture, who was greatly assisted by the hearty co-operation of Dr. Foley, the superintendents of the various mines and the camp doctors. At these meetings, conditions and prospects were explained and - the miners were all urged to co-operate in planting and caring for a garden with the idea of having a ‘‘garden for every family.’’ The movement was taken up with en- * 144 Twenty-First Brennrat Report thusiasm. The companies donated the use of land and the mules to prepare it for planting. Everywhere could be seen men, women and children, fencing plats around houses, preparing the ground, picking up stones, and in many cases where ground was scarce, clearing up a field ‘of new ground on the mountain side near the camp. In some places the ground was so rocky it could not be plowed, but had to be dug up with a pick, and the rocks thrown out in large piles or used to fence in the garden. In spite of all difficulties, the work progressed rapidily, so that in one month after work was started, practically all ‘the ground in and near the camps, which before had been waste land, unfenced and covered with empty cans and weeds, was now fenced, cleaned up and planted in vege- tables. In some places this was extended even to the top of the mountain, and instead of one garden to a family, in many cases there were two, one at the house for small products and another on the mountain for large products. The latter was in many instances of eight or ten acres in extent. In the camps alone there were planted a total of 2,600 gardens. For the first time in the history of the mining camps, they were growing their own vegetables and instead of buying all their produce, had a surplus of some things. The question of using this surplus was discussed at meetings and it was decided to can it in glass and tin cans for winter use. Several of the gardeners bought home canning outfits, others used lard cans and kettles. Circulars were distributed over the county and canning demonstrations were held at various points where the best methods were shown. Mr. Galoway, of Pineville, canned over 1,100 cans of string beans, tomatoes and cab- bage and others canned corresponding amounts. At the close of the season it was estimated that there were in the camps about 2,400 gardens, the decrease be- ing due to various causes, prominent among which were washouts due to the low situation of many of the gardens. Local people claimed that there was four times the amount of gardening in the county than ever before and as this increase was largely in the mining camps, it was very noticeable, A city garden in Garden Club work. Mountain garden, in Garden Club work. A mountain garden before planting. A mountain garden after planting. aro tM A mountain garden before planting. A mountain garden after planting. Attending Parmers’ Institutes under difficulties, Mountain Orchard. ‘AyuNOD UIpAaeH ‘parwsyoig UOT} eIJSUOMIId Pruning demonstration, Four-year pears—Rowan County. Wo Apples—Rowan County. Three-year Early Elberta Peach—Rowan County. “AJUNOD UIpIeH ‘paeyoig wopeaysuoutect Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 145 The camps at Straight Creek and Fonde took espee- ial interest in the movement and were well rewarded by the crops they raised. However, the other camps were not far behind. It was evident to all who saw the re- sults, that the effort had been very much worth while. . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Recapiruutation ALtu F'unps Srx Montrus Enpixa DecemBer 31, 1915. APPROPRIATIONS. Bureau fund $ 13,000.00 State Board fund ............eceecsccecceee 20,000.00 Educational fund ....... --- 5,000.00 Demonstration fund 5,000.00 Total appropriations ~................ $ 43,000.00 Live Stock Sanitary Board (gen- eral fund) 522.12 Total to be accounted for........ EXPENDITURES. Bureau fund $ 6,164.67 State Board fund... eee 10,428.62 Educational fund Bas 1,414.98 Demonstration fund 3,086.53 $21,094.80 Live Stock Sanitary Board (gen- eral fund) 522.12 Total Expenditures ............0...4 Balance December 31st, 1915............ As follows: Bureau fund $ 6,885.33 Educational fund .... 3,585.02 Demonstration fund 5 1,913.47 State Board fund ....... $ 43,522.12 $ 21,616.92 $ 21,905.20 $ 12,833.82 9,571.88 B. PERRY WHAV, Public Actb $ 21,905.26 RB, ntant, 146 Twenty-First Brennrat Report STATEMENT BUREAU FUND. July 1, 1915—December 31, 1915. Bureau fund appropriation EXPENDITURES. Labor Department expense $2,145.42 Stationery and printing 191.42 Office supplies and expenses. 119.41 Office equipment 136.59 Postage 300.00 Telephone and telegraph 40.95 Express, freight, hauling 16.95 Salaries 2,589.98 Special premiums 400.00 Traveling expense 76.21 Miscellaneous 29.40 Community poultry breeding. 118.34 Total Expenditures Balance December 31, 1915..-...00....ececeeseees STATEMENT STATE BOARD FUND. July 1, 1915—December 31, 1915. State Board fund appropriation EXPENDITURES. Expense State Board meetings $1,396.90 Farmers’ Institutes 4,190.95 Immigration 1,044.20 Office supplies 2.45 Postage 50.00 Telephone and telegraph 169.41 Express, freight, hauling. 51.01 Salaries 1,950.00 Traveling expense 21.35 State veterinarian and assistants & L. S. S. B. Exp. 1,395.10. Hog cholera eradication 90.00 Miscellaneous : 67.25 Total Expenditures Balance December 31, 1915... cece sceeessteee $13,000.00 6,164.67 $6,835.33 $20,000.00 10,428.62 $9,571.38 Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 147 STATEMENT EDUCATIONAL FUND. July 1, 1915—December 31, 1915, Educational fund appropriation $5,000.00 EXPENDITURES. Corn clubs $ 35.00 Canning clubs 681.34 Garden club 352.72 Express, freight, hauling. 50.92 Postage 100.00 Miscellaneous 195.00 Total Expenditures 1,414.98 Balance December 31, 1915...........2...-.::ss:e0 $3,585.02 STATEMENT DEMONSTRATION FUND. July 1, 1915—December 31, 1915. Demonstration fund appropriation $5,000.00 EXPENDITURES. Silo construction $ 814.04 Telephone and telegraph 9.95 Miscellaneous 200.00 Orchards 633.38 Nursery stock inspection 182.49 Rock crusher 1,189.22 Quarantine expense 57.45 Total expenditures 3,086.53 Balance December 31, 1915.00.00... esecceccssseseee $1,913.47 STATEMENT LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD. July 1, 1915—December 31, 1915. Expenditures charged to general fund. No appropriation. EXPENDITURES. State Board meeting $505.48 Stationery and printing 5.25 Miscellaneous 9.76 Telephone and telegraph 1.63 Total Expenditures $522.12 PART THREE PAPERS, BULLETINS, ADDRESSES PAPERS, BULLETINS, ADDRESSES —E SOIL FERTILITY. The subject of soil fertility touches the fundamental basis of agriculture. The system of farming that does not take into consideration the increase and main- tenance of soil fertility is failing to a greater or less ex- tent. The State Department of Agriculture, in its in- stitute work and in every way, has endeavored to em- phasize the necessity of a rational system of farming, that would preserve the fertility of the soil so far as is possible. The work of the Kentucky Agricultural Ex- periment Station along soil fertility lines has been thorough and has attracted attention throughout the country. In fact, the teachings of the station have brought forth some unjust criticisms from certain par- ties interested in the sale of commercial fertilizers. In the last bulletin of this department we did not hesitate to condemn the miscellaneous use of complete fertil- izers. We again want to emphasize that much of the money spent in this way by the farmers is wholly or partially lost. The following amounts of fertilizers, as reported by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, have been sold in Kentucky within the last few years: 1908 35,000 tons 1909 43,000 tons 1910 57,000 tons 1911 63,000 tons 1912 65,000 tons 1913 75,000 tons 1914 80,000 tons The cash value of these fertilizers figured at $20.00 per ton has reached the total of at least one million and a half dollars expended by the farmers of Kentucky for commercial fertilizers. 152 Twenty-First Brennian Report The teachings of this bulletin No. 191 show that a great amount of this million and a half dollars annually could be saved by the farmers by the use of acid phos- phate, raw rock phosphate, or basic slag and limestone followed by leguminous crops. Of such importance, in our opinion, is this bulletin to a thorough knowledge of the basis of soil building that we have asked the privi- lege from the Experiment Station to here reproduce it, and we hereby give credit to Dr. Joseph H. Kastle, Di- rector of the Station, and to Prof. George J. Roberts, to whom all credit is due for this publication. BULLETIN No. 191. Tur TEACHINGS OF THE KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL HixPER- IMENT Station Rewative to Som FeErriniry. Intropuction By JosePH H. Kastuz, Director. There was a time in the earlier years of the work of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station when considerable attention was paid to the study of the effect of commercial fertilizers on the growth of certain crops, such as hemp, potatoes, corn and tobacco, the results of which seemed to indicate that considerable financial re- turns followed the application of such materials to the soil; and upon a piece of poorly drained, wet, crawfishy soil on the Experiment Station farm, the studies of Drs. Scovell and Peter indicated considerably increased yields of corn, hemp and potatoes following the application of potash salts. In the year 1909, however, in a bulletin entitled ‘‘Fertilizers,’’ by Professor Roberts, it was pointed out first, that the farmer was paying for phos- phoric acid, nitrogen and potash in mixed fertilizers a great deal more than these materials were worth and a great deal more for each of these as constitunts of com- plete fertilizers than the prices at which they could be bought separately, and that the lower the grade of com- mercial fertilizers, the higher the price charged per pound for these several elements of plant food. This bulletin also contained a section on the general subject Burgzau or AGRICULTURE. 158 of soil fertility and pointed out how, in many instances, through improper systems of cropping, failure to use legumes and cover crops, and how by failure to return to the soil the manurial equivalent of the crops removed, and how through leaching and the burning out of humus, the soils of the State were becoming unproductive. It was further pointed out in this bulletin that while com- mercial fertilizers have their place in agriculture, we cannot make them our sole or chief dependence in main- taining soil fertility. If a soil is deficient in phosphoric acid or potash, or both, then phosphates or potash, or both, should be bought as needed. As a rule, nitrogen should not be bought, but should be returned to the soil in farm manure and produced by the growing of legum- inous crops. The practice of buying complete fertilizers, without any consideration of the deficiencies of the soil, is very wasteful. ‘‘Small applications of commercial fertilizers may, and do sometimes, prove profitable, but it is because they supply a small amount of readily available plant food at the beginning of the growing period, thus stim- ulating the plant and making it more vigorous, and, therefore, more able to draw upon the soil for its food. But the farmer should not deceive himself in believing that the fertilizer used has fed his crop. It has caused the plant to draw more heavily upon the soil and exhaust it more rapidly. This is the real reason for the belief that commercial fertilizers injure the soil. The small applications of fertilizers commonly used will, as a rule, give more profitable results on good soils than on poor ones. Although commercial fertilizers may be used, the farmer should not for an instant neglect the care of farm manure, the growing of leguminous crops, and the prac- tice of adequate crop rotation.’’ ‘“‘Then the functions of commercial fertilizers are, first, to supply a deficiency or deficiencies, and, second, to strengthen the plant at the beginning of the growing period. It is, therefore, important for the farmer to de- termine by field tests just what the fertilizer require- ments of his soil are.’’ This bulletin also outlined a plan for determining the fertilizer requirements of a given soil by a system of ex- 154 Twenty-First Brennrat Report perimental plots, and on the basis of such tests it was recommended that ‘‘If the results of the tests show, for example, that only phosphoric acid is needed, then only phosphates should be bought. If only potash salts show a material increase in production, then buy only potash salts. In other words, supply only what the tests show is needed. However, if it is found that nitrogen is needed, then the profitable thing to do is to supply it in manure and legumes. Soils cannot be kept profitably productive by depending alone upon the ready-mixed, complete fertilizer.’’ And in this same connection it was pointed out that ‘‘there can be no doubt that large sums of money are annually wasted in this State by buying fertilizers con- taining low percentages of nitrogen and potash. These small percentages add a great deal to the cost of the fer- tilizers and do not give returns at all commensurate with their cost. * * * Ten times our annual expenditure could profitably be made for fertilizers, but it should be made in general for phosphate and potash salts to sup- ply deficiencies and to use in the growing of leguminous crops to furnish humus and nitrogen. Our fertilizer manufacturers need to recognize the truth of this state- ment and begin at once to supply these materials in un- eg condition to farmers at the lowest prices possi- e. .? The practice of selling low grade fertilizers under a great variety of brands was condemned as misleading to the farmer, and the suggestion was made that it would be eminently fairer to the purchasers of commercial fer- tilizers for the manufacturer and dealer to quote pound prices on each of the several sorts of plant food contained therein. This bulletin also contained a section on the value and care of farm manure and called atteneion to the enor- mous waste of this valuable material in our agriculture. Lastly, it contained a section on green manure crops, in which there was pointed out the value of cover crops and leguminous crops, the latter as sources of humus and nitrogen, and methods of handling the same. This bulletin, published in 1909, forms the basis of the later and more recent teachings of the Kentucky : Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 155 Agricultural Experiment Station regarding the proper maintenance of soil fertility and the more rational and sensible use of fertilizers and the principal sources of plant food. I cannot find in our more recent bulletins and circulars anything that in essence, at least, was not set forth in this Bulletin No. 140. Dr. Hopkins’ epoch- making book entitled ‘‘Soil Fertility and Permanent Ag- riculture,’’ which appeared in 1910, presents at greater length and in a more detailed way essentially the same ideas that are contained in our Bulletin 140, and, in my opinion, all of our later day teachings in this State re- specting soil fertility, and the general subject of soil amendments are traceable to these two publications and to the work of the Ohio Experiment Station. Since that time, Professor Roberts, as agronomist of the Experi- ment Station, has enlarged somewhat on-these ideas in his publications and lectures. The essential facts, how- ever, are the same. These ideas have been confirmed by his recent work on a number of experimental fields in various localities throughout the State. As far as I am ae gather from his writings and utterances, his be- ief is: First. That no system of cropping should be fol- lowed that will continually remove from the soil the ele- ments of plant food without the return to the soil of crop residues and manure made by feeding the crops removed or without a systematic rotation containing leguminous crops and cover crops. Second. That practically all of the soils of the State contain inexhaustible quantities of potash, which through the maintenance of the humus content of the soil can be brought into available form sufficiently rapidly to meet the potash requirements of farm crops. Third. That with the exception of the soils of the Blue Grass region, the soils of the State are deficient in phosphorus and that, therefore, this element should be supplied in most instances most advantageously in the form of acid phosphate until organic matter is restored to the soil, after which rock phosphate may be used. Fourth. That the farmers of the State cannot af- ford, in most instances, to buy nitrogen, but must obtain this important element along with humus, by returning 156 Twenty-First Brenna Report to the land the farm manure equivalent of the crops re- moved and by. the cultivation of leguminous crops, and the use of catch crops, cover crops, and crop residues. Fifth. That the use of complete fertilizers is neither economical nor is it conducive to a condition of perma- nent soil fertility for the reason that the apparent good results obtained following the use of such soil amend- ments are frequently due to stimulation of plant growth which results in the removal from the soil of an excess of plant food, thereby leaving the soil in a more de- pleted condition than it was previous to the application of the fertilizer. Sixth. If the plot tests, or the results obtained on an experimental field or the chemical analysis of the soil indicate a deficiency of potash or phosphoric acid in any soil, then these elements, one or both, must be supplied in the cheapest available from and in quantities sufficient to meet the food requirements of a number of crops: The soils of Kentucky outside of the Blue Grass region are deficient in phosphorus as shown by chemical analysis, plot tests and experiments on our experimental fields, a fact that explains the use of increasing amounts of acid phosphate in various counties of the State. In order to obtain any one of these plant foods, the farmer should not be compelled nor encouraged to buy other plant foods that he does not require. Lastly, I may say that these have been the teachings regarding soil requirements and the use of soil amend- ments endorsed by the Kentucky Agricultural Experi- ment Station and by other experiment stations and by prominent agronomists gererally for the last five or six years. As director of the Kentucky Agricultural Exper- iment Station, I am glad, therefore, to lend my endorse- ment to the teachings set forth by Professor Roberts in this bulletin. In fact, I can heartily commend this bul- letin to the farmers of the State and to those who may be interested in our agricultural prosperity as being de- cidedly the most scientific and helpful publication ever issued by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion on the general subject of soil fertility and the ra- tional use of soil amendments. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 157 Tur Tracuines or tHe Kentucky AGRICULTURAL DxPEni- MENT Station Revative to Som FErrimiry. By Gzorce Roperts, AGRONOMIST. The requirements for a productive soil are: Good drainage. Good texture. Sufficient supply of plant food. Sufficient organic matter (humus). For its highest productiveness, carbonate of lime. ST Ce BO From the foregoing statement it will be seen that not all the emphasis is by any means laid upon plant food. However, if all the conditions for a highly pro- ductive soil exist save a sufficient supply of plant food, the soil will not produce maximum crops. With all other conditions favorable for maximum production, a soil will be limited in production by the available supply of the most deficient element of plant food. For example, if all the elements were present in available quantities sufficient to produce 100 bushels of corn per acre, save one element, say nitrogen, and the available supply of this element were sufficient for only 25 bushels, then the yield could not be raised beyond 25 bushels without the addition of more nitrogen. In other words, a soil is no more productive than its most defi- cient element permits it to be. The deficiencies of a soil, and not the crop growing on it, become the chief factors in determining the fertilization that shall be employed. In a word, the basis of increasing and maintaining the fertility of a soil consists in supplying in the most profit- able form ‘and amount, those elements the total amounts of which are shown to be too small for the most profitable production, and in adopting means for making available those other elements that are shown to be already pres- ent in large amounts. Most of the soils of the State possess all the require- ments for producing fair to large yields except phos- phorus, lime, and organic matter (humus), which sup- plies nitrogen. That is to say, most of the soils are nor- mal. By a normal soil is meant one containing the plant 158 Twenty-First Brenniau Report food elements in somewhat the same relative proportions as found in the general composition of the earth’s rock crust. This embraces about all soils except sandy, muck, and peat soils, which are found in this State in compara- tively limited areas. Crops are composed chiefly of ten elements of plant food, all of which are absolutely essential to plant growth. Some other elements occur incidentally in plants, but are not believed to be essential to growth, and in any case the soil contains sufficient quantities of them, so they may be left out of this discussion. The ten essential elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulphur, phosphorus and potassium. Carbon, hydrogen and oxy- gen constitute about 95 per cent. of the dry weight of crops. The supply of carbon and oxygen is obtained from the carbon dioxide of the air and is not under human control. Hydrogen is obtained from water. Nitrogen is obtained entirely from the soil by all non-leguminous crops (corn, wheat, oats, grasses, to- bacco, etc.). Inoculated legume crops (clovers, peas, beans, vetches, alfalfa, etc.) obtain their nitrogen from the air whenever the soil supply is insufficient. All the other elements are obtained from the soil by all plants. Of these, calcium, magnesium, iron and sulphur are generally considered to be present in the soil in sufficient quantities for maximum production. At least, they may be assumed to be for the purpose of this discussion, for the fertilizer trade is concerned only with supplying phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen in fertil- izers and prices are made on the basis of the content of these elements. Manufacturers of complete fertilizers commonly as- sume a deficiency in the soil of an available supply of all three of these elements. As to the deficiency of phos- phorus and nitrogen in most soils, we can readily agree, for both chemical analyses of soils and field tests support this conclusion. As to the deficiency of potassium in most soils, we cannot agree. Both chemical analyses and field tests show normal soils to contain sufficient potassium for very large or maximum yields, provided the content of organic matter is kept up to the necessary Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 159 standard for a productive soil. Unless organic matter is maintained, soils cannot be kept productive, even with a liberal use of all the ingredients of the so-called com- plete fertilizers, for organic matter has many other im- portant functions necessary to a productive soil besides supplying and liberating plant food. The following table shows the average content of potassium and phosphorus in the main soil areas of the State. The figures represent pounds of the elements in 2,000,000 pounds of soil, or an acre to the depth of about seven inches: Number of Pounds of Potassium and Phosphorus in 2,000,000 Pounds of Surface Soil (0-7 Inches) in the Main Soil Areas of Kentucky. Total Easily Total Easily aie Potassium] 300 | Phos. | Phos Trenton 26278 329 9416 3582 Cincinmatian 2. eee eeeeee| 31960 366 1924 59 Silurian and Devonian 23940 224 1100 20 Waverly 19600 338 650 14 St. Louis 28220 320 890 18 Chester 26560 218 702 6 Western Coal. Field.......0....00....-- 29290 276 766 19 Eastern Coal Field (Western part) 18180 272 630 13 Hastern Coal Field (Central and Hastern part)..........--...------ | 34213 360 1260 46 Quaternary 30926 300 980 26 River Alluvium .....2..02...0.2.cceee 34430 390 1910 98 *Soluble in fifth normal nitric acid. (A very weak solution.) For the location and extent of the above areas see bulletin entitled ‘‘The Soils of Kentucky,’’ by 8S. D. Averitt. (In press.) It will be seen that all the soils of the State contain large amounts of potassium, the lowest amounts being found in the Waverly and the western part of the Hast- ern Coal Field. It will also be noted that the amounts of easily soluble potassium contained in the soils of the various areas do not differ greatly. While it is not con- tended that the amount of easily soluble potassium repre- sents the amount available to the crop, yet there is a re- 160 Twenty-First ‘Brennuat Report lation between availability and solubility. (See bulletin above mentioned.) Hopkins, in his ‘‘Soil Fertility and Permanent Agri- culture,’’ makes the statement that, under good farm practice, roughly an amount of potassium equal to one- fourth of one per cent of the amount contained in the surface seven inches becomes available in a growing sea- son. On this basis nearly all Kentucky soils contain enough potassium for very large or maximum yields of crops. For example, one hundred bushels of corn, in- cluding the stover, require 70 to 75 pounds of potassium. On the average, three-fourths of the potassium re- quired to produce the grain crops is in the straw and stalks. Nearly all the potassium in the feed given ani- mals is returned in the manure. Hence with either live stock or grain farming, if the supply of organic matter is kept up by the return of the crop residues and ma- nures, most of the potassium used by crops finds its way back to the soil, and is readily available itself, while the decay of the organic matter returned liberates more from the minerals of the soil. Let us see if field tests show what the potassium content of the soil would lead us to expect. On a lime- stone clay soil at Burnside, Pulaski county, Kentucky, where we have been conducting experiments for six years, the following results have been obtained: Yields Per Acre—Burnside Experiment Field. we ae eae ls a} oo 3 2c rk Is » {or S| qa oa : IS id IA Je (88 Mo. BPlS6 Ing S Treatment. eae ne aga z 3e ERE © a 5 a relya|PelagiA ~E/sc) (3) 3 he} 3 gC alS FES Rele geen so lyn s b SmlOmoa Smad FaOna| PS je oh 1] Rock Phosphate and Potash.........] 3.8] 9.3]2436/32.9) 1688 |11.9)$26.10/$61.20/$10.37 2 | Nothing 9.0] 9.0) 668] 9.5) 628 | 2.5) 0.00) 24.73] 0.00 8 | Acid Phosphate and Potash. 14.3]11.9/2168/45.7| 2272 |19.2| 26.19] S4.fis| 33.66 4] Acid Phosphate .0.....n cesses 17.7|13.6|2328/48,5] 2112 ]18.1) 9.60] $5.04] 50.76 5} Nothing (See explanation) ............|20.4/14.0|1292,30.3) 1176 | 5.1! 0.00) 55.45] 0.00 6 | Potash '11.9|10.5] 764:17.6] 560 | 1.7] 16.50) ees 9.86 | This soil contains 12500 lbs. of potassium per acre 7 inches, which is about half the average for the State. Pearl Millet. ‘mONeIS jWetuledxG Ayonjuey ‘Auvjog pur ASO[OWO JU Jo uotstatq sjord eSe1oy [e.UsUTIed xq Hairy Vetch. e-grass. Engtish Blu Pearl Millet. Bermuda Grass Plot. ‘uUoseag 9uO UT UL! URYL JaystH JS Se poureyyVy savy soon *eTL JO aulog sd1j0N “eT6ET ‘“SuLIdS pajuepg SSvIp, JOOYW Three-year-old Stayman Wine Sap, Planted November, 1912. (See page 140.) Bureau or AGRICULTURE. F 161 Let.it be understood also that this soil was extremely de- ficient in organic matter in the beginning of the experi- ment. The ground was badly worn and had not for many years produced a crop that paid for the labor put upon it. In 1908 it made less than 314 bushels of wheat per acre with the use of 200 lbs. per acre of a 2-8-2 fertilizer, the year being favorable for wheat. Plot No. 5 is not to be considered a check plot. It is a low piece of ground that has for many years been receiving washings from the ground around it, and is naturally more productive than the other plots. It is in- cluded to show that the poorer ground by proper treat- ment can be made to surpass it in fertility. There was a slight increase in natural fertility from plots 1 to 4, inclusive, the greatest variation being in plot 1. There was not a great deal of difference in plots 2, 3, 4 and 6. In calculating values corn is rated at 60 cents per bushel, wheat at 90 cents, oats at 40 cents, and all hay at $12 per ton. Stover and straw are not included in the valuations. Stable manure was returned to the soil in the equivalent of the crops each treatment produced. In all other particulars the plots were handled in a uni- form manner, including cultivation, catch crops and cover crops. While there is seemingly a slight increase in yields in some cases where potash* was used, yet it is not suffi- cient to justify the use of it. The argument is sometimes advanced that acid phos- phate sets free potassium in the soil, thus showing the need of adding potash. If acid phosphate does this, as it very likely does, it certainly is an argument against the investment of money in potash fertilizers when acid phosphate is used. *The seemingly interchangeable use of the terms “potassium” and “potash” may appear awkward, and may confuse persons without chemical training. The soils laboratory of the Experiment Station uses ‘‘potassium”’ in reporting soil analysis, while the fertilizer laboratory uses the term “potash.’’ In this bulletin we have used ‘‘potassium”’ in discussing it as an element of plant food in the soil and crop, while ‘‘potash’’ is used in referring to fertilizers and materials furnishing the element ‘‘pottassium.”’ In like manner ‘‘phosphates’ is used on the one hand and ‘‘phosphorie acid’ and ’’phosphates’’ on the other, agr.—6 162 Twenty-First Brenwiat Report On an experiment field at London, Laurel county, Ky., the following results have been obtained: Yields Per Acre—London Experiment Field. Corn—Busheis Wheat—Bushels Treatment 5 1911] 1912] 1913] 1914;Ave.| 1912] 1913] 1914;Ave. Nothing 13.7| 20.7] 13.8) 20.6] 17.1 ]- 6.7) 2.2] 0.8] 3.2 Aid PHOSPHate srccrsnsnccnscvimuneneve| 2061) 2ecd) 14.61 47.9] 27.4 | Ws) 5,2) 4.0] 6.8 Acid Phosphate and Limestone..| 38.9] 51.9] 24.1] 48.0) 40.7 | 18.1] 10.3] 7.0] 10.1 Potash z 12.3] 23.6) 14.6] 21.3] 18.0} 5.7] -1.5] 0.7| 2.6 Acid Phosphate and Potash.......... 31.7] 37.0) 22.1] 54.6) 36.4 | 13.3] 11.7| 3.3) 9.4 Acid Phos., Pot. and Limestone....| 29.9) 42.3] 18.7] 53.1] 36.0 13.5) 7.7| 10.8] 10.7 Yields Per Acre—London Experiment Field—Continued. o Pounds Soy Bean abe 7 Et and Cowpea Ha rd Jan Treatment pee es [ROB] “or | BS SS 7 - Crops] 22 gh 1912 [1913 | 1914 |Ave. |1914 8e| 28 Nothing 950 | 1100 | 1540 }.1197 290 $72.99 Acid PHOSPHNate serccciasecccsnscvnaseices 1970 | 1840 | 1640 | 1650 | 860 | 119:04 |$17.60/$28.45 Acid Phosphate and Limestone..| 4100 | 3030 | 2510 | 3218 | 3300 | 202.74 | 35.20) 94.55 Potash 1300 | 2000 | 1540 | 1613°] 170} 80.25-] 30.25) 22.99 Acid Phosphate and Potash ....| 4630 | 2140 | 1810 | 2860 | 1740 | 174.63 | 47.85] 53.79 Acid Phps:, Pot. and Limestone] 4400 | 1880 | 1990 | 2757 | 2290 | 178.56 | 65.45] 40.12 *Loss. This field is located at the base of the coal measures in the western part of the Eastern Coal Field, and rep- resents a limited area of agricultural lands. ‘This: soil contains 17,600 lbs. of potassium in the first.7 inches of an acre. It will be observed that potash alone gave practi- cally no increase in most cases, that acid phosphate and potash gave a more profitable increase than acid phos- phate alone, but that by far the most profitable increase was by the use of limestone and acid phosphate. Unfor- tunately, the acid phosphate-lime-potash plots are on thinner ground than the others, and it remains yet to be seen whether potash will put them ahead of acid phos- phate and limestone. , These results lead one to suspect that the effect of potash on the acid phosphate-potash plots may be due to the potash rendering the phosphate more available. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 163 No one can doubt that phosphorus is the first limiting element in this soil. Limestone has rendered the phos- phate more effective on the corn crops which were grown before legumes in the rotation. On a soil like the one at London I would unhesitatingly recommend the use of phosphate and limestone for the permanent improvement of the soil. It may prove to be desirable to use potash along with the phosphate when limestone cannot be used, as these results seem to indicate, although it must be stated that the acid phosphate-potash plots are on the naturally best soil of the field. However, I do not hesi- tate to say, as I have frequently said, that carefully con- ducted experiments may show the need of the regular use of potash on this soil, although I am yet in doubt in the matter. These experiments have not yet gone far enough to restore organic matter to the soil, as practi- cally no manure has yet been returned. If potash is shown to be necessary on these soils, then I shall rec- ommend its use as strongly as at present I recommend phosphates and limestone, but only in connection with a liberal use of phosphates. On the Lexington soil experiment field which has been in operation four years and from which we have obtained 4 corn crops, 3 soy bean crops and 2 wheat crops, the average total production per acre of these 9 crops for all plots where potash has been used either alone or in combination with limestone and acid phos- phate, is 281 bushels, and for similarly treated plots ex- cept for potash, the yield is 283 bushels. These aver-— ages are made up from 72 yields extending over a period of four years. One clover crop from this field shows an average yield of clover hay of 3,845 pounds per acre on all plots receiving potash either alone or in combina- tion with limestone and acid phosphate, while plots sim- ilarly treated except for potash show an average yield of 3,817 pounds. No commercial nitrogen was used in these tests, but that nitrogen was not a limiting element before potassium is shown by the fact that potash gave no increase in clover and soy beans, which are not lim- ited in their growth by the lack of nitrogen in the soil. In passing, we may say that phosphorus and lime- ee were also without results on these crops on this soil. 164 Twenty-First Brennrat Report In 1912-13 we conducted an extensive series of fer- tilizer experiments on wheat sown on corn ground on the Experiment Station farm. We used a complete fer- tilizer made as follows: 72 Ibs. acid phosphate, furnishing 10 per cent. phos- phoric acid. 8 Ibs. sulphate of potash, furnishing 4 per cent. potash. 10 lbs. dried blood ee ; 10 ibs. His as furnishing 3 per cent. nitrogen. 100 Ibs. This fertilizer was used at the rate of 100, 200, 300 and 400 pounds per acre, each rate of application being repeated on three different plots. Another fertilizer was made containing the above amounts of nitrate of soda and dried blood, but dry soil was used to replace the acid phosphate and potash. This was applied at the same rates, and repeated as above, all applications be- ing made when the wheat was sown. This gave 24 fer- tilized plots. The average yield of all these plots was 21.4 bushels per acre. Six plots were left untreated, the average yield of which was 21.4 bushels per acre. Three plots were treated with only nitrate of soda as a top dressing in the spring at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre. This gave an average yield of 31.9 bus. per acre, an in- crease of 10.5 bus. per acre. Phosphorus and potassium gave no increase and the fall application of nitrogen gave no increase. This is a fair basis for not recom- mending the use of fertilizer containing nitrogen on fall sown grain. This and other data presented are a safe basis for the conclusion that on the highly phosphatic, well-drained soils of Central Kentucky the application of phosphates and potash is not profitable. The loss of nitrogen applied to fall sown grain is confirmed by an experiment on the Russellville experi- ment field. In 1914 tobacco experiments were laid out in which the effects of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, dried blood and sulphate of ammonia were to be studied. Ni- trate of soda was used at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre, while dried blood and sulphate of ammonia were used in Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 165 quantities furnishing the same amount of nitrogen as in 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda. The experiments were run in duplicate. On account of the excessive drouth the tobacco was almost a complete failure, the crop from two acres being sold for fifteen dollars. The tobacco did not use the nitrogen. The ground was seeded to rye on one of the series of plots and to wheat on the duplicate series. There: was no sign of any effect of the nitrogen on the wheat or the rye either in the fall or spring. This soil is decidedly deficient in nitrogen. However, we frequently recommend the use of ni- trate of soda or sulphate of ammonia as a spring top- dressing for wheat on soils deficient in nitrogen provided there is a sufficient supply of phosphorus in the soil either naturally or by application. On the average Ken- tucky soils outside the highly phosphatic Blue Grass belt we would not recommend the use of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia on wheat land that had not been treated with phosphate, because nitrogen cannot increase the yield when phosphorus is a limiting element. The use of nitrogen in this way contributes nothing to the im- provement of the soil. Dr. A. M. Peter has been running an experiment on tobacco on the Experiment Station farm at Lexington in which one plot is fertilized with a complete fertilizer and the other with nitrogen and phosphorus. It is con- tinuous culture of tobacco with no return of manure. The average yield of tobacco for complete fertilizer for five years is 1,497 lbs., while for nitrogen and phospho- rus it is 1,431 Ibs., a gain of 66 lbs. per acre for the use of potash. There is not enough known about the effects of the various fertilizer elements on burley tobacco to say whether they affect the quality sufficiently to justify their use on the highly phosphatic Central Kentucky soils. Certainly the yield can be made without commer- cial fertilizers. Such fertilizer experiments as have been recently conducted on the Experiment Station farm with tobacco do not show any material increases. Of course, this statement implies the maintenance of nitrogen with organic matter. These results seem to be contradictory to the results obtained in the fertilizer experiments conducted on the 166 Twenty-First Brennuat Report Experiment Station farm about 1888 to 1894, in which the use of potash salts gave such striking increases, es- pecially on corn. The recent experiments on the Exper-- iment Station farm at Lexington to which we have re- ferred, were conducted on the north side of the present Experiment Station farm, which is well drained, while the old experiments were conducted on the south side of the present farm. Originally the Experiment Station owned only the south side of the present farm. In my judgment the explanation of the results ob- tained in the old experiments is not far to seek. They were conducted on soil that was very wet and known as ‘‘eold’’ and ‘‘crawfishy.’’ In fact, Dr. Peter, who helped to conduct the.experiments, says the ground was so wet that it could not be plowed until late in the spring. The land was partially tiled later in these experiments. Last year when it was decided to resume these experiments on the old plots, and it became necessary to fence them off, we had opportunity to make some important obser- vations. In digging holes for gate posts, solid rock was struck at a depth of 314 feet. The sub-soil is yellow and of a putty-like consistency and comes near to the sur- face, although the land had been is grass for the last twenty years. This shows poor aeration, a condition which prevents the accumulation of organic matter to any great depth. It is a well known fact that poor drain- age tends to make potassium as well as other elements unavailable. In addition to the foregoing adverse conditions, all of these crops in the old experiments were grown in con- tinuous culture with no provision for the return of or- ganic matter either in stable manure or green manure crops. In short, the experiments were conducted on a soil that is not typical of any considerable area in the Blue Grass region, and according to a system of farm- ing that we today never recommend as building up and maintaining soil fertility. This is no criticism of these exporiente They were conducted on the only land owned by the Experi- ment Station at that time. They were patterned after some of the Rothamsted experiments. Yet we are bound to admit today that many of the Rothamsted experi- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 167 ments are not of practical application in farming, al- though they furnish valuable scientific data. The results of these older experiments are valuable in showing that on poorly drained ‘‘crawfishy’’ soils potash is profitable. However, such soils form a re- stricted area. On soils of this nature tile drainage would no doubt render the use of potash unnecessary, besides greatly improving them in other ways. At the time the above mentioned results were ob- - tained the Experiment Station conducted ten co-opera- tive experiments on corn with farmers living chiefly in the western part of the State. An average of all these experiments shows the following yields: Nitrogen and potash 40.1 bus. per acre Nitrogen and acid phosphate 44.7 bus. per acre Nitrogen, acid phosphate and potash 43.6 bus. per acre (See annual report for 1890.) 2 The results on the new experiment fields in the western part of the State tend in-the same direction. The fields have been in operation only two years, both of which have been unusually dry. The soils of all these fields are badly worn and quite deficient in organic mat- ter. While it would not be safe to base final conclusions upon them, the results from such crops as have not been severely affected by the dry weather show decided re- sults from acid phosphate and rock phosphate, while pot- ash has shown little or no results. At Greenville* on rather poorly drained soil on one wheat crop (1914) potash treatment, as compared with plots similarly treated except for potash, gave an aver- age increase of 1 bu. per acre, while acid phosphate gave an increase of 3.7 bus. per acre. Limestone, acid phosphate and potash gave 2,955 Ibs. of clover hay per acre (1914) while limestone and acid phosphate gave 2,800 lbs. Yet this soil is quite de- ficient in organic matter. Clover absolutely failed where limestone and potash were used without phosphate. *These experiments and all others cited will be given in detail in a bulletin to be issued later. They are used here as a basis for a state- ment of the principles of soil fertility which the Experiment Station is teaching in the State. 168 Twenty-First Brenniat Report The following results on tobacco in 1914 on the same soil speak for themselves: Plot TREATMENT ae er 214 | Limestone and acid phosphate 1235 215 | Limestone and potash 760 216 Limestone, acid phosphate and nitrate of soda............ 1595 217 Nothing 575 218 Limestone, potash and nitrate of soda................2...-.0-+ 580 219 Limestone, acid phosphate, potash and nitrate of soda} 1410 220 Acid phosphate, potash and nitrate of soda.............-..... 1625 221 Limestone, acid phosphate, potash and double ap- plication of nitrate of soda 1600 The clover and tobacco were on better drained soil than the wheat. There is a possibility that potash may have affected the quality of tobacco on plot 220, which graded a little higher than the other plots. The significant thing in these results is that no ma- terial increase could be made in the absence of phosphate. Potash seems to have given little or no increase (com- pare plot 216 with plots 219, 220 and 221), but nitrate of soda gave a profitable increase after phosphate had been added. The tobacco was the first crop in the rotation of tobacco, potatoes and clover, so there had been no chance to restore organic matter and nitrogen to the soil by the use of clover. As stated, there is some evidence that potash improved the quality of the tobacco, although it is not altogether conclusive. More work will be re- quired to determine this point. On a crop like tobacco, worth $8 to $10 per 100 pounds, one can afford to use expensive treatments that will increase the yield as much as 100 to 200 pounds per acre. The same ratio of in- creases on the ordinary farm crops must be produced very cheaply to be profitable. At Russellville on the 1914 wheat crop potash gave no increase, while acid phosphate gave an average in- crease of 8.3 bushels per acre. At Lone Oak, McCracken County, the soil was so badly worn and the season so dry that there was no ap- preciable effect of either acid phosphate or potash on the wheat. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 169 At Mayfield the average gain for wheat was 6.6 bushels per acre for acid phosphate, while for potash alone and in combination with limestone and acid phos- phate, it was 2.8 bushels. But comparing the plot treated with acid phosphate, limestone and potash with plots treated with acid phosphate and limestone, there is no gain for potash, the yield being 27.3 bushels per acre in each case. On the Berea (Madison county) experiment field last year acid phosphate and limestone gave 45.7 bushels of corn per acre, while limestone, acid phosphate and potash gave 46.4 bushels. The yields of soy bean hay on cor- responding treatments were 3,650 pounds and 3,770 pounds per acre. The yield of corn on untreated ground was 27.8 bushels per acre, and of soy bean hay 2,845 pounds. On page 79 of Circular No. 144, of the Ohio Experi- ment Station, Dr. Thorne shows that as the average re- sult of twenty years’ experiments on the Wooster ex- periment farm, $6.50 invested in potash returned $1.44 above its cost, while $2.60 invested in acid phosphate paid its cost and a net profit of $13.92. On page 97 of the same Circular he further shows that as the average results of nineteen years’ experiments on the Strongs- ville experiment farm, $2.60 invested in acid phosphate paid its cost and gave a net profit of $14.88, while $6.50 invested in potash returned $4.27 less than its cost. In the above cases the gain is for phosphate used alone in the rotation, while potash is used in addition to phos- phate and nitrogen, giving the potash full opportunity to show its effects. Dr. Hopkins, in the National Stockman and Farmer of April 3, 1915, shows that in the Pennsylvania experi- ments from 1885 to 1908, one dollar invested in potash paid back 9 cents, while phosphate paid $3.44 per $1.00. In this case also potash was applied in addition to phos- phate and nitrogen. In commenting on the soil requirements for corn, Prof. Williams, of the Ohio Experiment Station, says on page 76, Bul. 282: “Proper soil conditions for the corn crop will then include thor- ough under-drainage, either natural or artificial; a crop rotation which will adequately maintain the organic matter of the soil through the 170 Twenty-First Brenniau Report use of good sods of clover and grasses, and such catch-crops as may be adapted to the varying conditions, in addition to all the manure available, liberal applications of phosphorus to supplement the manure and natural deficiencies of the soil, as well as to restore the phos- phorus sold from the farm in cereals and livestock; and lime as may be needed to correct soil acidity and furnish a satisfactory environ- ment for bacterial life. In the absence of manure some soils will need applications of nitrogen and potassium before good crop yields can be secured.” On page 73 he further says: “Manifestly something is needed on the land besides phosphorus. With the addition of either nitrogen or potassium to the above amount of phosphorus the yield of corn is increased to a little over 43 bushels per acre, and by the addition of both, to 47 bushels, though the profit over cost of fertilizer is but a little greater than from phosphorus. alone, owing to the high cost of commercial nitrogen and potassium. Cheaper sources of these elements are found in the stable manure. Larger yields of corn have been secured with the use of manure, and substantially as good returns from phosphorus, when used in addition to manure.” In the report on the Piedmont soils of North Caro- lina, Professor Williams of the North Carolina Experi- ment Station, says on page 99, after summing up results of experiments: “Of all the types of soils of the Piedmont Plateau Region of the State thus far studied, the content of potash present in the surface soil is generally sufficient for growing maximum crops for a hundred years or more. It is generally more a problem of making this supply available than of increasing it. Not only do the chemical analyses show that there is a fairly liberal supply of potash in these soils, but in no case do we find any marked increases in yield due to its use, and frequently the yield is actually reduced. Generally it certainly would give better immediate returns and would be far more bene- ficial to eliminate potash altogether for general farm crops, and put the money into an additional supply of phosphoric acid. Potash, however, can be applied with profit to tabacco and very probably to Irish potatoes on most of the Piedmont soils.” Bulletin 108 of the Mississippi Experiment Station’ reports experiments on worn hill land and makes the following comments concerning cotton: “Phosphates hastened the maturity of cotton. On land with some decaying organic matter in it, phosphate alone gave good results, good enough to make it profitable. Potash alone, or in combination with nitrogen and phosphates, gave no apparent results. Nitrogen (cotton-seed meal) alone gave good results, Cotton-seed meal and phosphates mixed gave good results,” Ae Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 171 Concerning corn and cowpeas on the same soil, the report further says: “The land was thin upland. A drought of seven weeks obtained when the corn was young. Where the soil contained organic matter, phosphates alone gave good results. Potash alone, or in combination, failed to show any appreciable benefit. Nitrogen (cotton-seed meal) alone gave good results. A mixture of cotton-seed meal and phos- phates gave good results. “The fertilizer test with peas was interfered with somewhat by the October storm, but it was apparent that both acid phosphate and crude, finely ground rock increased the growth of peas in a marked manner—apparently doubling the crop.” The Experiment Station has never taught and never ean teach that the mere use of phosphates is sufficient. It does teach their use as a basis for soil building on soils deficient in phosphorus. Through their use in- creased growth of legumes may be obtained through the proper use of which nitrogen and organic matter (humus) may be restored to the soil. This of course means either the turning under of some of the nitrogen- gathering crops or the feeding of them with a careful Saving and return of the manure made from them, both solid and liquid (absorbed in the bedding). In addition, the non-leguminous crops in the rotation must be made to contribute to the organic matter of the soil by return- ing all the residues (stalks, straw, etc.) or the manure made from feeding the crops. Furthermore, cover crops and catch crops are recommended wherever practicable, these to be legumes where possible, and to be turned un- der as a rule. With this procedure the purchase of pot- ash will not be necessary on most Kentucky soils and phosphorus does become the only element of plant food necessary to purchase for general farm crops. This is certainly teaching that cannot be criticized. Teachings that omit any of the above essentials cannot be laid at the door of the Experiment Station. Yet there are soils that need potash. They are ab- normal. Muck and peat soils, some poorly drained soils, and some sandy soils need potash. If I should find such soils to need potash I should as freely recommend its use on them as I do phosphates for soils deficient in phos- phorus. If I should find the use of potash to be profit- able on a high potassium soil until organic matter could be restored, I should unhesitatingly recommend its use 172 Twenty-First Brenniau Report until such time as the natural supply could be made avail- able. In none of our experimental work have we found potassium to be the first limiting element. Granting, for the sake of argument, the need of potash on all soils, the ordinary application of fertilizers used in this State will not meet the demands of crops for potash. The 2-8-2 formula is a standard mixed fertilizer in the State, although many are sold containing even smaller amounts of nitrogen and potash. Two hundred pounds per acre is above the average application. A fifty-bushel corn crop requires about forty-three pounds of potash. The four pounds of potash contained in a 200-pound application of this fertilizer would be suffi- cient for an increase of less than five bushels of corn if the crop could get it all. But no one would contend that a crop could get all of the four pounds applied. The amount of nitrogen in such an application is 3.3 pounds and is sufficient for an increase of only two bushels of corn if all of it could be used. Nitrogen is cer- tainly a limiting element before potassium on most if not all of our soils. Yet itis generally present in fertiliz- ers in less quantities than potash. I have yet to be con- vinced that any increased yield produced is not due chiefly to the sixteen pounds of phosphoric acid con- tained in the above application, which is a fair proportion of the twenty-six pounds required for a fifty-bushel corn crop. If this be the case, why pay $2.50 to $3.00 for 200 pounds of this mixture containing sixteen pounds of phosphoric acid when $3.00 will buy 400 pounds or more~ of sixteen per cent acid phosphate, containing sixty-four pounds of phosphoric acid? If a farmer is convinced from experience that it pays to use a small amount of complete fertilizer to give the crop a start, and such may be the case, he should at the same time understand that it neither supplies any considerable part of the nitrogen and potassium used by the crop, nor does it contribute to the permanent fer- tility of the soil. Surely no one will contend at this late day that a farmer should buy nitrogen for ordinary farm crops. For example, a fifty-bushel corn crop requires seventy-five pounds of nitrogen. Four thousand five hundred pounds Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 173 per acre of 2-8-2 fertilizer would have to be used to sup- ply this amount, granting that the corn could get hold of all of it, which it cannot do. The seventy-five pounds of nitrogen (required for fifty bushels of corn) would cost at least $15, and generaly more, at the usual prices of mixed fertilizers. One hundred to one hundred and twenty-five pounds of nitrogen would have to be applied in order that the crop could obtain seventy-five pounds from this source. There are some special crops of high value per acre, such as tobacco, potatoes, cotton, vegetables, etc, on which the use of the three elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on some soils gives profitable results. In such cases, I would unhesitatingly recommend their use, at least until the soil could be built up to a point where some or all of the elements could be left off by rendering the supply in the soil available. We recommend the use of acid phosphate more fre- quently than rock phosphate. We do so because we have found that acid phosphate is more effective, per dollar invested, than rock phosphate on soils deficient in or- ganic matter, as most Kentucky soils are. We are ex- perimenting with both forms. However, our experi- ments are on soils quite deficient in organic matter. If we find that when organic matter is restored to the soil the rock phosphate is permanently more profitable, then we shall as surely recommend the use of rock phosphate. Results in other States lead us to believe that such may prove to be the case. There are numerous cases in this State where rock phosphate is being used with great suc- cess by farmers who have manure or green manure crops to use with it. Bone meal is an effective form of phos- phate, but the supply is exceedingly limited compared with the amount of phosphates that should be used. It should now be evident why we lay such stress on the use of phosphates. It is for the reason that nearly all Kentucky soils outside the Blue Grass Region are very deficient in phosphorus and some within the outer circle of the Blue Grass Region. Phosphorus in these soils is the first limiting element. Under this condition, without the liberal use of phosphates, it is impossible to produce large growths of leguminous and other crops 174 Twenty-First Brennuat Rerort to restore nitrogen and organic matter to the soil. The use of phosphates, therefore, is the very foundation of permanent soil improvement on such soils. In view of the fact that the returns from the use of phosphates are so much greater than from potash, granting that the latter does give returns in some cases, we cannot recom- mend the buying of potash until the farmer has first bought sufficient phosphorus to use on all of his soil. A fact worthy of notice in passing is that three-fourths of the phosphorus required for grain crops is in the grain itself. Hence if grain is sold there is a large loss from the soil. Animals retain on the average one-fourth of the phosphorus of the feed given them, so that both in grain farming and live-stock farming there is an un- avoidable loss of an element already deficient in nearly all soils. Our teachings always emphasize permanent fertil- ity, and the absolute necessity of providing nitrogen and organic matter. We recommend the use of limestone on acid soils as a means of increasing the growth of nitrogen-gathering crops and through them all other crops. However, all ‘the evidence we have at hand indicates that on soils de- ficient in phosphorus, limestone does not prove profit- able without the use of phosphates, but when used in connection with phosphates it is highly profitable. We ‘can unhesitatingly recommend the use of limestone and phosphates on most Kentucky souls before potash, even if potash is to be used at all. Let us see what the commercial aspects of the fore- going teachings are so far as the farmer is concerned. It means that if he wishes to use acid phosphate he will buy it wherever he can get it in good mechanical condi- tion at the lowest price per pound for the phosphorus contained. If he wants to use potash he will buy it wherever he can get it at the lowest price. Likewise for materials carrying nitrogen. Formulas should not worry him. If he wants to use more than one element and wants to mix the materials for convenience in applica- tion (this is the only advantage in mixing) then he should determine how much of each element of plant food ‘he wants to use per acre, and use the necessary amount of Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 175 materials to provide the desired plant food, regardless of what percentages the mixture might contain. Ob- jection may be made that the farmer cannot get unmixed materials in good mechanical condition. He does get acid phosphate and bone meal in good mechanical con- dition. He can get dried blood and tankage in good con- dition. The only materials apt to be lumpy are potash salts and nitrate of soda. It is possible, however, to buy these reground in good mechanical condition. Of course, on standing they may become lumpy again. Grinders and mixers may now be bought which can be run by hand or with a small engine. A study of the mixed fertilizers sold in this State in 1909 showed that they sold for $6 to $10 per ton more than the retail prices of the materials of which they were made. (See Bul. 140, page 61). The cost of mixing fertilizers is not very great. The remainder of the dif- ference between the cost of the unmixed materials and the mixed goods goes to cover cost of advertising, agents’ commissions, local dealers’ profits, extending credit, with some extra share of profits for the manufact- urers. We are not recommending home-mixing except when fertilizers of the desired composition cannot be had at a fair price. In contrast with the foregoing teachings, let us see what the Kentucky fertilizer market offers the farmer. It is no uncommon thing for a fertilizer manufacturing concern to operate under several different names, branches or subsidiary companies. One such company operating in this State used in 1913 (Bul. 177) seven different series of brand names and offered for sale 44 different brands of complete fer- tilizers, although they had only 19 different formulas. Leaving off one subsidiary company which has very slightly, but not materially modified its formulas, this company offered 37 different brands representing only 12 formulas. In one case one formula was offered under six differ- ent names by this general company. They were desig- nated ‘‘tobacco grower,’’ ‘‘special tobacco grower,’’ “‘erop grower,’’ ‘‘wheat and corn special,’’ and two ‘‘“corn and wheat growers.’’? Frequently the same i 176 Twenty-First Brgewntau Report formula is offered under two names by one branch of a company. There are several manufacturing concerns operating: on the above plan in this State. In one case one com- pany operating in this way offered seventy-nine differ- ent brands of complete fertilizers in 1913. During the year 1913 there were 434 different brands of complete fertilizers registered in the State. (See Bulletin 177). Of these 204 carried less than 1.65 Ibs. of nitrogen in 100 lbs. of fertilizer (equivalent to 2 Ibs. of ‘‘ammonia’’). Most of the 204 brands were guar- anteed to carry 0.82 Ibs., or 0.41 Ibs. of nitrogen per 100 Ibs. of fertilezer, while the guaranty on some brands was as low as 0.21 lbs. per 100 lbs. of fertilizer. One hundred and twenty-nine brands were guaranteed to carry 2 per cent. potash, and fifty-nine less than 2 per cent. Many farmers use only 100 lbs. of such fertilizer per acre. Imagine, if possible, less than one pound of nitro- gen applied to an acre of corn, when 50 bushels of corn require 75 lbs. of nitrogen. These fertilizers containing such small percentages of nitrogen and potash are essentially low grade acid phosphates selling under brand names as mixed fertiliz- ers. Acid phosphate is the basis of them. They usually contain 8 to 10 per cent. phosphoric acid and sell for considerably more per ton, sometimes nearly twice as much, as 16 per cent acid phosphate which contains twice as much phosphoric acid. Sixteen per cent. acid phos- phate should not be considered a low grade fertilizer simply for the reason that it sells for a lower price per ton than certain mixed fertilizers, such as those discussed in the foregoing paragraphs. What the farmer is actually concerned with is the cost per pound of plant food contained in fertilizers. The manufacture of such low grade mixed fertilizers is vir- tually an admission of the importance attaching to the use of phosphates. If mixed fertilizers are to be used only high grade mixtures should be employed; that is, such as contain high percentages especially of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, for the reason that the plant food contained in them is cheaper than in low grade mixtures. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 177 Smaller amounts may be used, thus saving drayage, freight and bagging charges. The sale of low grade fertilizers will probably cease when farmers quit buying fertilizers by brand names and at the lowest price per ton regardless of composition. It is hardly to be expected that such fertilizers will not be offered for sale so long as farmers are willing to buy them. Out of such a maze of fertilizers offered, how is the farmer to choose for his needs, unless he understands the fundamental principles of soil fertility and the nature of commercial fertilizers and fertilizing materials? It is clearly the duty of the Agricultural Hixperiment Sta- tion and all other agencies for agricultural instruction to give him in as clear and simple manner as possible this information. THE RELATION OF FORESTRY TO AGRICULTURE BY J. KE. Barton, State Forester. That there should be any relation between the pro- duction of agricultural crops and the production of forest crops in an agricultural State, such as Kentucky, does not occur to the average individual, and that there should be any interchange in benfits because of a knowl- edge of such relation between these two crops is a mat- ter which is altogether too lightly touched upon in any discussion either of agriculture or forestry, solely as re- gards their individual merits. It, nevertheless, is a fact that the production of a forest crop on a farm may bear a very intimate relation to the production of the agri- cultural crop thereon, and have distinct bearing on the amount of profit derived from the purely agricultural end of the game. Indeed, it is possible to imagine a sit- uation in which the net gain in any one year would be represented by the value of the products of the’ woodlot: 178 Twenty-First Bresniau Report In considering the farms in Kentucky at. the pres- ent time, it is evident that there is a large amount of them which are not producing the amount of produce which is possible for them to supply under the best con- ditions; and the fact that this is so, results from several features, among which may be mentioned the worn out condition of the soil, due to the lack of a proper amount of limestone, and imperviousness of the soil to surface moisture, due to shallow plowing, and a packed condition of the soil itself. Further, in a great many cases it is impossible to use land which has heretofore been used year.in and year out, on account of the ‘‘washing’’ of the land—as this condition is generally termed. There are acres of land in Kentucky that are useless at the present time, due to the fact that the surface run-off has been so rapid that gullying and the washing away of the most valuable top soil portion of the soil has re- sulted. This last feature is particularly true on lands with a perceptible slope, and is especially noticeable in the extremely hilly sections, and in the mountains of the State. It may be proper here to set forth in brief just what functions the forests serve with regard to conser- vation of the soil, especially on hilly lands, and the eco- nomic part which the forests play in building up the soil itself. In the first place—and this is especially true in hilly and mountainous regions—the forests act as a soil fixative; that is, the mass of roots of the trees which ex- tend in every direction through the soil, serve to hold it in place, and prevent it from washing down into the stream beds and gullies. It has been said, with a large de- gree of truth, that the best farms of Kentucky are at the present time in the Gulf of Mexico, due to the washing away of the rich top soil into the streams, and eventually ’ down the Ohio and Mississippi. In the second place, the forests. break the fall of rain upon the surface; in the third place, as nearly as it is possible to state, the mass of roots and the decaying vegetable matter in a forest act as a reservoir so that the rain which falls is soaked up as by a sponge, and is discharged in small quantities over. long periods, and is not precipitated into the streams within a very short time as a surface run-off so that gullies and washes are formed. Again, the roots Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 179 of a tree in a forest or woodland penetrate the soil in every direction and consequently the soil is more readily penetrated by rain or other moisture which falls on the surface, and the moisture becomes available at a greater depth than would otherwise be possible. These are purely mechanical benefits which the presence of the forest or woodland has to offer. Further, there is each year de- posited on the ground from the trees, a large amount of vegetable matter in the shape of leaves. This decays and eventually forms the top layer of the soil called the humus which is altogether the most valuable portion of any soil for agricultural purposes. Some trees are especially good from an agricultural point of view, in that they are legumes (the same as cowpeas, soy beans ‘and alfalfa), and develop nitrifying nodules on their roots supplying to the soil nitrogenous elements, which are usually only obtainable by the use of expensive fer- tilizers. Such trees are the Kentucky coffee tree, black locust, honey locust and the yellow wood. There is one peculiarity with regard to ownership of lands in Kentucky. Practically all of it is owned by individuals or corporations. A very small per cent is “owned by the State, and none is owned by the Federal Government. Further, it has been my general observa- tion, that on practically every farm in the State there is a certain per cent. of land, sometimes very small, it is true, which is not cultivated on account of the rocky character of the soil, or the precipitous nature of the slope. This may be along the bank of a stream, or it may be on the top of a small hillside, or it may be other- wise situated on the farm. Such land as this can be most ‘economically devoted to raising a forest crop, and cer- tainly worn out lands which are badly washed or gullied can in no other manner be xo quickly regenerated and re- ‘stored to a state of fertility as by planting a forest crop thereon. Outside of the mere fact that a forest crop is the surest means of restoring worn out land to its former fertility, the forest crop itself is of great value in con- nection with the farm. Probably the use of the wood pro- duced in the forest or woodland, which would most read- ‘ily suggest itself, is for fence posts. Good trees for this may be black locust, black walnut, or several other 180 Twenty-First Brenniau Rerorr species, or it might be soft woods, as willow, ash, or soft maple which are common to all Kentucky. Recent information in regard to fence posts made from such soft woods as have here been enumerated, shows that the treatment of such woods with a preservative, as creo- sote, can be made for approximately three cents per post, and that the life of the post so treated is from twenty to twenty-five years. Other uses to which timber raised in the woodlot can be devoted are ties, mining timber, hoops, poles, etc. There is one use to which trees on the farm may be put, which, up to the present time, has been little appreciated in Kentucky, and that is in the establishment of windbreaks. In the Western United States, especially in the treeless region, where the wind has full sweep for miles, one of the earliest uses to which trees were put was in the planting of windbreaks for the protection of the house and barn lots. This use is rapidly extending. The planting of a windbreak in Ken- tucky can, with very material benefit, be carried on in much greater degree than has heretofore been attempted. The value of the windbreak in connection with the or- chards, truck gardens, fields, etc., is very direct and defi- nite. There is the additional fact that the windbreak may be made to supply material for use on the farm, such as posts, in addition to performing their mechanical function as breaks. A large variety of trees may be used for this purpose, but, undoubtedly, a large per- centage of evergreens in the windbreak will increase its value, especially during the winter season when high winds, as a usual thing, prevail. Windbreaks may also be made to serve in a large measure to beautify the farm, and in this modern age, the actual beauty of the farm it- self is no small asset. The use of trees around the farm home and outbuildings, both for the shade they afford and for the screen which they effect to undesirable views, is a use which should be emphasized in connection with farm life. In considering the raising of a forest crop on the farm, the work involved may be accomplished almost entirely in the winter when ordinarily the stock and the labor available is not otherwise employed, so that the other farm activities are not interfered with; and the Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 181 ‘‘hands’’ and teams pay for themselves, and are not idle. In estimating the value of a forest crop on a farm, no consideration has been given in this article to the ac- tual mechanical details of establishing the forest or woodlot. The main purpose has been to call atten- tion to the manner in which the production of a forest crop and agricultural crop may be made to go hand in hand, and each made to benefit from the other. The es- tablishment of a woodlot or tree growth is not a diffi- cult matter with the exercise of a reasonable amount of care in the planting. To make it an economical pro- position, trees of small size, either seedlings or once transplanted material, should be used. If possible, the’ ground should be plowed before the tree growth is es- tablished, and the subsequent care and cultivation will amount to very little. To obtain the best results, thin- nings should be made from time to time of the backward individuals, and all the ground within the area devoted to the woodlot should be utilized for the production of trees. The selection of the species will depend a great deal on the individual, and on the section of the State in which he is situated, and can best be taken up for the in- dividual problem. There are some certain phases of the forest indus: try which lend themselves very readily to the farm, such as the cultivation of willow for use in connection with the baskets and willow ware industry. This is a very profit- able business at the present time in the United States, be- cause of the fact that a large amount of the supply here- tofore obtained for the manufacture of baskets and furniture has come from Europe, and that supply has been in a large measure cut off. The popularity of wil- low for making furniture, especially porch furniture, has increased enormously in recent years on account of the lightness and durability of the product. The devotion of a few acres to willow culture will, undoubtedly, pay any farmer who is sufficiently interested to undertake the work, and as is the case with the production of forest crops on the farm as a whole, the time and labor de- votedto the raising of willow can be arranged for at a 182 Twenty-First Brenniau Report season of the year which is usually known as the slack season. The growing of hickory for various purposes, such as hoops, poles and material for wagons and vehicle manufacture, also offers itself as a suggestion of the manner in which a woodlot on a farm may be utilized for the actual value of the product, at the same time that it is improving the soil condition or regenerating abso- lutely worthless land. Hickory of decided commercial value may be raised in from five to ten years, and, man- aged as a sprout forest, will produce a valuable produc- tion indefinitely. The raising of forest trees for produc- ing nuts is another phase of the matter which should be carefully considered. At the present time nuts are an increasingly valuable product on the market, and there are a number of forest species which produce these, such as walnut, hickory, pecan and chestnut. From this brief summing up of the matter, it is clear that not only may the forests be the means of adding distinctly to the value of the farm from an agricultural standpoint, but it may be also made to pay for itself dur- ing the regenerative period. OPPORTUNITIES FOR BEEF PRODUCTION IN KENTUCKY. By Edwin S. Good, Head Department of Animal Husbandry (Beef cattle, sheep and swine), Ken- tucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky. In many respects Kentucky is a State happily situ- ated on the map for the production of beef cattle and its marketing under favorable conditions. The climate is medium between the long cold winters of the North and the long hot summers of the South, and such as to give the farmer a long growing season between frosts. Her different regions, though opposite in physical features, give her the opportunities for varied agriculture. Her location near the southern states gives her farmers the benefit of purchasing their cottonseed meal, one of the as Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 183 cheapest feeds in the market if properly balanced with other feeds, at the same cost as her northern neighbors minus their extra cost of freight. As for her markcts, with Louisville or Cincinnati within comparatively short reach of any section of the State, and the largest cattle markets of the world such as Chicago, not so far distant, the matter of marketing the finished animals is solved most satisfactorily for the feeder. With practical eradi- cation of the cattle tick (the indirect cause of Texas fever) throughout large sections of the southern states, has come the impetus for the breeders to introduce pure bred bulls with which to grade up their cattle, a measure which means that eventually well bred steers in the South will find their way to the Louisville and other nearby markets to be purchased and finished by the Ken- tucky farmer, thus, in a measure, enabling him to raise the matter of beef production to as high a level as that enjoyed by other branches of the live stock industry. Then, too, on account of the high price of feeders, the time has come when it is profitable for the Kentucky farmer, even on high-priced lands, to raise some of his own steers. This is particularly true of the mountain and hill regions of the State. Much of this land should never be plowed on account of the washing of the soil, but be devoted to the production of live stock. For some time past, the markets have not been look- ing for large beeves. This is due to the fact that smaller cuts of beef are more sought after by the housewife now than formerly. The writer saw 750-pound baby beeves top the Cincinnati market last May. These steers were well bred, had plenty of quality and were fat. Steers that have the quality to grade as baby beeves are the only kind the Kentucky farmer should raise. I do not mean by this statement that it is the only kind he should buy and feed, for the profit in finishing cattle depends largely on how cheaply certain grades can be purchased, and how well they can be sold. However, no one can af- ford to breed inferior steers, and that means the elimina- tion of the scrub sire. Professor Mumford, of the II- linois Experiment Station, has determined that the use of a pure bred sire will raise the quality of a steer two grades. There being a usual difference of 35 cents per 184 Twenty-First Brenn1au Report hundredweight for each grade, would mean that the dif- ference in the value of a thousand-pound feeder sired by a pure bred bull and one sired by a scrub would be $7.00. On this basis, a pure bred bull siring fifty cows in a sea- son would pay for his original cost in one year. If the cows of the mountain districts could be mated to pure bred bulls and the offspring grown until feeders and then driven to the districts of Kentucky having plenty of corn with which to finish them, this process of breeding in one district and finishing in another would mean a material increase in prosperity to all parties concerned. There are already signs, as one can see by visiting the county fairs in some of the mountain sections, that this very thing has been begun. By paying careful attention to the pastures of the State, the amount of beef which they now produce could easily be doubled. This could be accomplished by the frequent cutting of weeds, for the reason that blue grass and other good pasture plants thrive if somewhat closely grazed, while weeds die if their tops are kept cut off. The best pastures of the blue grass region are those in which the weeds are kept down by frequent mowing. On such pasture the writer has seen thrifty two-year-old steers made fat during the summer months with no allowance of grain. If, in addition to the weeds being frequently cut, there could be an occasional application of manure to the pasture, the increase in the production of grass would be surprising. During the past few years, many silos have been built in this State. Much credit for the erection of these silos is due to the Commissioner of Agriculture. On land that is not too rolling to grow corn and sorghum without soil washing, ensiling is the most economical way to handle the corn and sorghum crops. Some people think, however, that corn is too expensiveto use for en- silage so are growing sorghum for that purpose. Both are excellent crops for the silo and yield a large ton- nage per acre on fertile land. Land at this Station which had received two heavy applications of manure from the cattle sheds, yielded sixteen tons of corn and twenty- seven tons of sorghum per acre during the growing sea- son of 1915, which was a very favorable one. The ad- Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 185 vent of the silo has already resulted in an increased num- ber of beef cattle being fed in this State each year. In a test made at this Station in fattening steers with and without the addition of silage to the ration, the cost of gains was lessened $1.68 per hundredweight when corn silage was used. The feeding of two-year-old steers dur- ing the winter months on rations with and without corn silage, with a view to finishing on pasture without grain, resulted in $3.59 less cost per hundredweight of gain the first trial, and $4.43 less cost per hundredweight of gain the second trial, where rations containing corn silage were used. In the first test the steers receiving silage in their ration during the winter months did not gain within twenty pounds per head as much on pasture as steers making the same gains during the winter months with a ration containing no silage. In the second test of this kind the following year, the steers which received silage during the winter months made 48 pounds more gain on pasture the following spring and summer than those which did not receive silage during the previous winter. These tests were conducted to throw some light on the prevalent opinion that steers do not gain well on pasture after having had silage the previous winter. The average of these tests would indicate that this sur- mise is not founded on sufficient evidence, and that cat- tle can be wintered much cheaper where silage is used than where it is omitted. The richest agricultural country in the United States, namely, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, feeds annually some seventy thousand steers mainly for ma- nure. These cattle are fed in barns kept heavily bedded so that all the solid and liquid manure is conserved. The Kentucky farmer needs to learn the lesson of con- serving the manure produced in his beef cattle feeding operations conducted during the winter months. This is accomplished at the Experiment Station by adopting the covered barnyard at one of the barns and by con- crete lots at another barn. Records of manure made per steer during the winter feeding period have been kept, and as much as 5.32 tons of manure per steer have been produced in a 160 day feeding period. According to experiments at the Ohio Experiment Station, a single 186 Twenty-First Brewnian Rerorr application of manure applied at the rate of eight tons per acre would be worth $3.67 per ton, from an increase in crops secured in a three-year rotation of corn, wheat and clover over similar land unmanured. , All conditions indicate a new era in live stock pro- duction in this State, not only as a profitable business in itself, but as a means of conserving and improving the fertility of the soil. In the furthering of this interest, the beef animal will always have a prominent place, for no other animal can convert the roughage of the farm into meat as economically as the steer. KENTUCKY’S OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFIT- ABLE DAIRYING. By W. D. NicHotzs, Associate Prorsessor oF DarryIne, In Cuarcse Darry Extension Kentucky CoLuece oF AGRICULTURE. In contemplating the opportunities for dairying in Kentucky, the writer has the advantage of years of work among dairy farmers in every section of the State, dur- ing which time we have visited hundreds of dairymen on their own farms, in this and most of the other im- portant dairy States, carefully studying both the pro- duction and market ends of the business, always looking at the question from the farm management point of view, with the object of learning those principles on which farming may be pursued to furnish the largest con- tinuous profits from the farm as a whole. Furthermore, our experience in the management of our own dairy farm over a long series of years of profitable operation, has given us both a practical and conservative point of view. We should, therefore, be in a position to make a conservative estimate of Kentucky’s dairy opportuni- ties. We are convinced that these opportunities are large and varied. First, might be mentioned our climate, which is free from the extreme cold temperatures of northern dairy districts. For this reason a smaller in- vestment in barns and other buildings is required. An- Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 187 other advantage is the longer grazing season in Ken- tucky. Our soil as-well as our climate is such that we are able to produce splendid crops of corn, clover, cow peas and alfalfa hay. A good dairy farmer in Kentucky will need to buy very little feed for his stock. This is extremely important, because the success of the dairy farm is almost in direct proportion to its ability to pro- duce corn, hay, grasses and other forage for cattle feed- ing. A successful dairyman must first be a successful crop producer. Cheap raw materials must be available: if profits are expected, and these raw materials consist for the most part of home-grown roughage. The dairy farmer whose capacious hay loft is filled with hay, whose silos are overflowing with rich corn ensilage, and corn fields smile with a bountiful harvest, is the man who will make money in dairying. Incidentally, the man who is engaged in dairy farming has the best opportunity to keep up the fertility of his soil so that bountiful harvest may be secured. Abundant proof of the importance of growing large quantities of roughage may be found any- where in Kentucky where milk cows are kept. This is equally true in all of the great dairy districts of Wiscon- sin, Minnesota, New York, and Michigan. In all of these districts great crops of hay and forage are grown. Corn, hay and the dairy cow go hand in hand. The combina- tion means splendid fertile farms, with well-built barns and silos, commodious homes and the highest type of rural. citizenship. Kentucky dairy farms have access to good markets. The cities of Louisville and Cincinnati furnish excellent markets for a large number of milk shippers. The smaller cities such as Lexington, Bowling Green, Hop- kinsville, and Paducah, furnish local markets for dairy products. Evansville, Nashville and St. Louis are also within shipping distance to a large number of Kentucky farmers. Markets for cream and butter available for a | much wider territory are furnished by a number of large creameries situated in the cities mentioned. Besides our local market for butter, we are at the gateway to the great butter market of the south, and also within convenient shipping distance of the centers of popula- tion of the east. 188 Twenty-First Brenniau Report As a class the farms in Kentucky on which dairy products are produced as an important source of the farm income, are the most prosperous farms in the State. This is due to the fact that a herd of dairy cat- tle brings in a dependable ‘income, which comes in at frequent and regular intervals. As an example of the profits to be secured from good dairy farming in Kentucky, we might mention the experience of R. R. Dougherty, of Spencer county, who lives on a farm of 223 acres, which has been brought up to a high state of fertility. Mr. Dougherty purchased this farm 20 years ago, going into debt for almost the entire purchase price. He immediately established a dairy, and began shipping milk to the city of Louisville, fifty miles away. Within a few years the farm debt was paid off in full, and the farm today is one of the best in the State, producing an average of 60 bushels of corn, 20 bushels of wheat, and two to three tons of hay to the acre. Besides paying for and improving his farm, Mr. Dougherty has provided a good living for his family, given his children the advantage of a college ed- ucation, built a splendid country home, which is equipped with all modern conveniences, enjoys the pleas- ures of an automobile, and has established himself as one of the wealthy and influential farmers of the coun- ty. This splendid success has come as the result of di- versified dairy farming, and we wish to emphasize, very emphatically that diversified dairy farming is the only profitable system of dairy farming. With the dairy Mr Dougherty combines a large amount of horse sense, ag well as cow sense, and a goodly amount of hard work. One of the secrets of his success is that he has learned not to carry all of his eggs in one basket. He keeps a moderate sized herd of cows—only 24 in initoee a these are good ones, and bring in an average of over $200 per month. The other important yearly sales of his farm are 40 or 50 head of fat hogs, a small flock of spring lambs, two or three young horses or mules, five or six hundred bushels of wheat, and some fruit and poultry products. The yearly acreage of corn has never exceeded 30 to 35 acres. In discussing the growing of corn on his farm, which is of rather rolling nature, Mr. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 189 Dougherty says that he regards corn as a splendid crop, but prefers to raise it on his neighbor’s land, leaving his own land in grass. It will be seen from his acreage that he is careful not to overdo the corn crop. This sys- tem of hay and grass farming has resulted in the pro- tection of his slopes from washing, and has greatly in- creased the humus supply and crop producing power of the land. Mr. Dougherty has reduced his farm management to a system which brings results. From his dairy he secures an income of more than $2,400 a year, yet the dairy does not seriously interfere with his crop pro- duction. His crops are as good as those of the best farmers in his section, and much better than the average. The cows are cared for in the morning and evening, be- fore and after the field work, and the time is hardly missed. This farm is a model of good crop rotation, and the rational use of stable manure. The dairy herd is fed liberally on home-grown feeds, consisting largely of zorn stover, corn silage, hay and crushed corn, the ration being supplemented and balanced by the use of a small amount of cotton seed meal and wheat bran. Less than $300 a year is expended for purchased feeds. Many other examples of success in dairying might be mentioned, as for instance that of Dudley Garth, of Todd county, in the southwestern part of Kentucky, who has developed a very profitable line of farming, in which the production of high-class butter and registered dairy cattle have occupied an important place. Another line of profitable dairying is that of the making of ice cream on the farm for the local trade, as a side line to the farm dairy. The ice cream business in Kentucky is yet in its infancy, and offers a splendid field for profitable development. An increasing number of Kentucky farmers are in- stalling hand cream separators, and putting in herds of four to ten cows, separating the cream, taking this in a few cases to local creameries. In a majority of cases, however, local creameries are not available as markets, and shipment is made to large central creameries for butter-making. This line of dairying offers a nice weekly addition to the farm income. The receipts per 190 Twenty-First Brennrat REPorT cow are not as great as those from sweet milk and sweet cream, but less time is required to take the product to the market or shipping station. Butter dairying is open to a large class of farmers who are too far from the market or shipping point to make it practical to ship sweet milk or sweet cream. The central creameries per- mit the cream to be delivered twice or three times a week, thus giving an average in saving time in delivery. The cream shipper has an added advantage in being able to keep the skimmed milk on his farm, thus utilizing one of the best of all feeds for calves, pigs and poultry. The production of milk from a few cows thus carried on in connection with the growing of crops and other live stock, is sure to increase in importance and profitable- ness on very many Kentucky farms. _No state in the Union offers a more promising field for the profitable production and sale of dairy stock for breeding purposes. We have already obtained a world- wide reputation for Jerseys of the highest quality. One county (Shelby) leads all other counties in America in the number and excellence of her Jerseys. Buyers from nearly every state in the Union come here to place carload orders. As a result of this community breed- yo ae there is always a market at good prices for al ‘surplus stock. This adds many thousands of dollars to the income of the farmers of this and other counties, which have obtained a reputation for Jerseys. ; In the breeding of Holsteins, a good beginning has” been made in several sections of Kentucky, principal among which are communities in Nelson and Spencer counties, and. several counties in northern Kentucky. For both Holsteins and Jerseys there is a rapidly in- creasing demand from southern farmers who have here- tofore been compelled to go to the northern States to supply their needs. These buyers would gladly stop in Kentucky to make their purchases, thereby saving greatly in traveling expenses, and avoiding the long haul from the northern States. Kentucky Holstein breeders have developed some of the best Holstein strains to be found anywhere, and all stock which they offer for sale find ready buyers. The community breed- ing of Holsteins is probably even more promising in Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 191 profits than that of the breeding of Jerseys, because of this large and almost untouched southern market. Breeders have it in their power to make Kentucky one of the great breeding and market places for the Hol- stein breed. Kentucky furnishes hundreds of examples of run- down farms which have been restored to fertility by dairy farming. A conspicuous example is the county of Pendleton. Fifteen years ago this hill county was washed and gullied, and the.farm land was practically worthless. ‘'oday these same hillsides are growing splendid crops of sweet clover, blue grass and alfalfa, bank deposits have more than quadrupled, gullies have been stopped, commodious barns have been built, and good herds of dairy cows are bringing in a comfortable monthly income to a large number of farmers. The counties of Campbell, Kenton, Shelby, Spencer and Har- din may also be cited as examples of the effectiveness of dairy farming in increasing soil fertility. Kentucky farmers are beginning to realize that when well cared for, and properly applied, the manure from a dairy cow is worth $25 or more per year, and that a herd of cows enables the farmer to feed the grass, hay and forage produced on his farm, thereby keeping a large part of the farm in grass, preventing erosion, and retaining plant food on the farm. Dairy farming means a profit- able system of agriculture and increased crop produc- tion, and a larger income each year. Moreover, a good herd of dairy cows will-bring in a much greater money return and utilize a given amount of feed to much greater advantage than an equal number of steers. For this reason the production of dairy products replaces beef production whenever population becomes dense, and land becomes high priced. This is shown by the experience of farmers in the dairy districts of Ken- ‘tucky, and of other States, and by the practice of farm. ers in Denmark, Holland, Germany and other European nations. The Kentucky College of Agriculture and Experi- ment Station is actively engaged in the encouragement of all phases of dairying in Kentucky, including the care, breeding and management of dairy cattle, and the 192 Twenty-First Brenwian Repogr working out of profitable systems of farm management on farms where milk stock are kept. A special service is maintained for co-operation and aid in barn and silo building. Farmers engaged in dairying and those con- templating going into the business may secure valuable and practical assistance by communicating with the De- partment in charge of this work. THE HOG INDUSTRY OF KENTUCKY. By E. 8. Goop, Kentucky AGricuLTuRAL HxPERIMENT Station, Lexineton, Ky. . There is much being done by various agencies in the State of Kentucky to make the raising of hogs both a safe and a profitable venture. The enormous losses formerly sustained from hog cholera are now practi- cally insured against by the use of anti-hog cholera serum, which can be obtained at cost from the Experi- ment Station, and used as a preventive if secured and administered in time. Bulletins and pamphlets stating the best methods of controlling hog cholera and other diseases affecting hogs can be obtained by an interested breeder. The hog cholera clubs established in this State are a further measure for the purpose of an organized effort toward eradicating this disease. The Kentucky Live Stock Sanitary Board, in its strenuous and effective work in eradicating the foot- and-mouth disease in this State, as well as in other help- ful measures, has made the industry of hog raising a safer one. The influence of the Kentucky Swine Breeders’ As- sociation has been most helpful to the hog raisers of this State. At least once a year this organization holds a meeting for the purpose of discussing problems con- nected with the swine industry, and it can always be counted on for recommending and working for legisla- tive measures favorable to this industry. The Extension Department of the Experiment Sta- tion is making a fine effort to interest the boys of the “SUTOIS[OHF] JO plex SopMO_q YW Uos{LAr ‘yove spunod peipuny eAteA} JO S1991S OM} JO Satpod 9Y} PLING 0} JUIMITAJNU JUSTOIJJINS PeuTejUoD IeOA & UL YIU IaH *(49}3Nq Jo spunod c9g 02 JuUaTBATNDS) Jey spunod gy- pue YIU Jo spunod FEF‘g JO POdIA [eIOIJJO ue Sv MOD AATep STULL “QVQUALAAMS S/IVIUL ‘AM ‘pleywootg ‘wos WY UBATTING weg Aq poauUMO ‘sAVP Coe Y[TUI “SL OSO‘ST PIO-teek-InNOJ “If SB plOdeT UIeG ‘“plo-1eas-OM] “Al Se YITUL “SCL GPCR ‘40770q “SL TO'6L °O CFL (ON ByWURLOD puz ‘suosT ptoMmney Aperyt Dairy barn on the farm of Nicholls Bros., Bloomfield, Ky. Fifty head of cows are kept on this farm, producing nearly 300 loads of manure a year, all of which, both liquid and solid, is saved ana a piled to the iand., The crop yields have been quadrupled in the past six years. Glazed Tile Milk House located on an eighty-acre dairy farm. The material for this house cost $150, with labor of construction additional. Old Hen House. (See page 197.) New hen house, (See page 197.) Experiment Station Poultry Yards. (See page 197.) CLeL ased 999g) “CI6T UL SaTqvyJaSaeA puv SjINAZ JO YLIOAN 0000S ‘c$ ~PIOS pue pouuUvd SITs sseyg “AqUNOD AddIeTT JO SLITH q{upo surury Woodford County, Ky. IP H. Taylor, E. owned by Col, Baby beeves, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 193 State in the raising of hogs. When a boy can be given an opportunity to be a partner of some one in such an enterprise he acquires interest in feeding and caring for animals which tends to develop the embryo stock breed- er, and it may, perhaps, be one influence which in later years will keep him on the farm. The results of some of this club work directed by Professor Otis Kercher show that the hogs fed and cared for by the boys are usually larger, and, in many cases, the gains produced more economically than those produced by his elders. Much is being done by the Experiment Station in the frequent publishing of bulletins noting the results of experiments in hog feeding, which are constantly being carried on. Some of the experiments show that by a proper rotation of forage crops the cost of growing and fattening hogs in this State can be greatly re- duced. The farmer must realize, however, that it is necessary to feed some grain in addition to the forage crop to make the grazing profitable. A good rule to follow is to give a pig some grain from the time he is old enough to eat grain until he goes to the market, even though he has access to excellent forage crops. Good forage crops just about maintain a young hog, that is, they provide the sufficient nutrients for the pro- duction of blood, digestive juices, heat and energy; thus the additional food in the form of a grain ration is used for the production of bone, muscle and fat. The hog likes grain better than forage crops; therefore, it is best to give him a small amount of grain so that he will remain hungry to do considerable grazing. If the forage crop on which he is running is good, feed him from two to two and one-half per cent. of his weight daily in grain; as the forage crop becomes depleted, feed him three per cent. of his weight in grain daily. Grain thus fed to hogs on forage crops will net from $1.00 to $1.50 per bushel for the amount fed, and most of the fertilizing constituents of the same left on the land. How can grain be disposed of at greater profit? To make the industry of raising hogs in Kentucky the most profitable, proper housing and sanitary meas- ures must be adhered to. It must be remembered that the hog is sensitive to both heat and cold, and for that agr.—? 194 Twenty-First Brenniat Revort reason should be provided with shade during the sum- mer months, and dry, sheltered quarters in which to sleep during the winter months. In Cincinnati and Louisville, Kentucky has splen- did hog markets, in which respect she is much more for- tunate than the Southern States, where the extra freight rates required of the shipper of the finished porker to more distant markets eat into the profits made from the sale of the same animals. The warmer climate of the States farther south makes it difficult to properly chill and cure pork, even during the winter months, and that is one of the chief reasons why farmers in those States look to the packer to supply their immediate needs, which should be sup- plied from pork produced and cured at home. Ken- tucky, with her temperate climate, is particularly for- tunate in this respect, as the winters are cold enough to enable the farmer to chill and cure his pork with safety, and thus provide meat for his own family and farm laborers at a small cost. The raising of hogs is perhaps the cheapest and easiest breeding business in which to become estab- lished, because of the limited capital needed with which to begin, and because of the prolificacy of this particular animal. It is earnestly hoped that the efforts of the va- rious agencies interested in the future of the Kentucky hog, together with the natural resources which Ken- tucky offers for the breeding, feeding and marketing of this animal, will result in a more intelligent and enthu- siastic development of the highly profitable industry of hog raising. THE SHEEP INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY. By Mark J. Smith, Department of Animal Husbandry (Beef Cattle, Sheep and Swine), Kentucky Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky. Kentucky is essentially a sheep State, possessing numerous marked advantages for this particular indus- try, and throughout the State the sheep industry is ; Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 195 fundamentally a spring lamb proposition with wool as an important by-product. The State has a pasturing season of long duration, the summers are not extremely hot and the winters are not exceedingly cold, hence it is necessary to shelter sheep only for a short time, if at all, during the year. There is an abundance of well- watered sheep grazing land, the transportation facilities are of the very best, and markets for spring lambs exist at the farmer’s door. Kentucky, as is the case with all other states, has its drawbacks with respect to the profit- able exploitation of the sheep industry. The stomach worm and the sheep-killing dog are generally considered the two worst enemies of the sheep. The increase in popularity throughout the State of winter forage crops is tending to reduce the dangers from the stomach worm, inasmuch as it makes possible a frequent change of pas- ture. Dogs do the most damage near the small towns, but the annoyance by dogs can be largely eliminated by a little care and watchfulness on the part of the owner. In some parts of Kentucky there are practically no draw- ‘backs to the sheep industry, as the lambs are marketed so early in life that the stomach worm does not have an opportunity to get in its work. Kentucky is especially fortunate in possessing a very valuable type of native ewe from a utility standpoint. These native sheep are the heritage of early colonial days, when sheep from southern England were brought to this country by the early colonists. The typical native mountain sheep of this region is an up-standing white or mottled-faced sheep, possessing a rather long neck, legs bare of wool and having a light, open fleece. The ewes have retained many of the desirable features of the south England breeds, and as a result of their environment during a long period of time in this country, have be- come very active and hardy. The better grade of these ewes is an excellent milker, is prolific and makes an al- most ideal mother. Since the spring lamb is the chief consideration of the sheep industry in Kentucky, the method most com- monly practiced by the farmers of the State is to cross the mountain ewe with a ram of one of the leading mut- ton breeds. The Southdown has been the leading mut- 196 Twenty-First Brenniau Report ton breed used during the past few years, but the Hamp- shire is now claiming considerable popularity. In this way a very good market lamb, having a dark face, is produced and at the same time the flock is being gradually graded up, in cases where the ewe lambs are retained to replace the old, worn-out ewes of the flock. The care generally given to the flock varies a great deal throughout the State. Oftentimes, the ewes run out on pasture the entire year. Pastures in winter and in early spring are commonly supplemented with rye, corn fodder, sheaf oats or a little grain. In general, the practice is to give the flock shelter for a period of four or five weeks at lambing time, when some sort of grain is commonly fed. The best results are obtained when the lambs are sold milk fat from their mother’s side, at from four to four and one-half months of age. A portion of the lambs are marketed in May, perhaps fifty per cent. of them in June, thirty per cent. in July, and the remainder in August. At the time when the run of western fed sheep on the market is closing, the lamb crop from Kentucky and other mid-south states begins to arrive. Last sea- son, the Louisville market began the season on a twelve- dollar basis for spring lamb. For some time, Kentucky has been a supply factor of considerable importance in the spring lamb trade, and the statement was made to the writer by a leading commission man in Jersey City, this summer, that the best spring lambs they received came from Kentucky. Within the past three years there has been a small decline in the number of sheep kept in Kentucky. The present contraction of the industry in the State can only be of temporary nature. With a great decrease of sheep in the Rocky Mountain district, and with the increasing consumption of lamb by the American people, Kentucky is destined to play a much larger part in this important branch of animal husbandry, spring lamb production. Great economic changes are occurring in the country, a movement which is forcing the center of meat production eastward to the farms of the East and South, and it seems that in the future a large supply of the lamb and mutton must come from the small farm flocks, and there is no Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 197 state in the Union in which the small-farm flock proposi- tion fits in the system of agriculture more profitably and naturally than Kentucky. The receipts from wool and spring lambs in Ken- tucky would be greatly increased if the farmers would devote a little attention to the subject of docking, castrat- ing and selection of rams. All lambs intended for market purposes should be docked and castrated, with perhaps the exception of hot-house lambs. No producer of spring lambs can afford to use a scrub ram. It is not difficult for a breeder who has been using a scrub ram to add at least one dollar per head to the value of lambs by using a pure bred ram of the proper type. The sheep is an especially profitable animal in Kentucky, inasmuch as it yields a double income—both wool and mutton. The wool under ordinary Kentucky conditions will pay the expense of upkeep throughout the year. The annual income per head in flocks throughout the State varies from five to fif- teen dollars. The ewe kept under average conditions should bring in an income of at least seven dollars per head. The money income is not the only consideration. The activity. of the sheep in killing obnoxious weeds, keeping the fence corners clean, and converting other waste material of the farm into cash, is not to be over- looked. An investigation into the sheep industry of the State offers great opportunities for optimistic statements with regard to its future. The conditions all point to a period of prosperity for the sheep husbandman, and Kentucky, with all her natural advantages for sheep husbandry, should develop within the next few years a much greater sheep breeding industry. POULTRY RAISING IN KENTUCKY By J. J. Hooper, Kenrucky AcricutruraL EXPERIMENT Station, Lextneton, Ky. The hens in Kentucky produced seven million dol- lars worth of eggs in 1910, and the farmers raised seven million dollars worth of poultry during that year. After consuming a considerable quantity of the eggs and chick- 198 Twenty-First Brennrat REpPort ens on the farm, the farmers sold four million dollars worth of eggs and two million dollars worth of chick- ens. Adding the last two sets of figures, we find that the poultry on the farms of Kentucky earn annually for the farmers six million dollars. These figures serve to show the magnitude of the industry in this Common- wealth, but upon comparing these statistics with those gathered in Missouri, we find that there is great room for growth and expansion. During the year 1910 the Missouri farmers sold eighteen million dollars worth of eggs and chickens. That State is no better adapted to poultry keeping than our own. Upon comparing the figures presented in the Tenth Census Reports, we find interesting material regarding the magnitude of the poultry industry in Missouri ten years ago and today. In 1899 the census figures show that the chickens in Missouri produced seventeen mil- lion dollars worth of eggs and fowls, and in 1910 thirty- four million dollars worth. Why did the figures double during that decade? Because the Experiment Station and the State Department of Agriculture began an ag- gressive campaign in favor of the hen. They convinced the farmer that there was money in poultry raising, they taught them how to combat diseases, how to feed the young chicks and prevent gapes, diarrhea, and other disorders. Under the guidance of these influences the farmers gave up old methods and adopted newer and better ones. A similar campaign has been begun in Kentucky, and the same beneficent results will accrue. But we will have to give up many old-fashioned ideas that have held sway during the past years. For instance, our old-styled chicken house will have to go. It will have to give place to the modern curtain front house, that furnishes room for exercise in winter, and protection from bad weather, and plenty of shade in summer. ' No one seems to know where the plan for the top- heavy, slatted-sided chicken house originated. Now that the searchlight of science has been thrown upon it, and its faults clearly elucidated, no one will stand sponsor for it. This type of house offers almost no exercising room, and the roosts are placed directly over the Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 199 slatted sides. The cold air of a brisk January night has free access to the hens, and they cannot produce eggs when subjected to such temperatures and exposure. As there is no room in the bottom of the house, the birds are compelled to leave the house during the day, and they become chilled to the marrow. The same amoant of money that is required in erecting such an unfortu- nate type of house will, when judiciously expended, erect a first-class home for the faithful hens. The curtain front house embodies the following principles: The curtain permits the cold air to filter through slowly, but the birds inside are not subjected to cold drafts at any time. When hoisted, the curtain front permits the sunshine to enter, which destroys bac- teria and drys the house. In summer the curtain can be arranged to act as a shade and prevent the hot sunshine from entering. The curtain front house should have a sloping, or shed, roof, which drains all the rain- water to the rear, where it is out of the way. The house should be about eight feet high in front and six feet in rear. The space around the roosts, which are usually placed in the back part of the house, should be double walled or boxed in, to keep the birds warm in the win- ter time. The proportions of the house should be two- thirds as wide as deep. A house ten feet wide should approximate fifteen feet deep. This prevents cold air from blowing on the birds. The curtain should be at least three feet from the floor, as the wooden wall be- low the curtain will prevent cold air from striking the hens when they are in the front of the house. Feed hoppers, water fountains, and nests are arranged around the walls. At the Experiment Station straw litter is placed on the floor six inches deep, and this is changed once every month. Some poultrymen advocate utilizing shavings for half the litter, as the shavings absorb a great quantity of moisture. At the Station the houses that have wooden floors are built on posts fourteen inches from the ground. This offers a cool open space for the hens to rest during the warm summer months, and prevents harboring nests of rats. A wooden plat- form, or droppings board, is placed underneath the nests, and the manure is raked from this board twice a ! 200 TwEnty-Fiest Brennrat Report week. The roosts are twelve inches above this platform, and the roosts, which are made of two-by-fours, are placed on a level, as the birds will crowd to the highest roosts if there are such. A poultryman in this State has driven large wire nails in the roosts every ten inches. His idea is that it provides an individual space for each bird, and prevents crowding. In a properly constructed house the hens may be confined during bad weather. The grain is fed in the deep litter, and the hens have to seratch and exercise in finding the wheat and cracked corn that is fed. During the morning hours they have free access to a finely pulverized mixture containing al. falfa meal, corn meal, shorts, salt and beef scrap. Water is supplied in clean crocks and fountains. It is a beau- tiful sight to open the door and look in on a house full of hens that are at work scratching for their feed on a cold day in the winter, cackling and cawing as they work, and shelling out eggs at the rate of almost one a day, while your neighbors’ hens are standing idly around in the snow, or trying to find something to eat in the manure piles around the barn. The accompanying pho- tographs speak for themselves. COTTON PLANTING IN KENTUCKY. S. L. Dopps, Hickman, Ky. Statistics show that Kentucky raises more cotton to the acre than any State in the Union, but unfortu- nately there is but one county within the boundaries of our broad Commonwealth in which this valuable staple ean be produced, viz., Fulton county. This county, in 1915, sold between $800,000 and $1,000,000, worth of cotton and cotton seed, not taking into account the cot- ton seed by-products. Prior to twenty-five years ago, cotton could not be successfully grown in Kentucky, notwithstanding cer- tain lands in the lower end of Fulton county appeared particularly adapted to this crop. It remained for four brothers, the Dodds Brothers, of Hickman, Kentucky, Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 201 to discover the cause and to apply the remedy; and to- day Syd L. Dodds is the biggest grower and shipper of cotton in the State of Kentucky. The story of his suc- cess in growing cotton is interesting, and proves that his wonderful crops are the result of careful study and thorough investigation, rather than the discovery that certain lands in his county would grow cotton. Something over twenty years ago Mr. Dodds went from his home in Hickman to the Delta of Mississippi, where he engaged in the lumber and live stock busi- ness, and later the cotton business. He and his brother, R. E. Dodds, compared the low lands of Fulton county, Kentucky, with the lands surrounding the little town in Mississippi, which was name ‘‘Doddsville’’ after Syd L. Dodds went there to live, and found a marked simi- larity. They then decided to give cotton a try-out in Kentucky, and at once procured the best seed to be had in Mississippi, and planted it in the lowlands be- tween Hickman and Reelfoot Lake. The new crop started in a way that was very gratifying to its spon- sors. The growth was strong and healthy, and exceed- ingly well-fruited, but it developed that it would not ‘‘open’’ early enough in the northern climate to escape the frost, and the result was disastrous. It then oc- curred to Syd L. Dodds that if he could acclimate the southern crop to new conditions, he could make it a suc- cess. He accordingly planted again the next season, and had seed carefully selected from the earliest ma- turing cotton, which was not damaged by the frost, for the next season’s planting; and while the yield from his cotton was small, he had now a supply of seed which he beileved would grow quicker maturing cotton than those secured from southern cotton, and his surmise was correct. The next year, long before frost came, snowy fields of long-staple cotton was a reality in Kentucky, and later Syd L. Dodds sold to one planter in Missis- sippi, at one time, $10,000 worth of cotton seed, because Kentucky cotton matured earlier than Mississippi cotton. As soon as it was found that they could successfully grow cotton at home, the Dodds brothers built a small 202 Twenty-First Brenniau Report gin to take care of their own cotton, and for several years only ginned two or three hundred bales a year. About this time the Mississippi river levee below Hick- man was extended down the river, reclaiming more of this fertile land, and as rapidly as it was reclaimed, it was put into cultivation. Cotton planting was taken up by everybody who had or could get any of this bottom land, and thousands of acres which had been considered worthless, and could be purchased at one dollar the acre, advanced in value to as high as $125 per acre. The accompanying photographs show the Dodds’ gin at Hickman receiving cotton from the wagons and loading it baled onto steam boats. During the ginning . season this gin alone ships approximately 1,200 bales of cotton per week, and pays to the cotton growers daily between $7,500 and $8,000. Cotton has made Hickman one of the best towns in Kentucky, and the land sur- rounding Hickman cannot be bought now except in small tracts. King Cotton reigns supreme in the bot- tom lands of Western Kentucky, and is a most popular monarch. REPORT OF UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER BUREAU, KENTUCKY. Louisville, Ky., October 15, 1915. Weatuer Conpitions Durine 1915, sy Pror, F. J. Wauz. The growing season of 1915 was noteworthy in that it was one of the coolest and wettest seasons on record, and in direct contrast with the seasons of 1913 and 1914. The first four months, except January, were remarkably dry, and especially April, which was one of the driest Aprils on record. The rains began in May, and continued in more or less regular intervals through the summer and fall. Dur- ing the month of February and much of April there was considerable unseasonably warm weather, but otherwise Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 203 temperatures were generally below normal, and not so much on account of unusually low temperatures, but due rather to the fact that the maximum temperatures kept so universally low. From May 4th to October 12th there were but five weeks when the temperature did not aver- age below normal. The warmest week for the entire season from the normal point of view, was the week ending April 27th, while the coldest week with reference to normal conditions was the week ending August 31st. The conditions obtaining are given in detail in the following summaries and the accompanying table: JANUARY, Moderate temperature, generally above normal, pre- vailed during the first 17 days. A change to colder oc- curred on the 18th, and, except for the 31st, unseason- ably cold weather was the rule during the rest of the month. While the temperature averaged considerably below normal, largely on account of ‘the low maxima, there were only a few days when severe temperature conditions obtained. Precipitation averaged somewhat above normal, and was heaviest over the southern border counties, and lightest over the northeastern counties. Snowfall was unusually heavy. In nearly all parts of the State the ground was covered with snow from the 18th to 30th, in- clusive. There was very little snow during the first half of the month, but in the period 18th-25th snow occurred nearly every day; also there was considerable sleet on the 22d, 23d, and 24th. The snow and ice covering prac- tically disappeared with the warm rains and high tem- perature of the 31st. WEBRUARY. The general weather conditions prevailing during February, 1915, in this section were remarkably favor- able for a winter month. There was a notable absence of winter storms and of any severe winter weather. Only five times during the past 27 years has the temperature in Kentucky for February averaged higher than, or as high as, that of this year. Of these Februarys, three 204 Twenty-First Brewnuat Report were those of 1890, 1891 and 1892, and the other two those of 1909 and 1911. The highest temperature reached in the State during the month, 75°, has been ex- ceeded many times during that same period; but 13°, the lowest temperature reported this month in the State, is the highest State minimum in the Kentucky section records for February except in one year, namely, 1890, when the lowest recorded was 16°. Precipitation for the month averaged less than one- half of the February normal over the State as a whole, and was considerably below normal at every station. There was very little snow. Spring plowing was begun in various localities be- fore the close of the month; and, at the end, trees and shrubbery were showing buds and crocuses had ap- peared. Marcu. The month was the coldest March since State rec- ords were established, and also with two exceptions, March, 1889, and 1910, the driest. There were no se- vere temperature extremes, but daily minimum temper- atures were seldom above freezing, while maximum tem- peratures were unusually low, the maximum for the State being the lowest on record for March. There were no warm periods. Heavy frosts and hard freezes oc- curred almost every night, and vegetation made no ap- preciable growth, the appearance of the fields and woods at the end of the month being as bleak as in midwinter. The blustery weather characteristic of March was no- tably absent. The precipitation for the month averaged less than half the normal amount for March, and was much below normal in all sections. Small grain and pastures began to show the effect of drought, especially in the western part of the State. The dry weather, however, was re- markably favorable for outdoor work. Spring plowing advanced rapidly, many farmers being practically a month ahead with the preparation of their land at the end of March. Burzav or AGRICULTURE. 205 APRIL. The unseasonably cold weather that characterized March, continued during the first four days of April, when unusually low temperatures were registered in all parts of the State, minimum temperatures ranging be- tween 17° and 30°. During this period killing frosts oc- curred generally, the last for the season being reported from most stations in the eastern and northern counties during the period 13-15th. On account of the dormant condition of vegetation, due to the persistent cold wea- ther, practically no damage resulted from these low tem- peratures. The latter half of the month was unusually warm, and temperatures in the 90’s occurred at many stations on several days, while the month averaged the warmest on record for the State, except April, 1896. The month’s precipitation averaged less than one inch, the least for April since the beginning of State averages, and the ground became too dry to plow before the end of the month. Spring plowing had been gener- ally completed, however, before this condition was reached, but planting and germination of seeds were delayed. Wheat, rye, oats, pastures and tobacco beds suffered severely from drought, and there was some complaint of shortage of stock water. May. The month opened cool. In fact, the nights were unseasonably cool during most of the month, and while there was a number of warm days with maximum tem- peratures of 90° and over at some stations, and the tem- perature averaged near normal, the month as a whole can be classed as a cool May, due in considerable meas- ure to cloudiness and wetness. Remarkably cool weath- er, with temperatures ranging between 38° and 48°, pre- vailed from the 5th to the 11th, inclusive, and again in the period 17-19th. The pronounced warm periods were the 2-3d and 13-16th. Drougthy conditions which had prevailed over the State practically since February were greatly relieved by showers early in May. Beneficial showers continued 206° Twenty-First Brennuau Report intermittently during the first two decades, while during the last decade rains occurred daily and were frequently heavy, causing damage in some localities. Also, there were several destructive thunder-storms, the most se- vere occurring on the 25th, when a wind velocity of 74 miles per hour was registered at Louisville, the highest wind velocity on record for that station. Rainfall over the State for the month averaged 6.62 inches, or the largest for May since State records. be- gan in 1889. At the beginning of May the average total rainfall over the State since the first of the year showed a deficiency of 7.08 inches. The surplus in May of 2.70 inches reduced this deficiency to 4.38 inches, the summer being ushered in with soil, stream and water sources generally well supplied with sufficient moisture. Abundant rains during the month furnished much needed moisture, and crops generally made _ splendid progress. By the middle of the month corn planting was practically completed, but cultivation was hindered the latter part by continuous rains. Tobacco planting, delayed on account of the scarcity of plants, was pro- gressing rapidly at the end of the month, also wheat was heading out, but short. Oats, meadows, pastures and grasses of all kinds, garden truck and fruit were in fine condition, and strawberries were yielding an excellent crcp. JUNE. Cloudy, rainy and unseasonably cool weather, which prevailed so largely during May, continued during the greater portion of June. While minimum temperatures did not register as low as they have in a number of past Junes of record, maximum temperatures kept remark- ably low, and the highest reached, only 95°, equals the record in the State for June in this respect. Rains were numerous, and heavy on several days, and in some por- tions of the State, but at a number of stations the total amount for the month was below normal, and the aver- age for the State as a whole was only 0.57 inch above the normal for June. The month was remarkably favorable for transplanting tobacco plants, and for all growing Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 207 crops, especially gardens, pastures, grasses, corn and oats. But the large number of rainy days greatly inter- fered with harvesting wheat and hay, the cultivation of corn and tobacco and all farm work. Much corn was planted late, besides, as there had been considerable overflowing of lowlands, much replanting was. neces- sary. Also, owing to continued rains, lands became packed and grass and weeds were exuberant. A period of fair weather from the 22d to the 27th gave an excel- lent opportunity for harvesting wheat, and by the end of the month this work was practically completed and some threshing done. Considerable damage was done in various localities by rain, wind and hailstorms, and there was a number of fatalities and some destruction of property from lightning. JULY. The weather during the first two weeks of July was remarkably rainy and cool, rains occurring more or less generally nearly every day, with many heavy damaging showers in various localities, but particularly in the central and northern portions of the State. During these two weeks excessive rains and wet weather caused serious damage to crops by the flooding of low lands, the washing of the soil, and hindering of cultivation. Wheat was badly damaged over large areas immediately before and during harvest; also continued wet weather at threshing time caused much loss. Corn and tobacco became weedy, cultivation being practically impossible in many localities. Day temperatures rarely reached 95° in any part of the State previous to the 13th. At Louisville a temperature as high as 90° was reached for the first time this year on the 14th, which is ten days later than the record for any previous year since the records were begun in 1871. During the last two weeks, however, the weather conditions were highly favorable, being much warmer and dry with only occasional showers, and one or two rainy days. But it was again quite cool in the period 21st-24th. 208 Twenty-First Brennrat Report AvGustT. Except for a few warm days at the beginning of the month, and during the second decade, the month was unseasonably cool throughout, with temperatures al- most continuously below normal. Minimum tempera- tures during the last decade registered in the 50’s on most days, while on the 31st they ranged between 42° and 50° at most stations in the central and western part of the State, and only slightly higher in the eastern counties. August records for low temperature were broken at many stations in the northern counties. It is noteworthy that the mean temperature of each month from May to August, 1915, inclusive, has been below normal, the average daily deficiency being 2°. The av- erange rainfall for the State for the same period was 7.16 inches in excess of the normal amount. This month’s average rainfall was the greatest on record in Kentucky for August since State records were estab- lished in 1889. Rain was very frequent, there being only a few days without fairly general showers. At two stations rain fell on 13 consecutive days. The wet and unseasonably cold weather combined to greatly retard the development of corn and tobacco, and also interfered with harvesting the latter crop. Corn and tobacco were considerably damaged by wind in sev- eral counties during the passage of the storm of 20th- 21st. Farm work was generally delayed except fall plow- ing, which, on account of favorable soil conditions, was unusually well advanced at the end of the month. SEPTEMBER. As a whole the month was favorable for the ma- turing and harvesting of the staple crops, and for the preparation of the soil for seeding, except that the last decade was too cool to properly develop late corn. Dur- ing the first week temperatures were generally below normal, but warmer weather set in on the 7th, and con- tinued to the 20th, maximum temperatures during this period registering generally above 85° at all stations. Temperatures in the 90’s prevailed generally during the week beginning with the 11th. A decided change to Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 209 colder occurred on the 21st, and, except the period 24-26th, temperatures were considerably below normal during the rest of the month. Light frost was reported from a few stations on the 22d, but there was no damage. Precipitation averaged somewhat above normal, and was fairly well distributed over the State. There was much bright, clear weather, and only a few local storms during the month, and farm work was well advanced at the close. Temperatures Precipitation adel ty mnber © © |84 1915 io o os a 8 a) Pn Ey 8 rt Ft 2 ble |2@leioo!| & el, eels o> a | 2 | Qp a [|g°| 8 je3/2 4 ® mo | E |S °® |eg| 8 Rs g< fal A o| sa fal al 2 183\9 2} & q Helm * 4 OD lho 33.0 | —2.4 65 0 | 5.03 | +0.81 | 13 8 7 | 16 .| 41.9 | +6.5 75 | 13 | 1.74 | —2.00 8 9 6) 13 -| 87.8 | —8.5 65 | 11 | 2.11 | —2.78 8 | 12 5 | 14 -| 60.1 | +4.2 96 | 17 | 0.96 | —3.11 5 | 17 8 5 65.2 | —0.5 95 | 35 | 6.62 | 42.70 | 15 9 8 | 14 71.7 | —2.2 95 | 42 | 4.79 | +0.57 | 12 | 12 | 10 8 .| 75.7 | —1.1 | 102 | 49 | 5.80 | +0.95 | 11 | 14 | 11 6 .| 71.3 | —4.4 | 100 | 42 | 6.29 | +2.94 | 14 9} 10 | 12 -| 70.7 | +0.1 99 | 32 | 3.32 | +0.62 T\|17 8 5 -| 60.6 | +2.9 90 | 27 | 3.40 | 41.12 6 | 18 vi 6 | 49.8 | +3.8 85 | 16 | 4.80 | 41.21 9 | 15 7 8 36.9 | —0.6 64 9 | 7.56 | +3.77 | 12 | 10 6 | 15 *Compared with 25 years’ normal. GAME AND FISH COMMISSION’S EXHIBIT. Co-oPERATION OF THis DrepaRTMENT WITH STATE Far Boarp or Mutruant ADVANTAGE. PERMANENT EixHipit HEIsTABLISHED. Co-operating with the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Fair Board, the Game and Fish Commis- sion is rapidly developing a permanent exhibit of game birds and animals that must prove interesting and in- structive to the thousands of visitors to the State Fair. 210 Twenty-First Brennrau Report _ In the eleven-acre enclosure set aside by the State Fair Board for this permanent exhibit, fifteen deer are now held. (The herd will be kept at about this number and the increase sent to the game preserves throughout the State.) There were twelve varieties of imported pheasants in the exhibit during fair week. Besides pens contain- ing wild turkey and eleven varieties of wild duck and geese, there were four varieties of squirrel shown, and the first car, in full operation, was open to inspection. The State Fair Commission has fallen heir to six alligators that are now being cared for and to be added to the exhibit. By the addition of pens of rabbits, coons, foxes, possum, and various other native animals, with a covey of Bob White quail and a few other birds, all of which is contemplated, this exhibit develops into the pro- portions of a real zoo. The Game and Fish Commission is in no way a bur- den upon the taxpayer of the State, but draws its rev- enue from the sale of hunters’ license, and a small per ‘cent. of the fines imposed against violators. In the two years since the last biennial report, from October, 1913, to October, 1915, there have been 551 convictions for violations of the game and fish laws, and hundreds of fish nets and traps have been destroyed. There are 12,365 miles of running streams in Kentucky, which, under present conditions, producé considerably over one million dollars worth of food fish each year. This could be easily doubled if the laws of the State were strictly observed. The game wardens captured and destroyed 1,088 hoop and wing nets in one season; these nets were taken from less than 500 miles of stream, and each net of this type is estimated to take over 1,000 lbs. of fish a year, which means that these nets illegally took over one million and eighty-eight thousand pounds of fish annually. DistRIBUTION oF FIsH. The United States Government, through its Fish- eries Department, has facilities for distributing fish to -the various States, but they have refused to plant fish -in territory that is not protected, saying it was useless Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 211: to liberate fish in waters not protected, so those States which had warden service and protected their streams got the bulk of the public distribution. But Kentucky is coming into her own, as the Government reports show 23,744,253 live fish liberated in Kentucky waters during the four years ending June 30, 1915, while the Kentucky Commission liberated 8,473 in the fall of 1914, and dur- ing the past year, since the purchase of the fish car, which was put in operation May 12th, the Kentucky Commission had, on October Ist, distributed 8,029,083 live fish, making a grand total of 31,781,809 fish placed in Kentucky waters in four years. Game Brirps LIBERATED. An experimental planting of 300 Hungarian part- ridges were liberated in fifteen counties of the State the fall of 1914, and in March of 1915, two thousand five hundred English ringneck pheasants were liberated, at least fifteen birds going to each county. Reports from seventy-three counties show an increase of 2,656 birds, which indicates a gratifying condition and places the number of these splendid game birds at liberty in Ken- tucky at something above six thousand. The Game and Fish Commission has contracted for 10,000 Bob White quail, to be captured in Mexico and shipped under Government supervision into this coun- try. These birds will be liberated in Kentucky during 1916; also 2,500 English ringneck and Reeves pheasants, to be imported from England in March, 1916. The Federal Government has established a $75,000 fish hatchery on property adjoining the State Fair grounds, which, with the permanent exhibit of the Game and Fish Commission and the State Forestry Commis- sion’s nursery of trees, adds much to the educational value and general interest of Kentucky’s State Fair. Communications intended for this department, in- quiries, and applications for birds or fish, should be addressed to J. Quincy Ward, Executive Agent, Game & Fish Commission, Frankfort, Ky. 919 Twenty-First Brennrat Report THE BANKER’S RELATION TO AGRICULTURE. Address of Mr. W. F. Bradshaw, Jr., of Paducah, Mem- ber Executive Committee Kentucky Bankers’ As- sociation, Before Meeting of Groups 1 and 2 of the Association, at Dawson Springs, Ky. Published through the courtesy of Mr. Arch B. Davis, Secretary, Kentucky Bankers’ Association. Mr. President and Fellow Members of the Association: A discussion of agriculture and farming in public gatherings has given rise to a custom sanctioned by long usage, of approaching the question from either one of two aspects. The more ancient and respectable method of handling the question is for the speaker to draw an attractive picture of the beauties of the pastoral life; of the farmer as the man of all others whose life is marked by an independence, simplicity and beauty that no other enjoys; far removed from the turmoil and noisy strife of city life; free to live and do with his time as he pleases, the lord of his broad acres, and master of all he surveys, and whose cattle graze upon his thousand hills. One of the well beloved governors of Tennessee used to draw such a picture of the farmer’s life, and for the moment made us all wish that we were back on the farm. , The other method of approaching the subject, a more modern and less respectable, but more popular one, is to draw first the picture of the golden age now past as the natural, inherited right of the farmer, and then con- trast with it the picture of the farmer as despoiled of all his natural rights by the rapacious hand of organized and grasping wealth, and piratical industry, and urge upon the farmer that the only recourse left him from the degradation and despair in which he now finds him- self, is to arise as a unit, destroy the whole existing order of things, reconstruct society anew, and the penetrating inference is left that when the era of reconstruction fol- lowing that of destruction arrives, the speaker is the one Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 213 to whom the farmer should look as the divinely chosen agent for that work. I do not intend to approach this question from either of the two aspects mentioned. In the first place I am not seeking the farmer’s vote; I am not a candidate for any office, and if I were I would have too much politi- cal sense to be caught in a convention of bankers. Bank- ers are a hard-headed, unimaginative lot, who are little influenced by perfervid oratory or rhetorical pictures of things as they ought to be. Their minds are essentially trained to deal with facts, with things as they are, how- ever unpleasant and unattractive they may be. In fact, the better trained a banker is, the more quickly he wants to know the worst and to prepare himself to cope with the greatest difficulty which the facts may present. When our forefathers settled this country they found it a vast uninhabited wilderness of apparently in- exhaustible resources, and, acting on the appearance of these resources as inexhaustible, they began a settled policy of exploitation calculated in the least possible time to exhaust its resources. The whole nation seems from the beginning to have been seized with a monomania of trying to convert the material resources in the shortest space of time possible into the largest fortunes regardless of the amount of wasteful extravagance and destruction which such a policy entailed upon the sum total of our country’s resources. Far-seeing economists and think- ers twenty-five years and more ago, began to point out to the nation in public addresses and written articles the rapidity with which we were approaching the goal of desolation by such a process. But only in the last few years, largely through the instrumentality of one of the most conspicuous and able Presidents of the United States, was this idea brought prominently to the fore- front and took an abiding place in the thought of the people, and was crystalized in the phrase, ‘‘ Conservation of our Natural Resources.’? The readiness with which the public seized upon this idea is significant of a peculiar characteristic of our Anglo-Saxon people. The conserva- tion of natural resources means a preservation of the property values of the people. It was some years later before the attention of the people was directed towards 214 Twenty-First Brenniuau Report the necessity of a conservation of the people themselves in relation to the natural resources. In a word our gov- ernment first undertook to protect our property values by withdrawing a large part of the public domain from exploitation, and several years after this step had been taken to protect the property values, the government directed its attention towards the protection of the peo- ple themselves against their growing poverty as the re- sult of wastefulness by a nation-wide educational cam- paign in scientific and more efficient agricultural methods. The older members of the Association who were present doubtless can remember the time when the aver- age yield of wheat and corn from the lands of western Kentucky was from 50 to 100 per cent. greater than it is today; when the machinery and implements now in use in agriculture were unheard of. And yet as inven- tive skill has lessened the difficulty of agricultural pro- duction, the annual yield has lessened almost in propor- tion. This fact is true of almost the entire country. The once wonderfully productive prairie land of middle Il- linois has been so impoverished by unintelligent culti- vation during the last sixty years, that the annual yield is little over half what it was when the country was first thrown open to settlement. The working out of the problems of efficiency has always fallen upon the shoulders of the enlightened few. The solution of this problem has been undertaken by the various states, and by the United States, and the solution has been found, but the people have been slow to grasp the work that has been done for them. As the natural fertility of our soil has been exploited and wasted, the people them- selves have fallen into careless and wasteful methods, and the economic position of the farmer has been rapidly lowered by reason of his lessening efficiency, until today one of the most tragic pictures in our whole economic system is the steady, inevitable lowering of the position of the agricultural classes. It is this problem that to my mind makes the sub- ject of this discussion, ‘‘The Relation of the Banker to Agriculture,’’ a very live and very vital one. I am speaking particularly of western Kentucky. Agricul- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 215 ture is by far the greatest of all the industries in west- ern Kentucky; in fact, it is the greatest of the nation. The annual production of new wealth from agriculture is far greater than the new wealth produced each year from all the other sources combined. It is greater than the annual yield from mining, manufacturing, and even from transportation added to mining and manufactur- ing. Western Kentucky is essentially an agricultural community. Probably not less than four-fifths of all the new wealth created each year in western Kentucky comes directly from agriculture. In comparison the manufact- uring and mining industries in western Kentucky are in- considerable. And yet who ever heard of an organiza- tion of business men or bankers in any community in western Kentucky for the purpose of promoting, en- couraging and fostering more efficient and more intelli- gent agriculture? In every one of our larger towns we have commercial clubs or boards of trade spending thousands of dollars to induce the location of factories or to support already established factories that are un- able to survive. In other words we are spending our money to nurture the growth of an unacclimated indus- try, and neglecting the opportunity at hand to foster the growth of our greatest industry, for whose success we have within reach every element except the encourage- ment and teaching necessary for it to attain the maxi- mum. And yet the remedy for the economic disease is prepared and ready to be administered. The solution of the problem has been worked out, and all that is neces- sary is for enterprise and intelligence to apply it to the affected part of our community. There never has been a time, and I suppose there never will be a time when the banker will not be one of the conspicuously prominent members of his com- munity. This is said not to flatter a meeting of bank- ers, because it is my purpose not to flatter you, but to point out to you wherein you have failed to meet the responsibilities of your position. You are conspicuous .. because you have been chosen by your fellow-citizens to be the custodian and the keeper of that which represents the successful issue of all their commercial struggles and hard-won battles, With you is deposited for safe keep- 216 Twenty-First Brennrau Report ing their surplus wealth, the bread bill of tomorrow, as well as their wealth used each day in the channels of commerce, the fuel that keeps the commercial machine in motion. By a process of commercial selection and com- petition you have been selected as their trusted custodian because they have confidence in your integrity, and your willingness to serve them as the guardian of their wealth. Responsibility always carries with it a high de- gree of obligation, and you cannot evade the obligation or the duty by a refusal to recognize it, nor by indiffer- ently ignoring it. Responsibilities are like poor kin; you can destroy the relationship by refusing to recog- nize them, not by ignoring them—they are there just the same, and if you try it your shabby conduct does not re- move the sense of obligation from your conscience, nor avoid your being lowered in the estimation of your neigh- bors. I do not believe that there is a man before me, nor a banker in western Kentucky who would not gladly and cheerfully assume his part of the responsibility of his position, and give his time, his thought and his money to the meeting of this obligation and the performing of this great social service—a service that has a two- fold reward, first the consciousness of having frankly met a responsibility that attaches to your position, and having performed a service to your community, and sec- ondly, the material reward that will come from making your community a more prosperous one, and of elevating your fellow-citizens economically and financially. Without pursuing generalities or abstractions any further, I am going to tell you what an organization of business men in Paducah, prominent among whom are the bankers of Paducah, has done in meeting this re- sponsibility in some measure of applying the solution of the question. Paducah has had for many years an open market maintained by the city for the purpose of offering a means to the farmers and particularly to the truck and provision growers of disposing of their wares to the citizens of Paducah. Truck gardening around Paducah had reach the point of an over-production for the local market, with the accompanying lessening of prices, and yet there was not a sufficient amount of the various products raised nor a co-operative organization Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 217 in existence for the handling of the surplus stock to ship to the city markets. In order to meet the situation, and to help our friends in the country, some of the members of the board of trade invited a dozen or more representa- tive gardeners and farmers to a meeting in the board of trade rooms for the purpose of discussing an or- ganization for the handling of garden products for the joint account of the growers and shipping them to the city markets. Three or four of the persons invited re- sponded, and the unanimous opinion among them was that such an organization was impracticable, that the growers could not be interested, and that it was not worth while trying. While the matter was still fresh in the minds of the Paducah citizens, it was learned that the Southern Illinois Growers’ Association was to have a meeting at Anna, Illinois. This association is about forty years old, and is one of the most successful of all such associations in the country. The board of trade then invited about a half dozen growers from the country as the guests of the board of trade to go to Anna, together with some of the Paducah business men and bankers, for the purpose of seeing the actual work of such an organization. Of course, this invitation was unanimously responded to. When the Board of Trade had something to give away without obligation on the part of its guests, either to spend any money or to do anything except travel and enjoy themselves, it was not difficult to get a meeting. The party went to Anna and there found assembled representatives from all through middle and southern Illinois. They heard addresses from some of the most distinguished agricultural ex- perts in the United States. They saw the farmers who had in cultivation two hundred acres of rhubarb, over one hundred acres of asparagus in single tracts, farmers whose annual income in garden products and berries ran from $10,000.00 per year upward; they saw owners of orchards whose annual income from their apples amounted to $50,000.00 per year. They heard farm- ers in the convention discussing scientific and efficient means of preparation of the soil, of planting, of culti- vating, of combating various plant diseases, and using the technical and scientific language of their business 218 TwrEnty-First Bienn1at REPoRT with the ease and understanding with which the banker uses the terms of bookkeeping and accounting. They saw a chart on the wall of the convention room showing that over one million, sixty-six thousand dollars (1,066,000) had been deposited in the banks of Anna alone by members of the Association in the neighborhood of that little town from garden products marketed dur- ing the months of June, July, August and September, 1913—one million, sixty-six thousand dollars of new, fresh money, which had never been spent by anybody in Anna before, and had never been in that country be- fore, all drawn directly away from St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit and other market centers to which that Association shipped the goods of its members. They found that organization equipped with a receiving depot for its members at every shipping point. That the members had learned how to sort and pack their products for the city markets, that the handling, ship- ping and accounting all done through the Association was at such a small cost that the percentage is negli- gible; that there were no middlemen, and that the pro- ducer got practically the maximum city prices for his goods. They learned that the farmers and truck grow- ers were the most prosperous men in the community, that the banks were loaded with their deposits, and that the farmers themselves had loaned out thousands of dollars at 4 and 5 per cent. interest. The guests of the board of trade instead of staying one day, stayed until the meeting was over, and when they came back they began to spread the news. You all know how news spreads in the country. In four or five days it was all over the country. As soon as it had soaked in, another meeting was called by the Board of Trade for the pur- pose of taking up the question again. At this meeting the assembly room at the board of trade was crowded. Talks were made by several persons present, and an- other meeting was arranged for. Then followed a series of meetings before which appeared representatives of the agricultural department of the Illinois Central Rail- road, and various other public-spirited and enlightened speakers upon the question of a growers’ organization. Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 219 It was the good fortune of the Board of Trade at this juncture to have Dr. Fred Mutchler, a representative of the Federal Department of Agriculture, as well as of the State Department, in charge of the work of both in Kentucky, to be present and address one of the meetings. This was an overflow meeting at the court house ‘at which several hundred were present. At the conclusion of this meeting a list of names was taken of those who were willing to express themselves as sufficiently inter- ested in the movement to be identified with it in the event of an organization, but still without obligation on their part to pay anything or do anything. In the meantime, those who were instrumental in starting the movement had made their plans to raise a fund by voluntary sub- scriptions from the banks and citizens of Paducah, and those of the country who were willing to contribute of from $4,000.00 to $5,000.00 per year to be subscribed for not less than three years. Dr. Mutchler asked for a con- ference of those in charge of the organization, and stated that he was much impressed with the fact that this mat- ter had been taken up by the business men and bankers of the city; that he liked the spirit shown by them of de- siring to lend their assistance and experience in or- ganization to agricultural interests of the country; that he believed that if the organization were willing to place its work under the direction of the State and Federal government, that he could get an appropriation from the Federal Department of Agriculture to be applied on the salary of the County Agent, who should have charge of the instruction and general work of the organization. Of course, the organization committee was delighted to have the benefit of the intelligence and experience of Dr. Mutchler, and he was authorized to select any agent that he was willing to recommend for the work, and that such arrangements as he desired would be made for the work to be done under his direction. An appropriation of $1,200.00 was then obtained from the fiscal court of the county to be applied on the salary of the county agent. This with the $600.00 paid from the government for the same purpose was more than sufficient to pay the salary of the County Agent. The McCracken County Growers’ Association was then organized as a corpora- 220 Twenty-First Brennrau Rerorr tion without capital stock. Any person in the county or city is eligible to membership. Subscriptions are volun- tary, and any person subscribing $1.00 or more is en- titled to vote as a member in the selection of the seven directors of the association. The directory for the pres- ent is composed of four members elected from the city of Paducah, and three growers from the county. The association was fortunate in being able to select as its President a man who for twenty years was engaged in the wholesale grocery business, and is familiar with the selling and marketing end of the business, and who for the last few years has, after having retired from the grocery business, himself become a grower, and is one of the most successful producers in the country. The association was well under way in ‘the early spring. Its work for the first year will necessarily be prelimi- nary, and fruitful of comparatively small results in a material way, but it has accomplished this much, it has a membership of over 150 growers and producers. It has pledged about 500 acres of garden truck for the present year from its members, and up to the first of May over 50,000 apple trees had been delivered to its members and planted in the county through the asso- ciation, and which were bought by the association for the members at about one-fourth what its members had heretofore paid to fruit-tree peddlers for the same trees. But more than this, the movement not only has the sympathy and the well wishes of everybody in the city and the county, it has the enthusiasm and determined support of its members, and in a few weeks has broken down the old spirit of distrust, petty jealousy and de- spair over the hopelessness of the cultivator of the soil really being able to better his condition and to share materially in the welfare of his community. As I stated to you, I was going to confine myself to the facts, and, therefore, what I am going to say now I am saying not as a prophecy, but I am stating it to you as a fact; that this association during the first year of its existence and by the time the fall market season is over, will have brought into the pockets of its members over $50,000.00 of new money coming into this com- munity from cities and markets at a distance, and which Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 221 - would not by any possibility have gotten here except through the association. And inasmuch as I am con- fident of the continued existence of this association, I believe it no prophecy to measure its success by that of other similar associations, because our people are just as intelligent and just as industrious as those in South- ern Illinois, and when shown the way can accomplish just as substantial results, and I believe that I can say not as a prediction, but as a fact, that this association will increase its income each year after the other for the next five or six years, by not less than from seventy-five to one hundred thousand dcllars. We do not claim in McCracken county to have solved anything. What I have told you is a detailed statement of what may be considered one small step in the right direction. The ultimate solution of the question depends upon the continued support and interest of the mem- bers of the organization and of the citizens of the city and county. Of this interest I feel little doubt, and it is my firm belief that a few years of progress in the di- rection in which this movement is started, will have contributed largely to the solution of the agricultural problem in our community. What has been done in McCracken county can be done in every county in the State. McCracken county is no favorite county. Although the State government has a well equipped agricultural Department and makes a large appropriation for its maintenance, and although the Federal Government has the best equipped agricul- tural Department in the world, with the largest agricul- tural appropriation, and the best talent obtainable, and has at hand a solution for nearly every serious agricul- tural problem, neither the Federal Government nor the State Government are automatic institutions that can be set in motion by inactivity and inert complaining. The benefits right at hand to be used can be had only by seeking those benefits and by displaying a sufficient amount of sustained interest, intelligence, and determi- nation to bring into play the agencies of the State and Nation. When this is done in any community you may be assured that that community will receive its fair con- sideration. But there are too many communities eager- 222 Twenty-First Brenniat Report ly, anxious and aggressively seeking this assistance for the backward or inert community to expect consid- eration. This is not a matter that can be handled by the Bankers’ Association as a State-wide organization. It is a problem for the individual bankers in each com- munity to interest themselves in. As one of those citi- zens whose position of responsibility attaches to itself an obligation of social service, I believe the bankers of Kentucky will not be backward in meeting and assum- ing this responsibility, and rendering what service they can to the material and educational spirit of their com- munities and their fellow-citizens. It is to be earnestly hoped that the future history of the uplift and rehabilitation of agriculture in Ken- tucky will record the fact that the movement was initiated and led by the bankers of Kentucky. HISTORY OF THE PIG CLUB WORK IN KENTUCKY. Pig Club work was introduced into Kentucky Sep- ‘tember, 1914, with the Bureau of Animal Industry co- operating with the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the ‘Kentucky College of Agriculture, as a unit of Farmers’ Demonstration Work. In 1915 the following thirteen counties were organized with their county agents co- operating: S. E. Puckett Christian County J. Robert Bird Crittenden County Jas. R. McDanell Gallatin County P. D. Brown Henderson County Chas... Ta; "PaylOr.c.c..sccccecsscesecsececeese Hopkins County F. E. Merriman Horace BH. McSwain Jefferson County Knott County Robert F. Spence. Madison County P. D. Bushong. Metcalfe County BE. H. Faulkknev...........2...--eeeeeeeeeneee Whitley County G. A. Smith Pendleton County O. F. Floyd Woodford County W. W. Johnson (School Board)..Boyle County Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 223° Six hundred and fifty eager boys and girls became members and agreed to carry out the rules. Some of the members this year could not get a pig; some dropped out; others raised their pig, but turned in no report, but most of them stuck to it with excellent results. A boys’ pig show and contest was held in each county, and ribbons, special and cash prizes were given to the winners by business men and bankers, the initial prize for each county being a free trip to the Farmer Boys’ Encampment at the Kentucky State Fair, all ex- penses paid. This was given by the State Fair to the boy in each county making the highest total score as follows: (a) Best hog with respect to purpose it was to serve....................40% (b) Greatest daily gain on hog. 15% (c) Cheapest cost of production 25% (d) Best kept records on feeding and care of the hog....................---- 20%. Total 100% Sixteen boys from different counties won this trip at the expense of the State Fair: Noel Lea John Clinton Woodward......... Jessamine County....Wilmore, Ky. Tom Jones Knott County............. Mallie, Ky. Ernest Minnet........0..00...0.0..0.---+ Crittenden County....Marion, Ky. Presley W. Ray. Metcalfe County........ Edmonton, Ky. Homer Martin Daviess County.......... Owensboro, Ky. Wm. Owen Stinnett.....00.000.... Hopkins County........Madisonville, Ky. Gordon Nelson, Jr.. ..Christian County......Hopkinsville, Ky. Robert Landrum......................... Gallatin County........Warsaw, Ky. Lona Fish Madison County........Berea, Ky. Ray Jones. Whitley County.........Williamsburg, Ky. Halbert Smith... Whitley County......... Williamsburg, Ky. Roscoe Ewing. Pendleton County.....Morgan, Ky. Wallace Courtney..................... Scott County.............. Versailles, Ky. These boys were given a short course in agriculture, consisting of lectures, judging contests, etc. Not only were the boys present, but eighteen of their pigs were there. Although small in number, the quality of these pigs and the interest of their owners compelled the at- tention of the visitors to the swine barn to a very large degree. Several hundred dollars in cash and special prizes were offered by the Commissioner of Agriculture 224 Twenty-First Brenniat Report and Swine Record Associations. These were hotly con- tested for and afterwards most of the hogs were sold to the packers for a premium of 25c per cwt. above the top market. Gordon Nelson, Jr., a Christian county pig club boy, not only won high honors among the boys, but took the blue ribbon in the junior yearling sow class from the Poland China breeders of several States with his club pig, ‘‘Lady Wonderprice.’’? Through the courtesy of the State Fair, boys had their separate classes and were also allowed to enter the farmers’ classes. An illustration of the forcible demonstrations in feeding made by these boys was brought out in the ex- hibit of Moser Brothers, two pig club boys of Jefferson county. These boys took two pigs from a litter, and the father a third one. The three were in the same pen, the father’s pig weighed 95 lbs., and the boys’ pigs 215. and 220, respectively. The sons’ only cost them 414 cts. per lb. to make their hogs on a balanced ration, while the father has no idea of the cost of his runt, the product of ‘‘corn alone’’ feeding. This small demonstration was but a minor part of the valuable work accomplished through the pig club by County Agent Merriman, of Jefferson county. His re- port shows 15 boys having fed 15 pigs for an average of 88 days, the total initial weight being 1,042 lbs.; final weight 3,058 lbs.; total gain 2,016 lbs., or 1.53 lbs. per pig per day. These hogs were fed balanced rations that cost $114.90 for the total feeding period, or 5.7¢ per lb. gain. The initial cost of these hogs at the June market price was $70.00, making $184.90 total expenses. Three-fourths of these hogs were sold at $8.15 per ewt. September 15, 1915. Had the boys all sold their pigs, the total selling price would have been $249.23, or a total profit of. $64.33 for 15 hogs fed 88 days, which is slightly over $4.00 per hog. No value here has been put on the manure or the higher prices procured for the feed stuff. The value of such home demonstration work is made clear in the following letter to Mr. Merriman from the father of one of the boys (the original copy of which can be found in the office of the Louisville Commercial Club) : Burzav or AGRICULTURE. 225 St. Matthews, Ky., October 1, 1915. Mr. F. E. Merriman, Louisville, Kentucky. Dear Sir:— I am writing you to let you know about the big lesson my son Henry and I have learned about hog raising since you started the Boys’ Pig Club. Of course, you know I live in the potato section of Jefferson County, and the largest part of my farming consists of raising potatoes. We were glad to have the boy join the pig club, and purchased a pig at your suggestion on June 26th, which weighed 43 pounds. When you said that we could feed this pig in such a way that it would weigh 170 pounds by the State Fair time—which was some 70 days’ time—I did not say anything, but could hardly believe that it was possible, and my wife and I thought that you were talking through your hat. I have learned a whole lot about feeding a pig, for instead of making 170 pounds, it made 180 pounds; doing more than what you said it would. Although we did not get any silver cups or cash prizes at the State Fair, we feel that we got the largest prize of them all—that of learning how to feed a pig profitably, and we are well satisfied. I raise a few hogs every year for my own meat, and sometimes have a few to sell the last of November. About this time I get some more pigs around three months old, keeping them until the next year, making one year’s time for the pigs to be fed. I have tried all kinds of ways to feed these hogs in order to get them to weigh 250 pounds, and still make a profit. Each year they have always cost me more than I could get for them. From now on—I am glad to say—TI shall have some hogs to sell every six months, and I will feed them the same as we fed the pig in the Boys’ Pig Club. From now on I am not going to throw all my corn away, getting little or no profit from it, but shall feed a balanced ration. I feel that this method will make us some money. Little Henry has not given up because he did not win prizes this year, but is determined to use the experience which he gained this year to win some of the silver cups with next year. Yours very truly, (Signed) HENRY REULING. Almost every county could show the above demon- stration. Next year pig club work is to be taken up with 26 agents, each agent to supervise but 15 or 20 boys. We have already inaugurated a campaign in Knox county for pure-bred hogs and community breeding. The Farmers’ State Bank, of Barbourville, has purchased $200.00 worth of pure-bred hogs, and given them out to pig club boys under contract that they shall remain members of the pig club for two years, feed and care for these hogs under the direction of the county agent, and register all the progeny from their original gilt, unless agr.—8 226 Twenty-First Brennrat Report sold for immediate slaughter. The boys agreed to give back two choice gilts from the first litter to the bank, who will in turn put these gilts out to two other boys under the same contract, thus not only giving us a chain system of promoting the pure-bred industry, but at the same time distributing but one breed in the county, which we hope will ultimately result in community breeding. The objects of the club are to stimulate an interest in swine production, and to demonstrate how to raise more, better and cheaper swine by the use of pure-bred stock, balanced rations, and forage crops; and to in- struct these boys in a practical way in the management, feeding, sanitation, and prevention of diseases in swine; to instill in them while young the love of animals, which will result in more and better hogs, becoming interested in country life, and to learn the business side of farm- ing. Small prizes are offered, and may be well given, but every boy is urged to learn and to do all within his power for the betterment of wrong conditions. The winning of prizes is secondary, for that in itself is not of great value, but the energy, learning and faithfulness neces- sary to win the prize, is of immeasurable importance. The pig club work as it is being carried on in Ken- tucky is but an example cf what the Government and State colleges are doing in thirteen other states. It is a wonderful work, both for the making of future farm- ers and the development of the swine industry. The boys entering these contests are required to weigh the pigs at the start of the work, keep careful records of the weights of feed fed, monthly. gains the pigs make, cost of gains and net profits. The educational value of such work cannot be overestimated. It should have the support of everyone, and it is to be hoped that some day credit for suth work may be given in our rural schools. Ortts KiRcHER, Agent in Animal Husbandry, U. 8. Department of Agri- culture. In charge of Kentucky Pig Clubs. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 227 THE GROWING OF SUNFLOWER SEED. This Department has had several letters making ex- tensive claims for the possibilities for growing sunflower seed in this State. Knowing that the Fulton County farmers had experimented with this crop to a consider- able extent, we wrote to Mr. C. T. Beale, of Hickman, Kentucky, for information as to the-success of this un- dertaking. He writes that in this part of the State, and particularly in Fulton county, the growing of sunflower seed has been given more or less attention during the last two years, with varying degrees of success. While the lands in Kentucky seem well adapted to the growing of this crop, the crop itself has not, as yet, proven very successful or remunerative, and the production of seed thus far amounts to but little in this State. It is claimed for the crop, however, that it can be grown on ordinary corn land, and that while the yield per acre is not ma- terially more than that of corn, when figured on a cash basis, the cost of planting and harvesting is much less and that the crop under favorable conditions will be a good one to adopt in a diversified system of farming. One trouble which has been experienced in Fulton county during the past season, was the effect of the wind. The sunflower, unlike corn, will not rise after being blown down. The seed will remain on the ground, and soon be- come unfit for the market, and from this cause a great deal of the crop was lost last season. To grow sunflowers, the soil should be fertile, and of the same nature as the soils usually devoted to corn. The seed should be drilled with a corn-planter in rows four feet apart, and the plants thinned to two feet in the row. The planting may be made from April to July, and the cultivation is practically the same as that of corn. Occasionally the rivers overflow some of the best bottom lands in western Kentucky at a season too late for the replanting of corn, and then the sunflower plant can be profitably substituted. It does not take quite so long to mature as the corn crop. Where only a limited amount of this crop is raised, it is gathered by simply cutting the heads from the stalks, and beating the seeds 228 Twenty-First Brenniau Report out in wagon bottoms. Where raised on an extensive ine machines are used for the threshing of these seeds. Care should be taken in the selection of seed for this crop, as there are varieties of sunflowers which have several heads to the stalk, and others wich have only one head. The latter variety is preferable, on account of its lighter weight. The stalks with four or five heads are more easily blown down. It is claimed by some growers of sunflowers that the seed is not damaged by reason of being on the ground for many days, but it has been found in Fulton county that seeds which remain on the ground for several days are unfit for the market. As an emergency crop, the sunflower will, no doubt, be found of good value, and under the right weather conditions will prove profitable. While it does not rank - as one of the staple and dependable crops of western Kentucky, the increased use of sunflower seeds for chicken feed, and as a source of obtaining oil for the manufacture of certain soaps, indicates the possibility of an ultimate demand sufficient to justify more attention to its growth. PRODUCTION OF HONEY IN KENTUCKY. By E. E. Barton, Falmouth. The honey crop is produced by professional bee men, farmers and suburban and village residents throughout the State, and also by gathering the honey of wild bees domiciled in trees and other recesses, where the ‘‘robbing’’ is usually accompanied by destruction of the swarm. No estimate can be made of the amount of wild honey gathered, but a considerable quantity is obtained in this way. The largest part of the honey crop is produced by keepers of only a few colonies of bees, and much of this is consumed in the immediate locality. However, on ac- count of the great number of small bee keepers, a con- siderable amount of honey is produced by them in the Burzavu or AGRICULTURE. 229 aggregate for the outside market. By far the largest yields of honey per colony of bees is obtained by the pro- fessional bee man. With modern equipment and proper management of the apiary, a yield of 100 to 200 pounds of surplus honey per colony of bees is obtained during a favorable season, while 25 pounds per colony is about the average for the State. Something like one-half of the commercial crop of honey is from the apiaries of the professional bee men. According to the census of 1910 one in seven Ken- tucky farms reported having honey Lees, ard the aver- age was about five colonies per farm. The State then ranked twelfth in the amount and value of honey pro- duced. Since that date great advancement has been made in the number of colonies, the total honey crop and amount produced per colony, as well as a large increase in value of the investments in bees and equipment. In 1915 the honey crop is estimated at 5,000,000 pounds, with the State ranking third or fourth in amount and value of honey produced. The largest honey producing section is the hill coun- ties of Northern Kentucky bordering on or near the Ohio River from about Maysville to Carrollton. Seventy-five per cent. of the crop in this section is obtained from sweet clover, about 15 per cent. from fall aster, and the remainder from white clover, alsike, the blossoms of fruits, wild herbs and some forest trees. This section produces about one-half of the State’s commercial crop. In 1915 Pendleton county with 5,000 colonies produced 500,000 pounds of honey above what was consumed lo- eally. One-half of this amount was produced in about thirty large apiaries—one apiary alone producing 40,000 pounds during the season, with an average of nearly 200 pounds per colony. The honey crop is marketed in three forms, namely: extracted honey 50%; section honey, 35%; and ‘‘Chunk’’ honey, 15%. Beeswax is an important commercial product of honey bees. The amount produced varies considerably with the form of honey marketed, as little wax is saved where it is sold as section or ‘‘chunk’’ honey. Some seasons the amount of wax produced is over 50,000 pounds. The rearing of queen bees for breeding pur- 230 Twenty-First Brennrau Report poses is made a specialty in numerous apiaries of the State, and the strains produced here are very highly esteemed by bee-keepers everywhere. The queens are ua eorenen the mails in tiny cages to all parts of the world. It would be difficult to estimate the investment in honey bees and equipment within the State, as some bees are housed in crudely formed hives or in plain boxes, while most professional bee men have invested in modern patent hives, honey houses, labor-saving ma- chinery and other equipment. These men have an in- vestment of about ten dollars per colony, while with others it varies from two to ten dollars per colony. It would be safe to place the value of honey bees and equip- ment within the State at several million dollars. This investment and the industry itself has been seriously menaced by the presence of a contagious germ disease of the young bees in the larval stage called ‘‘foul brood.’’ It does not affect the quality or usefulness of the honey, but soon depletes the swarm by killing the young brood being reared to take the place of the worker bees as they die. In some localities this disease has effectively been checked, and in some places almost eradicated by the work of the county bee inspectors. Suitable precau- tions upon the part of bee keepers, and proper inspec- tion and treatment will effectively put an end to this trouble. The value of the industry, and the delicious and wholesome qualities of honey as a food product, would justify every reasonable effort to provide suit- able protection in the way of inspection and treatment of bee diseases. THE DAIRY COW. By J. J. Hooper, Head Department of Animal Hus- bandry (Horses, Dairy Cattle, Poultry), Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ken- tucky. Everyone should accord the dairy cow premier place among farm animals, as she is the most efficient and profitable animal that a farmer can select. When fed a Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 231 hundred pounds of digestible matter, she produces eigh- teen pounds of human food, while the pig produces fif- teen; the hen five, and the sheep and steer only three pounds. In the round of a year a first-class cow will produce material in her milk sufficient to build up the bodies of three steers, each weighing twelve hundred pounds. The product from the cow is for sale every day, while the carcass of the steer is marketed but once. This serves to make money come to a dairy farm regularly each week or month. The dairy cow is economical in human food ‘production, because her purpose is to produce milk to be fed her young offspring, and she gives of her substance and resources with the same unselfishness and self-ab- negation that we find evidenced in the case of the human mother. The steer selfishly places his gain under his hide for future use, when the blasts of winter call for their extra toll of warmth. Twenty-five years ago the beef. cow held full and undisputed domain in our blue grass pastures. Then the little mild-eyed Jersey cow made her debut in Shelby county. Many wise heads were shaken in denoting that this kind of cattle would not do, and it was said that they would surely contaminate the good blood of the fine Shorthorn herds. But wonderful changes were to take place before the very eyes of the breeders of Central Kentucky. The dairy cow by her efficiency and profit has all but supplanted the beef cows that had to be kept a year for a calf, and that calf was the only salable prod- uct from the cow. As feed increased in price, it cost more to keep a cow, and as a result the cost of keeping beef cows to produce steers became uiiprofitable. A few farmers thought they could offset the disadvantage suf- fered by the beef cow by milking her for all she was worth, and occasionally we find a dual purpose herd where calves and milk are both produced for sale. But the dairy cow is so much more economical in milk pro- duction, and produces so much more per week and year and year after year, that she is continuing to supplant the cow that carries beef breeding. Creameries and butter factories are being estab- lished in or near every community in the State, and a 232 Twenty-First Brennrat REPort gallon of milk or cream is as marketable now as a bushel of grain. Cows are being imported by the hundreds and thousands every year, and silos are being erected on all sides. Ultimately Kentucky is destined to rival Wiscon- sin and Illinois as a dairy section. For the most part our breeders favor Jerseys, but occasionally a herd of Holsteins and Guernseys is to be seen. A good dairy cow will produce a profit of $30 or more per year, while a feeder is highly gratified if he can net $10 per head from steers. Years ago the farmers and the hired help balked at milking, and the general hard work incident to dairying, but the profit and the thrifty atmosphere around the dairy farms soon con- verted the most obstinate to the fact that the dairy cow is the most efficient animal that can come to a farm. It is to be noted that the dairy farm contains the best farm buildings in the neighborhood, and the fields are most productive. Some farmers can not use the dairy cow because she does not fit in with the operation of their farms, and in other instances farm labor is not fitted to handle a dairy. But many who formerly offered these objections are now adopting the dairy cow. We have known of many farms that have served as illustrations of thrift and profit, but none illustrate these points better than an eighty-acre farm that we recently visited in Central Kentucky. This farm serves to show how profitable and dependable the dairy cow is, when properly and intelligently handled. It is needless to say only good cows have found a home on this farm of eighty acres. This farm was purchased by the present owner seventeen years ago. The land was very much depleted owing to continued grain cropping. It could not produce a first-class crop of corn, and the neighbors told the pur- chaser that he could not make a living for his family of two sons and a daughter from it. He has not only made a living but has laid up considerable money in the bank and has lived well. At present he has an automo- bile for delivering milk to city patrons five miles distant, and another automobile for his family. This indicates that he has used up-to-date machinery, and progressive methods, and has lived better than most people. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 233 The eighty acres are well tilled, and are given heavy applications of manure produced by the thirty-six head of dairy stock and four work animals kept on the place. The other stock consists of three hundred hens which yield a net income of one dollar per hen in the form of fresh eggs which are retailed to regular patrons, and de- livered by the driver of the milk wagon. The eggs are sold at current prices quoted by local grocerymen. Three brood sows are kept, and they furnish considerable pork for family use. Six thousand dollars’ worth of milk, but- ter, eggs and pork were sold last year, but this year the sales are to be increased to seven thousand dollars. The cost of operating the farm is deducted from this amount. At the time of our visit last summer, the farm was devoted to the following crops: one fourteen-acre field of corn and sorghum used for family silage; another field of silage corn and sorghum; forty acres of pasture, and three acres of well-kept orchard which contains beauti- ful trees that are full of apples of the Stark, York Im- perial and Ben Davis varieties. The lawn about the house and barn lots contains three acres. On June Ist this progressive farmer cut fourteen acres of barley and put it in the silo. The silage from this crop was fed from July 5th to September Ist, and because of the rather small acreage devoted to pasture, the barley silage was useful. The dairyman stated that it raised the milk yield of his cows one gallon to the cow each day, and the chickens were fed some too, and they increased the egg yield. The barley silage was sweet, palatable and relished by the cows as we can personally testify, as we examined it. The grain was in dough stage and the barley contained considerable grain. Corn was planted on the field from which the barley was removed as it is customary on this productive farm to make the land yield a maximum of feed, and the corn made a heavy crop of silage. The fourteen acres furnished sufficient green barley to fill a hundred and twenty-ton silo. The barley, when cut for silage, which was as high as a man’s hip, was estimated to contain forty bushels of grain per acre. This dairyman took a preference to the glazed tile silo, and purchased the blocks for a sixteen by thirty-foot 234 Twenty-First BreENNIAL Report silo from a local sales company. It was ordered by an- other farmer, but was not taken by him upon the ar- rival of the blocks. The blocks cost only $285, but upon purchasing a second silo, the blocks cost $332 delivered at the railway station. In erecting the first silo local bricklayers were employed, but they did not prove en- tirely satisfactory, as in one round they failed to break the joints of the blocks, and in the second they failed to make the blocks complete the round, and filled in with a brick in two places. The blocks were not laid as smoothly and flush as they should have been. In erecting the sec- ond silo, the dairyman’s son did the work without diffi- culty, and it was entirely satisfactory. He did a fine job, fitting the tiles in place perfectly, and not bulging the walls at any point. Both of these glazed top silos will be used in the future. The second silo is sixteen by thirty-three feet in size, and the blocks for it cost $332, while the first silo which is sixteen by thirty feet cost, complete with roof, shute and walls, $427. The son, who is twenty-five years old, has also built a concrete wall in the cellar of the farm house, and he laid the blocks in the new milk room, which is illustrated in the half-tone printed in connection with this article. It was first plan- ned to build a milk room of twelve by eighteen feet after the blocks had arrived. To make up for the deficiency in blocks, the foundation wall, which was constructed of concrete, was built two feet above ground, and the blocks laid on top of it. The blocks for this glazed tile milk house cost $37.50 delivered at the railway station. The farmer told us that the shingle roof, the doors and win- dows, ran the cost up to $150 for material for the house. Labor of building was additional to this cost. This dairyman likes the glazed tile construction so well that he has begun the erection of an ice house, which is to be built nine feet above ground, and about five feet into the ground. It will resemble a low silo. Recently we were asked to present a set of figures relative to the profit that might be expected from a hun- dred-acre dairy farm. We figured that a progressive man might make fourteen hundred dollars profit from such an acreage in the course of a year. We wondered if we had figured it correctly, taking for granted that the Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 235 land was fertile, and the milk was to be sold at sixteen cents a gallon. In our visit to this interesting small farm, we found a farmer doing as well on eighty acres, but getting a higher price for milk. When we visit such farms we are almost convinced that this honest, able, energetic and thrifty farmer was right when he said ‘‘Most farmers have too much land and farm it badly.”’’ FORAGE PLANTS. BY H. Garman, EXntomo.ocist anp Boranist, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky. . The word forage may have a somewhat bookish and scientific sound, but it is a good English word, which the farmer can use to advantage at times in discussing prob- lems with which he deals every day. We understand by it simply feed for stock—corn, oats, hay, silage, pastur- age. Any food is forage, either for man or for beast. But we are accustomed to style what we eat ourselves, foods, and what our animals eat, feeds, though in many cases foods are also feeds, and in some it would be dif- ficult to say whether we received most benefit from the food provided us by a forage plant, or from the feed it furnishes our animals. Corn is an example. It is a splendid feed, and an excellent food. Oats is another. Hiven wheat which we are accustomed to regard as our own special food plant, often provides grazing for stock, and in the form of bran a nourishing feed. So it is im- possible to draw a line between forage for man and forage for beast. Yet we are accustomed to speak of forage as feed for stock, and I shall endeavor in what follows to re- strict myself very largely to those plants having value as feed for the animals kept on the farm. While many plants of widely different plant fam- ilies furnish some feed, two very distinct families pro- 236 TwENTY-First Brenniat Report vide most of the forage used throughout the world. It is questionable, indeed, if we could continue long on this earth if both families were suddenly removed and ren- dered forever extinct. These families, as you already know, are, first, the great grass family, and second, the equally great clover family. To bring clearly before you the immense value of the grass family to us, I want to remind you of a few important grasses. Corn, wheat and oats have already been mentioned; they are true grasses. Rice is a typi-: cal grass. Rye, barley, all the millets, kaffir corn, sorg- hum, (the cane from which sugar is made farther south), timothy, blue grass, red-top, Bermuda grass, are all familiar examples of the same family. The bamboo of India and other eastern countries is a most valuable building material, and many of the dwellings, all of them in some sections, are constructed of the stems of these giant grasses. They make beautiful and very durable furniture; also, are employed in making ladders, rafts, arrows, fishing rods, etc., and besides on rare occasions, when they produce seed, furnish man a wholesome food. Bamboo in large sections of the east is the most valuable plant known, and is a true grass. A more familiar standard of measuring values may help a little further in grasping the importance of grasses to us. We do not grow much rice compared with eastern countries, the $16,624,000, at which the 1910 rice crop of the United States was valued, being a relatively insigni- ficant matter when all our crops are considered. Yet rice feeds about one-third of mankind, and the yearly product of Japan, China and India amounts to about 100,000,000 tons. Let us consider some familiar grass crops of real value in the United States. Our corn crop furnished more food and forage in 1910 than any other crop we grew. It is by far the most important crop grown in this State. The value of the crop on the farm for the whole country was estimated by experts connected with the United States Department of Agriculture at the enormous sum of $1,523,968,000. Our wheat crop for 1910 was estimated as worth on the farm $621,443,000. Burezavu or AGRICULTURE. 237 Our oats reached the value of $384,716,000. Our rye was valued at $23,840,000. Our barley was estimated at $93,785,000. Our hay crop was worth to the farmers of this country $747,769,000. Taking all these grasses together, but omitting our sorghum, cane, kaffir corn, and miscellaneous grass crops of which I have seen no estimate, we produced grass for- age for man and beast in 1910 to the value of $3,412,145,000. In Kentucky alone our corn crop meant to the farm- ers of the State a value of $55,793,000. Our hay crop meant $8,450,000 more, and, including all of which we have estimates and estimating our pasturage as worth as much as our hay, Kentucky produced grass crops in 1910 having a total value to the farmer of $83,693,000. We hear a great deal nowadays about our tobacco, but Kentucky’s tobacco crop for 1910 did not equal her corn crop alone by $22,643,910. TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF GRASS CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR 1910—FROM UNITED STATES CROP REPORTER. Corn $1,523,968,000 Wheat 621,443,000 Oats i 384,716,000 Barley 93,785,000 Rye 23,840,000 Rice 16,624,000 (Hay 747,769,000 Total $3,412,145,000 TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF KENTUCKY FORAGE IN 1910. Corn $55,798,000 Wheat 8,928,000 Oats 1,912,000 Barley 16,000 Rye 144,000 Hay 8,450,000 Pasturage 8,450,000 Total $83,698,000 If our grasses are the equivalents of these tremen- dous sums of money, if they mean the bulk of the profit each year from crops harvested in all countries, if they mean by far the most important part of food supplied i» 238 Twenty-First BienniaL Report by plants to man and beast, is it not a little surprising that we should know so little about them, that so few of our people should have definite ideas as to what the grass family means to mankind? Suppose we take a familiar grass and examine it carefully to see how it differs from other plants. The common oats will serve as well as anything. One of the first features to attract attention when we compare this plant with a sunflower or petunia is that its stem is jointed, and that it is, as in many species of grasses, hollow. Here is a character by which the grasses may be separated from the clovers, and most other plants. The leaves of a grass, again, are ribbon-lke or threadlike, and the veins are parallel, never netted, as are those of a maple or clover leaf; and here we have another character by which a grass may be recognized and distinguished from most other flowering plants. The flowers of grasses, to take another feature, are small and not brightly colored. You have but to recall the timothy tops and blue grass tops to get the idea. The flowers have the necessary parts found in the rose and tulip, but they are small, and are ordinarily concealed by the small greenish chaff. Hach timothy top and blue grass top when examined with a magnifier is found to bear large numbers of these small flowers hidden among the chaffy protective envelopes, much as the corn ear is hidden by the husks. Now, the showy flowers like those of clover are more or less dependent on the insects for pollen, and if it is not brought from other plants of the same sort, many of them produce few or no seeds. In the case of the grasses, we say they are wind pollenized, because the pollen grains are carried by the wind and insects: have little to do with it. This is why it is so difficult to keep corn and other grasses pure. Pollen from different varieties is widely scattered in the air, and hence we often find red or yellow grains mixed with the white grains of a white variety. So, again, in the case of blue grass it is almost impossible to find fixed varieties be- cause of the wide sowing of the pollen of these plants by the wind. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 239 Bringing all our characters together, we may say that a grass is a plant with a jointed, and generally, hol- low stem, narrow parellel veined leaves, known as blades, and small flowers assembled in spike-like heads or loose, widely branched clusters known as panicles. Grasses may mature and die in one season, in which case they are known as annuals, of which corn and Hungarian millet are examples, or they may last from year to year, as in the case of blue grass, when they are known as perennials. They are wind pollenized. Grasses occur everywhere on the globe where man can live in anything like comfort. They are to be found well up toward the north pole, barley and oats growing as far north as 70° north letitude. The best of grasses for grazing, you will remember, are of rather northernly distribution, or, in other words, cool weather plants, making their best growth during early spring, like our blue grass, and again in fall after the heat of summer is past. As we go southward from Kentucky, the turf- forming grasses become less common, and their place is taken by the tall, rank-growing sorghum, canes, etc., which make their growth during the heated periods of the year. Kentucky’s reputation as an agricultural State is due to her pastures, and to the horses and cattle which her pastures produce. And because of the excellence of the pasturage in some parts of the State, her reputa- tion extends even outside the limits of the United States. Foreign countries not infrequently send men to Blue- grass Kentucky to buy horses and to study our methods of raising such stock. Yet if Blue-grass Kentucky were omitted as a part of our territory, there would be fully four-fifths of the State left which could scarcely be called a grazing coun- try at all. The making of Blue-grass Kentucky and the reputation of the whole State thus depended very largely on one little grass plant, the Poa pratensis of botanies, the Kentucky blue grass of the whole world. I do not wish to be understood as implying by this that Kentucky blue grass is a native product. This seems to me doubtful. It occurs throughout much of the world, and is claimed to be native to Huropean countries. 240 Twenty-First Brenniat Report But it attains a very great excellence of growth here, and was introduced so early that we have been led to pened it as our own. To express the value of the forage grown in Ken- «tucky, it may be said that putting all our other crops to- gether and omitting our stock, which is absolutely de- pendent on forage, yet they will not equal the value of our corn and forage. I am not forgetting that the to- bacco crop of Kentucky for 1910 was valued at $33,149,088, CLOvERS AND THEIR ALLIES, I have been dealing thus far with the true grasses, with jointed stems. But any treatment of this subject, however slight, would be very imperfect if the second group of forage plants were omitted. Every farmer worthy of the name, recognizes the value of clover. It has been the dependence of many of them for years. Clover is no grass. We sometimes call plants of its family legumes, because of the peculiar pods in which many of them produce their seeds. The family, includ- ing clovers of various sorts, is a large one; with many other plants, it is made up of red clover, alsike clover, white clover, crimson clover, Japan clover, the sweet clovers, alfalfa, the soy bean, garden bean, cow pea, garden pea, vetches, the peanut, and even some trees well known to you, such as the red bud, black and honey locust, the yellow-wood, and the Kentucky coffee tree. The stems of these plants are not jointed; the flowers are often brightly colored and large; the leaves are divided into smaller divisions known as leaflets, three in the case of clovers and beans, many in the black locust. They are all but dependent on insects for carry- ing their pollen, and to encourage these creatures, nature has supplied many of the flowers with a honey-like se- cretion, the nectar, and apparently to make doubly sure that insects did not overlook this bait, has supplied most of them with a very pleasant fragrance. You will ‘un- derstand better what I mean when you recall the activity of the honey bee about the blossoms of black-locust, of white clover, alfalfa, and sweet clover. Even the soy ra Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 241 bean and, cow pea furnish industrious insects much forage at times. For hay and for grazing, the clovers have a value everywhere. As feed they rank higher than the grasses, though too concentrated for steady feeding alone. Mixed with grasses they furnish as good a ration as can be provided. The seeds of many members of the group, such as the peas and beans, furnish a very nutritious food for man, the soy bean, for example, providing to the Japanese a variety of dishes, and furnishing beside much of the fodder used for stock in Japan. But while we should find it difficult to do without this source of food and feed, we could let it go rather than lose the grasses, were it not for a very remark- able peculiarity of the clovers and beans. Most of them, and probably all, can get nitrogen from the air, and as the true grasses cannot, the latter are dependent on plants of the clover family and on man for this absolutely necessary plant food. The story of ‘how clovers get nitrogen and leave it in the soil for other plants is one of the most curious known to science and to agriculture. If one of these plants is taken up carefully, so as not to lose many of the fibrous roots, little round, or oval, knots, commonly styled nodules, will be found attached to the roots, and sometimes to the bases of the plants themselves. Under the microscope these knots are found to contain numerous minute germs or bacteria, and these are known to be the cause of the knots, and also the means by which the nitrogen is picked up from air in the soil. Now nitrogen is a very costly fertilizing material, and yet the farmer has it in his power to get it simply by growing a clover or bean crop. The value of these plants in enriching soil was long known before the ex- planation of it was furnished. Since the secret was learned it has been found possible to inoculate soils in which the nodules do not occur and thus enable plants of the clover family to do their office there as nitrogen gatherers. Unless the bacteria are present, clovers ex- 949 Twenty-First Brenniau Report haust the nitrogen already in soils exactly as do the grasses and other plants. In this brief explanation you have the important part taken by the clovers in the rotation of crops. By systematic rotation, including some clover crop, prac- ticed steadily all the time, land can be kept from wear- ing out, and good crops be harvested every year. In some European countries where farms have been tilled for centuries, better average yields of wheat and oats are now harvested than we get. When we obtain an average of 16 bushels or less, they get an average of 20 to 30. But it would be difficult to plan a rotation worth adopting that did not include both a grass and a clover, the grass to supply vegetable matter, and put the soil in a good physical condition, the clover to supply the most costly, the most quickly removed, the most fugitive, of the necessary fertilizing materials. We have not yet learned everywhere in Kentucky the supreme importance of forage plants in rotation. Even if we wish to grow tobacco all the time, we cannot afford to do it because of its destructive effect on our land. We cannot grow tobacco without vegetable mat- ter in the soil. In the Burley growing section of the State, we grow the crop now by plowing up pasture, and following it with two tobacco crops. But by a prop- erly managed rotation, a farmer may, if he likes, grow a crop of tobacco on his place every year without pas- ture of any sort. We have now on the Experiment Farm a series of plots on which we are, in co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture, prac- ticing different systems of rotation. On one we grow corn every year, adding nothing to the soil. On another we grow corn every year, but fertilize with manure. On others we grow grass and clover, wheat, tobacco; in others, oats, soy beans and tobacco, in many of them depending entirely on the rotations to keep the soil in good condition. These plots have been kept in these different rotations for a good many years, and if there was a-decline in fertility it would now be apparent. As a matter of fact, the soil is in good condition, and ex- cellent crops of all sorts are obtained from the land, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 243 But one of the most interesting features of the work thus far is the result with tobacco. For several years past the Burley tobacco from these plots has averaged better than that grown on the Experiment Farm in the usual way, i. e., after pasture, and what is more to the point, the tobacco when placed side by side with the other in the market, sells for a better average price to people who are good judges of tobacco, but know nothing of the history of the crops. The whole secret of this success with tobacco is systematic rotation, alternating it with grass and clover, or with some other member of the clover family. Forage is thus not only valuable in itself, but is essential to the economical and profitable growing of other crops. Again, when a farmer finds he cannot get help to work all his land, a pasture or meadow is a very con- venient way to dispose of part of his holdings. By keep- ing it in pasture, he can get something from it every year, and yet save himself the necessity of plowing and cultivating frequently. Grazing such land keeps it in excellent condition,:too, so that when times change, and a crop is to be grown, he has lost nothing, and finds his land ready to yield better crops than it did when put down in grass. This has been the resource of farm- ers in countries where help is scarce. It is also an ex- cellent way to save the land and keep winter rains from leaching and washing away the fertilizing materials land contains. We are thus dependent on the forage plants in more ways than one. They provide the best part of our crops; they feed both man and the domestic animals; they are the chief source of our wealth. They maintain the fertility of our soils. Having reminded you of their importance and re- ferred very briefly to the reasons why they are im- portant, I may be allowed to go a little farther into the subject and bring it more closely home to you. PERMANENT PASTURES. In the best stock raising regions of the world the forage employed is of two general sorts—permanent pasturage and annual forage crops. The permanent 244 Twenty-First Brennrau REPorT pastures are made up chiefly of grasses and clovers; the annual forage comes from a great variety of plants of many families, but still chiefly from members of the grass family, such as corn and sorghum, with some root crops, pumpkins, rape, etc., some of these sources fur- nishing variety rather than the essentials. In Kentucky we have one grass that has, perhaps, been depended upon too much for pasturage. Blue grass is an excel- lent plant for the purpose on good lands, not too wet and not too dry, but on gravelly, clayey and rather poor soils, it does not furnish the grazing needed. It should not be supposed that where blue grass fails us, we are entirely deprived of grazing. Perhaps the soil lacks something blue grass needs, and we can, it may be, pro- vide it. If it is nitrogen, or vegetable matter to render the soil less hard and compact, we have the clovers to help us. You have probably observed that when the surface of a soil is removed, and the clayey sub-soil is exposed, many plants, among them blue grass; will not grow on it at all. In some regions very few plants of any sort appear on such exposed areas the first year, and these are of slight growth. The second year a fair growth may appear of a miscellaneous assortment of plants, among them some white clover, and in a few years the whole surface may be pretty thickly occupied with ’ clover. What is the explanation of this? Why do the clovers precede the grasses on such soils? It results from the fact that the deeper layers of soil even when containing most of the necessary plant food, do not contain nitrogen in sufficient quantity, and are too solid to be easily penetrated by the roots of plants. When exposed to the air and frosts their plant food is dissolved, and plants like clover which provide their own nitrogen are soon able to take possession. After them come the grasses and other plants. This natural process illustrates and points out the procedure necessary for the farmer who wishes to get a permanent meadow or pasture on rather unpromising soils. If he can once get a good growth of some of.the clovers—white clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy beans, Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 245 Japan clover, or even sweet clover—he has laid the foundation upon which a pasture can be built. In all our blue grass pastures white clover is to be found. It is the natural associate of blue grass, and sometimes is the more abundant, while, again, during unfavorable weather, it may almost disappear. No doubt, its presence besides furnishing some variety of fare to stock has a more important role in providing nitrogen and thus contributing to the permanence of blue grass. And because of this capacity of the clovers, it is always well to have some of them growing on land occupied by pastures. The question is sometimes asked: Have ‘we any other grasses besides blue grass suitable for permanent pasture? Yes, we have. On some soils, timothy will do for a time, though not permanent in many soils. Red- top does very well on damp land, and this grass mixed with alsike clover makes a combination for low ground somewhat like that of blue grass and white clover in drier situations. Still another mixture, timothy and al- sike clover, will often furnish good grazing on damp land. One of our very best grasses for permanent pasture is orchard grass. It is one of the most persistent and productive grasses grown in the State. It is true that stock brought up on blue grass does not like it very well, and fine tufts will be left untouched in blue grass pas- tures. This is a matter of education, however, since it is in some sections of Kentucky depended on for beef cattle. Analysis shows it to compare very favorably as feed with timothy. One planting of orchard grass outlasts a half dozen plantings of timothy, and herein lies the value of orchard grass in comparison.- It is a perennial grass. It occupies ground closely. It is pro- ductive and hardy, and provides either hay or grazing. In our rotations already referred to, we have in some cases used orchard grass in preference to timothy, my reason for adopting it being the greater certainty of getting a stand quickly. Though this grass requires a good soil, and will not endure soils constantly saturated with water, it is, nevertheeless, adapted to a variety of situations and conditions. Our most severe winters do 246 TwENtTY-First BrenNiAL Report not hurt it. Drought does not injure it as badly as it does blue grass. It has a peculiar value for growing in shade, where it thrives better, perhaps, than any grass we have. In England it is very commonly sown in or- chards because of this peculiarity, and the fact has given it its name, orchard grass. In the absence of blue grass in some sections of eastern and western Kentucky, farmers there must for the present be content with orchard grass, and other species. Red-top is frequently grown in the west with success. It seems to do better there than at Lexington, because of the fact that the sub-soil is of such character that it holds water better than ours, and red-top thrives with its roots pretty well soaked with water. We have grown the grass in the plots with only moderate success. With a wet season it does very well; at other times, it is not very productive, and runs out in the course of three or four years, like timothy. The hay is good, be- ing moderately fine, and nutritious. In wet places along ditches the grass is often seen growing spontaneously. Its position as a permanent part of our agricultural assets seems to me somewhat uncertain unless it can be greatly improved. It persists chiefly because of lack of something better. One serious objection to it, con- stantly brought to our attention in the examination of seeds, is the general presence of ergot among the seeds. Certain diseases of stock are attributed to this fungus in hay, and it would not be surprising if we should learn some time that red-top is responsible for some of the little-understood troubles to which stock is subject. Timothy is a valuable grass for Kentucky, but has always seemed to me not well adpted to our soil, and at any rate much of our hay comes from outside of the State. With a good season, fine growths may be seen in Blue Grass Kentucky, and as good ones in the west- ern part of the State, where, in fact, the soil seems bet- ter adapted to the plant. Timothy wants a good deal of water, and a good soil that holds water tenaciously is likely to show a better growth than one from which the water is likely at times to be exhausted. The plant is not sufficiently long-lived here. | Burzgavu or AGRICULTURE. 247 Once established, it should last three full years, giving one crop of hay each year, and ought some time to be made to do so by selection. Much has been said of Canada blue grass, and be- cause of the use of its seeds for adulterating the seeds of Kentucky blue grass, it has a bad reputation in Ken- tucky. Yet it has its good qualities, one of which is a capacity to take possession of rather poor soils, and hold its own there. It is not very productive, and, when old, is rather wiry, but I think in parts of the State not adapted to ordinary blue grass, it might sometimes be grown with profit. It is a good binder, because of its manner of spread- ing by underground shoots, and on embankments and hillsides lable to wash will be found helpful. It grows spontaneously everywhere in Kentucky. We have a number of other members of the genus Poa in Kentucky, but not one of them presents char- acters that render it a promising subject for improve- ment with a view to cultivation. Several introduced Poas have been tested in our plots, but thus far we have not found one that holds its own, when left to itself, against blue grass and weeds. We have tested English blue grass, smooth brome- . grass, English fortail, perennial and Italian rye, and the rest, but none of them, excepting the English Blue Grass, known in the books as Festuca elatior, seems very promising for our soils. The rye-grasses are highly valued in England, as is also meadow fox-tail (Alopecurus pratensis). They have proved to be neither very productive nor very persistent on the Experiment Farm, and soon give way before blue grass and weeds. They have been tried several times, with the same result, and I think they want a moister atmosphere, and more equable climate than ours. The tall fescue, English blue grass, already men- tioned, covers the ground like orchard grass, and yields about as well, the forage being better liked by stock. I consider this grass, though somewhat coarse, one of the promising ones for the State. The ordinary Eng- lish blue grass, known in botanies as Festuca pratensts, 248 Twenty-First Brenna, Report is a slighter plant of similar appearance, but soon runs out. At the end of three years it has generally been largely gone from the plots. It is, in the books, re- garded.as a variety of the coarser and more persistent grass, but if the seed we have sown is true to name, and it has been obtained from one of the foremost dealers and importers in the country, the two grasses should certainly rank as distinct species. Smooth brome grass is very persistent on the Farm, but is uneven in growth and not very productive. It does better in the northwest. There are two perennial grasses besides those men- tioned that ought to be considered for Kentucky. One is a slight fine-bladed, very early grass, known as sheep’s fescue. It is one of the most persistent of the grasses I have tested, and this, notwithstanding the fact that its dropped seeds appear never to germinate, and it does not spread by underground shoots. It is a true perennial, and I think may have a value for hilly land of Kentucky for sheep. It is grown for this purpose in Europe. It is a palatable grass. The yield is slight, and it would not do at all for hay. The second species is tall oats grass, also a true _ perennial, having persisted in the plots with no appar- ent dimunition in vigor and productiveness for eight years. It is not as coarse if cut at the right time as either timothy or orchard grass. But I am compelled to add that it is not relished by stock—is, in fact, an- other example of the special vigor with lack of palata- bility. So it is not, perhaps, to be considered for blue- grass Kentucky. I have kept my eye on it for a good many years in the plots as a possibility for some sec- tions which cannot grow other forage. In appearance, productiveness, and hardiness, it is an almost ideal meadow and pasture plant. Now, why cannot that com- bination of characters go with palatability? A number of southern grasses have been tried from time to time by us in the hope that among them was something that would take the place of blue grass in western Kentucky. Bermuda grass was established, after repeated attempts with seed, by using cuttings, and we now have a couple of small plots that were Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 249 started several years ago. The grass makes a dense fine growth for lawn, of velvety softness, but becomes brown with the first frosts and remains so until rather late spring. This defect will lead to its rejection wherever blue grass can be grown, but in southwestern Kentucky it is more at home, and some fairly satisfac- tory growths of it are to be seen in the yards about the Illinois Central Railroad buildings at Fulton, Kentucky. The grass is not productive enough in Kentucky to sat- isfy our farmers. In the plots and elsewhere in the State, the growth is only from about eleven to fourteen inches high when the plants are in bloom. It is a valua- ble grass farther south, but will probably never be gen- erally grown in this State. Johnson grass is another southern species grown by me. It is a coarse, tall plant, furnishing fodder relished by stock, but because of its disposition to persist in soils when once established, our farmers are afraid of it. It does not in our soils make the close growth necessary to productiveness. In Ken- tucky it is regarded as a weed. Farmers sometimes write us asking how it may be got rid of. The best way known to me is close cultivation and winter plowing to throw up the root-stocks by which it spreads so as to expose them to frost, or else, close grazing. We have been accustomed to place the common red clover at the head of its group, and it has been entitled to that distinction. But at times it has not done well in some parts of Kentucky, and farmers in these sections despair of ever again raising this clover as successfully as it was raised years ago. There is some ground for this discouragement, but I think the difficulty will, like others that have appeared from time to time, be even- tually overcome, or run its course, when clover will again thrive on land now clover sick. Undoubtedly some of the difficulty is due to the small beetle described in one of our bulletins. Some of it is the work of bacteria or fungi. Some failures are due to poor seeds. It is certainly not due to lack of nodule bacteria in the soil. There is no difficulty in getting an abundance of nodules on the roots, in fact in some of our experimental work we have found it difficult to keep the nodule bacteria away from them. They are so numerous and so generally 250 Twenty-First Brenniat Report present that it is actually a matter of annoying difficulty to keep soil or other media on which experimental clover is grown, free from the organisms. Alsike clover has been advocated lately for planting -in place of red clover; it grows very well in Kentucky, especially in wet places, but is not as productive as red clover. It lasts only two or three years. Crimson clover I consider a valuable plant for fall sowing. It matures early in the spring, is as produce: tive as red clover, and has the same eftect on the soil. It seems ‘to languish during hot summer weather when sown in the spring, and I would not advise sowing it then. A plot grown on the farm several years ago yielded, June 7, hay at the rate of 2.8 tons per acre. We have grown most of the other clovers that have been brought to this country—Hungarian, Egyptian, sweet, trefoil and the rest. They have generally failed: in one quality or another. One is too coarse; another is not sufficiently productive; stock does not like a third. Trefoil for sheep may prove of value in our mountains. It is a slight plant with a yellow blossom, growing about as high as white clover. The seeds are sometimes im- ported to be used as an adulterant in red clover seeds. In this way, and by their accidental presence with other seeds, the plant has become widely scattered in the State, and is to be encountered in small quantity almost any- where in pastures and along roads. White sweet clover, or Bokhara clover, is the tall plant with white blossoms to be seem growing on neg- _lected land at the edges of cities. It is a good bee plant, and produces a forage resembling alfalfa closely, in gen- eral appearance, when young. It is sometimes mistaken for alfalfa, but may be quickly recognized at any stage of growth, by crushing the leaves, when the sweetish odor from which it takes its name is given off. Our animals do not like it. Farther south it is said it is eaten by cattle readily enough. It is chiefly interesting because of its close resem- blance to alfalfa, and the fact that the nodule bacteria on its roots seem to be identical with those causing nodules on alfalfa. : Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 251 If any one wants to grow this plant he will have no difficulty in doing it. It thrives in very unpromising soils, sometimes on clays that will produce little else. It grows to a height of five or six feet, and produces a good quantity of forage. If one wishes to bring up a clayey soil, and cannot get a more palatable species, he may under some circumstances find it profitable to sow this plant for the humus and nitrogen it will produce. Sweet clover naturally suggests alfalfa, one of the most valuable of all forage plants, both for the hay it produces, and for its good effect on the soil. If we could grow it everywhere in Kentucky, we could afford to let red clover go. Once established, it is as nearly perennial as any of the clovers. The yield is sometimes far in excess of anything ever secured from red clover, and the quality of the hay is as good, some think even better. I have kept small plots of this plant on the farm for six years, and at times secured hay from them at the rate of from six to ten tons per acre. Three cuttings, and sometimes four, may be taken from the plant when in good condition. But after several years of extraordinary success with it in 1907, it all but failed in the plots, and proved very unsatisfactory in the hands of other people. A farmer from Nelson county who has for years de- pended on the plant for fattening beef cattle told me in the fall of the year that he had never before had such unsatisfactory experience with it. It appeared to be a result of the wet season partly, and was partly due to attacks of a small leaf hopper (Empoasca malt). But if we can grow alfalfa for periods of six or seven years at a time, this is an improvement on red clover, and we can afford to plow it up and start again, and I sincerely hope Kentucky farmers will not give up trying alfalfa because of its failure during very wet springs. Itis well worth struggling for. There are a few annual leguminous plants that must be considered in any account, however imperfect, of Ken- tucky forage. The Russian or sand vetch (Vicia villosa) is a trail- ing plant that does well in Kentucky, often persisting on land spontaneously, from dropped seeds. It is, from its 252 TwENtTy-First Brenniau Report manner of growth, rather unmanageable for forage, but can be handled by growing it with some grass or grain. It is to be looked upon as a soil improver chiefly, and as a cover crop for orchards and hillsides. Japan clover (Lespedeza striata) is a rather small plant with very fine leafage, which has for a number of years past gradually extended its range in Kentucky, taking care of itself on the most inhospitable of soils along roadsides and in abandoned fields, where it fur- nishes such abundant and nutritious grazing as to have worked a genuine transformation in the appearance of roaming stock in some sections of the State. The plant is an annual nitrogen gatherer, so that while it is helping the stock of the poor it is also improving some of our poor clayey soils. It is a little tender, and on this ac- count may always be more or less completely restricted to the southern three-fourths of the State. The seeds are hard to collect because of the fact that they are rather few in number, and are scattered along the stems. Bought seeds have not always germinated with me. One can well afford to make an effort to get Japan clover started in his neighborhood. Like white clover and sweet clover, it is adapted to soils that other forage plants do not thrive in, and will in time put them in a condi- tion to grow other things. Tur EstTaBLISHMENT OF PERMANENT PASTURES. In making a choice of these different plants for pasture much must be left to the judgment of the farmer. If his land is inclined to be wet he will use one of sev- eral plants adapted to wet lands. If it is high and dry certain others must be employed. The old saying, ‘‘The higher the hill the lower the grass,’’ is true largely because the hilltops have had the good soil washed down into the valleys. If hills can be kept clothed, especially in winter, with a cover crop such as rye, vetch, or some grass, they will produce as good grass as grows any- where. But certain species such as sheep’s fescue and trefoil thrive on hills better than red top and blue grass, . and should be employed for these situations. Low ground, again, must have the species adapted to a damp Burzav or AGRICULTURE. 253 situation, as already noted. Yet it must be found that most low ground produces a better pasture or meadow if it is properly drained. Cattle will not fatten well when kept on a cold wet soil in fall and spring. Too much of their food is expended in keeping their bodies warm. They show the bad effect of a cold wet pasture also in the smaller quantity of milk produced. This whole subject of caring for pasture land is greatly neglected in this country. Our practice implies that we believe grass will start and do well in any soil without the preparation of any sort. of seed bed. It is a mistake. Even when we get a stand the product is not what it should be if the land has been impoverished by other crops and otherwise misused. The land cannot be prepared too well previous to the sowing of either grass or clover seed. This preparation may be brought about in the course of cultivating some other crop, but it is not best in many cases to trust to this alone. Alfalfa especially requires a good deeply plowed, well pulverized soil. And after it has been so prepared it must be ‘‘firmed’’ by the use of a heavy roller. You have, perhaps, observed such plants taking hold and mak- ing a fine growth on old road beds, while in the middle of the field, where the soil has been best prepared, the growth is scant. The young plants suffer from being started in soil that is not continuous with the sub-soil beneath. They may be lifted free by frost if planted in fall, or dried out if planted in spring. The seed bed must be made compact in order to get best results with sowings made for pasture and meadow. With reference to spring as against fall sowing of grass and clover seeds, I have to say that while in my own experience with experimental plantings of many different forage plants, my best results have come from spring planting, yet fall planting will give good results. In the case of alfalfa, it has been supposed that the young plants escape crowding with annual weeds when it is sown in the fall, the frost soon destroying the weeds. It is desirable to get the young plants well started before the weeds get ahead of them, but this can be done by sow- ing very early in spring. Some of the best growths of alfalfa we have had on the Experiment Farm were sown 254 Twenty-First Brennrau Report about the 28th of March. Some plantings made at the same season in the fall have never done so well. Still it may be a matter of experience with us. We have done most of our planting of grasses and clovers in spring, and perhaps know better how to start them at that time. ANNUAL ForaGE. While permanent meadows and pastures are of very great importance, they must be supplemented in most countries by forage of other sorts. A very large amount of this additional forage comes, as has already been stated, from the grains, while annual grasses, clovers, and many other plants help out when pastures and mead- ows for any reason fail us. In the southwest an indiffer- ent feed is obtained, as you know, from various species of cactus, some spiny, others not. In Kentucky we have some supplementary forage plants of far greater value. You doubtless know the old story of the Englishman talking with a Scotchman and remarking, ‘‘In England we feed oats to horses, but in Scotland you eat oats yourselves,’’ and to which the Scot replied, ‘‘That’s why we have such fine men in Scotland and you have such fine horses in England.’’ In America we feed both our- selves and our horses on oats, which, I suppose, ex- plains why we have both fine men and fine horses. Oats is a valuable food, and one of the best of feeds also for stock. The plant does not show the vigor here that it does in some other States, and unless we can, by selection, find varieties better adapted to our conditions, we shall never be able to compete with the oats-growing States of the Northwest. This is a problem to be worked out by some one. The crop is of the very highest value for horses, and the person who will discover, or produce, a variety that will here average large yields of seed of good nutritive value, will greatly benefit the stock rais- ing interests of Kentucky. I am referring to spring oats, because it is my belief that the chances are better to improve and completely adapt a spring variety to our conditions than it would be to produce a winter oats that will invariably withstand our low winter temperatures, Even as far south as Alabama winter oats is sometimes killed by severe cold. The crop is more likely to suffer ; Burau or AGRICULTURE. 255 from this cause in Kentucky, though some varieties have done well during favorable winters on our Experiment Farm. Some as valuable work can be done for us by careful screening of home-grown oats seed so as to discard the imperfect and save only the heavy, as is being done with tobacco. The process is one of selection, and if it were everywhere practiced, coupled with intelligent selection by other procedures, would undoubtedly soon show an increased average yield for the State. Oats is one of the forage plants that should be greatly improved for Kentucky, and be more generally grown in the State. Rye is another of the cereal group of small grains that has value both as food and as feed. It is very well understood in Kentucky, and is quite generally employed both for stock and as a green manure. It has an estab- lished place, I believe, in any system of scientific farm- ing that may finally be adopted for the State. Barley does well in Kentucky, and was years ago grown quite extensively for malt. I know of no reason why it should not be grown now, if there was a demand for it. It has value for stock, but seems not to have found a place with us not already oceupied by as good or better forage. Corn is the king of forage plants in Kentucky. There is no doubt about this. It is grown in every county in the State. Every part of the plant from the ground up can be utilized for one or another purpose. It is the one really great addition made by America to the cereal group of plants. Both stalk and grain considered, Kentucky is within the region in which the plant attains its best development as a crop. Somewhat farther north the growth is dwarfed by low average temperature and short season. In some of the Gulf States the growth of stalk is excessive, and the grain not of as good quality as it is here and farther north. Kentucky farmers have always recognized the value of this crop and need no coaching in this direction. But there is room for great improvement in strains, by selection based upon a study of the characters that go to make a good yield of high grade grain. An inspection of the corn exhibited at our county and State fairs has shown that the corn consid- 256 Twenty-First Brennan Report ered best by many exhibitors produced a very long ear with large cob and short, wide seed. The first State Fair at Louisville was notable for the numbers of these long ears shown, some of them measuring fully 17 inches. The length has diminished gradually with each succeeding fair, while the cob has grown smaller and the grain deeper. Much of this change for the better is due to the good work done in farmers’ institutes. The reading of Station bulletins has also doubtless helped, and the opportunity to observe and compare really good corn with their own product at the fairs has contributed its share in spreading among our growers right ideas on the subject, and with them improved varieties of corn. Some of the corn shown at our recent fairs would have compared favorably with that shown in the States where this matter of selection has been most carefully and sys- tematically followed. This year we stood third on white dent corn in the National Corn Show at Columbus, Ohio, beating such States as Ohio and Illinois. There is yet much to do in Kentucky on our corns. Some of the very best varieties in the State are not com- pletely suited to our conditions. Some young fellow with a good farm at his command can make himself a name and help forward the agriculture of his State by devoting his life to this one object of producing a corn for Kentucky of decidedly better quality than any we now have. The enterprise is well worthy of any farmer, and is, I believe, sure to be profitable to the one who undertakes it. In looking to the improvement of corn it will be néc- essary not only to select the best ears, as is now the fashion, but also good, well-proportioned, vigorous, pro- ductive plants, that will hold their own against unfavor- able weather and produce no sterile stalks and no nub- bins. Sorghum is another valuable forage plant, furnish- ing both food for man and feed for stock. I think its value, for cattle especially, is not as fully appreciated in Kentucky as it ought to be. It has a special value for silage, and yields more such fodder than corn. It should have a place on every dairy farm, at any rate. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 257 I have been very favorably impressed with some of the so-called non-saccharine sorghums, such as yellow millo maize and white millo maize. They produce a greater growth of blade than sorghum, resembling corn in this respect, and possess some of the productiveness of common sorghum. They seem to me, from their habit, well suited to produce large quantities of green fodder and of silage. They have yielded in small plots from 25 to 28 tons of green fodder per acre, making about 14 tons of dry forage. All these sorghums seem to have the advantage of corn in standing drought better, but the fodder is a little harsher. The sorghums should be recognized as an estab- lished feature of our agriculture. We have occasional dry seasons that cut down the corn crop so as to leave the farmer, with stock on his hands, in a precarious con- dition. He can generally count on the sorghums to come through such dry weather in pretty good condition, and it is always wise on stock farms to have a reserve of sorghum kept as a precaution against failure of the corn crop. The variety in diet it will afford is of itself a desideratum even when the corn crop is abundant. In non-saccharine sorghums we have giant grasses that furnish no food to man, and since I have opened up this branch of my subject, I may as well consider briefiy a few others of importance, pausing now only to call attention to root crops which furnish us food, and are calculated to provide palatable fare for domestic ani- mals. Beets, mangels, turnips, carrots, are a very con- venient form in which to preserve fresh vegetable food for stock in the winter. They keep well in either cellar, or buried out of doors, and for the best health of dairy cattle ought to be provided. Of the millets, we have tested nothing more promis- ing than German millet, which I think has come to stay, though not as much grown now as it will be later. In America it is used only for stock, but it has been grown for food for centuries—seems even to have been one of the grasses gathered by pre-historic man, and is still used for food in eastern countries. Japan millet shows no qualities to commend it es- pecially. It is closely related to our common barn-yard grass, and has been considered only a variety. agr.—9 258 Twenty-First Brenniuau Report Pearl millet, sometimes called Mand’s Wonder For- age Plant, and Pencilaria (Penmsetum typhoideum) would seem a very wonderful plant indeed if we did not have corn and sorghum. It is not as coarse as corn, and has a head somewhat like that of timothy, but reaching a length of twelve inches. It is an annual, but when cut in our plots made a good second growth. A small plot from which two cuttings were secured in 1901 yielded dry fodder at the rate of 16.4 tons per acre. The first cutting was made June 17, and the sec- ond, September 26. The plant comes from the East, where it is grown extensively for its seeds. We have had but one other plant in the plots that produced such large quantities of fodder. This is the Mexican forage plant, Teosinte (Huchlaena luxurians). It is the nearest relative of corn occurring in America, and is much like it in the character of forage produced. In 1901 we took in a single cutting at the rate of 15.5 tons of dry fodder per acre. The plant produces no seeds here, which puts it at a disadvantage in competing for favor. It is certainly a wonderful plant for green for- age, and is easily grown here. The Canada field pea is much like trailing varieties of the garden pea, and is, I think, no better for forage. It, also, requires some support, and should be grown with oats, or a grass, if it is desired to cut it. It mildews in Kentucky; I think we are too far south for it. The velvet bean from the far south makes a very sur- prising growth of vine, but requires a longer season than ours. I have secured well developed pods from it during a long mild fall, but ordinarily it is cut down by frosts before it has bloomed. From what I have seen of it here, I judge it to be a very valuable plant for the Gulf States. The cowpeas have proved the most easily managed of the trailing beans, and the iron, new era, and gray goose have done best in the plots, producing from 2.5 to 5.4 tons of hay per acre and from 20 to 40 bushels of seed. After growing these plants for a good many years side by side with soy beans, my preference is for the latter as a forage plant and soil improver. It has a more erect growth and is thus more easily cultivated and Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 259 cut, yields more forage and as many seeds. We have at times cut hay from plots at the rate of five or six tons per acre, and the seeds range from about 20 to 40 bushels per acre. When we have learned to handle the seed crop properly, I have no doubt soy beans will grow in favor. One other forage of this group I consider of much greater importance for Kentucky than is now recognized by farmers, judging by the slight extent to which it is grown. Everywhere north, after corn is cut, one sees scattered over the fields, numbers of yellow pumpkins, which make excellent food for milk cows. I have often wondered why we did not more generally grow such things for the same purpose here. Like the root crops, they are easily kept during the winter, and I believe both should have a place at least on our dairy farms. When Kentucky has developed the dairy interests of which she is capable, and I think she is moving in this direction now, these crops will probably be recognized here at their real value. Root crops, such as beets, mangels, carrots and the like have a value as winter feed that should not be over- looked by our people who are interested in dairying and hogs. Europeans have long recognized their value and make much use of them and of such crops as rape. The latter under the name of Dwarf Hssex Rape has been grown successfully in this country. It is cabbage so far as its feeding value is concerned, having about the same composition, and thriving in the same sort of soils. Grass MIxTURES, It has always been a favorite idea with writers on agricultural topics to establish on land permanent pas- tures or permanent meadows, consisting of forage plants that supplement each other in one way and another, and thus keep stock in better condition than will a single plant species. The idea probably originated in England and Ireland, where, from the moisture in the air and soil, and a rather even climate, it seems possible to real- ize something of the results which we would naturally expect to get from well chosen mixtures. In Kentucky, at any rate, and I think it is true also of others of the States, though perhaps not of all, mixtures recom- mended by seedmen do not always prove superior to 260 Twenty-First Brennrat Report single grasses or legumes, and considering the high prices charged for special mixtures, it is questionable if our farmers gain anything by sowing most of them. Certainly they are in a position to make cheaper and as good mixtures, just as they can make a fertilizer mix- ture better adapted to land, once they know what the soil already contains. Theoretically, mixtures should be much superior to single species. A variety of herbage no doubt helps the digestion of stock. Monotony of fare sometimes prevents the best possible results in feeding, even when the fare consists of the best single ingredient it is possible to pro- vide. At least two plants, a grass and a legume, are very desirable; but from our own experience, it seems unlikely that we shall soon secure an elaborate mixture adapted to our conditions. The chief difficulty in growing and maintaining mix- tures in Kentucky comes from the aggressive disposition of certain grasses when grown in our soil, and their tendency to overshadow and finally suppress those of less persistent and vigorous habit. From experience with plots, I should expect any mixture containing a large per cent. of orchard grass seeds to result finally in a con- tinuous, unmixed growth of orchard grass. Sown with it, perennial rye grass, meadow foxtail (Alopecurus praten- sis), English blue grass, smooth brome grass, timothy, and the clovers have little chance of continuing long, and I have seen seed mixtures produce in a few years as fine a growth of orchard grass as we could hope to get by sowing the pure orchard grass seeds. We have found only a few grasses that hold their own with orchard grass for any length of time. Tall oats grass lasts as long as any of them. Blue grass itself is disposed to give way before it, if the orchard grass is sown with it in any quantity and gets a fair start. But blue grass will crowd out and displace many of the introduced grasses, just as orchard grass does. Meadow foxtail, perennial rye grass, timothy, Canada blue grass, red-top, all give ground as it advances, and mixtures containing blue grass, but not orchard grass, and tall oats grass, are very likely in time to result in a continuous growth of Kentucky blue grass. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 261 Because of this disposition of some valuable forage plants to give way and of others to overshadow, it is practically very difficult, if not impossible, to maintain here permanent growths consisting of a great variety of species; and in view of this difficulty it seems at present better practice to grow singly some one of the grasses, or clovers, of proved value for the soil and climate, rather than attempt any very elaborate mixture. SEEDMEN’s MIxTUREs, Some seedmen’s mixtures may be regarded with sus- picion because of the well-known temptation to mix left- over stock and sell it for what it will bring. If a part of the seeds fail to germinate because of old age, some of the rest will germinate, and the buyer never knows the difference. Others are no doubt offered in good faith, though probably not in all cases after making practical tests. It is possible that some of the earlier American writers, such as Flint, accepted mixtures that are prac- ticable in England, without testing them here. Flint’s mixture recommended for permanent pastures is as fol- lows: Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) 2 Ibs, Orchard grass 6 Ibs. Sweet-scented Vernal grass 1 Ib. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis?) 2 Ibs, Red-top “ 2 Ibs. Kentucky blue-grass 4 lbs. Wtallan Ty. STASS: sessscsspee ee aici: ee esac e ce es a pane ash sa cs Wena steseegseevovieuueaie 4 lbs. Perennial rye grass 6 Ibs. iA BEB 06) #0 pence nt On rea NS ERE VaR NT VTE EEE 3 Ibs. Rough-stalked meadow grass 2 Ibs. Perennial clover (Red) 3 Ibs. White clover 5 Ibs. Total 40 lbs. The mixture looks very much as if it had originated in England, and I believe, would, if sown in blue grass soil, using our experience as a basis for judgment, re- sult, at the end of three years, in an almost unmixed growth of orchard grass. His second mixture for permanent pasture contains forty-five pounds of seeds, with the two rye grasses, Italian and Perennial, holding chief place. This mixture is, he says, recommended by a seed firm of Edinburg, as might have been guessed from the important place given 262 Twenty-First Brenntau Report the rye grasses. It seems likely that Flint’s first mixture was not a little influenced by this one, since it contains no single species not included by the Scotch seedsmen. If we are ever to have mixtures adapted to our con- ditions, it will be necessary to go back to first principles, learning among other things just what species, adapted to our soil and climate, will live in harmony together. Conditions in England, Scotland and Ireland are, it seems, no safe guide for us in this matter. In 1905, the writer secured from J. M. Thorburn and Company, of New York City, several mixtures advertised in the firm’s catalogue, and had them sown in plots on the Experiment Farm for observation. Among the mix- tures secured were the following: ““Meadow Mixture’? No. 1. ‘‘On good land, neither too dry nor too wet. Sow 2 bushels (20 lbs.) to the acre.’’ This mixture was given in the catalogue as follows: Red-top, 5 Ibs.; meadow foxtail, 1 Ib.; perennial sweet vernal, 1% lb.; tall meadow oat grass, 2 lbs.; orchard grass, 3 lbs.; hard fescue, 2 Ibs.; sheep’s fescue, 2 lbs.; perennial rye grass, 5 lbs.; timothy, 17 Ibs.; red clover, 2 Ibs.; alsike clover, 14 1b.—40 lbs. Price $2.00 per bushel. On April 17, 1905, two plots were sown with this mixture. The stand was good, and in midsummer, clover constituted about one-fourth; timothy, one-fourth, alsike clover, one-eighth; tall oats grass, one-sixteenth, and or- chard grass and a few others, not recognizable at the time, the remaining five-sixteenths. The red clover and timothy appeared again in 1906, but the clover showed signs of failing toward the end of the summer, while orchard grass became conspicuous. In 1907 the whole plot consisted of orchard grass, except a few scattered tufts of tall oats grass. It will be noticed that 17 pounds of this mixture consisted of timothy, and we should have expected this grass to domi- nate the growth for a time at least. It did not do so. The orchard grass seed, of which there were only three pounds, finally suppressed everything else except tall oats grass. It would be unsafe to say that this was due entirely to the aggressive character of the orchard grass. The timothy seed may not have been of first-rate quality. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 263 “‘Thorburn’s Grass Mixture for Railroad Banks, ete.,’’? was described as ‘‘A mixture of grasses with long, interlacing, matting roots, that will bind steep embank- ments, gravelly, or sandy slopes, etc., preventing wash- outs by rainstorms and covering with permanently green turf. Price per bushel of 22 pounds, $4.00. A grass that will take firm hold of loose soils and cover them completely, so as to prevent washing, is greatly needed by railroad companies and by farmers in some localities. Some of the best grasses have a very limited usefulness in this direction, while others of less value for forage, bind and protect enbankments very effectively. What is wanted is a hardy grass of rapid growth and vigorous habit. It should spread by under- ground shoots, since such grasses are the ones which most completely cover the surface and, favored by mois- ture in the soil, spread at times when grasses dependent on their seeds for dissemination remain at a standstill. Kentucky blue grass is one of the best known species presenting this manner of spreading. Canada blue grass is another species, scarcely less well, though not so favorably known. For binding poor gravelly soils, it sometimes proves the better of the two. Tall meadow fescue pushes out in all directions in the same way. The western wheat grass, (Agrolyron spicatum), is very persistent in pushing out under the ground and constantly makes work in our plots by invading the paths. For the south, Bermuda grass has a value of this sort. Ordinary crab grass (Synther- isms sanguinalis), though an annual, is an excellent binder, and becomes a great pest in cultivated ground as a consequence, for it grows in both good and poor soils. Johnson grass (sorghum halapense), is persistent and troublesome because of its underground shoots. If I were making up a mixture for binding embank- ments, I should certainly employ some, or all, of these grasses, and if I wanted leguminous plants to go with them, sweet clover, Japan clover, and white clover would be my choice. Thorburn’s mixture sown in April, 1905, gave a good stand, consisting of red-top largely and crab-grass, the latter probably volunteer, as it is a common weed in 264 Twenty-First Brenniat Report the soil, and its seeds can not be found in a reserved sam- ple of the mixture sown. In 1907 the growth in both plots consisted of red-top largely—about four-fifths—I esti- mate. With this were a few tufts and plants of velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), alsike clover, white clover, or- chard grass, timothy and smooth brome grass. From experience such as this, and from observations made for a good many years on the operations of farm- ers, I have been driven to the conclusion that we can make better mixtures than we can buy, and that the ones calculated to give us most in value for our money and time are very simple mixtures of a few species known to thrive under our conditions. Timothy, tall oats grass, English blue grass, Ken- tucky blue grass, red-top, red clover, trefoil, alsike clover and white clover, are the species from which a choice must be made in selecting a mixture for most situations in Kentucky. Two or three of the grasses with one or two of the clovers may be expected to give better results than a large variety. Such grasses as perennial rye grass, meadow foxtail, velvet grass and some others recom- mended for European meadow, appear to suffer from our rather uneven winter weather. No doubt as time moves along, we shall learn to make use of some grasses and clovers with which we are unfamiliar, and doubtless also we shall get strains of some of those we do know that will give us better re- sults than we are now getting. When we have reached our best development as an agricultural State we shall doubtless also regularly employ many of the supple- mentary feeds instead of depending entirely on our grasses and grains. But in the immediate future, I be- lieve we shall make greatest progress by giving careful attention to the improvement of our corn, oats, timothy, orchard grass and clovers, the plants we now have and understand best. I wish to insist that these are the crops of most im- portance to Kentucky farmers and to the State. They are the crops which will respond soonest to efforts made for their improvement. Their improvement means more money to Kentucky as a whole than improvement in any- thing else we grow. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 265 ADDRESS OF HONORABLE A. 0. STANLEY ON SUBJECT OF GOOD ROADS. Delivered at the Meeting of the Kentucky Good Roads Association Held at the 1915 Kentucky State Fair. Ladies and Gentlemen: . I am deeply grateful to my good friend, Bob Mc- Bryde, for his very kind reference to me. We should all be deeply grateful to him for his years of tireless, patient and unrequited toil in behalf of this great movement, without expecting, without receiving any other recom- pense than the gratitude of his countrymen and the wel- fare of his country. With tongue and pen he has pre- sented with marked ability every reason which can be assigned for this great work, and he has answered every objection which the ignorant or penurious might ad- vance. The people of Kentucky have yet to learn the eal they owe this great journalist for a great work nobly one. IT am not here today to attempt to entertain you with anything that approaches a formal address. I am not here to make a speech; if I am elected Governor of Ken- tucky, my time will not be given to saying things, but to doing them. This is in its essence a matter of business as well as sentiment, and to the fiscal side of this prob- lem I shall, in the main, address my few remarks. You cannot build roads, however advisable it may be, without money. To say that you are in favor of good roads is like saying you are in favor of good health, or good morals, good atmosphere or good looks or good anything else. Anybody not a driveling fool favors good roads just as he favors good health or good weather. We all favor good roads, who have sense enough to travel over them. The question is not whether it is desirable to have better highways in Kentucky, but how we shall obtain them. We all want them if we can afford them, because we must buy and pay for these roads ourselves. 266 Twenty-First Brennrat Report We will receive some aid from the Federal Government, but the Federal Government and the State Government alike tax the people for the money, so at last every dollar that is put in good roads must come directly or indirectly out of the pockets of the people who enjoy them. Then the question to which an intelligent citizenship should first address itself is not shall we donate, but should we invest the money toward this good work? If you go out to get money to build good roads on the same principle that you go to get money to educate the Chinese ~or save the heathen you will not build many miles of road. To get this money, you must, in a way, take it from the people, with their consent, by taxation. But the people are not going to tax themselves to build the roads unless they are convinced that it is a good investment. And whenever the people find that they are making money by expending money upon the roads, you will get the money just as quickly as you would secure it from a farmer you have convinced that he would make money by buying an addition of 1,000 acres to his farm that is for sale nearby. There is no trouble to induce men to spend money when they are certain or reasonably certain of a safe return. Now, is the expenditure of many thousands of dollars for good roads a safe investment? Money anp REsvULts. I am separating it from its moral and aesthetic, its sentimental side. I am talking to you about the propriety of expending money for roads as I would talk to a farmer about the spending of money for land, as I would talk to the manufacturer of the propriety of spending money for machinery, as I would talk to the mine owner of spending money for a tipple, or an option upon so many acres of coal land. A great mistake that farmers have made is in not making a businesslike calculation as to the cost of pro- duction, which bears a direct relation to the advisability of constructing good roads. A short time ago, Charles L. Schwab, former president of the United States Steel Corporation, and now president of the Bethelehem Steel Company, the most gifted of all the great industrial mas- ters of finance, made this startling statement: ‘‘One-third Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 267 of the cost of the production of all steel products is the cost of transportation.’’ And one of the secrets of Schwab’s phenomenal success was that he never calcu- lated the cost of anything made of steel from a needle to a,thousand tons of armor plate, that he did not calculate the cost of laying it down F.. O. B., to the consignee. The farmer does not calculate. He calculates the cost of pro- duction in a rough way by taking cost of land, taxes, labor and tools; when he has calculated what it cost him to get in fifty bushels of wheat on his wagon, or a thou- sand bushels of corn in his bin, completes his calcula- tion. But he has not estimated the cost of that article in its entirety, for no man comes to the bin for his corn, or to the thresher for his grain. Until he has calculated the cost of transportation he has not made an accurate estimate of the real cost of production. What is the ac- tual value of the free public highway? Let us see—four good horses and a wagon, for example—the four horses at $150 apiece, $600, and the cost of shoeing, harness, is to be considered, the whole will cost not less than $1,000; adding in the cost of maintaining these four horses, say at $8 a month, is $500 a year, and you have that to add to the original cost. In six years your $1,000 in horses and wagon is gone, as they will be worn out. The main- tenance will cost you not less than $600 a year—$2 per day. We may say that the same teams will do double the work over a macadam road than they will do over a dirt road. So that the farmer in the item of four-horse team, wagon and driver has saved at least $1 per day by the use of macadam roads. When the farmers have cal- culated the saving in the one item of transportation, the taking of their products to market, leaving out the pleas- ure of traveling over macadam roads to himself and his family, leaving out the advantages to the children in at- tending school and his family in attending church, leav- ing out the features of being closer to market or to mill, on the plain basis of dollars and cents, there is no better investment to the producer than in the making of a cheap and convenient means of bringing the farmers’ com- modities to the market. But let us take a broader and a higher view. Every man who cast his ballot in the hope of receiving some 268 Twenty-First Brenniat Report pecuniary or personal benefit either in emoluments of of- fice or some pecuniary advantage is a menace. By that I mean that the man who votes simply to keep up some political organization, the man who votes at the call of a boss, the man who votes for money in hand, is a menace to the liberties of a free people. This Government rests upon the disinterested devotion to high ideals of its citi- zenship; it is the foundation upon which the republic rests because a majority absolutely rules in this country. And whenever that majority ceases to be honest, this Government will topple like a house of cards. What has preserved this Government for 150 years or more? I will tell you—The plain citizen seated in a cane-bottom chair on a rag carpet, before an open fire- place, with a Bible on his knees, and his family grouped about him, his head bowed, and simply and reverently asking God to guide him through the night, and arising in the fear of that same God at dawn to take up the simple tasks of the day. He votes with no thought of profit to himself, but for the good of his family and the honor of his country, and the glory of his God. This is the power upon which this republic rests and must forever rest. Now we talk about this simple life, its high ideals, and its noble purpose, and yet there is, in Kentucky, a continual exodus from the country to the town. I make no warfare upon the city. I have lived in towns the most of my life, but what I mean to say is that what we need is more good people on the farms in the country. It will cheapen the cost of living in town. It will bring more customers, and new life and new capital to our great cities. It is an invincible instinct for men to seek the society of their fellows, to gather as we have gathered here today in great multitudes. It is as natural as for partridges to gather in covies in the field, or birds in flocks in the sky. It is essential to the happiness, the mental and moral welfare of mankind, just so much as food or clothing. The thing that has destroyed rural life, the thing that has depopulated fertile lands is the loneliness and isolation of life in the country. Our girls and boys who live in rural districts are literally marooned in the winter, without access to the post-office, the church or the school; to the doctor in time of sickness, or the \ \ Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 269 store for the bare necessities of life in any other way than on a mule, belly deep in the mire. Our boys and girls simply will not be kept in the rural districts ten miles from any town under such conditions, however much you may talk about the noble life of the country. It is too often the most lonesome existence on earth. If you wish to live in the country and bring up your family around you, if you wish them blessed by the things. which are good and sweet in the rural life, then you must give them the pleasant things of life in the city. Build good roads to the city, you will lose none of the seclusion and sweetness of the country. The sunshine and dew and the landscape are still there, the fertile fields and the low- ing herds, and the scent of new mown hay, and the silent benediction of the evening still are yours. With good roads and an automobile—if you cannot get an automo- bile borrow a Ford—the wife and her boys and girls can go to church, they can go to the fair, they can go to places of amusement, they have the advantages of the pleasures of the city, and you have not been deprived of your country home or anything that makes it desirable or lovely. You will never solve the question of ‘‘back to the country’’ until you have made the country more attractive. You cannot keep your family in the country with ten or twenty miles of impassable dirt roads between them and the things they want for nine months in the year. INCREASE IN PROSPERITY. The country will be happier, more thickly inhabited, if the roads are improved, and the city will find an in- crease in prosperity whenever you unite the two by macadam roads. Both political parties have condemned the contract labor system. Both parties favor employing convicts upon the roads. Now the counties have the right to em- ploy whom they please with the money they raise them- selves, and it is a vexed question to what extent the State can force convict labor upon the counties, coming as it must, more or less, in competition with free labor. In Edmonson county, especially, we have an unlimited deposit of rock asphalt, the finest road-making material 270 TwENTY-Firest Brennan Report known, a material that will cover your macadam roads with waterproofing a thousand times more indestructible than oil; a substance hard, yet elastic, that is as endur- ing as marble. And yet this vast and priceless deposit today is reached only by dirt roads that are almost im- passable. This is a disgrace to Kentucky. I would see, and I hope to see, the labor of convicts, as well as others, employed in the development of these great quarries, and I hope to see this, the greatest road-making material ever known, spread over 5,000 miles of boulevard all over Kentucky from-mountains to Mills Point. I could talk to you for a week upon this subject. Oh, it means so much to Kentucky as a State, and there is much to expect from the development of good roads. No other State in this Union has such a variety and wealth of undeveloped resources; more coal than Penn- sylvania; more hardwood than any other Commonwealth between the Mississippi and the Pacific, and more acres of fertile soil than any other state of like area between the two oceans. Our soil produces a greater variety of prod- ucts than any other on this earth. Why is it that the wealth of the mountains and the wealth of the plains are not developed? It is because the people of the mountains cannot reach the wealth of the plains, and the people of the plains cannot avail themselves of the wealth of the mountains, because of the cost of getting from one to the other. This is eliminated by connecting them by great highways. It will increase the fertility of the soil and the richness of the mines and the vast wealth of the forest. Upon this movement rests the happiness and the prosperity of the greatest people on earth, the people who live and who expect to die in old Kentucky. God bless her. For many years there has been a growth of senti- ment against the prison contractor reaping large profits from the convict whose liberty has been forfeited to the State for his crime, and there has likewise grown up the sentiment that the profit that may come from the © labor of the criminal should inure to the benefit of the whole people rather than to the benefit of a few favored contractors, and for that reason the General Assembly Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 271 of Kentucky has submitted to the voters of the State a Constitutional amendment, providing that convicts may be employed in the construction of the highways of the State, so that these highways may be constructed for the benefit of the State, at the lowest possible cost, and that whatever profit is to be derived from the labor of convicts may inure to the benefit of the whole people. PART FOUR ————_~ STATISTICAL INFORMATION LIST OF STATE BANKS. Adair County— Farmers Bank. Casey Creek Columbia Bank of Columbia State Bank Anderson County— Farmers’ Bank Gradyville Glensboro Citizens’ Bank & Trust Co Lawrenceburg State Bank Van Buren Ballard County— Bank of Barlow Barlow Kevil Bank Kevil Bank of LaCenter LaCenter Bank of Lovelaceville Lovelaceville Barren County— People’s Bank Cave City Bank of Glasgow Junction Glasgow Junction Deposit Bank of Hiseville Hiseville Bath County— Bank of Bethel Bethel Farmers’ Bank Owingsville Farmers’ Trust Co Owingsville Owingsville Banking Co. Owingsville Salt Lick Salt Lick Deposit Bank Citizens’ Bank Sharpsburg Exchange Bank Sharpsburg Bell County— Citizens’ Bank & Trust Co. Middlesboro First State Bank Boone County— Boone County Deposit Bank Pineville Burlington People’s Bank Burlington Deposit Bank Florence Citizens Deposit Bank Farmers’ Bank Grant Petersburg Deposit Bank Union Equitable Bank & Trust Co. Walton Walton Bank & Trust Co Walton State Bank ‘Verona Bourbon County— Farmers’ Bank Clintonville Exchange Bank Millersburg Farmers’ Bank Millersburg Deposit Bank North Middletown Bourbon Agricultural Bank & Trust Co Deposit & People’s Bank Paris Paris Citizens’ Home Bank Little Rock 276 Twenty-First Brennrat Report Boyd County— 3 Merchants’ Bank & Trust Co. Ashland Boyle County— Boyle Bank & Trust Co Danville First State Bank Junction City Bank of Perryville Perryville ‘People’s Bank Breathitt County— Hargis Commercial Bank & Trust Co. Perryville Jackson Bracken County— Augusta German Bank Farmers’ Equity Bank Augusta Brooksville Foster Banking Company Foster Bank of Germantown Germantown Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Germantown Milford Bank Milford Breckinridge County— Breckinridge Bank Cloverport Bank of Cloverport Cloverport Bank of Hardinsburg & Trust Co. Hardinsburg Farmers’ Bank Hardinsburg First State Bank E. H. Shellman & Co Irvington Irvington Bullitt County— Lebanon Junction Bank Lebanon Junction People’s Bank Mt. Washington Bullitt County Bank People’s Bank Shepherdsville Shepherdsville Butler County— J. M. Carson Banking Co Morgantown Deposit Bank Green River Deposit Bank Morgantown Rochester Woodbury Deposit Bank Woodbury Caldwell County— Fredonia Fredonia Valley Bank Calloway County— Bank of Kirksey Kirksey Lynn Grove Bank Lynn Grove Bank of Murray Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank td Murray Murray Carlisle County— Bank of Arlington Arlington Bardwell Deposit Bank Bank of Milburn Milburn Carroll County— Deposit Bank Ghent Deposit Bank Deposit Bank Sanders Worthville Campbell County— Bank of Alexandria Alexandria Campbell County Bank Bellevue Bank of Dayton Dayton Central Savings Bank & Trust Co Newport Citizens’ Commercial & Savings Bank Newport Citizens’ Bank Cold Springs Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. Carter County— Citizens’ Bank 277 Grayson Commercial Bank Grayson Carter County Commercial Bank Olive Hill People’s Bank Olive Hill Casey County— People’s Bank Dunnville Commercial Bank Liberty Farmers’ Bank Middleburg Christian County— Bank of Crofton Crofton Bank of Hopkinsville Hopkinsville City Bank & Trust Co. Hopkinsville Planters’ Bank & Trust Co. Hopkinsville ‘Lafayette Bank of Lafayette Bank of Pembroke Pembroke Clark County— People’s State Bank & Trust Co Winchester Winchester Winchester Bank Clinton County— Bank of Albany Albany Citizens’ Bank Albany Crittenden County— Farmers’ Bank Marion Marion Bank Marion Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Tolu Cumberland County— Bank of Cumberland Burksville Bank of Marrowbone Marrowbone Daviess County— Central Trust Co Owensboro Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Owensboro Fourth Street Bank Owensboro Owensboro Banking Co Owensboro Bank of Equity Utica Deposit Bank Pleasant Ridge Utica Farmers’ Bank Bank of Whitesville West Louisville Whitesville Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Whitesville Hdmonson County— Deposit Bank Brownsville Bank of Rocky Hill Rocky Hill Elliott County— Sandy Hook Bank Sandy Hook Estill County— Farmers’ Bank of Estill County Irvine W. T. B. Williams & Son Fayette County— Bank of Commerce Irvine Lexington Security Trust Company Lexington Union Bank & Trust Company Title Guarantee & Trust Company Lexington Lexington ‘Phoenix and Third Trust Company Lexington 278 Twenty-First Brenn1aL Report Fleming County— Deposit Bank Deposit Bank of Pearce, Fant & Co Fleming County Farmers’ Bank Ewing eleveise dum etbnaedeceas Flemingsburg Flemingsburg People’s Bank Flemingsburg Farmers’ Trust Company Flemingsburg Deposit Bank Hillsboro Floyd County— Bank of Josephine Prestonburg Bank of Wayland Wayland Franklin County— Capital Trust Company Frankfort Farmers’ Deposit Bank Frankfort Frankfort People’s State Bank Fulton County— Farmers’ Bank Fulton Hickman Bank & Trust Co. Hickman Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Hickman People’s Bank Hickman Gallatin County— Union Bank ..,, Glencoe Deposit Bank” Sparta Deposit Bank Warsaw Garrard County— Bank of Bryantsville Bryantsville Garrard Bank & Trust Co. Lancaster People’s Bank Paint Lick Grant County— Corinth Deposit Bank Corinth Farmers’ Bank Corinth Tobacco Growers’ Deposit Bank Crittenden Farmers’ Bank of Equity Dry Ridge Deposit Bank Mt. Zion Bank of Williamstown Williamstown Grant County Deposit Bank Williamstown Deposit Bank Jonesville Graves County— Bank of Fancy Farm Fancy Farm Bank of Farmington Farmington Bank of Lowes Lowes Exchange Bank Mayfield Graves County Bank & Trust Co. Mayfield Citizens’ Bank Bank of Wingo Water Valley Wingo Grayson County— Big Clifty Banking Co Big Clifty Bank of Caneyville Caneyville Bank of Clarkson Clarkson Deposit Bank Grayson County State Bank Leitchfield Leitchfield Green County— Deposit Bank Greensburg People’s Bank Greensburg Greenup County— Citizens State Bank Greenup Bureau or AGRICULTURE. aN Hancock County— Hancock Deposit Bank 279 Hawesville Hawesville Deposit Bank Hawesville Bank of Lewisport Lewisport Hardin County— Bank of Cecilian Cecilian Citizens’ Trust Company Elizabethtown Union Bank & Trust Co. Elizabethtown Glendale Banking Co Glendale Bank of Sonora Sonora Stithton People’s Bank Stithton Bank Stithton Davis Banking Co. Upton Farmers’ Bank Vine Grove Vine Grove State Bank Vine Grove West Point Bank West Point Harlan County— People’s Bank Harlan Harrison County— Hart Berry Deposit Bank Berry Berry Farmers’ Deposit Bank Harrison County Deposit Bank Sunrise Deposit Bank Cynthiana Sunrise County— Canmer Deposit Bank Canmer Deposit Bank Farmers’ Deposit Bank Hardyville Horse Cave Hart County Deposit Bank Munfordville Henderson County— Corydon Corydon Deposit Bank Henderson Farmers’ Bank & Trust Co Henderson Henderson County Savings Bank. Ohio Valley Bank & Trust Co Henderson People’s Savings Bank Henderson Union Bank & Trust Co Henderson Deposit Bank Smith’s Mills Henry County— United Loan & Deposit Bank Campbellsburg Deposit Bank Eminence Farmers’ & Drovers’ Bank Eminence People’s Bank Franklinton Lockport Bank of Lockport New Castle Bank of New Castle Deposit Bank of Pleasureville Pleasureville Citizens’ Bank Port Royal Smithfield Bank Smithfield Deposit Bank Sulphur Farmers’ Bank Hickman County— Bank of Clinton Turner’s Station Clinton Bank of Columbus Columbus Moscow Bank Moscow Hopkins County— Bank of Dawson Dawson Springs Commercial Bank Dawson Springs Earlington Bank of Harlington People’s Bank -+---Harlington 280 Twenty-First Brennrau Report Hopkins County Bank Madisonville Kentucky Bank & Trust Co Madisonville Planters’ Bank Morton’s Gap Citizens Bank Nebo Farmers’ Bank White Plains Hansom Banking Company Hansom Jefferson County— Bank of Buechel : Buechel Jefferson County Bank Jeffersontown Bank of Middletown Middletown Bank of Prospect Prospect Bank of St. Matthews St. Matthews Bank of St. Helens Shively Fidelity and Columbia Trust Co ‘Louisville German Bank Louisville German Insurance Bank = Louisville German Security Bank Louisville Kentucky Title Savings Bank & Trust Co..................-.. Louisville Lincoln Savings Bank Louisville South Louisville Savings & Deposit Bank..................... Louisville Stock Yards Bank Louisville Louisville Trust Co. Louisville United States Trust Co. Louisville Jessamine County— Citizens’ Bank of Jessamine Nicholasville Farmers’ Exchange Bank Nicholasville Wilmore Deposit Bank Wilmore Johnson County— Paintsville Bank & Trust Co Paintsville Jackson County— Jackson County Bank McKee Kenton County— Central Savings Bank & Trust Co. Covington Covington Savings Bank & Trust Co.........--20.2...22:1200e Covington Latonia Deposit Bank Covington People’s Savings Bank & Trust Co Covington Western German Savings Bank Covington Citizens’ Bank Hrlanger Erlanger Deposit Bank Erlanger Bank of Independence Independence Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Ludlow Ludlow Savings Bank Ludlow Knott County— Bank of Hindman Hindman Larue County— Savings Bank of Buffalo Buffalo Laurel County— Farmers’ State Bank London Lawrence County— Bank of Blaine Blaine Lee County— Lee County Deposit Bank Beattyville People’s Exchange Bank Beattyville Leslie County— Hyden Citizens’ Bank Hyden Bureau or AGRICULTURE. Letcher County— Union Bank 281 Whitesburg Bank of McRoberts Fleming Lewis County— Bank of Tolesboro Tolesboro Citizens’ Bank Vanceburg Deposit Bank Vanceburg Lincoln County— Crab Orchard Banking Co Crab Orchard People’s Bank Hustonville Deposit Bank McKinney Bank of Moreland Moreland Waynesburg Deposit Bank Livingston County— Farmers’ Bank Waynesburg Birdsville Citizens’ Bank Carrsville Salem Bank Salem Smithland Bank Smithland Bank of Tiline Tiline Logan County— Adairville People’s Bank Auburn Bank of Auburn G. W. Davidson & Co Auburn ‘Lewisburg Banking Co Lewisburg Bank of Russellville Russellville Lyon County— Citizens’ Bank Kuttawa Madicon County— Berea Bank & Trust Co Berea Farmers’ Bank Kirksville State Bank & Trust Co ‘Richmond Waco Deposit Bank Waco Marion County— Rolling Fork Bank Bradfordsville ‘People’s Bank Bank of Raywick Gravel Switch Raywick Marshall County— Bank of Benton Benton Bank of Marshall County Benton Bank of Birmingham Birmingham Calvert Bank Calvert City Bank of Gilbertsville Gilbertsville Hardin Bank Martin County— Inez Bank Hardin Inez Mason County— Citizens’ Bank Dover Equitable Trust Co Dover Bank of Mayslick Mayslick Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Standard Bank Maysville State Trust Co Maysville Maysville Union Bank & Trust Co Maysville Farmers’ Bank Sardis 282 TwENTY-First BrenNIAL Report McCracken County— Citizens’ Savings Bank Paducah Merchants’ Trust & Savings Bank Paducah Banking Co Paducah Paducah McCreary County— Pine Knot Banking Co Pine Knot McLean County— McLean County Bank Beech Grove Bank of Calhoun Calhoun Citizens’ Deposit Bank Calhoun Island Deposit Bank Island Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Livermore Sacramento Deposit Bank Sacramento Meade County— Farmers’ Deposit Bank Brandenburg Mercer County— Citizens’ Bank Burgin Union Bank Cornishville State Bank & Trust Co Harrodsburg Farmers’ Bank Salvisa Farmers’ Trust Co. Harrodsburg Metcalfe County— Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Edmonton Edmonton People’s Bank of Metcalfe County Bank of Summershade Summershade Monroe County— Bank of Fountain Run Fountain Run Gamaliel Bank Gamaliel People’s Bank Deposit Bank of Monroe County .................. Montgomery County— Tompkinsville Tompkinsville Exchange Bank of Kentucky Morgan County— Commercial Bank Mt. Sterling Muhlenberg County— Deposit Bank ‘West Liberty Bremen Gish Banking Co Central City Farmers’ State Bank Greenville Citizens’ Bank Drakesboro Citizens’ Banking Co Nelson County— Farmers’ Bank & Trust Co. South Carrollton Bardstown People’s Bank Bardstown Wilson & Muir Citizens’ Bank Bardstown Bloomfield Muir & Wilson Bloomfield Boston Banking Co Boston Bank of Fairfield Fairfield Farmers’ Bank Chaplin Bank of New Haven New Haven People’s Bank New Hope Nicholas County— Deposit Bank Carlisle Farmers’ Bank Carlisle Moorefield Deposit Bank Moorefield Ohio County— Deposit Bank Bureau or AGRICULTURE. ggg Beaver Dam Farmers’ Bank Centertown Dundee _Deposit Bank Fordsville Bank of Fordsville Bank of Hartford Hartford Citizen’s Bank Hartford Deposit Bank McHenry Deposit Bank Rockport Oldham County— State Bank Crestwood Oldham Bank & Trust Co Lagrange People’s Bank Lagrange State Bank Pewee Valley Owen County— Deposit Bank Gratz First State Bank Monterey Citizens’ Bank New Liberty People’s Bank Owenton Farmers’ Bank Wheatley Owsley County— Owsley County Deposit Bank Booneville Pendleton County— Butler Deposit Bank Citizens’ Bank Falmouth Pendleton Bank Falmouth Farmers’ Bank Morgan Perry County— Perry County State Bank Hazard Pike County— First State Bank of Elkhorn City Powell County— Powell County Deposit Bank Praise Stanton Pulaski County— First State Bank Eubanks People’s Bank Science Hill Citizens’ Bank Somerset Rockeastle County— Citizens’ Bank Brodhead Bank of Mt. Vernon Mt. Vernon People’s Bank Mt. Vernon Rowan County— State Bank Morehead People’s Bank Morehead Russell County— Bank of Jamestown Jamestown Bank of Russell Springs Robertson County— Russell Springs Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Robertson State Bank Mt. Olivet Mt. Olivet Scott County— Farmers’ Bank & Trust Co Georgetown Sadieville Deposit Bank Farmers’ Bank Sadieville Citizens’ Bank Stamping Ground 284 Twenty-First Brennrat Report Shelby County— People’s Bank Bagdad Deposit Bank Cropper Bank of Finchville Finchville Bank of Mt. Eden Mt. Eden Bank of Shelbyville Shelbyville Citizens’ Bank Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Shelbyville Shelbyville People’s Bank & Trust Co. Shelbyville Shelby County Trust & Banking Co Shelbyville Bank of Simpsonville Simpsonville Citizens’ Bank Waddy Simpson County— McElwain-Meguiar Bank & Trust Co. Franklin Simpson County Bank Franklin Spencer County— Bank of Taylorsville Taylorsville People’s Bank Taylorsville Taylor County— Bank of Campbellsville Campbellsville Farmers’ Deposit Bank Campbellsville Trigg County— Cadiz Bank Cadiz Trigg County Farmers’ Bank Cadiz Bank of Cerulean Cerulean Bank of Golden Pond Golden Pond Trimble County— Bedford Loan & Deposit Bank Bedford Farmers’ Bank Milton Todd County— Bank of Allensville Allensville Bank of Elkton Elkton Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Elkton Bank of Guthrie Guthrie Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Guthrie Bank of Kirkmansville Kirkmansville Bank of Trenton Trenton Planters’ Bank Trenton Trenton Planters’ Trust Company Union County— Bank of Union County Morganfield People’s Bank & Trust Co Morganfield Bank of Sturgis Farmers’ Bank Sturgis Uniontown Bank of Waverly Waverly Warren County— Bowling Green Trust Co Bowling Green Potter-Matlock Trust Co. Bowling Green Warren State Bank Bowling Green Oakland Bank Oakland Deposit Bank Smith’s Grove Farmers’ Bank Smith’s Grove Bank of Woodburn Woodburn Bureau or AGRICULTURE. Washington County— Farmers’ Bank 285 Mackville People’s Deposit Bank Springfield State Bank Springfield Central Bank Willisburg Wayne County— Monticello Banking Company Webster County— Blackford Bank Monticello Blackford Clay Webster County Bank Dixon Bank of Dixon Deposit Bank Poole Citizens’ Bank Providence Providence Banking Co. Providence Deposit Bank Sebree Farmers’ & Merchants’ Bank Whitley County— Bank of Williamsburg Slaughterville Williamsburg Farmers’ Bank & Trust Co Williamsburg Wolfe County— Campton Farmers’ & Traders’ Bank Hazel Green Bank Hazel Green Woodford County— Citizens’ Bank Midway Commercial Bank Midway Farmers’ Bank Mortonsville J. Amsden & Co Versailles Harris-Seller Banking Co Versailles Woodford Bank & Trust Co Versailles NATIONAL BANKS. FURNISHED BY THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY. Adairville—First National Bank of Adairville. Ashland—Second National Bank of Ashland. Ashland—Ashland National Bank of Ashland. Augusta—Farmers’ National Bank of Augusta. Barbourville—First National Bank of Barbourville. Barbourville—Bank of John A. Black of Barbourville. Bardwell—First National Bank of Bardwell. Berea—Berea National Bank. Bowling Green—American National Bank of Bowling Green. Brooksville—First National Bank of Brooksville. Burnside—First National Bank of Burnside. Campbellsville—Taylor National Bank of Campbellsville. Cannel City—Morgan County National Bank of Cannel City. Carlisle—First National Bank of Carlisle. Carrollton—First National Bank of Carrollton. Carrollton—Carrollton National Bank. Catlettsburg—Catlettsburg National Bank. Catlettsburg—Kentucky National Bank of Catlettsburg. Cave City—H. Y. Davis National Bank of Cave City. Central City—First National Bank of Central City. Clay—Farmers’ National Bank of Clay. 286 Twenty-Emst Brenniuau Report Clay City—Clay City National Bank. Clinton—First National Bank of Clinton. Columbia—First National Bank of Columbia. Corbin—First National Bank of Corbin. Corbin—Whitley National Bank of Corbin. Covington—First National Bank of Covington. Covington—Citizens’ National Bank of Covington. Covington—German National Bank of Covington. Cynthiana—Farmers’ National Bank of Cynthiana. Cynthiana—National Bank of Cynthiana. Danville—Citizens’ National Bank of Danville. Danville—Farmers’ National Bank of Danville. Dry Ridge—First National Bank of Dry Ridge. Eddyville—First National Bank of Eddyville. Elizabethtown—The First National Bank of Elizabethtown. East Bernstadt—First National Bank of East Bernstadt. Frankfort—National Branch Bank of Kentucky. Frankfort—State National Bank of Kentucky of Frankfort. Fulton—First National Bank of Fulton. Fulton—City National Bank of Fulton. Georgetown—First National Bank of ‘Georgetown. Georgetown—Georgetown National Bank. Glasgow—First National Bank of Glasgow. Glasgow—Citizens’ National Bank of Glasgow. Glasgow—Farmers’ National Bank of Glasgow. Glasgow—tTrigg National Bank of Glasgow. Greenup—First National Bank of Greenup. Greenville—First National Bank of Greenville. Harlan—First National Bank of Harlan. Harrodsburg—First National Bank of Harrodsburg. Harrodsburg—Mercer National Bank of Harrodsburg. Hazard—First National Bank of Hazard. Henderson—Henderson National Bank. Hodgenville—Farmers’ National Bank of Hodgenville. Hodgenville—LaRue National Bank of Hodgenville. Hopkinsville—First National Bank of Hopkinsville. Horse Cave—First National Bank of Horse Cave. Hustonville—National Bank of Hustonville. Jackson—First National Bank of Jackson. Jenkins—First National Bank of Jenkins. Lancaster—Citizens’ National Bank of Lancaster. Lancaster—National Bank of Lancaster. Latonia—First National Bank of Latonia. Lawrenceburg—Anderson National Bank of Lawrenceburg. Lawrenceburg—Lawrenceburg National Bank. Lebanon—Citizens’ National Bank of Lebanon. Lebanon—Farmers’ National Bank of Lebanon. Lebanon—Marion National Bank of Lebanon. Lexington—Seccond National Bank of Lexington. Lexington—Fayette National Bank of Lexington. Lexington—First and City National Bank of Lexington. Lexington—Phoenix and Third National Bank of ‘Lexington. London—National Bank of London. Louisa—t‘irst National Bank of Louisa. Louisa—Louisa National Bank. Louisville—First National Bank of Louisville. Louisville—American Southern National Bank of Louisville. Louisville—Citizens’ National Bank of Louisville. Louisville—Louisville National Banking Company. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 287 Louisville—National Bank of Commerce of Louisville. Louisville—National Bank of Kentucky. Louisville—Union National Bank of Louisville. Ludlow—First National Bank of Ludlow. Madisonville—Farmers’ National Bank of Madisonville. Manchester—First National Bank of Manchester. Mayfield—First National Bank of Mayfield. Mayfield—Farmers’ National Bank of Mayfield. Mayfield—City National Bank of Mayfield. Maysville—First National Bank of Maysville. Maysville—Bank of Maysville National Banking Association. Maysville—State National Bank of Maysville. Middlesboro—National Bank of Middlesboro. Monticello—Citizens’ National Bank of Monticello. Morganfield—Morganfield National Bank. Mount Sterling—Montgomery National Bank of Mount Sterling. Mount Sterling—Mount Sterling National Bank. Mount Sterling—Traders’ National Bank of Mount Sterling. Newport—German National Bank of Newport. Newport—Newport National Bank. Nicholasville—First National Bank of Nicholasville. Owensboro—First National Bank of Owensboro. Owensboro—National Depository Bank of Owensboro. Owensboro—United States National Bank of Owensboro. Owenton—First National Bank of Owenton. Owenton—Farmers’ National Bank of Owenton. Paducah—First National Bank of Paducah. Paducah—City National Bank of Paducah. Paintsville—Paintsville National Bank. Paris—First National Bank of Paris. . Pikeville—First National Bank of Pikeville. Pikeville—Pikeville National Bank. Pineville—Bell National Bank of Pineville. Prestonsburg—First National Bank of Prestonsburg. Princeton—First National Bank of Princeton. Princeton—Farmers’ National Bank of Princeton. Providence—Union National Bank of Providence. Richmond—Citizens’ National Bank of Richmond. Richmond—Madison National Bank of Richmond. Richmond—Southern National Bank of Richmond. Russell—First National Bank of Russell. Russellville—Citizens’ National Bank of Russellville. Russellville—National Depository Bank of Russellville. Salyersville—Salyersville National Bank. Scottsville—First National Bank of Scottsville. Scottsville—Allen County National Bank of Scottsville. Sebree—First National Bank of Sebree. Somerset—First National Bank of Somerset. Somerset—Farmers’ National Bank of Somerset. Springfield—First National Bank of Springfield. Stanford—First National Bank of Stanford. Stanford—Lincoln County National Bank of Stanford. Sturgis—First National Bank of Sturgis. Whitesburg—First National Bank of Whitesburg. Wickliffe—First National Bank of Wickliffe. Williamsburg—First National Bank of Williamsburg. Wilmore—First National Bank of Wilmore. Winchester—Citizens’ National Bank of Winchester. Winchester—Clark County National Bank of Winchester. 288 Twenty-First BrenniaL Report POPULATION OF KENTUCKY CITIES As SHown sy Unirep States Census 1910. Ashland 8,688 FIRST-CLASS. 1910 U.S. Census Louisville 223,928 SECOND-CLASS. Lexington 35,099 Covington 53,270 Newport 30,309 Paducah 22,760 THIRD-CLASS. Owensboro 16,011 Henderson 11,452 Frankfort 10,465 Bowling Green 9,173 Middlesboro 7,305 Hopkinsville 9,419 FOURTH-CLASS. Shelbyville 3,412 Maysville ~ 6,141 Richmond 5,340 Winchester 7,156 Dayton 6,979 Paris 5,859 Catlettsburg 3,520 Danville 5,420 Mt. Sterling 8,932 Georgetown 4,533 Versailles 2,268 Harrodsburg 3,147 Bellevue 6,683 Cynthiana 3,603 Mayfield 5,916 Lebanon 3,077 Ludlow 4,163 Nicholasville 2,935 Pineville 2,161 Madisonville 4,966 Princeton 3,015 Fulton 2,575 Lawrenceburg 1,723 *Conservative. 10,350 1915 Estimation by Mayor 276,500 *41,166 60,000 32,000 30,000 18,000 15,000 11,500 12,500 9,000 10,320 4.760 7,500 6,500 10,000 10,595 8,000 5,000 7,000 4,500 4,500 2,700 3,800 6,950 4,000 7,250 3,575 4,456 3,000 4,100 6,000 3,500 4,000 3,000 Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 289 Russellville 3,111 3,350 Carrollton 1,906 3,300 Central City 2,545 5,000 Corbin 2,589 4,750 Whitley City 157 700 Franklin 3,063 3,500 Barbourville 1,633 2,000 London 1,638 2,000 Providence 2,084 3,250 Morganfield 2,725 3,200 Pikeville 1,280 2,500 Somerset 4,491 5,000 Murray 2,089 3,100 FIFTH-CLASS. Lancaster 1,507 1,800 Cadiz 1,005 1,250 Jackson 1,346 2,500 Hazard 537 3,800 Grand Rivers (Not given) 460: Greenville 1,604 2,000 Louisa 1,356 1,625 Columbus 970 e 950 Glasgow 2,316 2,500 West Covington 1,751 1,707 Earlington 3,931 3,950 Hickman 2,736 4,000 Cloverport 1,403 1,850 to 2,000 Bardstown 2,126 2,200 Augusta 1,787 2,000 Stanford 1,532 1,850 Williamsburg 2,004 2,050 Clinton 1,497 1,650 Midway 937 1,200 Flemingsburg 1,219 1,600 Elkton 1,228 1,800 Falmouth 1,180 1,600 Vanceburg 1,145 1,240. Carlisle 1,293 _ 2,500 Uniontown 1,356 1,500 Campbellsville 269 1,500 Hawesville 1,002 1,100 Eminence 1,274 1,540 Eddyville 1,442 1,442 Leitchfield 1,053 1,500 Owingsville : 942 1,000 Marion 1,627 2,500 Sebree 1,500 2,000 Clay 1,098 2,400 Wickliffe 989 1,200 Morehead 1,105 1,500 Bardwell 1,087 1,600 Sturgis 1,467 2,100 Dawson Springs 1,350 1,600 Millersburg 799 1,100 Calhoun 742 750 Springfield 1,329 2,000 Corydon 942 1,450 agr.—10 290 Twenty-First Brennrat Report Hartford 976 1,050 Morton’s Gap 1,266 1,425 Livermore 1,220 1,400 Beattyville 1,360 1,400 Owenton 1,024 1,250 Scottsville 1,327 1,800 Olive Hill 1,132 2,768 Burnside 1,117 1,200 Prestonsburg 1,120 2,500 Warsaw 900 900 Monticello 1,338 1,475 Berea 1,510 1,700 Lagrange 1,152 1,512 Guthrie : 1,096 1,500 Russell 1,038 1,500 Hustonville 384 500 Elizabethtown 1,970 2,668 Drakesboro 1,126 1,200 Tompkinsville 639 950 Irvine 272 2,100 LEGAL WEIGHT PER BUSHEL IN KENTUCKY ON VARIOUS ARTICLES. Section 4821 of the Kentucky Statutes provides that the following shall be the legal weights in Kentucky and said weights shall constitute a bushel of each article named: Wheat, 60 pounds. Shelled corn, 56 pounds. Corn in the ear, 70 pounds, November ist to May Ist. Corn, 68 pounds, May 1st to November ist following. Rye, 56, pounds. Oats, shelled, 32 pounds. Barley, 47 pounds. Irish potatoes, 60 pounds. Sweet potatoes, 55 pounds. White beans, 60 pounds. Castor beans, 45 pounds. Clover seed, 60 pounds. Timothy seed, 45 pounds. Flax seed, 56 pounds. Millet seed, 50 pounds. Peas, 60 pounds. Bluegrass seed, 14 pounds. Buckwheat, 56 pounds. Dried apples, 24 pounds. Dried peaches, 39 pounds. Onions, 57 pounds. : Bottom onion sets, 36 pounds. Salt, 50 pounds. Stone coal, 76 pounds. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 291 The term coal includes anthracite, cannel, bituminous and other mined coal. Bran, 20 pounds. Plastering hair, 8 pounds. Turnips, 60 pounds. Unslaked lime, 35 pounds. Corn meal, 50 pounds. Fine salt, 55 pounds. Hungarian grass seed, 50 pounds. Ground peas, 24 pounds. Orchard grass seed, 14 pounds. English bluegrass seed, 14 pounds. Hemp seed, 44 pounds. SILOS IN KENTUCY BY COUNTIES. The number of silos in this State has increased very rapidly in the last two years. An effort has been made to ascertain as nearly as possible the number and clas- sification of silos in each county, and while it is not claimed that this table is absolutely correct, the esti- mates have been made by one or more persons living in the county in each instancee There are approximately four thousand silos in Kentucky at the present time, where there were a little over two thousand two years ago. This increase at the rate of one thousand per year is very gratifying to those interested in the agricultural development of the State: n f=] 3 COUNTY 3 E 3 H ry a Piel e)e|s Bl once US des Adair UG bee | ees) dake 15 Allen 4 Deel! eee ill vests 6 DATNCOPS ON, ies ssesece2ezeseishicacicgasaceisintesveneabrcecmateteeuns ||: Sees: || deve | cies 20 20 Ballard 9 Bd cccocac ft wees 14 Barren AO Oe io geeecs “| gsdeze’ | Catakes 100 Bath 16 ui Pereira 17 Bell We weds zee saeauss 4 Boone 67 2 Te Th eens 70 Bourbon 12 18 Bit) eects 36 Boyd 14 1 2 1 18 Boyle 15 BO | secses || seeses 65 Bracken 27 To |. xeects Wl eos 34 292 Twenty-First Brenniau Report n b=) 3 COUNTY g a Le} Cr) i s|/aig2i/2|8 Flo Le. 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Allied 61S ‘8h6 ‘S |68h‘9 ae Str 8F6‘9T 1899 ‘ZT OFS ‘TS G8 ‘08 Se9‘T ||¢gu‘88g 1682 ‘6T “" UO JTPUIT spunog | sex0v sjTeysngd| slow suoyz | soroy ||Ssleusngd| sezoy |/STsusng|Sses0¥V ||stoysng] se1ov ame ALNNOO oodVaOL SHOLVLOd AVH LVAHM SLVO - NUOO "OLGL JO SNSUBD FUSWIUUZAOH S9}EYS popup, Wiouy UdHE} BIL SONFSI}EIS Burmoyjos oul ‘ponulju0g—SAILNNOO AG AMONLNAM HOA SOILSILWVLS dOud Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 317 GOVERNMENT CROP REPORT. Washington, D. C., December 16—A summary of estimates of crop production and pricesi for the State of Kentucky and for the United States, compiled by the Bureau of Crop Estimates (and trans- mitted through the Weather Bureau), U. S. Department of Agriculture, is as follows: Crop production in the State this year aggregates in quantity about 19 per cent. more than last year. Prices on December 1 average 12 per cent. lower than a year ago, making total value of crop produc- tion, on this basis, about 5 per cent. more than last year. The estimates are based upon those crops whose values in the last complete crop census represented 82 per cent. of the value of all crops. For the United States production this year aggregates in quantity about 9 per cent. more than last year. Prices December 1 average 1 per cent. lower than a year ago, making total value of crop produc- tion on this basis about 8 per cent. more than last year; these estimates are based upon crops whose value in the last complete crop census represented 82 per cent. of the value of all crops grown, and may be regarded as representative of all crops. Estimates for important crops are given below: KENTUCKY UNITED STATES CROPS - 7 Acreage | Production a eect Production putes Cents | Cents Corn, bu a 114, 000, 000 56 38, 054, 535, 000 51.5 = 1914| 3,650,000 91, 250, 000 64 2, 672, 804, 000) 64.4 Wheat, bu. 1915 100, 000 , 900, 105 1,011, 505, 000 92.0 de rau 760, 000 12,540, 000| 103 891,017, 000 98.6 Oats, bu 1915 210, 000 5, 460, 000) 48 1,540, 362, 000) 36.1 par 1914 175, 000 3, 675, 000 53 1, 141, 060, 000 43.8 Barley, bu. 6, 000 180, 000 77 237, 009, 000 BL. sh 5, 000 142,000 7 194, 953, 000 54.3 24,000 288, 000 94 49,190, 000 83,9 22,000 301,000, 95 42, 779, 000 86.5 Buckwheat, bu. 1915 15, 769, 000 78.7 1914 16, 881, 000 76.4 Flaxseed, bu. 1915 13, 845, 000 $1.74 13, 749, 000 $1.26 Rice, bu. 28, 947, 000 90.6 23, 649, 000 92.4 Potatoes, bu. : 51, 000 6, 426, 000 55 359, 103, 000 61.6 abaees G 50, 000 2, 250, 000 84 409, 921, 000 48.7 Sweet Potatoes, : 10, 000 1, 050, 000) 70 74, 295, 000 62.0 : 10, 000 1, 050, 000 17 56, 574, 000 73.0 Hay, tons 1915 875, 000 1, 225, 000] $12.50 85,225,000; $10.70 esd 1914 750, 000 712, 000| $16.00 70,071,000; $11.12 Tobacco, Ibs. 440, 000 856, 400,000] 7.8 1,060, 587, 000 o1 400, 000 364,000,000] 8.4 1,034, 679, 000 a8 Cotton, bales 1915 11, 161, 000 11.2* 1914 | 16, 135, 000 6.8* Sugar Beets, tons 1915 | 6, 462, 000| 5.54 1914 | 5, 585, 000] 5.45 *Per pound. 318 Twenty-First Brennuat REpPort GOVERNMENT LIVE STOCK REPORT FOR KENTUCKY. Washington, D. C., January 18, 1916.—A summary of estimates of numbers ‘and values of live stock on farms and ranges on January 1 for Kentucky and for the United States, compiled by the Bureau of Crop Esti- mates, and transmitted through the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture, is as follows: Horszs. State—Number, 434,000, compared with 443,000 a year ago and 447,000 five years ago. Value per head, $90, compared with $95 a year ago and $108 five years ago. United States—Number, 21,200,000, compared with 21,195,000 a year ago and 20,277,000 five years ago. Value per head, $101.60, compared with $103.33 a year ago and $111.46 five years ago. MULES. State—Number 229,000, compared with 231,000 a year ago and 236,000 five years ago. Value per head $102, compared with $106 a year ago and $122 five years ago. js United States—Number 4,560,000, compared with 4,479,000 a year ago and 4,323,000 five years ago. Value per head, $113.87, compared with $112.36 a year ago and $125.92 five years ago. Miucx Cows. State—Number, 406,000, compared with 390,000 a year ago and 406,000 five years ago. Value per head, $44.80, compared with $45.50 a year ago and $36.50 five years ago. United States—Number, 22,000,000, compared with 21,262,000 a year ago and 20,823,000 five years ago. Value per head, $53.90, compared with $55.33 a year ago and $39.97 five years ago. Burgavu or AGRICULTURE. 319 OrHeER CATTLE. State—Number, 570,000, compared with 543,000 a year ago and 591,000 five years ago. Value per head $30.80 compared with $30.40 a year ago and $20.90 five years ago. United States—Number, 39,500,000, compared with 37,067,000 a year ago and 39,679,000 five years ago. Value per head, $33.49 compared with $33.38 a year ago and $20.54 five years ago. SHEEP. State—Number, 1,160,000, compared with 1,229,000 a year ago and 1,404,000, five years ago. Value per head, $4.90, compared with $4.20 a year ago, and $4.11 five years ago. United States—Number, 49,200,000, compared with $49,956,000 a year ago and 53,633,000 five years ago. Value per head, $5.17, compared with $4.50 a year ago and $3.91 five years ago. SwIne. State—Number, 1,710,000, compared with 1,582,000 a year ago and 1,626,000 five years ago. Value per head, $6.50, compared with $7.20 a year ago and $7.20 five years ago. United States—Number, 68,000,000, compared with 64,618,000 a year ago and 65,620,000 five years ago. Value per head, $8.40, compared with $9.87 a year ago and $9.37 five years ago. PART FIVE. WORK OF THE STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD OF KENTUCKY. REPORT OF DR. S. F. MUSSELMAN, STATE VETERINARIAN. Pursuant to an Act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky creating the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and defining its duties, which be- came effective June 16, 1914, I was elected the State Veterinarian, and am the first State Veterinarian whose entire time has been devoted to the control and eradica- tion of contagious and infectious diseases among our live stock. It is also my object to improve the quality and increase the quantity of the live stock of this State. I must say that this has been up-hill work, as I have not had at all times the entire co-operation of the live stock owners, because of the fact that my intentions were mis- understood. The State Live Stock Sanitary Board is to the live stock industry what the State Board of Health is to the people. No records are available, which will show results of contagious diseases in the past, and I can not, therefore, say whether or not the past year has been unusual in this respect. Eliminating our losses caused by foot and mouth disease, I am impressed with what in my opinion is a heavy but preventable loss from outbreaks of other contagious and infectious diseases among our live stock. It is my intention to make known to the public how a great many of these diseases can be prevented, and I am not inclined to believe that there are many live stock owners, who will not take advantage of an opportunity to protect their live stock from attacks of disease, when it is shown how these attacks may be prevented. The rules and regulations adopted by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Kentucky will, if complied with, likely prevent the entrance into the State of animals affected with contagious or infectious disease. The railroads have been a very great assistance in this particular work. 324 Twenty-First Brennrau Report INTER-STATE SHIPMENTS OF LIVE STOCK. As accurate records have only been kept during the last eighteen months, a comparative statement cannot be made, which would show the increase or decrease in the shipments of live stock into and from Kentucky. Ken- tucky is by nature as well adapted to the raising of live stock as any other State, and we should lead rather than fall to the ninth position. It is a pleasing fact to know that within the last few years quite a number of farmers in Kentucky have made considerable progress in breed- ing pure-bred live stock. It has been demonstrated con- clusively by these gentlemen that this pays better than the grade stock, even if the offspring is fed for market- ing purposes. Fortunes have been spent in improving this industry, and quite a few of our breeders have gone to foreign countries for the purpose of securing animals to strengthen blood lines and to increase the value of ani- mals. Official health certificates are required for the ship- ment of pure-bred live stock into this State from all other States. These certificates are not required when animals are brought into the State for immediate slaughter, or are consigned to the Bourbon Stock Yards at Louisville, where Federal inspection is maintained, because such aninials are inspected and certified by Federal officials before leaving the yards. Within the last year shipments of live stock have been made from Kentucky into almost every State in the Union, notwithstanding the fact that a great many States were under Federal quarantine during the epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease. Records cf animals moving’ inter-state for immediate slaughter were kept only during our quarantine, when we were re- quired to issue health certificates on all live stock moving inter-state for any purpose. A great many shippers ob- ject to having their animals inspected when shipments are attempted, but each State has its own regulations and the shippers by this time should be acquainted with these regulations, and should for their own safety be glad to have -their animals inspected so that they might know the shipment contains only healthy animals. It is to be hoped that in the near future shippers and breeders of live stock will look upon this matter from the viewpoint Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 325 of officials in control of live stock sanitation. It is also necessary to have the complete co-operation of the rail- roads, as infected railway cars frequently transmit con- tagious and infectious diseases. A tabulated report of the shipments of live stock into and out of Kentucky, for which we have received health certificates, follows: ANIMALS SHIPPED INTO KENTUCKY. CATTLE SHEEP HOGS Dairy Sipakeng Slaugh- Horses | Mules | Jacks Regis- | croc, | Reeis- | Slaugh- ter tered tered ter Breeding Feeders 2,047 16,333 9,332 3,082 1,914 19 113 15,334 243 1,790 ANIMALS SHIPPED FROM KENTUCKY. CATTLE SHEEP HOGS Dairy Stockers | Slaugh- | Horses | Mules | Jacks | Regis | <4 | Regis- | Slaugh- Breeding Feeders ter tered tered ter 1,684 3,972 9,244 2,813 5,750 131 197 2,281 430 21,258 It is a deplorable fact that the Kentucky dairies have to go out of the State to buy their cows, as the above table shows that 363 more cattle for dairy and breeding purposes were shipped into Kentucky than were shipped out, and I am exceedingly sorry to note that we cannot supply our own feeders, as 16,333 animals were shipped into the State for that purpose, and only 3,972 were ship- ped from the State. Our records of cattle for slaughter are not complete because of the fact that great numbers of animals were taken from the Bourbon Stock Yards, the only yards in Kentucky having Federal inspection, direct to the packing and slaughtering houses in Jeffer- son County, Kentucky, for which we have no certificates. Nine thousand three hundred and thirty-two (9,332) cattle were brought into Kentucky for slaughter from other States, while during our quarantine 9,244 were ‘taken from the State. Most of this number were fat cat- tle, that were shipped out during the winter of 1914-15, when certificates were required for all cattle for any pur- pose. A great many horses shipped into the State were 326 Twenty-First Brennrat REPort for the purpose of reshipping to the European countries engaged in war. Reports show that the mule business in Kentucky is still quite good, and that quite a number of mules are raised in this State. To prove this, only 19 jacks and jennets were shipped into Kentucky against 131 that were shipped out. We have no record of the number of lambs shipped from Kentucky during the past season, but on account of the high prices obtained at that time, and as Louisville is known to be the largest lamb market in.this country, I feel safe in saying that a greater num- ber of lambs was shipped than ever before. Quite a num- ber of young fat ewes were also included in this market, and to replenish their herds 15,334 stock sheep were shipped into this State and only 2,281 were shipped out. Only 113 pure-bred sheep were shipped into. Kentucky, and 197 were shipped out, proving that our sheep breed- ers have not been inactive. One thousand seven hundred and ninety (1,790) hogs were shipped into Kentucky for slaughter, while twenty-one thousand two hundred and fifty-eight (21,258) were shipped from the State. This of course does not cover all the shipments either into or out of the State, but whatever-the entire number amounts to, the hog industry is at least fair. The pure-bred breed- ers have shipped 430 hogs into other States, while only 243 have been brought into Kentucky. Nearly all of the latter were shipments of one or two boars or gilts for the purpose of starting a pure-bred herd. Considerable progress has been made along this line, as the feeding of pure bred hogs has been much more profitable than the feeding of the cross breeds. I believe that within the next two years the breeding of pure-bred hogs will in- crease at least one hundred per cent, provided we are not visited with another epizootic as dangerous as foot- and-mouth disease has been. I might make this same pre- diction in regard to the cattle industry. A great amount of educational work has been done and our farmers are taking advantage of the instructions given them, and I see no reason why Kentucky should not surpass every other State in the breeding of thoroughbred cattle and hogs. We have the cheapest and best food for about seven or eight months of the year, viz., blue grass, and our climate is not too severe for live stock. Burgav or AGRICULTURE. 327 Conracious AND Inrectious DIsnaszs. I think it wise that this report should contain a de- scription of the contagious and infectious diseases most commonly found among our live ‘stock, and of the methods employed in their prevention and control. The most important of these and the one which has caused heavier losses in Kentucky’s live stock than all others combined, is foot-and-mouth disease. Foor-anp-Moutxz Diszase. For information concerning the 1914-1915 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, you are referred to Bulletin No. 17 issued by the Department of Agriculture of Ken- tucky, which we believe covers the subject thoroughly. This bulletin was issued for general distribution, so that those who will read it will become thoroughly acquainted with some facts that are not generally known. We are in possession of authentic statistical data concerning this disease in a number of foreign countries, which prove conclusively that there is only one effective method of dealing with it, viz.: Eradication at any cost. This method has been faithfully followed and the results obtained are little short of miraculous when due con- sideration is given to our unpreparedness for combating such a crisis. Very few veterinarians in the United States were familiar with the disease, which fact cer- tainly caused delay in the early diagnosis, thereby allow- ing the disease to spread to at least twenty States other than the one in which the initial outbreak occurred. An- other serious hindrance to the work of eradication was the fact that very few States were financially prepared to pay their half of the losses; even the Federal Depart- ment of Agriculture was short of funds and it was neces- sary that the unfortunate losers await an act of Con- gress. It is estimated by scientists that the value of ani- mals recovering from foot-and-mouth disease is depre- ciated to the amount of from seven to twenty dollars per head. This estimate was made without taking into con- sideration the value of the animals that died from the 328 Twenty-First BreNNIAL Report disease. Taking the lowest estimate, $7.00, Germany alone is said to lose $20,000,000.00 annually. The United States has about seven times as many cloven hoofed ani- mals as Germany, which shows that our losses would reach $140,000,000.00 annually, if we should allow foot- and-mouth disease to become widespread over our ranges. Our losses were light, very light, when due con- sideration is given to the fact that many of our live stock owners and dealers did not believe that foot-and-mouth disease was serious and would not give us the hearty co- operation in the beginning that they did after they had learned something of the nature of the disease and the great economical losses caused by its presence in our midst. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 329 Following is a tabulated report of the losses in Ken- tucky : REPORT OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ERADICATION IN KENTUCKY, NUMBER OF ANIMALS DESTROYED. aod >s o county |g) 2/@/8/8] 28 | $58 | BE be pay ° oO Bo oa q Ho oO o a 9 HS 6 aS 3a m) oOo |Ala|o) Be Poe |) me 4 ao Bullitt; ss-scccss 8 81] 86]116].. $4,255.50 | $121.50} $193.16 Hardin (22) 318) 182)... ‘ 14,734.25 515.44 645.00 Henry ..... al 10] ee hese s a 450.00 | owe 18.00 Jefferson ... .{ 30°} 1,965 | 383 |... 1 83,792.55 337.61 616.10 Jessamine .. | 2 60] 46] ...... i 2,328.00 | -.----------e 64.00 Larue ....... | 2 BQ: | csseee | eezece 1,761.00 100.00 53.00 Meade | 1 Bf ssesve: | sectes 150,00! | ssscvecseeccess 17.00 Oldham | 2) 104/145 | 100: 6,472.10 82.00 97.26 Scott ... | 2 89] 14]... 4,663.00 | .....-..----.--- 120.00 Shelby ...... a ia 559 eee (eee 1,404.75 | 122.24 Woodford ...........-.- 14] 302) 66] ...... 18,553.40 35.00 269.40 Totals ........-....---- 85 | 2,951 | 858 | 216] 1| $133,564.55 | $1,191.55 | $2,233.16 Total number counties 11 Total number animals destroyed 4,026 Total appraised value $133,564.55 Total value property destroyed $1,191.55 Total burial expense $2,233.16 In view of the above facts alone, we know that our efforts have been justified, and our success has been our reward. This disease is known to be the most highly con- tagious of all diseases of live stock and may be trans- mitted in more ways than any other. The tabulation fol- lowing, which was prepared July 29, 1915, will show how this disease was spread according to information secured direct from the owners of diseased herds by the veter- inary inspectors engaged in the work of eradication. 120 ‘slor ke I C) fry g los lee lost hog ls (43 leag le log ls ls ter leet lrorle let lee 1. ena>. oooo aon o& OT A o999 Sonn ooo So st oC eoco o°o9o°o o sooo Sono ooo oC ——T— a) o —s ogre onor —) nooo 6T O&T 686 otonm MINA Qa gon CooCoo C11nO Noo Oo 1 mem SCOOSO SCOCH o eo°090 SOO” Aa CONS OOO ooo 2 80 0 0 0 20T I T T uo}SuTysSeM $9 °968 | P°008 | 09 “220 (92 Shs 0 0 OL 818 9 8 ee le ee ara BTULSITA C181 % £9°P9TS 09°096 (89 966 T 0 ee GLE 886 atl 8g 69 pue[sl epouy OF 896 ‘LL 88°89 LT TO°LEL'FE6 = [0S Le it 698 G0 ‘CL 686 ‘FT G6L 898 06 ~~" BIUBATASUUOR £8" L992 Lemar ds Th'OOL'e98 OST aE T 9ST ‘g +66 ‘b 610 ‘F 706 Tee road ; orm S9°098 'L 68°920 ‘OT L8°808 ‘ehh |L8019 8&8 OST 68h OTP ‘g 91 S6T O8T ~ YIOX MON 82" 0LG ‘T 96° C56 88°900 ‘Ser PLS 8 6 ST8 pre ‘T 6p 6h 0S Aevsio¢ MON 09°61 G6" 68T 09°66 'F POT 0 0 93 8h ty g 8 erTysduey MON os" 22 BT °T98 | OL*6F (19 999 T 0 LES TL 80F ‘T ST (o3 Ce 09°29 'T Te "T88 ‘¢ PSST OLS = |26L'L 0 egg 866 ‘8 156 ‘3 68% The 323 9L° 687 ‘8 LLT89'8 SL"89L ‘08S 006 (2 Ir LL GOL ‘S LOTS 76 96 86 92° 102 ‘9 99° 688 '& PE * L0G ‘F9 8h '% 0 L6T T29'T $96 6 9 9g “ puBl Ale GS °T6L‘T 0S" 298 00°092 "Fst 1980 t 91z 816 TS6 ‘3 8h 6L $8 Ayn UIST 98°80T L°629 7 86°16 '8L_ = [08ST 0 0 STS 218 ‘T 9 6 9 ~ sesueyt SP 6c8 ‘T 3" 698 F SE"LLZ'GZE /8T6 & 0 a PES ‘S LES ‘T fag 8 SP “ @MOT 90°689‘T 86°ST8 ‘F GL°Z93 ‘SLT |TES‘9 0 gT9 18 ‘¢ ace ‘¢ 901 STL OT ‘euvIpur 09° 182 “66 GT TLF 99 8b 'F¥C (966 'T |aF0 69 (<4 8F2‘T PEF ‘SS 888 ‘FS 60L PSL 982, * STOUNTI 08°OT 00°STS 00°02 (€ 8g 0 0 S 8b 8 & g BIquinfoD JO iO1IIsSIg 0S°60S Or "eee T 19L°290 '8 read 0 (<4 6P 2cL aL SL tas somes” OTB MBTOC. 62 TPE ‘Ts jor'sce‘zs = [oT ges‘sr$ [928 0 0 SFT e8h fas ee 8g “- qnoljoeuu0D Zunoojur 1 on[e. S[BUIIU cramer, || Sested xa Be ; ‘ON so sjeon | dssyg | ourtmg | 911780 | sesmerg | SI9UMO] SPIOH ALVLS pofonsag Tetang | Pest p Ayredorg . Te10O.L Te}0O.L "GLOL ‘SL AIM OL—SI-PL6L 'agyvaSId HLNOW-GNV-LOO4 JO NOILVOIGVYA SOILSILVLS GNV GAYALHONVIS STIVWINY SO LYOdaY 336 Twenty-First Brennuai Reporr TUBERCULOSIS. With the exception of foot-and-mouth disease, tu- berculosis has been the subject of more widespread dis- cussion than any other disease affecting live stock. It is more universally distributed than any other disease, and comparatively few localities are free from it. Com- plaints are made by farmers and live stock raisers of the losses sustained by its prevalence in their herds re- sulting frequently in the death of animals and materially decreasing the price for which the affected animal may be sold, and the impossibility of determining whether or not the animal is affected. Butchers, particularly the packers, are at times forced to complain against the pub- lic for having bought animals apparently in good health when upon post mortem examination by trained in- spectors portions of the carcass and sometimes the en- tire carcass is condemned as unfit for food because of generalized tuberculosis. I might call attention here to some statistics furnished by the Bureau of Animal In- dustry gathered from reports of different packing houses scattered all over the country in which Federal meat in- spection is maintained. During the fiscal year of 1914, reports of inspections show that 8,539,021 cattle were inspected at the time of slaughter, and_that 30,145, or about 3.5%, were condemned on account of generalized tuberculosis, and that portions of the carcasses of 45,283, or a little more than 5%, were condemned for local tu- bercular lesions. Tuberculosis of hogs is very closely connected with bovine tuberculosis, as fattening swine are so often permitted to feed with cattle, and it is most probable that the disease is contracted in this manner. During the same fiscal year there were 33,289,705 hogs inspected at the time of slaughter and 48,252 carcasses condemned for generalized tuberculosis, and portions of the carcasses of 407,151 condemned for local tubercular lesions. These statistics of course include animals shipped into the packing houses from every part of the United States, showing conclusively that few communi- ties are free from this disease. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacillus tuberculosis, and the bacillus causing the disease in the human is practically identical with the one causing bovine tuberculosis, The relationship of bovine Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 337 and human tuberculosis is so close that the control of the disease in either the human or the bovine materially decreases the prevalence in the other. It has been con- clusively proven that the disease may be transmitted from the animal to man and from man to animal. It has been shown that where an attendant of a dairy was suffering from tuberculosis the disease spread to the cows themselves. It has also been shown that attend- ants free from tuberculosis have contracted the disease from their constant association with tubercular cows. Tuberculosis seldom ever assumes an acute form, ex- cept in the very advanced stages of the disease after the animal has been suffering for a considerable length of time. Records of the prevalence of tuberculosis in herds in a great many states prove that the disease is increas- ing, due principally to the fact that the public will not co-operate with the sanitary authorities in its control. One or two states in the Union have made considerable progress in the eradication of this disease. The live stock sanitary officials co-operating with the city, county and state boards of health have educated the public in the necessity of eradicating tuberculosis, not only for the benefit of the live stock industry, but "for the safety of the human family, particularly children whose prin- cipal diet is cows’ milk. Tuberculosis in the milk cow is very much more dangerous than in the purely beef ~ animal, as the tubercular bacillus seldom lodges in the muscle, but is very frequently found in the milk. The diet of children, particularly those under four years of age, is composed chiefly of cows’ milk, and this milk is fed to them raw, while what meat is eaten has been sub- jected to high temperatures while cooking. The natural resistance of the child is greatly less than that of the adult, which accounts for the increased mortality in chil- dren over that of the adult. It is safe to look upon the dairies, that contain pure bred cattle that have not been tuberculin tested, with suspicion, as cattle of this class have been great scatterers of tuberculosis, caused no doubt by the methods employed in their care and atten- tion, while the scrub or grade is allowed more freedom and spends more time in the open. 338 Tyenry-Fresr Brennuau Report At breeding centers where pure bred cattle are kept tuberculous animals are frequently found unless the herd is kept free by tuberculin testing at regular inter- vals, and these animals are sometimes shipped to other points and carry infection into healthy herds. It is es- timated that the number of tuberculous milking cows is very much greater than that shown by figures from the packing houses. In the District of Columbia a few years ago the tuberculin test was administered to 4,200 cows; of this number 503 were found to be tubercular, and 139 were considered suspicious. During recent investiga- tions carried on in the hospitals of New York City in- vestigators determined that 5% of the human tubercu- losis was caused by the tubercular bacillus of the bovine type. Practically all of these were in children under twelve years of age, and it is a reasonable conclusion that their infection came from drinking milk from tubercular cows. Nine and three-tenths per cent. (9.3%) of all fatal cases of tuberculosis in the children’s hospitals proved to be of bovine origin. As Kentucky occupies an unenviable position on the tuberculosis map of the United States, it is most reasonable to believe that conditions quite similar to those existing in New York are present here. It seems to me that the. time is ripe when some effort should be made to control tuberculosis in animals at the same time that the medical profession is attempt- ing to prevent and control the ravages of this disease among our human inhabitants. Cattle breeders and own- ers of cows supplying milk to our towns and: cities have reason to object to the slaughter of their herds when re- acting to the tuberculin test or found to be tuberculous in other ways when no compensation is allowed for their slaughter. Foot-and-mouth disease does not kill people, but tuberculosis does, and it seems that it would be just as necessary to slaughter tuberculous animals as those affected with foot and mouth disease. If while the next General Assembly is in session laws should be enacted by which progress could be made in the prevention of the spread of this disease to the human family, Ken- tucky would be placed among the first states in the Union to properly provide for the health of its inhabitants, and the legislators would receive the praise not only of the Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 339 people of Kentucky, but of those of the entire world. If a law should be enacted by which owners could receive even 50% of the appraised value of tuberculous cattle, great strides could be made in the control of this dis- ease. No owner wants tubercular cattle, and I feel sure that all owners would gladly permit the slaughter of their tubercular cattle were they to receive compensation therefor. In writing this article it has been my intention to show as clearly as I am able to do the danger in permit- ting tubercular animals to remain among healthy ani- mals, and the danger of permitting the sale of milk from tuberculous cows for use by the human family. The en- trance into the state of tuberculous animals is prevented by the rules and regulations of the State Live Stock San- itary Board of Kentucky, but neither the law under which this board operates, nor its rules and regulations control that which is already present in the state, and it is for the purpose of controlling this disease within the state that I suggest the above mentioned legislation. As it is impossible to accurately diagnose tuberculosis by clin- ical symptoms, it is necessary to resort to the tuberculin ‘test to determine whether or not a suspected animal is affected with the disease. While neither of the popular methods of testing is infallible, both are considered re- lable, as comparatively few cases re-acting to a properly conducted test fail to show that tuberculosis is present. Hoc CHouERa. It is estimated that Kentucky’s annual loss from hog cholera is very close to two million dollars. In view of the fact that it has been definitely proven that hog chol- era is a preventable disease, such heavy losses are ap- palling. Almost every state in the Union has hog chol- era constantly present within its boundaries. The more extensive the hog industry becomes the more frequent- ly are we visited with outbreaks of hog cholera. Nu- merous bulletins have been issued by the Kentucky Ag- ricultura] Experiment Station, in which hog cholera has been described in all its phases and recommendations for its control and eradication have been made. We have now begun a systematic fight against this plague and at 340 Twenty-First Brennrau Report this time I am glad to say results so far obtained are flattering. Hog cholera clubs have been organized in a great many counties and in different communities in these counties. At regular intervals these clubs are instructed by experts in the methods which have proved most effec- tive in controlling this disease. There is quite a differ- ence of opinion among authorities on this subject in re- gard to the two popular methods of immunization. Some of our best authorities advocate the simultaneous treat- ment, others again advocate the serum alone treatment. The consensus of opinion, however, favors the serum alone method followed by proper sanitary measures. More or less danger follows the use of the simultaneous treatment, but we know that when serum alone is prop- erly administered no bad results follow, and it is not a hard matter to control outbreaks of hog cholera when proper sanitary measures are followed after the use of the serum alone in infected herds. It is a well known fact that potent anti-hog cholera serum will protect the hog against cholera infection; duration of the immunity thus conferred varies. A great many herds have been kept free from disease after the use of the serum alone when directly exposed to cholera. The injection of the serum confers an immunity for a sufficient length of time to thoroughly clean and disinfect the premises, after which there is little or no danger of an outbreak in this herd if communication between these healthy ani- mals and diseased ones in the neighborhood is prevented. Anti-hog cholera serum is manufactured in a great many states in plants controlled by the state. There are also about 125 commercial serum plants in the United States. The serum manufactured at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station at Lexington has been of untold benefit to the hog raisers of this state. This plant was established in 1911 and has been remodeled and enlarged as the occasion has demanded until now we are proud to state that our serum plant compares favorably with any other. From the time of its completion until September 1, 1915, 3,790 herds, composed of 156,083 hogs, were treated with serum alone, and serum and virus. In a large number of these herds the disease was so far ad- vanced that only a few were treated, and frequently these Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 341 few recovered, while the rest of the herd died. Serum is used and recommended as a preventative only, while if used in the early stages of the disease recovery fre- quently results. Of the 156,083 hogs vaccinated, 121,463 lived, and 12,090 died. That only 9.12% died,most of which were found in diseased herds, is sufficient proof that the serum will protect. Little progress can be made in the control of any contagious or infectious disease with- out the co-operation of the owners of live stock along sanitary lines. Hog pens and hog houses should be kept clean and should be frequently disinfected; clean beds, clean troughs, and clean water should be provided. In 1914, the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture selected one county in twelve states for the purpose of proving whether or not hog cholera could be eradicated from a given area. Henderson county was selected in Kentucky, and con- siderable progress has been made in this work, and the ns figures will show that good results may be ob- ained: Number of hogs raised in Henderson County in 1912 Number of hogs died in Henderson County in 1912.. Number of hogs raised in Henderson County in 1913.. Number of hogs died in Henderson County in 1913.. Number of hogs raised in Henderson County in 1914... Number of hogs died in Henderson County in 1914 Number of hogs raised in Henderson County in 1915 Number of hogs died in Henderson County in 1915 The use of serum alone has undoubtedly saved the lives of at least 1,118 hogs in one year, and in view of the fact that serum was used in infected herds only and large numbers of already sick animals were’ treated, the re- sults obtained are very satisfactory. LHqually as good results can be obtained on any farm if the proper meas- ures are adopted. GLANDERS. This is one of the most dangerous, as well as the most loathsome, disease with which we have to contend. It is particularly dangerous because it is transmissible ‘to man and is just as fatal in man as in the animal. 342 TwENTY-First Brenniau Report Horses, mules and asses are most commonly at- tacked by glanders. Arranged according to their sus- ceptibility to glanders, the ass comes first. This animal is easily infected and rarely develops the disease other than in the acute form. The mule is slightly less suscept- ible and will occasionally develop the chronic form. The horse is least susceptible and often shows the disease in the chronic form and will sometimes re-act to the mallein test without ever having shown any clinical symptom. Glanders is caused by the introduction into the sys- tem of the bacillus malleus. After infection the disease may become manifest in two weeks, but sometimes months may elapse before any external symptoms are shown. Usually the first indication of glanders is a discharge from one or both nostrils, or the appearance on the body or legs of small nodes which break open and become angry looking ulcers, which show little or no tendency to heal even with treatment. This latter condition is known as ‘‘farey,’’ and true farcy is cutaneous glanders and should be very carefully treated, as there is so much danger of its transmission to the man attending. When a discharge from the nostril is noticed, an examination of the nasal mucus membranes should be made and characteristic ulcers may be found on the septum nasi, or the membrane which divides one nostril from the other. And always the submaxillary glands will be enlarged; the size of the enlargement and its condition are governed by the intensity of the ulceration of the nasal mucus membranes. The treatment of glanders is similar to the treatment of leprosy in man; it seldom, if ever, is successful. It is not advisable to attempt the treatment of an animal suf- fering with glanders, but, on the contrary, it should be destroyed and the carcass burned to ashes and all wood- work, water troughs, feed boxes, harness, etc., should be burned or thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. All ex- posed, susceptible animals should be subjected to the mallein test, and re-actors to the test should be dealt with the same as in acute cases. The mallein test may be made in either of the two reliable methods. The sub- cutaneous test is made by recording the body tempera- ture every two hours for six or eight hours, and then Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 343 the mallein injected subcutaneously. Beginning eight or nine hours after the injection, the temperature should be recorded every two hours for eight or ten hours. The difference in the temperature before and after the in- jection determines whether or not the animal is infected. Two degrees Fahr. is considered suspicious and two and a half or three degrees is considered a re-action. The other and by far the most satisfactory method, because less time is required and just as reliable, is called the opthalmic test. This test is made by the instilling into the conjunctival sac of the healthy eye one or two drops of crude mallein. If the animal is infected, the eyelids will swell and in eight or ten hours afterwards pus will be discharging from the eye, which indicates infection. There are other tests, which are slightly more ac- curate and reliable than either of the above, but a labora- tory and special preparations are necessary. The ag- glutination test, the complement fixation test, and the precipitin re-action are gaining more favor because there are more laboratories available now than ever before. However, the subcutaneous or the opthalmic tests are sat- isfactory. We have been very fortunate during the past year, as only one known outbreak of glanders has occurred in this state, and that was on a farm in Jessamine county, where one mare, a standard bred trotting mare, was showing clinical symptoms of nasal glanders, but as no diagnostic symptoms were manifested, the opthalmic test was made with a typical re-action. The complement fixa- tion test was also made to conform the diagnosis. The re- sult of this test was just as was expected and confirmed the diagnosis made by the opthalmic test. The animal was destroyed. All exposed animals were tested, but only one re-actor was found, and this one was immediately destroyed. The stalls where these animals had been kept were thoroughly cleaned by burning all loose lumber and washing that remaining with a 5% solution of Cresol Compound. All harness was soaked in a strong disin- fectant solution before it was used by other animals. Stable manure, etc., containing the secretions from these animals was burned. No other suspected cases have been reported from that community. 344 Twenty-First Brennrat Report Buack Lec. This is an acute, infectious disease affecting cattle, and very often other ruminants and swine. It is caused by an anerobe known as the Bacillus Emphysematosa, which may reproduce itself in the soil or pastures. This germ when entering the system produces the disease, which is characterized by local, crepitant swellings at al- most any point on the body or limbs above the knees and hocks. It is most commonly found affecting animals between the ages of four months and two years, and is occasionally found in suckling calves,and in animals three or four years of age, when such animals are placed on infected pastures. All breeds of cattle are equally susceptible, but pure bred cattle are less frequently at- tacked because of the better attention which they re- ceive. The excretions from diseased animals may re- main virulent for an indefinite period after coming in contact with the earth and may transmit to a healthy animal the disease through a skin abrasion while the ani- mal is lying on the ground contaminated with the virulent excretions of a diseased animal or the carcass of one dying from the disease. Black leg is a disease that is connected with infected soil, and the bacilli seem to be capable of reproducing the disease and preserving its virulency even under unfavorable conditions. The bac- teria from diseased animals also remain virulent in the soil. There is no doubt but that these facts will account for the disease re-appearing in the same locality or in the same pastures when susceptible animals are placed thereon year after year. Animals may also become in- fected by eating infected feed or drinking water from streams into which bacteria have been washed from in- fected grounds. This is a disease that is not difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms manifested are characteris- tic. Among the first conditions noticed is lameness. In a very short while it will probably be noticed that the animal is down and unable to rise. Upon examination a distinctly circumscribed swelling will be found usually in the region of the shoulder or the hip, occasionally below the hip or the stifle. This condition is often mis- taken for a bruise, leading the owner to believe that the Bureau or AGRICULTURE. _ 3845 animal has been kicked or has fallen, but when the swell- ing is closely examined by passing the hand over it, a sound peculiar to the disease is heard, as if the skin had been blown up with air. The black leg bacillus is an air producing germ, and when the swelling is excised, the exudate is a foamy, black fluid with an odor very similar to rancid butter; the muscular tissue underneath this swelling is of a very dark color; hence the name Black Leg. The swelling at first is hot and painful, later be- coming cold and stiff with the skin assuming a parch- ment-like condition, so that the animal finally does not evince pain upon pressure. The rapid course and the de- velopment of the characteristic crepitant swelling makes the diagnosis fairly easy. The disease very seldom, if ever, 1s found to exist among animals that are continu- ously stabled. Treatment of animals affected with black leg is seldom ever attempted, because it has been shown that the percentage of recoveries does not in any way justify it. The safest method of procedure in herds, in which the disease exists, is to slaughter diseased animals and to vaccinate all susceptible exposed animals. Vac- cination consists of injecting subcutaneously attenuated virus, which will confer an immunity lasting as a rule long enough to protect the animal until it is old enough to acquire a natural immunity. To successfully control outbreaks of this disease I wish to call particular atten- tion to the disposition of the carcasses. Animals dying from black leg should not be removed from the point . where they are found. If it actually becomes necessary that such carcass be removed, do not drag it over the ground, as the fluids discharged will infect the soil, and the danger of future outbreaks increased. All car- casses should be completely burned, and not buried in a shallow grave, as is customary. No carcass should be left lying on the ground where dogs, cats, birds or ver- min might visit, as any of the above might carry the in- fection to clean pastures or herds. The removal of the hides of these carcasses should not be permitted under any circumstances. The disinfection of the ground by the free use of lime and a strong disinfectant solution is necessary. Comparatively few counties in the state have escaped outbreaks of black leg in the last year, but the 346 Twenty-First Brennrat Report losses by death when compared to the number of animals exposed has been small. This can be accounted for by the early diagnosis and the effective vaccination of ex- posed animals. Rasres (Hydrophobia). Rabies is an acute, contagious disease most com- monly found to exist in dogs, cats and other carniverous animals. It may be transmitted to man and to other ani- mals by the bite of an affected animal. It is always fatal except where treatment is begun before clinical symp- toms of the disease are manifested. The danger of the bite of a rabid animal depends entirely upon the viru- lence of the saliva and the number of nerves and lym- phatic vessels in the wounded part of the body. After the bite of a rabid animal the disease does not always follow, barely in 60% of the cases. The disease, no mat- ter how virulent, cannot penetrate through the uninfected skin. All animals are susceptible, and the breed or sex has absolutely no influence on susceptibility. It is be- lieved that young animals manifest the disease after a shorter period of incubation than older animals. The disease is usually manifested in from two to eight weeks after the bite, but the period of incubation has _ been known to extend to several months. The disease is char- acterized by extreme nervousness and excitability in the early stages, followed by periods of depression and pa- ralysis invariably ending in death in from two to four days. Violent rabies attacks most commonly dogs living in the open and of a biting nature, while dumb rabies is that most commonly found in house dogs and pets. The same symptoms are presented in almost all other ani- mals, except that herbivora have not the intense desire to wound by biting. There is a theory of long standing that the rabid animal was afraid of water and would die at sight of it. This is a mistake, as it has been proven that the rabid animal has an abnormal thirst and will drink whenever the opportunity presents itself until in the later stages of the disease the muscles of the throat become paralyzed and frequently a general collapse fol- lows the excitement and the frequent attempts to swallow. Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 347 No treatment is satisfactory in an animal after the dis- ease is manifested, but during the period of incubation, as soon as possible after inoculation, a prophylactic treatment is very satisfactory. Frequently immediately after being bitten powerful caustics will kill the virus be- fore it is taken up by the blood circulation. But as one can never be certain of this result, it is advisable to take the serum treatment, which has been frequently admin- istered by the State Board of Health authorities at Bow- ling Green, Kentucky. Losses from rabies in Kentucky have been comparatively small in the last year. Only three infections have been reported, all of which were in cattle following the bite of a rabid dog. In each instance the dog was killed before it had done very great damage. Foot Rot orn NECROBACILLOSIS. Foot rot in sheep has been more or less prevalent for the past several years. The losses sustained, when compared to the number of animals affected and those exposed, are small. This disease is amendable to treat- ment and should not be allowed to affect any great num- ber of animals in a flock. It is spread from the diseased to the healthy animal through the media of pus contain- ing the infection, which may be distributed in pastures, chutes, pens, or on the public highway. When the dis- ease is found in a flock, the healthy animals should be removed from the pastures on which the diseased ani- mals are left, and all diseased animals should be sub- jected to a treatment which is principally cleanliness. After the diseased parts are thoroughly cleansed with antiseptics, a mild astringent dressing is very beneficial. In advanced cases, it is wise to occasionally use caustics, and if treatment is persisted in, a cure will result in a comparatively short time. Sheep should not be placed on infected pastures for at least sixty days. SHEEP SCABIES. During the year 1910, Kentucky was placed under Federal quarantine on account of the prevalence of scabies among the sheep in this state, and all shipments of sheep interstate were prohibited except for immediate 348 Twenty-First Brenniat Report slaughter. But, through the excellent results accom- plished by Dr. A. J. Payne, of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry of the United States Department of Agriculture, and his force of trained men, the state was released from quarantine on May 1, 1913. Since that time very few infested flocks have been located. This trouble is usually controlled by the frequent dipping of infested flocks in either of the coal tar dips or preferably the lime and sulphur dip recognized by the Bureau of Animal Indus- try as being the most effective in the eradication of sheep scabies. The result of the infestation of a flock is a gen- eral unthriftiness of infested animals and a considerable loss of wool. PART SIX THE WORK OF THE COUNTY AGENTS AND CANNING CLUB AGENTS IN KENTUCKY UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CO-OPER- ATION WITH THE STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK. It is not claimed by the State Department of Agri- culture that the farm demonstration work is a part of the work of the department. Originally this department contributed out of its finances to the founding of the dem- onstration work in the State, working co-operatively with the Federal Department of Agriculture. After Congress had passed the Smith-Lever bill and had assumed the ap- propriations formerly made by the Rockefellow Founda- tion Fund, the co-operative arrangement was made with the State University at Lexington. It will always be a source of pride to the present Commissioner that it was upon his initiative that the annual appropriation of $45,000 from the Federal Bu- reau was apportioned to Kentucky for the farm demon- stration work. These funds are used for the extension work in this State, and the department. gladly prints herewith reports from several of the county demonstra- tion agents in Kentucky, whose salaries are now main- tained upon a basis of the county paying one-half of their salary, and the Federal Government the other half. There are some forty counties in Kentucky who have regularly employed county agents. The variety of assistance ren- dered by these agents to the farmers can be gathered from their papers as published herewith. A list complete to date of all county agents in Ken- tucky, with their addresses, is appended that those inter- ested may write them direct. Demonstration work in Kentucky has only begun, znd no field of endeavor offers greater possibilities than this one. J. W. Newman, Commissioner of Agriculture. 352 TwrEnty-First Brennrau Report LIST OF COUNTY AGENTS County Name Address Ballard............... Hall, Dudley J Barlow Boone... ..Brockway, Robert D. Burlington Boyd...... ..Richardson, G. C Catlettsburg Christian. ..Puckett, S. E. Hopkinsville Crittenden........Bird, J. R Marion Fleming... Clayton, W. H. Flemingsburg Franklin... ..Felts, R. H Frankfort Gallatin. ..MeDanell, J. R Warsaw Grant..... ..Fullerton, D. H Williamstown Hardin...... ...Pittman, BE. E Elizabethtown Henderson......... Brown, P. D. Henderson Hopkins... Taylor, Chas. L Madisonville Jackson... ..Reynolds, W. R Tyner Jefferson...........Merriman, F. E Louisville Kenton... ..Rhoades, Wayland Independence ..McSwain, Horace E. Hindman ..Tye, William Barbourville ..Morgan, Sam London ... Kegley, E. 8. Louisa ..Rogers, W. H. Russellville ..Collins, T. H Richmond ...spense, Robert F. .....Berea Maysville Harrodsburg Edmonton Tompkinsville Greenville Paducah Hartford oo Lagrange Pendleton. ..smith, Graham A Falmouth Pulaski..... .. Wilson, W. C. Somerset Simpson... ..Gayle, H. K Franklin Trigg..... ..Varney, K. L Cadiz Todd...... ...Wyatt, George T. Elkton Whitley... ..Faulkner, EB. H Williamsburg Woodford.......... Floyd, Cc. F Versailles REPORTS OF AGENTS. BALLARD COUNTY. VISITS. I have made 190 visits to demonstrators, and 137 visits to co-operators. Total number of visits, 348. I have been interviewed on the road 68 times, and in the office I have had 30 interviews. Total number of interviews on subjects of importance, 98. I have met and talked with 1,109 men engaged in farming business in my territory; about seven of this number are owners of land, the remainder are renters. There are about 325 live names on my mailing list. Traveled 1,595 miles by team, and 180 by railroad. Have written 287 letters. Distributed 100 letters on Alfalfa in Western Kentucky, 100 on Crimson Clover and 100 on Fall-sown Red Clover, and have posted 107 farmers’ notices. Have administered serum to 214 hogs. Have been called 78 times over the telephone, and have sent 17 telegrams. Have distributed approximately 600 farmers, and experiment bulletins. This is not in detail. MEETINGS. Feb. 7—Organized Corn Club at Barlow, 60 present. Feb. 14—Organized Corn Club at Bandana, 38 present. Feb. 15—Organized Corn Club at LaCenter, 49 present. Mar. 15—(Bandana Corn Club.) Talked on preparation of seed bed. Mar. 19—(Farmers’ Club, Kevil.) With BE. J. Kilpatrick, Talked on Live Stock Raising, 40 present. Sept. 4—Wickliffe (Teachers’ Institute). Talked on Co-operation of Teachers in Club Work, 200 present. Sept. 24LaCenter (Country Improvement Club). Talked on Clover Crops and their Uses, 215 present. Total meetings, 7; total attendance, 482. Agr.—12 354 Twenty-First Brennuat Report FIELD MEETINGS. Mar. 22—C. H. Berbling, tree pruning (fruit), 8 present. Mar. 24—L. W. Miller, tree pruning (fruit), 6 present. Mar. 26—S. D. Lovelace, tree pruning (fruit), 9 present. Mar. 30—B. F. Cotner, tree pruning (fruit), 12 present. Apr. 6—J. L. Watson, tree pruning (fruit), 4 present. May 15—R. H. Tanner, straw spreader, 22 present. Sept. 9—Andrew Miller, selecting seed corn, 4 present. Sept. 15—B. F. Cotner, field selecting seed corn, 3 present. Sept. 18—C. H. Mattingly & Son, field selecting sunflower seed (ob- ject), to select heads born singly on the stalk; well filled, short stalk, and not near stalk that has more than one : head to the stalk. Sept. 23—Oscar Winn, field selection of seed corn, 5 present. Sept. 28—Frank Holland, field selection of seed corn, 5 present. Total field meetings, 11; total attendance, 80. LIVE STOCK PURCHASES. J. P. Page, registered Holstein bull, two registered cows. C. J. Barlow, 1 registered Hampshire boar, two registered sows. R. H. Tanner, 1 registered Hereford bull, two registered cows (and eight high grades.) T. R. Johnson, 1 registered Hereford bull, two registered cows (and six high bred grades.) T. H. Strickland, 1 registered Duroc Jersey boar. Total spent for pure bred live stock, $1,745.00. Three cars of feeders purchased to be finished on ensilage, 130 head in the three cars, average cost per cwt., $7.65. OTHER PURCHASES BY DEMONSTRATORS. One manure spreader. One straw spreader, One lime spreader. Nine spraying outfits. Six tandem attachments for disc harrows. LIME AND FERTILIZERS PURCHASED. One car acid phosphate, 45,000 Ibs., Barlow, Ky. One car acid phosphate, 36,000 lbs., LaCenter, Ky. This is the first chemical plant food used in this county, and cost $14.40 per ton f. o- b. Barlow and LaCenter. One car ground lime stone, 43 tons, to be used on alfalfa. One car ground lime stone, 32 tons, to be used on alfalfa. SILOS. There has been erected six concrete silos and three wooden ones due to demonstration work. These con- crete silos are the first in the county, and have an av- erage capacity of one hundred and ten tons, and an average cost of $321.00. The three wooden silos are 10’x28’, 50 tons capac- ity; 12’x28’, 75 tons capacity; 14’x30’, 120 tons capac- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 355 ity. These silos were filled under my supervision, and all the corn was put in when as near the right stage as circumstances would permit. All the concrete silos have continuous doors, are coated inside with tar and have shingle roofs. There are seven other silos in the county, and four of them were filled under my supervision. HORTICULTURE. I have direct charge of selection of varieties, set- ting, and culture of the following orchards: J. R. Gholson, 27 acres Barlow Mrs. Jno. Cocke, 12 acres Wickliffe C. H. Berbling, 8 acres Barlow C. P. Howel, 24 acres Barlow C. R. Rowland, 9 acres Barlow The following old orchards have been cared for ander my direction: W. H. Megary, 4 acres Barlow Oscar Winn, 4 acres Barlow R. H. Tanner, 6 acres Barlow L. W. Miller, 10 acres Kevil H. L. Nance, 24 acres Kevil S. D. Lovelace, 5 acres. Kevil B. F. Cotner, 11 acres LaCenter Pruned 263 fruit trees as samples of correct pruning. Held 6 demonstrations in spraying. FIELD CROPS. 12 Dem. in corn other than club acres. 8 Dem. in tobacco (dark). 4 Dem. in tobacco (burley). Have 387 acres sown in crimson clover in 7 different places. Have 31 acres sown in red clover in 9 different places. Have 18 acres sown in alfalfa in hills, and 64 acres in river bottom. There are about 250 acres in the county. Have 4 demonstrations in soy beans. Have 1 demonstration in white clover. Have 1 demonstration in potatoes (Irish). Have 10 demonstrations in tomatoes. Have 237 acres sown in orchard grass in 12 different places. Have 11 pastures and one for seed. Have 137 acres in barley (winter) in 5 demonstrations. Have 400 acres in sunflowers in 1 demonstration. Total demonstrations, 80. D. J. Hatt, ie : County Agent. 356 Twenty-First Brennia, Report BOYD COUNTY. In my eight months’ work in Boyd county I have been conservative as to the demonstration work under- taken. I have taken up only those things I know to be thoroughly practical and feasible in every detail. The demonstration work as a whole has been a success. There have been failures, but they have been such that the farmers can see the cause, and consequently have never condemned the work in one single ease. There has been opposition, of course, as there is when any new proposition comes up, but I believe most of it is fast fading away. Data, I suppose, is mostly what is wanted in this report, and that will probably reveal more to one not upon the ground tnan anything else, but it is difficult to give a report of the actual work done. I will give the data wanted in the nature of a summary, and will com- ment later. The demonstration crops used and the acreage are as follows: Name of Crop No. of Demonstrations Acres Corn 25 73 Oats 2 2 Cowpeas 5 28 Alfalfa 1 6 Crimson Clover 6 53 Rye and Crimson Clover .............---.....- 3 12 Rye 5 16 Barley 2 2 Winter Oats 3 4 Potatoes 5 3 Wheat 1 6 Pasture Bi 2 Totals 59 207 The above does not include the seven lawns under demonstration. This has been an exceptional season for crops, and especially for corn, except in the wettest bottom lands. The corn crop of Boyd county is far better than the average, the yield averaging about 30 bushels per acre this season. The demonstration corn will average 45 bushels per acre. Some which was upon fairly good soil to start with will go as high as 90 bushels per acre, Burzav or AGRICULTURE. 357 while some that was ruined by water will not yield more than 25 bushels per acre. The oats demonstration showed up fine. In each ease the demonstration plat was in a field of from three to five acres, and the results could be seen at a distance of half a mile. Those under demonstration were all dur- ing the growing season from three to six inches taller than those growing beside them untreated. The yield in one was about forty bushels per acre, while the un- treated was about twenty-five. The cow peas have been a success in every case, and they certainly responded to the treatment of acid phosphate. The alfalfa demonstration was a complete failure. One cause was that Mr. Calvin wanted to sow it in the spring, and as a result it was smothered by weeds. The crimson clover demonstrations have been a success in nearly every case. In one or two instances ithe demonstrator failed to get a good stand due to a short drought striking it Just at the wrong time. Crimson clover has taken with the people lke John- son grass takes to the soil. There has been as much as cne hundred and fifty acres sown in the county as a result of the demonstration work, when ten acres is more than was ever sown before in the county. The potato demonstrations have shown results of treatment, but they have nothing marvelous, since the potato this season has been an unusual crop. Silos are growing in favor very rapidly in Boyd county. There have been seven erected this season. The total number now in the county is twenty-one. A summary of the work done is as follows: Total number of demonstrators -00.....00....eeseeeeeeeeee 41 Total number of demonstrations ............... Prreenren re 65 Total number of visits made 426 Total number of interviews 152 Total number of letters written 0002 383 Total number of miles traveled 00... eee 2,936 Supervised the vaccination of 1,531 head of cattle against black-leg. More than one dozen syringes have been purchased as a result of the work. More than 400 head of cattle have been vaccinated by the owners. 358 Twenty-First Brenna Report I have never vaccinated the second time for any man, end only in a few instances have I made the second visit to instruct them in the work. The introduction of the Government method of vac- cination has saved the farmers of Boyd county $250 in vaccine alone, not counting anything for the cattle saved. I have inoculated 36 head of hogs against cholera. This is only a few hogs, but when you consider that the eee saved one man $250 in hogs, it means some- thing. The one big thing that I have been working on is to secure a creamery for Boyd county, and when this is accomplished, I will feel that my services have emounted to something—we will have it before I let up. _ I have organized three farmers’ clubs. Have at- tended five or six meetings of various kinds, mostly teachers’ meetings, and given talks in the interest of the Boys’ Club work. We have a lime spreader in the county as a result of the work. Have used 35 tons of acid phosphate, when there had been only a few hun- dred pounds used prior to my coming into the county. In conclusion, I want to say that the people of Boyd county have shown hearty co-operation both from the farmers and the people of the towns; without this, of course, the work would have amounted to nothing. G. C. RicHarpson, County Agent. CHRISTIAN COUNTY. In compliance with your request for a report of my work in Christian county, I have the honor to present the following account: Upon arrival at Hopkinsville, Tuesday, September 7th, after a four days’ trip by automobile from Mays- ville, my former headquarters, having encountered rain for two days of trip, and some other difficulties, I im- mediately got in touch with Judge Wm. T. Fowler, Pres- ident of the Crop Improvement Committee, and other members of the committee, and Mr. B. G. Nelson, State Corn Club Agent, talking over the situation with them, and getting all the information I could obtain. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 359 The day following I had the opportunity of meet- ing a great many of the farmers, business and profes- sional men at work on the roads, this being ‘‘Good Roads Day.’’? I am greatly indebted to Mr. B. G. Nelson for his assistance in accompanying me up and down the different roads, and presenting me to the workers. The policy of meeting the citizens of the county was continued, and with that end in view the business men, county officials, and others were visited with the idea that it was advisable to establish my identity, and to serve notice on the people in a personal way that I was on the job, and ready to serve them in any way that T could. As superintendent of ‘‘Agricultural Exhibits’’ at the Pennyroyal Fair, I scoured the country for exhib- its of corn, tobacco, fruit, vegetables and live stock, with {he result that we had the best agricultural exhibit ever put on at this fair, as evidenced by enclosed clippings. Again I was indebted to Mr. B. G. Nelson for accompa- nying me on these excursions, and profiting by his sug- gestions, succeeded in locating many good exhibits. A special effort was made to get the Corn Club Boys interested in the fair, and to select corn for ex- hibit at the State Fair and at our county fair. As a result of this activity, one of these boys won first pre- mium at the State Fair for Western Kentucky, and $20 in money, and on showing this same corn at the local Yair won $25 in money, and first on single ear and on ten ears. Encouraged by his son’s success, Mr. W. T. Keatts made some selections for exhibit, and won first premium in the adult class. Fair week was a busy time for me, as the arrange- ment of exhibits, interviews with farmers, advising with exhibitors about their show stuff, and meeting the peo- ple generally, consumed the entire week. I visited the State Fair in the interest of Christian county, securing a registered pig ds a premium for the Christian County Pig Club boys, from a breeder in the northern part of the State, Mr. Thos. Powers, of Crit- tenden, Kentucky. Through my efforts one of the large breeders of Duroes has agreed to give every Pig Club boy entitled to consideration a registered sow pig. 360 Twenty-First Brenniat Report Work with hogs has been given some attention, hav- ing vaccinated two herds with splendid results from the first herd treated, and the second herd to hear from. The special work that I have been doing has inter- fered with starting the regular routine of a county agent’s duties. I have made long trips to individual farms, at the special request of the owners, and it is my intention to stay several days in the neighbor- hoods, visiting the surrounding farms while there, as opposed to jumping from one neighborhood to another. A meeting of the Crop Improvement Committee will be called, when a plan of procedure will be presented to them for discussion. Some time has been given to the collection of data, notifying farmers, business men and others, of the in- tention of the Secretary of the Department of Agricul- ture to feature Christian county in the year book of the department, as an example of the co-operative spirit. The farmers being very busy with their tobacco crop and other farm business, the fair, and other press- ing matters, I have not pressed the club work, but have had one meeting talking live stock, less plowed ground, more grass and more manure as a necessity for the economical maintenance of humus and soil fertility. The people of Christian county are very cordial and helpful. I have made it a point to study conditions, the people, their character, point of view and other matters bearing on the demonstration work, and to work in harmony with the conditions as I found them. A. M. Cassy, County Agent. CLAY, JACKSON AND OWSLEY ‘COUNTIES. I commenced work as county agent in parts of the counties of Clay, Jackson and Owsley, on September 1, 1914. There being no semblance of interest in scien- tific farm work; no co-operation, no farmers’ clubs; but little pure-bred live stock; no county fairs; no corn shows, school fairs, etc., I at once proceeded to endeavor to arouse interest by making a series of rounds of speak- , ings at public schools, arranging the dates ahead, and with the school superintendent of each county visiting Bureau oF AGRICULTURE. 361 with me, we succeeded, through the help of the teachers, in getting out several farmers at each point. I furnished all present with Government bulletins, dealing with crops and things that most were interested in, and on the third trip we proceeded to organize farmers’ clubs, with the teacher usually as chairman. I supplied these clubs with books and bulletins, and the teacher would have a short program at each meeting, in which boys and girls took a part. I attended as many of these club meetings as possible, and soon had an interest, and by attending all county court days and public gatherings, I found myself swamped with inquiries along agricul- tural lines. I had most of my demonstrators elected by the club membership to carry out a certain kind of dem- onstration, and most all have been true to their elec- tive duties. I have been successful in most all of my demonstrations. J have thirteen sweet clover demon- strators, and most plats are showing up well, with the soil well limed, and the indications are that many of them will grow sweet clover. My eighteen red clover demonstrators are well pleased with the results of my instructions. The two alfalfa lots look good now, but time is required to prove its worth here. I have dem- onstrators on practically all the crops grown in this community, and expect more next year, with better re- sults. I succeeded in getting three ‘‘barrel sprayers’’ and three barrels lime sulphur-solution and Bordeaux mix- ture donated to my territory for demonstrating the care of trees and fruit, for which these three counties are noted, and outside the fire-blight, results are good, and many more orchards will be sprayed next season in or- der to stamp out the San Jose Scale, and other fruit troubles, which are prevalent in most all orchards. I have had five hundred and forty tons (6 cars) crushed limestone distributed and applied to the sour soils, with an echo coming back from all who used it ‘‘Give us more lime.’’ Myr. Grant Blair’s field of corn, where one-half was fertilized with 1-8-1 goods,.and the other half with three tons of lime, the limed half stands a witness for the results of the lime, and lime has taken its place here, 362 TwENTY-First Brennrau Report The six clubs that used the lime have also purchased co-operatively their fertilizers, pure-bred stock and field seeds, and all are pleased with the results, and co-opera- tion will be practiced more in the future. The Tyner Club has purchased pure-bred hogs, bulls, and poultry, and out of a membership of forty-eight, only five have refused to discuss publicly any subject assigned to them. Through the school campaign and farmers’ clubs T succeeded in organizing a corn club in each of the three counties, with a total membership of 386, and a large per cent. of said membership has grown its acres of corn, and all the talk now is about the boys’ corn plats, and the success they have made. I attended the teachers’ institute in each of the three counties, and succeeded in getting committees appointed to draft pro- grams for school fairs and corn clubs, which I am now about ready to carry out, beginning at Booneville, Octo- ber 8th and 9th, McKee October 15th and 16th, Man- chester October 22d and 23d, with a program for the school children as well as corn club boys. With the co- operation of the teachers, we are expecting success with our first attempt, with good prizes offered for all farm products, making a specialty of the crops grown by my demonstrators. We are to have a parade by corn club boys and tomato club girls. I have traveled two thousand seven hundred and forty-six miles horseback since January 9, 1915, and one thousand two hundred and eighty miles by rail (three hundred and eighty-seven miles were traveled on Sun- day, in order to be present on court days). I have at- tended forty-two farmers’ club meetings and special farmers’ meetings, and have addressed three thousand and ninety-eight farmers ell told. Have addressed on my own appointments forty-nine meetings of boys and girls, with a total attendance of two thousand and nine- ty-eight. Have made personally one hundred and sixty- four visits to demonstration classes, and have visited and talked personally with seven hundred and fifty-six farmers on farm work. Have had conferences or pub- lic discussions with three hundred and eighteen educa- tors in some way or other, and have talked with one hundred and seventy-two business men relative to agri- Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 363 culture. Have spent twenty-eight dollars of my own money for printing speaking dates, circular letters and otherwise. The above figures run from January 9, 1915, when I commenced to keep an accurate record of my work. I have also written five hundred and eighty-eight letters in connection with my work. Have had eighty-seven visits to my office by farmers, and two hundred and ninety-five phone conferences with several other impor- tant activities connected with my work left untold. Of all that I have endeavored to do, I think most of the fact that I caused to be erected a twelve by thirty-six foot concrete silo for W. A. Worthington, of Annville, Ken- tucky, the first of any kind of silo in this part of the mountains, and a curiosity to lots of the people here. When I told Uncle Jim Robinson I was erecting a silo at Annville, he seemed so pleased, and said: ‘‘I am proud of it; we will have a closer place to send our people when they go crazy.’? When we began filling the silo last week, then good expressions came from the farm- ers—this is only the beginning, they say. The greatest good I have accomplished in my work is the complete demonstrations I am carrying out on my farm, which has been in progress for eight years, and which is a valuable asset to me in my present work as county agent. I have not attempted to give a full account of my work in this short report, but only attempted to give you an idea of the method which I employ in carrying cn my work. W. R. Reynotps, County Agent. rar aaa CRITTENDEN COUNTY. I began work in Crittenden county December 11, 1914. I-found here no organizations to direct the work. As the money for my salary was made up here in Ma- rion, the country people knew nothing about it, nor the character of the work. With the aid of the county school superintendent I selected places to organize farmers’ clubs. Taking cach quarter of the county weekly I organized sixteen such clubs. Through these club meetings which are held at night I have created fo 364 Twenty-First Breswtat Report interest in the work throughout the whole county, and have secured my demonstrators and co-operators, and organized corn and pig clubs. We have demonstrations on corn, tobacco, orchards, rape, cow peas, soy beans, alfalfa, rye, wheat, crimson clover, winter oats, barley, strawberries, hog feeding, and cattle feeding. Cotton seed meal had never been introduced here as feed. Last winter we bought one carload on the co- operative plan, with excellent results. Very little acid phosphate had been used; 14% sold for twenty-one dol- lars; 16% at twenty-five dollars, on time. Through the Marion Millmg Company and farmers’ clubs, the farm- ers have bought ten carloads of 16% acid phosphate at fourteen dollars and sixty cents; and four carloads of ground limestone. We have undertaken to standardize the cattle in the county, and now have forty Hereford bulls in ser- vice. Have gotten ten men started shipping cream. Have helped in the construction of twelve wood stave silos, two concrete and three home-made ones. Have planned several dairy and cattle barns, some new structures and come remodeled. Have saved several cows that had milk fever, and vaccinated hogs, the first work of the kind ever done in the county, saving 95%. Have created a good deal of interest in the pig and corn club work, and made a good showing at the pig show held here in Marion August 28th; sent from this show the pig that won second prize at the State Fair in Louisville. I am making the rounds of the county schools and organizing pig and corn clubs for the coming year. Expect to introduce pure-bred hogs in the county through the pig clubs. I had under my charge one piece of Timothy hay, treated with acid phosphate and harrowed, which cut 8,220 pounds to the acre, cured hay. Also had one piece of alfalfa, seeded in September, 1914, treated with acid phosphate in the spring and harrowed after each. eut- ting, which yielded five tons of cured hay to the acre. Have some good demonstrations on corn, one field planted in five different ways. Would like to give exact Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 365 results, but the corn is not gathered. The same quan- tity of each division will be weighed to determine the results. The treated sections appear to be easily twice as good as the untreated. Am also doing some soil build- ing by using soy beans and cow peas, hogging off and turning under the vines. On a forty-acre field, seeded to peas, we received fifty dollars clear of expenses and turned under heavy coat of vines, this to be followed with wheat, using two hundred pounds of acid phos- phate and seeded to grass. Acid phosphate was used cn nearly all of the grass and wheat sown this fall. Have succeeded in getting a number of farmers interested in cutting bushes, stopping gullies and cleaning up fence rows. Introduced the Hartig Attachment (for sub- soiling), which will be used on large acreage of corn land this fall and winter. In.all cases where we used this method last winter we received good results. This tand had been plowed shallow for so long that it had become thin and had poor under drainage, hard-pan hay- ing formed from three to five inches under the surface. We bought large quantities of spraying materials, co-operatively, and succeeded in getting the fruit trees sprayed from three to five times, and have a ten thou- sand bushel apple crop being harvested as a result, said to be the best the county has ever produced. The business men of the county say the crop this year had better preparation and received better culti- vation than in the past. I have been giving my time to the preparation and working up of a county fair and stock show, to be held in Marion October 29th, to en- courage better live stock, and have had to do this with very little help, as it is a new thing here. Weekly average: Travel horseback 100 miles, visited 40 farmers, distributed 70 bulletins, wrote 8 letters, held 5 meetings, had 12 telephone calls, and talked to 3 schools. J. Rozert Bro, County Agent. 366 Twenty-First BreyniaL Report FLEMING COUNTY. SumMaky oF Work From JaNuary To AuGusT, INCLUSIVE. Number of miles traveled, exclusive of trips to Lex- ington in January, and western trip in June, 1,716; num- ber of addresses made, 67; number of people present, 2,948; number of farmers interviewed, 1,792; number of phone calls, 1,184; number of letters written, 329; number of visits made to demonstrators, 137; number of visits made to co-operators, 46; attended farmers’ chautauquas three days; had booth at Ewing Fair in which to meet and confer with farmers for two days. T have organized ten farmers’ clubs, but at the present time am unable to give the number of farmers enrolled. We also organized the ‘‘Fleming County Horse, Jack and Mule Breeders’ Association,’’ making the total of clubs organized eleven. In co-operation, we purchased 1,000 bushels of coal at a saving of two hundred dollars; one hundred bushels of sweet clover seed at a saving of twenty dollars; seventy-five bushels of soy beans at a saving of seventy-five dollars; forty-three bushels of cow peas at a saving of twelve dollars; and other field seeds at a saving of thirty dollars. We also bought co- operatively ten spray pumps at a saving of sixty-five dollars and eighty cents; and spray material at a sav- ing of sixty-five dollars. By combining our orders on fertilizer we forced the dealers down on prices, and so saved to the farmers of the county approximately four thousand dollars. A certain chemical company sent its state agent to see me. He stated in the presence of others that his company had ‘‘broken’’ every county agent in the State, and wanted to know what I was going to do in the mat- ter. This state agent also told Mr. Fay, who was hand- ling fertilizer for another company, that his company had broken every man who cut prices to the farmers, and that they would get him also. Our demonstrations in most instances have proven quite satisfactory. We have convinced quite a number of our good farmers that as a rule in this (Fleming) county it does not pay to purchase so-called complete fertilizer; that most of our soils need lime and phosphorus. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 367 In an effort to bring about a better understanding and spirit of co-operation among the farmers and the citizens of our county seat, we will hold an agricultural fair in Flemingsburg on Friday and Saturday, Octo- ber 15th and 16th. We have one Boys’ Corn Club with a membership of fifteen, and in order to arouse a deeper interest in agriculture among the boys and girls we have designated Saturday as ‘‘Children’s Day.’’ Many of the premiums will go to boys and girls between the ages of ten and eighteen years. A chapel organ will be given to the country school district having the largest per cent. of its census enrollment in attendance at the fair on the sixteenth. I am fully persuaded that if we are to permanently improve the agricultural conditions, it must be through the young people on the farms. W. H. Crayton, County Agent. FRANKLIN COUNTY. ; I submit below a brief statement of the work done in Franklin county, Kentucky: I was ordered to report for work on April 15, 1915, and upon arriving in Frankfort I was met and introdueed to the farmers who were in town that day and to a num- ber of the merchants and other business men. Desiring to get in touch with the farmers as soon as possible, the next morning I went with Mr. HE. M. Armstrong out through the northern part of the county, and found the men whom I met very hospitable and ready to fall in line with the work. Realizing that it was too late for my work to have any material effect on the majority of the crops then growing, I determined to try to gain the confidence of the people first of all, and thus be in position to work to the best possible advantage with them on the crops for the fall and winter. This I attempted to do by going to the various farms, becoming acquainted with the men and offering timely suggestions concerning the various prob- lems that confronted them; by meetings held at different 368 Twenty-First Brewnrat Report places over the county for the discussion of farm prob- lems, and by visits to the schools where talks were made to the children to interést them in corn club work and farm life in general. . : Since assuming the duties of county agent I have made 321 visits to farms, held 12 farmers’ meetings, mailed and distributed 112 bulletins, written 110 letters of a business nature, and have been called to see a num- ber of sick animals. At the first call of this kind re- ceived, a horse was reported sick, and with Mr. Geoffrey Morgan, who was with me that day, I went to see the ani- mal. We found a bad case of tetanus, and suggested that a veterinarian be called and antitoxin administered. This was done and the horse recovered, and the owner is one of the most. staunch friends I have. About June first many of the merchants of Frank- fort received letters written from Louisville, signed by L. E. Stockard, in which an attempt was made to belittle the work of the county agent, and a number of false state- ments were made, among them the statement that the agent was attempting to make worse the relations be- tween merchant and farmer, that he was advising the farmer not to trade with the local merchant, and that he advocated buying from mail-order houses. Immediately upon my return from the trip to Bowling Green and Hop- kinsville, I went to see the mechants who had received these letters, and explained the situation to them, and assured them of my intention to do all possible to im- prove the condition of the existing relationship between merchant and farmer. Just at that time a movement was on foot to organize a Business Men’s Club, and after re- ceiving permission from the district and state agents, I helped to perfect the organization, became better ac- quainted with the business men, and was elected one of the eight directors of the Frankfort Chamber of Com- merce. Since that time I have attempted to draw the country and city nearer together, and to make the coun- try people see that the town people are their friends, and need them, and to make the city people realize that they must have the co-operation of the country people in Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 369 order to make Frankfort the city it should be. In this way I have been to a great degree successful. During the summer I devoted my time and attention to impressing upon the farmers the necessity of return- ing plant food to the soil in the various ways, and of sowing winter cover crops, instead of allowing the land to lay bare in the winter, as many have previously done. I found that many were attempting to grow alfalfa, and that some were successfully growing it. In the majority of cases either absolute failure or a poor crop had re- sulted from seeding land not in the proper condition, where lime was needed, and from not inoculating the soil; but in some cases the farmers had been successful be- cause care had been taken in preparing for the crop, and because lime was present in the soil, mainly where hill- sides were seeded after great quantities of rock had been removed. At the present time more alfalfa is growing in the county than ever before, and more men have cover crops, crimson clover, rye or some other crop growing on their fields than at any previous time. In June an outbreak of hog cholera was reported on one farm, but not until nearly a week after the hogs were noticed to be off feed, and about four days after the first animal died. When the herd was seen it was evident that most of the hogs were affected, but all were given the serum alone treatment, and about one-third of them were saved. I immediately notified the men on the surrounding farms of the outbreak and advised that their hogs be given the treatment. This was immediately done by the county agent, and not an animal on any ex- cept the farm where the outbreak occurred ever showed the least signs of the disease. Prompt measures and the co-operation of the farmers prevented its spread, and saved the people of the county thousands of dollars. At the present time attention is being devoted to urging upon the farmer the necessity of careful selection of seed from the field for next year’s corn crop, and to the organization of Boys’ Corn and Pig Clubs for 1916. It is planned to have a meeting of the retail men of the city about the 18th or 20th of this month, at which State Agent Geoffrey Morgan will be present, and out- 370 Twenty-First Brenyia Report line to them an effective plan for a systematic method of co-operation between them pe the farmers, and it is my sincere desire to see the plan put into operation, which no doubt will be done within a short time. Respectfully submitted, Rurus H. Fetts, County Agent. GALLATIN COUNTY. Beginning the work of county agent in Gallatin county, Kentucky, on January first, 1915, my first two days were spent in studying the instructions governing the work of county agents, studying bulletins and writ- ing two newspaper articles on the work of the county agent, and another on ‘‘The Corn Crop in Kentucky,’’ and in arranging mailing lists of farmers suitable for demonstrators and co-operators. From January fourth to ninth, inclusive, I attended the conference of county agents held at the College of Agriculture, at Lexington, Kentucky, receiving infor- mation for my work from State and districts agents. My next work was that of securing demonstrators and co-operators for the different crops, and arranging for the organization of boys’ corn clubs and pig clubs. I have induced twenty-five farmers in the county to spray their fruit trees for eradicating the San Jose Scale, and I find that in every case the trees were greatly benefited, and in most cases the scale is entirely eradi- cated. We used the commercial lime-sulphur solution, and found it to be thoroughly satisfactory. In the work of spraying I had the assistance of Dr. J. H. Carmody, of the Experiment Station, who was with me two days, and held two field meetings, and gave an evening lecture besides visiting several individual farmers who were interested. Quite a number of the farmers of the county have decided to pay more attention to fruit growing, and will follow the full season spray next year. I have two demonstrators who have used the full season spray on apples, and the result is an abundant crop of fruit of excellent quality. JI find that the fire-blight has af- fected all of the pear orchards, and the greater part of the apple orchards of the county, and have had in- “Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 371 quiries from farmers as to the treatment. I explained the cause as per the directions of the State Experiment Station, and recommended the pruning and the destruc- tion of the affected branches. We have had some valuable demonstrations in the growing of crimson clover, as to its different uses. One plat of four acres was used as pasture for hogs and cat- tle, and afforded the best early pasture to be seen in the county. This plat was afterwards turned under, and planted to rape for hog pasture. Another plat of > erimson clover was cut for hay, and made a yield of two tons per acre, the hay being cut just as the clover began to bloom. This plat was turned under May 15th, and planted to corn which will yield seventy bushels to the acre, There has been sown fifty acres of crimson clover in the county for cover crops and soil-building, as the result of two demonstrations. I have urged the use of leguminous crops for the restoration of soil fertility, and have had quite a number of successful demonstra- tions in sweet clover, red clover and soy beans. Our demonstrators have been only partially successful with alfalfa, owing to the extremely wet season, which made it practically impossible to keep the spring-sown alfalfa cleaned from weeds and crab-grass. Those demonstrators who have been able to keep their alfalfa plats clean have grown splendid crops; some of them cutting as many as three crops from April sowing. All alfalfa demonstrators used the inoculating culture prepared by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. The fall sowing of alfalfa has done exceedingly well in the county this year, and quite a number of those who failed on the spring sowing, have splendid crops of alfalfa now growing on the same plat. I have paid special attention to inducing farmers to sow cover crops this fall. Crimson clover and rye seem to be the best for us here. Very little commercial fertilizer is used by the farmers of the couuty, and I have recommended the use of home mixed fertilizer in preference to the ready- mixed. One of my demonstrators in tobacco used a fer- tilizer of four hundred pounds of acid phosphate, 16%, and one hundred pounds of nitrate of soda to the acre, & 372 Twenty-First BreyN1au Report with splendid results. This demonstration showed an increase in the crop, and a saving on the cost of fer- tilizer as compared with the use of a ready-mixed to- bacco fertilizer used last year on the same type of soil. Six new silos have been constructed in the county, two at least through the influence of demonstration work. I have two good demonstrations in dairying. Both dem- onstrators have filled their silos for winter, and are feeding alfalfa and soy bean hay for roughage, and use balanced rations for grain feeding. In the work of my demonstrators in corn I have urged the deep breaking of the land, good preparation of seed beds, and frequent shallow cultivation, which instructions have been followed as nearly as possible, with good results. On account of an extremely wet sea- son there has been some difficulty in keeping the corn crop cleaned from weeds atid grass, and the number of times of cultivating the crops has been lessened, but the season has been such that we have the greatest corn crop in the county that we have seen for several years. I have three demonstrations in hog feeding, one of which is the dry lot plan, and two the forage plan. These demonstrations are doing fine. In the dry lot demonstration a balanced ration of grain is used with soiling from green alfalfa and clover. In the forage demonstration we are using rape, oats and cow peas, and feeding down corn in the field. I have made one demonstration in Sudan grass, which has shown that it can be grown here with very little expense, and will make a good hay crop. Our demonstration plat consisted of three-fourths of an acre, planted May 11th; two crops of two tons each were harvested and found to make excel- lent hay, especially for horses. One demonstration in millet shows a yield of three tons of hay per acre at a cost of about three dollars per ton for production. A demonstration in sorghum for feeding dairy cows shows excellent results. A brief summary of the work done in the county up to October is about as follows: I have twenty-six dem- onstrators, some making demonstrations in two or more crops, and twenty-six co-operators. Have organized a Corn Club of’ one hundred members, and a Pig Club of thirty-one members. Of the Corn Club members about Burzav or AGRICULTURE. 373 sixty will be able to make good reports, and I hope to get at least twenty-five good reports from the Pig Club boys. I have distributed several hundred bulletins among the farmers, bearing on most every subject and phase of the work that would be of interest to them; have devoted one hundred and sixty-five days to the work, and am at present securing demonstrators for next year, securing data for crop reports, and organizing club work among the boys of the county. Respectfully submitted, J. R. McDanetz, County Agent. GRANT COUNTY. From November 11, 1914, to October 2, 1915, or 40 weeks. The agent has traveled a total of 2,860 miles on the road by buggy or motorcycle and 1,160 miles by rail. He has made 305 visits to demonstrators and 366 visits to co-operators; 128 telephone calls; 545 interviews and consultations; written 426 letters; 409 packets of bulle- tins, circulars, etc., mailed; 13 articles for newspapers; taken part in 24 meetings with a total attendance of 1,508. He has vaccinated 80 calves for black-leg. The agent is conducting 68 demonstrations with 40 demonstrators, of which 6 are with corn, 11 with acid phosphate, 11 with alfalfa, 3 with crimson clover, 6 with sweet clover, 2 with vetch, 4 with cow peas, 5 with soy beans, several with pulverized lime; 1 with cottonseed meal as fertilizer; 9 in the spraying and care of or- chards; 3 in dairying, and 5 in miscellaneous. Before the coming of the agent no acid phosphate had been used in the county—this year over 20 tons were used at the suggestion of the agent, and it is safe to fore- tell the buying of several carloads next year because it is more effective on Grant county soil than complete fer- tilizers costing ten dollars a ton more. Under the encouragement of the agent an increased interest in pure-bred dairy cattle has developed, par- ticularly in the whole southern part of the county. Along with 28 dairymen the agent visited some dairies of Pen- djeton county and the result has heen the purchase of 374 Twenty-First Brew sian REport registered stock by several, particularly registered ‘Hol- stein bulls. ae Under co-operation of the agent, alfalfa ground has been more carefully prepared, sweet clover more widely sown; orchards sprayed and apples of a fine quality have been produced from a half dozen of these sprayed or- chards. The county farm orchard was sprayed under close direction of the agent and gave better fruit than had ever been produced there. Interest in better seed corn and wheat and alfalfa is evidently following propaganda of the agent, and the Corn Show last fall. New varieties of alfalfa, the Grimm and Orenberg, are under test in the county. Six corn club boys turned in record books. The corn boys’ ten ear sample exhibits at the State Fair won two prizes, a first and a third. The county agent has visited many schools of the county and has gained the co-operation of a number of the teachers in teaching the children many things about the farm. ; D. H. Fuuerton, County Agent. HENDERSON COUNTY. In January, 1914, I became County Agent in Hen- derson county, Kentucky. My first work, after I had surveyed the field here, was with orchards, spraying and pruning. During the first few months of my work I pruned trees in forty orchards and sprayed in fifty, and then in the spring at planting time I succeeded in plant- ing four new orchards. In the fall of 1914 I assisted the fruit growers with their exhibits at the State Fair, where fifteen first and six second ribbons were won. In November of 1914 all the prizes secured and all the work pertaining to the fruit and corn show was done by the county agent, and the fruit show was pronounced by the judge to be the best ever held in Kentucky. In the Wine- sap class there were twenty entries. In 1914 two hundred and thirteen acres of alfalfa, fifteen acres of crimson clover, twenty acres of alsike, seventy-five acres of winter oats, eighty acres of red clover, ten acres of vetch and rye, fifty acres of crimson Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 375 clover and rye, one hundred and twenty acres of cow peas, and one hundred and ten acres of soy beans were planted under the direction of the county agent. There were only two failures out of twenty-eight with alfalfa, and both of those were spring-sown plots. In 1914 six silos were built through the influence of demonstration work. All of these were concrete. In July, 1914, the farmers and business men here were requested to write to the proper authorities and ask that an experiment to control and eradicate hog cholera be carried on in Henderson county. The appeal was granted and about six thousand hogs have been treated up to the present time with only a small loss. Serum and veterinarian services are free to the farmers who have infected herds. In 1914 the county agent sold to the farmers of this and adjoining counties ninety thou- sand cubic centimeters of hog cholera serum made by the State, the serum depot being under the county agent’s charge. In 1914 eighty-two farmers’ meetings were held, with a total attendance of about 3,086 persons. Twenty- one schools were visited. In all, four hundred and nine- ty-six miles were traveled by rail, and three thousand two hundred and eighteen by team. Minor demonstra- tions were also conducted in stump blowing, drainage, corn cultivation, apple packing, seed selection, tobacco cultivation, liming, lawns, truck gardening, strawberry raising, home gardening, milk testing, hog feeding, poul- try raising, concrete work, and Boys’ and Girls’ Club work. Thirty-one improved implements were bought in 1914. In 1915 one hundred and fifty-six acres of alfalfa, forty-eight acres of crimson clover, eighty acres of peas, one hundred and four acres of soy beans, seventy-five acres of red clover, twenty acres of winter oats, sixty acres of barley, twenty acres of rape, and twenty-five acres of sweet clover were planted in demonstration plats. Active assistance was given in organizing a new agri- cultural fair, which was a decided success. The State Farmers’ Institute was held here, the total attendance for the three days being about 3,000 people, and the in- ptitute was pronounced by the Commissioner of Agricul- 376 Twenty-First Brenna. Report ture and the members of the State Board of Agriculture to be the best in point of attendance and interest ever held. During Farmers’ Week at the Experiment Station the fruit exhibit collected by the agent won bronze medal, and two blue and two red ribbons were won in corn. At 1915 State Fair eighteen first and thirteen sec- ond ribbons were won in exhibits collected by and in charge of county agent. Six new silos were built due to demonstration work. Three carloads of acid phosphate and about thirty car- loads of limestone were bought. Boys’ and girls’ club work was carried on, and fifteen pieces of improved ma- chinery were bought. P. D. Brown, County Agent. HOPKINS COUNTY. It seems when I first went to Hopkins county to take up the work of county agent that the time for this work was premature, for the business men and not the farmers were the ones interested. I realized that if I made the work a success, as I was determined to do, I must inter- est the farmers as well as the commercial interests. ~ Taking up the work in the autumn, when the schools were in session, I very often visited them and left dates to meet the farmers there some evening, and discuss farm topics with them. Some of these meetings were well at- tended, and some were otherwise. Advice had come to me that each county agent was expected to have about thirty demonstrators in growing corn. Being enthusi- astic, this seemed too few men, so I enrolled one hundred demonstrators, and here I made a mistake, for it was im- possible for me to visit them as often as I should. The first spring we bought one car of fertilizer, co- operatively. This was a small amount, but it served the purpose, showing the farmers they were paying extray- agant prices for fertilizers. The following fall we bought two hundred and fifty tons, co-operatively, of 16% acid phosphate, thus saving the farmers not less than $2,500. Prices ranged in the county from $22.50 per ton for 16% acid phosphate to $27.50 per ton for 14% acid phosphate. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 377 I was instrumental in helping save the farmers about $7,000 in fertilizer the two years I was there. This, how- ever, was not the most important fact. They are now buying the plant food which is most needed, and leaving off the more expensive and less necessary ones. We had a live poultry club, a good corn club, and a splendid pig club. All three of these were of inestima- ble value, as they gave the boys and girls the work they were interested in, and proved to their parents that they were not getting the best returns for their efforts. This phase of my work was very enjoyable, as it brought me in close contact with the boys and girls. Who can say that it is not more helpful to start a youth out with the right idea of doing things, as he has not yet reached the valley of fruitful hfe, than to change the man who has but little to look forward to, and a wide expanse of the past to reflect on. To help those who need helping gives one a joy that cannot be had from any other source. Last spring I learned that a number of men had canvassed the county selling fruit trees, with very unreasonable claims for them, and when a number of farmers came to me to see if I could not help them out of this swindle, it was my pleasure to scheme with them and find a way out. We went to a reliable law firm, and they advised us that there was no way out as the contract bound them to pay 50% of the sum specified, in the event the contract was broken. We sent a man up to the place where the sup- posed marvelous nursery was located, and found they had no nursery at all. Their Winesap and Jonathan ap- ple trees were being grown without budding or graft- ing. To make a long and very interesting story short, we cancelled about $1,300 worth of orders. We held two farmers’ chautauquas, which were a complete success in every way. Many people comment- ing upon the live stock exhibit, said it beat anything they had ever had at the county fair. The special feature of the live stock exhibit was that of Hereford cattle. The big white-faced cattle attracted the attention of all. In this special locality we have aroused so much interest that in the past two years more than forty head of Here- fords have been purchased. The interest in breeding 378 Twenty-First Briennrat Report pure-bred hogs has been stimulated to such an extent that it was impossible to keep an account of the number brought in. ‘The demonstration work has created a won- derful lot of interest in improving the breeds of all kinds of better live stock. Such a thing as vaccinating hogs was practically unknown in Hopkins county when I went there, but after a few demonstrations in infected herds, it was not hard to convince the farmers that it was an economical and sure preventative against hog cholera. This work became so popular that it was necessary to es- tablish a sub-serum station in the county. It is said that more fruit trees were pruned in Hop- kins county the past spring than in the ten preceding years. Mr. Carmody, with his enthusiasm and knowl- edge, deserves praise for his splendid assistance in this work. I was occupied for six weeks spending from one hour to a half day with farmers showing them how to prune trees. Many spray pumps were bought, and farm- ers began to fight their old foes. The splendid fruit tells a story which many will profit by. Some twenty cars of crushed limestone were bought co-operatively, and a few acres on many farms were sprinkled over. In several instances this showed no re- sults, but it was on account of too low a humus content. Sweet clover, however, on very poor soils showed a lux- urious growth where the lime was spread, and where no lime was spread only a few scattering stalks were to be found. Soy beans, crimson clover, sweet clover, and alfalfa were four legumes practically unknown in this county, but in two years’ work we had many farmers growing them. It was a pleasant sight in May to drive along and see fields of crimson clover in bloom. A little later in the season a fresh mown plat of alfalfa could be found at considerable intervals. It was a common sight to see al- ternating rows of corn and soy beans which would soon be ready for hogging down. In the fall the hum of the bees could be heard in the sweet clover fields, which two years previous were wasted hillsides, void of vegetation. With these crops I am sure I did more good than with all my other work combined. Hopkins county is not naturally a fertile county. The problem of building Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 379 these soils is a great one, but I feel that with the use of these legumes I have pointed out to the farmers a means by which it can be accomplished. The appreciation of the farmers after they have once made a success with these crops, and their expression of gratitude makes you glad you are a county agent, and can be instrumental in helping some one to see a gleam of better things ahead. When I took up my work in Hopkins county the Fiscal Court would give us no financial aid. The second year they voted $300 to my work, and the third year they gave all they were asked to. This shows the attitude the county now has toward the work. To say that I am proud to have once been a county agent does not express my feelings. Sometimes the tasks were hard and the work discouraging, but the co-operation I received from the farmers, and the courtesy with which I was treated both by them and the business men, far overbalanced all these hardships, and I would rather have been county agent in Hopkins county for two years than to have done any other work. There is real wholesome joy in helping those who need and appreciate your services. Cuas. L. Tayuor, County Agent. JACKSON, ROCKCASTLE, GARRARD, ESTILL, AND MADISON COUNTIES. Upon entering my work on August 20, 1914, I found a great field spread out before me, consisting of parts of Jackson, Rockcastle, Garrard, Estill and Madison counties. I realized there was much to he done; and the responsibility rested upon me, and I did not know who would co-operate or how I would be received by the far- mers. Being personally acquainted with Mr. Montgomery, my predecessor, and of all the work he had done in this territory, I felt my inability to continue his work and to introduce new things. After traveling over my territory one time, which took about three months, getting acquainted with the list of demonstrators and co-operators handed to me by Mr. Montgomery, my courage was strengthened and my faith increased. 380 Twenty-First Brenniat Report During my first year, ending Aug. 20, 1915, I had 56 demonstrators. I have today, Oct. 9, 75 demonstra- tors of crops. I have recorded on my mailing and in- struction list over 500 co-operators and demonstrators combined. In all my work I have never met any opposition. The people 1 have dealt with—farmers, business men, lawyers, doctors, ministers, teachers and professors— have all received me with courtesy and welcomed me into their homes. I feel I have their hearty co-opera- tion and influence in my work, to the extent of better farming and more scientific agriculture. Of course, there are many people in my territory who do not carry out the instructions given them, and the reason is, as I see it, they have not demonstrated the truths, which they have learned through scientific farming. I have at present 6 good strong Farmers’ Improve- ment Clubs. Every one of these has been the result of a demonstration or a good rousing farmers’ meeting in every community. I have introduced through these clubs pure-bred stock, such as bulls, boars, bucks and poultry. Through these clubs I have also secured in some sections crop rotation, farm book-keeping and quite a lot of drainage and more and better farm ma- chinery. I have not been able to meet all the demands or to answer all the calls in my territory. I realize that through these clubs already organized and those which J intend to organize within the next month, that a great deal of the farming spirit and enthusiasm will come. I find that where a demonstrator has actually dem- onstrated and proved to the people what could be done through scientific farming that there is no trouble to get others to do the same, either directly or indirectly. During my work as county agent I have distributed thousands of bulletins and have written thousands of letters and postal cards. And I find that in most of the homes where this literature goes they are anxious to get and read it. I have done quite a bit of work through the public schools in my territory, along the line of school fairs. These I have found to be very valuable in influencing the farming and educational spirit in the community. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 381 My 75 corn club boys from different sections of my ter- ritory of this year and last, have been boys from the rural schools. It is.through these boys that better corn growing has been brought before the older farmers. For instance, in one case six corn club boys produced their corn at a cost of 27e per bu., while their fathers’ cost them 37¢ per bu. This is only one case out of many. Out of the corn club I had one boy to win free admission to the State Fair this year, 1915. This same boy won $5 in the corn judging contest. In the spring of 1915 I organized a Pig Club con- sisting of 25 members. At our Berea Fair—which is the Madison County Fair—13 pigs were exhibited, con- testing for $25 prize money put up by the fair board. One boy of this club had so eared for his pigs that he won $10.50 cash out of the $25 offered. He also won free admission to the State Fair. It is through this Pig Club that I have been able to show to the farmers the value of raising pure-bred hogs, at a smaller cost than it requires to grow an inferior grade. The many farmers’ meetings, school fairs, farmers’ institutes, chautauquas and field meetings have been of inestimable value, recognized by the farmers themselves. Last year I was able to have an‘agricultural fair at Berea—my headquarters—which was attended by more than one thousand people. The home, garden and farm products were exhibited in abundance. This meet- ing seemed to have aroused such an interest that the farmers have demanded and called for another to be held this year, in 1915, October 30th. We have all rea- sons to believe that this one will be better than that of last year. I called Mr. Rickey, our State Poultry Agent, to my territory, and we organized a Poultry Club, consisting of over seventy members. This club exhibited at the county fair this year and won many prizes. They also exhibited at our agricultural fair. Then, through my influence, more than one thou- sand stumps have been removed from cultivatable fields and more than one hundred orchards pruned, and more than thirty sprayed; old fields have been cleaned up and put to serving their owners; more grass has been started to growing, and I have introduced cow peas, soy beans, 382 Twenty-First Brenna Report rye and Sudan grass in the mountain part of my terri- tory. I started this year a number of plots of alfalfa, which are doing well at the present time. I have also been influential in building a number of barns, cow sheds, cribs, poultry and hog houses. With what has been done it only has seemed to open up the field to greater responsibilities and greater im- provements. I am working now to the end where I can see my territory all organized into farmers’ clubs, each club having representatives, which will come to Berea, the center of my territory, and there organize a central organization—each one of these rural clubs having a phone so as to be in connection with the central organi zation. I am convinced that such an organized territory and such telephone system will bring about better rural conditions and better citizens of our Commonwealth. R. F. Spence, County Agent. JEFFERSON COUNTY. February Ist, 1914, to December 12th, 1914. DISTRIBUTION OF WORK. Demonstrators— Work was carried on with 68 demonstrators, with 237 demonstrations of all kinds having a total acreage of 4,259 acres. ° Co-operators— Work was conducted with 127 co-operators having an estimated acreage of 3,126 acres. Summary of Work— (1) 193 farmers were visited in the interest of the demonstration work from February 1st to December 12th. ig (2) 220 interviews and consultations were held at the office. aah (3) 463 visits were made to demonstrators. Bureau or AGRICULTURE. 383 (4) 12 meetings of the Crop Improvement Club were held at the Commercial Club rooms with an at- tendance of 560 persons. (5) 47 night meetings were held at school houses at various points in the county with an attendance of 2,368 persons. (6) 8 night schools were conducted with a total of 15 sessions with an attendance of 218 persons. (7) 5 field meetings were held with an attendance of 245 persons. (8) 8 out-of-county meetings with an attendance of 580 persons. (9) 23 schools were visited dozing the year, but no record of attendance was kept. (10) 908 letters were written in the interest of the demonstration work. (11) 2,552 circular letters were sent out pertaining to demonstration work. (12) 4,370 post card notices were sent to Crop Im- provement Committees. (13) 1,402 telephone consultation calls were re- ceived, which were in many instances as long as a per- sonal interview. (14) Assisted at one Farmers’ Institute, two ses- sions, with an attendance of 155 persons. (15) Assisted at two Farmers’ Chautauquas, six sessions, with an attendance of 3,000 persons. (16) Making a grand total of visits, consultations, institutes and chautauquas of all kinds, 994. (17) Making a grand total of 7,239 persons reached through the above meetings. (18) 20 articles for the county paper were written during the year. (19) Judged farm products at county fair. SumMMaRY oF DEMONSTRATIONS. (1) Corn—7 demonstrators with a total of 190 acres. (2) Alfalfa—52 demonstrators with a total of 263 acres. (3) Crimson Clover—9 demonstrators with a to- tal of 54 acres. 384 Twenty-First Brenniuat Report (4) Red Clover—5 demonstrators with a total of 167 acres. (5) Sweet Clover—16 demonstrators with a total of 540 acres. (6) Rye—29 demonstrators with a total of 643 acres. (7) Wheat—i1 demonstrators with a total of 221 acres. (8) Soy Beans—10 demonstrators with a total of 189 acres. (9) Potatoes—3 demonstrators with a total of 72 acres. (10) Rotations—5 demonstrators with a total of 1,200 acres. (11) Orchards—6 demonstrators with a total of 232 acres. (12) Lime—65 demonstrators, a total of 1,92214 tons, a total acreage of 470 acres. Ground lime rock was used. (13) Dairying—2 demonstrators with a total num- ber of 60 cows. (14) Beef Cattle (feeders)—3 demonstrators with a total of 350 head. (15) Hogs—1i2 demonstrators with balanced ra- tions with 1,200 head. (16) Woodruff’s Soil Fertility Experiment with a total of 18 acres. (17) State Fair Association Experiment Work. (a) Corn Fertilizer Experiment Work; (b) Soy Bean Variety Test; (c) Cow Peas, Lime and Fertilizer Exper- iment Work; (d) Hog Feeding Demonstration. (18) Boys’ Corn Club with an enrollment of 16 members. Hdward Gallrein won the State prize, grow- ing 144 bu. on his acre. (19) Boys’ Second Crop Potato Club with an en- rollment of 22 members. OrHER CLUBS. One Farmers’ Agricultural and Improvement Club, nainely, the Auburndale Improvement Club, was organ- ized during the year and at the present time has a mem- mership of 150 members.