in ee tit MT Ey Gr ae Cece e ee > bem Fer alge feo aaa 7 Z ig : Ea fe dre ap ara see ha ce footrest SA Se et een peste ens aime Leman SaeenGe came a Ae, ans Sis ate Beee's. Ao bene ae eoeon hse se. Dir ond » gels, ae Sete oe Seen Pen Foi athe Sse = Bes rE ies fae: aren pers Se Beste a tr Pe = eae. pe Citi Lo Sy f ne : Reet aT ae, Seiieepasseen ues: CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. ‘ornell University Libra 426.14M72 jollusca ... Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002803652 THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, INCLUDING CEYLON AND BURMA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR Inpia In COUNCIL. EDITED BY SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, S8c.D.Cantab., HON. D.Sc. Princeton,, HON, LL.D. Michigan, F.R.8. ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, HON. D.Sc. (Oxon.), F.Z.8. MOLLUSCA,.—III. LAND OPERCULATES. (CYCLOPHORID.&, TRUNCATELLIDA, ASSIMINEIDA, HELICINID/.) BY G. K. GUDE, F.ZS. LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CALCUTTA : | BOMBAY: THACKER, SPINK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED. February, 1921. FLAMMAM.” PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, PREFACE. Ves EU vey Tue Indian Molluscan Fauna has for a great.number of years attracted the attention of many collectors and zoologists, foremost among whom may be mentioned the following : Benson, Pfeiffer, Stoliczka, Nevill, Theobald, Hanley, the two Blanford brothers, Beddome—unfortunately none of these any longer with us—and Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen. The Jast named has an intimate and extensive knowledge of the Indian Mollusca, both conchological and anatomical, equalled by no man living. Of the total number of 572 species of land operculates known from India, Ceylon, and Burma, no fewer than 170 have been named and described by him, the next highest number —85—standing to the credit of Benson, while W. H. Blanford is responsible for 64, Pfeiffer following with 42, and Beddome with 25. In the largest genus—Alyceus, containing 145 known Indian species—(Godwin-Austen is credited with as many as 102. The classification adopted in the present volume is mainly that proposed by Kobelt in “ Das ‘ierreich,” Lief. 16. In the marine operculates breathing is effected by means of one or two branchiz. The terrestrial forms, however, having adopted an aérial mode of life and consequently breathing air instead of water, their respiration is carried on, as in the Pulmonata, by a lung formed from the mantle- cavity. In some genera, where the shell is completely closed by the operculum, a tube has been developed on the last whorl, near the aperture, for the purpose of admitting air intothe shell. Suchare: Alycwus, Pterocyclus, Opisthoporus, Spiraculum, and Rhiostoma, In the last genus the anterior a2 iv part of the last whorl has become detached, and the tube, which is quite free, is directed towards the penultimate whorl. As regards the circulatory system, the Indian land operculates are provided with only one auricle, and the pulmonary veins, as well as the auricle—into which they open,—are situated in front of the ventricle. In their nervous system these families, like other Strepto- neura, are characterized by the loop formed by the two visceral nerve cords being twisted over itself in the form of the figure 0. They also differ widely from the Pulmonata in their digestive and other organs. In the preparation of this volume the writer has had the advantage of the co-operation of Mr. Hugh Watson, who has kindly read through all the proofs, in the course of which he has made many valuable suggestions. To Mr. G.C. Robson, as on a former occasion, I am indebted for giving me free access to the general collection in the British Museum at South Kensington. Mr. G. C. Leman also has obligingly placed several specimens from the late Col. Beddome’s collection—now in his possession—at my disposal, while to Dr. F. Haas, of the Senckenbergisches Museum, Frankfurt a/M., 1am under obligation for procuring me photographs of the types of two species in the Méllendorff Collection. London, February, 1921. G. K. GUDE. SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page Order STREPTONEURA. Sub-order 1. TASNIOGLOSSA. Fam.1. CycLopuoripz .... 1 Subfam. 1. Cyclophorine .... 1 Sect. 1. Cyclophoree. Gen. 1. Leptopoma, Pfeifer .. 1 Subgen. 1. Leptopoma, Pfeiffer, 8 & 6.64 1. semiclausum, Pfeiffer .. 2. taprobanensis, Preston . wpe ee Subgen. 2. Trocholeptopoma, Kobelt § Méllendorff . 3. apicatum, Benson 4, aspirans, Benson ...... 3 5. elatum, Pfeiffer ...... 4 6. immaculatum, Chemutz 4 7. roepstorfianum, Nevill... 5 Gen. 2. Japonia, Gould ...... 6 Subgen. 1. Lagochilus, Blan- FONE: wise xaacex as 6 1. binoyee, Sykes ........ 6 2, daflaensis, Godwin- Austen ......000. 7 . galathese, Morch...... 7 3 4. leporina, Blanford .... 8 | 5 . malleata, Blanford .... 8 Page 6. oakesi, Godwin-Austen . 7. occulta, Sykes ........ 8. phayrei, Theobald .... 9. polynema, Mérch 10. roepstorfi, Mérch 11. scissimargo, Benson 12. sikkimensis, Godwin- Austen. cceecae, 13. tomotrema, Benson... . 14. vesea, Sykes .......... 15. warnefordiana, Nevill. . 16. wullerstorfiana, Zelebor . Gen .3. Craspedotropis, Blan- JOE i veeeriiass 1. bilirata, Beddome 2. cuspidata, Benson 8. fimbriata, Godwin- Austen ........6. 4, salemensis, Beddome .. Gen. 4, Leptopomoides, Nevil/, . conulus, Pfeiffer ...... . flammeus, Pfeiffer .... . halophilus, Benson .... . orophilus, Benson .,.. . pecilus, Pfeiffer ...... . valvatus, Mollendorff . . Oomm oboe Gen. 5. Micraulax, Theobald ., 1. coloconus, Benson .... 2. scabra, Theobald ...... 9 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Gen. 6. Ditropis, Blanford 23 1. beddomei, Blanford .. 24 2. convexa, Blanford .... 25 38. planorbis, Blanford.... 25 Gen. 7. Scabrina, Blanford 26 1. basisuleata, Martens .. 27 2. brounee, Sykes ........ 27 3. calyx, Benson ........ 28 4. hispidula, Blanford.... 29 5. inglisiana, Stoliczka.... 30 6. pinnulifera, Benson.... 30 Gen. 8. Theobaldius, Nevill .. 31 1. annulatus, Pfeiffer .... 31 var. discus, Kobelt 32 var. nilgirica, Kobelt . 82 2. bairdi, Pfeiffer........ 32 3. cadiscus, Benson ...... 3 4, cratera, Benson ...... 33 5. cytopoma, Benson .... 34 6. deplanatus, Pfeiffer.... 35 7. layardi, H. Adams.... 35 8, liliputianus, Preston .. 36 9. loxostoma, Pfeiffer... . 36 10. maculosus, Sowerby.... 37 1). nivicola, Godwin- AUSEER oe sa cca nae 37 12. oakesi, Godwin- AUBICN: 4 Sine oon 6% 38 13. orites, Nevill .......- 38 14. parapsis, Benson ...... 39 15. parma, Benson........ 39 16. phenotopicus, Benson,. 40 17. ravidus, Benson ...... 4] 18. shiplayi, Pfeiffer... ... 42 19. stenostoma, Pfeiffer .. 42 var, anguis, Hanley 5 Theobald ........ 43 20. subplicatus, Beddome.. 48 2). thwaitesi, Pfeiffer .... 44 22. tristis, Blanford ...... 44 Gen, 9. Cyclophorus, Montfort 45 Subgen. 1. Litostylus, Mobelt § Mollendorff ., 46 1. ceylanicus, Pfeiffer .... 46 . cornutus, Wobelt ...... . involvulus, Miller .... . jerdoni, Benson ...... liratula, Preston ...... . menkeanux, Philippi .. . muspratti, Grodwin- Austen § Beddome . . nagaensis, Godwin- Austen § Beddome. . nilagiricus, Benson .... . peeciloneurus, Godwin- Austen § Beddome . var. aureolabris, Nevi// . polynema, Dferffer .... 12. pyrotrema, Benson .... 13. spironema, Pfeiffer .... PUD Cri Coby “I om @M _ —_ Subgen. 2. Glossostylus, Kobelt §& Méllendorff . 14. altivagus, Benson 15. aurora, Benson........ 16. bapuensis, Godwin- Austen 17. bensons, Pfeiffer ...... var. cry ptomphaloides, NAM GUIM & cateiare gin d aise 18. charpentieri, AZowsson . var. nicobarica, Morch 19. crassalabella, Godwin- Austen: cess aac se 20. cryptomphalus, Benson. 21. cybeus, Benson. ....... 22, exul, Benson. .......4. 23. fulguratus, Pfeiffer... . var. rangunensis, Kobelt 24, fuscicolor, AUN, oicix ecerentey 25, himalayanus, Pfeiffer . . 26, indicus, Deshayes Godwin- 27. koboensis, Godwin- AURbON: te oes ian C8 28. patens, Blanford ...... 29. pearsoni, Benson ...... var, fuscicolor, Nevill. var, subalabastrum, INCU Sc icon sa eo scg 509 30. sidiensis, Godwin Austen voceeseeee 31, stenomphalus, P/iffer . 32. tryblium, Benson. ..... var. conica, Lanley § Theobald w.c...n. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Subgen. 3. Salpingophorus, Kobelt § Mollendorff. 33. Godwin- | 34. 35. aborensis, Austen ........., alabastrinus, Pfeiffer .. arthriticus, Theobald . var. fulgurans, Theo- bald... cece aurantiacus, Schumacher var. pernobilis, Gould. var. nevilli, Martens . var, reevei, Martens. . var. andersoni, Martens.......... . austenianus, Preston ., . balteatus, Benson . beddomeanus, Preston . . birmanus, Pfeiffer .... - Cucullatus, Gould .... . excellens, Pfeiffer .... . expansus, Pfeiffer .... . serratizona, Hanley & Theobald ........ . flavilabris, Benson .... . fultoni, Godwin-Austen & Beddome ...... . haughtoni, Theobald ., . khasiensis, Nevzll . malayanus, Benson .... . ophis, Hanley 51. pealianus, Nevill...... . perdix, Broderip § Sowerby... cee var. roepstorfiana, Godwin- Austen . phayrei, Theobald...... var. noetlingi, Martens . porphyreticus, Benson . speciosus, Philippi .... var. aureolabris, Nevill . sublevigatus, Blanford. var. assamensis, Neril/ theobaldianus, Benson . zebrinus, Benson var. ambigua, Martens yar. chrysolabris, 5 36. Subgen. 4. Cyclophorus, s. s., Kobe bios se oa ie. 59. affinis, Theobald var. picta, Theobald... 60. punctatus, Grateloup .. 69 88 89 89 Page 61. scurra, Benson ........ 90 var. davisoniana, Nevill 90 Subgen. 5. Cyclohelix, Mérch. 91 62. crocatus, Born........ 91 63. denselineatus, Pfeiffer... 92 64. foliaceus, Chemnitz .... 92 65. leai, Tryon .......... 93. 66. nicobaricus, Pfeiffer 93 Gen. 10. Aulopoma, Troschel.. 94 1. grande, Pfeiffer ...... 95 2. helicinum, Chemnitz .. 95 3. itieri, Guérin ........ 96 var, hoffmeisteri, Troschel......44.. 96: 4, spheroideum, Dohrn .. 97 Sect. 2. Pterocyclee. Gen. 1. Pterocyclus, Benson .. 97 1, aborensis, Godwin- Austen oo... cee, 98 2, albersi, Pfeiffer ...... 98. 3. ater, Stolicska ......., 99 4, bifrons, Pfeiffer ...... 99 5. bilabiatus, Sowerby .... 100: var. conica, Vevill.... 100: 6. brahmakundensis, Godwin-Austen.... 101 7. cetra, Benson ........ 101 8. cingalensis, Benson .... 102 9. comatus, Méllendorff .. 102 10, cumingi, Pfeifer...... 103 11. cyclophoroideus, Nevill. 103 "var. subluteola, Nevill. 104 12. feddeni, Blanford 104 13. insignis, Theobald . 105 var. planorbioides, Nevill ia cis acne vars ws 105 14, magnus, Godwin-Austen. 105 WAT ce 4 ice tis ANar ene 106 15. marion, Preston...... 106 16. miriensis, Godwin- USE. sna egagiie’ 107 17. nanus, Benson ........ 107 var. applanata, Nevill. 108 var. reflexilabris, Nevill sxe eave 108 18. parvus, Pearson ...... 108 var. assamensis, Hanley § Theobald . 109 Vili SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page 19, pseudocumingi, Méllen- GOVT sia crs wees 109 20. pullatus, Benson ...... 109 2]. rupestris, Benson .... 110 var. puriensis, Nevill . 111 22. spiramentum, Godwin- Austen oo. ceesees j11 23. troscheli, Benson ...... 111 Gen. 2. Pearsonia, Kobelt .... 112 Subgen. 1. Pearsonia, s. s., Kobelt iia wean 112 1, andersoni, Blanford 112 2, assamensis, Fulton ....°118 3. avana, Blanford ...... 114 4, beddomei, Blanford 115 5. bhamoensis, 7heobald.. 116 6. bitubifera, Theobald .. 117 7. hispida, Pearson ...... 118 8. kempi, Godwin-Austen . 119 9. luyorensis, Godwin- AUBLEN: iwi ena dacs 119 10. mastersi, Hanley & Theobald ........ 120 11. minima, Godwin- Austen .......005 121 12. nayaensis, Godwin- Austen § Beddome 122 13. 14. 15. nevilli, Godwin-Austen. 122 123 oakesi, Godwin-Austen . 124 plana, Godwin- Austen . 124 16. putaoensis, Godwin- Austen... 06... us 125 17. simplex, Nevill........ 125 18. travancorica, Blanford.. 126 Subgen. 2. Pseudospiraculum, Kobelt........4. 126 19. fairbanki, Blanford..., 127 Gen. 3. Rhiostoma, Benson.... 127 1. haughtoni, Benson ..., 128 2. strubelli, Méllendorff .. 129 Sect. 3. Cyclotee .......... 129 Gen. 1. Cyclotus, Swainson 129 Subgen. 1. Siphonocyclus, Mollendorf’ .... 130 1. gordoni, Benson ...... 130 Sect. 4. Cyathopomatee . Subgen. 1. Cyathopoma, Page . 1380 Gen. 1. Cyathopoma, Blanford 130 Blanford,s.s. .. 181 1, album, Beddome ...... 131 2. artatum, Sykes........ 182 3. atrosetosum, Beddome . 132 4, beddomeanum, Nevill... 183 5. coonoorense, Blanford . 133 6. deccanense, Blanford .. 134 7. tilocinctum, Benson.... 135 8. kalryenense, Blanford.. 135 9. kolamulliense, Blan- FOPD: 5. 05596 6 os 88.88 136 10. latilabre, Beddome .... 187 11. leptomita, Sykes ...... 138 12. mari, Jousseaumne .... 138 18. ovatum, Beddome . 139 14. peilei, Preston ........ 140 15. prestoni, Sykes ...... 140 16. shevaroyanum, Bed- OME: esac ee eX 141 17. sivagherrianum, Bed- GOME .oerveecunee 142 18. travancoricum, Bed- DOME os 358 60 tk 8 142 19. vitreum, Beddome .... 148 20. wynaadense, Rlanford 144 Subgen. 2. Jerdunia, Blanford 144 21. anamullayanum, Beddome ........ 144 22. ceylanicum, Beddome .. 145 23. colletti, Sykes ........ 146 24. conoideum, Sykes...... 146 25. elatum, Beddome'...... 146 26. imperforatum, Nevill .. 147 27. innocens, Sykes ....,. 147 28, malabaricum, Blanford 148 29. natalicium, Godwin- Austen ........., 149 30. nitidum, Beddome 149 81. ogdenianum, Preston .. 150 32. perconoideum, Preston 150 38. procerum, Blanford.... 150 34, serendibense, Preston .. 151 35. tignarium, Benson .... 151 36. trochlea, Benson ...... 152 37. turbinatum, Sykes .... 38. uvaense, Preston SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 1x Page Subgen. 3, Pseudojerdonia, Kobelt .....44. 153 39. garoense, Gudwin- Austen ......4.5. 153 40. jawaiense, Godwin- Austen .......00. 154 41. nevilli, Godwin- Austen ..csecesee 154 Gen. 2. Mychopoma, Blanford 155 1. hirsutum, Blanford .... 155 2. limbiferum, Blanford .. 156 3. seticinctum, Beddome .. 157 Subfam. 2. Pupinine ........ 158 Sect. 1. Pupinellee ........ 158 Gen. 1. Pseudoponiatias, Mollendorff ...... 168 l. grandis, Godwin- Austen .......... 158 2. himalaye, Benson 159 3. luyorensis, Godwin- Austen .......... 159 . peguensis, Theobald.... 160 . pleurophorus, Benson. . . siyomensis, Godwin- Austen Ot Gen. 2. Nodopomatias, Gude .. 161 1. oakesi, Godwin-Austen 161 2. sibbumensis, Godwin- Austen ve. ceseeee 162 Gen. 3. Rhaphaulus, Pfeiffer .. 162 1. aborensis, Godwin- AUSTEN 5 ii. cco artic ce 163 2, assamicus, G'odwin- Austen oo cceccaee 163 8. blanfordi, Benson...... 164 var. intubus, Godwin- Austen ........6. 165 var. tubulus, Godwin- Austen ....6..00, 165 var. tortuosa, Godwin- Austen oo ccc eaes 165 4, chrysalis, Pfeiffer...... 165 5. luyorensis, Godwin- Austen .....ee0e 166 Page 6. miriensis, Godwin- Austen . ..cssaee 167 7. oakesi, Godwin-Austen . 167 8. pachysiphon, Theobald § Stoliczka ws... cee 167 9. shimangensis, Godwin- Austen vi veeceeee 168 10, yamneyensis, Godwin- AUsten veccssvnes 168 Gen. 4. Schistoloma, Kobelt .. 168 1, funiculatum, Sowerby .. 169 2. pauperculum, Sowerby 170 3. sectilabrum, Gould .... 170 4. tanychilum, Godwin- Austen wiecvicveee 171 Gen. 5. Tortulosa, Gray ...... 172 Subgen. 1. Eucataulus, Kobelt 172 1. albescens, Blanford.... 172 2. aurea, Pfeiffer ........ 173 3. austeniana, Benson .... 174 4. blanfordi, Dohrn....... 174 5, caleadensis, Blanford .. 175 6. colletti, Sykes ........ 176 7. congener, Sykes ...... 177 8. convectens, Fulton .... 177 9. costulata, Blanford .... 177 10. cumingi, Pfeifer ...... 178 11. decora, Bensun........ 179 12. duplicata, Pfeifer 179 13. eurytrema, Pfeiffer .... 180 14. greeni, Sykes ........ 180 var. robusta, Fulton .. 181 15. hemastoma, Pfeiffer .. 181 16. layardi, Pfeiffer 17. marginata, Pfeiffer .... 183 var. crenulata, Fulton. 183 var, notata, Sykes .... 183 18. nevilli, Sykes ........ 184 var. flaveola, Fulton.. 184 19. nietneri, Nevill........ 184 var, caperata, Collett . 185 var. unicolor, Collett . 185 20. prestoni, Sykes........ 185 21. pyramidata, Pfeiffer 186 22. vecurvata, Pfeiffer .... 186 23. rugosa, Fulton........ 187 24, smithi, Sykes ........ 187 25. sykesi, Fulton ........ 188 26. templemani, Pfeiffer 188 27. thwaitesi, Pfeiffer 189 x SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Subgen. 2. Tortulosa,Gray,s.s. 189 28. tortulosa, Chemnitz .... 190 Gen. 6. Pollicaria, Gould .... 190 1. gravida, Benson ...... 191 Sect..2. Pupine@ .......... 192 Gen. 1. Pupina, Vignard ...... 192 Subgen. 1. Tylotoechus, Kobelt § Méllendorff. 193 1, artata, Benson ........ 193 2. arula, Benson ........ 193 3. blanfordi, Theobald,... 194 4, hungerfordiana, Nev? . 194 5. imbricifera, Benson, ,.. 195 6. limitanea, Godwin- Austen viccscvees 196 7. nicobarica, Pfeiffer .... 196 8. peguensis, Benson .... 197 9. tongupensis, Godwin- AUBLEINS cre ove sass agit 197 Subfam. 3. Alyceine ........ 198 Gen. 1. Dioryx, Benson ...... 198 1. amphora, Benson...... 198 2. feddenianus, 7eobald . 199 3. globulosus, Godwin- Austen .......0., 200 4, labrirubidum, Godwin- AUSTEN. 6. ceca 200 5. pingoungensis, Godwin- AUBEER oc sas concen 200 6. urceolus, Godwin- AAUSLER occ en ecns 201 7. urnula, Benson ........ 201 var. globosa, Godwin- Austen .......... 202 var. anghamiensis, Godwin-Austen.... 202 var. daflaensis, Godwin- Austen .......... 203 var, pisum, Godwin- AUBEEN. vie spe tas 208 8. varius, Godwin-Austen . 204 Gen. 2, Alyceus, Gray ...... 204 Subgen, 1. Alycaus, Gray, s.s. 204 1. anonymus, Godwin- Austen visi seean 205 to Page . barowliensis, Godwin- Austen wicccccses 205 . beddomei, Godwin- Austen oo. csceeee 205 . blanfordi, Godwin- Austen .icseseees 206 . burti, Godwin-Austen .. 206 var. yetaiensis, Godwin- Austen ....- 166. 207 . chanjukensis, Godwin- Austen .......4, 207 . conicus, Godwin- Austen ..cscseee 208 var, nana, Godwin- Austen viecicseee 208 . dikrangensis, Godwin- Austen oo. .ccveee 209 . kamakiaensis, Godwin- Austen ....se.eee 209 10. levis, Godwin-Austen .. 209 11, logtakensis, Godwin- Austen .......eee 216 12. lohitensis, Godwin- Austen .o.cceeee 210 . Magnus, Godwin-Austen, 210 14. margarita, Theobald .. 211 15. mundulus, Godwin- BURER Bone ved cays 212 16. nattoungensis, Godwin- Austen ......05.. 212 17. nowgongensis, Godwin- Austen .......... 213 18. oglei, Godwin-Austen .. 213 19. panggianus, Godwin- Austen oo... .e eee 213 20. perplexus, Godwin- Austen ......64, 214 21. politus, Blanford...... 214 22. pusillus, Godwin- AUER iii ccvas 215 23. pyramidalis, Benson .. 216 24, reinhardti, Mérch .... 216 . rotundatus, Godwin- Austen wisseseuen 217 » rubinus, Godwin- Austen ......4,.. 21 . sculpturus, Godwin- Austen oo... 218 . serratus, Godwin- Austen .icceeeeae 219 . Sibbumensis, Godwin- Austen vocccecces 219 . sylheticus, Godtwin- AUSCEN amine caves 220 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page 31. vesica, Godwin-Austen . 220 32. vestitus, Blanford .... 220 var. akyabeusis, Godwin-Austen ..,. 221 33. vuleani, Blanford 221 34. yamneyensis, Godwin- AUSEON isaac van B22 Subgen. 2. Chamalyczeus,Kobelt § Méllendor ff 223 35. aborensis, Godwin-Austen 228 36. andamaniz, Benson.... 223 37. bhutanensis, Godwin- Austen .......6.- 224 38. brahma, Gudwin-Austen. 224 39. busbyi, Godwin-Austen , 225 40. canaliculus, Godwin- Austen .. .....0, 225 41. davisi, Godwin-Austen . 226 42, distinctus, Godwin- AUBEN, dagicies wees 226 43. edei, Godwin-Austen .. 227 44. inflatus, Godwin-Austen. 227 45. inerami, Blanford . .. 228 46. macgregori, Godwin- AUSLEN oo ccnenes 229 47. montanus, Nevill ...... 229 48. nagaensis, Godwin- Austen ........0. 230 49. nitidus, Blanford...... 230 50. omissus, Godwin- Austen ....ceeun. 231 51. physis, Benson ........ 231 52. sandowayensis, Godwin- Austen .scccceeee 232 53..sculptilia, Benson. ..... 233 54. stoliczkai, Godwin- #3 Aiisten .aasivsaes 233 55. strigatus, Godwin- ASTON: 6. sia ee ues,» 234 56. subinHatus, Godwin- Austen .....0. eee 235 57. umbonalis, Benson .... 235 Subgen. 3. Dicharax, Kobelt § Mollendorff ...... 236 58. armillatus, Benson .... 23) 59. asaluensis, Godwin- Austen ....-.06.. 237 60. ataranensis, Godwin- TAUSEON. a ices S58 i 237 Gl. ave, Blanford ........ 238 62. bicrenatus, Giodiwin- AUsten awaass vise 238 63. 64. 66. Xi Page bifrons, Theobald ...... 239 biregosus, Godwin- Austen ois... .0e . 239 var. minor, Gudwin- Austen .o.ceec.e. 240: chennelli, Godwin- Austen oo... cess 240 crenatus,Godwin-Austen. 241 67. crenulatus, Benson .,.. 242 68. crispatus, Godwin- Austen oo... ..ee 242 var. makarsee, Godivin- Austen ...csesees 248. var. minima, Godwin- Austen ......000s 245 var, rvwukensis, Godwin-Austen ..,, 244 69. cucullatus, Theobald 244 70. daflaeusis, Godwin- austen vi... 0.0. 245 71. dalingensis, Go win- Austen ........4. 246 72. damsangensis, Godwin- Austen ssa cee gets 246 73, diagonius, Godwin- URE OR citer aes 247 74, digitatus, Blanford .... 248 75. dohertyi. Godwin- Austen .......00, 248 76. duorugosus, Godwin- Austen voc eecvees 249 77. expatriatus, Blunford .. 249 78. footei, Blanford ...... 25) 79. gemma, Godwin- Austen. 252 80. genmmula, Benson . 252 81. glaber, Blanford ...... 263 82. globulus, Godwin-Austen. 254 83. habiangensis, Godwin- Austen ......00e, 254 &4. hebes, Benson ........ 255 85. humilis, Blanford .... 255 86, jaintiacus, Godwin- : AUSEN: can wan dint 256 var. crassa, Godwin- Austen ......... 256 87. khasiacus, Godwin- Austen .......... 257 88. kezamaensis, Godwin- AMSEC srsyets sae tate 258. 89. kurzianus, Theobald 258 90. lectus, Gocdwin-Austen . 259 91. lenticulus, Godwin- Austen oo. 0.00. 259 92. multirugosus, Godwin- Austen: cssanendes 260- xi Page 93. mutatus,Godwin-Austen. 260 94. neglectus, Godwin- Austen ...... wees 261 95. nougtungensis, Godwin- AUN ov cid sae: 261 96. notatus, Godwin-Austen, 262 97. notus, (odwin- Austen . 262 98. obscurus, Grodwin- Austen oo. .ceceee 263 99. ochraceus, Godwin- AUBIN: since ciew oe. 263 100. pachitaensis, Godwin- Austen .o.ce.eee. 264 101. peilei, Preston ........ 264 J02. plectochilus, Benson .. 264 103. polygonoma, Blanford . 265 104. prosectus, Benson . 266 105. rechilaensis, Godwin- Austen .oc.c...e. 267 106, richthoteni, Blanford .. 268 107. rugosus, Godwin- Austen coc.ece ee 268 108. strangulatus, Pfeiffer .. 269 109. stylifer, Benson ...... 269 110. subculmen, Godzwin- AUBLON: 5 hacen 270 111. subhumilis, Méllendorff. 271 | 112. succineus, Blanford.... 271 | 113. terisensis, Godwin- Austen oo. ceeeees 272 114, theobaldi, Blanford..., 272 var. solida, Godwin- Austen ......600, 273 vay, diyungensis, Godwin-Austen.... 274 115. toruputuensis, Godwin- BA USTEN) e.g one hace 274 116. woodthorpei, Godwin- A USEC: paige were nes 275 Subgen. 4. Cycloryx, Godwin- AUSTEN: Siig oa sa ores 275 117. bembex, Benson ...... 275 118. burrailensis, Godwin- Austen oi. ccccees 276 119. burroiensis, Gudiein- Austen ..cceccees OE 120. constrictus, Benson .... 277 121. costatus, Godwin- Austen oo... ccc 278 122. difficilis, Godwin- AAUBECH Cece eenes 278 123. elegans, Godwin- Austen... cine 279 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 124. generosus, Gudwin- AUsten .eccereeee 279 125, granum, Godwin-Austen. 279 126. graphiarins, Godwin- Austen vocccvcces 280 127. graphicus, Blanford 280 var, dihingensis, God- win-Austen ...64. 281 var.variabilis, Godwin- Austen .....65 .. 281 128. khunhoensis, Grodrrin- AUSTEN Coo eens 282 129. mangutensis, Godwin- Austen cer ceceeee 282 180. multicostatus, Godwin- AUSLEN srisecsae es 282 131. otiphorus, Benson 283 132. paucicostatus, Godwin- Austen oo... ..eee 283 133. spratti, Godwin-Austen . 284 184. summus, Godwin-Austen 284 135. tenellus, Godwin-Austen 285 136. thompsoni, Godwin- Austen .......55. 285 Subgen. 5. Raptomphalus, Godwin- Austen. ... 285 137, akhaensis, Godwin-Austen 286 138. commutatus, Godwin- AUsEN. o rxcuewees 286 139, duoculmen, Godwin- PAUSE. 5 ie siting 286 140. kentungensis, Godwin- Austen .......04. 287 141. lahupaensis, Goudwin- AUslen, wssseewe Svat 287 142, luyorensis, Godwin- Austen vi...... .. 288 143, magnificus, Godwin- BMUSLOU: ocean oa 288 144. muspratti,@odwin-Austen 289 145. oakesi, Godwin-Austen . 289 Subfam. 4. Diplommatine .. . 289 Gen. 1. Nicida, Blanford 289 . anamullayana, Beddome. 290 2. catathymia, Sykes .... 290 3. ceylunica, Beddume.... 291 4. delectabilis, Preston 291 5. fairbanki, Blanford.... 291 G. kingiana, Blanford .... 292 7. lankaensis, Preston .... 292 8. liricincta, Blanford .... 298 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, xiil Page Page 9. nilgirica, Blanford .... 298 30. henzadaensis, G'odwin- 10. nitidula, Blanford .... 294 Austen wee. e.ee. 318 ll. pedronis, Beddome .... 294 31. homei, Godwin-Austen . 318 12. prestoni, Sykes........ 295 32. huttoui, Pfeffer ...... 319 18. pulneyana, Blanford ., 295 33, jaintiaca, (rudwin- Austen 320 14. subovata, Beddome.,.. 295 34. jatingana,Godwin-Austen 320 35. labiosa, Blanford...... 821 Gen. 2, Opisthostoma, Blan- 36. levigata, Godwin-Austen 322 JORG, estes cia emnee a 3383 296 37. minima, Beddume .... 823 : ipurensis : 1. deccanense, Beddome .. 296 fae a ee ee 323 2. disturtum, Beddome.... 297 39. nana, Blanford........ 304 3. fairbanki, Blanford.... 298 40. nicobarica, Godwin- 4, macrostoma, Blanford, . 299 SAbisteV. x hc os _ 324 6. nilgiricum, Blanford .. 300 var. _ battemalvensis, Godwin- Austen .. 325 Gen. 3. Diplomumiatina, Benson . 301 41. oligopl-uris, Blunford.. 325 : , : 42. ovifurmis, Fudton...... 826 Subgen: 1. pa eae 3 43. pachychilus, Benson .. 327 bois ELUNE 8 sis O1 44. parvula, Godwin-Austen 327 1. acutula, Godwin-Austen 301 45. polypleuris, Benson.... 328 2, affinis, Theobald ...... 302 46. pullula, Benson ...... 328 3. ambigua, Godwin-Austen 302 47. pupeeformis, Theobald .. 329 4, angulata, Theobald & 48. puppensis, Blanford .. 329 Stolicztha .....-.. 302 49, regularis, Fulton ...... 330 5. austeni, Blanford...... 303 50. richthofeni, Theobald § 6. blanfordiana, Benson .. 304 | Stoliczka 1. 10... 331 7. burti, Godwin-Austen.. 305 51, saltuensis, Godwin- 8. butleri, Godwin-Austen . 305 | Austen voccccese. 331 9. chennelli, Godwin- | 52. salwiniana, Vheobuld .. 332 AUSEON occ ews 306 | 53. scalaria, Blanford .... 332 10. comimutata, Godwin- 54. scalaroidea, Theobald ., 333 Austen oicceeeeee 306 | 55. semiscnlpta, Blenford.. 333 11. convoluta, Godwin- 56. sherfaiensis, Godwin- AUStON coc cceenns 307 Austen ......000, 3834 12. costulata, Benson,..... 307 | 57. silyicola, Godwin- Austen 235 13. crispata, Stoliczeka .... 308 58. sperata, Blanfird .... 335 14. daflaensis, Godwin- 59. succinea, Godwin-Austen 336 AUSLEN Li cccceee 809 | 60. theobaldi, Godwin- 15. decorosa,Godwin-Austen 309 | Austen ee 336 16. depressa,Godwin-Austen 310 | 61. tumida, Gudwin-Austen, 837 17. diplocbilus, Benson... . 311 yar. abdita, Gude sind ODE 18, domuncula, Godzwin- : var. laisenensis, Gude. 338 Austen .....icaee all | 62. ungulata, Blanford.... 338 19. edentula, Godwin-Austen 312 | 63, venustula, Godwin- 20. elongata,Godwin- Austen 312 | Austen ...ce cece 339 21. exilis, Blanford ...... 313 | ; A 22. exserta, Godwin~Austen. 314 | Subgen. 2. Metadiancta, Mol- 23. fallax, Preston ........ 314 | lendorff ........ 339 24. folliculus, Pfeiffer .... 314 | : 25. frumentum, Preston.... 315 64. compacta, Godwin-Austen 340 26. earoensis, Godwin-Austen 315 65. distincta, Godwin-Austen 340 27, gibberosa, Godwin- Austen 316 66. dohertyi, Godwin- Austen 341 28. gibbosa, Blanford .... 316 67. japvoensis, Godwin- 29. godwini, Méllendorff .. 317 AUSLON aca see e8 341 Xiv Page 68. khunhoensis, Godwin- Austen vivcesiees 341 var. minor, Godwin- AUsten: sia seas 342 69. lapillus, Godwin-Austen. 342 70. miriensis,@udwin- Austen 342 71. mucronata, Godwin- Austen ...ccccee. 343 72. nengloensis, Godtwin- Austen wicecceaes 348 73. perobesa, Preston...... 343 74. thomsoni, Godwin-Austen 344 Subgen. 3. Sinica, Méllendorff . 344 75. animula, Godwin-Austen 345 76. canarica, Beddome .... 345 77. carneola, Stoliczha .... 346 78. delicata, Godwin-Austen 346 79. gracilis, Beddome .... 347 80. subrubclla, Godwin- Austen 81. subtilis, Godwin-Austen. 348 2. unicrenata, Godwin- Austen Gen. 4. Gastroptychia, Kobelt § Mollendorff........ 349 1. insignis, Godwin-Austen 349 Gen. 5. Clostophis, Benson. ... 350 1. sunkeyi, Benson ...... 350 Gen. 6. Otopoma, Gray ...... 351 1. hinduorum, Blanford .. 351 Gen. 7, Cyclotopsis, Blanford.. 352 1. montana, Pfeiffer .... 352 2. semistriata, Sowerby .. 353 3. spurca, Grateloup . 858 4. subdiscoidea, Sowerby... 354 5. trailli, Pfeffer ........ 355 Gen. 8. Omphalotropis, Pfeiffer. . 355 1. andersoni, Blanford .. 356 2. aurantiaca, Deshayes .. 356 3. brevis, Godwin-Austen . 357 4, distermina, Benson .... 367 5, sordida, Frauenfeld.... 358 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page Gen. 9. Realia, Gray ........ 368 1. decussata, Blanford.... 358 2. pallida, Blanford...... 359 Fam, 2, TruncATELLIDE .... 360 Gen. 1. Truncatella, Risso.... 360 1. ceylanica, Pfeiffer .... 360 Fam. 3. ASSIMINEIDE ...... 361 Gen. 1. Acmelia, Blanford,... 361 1. hyalina, Theobald & Stoliceka... ce... ee 361 2. mellilla, Gudwin-Austen 361 3. milium, Benson ...... 362 4. moreletiana, Nevill .... 362 5. roepstortiana, Nevild 362 6. tersa, Benson ........ 363 Sub-order 2. RHIPIDOGLOSSA. Fam. 1, HeLiciniIp#........ Gen. 1. Helicina, Lamarck.... 364 Subgen. 1. Sulfurina, Médlen- LONE seca seen 364 1. behniana, Pfeiffer .... 364 2. bensoni, Wayner...... 365 3. zelebori, Pfeffer ...... 365 yar,amphibola, Wagner 366 Subgen. 2. Aphanoconia, Wagner. ...... 366 4, andamanica, Benson .. 366 5. arakanensis, Blanford .. 367 6, dunkeri, Zelebor ...... 368 7. gratulata, Sowerby ..., 368 8. merguiensis, Pfeiffer .. 368 9. nicobarica, Pfeiffer .... 369 10. rogersi, Bourne ...... 369 11. scrupulum, Benson .... 370 Family CYCLOPHORIDZ. Subfamily CYCLOPHORIN A. Genus LEPTOPOMA, Pfeiffer. Leptopoma, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 108; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 101; Adams, Genera Recent Moll. ii, 1855, p. 281; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860, p. 487; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 127; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 743; Sarasin, Land-Moll. Celebes, 1899, p. 15; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 4. Trex, Cyclostoma vitrea, Lesson. Range. Southern Asia, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea, Melanesia. Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose-turbinate or conical, thin, often translucent. Peristome simple—occasionally double— generally reflexed, sometimes straight, usually interrupted on the penultimate whorl, but somtimes connected by a thin callus. Operculum membranaceous, closely whorled, flat. Subgenus LEPTOPOMA, Pfeiffer (s. s.). Leptopoma (as subgenus), Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16,1902, p. 4. Trpn, Cyclostoma vitrea, Lesson. Range. Ceylon, Malaysia, Formosa, New Guinea, Melanesia. Shell conical or globose-turbinate, thin, generally with brown bands on a white ground. Only two species are known from Ceylon, none from the Indian Peninsula. 1. Leptopoma semiclausum, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma semiclausum (Leptopoma), Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 302. Leptopoma semiclausum, Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p- 70; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 6, fig. 35 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, fig. 2; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum., Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 281; Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p.26; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1902, p. 446, pl. 55, fig. 9. Leptopoma (Leptopoma) semiclausum, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1897, p. 79; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 7; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 14. Original description :—*C. testa perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, striis obliquis et spiralibus minute decussata, albida, B 2 CYCLOPHORID&. flammis latis angulosis fusco-viridibus et fasciis inframedianis nonnullis saturatioribus picta; spira elata, turbinata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexis, rapide accrescentibus; apertura obliqua, fere circulari; perist. duplice: interno expansiusculo, incumbente, externo rectangule patente, ad perforationem reflexo, eam fere claudente.—Opere. virenti-fulvum. “ Diam. maj. 18, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab, Ceylon (Thwattes, H. Nevill). 2. Leptopoma taprobanensis, Preston. Leptopoma taprobanensis, Prestoa, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 187, pl. 22, fig. 4. Original description :—“ Shell pyramidal, white, painted with broad reddish brown flame markings; whorls 43, convex, the apical whorls uniformly reddish brown, smooth, the remuinder sculptured throughout with spiral lire ; sutures deeply impressed; base of shell convex; umbilicus moderately broad; peristome continuous, single, reflexed, white; aperture circular. “ Alt. 65; diam. major 6°25; aperture alt. 2°5, diam. 2-5 mm.” (Preston.) Hab, Ceylon. Subgenus TROCHOLEPTOPOMA, Kobelt g- Méllendorff. Trocholeptopoma, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 80; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 8; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 17. Typn, Cyclostoma helicoides, Grateloup. Range. Burma, Andamans, Ceylon, Farther India, Malaysia, New Guinea. Shell more or less trochoid-turbinate, generally with distinct spiral sculpture, frequently variegated ; last whorl compressed, angulated, or keeled. 3. Leptopoma apicatum, Benson. Leptopoma apicatum, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p- 95; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 73; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 6, fig. 883; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876, pl. 142, fig.1; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 281; Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 27. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) apicatum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 80; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 8; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 18; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1902, p, 446, pl. 55, fig. 10. Original description :— Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso- conica, tenui, oblique striatula, sublente spiraliter confertim striata, albida, interdum flammulis et fascia unica infra peri- LEPTOPOMA. 3 pheriam angulatam ornata, sutura profunda ; spira conica, apice saturate castaneo-nigrescente, acutiusculo; anfractibus 44 con- vexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtuse angulato; apertura obliqua, rotundata; peristomate duplici, interiori expansiusculo marginibus callo junctis, exteriori breviter expanso; margine columellari reflexo perforationem fere occultante. “ Diam. major 102, min. 9, axis 9 mill.” Hab. Ceylon (£. Layard, H. Nevill). This Leptopoma may be distinguished from any of the varieties of L, vitrewm by its angular periphery, dark apex, more convex whorls, deeper suture, double peristome and parietal callus, as well as by the reflexion of the columellar lip over the perforation, and of the narrow lip above it. It is deficient also in the angular projection observable on the lower part of the same lip in that species.” (Benson.) 4. Leptopoma aspirans, Benson. Leptopoma asptrans, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 229; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 72; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 4, fig. 18; Blanford, J.A.S. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 144; xxxiv, 1865, p. 97; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, fig. 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 280*, var. major; Mollendorff, J. A.S. B. ly, 1886, p. 809 ; id., P. Z.S. 1891], p. 341. Leptopoma ( Trocholeptopoma) aspirans, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 80; id., Cat. Pneum. oe 8; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 19; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1906, p. 465, pl. 57, figs. 17, 18. Original description :—‘* Testa perforata, globoso-conica, acumi- nata, tenui, translucente, oblique et spiraliter exilissime striata, lineis elevatis 6 spiralibus, squidistantibus, superne munita, albido-cornea, fasciis fuscis \el strigis angulatis castaneis ornata ; spira acuminato-conica, sutura impressa, apice acutiusculo ; an- fractibus 53 convexis, ultimo ad peripheriam carinato, subtus leviori; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, peristomate tenui, hori- zontaliter breviter patente, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari leviter emarginato, operculo ut in genere. “Diam. major 11, minor 9, alt. 12 mill., apert. 6} mill. longa.” Hab. Burma: Tenasserim Valley (Theobald); Tongoop, Arakan (Ingram); Arakan Hills (Blanford, Kurz); Bassein, Pegu ; Long Island, Bassein River (Blanford). India: Khasi Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). Perak: Bukit Pondong (Townsend, Hungerford). as ae it most nearly approaches LZ. vitrewm, Qu., but has a more acuminate spire. Its sculpture has greater resemblance to that of the more globose and depressed Bornean species, L. seri- catum, Pfr. The smaller specimens have a more conical and trochiform appearance than the larger ones.” vey B: 4 5. CYCLOPHORIDA. Leptopoma elatum, Pfeiffer. Leptopoma elatum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 146 (nom. nud.); id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 8&2; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 117; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, pry Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. ], fig. 3; . Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 142, fig. 2; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 281 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 281; Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 26. Cyclostoma elatum, Pfeitter, P.Z. 8. 1852, p. 159; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 18533, p. 246, pl. 32, figs. 16, 17. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) elatum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 80; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 8; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 22. ; Original description:—‘ C. testa umbilicata, conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, lineis spiralibus, distantibus, elevatis sublente munita, vix diaphana, albida; spira conica, acutiuseula; anfr. 54 parum convexis, ultimo convexiore, subacute carinato, basi con- fertius reticulato; umbilico angustissimo non pervio; apertura diagonali, truncato-ovali; perist. simplice, marginibus distantibus, equilatis, angulatim patentibus, columellari subangustato.—Operc.? “ Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, alt. 103 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Mus. Cum.; H. Nevill). 6. Leptopoma immaculatum, Chemnitz. Turbo immaculatus, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, pp. 2, 57, pl. 128, fig. 1063, Cyclostoma immaculatum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1846, p- 22, pl. 3, fig. 7; pl. 4, fig. 7; pl. 7, figs. 23, 24; pl. 16, fig. 9. Leptopoma immaculatum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv. 1847, p. 108; Gray, Cat. Cyclophoridz, 1850, p. 26; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, 1852, p. 105; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 74; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 281; Mirch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 389; id., op. cit. xxiv, 1876, p. 861; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. xxiv, 1877, p. 48; Kobelt in Semper, Reisen Philipp. Teil 2, iv, part 2, 1886, p. 49, pl. 7, figs. 3-5; Godwin-Austen, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 452. eS (Dermatocera ?) immaculatum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 281. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) immaculatum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 81; id. Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 9; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 24. Turbo levis, Wood, Index Test. Suppl. 1828, p. 18, pl. 6, fig. 5. Cyclustomu leve, Wood, Index Test. Suppl. 1828, p. 36; Sowerby Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 63; id.. Thes, Conch. i, 1843, p. 133, pl. 29, figs, 220-222; Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 1848) p. 57, pl. 14, fig. 8. 7 : Cyclostoma maculata, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. vi, 1838 p. 68, pl. 23, fig. 87. : Leptopoma maculatum, Hidalgo, Journ. Conchyl. xxxvi, 1888, p. 88, ae edits (Trocholeptopoma) maculatum, Méllendorff, Abh. : - : oe . t f, es, Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 169; id., reprint, p. 144, ahi LEPIOPOMA. 5 Cyclostoma maculosa, Souleyet, Revue Zool. iv, 1842, p. 101; co & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, ii, 1852, p. 539, pl. 30, figs, 38- Dermatocera maculosa, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 282; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 78. Cyclostoma azaclanum, Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. 4, 1850, p. 254. “T. perforata, globoso-conica, tenuis, concentrice confertissime lineata, diaphana, albida, sepe castaneo punctata et strigato- maculata; spira conica, acuta; anfr. 53 convexi, ultimus superne carinis nonnullis obsoletis, ad peripheriam carina 1 validiore munitis, basi convexus; apertura vix obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. tenue, undique late expansum, marginibus disjunctis, columellari medio dilatato. umbilicum angustissimum, haud pervium non occultante.—Opere. normale.—Diam. maj.17, min. 14, alt. 12 mill. Ap. intus 9 mill. longa.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Kachal, Nicobars. Philippines. 7. Leptopoma roepstorfianum, Wevill. Leptopoma roepstorfianum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 280 ; Godwin- Austen, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 452. Leptopoma (Trocholeptopoma) roepstorfianum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 81; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 9; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 29. Original description :—“ Like L. aspirans, but more globose and swollen; apparently smooth and polished, but under the lens Fig. 1.—Leptopoma roepstorfianwm. (X 2.) closely spirally somewhat absolutely [? obsoletely] striated ; um- bilicus less open: aperture more effused, margin at base sub- angulate, not rounded, either uniformly white or beautifully marked—‘ zebra-like.’” (Wevill.) ; Hab. Andaman Islands (de Roepstorf); Port Blair (Godwin- Austen). In “adition to the type Nevill indicates, 7.c. p. 281, “ var. nicobarica, Martens,” but he gives no description, and I have been unable to trace the name in any of von Martens’ articles. : Presumably this form is from the Nicobar group, but Nevill does not state this. Kobelt in ‘Das Tierreich’ indicates the Nicobars for the species, probably on the strength of the name. 6 OYOLOPHORIDZ. Godwin-Austen (1. c.) states that he found in Nevill’s MS. copy ef the ‘Hand List’ the varieties gigantea and «albida—no description of either is given —the former from Port Blair and the latter from the same locality as well as from the ‘“ Brothers.” The species is now illustrated for the first time from a specimen in the British Museum. Genus JAPONIA, Gould. Japonia, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi, 1859, p. 426 Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 34. Typu, (1st species) Cyclostoma barbata, Gould (non C. barbatum, Pfeiffer). Range. South China, Japan, Southern Asia, Malaysia, Philip- pines, New Guinea, New Hebrides, Fiji Islands, New Zealand. Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, turbinate, spirally striated, covered with a brownish periostracum, in young specimens fre- quently hairy; peristome thickened, provided at the suture with a more or less distinct notch. Operculum flat, thin, many-whorled. Animal similar to that of Cyclophorus, but the foot furnished with a slime-pore above. Radula as in Cyclophorus. Subgenus LAGOCHILUS, Blanford (em.). Lagocheilus, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 452. Lagochilus, s, str., Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 82; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 10 (as subgenus of Lagochilus); Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 35 (as subgenus of Japonia). Typr, Cyclophorus scissimargo, Benson. Range. From India to the Philippines. Original description :—‘ Testa anguste umbilicata, turbinato- conica, parva, spiraliter lirata, epidermide fusca (in exemplis junioribus spe hispidula) induta. Peristoma incrassatum, superne ad angulam rima transverse breviter incisum. Oper- culum planum, tenue, albidum.” 8. Japonia binoyex, Sykes. Cyclophorus binoye, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 29, pl. 2, fie. 4. Japoma (Layochius) binoyae, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p- 87; id., Conch,-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 526, pl. 66, fig. 3. Original description :—* Closely related to C. vescus, but the spiral striation is very much finer, the lines being more numerous and closely set, the periostracum much stronger, being almost scabrous ; the shell is also more closely coiled, a specimen of +2 whorls measuring only: alt. 3, diam. 5 mm.” (Sykes.) 7 Hab. Ceylon: Binoya, Ambagamuwa (Collett). JAPONIA. 7 9. Japonia daflaensis, Godwin-Austen. Lagocheilus daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind, Mus. viii, 1918, p. 575, text-fig. 3C. Original description :—* Shell elongately conoid, umbilicated ; sculpture about ten fine lire, regularly disposed, crossed by fine epidermal striw of growth; colour dark brown; spire, sides nearly flat, apex fine; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6, sides rounded, evenly increasing ; aperture circular, obtusely angulated above; peristome double, continuous, sinuate on outer margin, with small nick at the suture. “Size (largest): major diameter 5-2, alt. axis 4:0 mm.” Hab. India: Toruputu, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen). 10. Japonia galathew, Moreh. Cyclophorus (Craspedotropis) galathee, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 315; id., Vid. Meddel. ser, 3, iv, 1872, p. 22; id., Journ. Conchyl. xxiv, 1876, p. 361. gas (err. typ.) galatheae, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. xxiv, 1877, p. 148. ae (Cyclophorus),Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 76, p. : Lagocheilus galathee + var. minor, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 288; Godwin-Austen, P. Z.S. 1895, p. 444. Lagochilus (Lagochilus) galatheae, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1877, p. 83; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 11. Japonia (Lagochilus) galatheae, Kobelt, Das ‘Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 43. Original description:—“T. depresso-conica, perforato-umbilicata ; anfr. 54 convexiusculi; sutura sat profunda, lineis acutis spirali- bus in anfr. penult. cire, 10-12, in ultimo circiter 20, umbilicum versus distantioribus et obsoletioribus ; fasciis brunneis obliquis subsigmoideis, suturam versus latioribus, umbilicum versus in- trantibus. Strie incrementi, parum prominentes. Apertura diagonalis, circularis, intus ccerulescens, peristomate breviter expanso, duplice, interno albo, externo fusco, callo parietali ad insertionem marginis superioris exciso. “Diam. maj. 6 mill; axis 4 mill.; alt. max. 64 mill.; ap. diam. 3 mill.” (Wérch.) Hab. Nicobars: Borders of Galathea River( Reinhardt); Teressa, Katchal, Kamorta (Roepstorf) ; Nicobars (Stoliczka.) Morch records a var. minor, measuring only 5 mm. in diameter, from Katchal. J. galathee is allied to J. roepstorfi, but the latter has more distant, ciliated spiral lire, is more depressed, and bas a wider umbilicus. The species has never been illustrated, and I have been unable to find specimens in any collection to which I haye had access. 8 CYCLOPHORIDA. 11. Japonia leporina, Blanford. Cyclophorus (Lagocheilus) leporinus, Blanford, J. A.8.B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 82. Cyclophorus leporinus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 123. Lagocheilus leporinus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, part 2, 1872, p. 269 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 54, pl. 135, fig. 2; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 282; Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxvii, 1879, p. 203. Lagochilus (Lagochilus) leporinum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 83; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 11. Japonia (Lagochilus) leporina, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, rn p. 47 ; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 530, pl. 66, g. 12. Original description :—* Shell narrowly umbilicated, conically turbinate, thin, dark horny, and ornamented throughout with oblique striz and with raised spiral lines, closer together at the periphery and within the umbilicus than elsewhere. Spire conical, apex rather acute. Whorls 54, rounded; the last cylindrical, not descending. Aperture oblique, subcireular, angulate above ; peristome simple, thickened, subexpanded, incised at the upper angle ; columellar margin curved backwards. Operculum horny, greyish white, multispiral. “ Major diameter 4, minor 33 mill. ; axis + mill.” Hab. Burma: Akoutong, Pegu (Blanford) ; Thyat Myo (Hunger- ford). “This form is allied to Cyclophorus scissimargo, Bens., and C. tomotrema, Bens...... The present species is smaller and higher in the spire than either of the others. The animal of C. leporinus is short, dark in colour, with small black tentacles, and resembles ordinary Cyclophori in most characters. The only specimen obtained living and examined, posssesed, however, the peculiarity of a groove down the middle of the caudal portion of the foot above. “The peristome is simple in the only perfect adult specimen which I possess, but in a broken barely adult shell, there is a tudimentary duplication. The two lips are probably united in the full grown shell.” (Blanford.) 12. Japonia malleata, Blanford. Cyclophorus malleatus, W. IT. & H.F. Blanford, J. A.S, B. xxx, 1861, p. 349, pl. 1, fig. 6; p. 364; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 71. ?Cyathopoma malleatum, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, p- 35, pl. 82, figs. 5, 6. Leptopoma matleatum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. ee (Leptopomoides) malleatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 274 P ; Lagochilus (Lagochilus) malleatum, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 83; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 11. Japonia (Lagochilus) malleata, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 48. JAPONIA. 9 Original description :—* Testa anguste umbilicata, trochiformis, oblique striata, liris spiralibus supra et infra cincta, solidiuscula, epidermide fusca induta, sub epidermide albida; spira conica, apice acuta, sutura impressa. Anfr. 5 convexi; ultimus rotun- datus in veteribus exemplis descendens et fere solutus. Apertura parum obliqua, circularis, superne subangulata ; perist. rectum, simplex, breviter adnatum, margine columellari recedente, dextro supra antice porrecto. Opere. ? “ Diam, maj. 64, min. 54, axis 64, ap.diam.3 mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Shevroy Hills (King, Stoliczka}; Nilgiris (Blan- ford); Kalryenmullies (Moote). “This appears to be a representative of the Cingalese group, comprising Cyclophorus halophilus, Bens., C. orophilus, Bens., C. flammeus, Pfr., &. It differs from all except C. orophilus and C. conulus in being spirally lirate, and from these two in several characters of spire, aperture, epidermis, &c. ‘Some specimens of the same or of a closely allied species were found by one of us in Neddiwuttom Ghat on the Nilgiris. They were, however, much smaller, the largest specimen procured only measuring in its two diameters, 44 and 4 mm., axis 44. A specimen of the same small form also occurs in Mr. Foote’s collection from the Kalryenmullies.” (Blanford.) 13. Japonia oakesi, Godwin-Austen. Lagocheilus oakest, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1918, p. 574, text-fig. 3 A. Original description :—‘ Shell turbinate, rather flattened on base, rather openly umbilicated ; sculpture very fine close liration, crossed with oblique lines of growth; colour umber-brown, with a greenish tint, grey inside the aperture; spire high, conic, apex fine; suture impressed; whorls 53, rounded, the last rather flattened on the periphery; aperture ovate, obtusely angulate above, oblique; peristome double, continuous ; columella margin rather flat above, then suboblique, subangulate in outline. “Size: major diameter 4°75, alt. axis4mm.” (Godwin--Austen.) Hab, India: Abor Hills (Oakes), A small variety is figured on the same page as the type (text- fig. 3B). It measures: major diam. 4, alt. axis 3°5 mm., has the last whorl more rounded, and not quite so widely umbilicated. 14. Japonia occulta, Sykes. Lagochilus occultus, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 6. Japonia (Lagochilus) occwlta, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 49; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, 1907, p. 518, pl. 65, fig. 1. Original description :—“ Testa mediocriter et perspective umbili- cata, elate turbinata, tenuiuscula, brunneo-cornea, spira bene elevata; anfr. 44-5 convexi, sutura profunde impressa, periostraco bene induti, lineis spiralibus (ultimus sex approx.) et transversis, et setis sparsim notati, basi usque in umbilicum leviter lirati ; 10 CYCLOPHORID#. apertura subcircularis, peristomate leviter incrassato, superne leviter exciso. Alt. 2°5, diam. 4mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambegamua (Cellet). “The first species of the genus recorded from Ceylon. The shell is clothed with a dense periostracum, which forms transverse and spiral lines, the latter having a few hairs scattered along them. The notch is small but distinct.” 15, Japonia phayrei, Zheobald. Jerdonia (?) phayret, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, part 2, 1870, p. 396 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 135, fig. 3. Mychopoma phayrei, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 39. Cyclophorus phayrei, Theobald, Op. cit., Addenda, p. ii. Lagochilus phayrei, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 130; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 98. Japonia (Lagochilus) phayrei, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 50. Original description :—“ Testa parva, turbinata, perforata ; apice exserto; anfractibus quinque, angulariter quadratis, convexe pla- natis, bicarinatis: carina quaque plurimis setis regulariter radiatim parumque sursum incelinatis armata, hac peripheriali, illa ad suturam posita, in ultimo anfractu tantim carinis duabus solutis apparentibus ; area circum umbiliacari duabus carinis filiformi- bus circumdata, umbilicum valde profundum coarctantibus. Epi- dermide vix scabriuscula, fusca, ad aperturam leviter striata. Apertura subcirculari, integra, haud obliqua; peristomate prope marginem superiorem breviter expanso. Diam. major ‘13, diam. win. ‘10, alt. 12 unc.” (8°25, 25, 3mm.] (Theobald.) Hab. Shan States: Upper Salween Valley (Fedden). 16. Japonia polynema, Morch. Cyclophorus (Craspedotropis) polynema, Mérch, Journ. Conchyl. xxlv, 1876, p. 361. Loptopoma polynema, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. xxiv, 1877, p. 148. Lagocheius polynema, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 283. Lagochilus (s. 8.) polynema, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 84; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 12. Japonia (Lagochilus) polynema, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16 1902, p. 51. Fig. 2.—Japonia polynema, (X 3.) Original description :—* Differt a precidentibus [C. galathee & C. roepstorfi} t. solidiore, opaca, liris confertissimis, alternatim minoribus; flammis pallidioribus et irregularioribus. Diam. 6 mill. alt. 34.” (Mérch.) JAPONIA. 11 This form may be distinguished from J. roepstorfi and J. gala- thee by the thicker, non-transparent shell, with very close spiral lire, alternating in thickness, and paler irregular flammules. The specimen figured is in the British Museum. The species has not hitherto been illustrated. 17. Japonia roepstorfi, Morch. Cyclophorus (Craspedotropis) roepstorfi, Mérch, Journ. Conchyl. xxiv, 1876, p. 36]. Lagocheilus roepstorfi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 283; Godwin- Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 452. Lagochilus (s. 8.) roepstorfi, Kobelt & Mollendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 84; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 12. Japonia (Lagochilus) roepstorfi, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 53. Original description:—“ Differt a precedente [C. galathec] t. liris remotioribus ciliatis, spira planiore et umbilico latiore. Diam. 63 mill., alt. 4.” (Mérch.) Hab. Nicobar Islands: Kamorta (Roepstorf). Fig. 3.—Japonia roepstorfi. (Xx 3.) The species is now figured for the first time. The specimen is from the Beddome collection, and measures: 6°5 mm. in diameter, alt. (including aperture) 5 mm. 18. Japonia scissimargo, Benson. Cyclophorus? scissimargo, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 228; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 61. | $ Cyclophorus scissimargo, Pteiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p- 144, pl. 37, figs. 19-21; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 20, fig. 105. ss Lagocheilus scissimaryo, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, xiii, 1864, p. 452; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, fig. 7; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 282; Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxvii, 1879, p- 203; Morlet, Journ. Conchyl. xxxvii, 1889, p. 152; P. Fischer, 12 CYOLOPHORIDS, Bull. Soc, Hist. Nat. Autun, iv, 1891, p. 106; Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, Journ. Conchyl. liii, 1905, p. 169, pl. 4, figs. 14, 15. Lagocheilus (s.s.) scissimargo, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 84; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 12. Japonia (Lagochilus) scissimargo, Kobelt, Das ‘Vierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 53. Original description:—“ Testa umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, sub epidermide corneo-albida, strigis distantibus angulatis picta, radiato-striata, striis exilissimis et lineis elevatis remotis spiralibus, his quidem ciliatis, cancellata; spira conica, sutura profunda, apice obtusiusculo, nigrescente; anfractibus 5 convexis; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, superne leviter angulari, peristomate duplici, exteriori et interiori acutis, suleo separatis, margine columellari emarginato, parietali adnato, superne breviter anguste inciso; umbilico profundo, anguste perspectivo. Operculo ? “Diam. major 7, minor 53, alt. 7 mill.” Hab. Burma: Phaie Than, Tenasserim (Lheobald); Cambodia (Pavie); Tonkin (Messager). “This little species, which has some affinity to C. trileratus, Pfr., is singular on account of the incision which appears in the parietal margin near its junction with the right lip, a feature not observed in any other species of the Cyclostomacea. It is with some hesitation therefore that, in the absence of an operculum, I reter it to Cyclophorus, although the general habit of the shell bears out the location.” (Benson.) 19. Japonia sikhimensis, Godwin-Austen. Lagocheilus sikhimensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. viii, 1918, p. 575, text-fig. 3 D. Original description :—“ Shell openly umbilicated, turbinate, subturreted ; sculpture, about 7 lire on the peripheral part of the whorl, about 3 below, 5 can be seen within the umbilicus, none on the flatter part next the suture; colour umber-brown; spire fairly high, apex small; suture open ; whorls 5}, tumid; aperture circular, obtusely angulate above; peristome double, narrow, con- tinuous; columella margin subvertical. “Size: major diameter 5:0, alt. axis 3-0 mm.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: Rishetchu, Sikhim (W. Robert). 20. Japonia tomotrema, Benson. Cyclophorus? tomotrema, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 206; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 318; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 50; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 76. Cyclophorus (Lagocheilus) tomotrema, Pfeifler, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 122, 409. Lagocheilus tomotrema, Blanford, A. M,N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 452; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, tig. 8; Stoliczka, J. A.S. B. xii, 1872, part 2, p. 269; Godwin-Austen, Op. cit. xlv, 1876, part 2, p. 174; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit, JAPONIA. 13 India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 282; Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxvii, 1879, p. 203. Lagochilus (8. 8.) tomotrema, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 84; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 12. Japonia (Lagochilus) tomotrema, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 56; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 531, pl. 66, fig. 13. Original description :—“ Testa anguste umbilicata, turbinato- pyramidali, radiato-striatula, liris elevatis spiralibus plurimis, nonnullis majoribus, munita, fusco-cornea; spira conica, apice obtusiusculo albido, sutura bene impressa ; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo subcarinato; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, livida, supra angulata; persistomate duplici, interiori continuo, expansinsculo, superne ad angulum inciso, exteriori expanso, dilatato. Operc. “Diam. 54, axis 5 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Theobald); Darjeeling (Stoliczka); Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen); Naga Hills (Roberts). 21. Japonia vesca, Sykes. Cyclophorus vescus, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 3. Japonia (Lagochilus) vesca, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p-. 58; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 525, pl. 66, figs. 1, 2. Original description :—‘ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, depresso- turbinata, solidula, brunneo-cornea, ad suturam et usque ad peripheriam maculis castaneis picta, periostraco levissime induta, apice obtusulo, sutura valde impressa; anfr. 44-5, sat rapide acerescentes, convexi, primi fere leves, reliqui spiraliter striati, lineis incrementibus leviter notati; apertura subcircularis, su- perne angulata, persistomate leviter incrassato, reflexiusculo ; operculum corneum, tenue, multispirale. Alt. 5°75, diam, 10°5 mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (Collett). Var. a. “Minor, pallidior. Alt. 4, diam. 8 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). The shell is stated to be of the ordinary turbinate form, marked with spiral lines which become less conspicuous on the last whorl. A specimen in the Beddome collection measures 12 mm. in diameter. 22. Japonia warnefordiana, G'. Nevill. Lagocheilus warnefordianus, G. Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 282. Layochilus (s. s.) warnefriedianum, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 85; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 18. Siponea (Lagochilus) warnefordiana, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902 p. 58, 14 CYCLOPHORID. Original description :—‘ Shell ovately turbinate, with 53 convex whorls, the last globosely swollen; suture distinct ; apex acute ; umbilicus very narrow, much smaller than in any of the other Indian species, almost entirely covered by the peristome ; almost quite smooth, even under a lens, scarcely any trace of spiral sculpture; light brown colour, elegantly flamed with darker brown ; aperture round, with a double peristome, the outer margin very thin, broadly reflected; operculum thin, multispiral, light colour, on the interior side polished and with a central umbo.” (Nevill.) Hab, Andaman Islands: Mt. Harriet (G. Nevill, Stoliczka) ; Nicobar Island (?) (Stoliezka). Fig. 4.—Japonia warnefordiana. (Shell x2, operculum X 3.) This species is now illustrated for the first time from an Andaman specimen in the Beddome collection. 23. Japonia wullerstorfiana, Zelebor. Cyclotus wiillerstorfianus, Zelebor, Verh. K.K. zool.-bot. Ges. xvii, 1867, p. 807. Cyclophorus wiillerstorfit, Mérch, Journ, Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 330. Lagocheilus wiillerstorfianus, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, . 452, Ee shah wiillerstorfianum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 131; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 98. Japonia (Lagochilus) wullerstorfiana, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 59. Fig. 5.—Japonia wullerstorfiana. (x 2.) Original description :—‘T. anguste umbilicata, turbinata, tenui- scula, striatula, superne liris 5, subtus 4 filiformibus cincta, luteo ORASPEDOTROPIS. 15 et castaneo flammulata; spira turbinata, vertice acuto; anfr. 5} convexiusculi, ultimus fascia lutea infra liram periphericam ornatus, basi parum convexus; apertura parum obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. simplex, anguste expansuin, marginibus approximatis, callo junctis. Opere.?—Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 52 mm.” (Zelebor.) Hab, Nicobar Islands (Novara Exped.). The species has not hitherto been illustrated, and I am pleased to be able to give 3 views of a specimen in the British Museum. Genus CRASPEDOTROPIS, Blanford, Craspedotropis, Blanford, A. M.N. H. ser. 8, xiii, 1864, p. 454 (as sub- genus of Cyclophorus); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum.Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 71 (? genus) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278; Kobelt & Mollen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 86 (as genus); id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 68. Typz, Cyclophorus cuspidatus, Benson. Range. India. Shell acuminate conoid, carinated, with a thick fuscous perio- stracum, the keel fimbriated. Operculum closely wound. 24, Craspedotropis bilirata, Beddome, Cyclophorus biliratus, Beddome, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 462, pl. 58, fig. 34 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 408. ? Craspedotropis biliratus, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. ; Cyclophorus (Craspedotropis) biliratus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 278 Ditropis biliratus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. Ditropis (Ditropis) biliratus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 73. Original description :—‘ Shell umbilicated, turbinate, furnished with a thick dark epidermis, which is soon obsolete on the fourth or fifth upper whorl, but always present on the lowest one, where it forms an oblique, coarse, hair-like striation most prominent round the periphery and at the suture of the two lower whorls, and generally round the umbilicus, where it forms quite a fringe ; colour below the epidermis dull olive; spire conical, apex subacute ; whorls 6, the five upper ones smooth, convex, or sometimes the fifth (or fourth and fifth) with a slight rib round the centre ; lowest whorl with two prominent raised ribs round the periphery, with a broad flat apace between them, below convex, smooth or with several raised striz, the whorl descending slightly near the mouth ; aperture oblique, subcircular, slightly angled at the termination of the ribs at the peristome; umbilicus more or less striated within ; peristome single, thin, continuous, or slightly interrupted on the penultimate ; operculum of a single layer, thin, 16 CYCLOPHORID. horny, multispiral, concave externally, nucleus small, central : height of shell 8, inch [5 mm.], slightly more than the breadth of the lowest whorl.” Hab. India: South Canara range of Ghats, 2500 feet: elevation (Beddome) ; Wynaad? (Beddome). Fig. 6.—Craspedotropis bilirata. (x 3.) “This shell is closely allied to Cyclophorus cuspidatus, Bens. (Craspedotropis, Blanf.); it has exactly the same operculum (the two not being in any way distinguishable), which, however, seems scarcely to differ from that of many typical species of Cyclophorus, except, perhaps, in being more closely wound, certainly not enough to constitute a subgenus.” (Beddome.) Nevill mentions* another Cyclophorus biliratus, Beddome, under the subgenus Leptopomoides trom the Wynaad, but it is uncertain whether this is the same as the Canara form. The specimen figured is from the Beddome collection, and measures 3°5 mm. in diameter, alt. 4 mm. In describing the species Col. Beddome stated it was allied to Cyclophorus cuspi- datus. Nevill referred it to Craspedotropis, but Kobelt and Méllendorff placed it in Ditropts. Its affinities appear to me to warrant its inclusion in the former rather than in the latter genus. 25. Craspedotropis cuspidata, Benson. Cyclostoma cuspidatum, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, i 189; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 313; id., Cat. Phaneropn. rit. Mus. 1852, p. 228; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostoma, 1854, p. 378, pl. 49, figs. 21-23. Cyclophorus cuspidatus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p- 415 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 62; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 19, fig. 93 ; Blanford, A. M. N. HH. ser. 3, xili, 1864, p. 454. Craspedotropis cuspidatus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875 pl. 135, figs. 1, 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit, India, 1876, p. 37. hy (Craspedotropis) cuspidatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Craspedotropis cuspidata, Kobelt & Mollendorfl, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lick 16, 1902, p. 68, fig. 13. : Original description :—* Testa umbilicata, acuminato-conoidea, oblique striata, lineis spiralibus circumdata, epidermide olivaceo- * Hand List, i, 1878, p. 274, CRASPEDOTROPIS. 17 fusca; spira elongata, attenuata, apice mamillari; anfractibus 5, primis convexis, ultimo et penultimo superne convexiusculis, lira unica preeditis, ultimo subtus convexo, peripheria carinata, carina lamellato-fiinbriata; basi 3-lirata, lira subumbilicari fimbriata ; apertura perobliqua, subcirculari, superne subangulata, dimidium longitudinis equante, peristomate tenui, acuto, margine colu- mellari expansiusculo ; umbilico medioeri profundo, anfractus plures exhibente. * Diam. major 6, minor 5, alt. 4 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford); Ovtacamund (Bed- dome). : Fig. 7.— Craspedotropis cuspidata. (xX 3.) “This species is singular on account of its attenuated spire, and the hirsute lamellar appendages to the keels, at the periphery and umbilicus; but the latter character is apt to be obliterated.” (Benson.) The shell figured is from the Beddome collection and measures: 4-5 mm. in diameter, alt. 3-75 mm. 26. Craspedotropis fimbriata, Godwin-Austen. Craspedotropis fimbriatus, Godwin-Austen, J. A.8.B. xliv, 1875, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 1; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xiii; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, addenda, p. ii; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, . 69. Opetopharas (Craspedotropis) fimbriatus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 406. Original description: —“ Shell conoidly turbinate, closely umbili- cated, thin, covered with a rough dark brown epidermis, longi- tudinally striate, a leaf-like fringe adorns the periphery of the last whorl, spire conoid, its side concave, apex attenuate, blunt, suture deep; whorls 5, flat above, aperture diagonal, circular, the lip slightly reflected, peristome thin. Operculum multispiral, flat, smooth on the outer surface. Animal not seen. “Major diam, 0°19 [475 mm.], alt. 0°15 in. (8°75 mm.].” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Thengdan Peak, Naga Hills (Godwin- Austen). c 18 CYCLOPHORIDA. 27. Craspedotropis salemensis, Beddome. Cyclophorus salemensis, Beddome, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 458, pl. 63, fig. 85; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 408. Craspedotropis salemensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, . xiii. Duropis salemensis, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 87; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 15. fae (Ditropis) salemensis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 77. Original description :—* Shell moderately umbilicated, turbinate, with the spire rather acuminate, of a dull olive-green, furnished with a dirty dark brown, obliquely striated, thread-like epidermis, which is early deciduous on the upper whorls, but always present on the lowest, and round the umbilicus, where it forms a fringe ; whorls 6, the upper five generally smooth, convex, or the titth more or less bilirate towards its termination ; lowest whorl a little descending in front, convex below, furnished with five prominent spiral costulations above the region of the periphery, and four to five below it, which latter are only conspicuous towards the termination of the whorl; umbilicus spirally lirate within ; aperture oblique, subcircular, angled at its apex; peristome single, continuous, angled at its apex, and suddenly contracted a little below the apex of its right margin, and slightly angled at the centre of the same margin (at the exit of the lower or most prominent of the costulations round the periphery); operculum as in C. biliratus and cuspidatus: length J, inch [5°5 mm.], and the greatest diameter equalling the length.” (Beddome.) Hab. India: Shevaroy Hills, Salem district (Beddome). The remarks under C, bilirata as to its generic position apply to the present species. Col. Beddome considered its attinities to be with bdlirata and cuspidata. Genus LEPTOPOMOIDES, Nevill. Leptopomoides, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273 (as subgenus of Cyelophorus) ; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 744 (as section of Cyclophorus, s. 8.); Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p, 69 (as genus). Leptopomatoides (ew.), Martens, Zool. Record, xv, 1878, Moll. p.78 ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p- 86; id., op. cit. xxxi, 1899, p. 131; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, pp. 14, 98. Typu, (1st species) Cyclostoma halophilum, Benson. Range. Southern India and Ceylon. Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinate or conoid, thin, smooth or covered with fine spiral lire. Peristome more or less discontinuons. Operculum thin, almost nembranaceous, uarrowly coiled, LEPTOPOMOIDES. 19 28. Leptopomoides conulus, Pfeiffer. en (Leptopoma) conulus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 127. Leptopoma conulus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 8, fig, 45; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 105, fig. 1. Cyclophorus (Leptopomoides?) conulus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 274, Leptopomatoides conulus, Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. Craspedotropis conulus, Sykes, Journ. Malak. vii, 1899, p. 28. Leptopomotdes conulus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 69. Original description :—‘* C. testa anguste umbilicata, conica, tenut, epidermide corneo-fulva, distanter membranaceo-costulata induta; spira regulariter conica, apice obtusiuscula; anfr. 5, sensim accrescentibus, subangulato-convexis, ultimo liris sub 6 distinctis filiformibus cincto; apertura parum obliqua, subangulato- circulari; perist. simplice, acuto, vix expansiusculo, marginibus subdisjunctis, columellari reflexiusculo. “ Diam. maj. 4, min. 3%, alt. 34 mill.” (Pfeiffer) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites; Nevill); Ambagamua (Collett). 29, Leptopomoides flammeus, Pfeifer. Cyclostoma (Leptopoma) flammeum, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, : dr Leptopoma flammeum, Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 76; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 8, fig. 47; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 142, fig. 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Cyclophorus flammeus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 69; Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 111. . . Cyclophorus (Leptopomotdes ?) flammeus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 274, Leptopoma (Leptopomatoides) flammeum, Sykes, Journ. Malak. vii, 1899, p. 28. Fenecpomncun dis flammeus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pnoum. 1899, p. 14. Leptopomoides flammeus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 70. Original description :—‘* C. testa angustissime umbilicata, elon- gato-conica, tenui, oblique leviter striatula, fulva, strigis angulatis rufis ornata; spira elevata, conica, apice acutiuscula, pallida ; sutura profunda; anfr. 6, perconvexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus concolore : perist. simplice, recto, marginibus breviter disjunctis, columellari subdilatato, patente. ; ; Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 8 mill.” (Pfeifer.) Hab. Ceylon (Layard). 20 CYCLOPHORIDE. 30. Leptopomoides halophilus, Benson. Cyclostoma halophilum, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, vii, 1851, p- 265; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 241, pl. 31, tigs. 29-31. Leptopoma halophilum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 147; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 118; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 83; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 281; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, 1.8, fig. 49; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, fig. 83; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. Vrance, vii, 1894, . 806. Gh holl halophilus, Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 69. Cyclophorus halophila, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 314. Cyclophorus (Leptopomoides ?) halophilum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273. Leptopomatoides halophilus, Kobelt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat, Pneum. 1899, p. 14. Leptopoma (Leptopomatoides) halophilum, Sykes, Journ, Malac. vii, 1899, p. 27. Leptopomoides halophilus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 702, fig. 14; Smith, Fauna & Geogr. Mald. Laccad. Archip. i, part 2, 1902, p. 144. Original description :— Testa umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, glabra, obsolete, longitudinaliter striata, cornea, translucente, fasciis 1-3 rufo-castaneis (submediana angusta semper existente) ornata; spira conica, apice exsertiuscula, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4-44 convexis, ultimo rotundato ; apertura circulari, superne leviter angulata, peristomate tenui, expansiusculo, margine columellari leviter emarginato ; umbilico profundo. Operculo corneo, tenui, planato, multispirato. “Diam. major 5, minor 44, axis 4} mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Point de Galle (Benson); Colombo (Theobald) ; Balapiti (@. Nevill); Maturata (Simon) ; Trincomalie, Ratnapura (Preston). Maldive Archipelago (Stanley Gardiner). 31. Leptopomoides orophilus, Benson. Cyclostoma orophilus, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 106. Leptopoma orophitum, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 87; id, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 77; Reeve, Conch, Icon. xili, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 8, fig. 51; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876 pl. 142, fig. 4; Theobald, Cat, Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87.” hae nl (Leptopomoides) orophilum, Nevill, Haud List, i, 1878 p. 274. eptopomatoides orophilus, Kobelt & Mélendorff, Nachy. Deuts Malak. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Ont, Pneum, 1899, p. 1. ee Se aia orophilum, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 27. ee ee Leptoponwides orophilus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902 p- 70, os Faun. Brit. Ind., Moll iii, Pl. I, p. 21. ra. | Leptopomoides valvatus. LEPTOPOMOIDES. 21 Original description :—* Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso- conica, sub epidermide non nitente olivacea, albida, versus apicem acuminatum nigrescente ; spira elevata, conica, attenuata, sutura distincta; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo rotundata, lineis 9 elevatiusculis, subtus remotioribus munito; apertura parum obliqua, circulari; peristomate tenui, recto, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato, labio expansiusculo ; umbilico non pervio. ** Diam. major 9, minor 7, alt. 74 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Monahagalla Hill. (&. ZL. Layard). 32. Leptopomoides pecilus, Pfeifer. ee (Leptopoma) peecilum, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 802. Leptopoma poecilum, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 76; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1862, Leptopoma, pl. 8, fig. 46; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 2; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87. Cyclophorus poecilus, Preiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 69. Cyclophorus (Scabrina) poecilus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 111. es (Lepiopomoides) pecilus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 274. Leptopomatoides poecilus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. sag moides poecilus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 70. Original description: —“ O. testa perforata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, virenti-lutea, flammis albidis et lineis spiralibus nigricantibus ornata; spira turbinata, apice acutiuscula, nigricante; anfr. 5 convexis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo peripheria rotun- dato, basi planiusculo, circa perforationem punctiformem excavato ; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari ; perist. simplice, recto marginibus approximatis.—Opere. corneum. “Diam. maj. 8, min. 63, alt. 6 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). 33. Leptopomoides valvatus, AMollendorff. Leptopomatoides valvatus (Blanford), Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 85; Kobelt & Méllendorff, tom. cit. p- 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. Leptopomoides valvatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 71. Oriyinal description :—“ T. sat late et pervie umbilicata, depresse turbinata, solidula, subtiliter striatula, olivaceo-flavida, nitidula. Anfr. 5 teretes, ultimus non descendens. Apertura parum vbliqua, cireularis, peristoma simplex, rectum, obtusum. “Diam. 7, alt. 5mm.” (AMollendorf.) Hab. India: Canara (Blanford). 22 CYCLOPHORIDZ. Genus MICRAULAX, Theobald. Micraulax, Theobald, J. A.S. B, xlv, 1876, part 2, p. 186 (as subgenus of Cyclophorus); Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 744 (as section of Cyclophorus, s.s.); Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 71 (genus). Typn, Micraulax scabra, Theobald. Range. Southern India and Ceylon. “Cyclophori habitu planorbulari, testo sulco brevi intus instructa, operculo? “Section of the planorbular Cyclophori, uniting the My«ostoma type with the turbinate Lagocheilus. The canal of Cataulus 1s merely, it would seem, a more highly developed and specialised representation of the shallow groove in this species.” ( Theobald.) “ Shell depressed, turbinate or discoid, widely umbilicated, a short groove inside with a corresponding raised rib outside on the base analogous to the basal canal in Cataulus.” (Kobelt, in German.) 34. Micraulax celoconus, Benson. Cyclostoma celoconus, Benson, A. M. N.H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 189 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 384, pl. 50, figs. 9, 10. Cyclophorus coeloconus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 141; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 83; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p.57; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyelo- phorus, pl. 18, fig. 89; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, tig. 5, 1876, p.xv ; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pueum, Ceylon, 1871, p.4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 35. Leptopoma celoconus, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Cyclophorus (Micraulax) coeloconus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273 (+ var. parva). Micraulax coeloconus, Kobelt & Mollendortt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1697, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 71, fig. 16. Original description :—“ Testa subaperte umbilicata, turbinata, tenui, scabre confertim radiato-striata, olivaceo-lutescente, fascia unica submediana, strigisque undatis, radiatis, rufo-fuscis, ornata ; spira conoidea, apice acutiusculo; sutura bene impressa; anfract- ibus 43 valde convexis, ultimo cylindrico; apertura obliqua, ovato-circulari, peristomate tenui, acuto, umbilico profundo omnes anfractus exhibente. “Diam. maj. 13, minor 11, axis 9 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, H. F. Blanford); Trichinopoly (A. F, Blanford); Tinnevelly (Beddome); Ceylon (H. Nevill). 35. Micraulax scabra, Theobald. Micraulax scabra, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 185, pl. 14, fig. 4; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 71. Cyclophorus (Micraular) seaber, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273. Micraulax scaber, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. MIORAULAX.—DITROPIS. 23 Original description :— Testa late et profunde umbilicata, et sulco haud profundo et valde inconspicuo intus instructa, linea parum elevata externe notato. Anfractibus 4-42 convexis, ultimo subinflato, celeriter crescente, et ad aperturam non descendente. Epidermide scabra, juxta aperturam corrugata. Apertura parum obliqua, subcireulari, breviter adnata. Operculo? “Lat. major 14-20, lat. minor 12:00, alt, 6-20, aperture lat. 6:00 mm.” (TLheobald.) Hab. India: Travancore. Fig. 8.—Micraulax scabra. The accompanying figure is from the type in the British Museum. It measures: Diam. maj. 15, min. 13°5, alt. (inel. apert.) 5°5 mm. Genus DITROPIS, Blanford. Ditropts, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxviii, part 2, 1869, p. 126 (as sub- genus of Cyclophorus); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. xiv (genus); Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id. Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 72. Tren, Cyclophorus planorbis, Blanford. Range. India, Malaysia, Philippine Islands; New Guinea; Fitzroy Island, Australia; East Atrica. “Testa translucens, subvitrea, epidermide olivacea nitida instructa, carinis duabus, vel pluribus, una ad peripheriam, altera subtus ab illa interspatio discreta circumdata. Operculum cor- neum, arctispirum, duplex, laminaeinterna membranacea, externa crassiuscula, marginibus anfractuum liberis, ambabus sulco mar- ginali disjunctis. Animal ignotum. “Shell translucent, almost vitreous, covered with a smooth olivaceous epidermis, with two or more spiral ribs, one of which is always at the periphery of the last whorl, and a second below, separated by an interval from the other. Operculum horny, closely wound, composed of two lamina, separated by a marginal groove, the inner membranaceous, the outer rather thick, and with the edges of the whorls free. Animal unknown.” (Blanford.) : The lingual ribbon of one species was examined by Blauford. 24 CYCLOPHORID A. It differs from that of Cyclophorus in the form of the lateral teeth, and in their denticulations being shorter and more numerous. In C. (Ditropis) convewus, the species examined, the central tooth has 7 denticulations, that in the middle being the largest ; all the lateral teeth apparently had 5 denticulations, but it appeared very difficult to count those in the outermost laterals correctly. 36. Ditropis beddomei, Blanford. Cyclophorus (Ditropis) beddomei, Blanford, J. A. 5. B. xxxviii, part 2, 1869, p. 127, pl. 16, fig. 2; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 278. Ditropis beddomei, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 136, figs. 8,9; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr, Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 14. Ditropis (Ditropis) beddomei, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 72. Original description :—‘ Testa latissime umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, tenuis, olivavea, confertissime striata, parum nitida, spira- liter costata. Spira plana, sutura valde impressa. Anfr. circa 4, (primo in exemplo unico deficienti) convexi, primi fere glabri; penultimus costis 2-3, supra uni, infra in umbilico, juxta suturam ornatus, ultimus antice descendens, teres, juxta suluram et subter peripheriam glaber, 7-costatus, costis + superioribus, quarum extera ad peripheriam, 3 basalibus ab superis intervallo disjunetis. Umbilicus perspectivus. Apertura diagonalis, rotunda; peristoma simplex, rectum, breviter adnatum, nigrescens, intus tenuiter albido-labiatum. Operculum fusco-corneum, intus convexum, limbo tenuissimo circumdatum, extus concaviusculum, marginibus anfractuum parum elevatis. “ Diam. maj. 8, min. 63, axis 24 millem., ap. diam. intus 2. “Shell very widely umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, thin, olive-coloured, very closely and minutely striated, less polished than the other species, and covered with spiral ribbing. ‘Lhe spire is flat, or nearly so, but the innermost whorls being deficient in the only specimen sent for description by Major Beddome, it is im- possible to say whether the apex is slightly exserted or not. The suture is much impressed, Whorls about + in number, convex ; the last one descending near the mouth, smooth near the suture, both above and below, with 7 spiral ribs; 4 above, the outermost forming the periphery of the shell, and 3 below, separated frum the others by a smooth space; 3 of the upper and 1 of the lower can be traced on the penultimate whorl near the suture, but become obsolete on the inner whorls. The umbilicus exposes all the whorls below. Aperture diagonal, round, peristome only joined for a very short distance to the penultimate whorl, thickened, all in one plave and not expanded, faintly edged with white inside, blackish externally. “The operculum differs from that of Cyclophorus planorbis by the edges of the whorls being less produced externally, and by its DITROPIS. 25 being in consequence less concave. Major diameter 0-31 inch, minor 0°27, axis 0-9. (Blanford.) Hab. India: Travancore (Beddome). 37. Ditropis convexa, Blanford. Cyclophorus (Ditropis) convearus, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxviii, part 2, 1869, p. 128, pl. 16, fig. 3 (shell), p. 131, fig. 2 (lingual dentition); Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Ditropis conveaus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 136, figs. 7,10; ‘Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87. Ditropis convera, Nobelt & Méllendortt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 86; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 37. Ditropis (Ditropis) convexa, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p.74. Original description: —* Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso-con- vexa, tenuis, nitida, vitrea, olabra, olivacea, minutissime et obsolete decussato-striatula. Spira convexa, apice obtuso; sutura impressa, intus marginata. Anfr. 4, convexi; ultimus versus aperturam paulum descendens, teres, juxta suturam fascia lata fusca pictus, extus pallidior, carina una valida ad peripheriain, altera ad basin cireumdatus ; umbilico perspectivo, omnes antfractus exhibens, contertim spiraliter liratus. Apertura obliqua rotunda; peristoma rectum simplex, incrassatum atque continuum. Operculum fusco- corneum, per-simile illi Cyclophori planorbis, narginibus externis anfractuum laciniatim productis. “Diam. maj. 62, min. 53, axis 3} millem. Ap. diam. intus 24. “Shell opeuly umbilicated, depressly convex, thin, smooth, shining, glassy, of an olive colour, with minute sub-obsolete decussating strie, only visible beneath a powerful lens. Spire convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed and with an internal margination, due to the prolongation of the inner whorls of the keel surrounding the shell. Whorls 4, convex; the last descending slightly near the aperture, and becoming paler in colour in front on the outer half of the surface only, so that a band of darker colour surrounds the shell close to the suture. Of the two keels one is at the periphery, and rather lower in position than usual, owing partly to the raised spire, the other is at the base, rather towards the umbilicus, which exhibits all the whorls, and is closely spirally ribbed inside. Aperture round, oblique, peristome in one plane, simple, thickened. Operculum very similar to that of Cyclophorus planorbis, with the external edges of the whorls lengtheued, ragged and split up into a fringe-like edge. Major diameter 0-26, minor 0°22, axis 0-14 inch.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Calead Mills, Travancore; Tinnevelly (Beddome). 38. Ditropis planorbis, Blanford. Cyclophorus (Ditropis) planorbis, Blanford, J. 4.8. B. XXXVUii, part 2, 1869, p. 126, pl. 16, fig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Ditropis planorbis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 186, figs. 5, 6; Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xv, part 2, 1876, p. 185; id, Cat, 26 CYCLOPHORID2. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 37 ; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 87; id., Cat, Pneum. 1899, p, 15. Ditropis (Ditropis) planorbis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 76, text-fig. 16 (p. 72). Original description :—-‘‘ Testa latissime umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, vitrea, tenuis, olivacea, glabra, obsolete striatula, polita. Spira plana, nucleo non exserto, sepe eroso, sutura impressa, at anfractum ultimum et supra et in umbilico costa sublata intus mar- ginata. Anfr, 4-44, convexi; ultimus antice vix descendeus sub- quadrangularis, supra atque subtus convexus, carinis duabus validis circumdatus, una ad peripheriam, altera juxta basin ad latus externum. Umbilicus perspectivus, omnes anfractus exhibens. - Apertura obliqua, sub-quadrata, intus albido-labiata; peristoma incrassatum, rectum, non-expansum. Operculum intus con- vexum, extus concavum, marginibus anfractuum externorum laciniatim elongatis. “Exempli majoris diam. maj. 84, min. 7, alt. 2, ap. diam. 13 millem. Exempli minoris diam. maj. 7, min. 53, alt. 13, ap. diam. (fere) 14 millem. “Shell very broadly umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, thin, glassy, smooth and polished, with obsolete striation. Spire per- fectly flat; the apex not rising above the surface; suture impressed; the nucleus is generally wanting, being apparently remarkably liable to erosion. Whorls + to 44, slightly convex above, the last descending but slightly near the mouth, and nearly square, with two keels, the one rather high up, forming the periphery of the shell, the other at the outer side of the base; these keels can be traced upon the penultimate and part of the ante-penultimate whorl, both on the spire and within the umbilicus, forming a distinct rib inside the suture. Aperture oblique, nearly square, with a white internal lip; peristome thickened, all in one plane aud not expanded. Operculum convex and smooth inside, the margins of the whorls externally much elongated and torn, especially towards the margin. “Major diameter, from the edge of the peristome to the opposite margin, 0°34 inch, minor diam. at right angles to the other, 0°28, height 0°08. A smaller specimen measures 0°27 and 0:2 in the two diameters, and 0-05 in height.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Calead Hills, Travancore, ‘linnevelly (Beddome). Genus SCABRINA, Blanford. Scabrina, Blanford, J.A.S.B, xxxii, 1868, p, 322 (as section of Cyclophorus); id.. A.M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 452; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 277 (us subgenus); P. Fischer, Man. Conchy), 1885, p. 744 (as section of Cyclophorus, ». 8.); Kobelt & Moéllen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88 (as genus) ; id., Cat. Pnoum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 87. Dasytherion, Mabille, Bull. Soc, Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 140. Seabrinus, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 73 (as subgenus). Typn, Cyclophorus calyx, Benson. SCABRINA, 27 Range. South China, India, Farther India, Ceylon, Comores. Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoid, with a fuscous hairy periostracum; whorls rounded; aperture circular; peristome Kereta operculum thick, corneous, edges of whorls lamellate, raised. “ Distinguished from other discoid species by a scabrous epidermis, and an operculum with raised edges to the whorls ex- ternally, thus exactly resembling that of the Burmese forms of Pterocyclos and Spiraculum, to the former of which genera this little group forms a passage.” (Blanford.) 39. Scabrina basisulcata, von Martens. Cyclophorus (Scabrina) basisuleatus, von Martens, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p.179; id., Arch. Naturg. Ixv, i, 1899, p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 3. Scabrina basisulcata, Kobelt & Mollendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 182; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 100; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 87. Original description: —“T. perlate umbilicata, orbiculata, de- pressa, radiatim striata, ad suturam profundum utrinque hispidula, virescenti fusca, opaca, subunicolor; spira vix paululum promi- nula, apice papillatim prominente, levi, nitido rufofusco; anfr. 5, convexi, ultimus supra peripheriam angulis prominulis 2-8 obtusis versus aperturam evanescentibus sculptus; umbilicus cingulis distinctis in anfr. ultimo 4, in penultimo 6 conspicuis isignitus. Apertura diagonalis, circularis, peristoma (duplicatum, internum continuum rectum supra insertionem leviter emarginatum, externum) rectangulatim breviter expansum, interruptum, superne in alulam rotundatam paululum declivem continuatum. “Diam. maj. 16, min. 18, alt. 9, aper. diam. intern. 4 mill. Operculum typicum.” (von Martens. Hab. Upper Burma: Padoukbin near Thayet Myo (Nétling). 40, Scabrina broune, Sykes. Cyclophorus (Scabrinus) broune, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 73, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3. Scabrina brounae, Kobelt & Mo)lendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 132; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 100; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 87. Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, depresse conica, periostraco brunneo-fusco, scabro ornata, lineis elevatis spiralibus et costis remotis notata, in regione umbilicari levior ; spira sub- elevata, apice exserto, plicatulo, obtuso; sutura profunda; anfr. 44, convexi, ultimus versus aperturam parum descendens ; aper- tura fere circularis, duplex, iuternum continuum, externum leviter expansum. Alt. 5°5, diam. max. 10°56 mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Nuwara-Eliya (Vrs. Broun). 28 OYCLOPHORIDZ. The author draws special attention to the thick, rough perio- stracum, which forms distant radiating ridges, in addition to the usual spiral striation in many of the species, and states that no other known Ceylon species appears really to approach it. 41. Scabrina calyx, Benson. Cyclophorus calyz, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xvii, 1857, p. 228; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 56; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p. 145, pl. 87, figs. 25 -27; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 20, tig. 104; Blanford, J. A.S. B, xxxiv, 1806, p. 97; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 4. Cyclophorus (Scabrina) calyx, Blanford, J. A.S.B, xxxii, 1863, p. 3822; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Cyclostoma (Myzostoma) calyx, Stoliezka, J. A. 8. B. xl, part 2, 1871, p. 148 (animal). Myxostoma calyx, Theobald, Cat. Shells rit. India, 1876, p. 36. Scabrina calyx, Kobelt & Méllendortl, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix. 1897, p. 88; id. Cat. Pnenm. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 87; id. Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 697, pl. 61, figs. 19, 20. Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato-de- pressa, radiato-striatula, albida, strigis castaneis radiatis superne picta; spira planata, sutura impressa, apice vix prominulo; anfractibus 44 convexiusculis, ultimo compresso, subtus, circa Fig. 9.-—Seabrina calyx. (X 2.) umbilicum minime profundum, latum, angulato ; apertura obliqua, circulari, peristomate duplici, continuo, breviter adnato, externo incrassato, superne expanso, angulato. Operculo 5 * Diam, major 10, minor 8, axis 3 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Akoutong (Lheobuld); Moulmein (Blanford). “The flattened depressed form of this shell, and the angular expansion of the outer peristome at the top of the aperture, render it easy of recognition among the depressed and widely umbilicate forms of Cyclophorus.” (Benson.) Blanford * thinks that some mistake must have been made in Jabelling, for he found the shell abounding in Moulmein, but although he repeatedly searched all round the Akoutong Hills he * JLA.S. B, xxxiv, 1865, p. 07. SCABRINA. 29 never met with it. He also states * that Benson’s description “must have been taken from a dead specimen which had lost both its epidermis and operculum.” In living specimens he found the shell covered with “a scabrous dark epidermis, radiately striated, and with raised spiral lines which, as in C. hispidulus, were more marked in young than in adult individuals. The operculum was slightly concave externally, in consequence of the edges of the whorls being raised and ragged, especially near the circumference; internally it was smooth and nearly flat, with a small central nucleus. C. calyw is well distinguished from C. hispidulis and C. pinnulifer by its smaller whorls, the strong subangulation around the umbilicus, the ornamentation beneath the epidermis and the markings of the epidermis itself, the raised ridges surrounding the. shell being fewer and much more pronounced in C. hispidulis.” Stoliczka found the animal ‘identical in form with those of other Cyclophoride, only of smaller size; when full grown the body is black, with very long subulate tentacles, slightly thickened near the tips, the rostrum is long and deeply cleft in front, the foot rather elongated, posteriorly narrowly produced and pointed ; eyes rather small, placed laterally at the base of the tentacles on barely perceptible bulgings. The sides of the foot and the tentacles are usually paler than the body, and young specimens are pale erey coloured throughout. The largest specimens found south of Moulmein measure: Diam. maj. 14; d. min. 12; alt. teste 7-2, alt. ult. anfr. cum perist. 5, diam. apert. int. 4 min.” The accompanying figures represent a specimen in the British Museum. 42. Scabrina hispidula, Blanford. Cyclophorus hispidulus, Blanford, J.A.S.B, xxxii, 1868, p. 321; id., op. cit, xxxiv. 1865, p. 97; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 47, figs. 5, 6. Myxostoma hispidulum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, . 36. Oy dennis (Scabrina) hispidulus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Scabrina hispidula, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 88. Original description :—*‘‘ Shell widely umbilicate, subplanulately depressed, radiately striated aud marked by extremely fine and close concentric impressed lines, white, covered with a thick dark brown epidermis, which forms a broad raised spiral costulation around the shell, more marked in young than in fully grown specimens. Spire almost flat, apex just exserted, suture deep. Whurls 5, cylindrical, the last descending very little near the aperture, which is subvertical and circular. Peristome double, inner lip continuous and projecting a little; outer lip slightly * J.A,8, B, xxxii, 1863, p. 322. 30 OYCLOPHORIDA, expanded. Operculum multispiral, externally flat, the margins of the whorls being very rough and free, internally very slightly concave, with a minute central nucleus projecting. “Major diam. ...........-006- 14 mm. 0°55 inch. Minor diam. ........ 0 .....-. PO OD8 - 55 Altitude cca cece eae ees 7 4, 0°28 ,, Diameter of aperture ......... 5 4, O15 ,,” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Mya Leit Doung near Ava (Blanford). 43, Scabrina inglisiana, Stoliczka. Cyclophorus (Myostoma) inglisianus, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. x1, part 2, 1871, p. 148, pl. 6, fig. 1; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 148, figs. 8, 9. Myzxostoma inglisianum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus (Scabrina) inglisianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 278. Scabrina inglisiana, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16. Original description :—‘ Cycl. testa subdiscvidea, late umbili- cata; anfractibus 43, primo depresso, albido, levigato, ceteris teretibus, paululum in amplitudine accrescentibus, sordide lutes- cente albescentibus, strigis fuscis, supra retrorse angulatis, ad peripheriam rotundatam ult. anfr. fascia castanea intersectis, notatis, epidermide pallida transversim rugulatim striata indutis ; suturis profundis, simplicibus; apertura paulum descendeute et obliqua, circulari, marginibus junctis, paululum incrassatis, haud dilatatis, supra prope suturam leviter insinuatis. Operculo corneo, tenui, circulari, anfractibus 7 extus paulo lamelliforme exstantibus composito, medio depressiusculo, intus polito, medio submammillato. Diam. maj. 9, d. min. 7°5, alt. totius teste 5, alt. ult. anfr. prope aperturam 8, diam. apert. 2°7 mm. “ Animal plumbeo-cinereum, tentaculis longis, acutis, nigri- cantibus, pede pallidescente, angusto, postice acuto ; rostro longo, nigricante, antice ad marginem modice lobato.” (Stoliezka.) Hab. Burma: Damotha near Moulmein (Stoliczka). The author compares the present species with Péerocyclus feddeni, BIf., which it resembles in the colouring, but is easily distinguished by its thinner and very gradually increasing whorls, whose tubular form also readily separates the shell from Cyelo- phorus calyx, which has the basal angulation always distinct. 44. Scabrina pinnulifera, Benson. Cyclophorus pinnulifer, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 205 , Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 318; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, i‘ 145, pl. 37, tigs. 22-24; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xili, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 20, fig. 103; Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 8322; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 2. Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) pinnulifer, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 41. SCABRINA.—THBOBALDIUS. 31 Myxostoma pinnulifer, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Cyclophorus (Scabrina) pinnulifer, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 100; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 277. Seabrina pinnulifera, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nach. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 90. Original description :—‘ Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato- depressa, radiato-striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus decussata, sub epidermide scabra, fusca, albida, superne strigis remotis castaneis radiata; spira planata, apice vix prominulo, sutura profunda; anfractibus 4 convexis, subtus rotundatis, ultimo antice latiori ; apertura obliqua, circulari; peristomate leviter expanso, subduplicato, interiori continuo, superne ad angulum vix sinuato, exteriori superne alam verticalem subfornieatam efformante. Operc.? “Diam. major 18, minor 10, axis 34 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Zheobald); Hengdan Peak, Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen). “Related to the Sikkim C. phenotopicus and to C. calyz of Burmah, but more nearly to the latter, from which it is dis- tinguished by its wider last whorl, the absence of any angulation below, and by its more developed peristome.” (Benson.) Genus THEOBALDIUS, Weviil. Theobaldius, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275 (as subgenus of Cyclo- phorus (no description) ); Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 744 (as section of Cyclophorus, s.s.) ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88 (as genus); id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 91; id., Colicl Cah. Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 556. Typz, Cyclophorus annulatus, Pfeiffer. Range. India and Ceylon. “Shell depressed or discoid, widely uatbilicated, last whorl rounded ; aperture circular ; peristome generally double. Oper- culum entering the mouth, thin, corneous, many-whorled.” (Kobelt, in German.) 45. Theobaldius annulatus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma annulatum (Troschel), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iy, 1847, p. 150; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 162, pl. 22, figs. 17-19. Gyelpharin annulatus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 108; id., op. cit. viii, 1852, p. 143; id., Cat Phaneropn., Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 69; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Reeve, Conch. fcon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 15, fig. 66; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 143, figs. 1,4; Jousseanme, Mém, Soe, Zool, France, vii, 1894, p. 308, 32 CYCLOPHORID 2. Myxostoma annulatum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) annulatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275. Theobaldius annulatus, Kohelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16 ; Jvobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 91, text-fig. 23; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 556. Original description :—*T. umbilicata, depressissima, subdis- coidea, solidula, ruguloso-striata, sub epidermide tenui, olivaceo- cornea alba, superne obsolete fusco-maculata ; spira plana; aufr. 44-52 convexiusculi; umbilicus latissimus, profundus ; apertura obliqua, ovali-subrotundata; perist. subsimplex, undique ex- pansiusculum, marginibus approximatis, infra medium anfractus penultimi callo brevi subangulatim junctis. “ Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 6 mill.” (Pfeifer) Hab. Ceylon (Hoffmeister) ; Udagama (Simon). Var. discus, Aobelt. Cyclostoma annulatum vay., Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 168, pl. 29, figs. 14, 15. Theohaldius annulatus, var. discus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, J902, p. 81. Theobaldius annulatus vay., Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 556. Considerably larger than the type, measuring : Diam. maj. 23'5, min. 19, alt. 8mm. The shell figured by Pfeiffer was received from Cuming. Var. nilgiricus, Kobelt. Theobaldius (annulatus?) nilgiricus, Kobelt, Conch:-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, p. 557, pl. 71, figs. 4-6, Original description :-—* Differt a typo testa multo majore, sculptura distinctiore, striis costelliiormibus, apertura magis obliqua, peristomate distincte duplici, interno producto. “Diam. maj. 29°5, min, 25, alt. 11°5, alt. apert. obl. 12, lat. 10 mn.” (Kobelt.) Hab. India: Nilgiris. 46. Theobaldius bairdi, Pfeffer. Cyclostoma bairdi (Cyclophorus), Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 144, pl. 13, tig. 1; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 872, pl. 48, figs. 17-19, Cyclophorus buirdi, Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 63; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Reeve, Conch. Teon. xiii, 186], Cyelophorus, pl. 15, fig. 68; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 1; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool, Irance, vii 1894, p. 303, ai Myzxostoma bairdi, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br, India, 1876, p. 36, Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) batrdi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275. ‘THEOBALDIUS. 33 Theobaldius bairdi, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 91; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 565. Original description :—“ C. testa late umbilicata, depressa, sub- discoidea, solida, spiraliter confertim striata, fulvo-lutea, strigis crebris angulatis castaneis picta; spira vix elevata, medio sub- prominula; anfr. 43, convexiusculis, ultimo subdepresso, peripheria obsoletissime angulato et fascia castanea ornato; umbilico aperto, 4 diametri paulo superante; apertura obliqua, subangulato-rotun- data, intus alba; perist. subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, expansiusculo, superne angulatim subproducto. “Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 9 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Cuming) ; Maturata (Simon). 47. Theobaldius cadiscus, Benson. Cyclophorus cadiscus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v. 1860, p. 385; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 105, fig. 10. Cyclophorus thwattesi, Hanley & Theobald, op. cit. 1870, pl. 3, fig. 8 (non Pfeiffer). Cyclophorus cadixus, H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4. Myxostoma cadiscus, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 36. Theobaldius cadiscus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 92; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, p. 565, pl. 71, fig. 17. » Original description :—< Testa sublate et profunde umbilicata, convexo depressa, tenui, confertim oblique striata, sub epidermide pallide corneo-albida; spita convexa apice obtuso, sutura pro- fundiuscula; anfractibus 5. convexiusculis, ultimo cylindrico, antice descendente; apertura obliqua, ovato-rotundata, superne angulata, peristomate duplici, interiore continuo, modice porrecto, exteriore adnato, ad dextram breviter expanso, margine columellari recto, simplici. “ Diam. major 17, minor 15, axis 8 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: East Matelle (Layard). 48. Theobaldius cratera, Benson. Cyclophorus cratera, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 94; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 55; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 47, fig. 8; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4. Myxostoma cratera, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p, 36. Theobaldius cratera, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 92; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 561, pl. 70, fig. 3. Original description :—‘ Testa late umbilicata, planulato-depressa, D 34 CYCLOPHORIDZ. subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, radiatim et confertim ruguloso-striata, vix nitidula, fulvo-cornea, raro castaneo-strigata ; spira planulata, apice vix prominente, sutura profundiuscula ; anfractibus 5 con- vexiusculis, ultimo longe lenteque descendente ; apertura obliqua medioeri, subrotundata, superue angulata, intus albida; peristomate duplici, interiori coutinuo, acuto, breviter porrecto, exteriori ex- pansiusculo, breviter adnato, albido ; umbilico aperto, profundius- culo, operculo tenui, corneo, 7-spirato ; anfractibus valde angustis, suturis intus et extus pulchre carinatis. “ Diam. major 24, minor 20, alt. 8 mill. 22, 18, 6, ” a) 13 ” 11 ” 4 ” se Hab. Ceylon (E. L. Layard, F. Layard). “The operculum is more closely wound than in C. parma, from which it differs in colour, the form and position of the aperture, sculpture, and deeper umbilicus; this part is shallower than in its near ally, C. annulatus, Trosch., which exhibits, moreover, a prominent dark apex to the spire, whereas in C\ cratera the apex 1s flattened and white. The variation in size is considerable, as may be seen by reference to the measurements. The smallest variety exhibits the adult character: the narrow volutions of the operculum, and a darker corneous hue than in C. parma, are constant. Its double peristome and the flatness of the apex at ouce distinguish it from C. Thwartesi, Pfr.” (Benson.) ” Eat 49. Theobaldius cytopoma, Benson. Cyclophorus cytopoma, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, v, 1860, p. 385 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 47, fig. 9, 1875, p. xv; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4. Myzxvustoma cytopoma, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, . 36. Be nore (Theobaldius) annulatus, vay. cytopoma, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 276. Thevbaldius cytopoma, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 88; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 275; Wobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 92; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, p. 557, pl. 70, tig. 15. Original description :— Testa late. et profunde umbilicata, planato-depressa, subdiscoidea, vix nitidula, confertim et arcuatim rugoso-striata, tulvo-castanea, subtus pallidiore apicem versus flammis pallidioribus, et infra medium anfractus ultimi fascia fusca inconspicua ornata ; spira planulata, apice non prominente, sutura profunda; anfractibus 53 convexis, ultimo antice sensim descendente ; umbilico 2 diametri equante; apertura ampla, obliqua, angulato-ovali, intus lactea, peristomate simplici expansius- culo, superne acute angulato, breviter adnato, intus incrassato- labiato, margine columellari subtus recedente, dextro, superne antice arcuato, Operculo fulvo-corneo, solidiusculo, 7-spirato, convexiusculo, ad apicem foveato, intus concavo, margine externo THEOBALDIUS. 35 suleo lato fere circumdato, anfractibus ad marginem carinatis, carina exteriore elevatiore. “ Diam. major 243, minor 19, axis 8 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, Ceylon (Layard). The author considers the keeled edges of the whorls of the somewhat thickened operculum to form a striking character in this species, affording indications of un approach to the operculum of Pterocyclus. C. loxostoma, Pfr., and C. bairdi, Pfr., are allied, but from the latter it differs in the flat spire, the formation of the aperture, the colouring, and the absence of spiral striation. 50. Theobaldius deplanatus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma deplanatum (Cyclophorus?), Pfeitfer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 301. Cyclophorus deplanatus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 62; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 72; Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. xxxv, 1866, pp. 38, 40; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, fig.10; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 116, 409. Myxostoma deplanaium, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p- 185; id., Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. a (Theobaldius) deplanatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 276. Theobaldius deplanatus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 93; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, p. 562, pl. 70, figs. 8-10; pl. 71, figs. 1-4. Original description :—* ©. testa late umbilicata, depressa, sub- discoidea, solida, confertim striatula, nitida, fusco-lutea vel castanea, fascia unica peripherica, lutea eincta; spira vix prominula, vertice subtili; sutura profunda; anfr. 5 rotundatis, ultimo terete, antice sensim descendente ; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, intus alba; perist. continuo, incrassato, expansiusculo, subdupli- cato, breviter adnato, margine columellari regulariter arcuato.— Operc. ? “ Diam. maj. 274, min. 23, alt. 8 mill.” (Pfetffer.) Hab. India: Koondah Mountains (Pirrie); Anamullays, Sispara Ghat (Beddome); Travancore (Z'heobald). 51. Theobaldius layardi, H. Adams. Cyclophorus layardi, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 294, pl. 28, fig. 21; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind 1875, pl. 104, figs. 2, 3. Myzxostoma layardt, Theobald, Cat. Shells Br. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) layardi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 276. Theobaldius layardi, Kobelt & Millendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 93; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i. 1907, p. 560, pl. 70, figs. 1, 2. 5 D 36 dYcLOPHORID A. Original description :— ©. testa late umbilicata, depressa, solidula, confertim oblique striata et liris pluribus distantibus sculpta, sub epidermide fusca flavidula; spira parum elevata, apice obtusulo, sutura profunda; anfr. 5, convexis, ultimo antice descendente ; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, superne angulari ; perist. continuo, duplici, interno breviter expanso, albido, externo expanso, superne dilatato, adnato. Op. corneum, tenue, extus subconcayum, arctispirum. “ Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 11 mill.” (4. Adams.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). 52. Theobaldius liliputianus, Preston. Cyclophorus (Theobaldia) liliputiana, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 138, pl. 22, fig. 18. Original description:— Shell small, suborbicular, depressed, white painted with a broad, reddish brown, subperipheral band, both above and below which occur zigzag flame markings of the same colour; whorls 43; spire scarcely raised; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus wide and shallow ; peristome white, continuous, double, slightly reflexed ; aperture circular. “ Alt. 4, diam. major 10, minor 7°75, aperture alt. 3°25, diam. 3°25 mm.” (Preston.) Hab. Ceylon. Apparently the smallest species of the genus recorded from Ceylon. 53. Theobaldius loxostoma, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma loxostomum (Cyclophorus), Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 146. Cyclostoma loxostomum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 377, pl. 49, figs. 11-13. Cyclophorus lorostomus, Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 65; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280. Cyclophorus loxostoma, Reeve, Conch, Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, Pe 17, fig. 83; H. Nevill, Enum. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; anley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xv. sy ead (Lheobaldius) loxostoma, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 277. Phoobalidius loxostomus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 93. Theobaldius lovvstoma, Kobelt, Conch,-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 568. Original description :— C. testa umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, solidula, confertim filoso-striata, fusco-fulva, maculis pallidioribus conspersa ; spira plana, vertice subtili haud prominente ; anfr. 5, convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo terete, antice dilatato, non descendente ; umbilico pateraformi, } diametri, superante ; THEOBALDIUS. 37 apertura diagonali, subcireulari, intus margaritacea; perist. con- tinno, breviter adnato, recto, subduplicato, vix incrassato. “Diam. maj. 133, min. 11, alt. 4 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Mr. Lear). 54. Theobaldius maculosus, Sowerby. Cyclostoma maculosum, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 66; id., Thes. Conch. i, 1848, p. 112, pl. 31, figs. 256, 257; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 54, pl. 7, figs. 4-6. Cyclophorus maculosus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 148; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 91; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280 ; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 1, 1858, p.62; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, Cyclophorus, 1861, pl. 5, tig. 17; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 72; Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 116. Theobaldius maculosus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 98; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, pp. £60, 566, Original description:—“ Cycl. testa suborbiculari, depressa, crassiuscula, levi, castanea, albido-maculosa, spira paululum levata, apice nigricante; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, obsolete spiraliter striatis; apertura subcirculari, peritremate subincrassato, sub- reflexo, postice acuminatiusculo; umbilico maximo, spiraliter castaneo lineato.” (Sowerby.) Alt. 13, maj. diam. 30, min. 23 mm. Hab. Southern India (Kobelt § Méllendorff). The country of origin of this species was unknown to Sowerby, and all subsequent writers dealing with it have queried its habitat, except Kobelt and Mollendorff, who indicated Southern India in 1897. 55. Theobaldius nivicola, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) nivicola, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8, B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 173, pl. 7, fig. 1. Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) nivicola, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275. Theobaldius nivicola, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 94. Original description:—“Shell flatly discoidal, openly umbilicated. Whorls 5, with distinct longitudinal striation, the last well rounded on the periphery, large, the rest rapidly decreasing, covered with a thick epidermis, colour dark brown-umber. At half the circumference from the apex fine zigzag pale ochreous markings ornament the upper surface; these widen and are arranged closer towards the apex, which is pale; a black band on the periphery is bounded by a pale narrow one. Spire slightly raised. Suture deep. Aperture oblique, very slightly descending, circular. Peristome thickened, double, reflected, with a small re-entering notch near the suture. Operculum corneous, flat. “ Major diam. 1-0 [25:5 mm.], alt. 0°45 inch [11-25 mm.]. Hab. India: Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). 38 CYCLOPHORTD.®. “This form is a representative here of the Ceylonese C. bairdit. A variety of the same size but plain, with pale band on the periphery, on Toruputu Peak. Small (major diam. 0-65 [16°5mm.]) varieties also occur, both ornamented and plain; the latter are very similar in size and light ochreous colouration to C. ravidus of the Nilgiri Hills, but the former have fine zigzag markings and a single black band on the periphery.” (Godwin-Austen.) 56. Theobaldius oakesi, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus oakesi, Godwin-Austen, Records Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 502, pl. 40, fig. 1. Original description :—“ Shell globosely conoid, umbilicated, not widely. Sculpture, a strong epidermis, fine lines of growth. Colour strong sienna brown, mottled, broadish splashes of black. No pheripheral band. Spire somewhat depressed, apex broad and blunt. Suture impressed. Whorls 4+}, well rounded. Aperture circular, suboblique. Peristome simple, not thickened, very slightly expanded, in the best specimen it is not fully formed. Operculum horny multispiral, smooth in front and concave. Major diam. 9:4; alt. axis +8 mm.” Hab. India: Tsanspu Valley, Abor Hills, 2 specimens (Oakes). “ The subgeneric position of this species is very doubtful; the animal has not been seen.” (Godwin- Auster.) The species is provisionally placed in the genus Theobaldius. I have not seen specimens. 57. Theobaldius orites, Nevzll. Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) orites, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, part 2, 188], p. 147, pl. 6, fig. 4. Theobaldius orites, Kobelt & Méllendorfl, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 94; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 567, pl. 71, figs. 14-16. Original description :—“ Broadly and openly umbilicate, solid, depressed, subdiscoidal, covered with a rather thick, smooth, bright yellow, or horn-coloured, epidermis, throughout, under the lens very minutely, closely, obliquely striated; spire perfectly flat, suture excavate; whorls 4, the last one perfectly round, increasing unusually rapidly in sive ; aperture circular, peristome double, the outer margin above near the body whorl, being slightly sub- angulately produced, showing a distinct transition to the ‘ wing- like’ process ef Pterocyclus, columellar margin oblique, the duplication of the peristome becoming obsolete. ‘“‘Operculum thin, horny, slightly immersed, flat, composed of five or six acutely defined volutions. “ Alt. 54, diam. 147, mill.” (Nevill.) Hab, India: Chola Range, Sikkim, THEOBALDIUS 39 58. Theobaldius parapsis, Benson. Cyclophoris parapsis, Benson, A. M.N.H., ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 96; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 87; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 66; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 18, fig. 90 ; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p.4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xv. Myxostoma parapsis, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Cyclophorus ( Theobaldius) parapsis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 277. Theobaldius parapsis, Kobelt & Miéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 94; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 558, pl. 69, figs. 21-25. Original description :—‘ Testa late et perspective umbilicata, orbiculato-depressa, tenui confertim striatula, olivacea, sub epidermide tenui albida; spira planiuscula, apice vix prominulo, sutura profunda; anfractibus 4 convexiusculis, ultimo cylindrico, leviter descendente, non dilatato; apertura subverticali, sub- circulari, intus glancescente; peristomate continuo, breviter adnato, recto, simplice, acuto: operculo tenui, corneo, arcte spirato, medio concaviusculo, intus obtuse umbonali. “ Diam. major 13, minor 10, alt. 5 mill.” Hab. Ceylon: Damboul (F. L. Layard). “Tt differs from C. loxostoma, Pfeiffer (a large and handsomely marked variety of which was found on the same rock), in colouring, epidermis, depth of suture, narrower and deeper umbilicus, and the more circular and vertical aperture, which exhibits nothing of the diagonal departure from the axis observable in Pfeiffer’s shell. The peristome also is acute and “single, instead of being double, slightly expanded and thickened, as in that species, of which Mr. Layard’s specimen is variegated with radiate and undulated chestnut stripes, and with a single band on a fulvous ground.” (Benson.) 59. Theobaldius parma, Benson. Cyclophorus parma, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 94; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 55; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 57, pl. 148, figs. 2, 3. Myzxostoma parma, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. Theobaldius parma, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 94; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 566, pl. 70, figs. 6, 7. Original description:—‘Testa latissime umbilicata, planato- depressa, discoidea, tenuiuscula, confertim et arcuatim sericato- striata, saturate castanea, flammulis nonnullis pallidis spiram versus ornata, subtus interdum pallidiori ; spira planata, apice nullo modo prominente, sutura profunda; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo 40 CYCLOPHORIDA. antice descendente; apertura valde obliqua, ampla, ovato-rotundata, superne angulata, intus livide cwrulea; peristomate duplici, interiori continuo, albido, ad dextram expansiusculo, exteriori breviter interrupto, expansiusculo, fusco-corneo ; margine colu- mellari subtus recedente, dextro prorsum arcuato ; umbilico latis- simo, minime profundo. Operculo tenui, corneo, 54-spirato, suturis intus extusque pulchre carinatis. “ Diam. major 26, minor 23, alt. 6 mill.” Hab. Ceylon (£. L. Layard). Weis Sita 4 The shell is easily distinguished from the other planorbular Cyclophori of Ceylon by its dark colour and depressed form, which recall those of Pterocyclos hispidus, Pearson, by its very wide and shallow umbilicus, and by the size and peculiar position of the aperture. The whorls of the operculum, which is of a clear horn-colour, are less closely wound than in C. cratera.” ( Benson.) 60. Theobaldius phanotopicus, Benson. Cyclostoma phenotupicum, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 190; x, 1852, p. 271; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 386, pl. 50, figs. 20, 21. Cyclophorus phaenotopicus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 144; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 70; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 100; Benson, A.M.N.II. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Theobald, J.A.S.B. xxvii, 1858, p. 322; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Cycluphorus, pl. 18, fig. 91; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 3. Myzxostoma phenotopicum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. eile ile ( Theobaldius) phaenotopicus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, Theobaldiue phaenotopicus, Kobelt & Miéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 95; id., Conch.-Cab., Oyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 567. Original description :—‘‘ Testa subaperte umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, tenui, non nitente, striis scabris, acutis, radiatis, elevatis, aliis, impressis spiralibus, sub lente vix percipiendis, prope suturam decussatis, rufo-fusca, strigis augulatis, interruptis picta; spira depressa, apice prominula, sutura impressa; an- fractibus 43 convexis, sensim accrescentibus ; apertura circulari, pelistomate tenui, recto, marginibus approximatis ; umbilico profundo, perspectivo. Opercule corneo, tenui, concaviusculo, arctispirali ; anfractibus 7-8. “ Diam. major 12, minor 10,alt. 4 mill.” Hab. India: Darjeeling, Sikkim (Stoliczka, Theobald, H. F. Blanford, Mainwaring). “ Although the larger of my two specimens does not bear the signs of age, yet, even if the peristome should be found to acquire a further development, the peculiar dull and sharp scabrous sculpture, as well as the narrower umbilicus, will serve to prevent THEOBALDIUS. 41 the species from being confounded with any allied form, such as C. annwatum and C. stenostoma, which possess a similar operculum. The impressed spiral striw are confined to the inner slope of the whorl, towards the suture, and are only visible under a lens.” (Benson.) This description Benson subsequently amplified * as follows :— “ Peristomate verticali, integro, expansiusculo, subreflexo, su- perne duplicato, lamella exteriore ibidem subangulato. “Diam. major 18, minor 10, axis 54 mill.” 61. Theobaldius ravidus, Benson. Cyclostoma ravidum, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 190; ie Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 385, pl. 50, figs. Cyclophorus ravidus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p.144; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 70; id. Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 99; Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 20, fig. 102; W. T. & H. F. Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 864; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxviii. 1869, B a Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 42, pl. 105, S. 0, 0. Aijpcstcne ravidum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) ravidus, Nevill, Hand List, i. 1878, p. 276 (+-var. anamullayensis and vay. wynaadensis). Theobaldius ravidus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 95; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae i, 1907, p. 568. Original description :—‘“ Testa aperte umbilicata, subdiscoidea, ‘nitidiuscula, confertim scabre tenuiter radiato-striata, olivaceo- lutea, sub epidermide alba; spira vix elevata, apice planato, obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4 convexiusculis, lente ac- crescentibus, ultimo cylindraceo, antice vix descendente, superne prope suturam sub lente obsolete spiraliter striato; apertura obliqua, circulari, peristomate tenui, recto, marginibus callo tenui junctis; umbilico lato, perspectivo; operculo tenui, corneo, multispirato, extus concaviusculo. “ Diam. major 15, minor 13, axis 7 mill.” Hab, India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford); Kolamullay (Blan- ford); Anamullay Hills, Wynaad, Battingh, Battenpathi; Sheva- roy Hills (Beddome). “The species differs from C. annulatum, Troschel, which has a similar operculum, in the more closely-wound whorls, in the narrower umbilicus, more delicate sculpture, and absence of any pattern on the upper side.” (Bensou.) Blanford states ¢ that the species attains a considerably larger size in the Anamullay Hills and the Wynaad than the type, shells from the former locality measuring 27 mm. by 22 mm., and , * A.M.N. HL ser, 2, x, 1852, p. 271. + J. A.S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 143. 42 CYCLOPHORIDE. from the latter 24 mm. by 19°5 mm. The operculum, when in good condition, has raised margins to the whorls. He was in- clined, however, to consider the species identical with C. annulatus, from Ceylon. Fig. 10.— Theobaldius ravidus. (Shell nat. size, opere. X 3.) Nevill separated these two forms from the type as varieties, naming them anamullayensis and wynaadensis respectively, with- out, however, giving any definition; he even added in brackets “@ sp. nov.” The specimen now figured is from the Beddome collection kindly lent by Mr. Leman. It measures 16 x 14mm. in diameter, alt. 8 mm. The operculum is many-whorled and closely coiled. 62. Theobaldius shiplayi, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) shiplayt, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 337 ; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p .68 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 18, fig. 85; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 76; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 97, pl. 143, tigs. 7, 10. Myxostoma shiplayi, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. ene a (Theobaldius) shiplayi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 277. Theobatdius shiplayt, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 95; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1907, p. 568, pl. 71, figs. 7, 8. Original description: —“C. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, membranaceo-striata, fulva, castaneo oblique strigata; spira vix elevata; anfr. 4 convexis, ultimo terete; umbilico } diametri occupante ; apertura obliqua, subcirculari; perist. simplice, recto, ad anfractum contignum vix interrupto. Opere.? “ Diam, maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 3 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Shiplay). 63. Theobaldius stenostoma, Sowerby. Cyclostoma stenostomus, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1843, p. 95, pl. 31, fig. 261. Cyclostoma stenostoma, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 149, pl. 20, figs. 23-25. THEOBALDIUS. 43 Cyclophorus stenostoma, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 108; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cycluphorus, pl. 17, fig. 82; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 42, pl. 105, figs. 7,8; G. Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, part 2, 1881, p. 146 (var. substenostoma). Cyclophorus stenostomus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vili, 1852, p. 148 ; id., Cat. Phaneropn. 1852, p. 64; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. li, 1855, p. 280. sa stenostoma, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87. aes (Theobaldius) stenostoma, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 276. Theobaldius stenostomus, Kobelt & Médllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17. Theobaldius stenostoma, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 95; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 569, pl. 71, figs, 11-13. Original description :— T. suborbiculari, depressa, crassa, levi, castanea, albido-maculosa; spira fere plana, anfractibus 4, sub- rotundatis ; apertura fere circulari, postice subangulata, paululum coarctata, peritremate subincrassato, umbilico maximo; operculo corneo, anfractibus sex. ‘“‘ Shell suborbicular, depressed, thick, smooth, chestnut coloured with whitish specks; spire nearly flat, volutions 4, somewhat rounded ; aperture nearly circular. angular posteriorly, slightly contracted ; peritreme a little thickened; umbilicus very large ; operculum horny, with six volutions. Arabia.” (Sowerby.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Blanford) ; Ootacamund (Stoliczka). Var, anguis, Hanley & Theobald. Cyclophorus stenostoma, var. angus (Sowerby), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 48, pl. 105, fig. 9. Theobaidius stenostoma, var. anguis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 96. Larger than the type, and has the entire upper surface concen- trically shagreened by wavy and somewhat broken raised wrinkles. Hanley and Theobald considered this variety to be possibly a dis- tinct species. Hab. India: Nilgiris. The type was originally stated by Sowerby to be from Arabia, evidently an error. 64. Theobaldius subplicatus, Beddome. Cycophorus subplicatus, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 452, pl. 53, figs. 25-27; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 406. Cyclophorus subplicatulus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876, p. xv, pl. 146, figs: 5, 7. Muxostoma subplicatulus (Bedd.), Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. 44 CYCLOPHORID#, Theobaldius subplicatus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 96; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1907, p. 563, pl. 70, figs. 18, 14. Original description :—“ Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, solid, of a dark chestnut-brown and covered with a dusty fuscous epidermis when young, closely ‘striated obliquely and incon- spicuously, spirally lirate, and ornamented with oblique rather inconspicuous scarcely raised folds or plications which are angled above the region of the periphery on the lowest whorl and again run backwards; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse, sutures deep; whorls 4, convex, the last descending slightly towards the peristome ; aperture oblique, subcircular, angled at its left apex ; peristome double, both lips continuous, the inner white, the outer scarcely expanded except at its left apex; operculum of a single horny thin layer, subconcave externally, with 6 spiral whorls: diameter 1, inch [27 mm.], height 3 inch [9°5 mm.].” Hab. Ceylon: Haycock Mountain (Beddome). “Very like C. layardi, but with the spiral lines much less prominent and furnished with peculiar oblique folds, and the peristome less reflexed.” (Beddome.) 65. Theobaldius thwaitesi, Pfeiffer. Cyclophorus thwaitesi, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 127; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 18, fig. 87; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, fig. 9 (not fig. 8); 1876, p. xv; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic, Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 305. ee aia thwaitesti, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Theobaidius thwaitest, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 96; id., Conch-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1908, p. 699, pl. 70, figs. 4, 5. Original description :— OC. testa late umbilicata, depressa, sub- discoidea, tenui, subconfertim arcuato-striata, nitidula, luteo- fulva, strigis angulosis castaneis eleganter flammata; spira sub- plana, vertice vix prominulo; sutura profunda; anfr. 4, modice convexis, celeriter acerescentibus, ultimo terete, aitice vix descen- dente; apertura fere diagonali, ovali-rotundata; intus submar- garitacea ; perist. simplice, acuto, marginibus fere contiguis, callo tenui junctis, dextro expansiusculo, columellari subreflexo. “ Diam. maj. 12, min. 9, alt. 5 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites); Kandy, Galle (Simon). 66. Theobaldius tristis, Blanford. Pterocyclos ? tristis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, part 2, 1869, p. 184, pl. 16, fig. 9; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38, Cyclophorus tristis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1876, p. 57, pl. 148, figs. 5, 6. THHOBALDIUS,—CYCLOPHORUS. 45 Cyclophorus (Theobaldius) tristis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 276. Theobaldius tristis, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id. Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1992, p. 96; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 700, pl. 70, figs. 11, 12. Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, epidermide crassa, fulvescenti-brononea induta; sub epidermide albida, striatula. Spira convexa, apice parum exserto, per-obtuso, sutura profunda. Anfr. 5 rotundati; ultimus teres, longe sen- sim descendens. Apertura obliqua, rotunda; peristoma bre- vissime adnatum, duplex; internum parum porrectum, superne juxta suturam vix sinuatum; externum leviter expansum, con- tinuum, a peristomate interno sulco discretum, supra ejus sinum in alam verticalem parvam, instar tubuli imperfecti, antice spec- tantem anfractum penultimum non attingentem, breviter cucul- latim productum. Operc.? Diam. maj. 194, min. 16, axis 93 mill. Ap. diam. intus 64. “Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, covered with a thick, olivaceous brown epidermis ; beneath the epidermis white, faintly striated. The epidermis is closely rugately striated near the suture. Spire convex; apex scarcely exserted, obtuse; suture deep. Whorls 5, rounded, the last cylindrical, descending very gradually for a considerable distance behind the aperture. Mouth oblique, circular; peristome double, the two portions divided by a groove; the inner slightly projecting, with a very small, almost obsolete sinus above, close to the suture; the outer a little expanded, and produced above into a short vertical wing, opening in front, and forming an imperfect tube; it is just above the imperfect sinus in the inner peristome, and does not touch the penultimate whorl. Operculum unknown. Major diameter 0°8, minor 0°62, axis 0°36; diameter of the aperture 0:26 inch.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: South Canara, Tinnevelly (H. Beddome). In the absence of the operculum the species was doubtfully referred to the genus Pterocyclus by the author, but the sub- sequent discovery of specimens with the operculum led Hanley and Theobald to refer it to Cyclophorus. Genus CYCLOPHORUS, Montfort. Cyclophorus, Montfort, Conchyl. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 290; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 107; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 54; Adams, Genera Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 743; Godwin-Austen, Land and Fresbw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 17; Sarasin, Land-Moll. Celebes, 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 97. Typr, Helix volvulus, Miiller. Range. South-Eastern Asia, New Guinea, Africa. Shell globose-turbinate, depressed, or discoid; peristome 46 CYCLOPHORIDA. continuous, expanded, or straight. Operculum corneous, thin, narrowly coiled, more or less concave externally, smooth, edges of whorls not raised. Subgenus LITOSTYLUS, Kobelt g Méllendorff. Litostylus (nom, nud.), Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 83 (part.); id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 16; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 97. Typn, Heliv involvulus, Miller. Range. India, Ceylon, Farther India, Philippines. “Shell more or less depressed, ribbed or spirally lirate, peristome not dilated.” (Kobelt.) 67. Cyclophorus ceylanicus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma ceylanicum (Sowerby MS.), Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- stomaceen, 1849, p. 171, pl. 29, tigs. 1-3. Cyclostoma indicum, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 1850, p. 163 *, pl. 31 4, tigs. 320, 321 (non Deshayes). Cyclophorus ceylanicus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 140; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 70; id, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 47; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 272; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 51; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 66; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 33, fig. 2; H. Nevill, Knum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Pfeiffer, Suppl. 3, 1876, pp. 105, 406; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xv; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 35; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 272. Cyclophorus menkeanus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 10, fig. 42 (non Philippi). Cyclophorus (Litostylus) ceylanicus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 98; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 689, pl. 101, figs. 9, 10, pl. 103, figs. 7, 8 Original description :—* C. testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, liris permultis elevatis acutis (interpositis minoribus) striisque longitudinalibus confertissimis decussata, saturate cas- tanea, strigis albis, angustis, undulatis picta; spira conoidea, obtusiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo infra carinam submedianam, acutiovrum fascia lata nigricante ornato, circa umbilicum infundi- baliformem subvompresso, stramineo; apertura subobliqua, sub- circulari, intus coerulescenti-alba ; perist. inerassato, candido, marginibus callo tenui superne angulatim junctis, dextro expanso, columellari reflexo.—Opere. corneum, arctispirum, extus vix concavum. “Diam. maj. 37, min. 30, alt. 24 mill. Ap. intus oblique 17 mill. longa.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon. Allied to C. stenomphalus, but the spirals are much more pro- minent and more acute. CYCLOPHORUS. 47 68. Cyclophorus cornutus, Kobelt. Cyclostoma cornu venatorium (non Helix cornu-venatortum, Gmelin, 1791), Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i. 1843, p. 107, pl. 24, fig. 41 (not 42); Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab,, Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 159, pl. 22, figs. 1-3; 1854, p. 387, pl. 49, figs. 14-16; Benson, A. M.N. H. ser, 2, xix, 1857, p. 210. Aulopoma cornu venatorium, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 111; vili, 1851, p. 188; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 14 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 53; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 283. Cyclophorus cornu venatorium, Theobald, J.A.8.B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 69; Blanford, J.A.S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 96; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 42, pl. 104, figs. 5,6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 268. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) cornu venatorium, Kobelt. & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105 ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) cornutus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 98 (nom. mut.); id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 645, pl. 91, fig. 7. Original description :—“ T. orbiculato-depressa, albicante; spira mucronata, nigra; anfractibus 4 ventricosis, superne transversim striatis, infra levibus, linea mediana ferruginea; sutura profunda ; apertura circulari, peritremate tenui, acuto; umbilico maximo. “Shell orbicular, depressed, whitish ; spire mucronated, with a black apex; volutions 4, ventricose, transversely striated on the upper part, smooth beneath, with a brown spiral line in the middle; suture deep; aperture circular; peritreme thin, acute; umbilicus very large.” Sowerby.) Hab. Burma: Ava (Oldham). 69. Cyclophorus involvulus, Miiller. Helix involvulus, Miller, Hist. Verm. part 2, 1774, p. 84; Wood, Index Test. 1825, pl. 32, fig. 8. Cyclostoma involvulus, Benson, J. A.S. B. v, 1836, p. 855 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1843, p. 119, pl. 26, figs. 114-116; Pfeiffer, Conch.- Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 28, pl. 4, figs. 3,4; pl. 8, figs. 10-12 (var. ). nies ee involvulus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 108; viii, 1851, p. 138; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 39; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 1, fig. 1; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 2, fig. 1; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1855, p. 744, pl. 12, fig. 41; Westerlund, Vega Exped. Vetensk. Jakttag. iv, 1885, p. 188; Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. Franee, vii, 1894, . 304. Giulophorie (Litostylus) involvulus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17: Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 99; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 651, pl. 93, fig. 7. 48 CYCLOPHORID i. “T. umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, superne costas spiral- ibus, obtuse elevatis, subconfertis munita, pallide fulvida, castaneo marmorata ; spira brevis, subacuminata ; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus latus, medio fascia pallida, infra peripheriam fascia lata nigricante, albido conspersa, ornatus, basi convexa albidus ; umbilicus medio- cris, pervius; apertura parum obliqua, subcircularis, superne obsolete angulata, intus aurantiaca; perist. duplex; internum continuum, rectum, subincrassatum, igneum, externum reflexum, pallidius.—Opere. normale.—Diam. maj. 34, min. 28, alt. 20 mill. Ap. intus 14 mill. longa.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Behar, Sylhet (Benson); Ceylon (Anderson, Layard); Point de Galle (Vega Evp.). 70. Cyclophorus jerdoni, Benson. Cyclostoma jerdoni, Benson, A.M. N. H. ser. 2, vili, 1851, p. 185, Pfeitfer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 382, pl.50, figs. 1-3. Cyclophorus jerdoni, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 140; Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 48; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 71; Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 5, tig, 20; Blanford, J. A.S.B. xxxv, part 2, 1866, pp. 88 & 40; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 33, tigs. 5,6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus polynema, var. “erdoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, Cyclophorus (Litostylus) jerdoni, Kobelt & Méllendortt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 99. Original description:—‘ Testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, supra lineis elevatis spiralibus confertissimis corrugatis, strias obliquas decussantibus, subtus striis decussatis levioribus munita, albida, flammis fulguratis castaneis superne, et usque ad dimidium basis picta, fascia pallida mediana, flammulis attenuatis articulata, cincta; spira depressa, apice prominula, sutura distincta ; anfrac- tibus 5 convexis, ultimo prope suturam depresso-planulato, peripheria subangulata; apertura vix obliqua, subcirculari, ad apicem angulata, peristomate expansiusculo, incrassato, albido, ad umbilicum subreflexo; marginibus callo crasso junctis, umbilico mediocri, profundo, pervio, anfractus 2 exhibente. “ Diam. maj. 35, min. 28, axis 20 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon); Balarangam (Beddome); Ana- mullays (Blanford). ‘« Distinguished by its peculiar sculpture, more depressed form, rather wider umbilicus, and less expanded and lees reflected peri- stome, from the white-lipped shell figured by Sowerby, Pl. Supp. no. 318, f. 321, as C. indicum, Deshayes, and by Pfeiffer, as U. ceylanicum, Sowerby, who subsequently suppressed his MS. name. It is also less darkly coloured than that species, and the whitish ground forms a greater proportion in the markings. The CYCLOPHORUS. 49 red-mouthed var. of C. indicum, figured by Sowerby, was sent to me by Dr. Jerdon as found on the opposite face of the Nilgherris.” ( Benson.) 71. Cyclophorus liratula, Preston. Cyclophorus liratula, Preston, Records Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 138, pl. 22, fig. 8. Original description :—“ Shell subdiscoidal, moderately solid, covered with a brown periostracum; spire raised; whorls 34, somewhat rapidly increasing in size, painted with broad, regular, brownish purple flame markings, rather coarselv, spirally lirate and very finely transversely striate; umbilicus wide and deep; peristome continuous, double; aperture nearly circular ; interior of shell bearing a bluish white callus for a distance of about four millimetres from the aperture. “ Altitude 6. Diam. maj. 11 mm. Aperture, alt. 4, diam. 3°5 mm.” (Preston.) Hab. Ceylon. 72. Cyclophorus menkeanus, Philippi. Cyclostoma menkeanum, Philippi, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1848, p. 123; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1848, p. 171, pl. 28, figs. 6-8. Gyausiona menkeanus, Pteifier, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 107 (nom. nud.); id., op. cit. viii, 1852, p. 189; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 44; id. Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 66; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 10, fig. 42; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 33, fic. 3; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 4; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 303. Cyclophorus involvulus, var. menkeana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 273, Cu laohoras (Litostylus) menkeanus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1897, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 100. Original description:—‘C. testa depressa, conica, confertim et argute transverse striata, alba, ferrugineo nebulosa; zona ferruginea anguste ambitum anfractus ultimi cingente; basi lactea, levi; anfractibus quinque, convexis, ultimo tereti; umbilico mediocri ; apertura subcirculari, superius subangulata; peritremate albo, continuo, subreflexo, demum sepius repitito.” (Philippi.) Diam. maj. 30, min. 28, alt. 20; ap. 15 mill. long. 5 lat. Preiffer. a dines Kandy (Simon). 73. Cyclophorus muspratti, Godwin-Austen & Beddome. Cyclophorus musprattt, Godwin-Austen & Beddome, A. M. N. H. ser, 6, xiii, 1894, p. 506. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) musprattt, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 101; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 662, pl. 96, figs. 5, 6. E 50 CYOLOPHORIDA. Original description :—‘ Shell umbilicated, turbinate, slightly keeled; sculpture, apex smooth, the whorls thence are longi- tudinally ribbed and striated, increasing iv strength near the suture from above downwards, and crossed by the lines of growth, producing a deccussate surface; this is coarser and rougher on the last whorl and under surface. Colour madder-brown, crossed by mottled broken lines on whorls 8 and 4. Spire conic, moderately high, sides slightly convex, apex sharp; suture shallow; whorls 5, sides convex, the last somewhat keeled; aperture circular, oblique ; peristome white, not thickened, slightly reflected. ; “Size, type: maj. diam. 48°75, min, 39-0; alt. axis 22-25 mm. largest : 45 50°0, ,, 42°0; » 23:0 mm.” Hab. India; Naga Hills (Doherty); Maokokchung, Naga Hills (Muspratt). “In the young shell the longitudinal strie are very sharp and distinct, quite lirate in appearance; this character separates it from the other species of Cyclophorus from those hills.” (Godwin- Austen & Beddome.) 74. Cyclophorus nagaensis, Godwin-Austen & Beddome. Cyclophorus nagaensis, Godwin-Austen & Beddome, A. M. N. H. ser, 6, xiii, 1894, p. 507. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) nagaensis, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 17; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16,1902, p. 101. Original description :—* Shell umbilicated, turbinate, not keeled ; sculpture, lines of growth only, without any spiral lines being Fig. 11.—Cyclophorus nagaensis. visible. Colour grey-brown, more ochraceous below, when wetted of a madder-brown colour ; a white line on the periphery, bounded by a broad very dark band, shaded off below ; the third whorl is crossed by narrow wavy white lines; in the next growth these lines are wider apart and zigzag in outline; the next and final OYCLOPHORUS. 51 growth is plain. Spire depressedly conoid, apex subacute; suture shallow; whorls 5, rounded; aperture subvertical, large, circular, grey within; peristome not mnch thickened, scarcely reflected, bright orange-red. ** Major diam. 45, min. 36; alt. axis 21 mm.” Hab. India: Khonomaand Kigwema, Naga Hills, 5000-6000 feet (Doherty) ; Maokokchung, Naga Hills, Assam (MJuspratt). “The form of this species is only similar to C. Pearsoni, but the red of the lip is more intense than in shells from the typical locality ; its very smooth surface also distinguishes it.” (Godwin- Austen & Beddome.) The species is now figured for the first time from a specimen in the British Museum; it measures, major diam. 48, min. 35; alt. (cum perist.) 34 mm. 75. Cyclophorus nilagiricus, Benson. Cyclostoma nilagiricwm, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, x, 1852, p. 268. Cyclophorus nilagiricus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, R 415; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 88; id., Mon. Pneum. uppl. 1, 1858, p. 52; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 2, fig. 6; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, fig. 5, 1876, p. xv; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 269 (+ var. minor), Cyclophorus niligiricus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, part 2, p. 185. Cyclophorus nilgivicus, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Pp 36. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) nilagiricus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p.17: Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 101; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 656, pl. 95, figs. 1-6. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) pirrieanum, Pfeiffer, P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 51. Cyclophorus pirrieanus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p.85; Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 53. Original description :—‘ Testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, liris spiralibus 8-9 majoribus, quibusdam parvis obsoletis inequidistantibus interjectis munita, castanea, ad peripheriam albido-articulata, infra fascia latissima saturatiore, superne strigis radiatis angustis undatis albidis frequentioribus, subtus rarioribus orpata; spira ad apicem exsertiuscula, obtusata ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam subfuniculato-carinato, superne angulato, circa suturam Jate planato, subtus circa periom- phalum excavatum levigatum compresso, umbilico mediocri pro- fundo, subcylindrico; apertura obliqua, pyriformi-rotundata, aurantiaca, fauce ceerulescente, peristomate expanso, incrassato, reflexiusculo, aurantiaco, breviter adnato, prope umbilicum leviter sinuato, superne angulato, producto, intus sulco intrante impresso. “ Diam. major 438-45, minor 34-36, axis 22-24 mill.” Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford, Beddome); Travancore (Bourdillon) ; Walaghat, Koondah Hills (Pirrie); South Canara, Balarangam (Beddome). : H2 52 CYCLOPHORIDZ. “The young of C. nilagiricum preserved its distinctness from C. Jerdont in the same condition by its sculpture, colour, the depression of the spire, the broad flattening observable above the shoulder of the whorl, the angulation of the shoulder, the excavation of the periomphalum, its compressed angulated edge, and by the blue colour of the interior, which is bordered with chestnut in the young, but gradually gives place to the orange of the peristome in the adult example of C. nilagiricum, while the whole of the interior is white in both states of C. Jerdoni. The spiral strie are not very conspicuous on the underside of C. nilagiricum, and are entirely discontinued at a short distance from the periphery, the region of the umbilicus being smooth. In most of the allied species the umbilicus and its neighbourhood are pale, but in this species the dark chestnut ground colour of the shell extends over the whole exterior surface where not broken by flecks or streaks of whitish.” (Benson.) 76. Cyclophorus peciloneurus, Godwin-Austen § Beddome. Cyclophorus pectloneurus, Godwin-Austen & Beddome, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xiii, 1894, p. 507. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) poecilonenrus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 105; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p-17; Kobelt, Das ‘lierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 102. Original description :—* Shell umbilicated, turbinate, keeled ; sculpture, apex smooth and shining; five distinct lirate ribs run contiguous to the suture on the lower margin of the whorls, commencing with the third whorl; these have two finer thread- like ribs between them, and similar fine liration is continued above .and on the lower surface of the shell, crossed by strong lines of growth on the epidermis. Colour umber-brown, marbled with madder-brown, given off from a few strong spots of this colour next the suture; the peripheral rib is dashed with white at intervals. Spire conoid, sides flat, apex sharp; suture shallow ; whorls 5, subconvex, the last sharply keeled, forming a strong rib; aperture oblique-ovate, ample on the outer margin, grey within ; peristome white, well thickened in mature shells, sharply reflected. Maj. diam. Min. diam. Alt. axis. mm, mm. mn. (OY PO were ae ce ae las 31 25°75 15 Col. Beddome’s largest sp. 33 26 16 Var. with red lip : a % (aureolabris, Nev.) a? are aie Hab. India: Lahupa Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen); eastward to the Dihing River (Ogle); Naga Hills (Doherty) ; Maokokchung, Naga Hills (Muspratt). ‘In these eastern hills this form takes the place of C. zebrinus of the Khasi Hills &e., but it is much larger, the spiral ribbing is much stronger, the whorls are more convex, and it is more openly umbilicated, CYCLOPHORUS. 53 ‘All the specimens in Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen’s collection, and also those collected by Mr. Doherty, are white-lipped shells ; among the specimens received by Col. Beddome the red-lipped predomindte. Fig. 12.—Cyclophorus peciloneurus. “The coloration is very variable ; in some, as in the type, the marbling occurs in fine zigzag lines far apart, in other examples these are so closely run together as to give the shell a beautiful ruddy colour.” (Godwin-Austen g Beddome.) This species remained unfigured until Dr. Kobelt illustrated the variety aureolabris in the Conchylien-Cabinet from a specimen in the Méllendorff collection. The shell now figured represents the typical, white-lipped form. It is from the Beddome collection and measures: Major diam. 33, min. 27°5 mm. Alt. (incl. apert.) 28 mm. Var. aureolabris, Nevill. Cyclophorus zebrinus, var. aureolabris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 268. Oibpens peeciloneurus, var. aureolabris,Godwin- Austen, A.M.N.H. ser. 6, xiii, 1894, p. 508. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) poeciloneurus, var. aureolabris, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 102; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 639, pl. 90, figs. 10-12. A large variety with the peristome of a brilliant orange-colour. Diam. 34°5 mm. The Beddome collection contains three specimens of this variety, agreeing well in outline with Kobelt’s figure, but they are much darker in colour. 77. Cyclophorus polynema, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus ?) polynema, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1854, p. 126; id., Mon. Poeum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 46 ; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 64; Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 103; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 2, fig. 8; 1876, p.xv; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 272. 54 CYCLOPHORID. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) polynema, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pneum., 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 102; id, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 651, pl. 98, fig. 8. Original description :—“ C. testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, tenuiusculo, oblique striatula et liris filiformibus confertissimis, subtus obsoletioribus, cincta, superne flamimis angulosis lete castaneis et albidis variegata; spira brevi, turbinata, apice obtusula; antr. 43, convexiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo ad suturam antice subplanato, peripheria obsoletissime angulato et fascia lata, nigro-fusea, deorsum diluto ornato, circa umbilicum mediocrem pallido ; apertura obliqua, subrotundata, latiore quam alta; perist. albo, continuo, breviter adnato, wargine dextro expansiusculo, columellari breviter revolute. “ Diam, maj. 33, min. 26, alt. 17 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Cuttack, Manbhoom (Stoliczka). 78. Cyclophorus pyrotrema, Benson. Cyclophorus pyrotrema, Benson, A. M.N. fH. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 412; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 45; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 4, fig. 13; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 2, fig. 10, + var. fig. 9; 1876, p. xv; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 272; Martens, Arch. Naturg. lxv, part 1, 1899, p. 31. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) pyrotrema, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 103; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 665, pl. 97, fig. 3. Original description:—“ Testa umbilicata, tnrbinato-conica, solida, superne costis spiralibus, obtusiusculis, confertis, striisque obliquis eonfertissimis sculpta, castaneo albidoque fulguratim strigata et marmorata; spira conica, elevatiuscula, apice acuto. Anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo fascia albida mediana, infra peripheriam obsolete angulatam fascia lata, subtus nonnullis aliis castaneis ornata; basi valde convexa circa umbilicum submediocrem pervinm albida; apertura vix obliqua, irregulariter subcirculari, superne angulata, intus lactea vel czrulescente; peristomate duplici, breviter ad anfractum penultimum adnato, interno con- tinuo, expansiusculo igneo, externo reflexiusculo albido, margine columellari sensim arcuato, fere verticali, subrevoluto, subsinuato. Operculo normali, tenui, pallide fusco, margine anfractuum elevatiusculo, scabro. “Diam. major 36, minor 30, alt. 26 mill, ” ” 34, ” 28, ” 24 ” ” »” 26, ” 21, ” 18 ” is Hab. India: Sikrigal, Patharghata, Bahar (W. H. Benson) ; Rajmehal Jhlls (aban); Rungpore (4. #. Blanford); Burma: Padoukbin, Thyet-Myo (Notling). a a CYCLOPHORUS. 55 “With a general resemblance in form to CO. indicus, Desh., it will be at once distinguished by the absence of a keel or acute spiral ribs, by the wider umbilicus, less developed peristome, and more elevated form. The very gradual arcuation of the columellar lip is also an essential character, detracting from the uniformity of the circular aperture. The sinus observable at this part, impinging on the plane of the aperture, is also conspicuous in C. indicus. “A variety oceurs in which the shell is of a pale buff colour, darker towards the apex, the bands and markings being obsolete, and the colour of the peristome being equally vivid with that of the typical shells. Another thinner variety occurs in which the interior coloured lip is not present.” (Benson.) 79. Cyclophorus spironema, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) spironema, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1854, p- 127; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 53; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 67; Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 109. Cyclophorus (Litostylus) spironema, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106: id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 104. Original description :—“ C. testa umbilicata, subturbinato- depressa, solida, liris crebris filiformibus sculpta, superne lete castaneo et albido variegata; spira brevi, vertice acutiusculo ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 4, convexis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo juxta suturam subplanato, ad peripheriam rotundatum Fig. 13.—Cyeclophorus spironema. fascia alba et infra eam altera lete castanea ornato, circa umbilicum latiusculum sublevigato, pallido; apertura vix obliqua, subangulato- cireulari ; perist. continuo, breviter adnatio, vix expanso, etate in tubum mediocrem, spiraliter striatum, producto. “Diam. maj. 28, min. 224, alt. 14 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India. 56 CYCLOPHORIDE. The species is now illustrated for the first time from a specimen in the British Museum. Two specimens in the Beddome collection—labelled Burma—have the peristome much more thickened and lengthened into a tube. Subgenus GLOSSOSTYLUS, Kobelt & Méllendorff. Glossostylus (nom. nud.), Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106 wn id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 105. Tren, Cyclostoma validum, Sowerby. Range. India, Farther India, Formosa, Malaysia, Philippines. “Shell depressed or conoid, generally with spiral keels. Peri- stome thickened, frequently with a winglike expansion, last whorl not dilated at the aperture.” (Aobelé in German.) 80. Cyclophorus altivagus, Benson. Cyclophorus altivagus, Benson, A. M.N. IL. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 411; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl 1, 1858, p. 57; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 18, fig. 55; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 34, figs. 2, 3; fig. 6 (var.); Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 265. Cyclophorus (Glossustylus) altivagus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 106; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 655, pl. 94, figs. 8, 9. Cyclostoma stenomphalum, var. aurora (non Benson), Pfeiffer, Conch.- Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 384, pl. 50, figs. 11-13. Original description :—“ Testa angustissine umbilicata, fere perforata, globoso-conica, solida, striata, superne rufa, castaneo picta, subtus versus periomphalum aibida; spira elevata, turbi- nata, acutiuscula; anfractibus 53 convexis, superne costis spiralibus sex munitis, ultimo rotundato, ad peripheriam vix carinato, basi laevigata, umbilico pervio; apertura vix obliqua, subovali-circulari, superne angulata, intus lutescente ; peristomate duplici, interno continuo, valde porrecto, acuto, externo expansiusculo, costam fingente, superne anguste angulatim adscendente, ad anfractum penultimum late emarginato, margine columellari minime sinuato, supra umbilicum angustum dilatato-reflexo. Opere. ? “ Diam. major31, minor 26, alt. 244 mill. Apert. intus 17 mill. longa, 15 lata. “Tt differs from this species [Cyclophorus indicus] in its more elevated form, indistinct keel, rounded last whorl, more elongate aperture, porrect inner lip, the absence of any sinuosity in the plane of the aperture on the columellar lip, less expanded outer peristome, and by the greater expansion of the external columellar lip over the umbilicus, which is also much narrower; and permits no view of the internal whorls.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Mahableshwar (A. £. Benson, Blanford). OYCLOPHORUS. 57 81. Cyclophorus aurora, Benson. Cyclostoma aurora, Benson, A.M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 186. Cyclophorus aurora, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 140; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 72; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Theobald, J.S. A. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 321; Reeve, Conch. Icen. xiii, 1861, Cyelophorus, pl. 9, fig. 86; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, fig. 4; Godwin-Austen, J.A.S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 173; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 265; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 205, pl. 51, figs. 1, 2-2" (animal). Cyclophorus( Glossostylus) aurora, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 107; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 641, pl. 91, fig. 2 (var.). Original description :—‘ Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-sub- turbinata, spiraliter 5-6 obsolete carinata, ferruginea, versus apicem rubente, oblique rugulosa; spira conoidea, apice obtusi- usculo; anfractibus 44 convexiusculis, ultimi peripheria obsolete angulata ; apertura ampla, vix obliqua, circulari, superne angulata ; peristomate continuo, expansiusculo, subincrassato, reflexiusculo, aurantio; fauce rubente. “ Diam. maj. 28, min. 23, axis 19 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Darjeeling, Sikkim (Stoliczka, H. F. Blanford, Mainwaring); Bhutan; Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). Nevill regarded the present species as a variety of C. hima- layanum, Pfr., but Benson, while admitting near relationship, considered the two forms distinct. The latter is more depressed and has a wider umbilicus. Pfeiffer, on the other hand, classed it as a variety under C. stenomphalus, but the figure in Conch. Icon., which illustrates one of Benson’s specimens, does not bear out this view. 82. Cyclophorus bapuensis, Godwin- Austen. Cyclophorus ( Glossostylus) bapuensis, Godwin-Austen, Records Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 494, pl. 38, tig. 2. ‘“« The description of this species follows that of sedzensis in many particulars, but it is not nearly so keeled. It has a distinct peri- pheral band. The umbilicus is more open and not so concealed. The spire is lower, sides less flat, and first three whorls much smaller. Suture more impressed. Whorls, aperture, and peri- stome the same. “ Major diam. 33, alt. axis 16 mm.” (GodwinAusten.) Hab. India: Abor Hills, vicinity of Bapu (Oakes). 83. Cyclophorus bensoni, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) bensoni, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 158; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 244, pl. 32, figs. 11-13. 58 CYCLOPHORID®. Cyclophorus bensoni, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1852, p. 139; id., Mon, Pneum. 1852, p. 63; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus, 1852, p. 41; Benson, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1854, p. 414; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 9, fig. 88; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 34, fiv.5; Morelet, Ser. Conch. iv, 1875, p. 284; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) bensoni, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 108. Original description :—‘ C. testa umbilicata, subgloboso-turbi- nata, solida, lineis obliquis et confertis spiralibus subtiliter decussata, albido-fulvea, castaneo-variegata ; spira_ turbinata, obtusiuscula; anfract. 5 convexis, supremis unicoloribus luridis, sequentibus flammulato-pictis, ultimo magno, obsolete angulato, ad carinam fascia nigricante et utrinque fasciis inaequalibus castaneis ornato, circa umbilicun angustum, infundibuliformem pallido, subcompresso ; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus lactea ; perist. continuo, igneo-aurantiaco, breviter adnato, breviter fornicato-reflexa.—Operc. ? “ Diam. maj. 43, min. 34, alt. 26 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Sibsagar (Peal) ; ? Siam (Morelet). Var. cryptomphaloides, Nevill. Cyclophorus bensoni, var. cryptomphaloides, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) bensont, var. eryytomphaloides, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 106; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 18; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 108. ‘ Original description :—“ U mbilicus completely-covered by a very thin and porcellaneous extension of the columellar margin ; transverse bands almost obsolete, except the characteristic broad one at the periphery.” (Nevill.) Hab. India: Naga Hills (Butler). 84. Cyclophorus charpentieri, Mousson. Cyclostoma charpentieri, Mousson, Land- und Siissw. Moll. Java, 1849, p. 56, pl. 6, fig. 3. Var. nicobarica, Mérch. Cyclophorus charpentieri, var. nicobarica, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 316. Cyclophorus (Leptopomoides) charpentiert, var. nicobarica (Martens), Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275. Cyclophorus (Gilossostylus) woodianus, vay. charpentier?, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 121, A small form of ©, charpentieri, measuring: Diam. maj. 24 main. 19, axis 18 mm. Hab. Nicobar Islands: Kar Nicobar (Kjellerup); Laoi, Pulo- Panjang (Lheinhardt) ; Batti Malve (Roepstorf ). ’ OYOLOPHORUS. 59 85. Cyclophorus crassalabella, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus crassalabella, Godwin-Austeu, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 244. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) crassalabellu, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Liet. 16, 1902, p. 110. Original description :—‘Shell similar in form to C. fulguratus, rather openly umbilicated; coloration, a distinct narrow dark brown band on the periphery, sharply defined above, giving off below a regular series of zigzag markings, like a fringe hanging from it; the whorls above are ornamented with similar zigzag bands at equal intervals, but which do not extend to the peripheral band; spire conical, apex fine; whorls 5; aperture subvertical ; peristome of a pale yellowish tint, very much thickened to the extent of 4:5 millim. “Maj. diam. 41:5, min. 32, alt. axis 18°5 mm.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. Burma: Shan Hills (Spratt). This species bas remained unfigured and I have not seen speci- mens in any collection to which I have had access. 86. Cyclophorus cryptomphalus, Benson. Cycluophorus cryptomphalus, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 206; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 58; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 9, fig. 87; Blanford, J. A. 5. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 96; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 68; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, tig. 7; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 111, 407; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) cryptomphalus, Kobelt & ixldllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 110; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 643, pl. 91, fig. 5. Original description:— Testa umbilicata, globoso-depressa, solida, oblique striatula, striis obsoletis confertis decussata, albida, superne rufo-castanea albido-fulgurata, fascia lata mediana albida et infra altera lata castauea cincta ; spira turbinata, apice acutius- culo, sutura submarginata,anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo rotundato, subtus valde convexo; apertura subobliqua circulari, albida; peristomate duplici breviter adnato, interno vix porrecto, expan- siusculo, externo incrassato, reflexo, supra umbilicum angusti- usculum subobtectum late auriculato-expanso. Opere. 2 “ Diam. major 40, minor 32, axis 25 mill.” Hab. Burma: Ava (Oldham); Mya Leit Doung (Blanford). “Tt is allied to Cycl. volvulus, Miill., but it is distinguished by its more depressed form, and by the auriculate process covering the umbilicus, as in some of the Philippine Cyclophori.” (Benson.) 60 CYCLOPHORIDA. 87. Cyclophorus cybeus, Benson. Leptopoma cybeus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 205; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 318; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 74; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p. 146, pl. 87, figs. 28-80; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Leptopoma, L. 1, fig. 6. ene ee cybeus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 6, fig. 1; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 268. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, var. cybeus, Kobelt & Mollen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 183; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 101. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, var. cybea, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 123. Original description :—‘ Testa anguste umbilicata, tenui, turbi- nato-conica, striatula, lineis elevatis remotis spiralibus cincta, albida, strigis castaneis undulatis picta; spira conica, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo acute carinato; apertura magna vix obliqua, subcirculari, superne angulata; peristomate expanso-reflexo, margine columellari sinuato. Operculo corneo, 8-spirato. “ Diam. major 20, minor 16, axis 14 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Nanclai Ponji, Assam (Zheobald). 88. Cyclophorus exul, Benson. Cyclophorus exul, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 412; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 46; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclo- phorus, pl. 18, fig. 58; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 47, fig. 7; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 265. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) exul, Kobelt & Mollendortft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 111; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 644, pl. 9], fig. 6. Original description :—“ Testa angustissime umbilicata, fere perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenui, undique lineis spiralibus vix elevatis, superne 8-9 valde obtusis, striisque obliquis teneribus decussata ; sub epidermide fusca, tenui, albida; superne castaneo flexuoso-strigata, fascia nulla mediana cincta; spira turbinata, apice obtusulo, rufescente, suturis distinctis. Anfractibus 5 con- vexis, ultimo rotundato. Apertura vix obliqua, subcirculari, superne angulata; peristomate simplici, tenui, expanso, reflexi- usculo, vix continuo, margine columellari umbilicum non pervium subtegente. “ Diam. major 254, min. 20, alt.17 mill. Apert. intus 13 mill. longa.” Hab, India: Bhamoury (Boys); Sikkim, Darjeeling (Stoliczka). OYCLOPHORUS. 61 “This shell differs from the pale-lipped C. pyrotrema, in which the aperture is not fully developed, by its more globose form, ventricose last whorl, small impervious umbilicus, more regular sculpture above, stronger sculpture below, thinness, pale colour, and the absence of any medial fascia. From the pale-lipped variety of C. stenomphalum with undeveloped peristome, it differs by the greater breadth of the aperture in proportion to its length, its non-pervious umbilicus, the absence of any carina at the periphery, the more closely suleate and regular sculpture above, the extension of the sculpture on the under side into the umbilicus, its pale suite of colours, and by the absence of any colouring below the periphery. From C. indicus it may be known by the absence of keel, suite of colours, sculpture, and aperture.” (Benson.) Nevill doubted its validity as a species, for in his Hand List, while admitting the name, he adds in parenthesis “? small var. of C. himalayanus.” Tt may be that the shells collected by Stoliczka in Sikkim differ somewhat from the type. Another set of eight shells, collected also by Stoliczka at Kurseong, near Darjeeling, are separated by Nevill as a variety which, however, he does not name, but he adds in parenthesis ‘‘? C. polynema, Benson.” 89. Cyclophorus fulguratus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma fulguratum (Cyclophorus), Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 63. Cyclostoma fulguratum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 345, pl. 45, figs. 9, 10. Cyclophorus fulguratus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1852, p. 141; id. Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 80; id. Cat. Phaneropn. Brit, Mus. 1852, p. 55: Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 232; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 9, fig. 35; Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 144; id., op. cit. xxxiv, 1865, p. 96; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, fig. 3; Morelet, Ser. Conch. iv, 1875, p- 288; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 102; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 836, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 144, fig. 1; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 28; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 271; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, 1879, p. 889; Tapparone Canefri, Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 308. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) fulguratus, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malalk. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 112. Original description :—“ C, testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique striatula, sub lente confertissime decussata, alba, strigis fulguratis, castaneis superne elegantissime picta; spira turbinata, apice obtusula, cornea; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad peripheriam fascia alba et infra eam, nigricanti- castanea ornata, circa umbilicum angustum, vix pervium albo; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus livescente, nitida ; peristomate simplice, fulvido, interrupto, marginibus callo tenui 62 OYCLOPHORIDA. junctis, dextro et basali equaliter expansis, columellari supra umbilicum dilatato, patente. “Diam. maj. 19, min. 23, alt. 19 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma: Rangoon (Theobald); Puppa Hill, Thyat Myo, Thondoung, Prome and Henzada Districts (Blanford); Prome and Meimboo (Anderson) ; Prome (Fea). Siam (Morelet). Tonkin (Ancey). Var. rangunensis, Kobelt. Cyclophorus fulguratus, var., Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser, 1, iii, 1869, p. 440, pl. 98, figs. 1, 2. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) fulguratus, var. rangunensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 647, pl. 93, figs. 1, 2. Original description :—“ Testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique striatula, sub lente confertissime decussata, alba, strigis fulguratis castaneis superne elegantissime picta; spira turbinata, apice obtusula, cornea; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus rotuu- datus, ad peripheriam fascia alba et infra eam nigricanti-castanea ornatus, circa umbilicum angustum, vix pervium albus; apertura parum obliqua, subcircularis, intus livescens, nitida; perist. simplex, fulvidum, interruptum, marginibus callo junctis, dextro et basali equaliter expansis, columellari supra umbilicum diljatato, patente.” ( Pfeiffer.) Diam. maj. 45, min. 37, alt. 30 mm. Hab. Burma: between Thyat Myo and Rangoon (Blanford). 90. Cyclophorus fuscicolor, Godwin- Austen. Cyclophorus fuscicolor, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 178, pl. 84, fig. 1. Cyclophorus ( Glossostylus) fuscicolor, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 112. Original description :—* Shell umbilicated, globosely turbinate, covered with a greyish umber-brown epidermis, with radiating longitudinal lines of ornamentation, the bands of colour rather broader towards the apex, but throughout very close together, in some specimens coalescing on the last whorl into a uniform dark shade of brown. Spire conical, apex sharp. Whorls 6, well rounded, with a single slightly raised ridge ujon the keel. Aperture circular, sub-oblique, peristome continuous, double, very slightly reflected, Within the aperture grey. “ Alt. 1-24 (381 mm.j, major diam. 2°30 inches [58 mm.].” Hab. India: Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). “This is a very distinct form allied to C. bensoni from the southern face of the Khasi Hills, shewing towards the apex in some specimens a tendency to the zigzag painting of that shell, but the uniform, striate, and sober colouring of the rest of the whorls is a very marked character. Two specimens have a moderately broad white band on the periphery, owing to the abrasion of the epidermis upon the raised ridge of the keel.” (Godwin-Austen.) CYCLOPHORUS. 63 91. Cyclophorus himalayanus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma himalayanum, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 242; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 247, pl. 33, tigs. 10, 11. Cyclophorus himalayanus, Pfeiffer, Zeits.. Malak, viii, 1852, p. 188; id., Cut. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 36; Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 414; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p- 280; Theobald, J, A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 321; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 4, fig. 14a; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 16, pl. 34, fig. 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 265. Cyclophorus (Gilossostylus) himalayanus, K obelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p, 112; id. Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 674, pl. 98, figs. 4, 5. Original description :—‘ C. testa umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solidula, costis spiralibus obtusis, 10-12, lineisque interjacentibus obsoletis sculpta, sub epidermide decidua, ... . albida; spira turbi- nata, superne rufa, acutiuscula; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem vix compresso ; apertura subverticali, circulari; peristomate sim- plice, continuo, breviter adnato, fusco-igneo, subincrassato, breviter expanso, superne subangulato.—Operculum ? “ Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Darjeeling (Theobald, Stoliczka, Blanford, Main- waring); Himalayas. 92. Cyclophorus indicus, Deshayes. Cyclostoma indicum, Deshayes, in Bélanger, Voy. Ind. Orient. Zool. 1832, p. 415, pl. 1, figs. 4,5; Philippi, Abb. i, part 5, 1844, p. 104, pl. 1, fig. 2; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1850, p. 163*, pl. 31, tigs. 320, 321; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1858, p. 248, pl. 33, figs. 3, 4. ; ; ; Cyclophorus indica, Deshayes, in Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. vert. Ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 363. a Cyclophorus indicus, Pfeitfer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1852, p. 141; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 77; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 53; Benson, A. M,N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 4, fig. 15; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 23, pl. 48, fig. 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 86; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 265. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) indicus, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 118. Original description :—‘ C. testa orbiculata, turbinata, apice acuta, transversim striata; striis grossiusculis distantibus ; anfractibus convexis, fuscu-marmoratis 7 ad _peripheriam linea nigra distinctis; apertura aurantia circulari; marginibus in- crassatis, dilatatis. 64 OYOLOPHORID. “Cette belle espéce de Cyclostome est remarquable par sa taille et ses couleurs ; il a la forme d’un turbo; sa spire, conique et pointue au sommet, se compose de six ou sept tours tres convexes, a4 suture simple et & peine creusée, le dernier tour est trés convexe. Sa circonference est subcarinée et au centre il est pourvu d’un trou ombilical trés profond et assez étroit. L’ouverture est d’un bean jaune orangé, elle est oblique & l’axe; ses bords sunt épaissis et renversés en dehors. La surface extérieure est couvert de stries fines et subgranuleuses ; quelques unes, un peu plus grosses que les autres, sont distantes et ne se montrent qu’d la partie supérieure de la coquille. ‘La coloration est peu variable; sur un fond d’un fauve pile se montrent des marbrures, et souvent des flammules longi- tudinales, d’un brun plus ou moins foncé, suivant les individus. A la circonference, ot il existe une caréne peu saillante, se montre une zone transverse d’un brun noirdtre, au dessous de laquelle on en voit deux ou trois autres beaucoup plus étroites qui entourent l’ombilic. Diam. 40 mm.” (Deshayes.) Hab. India: Elephanta Island (Bélanger); Western Ghats and Bombay (Blanford) ; Matheran (Fairbank). 93. Cyclophorus koboensis, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) koboensis, Godwin-Austen, Records Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 495, pl. 38, fig. 4. “Shell turbinate, keeled, umbilicus open, not concealed by the peristome. Sculpture carinate, as described, splashes and zigzags of darker tint, giving a mottled appearance. Colour madder- brown, with a distinct dark brown band below the keel, ochraceous white beneath. Spire conic, depressed, apex very fine. Suture impressed. Whorls nearly 6. Aperture circular. Peristome double, inner lip continuous, together thick and reflected. Columellar margin vertically rounded. Operculum flat, multi- spiral, the whorls about 6, defined by a raised thread-like spiral. “ Major diam. 30-33; alt. axis 12-15 min.” (@odwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills, Kobo, on right bank of Tsanspu or Brahmaputra (Kemp); Rotung (Oakes). 94, Cyclophorus patens, Blanford. Cyclophorus patens, Blanford, J. A. 8. B, xxxi, 1862, p. 148; id., op. cit. xxxiv, 1865, p. 96; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 62; id. Novit. Conch, Ser, 1, iii, 1869, p. 441, pl. 98, figs. 8, 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 3, fig. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus fulguratus, var. patens, Theobald, J. A. 8S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 3876; xxxili, 1864, p. 247; Nevill, op. cit. xlvi, 1877, p. 28; id., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 271. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) patens, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19: Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 116; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 642, pl. 91, figs. 4, 8, 9. CYCLOPHORUS. 65 Original description :— Testa subanguste umbilicata, globoso- turbinata, nitida, subglabra, oblique striatula, subtilissime de- cussata, albida, plerumque obsolete fulvo-strigata, fascia unica, 2-3 mm. lata, nigricante castanea, infra peripheriam circumdata ; rarius superne purpurascenti-castaneo-picta vel strigata, subtus castanea, periomphalo solo albido. Spira conica, apice acutiuscula, sutura impressa. Anfr. 5-54 convexi, ultimus rotundatus, vix descendens; umbilicus pervius. Apertura fere verticalis, circu- laris, intus flaveola, peristoma simplex, breviter adnatum, sublate angulatim planulato-expansum, margine columellari reflexum, fulvum, lete aurantiacum vel flammeum. Opere. distincte 6-spira- tum, corneum, uucleo centrali interno minime prominente. min. inches. mm. inches. “Diam. maj. (exempli majoris) .. 38 or 1°5, minoris 29 or 1:15 » min. % eo 29 Tl 4, 21 082 Alte. -waena ciency ein 26 1 » 19 0°75 Ap. diam. intus.............. 17 06), = 18 05 “This species is remarkable for its flat, disk-shaped expanded peristome, usually of a bright orange or scarlet colour, and for the absence of marked sculpture, and, in most specimens, of any conspicuous coloration, except a single broad dark chestnut stripe below the periphery.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Thayet Myo, Prome, and Henzada, Prov. Pegu (Blanford). Blanford refers to the fact that Theobald classes C. patens as a variety of C. fulguratus, but does not agree with this view. He states that both oecur together at Thayet Myo and are very distinct, C. patens having a broad, rather thin disk-like expanded peristome, while the lip of C. fulguratus is much thicker but only moderately expanded. The former also is much smoother. 95. Cyclophorus pearsoni, Benson. Cyclostoma pearsoni, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 185 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 380, pl. 49, figs, 34— 36; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 173. Cyclophorus pearsoni, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 188; id, Cat. Phaneropu. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 88; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 58; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 414; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 817; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 8, fig. 10; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 48, fie. 5, 1876, p. xv (not pl. 1, fig. 6); Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i. 1878, p. 271. _ Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) pearson, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix. 1897, p. 107; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 116. Original description :—‘ Testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata F 66 CYCLOPHORIDE. levigata, obsolete spiraliter striata, supra castaneo marmorata et late fasciata, subtus spiraliter castaneo-lineata, fascia alba ad peripheriam, subtus altera nigro-castaneo concurrente ornata; spira depresso-conoidea, apice acuto; anfractibus 5 convexius- culis, ultimo lato, subtus convexo; apertura vix obliqua, ampla, circulari, intus cerulescente ; peristomate expanso, undique reflexo, lete aurantio, marginibus callo brevi junctis ; umbilico subangusto, pervio, intus angustiori. “Diam. major 42, minor 33, axis 25 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Khasi Hills, Assam (Pearson); Dafia Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen); Tezpur (Stoliczka); Sylhet and Gaubati (Nevill) ; Lacat (Theobald). ‘In form, sculpture, and markings C. Pearsont much resembles, in the back view, the shell figured by Sowerby, no. 128, pl. 27, of the ‘Thesaurus’ as C. perdix, but the spire 1s less acute. It differs otherwise in the narrower umbilicus, in the orange colour and rounded edge of the peristome (which is destitute of the flatness observable in C. perdix), as well as in the amplitude of the aperture, convexity and want of keel in the whorls, and in the absence of the articulated band at the suture.” (Benson.) Nevill mentions a var. minor, from the Khasi Hills, as being smaller, with less open umbilicus, and more angulate periphery. He also refers to a peculiar small variety from Sylhet, which he does not name, with a much raised spire, the last whorl almost detached, and the periphery acutely keeled. This, however, can scarcely be considered a variety, and must rather be regarded as a monstrosity. ‘Var. fuscicolor, Nevill. Cyclophorus pearsoni, var. fuscicolor (Godwin-Austen), Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 271; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 116. “A large variety with a trifle more open umbilicus and still more sombre coloration.” (Nevill.) Hab. India: Dafla Hills and Khasia Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen). Var. subalabastrum, Nevill. Cyclophorus fulguratus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 2, pl. 3, fig. 3 (non Pfeiffer). Cyclophorus pearsont, var. subalabastrum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 271; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 107; id. Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 19; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 116. Differs from the type by the absence of markings, the shell being of a uniform dull white colour. Hab. India: Chittagong (Nevill). Burma: Arakan Hills (Aurz). Several specimens of the typical form, received by me from a native collector in the Khasi ILills in 1899, comprise one shell CYCLOPHORUS. 67 which I refer to the var. fuscicolor. The periostracum is in a beautiful state of preservation and shows no trace of chestnut marbling, and the white band above the periphery—angulated in this specimen—is absent, while the narrow band below the peri- phery is deep black. ‘96. Cyclophorus sidiensis, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) sidiensis, Godwin-Austen, Records Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 495, pl. 38, fig. 3. Original description :—* Shell conoidly turbinate, sharply keeled, umbilicus narrow and much concealed by the peristome. Sculpture, 3 distinct spiral lire above the keel, distant with finer liration intermediate, underside lirs fine and close together. Colour madder brown. Splashings and spotting near the suture, giving a beautiful mottled pattern. Spire high, conical, sides flat, apex pointed. Suture moderately impressed. Whorls 5, side flatly convex. Aperture circular, suboblique. Peristome white, not much thickened, reflected and expanded. Columellar margin curving vertically. “ Major diam. 25:0; alt. axis 14-0 mm. Hab. India: on Sidi River, Abor Hills (I. H. Burkhill). “ Rotung (Kemp). Major diam. 30:0; alt. axis 14:5 mm. “Mr. Oakes also found one specimen of this species in the ‘Tsanspu Valley. “The Sidi River is in the outer hills north of the Trigono- metrical Station ‘ Nari’ (Siwalik) 2490.” (Godwin-Austen.) 97, Cyclophorus stenomphalus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma stenomphalum Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iii, 1846, p. 44; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1848, p. 59, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 191. Cyclophorus stenomphalus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 107; id., op. cit. viii, 1851, p. 140; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Br. Mus. 1852, p. 48; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 414; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 4, fig. 16; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 34, fig. 1. ; Cyclophorus himalayana, vax. stenomphalus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 265. ions (Glossostylus) stenomphalus, Kobelt & Mdllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 20; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 118. Original description:—* T. umbilicata, trochiformis, solida, superne costis spiralibus validis (interjectis pluribus minoribus) munita, fulvescens, saturatius obsolete marmorata et ad suturam articulato-fasciata; spira turbinata, acuta; anfr.52 convexi, ultimus ad peripheriam acute carinatus, basi ventrosus, ee striatus ; F 68 CYCLOPHORID#. umbilicus angustissimus, vix pervius; apertura ampla, subcircu- laris; perist. duplex, internum pallide aurantiacum, externum expansum, subincrassatum, superne dilatatum, angulatum, margine columellari incrassato, breviter reflexo.—Diam. maj. 35, min. 28, alt. 24 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Bhutan (Stoliczha); Elephant Island, near Bombay (Watson); Khasia Hills (Z'heobald). 98. Cyclophorus tryblium, Benson. Cyclophorus tryblium, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 415; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 321; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, -45; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 48, fig. 15. Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus aurora, var. tryblium, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 265, Cuan (Glossostylus) tryblium, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix. 1897, p. 108 ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p.20 ;. Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 120; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 659, pl. 96, fig. 2. Original description :—“ Testa subaperte umbilicata, depresso- turbinata, solida, superne costis 7-8 planulatis munita, albida, castaneo marmorata, subtus levigata, versus periomphalum albida, fascia nigricante ad peripheriam ornata; spira turbinata, superne rubella, apice acutiuscula. Anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo sub- depresso, obsolete angulato, subtus valde convexo; umbilico pro- fundo, infundibuliformi. Apertura vix obliqua, subcirculari, intus lutescente; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, pallide aurantio, subincrassato, superne angulatim adscen- dente, margine dextro subrevoluto, columellari subexpanso, planato. Operc.? “Diam. major 47, minor 38, alt. 29 mill. Apert. intus 20 mill. longa.” Hab. Sikkim : Darjeeling (Chapman). “Nearly equal in size to C. himalayanus, Pfr., from the same locality, it is distinguished from it by its form, depressed last whorl, wide umbilicus, sculpture, verticality of the angle at the upper part of the mediocre aperture, and by the colour of the peristome. There are indications of a broad light chestnut zone below the dark band at the periphery. The compressed character of the last whorl presents a strong contrast to the subglobose form of C. himalayanus in that part.” (Benson.) Var. conica, Hanley §& Theobald, Cyclophorus trybliwn, var. conica, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, p. 22, pl. 47, fig. 10. Cyclophorus (Clossostylus) tryblium, vax. conica, Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 660, pl. 92, tig. 7, ‘CYCLOPHORUS. 69 Considerably smaller than the type, measuring 31 mm. in diameter (incl. perist.) and 29°5 in height (incl. aperture). The last whorl is rounded, the peristome is white, broadly reflected, double. The figure of the shell in Conch.-Ind. is copied by Kobelt. Subgenus SALPINGOPHORUS, Kobele d& Méllendor ff. Annularia (part), Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Vers Test. 1817, p. 196. Salpingophorus (part), Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 20; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Liet. 16, 1902, p. 124. Trpz, Cyclostoma perdix, Broderip & Sowerby. Range, India, Farther India, Cevlon, Malaysia. “Shell with rapidly increasing whorls, the last dilated in front, peristome dilated and reflexed.” (Aobelt in German.) 99. Cyclophorus aborensis, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus aborensis, Godwin-Austen, Records Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 494, pl. 38, fig. 1. Original description :—“ Shell globosely turbinate, openly umbi- licated, solid. Sculpture, carinate spiral lire wide apart, 5 con- spicuous, the last peripberal with much finer intermediate liration, not distinctly seen in old specimens. Colour (specimen from Renging) a rich ruddy brown over most of the surface, beneath pale ochraceous, a few splashings of the same colour next the suture; in the type and in most old shells much bleaching takes place. Spire fairly high, conic, apex fine. Suture impressed. ‘Whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, rounded. Aperture circular, suboblique. Peristome white, solid, continuous, very slightly reflected. Columellar margin sub-vertically curving. “* Major diam. 5°60 [56-0], alt. axis 24-0, alt. aperture 28-0 mm.” Hab. India: Rotung, 2000 ft., near Egar stream (S. W. Kemp); Kalek and Renging, 2U00 ft. (Oakes). “Mr. Oakes sent specimens from Kalek and Renging (figs. 1, 1a), and from Rami Lambang two specimens of a dwarf variety only 33 mm. in major diameter.” (Godwin-Austen.) 100. Cyclophorus alabastrinus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) alabastrinum, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 126. Cyclophorus alabastrina, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser 1, i, 1855, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 4,5; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 41; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 62; Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 102; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 35; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 144, fig. 5. ? Cyclophorus alabastrum, H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1876, p. 4; G. Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. 70 CYCLOPHORID#. ? Cyclophorus aurantiacus, var. alabastrinus, Nevill, Hand List, i,. 1878, p. 266, fj Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) alabastrinus, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 108; id., Cat, Pneum. 1899, p. 20; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 124; id.,. Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 666, pl. 97, figs. 4-6. Original description:—“C. testa umbilicata, subdepresso-. turbinata, solida, sublevigata, spiraliter minutissime striata, alabastrina; spira turbinata, sursum livido-fusca, apice con- vexiuscula; anfr. 5, convexis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo peripheria obsoletissime subangulato et antice rudimenta fascie- castanew exhibente, hasi inflato; umbilico angusto, vix pervio; apertura vix obliqua, circulari; perist. fulvo-carneo, continuo,, breviter adnato, crasso, undique reflexo, margine sinistro sub- dilatato. Diam. maj. 45, min. 34, alt. 25 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Lhwaites). 101. Cyclophorus arthriticus, Theobald. Cyclophorus arthriticus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 246; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, tig. 4; Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1876, p. 404; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 35. : Cyclophorus flavilabris, var. arthritica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, 273 : Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) arthriticus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 20; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 648,. pl. 93, figs. 3, 4, 6. Original description :—* Testa umbilicata, turbinata, solidissima,. striata, lineisque spiralibus flexuosis obscure decussata ; subleevi,. non polita, fuscente castanea fascia lata, alba mediana, interdum circumdata. Interdum colore omnino alba, spira pallide castunea,. et fascia parva castanea sub-mediana ornata, Anfractibus quinque convexis, haud tarde crescentibus; ultimo valde capaci, rotundato. Apertura circulari. Peristomate expanso, reflexiusculo, valde incrassato, continuo, intus flavo, interdum cerulescente. Apice pailide purpurascente-rubicundula, “Long. 52, lat. 39, alt. 37 mills. Apertura 29 mills.” (Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Pegu (Theobald); Rangoon (Stoliczka, Theobald). Nearly allied to C. flaviiabris, Bens., differing in sculpture, form, and greater solidity. Var. fulgurans, Theobald. Cyclophorus arthriticus, vay. fulgurans, Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, p- 2, pl. 3, fig. 2; Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixv, part 1, 1899, p. 31. Smaller than the type and flammulated on the penultimate- whorl. Hab. Burma: Padoukbin, Thyet Myo District (N6¢ling). CYCLOPHORUS. 71 102. Cyclophorus aurantiacus, Schumacher. Turbo volvulus, Chemn, Conch.-Cab. ix, sect. 2, 1786, p. 57, pl. 128, figs. 1064, 1065. Annularia aurantiaca, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Vers Test. 1817, p. 196. Cyclostoma aurantiacum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iii, 1846, p. 33; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 81, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9; id., Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 139. Cyclophorus aurantiacus, Pfeitfer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 107; id. Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 62; id. Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 41; Theobald, J.S. A. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 245; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 1, fig. 3; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 96; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 38, fig. 4; Mérch, Jomn. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 338; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 85; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266; Martens, Arch, Naturg. lxv, part 1, 1889, p. 31; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 307. Cyclophorus aurantiacus, a. typicus, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1887, p. 158, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiacus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 125; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 611, pl. 84, figs. 1, 2. Cyclophorus malayanus (non Benson), de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. 410. Cyclophorus lowi,de Morgan, Le Naturaliste, vii, 1885, p. 69, “'T. depresso-turbinata, solida, confertim striata, lineis spira- libus, confertis obsolete decussata, nigricaute-castanea, fulvido et albido marmorata; spira brevis, acutiuscula; anfr. 53 convexi, ultimus permagnus, subdepressus, peripheria magis minusve carinatus, basi pallidus, castaneo-lineatus; umbilicus magnus, infundibuliformis; apertura subobliqua, ampla, subcircularis, intus ceerulescens ; perist. continuum, antractui penultimo breviter adna- tum, undique incrassato-expansum, carneum.—Operc. corneum, arctispirum, margine anfractuum lamelloso.—Diam. maj. 58, min. 46. Alt. 32 mill. Ap. intus 24 mill. diam.” (Pfetffer.) Hab. Burma: Tongoop, Arakan and Ramri Island ; Zwagabin, near Moulmein, Tenasserim (Zheobald) ; Tranquebar (Spengler). Malay Peninsula: Bukit Pondong, Perak (Townsend). Var. pernobilis, Gould. Cyclostuma pernobilis, Gould, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. i, 1844, p. 140; id., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 1844, p. 458, pl. 24, fig. 11. Gintama pernobile, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 80, pl. 3, fig. 15. ‘ Cyclophorus pernobilis, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 86; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266; ‘lapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 307. Cyclophorus aurantiacus, b. pernobilis, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1886, p. 159, pl. 14, figs. 3-6. 72 OYCLOPHORID. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiacus, var, pernobilis, Kobelt & Millendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 125; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 612, pl. 82, figs. 5, 6, pl. 84, fig. 6. Original description :—“ Shell depressed-conical, apex acute, solid; whorls six, rapidly increasing and rising into a pyramidal spire, depressed near the suture. In the early stages the whorls are acutely carinated; but at maturity the last whorl is round and girt with an obtuse, whitish rib; the surface is rendered somewhat rugose, by rather conspicuous lines of growth, and coarse revolving lines, which, as they cross the finer longitudinal lines, seem to run in zigzag. Prevailing colour above is dusky brown, clouded by yellowish spots of various sizes, which on the posterior whorls, are arranged in radiating zigzag series ; a broad space around the umbilicus, which is very large and deep, is light straw color, with occasional revolving black lines or bands ; apertureample, somewhat wider than high, bluish within; peristome moderately reflected, rounded, of a beautiful carmine, or bright cherry-red color, not continuous, but embracing less than one fourth the preceding whorl, across which space passes a callus of the same red colour. Diameter 2 inches, height 1 inch.” (Gould.) Hab. Burma: Tenasserim (Theobald); Bhamo (Fea). Mergui Archipelago: Kings Island (Gould). Var. nevilli, Alartens. Cyclostoma aurantiaca, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 167, pl. 28, figs. 4, 5. Cyclophorus pernobilis (non Gould), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, fiy. 7. Cyclophorus aurantiacus, c. nevilli, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1887, p. 159, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 8307; Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixy, part 1, 1899, v. 81. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiacus, var. nevilli, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., vay Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 125. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiacus nevilli, Kobelt, Conch -Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 613, pl. 88, figs. 3, 4; pl. 84, fig. 5. Original description :—‘* Magnus turbinatus, umbilico arctiore, rotundatus, periomphalio fusco-fasciolato, peristomate aurantio. “Diam. maj. 55-58, alt. 37-41; apert. diam, 30-333, alt. 29-31 millim.” (Martens.) Hab. Burma: Tavoy; Maingkwan, Hukon Valley, Chindwin District (Notling); Thagata (va). Mergui Archipelgo: Sullivan Island (Anderson). Siam: Salang Island ( Weber). Var. reevei, Martens. Cyclophorus spectosus (non Philippi), Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii. 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 1, fig. 4. Cyclophorus malayanus (nor: Benson), TTanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, p. 23, pl. 48, fig. 4. CYCLOPHORUS. 73 Cyclophorus aurantiaca, d. reevet, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xx1, 1887, p. 159, pl. 15, figs. 3,4; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 307; Martens, Arch. Naturg. lxv, part 1, 1899, p. 31. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiacus, var. reevet, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., oe 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 125. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) awrantiacus reevei, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 614, pl. 84, figs. 3, 4. Original description :—“ Mediocris, subturbinatus, umbilizo multo aretiore, intra fasciolatus, apertura subcirculari, peristomate aurantio. “Diam. maj. 52, alt. 37; apert. diam. 28, alt. 27 wmillim.” (Martens.) Hab. Burma: Dungl, Matu, Upper Chindwin District (Nétling) ; Meetan (Fea). Mergui Archipelago: Kings Island, Sullivan Island.—Var. minor, Martens: Elphinstone Island ( Anderson.) Var. andersoni, Martens. Cyclophorus malayanus (non Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 1, fig. 2. Cyclophorus aurantiaca, e. andersoni, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxi, 1887, p. 159, pl. 15, figs. 5, 6. ; Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) aurantiaca, var. andersoni, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id, ees 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, ear (Salpingophorus) aurantiaca andersoni, Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 614, pl. 83, figs. 5, 6. Original description :—‘‘ Minor, subturbinatus, umbilico sat arcto, subangulatus, apertura subcirculari, peristomate rubescente. “ Diam. maj. 44-48, alt. 31-36, apert. diam. 24-27, alt. 23-25 millim.” (Martens.) Hab. Mergui Archipelago: Owen Island (Anderson). According to von Martens this form much resembles the shell figured as C. sublevigatus in Conch. Ind. pl. 34, fig. 7. 103. Cyclophorus austenianus, Preston. Cyclophorus austentanus, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 20, text-fig. Original description :—“ Shell acutely turbinate, somewhat thin, strongly carinate at the pheriphery, pale reddish-brown, painted on the upper whorls with broad, zigzag flame-markings of dark chestnut, and with a broad, spiral band, or group of bands, on the base immediately below the peripheral keel; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, sculptured above with fine, closely set, spiral riblets, some of which coarsen into lire below, crossed by very oblique, closely set, transverse striw, which give the shell, especially on the upper half of the whorls, a finely granular appearance ; base of shell 74 CYCLOPHORID &. sculptured with fine, wavy, revolving strie and moderately fine lire, which become obsolete in the umbilical area; suture well impressed, incised, and slightly overhung below; umbilicus somewhat wide, deep; columella descending in a curve, a very thick, polished, trans- parent callus uniting it with the lip above, just behind its junction with the parietal wall; labrum white, thickened, laminiferons, rather narrowly expanded and reflexed; aperture sub-circular ; interior of shell whitish, smooth, polished, showing the spiral lire and dark, subperipheral bands through the test; operculum slightly concave, laminiferous, with central nucleus, having 7-8 whorls. Alt. 35°5, diam. maj. 42, min. 325 mm. Aperture: alt. 19°5, diam. 20 mm.” (Preston.) Hab. India: Naga Hills. 104. Cyclophorus balteatus, Benson. Cyclophorus baiteatus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser, 2, xix, 1857, p. 207 ;. Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi. 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 45; Suppl. 2,1865,p. 64; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 8, fig. 1; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 103, 404; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) balteatus, Kobelt & Mollendorff,. Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 126; id.,. Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 647, pl. 92, fig. d. Original description :—“ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, solidius- cula, depresso-turbinata, striata, rugis confertissimis vix undulatis. spiralibus superne decussata, basi glabra, saturate castanea, baltea angusta mediana, superne laciniata, et periomphalo lato lacteis antractibus 5 convexis, celeriter accrescentibus, penultimo com- pressiusculo, ultimo rotundato, subtus convexo, ad suturam planulato, antice sensim descendente; apertura obliqua, ovato- circulari, intus lactea; peristomate expanso, inaqualiter incrassato- reflexo, albido, superne undato, marginibus callo brevi, superne angulato, junctis; umbilico profundo, extus: infundibuliformi. Operculo ? “Diam. major 40, ninor 30, axis 20 mill.” Hab. Burma: Pegu (Theobald). “Remarkable for its dark chestnut and milky-white bands, which recall, by their contrast and decided boundaries, the colouring of Helix hemastoma., A few white dots may be observed near the suture of the antepenultimate whorl .... Perhaps the irregularity of the peristome may not be constant; but it is so conspicuous, that it has not been deemed advisable to omit it as a specific character.” (Benson.) 105, Cyclophorus beddomeanus, Preston. Cyclophorus beddomeanus, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 21, text-fig. Original description:—‘ Shell large, turbinate, with rather CYCLOPHORUS, 75 acute apex, thin, yellowish, with one broad super-pheripheral, blackish-brown band and a broad sub-peripheral band, im- mediately below which are two narrow bands of the same colour on the last whorl, the earlier whorls being reddish-brown, mottled with yellowish-grey ; whorls 5, the last two rapidly increasing, sculptured with irregular lines of growth, crossed by rather broad, but flat, spiral ridges, the last whorl carinate at the periphery ; suture incised, narrowly margined above ; umbilicus moderately broad, deep; Jabrum continuous, somewhat thickened, but not reflexed, crimson; aperture large, sub-circular ; interior of shell glossy, smooth, polished; bluish, the colour-bands being visible through the test; operculum laminiferous, with central nucleus, having about 8 convolutions. Alt. 44, diam. maj. 53°75, min. 40mm. Aperture: alt. 24, diam. 25mm.” (Preston.) Hab. India: Naga Hills. A white-lipped variety is stated to occur also. 106, Cyclophorus birmanus, Pfeiffer. Leptopoma birmanum, Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. 1852, p 117; id., Zeits. Malak. viii, 1852, p. 147; id. Cat. Phaneropn. Bri.. Mus. 1852, p. 88; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 76; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 85; id., Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 184; Stoliczka, J.A.8.B., xli, 1872, p. 262 (C. siamensis, juv.). Cyclostoma birmanum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 363, pl. 47, figs. 4-7. Cyclophorus birmanus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 279. Original description :—‘“ T. perforata, globoso-conica, tenuis, acute carinata, oblique striata, lineis spiralibus obsoletissimus sculpta, parum nitida, diaphana, fusco-lutea, strigis latis angulatis et fasciis interruptis castaneis ornata; spira turbinata, obtusula ;. anfr. 44 convexiusculi, ultimus basi tumidus; apertura parum obliqua, subtetragona, intus ccerulescens, margaritacea; perist.. simplex, acutum, marginibus remotis, rectis (an serius reflexis ?).— Opere. immersum, membranaceum, arctispirum, Juteo-corneum.— Diam. maj. 144, min. 12, alt. 10 mill. ap. verticaliter 83 mill. longa, 74 lata.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma. Stoliezka considered C. birmanus to be based on an immature specimen. The figure of the shell given by Pfeiffer hardly warrants this view, and I consider the best course to retain the species until better evidence is forthcoming as to its status. 107. Cyclophorus cucullatus, Gould. Cyclostoma cucullatus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi, 1856, p. 14; id., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 221. Cyclophorus cucullatus, Pfeitier, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858,.- p. 44: Reeve. Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 11, fig. 445. Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 63. 76 CYCLOPHORID 2. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) cucullatus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 127. Oviginal description :—* T. umbilicata, depresso-conica, solidula, lineis incrementi et lineis volventibus tenuibus superne insculpta, straminea ferrugineo tessellatin. marmorata, et infra lineata, apice nigro; anfr. 5 rotundatis; sutura profunda: apertura (genuina) elliptica; peritremate refexo, et cucullo lato unicolori oblique truneato valde protractro ; fauce flava. “ Diameter, exclusive of false lip, 3; in.; projection hood-lip, finch; axis 4 inch. “With the exception of the aperture, the shell is much like small specimens of (’. lingusferum or still more like C. irroratum, Sowb. Its remarkable hood is sufficiently characteristic.” (Gould.) “'T. umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, sublevigata, albida, fasclis interruptis fuscis picta; spira turbinata, apice cornea, obtusula; anfr. 42 convexi, ultimus obsolete subangulatus, antice rotundatus ; umbilicus mediveris, pervius ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. duplex: externum expansum et reflexius- culum, internum latere dextro in unguem elongatum, extus striatum, intus levigatum, fulvidum productum.—Opere. ?— Diam. maj. 27, min. 20, alt. 14 mill. Ap. in fundo 8 mill. diam.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Mergui Archipelago (Zev. J. Benjamin). 108. Cyclophorus excellens, Pfeifer. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) excellens, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, . 126, Cyclophorus excellens, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; id, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 53; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyelophorus, pl. 2, fig. 6 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pueum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 66; Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 107. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) e.xcellens, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 128; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 670, pl. 98, figs. 1, 2. Original description :—“ C. testa umbilicata, subturbinato- depressa, solida, contertim spiraliter sulcata, parum nitida, fusco- aurantiaca, strigis angustis, fulguratis, albis elegantissime picta ; spira breviter turbinata, apice corneo, obtusulo; anfr. 5, convexis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo carina funiformi alba et adjacente linea rufa cincto, superne turgido, juxta suturam excavato, basi pallido, circa umbilicum late infundibuliformem subangulato ; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus margaritaceo-alba ; perist. pallide carneo, continuo, breviter adnato, superne sub- angulato, margine dextro breviter patente, sinistro anguste reflexo. “Diam. maj. 53, min, 42, alt. 24 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma: Tenasserim. CYCLOPHORUS. 17 109, Cyclophorus expansus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma expansum, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 242; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 293, pl. 39, figs, 20, 21. Cyclophorus eapansus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 189; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 43; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Theobald, J. A.S.B., xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 5, fig. 18; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 36; Godwin-Austen, J. A.S.B. xlv, 1876, part 2, p. 173; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 269; Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1887, p. 160; ‘Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vil, 1889, p. 808. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) expansus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Dents. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 129; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 656, pl. 94, figs. 10, 11. Original description :—“ ©, testa umbilicata, turbinato-sub- globosa, solidiuscula, spiraliter confertim striata, opaca, superne castaneo et albido variegata; spira conoidea, apice acutiuscula ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dilatato, peri- pheria subcarinato, basi fasciis angustis castaneis ornata ; umbilico angusto, pervio; apertura subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, breviter wdnato, pallide aurantiaco, undique equaliter angulatim plano-expanso, margine subrevoluto.— Operculum ? “Diam. maj. 380, min. 22, alt. 19mm.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma: Tavoy (Reeve); Tenasserim (Theobald) ; Mooleyit (Fea). Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen); Mergui (Anderson). “In the specimens collected by Dr. Anderson the expansion of the peristome is still broader than in the figures by Reeve and Conch. Ind.” (dartens.) 110. Cyclophorus serratizona, Hanley § Theovald. Cyclophorus serratizona (Thorpe MS.), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 57, pl. 144, fig. 7 Cyclophorus flavilabris, var. serratizona, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 273. Caos (Salpingophorus) serratizona, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 188; id., Cat. Pueum. 1299, p. 101 ; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, 1, 1908, p. 654, pl. 94, fig. 3. Original description :—“ The jagged edge of the white band forms a conspicuous, yet perhaps not permanent feature. The shell, which has a white aperture, and a large umbilical area, comes between Phayrei and polynema: the faint close spiral rug seem confined to the upper disc. Except in shape it might be taken for C. labiosus.” (Hanley g Theobald.) Diam. maj. 41°5, alt. (incl. apert.) 845 mm. Hab. Burma: Upper Salween (Theobald). ‘ 78 CYCLOPHORIDZ. 111. Cyclophorus flavilabris, Benson. Cyclophorus flavilabris, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 8, vi, 1860, . 198; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 68; Hanley & "heobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, fig. 1; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) flavilabris, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 129; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 650, pl. 98, fig. 5, Original description :—“ Testa umbilicata, subgloboso-turbinata, suboblique striata, striis confertis spiralibus decussata, castanea, fascia saturatiore, sub altere avgustiore albida pheripherica, ornata, periomphalo pallidiore ; spira elevato-turbinata, apice vix acutiusculo, sutura impressa, superne marginata; anfractibus 5, con- vexis, ultimo antice sensim breviter adnato, superne extus angulato, expanso, crassiusculo, flavo; margine collumellari latiore, sub- revoluto, umbilicum angustum leviter celante. Opere. ? “ Diam. major 51, minor 48, axis 36 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Pegu (Theobald); Arakan (Stoliczka, Theobald). 112. Cyclophorus fultoni, Godwin-Austen & Beddome. Cyclophorus fultoni, Godwin-Austen & Beddome, A.M.N.H. ser. 6, xiii, 189-4, p. 508. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) fultont, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 129. Original description :—‘ Shell somewhat depressedly turbinate, rather widely umbilicated, periphery rounded; sculpture nearly smooth, under a lens a fine, close, oblique, vertical striation is apparent, which is obsoletely decussated with delicate spiral lines. Colour a uniform dark ruddy brown or madder-brown above and on the sides, but several narrow and two or three broader dark longitudinal bands are distinguishable in a strong light, pearl- white beneath. Whorls 5, the last very large, rather suddenly increasing towards the aperture, the last three apical whorls rising suddenly ; suture shallow; aperture wide, nearly circular, a little higher than broad, oblique ; peristome continuous, rather thickened, slightly reflected, pale yellowish, columellar margin rounded ; operculum of the same colour as the shell, having 5 or 6 acutely defined volutions, the interspaces with the usual oblique lines of growth, “Maj. diam. 49, min. diam. 43; alt. axis, max. 20, min. £9 min.” Hab. India: Khasi Hills, Assam. “The affinity of this beautiful species is with C. siamensis, from which it differs in its more depressed form and more oblique aperture, and especially in the coloration. The exact locality is CYCLOPHORUS. 79 not known; the Khasi Hills is a large tract, and many species found on the northern slopes draining to the Brahmaputra are not found on the south side, while intervening is a high plateau with a very scanty number of land-shells.” (Godwin-Austen & Beddome.) Fig. 14.—Cyclophorus fultoni. The specimen figured is in the Beddome collection now in the possession of Mr. Leman. It is smaller than the type, measuring : major diam. 43, min. 34, axis 28 mm., and is in better condition than any I have seen. The species appears to vary considerably in size, a specimen in my own collection received from a native collector in Assam in 1899 measuring 47 x 37-5 in diameter. 113. Cyclophorus haughtoni, Theobald. Cyclophorus haughtont, Theobald, J. A.S.B. xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 6; pl. 48, fig. 6 ; 1876, p. xv; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 386; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 308. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) haughtoni, Wobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 129; id, Conch,-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 661, pl. 96, fig. 4. Original description :— Testa, simili C. aurantiaco solida nitidiuscula; carinata, superne saturate castanea; in decorticatis speciminibus, spira_ lineis albidis ziczac variegata. Carina, eatenata, alternate albida et castanea, Periomphalo albido, fasciis nonnullis castaneis spiralibus lineato. Peristomate vix pallidissime ochraceo, ore interiore cerulescencte. Size 1.70 major, 1.35 minor diameter in inches. “This shell....... occurs abundantly at the ‘“ Farm Caves” and is at once distinguished from all other Tenasserim Cyclophori by its parti-coloured funiculate keel, which is not the result of abrasion, but is best seen in specimens covered by the epidermis.” ( Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Moulmein, Farm Caves (Theobald, Stoliczka). 80 CYCLOPHORID&. 114. Cyclophorus khasiensis, Nevill. Cyclostoma siamensis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1850, p. 158 *, pl. 31, figs. 392, 393. Cyclophorus siamensis, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1852, p. 138; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 56, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 41, Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 61; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Benson, A. M.N.4L ser. 2, xix, eae 208 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 317; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, Cyclophorus, pl. 5, fig. 19 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 48, fig. 7; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclostoma siamense, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 828, pl. 42, figs. 5, 6. Cyclophorus khasiensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 273 (nom. nov.). Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) stamensis, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 182. Original description :—“ C. testa depresso-subglobosa, albida, strigis maculisque castaneis angulariter flexuosis picta; spira sub- depresso-conica, subacuminata; anfractibus 33, rotundatis, ultimo maximo, ventricoso; sutura distincta, tenui; apertura circulari, maxima, intus alba; peritremate incrassato, pallide aurantiaco, rotundato, reflexo; umbilico majusculo, “Shell of a somewhat depressed globose form, whitish with angular markings and streaks of a chestnut-colour; spire some- what depressed, conical, slightly acuminated; whorls 34, rounded, the last very large, ventricose, with a distinct linear suture; aperture very large, circular, white within; peritreme thickened, of a pale orange-colour, rounded and reflected; umbilicus rather large. The entire surface of the shell is covered with very minute granules, irregularly arranged in spiral rows.” (Sowerby,) Hab. India: Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Lheobald, Godwin- Austen); Lacat (Zheobald). 115. Cyclophorus malayanus, Benson. Cyclostoma malayanum, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, x, 1852, . 269. ne ee malayanus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 42; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. G2; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, part 2, p. 262, pl. 10, figs. 1-5; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 102, 404 ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit, India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 267. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) maiayanus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 180; id., Conch,-Cab., Cyclophoridae, 1, 1908, p. 658, pl. 92, figs. 3, 4, pl. 96, fig. 1. Original description :—“ Testa depresso-turbinata, laevigata, spiraliter exilissime obsolete striata, supra castanea, albido undulatim strigata, interdum plurifasciata, subtus albida, castaneo OYCLOPHORUS. 81 anguste fasciata, infra peripheriam fascia latiuscula saturata, albido sparse articulata, ornata; spira exsertiuscula, apice acuti- uscula ; aufractibus quinque subconvexo, ultimo rotundato, subtus convexo; apertura vix obliqua, magna, circulari, albida ; peristomate duplicato, leviter adnato, externo plane expanso, superne arcuato, labio angusto; umbilico mediocri, pervio, sub- perspectivo. “Diam, maj. 43, minor 32, axis 29 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, India: Shan States. Malaysia: Pulo Penang. Stoliczka considered (loc. cit.) that the shell figured in Conch. Ind. plate 48, fig. 4, had nothing to do with this species. He thought it might represent a variety of CO. stamensis or a peculiarly depressed form of C. flavilabris, 116. Cyclophorus ophis, Hanley. Cyclophorus ophis, Hanley, P.Z.8. 1875, p. 605; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 57, pl. 144, fig. 6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit.-India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt, xxiv, 1877, p. 146; Martens, Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi, 1887, . 160. eee (Salpingophorus) ophis, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 130; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 653, pl. 94, fig. 2. Original description :—‘* T, depresso-turbiniformis, satis magna, late umbilicata, nitida, solidiuscula, levigata, brunneo et albido concentrice undata vel nebulosa, ad basim albida, maculis parvis diversiformibus spiraliter fasciata ; spira satis elevata, apice livido. Anfractus valde convexi, 53-6, superne paululum planiores, celeriter (ultimus presertim) accrescentes; sutura simplex. Apertura alba, permagna, unice hians, suborbicularis, latior quam alta, infra basim porrecta: labium acutum, late reflexum, undique expansum. Lat. circiter 2 poll. [50 mm.].” (Hanley.) Hab. Burma: Tenasserim (Theobald). Mergui Archipelago: Elphinstone Island (Anderson), “ This remarkable-looking shell reminds one of C. tuba in shape, and C. siamensis in painting. Our specimen has an indistinct, interrupted, whitish peripheral fillet; and its surface exhibits, when magnified, some faint and close-set spiral wrinkles upon the upper portion of the final volution.” (Hanley.) 117. Cyclophorus pealianus, Nevill. Cyclophorus sublevigatus var. nov., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, 266 Cyclophorus sublevigatus, var. pealiana, Nevill, J. A.S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 27. ; Cyclophorus peahanus, Nevill, J. A.8. B. 1, 1881, p. 146, pl. 6, fig. 3, : G 82 CYCLOPIORIDE. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) pealianus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 181; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 640, pl. 91, fig. 1. Original description: —‘ Openly and deeply umbilicate, conically somewhat depressedly turbinate, solid ; under the lens, the lower whorls are most minutely decussately sculptured, the apical 23 whorls on the other hand possessing characteristic, well marked, distant, longitudinal striation only, these strie being incised and very obliquely flexuous ; above the periphery a broad, white zone, above and below which there are crowded chestnut-brown bands, almost or altogether confluent, umbilical area white ; spire mode- rately raised, with the apex exserted in a “ mammillate” manner, suture distinct ; whorls 44, convex, the last one with a raised and somewhat rounded keel at the periphery, which becomes obsolete near the peristome; aperture almost round, oblique, of a bluish- white colour, peristome callously expanded, boldly and evenly rounded, columellar margin also evenly rounded, margins of a very characteristic, brilliant orange-red colour, joined by a well- developed callosity of the same shade. “ Alt. 403, diam, 58 mill.” (Nevill.) Hab. India: Naga Hills (Peal). 118. Cyclophorus perdix, Broderip §& Sowerby. Cyclostoma perdiz, Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, p. 50; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1845, p. 122, pl. 27, figs. 127, 198; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iii, 1846, p. 38; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1848, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 7-9; Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 54, pl. &, fiz. 1; Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum, 1852, p. 63. Cyclophorus perdiv, Pfeitter, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 107; id., op. cit. viii, 1851, p. 189; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 64; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 42; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 49; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 186. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) perdix, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 131. Original description :—“ C. testa spira depressiuscula, acuminata, antractibus quatuor, leviter striatis; carina media, etate oblite- rata; apertura ampla, peristomate reflexo; umbilico mediocri ; long. 3%; poll., lat. $f, poll.” (1880.) [89x27 x19mm.] “Shell nearly orbicular, whitish, varied with fuscous; spire rather depressed conical, rather acuminated, with from 4-5 volu- tions, the first of which are keeled, and the last with the keel obsolete, and a pale band, articulated with fuseous immediately below the suture, which is rather indistinct; aperture circular, peritreme spreading, almost revolute ; umbilicus large.” (Sowerby, 1843.) Hab, Burma: Tenasserim (Hay). Malay Archipelago: Java, Rakata I., Sumatra, Banka. CYCLOPHORUS. 83 Var. roepstorfiana, Godwin-Austen. Cyclophorus perdix, var. roepstorfiana (Nevill MS.), Godwin- Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 452. Oriyinal description :—* Distinguished from C. zollingeri, Mous- son, by the less dilated last whorl and smaller aperture, keel more developed, and coloration of base different. “ Alt. 15°5, diam. 21°56 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. Nicobar Islands: Great Nicobar (Roepstorf). 119. Cyclophorus phayrei, Theobald. Cyclophorus phayrei, Theobald,. Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 57, pl. 144, figs. 3, 4. Cyclophorus haughtont, var. phayret, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) haughtoni, var. phayret (Nevill), Kobelt & Mollendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) haughtoni phayrei, Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae,.i, 1908, p. 654, pl. 94, figs. 4, 5. A form never described but figured in Conch. Ind., where it is said to resemble C. ceylanicus and C.haughtoni. The figures in Conch.-Cab. by Kobelt are copied from Conch. Ind. Diam. maj. 49, min. 39, alt. (incl. apert.) 36 mm. Hab. Burma: Moulmain (Stoliczka, Theobald). Var. noetlingi, JZartens. Cyclophorus phayrei, vay. noetlingi, Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixv, part 1, 1899, p. 31, pl. 4, fig. 2. Generally resembling the type, but considerably smaller, measuring: major diam. 34, min. 27, alt. 245 mm. Apert, in- cluding the thickened peristome, 16°5 mm. wide and high. Coloration dusky brown, less variegated, Hab. Burma: Padoukbin (Noetling). 120. Cyclophorus porphyreticus, Benson (em.). Cyclostoma_porphyriticum, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 187; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostoma, 1854, p. 383, pl. 50, figs. 22-24, Cyclophorus porphyriticus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 189; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 65; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 42, pl. 105, fig. 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36. Cyclophorus porphyreticus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 269. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porphyriticus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21. ; Bis Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porphyreticus, Kobelt, Das Tierveich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 182. 7 Cyclophorus perdix, Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 5, fig. 21 (non Brod. & Sow.). 5 G 84 CYCLOPHORID&. Original description :—“ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, depresso- conoidea, tenui, striis confertissimis distinctis, elevatis, subundu- latis, spiraliter munita, albida, superne saturate castaneo, subtus pallidiore ornata, maculis angulatis circa suturam majoribus, conspersa, fasciis saturatis duabus albo-articulatis, altera ad peripheriam, altera inferiori cincta; spira brevi, apice acuto, sutura vix distincta; anfractibus 44 planulatis, ultimo angulato, subtus planiusculo ; apertura ampla, ovato-circulari, livide albida, peristomate tenui, expanso, reflexo, marginibus callo tenui junctis, conniventibus, columellari angustato, leviter emarginato. “ Diam. maj. 31, minor 244, axis 18 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Hast India (Benson); Eastern side of Bay of Bengal (Hanley § Theobald). Penang (Stoliczka). * Allied to C. aquilum, Sow., but differing in tenuity, depressed form, keel, and sculpture.... In form C. porphyriticum somewhat approaches C. zebrinum, mihi, but differs in sculpture, markings, less produced spire, less flattened underside, much wider umbilicus, and in the absence of the peculiar hispid epidermis which clothes that rare species.” (Benson.) 121. Cyclophorus speciosus, Philippi. Cyclostoma speciosum, Philippi, Zeits. Malak. iy, 1847, p. 123; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 170, pl. 25, figs. 1-3; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 56. Cyclophorus speciosus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak, viii, 1851, p. 188; id., Cat, Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 86; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 41; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 95; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 104, fig. 4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 86; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 267; P. Fischer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, iv, 1891, p. 102. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) speciosus, Kobelt & Mollendorft Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 21; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 188. Original description :—‘* C. testa maxima, depresso-conica, con- fertissime transversim undulato-striata, ferruginea, albo-nubecu- lata, in basi zonis frequentibus ferrugineis inzequalibus picta; zona latiore et obscuriore, superius albo marginata,suturam continuante ; anfractibus sex, modice convexis, ultimo tereti, obsolete carinato ; umbilico mediocri; apertura maxima, quadrato-orbiculari; peri- tremate late reflexo, satis crasso, continuo, luteo-albo.—Alt. obliqua 23'"; diam. absque labro 26'".” (Philippi.) [61x 45x 35 mm. | Hab. Burma: Tonghoop, Pegu (Stoliczka); Rangoon (Blanford). India: Assam (Stoliczka). Cambodia (Pavie). Var. aureolabris, Nevill. Cyclophorus speciosus, var. aureolabris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 18 p. 267 (nom. nud.); id.,J.A.8.B. 1, 1888, p. 14g 1878 CYCLOPHORUS. 85 Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) speciosus, var. aureolabris, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 109; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 21. * Alt. 413, diam. 59, perist. crass. 8 mill.” (Wevill.) Hab, Upper Burma: Lushai Hills (Z. W. Dunn). Differs from the type in the peristome being of a bright orange colour. 122. Cyclophorus sublavigatus, Blanford. Cyclophorus sublevigatus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 446; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 84, fig. 7; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Nevill, J. A.S. B. xlvi, 1877, p-. 27; id., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. W. Yunnan, 1879, p. 888; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 308. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) sublevigatus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897; p. 110; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 22; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 661, pl. 96, fig. 3. Original description :—‘ Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso- turbinata, solida, sublevigata, oblique striatula, in anfractibus superioribus et nonnunquam sed rare in ultimo lineis impressis confertis spiralibus decussata, castanea, supra peripheriam et circa umbilicum spiraliter albido fasciata, periomphalo lato albo. Spira depresso-conica, lateribus concavis, apice papillari, magis exserto, sutura profunda. Anfr. 5, convexi, ultimus magnus, ad peri- pheriam angulatus, angulo antice evanescente, subtus convexus juxta aperturam leniter descendens. Apertura fere rotunda, obliqua, lutescenti-albida, aliquantuluin latior quam alta. Peri- stoma rectum, incrassato-expansum, subcontinuum. Umbilicus pervius. Operculum normale. “Diam. maj. 46, min. 38, axis 25 mm.; apert. cum perist. 23 mm. lata, 214 alta.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Bhamo (Anderson) ; Catein-Cauri (Fea). Var. assamensis, Vevill. Cyclophorus eximius (non Mousson), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 15, pl. 83, figs. 1, 7. . an Cyclophorus sublevigatus var. assamensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266. Much larger than the type, measuring : diam. maj. 57, alt. incl. apert. 43 mm. In C. evimius, Mousson, from Java, the aperture is much wider. Hab. India: Khasi Hills, Assam. 86 CYCLOPHORID.M, 123. Cyclophorus theobaldianus, Benson. Cyelophorus theobaldianus, Benson, A. M.N.II. ser. 2. xix, 1857, p. 206; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pueun. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 47; Reeve, Conch. [con. xiii, 186i, Cyclophorus, pl. 10, fig. 41; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 144; xxxiv, 1805, p. 96; Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 64; Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 108, 405; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1876, p. 57, pl. 144, fig. 2 (var.) ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 836; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 266, Cyclophorus speciosus, var. Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, 1. 104, fig. 7. Pee hae (Salpingophorus) theobaldianus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1807, p. 110; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 22; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 154; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 652, pL 94, fig. 1. Original description :—“ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, turbinato- depressa, solidiuscula, lineis filiformibus elevatis flexuosis spirall- bus, striisque obliquis clathrato-decussata, subtus Jeeviori, castaneo- fusca, superne strigis albidis interruptis picta, subtus area lata pallida, fascia angusta albida mediana, et infra eam altera lata castanea cincta; spira mediocri, turkinata, apicé acutiusculo, sutura distincta ; anfractibus 5 convexis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo subearinato, basi convexa; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, ampla, latiuscula, intus albida ; peristomate fornicato-reflexo, interdum incrassato, lutescente, breviter adnato, callo parietali superne expansiusculo, angulato-calloso, margine columellari Jeviter sinuato, operculo paleaceo, crassiusculo, marginibus an- fractuum centralium vix conspicuis, intus umbone minuto munito. “ Diam. major 50, minor 39, axis 28 mill. ; aperture alt. et lat. (perist. incl.) 29 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Assam (Stoliczka). Burma: Thyet Myo, Pegu, Moulmain (Zheobald); Prome and Henzada Distr. (Blanford) ; Chittagong (Stoliczku). Theobald * reduces C. theobaldianus to a synonym of C. speciosus, but the figures in Conch. Ind. do not bear out this view. 124. Cyclophorus zebrinus, Benson. Cyclostoma zebrinum, Benson, J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 355; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 140; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1850, p. 157*, pl. 31a, fiys. 287, 288; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 71; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaccen, 1853, p. 256, pl. 84, tigs. 21-23; Benson, A. M,N. II. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 114. Cyclophorus zebrinus, Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 49; Adams, Gen. Rec, Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiller, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 52; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, * Cat, Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. CYCLOPHORUS. 87 p. 318; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 11, fig. 46; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 66; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 2, tig. 2; ‘Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, part 2, p. 173; G. Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 28 (var.); id., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 268; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 889; Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1887, p. 160 (a. typicus); Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 309 (var. minor); Smith, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 6. : Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxixs 1897, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p- 20; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 128. Original description :— Testa albida, strigis plurimis rufo- castaneis, angulato-flexuosis picta, spira depressiuscula, acuminata ; aufractibus plicis paucis transversalibus distantibus, ultimo rugis undulatis longitudinalibus sculptis ; carina media subacuta. Aper- tura ampla, peritremate reflexo; umbilico parvo. Epidermide crassa, fusca, plicis longitudinalibus, his setis fortibus munitis, instructis. “ Diam. 10°35 poll. [84x 27x21 mm.] “It differs [from C. perdiv, Sowb.] in its sculpture, in its more developed keel, more contracted umbilical cavity, and in the possession of a singular epidermis, of which Mr. Sowerby’s speci- mens of C. perdiv, though one was taken alive at Tenasserim, appear to have been destitute. In the latter species the markings are white mottled on a chestnut ground; in zebrinum they con- sist of distant zigzag flames of light chestnut on a white ground.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Silhet (Benson); Dafla Hills, Khasi Hills, Muni- pur (Godwin-Austen). Burma: Hoetone (Anderson); Bhamo(Lea). Mergui Archipelago: King Island (Anderson). China: Ponsee, Yunnan (Anderson). Var. ambigua, Jlartens. Cyclophorus zebrinus, var. ambiguus, Martens, Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi, 1886, p. 160, pl. 15, fig. 9. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, var. ambiqua, WKobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 20; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, . 123. Co topherne (Salpingophorus) sebrinus ambiguus, Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 610, pl. 82, fig. 7. Original description :—‘‘ Minor, obtuse angulatus, costulis spiralibus obsolescentibus, fulvus, infra suturam maculis fuscis et albidis ornatus, subtus fasciolatus, umbilico sat angusto, peristo- mate albido. Diam. maj. 28, alt. 21; apert. diam. et alt. 15 mm.” Hab. Mergui Archipelago: Owen and Sullivan Islands (Ander- son). 88 CYCLOPHORIDA. Var. chrysolabris, Kobelt. Cyclophorus zebrinus, B. auredlabris (non Nevill), Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1887, p. 160. Cyelophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, var. aureolabris, Kobelt & Moéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 108; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 20. Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) zebrinus, var. chrysolabris, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 128. “ Peristome intensely yellow.” ( Martens.) Hab. Burma: Mergui, Tenasserim (Anderson). Subgenus CYCLOPHORUS, Montfort. Cyclophorus, Montfort, Conchyl. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 290; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 135. Eucyclophorus (as section), Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xiii, 1886, p. 162; Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 110; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 22. Typxr, Cyclostoma punctata, Grateloup. Range. India, Ceylon, Farther India, China, Japan, Loo Choo Archipelago. Shell subturbinate, without spiral lire, usually spirally striated. 125. Cyclophorus affinis, Theobald. Cyclophorus affinis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 61; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 101; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 2, fig. 7, pl. 48, fie. 2; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 35; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 270. Cyclophorus (Eucyclophorus) affinis, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 110; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 22. Cyclophorus (Cyclophorus) affinis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 135. Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) affinis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, i, 1908, p. 654, pl. 94, figs. 6, 7. Original description :—‘ Testa subgloboso-turbinata, umbilicata, Fig. 15.—Cyclophorus affinis. The specimen figured is in the British Museum Collection. solidiuscula, castaneo-marmorata, haud nitida, yvix carinata CYCLOPHORUS. 89 peristomate reflexo, forti, expansiusculo-distorto, pallidissime flavescente, intus cerulescente. ‘“‘Major diam. 1-4-1°6 [35-40 mm.], min. 1-12-1°36 in. [28- 34 mm.].” (Theobdald.) Hab. Burma: Moulmain. Var. picta, Theobald. Cyclophorus affinis, var. picta, Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 42, pl. 104, fig. 1. Cyclophorus haughtont, var. picta, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 270. Cyclophorus (Cyclophorus) affinis, var. picta, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 135. ‘‘A most lovely shell, which has sometimes minute spiral striole, sometimes concentric wrinkles.” (Theobdald.) Hab. Burma: Gwagabin, Moulmain (Stoliczka, Theobald). Larger than the type, measuring 44 mm. in diameter. 126. Cyclophorus punctatus, Grateloup. Cyclostoma punctatum, Grateloup, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xi, 1839, p. 168, 1841, p. 440, pl. 3, tig. 10; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 40, pl. 5, figs. 12, 18. Cyclostoma irroratum, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 61; id., Thes. Conch. i, 1843, p. 123, pl. 27, figs. 184, 185. Cyclophorus punctatus, Pfeitter, Mon. Pneum. 1859, p. 67; Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 50; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 12, tiy. 51; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 65; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 89; Morelet, Ser. Conch. iv, 1875, p. 284; Pfeitfer, op. cit. Suppl. 38, 1875, pp. 104, 406; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 267. Pterocyclos punctatus, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 801. Cyclophorus (Eucyclophorus) punctatus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 23. Cyclophorus (Cyclophorus) punctatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 142. Cyclophorus (s. str.) punctatus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 626, pl. 87, figs. 7, 8. Original description :—“ C. testa trocbiformi, umbilicata, luteola, transversim fasciata, seriatim lineolato-punctifera ; fasciis lineo- lisque fusco-violaceis ; apertura rotundata intus albida; peristo- mate candido, subreflexo ; spira acuta. “ Coquille trochiforme, epidermée, ombiliquée, d’un jaune pale, ornée de fascies transverses et de lineoles déchiquetées et poncti- formes, mais réguliérement disposées par séries, de couleur brune- violacée. Le dessus de la coquille est principalement recouvert de petites maculations ou flammules en zig-zag, trés rapprochées. Cing tours de spire arrondis; le sommet acuminé, lisse et violet. 90 CYCLOPHORIDA. Ouverture ronde, blanche i l’intérieur. Le péristome blane, brillant, arrondi et r¢fléchi sur les bords. “ Haut.: 18 4 20 mill.—Diam. de la base, 22 & 23 mill.” (Grateloup.) Hab. Ceylon (Grateloup); Monahagalla (Layard). Annam (Morelet). China: Hongkong (Kobelt); Canton (Martens, Richt- hofen). Its recorded occurrence in Ceylon has been questioned by sub- sequent writers. 127. Cyclophorus scurra, Benson. Cyclophorus scurra, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 208 ; Theobald, J, A. 8. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pueum, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 47; Suppl. 2, 1865, p. G4; Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 103, 405; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1875, i 105, figs. 2,3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36 ; evill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 272. Cyclophorus (Eucyclophorus) scurra, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id.,Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 23. Cyclophorus (Cyclophorus) scurra, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 142. Cyclophorus (s. str.) layardi (non Adams), Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 646, pl. 91, figs. 10, 11. Original description :—“ Testa subanguste umbilicata, tenui, globoso-turbinata, nitida, tenuiter striata, striis exilissimis spirali- bus, sub lente vix conspicuis, decussata, albida, superne strigis undatis, lineisque spiralibus, subtus fasciis (submediana majori) castaneis picta; spira turbinato-conica, apice acutiusculo, nigres- cente ; antractibus 5 convexis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; apertura vix obliqua, circulari, superne leviter angu- lata; peristomate simplici, tenui, anguste expansiusculo, albido. Operc. ? “ Diam. major 19, minor 16, axis 14 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Pegu (Theobald); Tongoop Pass, Arakan (Blanford); Upper Burma (Anderson). Kobelt in 1908 was led off the track. On page 560, pl. 70, figs. 1 & 2, he correctly deals with Theobaldius layardi (Cyclo- phorus layardi, Adams), but on the present occasion * he refers Cyclophorus layardi to the section Cyclophorus, s. str., and considers the species a doubtful one, stating that it does not agree with Adams’s description and dimensions. He quotes and copies Conch. Ind. pl. 105, figs. 2, 3, which represents Cyclophorus (s. str.) scurra, Benson, whereas Adams’s species is illustrated by Hanley & Theobald on pl. 104, figs. 2, 3! Var. davisoniana, NVevill. Cyclophorus seurra, var. davisoniana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 272 (? n. sp.). * Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 646, pl. 91, figs. 10, 11. CYCLOPHORUS. 91 Cyclophorus (Esucyclophorus) scurra, var. davisoniana, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 23. Cyclophorus (Cyclophorus) scurra, var. davisoniana, Kohbelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 142. Last whorl more contracted and base less convex than in the type. Nevill stated that it would probably prove to be a distinct species. Hab. Burma: Tenasserim (Davison). Subgenus CYCLOHELIX, Mirch. Cyclohelia, Morch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, i, 1852, p. 41; Godwin- Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 23; Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., ee Pneuni. 1899, p. 23; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 144. Typr, Turbo foliaceus, Chemnitz. Range. Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Shell conical-turbinate, generally with spiral sculpture, um- bilicus narrow or covered. Peristome much thickened. Operculum spiral, smooth in front, flat, thin. 128. Cyclophorus crocatus, Born. Turbo crocatus, Born, Index Mus. Vindob. 1778, p. 348. Trochus crocatus, Born, Testacea, 1780, p. 338, pl. 12, figs. 11, 12. Cyclophorus crocatus, Pteiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p-. 55; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 111 Cyclophorus (Cyelohelix) crocatus, Mérch, Journ. Conchy!. xx, 1872, p. 816; id., op. cit. xxiv, 1876, p. 860; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 275; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 24, pl. 68, figs, 5-8 (anatomy) ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 184; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 101; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 144. Trochus turbo, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, pp. 2, 53, pl. 122, fig. 1059. Cyclostoma turbo, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1848, p. 116, pl. 25, figs. 102, 103; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1848, p. 140, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5. Cyclophorus turbo, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p.108; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 80; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 13, fig. 57 ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. xxiv, 1877, p. 147. Cyclophorus (Cycloheliv) turbo, Morch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, i, 1852, p.41; id., Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 338; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 275; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 23. Cyclostoma maculosa, Jay, Cat. Shelis, ed. 8, 1839, p. 122, pl. 7, figs. 9, 10. Original description :—“ Testa conica, levis ; anfractus circiter quinque convexi, suleco suturali interstincti; basis convexa ; 92 , CYCLOPHORIDA, columella angulata, replicata, tegens umbilicum obsoletum ; color baseos et epidermidis albus nitens, spire sub epidermide croceus.” (Born.) Diam. maj. 25, min. 21, alt. 16 mm. Hab. Nicobar Islands: Galathea Bay, Kondul (Stoliczka) ; Camorta (Stoliczka, Roepstorf). 129. Cyclophorus denselineatus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma denselineatum (Cyclophorus), Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 62. Cyclostoma denselineatum, Pleiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 348, pl. 45, figs. 17, 18. Cyclophorus denselincatus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 68; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 50; id., Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 65; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1864, Cyclophorus, pl. 8, tig. 34. Cyclophorus commamaculatus, Frauenfeld, Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1869, p. 878 (nom. nud.). Cyclophorus commaculatus (Behn), Morch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 330. Cyclophorus ( Cycloheliz) denselineatus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p- 23, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 145. Original description :— C. testa umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, lineis spiralibus impressis et obliquis minutissime decussata, vix nitidula, pallide fulva, maculis et fasciis interruptis fuscis picta; spira turbinata, sursum nigricante, apice acuta; anfracti- bus 5, parwm convexis, ultimo superne convexiore, infra wnedium obtuse carinato, basi planiusculo, circa umbilicum angustum, pervium pallido; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, transverse dilatata ; peristomate incrassato, vix expanso, marginibus approxi- matis, callo junctis, columellari reflexiusculo. “ Diam. maj. 233, min. 20, alt. 16 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Nicobar Islauds (frauenfeld). 130. Cyclophorus foliaceus, Chemnitz. Turbo foliaceus, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, p. 59, pl. 123, figs. 1069, 1070. Cyclostoma foliaceum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1847, p. 36, pl. 4, figs. 10, 11. Otopoma foliacea, Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 365; Bourguignat, Moll. Pays Comalis Medjourtin, 1882, p. 60. Cyclophorus foliaceus, Bensun, A. M, N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 97; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 65; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 36; Mérch, Journ. Conch. xx, 1872, p. 339; id., op. cit. xxiv, 1876, p. 860; Pfeitter, Malak. BL xxiv, 1877, p. 147. rg rd (Leptupomvides) foliaceus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 274 Leucoptychia foliacea, Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxxiii, 1885, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 1-1e (shell), figs. 1d, 1 ¢ (opere.). CYOLOPHORUS. 93 Cyclophorus (Cyclohelix) foliaceus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 23; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 145, fig. 28 {p. 144) ; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 678, pl. 98, gs. 1-3. “Shell deeply umbilicated, somewhat depressed-turbinate, solid, with weak lines of growth decussated by spiral lines, rose-coloured, with a white peripheral zone; spire moderately elevated ; apex blunt, suture deep ; whorls 54, slightly convex, increasing slowly, the last higher than the spire, indistinctly carinated, descending slightly, covered with varicose lamelle at various distances ; aperture oblique, subcircular, brownish within; peristome re- flexed, whitish, united by a thick callus; columellar margin dilated, half covering the umbilicus which is contracted by the entering lamelle. Operculum thin, many whorled, with central nucleus.—Diam. 31 x 26, alt. 27 mm.” (Kobelt, in German.) Hab. Nicobar Islands : Camorta (Roepstorf). 131. Cyclophorus leai, Zryon. Cyclophorus foliaceus, non Turbo foliaceus, Chemn., Benson, A. M.N.N. ser. 3, vii, 1861, p. 29; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii, 1861, Cyclophorus, pl. 18, figs. 52a, b; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 1, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6; 1876, p. xv; Tryon, Amer. Journ, Conch. vi, 1870, p. 25; Stolickza, J. A.S.B. xxxix, part 2, 1870, p. 87; Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. xviii, 1871, . 105. (fence leai, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. v, 1869, p. 111, pl. 10, fig. 6; id., op. cit. vi, 1870, p. 25. Cyclophorus (Cyclostoma) leat, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 105. Cyclophorus (Leptopomoides) leat, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 274. Leucoptychia leat, Crosse, Journ, Conchyl. xxxiii, 1885, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 2-2 f(shell), figs. 2g, 2h (operc.). Cyclophorus ( Cycloheliz) leai, Kubelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 23; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 145; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, i, 1908, p. 672, pl. 92, figs. 8-10. Original description :—“ Shell globosely conic, narrowly umbili- cate; whorls five, eonvex, closely spirally striated ; aperture oval ; lip slightly reflected. Epidermis light brown, crossed by zigzag darker flames, which are most apparent below the sutures. Operculum ? “ Dimensions—Diam. 16, alt. 19 mm.”. (Z'ryon.) Hab. Andaman Archipelago (Stoliczka, Wood-Mason, Roepstorf). 132. Cyclophorus nicobaricus, Pfeiffer. Cyclophorus (Cyclohelix) trochoides (Helicodonta), Mérch, Cat. Conch, Yoldi, 1852, p. 41 (nom. nud.). Cyclophorus trochoides (Yoldi), Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1852, p. 280; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 58, 94 CYCLOPHORIDA. Cyclophorus nicobaricus (Behn), Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 68. Cyclophorus (Cyclohelix) nieobaricus, Mirch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 817; id., op. cit. xxiv, 1876, p. 361; Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 451; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 111; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 28; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 146. Cyclophorus nicobarius, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. xxiv, 1877, p. 147. Original description :—T. anguste umbilicata, trochiformis, solida, oblique striata, striisque, spiralibus confertissimis sub lente decussata, sericina, fulva, albo-guttulata; spira conica, acutius- cula; sutura carino-marginata ; anfr.5 modice convexi, ultimus ad basin subacute carinatus, basi subplanatus ; apertura diagonalis, truncato-auriformis ; perist. carneum, incrassatum, vix expansius- culum, marginibus vix callo junctis, dextro ad insertionem flexuoso, Fig. 16.—Cyclophorus nicobaricus. columellari umbilicum semitegente, versus basin callum denti- formem gerente.—Operce. tenue, rubello-corneum.—Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. 13 mill. Ap. 9 mill. alta.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Nicobar Islands: Pulo Panjang (Reinhardt, Didrichsen). The species is now figured for the first time from a specimen in the Beddome Collection; it measures: 15°5 x 13-75 mm. in diameter, alt. 15 mm. In the British Museum I found three specimens received from the Copenhagen Museum in 1866, labelled Cyclophorus helicoides, Yoldi, Little Nicobar, Galathea Expedition. Now the only species mentioned in the Yoldi Catalogue under that name is Grateloup’s, which belongs to a Leptopoma. The specimens in question differ from C. nicobaricus only in size, measuring: diam. maj. 20, min. 18°5, alt. (nel. apert.) 21 mm. They may be referred to ag var. major, nov. One specimen has the umbilicus a little less covered by the columellar margin of the peristome. Genus AULOPOMA, 7'roschel. Aulopoma, Troschel, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 48; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 14; Pfeifler, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 187; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus, 1852, p. 84; id., Mon, Pneum. 1852, p. 52; Adams, Gen. Ree, Moll. ii, 1855, p. 282; Chenu, Manuel Conchyl.i, part 2, 1860, p. 488; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 279; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 744 (as subyenus of Cyclophorus) ; Kobelt & Mollendoiff, Nachr, Deuts, Malak. AULOPOMA. 95 Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 157. Typr, Aulopoma hofmeisteri, Troschel. Range. Ceylon. Shell widely umbilicated, depressed turbinate or discoid, last whorl solute; peristome continuous, free, fitting into a circular groove on the inner side of the operculum, which is slightly larger than the aperture, planorbis-shaped, multispiral, composed of two lamin with a spiral cavity between. 133. Aulopoma grande, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma (Aulopoma) grande, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 104; id. Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1856, p. 69, pl. 19, figs. 11-13. Aulopoma grande, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 39; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 47, figs. 1, 2; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 279; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 158. Original description :—“C. teste umbilicata, depressa, solida, confertim distincte striata, sulcis spiralibus nonnullis remotis sculpta, sub epidermide nigro-fusca, spe fasciatim detrita, obsolete marmorata; spira brevissima conoidea, vertice subtili, acuminato, nigricante; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo terete, basi leviore, antice breviter soluto, vix descendente; apertura obliqua, subcirculari ; perist. simplice, recto.—Operc. subsexspirato, anfractibus oblique valide plicatis. “ Diam. maj. 25, min. 213, alt. 13 mm.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). 134. Aulopoma helicinum, Chemnitz. Turbo helicinus, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, p. 59, pl. 123, figs. 1067, 1068. Cyclostoma helicinum, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 160, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5. Aulopoma helicinum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p.111; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 14; Pfeiffer, op. cit. viii, 1851, p. 188; id., Mon. Pneum, 1882, p. 53; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 35; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.ii, 1855, p. 283; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 8; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p 279; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 302; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 158. “C,. testa late umbilicata, subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, striata, pallide cornea, rufo-marmorata et unifasciata; spira mucronate, 96 CYCLOPHORIDE. cerulescenti-fusca, anfr. 4 teretibus, ultimo antice descendente, soluto; apertura obliqua, subcirculari; perist. continuo, recto, acuto, tenui.—-Opere. corneum, utrinque concavum, angustissime spiratum, anfr. convexis, extus confertim plicatus.” (DPfeiffer.) Diam. maj. 18, min. 10, alt. 65 mm. Hab. Ceylon: Balapiti (evil). 135. Aulopoma itieri, Guérin, Cornu venatorivm, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, p. 104, pl. 127, figs. 1132, 1133. Aulopoma cornu-venatorium, Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 34; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 283, pl. 85, fig. 8 (shell) ; figs. 8a, 8 5 (operculum); Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 488, fig. 3604. Cyclostoma ttiert, Guérin, Rev. Zool. x, 1847, p. 2. Aulopoma itiert, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 111; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850,'p. 14; Pfeiffer, op. cit. viii, 1851, . 187; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit, Mus. 1852, p. 34; id., Mon. neum. 1852, p. 52; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 283; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p.39; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 4, fig. 7, var. fig. 6 ; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871,p. 5; Pfeiffer, Cat. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, pp. 98,403 ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 27 ; Nevill, and List, i, 1878, p. 279; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 158, fig. 33 (p. 157). Original description: — ‘Testa crassiuscula, suborbiculari, superne depressa, pallida, castaneo-undulata, spira brevi; anfrac- tibus quinis, striatis, striis ex sutura profunda radiantibus ; ultimo aufractu prope aperturam disjuncto, antice inclinato; umbilico lato, profundo; operculo corneo, tenui, spirali, externe posite, marginem aperture excedente. “Largeur 0:015; hauteur 000-9. [22x 18x11 mm.] “Cette espéce, qui se rapproche un peu des C. substriatum et C. planorbulum des auteurs anglais, n’aurait rien de bien re- marquable si ce n’était la singularité de son opercule, qui est tout a fait extérieur, dépassant l’ouverture et dont les bords sont recus dans un petit canal.—Cet opercule corné, assez fragile, a l’aspect d’un planorbe déprimé. C'est le premier exemple qui soit parvenu & notre connaissance d’un opercule extérieur, et dans lequel vient s’emboiter le bord de ouverture.” (Guérin- Méneville.) Hab. Ceylon (tier). Var. hofmeisteri, Troschel. Aulopoma hofmeisteri, Troschel, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 43, Aulopoma_hoffmeistert, Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1860, .14; Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, vii, 1851, p. 265; Hanley & heobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 22, pl. 47, figs. 3, 4; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p, 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37. Aulopoma itieri, var. hoffmeisteri, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 159, AULOPOMA—PTEROCYCLUS, 97 Original description (in German) :—‘ It is flat, almost disk- shaped, with a very acute, scarcely projecting spire, very deep suture, wide umbilicus, and it is yellowish in colour, with brown bands and markings. Diam. 8’".” (Troschel.) [16x12x7 mm.] Hab. Ceylon. 136. Aulopoma sphwroideum, Dohrn. Aulopoma spheroideum, Dohrn, Malak. Blatter, iv, 1857, p. 85; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 39; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5 (A. spheroideum) ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 279; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p.113 ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25 ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 159. Original description: —“*T. anguste umbilicata, conoidea- globulosa, tenuis, striatula, sub epidermide fulva albida, obsolete rufo-maculata ; spira conoidea, apice nigricans, acutiuscula; anfr. vix ultra 4 rapide accrescentes, 2 ultimi turgidi, ultimus antice breviter solutus; apertura obliqua, circularis, superne levissime subangulata; perist. simplex, rectum.—Opere pallidum, extus medio excavatum, anfr. 5 convexis, oblique striatis.—Diam. maj. 133, min. 114, alt. 9 mill. Ap. diam. 63 mill.” Hab, Ceylon (Nietner). Genus PTEROCYCLUS, Benson. Pterocyclos, Benson, J.A.8. B. i, 1832, p. 11; id., Zool. Journ. v, 1834 p. 462; id. J.A.S.B. v. 1836, p. 856; Troschel, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 44; Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, i, 1848, p. 345; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 193; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 11; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Mala. viii, 1851, p. 185; id, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 41; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 256; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 486 ; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 114. Pterocyclus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260; Packer Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745; Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 160; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 719. : Steganotoma, Troschel, Arch. Naturg. iii, part 1, 1837, p. 163. Tren, Pterocyclos rupestris, Benson. Range. India, Farther India, Ceylon, Southern China, Malaysia. Shell discoid, somewhat convex above, concave below, and widely umbilicated; whorls cylindrical, slightly adhering together, and visible on both sides. Sutures channelled. Peristome reflected, interrupted at the summit of the aperture by an oblique sinus. Outer lip furnished, at the upper part, with an arched wing, which overhangs the sinus. Wing broad, tumid, bending downwards and mucronate in front, adhering to the penultimate whorl. Oper- culum multispiral, convex outside, the edges of the whorls slightly raised, concave inside. H 98 CYCLOPHORIDA, 187. Pterocyclus aborensis, Godwin-Austen. Pterocyclos aborensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus, viii, 1915, p. 498, pl. 39, fig. 1. “Shell subdepressedly turbinate, very openly umbilicated. Sculp- ture, epidermal lines of growth strong. Well raised distant spiral lire, both on upper and lower side. The one next the suture the most conspicuous, with two less pronounced intervening, about 14 altogether. Colour a rich umber-brown. Spire subconoid, apex small. Suture deep. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, angulately rounded on periphery. Aperture circular. Peristome double, not thickened, slightly reflected, inner lip continuous, the outer expanded forward at inner angle into a half closed spout- shaped wing. Columellar margin subvertically curved. Oper- culum not seen. ‘“* Major diam. 26-0; alt. axis 10:0 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills, Ponging; Rami Lambang (Oakes). 138. Pterocyclus albersi, Pfeiffer. Pterocyclos albersi, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 151; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 197, pl. 28, figs. 1-5; Gray, Nomencl. Moll, Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 12; Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 28; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 45 ; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 208; Theobald, J. A.S.B. xxvii, 1858, p. 817; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 80; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1868, Pterocyelos, pl. 2, fig. 9; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 499 ; Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 245. Cyclostoma alberst, Petit, Journ, Conchyl. i, 1850, p. 41. Pterocyclus albersi, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr, Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 161; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, ii, 1909, p. 720. Original description:—“T. latissime umbilicata, discoidea, solidula, striatula, sub epidermide cornea alba, castaneo mar- morata et fascia lata nigricante infra medium circumdata; spiro medio vix elevata; anfr. 5 planiusculi, sutura profunda, canali- culata discreti, ultimus antice solutus, superne squamoso-carinatus ; apertura subcircularis, intus albida; perist. duplex, internum rectum, prominulum, expansiusculum, superne profunde incisum, externum subincrassatum, patens, superne in rostrum antrorsum incurvatum, liberum, postice in carinam abiens protractum.— Operculum extus convexum, spiraliter lamellatum : lamellis inferis spinis erectis confertis coronatis—Diam. 26, alt. 9 mill.” (Pfeiffer). Hab, Burma: Hlindet. India: Teria Ghat, Assam (Theobald), E, A. Smith in 1878 questioned the occurrence of this species in India and Burma on the strength, of Hanley’s statement in Conch, Ind. p. 58, that the shell referred to’ this species by PTEROCYCLUS. 99 Benson in 1857 was a variety of P. parvus. Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, however, in 1888 again recorded the species from Burma. 139. Pterocyclus ater, Stoliczka. Pterocyclus ater, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 149, pl. 6, fig. 2; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262 ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 161 ; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 726, pl. 105, figs, 4-6. Pterocyclos ater, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 51; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Hanley & Theo- bald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 142, figs. 5, 6. Original description :—‘ Pt. testa orbiculato-planorbulari, latis- sime umbilicata; apice vix exserto; anfractibus quinis, depressi- uscule teretibus, sutura profunda junctis, liris spiralibus tenuibus, plus minusve distincte setiferis, subdistantibus, ornatis, sub epi- dermide lividis, transversaliter fulguratim castaneo notatis, epider- mide scabriuscula, transversim conferte striata, indutis; ultimo anfractu ad aperturam sensim descendente; apertura obliqua, cir- culari, peristomate duplici, interno paululum crassiculo, ad suturam emarginato, externo tenui, dilatato, supra in alam angustam, curvatam, atque ad anf. penultimum leviter affixam expanso, pone alam perforato. Diam. maj. 16:5, d. min. 13-5, alt. tot. teste 7-2, axis 3:2, diam. diag. apert. cum perist. 6 mm. “Operculum orbiculare, supra lamellis spiralibus exstantibus, distincte denticulatis, compositum, infra levigatum, volutionibus angustis spiralibus concentrice minute striatis. “Animal fere uniforme atrum, corpore supra, tentaculis ad terminationem et pede lateraliter ad marginem inferiorem paulo palidoribus; forma ab ceteris speciebus ejusdem generis haud distincta.” (Stoliczka.) . Hab. Burma: Kuengan near Moulmain (Zheobald). The outer lip is at the suture produced into a narrow obtuse wing, curved towards and loosely attached to the previous whorl, leaving a rounded circular foramen behind it. The whorls of the operculum are peculiarly dentate above. 140. Pterocyclus bifrons, Pfeiffer. Pterocyelos bifrons, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p.117; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p.30; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, pl.i, fig. 1; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 42; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 58, p. 885; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 142, figs. 8, 9 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 301. Pterocyclus bifrons, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261; Kobelt & Mallendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak, Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 162; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 723, pl. 104, figs. 15, 16. 5 H 100 CYOLOPHORIDA. Original description :—‘ Pt. testa umbilicata, discoidea, solida, superne arcuato-striatula, nitida, purpurascenti-castanea; spira plana, vertice subtili, lucide castaneo; sutura alba; anfr. 6 con- vexis, ultimo latiore, peripheria obsolete angulata, antice descen- dente et juxta suturam prominentiam fornicatam formante, basi violaceo; apertura diagonali, subcirculari; perist. duplicato, incrassato; interno superne sulco triangulari interrupto, externo subpatente, superne producto et in prominentiam anfractus ultimi abeunte. “Diam. maj. 25, min. 214, alt. 8 mm.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon. 141. Pterocyclus bilabiatus, Sowerby. Pterocyclos bilabiatus (Sowerby), Benson, Zool. Journ. v, 1835, p. 462 (no description) ; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 111; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, i, 1848, p. 346; Pfeiffer, Conch.- Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 193, pl. 24, figs. 11-14, 1853, p. 231; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 18; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, pp. 4, 187; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 31; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277; Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, pp. 363, 364; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclos, pl. 3, fig. 13; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 2; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Cyclostoma bilabiatum, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1848, p. 110, pl. 25, figs. 81, 82. Pterocyclus bilabiatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 163; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 724. Original description :—“ Shell discoid, with a depressed, nearly flat spire, of a pale colour, undulated with chestnut; volutions five, rounded, increasing gradually in size, quite smooth; suture distinct, rather deep; aperture nearly circular, with a double peritreme; inner peritreme simple, notched at the upper part, outer one sinuous and undulated, running into a vaulted tubercle at the upper part; umbilicus large and spreading, volutions distinct within ; operculum circular, spiral, concave within, convex and lamellar externally.” (Sowerdy.) Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 8-5 mm. Hab, India: Salem, Madras (Heath); Kolamullay Hills and Nilghiris (Blanford); Coonoor Pass (Nevill). Var. conica, Neviil. Pterocyclus bilabiatus, var. conica, Nevill, Iland List, i, 1878, p. 262; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p.,113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 163. “An elevated closely wound form.” (Nevill.) Hab. Ceylon, PTEROCYCLUS. 101 142. Pterocyclus brahmakundensis, Godwin- Austen. Pterocyclos brahmakundensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 499, fig. 1. “Shell very depressedly discoid, smooth throughout, very widely umbilicated: sculpture fine and close, transverse lines of growth on the epidermis ; colour sienna-brown, more ochraceous below, indistinctly mottled, passing into zig-zag markings on the apical whorls, 2 narrow black peripheral band; spire very flat, scarcely raised above the last whorl; suture well impressed; whorls 5, rounded on periphery, narrowing rapidly, rather closely wound, the last descending ; aperture circular, oblique; peristome double, fairly strong, reflected, inner lip continuous, shallowly sinuous on the upper inner margin next the wing, this is spout-shaped, directed upwards; columellar margin rounded; operculum not seen, “Maj. diam. 2°1; alt. axis1:4mm.” [err. typ. read 21 x 14mm.] Hab. India: Brahmakund, Eastern Assam (Jf. Z. Ogle). “‘T have had this species for many years; it was given me by Mr. Ogle, collected when he was surveying in Eastern Assam. The opportunity now occurs of bringing it to notice, with the fine series from the contiguous Abor Country. It is interesting to compare its form with Pterocyclos miriensis, and to note the differences, particularly in the sculpture of the latter.” (Godwin- Austen.) 143. Pterocyclus cetra, Benson. Pterocyclos cetra, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 228; Theobald, J. A. 8S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 32; id., Novit. Conch. ser, 1, i, 1860, p. 125, pl. 35, figs. 10-12; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyelos, pl. 8, tig. 11; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, Car fies. 7, 10; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, . 88. Pe roovelis cetra, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262; Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p- 164; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 727, pl. 105, figs. 10-12. Original description: —‘ Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato- depressa, capillaceo-striatula, luteo-cornea, strigis radiatis, sub- remotis, irregularibus ornata; spira planata, sutura impressa, apice vix prominulo; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis angustis, ultimo breviter descendente; apertura obliqua, circulari, peristomate duplici, interiori continuo, breviter porrecto, superne breviter emarginato, exteriori expanso, incrassato, superne lingua obtusa yix descendeute, sinu profundo ab anfractu penultimo separata, munito; umbilico lato, non profundo, omnes anfractus exhibente, margine subangulato. Operculo ? “Diam, major 13, minor 10, axis 4 mill.” ( Benson.) 102 CYCLOPHORID A. Hab. Burma: Moulmain, Tenasserim (Theobald, Stoliczka) ; Phaietan (Theobald). 144. Pterocyclus cingalensis, Benson. Pterocyclos cingalensis, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 105; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 81; id. Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 29; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 5; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Jousseanme, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, . 301. Poeronyeins cingalensis, Nevill, Hand List, ii, 1878, p. 261; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 164; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 788, pl. 106, fig. 8. Original description: —‘‘Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato- depressa, solidula, radiato-striata, albida, superne strigis subundatis, medio fascia castanea picta ; spira planiuscula, apice vix prominulo, sutura profunde impressa; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo lente descendente, superne alato, breviter soluto; ala prominentiam elongatam augustam ascendentem formante, postice carina obtusa desinente ; apertura obliqua, subcirculari; peristomate duplici, interno porrecto, superne profunde inciso, externe incrassato, superne dilatato, leviter deflexo; umbilico profundiusculo. Operculo (teste E. L. Layard) pyramidali. “ Diam. major 194, minor 16, alt. 6 mill.” Hab. Ceylon: Monahagalla Hill (Z. LZ. Layard), “ Distinguished from Pt. rupestris by the length and narrowness of the alar prominence, which ascends slightly on the penultimate whorl, and runs parallel with it, instead of spreading semi- circularly as in that shell. From P¢. albersi it differs not only in size, but in the absence of the incurvated beak which is such a prominent feature in that species. The umbilicus, equally broad with that of Pt. rupestris, is somewhat deeper in proportion.” (Benson.) 145. Pterocyclus comatus, Mollendorf. Pterocyclus comatus (Beddome), G. Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 146 (nom. nud.). Pterocyclus comitis (Beddome), Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 36. Pterocyclus comitis, Kobelt & Millendorff, tom. cit, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pterocyclus comatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 164; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 748, pl. 109, tigs. 6-8. Original description:——“ T. latissime umbilicata, depressa, fere dis- coidea, solida, plicato-striatula, lutea, strigis flammulatis castaneis regulariter picta, Spira brevissime conoidea. Anfr. 52 teretes, PIEROCYCLUS. 103 sutura profunda subcanaliculata disjuncti, ultimus antice longi- uscule descendens. Apert. diagonalis, circularis, peristoma duplex, internum superne profunde excisum, externum superne in alam tubuli instar compressam antice deflexam productum. “ Diam. 16:33, alt. 8-66 mm.” (Méllendorff.) Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome). 146. Pterocyclus cumingi, Pfeiffer. Pierocyclos cumingi, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, pp. 5, 136; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 158; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 48; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 30; id., Conch-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 232, pl. 31, figs. 6-8; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 29 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclus, pl. 3, fig. 14; Pfeiffer, op. cit. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 42; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1370, pl. 49, figs. 7, 8; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 301. Péerocyclus cumingi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 165; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 781. Original description:—‘ Pt. testa latissime umbilicata, solida, striatula, nitida, fulvo-lutea, strigis castaneis fulguratis, bifasciatim latioribus et saturatioribus picta; spira plana; anfract. 5 convexi, ultimus teres, antice juxta penultimum in prominentiam elon- gatam, fornicatam, sulco circumscriptam tumefactus ; apertura param obliqua, subcircularis, intus margaritacea; perist. simplex, album, incrassatum, reflexum, superne sulco triangulari sub- interruptum, in linguam inflexam tenuiusculam productum.— Operculum? “ Diam. maj. 32, min, 28, alt. 6 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Layard). Var. India: Travancore (Stoliczka). 147. Pterocyclus cyclophoroideus, G. Nevill. Pterocyclus cyclophoroideus, G. Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 145; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 165; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 753. Original description :—“ This is a form that has hitherto been confused with Pt. nanus, Benson, the shell is more depressed and of thicker substance, resembling more closely Cyclophorus stenostoma, Sowerby, both in form and colouration; it can be distinguished at a glance by the apparently constant absence of the conspicuous band at the periphery ; I intended, despite all the above, to have merely separated it as a subspecies, when I noticed that all my Anamullay specimens have a much raised, concave operculum, 104 OYCLOPHORID A. whilst on the other hand in my single operculated specimen of Pt. nanus it is only slightly raised, scarcely concave, ete. “ Alt. 82, diam. 16 mill.” (Nevill.) Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome). Fig. 17.—Pterocyclus cyclophoroideus. (X 2.) This species has hitherto remained unfigured. The accompany- ing illustration is from a specimen in the British Museum ; it measures: alt. 8, major diam. 14mm. The peripheral band is not constantly absent as Nevill surmised. Var. subluteola, G. Nevill. Pterocyclus cyclophoroideus, var. subluteola, G. Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 146. Differs from the type in being of a light yellow instead of a darkish brown, scarcely if at all streaked or mottled. Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome), 148. Pterocyclus feddeni, Blanford. Pterocyclus feddeni, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 83 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 9 ; 1875, pl. 134, fig. 1; Theobald, Cat, Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; G. Nevill, J. A.S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 29; id., Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 262; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1878, p. 53; G. Nevill, in Anderson, Zool. Res, Exp, W. Yunnan, 1879, p. 890; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak, Ges. xxix, 1897, p.118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p cM id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 734, pl. 106, g. 9. Original deseription :—* Shell widely umbilicated, convexly depressed,smooth, finely striated,rather thin, elegantly marked with alternating transverse zig-zag stripes of white and chestnut, and with a moderately broad submedian band of darker colour; spire nearly flat; apex but very slighty protruded ; suture deep. Whorls 43, convex; the last rounded, descending towards PrEROUYCLUS. 105 the mouth. Aperture circular, slightly oblique ; peristome double ; the two portions separated bya shallow groove, the inner cut away into a moderate sinus above, and the outer turned up into a small vertical wing, free from the penultimate whorl. Operculum concave within, the centre flat; flatly concave without, with lamellar tree edges to the whorls, thickest at the circumference. ; mim. inch. ‘Major diam........... 11 0-44 Minor ditto.......... 9 0°36 DADA Nie his Mee sevice aos ace 5 0.2” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Thyet Myo, Pegu (Blanford); Bhamo and Irawaddy Bank (Anderson). 149. Pterocyclus insignis, U'heobald. Pterocyclos insignis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, part 2, 1865, p. 278; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7 ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1878, p. 385. Plerocyclus insignis, G. Nevill, J.A.8.B. xlvi, 1877, p. 29; id., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, 1879, p. 889; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Liet. 16, 1902, p. 166; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 724, pl. 104, figs. 9, 10. Original description :—‘ Forma typica. Testa albida, epidermide flavescente sive castanea, decidua vestita, castaneo-fasciata. Peris- tomate duplici, antice valde expanso. Operculo intus concavo, extra planiusculo, margine valde radiate hirsuto—Lat. 1-2u; lat. oris intus 0°65.” (Lheobald.) [31x 26x14 mm.] Hab. India: Shan States (Blanford). Var. planorbioides, G. Nevill. Pterocyclus insignis, var. planorbioides, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 185; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 102. Original description:—‘ The spire is actually sunken in this remarkable Planorbis-like form; the last whorl is more com- pressed ; the aperture smaller; and the umbilicus more open and shallow than in the type form. The excavated suture is common to both.” (Mevall.) Hab. Burma: Kakhyen Hills (Anderson). 150. Pterocyclus magnus, G'odwin-Austen. Pterocyclos magnus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 5. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 174, pl. 7, fig. 3. Pterocyclus magnus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 113; id., 106 CYCLOPHORID A. Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 25; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p- 166; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 753, pl. 112, figs. 3, 4. Original description:—* This shell is similar in form to P. parvus, only that the winged portion of the peristome is far more fully developed and folded round into a perfect, largely developed tube with its internal orifice just within the aperture, the inner lip being deeply notched to give room for it. The shell is ornamented with a single black peripheral band and with minute transverse brown zig-zag markings. Apex very flat. Whorls 5, rounded. “The largest example measures—alt. 0:26 [6 mm.], major diam. 0°95 [24 mm.], minor diam. 0:75 [19 mm.], apertural tube 0°20 inch [5 mm.]}.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Dafla Hills, Naga Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). The following additional details are given by Nevill, who con- sidered it doubtfully more than a well-defined variety of P. parvus. The compressed last whorl, which is semi-detached at the pro- portionately smaller aperture, the more open umbilicus and the different character of the “tube” distinguish this form from the large variety of P. parvus. Pterocyclus magnus, var. Pterocyclos magnus, var., Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 500. “A single specimen, with peristome not quite perfect and surface in poor condition, was sent me by officers of the Survey with the Miri Mission. It comes nearest to the above Dafla Hill shell in general form, the markings differ considerably. Major diameter 24-75. It should be looked for again.” (Godwin-Austen.) 151, Pterocyclus marionzx, Preston. Pterocyclus marione, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. xi, 1914, p. 22, text-fig. Original description:—“ Shell somewhat orbicular, moderately depressed, covered with a thin, laminiferous, reddish-brown periostracum; whorls 44, regularly increasing, the last very obtusely angled at the periphery, and possessing a short, but rather broad, wing-like development just behind the labrum; suture very deeply impressed; umbilicus wide, deep; labrum reflexed, white, laminiferous, continuous but for a slight break below the wing-like projection; aperture circular; operculum corneous, convex above, with central nucleus, bearing several raised, more or less foliaceous laming, which are especially strong towards the outer margin, below concave, polished, shining. Alt. 8, diam. maj. 20, min. 15mm. Aperture: alt. 7, diam. 7 mm.” (Preston) Hab. India: Naga Hills. PIEROCYOLUS. 107 152, Pterocyclus miriensis, Godwin-Austen. Pterocyclos miriensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 498, pl. 39, fig. 2. “ Shell depressedly discoid, very widely umbilicated. Sculpture very strong, regular spiral lire, above and below. Colour rich burnt sienna brown. Spire very flatly conic. Suture well im- pressed. Whorls 5, subangularly rounded on the periphery. Aperture circular, subvertical, just shows above the last whorl. Peristome double, not thickened, slightly reflected, inner lip thin, continuous, the outer expanded into a wing, openly spout-shaped. Columellar margin well rounded. “ Major diam. 30-0; alt. axis 8:0 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Miri Hills. 153. Pterocyclus nanus, Benson. Pierocyclos nanus, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 450; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 47; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- stomaceen, 1854, p. 388, p. 388, pl. 49, figs. 31-33; Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclos, pl. 8, fig. 12; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, pp. 88 & 40; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 49, tigs. 5, 6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclus nanus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262; id., J.A.S. B. 1, 1881, p. 146; Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114 (manus, err. typ.); id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26 (manus, err. typ.) ; id., Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx1, 1899, p. 185; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 102; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 167 ; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 780. Original description :—‘ Testa profunde perspective umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, albida, fascia media strigisque undulatis castaneis superne ornata; spira prominula, saturatiore; anfractibus 44 convexis, ultimo supra soluto; apertura obliqua, circulari ; peristomate duplicata, marginibus sulco leviter impresso vix diseretis, interno superne profunde recteque inciso, externo reflexiusculo, supra sinum alam angustam fornicatam, antice breviter descendentem, angulatam, formante. “ Diam. major 10, minor 8, alt. 5 mill.” Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon); Anamullay (Beddome); Southern India (Stoliczka) ; ? Salem (Nevill). ‘Possessing a similar deep umbilicus, narrower than in the other known species, it was overlooked as a young and imperfect specimen. On examination it proves to have arrived at its full growth, being allied in the characters of the aperture to Pt. rupestris, nobis, but differing from the smallest varieties of that shell not only in size and in the form of the umbilicus, but also in the less curvature of the incision under the wing, which is moreover less expanded, and does not touch nor cover any part of the preceding whorl. The operculum is unknown.” (Benson.) 108 CYCLOPHORID®. Var. applanata, G. Nevill. Pterocyclus nanus, var. applanata,G. Nevill, J. A.5, B. 1, 1881, p. 146; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 167. Differs from the type in being rather more richly painted, with more flattened spire, more slowly increasing whorls, and slightly more open umbilicus. Diam. 13°75, alt. 7 mm. Hab. India: Southern India (Stoliczka); ? Salem (Nevill). Var. reflexilabris, G. Nevill. Pterocyclus nanus, var. reflexilabris (? distinct species), G. Nevill, J.A.S. B, 1, 1881, p. 146; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 167. : Pterocyclus nanus reflexilabris, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 754. ‘““A white apparently colourless form, with black apex and easily distinguished from the preceding [nanus], as well as Pter. cyclophoroideus, by the fragile, broadly retlected and duplex peris- tome, rather differently shaped too above; the operculum, in my single specimen, agrees with what I take to be the typical form ; it is very little raised or concave.... Mr. Blanford also possesses two specimens.” (Wevill.) Hab. India: Khoondah Hills (Pirie); Nilgiri Hills (Blanford). 154. Pterocyclus parvus, Person. Spiraculum parvum, Pearson, J,A.5. B. ii, 1838, p. 592, pl. 20, fig. 7. Hieeplonpupes Benson, J. A.S. B. v, 1836, p. 357 ; id., A. M.N.H, ser. 2, i, 1848, p. 346; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, pp. 5, 186; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 48; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 30; id., Couch.-Ca., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 233, pl. 31, figs. 12-14; Adams, Gen Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterccyclos, pl. 8, tig. 15; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 142, figs. 7, 10; Godwin- Austen, J.A.S.B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 174; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 38; Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 809. Pterocyclus parvus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 167 ; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 730. Original description :—* Shell white, subdiaphanous, zoned with a dark brown line along the circumference of the whorl, striated above with brown zig-zag strie, and. less distinctly so below. Shelly spiracle or breathing tube situated near to the mouth. Mouth perfectly circular; lip thickened and reflected, umbilicus largely dilated, upper surface plano-convex, almost flat. Diameter gy of aninch, [14x115x5mm,] PLEROCYCLUS. 109 “Operculum unknown, supposed to resemble that of S. hispidum. “Epidermis dark brown.” (Pearson.) Hab. India: Shengorh, Tanir Ridge, and Toruputu, Khasi Hills (Godwin-Austen); Tezpur (Stoliceka); Naga Hills (Oldham). Var. assamensis, Hanley g Theobald. Pterocyclos arakanensis, Blanford, J, A.8.B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 98 (nom. nud.). Pterocyclus parvus, var. arakanensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261. Pterocyclus parvus, var. aracanensis, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pterocyclos parvus, vay, assamensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 3. Pterocyclus parvus, var. assamensis, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Larger than the type, measuring 19 mm. in diameter and much paler in colour with the zig-zag markings narrower and more crowded. Hab. India: Khasi Hills (Theobald); Akyab (Blanford); Chittagong (Raban). Nevill also mentions a var. major, from the Khasi Hills, which is probably identical with the present variety. 155. Pterocyclus pseudocumingi, Méllendor ff. Pterocyclus cumingi, vay., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1876, p. 261. Pterocyclus pseudocumingt (Nevill MSS.), Mollendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 36; Kobelt & M@llendorff, tom. cit. p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 168; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 746, pl. 108, figs. 18-15. Original deseription:—“T. latissime umbilicata, discoidea, solidula, subtiliter striatula, pallide lutea, strigis flammulatis eastaneis et tenia peripherica alba, altera castanea infra illam picta. Spira vix promiuula. Anfr. 53 teretes, sutura profunda impressa disjuncti, ultimus paullum descendens. Apert. modice obliqua, circularis, peristoma duplex, internum superne valde excisum, externum in alam magnam anfractui penultimo adnatam productum. Operculum intus profunde excavatum, extus lamella subtestacea anfr. 7 floris instar convergentibus indutum. “Diam. 14°25, alt.5 mm.” (Méllendorff.) Hab. India: Travancore (Stoliczka). 156. Pterocyclus pullatus, Benson. Pterocyclos pullatus, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 227 ; Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 246; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 381; id., Novit, Conch. ser. 1, i, 110 OYCLOPHORID#. 1860, p. 124, pl. 85, figs. 5-9; Reeve, Conch, Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclos, pl. 8, fig. 16; Blanford, J, A. 8. B. xxxiv, 1868, p. 97; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, pl. 184, figs. 2-4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclus pullatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p 262; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26; Kobelt, Das Tierriech, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 168; id., Conch,-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1909, p. 728, pl. 105, figs. 18-15, Original description :— ‘Testa aperte umbilicata, convexo- depressa, confertim radiato-striatula, nigrescente - castanea, superne strigis luteo-albidis, fulguratis, fasciaque saturata ornata ; spira convexa, sutura profunda, apice prominulo; anfractibus 43 convexis, ultimo longe descendente, subtus convexo; apertura vix obliqua, circulari; peristomate duplici, interiori breviter porrecto, superne sinu mediocri latinsculo, interrupto, exteriori vix expansiusculo, superne alam subrevolutam semicucullatam, antice breviter descendentem obtusam, ab anfractu penultimo distantem efformante; umbilico mediocri, profundo perspectivo. Operculo intus concavo, extus concaviusculo, scabro; anfractuum marginibus elevatis; margine laterali lato, lamellis acutis spiralibus munito. “ Diam. major 18, minor 113, axis 6 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Akoutong (Theobald, Blanford). 157. Pterocyclus rupestris, Benson. Pterocyclos rupestris, Benson, J. A. 8. B. i, 1832, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 1 (not pl. J, fig. 2) ;id., op. cit. v, 1836, p. 356; id., A.M.N.H. ser. 2, i, 1848, p. 846; Gray, Nomencl, Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 12; Pfeilter, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, pp. 4, 186; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit, Mus, 1852, p. 29; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 46; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 281, pl. 31, figs. 3-5, 9-11; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 277, pl. 85, fig. 3; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclus, pl. 2, fig.8; Blanford, J. AS, B. xxxv, Baer 38; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 8; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 53; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 301. Spiraculum rupestris, Pearson, J. A. S. B. ii, 1833, p, 592. Pterocyclus rupestris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260; Cooke, Cambr. Nat. Hist. iii, 1895, p. 266, fig. 1804; Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, : ae id., Conch.-Cub., Cyclophoride, ii, 1909, p. 736, pl. 106, g. 10. Steganotoma picta, Troschel, Arch. Naturg. iii, part 1, 1837, p- 165, pl. 3, figs. 12, 13 (shell) ; figs. a, 6, ¢ (operculum), Steyanotoma pictum, Philippi, Abbild. Conch. i, part 5, 1844, p. 105, Cyclostoma, pl. 1, fig. 5. Pterocyclos pictus, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, . 194, pl. 24, figs, 21 23 (shell) ; figs. 24, 25 (operculum) ; Gray, omencl, Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 12. Original description :—* Shell sub-diaphanous, whitish, closely striated across the whorls, marked above and below with angular PTEROCYCLUS. 111 chestnut lines running across the whorls, and with a band of the same colour on the centre of the last whorl, purplish-brown towards the apex. “Var. 1. The same without the medial line. “Var. 2. Ditto without the angular markings underneath. “Var, 3. The whole shell horn-coloured.” (Benson.) Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 8 mm. Hab. India: Rajmahal Range (Stoliczka) ; Pareshnath (Raban) ; Ganjam (Ball). Var. puriensis, Nevill. Pterocyclus rupestris, var. puriensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p, 26; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 169. “ A dwarf form with raised spire.” ( Nevill.) Hab. India: Puri (Raban) ; Chandbally (Nevill). 158, Pterocyclus spiramentum, Godwin-Ausien. Pterocyclos spiramentum, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 499, pl. 40, fig. 4. “Shell openly umbilicated, depressedly orbiculate, somewhat globose. Sculpture, only fine epidermal lines of growth. Colour dark sienna-brown, crossed by dark bands, running from the suture to the narrow black periphery band. Spire slightly raised, very depressedly conoid. Suture deep. Whorls 4, the last rapidly increasing. Aperture circular, subvertical. Peristome slightly reflected, not much thickened, the outer lip is expanded near the suture, with sides turned in forming a spout-like projection. Close behind this and adjacent to the suture is an apparent tube, but it is rather of gutter form, semicircular in section, and is given off from a cleft on the columellar side just within the aper- ture, which is not an orifice—if it were so the gutter would be a true tube and the shell a Spiraculum. It illustrates how the sutural tube in that genus has originated. This species is on the borderland of the two genera Pterocyclos and Spiraculum. It must be put in Pterocyclos, because the tube is close to the aperture, almost a part of the peristome. In Spiraculum the tube is remote from the aperture. Operculum concave in centre, multi- spiral, suture not raised. “ Major diam. 15-0; alt. axis 4-75 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab, India: Abor Hills (Oakes). 159. Pterocyclus troscheli, Benson. Pterocyclos troscheli, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 196, pl. 5, fig. 2; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 186; id., Cat, Phaneropn. Brit. Mus, 1852, p. 27; id,, Mon, Pneum, 112 CYCLOPHORID A, 1852, p. 44; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 277 ; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 302. Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) troscheli, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 487, fig. 3595. Pterocyclus cuming?. vay. troscheli, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 261. Pterocyclus troschehi, Kobelt & Moéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26, p. 102 ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 170; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 749, pl. 109, figs. 13, 14. Original description :— Testa latissime umbilicata, orbiculato- depressa; anfractibus +4 lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice subdilatato; apertura circulari, peristomate incrassato, reflexo, superne antice obsolete sinuato, ala cucullata, antice angulata, deflexa, anfractui penultimo adherente; umbilico latissimo. Operculo convexo, corneo. “ Diam. major 20, minor 18 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Trincomalee (Bland). Genus PEARSONIA, Kobelt. Spiraculum (part.), Pearson, J. A.S. B. ii, 1833, p. 590; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 278 (as subgenus of Pterocyclos) ; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 319; id., A. M.N.H. ser. 8, xii, 1863, p. 55 (animal) ; xiii, 1864, p. 451; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 47; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745 (as subgenus); Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 171. Trex, Spiraculum hispidum, Pearson. Range. India and Farther India. Shell depressed, sub-discoidal, covered with a thick periostracum, sometimes hairy ; aperture circular ; last whorl furnished, a short distance behind the aperture, with a short reverted sutural tube, open at both ends. Operculum multispiral, the edges of the whorls projecting. Snbgen'us PEARSONIA, «. str. Sptraculum, s. str., Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26, Pearsonia (subgenus), Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 171. Trpp, S. hispidum, Pearson. Range. India and Farther India. Shell as in the genus; basal margin of peristome without process. 160. Pearsonia andersoni, Blanford. Spiraculum andersont, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 447; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 49; Theobald, Cat. PEARSONIA. 113 Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,1877,p. 28; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp.. W. Yunnan, i. 1879, p. 889. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) andersont, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 49, figs, 8, 4. Beeler aes (Spiraculum) andersoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264, Spiraculum (s, str.) andersoni, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) andersoni, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 172. Pearsonia andersoni, Kcbelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 766, pl. 112, figs. 10, 11. Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, depressa, dis- coidea, oblique striata, lineis elevatis minutis spiralibus superne et presertim juxta peripheriam, sed non circa umbilicum, confer- tissime decussata, albide, strigis castaneis fulguratis radiantibus picta. Spira plana, apice vel plano vel vix exsertiusculo, sutura profunda. Anfr. 43, teretes, ultimus versus aperturam longe descendens, 5-6 mill. pone peristoma tubulo suturali reverso parvo, arcuatim recurvato vel subrecto et libero, 2-3 mm. longo munitus. Apertura diagonalis rotunda; peristoma continuum, duplex, internum expansiusculum undique appressum, postice juxta anfractum penultimum profunde angulatim sinuatum, externum expansum, supra sinum dilatatum, juxta anfractum penultimum instar cuculli plani porrectum. Operc. persimile ei Sp. hispidi, corneum, intus concavum, extus convexum, marginibus anfractuum, presertim externorum, lamellatim liberis, apice planiusculo. “ Diam. maj. 154-17, min. 12-183, axis 5-6, apert. diam. intus 5mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Bhamo and right bank of Irrawaddy (Anderson), “Distinguished from Sp. avanum, W. Blanf., by its more oblique month, differently shaped and more expanded peristome, by the horizontal cowl-shaped projection running forwards along the last whorl instead of being vertical, the greater distance of the sutural tube from the mouth, and the much more convex oper- culum.” (Blanford.) 161. Pearsonia assamensis, Fulton. Spiraculum assamense, Fulton, Nautilus, xiv, 1900, p. 87. Original description :—‘ Shell discoidal, flat above, very broadly umbilicated, dark brown with a few oblique stripes of a lighter color, encircled by four rows of hairs arranged in tufts, one being at the periphery, one above, and two below, the latter two are often worn off in older specimens; whorls 44, slightly convex above, last rounded ; tube erect, short, inclined towards the apex, situated 2 mm. from the margin of the aperture ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, bordered by a narrow flange; aperture oblique, circular; operculum shelly, whorls 5. I 114 CYCLOPHORIDA, “ Diam, maj. 14 mm., min. 12 mm., alt. 5 mm.” (Fudton.) Hab India: Khasi Hills, Assam. Zw Ce ; Zi Gl ae HAN Fig. 18.—Pearsonia assamensis. (X 2.) “Tn most respects this species is very like nagaense, Aust. & Bedd., but can be easily separated by the position of the breathing tube, which in assamense is much nearer the aperture. The operculum of nagaense does not appear to have so many whorls as our species, a large part of the central portion being quite flat and smooth. These characters appear to be constant in the numerous specimens I have examined of both species.” (Fulton.) The accompanying illustration is from the type in the British Museum. 162. Pearsonia avana, Blanford. Spiraculum avanum, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 319; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; Nevill, J.A.S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 28; id.,in Anderson, Zool, Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 889. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) avanus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 134, figs. 8, 9. Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) avanus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264, Spiraculum (s. str.) avanum, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) avana, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 172. Pearsonia avana, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1913, p. 971. Original description:—‘* Shell convexly depressed, widely um- bilicated, marked with radiating stria and covered (in young specimens) with a thick scabrous epidermis; colour white, with broad zig-zag chestnut stripes crossing the whorls, and a wide sub- median band of the same colour surrounding the shell. Spire scarcely raised, suture deep. Whorls 44, rounded ; the last. cylin- drical, descending slightly and gradually towards the mouth, and PEARSONIA, 115 bearing, 3mm. behind the aperture, a short reverted sutural tube curved into an arch, so that its posterior termination is close to the suture, and open at both ends. Aperture slightly oblique, circular. Peristome (in well-grown specimens) double, the inner lip continuous and slightly protruded, angulately incised at the Lila y CO LN asst oe seh os Fig. 19.—Pearsonia avana. suture. Outer lip expanded and produced, close to the last whorl, into a small vertical tongue-shaped projection. Operculum multi- spiral, almost flat, with a central prominent nucleus within, slightly concave externally, the edges of the outer whorls being free and slightly raised. mm. inch, “ Major diameter ........... 17 0-68 Minor ditto... ........ . 14 0:56 Altitide® acc oy gaa ge ane ve om 8 0°34 Diameter of aperture ...... 53 0:25” ( Blanford.) Hab. India: Shan Hills, east of the town of Ava. This species has hitherto remained unfigured. The accompany- ing illustration is from a specimen in the general collection of the British Museum. 163. Pearsonia beddomei, Blanford. Spiraculum beddomet, Blanford, J. A. 8. B, xxxv, 1866, p. 31; id., op. cit xxxviii, 1869, p. 187; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 48; Iheobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) beddomei, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 184, figs. 5, 6. : es Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) beddomet, Nevill, Wand List, i, 1878, , 264. Scan (s. str.) beddomet, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Poeum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) beddomei, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 172. a Pearsonia beddomet, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 767, pl. 112, figs. 14-18. Original description :—‘ Shell very broadly umbilicated, de- pressed, sub-disvoidal, smooth, (?) solid, white with transverse chestnut zig-zag stripes. Spire flat or subconvex, suture deep. Whorls 5, rounded, the last cylindrical, descending gradually towards the aperture, and furnished, 7-10 millimetres behind the peristome, with a short open sutural tube, a eee forwards 13 116 CYCLOPHORID.E. and upwards, not touching the penultimate whorl. Aperture diagonal, circular, peristome double, both lips continuous, the inner slightly expanded, curved back into a shallow angular sinus at the suture, the outer expanded, and inverted upon the upper and dextral margins, rising near the suture into a compressed wing, which is attached throughout on the left side to the penultimate whorl. Operculum horny, concave within, convex without, flattened near the centre, 2 or 3 outer whorls furnished with a free spiral testaceous lamelliform border. mm, inches. “Major diameter .............. 27° «1:12 Minor ditto ................ 23 92 CUS G eee eae ewes ee ek BS 10-4 Interior diameter of aperture... 8 +32” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Kimety Hills, near Vizagapatam, Madras Presidency (Beddome) ; Ganjam, Orissa (Ball). “The wing of Sp. bedidomet is much more distinct, higher and more pterocycloid than that of Sp. hispidum; the inner peristome (which is deficient in the last-named species) is angularly sinuate beneath the wing, but there is no approach to the deep, sub- circular opening of the Indian species of Pterocyclos. . . . “The operculum has even more resemblance to that of Ptero- cyclos tenuilabratus, Metcalfe, than that of Sp. hispidum.” (Blanford.) 164. Pearsonia bhamoensis, Theobald. Spiraculum bhamoense, Theobald, J.A.S8.B, xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 186, Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) bhamoensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 264 Pearsonia (Pearsonia) bhamoensis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 178. ae bhamoensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1913, p. 972. Original description: —“Testa depressa, aperto - umbilicata, Apice elevatiusculo, sutura profunda, anfract. 42 convexis, ultimo juxta aperturam parum descendente. Epidermide tenui, leviter striata, vix scabriuscula. Colore corneo-albescente, fascia mediana cincto, strigisque castaneis fulguratis picto, superioribus latis, inferioribus autem (sive subfascialibus) angustis. Aliquando unicolore, corneo-straminea. Apertura obliqua magna. Peristo- mate duplici, intus ad suturam angulato-inciso; extra alam linguiformem subtubularem horizontalem adnatam formante. T'ubulo suturali recurvato ab apertura 3 mm. distante. “Diam. max. 11:00, diam. min. 8-50, alt. 5:50 (-oris diam.), apertura 5°20 mm.”. Hab. Burma: Bhamo. ‘The nearest ally of this interesting form is S. avanwm, W. BL, which it approaches in the recurved form of its sutural tube, but PEARSONIA. 117 it differs in size and mode of coloration. In S. avanum, too, the linguiform projection of the peristome is vertical, not as in the Present species horizontal. The coloration, too, is peculiar, the Fig. 20.—Pearsonia bhamoensis. fulgurate stripes above the peripheral band being much more open or more obtusely bent than in the narrow or more acutely angled bands below it.” (Theobald.) The specimen now figured is the type in the British Museum, received from Theobald. The species has hitherto remained unfigured. 165. Pearsonia bitubifera, Theobald. ae all bitubiferum, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, ae (Spiraculum) bitubiferus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264, Pearsonia (Pearsonia) bitubifera, Kobelt, Das Tierriech, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 173. Pearsonia tranvancorica bitubifera, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- phoridae, ii, 1913, p. 973. Original description :—“ Testa depressa, late umbilicata, apice depresso, sutura profunda, anfract. 5 convexis, ultimo prope tubulum paullo ascendente, inde descendente. Epidermide scabriuscula spiraliter striata; colore albido, transverse vix subfulgurate castaneo strigato. Perist. simplici, expansiusculo, recurvato, prope suturam alam formante, tubulo brevissimo sursum spectante instructo. Tubulo suturali recurvato ab apertura 8 mm. distante. Apertura obliqua. “Diam. max. (peristomate incluso) 18°30, diam. min. 14:00, alt. 7-00, apert. 7°80 mm.” (Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Bhamo. Fig. 21.—Pearsonia bitubifera. “This remarkable species differs from most others in possessing a distinct tubular wing at the mouth which somewhat recalls the same feature in Pt. albersi, only the tube is more free and open. 118 CYCLOPHORIDA. The only other species possessing a second tube is S. masterst, figured in the Conch. Indica, pl. v, fig. 1, but uot described. In that species, however, the last whorl towards the mouth is free and the peristomial tube less complete though longer than in the present form.” (Z'heobald.) Nevill considered this form to be a mere variety of P. gordoni. This is another species which has not previously been illustrated. The accompanying figures are from a specimen in the British Museum. Its measurements are: Diam. maj. 18°5, min. 15, alt. 6°75 mm. 166. Pearsonia hispida, Pearson. Sptraculum hispidum, Pearson, J. A. 8. B, ii, 1883, p. 592; Blanford, J.A.8.B. xxxii, 1863, p. 320; Peiffer, Mon. Pueum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 47; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 175, pl. 7, fig. 4 (gutural tube). Pterocyclos hispidus, Benson, J. A.S. B. v, 1836, p. 355; _id., A. M,N. EL ser. 2, i, 1848, p. 846; Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 12; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, pp. 8, 136; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 46; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 817; Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 28; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 231; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 486, figs. 3588, 8589 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Pterocyclos, pl. 5, fig. 26. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) hispidus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 278; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 4. Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) hispidus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 263. Spiraculum (s. str.) hispidum, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) hispida, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 178. Pearsonia hispida, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, 11, 1911, p. 765, pl. 111, figs. 1-3. Cyclostoma spiraculum, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1848, p. 110, pl. 31, figs. 270-272. Steganotoma princepst (v. d. Busch), Philippi, Abbild. Conch. i, 1844, p. 106, Cyclostoma, pl. 1, fig. 6. Pterocyclos princepst, Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 12. Pterocyclos princepi, Pteiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 111; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 195, pl. 24, figs, 7-10. Original description :—‘ Shell white, subdiaphanous, upper sur- face of the body-whorl slighty patched with rufous. Epidermis dark brown, covered with short, bristly hairs, which at the outer and under side of the whorl are placed thickly together, giving an appearance to the shell of its being zoned with three narrow dark lines; whorls five, breathing tube one line in length, conical, compressed, pointing backward and inward; mouth circular, lip thickened and reflected. “Diameter 1 inch. PEARSONIA,. 119 “Operculum corneous, formed of several spiral layers, deeply cupped at the outer surface, and plano-convex at the inner.” ( Pearson.) (No locality given.) Hab. India; Patharghata, in Behar (Benson); Teria Ghat (Theobald). Col. Godwin-Austen mentions a yar. minor,* from Dihiri, Parbat, Dafla Hills, which agrees with the specimens fron Teria Ghat. 167. Pearsonia kempi, Godwin-Austen. Spiraculum kempt, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 496, pl. 39, fies, 4, 5. “Shell flatly discoid, widely umbilicated. Sculpture close, epidermal lines of transverse growth both above and below, conspicuous close spiral lire with every 2nd and 3rd somewhat stronger—in the type 2nd much more conspicuous on the central line of the last whor!, producing an angulate upper surface. Colour rich _umber-brown, very indistinct transverse colouring, and a broad peripheral band. Spire very low, only just raised above the last whorl. Suture deeply impressed; the sutural tube is 9 mm. behind the peristome, extremely short, and does not appear to grow longer, it is of small diameter. Whorls 5, rounded on periphery. Aperture circular. Peristome white, thickened, double, reflected, the outer lip forming a low ridge behind the expanded inner lip, thus forming the short open descending wing. Columellar margin rounded. Operculum roundly convex, the whorl in double filaments distinctly raised, close and smooth at centre. ‘‘Major diam. 26:5; alt. axis 7 mm. (Largest 30:0 Ponging.)” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills (Oakes), “This is very close to the next species [Sp. planum] found by Mr. Kemp, but which in a few minor characters differs too much to be considered the same; unfortunately there are only two very old bleached specimens of it.” (Godwin-Austen.) 168. Pearsonia luyorensis, Godwin-Austen. PSpiraculum luyorensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 500, pl. 40, fig. 5. “Shell openly umbilicated, orbiculate, very depressed. Scuip- ture, a smooth epidermis, lines of growth very fine and close. Colour a very rich dark madder-brown, broad dark bands close set, cross the third whorl transversely. There is a narrow peripheral band. Spire very low, apex just showing above the plane of the * J.A.S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p, 174. 120 CYCLOPHORTDA. last whorl. Suture impressed, the sutural tube close behind the aperture, 3 mm, distant, 3 mm. in length and curving backwards. Whorls 4, the last expanding rapidly. Aperture circular, sub- vertical. Peristome double, not very thickened, slightly reflected, at the suture, the outer lip is extended forward into a long spout resting on the periphery. “Major diam. 18°75; alt. axis 4:8 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Luyor, Abor Hills (Oakes). ; “This is close to Pterocyclos spiramentum, but is distinct in its much flatter apex, and far wider umbilicus. The peristome pre- sents a stage further towards, and has reached the development of Sptiraculum, rendering it a more than usually interesting species.” (Godwin-Austen.) 169. Pearsonia mastersi, HZanley & Theobald. Plerocyclos (Spiraculum) masterst (Blanford MS8.), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 3, pl. 5, fig. 1. Pterocyclos mustersi, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 386. Spiraculum masterst, Blanford, J. A. 5S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 314; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclus (Sptraculum) mastersi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 268. Sera (s. str.) masters?, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 18099, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) masterst, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 114. Pearsonia mastersi, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 769, pl. 118, fig. 9. “ Testa latissime umbilicata, depressa, epidermide crassiuscula, fusca, scabra, decussato-subcostulata induta, atque liris tribus pilosis, una juxta peripheriam, altera supra, tertia infra, cireum- data; sub epidermide alba, fasciis angulatis transversis castaneis notata; lineis incrementi confertis lirisque spiralibus minutis magis distantibus decussatim ornata. Spira fere plana, apice vix emersa. Anfr. 5, rotundati, ultimus antice longe solutus, valde descendeus, paulo ante solutionem tubulo brevi, curvato, pervio, longitudinaliter striato, ad anfr. penultimum excurrente, antice compresso, in rimam apertam intra anfractum ultimum desinente, postice tereti, extus patente, 6-8 mill. pone aperturam oriente, munitus. Apertura diagonalis, circularis; peristoma incrassato- expansum, subduplex, superne in rostrum subtubuliforme, antice porrectum, excurrens. Operculum corneum, intus concavum, extus convexum, marginibus anfractuum liberis lamelliferis.” “ Diam. maj. peristomate incluso 24, min. 16}, alt. 5, ap. diam. intus 6 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Golaghat, Naga Hills (asters), “This shell differs from all other known forms of Spiraculum by having the last whorl free and descending for a considerable distance, and by having, besides the sutural tube, a projection, PRARSONIA. 121 frequently of a subtubular form, from the top of the peristome. The shell has some resemblance to Rhiostoma, and still more to Opisthoporus birostris.” (Blanford.) 170. Pearsonia minima, Godwin-Austen. Spiraculum mininum, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 501, pl. 40, fig. 2. “Shell orbiculate, depressed, widely umbilicated. Sculpture, fine transverse lines of growth on the epidermis.’ Colour dull ochraceous, with a green tinge, 3rd and last whorls crossed by irregular broadish brown bands, indication of a band just below the periphery. Spire depressed, but apex well above last whorl. Suture impressed, the tube short, close behind the aperture, only 2 mm. distant. Whorls 4, regularly increasing. Aperture circular, with very slight angulation at sutural margin. Peristome double, both inner and outer lips continuous, moderately thickened and slightly reflected: “Major diam. 9°2; alt. axis 3°25 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab, India: Jeku, Abor Hills (J. Coggin Brown). “Lt. G. F. T. Oakes, R.E., has sent me seven examples of this species from Sibbum, far finer in size; four are bleached. The largest measures 10 mm. in major diameter. Three are perfect with strong epidermis. Colour sienna-brown in tint with ochra- ceous mottling, with an indistinct peripheral band. Major diam. 11:5 mm. “This is a close ally of Spiraculum kempi, but the closely mottled zig-zag pattern and black peripheral band is not seen in that species ; in this respect it is similar to Spiraculum neville of the Dafla Hills; it is smaller and rather flatter than that shell. “Tt is hardly possible to find better examples showing the deve- lopment of the sutural tube in Spiraculum than in the species figured on plate xl. Although it is not from the ‘I'sanspu Valley but from the source of the Irrawady, Spiraculum putacensis has been introduced in order to show how close is the relationship and how beautiful evolutionary stages have been. In having a tube on the suture behind the peristome and a simple peristome, both belong to the genus Spiraculum. In figures 2¢ and 3 6, within the aperture may be seen the little orifice having a connection with the branchial sac. In Spiraculum minimum this is very close to the aperture, in Spiraculum putaoensis it is more remote. In the first the inner and outer lips of the peristome are united and thickened at the upper inner margin next the suture, while in the second there is further development; a clear separation of the lips has taken place, the inner has a slight nick on the line of the suture, shown by a sort of cicatrice up to the branchial orifice, and the outer lip is expanded forward into a short scoop- like process corresponding to the wing, as it has been called, of Ptervcyclos. The next species (fig. 4) [P. spiramentum] might 122 CYOLOPHORID A. be placed in this genus and is a true link with it. The tube is so far forward, it still forms a part of the peristome, a complete isolated orifice has not yet been formed—it is a slit; the process of its further development would be the growing more forward of the whorl itself. In fig. 5, Spiraculum lwyorensis, we find this stage reached, and in fig. 5 6 the internal orifice has been left behind, and externally a perfect tube is seen on the suture (lig. 5 a) behind the aperture and completely separate from it. While this evolution has been in progress, another change has taken place; the scoop in fig. 4 has grown forward considerably into the elongated gutter of fig. 5, with its edges growing inwards and nearly touching, corresponding in life, in all probability, with a sharp fold of the mantle edge, which with further growth might become more and more tube-like.” (Godwin-Austen.) 171. Pearsonia nagaensis, Godwin-Austen 5 Beddome. Spiraculum nagaense, Godwin-Austen & Beddome, A.M.N.H. ser. 6, xiii, 1894, p. 509. Spiraculum (s. str.) nagaense, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 185; id., Cat. Pnueum. 1899, p. 103. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) nagaensis, Kobelt, Das ‘Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 174. Pearsonia nagaensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 771, pl. 118, figs, 12, 18. Original description :—‘ Shell discoidal, upper surface flat, widely umbilicated; sculpture, strong longitudinal striation, covered with a thick epidermis, with two parallel bands of close set hairs on the periphery. Colour umber, with a series of darker bands crossing the whorls. Spire quite flat; suture deep, the sutural tube is 4:5 mm. behind the peristome, is well developed, arched and bending over, and lies directed backwards and parallel with the suture; whorls 5, rounded, the last descending very slightly ; aperture circular; peristome thickened, white, continuous, with an angulate notch above and close to the body-whorl; operculum widely spiral, shelly, whitish grey. “Maj. diam. 17°5, min. 14°05 alt. axis 5°25 mm.” (Godwin- Austen b Beddome.) Hab, India :Maokokchung, Naga Hills (Muspratt). “This small form may be distinguished from 8. hispidum, var. minor, of Teria Ghat in the Khasi Hills and base of the Dafla Hills, in the form and direction in which the sutural tube les backward on the shell; in hispidum it lies across and nearly at right angles with the suture, in this new form it is on the line of the suture.” (Godwin-Austen g Beddome.) 172. Pearsonia nevilli, Godwin-Austen. Spiraculum nevilli, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, _p. 174, pl. 7, fig. 2. PHARSONIA. 123 Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) nevilli, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264. ae (Pearsonia) nevilli, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, Bets es Pearsonia nevilli, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 765, pl. 112, figs. 1, 2. Original description :—“ Shell discoidal, convexly depressed, widely umbilicated, covered with a dark brown epidermis which soon becomes eroded, and with an incipient dark band on the keel in perfect specimens. Spire very slightly raised, suture deep, whorls 5, much rounded, the last descending slightly towards the aperture. The sutural tube is only 0°10” [2:5 mm.] in length, 0:3” [7-5 mm.] behind the aperture, turns back, and is situated close to the suture. Aperture oblique, circular. Peristome double, inner lip continuous, baving at the suture a re- entering angular notch, the outer is similarly notched and then expanded and folded into a spout-shaped form. Operculum not seen, probably as in S. hispidum. “ Alt. 0°36 [9 mm.], major diam. 1:05 [26°5 mm.], minor diam. 0°92 [23°5 mm.], apert, 0°45 in, [11:5 mm. ].” Hab. India: Dibiri Parbat, Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). “This Spiraculum is quite distinct from S. hispidum, for which I mistook it when found, and consequently omitted to search for more examples. In the form of the sutural tube it most nearly resembles S. avanum W. Blt., thus differing very considerably from S. hispidum, in which that part is broad and curves quite over and across the suture in well-grown shells. The most not- able point of difference, however, is the expansion of the outer lip into a tube-like process, in which respect the species shews its very close aflinity to the genus Péerocyclos.” (Godwin-Austen.) Pearsonia nevilli, G.-A., var. Spiraculum nevilli, var. Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 497. “ Shell very openly umbilicated, discoid. Sculpture, close spiral liration, accentuated at the widdle half of the whorl looking at it from above. Colour dark madder-brown, mottled or rather streaked closely with ochre bands which, as they approach the apex, are closely uig-zagged, beneath plain, A distinct black band on the periphery. Spire very flat. Suture impressed. Whorls 5, regularly increasing. Aperture circular, oblique. Peristome double, thickened, much reflected, expanding forward near suture into a spout-like shape, which continues as a raised, pronounced narrow ridge on the reflected whorl, the epidermis being peculiarly shining. A little further development would constitute this a tube, such is its appearance. Operculum multi- spiral, about 10 whorls, the edges slightly raised and furred on outer margin.” 124 OYCLOPHORID#. “ Major diam. 21:5; alt. axis 5-0 mm. (Type immature, 1st received.) Major diam. 22:5; alt. axis 95 mm. (full-grown exainple).” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills. Pearsonia nevilli, G.-A., var. Spiraculum nevilli, var., Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 497 “The wing or spout is not so long in typical nevilli from the Dafla Hills, and the last whorl near the aperture descends much more than in this Abor shell, otherwise they are very close in form. ‘he Abor shells are not so very much mottled, but have a distinct band, and they are much smaller. “ Major diam. 23°25; alt. axis 48 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Luyor, Abor Hills (Oakes). 173. Pearsonia oakesi, Godwin-Austen. Spiraculum oakest, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 496, pl. 39, fig. 3. “Shell depressedly discoid, widely umbilicated. Sculpture close, fine transverse lines of growth in the epidermis, no spiral ribbing. Colour: ground grey white, crossed by regular bands of brown, zig-zag below, merging into a narrow dark peripheral band, from which zig-zag lines are given off on the basal side. Spire scarcely raised above the last whorl. Suture well impressed, the sutural tube very long, 7mm. ,narrow, set obliquely backward, nearly reaching to the apical whorl. Whorls 5, oe increasing. Aperture circular. Peristome continuous, thickened, reflected at the upper inner angle, expanded forward from above and below, horizontally upon the median line of the penultimate whorl form- ing a narrow slit. Columellar margin rounded. Operculum multi- spiral, slightly concave, smooth at centre, edges of the outer whorls distinct and slightly raised. “Operculum multispiral, edges of suture slightly raised, concave in centre. “ Major diam. 26:0; alt. axis 5-5 mm.” Hab. India: Abor Hills (Oakes). “Five specimens of this beautiful species came to hand; it does not recall any species as yet found in Assam or Burma.” (Godwin- Austen.) 174. Pearsonia plana, Godwin-Austen. Spiraculum planum, (odwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1916, p.497, pl. 39, fig. 6. “Shell similar to S. kempi. Sculpture, rather coarser spiral PEARSONIA. 125 ribbings. Colour bleached. Spire very low, the apex scarcely showing above the last whorl. Suturedeeper. Sutural tube only 6:5 from the peristome, it is 4 mm. long and sharply recurved backward. Whorls 5. Aperture circular. Peristome double, thickened, outer lip expanding into a somewhat lengthened open wing, ascending on the whorl next it, not descending as in previous species. “* Major diam. 30:0; alt. axis 6-0 mm.” Hab. India: Upper Rotung, Abor Hills; Upper Rotung; Yembung (Lemp). “A single small variety, bleached, only 28mm.in major dia- meter, was sent to me from the Miri Hills.” (Godwin-Austen.) 175. Pearsonia putaoensis, Godwin- Austen. Spiraculum putaoensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 500, pl. 40, fig. 3. “Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed. Sculpture, fine regular transverse striw of growth. Colour, bleached, and epidermis gone; zig-zag streakings at regular intervals cross the whorls from the suture outwards. Spire scarcely raised above the last whorl. Suture impressed, the tube 44 mm., behind the aper- ture, a mere orifice, but in the perfect shell there may be a tube. Whorls 4, increasing regularly. Aperture circular, oblique. Peristome double, inner and outer lips continuous, the inner with a slight notch near sutural margin, the outer expanded into a wing or spout. * Major diam. 14:0; alt. axis 4-0 mm.” Hab. Burma: Putao, Upper Burma (Capt. E. C. Morris). “The habitat of this species at the head of the Irrawady valley (not a very far distant one from the Tsanspu) is interesting and J have introduced it here because in the sutural tube it approaches a species found in the Abor Hills, which I next describe as Spira- culum minimum, and is much smaller. It also recalls Spiraculum andersoni, Blf., from Bhamo, but this is more openly umbilicated, the wing similar.” (Godwin-Austen.) 176. Pearsonia simplex, Nevill. Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) masterst, var. simplex (? distinct species), Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 268. Spiraculum (s. str.) simplex, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26. Pearsonia (Pearsonia) simplex, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 175. “Of much simpler characters than the typical form. The last whorl only a little detached; the sutural tube not bent back; the suture less excavated; and only a small expanded tube at the upper margin of the aperture.” ( Nevill.) Hab. India: Naga Hills (Loberis). 126 CYCLOPHORIDA. 177. Pearsonia travancorica, Blanford. Spiraculum travancoricum (Beddome), Blanford, J. A.S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 212, pl. 8, fig. 6; Cooke, Cambr. Nat. Hist. iii, 1895, p. 266, fig. 180 c, Spiraculum (s. str.) travancoricum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, . 26, Pavsonit (Pearsonia) travancorica, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 175. Pearsonia travancorica, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1918, p. 973. Original description :—‘ Shell broadly umbilicate, depressedly turbinate, and, in the single aged specimen found, decorticated, whitish and smooth throughout. Traces of a brown epidermis remain around the umbilicus, and younger specimens are probably brown in colour, and perhaps ornamented with coloured bands, like other species of the genus. Spire raised, depressedly conical, suture deep, apex acute. Whorls 43 rounded ; the last cylindrical, descending, and free near the aperture, and provided above, about three millimetres behind the mouth, with a rather elongate tube, which projects forward, and is in contact with the penultimate whorl throughout. The tube appears broken at the end, and may have been even longer originally ; the anterior termination in the specimen is in a line with the oblique peristome of the shell. Aperture diagonal, circular ; peristome double, inner lip sharp, not projecting much, curved backwards near the penultimate whorl ; outer peristome expanded, and wavy above externally and below, straight and somewhat narrower on the left margin. Operculum nearly flat externally, concave within; the outer margins of the whorls free and lamellar, except towards the middle; the circum- ference surrounded by several raised lines, the edges of the outer- most whorls. Major diameter 123 mm., minor 104, axis 7, diameter of the mouth 54 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Hills between Travancore and Tinnevelly. “This species differs from all others of the genus by its higher spire, and by the combination of the mouth being free and the sutural tube being directed forward and attached to the last whorl.” (Blanford.) Subgenus PSEUDOSPIRACULUM, Kobelt. Diplopterum, Mo\lendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 26 (non Diplopteron cory, Diplopterum, Swainson, 1839), Pseudospiraculum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 175. Tyrn, (only species) Spiraculum fairbanki, Blanford. Range. India. Shell with a tongue-shaped process on the lower margin of the peristome, PHARSONIA.—RHIOSTOMA. 127 178. Pearsonia fairbanki, Blanford. Spiraculum fairbanki, Blanford, J. A. S.B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 135 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 48; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) fairbanki, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 49, figs. 1, 2. Pterocyclus (Spiraculum) fairbanki, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264. Spiraculum (Diplopterum) fairbanki, Kobelt & Mélendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 114; id. Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 26. ee (Pseudospiraculum) fairbanki, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 175, fig. 37; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 770. Original description :—“ Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, nearly discoidal, greyish white with irregular streaks and spots of chestnut and two bands of the same colour; one, somewhat interrupted, below the periphery, the other broader, within the umbilicus. Spire almost flat, the apex prominent and papillar, the suture deeply impressed. Whorls 5, rounded, the last cylin- drical, gradually descending in front and furnished, 4 mill. behind the aperture, with a short, nearly vertical spiracle, in the form of a truncated cone, and joined to the penultimate whorl. Aper- ture diagonal, circular, the peristome double, the internal portion projecting slightly and obtuse, with a rather shallow angular sinus near the suture: the external peristome is continuous, expanded, dilated above into a projecting wing which runs forwards for some distance along the last whorl in front of the aperture, and is bent downwards at the end. Near the base of the columellar margin there is a small gutter-shaped projection. The operculum is very concave within, externally convex, flattened at the apex, with free lamellar edges to the whorls as in the typical species of Pterocyclos. “Major diameter 144, minor 11}, axis 6, diameter of the aperture within 4 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab. India; Pulney Hills (Fairbank). Genus RHIOSTOMA, Benson. Rhiostoma (part.), Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 96; Pfeiffer, Journ, Conchyl. x, 1862, p. 45; Blanford, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 451; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p.38; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 63; Stolizckza,J.A.5.B. xl, 1870, p. 150 (animal); Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262 (as subgenus of Pterocyclus); Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745 (subgenus); Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 115; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 27; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 176; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 754. Typr, Rhiostoma haughtonz, Benson. Range. Burma, Farther India, 128 CYCLOPHORIDE, Shell widely umbilicated, subdiscoid, last whorl solute, descend- ing laterally; peristome free, notched above, with a more or less imperfect reflexed tube at the end of the notch. Operculuin shortly cylindrical, multispiral, deeply excavated within, nucleus flat, smooth. 179. Rhiostoma haughtoni, Benson. Rhiostoma haughtoni, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 8, v, 1860, p. 96; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 39; Stoliczka, J.A.S.B. xl, 1871, p. 150; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 37; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 115; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 27; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 177, fig. 88; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 759, pl. 110, fig. 14, pl. 111, figs. 14- 16 Pterocyclos haughtoni, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, pl. 5, fig. 30. Pterocyclos (Rhiostoma) haughtont, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 5, fig. 10. Pterocyclus (Ehiostoma) haughtom, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 262. Original description :—‘ Testa late umbilicata, convexo-depressa, solidiuscula, oblique scabre striatula, superne castanea, subtus albida, fascia angusta mediana saturatiore, utrinque angulato- marmorata, ornata; spira depresso-conoidea, apice pro:minulo obtusiusculo, sutura impressa; antractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo cylindrico, antice longe soluto, lateraliter descendente, superne carina obtusa a sutura usque ad tubulum marginalem decurrente munito; apertura libera, obliqua, diagonali, circulari; peristomate subduplici, extus incrassato, reflexiusculo, superne ad sinistram inciso, tubulo imperfecto, antice aperto, sinistrorse erecto, rimam coronante, munito; umbilico perspectivo, profundo ; operculo testaceo, multispirato, breviter cylindrico, apice planato, levigato, anfractibus arcte convolutis, marginibus acute carinatis, spatiis intersitis epidermide scabra vestitis; intus profunde excayato, polito. “ Diam. major 21, minor 11, axis 8$ mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Moulmain (Haughton, Theobald) ; Damotha, N.E. of Moulmain (Stoliczka), Fig. 22.—Rhiostoma haughtont. “Young specimens have no trace of the upper notch at the outer lip and are generally undistinguishable from the planorboid Cyclophori, like the Ceylon C, annulatus, Trosch., or the Nilgherry RHIOSLOMA—CYULOTUS. 129 C. ravidus, Bens. Only in full-grown specimens the last whorl at the aperture becomes detached from the previous whorl. The operculum is first thin, flattened outside and slightly concave inside; gradually the shape becomes convex outside, as the whorls increase in number, and at the same time the internal concavity enlarges.” (Stoliczha.) The shell now figured is in the general collection of the British Museum, and measures: Major diam. 21°5, minor 18, alt. 12 mm. 180. Rhiostoma strubelli, Méllendorff. Rhiostoma strubelli, Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 166 ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 179; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1910, p. 759, pl. 113, tigs. 10, 11. Original description :—“ T. late et aperte umbilicata, umbilico 75 diametri squante, conoideo-depressa, solidiuscula, subtiliter sed distincte striatula, griseo-alba, strigis fulguratis castaneis picta, ad peripheriam tenia angusta fusca ornata. Spira breviter conoidea, Anfr. 5 teretes, sutura sat profunde impressa submarginata dis- juncti, ultimus longe descendens, breviter solutus, in parte soluta superne carinula obtusa,ad aperturam tubulo crassiusculo munitus. Apert. fere diagonalis, circularis, peristoma breviter expansum, sat incrassatum. Operculum subtestaceum breviter cylindricum, 2°5 mm. altum. “Diam. 18, alt. 10 mm.” (Méllendor ff.) Hab. Burma: Kalow, Shan States (Strubell). Section CYCLOTEZ. Genus CYCLOTUS, Swainson. Cyclotus, Swainson, Treat. Malac. 1840, pp. 186, 836 (as subgenus of Cyclostoma) ; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 132; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 16 (as genus); Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 274; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 485; Blan- ford, A. M,N, H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 446 ; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 2, 1864, p. 14; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 116; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 255; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745 (as subgenus of Pterocyclus) ; Millendorff, Ber. Senckenb. Nat. Ges. 1890, p. 266; Kobelt & Millendorf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 116; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 28; Sarasin, Land Moll. Celebes, 1899, p. 35; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Liel. 16, 1902, p. 188; id., Conch.- Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 773. Typs, Cyclotus variegatus, Swainson. Range. Southern Asia, Southern China and Japan, New Guinea. Shell widely umbilicated, flat or discoid, with a dark perio- stracum; peristome simple or provided with a wing. Operculum composed of two laminz separated by a deep furrow, the inner membranaceous, the outer calcareous, flat, without process or dages. appendage = 130 CYCLOPHORID2. Subgenus SIPHONOCYCLUS, AMoéllendorff. Rhiostoma (part.), Benson, A. M.N, H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 96. Siphonocyclus, MGllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxii, 1900, pp. 135, 136; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 208; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 818. Tren, Pterocyclos tener, Menke. Range. Burma, Farther India, South China, Hainan. Shell with sutural tube as in Opisthoporus. Operculum normal. 181. Cyclotus gordoni, Benson, Opisthoporus gordont, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 8, xi, 1868, p. 322 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 36; Kobelt & Méllen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 118; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 30. Spiraculum gordont, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, xii, 1864, p. 451 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 399, pl. 18, fig. 6. Spiraculum (Opisthoporus) gordoni, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) gordont, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 49, figs. 9, 10. Fterocyclus (Spiraculum) gordoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 264. Procyclotus (Stphonocyclus) gordoni, Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxii, 1900, p. 187. Cyclotus (Siphonocyclus) gordont, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 209, fig. 48; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclophoridae, ii, 1911, p. 820, pl. 128, figs. 15, 16. Original description:— O. testa late et concave umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, confertim striata, sub lente striis minutis spiralibus, nonnullis elevatiusculis, decussata, albida, strigis fulguratis castaneis fasciaque fusca dentata ad peripheriam ornata; spira planata, apice non elevato obtuso, sutura profunda, demvm canaliculata; anfractibus 5, gradatim accrescentibus, convexis, ultimo rotundato, antice descendente, pone alam breviter soluto, 4 millim. pone aperturam spiraculo suturali brevi retrorsam spectante, nonnunquam subobsoleto, munito; apertura valde obliqua, circulari; peristomate duplici, interno prope anfractum penultimum breviter inciso, exteriore superne et ad dextram angulatim expanso, ala intus concava insuper anfractum penul- timum antrorsum ascendente munito. “Diam, major 22-28, minor 17-19, axis 5-6 mill.” (Benson.) Hal. Burma: Moulmain (Gordon), Section CYATHOPOMATE. Genus CYATHOPOMA, Blanford. Cyathopoma, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 348 (nom, ne id., A.M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 449; id., Journ, Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 257; Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 23; CYATIUOPOMA. 131 Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 258; Nevill, J. A.S.B. 1, 1881, p. 144; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745 ; Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 119; Sykes, Proc. Malae. Soe. iii, 1898, pp. 66, 159 ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 218. Typr, Cyclotus filocinctus, Benson. Range. India, Farther India, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, Seychelles. Animal white, with a short oval foot, undivided beneath ; small black tentacles with eyes at base. Shell small, umbilicated, pyramidal-turbinate or depressed tur- binate, generally with spiral lire, periostracum thick. Operculum convex on the inner side, multispiral, normally truncate conoid, composed of two lamine, the inner: membranaceous, outer calca- reous, very concave, the edges of the whorls free, occasionally beautifully ornamented. Subgenus CYATHOPOMA, Blanford. Cyathopoma (part.), Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 348; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix. 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 381; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 219; Pilsbry, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xl, 1919, p. 328. Typx, Cyclotus filocinctus, Benson. Range. Southern India, Ceylon, Nicobars, Japan; Seychelles, Belgian Congo. Shell small, more or less depressed, widely umbilicated, with distinct spiral lire; peristome single or double; operculum with raised edges to the whorls, which are often incurved towards the centre and prettily ornamented. 182. Cyathopoma album, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) album, Beddome, P.Z.8. 1875, p. 446, p. 52, fig. 14. Cyathopoma album, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 379. Jerdonia albu, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, . 808. ie eee (s. str.) album, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 31. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) album, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 219, fig. 46. Original description :—-‘“ Shell widely umbilicated, depresso- turbinate, furnished with a chalky-white or whitish-brown epidermis, having a minute vertical striation, which is early deciduous, or only present in patches, the shell beneath being of a peculiar shining white horny texture; spire conoidal, apex subacute; whorls 4-5, spirally lirate, the lowest with four to five, K2 132 CYCLOPHORIDZ. the penultimate with three ribs or lines, more prominent before the loss of the epidermis; the umbilicus prominently spirally ribbed within; aperture circular, oblique; peristome thin, simple, continuous, slightly angled at the inner base at the termination of the first rib round the umbilical region ; operculum externally very concave, with the margius of the outer shelly layer much raised but straight and not at all arched, multispiral, with a small transparent nucleus: length #4 inch [1°75 mm.], breadth 75 inch [2 mmn.].” (Beddome.) Hab. India: Yellagherry Mountains; Sirumullay Hills, Din- digul (Beddome). Ceylon: Dimbola (Beddome). Stated by the author to be allied to C. kolamulliense, Blanford. 183. Cyathopoma artatum, Sykes. Cyathopoma artatum, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. ii, 1897, p. 236, pl. 16, figs. 19, 20. Cyathopoma (s. str.) artatum, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 186; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 103. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) artatum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 219. Original description :—‘ Testa dextrorsa, late et perspective umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, apice acutula, periostraco calcareo, deciduo, induta, sub hoc albido-cornea, polita ; anfr. 43, regulariter accrescentes, spiraliter lirati, sub lente leviter transversim striati, ultimus carinis duabus supra peripheriam, et sex liris magis approximatis sub peripheriam et in umbilico, penultimus duabus carinis ; apertura circularis, peristomate simplice, continue, intus leviter incrassato; operculum valde concavum, multispirale. Alt. 1:3, lat. 2mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). “This minute species is noteworthy for being clothed with a periostracum of a very chalky nature, which, however, appears to be very easily rubbed off, and many specimens only fully exhibit it within the umbilieal area. The three upper carinations are sharply edged, while those below the periphery and in the umbilicus are rounded and thread-like.” (Sykes) 184. Cyathopoma atrosetosum, Bedidome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonit) atrosetosum, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 448, pl. 52, fig. 18. Cyuthopoma atrosetosum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 380. Cyathopoma (s. sty.) atrosetosum, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 81. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) atrosetosum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 219. Original description :— Shell umbilicated, ovate to subturbinate, CYATHOPOMA. 133 spirally lirate, thin, semitransparent, whitish, furnished with a deciduous brownish vertically but inconspicuously striated epider- mis, subobsolete on some specimens; spire conical; whorls 5, rounded, furnished with numerous close, rather inconspicuous spiral lines, along which are numerous, rather distant, patent or suberect long black lines; umbilicus more or less open, with a more or less prominent keel at its entrance, inconspicuously ribbed or smooth within; aperture subvertical, circular; peristome single, subdouble or double, entire or with the outer margin beautifully crenated; operculum subdouble, externally white and shelly, and a little concave from the margins being raised, multi- spiral, with a large central transparent nucleus, internally mem- branaceous, convex, yellowish, shining: length 7, inch [2°5 mm.], greatest diameter 7), to 7) inch (2°5-1-75 mm.].” Hab. India: South Canara Ghats; Anamullays (Beddome). “The peristome, the umbilical region, and even the shape of the shell are very variable.” (Beddome.) 185. Cyathopoma beddomeanum, Nevill. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) blanfordi, Beddome, P.Z.S8 1875, p. 446, pl. 52, fig. 18 (not Cyathopoma blanfordi, H. Adams, 1868) ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 377. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) beddomeanum (nom. mut.), Nevill, J. A.S. B. 1, 1881, p. 145. Cyathopoma (s. str.) beddomeanum, Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. neni Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pnenm. 1899, p. 3l. Cyuthopoma (Cyathopoma) beddomeanum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 220. Original description :—‘ Shell thin, umbilicated, pyramidal, turreted, straw-coloured, apex attenuated and subacute; whorls 6, sutures prominent, all the whorls, except the two small apical ones, prominently carinated ; carinatious two to three on the third whorl, three to five on the fourth, five to seven on the lowest, those about the umbilical region rather distant; umbilicus per- vious ; aperture circular ; peristome.thin, single, continuous, incon- spicuously crenulate; operculum as in the last species [nitidum]: length 4 inch [3°5 mm.], greatest diameter ~> inch [2°25 mm.].” Hab. India: Tinnevelly Mountains, 4000 ft. (Beddome). “JT have a closely allied species from Ceylon, Jerdonia dickoy- ensis (Nevill MS.); it is rather smaller, with a finer carination, and much smoother about the umbilical region; and I think specifically distinct.” (Beddome.) 186. Cyathopoma coonoorense, Blanford. Cyathopoma coonoorense, Blanford, Journ, Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 261, pl. 12, fig. 6; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 135, fig. 10; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 25; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259. iB CYCLOPHORIDS, Cyathopoma (s. str.) coonvorense, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 31. : Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) cvonoorense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 220. Original description :—* Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso-tur- binata, lineis subdistantibus elevatis minutis cincta, albida, epider- mide luteo-cornea, strigis castaneis obliquis ornata induta. Spira conoidea, apice acuto; sutura profunda. Anfr. 4 rotundati, ultimus teres, versus aperturam leviter descendens, undique minute “spiraliter liratus. Apertura obliqua, circularis, juxta umbilicum sinuata; peristoma, subduplex vel duplex.—Operculum? “ Diam. maj. vix 3, min, 24; alt. 2} mill.” Hab. India: Coonoor, Nilghiri Hills (Blunford). “Closely allied to C. malabaricum. The spiral sculpture is less pronounced than in most species, the periostracum is thinuer, smoother, and ornamented with coloured bands. ‘A larger form with more crowded spiral lire and distinctly double peristome has been collected by Beddome at Krore Mund in the Nilghiri Hills.” (Blanford.) 187. Cyathopoma deccanense, Blanford. Cyathopoma deccanense, Blanford, Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 258, pl. 12, fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 82, figs. 8,9; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 38, 1875, pp. 28, 377. Cyathopoma deccanianum, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 292. Cyathopoma dekkanense, Theobald, Cal. Shells Brit. India, 1876, . 38. Gas deccanense, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259. Cyathopoma (s. str.) deccanense, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) deccanense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 220. “ Original description :— Testa subanguste umbilicata, turbinata, solidula, albida, lineis confertis elevatis cincta, epidermide crassa, molli, faciliter detergenda, supra fuscescenti, subtus albida, sub- testacea, verticaliter striata, induta. Spira conica, apice subacuto ; sutura impressa. Anfr. 44 convexi, ullimus cylindraceus, supra 2-3 lineis elevatis, ad peripheriam, carina elevatiuscula, subtus duabus similibus circumdatus, in umbilico perspectivo, conico, costis confertis spiralibus ornatus. Apertura parum obliqua, circularis ; peristoma subsimplex, vix incrassatum, ad extremitates carina mediane et ambarum basalium brevissime linguiformiter porrectum, margine externo Jeviter antice arcuato.—Operculum normale, margine elevatv anfractuum sub lente lineis reticulatis pulcherrimo sculpta. * Diam. maj. 3, min, 22, alt. 33 mill. Apert. intus 12 mill.” (Blanford). Hab. India: Khandalla, Singhur, Western Ghats, near Bombay, 2-4000 ft. (Blunford) ; Bhore Ghat (Nevill). CYATHOPOMA. 135 May be distinguished from C. filocinctum by the more elevated spire, the narrower umbilicus, and the absence of all crenulation inside the mouth. The periostracum is stated to be very curious and difficult to retain on account of its extreme fragility. 188. Cyathopoma filocinctum, Benson. Cyclostoma filocinctum, Benson, A.M. N. AH. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 188 ; id., op. cit. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p-416; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclo- stoma, 1854, p. 379, pl. 49, figs. 26-28. Cyclostomus ? filocinctus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vili, 1851, p.163; id, Mon. Pneum. 185%, p. 221; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 155. Cyclotus filocinctus, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xiv, 1854, p. 416; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 275; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 25; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv, 1863, Cyclotus, pl. 9, fig. 50, Cyathopoma filocinctum, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser, 38, xiil, 1864, p. 449 ; Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p, 258, pl. 12, fig. 1; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 82, figs. 2, 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88 (pilocinctum) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 258, Cyathopoma (s. sty.) filocinctum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. ae Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 186; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p- 104. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) filocinctum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 221. Original description :—“ Testa subaperte umbilicata, turbinato- globosa, infra spatium humerale glabrum lineis frequentibus elevatis cingulata, albida, epidermide fusca induta ; spira_ elevata, subconica, sutura impressa, apice papillari; anfractibus 44 rotundatis, ultimo cylindraceo; apertura circulari, superne vix angulata, prope umbilicum leviter sinuata, 2 longitudinis equante ; peristomate duplici, interiori simplici acuto, exteriori breviter reflexo; umbilico profundo, perspectivo. “Diam. major 8, minor 23, alt. 22 mill.” Hab, India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford, Theobald). “ This little species is distinguished by the spiral ridges, which are numerous between the shoulder of the whorl and the umbilicus, but are deficient near the suture, as well as by its double peristome. The epidermis is deciduous.”’ (Benson.) Blanford supplemented * Benson’s description as follows :— ‘‘ Epidermide oblique striata, juxta saturam plicato-striato, sepe hispida, peristomate intus confertissime crispato.” 189. Cyathopoma kalryenense, Blanford. Cyclotus kalryenensis, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p, 352, pl. 2, fig. 1; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 33. * Journ, Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p, 258, 136 CYCLOPHORID A. Cyathopoma kalryenense, Blanford, J. A. 8. B, xxxi, 1862, p. 145; id., A. M.N. I. ser. 3, xili, 1864, p. 449; id., Journ, Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 260, pl. 12, fig. 4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 24; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xin; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 88; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259. Cyathopoma (s. str.) kalryenense, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Dents. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 82. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) kalryenense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 221. Original description: —“ Testa umbilicata, elevato-conica, albida, spiraliter lirata, epidermide pallide cornea, induta; spira conica, apice subacuta; sutura profunda; anfr. 5 rotundati ; ultimus cylindraceus. Apertura parum obliqua circularis ; peristoma duplex, externum expansum, internum porrectum labio dextro crenulato, acutum continuum; umbilicus perspectivus. Operculum concavum externe testaceum, anfractuum marginibus lamella spirali, ad anfractus externos elevata, incurvata, munitis. Alt. 2, diam. maj. 2°5, min. 2, apert. diam. 0°8 mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Kalryen Hills, near Salem (King & Foote); Sirumullays (Beddome). Most closely allied to C. filocinctum, differing in the much smaller size and the more elevated spire. 190. Cyathopoma kolamulliense, Blanford. Jerdonia? kolamulliensis, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, pp. 351, 366, pl. 1, fig. 4. Cyathopoma kolamulliense, Blanford, A. M.N. EH. ser. 3, xii, 1864, p. 449; id., Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 260, pl. 12, fig. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 135, figs. 8,9; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 24. Cyclotus? kolamullensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 28. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) kolamultiense, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, 259. Cyathopoma kolamalliense, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, 38 p. 38. Mychopoma kolamallayense, Theob.ld, op. cit. p, 39. Cyathopoma (s, str.) kolamullyense, Kobelt & Molendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1887, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . O2, Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) kolamudliense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 221. Original description :—‘ Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso- turbinata, albido-cornea, transverse striata, nitida; spira conoidea, apice acutiuscula, sutura impressa. Antr. 4 convexi, ultimus rotundatus, costis 5 filiformibus cireumdatus, aliis 7 crebris, striis verticalibus decussatis, in umbilico ornatus, quarum una ad marginem basalem angulatam umbilici carinam prestat. Apertura circularis, obliqua; perist. rectum, simplex, coutinuum, superne CYATHOPOMA. 137 et at latus dextrum valde antice porrectum, margine columellari recedente. Umbilicum perspectivum, conicum. Opere.? Diam. naj. 23, min. 24, axis 2, ap. diam. 1 mm.” Hab. India: Nolamullay Hills, near Trichinopoly (King, Beddome). “The sculpture within the umbilicus recalls that of Oyathopoma flocinctum, B.” (Blanford.) 191. Cyathopoma latilabre, Beddome. Cyathopoma latilabre, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 450, pl. 53, figs. 28, 29; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1876, p. 876; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xiii; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259. Cyathopoma (s. str.) latilabre, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat, Pneum. 1899, p. 32. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) latilabre, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 222. Original description :—‘‘ Shell deeply and prominently umbili- cated, turbinato-globose, glabrous or subglabrous, epidermis of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with oblique vertical dark chestnut- coloured bands and a minute vertical striation, white beneath the epidermis; spire conical, apex subacute; whorls five or six, the lowest smooth in its upper half near the suture, in the region of the periphery surrounded with three rather prominent carinations with a smooth space between them and the umbilical region, the penultimate and antepenultimate with generally two less promi- nent lines or ribs; lowest whorl cylindrical, slightly descendin with an inconspicuous swelling followed by a slight contraction just in front of the reflexed peristome; the umbilicus furnished with very prominent spiral ribs up to the very apex of the shell ; aperture a little oblique, subcircular ; peristome half-double; the inner lip dilated and much angled on its outer margin, small and continuous round the inner margin, outer lip irregularly angled on its outer margin, and much dilated at the inner basal margin, where it suddenly terminates, not being continued round the inner portion of the aperture; operculum externally milky white, shelly, papilliform, smooth, flattened at the apex, where it is furnished with a small circular aperture, inner layer membranaceous, slightly concave externally, with a central diaphanous nucleus, multispiral, the edges of the whorls raised: height of shell >% inch [45 mm.], the greatest diameter equalling the height.” Hab. India: South Canara Ghats, 2000-8000 ft. elevation (Beddome) ; Wynaad (Fairbank). “The operculum is an exaggerated form of that of the typical Cyathopoma filocinctum, the margins of the outer shelly layers are arched over and almost meet in the centre, forming a papilla with only a small hole in the centre.” (Beddome.) 138 CYCLOPHORIDZ. 192. Cyathopoma leptomita, Syices. Jerdonia ceylunica, Collett, Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. (Ceylon Branch), xv, 1897, p. 20. Cyathopoma leptomita, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 69, pl. 5, fiz. 8. Cyathopoma (s. str.) leptomita, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 186; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899 p. 104. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) leptomita, Kobelt, Das Tierreich Lief. 16, 1902, p. 222. Original description :—“ Testa elevata, conoidea, late et perspec- tive umbilicata, cineracea, brunneo- ochraceo eleganter picta, apice protracto, acutulo ; anfr. 5, primi Jeves, reliqui carinati, ultimus 10 carinis approx. “ornatus, undique arctissime et tenuissime lirati, liris delicatissimis, fimbriatis ; liris conspicuis 6 approx. in umbilico ; sutura bene impressa ; apertura ovato-circularis, labro tenui ; oper- culum multispirale, concavum. Alt. 2°5, lat. 3mm.” (Sykes.) Hab, Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (Collett). May be readily separated from C. ceylanicum by the well- marked though closely-set lines crossing the carinations. 193. Cyathopoma maria, Jousseaume. Cyathopoma dickuyense a nud.), H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 6 Jerdonia dickoyensis® (Nevill MS), Beddome, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 446; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 308.; Cyathopoma dekoyense, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Cyathopoma maria, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 807, pl. 4, fig. 4; Sykes, Proc, Malac. Soe. ii, 1897) p. 235. Cyathopoma (s. str.) dickroyense, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 119; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p- 3l. Cyathopoma (s. str.) dickoyense, Kobelt & Méllendorff, op. cit. xxxi, 1899, p. 135; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p, 103. Cyathopoma (s. sty.) marie, Kobelt & M illenderff, op. cit. xxxi, 1899, p. 186; id., Cat. Pheum. 1899, p. 104. Cy yathopoma Cyathopoma) aicko Yense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 2 Cyathopoma Cee marie, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 222. Original description :— Coquille trés petite, de forme conique, &sommet obtus. La base, un peu dilatée et arrondie, est perforée au centre par un ombilic ctroit, un peu evasé et recouvert en partie par le bord columellaire ; sa couleur, d’un corné blane au sommet, devient d’un gris-jaunatre foncé sur les derniers tours. Le test mince, un peu luisant et subtransparent, est stri¢ longitudinale- ment et enroulé circulairement de quatre petits cordons filiformes. La spire est formée par l’enroulement de cing tours et demi arrondis CYATHOPOMA. 139 et turbings, dont l'accroissement s’effectue assez réguliérement. La suture qui est sépare est tres profonde et trés apparante, maleré la petitesse de la coquille. Les deux premiers tours, lisses et d’un corné blanchatre, forment, & ’extrémité de la spire, un sommet obtus ; les tours suivants sont stri¢és longitudinalement et ornés de cétes circulaires; le dernier tour qui est, ainsi que les deux précédents, d’un gris-jaunatre, est orné de trés fines stries longitudinales légérement obliques, trés serrées, et de quatre petites cotes trés espacées qui s’enroulent sur la partie médiane. L’espace assez étendu qui les sépare en bas de Vombilic et en haut de la suture est presque lisse. L’ouverture est circulaire et le peristome est droit, excepté dans sa partie columellaire, ot il se déjette du coté de Vombilic. L’opercule, profondément enfoncé dans V’ouverture, est légérement concave sur la face externe, qui est lisse au centre et entourée & la péripherie de trois petites lamelles concentriques.” (Jousseawme.) Hab. Ceylon (Simon). 194. Cyathopoma ovatum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ovatum, Beddome, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 447, pl. 52, fig. 16. Cyathopoma ovatum, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 3878; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. il. Cyathopoma (s. str.) ovatum, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) ovatum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 223. Original description :—“ Shell umbilicated, ovate, spirally lirate, furnished with a light-bright brownish, obliquely striated, thread- like epidermis, and a few hairs along the spiral costulations, white beneath the epidermis ; spire conical, apex subacute ; whorls 5, the lowest with about eleven spiral costulations continuous down to the umbilicus, the four upper lines nearest the suture less con- spicuous, or subobsolete ; the penultimate with three to four spiral lines, umbilicus moderately open, spirally lirate within ; aperture oblique, oblong, the vertical and spiral lines clearly visible on the inside of the whorl; peristome continuous, or a little interrupted at the apex on the penultimate whorl, double, except on its inner or left margin; the outer lip expanded and reflexed on its outer margin, contracted at its base and again prominently expanded at the base of the columellar margin, the inner one white, shining, and minutely crenulated on its outer and lower margins ; oper- culum as in C. wynadense, with a moderate transparent nucleus : length } inch (2°5 mm.], greatest breadth ;'; inch [2 mm.].” Hab. \ndia: Yellagherry Hills, Salem District. “The epidermis and spiral costulations are very similar to those of jfilocinctum and wynadense; it is, however, a smaller species, and ovate, not turbinate in form, and with a different 140 cYCLopHonipé. operculum. C. filocinctum has the inner lip of the peristome furnished with large, prominent, obtuse, white crenations; and the spiral ribs or costulations on the base of the lowest whorl are always continuous up to the umbilical region, there being no in- tervening smooth space. C. wynadense has the inner lip of the peristome smovth ; and the spiral costulations on the lower whorl are generally interrupted by a smooth space before the umbilical region is entered; but this latter character is not constant, as some of my specimens have the costulations continuous up to the umbilical region, as in filocinctum, so that it cannot, in the absence of the operculum, be looked to as a characteristic to distinguish them; but the peristome, where the shell is adult, is a safe character.’ (Beddome.) 195. Cyathopoma peilei, Preston. Cyuthopoma peilei, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. v, 1903, p. 840, text-fig. 1. Original description :—* Shell dextral, trochiform, umbilicated. Whorls 5, spirally grooved and ecross-sculptured with distinet live. Periostractum smooth, of a deep rich brown colour. Suture channelled. Peristome double and reflexed. Umbilicus deep. Aperture almost circular. Alt. 3, diam. max. 8 mm.” fab, India: Yercand, Shevroy Hills ( Peale). “The nearest ally to this species seems to be Cyathopoma wynoadense, Blanford, from which it differs in having coarser but fewer spiral lines of sculpture, cross plications, a slightly more narrow umbilicus, and a channelled suture; moreover, it is more trochiform in sbape and of a much darker colour.” (Preston.) 196. Cyathopoma prestoni, Sykes. Cyathopoma prestoni, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc, ii, 1897, p. 286, pl. 16, figs. 17, 18. Cyathopoma (s. str.) prestoni, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 186; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 104. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) prestont, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 223. Original description :—“ Testa dextrorsa, elevata, pyramidalis, mediocriter et perspective umbilicata, periostraco brunneo leviter induta, apice obtusula; anfr. 5, regulariter accrescentes, leviter et obsolete spiraliter lirati, transversim striati, ultimus carinis obsoletis quinque (?), fere levis in umbilico; sutura bene impressa ; apertura fere circularis, continua, peristomate leviter intus incrassato. Alt. 2, lat. 1°35 min.” Hab, Ceylon: Uda Passellawa (Preston). ‘“‘In form this species is intermediate between OC. marie and C. artatum, with a well-marked suture. The brown periostracun and nearly obsolete carinw, with the almost smooth umbilical area, are its distinguishing features.” (Sykes.) CYATHOPOMA. 141 A larger form than the type is recorded by Mr. Sykes * found by Mr, Collett at Lower Ambagamuwa (2500 ft. alt.). It differs trom the type not only in its greater size, having an additional whorl, but also in its more elevated form, and in the more strongly marked spiral sculpture, the lire also being more numerous; the periostracum, moreover, is thicker, and, under a Jens, gives an obsoletely decussated appearance to the shell. 197. Cyathopoma shevaroyanum, Beddome. Cyathopoma shevaroyanum, Beddome, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 451, pl. 53, figs. 32,83; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pueum. Suppl. 8, 1876, p. 378; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876, p. xiii; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259; id., J. A. S. B. 1, part 2, 1881, p. 145, pl. 6, fig. 7. Cyathopoma shevroyanum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. Cyathopoma (3. str.) shevroyanum, Kobelt & Mélleudorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 32. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) shevaroyanum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 223. Original description :—“ Shell prominently umbilicated, turbi- nate, a little depressed, spirally lirate, epidermis dark fuscons, scarcely hairy, but with numerous very minute vertical striations, and a few larger prominent distant ones; spire conical; whorls 5, the lower one with four rather inconspicuous costulations round the region of the periphery, smooth in the upper portion near the suture, and with a broad smooth space in front of the umbilical region, the upper whorls with inconspicuons costulations ; umbilicus livate within, but not very conspicuously; aperture oblique, subcircular; peristome double, not dilated, and quite smooth; operculum as in C. filocinctum and C. malabaricum; but occasionally the outer whorl is completely arched over, leaving only a very small hole in the centre (as in C’ latilabre): greatest diameter 7), inch [2:5 mm.], height scarcely as much.” Hab. India: Shevaroys and Yellaghirry Hills, Salem District (Beddome). “This species comes nearest to C. kalryenense, but wants the crenated aperture and is considered distinct by Mr. Blanford.” (Beddome.) Nevill, when figuring this species,t gave some further parti- culars of the operculum, which he states ‘externally presents a curious analogy to that of some species of Zurbo; it is convex, testaceous, smooth, with only a very small and inconspicuous ‘umbo,’ or opening, which is situated considerably above the centre, consequently near the top of the aperture.” * Op. cit. ili, 1898, p. 159. + J.A.S. B.1, part 2, 1881, p. 145, pl. 6, fig. 7. 142 CYCLOPHORID A, 198. Cyathopoma sivagherrianum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) sivagherrianum, Beddome, P. Z.S8. 1875, p. 448, pl. 52, tig. 17; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p, 259. Cyathopoma sivagherrianum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 3877. Cyathopoma (s. str.) stvaghertanum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32. Cyathopoma ( Cyathopoma) sivagherrianum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 223. Original description :—“ Shell pyramidal, turreted, thin, umbilicus very small and obscure, straw-coloured, glabrous, spirally lirate, apex attenuated, obtuse; whorls 5, convex, the two lower with five spiral lines scarcely raised, antepenultimate with 2-4 lines, aperture vertical, circular ; peristome simple, thin, continuous or slightly interrupted at its apex ; operculum double, with a suleate margin, internally membranaceous, externally shelly, but only a little concave, as the margins are only slightly raised, nucleus central, transparent, moderate: length ~; inch [1:75 mm.], greatest diameter ;7 inch [1°5 min.].” (Beddome.) Hab. India: Sivagherry Mountains, 3000 ft.; Sispara (Beddome). 199. Cyathopoma travancoricum, Beddome. Cyathopoma travancoricum, Beddome, P. Z. 5. 1875, p. 451, pl. 53, figs. 30, 31; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1876, p. 376. Cyathopoma travankoricum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. Cyathopoma (s, str.) travancoricum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr, Peuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum, 1809 32, Ciao (Cyathopoma) travancoricum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 23. om Original description :— ‘Shell deeply and prominently umbil- icated, turbinato-globose, glabrous, with rather obsolete vertical chestnut markings, spirally lirate, but uot striated vertically ; Fig. 23.—Cyathopoma travancoricum. spire conical, apex subacute; whorls 6, the lowest with seven to eight carinations, commencing near the suture and generally but not always interrupted by a small space in front of the umbilical region, the same swelling and contraction is present near the CYATHOPOMA. 143 mouth as in C. latilabre, the penultimate and antepenultimate with two to four carinations; the umbilicus furnished with very prominent spiral ribs up to the very apex of the shell ; aperture a little oblique, subcircular ; peristome double, inner lip continuous, dilated and crenated on its outer and lower margins, outer lip irregularly angled on its outer margin and reflexed, much dilated at its inner basal margin, subobsolete round the inner margin ; operculum is in C. latilabre: greatest breadth 1 inch [5 mnm.], extreme height about the same.” Hab. India: Travancore Mountains, 3000 ft. elevation (Beddome). “Very similar to C. latilabre, but rather larger, and with many more carinations on the lowest whorl, and the inner peristome crenated instead of simply angled ; the swelling near the aperture is peculiar to those two species, and somewhat as in Alyceus, but in a less marked degree.” (Beddome.) The specimen figured is in the general collection of the British Museuwm. 200. Cyathopoma vitreum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) vitreum, Beddome, P.Z.8. 1875, p. 449, pl. 53, figs. 21, 22; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259. Cyathopoma vitrewm, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 145, fig. 9; ‘Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 379. Cyathopoma (s. str.) vitreum, Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 82. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) vitreum, Wobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 224. Original ‘description:—“ Shell openly umbilicate, depresso- turbinate, or rather subdiscoidal, the spire scarcely raised, whitish, of a shining glass-like texture, without any epidermis; whorls 4, the lowest terete, not descending, angulari-convex, with three spiral prominently raised costulations round the region of the periphery, and one between them and the umbilical region, the upper portion nearest the suture non-lirate, or sometimes a fifth line is there present, penultimate angulari-convex, bilirate, the two apical whorls very small; umbilical region spirally lirate within; aperture a little oblique, subcircular; peristome single, thin; operculum double, with a very small central transparent nucleus, a little concave externally from the margins being slightly raised, outer layer less shelly than usual: greatest diameter ,'; inch [1-75 mm.], height 54; inch [1:15 mm.].” Hab. India: Sivagherry Mountains, Tinnevelly District, 1000 ft. elevation (Beddome). “This comes nearest to C. album; but numerous specimens of all ages show no sign of any epidermis, and it is of a more depressed form, and of a glassy rather than a horny texture; the operculum is much less concave and scarcely shelly.” (Beddome.) 144 CYCLOPHORIDA, 201. Cyathopoma wynaadense, Blanford. Cyathopoma wynaadense, Blanford, Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 259, pl. 12, fig. 3; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 38, 1875, p. 24; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 58. Cyathopoma (8, str.) wynaadense, Kobelt & Méllendorif, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat, Pneum, 1899, 32. , Giaeoparen (Cyathopoma) wynaadense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 224. Original description :—“ Testa aperte umbilicata, turbinata, spiraliter lirata, albida, epidermide tenui, fuscescenti, striatula, in- duta. Spira conica, apice subacuto ; sutura profunda. Anfr. 43-5 rotundati, juxta suturam levigati, ultimus teres, lineis plerumque 4 elevatis ad peripheriam cinctus, subtus levigatus, circum umbil- icum perspectivam intus confertissime liratum vix compressus. Apertura parum obliqua, circularis, vix sinuata ; peristoma duplex, externum, expansum, internum vix porrectum. Opereulum? “Diam. maj. 3, min. 2, alt. 3. Apert. intus, 1 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Wynaad, Nilgiris. Closely allied to C. deccanense. Subgenus JERDONIA, Blanford. Jerdonia, Blanford, J. A.S.B. xxx, 1861, p. 348 (as genus); id., A.M.N.H. ser. 8, xiii, 1864, p. 448; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 72; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259 (as subgenus of Cyathopoma) ; Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 224. Trrn, Cyrlostoma trochlea, Benson. Ranye. Southern India, Ceylon, Andamans. : ia re Shell rather narrowly umbilicated (umbilicus rarely covered), more or less turbinate, corneous, smooth or ornamented with spiral lines. Operculum concentric, multispiral, double, surrounded by a marginal groove, inner side membranaceous, outer side calcareous. 202. Cyathopoma anamullayanum, Beddume (emend.). Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) anamallayanum, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p- 446, pl. 52, fix. 15; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Tiel. 16, 1902, p. 224. Cyathopoma anamallayanum, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pnoum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 889; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) anamullayanum, Kobelt & Mollendortt, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 82. Original description :—* Shell umbilicated, turbinate, with a conical apex, glabrous, with a very inconspicuous vertical striation : epidermis yellowish, with broad, oblique, bright chestuut vertical bands, white beneath the epidermis ; whorls 6, convex, with deep sutures, and very faint spiral lines, generally visible on the two to three lower whorls under a powerful glass; the lowest whorl somewhat flattened below and keeled round the umbilical region, CYATHOPOMA. 145 which is white and striated within, and less open than in C. mala- baricum ; aperture a little oblique, oblong; peristome, when adult, double, not dilated, continuous, before maturity simple, thin, and a little interrupted at the apex, where it touches the penultimate whorl; operculum a little retracted, a little concave externally from the slight elevation of the margin of the outer shelly portion, closely multispiral, with a moderate transparent nucleus: length + inch [3-5 mm.], greatest diameter } inch [8 mm.].” (Beddome.) fab. India: Anamullay Hills, 6000 ft.; Pulney Hills, 6000 ft. It is stated to be a glabrous species with markings similar to those found in C. malabaricum; but it is much larger and more conical, not at all depressed, less prominently striated, the umbilicus differently shaped, and with a different operculum. 203. Cyathopoma ceylanicum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ceylanicum, Beddome, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 450, a 52, fig. 20; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259 (ceylonieum) ; obelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 82; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 225. Cyathopoma ceylanicum, H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 6; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 145, fig. 8; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 381. Jerdonia ceylanica, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc, Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 808. Original description :— Shell prominently umbilicated, turbi- nate, with a conical blunt apex, inconspicuously spirally lirate, epidermis glabrous, yellowish, with obliquely vertical bright chest- nut bands and a very inconspicuous vertical striation; whorls 5, convex or subangular, the lowest with two inconspicuous lines or ribs along the region of the periphery, and sometimes a third still more obsolete between them and the suture; penultimate with two carinations, the lower ove almost touching the suture and some- times obsolete, antepenultimate inconspicuously unicarinate ; um- bilicus somewhat angled at the entrance, smooth within ; aperture nearly vertical, circular ; peristome subdouble, continuous, incon- spicuously angled or crenated at the exit of the two carinations of the lowest whorl; operculum as in C. anamallayanum : length 4 inch [2°75 mm.], greatest diameter 3 inch [3 mm.].” Hab. Ceylon: Rambaddi waterfalls (Beddome). “Very like C. anamallayanum, but distinguished under the lens by its much more prominent though still inconspicuous cari- nation; it is also of greater diameter with reference to its length.” (Beddome.) : Es In 1871 H. Nevill published a Cyathopoma ceylanicum in his Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, but no description or figure was given and Beddome's name is consequently not thereby in- validated. L 146 CYCLOPHORID ®, 204. Cyathopoma colletti, Sales. Jerdonia trochlea (non Benson), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 185, figs. 5, 6. Cyathopoma colletti, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 159, pl. 10, figs. 1, 1 ac (shell), figs. 1 d, Le (operculum); Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxxi, 1899, p. 136; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 104. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) collettt, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 225, figs. 47 b, 47 ¢ (operculum). Original description :—“ Testa dextrorsa, elevata, pyramidalis, mediocriter et perspective umbilicata, cornea, strigis castaneis obliquis picta; anfr. 44, convexi, regulariter accrescentes, primi leves, reliqui spiraliter lirati, ultimus duabus liris, unica ad peripheriam, altera basali, ornata in regione umbilicari levi impressa; sutura impressa; apertura subcireularis. Diam. max. 1-1, alt. 1 mm.; spec. maj. diam. 1:5, alt. 1-2 mm.” (Sykes.) Hab, Ceylon: Eton Estate, Punduloya, 4000 ft. (Collett). “This species may easily be separated from the other known species of Ceylon by the fact that it is smooth save for the two distinct spiral lire on the last whorl, of which only one appears on the earlier whorls, and by the difference in its coloration. “The operculum is very remarkable: seen from without it appears as aring of foliaceous lamine standing up and surround- ing a deep central pit.” (Sykes.) 205. Cyathopoma conoideum, Sykes. Cyathopoma conoideum, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 159, pl. 10, fig. 3; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 136; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 104. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) conoideum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 225. Original description :—“'Testa dextrorsa, valde elevata, tro- choidalis, mediocriter et perspective umbilicata, periostraco brunnea induta, apice acutulo; anfr. 7, lente accrescentes, plano- convexi, primi leves, reliqui obsolete spiraliter lirati, ultimus liris duabus, uniea in medio, altera infra, ornatus, fere levis in regione umbilicari; sutura valde impressa; apertura subcircularis, basi recedens, continua, peristomate leviter incrassato. Alt. 2-6, lat. 15 min.” Hab. Ceylon: Binoya, Watawala (Collett). ‘‘A very interesting form, remarkable for its troehoid shape (it is almost turreted in form, owing to the deeply impressed suture) and obsolete spiral lire.” (Sykes.) 206. Cyathopoma elatum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) elatum, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 448, pl. 52, fig. 19; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 269; Kobelt & Méllendoril, Nachr. Deuts, Malak, Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., OYATHOPOMA. 147 Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 225. Cyathopoma elatum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 382.” Original description :—*“ Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovato- pyramidal, spirally lirate, epidermis brownish, furnished with distant prominent vertical strie and a fine very minute striation also present between them; spire conical, apex subacute, sutures deep; whorls 5, rounded, furnished with numerous rather close spiral costulations, continuous down to the ribbed umbilical region; aperture vertical, circular; peristome double, the inner one con- tinuous, quite entire or very inconspicuously crenate, outer more or less expanded and reflexed, continuous all round except at the left apex, where it comes into contact with the base of the penul- timate whorl ; operculum as in C. procerum &c.: height } inch [3 mm.], greatest breadth 75 inch [2°5 mm.].” Hub, India: Golconda Hills, Vizagapatam District, 3000 ft. elevation (Beddome). “Very near C. procerum, but with rather a different epidermis and more ovate, having a broader base.” (Beddome.) 207. Cyathopoma imperforatum, Nevill. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) imperforatum, Nevill, J. A.8.B. 1, 1881, p. 145; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tier- reich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 226. Nevill states that it is at once distinguished by its being the only described species of the genus with an imperforate base; although he hoped to give a figure and more detailed description later on, he never appears to have done so. He referred the ‘probably new species” from the Anamullay Hills at 6600 ft., mentioned by Beddome in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 449, under C. elatum to his species. His specimen was received from Beddome. Alt, 24, diam. 2 mill. Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome). 208. Cyathopoma innocens, Sykes. Cyathopoma innocens, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 29, pl. 2, fio. 2. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) innocens, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 226. Original description :—‘“ Testa turrita, elongato-pyramidalis, perspectiva umbilicata, apice obtusulo ; anfr. 43-5, lente accresc- entes, valde convexi, sub lente lineis incrementibus parvis notati, sutura valde impressa; apertura circularis; operculum multispirale, medio concavum. Alt, 1°65, diam. 1:2 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Eton Estate, Punduloya, 4000 ft. (Co/lett}. L2 148 CYCLOPHORIDZ. “This minute speck, which appears to be adult, has no salient characters. The periostracum seems absent and there is no sculp- ture beyond the lines of growth; the suture is very deep and the whorls very convex. It belongs to the group of C. turbinatum, Sykes, but it is much smaller, and more elevated in proportion to its breadth ; the umbilicus is also narrower.” (Sykes. ) 209. Cyathopoma malabaricum, Blanfood. Cyclotus malabaricus, Blanford, J. A.S.B. xxix, 1860, p. 125; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 52. Cyathopoma malabaricum Blanford, A. M.N.H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, . 449; id., Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 261, pl. 12, fig. 7; anley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 82, figs, 1,4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 25; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 258. Cyathopoma malbaricum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, » 88. Ga tsauls (Jerdonia) malabaricum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 226. Original description :—‘* Testa subaperte umbilicata, depresso- conica, albida, glabra, nitidula, epidermide decidua cornea, ad anfr. ultimum transverse fusco-strigata, induta; spira conica, apice acuta; sutura profunda; anfr. 4 rotundati, celeriter crescentes, ultimus cylindraceus; apertura parum obliqua, circu- laris, prope umbilicum parum sinuata, superne vix angulata; perist. duplex, externum brevissime expansum, internum por- rectuin, acutum, continuum; umbilicus perspectivus. Operculum haud immersum, duplex, internum corneum multispirum, externum testaceum, anfractuum marginibus lamella spirali, albida, scabra ad anfr. externos perelevata et versus centrum incurvata, quasi convexa, munitis. “Diam, maj. 3g, min. 2%, alt. 23, apert. diam. 14 mm.” Hab, India: Pykara, Nilgiris (Blanford). “Nearly allied to Cyclotus filocinctus, Benson, by the peculiarity of its operculum, this shell is distinguished by its smaller size, more depressed form, and less expanded peristome, by the absence of the marked sculpture of C. filocinctus, and by the epidermis being lighter in colour and marked by brown transverse streaks on the last whorl. That of C. filocinctus is hispid.... The construction of the operculum is very peculiar. The testaceous spiral lamina being very much more raised towards the exterior than towards the centre, and being curved inwards, the interior whorls of the operculum are almost concealed and the appearance, unless very closely examined, is that of the operculum of a Turbo hollowed out at the centre. The lamella in C. malabaricus is rather more elevated than even in C. filocinctas.” (Blanford.) CYATHOPOMA. 149 210. Cyathopoma natalicium, Godwin-Austen. Cyathopoma natalicium, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 453, text-fig. D. Cyathopoma (s. str.) natalicium, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 32. Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) natalicium, Wobelt, Das Tierreich, , Lief. 16, 1902, p. 222. Original description :—* Shell dextral, depressedly turbinate ; openly umbilicated, flat below, angulate at the umbilicus ; sculpture smooth above, with very fine regular transverse costulation on the last whorl, with a strong lirate rib on the periphery; colour pale ochraceous; spire low; apex blunt; suture well marked; whorls +3, convex; aperture arcuately circular, subvertical, sinuate on outer margin, somewhat angular below at the peripheral ribs; peristome double, continuous. ‘“‘Operculum multispiral, elongate, with a deep central depression. “ Major diam. 2-25, alt. axis 1-2 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab, Nicobars: Camorta. 211. Cyathopoma nitidum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) nitidum, Beddome, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 445, pl. 52, fig. 12; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 226. Cyathopoma nitidum, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p. 381. Original description: — “Shell inconspicuously umbilicated, pyramidal, turreted, smooth, shining, of a yellowish olive tint, apex rather obtuse, sutures deep, a very minute oblique striation is generally visible under the lens; whorls 5, convex, smooth, the lowest scarcely descending towards the aperture; aperture circular; peristome continuous, single, thin; operculum double, thick, surrounded by a sulcate margin, externally very slightly concave; the nucleus very large, half the diameter of the circle, very thin, transparent, shining, destitute of whorls, the outer portion externally shelly,internally membranaceous, furnished with an exquisitely close spiral sculpture: length of shell varying from 7 [2 mm.] to Linck [3 mm.], breadth of lowest whorl 4, inch 2 mm.].” L Paes Anamullay Hills, 6000 ft., South Canara Ghats, 4000 ft. (Beddome). “A shell of very simple structure, closely allied to Cyclostoma trochlea, Bens. (Jerdonia, Blanford), but without any carinations, and a much smaller umbilicus; the operculum is very similar, but with a larger transparent nucleus and much more closely wound. “The operculum of Cyathopoma wynadense, procerum, and kolamalliense, is very similar to that of this shell, only differing in being a little more concave externally.” (Beddome.) 150 OYCLOPHORIDA. 212. Cyathopoma ogdenianum, Preston. Cyathopoma ogdeniana, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 188, pl. 2, fig. 11. Original description :—-‘ Shell turbinate, bearing traces of having been covered with a brown periostracum, sculptured above with distant transverse and spiral ridges, the former being absent on the base of the shell, in which region the latter are more numerous and less distant: whorls 44, somewhat inflated; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus wide and deep; peristome continuous, thick- ened, slightly reflexed and double throughout ; aperture circular. “ Altitude 2:5, diam. maj. 2 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Kirklees Estate, Uda Pussellawa (Ogden). “In general outline and sculpture this species may be compared with OQ. serendibense, Preston ; the whorls of the present form are, however, more tumid, the umbilicus is wider and the peristome is throughout thickened, reflexed and double, which is not the case with C. serendibense.” (Preston.) 213. Cyathopoma perconoideum, Preston. Cyathopoma perconoideum, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 189, pl. 22, fig. 9. Original description :— Shell elongately conic, white, bearing traces of having been covered with alight yellowish brown perios- tracum; whorls 6, convex, sculptured with several spiral lire ; sutures impressed; umbilicus very narrow and partly concealed by the outward expansion of the peristome; peristome continuous, reflexed in the umbilical region and at the base, simple at all other points ; aperture almost circular. * Alt. 2, diam. 0°75 mm.” Hab, Ceylon: Bandarawella, prov. of Uva. “ Allied to Cyathopoma conoideum, Sykes, but more elongately ‘ conoid in form ; the spiral lire are also much more numerous thau in that species. The umbilicus is narrower, being reduced in the present form toa mere chink; the aperture, moreover, is more nearly circular than in C’. conoidewm.” ( Preston.) 214. Cyathopoma procerum, Blan/ford. Cyathopoma procerum, Blanford, Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 1868, p. 262, pl. 12, fig. 8; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 26; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 185, tig. 7; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit, India, 1876, p. 38. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia?) procerum, Nevill, Wand List, i, 1878, p. 260, Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) procerum, WKobelt & Méllendorff, Nachyr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 82; Kobelt, Das ‘Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 226. CYATHOPOMA. 151 Original description :— Testa anguste umbilicata, pyramidata, spiraliter lirata, albido-cornea, epidermide brunnea, verticaliter striata, juxta suturam plicata induta. Spira conica, apice acuto ; sutura valde impressa. Anfr. 5 rotundati, ultimus cylindraceus, subtus confertim liratus et strigis fuscis transversis signatus. Apertura subverticalis, circularis, ad basin et juxta umbilicum leviter sinuata; peristoma incrassatum, subduplex, extus leviter inaculatum.—Operculum retractum, tenne, intus membranaceum, extus subtestaceum, concavum, anfractuum margiuibus vix elevatis. “ Diam. maj. 2, alt. 22-3; diam. apert. c. perist. 1 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab, India: Beypore, Malabar (Fairbank). With more elevated spire than the other Indian species. It appears to be the only one, so far, discovered away from the mountain districts. Nevill mentions a var. major (? distinct species) collected by Beddome in the Anamullays, but he gives no description. 215. Cyathopoma serendibense, Preston. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) serendibense, Presion, Proc. Malac. Soe. v, 1903, p. 340, text-tig. 2. Origanal description :—‘‘ Shell dextral, conoidal, moderately perforate, light brown in colour. Whorls 6, the last four spirally sculptured, the spirals being crossed at right angles by transverse plications bearing a stout bristly hair at each point of contact. The earlier whorls are quite smooth. Suture impressed. Peris- tome simple except where it approaches the columella, in which region it is reflexed. Aperture circular. Operculum calcareous, concave, multispiral, the ceutral nucleus being situated at the bottom of a deep hollow. Alt. 3, diam. 2°5 mm.” ( Preston.) Hab, Ceylon: Lower Uda Pussellawa. “This species appears to be most closely allied to Cyathopoma ceylanicum, Beddome, from which, however, it is easily distinguished by its very prominent spiral sculpture, and by its whorls being much less swollen than is the case in that species.” (Preston.) 216. Cyathopoma tignarium, Benson. Cyathopoma (%) tignartum, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, . 426, Co iiones tignarium, Blanford, Journ. Conchyl. xvi, 186%, p. 263, pl. 12, fig. 9; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 82, figs. 7,10; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38. Cyclotus tignarius, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 33. Lagocheilus tignarius, Godwin-Austen, P. ZS. 1895, p. 453. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) tignarium, Kobelt & Mollendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p- 32; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 227. 152 CYCLOPHORIDE. Original deseription :—“ C. testa minuta, umbilicata, turbinato- conica, liris spiralibus subtus confertioribus cincta, oblique striatula, sub epidermide luteo-fusca albida; spira conica, apice obtusiusculo, sutura profunda; anfractibus 5, valde convexis, ultimo eylindrico; apertura vix obliqua, circulari; peristomate continuo, simplici, recto, acuto, ad anfractum penultimum breviter adherente. Operculo calcareo, medio anguste concavo, nigrescente, polito, margine lato planato, arctissime spirali. “Diam. 2, alt. 23 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, Andaman Islands (Theobald). 217. Cyathopoma trochlea, Benson. Cyclostoma trochlea, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, p. 189; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 380, pl. 49, figs. 29, 30. Gai sianl ce trochlea, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 161; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 144; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 205. Cyelophorus (Jerdonia) trochlea, W. T. & H. F. Blanford, J.A.8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 851; Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 448. Mychopoma trochlea, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 89. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) trochlea, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 259 ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 227. Cyathopoma (s. str.) trochleum, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pnenm. 1899, p. 82. Original description :— Testa anguste umbilicata, pyramidato- turrita, glabra, albida, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5, angulato-convexis, superne 1 carinatis, ultimo tricarinato, carino 1 superiori, 1 submediana, 1 circum umbilicari ; apertura obliqua, circulari, 2 longitudinis equante; peristonate acuta, ad finem carine inferioris vix angulato; umbilico pervio. “ Diam. 2, long. 3 mill.” Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford). “This minute shel] is singular in its turrited form, and in the arrangement of its keels, which gives a flat cylindrical appearance to the periphery of the lower whorl.” (Benson.) 218. Cyathopoma turbinatum, Syces. Cyathopoma turbinatum, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. ii, 1897, p. 286, 1. 16, figs. 15, 16; Kobelt & MolNendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. es. xxxi, 1899, p. 1386 ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 104. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) turbinatum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 227. Original description :—“ Testa dextrorsa, depresso-pyramidalis, late eb perspective umbilicata, periostraco brunneo levissime induta, apice obtusula; anfr. 5, celeriter accrescentes, leviter et obsolete spiraliter carinata, in umbilico lirati, ultimus carinis CYATHOPOMA. 153 obsoletis quator, duabus supra et unica sub peripheriam, unica major ad peripheriam, liris sex (?) in umbilico ; sutura impressa ; apertura circularis. Alt. 2-2, lat. 2-5 mm.” Hab, Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). ‘At first sight this shell might be taken for a variety of C. shevaroyanum, Beddome, from the Salem district, to which it is very nearly allied. It is, however, smaller, differs in the relative proportion of height to breadth (a specimen I have of C. shevaroyanum measures: alt, 2°3, lat. 3 mm.), and is of a thinner texture. The carinations above are also not so strongly marked, while the lire in the umbilicus are stronger and appear to be more numerous.” (Sykes.) 219. Cyathopoma uvaense, Preston. Cyathopoma uvaense, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. ili, 1909, p. 189, pl. 22, fi. 10. Oriyinal description :—‘ Shell conoidal, greyish white, covered with a smooth chocolate-coloured periostracum, sculptured with fine spiral somewhat distant lire; whorls 43, shouldered above, moderately convex; sutures impressed; umbilicus wide and deep ; peristome almost continuous, white, very slightly reflexed ; aperture subcircular. “Alt, 3, diam. major 3°5, aperture, alt. 1, diam. 1 mm.” ( Preston.) Hab. Ceylon: Bandarawella, Province of Uva. Subgenus PSEUDOJERDONIA, Kobeldt. Pseudojerdonia, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 227. Typs, (1st species) Cyathopoma garoense, Godwin-Austen. Range. India: Assam. Differs from the Southern-Indian species of Cyathopoma in the thick operculum, excavated in the centre, resembling that of Alycceus, Systematic position uncertain. Kobelt thought it might have to be referred to Alyceus. 220. Cyathopoma garoense, Godwin- Austen. Cyathopoma garoense, Godwin-Austen, J.A.S.B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 188. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) garvense, Nevill, Haud List, i, 1878, p. 260. Cyathopoma (Psewdojerdonia) yaroense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 228. Original description :—“ Shell openly umbilicated, turbinate, white, multilirate. Whorls 5, well rounded; there are six well marked longitudinal ribs on the last whorl, the interval between the 4th, 5th, and 6th being wider than that between the ribs above. Succeeding these below near the umbilicus can be counted 154 CYCLOPHORIDA. eight very close lines of ribbing; the whole surface between this ribbing is sharply and regularly striate, giving it rather a lace-like appearance. Spire conoid, apex high and papillate. Peristome simple, quite circular, single. Operculum exposed in front close to the margin of the aperture, multispiral, flat in front, thick and shelly in appearance. Animal not observed. “ Alt. 0-08 [2 mm.], major diam. 0°09 in. [2°25 mm.].” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: South Garo Hills, South Jaintia Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). . Is stated to be very like O. deccanense in the sculpture and position of the operculum. 221. Cyathopoma jawaiense, Godwin-Austen. Cyathopoma jawaiensis, Godwin-Austen, J.A.8.B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 182, pl. 8 4, tig. 6. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) jawaiense, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260. Cyathopoma (Pseudojerdonia) jawatense, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 228. Original description :—‘ Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinate, covered with a dark umber epidermis. Whorls 43, well rounded, with four well raised longitudinal ribs on the last, three shewing ou the whorls above. Spire conical, apex papillate. Peristome simple, lip thin ; aperture circular, the lirate ribbing extending up to the peristome so as to give it on the exterior margin an angular outline. Operculum pure white, situated close to the margin of the aperture, deeply concave in front, many whorled, with a small dark spot in the centre. “ Alt. 0°07 (1-75 mm.], major diam. 0-06 in. [1°5 mm. ]. “The animal has long pointed pale tentacles, with the eyes on the upper outer basal margin. The labial ribbon is very similar to that of Diplommatina, all the teeth being five-cuspid in the usual arrangement 3-1-3, with the central rather broad.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Jawai, Naga Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). 222, Cyathopoma nevilli, Godwin-Austen. Cyathopoma nevilli, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xiv, part 2, 1876, p- 182, pl. 8, fig. 5. Cyathopomea ( Pseudojerdonia) nevilli, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 228. Original description :—“ Shell elongately turbinate, very closely umbiheated, covered with an olivaceous epidermis. Whorls 43, rounded with four well marked spiral ribs and one basal near the umbilicus. Apex blunt. Aperture rounded, peristome simple, continuous, very slightly thickened and reflected, operculum well within the aperture, slightly concave, minutely multispiral, with a large central plain area. MYCHOPOMA. 155 ‘‘A very large specimen measures alt. 0-11 [2:8 mm.], major diam. 0:08 [2 mm.], but some are only 0-07 in. [1-75 mm.] in alt. Animal not observed.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab, India: Khasi and Naga Hills, Assam (Godwin-Auwsten). Genus MYCHOPOMA, Blanford. Mychopoma, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 131; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 38, 1875, p. 45; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 260 (as subgenus of Cyathopoma); Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 745 (as section of Cyathopoma) ; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 228. Typn, Mychopoma hirsutum, Blanford. Range. India, Comoros, New Guinea. Shell turbinate, generally covered with a thick, brown, hairy periostracum ; aperture sometiines crenulated within. Operculum flat or nearly so, rather thick, with a marginal sulcation ; composed of an external calcareous and an internal membranaceous layer, both multispiral and united by a spiral lamina at right angles to them, the spaces between the whorls vacant. 223. Mychopoma hirsutum, Blanford. Mychopoma hirsutum (Beddome MS.), Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxvili, 1869, p. 132, pl. 16, figs. 5-5 5 (shell), 5 ¢, 5 d (oper- culum); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 186, ligs.1, 4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 45; Theobald, J.A.8.B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 185; id., Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 38; Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 120; id., Cat. Pueum, 1899, p. 832; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 229. Cyathopoma (Mychopoma) hirsutum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 260. Original description :—“ Shell umbilicated, depressly turbinate, rather solid, covered with a thick dark coloured epidermis, which has strong raised decussated sculpture of spiral ridges and very close oblique costulation; at the periphery and around the umbilicus there is a fringe of close, rather long hairs, and the outer series continued on the inner whorls forms a sutural fringe also. Beneath the epidermis the shell is white with decussating lines, the spiral sculpture being more pronounced and the ribbing corresponding to the lines of growth less so than outside the epidermis. Spire convexly conoid, the apex prominent and papillar, suture deep, nearly concealed by the hairy fringe within. Whorls 5-53, convex, the last cylindrical, descending but very little in front. Umbilicus pervious, exhibi- ting all the whorls, spirally ribbed, partly covered by the surrounding hairy fringe. Aperture diagonal, round, rather milky inside, with dark horizontal lines corresponding to the spiral ribs on the shell; the peristome is thick and double, curved backwards near the umbilieus, the internal portion with minute 156 CYCLOPHORID#. pearly denticulations, largest on the outer (dextral) margin and gradually decreasing slightly in size on the upper and_ basal edges, vanishing entirely near the umbilicus; the external peristome is slightly expanded, the edge cut into minute teeth like those of a saw except on the inner or columellar margin. Operculum externally slightly concave, white, calcareous ; the spiral sculpture obsolete ear the centre in old specimens ; internally membranaceous. “Major diameter 53, minor 7, axis 54, diameter of the aperture 35 millim.” (Blanford.) Hab. Sudia: Calead Hills, Travancore (Beddome, Bourdillon) ; Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome). “This is a very curious and interesting species which, while differing in many respects from any known form, has marked affinities with shells belonging to distinct groups. Had the shell been discovered without the operculum, there could have been very little hesitation in considering ita large form of Cyathopoma ; the sculpture and general shape are precisely those of the types of that genus, and in some species, such as Cyathopoma filocinetum, there is a thick epidermis, and also the very singular internal crenulation of the mouth, which is more marked in the present shell than in any allied species. The operculum, however, is totally different: instead of the whorls having the curious raised and incurved edges so characteristic of Cyathopoma they are flat and almost obsolete near the centre, on the outer surface, being far less distinct than in typical species of Cyclotus. “The hairy fringe around both the periphery and the umbilicus so closely resembles that in Cyclophorus (Craspedotropis) cuspidatus, Bens., that there can be no question of a certain allinity between the two species, and there is considerable resemblance in their general form. The apertures, however, differ greatly, and there are marked distinctions in the operculum.” (Blanfori.) 224. Mychopoma limbiferum, Blanford. MVychopoma limbiferum, Blanford, J. A.S.B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 133, pl. 16, figs. 4-4 5 (shell), 4c, 4d (operculum), p. 131, text-tig. 1 (dentition); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 156, tigs. 2,3; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum., Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 45; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 388; Thiele, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxiii, 1901, p. 91; Iobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 229. Cyathopoma (Mychopoma) imbiferum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 260. eooeii (s. str.) dimbiferum, Iobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak, Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 83; id., Cat. Puenm, 1899, p- ll. Original description:—* Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinate, thin, covered with a thick deciduous, yellowish brown epidermis, with dark spiral and oblique stripes or more frequently perhaps altogether dark brown, with a fringe of short hairs round the MYCHOPOMA. 157 umbilicus; beneath the epidermis, the shell is white with close spiral sculpture. In some specimens, as in A/. hirsutwm, there are oblique raised lines outside the epidermis, but they are not always conspicuous. Spire conical, suture deep. Whorls 53, convex, the last cylindrical, scarcely descending towards the aperture which is oblique and nearly circular. The peristome is much curved back, near the umbilicus, where it is almost simple and scarcely expanded: elsewhere the outer portion is sharply reversed, forming a broad rim at right angles to the axis of the whorl on the outer and basal margins, while near the penultimate whorl it is produced in front. The inner portion of the peristome scarcely projects beyond the outer; it is corrugated within, but not nearly so strongly or closely as in Af. hirsutwm, and the corrugation is very faint towards the base, and entirely wanting at the angle of the aperture and on the columellar margin. Operculum thinner than in the last species, and the calcareous external portion less developed, and entirely wanting at the centre. «Major diam. 53-7, minor 44-6, axis 43-54, apert. diam. intus 2-23 millim.” Hab, India: Pulney Hills, 7000 ft. (Fairbank). “A very different shell from the last, being much higher in the spire, with a broader edge to the mouth. The name is taken from the last peculiarity.” (Blanford.) 225. Mychopoma seticinctum, Beddome. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) seticinctum, Beddome, P.Z, 8, 1875, p. 449, pl. 58, figs. 23, 24. Cyathopoma seticinctum, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p- 882; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, Addenda, p. ii. Mychopoma seticinctum, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p- xill; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 120; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899, p. 32; Kobelt, Das Tier- reich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 280, fig. 48 (p. 228). Original description :—‘ Shell moderately umbilicate, turbinate, rather solid, spirally lirate, furnished with a brownish epidermis, which has a minute vertical striation, very hairy along the periphery, and slightly so about the sutures, but otherwise glabrous, white beneath the epidermis; spire conical (not convex or depressed, as in C. hirsutum) ; whorls 6, convex, sutures deep, the lowest terete, descending a little rather suddenly in front, with 12-15 continuous raised spiral costulations between the suture and the keel of the umbilical region, two of which at the region of the periphery are more raised than the others, and furnished with very long patent dark brown hairs, and between these two there are one or rarely two less prominent beardless costulations, penultimate with six to seven costulations, the upper and lower sutures slightly hairy, antepenultimate with five or six, and the whole above it with two or three less prominent lines, the two apical whorls small and nearly smooth; umbilicus pervious, exhibiting all the whorls, not surrounded with a hairy fringe 158 CYCLOPHORID.E. outside (as in (. hirsutwm), spirally ribbed within, and there furnished with a strony raised thread-like sinuate or curved sculpture (more prominent than that in the same region of C. hirsutum); aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome thick, double, the inner one pearly white inside and crenated (but less prominently than in C. hirsutwm), outer one dilated on its outer and lower margins, particularly at its right apex and left base, and somewhat reflexed, more or less sinuate (but not with prominent crenations as seen in C. hirsutum); operculum double, externally concave, shelly, with a small transparent central nucleus: height 3 inch [6-25 mm.], greatest diameter 7% inch [8 mm.].” Hab. India: Banks of Sholayar, Anamullay Mountains, 2000 ft. elevation (Beddome). “ Nearly allied to Mychopoma hirsutum, but not furnished with the same curious, raised, thread-like epidermis, except within the umbilicus, and without any umbilical fringe; it 1s, besides, a smaller, differently shaped shell, and differs in other minor points. It has exactly the operculum of A/, hirsutwm.” (Beddome.) Subfamily PUPININA. Section PUPINELLE. Genus PSEUDOPOMATIAS, Mollendorff. Pomatias (part.), Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Sue 2, 1865, p. 169. Pseudopomatias, Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xvii, 1885, p. 164; id., Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xiii, 1886, p. 177 ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 141; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 37: Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, 272. Fargesia, Heude, Journ. Conchyl. xxxiv, 1886, p. 211. Tyrg, P. amewnus, Mollendorff. Range. India: Himalayas. Farther India, 8. China. Shell, turreted pyramidal, in form and sculpture resembling Cochlostoma, regularly ribbed; aperture slightly oblique; oper-' culum thin, membranaceous, rather closely coiled. 226, Pseudopomatias grandis, Glodwin-Austen. Pomatias grandis, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xly, part 2, 1876, p. 181, pl. 7, fig. 13; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 255. Pseudopomatias grandis, Mollendorff, Jahrb, Deuts. Malak. Ges. xiii, 1886, p. 179; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 141; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 37; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 2733. Original description :—“ Shell dextral, perforate, turreted, rather swollen below, solid, with moderately strong close costulation throughout, smooth on the penultimate whorl above the aperture, very close fine ribbing behind the aperture; covered with a thin epidermis; grey corneous or pale ochreous, PSEUDOPOMATIAS. 159 Spire rapidiy decreasing to apex. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last rounded below. Aperture vertical, circular. Peristome double, thickened, reflected, continuous, slightly angular at upper outer margin. Operculum thin, horny, indistinctly spiral in some specimens. “Alt. 0°55 [14 mm.], diam. 0-20 [5 mm.], diam. ap. 0°17 in. [4 mm.].” Hab. India: Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen), “Its very large size distinguishes it at once from P. himalayane and P. pleurophorus, but it also differs in its more tumid form, the greater number of its whorls, its rounder aperture without the distinct small notch, and in not being so strongly costulated.” ( Godwin-Austen. ) 227. Pseudopomatias himalayz, Benson. Pomatias himalaye, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, iii, 1859, p. 123 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, p. 266, pl. 259, figs. 19, 20; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 169; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 9; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, iv, 1871, p. 14, pl. 112, figs. 11-13. Pomatias himalayane, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 181. Pomatias himalayana, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41. Pomatias himalayanus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 255. Pseudopomatias himalaye, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xili, 1886, p. 178; Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 88; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 273; Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus, viii, 1917, p. 579, text-fig. 6D. Original description :—‘“ Testa perforata, attenuato - turrita, solidiuscula, oblique confertim crassicostata, albida, epidermide tenui pallide cornea induta; spira elongato-turrita, sensim decrescente, apice obtuso, sutura impressa ; antractibus 7-8 con- vexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, costis remotioribus nonnullis intervenientibus, mox desinentibus, pone aperturam munito; apertura verticali, ovato-rotundata; peristomate duplici, incras- sato, externo expanso reflexiusculo, interno continuo, superne ad angulum parietalem fissura minime profunda diviso. Operculo tenuissimo, membranaceo, translucente, paucispirato. “Tong. 53-10, diam. 23-4 mill. Apertura majoris 3 mill. longa, 22 lata.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Darjeeling, 7000 ft., Rungun Valley, 4000 ft. (Blanford); Toruputu and Shengorh Peaks, Dafla Hills (God- win-Austen). 228. Pseudopomatias luyorensis, Godwin-Austen. Pseudopomatias luyorensis, Godwin-Austen, Ree. Ind. Mus. viii, 1917, p. 578, text-fig. 5 B. Original description :—“ Shell perforate, elongately fusiform, turreted, somewhat tumid, solid; sculpture fine close and regular costulation ; colour pale umber brown; spire high, sides flatly 160 CYCLOPHORID &. oonvex, apex pointed ; suture impressed ; whorls 7, sides convex ; aperture circular, vertical ; peristome closely double, continuous, the outer much expanded on the lower columellar side. “ Major diameter 4°75, alt. axis 11°25 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Luyor, Abor Hills (Gakes). 229. Pseudopomatias peguensis, 7’heobald. Pomatias pequense, Theobald, J. A. 8. B, xxxiii, 1864, p. 248. Pomatias peguensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 4, pl. 7, fig. 8; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Pfeifter, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 38, 1876, p. 419 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 255. Pseudopomatius peguensis, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xiii, 1886, p. 179; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 274. Original description :—‘ Testa anguste sive obtecte umbilicata, turrita, costulate striata, translucente, flavescente-cornea. Apice obtuso, levi. Anfractibus septem sive octo, tumidis, lente cres- centibus. Apertura sub-circulari. Peristomate duplici, extra brevissime expanso, intus continuo, crasgo, juxta suturam leviter inciso. Operculo tenui corneo, “ Long. 10, lat. 3°5 mills. Apertura 2-5 mills.” (Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Limestone Hill near Gwa, Pegu (Theobald). 230. Pseudopomatias pleurophorus, Benson. Bulimus pleurophorus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 829; Pfeitier, Mon. Helic. iv, 1859, p, 474. : Pomatias pleurophorus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, iii, 1859, p. 183; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 169; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, tig. 10; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 181; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 254, Pseudopomatias pleurophorus, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xiii, 1886, p. 178; Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 38; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 274. Original description :—“ Testa subperforata, ovato-pyramidata, costis verticalibus validis confertis, interstitiis nitentibus, munita, albida; spira elongato-conica, apice obtusulo, sutura profundius~ cula; anfractibus 73 convexis, ultimo 4 teste equante, ad basin rotundato; apertura subcirculari; peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari reflexiusculo, dextro arcuato. “ Long. 8, diam. 33 mill.” Hab. India: Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Theobald). 231. Pseudopomatias siyomensis, Godwin-Austen. Pseudopomatias siyomensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus, viii, 1917, p. 578, text-figs. 5 a, 6c, Original description:— Shell perforate, elongately turreted, attenuate, solid; sculpture well-defined strong costulation, more ee ee rT ee NODOPOMATIAS. 161 pronounced and distant on last whorl; colour white ; an old well- grown shell; spire long, sides flatly convex, fining to the apex which is sharp; suture impressed ; whorls 9, flatly convex ; aper- ture circular, vertical; peristome double, inner thickened, a slight nick on the upper sutural margin. ‘“‘ Major diameter 4°4, alt. axis 12:2 mm.” Hab. India: Siyom, Abor Hills (Oakes). “Has much the shape of P. grandis of the Dafla Hills, but has much stronger costulation.” (Godwin-Austen.) Genus NODOPOMATIAS, nom. mut.* Eupomatias, Godwin-Austen, Rec, Ind, Mus. viii, 1917, p. 579 (non Eupomatias, Wagner, 1897). Tver, Zupomatias sibbumensis, Godwin-Austen. Range. India: Abor Hills. “Shell in all respects similar to Pseadopomatias, with similar costulation; peristome double, well developed, perforate, the costulation on the left side of the last whorl terminates upon a strong raised keel bounding the umbilical region; this keel extends up to the peristome on the lower basal side of the aperture.” “The keel has a knotted or beaded appearance, and it would seem that the mantle edge must develop a close fold, the costula- tion causing an irregular thickening of the peristome as it is added to.” (Godwin-Austen.) 232. Nodopomatias oakesi, Godwin-Austen. Eupomatias oakesi, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. vili, 1917, p. 580, text-figs. 5D, 6B. Original description :— Shell narrowly perforate, elongately turreted, solid, shiny; sculpture close regular fine ribbing, on the last whorl in front only seen near suture, then becoming quite smooth; colour ruddy umber-brown in type, pale ochraceous in two others; spire elongate, sides slightly convex, apex rather blunt; suture impressed; whorls 7, flatly convex; aperture circular, angulate above; peristome thickened, closely double, continuous just behind on the columella margin, high up there isa very strong umbilical keel much curved, which terminates just behind the peristome on the lower left margin; it shows white against the brown colour of the shell, and is quite bead-like and raised; operculum horny, flat in front, multispiral, nucleus central. “Major diameter 3°75, alt. axis 11 mm.” (Godwzn-Austen.) Hab. India: Abort Hills (Oakes). * In allusion to the knotted appearance of the basal keel. M 162 CYCLOPHORIDA, 233. Nodopomatias sibbumensis, Godwin-Austen. Eupomatias sibbumensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. vili, 1917, p. 579, text-figs. 5c, Ga. Original description :—*Shell scarcely perforate, elongately turreted, solid; sculpture strong regular close costulation, which on last whorl terminates at the umbilical keel; colour not seen, shell bleached ; spire elongate, sides nearly flat, apex pointed ; suture shallow; whorls 9, sides flatly convex; aperture nearly circular, vertical; peristome double, continuous, the inner expanded and slightly reflected on the left side; a well-marked unbilical keel commences on the lower side of the last whorl in front and curving to the left extends to the lower margin behind the aperture. “Major diameter 5:8, alt, axis 14:5 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Sibbum, Yamne Valley, Abor Hills ( Oakes). Genus RHAPHAULUS, Pfeiffer. Anaulus (non Ehrenberg, 1844), Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p- 105; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 342; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 286; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 741 (as subgenus of Pupina). Rhaphaulus, Pteitier, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1856, p. 75; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 90; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iv, 1859, p. 94 (animal); Blanford, A. M.N, UH. eer. 3, xii, 1863, p. 55 (Raphaulus) (animal) ; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 154; Stoliezka, J. A.S. B. 1870, p. 151 (animal); Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 801 ; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 196; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malalk. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p.17; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p, 274. Pollicaria (part.), Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist. vi, 1856, p. 14. Streptaulus, Benson, A. M. N. I. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 201 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 92; Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser.5, xiii, 1864, p. 459; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 741 (as sub- genus of Pupina); Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38 (as subgenus of Rhaphaulus); Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 277. Typn, Anaulus bombycinus, Pfeiffer. Range. India, Farther India, Borneo. Shell umbilicated, elongate ovate or cylindrical, generally some- what depressed, with a dark periostracum ; peristome thickened, double, provided with two tubes, open at both ends, one on the columellar margin, the other at the suture. Operculum thin, corneous, narrowly coiled, slightly concave. Col. Godwin-Austen (/.¢. p. 196) considers that Streptaulus cannot be regarded as generically or even subgenerically distinct, as he found the animal did not differ from that of Rhaphaatus, RHAPHAULUS. 163 the chief point of difference being confined to a single character — the position and form of the sutural tube at its terminal end. The form of this tube appears to vary even in the same species, being sometimes upright, at others directed downwards. 234, Rhaphaulus aborensis, Godwin- Austen. Raphaulus aborensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1917, p. 571, text-fig. 2c. Original description :—*‘ Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, not flattened in front, closely rimate; sculpture regularly and very closely costulate ; culour bleached ; spire high, rather inclined to the right, apex pointed ; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6, swollen, sides convex; aperture circular; peristome thickened, continuous, the sutural tube turns obliquely downward from the upper outer margin and widens out gradually; in two specimens out of four it is horizontal. “¢ Major diameter 7-25, minor 7:0, alt. axis 14°0 mm.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills (Oakes); Miri Hills (Wahab & Lewis). Four specimens from Rotung are stated to be smaller and more tumid, the largest measuring 12°5 x 6°5 mm. 235. Rhaphaulus assamicus, Godwin-Austen. Rhaphaulus assamica, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 201, pl. 47, tig. 2; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 18. Rhaphaulus assamicus, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 88; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 275. Raphaulus assamica, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus, viii, 1917, p. 570, text-tig. 1 a. Original description :—‘ Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, rather tumid, flattened on the frontal surface of the penultimate whorl ; sculpture regularly closely costulate ; colour dull umber-brown ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6, penultimate the largest with sides flat, the next much smaller and convex; aperture perpendicular ; peristome very thick, double, both continuous, but the outer only has a thin callus on the whorl. “The sutural tube has its origin on ‘the upper outer margin close upon the outer lip, is colourless, and turns sharp downwards behind it, extending to nearly the height of the last whorl. This peristomial tube is not a tube in the strict sense of the term, but in section is semicircular, an arch resting upon the body-whorl, which forms the diameter. An inner sutural tube follows the suture backwards; it opens internally 3 mm. within the aperture, it is indistinctly shown on the exterior, but the lines of costulation extend over it, differing thus from what is seen in the similar tube in Streptaulus blanfordi, Bs. M2 164 CYCLOPNORIDA. “ Operculum horny, of 8 close-wound whorls; origin central. “ Largest: major diam. 8-3, diam. ap. 4, alt. axis 16°75 mm. Smallest: ,, 385 y= 8, 4, gg) LBZ mm.” ( Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: Brahmakhund, Assam (Ogle); Miri Hills (Lewis). 236. Rhaphaulus blanfordi, Benson. Streptaulus blanfordi, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p- 201; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 92; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 822; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p. 189, pl. 87, figs. 1-38; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, pl. 188, figs. 5, 6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, part 2, . 179, pl. 8, fig. 2; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 802; Kobelt, as Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 277, fig. 61. Raphaulus blanfordi (Stephaulus), Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1866, pl. 264, figs. 8, 9; tig. 2 (var.). Rhaphaulus blanfordi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 10, fig. 97; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 202, pl. 47, fig. 4; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 19. Rhaphaulus (Streptaulus) blanfordi, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38. Helix calpis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 268; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. vi, 1860, p. 20; id., Mon. Helic. v, 1868, p. 64; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 16, fig. 8; Blanford, J.A.8.B. xlix, 1880, p. 211. Macrochlamys calpis, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 19. Nanina (Microcystis) calpis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 38. Patula (Pyramidula) calpis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. 1881, p. 86. Original description :—“ Testa umbilicata, oblonga, polita, regulariter oblique striata, striis prope suturam submarginatam fortioribus, lineis nonnullis spiralibus decussatis, fusco-cornea, translucente; apice obtusinsculo; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, penultimo ventricosiori; apertura magna, subcirculari; peristomate simplici, reflexo, subrevoluto ; marginibus callo parietali tenui junctis; tubuli suturalis parte externa longa, pone junctionem labri breviter arcuatim elevata; suturam subtus exhibente: umbilico impervio. “Long. 74, diam. 5 mill. Long. apert. (peristomate incluso) 4 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, Sikkim: Darjeeling (H. Blanford, Mainwaring). Assam : Dafla Hills (Blanford) ; Brahmakund ( Godwin- Austen); Harmutti, Tanir Ridge, and Dikrang Valley (Godwin-Austen). Godwin-Austen states that the true typical form ranges from 1000 to 4000 ft. in these hills. The shell described as Helix calpis by Benson—sent to him by Blanford—proved to be an immature specimen of Rhaphaulus blanfordi according to a note by the latter in 1880 *. * J. AS. B. xlix, 1880, p. 211, RHAPHAULUS. 165 Var. intubus, Godwin-Austen. Streptaulus blanfordi, var. «, Godwin-Austen, J. A.S, B. xlv, part 2 1876, p. 180, pl. 8, fig. 3. Rhaphaulus blanfordi, var. intubus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 202, pl. 47, fig. 5. Rhaphanlus (Streptaulus) blanfordi, var. intubus, Kobelt & Millen- dorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38. In this form the internal tube opens on the peristome outwards, with no tendency to form an external sutural tube. Hab. India: Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills. Var. tubulus, Godwin- Austen. Streptaulus blanfordi, vay. tubulus, Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 180, pl. 8 a, fig. 4. Rhaphaulus blanford?, var, tubulus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 202, pl. 47, fig. 6. Rhaphaulus (Streptaulus) blanfordi, var. tubulus, Kobelt & Mollen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak, Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38. Original description :—‘ The internal tube passes out just behind the peristome, almost in the same way as in Rhaphaulus chrysallis. Bs., and is directed upwards for about 0-05 of an inch [1:25 mm.].” Hab. India: Toruputu Peak, 5000 ft., Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). Var. tortuosa, Godwin-Austen. Rhaphaulus blanfordi, var. tortuosus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 202, pl. 47, fig. 7 (no description). To judge by the figures, this variety appears to differ from the type and the other varieties in having a higher and more attenuated spire, while the tube behind the peristome passes downwards instead of upwards. An abnormal form is figured on the same plate, fig. 8, in which the tube appears to slope down the last whorl at an angle of about 60°. Hab, India: Damsang Peak, Western Bhutan Hills. 237. Rhaphaulus chrysalis, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma chrysalis, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 158 ; id. Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 289, pl. 31, figs. 23, 24 (C. chrysallis). : Megalomastoma chrysallis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 181; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 92. Anaulus chrysalis, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 342. Rhaphaulus chrysallis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 92 ; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 301. Rhaphaulus chrysalis, Theobald, J. A.S.B. xxvii, 1857, p. 247; Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, iv, 1859, p. 94 (animal); Blanford, 166 CYCLOPHORIDA. A.M.N.H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 55; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii,1864, pl. 264, figs. 6, 7; Stoliczka, J. A.S. B. xl, 1871, p. 151 (animal) ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 183, fig. 7; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinidw, 1876, pl. 10, tig. 59; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll, India, i, 1886, p. 200, pl. 47, fig. 1; Tapparone- Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 810; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, . 142; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 19; Kobelt & dllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 275. Pollicaria chrysalis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi, 1856, p. 14. Original description:—“C. testa umbilicata, distorto - ovata, solida, striatula et punctato-malleata, fusco-carnea ; spira irregu- lariter ovata, apice conoidea, acutiuscula; sutura levi; anfract. 6 convexiusculis, penultimo latere aperturali planulato, ultimo Fig. 24.—Rhaphaulus chrysalis. angustiore ; apertura verticali, circulari; perist. crasso, dilatato, patente, reflexo, margine supero linea horizontali adnato.—- Operculum ? “Long. 16, diam. 9 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma: Ava (Benson); Moulmain (Stoliczka, Hunger- ford, Theobald, Richthofen, Fea). The accompanying figures have been drawn from the type in the Cuming Collection of the British Museum. It measures alt. 15°5, diam. 94 mm. 238. Rhaphaulus luyorensis, Godwin- Austen. ie ca luyorensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1917, p. 578. Original description :—* Shell umbilicated, Pupina-like, solid, shining; sculpture fine close shallow striation; colour pale ochraceous ; spire fairly high, apex blunt and rounded; suture impressed ; whorls 6, 4th and 5th the largest and nearly equal in diameter ; aperture circular; peristome thickened, reflected, with a callous on the body-whorl; the sutural tube flattened, follows the suture and is perforated finely at intervals. “ Major diameter 4°75, alt. axis 8 mm.” Hab. India: Luyor Valley (Oakes). “This a close ally of 2. blanfordi, but can be distinguished at once by its much more tumid form and blunt apex. It is far nearer to the Sikhim shell than the one which has been described as £. miriensis.” (Godwin- Austen.) RHAPHAULUS. 167 239. Rhaphaulus miriensis, Godiwin-Austen. ee mirtensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus, viii, 1917, p. Original description:—* Shell cylindrical, pupiform, strongly excavated and keeled on umbilical region; sculpture very fine transverse regular striation; colour bleached; spire high, apex conic; whorls 6, the 4th with the greatest diameter, sides flatly convex, the aperture circular; peristome thickened, not continuous on upper margin. “Major diameter 5, minor 5, alt. axis 9-4mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Miri Hills (Oakes). The only specimen received was unfortunately crushed before the description was complete. The sutural tube is stated to be exactly like that of Rhaphaulus blanfordi of Sikhim, i.e. “a narrow flat band running back along the suture with ‘here and there minute perforations.” Fortunately the two species had been compared, and the Miri shell was found to be “quite distinct, that the antepenultimate whorl was the largest and the sculpture very much finer; the deep excavation at the umbilicus was another very remarkable character.” 240. Rhaphaulus oakesi, Godwin-Austen. Raphaulus oakesi, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1917, p- 572, text-fig. 2D. Original description :—* Shell cylindrical, rimate, solid; sculp- ture very fine and regular costulation; colour dark ochraceous ; spire moderately high, apex blunt; whorls 5, penultimate, some- what flattened in. front; sutural tube horizontal; operculum horny, flat in front, of about 6 whorls. “ Major diameter 7 7, minor 6°5, alt. axis 13 mm.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: Abor Hills ( Oakes). 241, Rhaphaulus pachysiphon, 7'heobald J: Stoliczha. Raphaulus pachysiphon, Theobald & Stoliczka, J.S. A.B. xli, 1872, p. 329, pl. 11, fiy. 1; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 138, fie. 4; "Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 40. Rhaphaulus pach. ysiphon, Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 143; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 302; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 200, pl. 47, fig. 3 Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, }p. 18; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 38; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 276. Original description: —“R. testa eylindraceo ovata, anguste perforata, solida, fusca; spira obtusa, apice ad latus inclinato, excentrico ; anfrastibas 54 convexiusculis, transversim onion tissime striolatis, ad suturam simplicem adpressis ; anfractu 168 CYCLOPHORIDZ. penultimo sensim, ultimo valde, descendente, primo supra aperturam deplanato, altero ad suturam paulo constricto, ad basin convexi- usculo; apertura fere verticali, circulari, peristomate pallide fuscescente, plane expanso atque crasso, supra ad anfractum penultimum labio attenuato et fere horizonli adnato, postice (aut supra) ad suturan tubulo crasso, deflexv instructo. “Long. 126, lat. anfr. penult. 7°6, diam. apert. cum perist. 6-2, apert. int. 3-6 mm.” (Theobald g Stoliczka.) Hab. Burma: Ataran Valley, near Moulmain (Stoliczka) ; Kivengan (Hungerford). Very distinct from the other species by the distorted spire and externally bent down sutural tube. 242, Rhaphaulus shimangensis, Godwin-Austen. Raphaulus shimangensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1897, p. 573, fig. 2 5, Original description :—“ Shell tumidly cylindrical, solid, openly rimate ; sculpture very fine and regular costulation ; colour bleached; spire moderately high, apex pointed, inclining to the right; suture moderately impressed; whorls 5; aperture circular; peristome thickened, horizontal on upper margin; sutural tube ascending obliquely. ‘* Major diameter 7, minor 6°5, alt. axis 12mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Shimang Valley (Oakes). -243. Rhaphaulus yamneyensis, Godwin-Austen. Raphaulus yamneyensis, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1917, p- 871, fig. 1 B. Original description :—* Shell shape similar to wborensis ; pen- ultimate whorl flattened in front and more openly rimate; sculp- ture fine close costulation; colour, specimen bleached; spire high ; apex pointed; whorls 6; aperture circular; peristome thickened, wide on upper margin; sutural tube broken off, it was directed obliquely upwards. ‘“‘ Major diameter 8°5, minor 7°75, alt. axis 15 mm.” (Godwin- «Lusten.) Hab. India: Yamne Valley, Abor Iills (Oakes). Genus SCHISTOLOMA, Wobele. Megalomastoma (part.), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak, viii, 1851, p. 148 ; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 78. Megalostoma, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 489. Coptochetlus, (Kould, Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Hist. viii, 1862, p. 282 (non Coptochilus, Amyot & Serville, 1843); Kobelt, in Semper, Reisen Arch, Philipp. iv, part 2, 1886, p. 59. Coptochilus, Wischer, Man. Conchyl. 1855, p. 742; Kobelt & Méllen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 38. NSchistoloma, Kobelt, Vas Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 278. Typr, Cyclostoma altwn, Sowerby. SCHISTOLOMA. 169 Range. India (Himalayas), Farther India, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Shell narrowly umbilicated, cylindrical or ovate; apex acute ; last whorl generally solute; peristome double, inner slightly grooved at the upper margin. Operculum corneous, flat, nearly circular, multispiral. 244. Schistoloma funiculatum, Sowerdy. Cyclostoma funiculatem (nom. nud.), Benson, J. A.S. B. vii, 1838, p. 217 (funiculalum, laps.); Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1850, p. 166*, pl. 31 4, figs. 316, 317; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclosto- maceen, 1853, p. 240, pl. 31, figs. 27, 28. Meyalomastoma funiculatum, Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1850, p. 31; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p..149; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 183; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 94; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 284; Theobald, J.A.8. B, xxvii, 1858, p. 322 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 268, fig. 8; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 2; 1875, pl. 133, fig. 1 (var.); Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx. Pupinide, 1876, pl. 8, fig. 75; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41. : Mtesate boston (Coptocheilus) funtculatum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 296. Coptochilus funiculatum, Wobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 38. Schistoloma funiculatum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 279. Original description :—“ Shell of a cylindrically turreted form, smooth, shining, of an olivaceous fulvous colour; spire rather obtuse, with seven slightly rounded volutions, which are very finely striated posteriorly, and the last of which is rugulose and Fig. 25.—Schistoloma funiculatum. posteriorly striated; suture distinct. and slender; aperture cir- cular; peritreme thickened, rounded, and reflected, of a dull orange-colour ; umbilicus small, furnished externally with a distinct embossed carina. “Tong. 24°5; diam. 85 mm.” (Sowerby.) Hab. India: Khasi Hills. > The accompanying figures are from a specimen in the British Museum. 170 CYCLOPHORIDA. 245. Schistoloma pauperculum, Sowerby. Cyclostoma panperculum, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, 1850, p. 166 *, pl. 8L8, fig. 318; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1804, p. 881, pl. 49, figs. 37, 38. : Hegalomastoma pauperculwm, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 149; id., Mon. Pneum, 1352, p. 154; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 94; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 263, fig. 22; Han- ley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 183, fig. 8; Godwin- Austen, J.A.S. B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 180; Theobald, Cat. Shells brit. India, 1876, p. 41. oe (Coptocheilus) pauperculum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297. Comtavht lua pauperculum, Kobelt & Mollendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak, Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 142; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899, p. 33. Schistoloma pauperculum, Kobelt, Das 'Lierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 280. Original description :—‘* Shell small, cylindrically turreted, shining, of an olivaceo-fulvous colour; spire rather obtuse, with six slightly rounded volutions, very finely striated with the lines of growth (sometimes rendered slightly rugulose by erosion) ; suture distinct, rather deep; aperture nearly circular; peritreme slightly thickened, rounded and reflected, very slightly foliaceous and interrupted at the last volution ; umbilicus small, surrounded by a somewhat obsolete raised line. “Long. 22; diam. 7-5 mm.” (Sowerby.) Hab. India: Bhutan. 246. Schistoloma sectilabrum, Gould. Cyclostoma sectilabrum, Gould, Boston Journ. Nat. Ilist. iv, 1844, p. 459, pl. 24, fig. 10; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostumaceen, 1849, p. 164, pl. 24, figs. 17, 18. Megalomastoma sectilabrum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 109 ; id., op. cit. vili, 1851, p. 149; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 93; Adams, (ien, Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p, 285, Pteitier, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 84; Sowerby, Thes. Conch, iii, 1864, pl. 268, fig. 24; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 8; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinidie, 1876, pl. 10, fig. 88. Megalomustoma sectilabie, Theobald, J. A. 8.13. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; id., Cat. Shells Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 41: Stoliczka, J. AS. B. xh, part 2, 1872, p. 268, pl. 10, tiv. 13. Megalomastoma (Coptocheilus) sectilabrum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 207. Megalomastoma (Coptochilus) sectilabrum, Mollendorff, J. A.8. B. lv, 1886, p. 314. Megalomastoma (Coptochilus) sectilabre, Martens, Journ, Linn. Svc., Zool. xxi, 1887, p. 160. Coptochilus sectilabrum, Molleudorff, Proc. Zool. Soe. 181, p. d46. Coptochilus sectilabre, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum. 18,9, p. 39. Schistolona sectiabrum, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief 16, L902, p. 280. SCHISTOLOMA. 171 Original description :—“ Shell elongated, spire acutely terminated, of alight reddish-brown color; whorls about eight, convex, nearly smooth, and shining; the penultimate whorl, on a profile view, somewhat gibbous; last whorl not conforming to the axis of the preceding whorls, but thrust forward, so that the plane of the aperture advances beyond a parallel with the axis; aperture coloured as without; lip white, everted moderately, having a slight fissure or canal across it posteriorly, at the outer angle of the aperture; posteriorly the lip is double, the inner portion continuous, the outer terminating as it touches the shell; um- bilicus small; operculum thin, horny. “Length 1 inch (25 mm.]; breadth 3 of an inch [6-25 mm.].” Hab. Burma: Tavoy (Mason); King’s Island, Mergui Archi- pelago (Anderson). Perak (Mollendorff’). “ Closely resembles C. altum, Sowb., but has the fissure across the peritreme on the opposite side.” (Gould.) 247. Schistoloma tanychilum, Godwin-Austen. Megalomastoma tanycheilus, Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B. xly, part 2, 1876, p. 180, pl. 7, fig. 5. Megalomastoma (Coptocheilus) tanycheilus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 296. Coptochilus tanychilum, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Schistoloma tanychilus, Kobelt, Das ‘Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 281 Original description :—* Shell cylindrical, turreted, solid, pale ochreous, sometimes with a tinge of green, rather strongly and diagonally striated. Spire straight, sides nearly parallel, apex conoidal, suture shallow. Whorls 9, with very slight convexity of side. Aperture vertical, large, and circular, the peristome continuous, very largely developed, thickened, and expanded ; at base of the last whorl is a strong keel which terminates above near the centre of aperture. Operculum composed of several horny layers, which appear to be formed slowly and concentrically on a line radiating from the centre to the circumference. “Length 1:20 [80°5 mm.], diam. 0°35 [9 mm.], diam. apert. (peristome included) 0°32 in. [8 mm.].” Hab. India: Dikrang Valley, Datla Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen). “This shell is a much wider departure from the Darjeeling form first described by Bensou, I. funiculatum, which is so much more tumid, shorter in spire, of a dark purplish-brown colour, and never has the peristome so broad and thickened as in this species. MM. pauperculum is intermediate between the two.” ( Godwin-Austen.) 172 CYCLOPHORIDE. Genus TORTULOSA, Gray. Tortulosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 177; Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. 11, 1856, p. 285; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 489; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 281. Cataulus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 149; id., Mon. Pneum, 1852, p. 1386; Blanford, A.M.N.H. ser. 3, xili, 1864, p. 462; U. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pnenm. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; G. Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 741; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 148; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 66; Kobelt & Millendorff, Cat, Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Dighy, Proc. Malac. Soc. v, 1903, p.261 (anatomy) ; Sykes, Journ. Malac. x, 1908, p. 2; xii, 1905, p. 54. Types, Turbo tortuosus, Chemnitz. Range. India: Southern India, Ceylon; Nicobars. Shell perforate, pupa-shaped, not callous, last whorl furnished with a filiform, basal keel ; aperture circular, entire, prolonged at the base by a somewhat circular channel; peristome continuous, dilated at its lower extremity into the keel of the last whorl. Operculum orbicular, flat, horny, multispiral. Subgenus EUCATAULUS, Aobelt. Cataulus, Pfeiffer (part. “ normales”), Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 87. Eucataulus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 281. Typp, Cataulus templemani, Pfeiffer. Hab. Southern India, Ceylon. Last whorl not solute. 248. Tortulosa albescens, Blanford. Cataulus albescens, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlix, 1880, p. 214; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) albescens, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 282. Original description :—“ Shell subperforate, subovately turreted, rather thin, whitish horny, rather sinuately and costulately striated. Spire turreted, with the sides convex, apex obtuse, suture much impressed. Whorls 7, convex, the last more closely wound than the penultimate, to which it is but slightly attached just behind the mouth, Basal keel transversely striated, subobsolete on the body- whorl near the junction of the peristome, becoming stronger in front and dilated near the mouth; the space inside the keel and around the umbilicus is of moderate siz4 and plicately striated. Aperture nearly circular and subvertical, with the opening of the basal canal to the left of the base, and in nearly the same plane as the aperture. Peristome white, thickened, expanded and turned TORTULOSA. 173 back, produced slightly above to the right of the penultimate whorl, and to a greater extent below at the mouth of the canal ; columellar margin a little narrower, joined for a short distance only to the penultimate whorl. “Length 0°43 [13 mm.], major diameter 0°22 [5:5 mm.], minor 0-18 [45 mm.]; breadth of the aperture within 0-12 inch [38 mm.].” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Mynall, near Trevandrum, Travancore (Bourdillon). é @ X Fig. 26.— Tortudosa albescens, Differs from T. caleadensis, with which the species has been confused, in having one whorl less, and being much smaller, with proportionately shorter whorls; the sculpture is less close and distinct, the colour whitish instead of golden brown, the basal keel less developed, and its opening is in the same plane as the aperture, instead of being turned downwards. From 7. costulata it is ehiefly distinguished by its much finer sculpture and by the characters of the basal keel. The accompanying figures have been drawn from a specimen in the general collection of the British Museum. Its measurements are: alt. 13°5; major diam. 5 mm. The species has not before been illustrated. 249, Tortulosa aurea, Pfeiffer. Cataulus aurens, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 118; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 88; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 8, 1875, p. 141; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 9; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 309; Kobelt & Méllendortf. Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 66; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39 ; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 54. Tortulosa (Bucataulus) aurea, WKobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 282. Original description :—“ C. testa breviter rimata, oblongo-pyra- midali, tenuiuscula, confertim striata, sericina, late aurea; spira turrita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 8 convexis, ultimo parum attenuato, basi axin vix excedente; carina umbilicari valida, compressa, antrorsum parum dilatata ; periomphalo lato, 174 CYCLOPTORTD.E, antice costulato; apertura circulari; perist. albo, duplice, interno continuo, appresso, basi canali angusto interrupto, externo perincrassato, furnicatim reflexo, basi producto, canali medioeri perforato. “ Long. 25, diam. 10 mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab, Ceylon (Thwaittes). 250. Torlulosa austeniana, Benson. Cataulus austenianus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1858, p. 95; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 89; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 88; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 9 (austinianus); H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p-5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 18785, pl. 106, fig. 7; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 7, fig. 59; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 309; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 67: Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Tortulosa austeniana, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 11, 1856, p, 285. Tortulosa (Eucatanulus) austeniana, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 282. Original description :—“T. subperforata, ovato - pyramidata, solidiuscula, eleganter oblique costulato-striata, sericea, diaphana, saturate rubro-castanea, spira turrita, sutura impressa, apice acutiusculo ; anfr. 8 convexiusculis, ultimo antice subascendente, carina basali, compressa, prominente, subfuniculata, antice non dilatata ; apertura subcirculari, obliqua, sursum spectante, perist. duplici, incrassato, saturate fusco-aurantiaco, interno continuo, breviter adnato, externo fornicatim patente reflexo, superne et ad collumellam subauriculato-dilatato, canali basali aperto, intus vix strictiore, ad sinistram perforato; operc. spiraliter laminato, anfractus multos appressos reconditos exhibente, facie exteriori anfractus plures angustos mentieute. © Diam, 132, alt. 25 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Heneratgodde (Layard). 251. Tortulosa blanfordi, Dohin. Catanulus blanford’, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p, 202; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1863, p. 224, pl. 58 (not pl. 59), figs, 11- 13; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. tii, 1864, pl. 264, fig.8; Pfeiffer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 88; H, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Ilanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, pl. 106, tig. 8; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, Pupinide, 1876, 1. 6, fig. 58; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Revill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc, Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 809; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 67; Kobelt & Millendortl, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 186; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 104; Sykes, Journ. Malac, xii, 1905, p. 55, TORTULOSA. 175 Cataulus blanfordianus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) blanfordi, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288. Original description :—* Testa subperforata, ovato-fusiformis, solida, confertim striata, parum nitens, rufa; spira convexo-turrita, apice obtusiusculo; antr. 9, convexiusculi, ultimus attenuatus, antice subascendens; carina umbilicalis compressa, valida, antice vix dilatata; periomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ; apertura subcircularis ; peristomium aurantiaco-fuscum, incrassatum, valde expansum, reflexum, ad anfractum penultimum angustatum, margine dextro protracto, basali recedente, canali augusto perforato. Operculum tenue, corneum. “Tong. 20-214, diam. 6-7; ap. intas diam. 34, cum perist. long. 63-7 mill.” (Dohrn.) Hab. Ceylon: Bollegalle, near Kandy (Blanford). 252. Tortulosa calcadensis, Blanford. Cataulus calcadensis (Beddome MS8.), Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 137, pl. 16, fig, 8; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 10; Theobald, J. A.S.B. xlv, 1876, p. 185; Pfeifer, Mon. Pneum, Syppl. 3, 1875, p. 141; Reeve, Conch Icon., xx, Pupinidee, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 50; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Blanford, J.A.8.B. xlix, 1880, p. 215; Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p..143; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) calcadensis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 283. Cutaulus halkadensis, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, . 41, ee travankoricus, Theobald, J. A.S.B.xlvy, part 2, 1876, p. 186, pl. 14, fig. 5; Blanford, op. cit. xlix, part 2, 1880, p. 215 (juv.); Gude, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moll. ii, 1914, p. 504. Original description :—“ Shell subperforate, fusiformly turrited, solid, closely and rather sinuously costulated. Spire ovately turrited, apex rather acute, suture much impressed. Whorls 8, convex, the last a little smaller, quite free from the other whorls for a short distance behind the mouth, but not descending much, not nearly so far as C. tortuosus is represented as doing. The basal keel is strong, compressed, transversely ribbed, and becoming larger in front; the space inside the keel around the umbilicus is of moderate size and ribbed. Aperture nearly circular and almost vertical, the opening of the basal canal being at the left side and not in the same plane as the aperture, but turned a little down- wards and to the right. Peristome thickened, double, the inner portion obtuse, the outer expanded, turned back, produced below the canal and above near the suture, narrower on the inner margin and not touching the penultimate whorl, Operculum unknown, ley r 76 CYCLOPHORIDA. “Tength 16-21, major diameter (peristome included) 53-7, minor 5-64, width of aperture inside 3-34 mm. “Length of the aperture and outer peristome in the larger specimen from the base of the canal to the end of the projection above 64 mill.” Hab. India: Calead Hills, Travancore (Beddome). “ At first sight, this shell bears a most striking resemblance to C'’. tortwosus, Chemn., but the last whori is much less produced, and there appear, judging from the description and figures of Chemnitz’s species, to be several slight but not unimportant distinctious in sculpture and form. Amongst the Ceylonese species, the nearest approach to the present is made by C. decorus, Bens., and C. blanfordi, Dohrn, but no Ceylonese kind is known witb the last whorl free. The previously described Cataulus from the base of the Anamullay Hills resembles C. caleadensis in the sinistral position of the keel, a character not noticed by Pfeiffer in his description.” (Blanford.) In 1880 (doc. cit.) Blanford recorded the receipt of fresh living specimens from Col. Beddome of a golden-brown colour, with the aperture of the same tint as the shell. The peristome in these specimens was not free from the last whorl: the operculum was found to be normal and precisely similar to that of Ceylonese species of the genus. At the same time Blanford stated that he was satisfied that the specimens described by Theobald as Hapalus travankoricus were immature shells, and he believed them to be the young of C. caleadensis or some nearly allied species. 253. Tortulosa colletti, Sykes. Cataulus colletti (Sykes), Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897. p. 148 (nom. nud.); Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 69, pl. 5, fig. 15; Kobelt & Millendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39 Tortulosa (Eucataulus) colletti, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 283, text-fig. 63 (aperture). Original description :— ‘Testa breviter et profunde rimata, elongata-pyramidalis, solida, substriata, castanea; spira elongata, apice obtusulo; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 8-8}, plano-convexi, ultimus parum attenuatus ; carina wubilicalis valida, compressa ; periomphalum latum, costulato-striatim ; apertura subcireularis ; peristoma incrassatum et reflexum, basi productum, canali mediocri perforatum. « Alt. 23, diam, 8-2 mm,” Hab, Ceylon: Matale, 1200 ft. (Collett). «A species belonging to the same group as the last [C. neville}, but it is narrower, the whorls are flatter, the strize almost obsolete, the base of the lip projects a little forward, and the notch lies a shade more to the right.” (Sykes.) sl TORTULOSA. 17 254. Tortulosa congener, Sykes. Cataulus congener, Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1908, p. 57, text-fig. 4. Original deseryption :—‘ Shell elongately pyramidal, rimate, yellow, becoming tinged with red-brown on the earlier whorls, these latter are smooth, while the rest of the shell is closely, finely, longitudinally striate ; suture well impressed ; whorls 73, convex; umbilical region moderate in size, sculptured as the rest of the shell; aperture subcircular; lip white, double, the outer part well reflected and thin at the edge, slightly produced at the right upper margin, the inner part circular and produced; basal canal small, the carina being whitish. * Alt, 16°5, diam. max. (last whorl) 6 mm.” Hab. Cevlon. “Resembling in form a dwarf C. aureus, but separable by inter alia the shape of the outer lip and the duplication of the lip, as also by the small basal canal.” (S'ykes.) 255. Tortulosa connectens, Fulton. Cataulus connectens, Fulton, Journ. Malac. x, 1903, p. 102, pl. 9, fig. 4; Sykes, op. cit. xii, 1905, p. 55. Original description :—“ Shell fusiform, oblong, solid, narrowly perforate, dark reddish-brown; whorls 93, obliquely striated, lower slightly convex, earlier whorls almost straight, the last carinated at the base; aperture circular, pale reddish-brown within; peristome continuous, yellow, thickened and reflexed, an egg-shaped opening to basal canal. Operculum normal. “ Major diam. (including peristome) 83, alt. 21 mm.” (Fulton.) Hab. Ceylon: Watawala ( Collett). Stated to be closely allied to blanfordi, Dohrn, and decorus, Bens., but readily separable from the former by its yellow peri- stome, from the latter by its smaller size and more slender form, and from both by the peristome being more in line with, or under, the whorls. Mr. Sykes considers it to be only a local race of blanfordi with yellow peristome. 256. Tortulosa costulata, Blanford. Cataulus costulatus, Blanford, J. A.S8.B. xlix, 1880, p. 218, pl. 3, fig. 7; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) costulata, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288. Original description :—-“ Shell subperforate, subovately turreted, solid, rather coarsely and subsinuately costulated, of a pale straw- N 178 CYCLOPHORID&. colour. Spire turreted, with convex sides, apex rather obtuse, sutures well impressed. Whorls 73, convex, the last more closely wound than the penultimate, to which it is scarcely attached just behind the mouth; the basal keel compressed, costulate, dilated in front; the space inside the keel and around the umbilicus is of moderate size and ribbed. Aperture nearly circular and subvertical, with the opening of the basal canal on the left side of the base, and not quite in the same plane as the aperture, but turned rather downwards. Peristome white, thickened, expanded, and turned back, produced above to the right of the penultimate whorl and below around the canal, narrow on the columellar margin, and only united for a short distance with the penultimate whorl. “Length 0°65 (16 mm.], breadth (including the peristome) 0°25 [6-25 mm. |, minor diameter from front to back 0°28 [5°75 mm.], width of aperture inside 0-13 [3°25 mm.] inch.” Hab. India: Tinevelly Ghats (Beddome). “This species of Cataulus, the third hitherto obtained from the hills of Southern India, is distinguished from all other known forms of the genus by its comparatively coarse ribbing across the whorls. In other respects, it closely approaches C. calcadensis, Bedd.,..... having a similarly shaped spire, aperture, and basal channel. I have only seen one specimen of C. costelatus ; this differs from C. caleadensis not only in having stronger sculpture, but also in being rather shorter and in having one whorl less in the spire. he colour of C. costwlatus also is paler than that of the Calcad shell, and the lip of the aperture is white. “ Like the other Southern-India forms, C. ealcadensis, C. recur- vutus, and the species hereafter described [C. albescens], C. costu- latus has the canal a little to the left of the lowest portion of the aperture, or nearer to the umbilicus than to the outer margin. In most Ceylonese species of the genus the canal is nearly at the lowest portion of the mouth (it is slightly to the left in C. pyra- midatus, C. ewrytrema, and C. austenianus; basal in the smaller forms, like templemanniand C.layardi). I find that in C. tortuosus the position of the canal is precisely as in C. calcadensis and C. costulatus (in C. recurvatus, the sinistral position of the canal is much more marked).” (Blanford.) 257. Tortulosa cumingi, Pfeiffer. Cataulus cumingi, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 339; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1857, p. 91, pl. 25, figs. 16, 17; id., Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 87 ; Theobald, Cat, Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 311; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix,” 1897, p. 148; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Cataulus cumingit, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ili, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 3 ; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic, Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Reeve, Conch, Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 52. Cataulus thwaitest ?, Sykes, Proc. Malae. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 68. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) cumingt, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 284, TORTULOBA. 179 Original description:—“ C. testa vix rimata, turrito-fusiformi, solidula, subgranulato-striata, daucino-fusca; spira convexo- turrita, apice acutiuscula; sutura submarginata; anfr. 8 vix convexiusculis, penultimo convexiore, ultimo attenuato, basi axin vix excedente, carina umbilicali compressa, albida, angulatim patula; periomphalo mediocri, turgido, distinctius striato ; apertura subcirculari; perist. albo, continuo, incrassato, forni- catim patente, superne anguste adnato, caterum dilatato, basi longe producto, canali infundibuliformi perforato. “ Long. 205, diam. medio 7 mill. Apert. intus 43, cum perist. 73 mill. longa.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwantes). 258. Tortulosa decora, Benson. Cataulus decorus, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 96; Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. i, 1854, p. 90; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 89; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 13; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig.5; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 7, fig. 64; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 309; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 67; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Tortulosa decora, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 28. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) decora, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 284. Original description :—‘‘T. subperforata, elongato-turrita, solida, confertim costulato-striata, nitidiuscula, rufo-castanea, apice acutiusculo; anfr. 8 convexiusculis, ultimo ad basin com- presso-carinato, carina valde prominente, versus marginem funiculata, incrassata, antice vix dilatata; apertura verticali, circulari; perist. incrassato, reflexo, breviter adnato, late aurantiaco, ad basin subproducto, deorsum recedente; canali extus late per- forato; periomphalo magno ; operc. ut in praecedente [C. austen- ianus |. “ Diam. vix 10, axis 21 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Ratnapoora (Layard). 259. Tortulosa duplicata, Pfeiffer. Cataulus duplicatus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 303; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 90; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 2; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p.5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 2 ; 1876, p. xii; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 51; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 310; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 89. Cataulus theuitest, var. duplicata, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe, iii, 1898, 68 Tortulosa (Eucataulus) duplicata, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 284. N2 180 CYCLOPHORTILE, Original description :—“ C. testa eubperforata, fusiformi-ovata, solida, striata striisque spiralibus obsolete decussata, virescenti- fusea, pallide nebulosa; spira curvilineari, elongata, apice acuti- uscula ; sutura levi, marginata; anfr. 73 vix convexiusculis, ultimo attenuato, antice subascendente; carina basali compressa, antror- sum vix dilatata; apertura circulari, basi axin vix excedente; perist. aurantiaco, duplici: interno breviter porrecto, basi profunde inciso, externe rectangule patente, basi ad canalem angustum v1x protracto. ‘Long. 18, diam. 7 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Lhwaites) ; Maturata (Simon), Closely allied to 7. templemani. 260. Tortulosa eurytrema, Pfeiffer. Cataulus eurytrema, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 145, pl. 13, fig. 5; id., Mon, Pneum. 1852, p. 138; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 97 ; id., Cunch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 386, pl. 48, figs. 12, 18; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, i871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 146, fig. 3; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig, 56; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Jous- seaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 810; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 148; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 67; Kobelt & Mollen- dorff, Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, . 55. Tovtwlosa eurytrema, Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285. a peg euryptrema, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, ig. 17 Tortulosa (Eucataulus) eurytrema, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 285. Original description :—‘ C. testa subperforata, subfusiformi- oblonga, solida, subareuato-striata, vix nitidula, castanea; spira turrita, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 83, convexis, ultimo angustiore, basi oblique supra axis protracto; carina basali solida, compressa, antice sensim tube instar dilatata; apertura circulari; perist.carneo, continuo breviter adnato, incrassato et reflexo, parte sinistra marginis basalis canali magno, subcirculari, retrorsum in rimam filiformem abeunte, perforata. * Long. 26, diam. 10 mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon. 261, Tortulosa greeni, Sykes. Cataulus greent, Sykes, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 30, pl. 2, fi id., op. cit. xii, L905, p. 55. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) greeni, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 285, Booby TORTULOSA. 181 Original description :—“ Testa conspicue sed anguste rimata, elongato-pyramidalis, solidula, eleganter costulato-striata, apud suturas crenulata, pallide straminea; spira producta, apice obtusiusculo; sutura valde impressa; anfr. 8, plano-convexi; carina umbilicalis valida, acuta; periomphalum magnum, costulato- striatim ; apertura subcircularis ; peristoma album, continuum, duplex, externum incrassatum et valde reflexum, internum productum, margine dextro apud medium sinu exciso notatum basi productum, canali mediocri perforatum. “ Alt. 17, diam. 6 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Punduloya (£. C. Green). “A very remarkable form, differing from all the known Ceylon species of the genus in havinga sinus or notch in the upper dextral margin, in addition to the usual perforation at the base.” (Sykes.) Var. robusta, Fulton. Cataulus greeni, var. robusta, Fulton, Journ. Malac. x, 1903, p. 102, pl. 9, tig. 1; Sykes, op. cit. xii, 1905, p. 55. “ Shell more solid than typical greeni, somewhat broader in form, the oblique striz and crenulations at suture more con- spicuous, the notch on upper right margin of peristome varies from being almost entirely absent, to specimens having a small but clearly defined V-shaped one. “ With reference to the distinct notch supposed to be charac- teristic of greent, I have before me a specimen of the typical form from Punduloya, which scarcely shows the notch, thus demon- strating the instability of that character. “Major diam. 74; alt. 17 millim.” (/ilton.) Hab. Ceylon: Dimbula, 5000 ft. ( Collett). 262. Tortulosa hemastoma, Pfeiffer. Cataulus hemastomus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 391; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 89; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1859, p. 117, pl. 82, figs. 24, 25; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 11; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, tie. 4; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinidee, 1876, pl. 7, tig. 61 ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool, France, vii, 1894, p. 8309; Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 67 ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 89; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) hemastoma, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 285. Oriyinal description :—“ C. testa breviter et profunde rimata, ovato-pyramidalis, tenuiuscula, conferte striatula, parum nitente, 182 CYCLOPHORIDA. diaphana, citrina, spira convexiusculo-turrita, apice subacuta ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 8 convexis, ultimo vix attenuato, basi axin excedente; carina umbilicali valida, compressa, antrorsum vix dilatata; periomphalo lato, costulato-striato ; apertura sub- circulari; perist. fusco-sanguineo, simplice, ad anfractum con- tiguum angustato, lateribus rectangule late patente et revoluto, basi subproducto, canali mediocre perforato. Operc. tenue, rufo- corneum. “ Long. 27-28, diam. 11-12 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). Mr. Sykes in 1905 records a variety with a white lip. 263. Tortulosa layardi, Pfeiffer. Megalomostoma layardii (nom. nud.), Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 31. : Cataulus layardi (nom, nud.), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, . 150; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 160, pl. 13, fig. 6; id., Mon. neum. 1852, p. 187; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 96 ; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 385; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 7; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 8; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 57; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 811; Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Prec. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 67 ; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 89; Sykes, Journ. Malae. xii, 1905, p. 55. Pupina templemani var. 8, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 158. Pupina layardi, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 236, pl. 31, figs. 17, 18. Tortulosa layardi, Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285; Frauenfeld, Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 879. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) layardi, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 285. Original deseription:— “C. testa subperforata, subfusiformi- oblonga, solida, distincte arcuato-striata, pallide straminea; spira oblongo-turrita, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 8, planiusculis, ultimo basi carina elevata, compressa munita, cirea umbilicum angustis- simum costulato; apertura verticali, subcirculari, basi canali subaperto acuta; perist. continuo, albo, superne breviter adnato, duplici; interno porrecto, externo incrassato-reflexo, basi sub- angulatim producto, canali extus lato, introrsum angustiore excavato. ‘Long. 173, diam. medio 7 mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon: Rambodde TORTULOSA. 183 264. Tortulosa marginata, Pfeiffer. Cataulus marginatus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1853, p. 52; id., Malak. Bl. 1, 1854, p. 90; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 90 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, figs. 4,5; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p.5; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 145, fig. 6; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 7, fig. 58; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 310; Robelt & Mallendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 148 ; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 68; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 89; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Tortulosa marginata, Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285." Tortulosa (Eucataulus) marginata, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 286. Original description :—“ T. vix perforata, subfusiformi-turrita, solida, subarcuatim costulate-striata, opaca, fusco-lilacea, strigis angulosis albidis marmorata; spira subcurvilinearis, turrita, apice obtusa; sutura levis, filomarginata; anfr. 8 planiusculi, ultimus vix attenuatus ; carina basalis alba, compressa, antrorsum subdilatata ; apertura verticalis, subovalis; perist. album, duplex: internum basi profunde incisum, externum patens, ad canalem mediocrem retractum. “ Long. 16, diam. 52 mill. Ap. intus 4 mill. longa, 34 lata.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon: Newera Ellia (Nevill). Var. crenulata, Fulton. Cataulus marginatus, var. crenulata, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xiii, 1904, p. 453; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. “Slightly broader than typical marginatus, less strongly malleated, and lacking the distinctly margined suture of that species; of a light reddish colour, and crenulated at and below the suture of the middle whorls, the antepenultimate showing it more distinctly. “Maj. diam. 6, alt. 15 mm.” (Fulton.) Hab. Ceylon. Var. notata, Sykes. Cataulus marginatus, var. notata, Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1906, p. 57, text-fig. 3. “Shell larger than the typical form; shape more pyramidal ; whorls more flattened ; longitudinal striation almost absent; the malleation in the variety is much stronger, especially on the last half of the last whorl, where a second carina, above the normal one, is often present, leaving a smooth area between them; mouth duplex, pale flesh-colour. “ Alt. 17, diam. max. (last whorl) 5°5 millim.”, (Syées.) Hab, Ceylon. 184 CYCLOPHORID. 265. Tortulosa nevilli, Syzes. Cataulus nevilli, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143 (nom. nud.); Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 68, pl. 5, fig. 16; Kobelt & Méllendorft, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1908, p. 55. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) nevilli, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p- 286, Original description :—‘* Testa anguste et profunde rimata, pyra- midata, solidula, eleganter costulato-striata, brunnea, spira elevata, apice obtusulo; sutura impressa; anfr. 8, convexi, ultimus non attenuatus : carina umbilicalis valida, compressa; periomphalum mediocre, costulato-striatum ; apertura subcircularis; peristoma rubro-castaneum, continuum, incrassatum et valde reflexum, basi productum, canali mediocri perforatum. “ Alt. 23°6, diam. max. 9°5 mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambepusse (Collett); Kegalla (Preston). The nearest ally is stated to be C. austentanus, Benson; but the present species appears to differ in being more elongate, in having the whorls more convex, the lip of a different colour and attached to the shell at a different angle, while the notch is more vertical and not so much to the left as in C. austenianus. Var. flaveola, Fulton. Cataulus nevilli, var. flaveola, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xiii, 1904, p. 453; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. “Lighter coloured and with a yellow peristome, the Jatter being more on a plane with the spire than in typical nevilli, which is generally somewhat produced forward at the basal portion. “Maj. diam. 11; alt. 25 mm.” (Fulton.) Hab. Ceylon. 266. Tortulosa nietneri, Vevill. Cataulus nietneri, Nevill, J. A.S. B. xxxix, part 2, 1871, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 7; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 142; HI. Nevill, num. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Reeve, Conch, Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 48 (aeter?) ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 176, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297; Jousseaume. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 309 ; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr, Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 68; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Collett, Journ. Malac. vil, 1899, p. 86, text-fig. A ; Eyles, Journ. Malac, xii, 1005, p. 55. : Original description :—*'T, parva, subfusiformis, vix perforata apice sub-obtusa ; supra pallide-straminea, infra virescente grisea et irregulariter albido strigata: anfractibus 6, convexiusculis primis duobus vel tribus lovigatis, ceteris transversim costulato TORTULOSA. 185 striatis, ultimo antice subapplanato, ad basin acute carinato ; apertura circulari, peristomate albido, incrassato ac reflexo, intus ad basin anguste canaliculato. Operculum normale. * Long. 11, diam. 44, alt. apert. 4, diam. apert. 34 mm.” Hab. Ceylon. ‘This is the smallest species of the genus as yet described, it is also composed of fewer whorls, the Jast being peculiarly some- what flattened; the sculpture is obsolete on the first three, just discernible on the fourth and very distinct on the last two whorls ; the notch at the base of the peristome is less conspicuous than in the other species of the genus; the shell is of a straw-colour, irregularly marbled and streaked with greenish zigzag markings ; the operculum is of a light horny texture, composed of about 6 whorls.” (Veviil.) Var. caperata, Collett. Cataulus nietneri, var. caperata, Collett, Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 86, text-figure C ; Sykes, op. cit. xii, 1905, p. 55. “Shell larger and more solid than the type. Whorls more rounded and sutures deeper. Apexsmoothand horny. The rest of the shell closely and strongly wrinkled all over, excepting the small flattened portion of the last whorl immediately above the peristome. Operculum as in the type. « Alt. 18, diam. max. 7mm.” (Colleté.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambegawnuwa and Balangoda (Colleté). Var. unicolor, Collett. Cataulus nietneri, var. unicolor, Collett, Journ, Malac. vii, 1899, p- 86, text-fig. B; Sykes, op. cit. xii, 1905, p. 55. ‘‘ Shell larger and more elongated than the type. Whorls more solid, more densely striated and more roughened. Apex golden and horny. The rest of the shell very pale yellow throughout. The conspicuous white flames which ornament the typical form and var. caperala are entirely absent in the present variety, which is rare. Operculum normal. “ Alt. 17, diam. max. 65 mm.” (Collett.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambegamuwa (Collett). 267. Tortulosa prestoni, Sy/es. Cataulus prestont, Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, i905, p. 50, text-fig. 2. Original description :—‘‘ Shell nearly related to C. aureus, but differing in the following characters. Colour straw-yellow rather than golden yellow; size smaller; whorls not so inflated ; umbilical region more rounded ; lip not so produced at the base, not so much reflected, and not so ‘winged’ at the upper right margin; canal smaller. “Alt. 10-8; diam. max. (of last whorl) 8 millim.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon. 186 CYCLOPHORIDA. 268. Tortulosa pyramidata, Pfeiffer. Cataulus pyramidatus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p, 145, pl. 13, fig. £; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 137; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 96; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 386, pl. 48, figs. 9-11; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fic. 10; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 7, fig. 60; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 146, fig. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41 ; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 297; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p.310; Kobelt & Molluendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 68; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 5. Tortulesa pyramidata, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285, “pl. 86, figs. 2 a, 2 6 (operculum) ; Chenu, Man. Conchyl.i, part 1, 1860, p. 489, text-fig. 3617 ; Frauenfeld, Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 879. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) pyramidata, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 287. Original description :—“C. testa subperforata, ovato-pyramidata, solida, distincte subarcuatim et confertim striata, sericea, saturate castanea; spira turrita, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 7-74, modice convexis, ultimo non attennato, basi axis vix excedente; carina basali compressa, antice vix dilatata; periomphalo latiusculo, profundius striato, medio turgido ; apertura subcirculari; perist. albo, continuo, breviter adnato, incrassato, horizontaliter patente et reflexiusculo, basi vix producto, canali mediocri perforato. “ Long 23-29, diam. 10-124 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon. 269. Tortulosa recurvata, Pfeiffer. Cutaulus recurvatus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 116, pl. 12, fiz, 2; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 16; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 88; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 88; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 146, fig. 2; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig, 55; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 298; Kobelt & Mollendortff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 148; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) recurvata, Kobelt, Jas Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 287. Original description: —* ‘I’. breviter et profunde rimata, ovato- turrita, solida, distincta subarcuato-striata, virenti-fulva; spira regulariter attenuata; sutura profunda, simplex ; anfr. 7, summi rubescentes, 3 ultimi eonvexi, ultimus antice subascendens, basi carina compressa antice dilatata munitus : periomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ; apertura subcircularis, ad basin interrupta et canali perlato aucta; perist. duplex, internum porrectum, basi fissum, externum patens et reflexum, parte canalem formante recurvata, “Long, 23, diam. LO mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Anamullay, Nilgiris. TORTULOSA. 187 270. Tortulosa rugosa, Fulton. Cataulus rugosa, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xiii, 1904, p. 452. Cataulus rugosus, Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Original description :—“ Shell very narrowly umbilicate, sub- fusiform, moderately solid, colour light yellowish brown, nucleus smooth, sculptured below with somewhat nodulous oblique stria, which give a malieated appearance to the shell; whorls 62, moderately convex; basal carina moderately produced; aperture circular, reddish brown within; peristome yellowish, continuous ; basal canal semicircular, situate at centre of basal portion of the peristome. “Maj. diam. 5; alt. 114 mm.” Hab. Ceylon. Fig. 27.— Tortulosa rugosa. “This form is nearest to C. marginatus, but is much smaller, not so slender, and the suture is not margined.” (Fulton.) The accompanying figures have been drawn from the type in the British Museum. 271. Tortulosa smithi, Sykes. Cataulus smithi, Sykes, Journ. Malac, xii, 1905, p. 56, text-fig. 1. Original description :—‘“ Shell deeply rimate, solid, straw-yellow, the protoconch a trifle darker, pyramidal, with the spire well raised; the earlier whorls smooth, and the residue sculptured by numerous, closely-set, fine longitudinal costule; suture well impressed; whorls 8, plano-convex, the last being a little com- pressed in front; umbilical region large, sculptured as the rest of the shell; the umbilical carina is large and distinct, with a second smaller one within; lip white continuous, subcircular, slightly projecting at the base, reflected, most noticeably so at the lower outer margin, canal large. Alt. 26°5, diam. max. (of last whorl) 10°5 mm.” Hab. Ceylon. “ As compared with C. aureus the present shell is straw-yellow and not golden yellow in colour; itis much Jarger with flatter whorls, the mouth is subcircular and lacks the angle at the upper right hand margin, etc. From C. austenianus the shape aud colour of the moutb and lip, as also the elongate form, will suffice to sever it; similar variations distinguish it from the white-lipped var. of C. heemastoma. 1 would lay stress on the second carina at the base.” (Sykes.) 188 CYCLOPHORID &. 272. Tortulosa sykesi, Fulton. Cataulus sykesi, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xiii, 1904, p. 453; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Oriyinal description :—* Shell narrowly umbilicate, subfusiform, solid, uniform light yellowish to unitorm reddish-brown colour, arcuately striated, the stria rather blunt and not very conspicuous ; whorls nearly 7, slightly convex; basal carina prominent, with a conspicuous inner ridge; aperture subcircular, reddish browu within; peristome whitish, very much thickened but scarcely duplex, continuous; aperture of basal canal subcircular, situate slightly to the left of the centre of base of peristome. “ Maj. diam. (yellow form) 63; alt. 143 mm. ss » (reddish-brown form) 63; alt. 14mm.” Lab. Ceylon. 4, ae | Fig, 28.— Tortulosa sykesi. “This form bears a general resemblance to C. duplicatus, Pfr., but is smaller, has less whorls, and the suture of the earlier whorls is not margined as in that species.” (@ulton.) The shell shown in the accompanying illustration is one of the co-types in the British Museum. It shows the operculum tu széu, better than the type. 273. Tortulosa templemani, Pfeiffer. Cataulus templemant (nom. nud.), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 150; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 136; id., Cat. Phaneropn, Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 96; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 885; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 12; ITanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 1; Reeve, Couch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 7, fig. 62; Theobald. Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 310; Kobelt & Méllendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 148 ; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p- 68; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Cat. Pneuni., 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. Pupina templemant, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 158; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1853, p. 286, pl. 31, tigs. 15, 16. Lortulosa templemani, Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285. Cataulus templemanni, FH. Nevill, Enum, Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p.5; G. Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297. Tortulosa ( Eucataulus) templemani, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 287, Original deseription :— P. testa subperforata, subfusiformi- oblonga, solidula, striata, parum nitida, non callosa, castanea ; TORTULOSA, 189 spira oblongo-turrita, apice acutiuscula; aufr. 8 planiusculis, ultimo basi acute et prominenter carinato; apertura verticali, basi subproducta; perist. continuo, aurantiaco, superne breviter adnato, margine dextro sinistroque reflexo-patentibus, basali deorsum dilatato, canaliculato ; canali extus lato, intus lineari.—Operculum? “ Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hub, Ceylon (Templeman); Maturata (Simon), 274. Tortulosa thwaitesi, Pfeifer. Cataulus thwaitesi, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 147; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 138; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 97; id., Conch-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 387, pl. 49, Hes. 9,10; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 6, var. tig. 15; H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5 (C. thwaitesii); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 106, fig. 6; id., op. cit. 1876, p. xii (+ C. cumingi); Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinidee, 1876, pl. 6, tig. 54; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298 ; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 311 (+ C. cumingt); Kobelt & Moéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. iii, 1898, p. 66 (+C. cumingi and C. duplicatus); Kobelt & Méllendorff, Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 39; Sykes, Journ. Malac. xii, 1905, p. 55. ‘ortulosa thwaitesi, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285. Tortulosa (Eucataulus) thwaitesi, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288. Cataulus gregarius (? C. thwaitest) (nom. nud.), H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneum, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; G. Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 297. Original description :—“ C. testa vix perforata, subfusiformi- turrita, solida, longitudinaliter contertim costulata, vix nitidula, violaceo-fusca ; spira ovato-turrita, apice acutiuscula; sutura impressa; anfr. 7-74, convexiusculis, ultimo vix attennato ; carina basali validissima, compressa, angulatim patente, alba; apertura verticali, circulari; perist. duplice albo: interno basi profunde inciso, externo ad anfr. penultimum exciso, ceterum incrassato, retlexo, basi canali mediocri perforata. “ Long. 19, diam. 7 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab, Ceylon (Thwaites). Subgenus TORTULOSA, Gray. Tortulosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 177; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288 (subgenus). Cataulus (part.), Pfeitfer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 149; (part: “ abnormes ”); id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 87. Typx (only species), Turbo tortuosus, Chemnitz. Range. India. Nicobars. Shell with the last whorl solute, 190 CYCLOPHORID.®. 275. Tortulosa tortuosa, Chemnitz. Turbo tortuosus, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. xi, 1795, p. 158, pl. 195 a, figs. 1882, 1883. Urvcoptis tortuosa, Beck, Index Moll. 1837, p. 83. Cyclostoma tortuosum, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, i, 1843, p, 152, pl. 28, figs. 185, 186; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1849, p. 165, pl. 24, figs. 19, 20. Megalomastoma tortuosum, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 109; Gray, Nomenel. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1, 1850, p. 30. Cataulus tortuosus, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vili, 1851, p. 150; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 95; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 885; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 264, fig. 1; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvili, 1869, p. 138; Reeve, Conch, Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 6, fig. 49; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 216; G. Nevill, op. cit. 1, 1881, p. 149; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 143; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 39. Tortulosa tortuosa, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 285, pl. 86, fig. 2; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 1, 1860, p. 489, text- figs. 8614, 3616 (shell), fig. 3615 (operculum); Mérch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 389. Tortulosa (Tortulosa) tortuosa, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288, text-fig. 64. “Shell oblong, pupiform, white, thin, shining, with 7 rounded volutions, which are obsoletely striated, the last ef them somewhat compressed, and slightly contracted near the aperture, exserted ; suture distinct; aperture circular; peritreme continuous, reflected, with a small canal internally at the lower part; umbilicus small, surrounded by a keel which continues to the lower margin of the peritreme.” (Sowerby.) Hab. ? Nicobars. India: Trevandrum, 2500 ft. (Beddome). Genus POLLICARIA, Gould. Pollicaria (part.), Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi, 1856, p- 14; Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 67; Stoliczka, J. A. 5. B. xl, 1871, p. 150; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 288. Hainesia (part.), Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. iii, 1856, p. 120; id., Mon, Pneum, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 79. Hybocystis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iv, 1859, p. 90; Blanford, op. cit, ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 460; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 56; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxxiii, 1885, p. 180; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxi, 1899, p. 136; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 104. Type, Cyclostoma pollew, Gould. Range. Burma, Farther India. Shell distortedly ovate, penultimate whorl flattened in front; aperture circular, with au internal callus, sinuate above, separated POLLICARIA. 191 from the left margin of the peristome by a deep furrow ; opercu- lum calcareous, thick, slightly concave on the outer side, the whorls increasing slowly, the last, in full-grown specimens, becoming gradually attenuated; the inner with only 14 whorls, the last raised, almost covering the remainder, witha periostracum, and an umbilicus-like cavity. 276. Pollicaria gravida, Benson. Megalomastoma gravidum, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 229; Theobald, J.A.S.B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 79; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 1. Hybocystis gravida, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 3, iv, 1859, p. 91; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 128, pl. 34, figs. 1-4; id., Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 56; Theobald, Cat. Shells brit. India, 1876, p. 40 (+ Otopoma blennus) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 298; Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xxxiii, 1885, p. 187; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 309 (+ O., blennus}; Cooke, Cambr. Nat. Hist. iii, 1895, p. 305, text- tig. 205; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx1, 1899, p. 187; id., Cat, Pneum. 1899, p. 105. Pollicaria gravida, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii, 1864, pl. 263, fig. 5 (+ P. pollex); Stoliczka, J. A.S.B. xl, 1871, p. 150 (animal); Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, Pupinide, 1876, pl. 8, tig. 68; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 289, text-tig. 65. Cyclostoma (Pollicaria) pollex, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi, 1856, p. 14. , Otopoma blennus, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 23 Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 111; Theobald, J.A.8, xxvii, 1857, p. 248. Original descreption:—‘ Testa perforata, pupiformi, distorta, solida, leviuscula, vix striatula, fusco-albida; spira distorto-ovata, sutura marginata, apice conoideo-obtuso ; anfractibus 6 convexis, ile Bb. Fig. 29.—Pollicaria gravida. penultimo elongato supra aperturam planato, dorso gibbo, ultimo angustiori, antice subito ascendente; apertura leviter sursum 192 CYCLOPHORID. spectante, circulari, fauce fusca, peristomate albido, incrassato, superne angulato, expansiusculo, reflexiusculo, intus late sulcato, tum calloso-marginato, callo interior’ dextrorsum superne angu- lato-sinuato, sutura canalis obsoleti ad angulum anticum raro apparente. “ Long. 35 mill., diam. anfr. penult. 20 mill.” Hab. Burma: Moulmain (fea, Stoliczka); Damotha (Stoliczka). “In the obsolete channel, occasionally visible at the top of the aperture, this shell has possibly some relation to Gould’s Al, sectilabre. The indentation, invariably present in the internal callus of the aperture, seems to hive some reference to the obliterated channel, and shows a passage to the Pupinr. The form has a great resemblance to that of the gigantic P. grandis, Forbes (forbest, Pfr.), which it exceeds in size. As in that shell, the great length of the penultimate whorl, above the aperture, contrasts with the shortness of the same part in the allied species M. chrysallis, Pfr.” (Benson.) The accompanying figures have been drawn from a specimen in the British Museum, measuring 34mm. in length, 18 mm. in diameter. Section PUPINEA. Genus PUPINA, Tgnard. Regestoma, Hasselt, Alg, Konst- en Letter-Bode, ii, 1828, p. 245. Registoma, Gray, Syn, Brit. Mus, ed. 44, 1842, p. 91; as synonym of Pupina. ‘ Rhexistoma, Herrmannsen, Index Gen. Malac. ii, 1847, p. 392. Rhegostoma, Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Index, 1848, p. 934. Rhegistoma (part.), Martens, Preuss, Exped, Ost-Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 156 (as section of Pupina). Pupina, Vignard, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii, 1829, p. 489; Gray, Proc. ool. Soc. 1847, p. 182; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 150; id., Mon. Pueum. 1852, p. 189; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 288; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 1, 1860, p. 490; Preiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 147; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p- 299; Fischer, Man, Conchyl. 1885, p. 740; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p, 84; Kobelt & Méllen- dorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxxix, 1897, p, 145 (part.) ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 41; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 302. Tyres, P. keraudrini, Vignard. Range. Burma, Farther India, Southern China, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia. ‘ Shell elongate ovate, smooth, with a shining enamel-like coating ; peristome simple, thickened or reflexed, with two canals, the upper at the suture, the lower oblique at the middle of the columellar margin. Operculum thin, membranaceous, rather flat, narrowly cviled, PUPINA. 193 Subgenus TYLOTOECHUS, Kobelt g Mollendorff. Lupupina (part.), Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 147. Mesostoma, Heude (non Orsted), Journ, Conchyl. xxxiv, 1886, p. 211. Ty lotoechus (part.), Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 145; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 41; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 306. Typr, Pupina destructa, Heude. Range. Burma, Farther India, Southern China, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Queensland. The upper canal formed by a tongue-shaped process of the callus and the peristome. 277. Pupina artata, Benson. Pupina artata, Benson, A.M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 230; Theobald, J.AJS. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 96; Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 8, iv, 1859, p. 94; Preiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p. 142, pl. 87, tizs. 10-12; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 1864, pl. 265, figs. 1, 2; Blanford, J.A.5.B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 99 (animal); Hanley & ‘Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, tig. 5; Stoliczka, J. A.S. B. xl, 1871, p. 151; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1876, pl. 1, fig. 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. india, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 299; Méllendorff, J. A. 5. B. lv, 1886, p. 314; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 38, pl. 69, fig, 6. Puypina (Tylotoechus) artata, Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 145; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 41; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 306. Oriyinal description:—“< Testa imperforata, pupiformi, ovato- acuminata, politissima, fusco-cornea, translucente, vel hyalina ; spira ovato-conoidea, apice obtusiusculo, sutura callosa, lineari ; anfractibus 54, convexiusculis, ultimo 3 teste partem superante ; apertura verticali, circulari, bicanaliculata; peristomate obtusi- usculo, margine parietali superne linguam acutam, callo verticali elongatv, cum margine dextro subparallelo, marginatum, exhibente, infra cum basali canalem incisum, ascendentem, extus calloso- marginatum, effurmante. Operculo testaceo, pauci-spirali, con- caviusculo, sutura elevata. “ Long. 6, diam. 34 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Moulmain (Zheobald). Perak (Mollendorf’). 278. Pupina arula, Benson. Pupina arula, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 230; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 95; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, ii, 1860, p. 141, pl. 37, figs. 7-9; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iti, 1864, pl. 265, fig. 3 (avula, err. typ.); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, ti. 4; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1876, pl. 1, fig. 5; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41 ; Nevill, Hand ‘List, i, 1878, p. 300; Millendorff, J. A. S. B. lv, 1886, p. 314; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 37, pl. 69, fig. 1. ce) 194 OYCLOPHORIDA. Pupina (Lylotoechus) arula, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 145; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 41; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 307. Oriyinal description :—“ Testa imperforata, conoideo-ovata, longitudinaliter striatula, nitidissima, fuseo-rubella, apice conoideo, acuto, sutura calloso-marginata, anfractibus 6, ultimo spiram subequante, antice breviter asceudente ; apertura circulari, angulo superiori acuto adjecto, callo parietal superne lamella intrante munito; columella profunde incisa, canalem extus apparentem, lingua lata parietali obtectum, callisque duobus divergentibus marginatuin, exhibente; peristomate obtuso, expan- siusculo, extus margivato, margine dextro supra medium arcuato ; basi foveata. Operculo 2 “ Long. 9, diam. 5 mill.” Hab. Burma: Yanglan (Lheobald). Perak (Mollendorf}). “Tt has much affinity with P. awret, Hinds, the superior canal being rather simulated than actually developed, and being formed by an angle, at the top of the otherwise circular aperture, cut off from the lower portion, in part, by the parietal lamella.” (Benson.) 279. Pupina blanfordi, Theotald., Pupina blanfordi, Theobald, J.A.S.B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pnenm. Suppl. 3, 1877, p. 414; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1876, pl. 1, fig. 6; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 41, pl. 69, fig. 2. Pupina artata, var. blanfordiana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 300. Pupina (Tylotoechus) blanfordi, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 145; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 41; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 309. Original description :—‘ Testa pupiniformi, politissima, flaves- cente-cornea. » +5 mm.” Hab. Eastern frontier of Burma and Siam (Woodthorpe). “ This species is nearest to P. peguensis, but it is smaller, different in form, proportion of whorls, and the columellar slit is narrower.” (Godwin-Austen.) 283, Pupina nicobarica, Pfeiffer. Pupina (Reyistoma) nicobarica, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, roe nicobaricum, Pfeiffer, Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 104; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 147; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1856, p. 289; Mérch, Journ, Conchyl. xxiv, 1876, . 362, Die nicobarica, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1854, p. 382, pl. 48, tigs. 28-31; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1876, pl. 3, fie. 26; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 299 (+ var. major) ; Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1895, p. 455; id., Land & Freshw. Moll, India, ii, 187, p, £2. Registoma nicobarica, Frauenfeld, Verh. K. K. zool.-bot, Ges. Wien, xix, 1860, p. 879, Pupina (Tylotoechus) nicobarica, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 146; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. £2; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16,1902, p. 31s. Original description:—‘ P, testa imperforata, ovato-conica, solidula, glaberrima, nitida, pallide isabellina; spira convexa, 3 6 Fig. 30.—DPupina nicobarica, sursum conica, acutiuscula ; sutura lineari ; anfr. 5, vix convexi- usculis, ultimo oblique descendente, antice breviter ascendente, PUPINA, 197 basi rotundato; apertura subverticali, circulari, nodulo calloso minuto juxta insertionem marginis dextri coarctata; perist. simplice, vix expansiusculo, margine columellari subincrassato, incisura brevi, subascendente a basali separato. “ Long. 6, diam. 3 mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Nicobars: Border of River, Galathea (Reinhardt) ; Kamorta (Roepstorf). The shell figured is one of several received by the British Museum from Mrs. Roepstorf of Copenhagen. 284. Pupina peguensis, Benson. Pupina peguensis, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser. 8, vi, 1860, p. 192; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pheum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 95; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 41; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 800; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, il, 1897, p. 40, pl. 69, fix. 3. Pupina blanfordi (non Theobald), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 6. Pupina (Tylotoechus) peguensis, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 147; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 48; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 319. Original description :—“ Testa imperforata, subgloboso-ovata, levigata, polita, pellucida, cornea; spira convexo-conica, apice acutiusculo, sutura calloso-marginata; anfractibus 44, ultimo spiram superante, antice breviter ascendente, ad basin foveato; apertura subverticali, sursum spectante, circulari, angulo acuto superne adjecto, callo parietali superne et lamella intrante munita ; columella profunde incisa, canalem extus progredientem lingua lata superiore obtectum callisque duobus extus divergen- tibus marginatam exhibente; peristomate expansiusculo ; margine -dextro, supra medium arcuato, basalique crassiusculo obtusis. “ Long. 6, diam. 33 mill.” Hab. Burma: Pegu. “Closely related to the Tenasserim Pupina urula, B., but, independently of its smaller size, differing in form, proportions, translucence, and absence of sculpture.” (Benson.) .285. Pupina tongupensis, Godwin-Austei. Pupina tonyupensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 41, pl. 69, fig. 5. Pupina (Tylotoechus) tongupensis, Kobelt & Molleudorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 147; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 48; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 323. Original description :—‘ Shell globosely conoid, tumid, shiny ; sculpture smooth, no striation; colour ochraceous; spire low, ‘sides rounded, apex blunt; suture very shallow; whorls 5, very swollen; aperture circular, a deep cleft on upper angle, bounded by a short rounded lamella on the body-whorl; peristome uot 198 CYCLOPHORIDE. thickened, a narrow cleft on the columellar margin, external canak horizontal, narrow, upper margin moderately wide. “ Major diam. 3°5, alt. axis 5 mm.” —(Godwin- Austen.) Hab. Burma: Tongoop Pass, Arakan Hills (Blanford). “The species differs in its small and globose form from all others I have examined, and the aperture is fully formed.” (@.-A.) Subfamily ALYCAIN A. Genus DIORYX, Benson. Dioryx (part.), Benson, A.M. N.H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 177 (as. section of Alyceus); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 44; Godwin-Austen, Land & Vreshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 187, (as subgenus); Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149 (genus) ; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 45; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 336. Typx (first species), Alycceeus amphora, Benson. Range. India, Farther India, Southern China, Formosa, Shell conoid or depressed turbinate, the constriction narrow and immediately behind the aperture, the sutural tube arising proportionately nearer to the peristome than in Alyceus. 286. Dioryx amphora, Benson. Alycens amphora, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 226; Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 247; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pnewn. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 84; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 126, pl. 35, figs. 15-17 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 91, tigs. 2,3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Drit. India, p. 1876. p. 39; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch, Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 2, tig. 15; G. Nevill, J.A.S.B. xlvi, 1877, p. 29; id., Hand List, i, 1878, p- 292; id., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 890. Alyceus (Dioryx) amphora, Godwin-A usten, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, L014, p. 429, pl. 155, fig. 11, Dioryx amphora, Kohelt & Millendortl, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 45; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 336. Original description: —* Testa anguste umbilicata, ovato- globosa, exilissime costulato-striata, albido-carnea, versus apicem Lig. 31.—Dioryx amphora. (xX 2.) acutiusculum rubella; spira vonica; sutura subprofunda; anfract. 4 convexis, ultimo inflato, juxta aperturam constricto, tubulo suturali longissimo prope peristoma oriente; apertura verticali; DIORYX. 199 peristomate duplici, continuo, interiori breviter porrecto, intus pallide aurantiaco, exteriori expanso, striatulo, incrassato; um- bilico intus spiraliter striato, margine compressiusculo. Operculo “Long. 53, diam. obliq. 5 mill.” Hab. Burma: Moulmain and Tenasserim Valley (Theobald). “The shell occurs also of a smaller size. It approaches in form the Sikkim A. urnula, nobis, but has a more globose aspect. Lhe extreme length of the sutural tube is remarkable; it extends so far round the last whorl as to be visible from the front on both sides of the shell. The aperture occupies about half the height of the specimen.” (Benson.) The specimen figured is in the British Museum. 237. Dioryx feddenianus, Theobald. Alyceus feddenianus, Theobald, J. A.S. B. xxxix, part 2, 1870, p. 397, pl. 18, tig. 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 91, figs. 1,4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 66 ; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 39; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 2, tig. 18; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 294. Diorya feddeniana, Kobelt & Méllendortt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 45. Aluceus (Dioryx) feddenianus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 415, pl. 158, fig. 12. Dioryx feddenianus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 338. Original description :—“ Testa globoso, subturbinata, profunde umbilicata, glabra, in ultimo antractu ad suturam peculiariter deplanata, deinde subangulata et infra angulum levissime con- vexiuscula seu planata et angustata, solida, brunnea; anfractibus 32, rapide crescentibus, superioribus, convexiusculis, ultimo supra et prope umbilicum angulato; tubulo suturali tenui, prope Fig. 82.—Dioryx feddenianus. (X 2.) aperturam oriente et fere dimidium ultimi anfractus in longi- tudine equante; strictura brevissima, vix conspicua; apertura circulari, carneola, supra augustissime adanata; perist. duplici, interno integro, tenulssimo, externo breviter expansiusculo et reflexo. “Diam. maj. °20 (5 mm.], d. min. 16 [4 mm.], alt. -16 une. (4 min. ].” Hab. Burma: Shan States (Fedden); Moulmain (Hungerford). The specimen figured is in the British Museum. 200 CYCLOPHORID A. 288, Dioryx globulosus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus (Diorya) globulosus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 368, pl. 157, fig. 1. Original description: —“ Shell globosely conical, closely perforate ; sculpture: a strong epidermis, with irregular transverse striae of growth and with streaks of brown; spiral striation is indistinctly seen, on swollen portion very regular close flat costulation ; colour pale umber-brown ; spire low, apex blunt; suture well impressed ; whorls 4, tumid, the last reflected just behind the aperture ; aperture circular; peristome double, much thickened, very slightly reflected ; operculum widely spiral, the sutures distant, slightly concave. “ Major diam. 3-25; alt. axis 4 mm.” Hab. India: Luzor, Tsanspu Valley (Oakes). “The operculum is of the type of D. urnula, smooth in front, the sutures only just discernible.” (Godwin-Austen.) 289. Dioryx labrirubidum, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus, n. sp., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 292, No. 22. Alyceus (Dioryx) labrirubidum, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 430, pl. 156, fig. 1. Original description :—* Shell rimate, elongately conical, solid ; sculpture: extremely fine transverse striation throughout, not even coarser next the sutural tube except slightly so at its anterior end; colour pink throughout, stronger on the peristome, approaching red on the apex; spire high, sides flat, apex small; suture impressed; whorls 5, sides rounded, the last constricted close behind the aperture, distance to the sutural tube very short ; aperture circular, strong; peristome solid, double, reflected. “Major diam. 6; alt. axis 5°2 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. Burma; Khargan, Attaran Valley (7heobaid); Phaboo (Hungerford). 290. Dioryx pingoungensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus (Dioryx) urnula var., Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 245; id., Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 414. Alyceus (Dioryx) pingoungensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Fresbhw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 414, pl. 153, fig. 13. Original description :— Shell solid, imperforate; sculpture very smooth, surface with indistinct transverse striation, next the sutural tube there is fine close costulation; colour dull white ; spire high conic, apex rounded; suture well impressed, the sutural tube very long; whorls with sides very rounded; aperture circular, vertical; peristome strong and thickened, double. “ Major diam. 3°10; alt, axis 2°70 mm.” Hab. Burma: Pingoung, Shan Hills (Spraté). “This species, although very similar in all main characters to the Indian forms, as I said in 1888, is certainly quite worthy of DIORYX. 201 separation. Compared with typical wna, Bs., from Darjiling, it is more solid and smoother, costulate sculpture on last whorl somewhat stronger, the umbilical margin more circumscribed, peristome solid, and particularly in the distance from base of the sutural tube to the peristome being very short, forming the con- stricted part of the whorl, when it is compared with typical D. urnula trom Darjiling and the variety from the Naga Hills, ete. ; it thus approaches the constriction of D, amphora.” (Godwin- Austen.) 291. Dioryx urceolus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus (Diory2) urceolus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 869, pl. 153. fig. 9. Original deseription:—‘ Shell ovately globose, elongate, no perforation ; sculpture: costulation next the sutural tube very fine and close, rest of shell finely striate; colour bleached; spire high, apex small; suture impressed, the sutural tube moderately long: in the drawing made from the first specimen received .... this is represented too short, the end being broken; whorls 43, sides rounded ; constriction short behind aperture; aperture oval vertically ; peristome simple, double, rather solid. ““ Major diam. 4°8; alt. axis 4:25 mm.” Hab. India: Abor Hills (Oakes). ‘“«This species differs considerably from typical wrnewla in being far larger and so high in the spire, wrnula being more globose and depressed ; from another Abor species of this subgenus it may be known at once by its less tumid globose shape and the peristome being far less thickened.” (Godwin-Austen.) 292. Dioryx urnula, Benson. Alyceus urnula, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 284; Pfeiffer, Malak. Bl. i, 1854, p. 88; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 278; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 34; Theobald, J.A.S.B. xli, part 2, 1872, p. 8830; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 91, figs. 8,9; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40 ; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 2, fig. 13; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 292. Alyceus (Dioryx) urna, Benson, A. M.N. HL. ser. 38, iii, 1859, p. 284; Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 245; id., Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 345, pl. 158, fig. 1; p. 346, pl. 153, fig. 2 (large var.). Dioryx urnula, Kobelt & Mollendortt, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p.45; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 340. Original description :— Testa rimata, vix perforata, globoso- conica, levigata, sordide albida, apice acutiusculo, rubescente, sutura impressa, callum gerente; anfractibus 3}, convexis, ultimo ventricoso, exilissime radiato-striato, pone aperturam breviter constrictiusculo, proxime tubam retroversam, suturalem, elongatam, 202 CYCLOPHORIDE. emittente: apertura circulari verticali integra, peristomate in- crassato, subduplicato, expanso, subreflexo, breviter adnato 3, operculo aperturam equante, planato, anfractibus mediocribus,. subconspicuis. “ Diam. 34, alt. 42 mill.” Hab. India: Darjeeling (Trotter); Sikkim (Godwin-Austen) ; Arakan Hills (Mevill); Toroputu, Brahmakand, Garo Hills, Naga Hills, Jaintia Hills (Godwin-Austen). Burma: Bhamo (Aiderson) ;. Moulmain (Theobald). “This interesting species inhabits the same locality as A. constrictus, described in the tenth volume of the ‘ Annals,’ but differs in form and sculpture and in the position of the sutural callus. The strangulation is less conspicuous than in other species of Alycceus, and the constriction occurs immediately behind the peristome; hence the sutural callus also commences. near the aperture instead of being remote as in the other species. A brown murk, in the single specimen which has come to hand, occurs at the point where the callus is given off. The callus lying in the suture is also longer than in the orbiculate A. strangulatas, in which it is moderate, or in A. constrictus, where it is short. The number of whorls in the operculum of A. strangulatus is much greater, and they are more compactly wound than in either A. urnula ov constrictus ; in A. urnula the sutures are tolerably distinct, and the central whorls are slightly concave; in A. con- strictus the sutures are inconspicuous, as originally noted.” (Benson.) Var. globosa, Godwin- Austen. Alyceus (Dioryx) urnula, var. globosus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Vreshw. Moll, India, ii, 1914, p. 363, pl. 153, fig. 8. Alyceus (Dioryax) globosus, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, 1915, p. 508. Original description :—* Shell globosely and depressedly conical, searcely perforate ; sculpture : extremely fine costulation next the sutural tube and still further back, the upper whorls smooth ; colour pale whitish brown; spire depressed, apex bluut; suture moderately impressed; sutural tube moderately long; whorls 4, tumid, constricted close behind the peristome, distance of this last to base of sutural tube very short; aperture circular ;, peristome double, much thickened, sharply and shortly reflected ; operculum distantly spiral, central whorl conspicuous, colour dull yellow. “Major diam. 4:0; alt. axis 3°75 mm.” (Godwin-.lusten.) Hab, India: Brahmakund, Assam (Ogle). Var. anghamiensis, Giodwin-Austen. Alyceus (Dioryx) urnula, var, anghamiensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw,. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 402, pl. 153, figs. 5, 6. Original deseription:—‘‘ Shell very globosely conoid, imper- DIORYX. 203. forate, with strong epidermis; sculpture smooth, with distant strong striation approaching irregular distant costulation ; fine close costulation as far back as end of sutnral tube; colour pale sienna-brown, apex darker; spire subconic, low ; apex blunts. suture impressed, the sutural tube very long; whorls 4, much rounded; aperture circular, vertical; peristome compactly double. “ Major diam. 4:1; alt. axis. 2-9 mm.” Hab. India: Japvo Peak, Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen). “Other specimens were found in the Anghami-Naga Hills. This is very distinct from typical D. wrnula in its globose, tumid shape. From the Lhota Naga Hills there are five specimens which come very close to this variety, yet are not quite the same,. and one is very large, 4°5 mm. in major diameter and 6 mm. in height.” (Godwin- Austen.) Var daflaensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus (Dioryr) urnula var., Godwin-Austen, J. A.S.B. xlv,. part 2, 1876, p. 178. Alyceus (Dioryx) urnula, var. daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 360, pl. 158, fig. 4. Original description :—“ Higher in the spire, aperture pro- portionally larger; whorls more rounded, sutural tube only one- fourth the length, and the ribbing much less fine on the swell of the whorl—ditterences which by some would be considered quite sufficient to warrant another name being given to this Dafla form. Five specimens were found all possessing the above character, so- it would appear to be quite constant.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab, India: Niosi Ridge and Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen). Var. pisum, Godwin-Austen, Alyceus (Dioryx) urnula var., Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. lx, part 2, 1871, p. 93, pl. 5, figs. 4, 4a. Alyceus (Diorya) wnula, var. pisum, Godwin-Austen, Land & Soe ti Moll. India, ii, 1914, pp. 384, 402, pl. 143, fig. 9, pl. 153, g. 3. Original description :— Shell globosely conoid; colour whitish to pale pink ochraceous; spire moderately high, apex blunt; suture: well impressed; the tube moderately long; whorls 4, the last very tumid; aperture circular; peristome moderately thickened ; operculum multispiral, central portion rather raised above the marvinal whorls. “This variety may be known by a more globose shape and a more depressed spire than in the type species. “The specimens from Marangsip Peak are most richly coloured in tints of pink and ochre.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Marangsip Peak, South Jaintia Hills; Nong- jinghi Trigonometrical Station, 4563 ft., Jaintia Hills (Godwin-. Austen), 204 CYCLOPHORIDA, 293. Dioryx varius, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus (Dioryx) varius, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 402, pl. 157, fig. 7. Original description :—* Shell turbinate, narrowly perforate ; sculpture: transverse striation above, finely costulated next the sutural tube; colour bleached; spire rather high, apex fine; suture impressed, sutural tube long; whorls 4, rounded, slightly swollen near sutural tube, constriction near base of it and at some distance from the peristome, interval smooth and_ straight; aperture circular, subvertical; peristome double, solid, thickened on outer margin, not so on the columellar margin. “Major diam. 4:0; alt. axis 2°56 mm.” Hab. India: Lhota Naga Hills (Chennell). “This is an interesting form, but unfortunately only one speciwen was found. The long sutural tube and the short dis- tance it is behind the peristome places it in Diorya, but it differs very much in the umbilical region and in general shape.” (Godwin-Austen.) Genus ALYCAUS, Gray. Alyceus, Gray, Nomencl. Moll. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 27; Pfeiffer» Zeits, Malak. viii, 1851, p. 147; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 1193 Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 278; Benson, A. M. N. H- ser. 8, ii, 1859, p. 176; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, part 2, 1860, p. 487; Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 456; id. J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 98; Martens, Preuss, Exped. Ost- Asien, Zool. ii, 1867, p. 150; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xl, part 2, 1871, p. 87; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 290; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1885, p. 742; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1, 1886, p. 186; Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 45; Sarasin, Land-Moll. Celebes, 1899, p. 60; Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 841; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 332. Typz, Cyclostoma gibbum, Eydoux. Range. India, Burma, Farther India, Malaysia, Southern China, Japan. Shell narrowly umbilicated, conical or depressed-conoid ; whorls convex; the last whorl distorted, compressed, much constricted before the aperture, provided with a sutural tube; aperture cir- cular; peristome generally thickened or reflexed; operculum corneous, many-whorled. Subgenus ALYCAUS, s. str. Orthalyceus (part.), Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 57 ; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 45. Alycaeus (subgenus), Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 341. Typp, Cyclostoma gibbum, Eydoux. Range. India, Burma, Nicobars, Farther India, Sunda Islands. ALYCEUS, 205 Shell conoid or turbinate; constriction more or less distant from the mouth; operculum can be retracted as far as the con- striction, which is completely closed by it. 294. Alyc#us anonymus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus anonymus (W. Blf. MS8.), Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 405, pl. 139, figs. 1, 1 a. Original description :—* Shell turbinate, rather openly umbili- cated; sculpture: fine regular costulation throughout, gradually getting coarser near the sutural tube, finer and continued up to the peristome; colour very pale ochraceous; spire conoid, fairly high, sides flat; suture impressed; whorls 4, well rounded, slightly swelling for the length of the sutural tube, which is moderately long; aperture nearly circular, oblique; peristome double and much thickened, slightly reflected. * Major diam. 6°7; alt. axis 3°5 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. Burma: Akowtong, Thoudaung, and Yenandoung, Pegu. 295. Alyczeus barowliensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus barowliensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 362, pl. 141, fig. 4. Original description: — “Shell conoid, compact, narrowly umbilicated ; sculpture: distant costulation on the upper whorls, very fine and close next the sutural tube, smooth anterior to it up to the peristome ; colour bleached ; spire high, conical; apex blunt; suture moderately impressed ; sutural tube long; whorls 4, constriction slight, distant from aperture, a slight swelling between the two, aperture oval, rounded below, subangulate on the lower margin, rounded on the columellar side; peristome double and much thickened. “ Major diam. 8; alt.axis 2mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Barowli River, Akba Hills, Durrang, Assam (Godwin-Austen). 296. Alyceus beddomei, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus beddomei, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, li, 1914, p. 386, pl. 149, figs. 5, 5 a. Original description :—“ Shell very globosely conoid, rather closely umbilicated ; sculpture : regular, close costulation next the long sutural tube, indistinct and distant on the upper whorls, very fine, close longitudinal liration is very marked ; colour pale umber ; spire rather high, conic, apex blunt ; suture very well impressed; whorls 4, very convex, constriction slight close to the sutural tube, thence to aperture short; aperture ovate, sub- vertical; peristome double, solid on the outer margin, much reduced in thickness on the inner in four of the shells in which the peristome was not so mature, angulation was noted on the 206 CYCLOPHORID&. ‘outer margin by two faint indentations operculum ; rather solid, horny, concentric. “ Major dian. 45; alt axis 25 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Naga Hills (? Muspratt), .297. Alyceus blanfordi, Godwin-Austen, Alyceus blanfordi (nom. nud.), Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 39. Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) bianfordi, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nach. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pueum. 1899, p. 45. Alyceus blanfordi, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1i, 1914, p. 418, pl. 148, fig. 3. Original description :—* Shell very globosely conoid, openly ‘umbilicated ; sculpture: fine, distant, raised costulation on the upper whorls, becoming close, and strong contiguous to the sutural tube; colour ruddy ochraceous ; spire conoid; suture impressed, the tube long and thin; whorls 4, well rounded, constriction short, well marked in front of the tube, then expanding between that -and the aperture; aperture oval, subangulate at upper inner Inargiu 3 an elongate tooth on the upper margin of the peristome, which is slightly reflected, with an indication of crenation on the lower; the peristome double and much thickened; operculum black. “ Major diam, 3°2; alt. axis 1:25 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab, Burma: Chwegali, Arakan Hills. 298. Alyczus burti, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus burtii, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xliii, part 2, 1874, p- 149, pl. 3, fig. 9; id., op. cit. xlv, pare 2, 1876, p. 176 (var.) ; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 3, fig. 27; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 352, pl. 144, figs. 8, 8a. Alyceus burti, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 39; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 291. oe (Alycaeus) burt, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, pe 2, Original description :—‘‘ Shell turbinate, openly umbilicated, thick, pale ochreous ; shallow but well-marked ribbing on swell of last whorl and finely costulated on the apex. Spire conoid, apex sharp, suture well impressed. Whorls 5, the last moderately swollen, constriction very slight, short, and smooth up to the peristome ; sutural tube moderate, rather large at base. Aperture oblique, laterally oval, angular on inner upper margin, with + well-marked notches on the outer margin ; peristome thickened, double, well reflected, inner lip coutinuous, “ Major diam. 0°22" [5°5 mm.], minor diam. 0:19" [+:75 mm.]; alt. 0-15" (3°75 mm.J.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: foot of the Bhutan Himalayas, Akha Hills, at the -debouchement of the Barowli River, in Durrang, Assam (Burt); Dihiri Parbat, Burro Gorge (Godwin- Austen). ALYCAEUS. 207 “A variety of it, differing slightly, which is much larger and more depressed in form, but which in the crenate peristome and ‘in form of constriction is the same, occurred in the valley of the Dikrang and in the Yetai Ravine. This variety measures in alt. 018 [45 mm.], major diam. 0°25 in. [6°25 mm.].” (Godwin- Austen, |. c. 1876.) Var. yetaiensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus burtii, var. yetaiensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 11, 1914, p. 353, pl. 149, fig. 7. Original description :—* Shell depressedly and globosely conoid, very openly umbilicated; sculpture: costulation fine, somewhat irregular and distant as it approaches the termination of the sutural tube, it is then close aud strong. Behind the aperture it is quite smooth. Distinct longitudinal striz are to be seen on the upper whorls; colour dull pale ochraceous; spire low, apex small, papillate ; suture much impressed; whorls 43, the Jast swollen, smooth portion behind aperture short with no ridges; aperture circular, slightly angulate above near suture; peristome crenulated on the outer margin, four depressions with strongly defined inter- mediate processes, straight above, well rounded on the columellar side; operculum multispiral, very concave, and outer margin turned inwards. “Major diam. 0°75 [?7°5], alt. axis 0°3 [?3]. Size of largest: major diam. 0-9 [? 9], alt. axis 3:5 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Alab. India: Yetay Ravine, No. 24 Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen). 299. Alyceus chanjukensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus chunjukensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 364, pl. 157, figs. 5, 5 a. Original description :—* Shell globosely conoid, closely umbili- cated ; sculpture: fine, rather close costulation on the apical whorls, strong and close-set next the sutural tube, becoming gradually finer posteriorly ; colour bleached ; spire high, conical, apex fine: suture impressed, sutural tube very long: whorls 43, well rounded on the sides, the constriction is short; aperture ovately circular, subvertical; peristome double, deeply and sharply crenulated, 4 deep channels running backwards separated by V-shaped barriers, and much thickened as viewed from the side; columellar margin well curved. “ Major diam. 4°58; alt. axis 2-7 mm.” Hab. India: Chanjuk La, Tsanspu Valley, 4300 ft., Lat. 29° 25’, Long. 95° 20' (Oakes). “This may be compared with A. vesica from the same great valley, but its spire differs and the crenulation is sharper and finer. Tt may also be compared with A. lohitensis from Brahmakund, but the difference is quite specific.” (Godwin-Austen.) 208 CYCLOPHORIDA. 300. Alyczus conicus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus conicus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xl, part 2, 1871, p. 87, pl. 3, figs. 1, la, 1b; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 108, tigs. 8,9; VPieiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 3, 1876, p, 386; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 89; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. leon. xx, 1877, Alyeeus, pl. 1, fig. 9; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 290; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw, Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 387, pl. 145, figs. 4, 4 a, 4. Alycacus (Orthalycacus) conicus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxix, 1897, p. 149; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 45. Per (Alycacus) conicus, Nobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 342. Original deseription :— Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinate, thick, translucent pale corneous, pink or white, quite smooth, with shining lustre in tresh shells, with very strong regular filiform costulation on the tumid portion of the last whorl, the sculpture terminating abruptly both in front and behind with the exception of some raised striz close behind the termination of the sutural tube ; indistinct ribbing near the umbilicus. Spire conoid, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 4-43, rounded, last very slightly swollen, constricted and enlarging slightly again near the aperture. Constriction smooth, rather short; sutural tube moderate, commencing at 0-045 inch [1125 mm.] distance from the mouth. Aperture slightly oblique, a perfeet circle; peristome double, thick, inner continuous, projecting, slightly expanded, the outer retrorelict. Operculum horny, multispiral, concave in front; smooth behind, no central boss. “ Major diam. 0-12" [3 inm.j to 0-13" [3-25 mm.!, minor diam. 0-11" [2°75 mm.]; alt. 0°10” [25 mm.] to 0-11" [2-75 mm.]; diam. of aperture 0°06" [015 mm.]; sutural tube 0-045" [0-11 mm. }.” Hab. India: Limestone Hill and Samiamri, east of the Kopili River, North Cachar. “This shell is very close to ... It is very similar to A. theobaldi, Bs., from the Khasi Hills, but is smaller with a more expanded aperture; peristome less thickened, and the sculpture appears to have been very fine. “No. 49 of Nevill’s Hand List, p. 294,..... I consider A, lenticulus, three are adult shells, of which I figure ee (pl. 186, 8 260 CYCLOPHORIDA, figs. 4-44), as the type specimen is certainly not fully grown. This specimen is more globose, the peristome much thickened, and shows fine close costulation contiguous to the sutural tube.” (Godwin-Austen.) 385. Alyceus multirugosus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus multirugosus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliii, part 2, 1874, p. 149, pl. 3, figs. 7, 7a; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1s76, p. 40; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 395, pl. 14, fies. 7, 7a. Alycaeus (Churar) multirugosus, Kobelt & Millendorff; Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, . 49, Pee (Dicharav) multivugosus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief, 16, 1902, p. 873. Original description: — “Shell depressedly turbinate, rather openly umbilicated, translucent, pale corneous, smooth glistening surface, very minute ribbing near sutural tube. Spire flatly conoid ; whorls 4, flat, the last very little swollen, constricted and enlarged again towards the aperture into a zigzag-shaped ridge: or what might be described as three parallel and connected ridges. Sutural tube short. Aperture oblique, circular; peristome double, both continuous and the outer slightly reflected. Operculum .. .? ** Major diam. 0-12" [3 mm.], minor diam. 0-08” [2 mm.}; ait. 0:08" [2 mm.]; sutural tube 0-037" [0-9 inm.].” Hab. India: Hills at head of Lanier River, Naga Hills, 5-6000 ft. (Godwin-Austen). ; “A close ally of A. khasiacus, mihi, but a much smaller shell ; the many ridged area near constriction, however, is a wide departure from that form.” (Godwin-Austen.) 386. Alyceus mutatus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus mutatus, Godwin-Austen, J. A.S.B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p- 177, pl. 7, figs. 11, ll a; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1873, p. 291 ;. Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 357, pl. 145, figs. 9, 9a; pl. 157, fig. 8. Alyceus khasiacus (1876 not 1871), Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8, B. xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 175 + var. Dafla, ie (Dicharar) mutatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich , Lief. 16, 1902, Pp. . Original description :—“ Shell subturbinately depressed, openly , umbilicated, fragile, covered with a scabrous dull ochreous ept- dermis, which peels off in old shells, very regularly and strongly striated throughout, the ribbing on the last whorl very fine. Spire subconoid, apex rather blunt, suture deeply impressed. Whorls 4, rounded, the last swollen, moderately constricted, then again expanded and crossed by two ridges, the last of these not extending all round the whorl, The constriction very regularly ribbed. Sutnral tube short, thickened at the base. Aperture oblique, circular. Peristome double, but closely united, very ALYCEUS, 261 slightly reflected. Operculum multispiral, the edges of the outer whorls in high relief so as to form a deep cup-like hollow in the centre. “ Alt. 0°10 [2:5 mm.], major diam. 0:20 [5 mm.], sutural tube 0-055 in. (1°375 mm.].” Hab. India: Toruputu, Tanir, Shengohr Peaks ; Yetay Ravine, Dikrang Valley, 6-7000 ft.; Valley of the Dikrang and Borpani, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen). “This shell is an interesting ally of A. khastacus, from which it differs in its thick, well-ribbed epidermis, but more especially in the very different form of the operculum, which in khasiacus is quite smooth and concave in front. It is also a smaller and more delicately formed shell.” (G@odwin-Austen.) 387. Alyceus neglectus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus neglectus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 11, 1914, p. 358, pl. 154, fig 5. Original description :— Shell globosely pyramidal, openly um- bilicated, remains of a dark epidermis ; sculpture on upper whorls, fine, irregular, rather close, raised strie, becoming finely costulate for the length of the sutural tube; colour whitish, probably pale brown when younger; spire fairly high, apex small; suture im- pressed, the tube moderately long; whorls 4, well rounded, the last slightly constricted then swelling into a straight ridge halfway between the costulate portion and the aperture; aperture oval, oblique; peristome simple, straight, yet curving slightly on the columellar side, rather flat below, curving up on the outer margin ; operculum black, smooth. “ Major diam. 5°25; alt. axis 3 mm.” Hab, India: Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen). “In form quite distinct from A. theobaldi of the Khasi Hills.” (Godwin-Austen.) 388. Alyczus nongtunensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus nongtunensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 378, pl. 188, figs. 5, 5 a. Original description :—* Shell globosely and tumidly turbinate, closely umbilicated, glassy lustre; sculpture: the costulation is confined to a narrow belt near the sutural tube, a slight indication of distant costulation on the first whorl in front; colour pale burnt sienna; spire low, conic, sides very slightly convex; suture im- pressed, sutural tube short; whorls 4, well rounded, the last only slightly constricted, and spreads forwards from the sutural tube for a considerable distance, with a smooth rounded surface ; aperture circular, a slight angulation above ; peristome double, continuous, the inner expanded; columellar margin rounded. “ Major diam. 2°8; alt. axis 1:25 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Nongtung, Jaintia Hills (Godwin-Austen). 262 CYCLOPHORID.£. 389, Alyceus notatus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus notatus, Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B, xlv, part 2, 1876, p. 176, pl. 7, figs. 9, 9 a, 9b; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 291; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, i, 1886, p. 19), pl. 48, figs. 2, 2a, 26; id., op. cit. ii, 1914, p. 858, pl. 145, figs. 8, 8a. Alycaeus (Charax) notatus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 49. allycaeus (Dicharax) notatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p- ov. Oriyinal description :—‘ Shell globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, of solid form, white; distant strong costulation on the upper whorls, close and fine ribbing on swollen portion of the last. Spire conoid, suture fairly impressed. Whorls 43, closely wound, the last swollen, then sharply constricted, and again enlarged and descending, the expanded portion being marked with deep fold-like furrows. Sutural tube moderate, aperture oblique. Peristome very thick, distinctly treble in full-grown shells, outer layer terminating just behind the aperture, the inner continuous, the two outer muck reflected near the umbilicus. Operculum smooth in front. “ Alt. 0-14 [8°5 mm.], major diam. 0°17 in. [4:25 mm.}.” Hab, India: on the slopes of Toruputu Peak, 3000 ft.; Dafla dills ; Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen). “This is one of the most distinct and curious I have yet liscovered, the fold-like indentations upon the expanded portion near the aperture having no counterpart in any other form with which I am acquainted. In other respects it is somewhat similar to A. diagonius, in the strong thick peristome and closely wound whorls.” (G@odwin-Austen.) 390. Alyczus notus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus notus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 41], pl. 155, fig. 12. Original description :—‘ Shell umbilicated, depressedly conoid, rather solid ; sculpture on upper whorls fine very close costulation, becoming more distant as the end of the sutural tube is reached, it is then particularly fine and close, smooth behind aperture ; colour stony white, some having a pink apex; spire low, apex blunt ; suture impressed, the sutural tube rather short ; whorls 4, rounded, constriction slight near base of sutural tube, then swelling very slightly forward to the peristome; aperture ovately circular ; peristome double, thick, inner continuous, plain, outer reflected ; operculum closely spiral, brown. “ Major diam, 3; alt. axis 1°56 mm.” (Godwin-.tusten.) fab. Burma: Fort Stedman ( lWoodthorpe). Like arnillatus, but much larger. ALYCAUS. 263 391. Alyczus obscurus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus obscurus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 378, pl. 154, figs. 9, 9 a. Original description:— “Shell umbilicated, globosely conical ; sculpture, fine somewhat distant costulation on the upper whorls, next the sutural tube becoming much stronger and closer; colour whitish ; spire conic, sides flat, apex small; suture impressed ; whorls 42, the last sharply constricted close to the sutural tube, then swelling intoa sharply curving ridge and expanding forwards to the aperture, about halfway a well-defined narrow ridge extends across the whorl from side to side; aperture oblique, widely ovate, expanding ; peristome double, the outer much expanded on the inner lower margin, the inner shows crenulation extending backwards internally, the two combined are vertical on the columellar margin. “Major diam. 4; alt. axis 2 mm.” Hab. India: Cherra Poonjee, Assam. “ This was among some unnamed Alycwi from Cherra Poonjee and Teria Ghat, kindly sent to me by Mr. John Ponsonby. I have nothing like it in my own collection from those places and I have reason to think the locality correct. It has several well- marked characters.” (Godwin-Austen.) 392. Alyceus ochraceus, Godwin- Austen. Alyceus ochraceus, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 594 ; id., Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 3, pl. 63, figs. 7, 7 a,7b; id., op. cit. ii, 1914, p. 411. Alycaeus (Charav) ochraceus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) ochraceus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 374. Original description :—‘ Shell sub-depressedly turbinate ; sculp- ture: rather strong ribbing on the swollen part of the last whorl, on. the apical whorls it is close and fine; colour ochre; spire somewhat flattened, apex blunt; suture deep ; whorls 4, the last moderately swollen; sharp constriction in front of sutural tube, followed by a strong ridge which is contiguous to the crenulate peristome; aperture circular, suboblique; peristome strongly crenulated, double; operculum horny, a large central excavated circular space, surrounded by a pale ring, rising above to the marginal portion. “Major diam. 4°5; alt. axis 1:5 mm.” Hab. Burma: Ruby Mines District (Doherty). “The nearest known species allied to this is A. crenatus, of the Khasi Hills, but the ridge behind the aperture in this last lies further back with a short interval; the peristome is not so strongly crenulate. A. plectocheilus of Darjiling is a much smaller form.” (Godwin-Austen.) 264 CYCLOPHORIDE. 393. Alyceus pachitaensis, Godwin-Austen, Alyceus pachitaensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1, 1886, p. 190, pl. 48, figs. 5-5 ¢; ii, 1914, p. 359. Alycaeus ( Charax) pachitaensis, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. coe 2 Alycaeus (Dicharax) pachitaensis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 374. Original description :—‘‘ Shell depressedly turbinate, openly umbilicated, small; sculpture: apical whorls quite smooth, some distinct distant costulation on the posterior side of the last whorl, succeeded by very fine and close on the swollen portion of the same; colour dull whitish ochre; spire subconoid, apex blunt; suture impressed, the tube short; whorls +, the last swollen, the constriction close to the sutural tube, slightly enlarging again midway between it and the peristome, and this portion quite smooth ; aperture oblique, ovate, angular above and below; peri- stome double, thickened, with a well-defined notch below, columellar margin concave; operculum multispiral, horny, brown. “ Major diam. 3°2, alt. axis 2°6 mm.” Hab. India: Pachita Village (Camp No. 7 of the Expeditionary Force, 1874-75), Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). ‘“‘This shell finds its nearest ally in A. gemmula, Bs., of the Darjiling side, but the distinct ridge next the constriction is reduced to a mere even swelling of the whorl, and the peristome and form of aperture differ; it is also larger.” (Godwin-Austen.) 394, Alyceus peilei, Preston. Alycceus (Charax) peilei, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soe. xi, 1914, p. 22, text-fig. Alyceus peilet, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 397. Original description :—‘‘ Shell irregularly discoidal, moderately depressed, white; whorls 4, the last gibbous, thin, strongly stran- gulated, and again becoming gibbous just behind the labrum, sculptured with fine, somewhat distant, transverse, arcuate strie, which become closely crowded on the last whorl; suture rather deeply impressed ; tube about 3 mm. in length; umbilicus rather widely ovate, deep; columella obliquely curved; labrum con- tinuous, double above, treble below, erect, sinuous, having two notches, one broad in front, the other narrower above; aperture irregularly sub-circular. “Alt. 4, diam. maj. 6:5, min. 55 mm, Aperture: alt. 1:5, diam. 1°75 mm.” (Preston.) Hab, India: Naga Hills. 395, Alyczus plectochilus, Benson. Alyceus plectocheilus, Benson, A.M. N.H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 180 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Suppl. 2, 1865, p, 53; Hanley & Theobald, ALYCAUS. 265 Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 96, figs. 5,6; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 2, figs. 14a, 146; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 294; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 342, pl. 134, figs. 4-4¢; large var. ibid. p. 348, pi. 183, figs. 3-3 ¢. Alyceus (Charax) plectocheilus, Benson, op. cit. p. 177. Alycaeus (Charax) plectochilus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898,p. 129 ; id., Cat. Pneum, 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharaz) plectochilus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 375. Original description :— Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso-turbi- nata, confertim striatula, striis nonnullis ad suturam elevatis, nitente, subpellucida, rufescenti-albida; spira brevi, depresso- conoldea, apice obtuso, sutura impressa; anfractibus 34 convexis, ultimo rotundato, profunde constricto, tubulum mediocrem gerente, strictura crista angusta elevata, intus cavo-sulcata, peri- stoma expansum simulante, ab apertura separata; apertura vIx obliqua, subcirculari, peristomate duplici, margine columellari leviter incrassato-reflexo, dextrali valde incrassato-porrecto, fortiter acutangulatim crispo-plicato, plicis quinque aperturam arctantibus, marginibus callo prominente angulato junctis. Opere. 2 “ Diam. major 24, minor 2, axis vix 2 mill.” Hab. India: Rungun Valley; Darjeeling (Blanford, Main- waring); Damsang Peak, Western Bhutan, large var. “The dimensions given are those of the largest of four speci- mens. ‘ihe strenuously vandyked plication of the incrassate edges of the porrect dextral side of the peristome is a remarkable feature in this minute species. It recalls the curious frill in Pterocycios bilabiatus, Sow., but in a more exaggerated guise, not- withstanding the smallness of the shell. The edges of the folds are thickened and slightly reflected. Its smaller size, sculpture, and wider umbilicus, and, above all, the mode of constriction, prove that it is not an exaggerated form of crenulatus. The deceptive appearance of the ridge or crest at first induced me to class the shell with Diory«; but a closer investigation of the mode in which the ridge was attached to the true peristome, and a view of the internal sulcus, revealed the true position of the species.” ( Benson.) , “The operculum of this specimen [large var.] is multispiral, smooth and black.” (Godwin-Austen.) 396. Alyceus polygonoma, Llanford. Alyceus polygonoma, Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 140; id., op. cit. xxxiv, 1865, p. 99; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 51; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 96, figs. 2, 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyeeus, pl. 2, fig. 11 (polygonus) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 293; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 428, pl. 141, fig. 5. Alycaeus (Charax) polygonoma, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachyr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49, 266 CYCLOPHORID#. Alycaeus (Dicharax) polygonoma, WKobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 875. Original description :— Testa aperte et perspective umbilicata, turbinata, radiato-striata, rubello-suecinea. Spira conica, apice obtusula, sutura profunda. Anfr. 4 rotundati, ultimus ad latus valde inflatus, ibidem confertissime et acute costulatus ; spatium constrictum longitudinis mediocris, costulato-striatum, medio in costam prominentem, intus cavo-sulcatam, 2 vel 3 costulis sig- natam, tumescens. Tubulum suturale mediocre, } peripherie subsequans. Apertura obliqua, polygonali-circularis, basi valde antice sinuata; peristoma duplex; interno vix porrecto, margine dextro ter subangulato, basi subcanaliculato ; externo incrassato- expansulo, processu brevi, acuto, basali munito. “ Diam. maj. 5, min. 41, alt.34; ap. diam. 13? mm.” Hab. Burma: Arakan Hills (Jngram) ; Mai-i, Sandoway District (Theobald); Bassein (Blanford); Shoukbeng, on the Prome and Tongoop road (Blanford). “This species is allied to the last described [-A. succineus] but is distinguished by its higher spire, less marked sculpture, by the strong ridge on the constriction, and by the more polygonal aperture. The incision of the base, however, is slighter, and, in this species, accompanied by a slight corresponding projection beneath, which represents, on a small scale, the large ear-like basal process in A. prosectus, Bens., from the Khasi Hills. The inner peristome of that species also has a slight basalindentation within the aperture.” (Blanford.) 397. Alyceus prosectus, Benson. Alyceus prosectus, Benson, A. M.N.H. ser, 2, xix, 1857, p. 208; Theobald, J. A. 8, B. xxvii, 1858, p. 818; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 36; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 128, pl. 35, figs. 21-28; Godwin-Austen, J. A.S.B, xl, part 2, 1871, p. 98, pl. 5, figs. 1, l@; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 92, figs. 2,3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 6. fig. 49 ; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 380, pl. 148, figs. 1, lw, 1d. Alycaeus (Charax) prosectus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) prosectus, Kohbelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 3875. Alyceus prosectus, var., Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 11, 1914, p. 381. Original description :—“ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, subecam- panulato-depressa, subremote striatula, striis elevatis spiralibus remotiusculis cincta, ad spatium inflatum anfractus ultimi confer- tissime et acutissime costulata, albida, versus apicem mucronatum rubella; spira brevi, sutura profunda; anfractibus 4 convexis, subapicali exserto, ultimo ad latus pone stricturam valde gibboso, ALYCEUS, 267 tubulum suturalem mediocrem gerente, antice leviori; apertura valde obliqua, circulari; peristomate simplici vel duplici, interiori duplicis expansiusculo, exteriori dilatato, superne ad angulum et ad basin alato-producto, margine columellari angusto. Operculo concavo, levi, multispirato, “ Diam. major 7, minor 6, axis 5 mill.” Hab. India: Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Theobald); extending west to Habiang, Garo Hills, and east to South Jaintia (Godwin- Austen). ‘It is related to the Burmese A. umbonalis and to A. stranyu- latus, Hutton. Inferior in size to the former, it is easily distin- guished by its sculpture and by the peculiar development of the outer lip at its insertion and base, while the narrow columellar lip gives an appearance of artificial truncation to the peristome at that part. In the variety the internal lip is not developed. The margins of the whorls in the operculum are not conspicuously raised as in A. umbonalis.” (Benson.) Godwin-Austen records a variety—unnamed—from Cherra Poonjee, in the Ponsonby collection, which is smaller than the usual typical form, and though quite similar in shape, shows a decided tendency to crenulation on the outer margin of the peri- stome; a similar tendency he observed in other species. Some specimens from ‘leria Ghat he noted being as much as 8mm.in major diameter, varying much in size even from this locality, fully-grown specimens being only 6 mm. From some places all are small; G. Nevill distinguished them as var. minor. From Rywuk, at the foot of the Garo Hills, he found the form to differ considerably in having a tendency to a crenulate peristome. 398. Alyczus rechilaensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus rechilaensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1i, 1914, p. 3848, pl. 184, figs. 2, 2a, Original description :—‘ Shell very openly umbilicated, de- pressedly conoid, covered with a strong epidermis; sculpture: costulation strong, very close and regular on upper whorls, still more so next sutural tube, where 21 ribs can be counted, the tube is rather short ; colour ochraceous with a green tinge; spire low, apex small; suture well impressed; whorls 4, tumid, sides rounded, the distance from the constriction to the aperture is not great, and is crossed just behind it by a well-defined ridge of regular breadth; aperture circular, obtusely angulate on upper inner margin; peristome simple, double, not reflected; operculum black, multispiral, concave, whorls rough and raised above each other. “Major diam. 5; alt. axis 2°75 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Rechila Peak, Daling District, on Sikhim-Bhutan Frontier, 10,300 ft. 268 CYCLOPHORID.2. 399. Alyceus richthofeni, Blanford. Alyceus richthofent, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 894; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 94, tigs. 5, G; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pnewn. Suppl. 3, 1875, p. 62; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1876, allyceus, pl, 8, figs. 23,23 6; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 293; he grea ae Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 428, pl. 151, fig. 9. Alycaeus (Charax) richthofeni, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) richthofent, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 376. Original deseription :—“ Shell umbilicated, turbinate, rather solid, closely flexuously costulated, more strongly so on the inflated portion. Spire conical; apex rather acute; suture im- pressed. Whorls 5, rounded, the last moderately swollen at the side, and subangulate at the periphery, and more strongly so round the umbilicus, then much contracted, ascending slightly at the inflation, descending considerably behind the aperture. Con- striction slightly costulated, crossed by a very prominent vertical ridge. Sutural tube of moderate length, about 24 mm. Aperture circular, very oblique. Peristome continuous, double, the inner lip projecting slightly, and waved three times on the dextral side. Outer lip broadly and flatly expanded. Operc.? “ Major diam. 5, minor ditto 4, alt. 4; diam. ap. 14 mm.” fab. Burma: Moulmain (Richthofen). “The species is quite distinct in type from any Indian or Burmese form with which I am acquainted; it combines a high conical spire with a strong ridge on the constriction, but it recalls somewhat the Javanese A. jagori, Martens.” (Blanford.) 400. Alyceus rugosus, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus rugosus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 359, pl. 141, figs. 7, 7 a. Original description :—* Shell globosely conical, umbilicus much constricted ; sculpture: well defined, close costulation next the suture, becoming for a short distance behind finer and then at once becoming strong and distant on the upper whorls; colour whitish; spire high, conical; suture well impressed, the sutural tube not very long; whorls 5, well rounded, the lnst crossed by a single strong ridge between the constriction and the aperture ; aperture angularly oval, oblique; peristome much crenulated, on the outer and lower margins double ; columellar margin suboblique, curving. “ Major diam. 3, alt, axis 1°8 mm.” Hab. India: Burroi Gorge, Dafla Hills (God win-sLusten), ALYCEUS, 269 “T have compared this species with Alyccus crispatus from the Western Khasi, Garo Frontier, and with crispatus, var. from the Diyung Valley, near Asalu (vide plate iv, figs. 1 & 2, J. A.8. B. vol. xl, 1871), and although a close ally, it differs considerably from both, being much more conical, and with a different constricted area.” (Godwin-Austen.) 401. Alyceus strangulatus, Pfeiffer. Cyclostoma strangulatum (Hutton), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iii, 1846, p. 86; id., Conch.-Cab., Cyclostomaceen, 1846, p. 104, pl. 17, figs. 7,8; pl. 38, fig. 35. Alyceus strangulatus, Gray, Nomencl. Brit. Mus. i, 1850, p. 28; Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 147; id., Cat. Phaneropn. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 84; id., Mon. Pneum. 1852, p. 120; Adams, Gen. Rec, Moll. ii, 1855, p. 278; Blanford, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 458; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 93, figs. 2, 3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 6, fig. 47 5 Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 290; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 337, pl. 136, figs. 1, La. Alyceus (Charax) strangulatus, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 177; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49, Alycaeus (Dicharax) strangulatus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16 1902, p. 376. . Original description:—*T, late umbilicata, depressa, subdis- coidea, tenuis, subtilissime costulato-striata, corneo-hyalina; spira vix elevata, obtusiuscula; anfr. 4 convexi, ultimus latera inflatus, prope aperturam strangulatus, antice angustatus; apertura obliqua, circularis; perist. simplex, album, subincrassato-expansiusculum, marginibus approximatis, callo junctis.—Operc. membranaceum, multispirum. “ Diam. 44, alt. 23 mill.” (PfeifFer.) Hab. India: Simla (Stolickza); Naini Tal (Oldham); Landour (Hutton) ; Mussoorie, Kumaon (Godwin-Austen). Kobelt in ‘ Das Tierreich’ indicates Borneo as the habitat of this species, evidently a lapsus. In Kumaon specimens Godwin-Austen found the costulation finer all over, and not so defined and distant near the sutural tube, the general formof the tube the same, the swelling near the constriction higher. Naini Tal specimens were of a similar character. a 402. Alyceus stylifer, Benson. Alyceus stylifer, Benson, A,M.N.T. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 204; Theobald, J. A.5. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 322; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 1, 1858, p. 87; id., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 128, pl. 35, figs. 24-27; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, 1, 92, figs. 1,4; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; owerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. sx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 6, tig. 46 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 204; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1i, 1914, p. 344, pl. 133, figs, 2-2 ec, 270 CYCLOPHORIDZ. Alyceus (Charav) stylifer, Benson, A.M. N.H.ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 177; Kobelt & Mollendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 180s, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. p. 49. Alycacus (Dicharax) stylifer, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 376. Original description :—* Testa umbilicata, depressa, confertim striatula, ad spatium inflatum confertissime acute costulata, nitente, albida; spira brevi, mucronata, apice obtusulo, sutura profunda; anfractibus 4 convexis, ultimo pone stricturam gibbo, Fig. 35,—Alyceus stylifer. (X 2.) tubulum mediocrem gerente, medio stricture costam prominentem (intus conecavam) exhibente ; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, irregulari, sinuata; peristomate simplici, incrassato - reflexo. Opere. 2 “Diam. major 54, mivor 43, axis 33 mill.” Hab. Sikhim: Darjeeling (#. Blanford), Damsang, Daling District, W. Bhutan (Godwin-Austen). “The rib behind the outer lip corresponds with a deep sulcus within the aperture.... The single specimen from which the above description was made is a dead and discoloured shell.” ( Benson.) Godwin-Austen found the Darjeeling form the larger, with the sutural tube longer and the costulation next to it far coarser. The Damsang specimen measures: major diam. 5, alt. axis 2:5 mm. The specimen uow figured is in the British Museum, 403, Alyceus subculmen, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus subculmen, Godwin-Austen, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 593 ; id., Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1897, p. 4, pl. 63, figs. 4,4 a; 1914, p. 398, , Alycaeus (Chara) subculmen, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) subculmen, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 877. Original description :—‘‘ Shell globosely turbinate, solid, closely perforate ; sculpture: smooth on all the upper whorls and polished, close-set ribbing on the swell of the last whorl; colour dark ochraceous ; spire conical, apex rounded, blunt; suture impressed; whorls 4, round, the last swollen, contracted at base of a short sutural tube, then rising intoa depressed ridge ; thence expanding and spreading to the aperture; aperture circular, subvertical ; peristome double, much thickened, simple, continuous, “ Major diam. 2°75; alt. axis 1:5 mm.” Hab. India: Naga Hills (Aldrich). Faun. Brit. Ind., Moll. iii, Pl. II, p. 271 ete 40 mm, aie. Alycaeus subhumilis. ALYCEUS, 271 “ This is a very distinct species; in the solid, rounded peristome it approaches A. conicus from Jaintia and A. vestitus from the Arakan Hills.” (Godwin-Austen. ) 404. Alyceus subhumilis, I/Gllendorf". Alycaeus (Charax) subhumilis (Nevill), Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 41; Kobelt & Mollendorff, op. cit. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) subhwmilis, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 377. Alyceus subhumilis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw, Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 344. Original description:—* T. anguste umbilicata, depresso-globosa, solidula, subpellucida, subtiliter striatula, costulis valde distantibus deciduis sculpta. Spira convexo-conoidea, sursum rubella, Anfr. 4 convexi, ultimus a medio tumidus, basi gibbus, tum valde con- strictus, post stricturam crista valde elevata, cinctus. Apertura modice obliqua, subcircularis, peristoma extus sat expansum, valde incrassatum, quasi multiplicatum, intus porrectum, vix expansum, ad insertionem et basi sinuatum, sat excisum. “ Diam. 2°8, alt. 2:2 mm.” (Méllendorff?) Hab. India: Darjeeling (Hungerford). Specimens from Cachar ? (Stoliczka) sent to Godwin-Austen as A. subhumilis were determined by the latter to be his A, nongtungensis. 405. Alyceus succineus, Blanford. Alyceus succineus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 189; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 50; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 99; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1874, pl. 96, fies. 7, 10; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 2, fig. 16 ; Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 424, pl. 151, fig. 2. Alycaeus (Charax) suecineus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) succineus, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 877. Original description :—“ Testa aperte umbilicata, depresso-tur- binata, acute sinuato-costulata, succinea, translucens. Spira conoidea, apice obtusula, sutura impressa. Anfr. 4, ultimus ad latus inflatus, ibidem confertissime costulatus. Strictura longa, medio tumida, et duobus vel tribus costulis obliquis, sulculis internis correspondentibus, signata. Tubulum suturale mediocre, 2 peripherie subequans. Apertura obliqua, irregulariter circu- laris, superne subangulata: peristoma duplex; interno continuo, incrassato, expansulo, margine dextro bis obtuse angulato, ad basin canaliculo haud intrante perforato; externo breviter expanso, retro relicto. “ Diam. maj. 5, min. 4, alt. 31, ap. diam. 14 mm.” Hab. Burma: Moditoung, Arakan (Blanford). 22 CYCLOPHORIDA, “Some of the peculiarities of this species, such as the canaliculate base of the peristome, and the two or three small plaits on the constrictions are repeated in the next described Ld. polygonoma}. The plaits or ridges just referred to, although they have corresponding internal hollows, are scarcely so promi- nent as those forming the sculpture of the upper portion of the shell. They are nearer to the mouth than to the rise of the sutural tube, and rest upon a tumidity which is scarcely sufficiently pronounced to enable the species to he assigned to the section Charaxv of Benson, although it exactly represents the well-marked ridge in the undermentioned species A. polygonoma. The sutural tube is, in one specimen, somewhat short of the typical length.” (Blanford.) 406. Alyceus teriaensis, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus teriaensis, (todwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 382, pl. 144, figs. 10, 10.4. Original description :— Shell rather closely umbilicated, globosely pyramidal; sculpture: surface smooth on the whole, distant fine costulation ou the upper whorls, crossed by some 5 or 6 very distinct longitudinally fine lirate lines; strong costulation next the sutural tube; colour whitish ; spire high; suture well impressed, sutural tube moderately long; whorls +4, sides very rounded; the distance from aperture to sutural tube short and constricted ; aperture quite circular, suboblique ; peristome double, broad and flat, and expanded on the outer margin, very narrow on the columellar side; operculum situated near the aperture, very dark brown, with a central cirevlar hollow. “ Major diam. 3°9; alt. axis 2 mm.” Hab. India: Teria Ghat, foot of the Khasi Hills (@odwin- Austen). “The longitudinal sculpture is a very distinguishing feature of this species. In form it is very similar to A. inflatus of the Naga Hills.” (@odwin-slusten.) 407. Alyceus theobaldi, Blanford. Alyceus theobaldi, Blanford, J. A. 8. B, xxxi, 1862, p. 142; Pfeitfer, Mon, Pneum. Suppl. 2, 1865, p. 49; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xl, part 2, 1871, p. 93, pl. 4, figs. 4, 40,46; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 97, figs. 2,3; Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876, p. 40; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, 1877, Alyceus, pl. 5, fig. 44; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 290: Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. dee, pl. 145, figs. 4, 4. Alycaeus (Charax) theobaldi, Kobelt & Millendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 129; id., Cat. Pneum. 1899, p. 49. Alycaeus (Dicharax) theobaldi, Kobelt, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, 1902, p. 377. Original cescription:—“ ‘Testa aperte umbilicata, conoideo- depressa, corneo-albida, translucens, costulis elevatis, sinuatis, ALYC.EUS. 273 remotis ornata, inter costulas striatula. Spira depresso-conica, apice obtusula, sutura impressa. Anfractus 34 convexi, ultimus ad latus mediocriter tumidus, ibidem confertissime costulatus. Spatium constrictum longum, striatulum, medio tumidum. Tubulum suturale mediocre, + peripheri subequans. Apertura obliqua, expandens, circularis; peristoma ad anfractum penultimum breviter interruptum, marginibus callo junctis, duplex ; externo ex- pansulo, interno breviter porrecto. Operc. corneum, multispirum, externe perconcavum, nucleo centrali interno prominente papillari. “Diam. maj. 4, min. 33, alt. 24, ap. diam. 13 mm.” Hab, India: Khasi Hills (Theobald). “T received two specimens of this species from Mr. Theobald as A. hebes, Bens., of which they were supposed to be young shells. They, however, prove, on closer examination, to be fully grown and distinct, the slight swelling in the centre of the constriction contrasting strongly with the high recurved ridge in A. hebes. This alone would shew the present to be a different species, but it is also distinguished by its lower spire, narrower umbilicus, smaller size, and thinner and interrupted peristome, the last character not occurring in any other species of the genus. The well-marked distant costulation of the upper whorls of A. theobald2 is entirely wanting in A. hebes. The operculum of the latter does not appear to have been described. A single specimen in my possession is dark horny, indistinctly multispiral, extremely con- cave in front, and convex, almost conical, behind, and deficient in the central boss so prominent in most Alyce. “ Although there-is,a swelling in the centre of the constriction in A. theobaldi, it does not amount to a marked ridge, such as characterizes the typical forms of the section Charaa of Mr. Benson, e.g. A. stylifer, B. It is consequently not clear whether this species should be classed with the members of that section, or with those of the typical group. Several species indeed tend to connect these two subdivisions, which more recent discoveries have rendered less distinct than they appeared to be when first described.” (Blanford.) “Tbis species is variable in size, retaining its principal characters. Thus from the North Khasi Scarp, near Maotherichan ‘Trigonometrical Station, I obtained eight specimens far larger than those from Cherra Poonjee. Three of the largest measure 5 mm. in diameter as against 4 from the last named locality. It was found at Shillong and Jawai.” (Godwin-Ausien.) Var. solida, Godwin-Austen. Alyceus theobaldi, var. solidus, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 883, pl. 155 tig. 10. Original description :—* Shell depressedly and conoidly globose, openly umbilicated, solid; sculpture very distant, strong costu- lation above, next sutural tube, which is not very long—there are 23 ribs, nearly twice as strong as in typical theobaldi, which has r 274 COYCLOPHORID &. about 36, much closer together; colour pale ochraceous; spire low; suture impressed; whorls 4, rounded, constriction sharp, swelling slightly to the aperture, the distance being greater than in A. theobaldi; aperture nearly circular, angulate above, and much expanded ; peristome double, inner continuous, outer much expanded but not reflected. “ Major diam. 3°5; alt. axis 1°6 mm.” Hab. India: Garo Hills (Godwin-Austen). “Five of this pretty form are in the collection; although very close to 4. theobaldi, it is easily distinguishable in its size, general form, and sculpture.” (Godwin- Austen.) Var. diyungensis, Godwin-Austen. Alycaus theobaldi, var, diyungensis, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1914, p. 401, pl. 138, fig. 4. Original description :—‘ Shell well umbilicated, depressedly tur- binate; sculpture: rather strong, regular, close costulation extending just beyond the end of the suture, the rest of the shell smooth, finely striate, with very distant costulation; colour ochraceous, some with a green tint ; spire conie, depressed ; suture well impressed, the tube moderately long; whorls 4+, rounded; aperture circular, slightly angulate above; peristome double, the outer, viewed from above, rather expanded; columellar margin rounded. “ Major diam. 4:2; alt. axis 2 mm.” Hab. Diyung Valley, north of Asalu, N. Cachar (Godwin-Austen). “This Diyung Valley species is a departure from