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Cornell University Library
W721 1871

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THE

ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

CONTAINING

Hrief Descriptions of uptuards of Cight Bundred Species and
Varieties of Orchidaceous Plants ;

TOGETHER WITH

NOTICES OF THEIR TIMES OF FLOWERING, AND MOST APPROVED MODES OF TREATMENT;
ALSO, PLAIN AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS RELATING TO THE GENERAL
CULTURE OF ORCHIDS; AND REMARKS ON THE HEAT,

MOISTURE, SOIL, AND SEASONS OF GROWTH
AND REST BEST SUITED TO THE
SEVERAL SPECIES,

BY

BENJAMIN SAMUEL WILLIAMS, F.R.H.S.,

Author of “ Select Ferns and Lycopods,” “ Choice Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants,”
“ Choice Stove and Greenhouse Ornamental-leaved Plants,” dc., &c.

FOURTH EDITION, ENLARGED AND REVISED.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS,

LONDON:

PUBLISHED AT VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES,
UPPER HOLLOWAY, N.

1871.

LONDON;

Faintep py Jas, Truscort anD Son,
Suffolk Lane, City.

CONTENTS.

ADVICE TO ORCHID COLLECTORS ‘
GLaAzING ORCHID Houses . 3 .
HEATING ORCHID HousEs . . :
INTRODUCTION P . i F .
INSECTS . ‘i ‘ “ 4 ‘
MODE OF PRODUCING Back GROWTHS

MAKING ORCHID BASKETs .
ORcHID Houses . . j a x

ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE AND COLD FRAME.

PACKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE TO EXHIBITIONS

Puan OF OROHID House . ‘ .
PROPAGATION OF ORCHIDS . ‘ :
Potting EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS . i

TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS ‘
Rot In ORCHIDS . i . ‘ a
SPoT IN ORCHIDS. m . i .

SELECT ORCHIDS AT PRESENT IN CULTIVATION

SHADING F A ‘ P
SEEDLING ORCHIDS i ‘ :
TREATMENT OF TROPICAL Cecins ;
DURING GROWTH .
DURING TIME OF REST .
oF PLANTS IN BLOOM .

OF PLANTS PREVIOUSLY TO BEING TAKEN TO Bustte

EXHIBITIONS . .

OF NEWLY-IMPORTED PLANTS

VENTILATION OF ORCHID HOUSES ‘
WATERING ORCHIDS . A a ‘i

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

CYPRIPEDIUM CONCOLOR ‘
Lowit . ‘i . 4
VILLOSUM 7 a i
DENDROBIUM JAMESIANUM .
Nanopres Mrepus&
ODONTOGLOSSUM GLORIOSUM.
HALLII
NEBULOSUM
RADIATUM .
——————._ WARNERIANUM .
OncIDIUM ROGERSII
SPLENDIDUM 3 ‘
PHAJUS IRRORATUS ‘
PHALZENOPSIS AMETHYSTINA : a :
VANDA C@RULESCENS .
—-—— CATHCARTII

——— DENISONIANA .

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

Tue rapidity with which the third edition of this work
has been disposed of, and the frequent assurances I have
had from Amateur Orchid Growers, both abroad and at
home, of the benefits they have derived from the use of
it, have induced me to issue a new edition, in which
many new and fine species and varieties, which have
but recently been introduced into cultivation, are
included.

It is a source of great satisfaction to me to know
that my efforts to assist amateurs in the cultivation
of the interesting and extremely beautiful class of
Orchidaceous plants have not only been crowned with
success, but that they have also been the means of
inducing many other plant-lovers to commence their
study and cultivation.

It is equally satisfactory to me to know, that the
‘‘ORcHID-GROWER’S Manuau’’ is not confined, as re-
gards its sphere of usefulness, to our own country,
for it now circulates freely amongst lovers of these

charming plants residing in America, Australia, the

viii PREFACE.

East and West Indies and Brazil, as well as in various
parts of the European Continent.

In consequence of this encouragement, I have now
endeavoured to increase its utility—first, by introducing
a few illustrations, which have been kindly lent to me
by the Editors of the Gardener's’ Chronicle and of the
Florist and Pomologist; and also, more particularly,
by carefully and thoroughly revising the text, which
has, moreover, received many additions under the heads
of both cultural treatment and descriptions of recently-
introduced Orchids, of which I have now added all
that appear to me to be worthy the attention of
amateur growers.

It should, however, be remembered, in making use of
this little volume, that it does not profess to deal with
Orchidaceous plants from a scientific point of view, but
simply aims at supplying some popular descriptive notes
of the most beautiful kinds, and at furnishing a record
of such practical information in connection with their
culture gleaned from my own experience, as has enabled
me to attain to a very satisfactory degree of success

in the growth and exhibition of these floral gems.

B.S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES,
Uprer HoLLoway, N., March, 1871,

THE

ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

INTRODUCTION.

E. cultivation of Orchidaceous plants is no longer
exclusively the privilege of the few, since their nature
and requirements are far better understood than
was the case a few years ago. This has arisen chiefly from
two causes: firstly, from the useful information given us by
those who have studied the plants in their native habitats ;

and, secondly, from the close study and application by means
of which cultivators at home have brought the results of the
observations of travellers to bear in a practical manner on the
culture of the plants when introduced into this country. It
cannot be too strongly impressed upon the minds of all who
send home plants of this order from foreign lands that every
scrap of information respecting the climate, temperature, alti-
tude, soil, &c., of the locality im which each species is found,
is of the greatest importance to the cultivator no less than
to the scientific observer. Not, indeed, that under cultivation
we can strictly imitate the natural surroundings of each
particular species or variety ; neither do I think in all cases
B

2 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

that would be desirable, but the information would enable
us to give the treatment most congenial to the requirements
of each, so far as the means at our command would afford.
The want of some such information has been a source of
extreme vexation to many lovers of these plants in years
gone by; indeed, had we received any account as to the
physical and climatal surroundings of the many fine things
found and collected by M. Warscewicz, and other travellers of
that period, the collections of the present day would be able
to boast of many fine species which have never since reached
this country in a living state. The collections alluded to
were, however, sent to this country in a careless manner,
without the slightest indication of the conditions under which
they had been growing; and, Orchidology being then in its
infancy, they were nearly all killed by being subjected to
intense heat, this being in those days considered the correct
course to pursue with all Orchidaceous plants. Thus hundreds
of beautiful species, which had been collected at great trouble
and risk, and were purchased by eager amateurs at home,
oftentimes at great cost, rapidly died out, simply from the
prevailing ignorance of the localities in which they had been
growing.

To prevent a repetition of such disasters and disappoint-
ments, the experience of those who have had the good fortune
to see Orchids growing in a state of nature is of the greatest
importance, giving as it does a basis of operations to any
experiments which may be made. Strange as it may appear
to some, and ridiculous as it has been pronounced by others,
TI do not consider it is advisable to imitate strictly the natural
conditions in which plants are sometimes found, because we
have so many proofs that, as individual specimens, the culti-
vated plants are frequently to be seen in greater perfection
than those naturally grown; and it is only reasonable to infer

INTRODUCTION. 3

that such would be the case with the majority of small-growing
tropical plants, when we consider the struggle for existence
which is constantly going on throughout the vegetable kingdom,
and remember that they are subject to all the vicissitudes of
the weather, whereas under cultivation extreme care and atten-
tion are bestowed upon each individual plant, and no pains
are spared to develop its beauties, and shield it from every
harm. I admit that we should by all means take nature as
our guide for the production of good plants, but it should be
nature in her best garb only ; and then, looking as I do upon
cultivation as a help to nature, the result can only be an improve-
ment, if success has been attained in the object aimed at.

Let me endeavour to render my meaning clear by a familiar
example. I have frequently seen some of our indigenous
ferns, such as Scolopendriums, Lastreas, &c., growing upon
dry banks, stony ground, and old ruins, where they have pre-
sented the appearance of short, stunted, ill-favoured plants,
but still they were in a state of nature. Now, no one would
recommend the cultivator to imitate that phase of nature.
No; rather would the counsellor say, ‘‘ Go to that shady dell,
with the limpid stream flowing through it; there you will see
the rich green, fully developed, and graceful fronds of these
gems in all their beauty.” This, then, I say is the phase of
nature which cultivators should take as their guide, and
endeavour to improve upon; and I submit that these con-
siderations are strictly applicable to the plants we have taken
under our especial cognizance in this volume. To exemplify
this I will take an extract from a letter of Colonel Benson’s,
one of the most acute observers and successful introducers of
Orchids of the present day. He says: ‘‘ Dendrobium formosum
does not appear to seek shady places for growth; in fact, as
far as my knowledge goes, few Orchids do, beyond what is
given by the trees when in leaf. During the months of

BQ

4 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

February, March, and April, they must be exposed to an
atmosphere of 110° in the shade. That the fresh-grown
pseudobulbs are by this means reduced in size or shrivelled
there can be no question; and in some of the mountain
Orchids this reduction takes place to such an extent as to
render it doubtful whether they are the same plants, when first
seen at the end of rains.” Now take the case of these plants
under culture ; the growing or rainy season past, their supply
of water would be gradually diminished, and they would be
exposed to the full effects of the sun with plenty of air, but
only so long as they could withstand this treatment without
shrivelling ; should this condition ensue, or should exhaustion
from any other cause arise, the cultivator steps in, and by
judicious treatment preserves the strength and consequently
the health of the plant, whilst the plants in their native
localities must bear the full power of the scorching sun, let
even death be the result. Here, then, I say is a proof that
art does in some instances assist nature.

Nearly all epiphytal Orchids are subject to a period of rest,
growth taking place during the rainy season, while their rest-
ing period occurs during the dry season. Under cultivation,
however, we have to alter considerably the circumstances, and
make our dry season also the coolest, which is the reverse of
what the plants experience naturally ; but this seems to be the
most judicious plan we can adopt, for it would simply be mad-
ness to endeavour to force our Orchids to make their growth
during the winter months, and rest them during the summer.
The best season of rest for the majority of Orchids is from
about the beginning of November until the end of February.
This long period of drought predisposes the plants to blossom,
and also prevents them from making weak and sickly growths,
which would undoubtedly be the case in our short, dark, and
sunless days of winter.

INTRODUCTION. 5

In this place, of course, rules respecting the growth and
rest of Orchids can only be stated in general terms, the
treatment in detail being given with the description of each
particular genus. Then, again, there are certain species which
are never entirely inactive throughout the whole year, amongst
which may be named some of the Odontoglossums, Masde-
vallias, and many others beside, whose home is in the Peru-
vian Andes and other high mountain districts.

It is often thought that as Orchidaceous plants are so
extremely tenacious of life, the fact of their dying can only
be the result of carelessness in their management; but it
should be borne in mind that we have under the same roof
plants from many different countries, whose natural habitats
must vary immensely in all respects. Now, if a little thought
is only bestowed upon this fact, it should rather be a matter of
surprise how so many plants are successfully managed, than
how many are lost.

Epiphytal Orchids are found in tropical countries growing
on the low grounds or plains, and are also met with as we
ascend the mountains up to an elevation of 14,000 feet above
the level of the sea. At this altitude, in New Grenada,
Oncidium nubigenum flourishes. This is, I think, the greatest
altitude at which these plants are recorded to have been found.
Odontoglossum Alexandre and O. Bluntii occur at from 7,000
to 8,000 feet elevation, as does O. luteo-purpureum and its
varieties, Masdevallias, Restrepias, and many others from Peru
and New Grenada. At such elevations, as a matter of course,
these plants are naturally subjected to a low temperature,
an abundant supply of water, and a very moist atmosphere
throughout the year, and consequently they cannot withstand
a resting season or period of drought under cultivation ; whilst,
if we turn to the Eastern Continent, we find such plants as
Dendrobium infundibulum, D. chrysotocwm, D. Farmeri, Aerides

6 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

Lobbit, Saccolabium ampullaceum, S. giganteum, Cypripedium
concolor, Cymbidium tigrinun, &ec., all growing at elevations
varying from 2,000 to 7,000 feet, enjoying a copious supply
of water during their period of growth, and subjected to a
very severe resting season. Now, as these plants grow upon
the stems and branches of the forest trees, or upon rocks,
they must necessarily be exposed to all the breezes that blow.
How reprehensible, then, is the practice of many growers of
Orchids in trying to exclude air from their Orchid houses.
For the well-being of Orchids, it should be remembered that a
free circulation of air is absolutely necessary, as well as an
abundance of light; but cold draughts, and also the burning
effects of the sun’s rays, must be avoided, for it is not essen-
tia] to their well-being to be hung up close to the glass, fully
exposed to the blazing sun: indeed, the life of the plants
would, under such circumstances, soon be sucked out of them
if shading were not prepared. There are so-called observers
of nature who blame the cultivator for many of his acts, and
he has perhaps suffered more wrong at the hands of this class
of persons upon the matter of shading, than upon any other.
We are frequently told that in a state of nature such and such
plants grow in most exposed situations—situations open to
the full effects of a tropical sun, and that nothing can be
more erroneous than the manner in which we use ‘“ blinds”
for the purpose of keeping away the bright light of that lumi-
nary. All I can say in answer to these objectors is that they
totally lose sight of the fact that our plants are growing under
glass, which has the power of rapidly burning up the leaves
and disfiguring our plants for years, if not for life. A little
practice would soon teach such persons how erroneous their
ideas had been, and they would soon sink their so-called
natural treatment, had they to be responsible for the effects
produced by their advice. In leaving this subject, I must

INTRODUCTION. 7

add that plant growers are keenly alive to the advantages of
strong sunlight for their plants, but that they are too prac-
tical to allow more than is advantageous to them under the
artificial circumstances in which they are placed.

Orchid cultivators, and indeed all lovers of Orchids, lost
a good and valuable friend and instructor in the late Dr.
Lindley; and in this particular branch of botany no one
amongst us has been found competent to fill up the void.
Professor Reichenbach, who was the friend of Dr. Lindley, is
undoubtedly the first living authority in regard to the nomen-
clature of Orchids, but the fact of his labours being carried
on in Germany—no fault of his, but our misfortune—cannot
but fail to be disadvantageous to English cultivators. We
are bound to thank Professor Reichenbach most cordially, not
only for the valuable information he imparts to us, but for the
extremely kind and courteous manner in which he gives the
desired information to any and all who seek it at his hands.

Since the publication of the third edition of this book,
horticulture has suffered a great loss by the death of Mr.
James Veitch, to whose energy and spirit of enterprise we are
indebted for the introduction of an immense number of our
choicest plants, including not only those of the order to which
these pages are specially devoted, but of others adapted for
the decoration of the stove, the greenhouse, and the open
garden. It is also a matter of extreme regret that his son,
Mr. John Gould Veitch, should have been cut off by death
also so soon after hig father; for, though but a young man,
he had displayed brilliant talents, both as a keen observer
and a judicious collector, and this combined with a sound
practical knowledge of horticulture, so that he bid fair to
sustain the family reputation.

In bringing these introductory remarks to a close, I wish
to record my deep sense of our obligations to the many

8 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

travellers and collectors who have added so largely to our
knowledge of Orchids, and who have laboured so arduously
and incessantly to enable us to enjoy the beauties of the
choicest productions of the vegetable world, without the dangers
and difficulties with which they had to contend. Many of
them, alas! have fallen victims to the fatigues of the under-
taking, and the pestilential climate, thus suffering martyrdom
for the cause of horticulture. I allude specially to such men
as the brothers Lobb, Hartweg, J. G. Veitch, Colonel Benson,
O'Reilly, the Rev. C. Parish, Pearce, Bowmann, Weir, Hutton,
Kramer, Porte, Wallis, Linden, Skinner, Hugh Low, Schlim,
Warscewicz, and many others who might be named, did space
permit. These were men who had in view the advancement
of science, and the enriching of our collections with new
plants and new forms; and their example might be followed
with advantage by many of the latter day collectors, who,
instead of sending home a few plants in good order, allowing
the skill of the cultivator to grow and increase them at home,
seem determined to exterminate the race of Orehids from their
natural localities, without any one deriving benefit thereby ;
for when such vast quantities are gathered, they arrive in this
country in an almost putrid state, arising from overcrowding ;
whilst, had a few dozens only been sent, and that with proper
care in packing, they would in all probability have arrived in a
living state.

THE TREATMENT OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS.

RCHIDS are divided into two sections, terrestrial and
epiphytal. Those are termed Terrestrial that grow
in earth; such are the genera Orchis, Phajus,
Calanthe, Bletia, Cypripedium, Neottia, Goodyera, Epipactis,

TREATMENT DURING GROWTH. 9

&e., which all draw their support directly from the ground.
The Epiphytal Orchids inhabit trees and rocks, from which,
however, they derive little or no nourishment, These are
by far the most numerous and interesting. Some are found
adhering to the stems and branches of living trees; some of
them delight in elevated situations in lofty forests, while
others grow upon low trees. Some occur on rocks and
mountains, some on trees overhanging rivers, and some near
dripping rocks—the latter, of course, requiring a particularly
damp atmosphere to grow in. Those which are found in
dense woods, where scarcely any sun can penetrate, require
a shady moist atmosphere, whilst those found in more elevated
situations do not need so much shade as the last. A know-
ledge of the different habitats of the various species is essential
to the careful grower, in order that he may, as far as his
means permit, place them in circumstances similar to those in
which they make their natural growth ; and it is, no doubt, to
inattention, or want of information on this point, that the
want of success in the culture of some Orchidaceous plants,
by even the most successful of our cultivators, is to be
attributed.

TREATMENT DURING GROWTH.

have in our Orchid houses plants from localities
which vary much in every respect; some of them,
moreover, produce their flowers early in spring,

others in summer, and others again during the dull days of

winter. It will therefore be readily understood that the period

of starting into growth should vary also ; but as for convenience

sake we rest our Orchids in winter, the majority will begin to
BS

10 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

push up their young shoots as soon as the days lengthen and
the sun gains increased power. This being the case, when
the growing season commences, the temperature of the Hast
Indian house—the house in which the greatest heat is main-
tained, should be increased to 65° by night and 70° by day,
while by sun-heat it may be allowed to range up to 75°. As
the days lengthen, so the temperature may be permitted to
increase; and during the months of May, June, July, and
August, it should range from 70° to 75° by night, and from
75° to 80° by day, or by sun-heat to 85°, or even 90°, which
will not do any harm, provided the plants are shaded from the
direct rays of the sun.

The house devoted to the Brazilian plants and to some of
those from Mexico, should be heated to about 60° by night,
and from 65° to 70° by day; and as the days lengthen the
temperature may be allowed to inerease, so that during the
months of May, June, July, and August the night heat may
range from 65° to 70°, and by day from 70° to 85°. Great
attention should, at the same time, be paid to the state of the
atmosphere, as regards moisture. At all times of the year this
is of much importance to the successful growth of the plants,
for they derive the greater part of their subsistence from
moisture in the air, so that wherever any plants are growing,
the atmosphere should be well supplied with moisture: this is
obtained by pouring water over the tables, walls, and paths of
the house every morning and afternoon, thus causing a nice
moist heat to rise, which is of great value whilst the plants are
in a vigorous state of growth, especially as regards the Kast
Indian Orchids, such as derides, Saccolabinm, Vunda, Phala-
uapsis, Dendrobium, and many others requiring a high tempe-
rature, with a considerable degree of moisture. The Brazilian
Orchids, most of which come from a cooler climate, not so
highly saturated with vapour, of course require less heat and

TREATMENT DURING GROWTH. 11

moisture, but these should also have a considerable degree of
warmth during their growing season.

Of late years we have had so many additions to what are
called Cool-house Orchids, that it is quite necessary there
should be added another house specially for their cultivation,
and which we may call the New Grenada and Peruvian house ;
this will accommodate a great number of plants from various
high mountain districts, which may be grown together under
the same treatment. I do not recommend ordinary greenhouses
for Orchids, for my belief is, that very few Orchid growers will
uphold that treatment long; for although we are told by col-
lectors that many of the species of epiphytal Orchids are
found in localities where the temperature falls so low at
times that the plants are frequently covered with a white
frost, I do not think it expedient to subject them to such
cool treatment in this country. The house I recommend for
the Odontoglossums and other genera and species that come
from similar regions, and, consequently, require the same
treatment, is precisely the same as the others, only it must be
kept at a lower temperature, say from 45° to 55° in winter,
and from 50° to 65° in summer. This house should be well
shaded from the sun, which will help to keep the heat down,
as too much heat is dangerous for the cool Orchids. No fire
heat will be required in summer except on cold or wet days
and nights, the object of then having recourse to artificial
heat, being to keep the house from getting too damp, damp-
ness without warmth being very detrimental to plants of this
order.

There are but few Orchids that will do without heat, except
those that come from North America and other cold climates,
and these are treated on in a chapter by themselves in another
part of this book.

12 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

TREATMENT DURING THE TIME OF REST.

$ the time of starting into growth varies considerably
with different kinds, so also, as a matter of course,
will the season of rest, although with but few ex-
ceptions it comes on during the autumn months. Rest, it has

been elsewhere stated, is of great importance to Orchids, as
well as to other things. No plant will continue long in good
health without it. My practice is to give them a long season
of rest, generally from November to the middle of February.
During this time the temperature of the East Indian house
should be regulated so as to keep it as nearly as possible at
60° by night and 65° by day ; but by sun-heat the temperature
will rise a few degrees higher. Air must then be given so as
to keep it about 65°; but a few degrees of solar warmth
above this point will do no harm. A little air should be given
on every fine day, in order to dry up the moisture ; but the air
must be admitted so as to pass over the hot-water pipes, so
that it may become warm on entering the house. In the case
of those plants that come from the hotter parts of India, the
temperature should not be allowed to go below 60°, The
Brazilian house, which may also include all the species from
the warmer parts of Mexico, should range from 50° to 55° by
night, and from 55° to 60° by day; this should not be allowed
to go below 50° at night. The New Grenadan, or cool-house,
should not be allowed to get below about 45°.

Rest is induced by lowering the temperature, and with-
holding water. During this period the plants should only
receive sufficient water to keep them from shrivelling. There
are, however, some that will grow during the winter months,
amongst which may be enumerated many species of Aerides,

TREATMENT DURING THE TIME OF REST. 13

Vanda, Saccolabium, Phalaenopsis, Zygopetalum, and similar
kinds. These will require water at the roots to keep them
increasing, but care should be taken not to wet the young
shoots, for if they get wet they will be very apt to rot. Those
that are growing should be placed at the warmest end of the
house.

Some Orchids are deciduous, losing their leaves after they
have finished their growth. To this class belong the species
of Cyrtopodiiun, Barkeria, Cycnoches, Thunia alba, T. Ben-
sonia, and some of the Dendrobiums, with Pleione maculata,
P. Wallichiana, P. lagenaria, and many others. These should
be always so placed that they may have as much light and
sun during their season of rest as possible. This is the only
way to ripen their pseudobulbs,. which causes them to grow
stronger, and flower more freely. When at rest the pre-
viously named kinds reqiire but very little water, but when
those without pseudobulbs, e.9., Vanda, Angraecum, Aerides,
Saccolabium, and Phalenopsis are at rest, they should never
be allowed to get too dry at the roots; the moss about them
should always be kept a little damp, for the stems and leaves
are very apt to shrivel if kept too dry, and this often causes
them to lose their bottom leaves. . Moreover, they require but
a short season of rest. Those which are growing on blocks will
require more water than those which are in pots or baskets,
and they should be watered about twice or three times a-week
if the weather be fine, just to keep them moist, but in dull
weather they will not require it so often. Water should be
poured over the paths and walks every fine morning, with a
view to create a moist atmosphere, but the moisture in the
house must be regulated according to the weather outside—
a very important point to be attended to. If the weather be
dull outside, the house inside must be kept rather dry. The
glass and roof should always be perfectly clean, so that the

14 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

plants at this season may have full light and sun. It is my
practice, as soon as the season of rest commences, to wash
every piece of glass in the house, and also the woodwork.

TREATMENT OF NEWLY-IMPORTED PLANTS.

EN unpacked these should have every leaf and bulb
sponged over, and all the decayed parts removed.
There are many insects that harbour about them,
such as the cockroach, and different kinds of scale, which are
great pests. When clean they should be laid on dry moss and
placed in some part of the Orchid house, where they are
shaded from the sun. After a week or two, pot them, or put
them on blocks. Water must be given very sparingly at first,
as it is liable to rot them; too much of either light, heat, or
moisture at first, is very injurious. The moss or peat should
be gradually moistened, and when they begin to grow and
make roots, they should be potted, or put on blocks or in
baskets, but care should be taken not to have the pots too

large, over-potting being dangerous.

As soon as the plants begin to grow, those which come from
the hotter parts of India should be put at the warmest end of
the house, but they should not have too much moisture when
first starting into growth: those which come from the more
temperate regions should be kept in the coolest part of the
house, and they should not be allowed to stand under drip, as
this frequently rots the young shoots as soon as they appear.
Such plants as the species of Vanda, Saccolabium, Aerides,
Angracum, Phalaenopsis, &c., I place so that the heart or
crown hangs downwards, in order that no water may lodge

TREATMENT OF PLANTS IN BLOOM. 15

about them. They should hang for about a fortnight, and
may afterwards be put on blocks or baskets with moss; but
they must have but little water until they begin to grow,
and make new roots, after which they may be treated in the
same manner as established plants. This is much the safest
mde of treating these valuable Orchids on their first arrival
in this country.

TREATMENT OF PLANTS IN BLOOM.

HERE are many Orchids that may be removed when
in flower to a much cooler house than that in which

ae they are grown, or even to a warm sitting-room.
The advantage of keeping the plants during their period of
flowering in a cool and dry atmosphere, rather than, as is
frequently the case, in a hot and moist house, is, that in
the former case the flowers last much longer than they do
when retained in the warmer and moister atmosphere.
Perhaps there are not many cultivators who have studied this
point more than myself, and I have never found the plants to
be injured by this treatment. Some imagine that if they are
put in a cool place they will suffer damage ; but this has not
occurred in my experience. During the time they are in a
room, the temperature should not be below 50° at night ;
the room should be kept quite dry; and before they are
removed from the stove they should be put at the coolest end
of it; or if there are two houses, those that are in the hottest
should be moved to the coolest for a few days before being
taken into the room, and they should be allowed to get nearly
dry, and should receive but very little water—only enough to
keep the roots moist.

16 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

The flowers should not in any case be wetted. This is a
very important point.

The following are a few of those which I have tried in a
sitting-room during the months of May, June, July, and
August. I have kept Saccolabium guttatum in this way for
five weeks, and Aerides affine for the same time. Aerides
odoratum, A. roseum, and some of the Dendrobiums, as nobile
and caerulescens, I have kept in a room for four or five weeks.
Dendrobium moniliforme, D. macrophylinm, D. pulchellum,
and D. Ruckeri, last a much longer time in bloom if they
are kept cool than if in a high temperature. Various species
of Brassia, Oncidium, Epidendrum, Odontoglossum, Cyrto-
chilum, Trichopilia, and Muzillaria, with Lycaste Skinneri,
L. aromatica, L. cruenta, Aspasia lunata, and all the
Clattleyas, succeed well in a cool room or house, and their
flowers keep fresh for a much longer time. I have kept Lelia
majalis in a cool room for four or five weeks, and L. flava,
under similar circumstances, will also keep a much longer
time in blossom than in the warm house. When the flowers
begin to fade, the plants should be removed to the stove,
where they may be placed in the coolest end, with plenty of
shade ; they should be kept in this position for about ten
days, for if they are at once exposed to the sun they are very
apt to become scorched.

POTTING EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS.

EN the season of rest is over, many Orchids will
require re-potting, but in my practice I have not
confined myself to that time only. No season can
absolutely be determined on as the proper one for this opera-

POTTING EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 17

tion. The months of February and March are very suitable
for potting some of them—that is after the resting season.
Those that do not require potting should be top-dressed with
good fibrous peat and moss, the old soil being removed from
the surface without breaking the roots of the plants. This
operation affords the means of getting rid of many insects
which harbour in the old soil. The pots should be thoroughly
cleansed from the mould, moss, and dirt too often seen
covering those in which Orchids are growing. Previously to
potting the plants they should not receive any water for four
or five days. Some species should be potted at a somewhat
later period, viz., just as they begin to grow. All the species
of Phajus, Calanthe, Dendrobium, Stanhopea, Cyrtopodium,
Brassia, Miltonia, Sobralia, Bletia, Oneidium, and many
others, require this treatment; whilst those of Lelia, Cattleya,
Saccolabium, Aerides, Vanda, and similar plants, should be
potted just before the commencement of their growing
season.

The chief point to be attended to in all potting is that the
pots should be well drained, the best material for drainage
being potsherds or charcoal. Before potting, be particular to
have the pots perfectly clean and dry, inside and out, and
the broken potsherds should be washed. After this is done,
select a pot in accordance with the size of the plant, but do
not give too much pot room. Some plants require shifting
once a year, while it may not be necessary to shift others
oftener than once in two or three years; but if a plant
becomes sickly or soddened with wet, the best way to bring it
back into a healthy state is to turn it out of the pot or
basket, and wash the roots carefully with some clean tepid
water, cutting off such of them as are dead; and then to
re-pot it, not giving it much water till it begins to make
fresh roots. The best pots are those in ordinary use. Some

18 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

employ slate pots, but they are not, in my opinion, so good
for Orchids as those made of clay.

In preparing the pots for large plants a small pot should be
turned upside down in the bottom of the larger one, which
should then be filled in with potsherds or charcoal broken up
into pieces about two inches square for large plants—smaller
plants not having the pieces so large ; then introduce potsherds
till within three or four inches of the rim, and afterwards put
on a layer of moss to prevent the peat from impeding the
drainage, and to allow the water to pass off quickly, This is
of great importance, for if not attended to, the water will
become stagnant, and the soil sodden, which is fatal to the
health of the plant. The grand point to be observed in the
successful culture of Orchids, as well as most other plants, is
good drainage ; without that it is hopeless to try to keep the
plants long in a healthy condition.

The best material for potting the different kinds of Epiphytes
in, is good rough fibrous peat and sphagnum moss; after the
layer of moss is applied, fill up the pot with peat and live
sphagnum moss mixed together, and bear in mind not to press
the soil too close, for I consider too firm potting to be very
injurious. The peat should be broken into lumps about the
size of a hen’s ege; and I always use broken potsherds or
charcoal mixed with the peat. The plant should be set so as
to be two or three inches above the rim of the pot, taking care
to have the base of all the pseudobulbs above the soil; then
put some peat and moss on the top of the roots so as to cover
them, employing a few small pegs to keep the soil firmly on
the pot. After the plants are potted fix a stick in the centre
of each, to keep it firm. In shifting, carefully shake off all
the old soil without injuring the roots. After potting be
careful not to give too much water at first; but when the
plants begin to make fresh roots they may have a good

POTTING TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS. 19

supply. The best material for those in baskets is sphagnum
and broken potsherds. The basket should suit the size of the
plant; it should not be too large, for it will not last more
than two or three years if made of wood, by which time, pro-
bably, the plant will require shifting into a larger one. There
should be placed first a layer of moss at the bottom of the
basket, then a few potsherds, and then the whole filled up
with moss and potsherds mixed. Take the plants carefully out
of the old basket, without breaking the roots, remove all the
old moss, place the plant on the new material, about level
with the top of the basket, fix a stick in the centre, to keep it
firm, cover the roots neatly, and finish off by giving a gentle
watering.

Those plants that require wood to grow upon should have
live moss attached to the blocks, if by experience they are
found to require it; some, however, do better on bare blocks,
but they need more frequent waterings, as they are then almost
entirely dependent on what is obtained from the atmosphere.
In fastening them firmly on the blocks, use copper or gal-
vanized iron nails, which are to be driven into the block, and
then, with copper wire, secure the plants firmly to the wood.
As soon as they make fresh roots they will cling to the block,
and the wire may be taken away.

POTTING TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS.

HESE require a stronger compost than the epiphytal
kinds, but they do not need so much drainage.
They should be potted just when they begin to
grow, after the resting season. The compost I prefer to use for
them is turfy loam chopped into pieces about the size of a

20 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

walnut, leaf mould or peat, and a little rotten cow or horse-
dung; these should be all mixed well together. The plants
require good-sized pots; put about two inches of drainage at
the bottom, on that a layer of moss, then some rough peat,
and finish with the compost just mentioned, on which place
the plant so as to be about an inch below the rim of the pot,
and then fill in with the compost. Water sparingly at first,
but by the time the young growths are some six inches high
they may have a good supply.

MODE OF PRODUCING BACK GROWTHS.

ERE are many of our Orchids that grow on year
after year, and yet produce only one flowering bulb
annually ; but some of the kinds, if the plants are
cut, will produce back shoots or breaks, increasing the
number of blooming growths, and thus soon make fine speci-
mens. This is the way to produce such plants as are seen
every year at the London and provincial exhibitions. Some
plants, such as Cattleyas, may be more readily treated in this
way than others. The operation is performed in this way :—
Take a plant that has back bulbs, some three or four it may
be; cut the plant in two between the bulbs, not otherwise
disturbing it, but let the bulbs remain in the same place.
The best time to cut all Orchids is during their season of
rest, or just as they are beginning to grow. All other Orchids
that have pseudobulbs may be treated in the same way, if it
be desirable to increase them; but bear in mind that no
Orchid should be cut except when in vigorous health.

WATERING ORCHIDS. 21

WATERING ORCHIDS.

HIS should be done with great care, especially in
the case of plants just starting into growth, for if
watered too profusely, the young shoots are apt to
be affected by the moisture of the house, and become liable
to what is termed damping off. Whilst, therefore, the shoots
are young, only enough water should be given to keep the
moss or peat moist in which the plants are growing. As
they advance in growth, more may be given; and when the
pseudobulbs are about half grown, they may have a good
supply at the roots. This, however, will greatly depend upon
how the plants are potted: if potted according to the direc-
tions laid down in this book the water will pass away quickly,
which is very essential to the well-being of the plants. I have
known Orchid growers try many kinds of potting material,
but have never seen any to succeed better than rough fibrous
peat and sphagnum moss, and by using these two materials
as recommended, there is less liability of injury. Some
growers use fine soil, mixed with sand and moss: this I
consider bad for epiphytal Orchids, because it soon gets
soddened round the roots—a condition exceedingly injurious
to this class of plants, which are not subjects to be tampered
with. When plants are potted in this fine soil they require
less water, and will also need the soil to be frequently
renewed, but this system I entirely set myself against.

My practice is to shut up the Orchid house in the spring of
the year about three o’clock ; and in May, June, July, August,
and September, I shut it up about an hour later, when the
heat of the sun is on the decline. I then usually give a gentle
syringing with water as nearly as may be of the same

22 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

temperature as that of the house. In fine weather, the
temperature from sun heat will rise frequently as high as 95°,
or even more; but I have never observed any injury to befall
the plants in consequence of this heat, so long as the house
was saturated with moisture. The house should be dried up
once a day, if possible, by means of ventilation. In syringing
be careful not to wet the young shoots too much. The syringe
should be furnished with a fine rose, so as to cause the water
to fall on the plants in imitation of a gentle shower of small
rain; but this syringing should only be done after a hot sunny
day, and should never be carried to excess, for I have seen
the ill effects of that practice with many Orchid growers.
The practice is indeed very dangerous, and growers often
wonder at their plants not looking so well, when it is entirely
due to over-syringing. Nevertheless water, judiciously applied,
is one of the most important items in the culture of these
valuable plants. Those plants which are growing on blocks
of wood should be syringed twice a day in the summer time ;
and I also find it beneficial, during the growing season, to
take the blocks down about twice or three times in a week,
and dip them in water till the wood and moss are thoroughly
soaked. Plants in baskets should likewise be taken down and
examined, and if they are dry, they should also be soaked in
the water. This is a good mode of getting rid of many
hurtful insects that harbour in the moss, such as the wood-
louse and the cockroach, which, when the moss is plunged
and kept for awhile under water, will come to the top, and
then may be easily killed.

Rain or pond water is the best, but if this cannot be
obtained, and water from a spring must be used, it should be
well exposed to the influence of the atmosphere before using ;
it should also be allowed to stand in the house for a con-
siderable time, previously to its being required for the plants,

PROPAGATION OF ORCHIDS. 23

so that it may become warmed to about the same temperature
as the atmosphere in which it is to be used.

Slate cisterns, for collecting the rain-water which falls on
the roof, are very important. Cisterns on each side over the
hot-water pipes keep the water at the same temperature as
that of the house. If there is not room for the slate cistern
on the pipes, have one sunk in the middle of the house.
Cement tanks under the centre table answer the same pur-
pose, and should have a hot-water pipe run through them, so
as to make the water of the same temperature as the house,
which is very essential for the growth of the plants.

PROPAGATION OF ORCHIDS.

HERE are different modes of propagating the various
kinds of Orchids. Some are easily increased by
dividing them into pieces, or by cutting the old
pseudobulbs from the plants after the latter have done bloom-

ing: such plants as Dendrobiums are increased in this way.
The best time for dividing the plants is just as they begin to
grow, or when they are at rest; they should be cut through
with a sharp knife between the pseudobulbs, being careful not
to harm the roots; and each piece should have some roots
attached to it. After they are cut through, they should be
put into some shady part of the house, without receiving much
water at the roots till they have begun to grow and make
fresh ones; then they may be parted, potted, and have the
regular supply. Dendrobium nobile, D. Pierardi, D. pul-
chellum, D. macrophyllum, D. Devonianum, D. Falconeri, D.
Wardianum, and sorts of similar habit, are easily propagated.

24 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

This is effected by bending the old pseudobulbs round the
basket or pots in which they are growing, or by cutting the old
flowering bulbs away from the plant, and laying them on some
damp moss in a shady and warm part of the house, with a
good supply of moisture. In either case, they will break and
make roots and new shoots, after which they may be potted
or put in baskets. Such kinds as D. Jenhinsti, D. aggregatum,
D. formosum, D. speciosum, D. densiflorum, and similar grow-
ing sorts, are increased by simply dividing the plants.

The species of dAcrides, Vanda, Angracum, Saccolabium,
Camarotis, Renanthera, and similar growing kinds, are all
propagated by cutting the tops off the plant just below the
first root, or by taking the young growths from the bottom of
the plant. After they have formed roots they should be cut
off with a sharp kmife, and afterwards put on blocks or in
baskets with some sphagnum moss, and kept in a warm and
damp part of the house, without receiving much water till
they have begun to grow, when they may have the usual
supply. Odontoglossums, Oncidiums, Zygopetalums, Sobralias,
Trichopilias, Stanhopeas, Schomburgkias, Peristerias, Mor-
modes, Miltonias, Lycastes, Leptotes, Lelias, Guleandras,
Epidendruns, Cyrtopodiums, — Cyrtochilians, — Cymbidiums,
Cycnoches, Coryanthes, Calogynes, Cattleyas, Culanthes,
Brassias, Bletias, and Barkerias, are all propagated by
dividing them into pieces, each having a portion of roots
attached to it, and a young bulb or growing point.

Thunia alba and T. Bensoni@ are very easily increased.
The best way is to cut the old pseudobulbs off after the young
ones have begun to flower, that is, just before the plant has
made its growth. The pseudobulbs should be cut into pieces
about six inches long, and then put into a pot in some silver
sand, with a bell-glass over them, till they have struck root;
they should then be potted in some fibrous peat and moss,

SEEDLING ORCHIDS. 25

and should have good drainage and a liberal supply of water
in the growing season.

Some of the E’pidendrums, such as EF. cinnabarinum and E.
crassifolium, which form plants on the tops of the old flower
stalks, are easily propagated ; they should be left till they have
made their growth, and then be cut off and potted, when they
will soon make good plants. Some Dendrobiums will also
form plants on the tops of the old pseudobulbs, and they
should be treated in the same way.

SEEDLING ORCHIDS.

fJEW Orchids have as yet been raised from seed in
M| this country ; indeed, until within the last few
years, cultivators had not been fortunate in raising
Orchids from seed at all; but although at the present time
the number is not great, we are nevertheless every day
becoming more familiar with seedling varieties and hybrids
which have been raised in English gardens. To Mr. Dominy
is due the credit of producing some very beautiful hybrid
forms of this order, which are now in cultivation. Several
others are now also exercising their talents in the same direc-
tion, and there is unquestionably a large field open for all
who take an interest in hybridising this singular and beau-
tiful tribe of plants. Some time ago a gentleman said to
me that he should like to be in a country where the Orchids
grew in a wild state, in order that he might have a chance
of hybridising them; his ideas were, that something really
good might be obtained, and no doubt he was right, for
considering how seldom it is that we flower two Orchids alike,
it may be concluded that many of our imported Orchids are
c

26 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

natural hybrids or seminal variations. I have seen at least
two dozen varieties of Cattleya Mossia in bloom at one time;
some had white petals and rich crimson lip, others rose-
coloured petals and yellow lip, and each differed more or
less from the others. In fact, nearly all species of Orchids
have varieties. Four flowers taken from four different plants
of Phalenopsis amabilis were brought me by a gentleman,
and no two of them were exactly alike. The same may be
said of Phalenopsis Schilleriana. I have seen many plants of
this in bloom, varying much in the colour of the flower and in
the shape and markings of the leaf; all were, however, hand-
some. In a wild state, varieties appear to be unlimited, crossed
and recrossed, as they doubtless are, by insects. Who, for
instance, would have thought, a few years ago, of receiving so
splendid an importation as Phalenopsis Schilleriana, beautiful
not only in blossom but in foliage? And we are told there
exists a still finer species, with scarlet flowers! Let us hope
it will soon be added to our collections; what a contrast it
would make with the white and mauve coloured kinds now
in cultivation! Mr. Dominy has succeeded in raising some
pretty varieties of Cattleya, Calanthe, Cypripedium, Goodyera,
&e. I trust he may persevere in the good work, and produce
something new in other genera. Many kinds seed freely if
the flowers are set, producing many seeds in a pod.

The seed, having been gathered as soon as ripe, should be
sown when ripe ; but it requires great care, as it is not so easy
to raise as that of many other kinds of plants. Some of the
kinds are a long time in germinating ; I have known Orchid
seeds to lie twelve months before they made their appearance.
It is, however, highly interesting to watch their gradual de-
velopment, from the tiny germ to the first small pseudobulbs,
and so on up to the flowering state. The best place to sow
the seed is on the top of an Orchid pot, where the seeds wil

SEEDLING ORCHIDS. 27

not get disturbed, and where the peat or moss is in a rough
state; do not cover the seed, but give a little water with a
fine-rosed pot, just to settle it. The rough blocks of wood on
which another plant is growing also afford a capital situation
to sow upon, but the surface should always be kept a little
moist. After germination, those which were sown on pots
should be placed in small pots quite close to the inside edge,
and when the plants get strong enough, they may be potted
singly in the material already recommended, or be placed
on blocks. In potting and taking them up, care must be
taken not to break the roots.

One of the surest roads to success in hybridising is to select
only fine species or varieties for experiment. It is possible,
indeed, there may exist in a flower of inferior merit some
quality which would induce the operator to undertake its
improvement, or endeavour to transfer the desired feature to
some more favoured kind. It is, therefore, highly desirable
that many should begin to raise hybrids, not only with the
view of obtaining finer flowers than we already possess—
though that would be a real acquisition ; but for the additional
purpose of raising sorts that might succeed in cooler houses.
Odontoglossum grande and many others, for instance, do better
in a cool house than in a warm one; how desirable to com-
municate this quality to others. Cypripedium insigne will
thrive well in a greenhouse; if, then, we could cross this
with some of the other kinds, such as C. superbiens, C.
hirsutissimum, C. Lowit, or C. barbatum superbum, something
good might be the result. There are also several hardy
Cypripediums, such as C, macranthum, C. pubescens, and C,
spectabile, which might be induced to play an important part
in the operation. Since these remarks were first published,
several hybrid Cypripediwms have flowered in the establish-
ment of Messrs. Veitch, and have fully borne out my pre-

o 2

28 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

dictions. Phajus grandifolius and P. Wallichii are likewise
two noble plants for winter decoration, which do well in a
warm greenhouse, and may probably be the means of pro-
ducing some very ornamental plants, if crossed with various
Calunthes. I am glad to be able to state that since the
publication of the second edition of this A/unual, numerous
Orchid growers have been turning their attention to this sub-
ject, and many of them have succeeded in raising seedlings,
which I trust may produce something startling before long.
Lycastes thrive admirably in a cool-house; as, for instance,
L. Skinneri, which is one of the finest. Many splendid
varieties of this are now cultivated. This plant is reported
in the Gardeners’ Chronicle to have been kept in a room in
flower for seven weeks—a fact which shows what might be
done-with these fine plants in a cool-house. I myself have
had plants of this Lycaste all the winter in a greenhouse,
where they have flowered in great abundance, as many as
from thirty to fifty blossoms being open at one time. Indeed,
I exhibited a plant of it at one of the Regent’s Park spring
shows with as many blossoms on it as I have just mentioned,
on which occasion a medal was awarded for its magnificent
flowers and colour. Particular care must be taken, however,
to keep the flowers dry when in a cool-house, or else they are
apt to become spotted.

‘* Lycaste Skinnert,” says the Gardeners’ Chronicle, ‘“ seems
about to have as great a future as the Tulip. Already some-
thing like a dozen varieties of colour are known among its
exquisitely beautiful flowers, and we can entertain no doubt
that it will break into plenty more, especially if recourse is
had to hybridising. From deep rose to a skin only less white
than the Hawthorn we have a complete set of transitions, and
this is a plant conspicuous for its fine broad foliage, and glo-
rious in its ample floral garments.” But since this paragraph

SEEDLING ORCHIDS. 29

was written, the cultivation of this beautiful winter flowering
plant has largely increased, and the varieties have become
very numerous.

It is not, however, wholly on account of its disposition to
reward us by an endless variety of colour, and perhaps form,
that we wish to draw attention to Lycaste Skinneri, but
because of all tropical Orchids it is one of the hardiest in
constitution and most easy to cultivate. This has been very
decisively shown by some experiments of the late Mr. Skinner,
to whose untiring energy, we English owe this and many other
treasures. In a note received from him, he writes as
follows :—

‘On the 2nd February, 1861, I received from Mr. Veitch
a fine specimen with seven flower spikes all out, and took it to
Hillingdon Cottage, placed it on the drawing-room table in an
ornamental pot, and gave it every three days or so about four
tablespoonfuls of water, occasionally wiping the leaves with a
wet sponge when the dust got on them. There this plant stood
throughout the severe weather we had—a fire in the room only
during the afternoons and evenings, and on some days none at
all. It never showed the least decay until the 16th of May,
when it was for some purpose or other put into the greenhouse,
and our gardener sprinkled water over it along with the other
plants. Next morning I was shocked to see the flowers all
with brown spots and withering. On the 18th May I took it
back to Mr. Veitch, still in full bloom (seven spikes), to bear
testimony to its condition, and it lasted, though then much
injured, a week on the stand by the seed-room in their place.
This experiment induced me to try again. On the 18th De-
cember, 1861, I brought down to this place two fine plants of
the Lycaste, and two plants of Barkeria Skinneri, both in full
bloom. Having been absent (with the exception of three days
in January) since, I have had no control over them, but my

30 ORCHID-GROWER’ S MANUAL.

sister followed the same plan as at Hillingdon, only with the
Barkerias, which are attached to blocks, dipping the whole
block into water for a few minutes every four or five days,
according as we have much or little sun; and as the plants are
now before me, I give you their condition. One of the Bar-
kerias is as perfect as the day I brought it here ; the other has
all gone off within the last few days. One Lycaste is perfect,
and as beautiful as the day I brought it here; the other has
lost one flower, I fear, by some accident, the other flower still
good, but evidently a little ‘shady ;’ this plant has two flower
stems coming on, and would bloom in a fortnight if we pushed
them by more moisture. I expect frost has got on it after
watering, for it stands close to the window in the drawing-
room, and this room, though smaller, is similarly treated to the
one at Hillingdon—fires in the afternoon and evenings, with a
southern aspect. What a treat to me is this, and I think you
should know it, for people have said—‘I love Orchids, but
hate the stew-pans one has to view them in.’

“Tt is clear that for Lycastes and Barkerias ‘ stew-pans’
may be dispensed with. Plenty of Orchids like these are to
be found in our gardens, brought from the Highlands of
Mexico and from Central America. It is also probable that
mountain species of India, such as the delicious Calogynes,
will thrive under the same treatment, and, if so, one more class
of enjoyments is provided for the lovers of flowers.

“Surely this is news worth telegraphing through the whole
horticultural world! What a charm for a sick-room! What
a pet for the poor invalid who has nothing to love except her
flowers! Imagine the pleasure of watching the buds as they
form, visibly enlarging from day to day, until they reach the
slow unfolding of the perfect blossom, and then the delight at
seeing it some morning, stimulated by even a winter’s sun,
suddenly throwing back its green cloak, and displaying the

ORCHID HOUSES. 81

wondrous beauty of its richly tinted lining. It is almost
worth being ill to enjoy such a scene.”

Encouragement like this must surely add new life and
vigour to Orchid growing. I hope, therefore, that many may
be induced to try their skill. The great secret is robust growth
in summer, when there is plenty of heat in the greenhouses ;
but for further and particular instruction, see the chapter on
the cultivation of the Lycaste, and also that on the treatment
of plants in flower.

ORCHID HOUSES.

T is not absolutely necessary to build a house for the
cultivation of Orchids, for many people grow them
most luxuriantly in their pine stoves, and in houses
principally devoted to flowering and ornamental-leaved plants ;
and where only a few plants exist, such a plan is by no means
objectionable, but where a large collection is to be cared for, it
is quite essential that a house be specially set apart for them,
and in my opinion the best houses are those with span roofs

facing east and west. A ground plan and end section of such a
house is here given. The structure should not be more than
ten or eleven feet high in the centre, seventeen or eighteen feet
wide, and about a hundred feet long, with two glass divisions
to separate it into three houses—one for plants that come from
the East Indies, which ought to be next the boiler, the second
one for those that come from Brazil and part of Mexico, and
the third for New Grenada and Peruvian species. There should
be upright sashes on both sides of the house, with glass from
twelve to fifteen inches high, but not made to open. Many

32

ORCHID=-GROWER’S MANUAL.

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; Z IPSs _ ir
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ORCHID HOUSES. 33

Orchid growers object to side sashes, and generally recommend
brickwork up to the spring of the roof: but that is not, in my
opinion, the best plan; on the contrary, I would advise any
one about to build an Orchid house to have upright sashes on
both sides and at each end. From experience I have found
that Orchids do best with abundance of light, which is the only
way to get good strong ripe pseudobulbs fit for flowering,
Small houses are best. In different parts of the country there
exist large houses, but in no instance have I seen plants grow-
ing well in them ; such houses take a great fire to keep them
at the proper night temperature, and after all, they seem ill
adapted to the wants of the plants, I would advise all large
Orchid houses to be pulled down or turned to other purposes,
and their places to be occupied by small ones; the expense of
the operation would soon be saved in the reduction that would
take place in the cost of pipe and fuel. I have used single roofs
for twenty-seven years, and have always found them to answer
well, but of late the double-roofed houses have come into use
with many Orchid growers; but in no one instance has any
improvement in the health of the plants been visible to me,
indeed the contrary rather; and unless I can see that they
are a decided improvement I shall advise all young growers
to keep to the single roof. I never have believed in the
double-roofed house, and there must be a real improvement
before I recommend what is not likely to surpass the single
roof. It appears strange to me to see growers of these valu-
able plants jump at such novelties before they have been
well tried on a small scale by some one who understands the
treatment of this race of plants.

Since the above remarks upon double-roofed houses
appeared in the third edition of this work, many of the
strongest advocates of the system have taken off the extra
roofs, and reverted to the old plan, having found by experi-

c 3

34 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

ence (and that dearly bought in some cases) that the above
remarks are perfectly correct.

The houses at this place are of the size recommended
above, and no Orchid houses could answer better. They have
been built several years, and are well worth inspection. They
afford plenty of room for the plants to show themselves to
advantage, and they have likewise roomy paths, which is a
great recommendation ; for nothing is more unpleasant than
not being able to inspect the plants with comfort. The inside
dimensions of my houses are forty-five feet long, eleven feet
high in the centre, and eighteen feet in width ; there is a table
six feet wide up the centre, and a path all round three feet
wide; there are side-tables three feet wide, covered with slate.
The floor is concreted, three inches thick, and then covered
with Portland cement, which forms a capital surface. The
whole is heated by hot water, distributed in four rows of four-
inch pipes on each side, and having valves to stop or turn on
the water as required. On both sides of the Orchid house are
upright sashes, as recommended above. It is glazed in the
manner recommended in the chapter on glazing, and it has
three ventilators on each side in the brickwork, close to the
hot-water pipes, and one at the end over the doorway. There
are four small top-sashes, two on either side, which open
with hinges, and are furnished with ropes inside to draw
them up and down, and these I find very desirable to let
out the over-heated air. These ventilators have been in
use for several years, and are found very useful; for if cold
wind blows from the one side the other can be opened, so that
the chilly air does not blow on the plants, which is very
injurious.

Complaints have been frequently raised, especially by ladies,
against Orchids and Orchid houses, on account of the excessive
heat and moisture attending them, and which quite precludes

ORCHID HOUSES. 85

them from enjoying their beautiful flowers. This complaint,
however, has now lost much of its force, because we grow
Orchids much cooler; yet in the case of the East Indian house
there is still much truth in it. The evil is one, nevertheless,
which can easily be remedied. To that end a small house should
be erected, or a small division at the end of the Orchid houses
assigned to Orchids in bloom, or a portion of the conservatory
should be enclosed. Here, with some ferns and a few other
ornamental-leaved plants as a background, the blooming
Orchids should be placed, and here they may be enjoyed to
the full, since the place may be kept quite cool, so that while
the most delicate constitution will receive no injury, the
blossoms will remain much longer in perfection. This system
is adopted by many cultivators of Orchids, and is a source
of great pleasure to them. In this way the beauties of such
plants as Calanthe vestita, Limatodes rosea, the Pleiones and
plants like them, which are destitute of leaves at the time
of flowering, is greatly enhanced, as the ferns and other
plants can be made to hide the deficiency; and in summer the
Orchids in flower will retain their full beauty for a much
longer time, if kept well shaded and cool.. This system of
decoration is well carried out by Mr. Hubbersty, gardener to
O. Wrigley, Esq., of Bury. A long span-roofed house,
which forms an entrance to the other houses, is devoted to
this purpose ; it has a central path, with a table on each side,
and the blooming Orchids being brought here and inter-
mixed with ferns, flowering and ornamental-leaved Begonias,
Poinsettias, Euphorbias, and many other plants, according to
the season, the effect produced is charming.

36 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

HEATING ORCHID HOUSES.

MOR effecting this, nothing is better than a hot-water
apparatus. I recommend four-inch pipes, and to
put in plenty of piping rather than too little. There
is nothing saved by economy of that kind, and it is far better

to spend a little more money for material at first, than have to
make additions afterwards. By having plenty of pipe a less
rapid combustion is required, which is better for the plants,
and the expense is saved in fuel in a very short time. I
should, therefore, advise four rows of pipes for the East
Indian house, three for the Brazilian, and two for the house
devoted to those species from New Grenada, Peru, and some
parts of Mexico; by having four pipes for the plants requiring
most heat, one does not require to drive the fire so much
on a frosty night. I never raise steam from the pipes;
for plenty of moisture can be obtained without it, by pouring
water on the tables and paths, which I consider much better
than so much steam discharged on the plants direct from rusty
pipes. At the same time, I do not by any means condemn
the use of evaporating troughs during the summer months, for
these will diffuse throughout the house a most congenial
moisture, highly beneficial to the growth of these plants,
and the effects of which are very different to that of scalding
steam.

The boiler should be placed outside of the house, and not
set underneath, which is a very bad system. I remember
going to see a collection of Orchids where the boiler was so
situated. The gentleman said he had put it there to economise
heat, and the plants were growing very finely at the time.
Upon my remarking that I should be afraid of smoke getting

HEATING ORCHID HOUSES. 37

into the house; he replied, ‘‘ There is no fear of that, for I
have got the boiler well covered over.” Only a few months
afterwards I went to see the same collection, and found my
fears were realised; the smoke had got into the house, and
had spoilt many of the plants. This is merely mentioned to
show the ill effects of a boiler being set so that smoke can get
into the house. When outside, there is no fear of such a disaster.
Hot water boilers are now made of shapes and patterns
without end, and as most cultivators have some predilection in
this matter, I leave them to make their own selection. There
are, however, many things to be thought of before deciding this
question. If the locality is such as to render it impracticable to
dig far down into the ground before reaching water, or to
prevent a drain being put below the boiler, then the upright
form of boiler is neither suitable nor safe; for in cases of flood,
during winter, the water may rise and put out the fire, unless
the stoke-hole is made water-tight, which may be a trouble-
some and expensive process. I would, however, by no means
depreciate these boilers. Then we have cannon boilers, tubular
boilers, common saddle boilers, terminal saddle boilers, tubular
arched saddle boilers, double L saddle boilers, improved tubular
boilers, convolute boilers, the duplex compensating boiler, and
boilers that require no setting, the makers of all being able to
give what are to them satisfactory reasons why the particular
form they adopt is the best. That we have this diversity
amongst boilers is no doubt a great advantage, for one that
may work admirably in one place, may not, through some
peculiarity of place or position, be so thoroughly satisfactory
in another. Moreover, the fuel most readily available in one
place, and which may suit one class of boiler, may not be so
readily obtained in another place, and therefore those who are
so situated will naturally have recourse to a boiler which will
consume the fuel which they can obtain for heating it.

83 ORCHID-GROWER S MANUAL.

VENTILATION OF ORCHID HOUSES.

HIS is of great importance ; for if cold air is allowed
to pass among the plants they will not thrive, and
all care which has previously been bestowed on
them will be in vain. Means of ventilation should therefore
be provided near the ground, close to the hot-water pipes, in
order that the air may be warmed on entering the house;
and also by underground pipes, so that in cold weather a
current of pure air may be maintained. This can be accom-
plished by laying drain-pipes from the outside under the
foundation to the inside under the hot-water pipes, so that

the air is warmed immediately upon entering the house by
passing over the heated surface. In the houses here, there
are three ventilators in the brickwork opposite the pipes on
each side to each house. The ventilating shutters are made
of wood, about two feet long, and one foot wide; sliding
slate ventilators answer perhaps better. There should be
one glass ventilator at the south end, near the roof, and

one at the north end. We have also four small ventilators
near the top of the roof, two on each side, on hinges,
opening from the inside with cords, to let out the top-heat,
which we have found very essential to the well-being of the
plants.

SHADING.

VERY Orchid house requires to be shaded, although
we are often told the practice is wrong; but as the

plants would soen be destroyed if the burning rays
of the sun were allowed to shine upon them when grown

GLAZING ORCHID HOUSES. 89

under glass, the use of blinds in summer is quite necessary
to successful cultivation. It is possible, however, to carry
shading to excess; all such excesses must, however, be stu-
diously avoided. The best shading material is canvas. There
should be blinds on each side, with a strong lath at the
top to nail the canvas to, and a roller at the bottom. The
canvas must be nailed to the roller, but care should be taken
in doing this that the awning will roll up regularly from
bottom to top. I never allow the canvas to be down except
when the sun is powerful, for I find that too much shade is
injurious to most kinds of Orchids. The awning will also be
useful in the winter season for covering the house during a
frosty night, being a great protection to those plants that are
near the glass. It is advisable to have a covering on the top
of the house for the protection of the canvas when rolled up,
in order to keep it from wet.

GLAZING ORCHID HOUSES.

=HE laps in the houses already referred to are very
B| close; the squares of glass in the roof are two feet

six inches long by nine inches in breadth; those in
the upright sashes at the sides are fourteen inches long by
nine inches wide. Twenty-one oz. glass is best, not being
easily broken. I remember seeing an Orchid house much
injured after a hail storm, a large portion of its valuable
contents being nearly spoiled. The glass used in this instance
was only sixteen oz., whereas, if it had been twenty-one oz.,
it would most likely have withstood the storm. I therefore
recommend twenty-one oz. glass, or even a heavier kind, as

40 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

not being likely to get broken by cleaning or otherwise. Too
large squares are bad, as they are apt to get broken by frost.
The upright glass at the sides ought to be of the size stated
above, to correspond with that in the roof and also in the
ends and the door. The sash bars should have a small groove
down them to carry the condensed moisture to the bottom, in
order to prevent it from dripping on to the plants; even small
pieces of zine nailed to the bars serve to form a sort of gutter
to carry off this moisture, and thus prevent drip.

TREATMENT OF PLANTS PREVIOUSLY TO BEING
TAKEN TO PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS.

ERE are many cultivators of Orchids who object
to send their plants to a public exhibition solely
because they are afraid that they will receive

injury; but these fears are quite groundless if a moderate
degree of care is exercised. Having myself been an exhibitor
of these plants for twenty-six years, I have had ample oppor-
tunity to form a practical opinion, and to the best of my
belief I never had a plant injured by exposure at a flower
show. That some valuable Orchids have been damaged I
know full well, but the fault has been in the want of due care
in their preparation.

It is my practice to move the plants to a cool dry house or
room for a few days previous to the show. If the plants are
growing in the hottest house, I move them to the cooler one.
During this time they should be allowed only just enough
water to keep them slightly moist. When it is probable that
the plants will come into blossom earlier than is wished, the
time of flowering may be successfully retarded by taking them

PACKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE TO EXHIBITIONS. 41

to a cooler part of the house, or even putting them in a
greenhouse, keeping them slightly shaded during the brightest
part of the day. Dendrobiwms are very easily thus retarded,
if they are wanted to bloom later in the season. Dendrobium
nobile, D. pulchellum, D. macrophyllum, D. densiflorum, D.
Farmeri, and D. Pierardi latifolium, generally bloom during
winter, but I have kept them back until June; and by having
a succession of plants, the Orchid house may be gay with
Dendrobiums from January to June. Nearly all the Dendro-
biums will bear cool treatment while at rest, and all can be
kept for late flowering. To insure this, place them in a warm
greenhouse and give but little water, in fact, only just enough
to keep them from shrivelling; under this treatment the
temperature should not fall lower than 40°, and the stems
must be kept dry, or the flower buds are apt to rot. They
should be shaded from the sun, so that the flower buds may
not be excited. When the plants are wanted to flower they
should be removed to the Orchid house, and still kept shaded
from the sun. Phajus Wallichii and P. yrandifolius may be
kept back in the same way as the Dendrobiums.

PACKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE TO
EXHIBITIONS.

aN transporting Orchidaceous plants to exhibitions they
| require great care in packing and tying, for many
are very tender. Their flowers in many instances

are large and waxy, and some of them require more packing
than others. It is extremely annoying to have a fine specimen
plant spoiled, during its journey to the place of exhibition, in
consequence of its not being carefully packed, when with a

42 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

little care it would have travelled safely to any distance. In
fact distance is of very little consequence, if the packing is
well done. This was proved in a most extraordinary manner
in the spring of 1869, by Robert Warner, Esq., who sent
upwards of fifty specimen Orchids, from his gardens at Broom-
field, to the International Horticultural Exhibition at St. Peters-
burgh. These plants were carefully packed in close cases,
and sent by rail the whole journey, saving the short run by
steamer across the Channel, eight days being occupied in
the transport. When unpacked and staged, they were in ex-
cellent condition, having suffered during the journey no
more than they would have done in the houses at home.
That these plants should travel to St. Petersburgh in such
excellent condition, is undoubtedly the greatest feat in con-
nection with horticultural exhibitions that has ever been ac-
complished, especially when it is stated that they were all
large plants—amongst them Phalenopsis Schilleriana with a
hundred expanded blossoms ; P. grandiflora, with about half
the number ; Vandas, with numerous spikes ; Trichopilia crispa,
with a hundred open flowers ; Cuttleyas, Dendrobiums, Odon-
toglossums, Cypripediums, Aerides, and several other genera,
the whole being profusely bloomed. A remarkable proof of
what care will do with even the most delicate flowers was
given in the case of the plant of Odontoglosswm Alexandre
exhibited in this collection, which, after standing at the St.
Petersburgh exhibition for a fortnight, was again packed up
and exhibited three weeks later at the Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens at Kensington, with the loss of only one or
two flowers.

I have had a good deal of this work to do, and a few hints
on the subject to young beginners may be of practical use.
Some kinds bear carrying much better than others. Phajus
Wallichii and P. grandifolius are both bad plants for travelling,

PAOKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE TO EXHIBITIONS. 483

if not well packed. Ihave seen fine plants brought to different
flower shows with their flowers completely spoiled for want of
careful packing, though I have shown P. Wallichii several
years at the Chiswick and Regent’s Park Exhibitions, and
always managed to convey them without injury. In preparing
them, put a strong stick to each flower spike ; the sticks should
be long enough to go into the earth, and remain firm; they
should be placed at the back part of the flowers, and should
stand one or two inches above the flower spike; some wad-
ding should then be fastened round the stick, and the flower
spike tied firmly to it, putting more wadding round every
flower stalk, and tying each firmly to the flower spike. Begin
at the top of the spike, and tie every flower separately, so
that they do not touch one another. The leaves must not be
allowed to rub against the flowers. On arriving at the end
of their journey, untie them, remove the wadding, and tie
them out in the proper form. In tying, care should be taken
not to rub the flowers.

Saccolabiums and Aerides do not require so much packing.
It is sufficient to put two or three sticks to each spike—one
at each end, and one in the centre, if the spike be long,
or two only if it is short. The stick, which should only be
long enough to support the spikes in the drooping way in
which they grow, should be fixed firmly in the basket or pot ;
a small piece of wadding should be placed on the top of the
stick, and to which the spike should be firmly tied. This will be
sufficient to ensure safety. The wadding should not be allowed
to touch the top part of the flowers, as it will stick to them,
and be very difficult to remove.

Vandas require more packing, their flowers being larger and
further apart ; place some wadding between each flower on the
spike, then fix some sticks firmly in the basket or pot, and tie
the spike to them, without letting the stick touch the flowers ;

44 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

wadding should then be put in between the flowers to keep
them separate.

Phalanopsis grandiflora and P. amabilis travel badly, and
require much care. The best way is to set the plant in
the bottom of a box, which must be long enough to allow
the flower spike to lie at full length ; wadding should then be
placed underneath the flowers, which should lie flat on the
wadding; another sheet of wadding should then be placed
on the top of the flowers, in order to make them lie firm,
although they may be treated in the same way as recom-
mended for Vandas.

Dendrobiums in some cases only require a stick to each
stem, fixed firmly in the pot, and which should be tied to
it. This will serve for such as D. nobile, D. macrophyllum,
D. Devonianum, D. moniliforme, and sorts with similar flowers.
Those, however, that flower with pendulous racemes, such
as D, densiflorum, D, Farmeri, and others growing in the
same way, require three sticks ; one to the stem, to which the
latter should be firmly tied, and the other two to the flower
spike, one at each end, in the same way as with the Sacco-
labiums.

Calanthes are bad travellers, especially C. veratrifolia; the
delicate white flowers soon getting injured and discoloured
if allowed to rub against each other ; to avoid this, put a stick
carefully to each spike.

Cutileyas require to be packed very carefully ; their flowers
should be tied so that they do not touch one another. The
best method is to put a stick to each flowering bulb, tying it
firmly, and a stick to each flower stalk, just below the flower,
with a piece of wadding round the stalk; afterwards tie the
stalks to the stick; neither the stick nor the leaves should be
allowed to touch the flowers, or they will become bruised.

Oncidiums travel well; they only require a strong stick to

PACKING ORCHIDS FOR CONVEYANCE TO EXHIBITIONS. 45

each flower spike, with a piece of wadding round the stick
at the points where the ties come.

Sobralia macrantha is a bad plant to travel if not properly
tied. There should be a strong stick to each flowering
growth, which must be tied firmly ; and also one to the flower
stalk, with a piece of wadding close to the flower; then tie
the stalk firmly to the stick, and allow nothing to rub against
the flowers.

Peristeria elata should be treated in the same way as
above recommended for Phajus.

Cypripediwms require a small stick to each flower stalk.
All the Lycastes, and other Orchids that flower in the same
way, require similar support for their individual flowers,
which, if kept separate, will travel safely without more
trouble.

The best means of conveyance for Orchids is decidedly a
spring van with a cover on the top. In placing the plants in
the van, I always put some hay between each pot, to keep
them firm and prevent their rubbing against each other ;
this, moreover, helps to retain the heat in the pots, and also
prevents draughts from reaching them, and thus the roots
are not subjected to any great check through change of
temperature.

An opportunity occurs here to remark upon the paucity of
Orchids at our great London exhibitions of the present day,
as compared with former years. It is true several of the large
contributors are dead, and their collections are dispersed ; some
few have relinquished their culture, and others have removed
to a distance, but there still remains ample material in the
numerous rich collections in the vicinity of the metropolis to
again furnish a glorious bank of flowers, such as formerly
greeted the eye at famous Chiswick and the Regent’s Park
Botanic Gardens on exhibition days ; and Iam fully persuaded

46 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

it is only from the want of encouragement in the matter of
prizes, that we do not now see these gorgeous displays at our
London shows. That such is the case, we have only to turn
to the great Whit-week show at Manchester, and then we find
a proof of the fact. There the prizes are good, and not onl

do the cultivators in the immediate vicinity bring their plants,
but some from a considerable distance can be seen staging
their productions for competition against the celebrated growers
of the ‘ Cottun Metropolis ;” indeed, the display made last
year I never saw surpassed, if equalled, at any show. This
may be readily imagined when I state that a double row of
these plants alone extended a distance of over three hundred
feet, and amongst them were many of the grandest Lelias,
Cattleyas, Vandas, Trichopilias, Odontoglossums, and a host
of other things it has ever been my lot to behold. Some may
say that this only proves the love of gain to be the chief
motive power; but this is a wrong conclusion to draw ; for
although gentlemen and gardeners do sometimes exhibit for
the honour only, such cannot always be the case. Indeed,
the cost of obtainmg a proper conveyance, the packing,
the transit, and the time occupied at the exhibitions, repre-
sents a considerable sum of money, and very few persons can
be induced to incur the expenditure if the prize to be com-
peted for does not cover the expense—neither is it reasonable
of any Society to expect that they should do so.

ADVICE TO COLLECTORS OF ORCHIDS.

JHERE are many different ways of importing Orchids
to this country. I have seen some that have arrived
in good condition, while others have been completely
destroyed by not being properly prepared before starting. The

ADVICE TO COLLECTORS OF ORCHIDS. 47

first and most important thing is to prepare them for their
journey. The next most important matter, perhaps the most
important, is to start them on their journey at the proper
time. My opinion is, that the plants should be sent away
from their native country during the dry season, which is
when they are at rest. While inactive their leaves and pseudo-
bulbs are thoroughly ripened and firm, and contain but little
sap; whereas when they are growing, the foliage is necessarily
tender, and in danger of being bruised, a circumstance which
accelerates decay during the voyage. Another reason in favour
of dormant importation is, that, if sent in a growing state, or
just as they are starting into growth, the young shoots push
out on the journey, and for want of light and air come weak
and dwindling, very often dying outright as soon as exposed.
-I have seen many a fine mass of Cattleya with all the leading
growths completely rotten, which, of course, greatly lessens
the value of the plants as compared with those which arrive
perfect, and are just ready to start into growth as soon as they
get into a warm house. Plants which on arrival have pushing
pseudobulbs are also apt to lose their leading eyes, an acci-
dent fatal to some Orchids, for many do not break well, if at
all, from old bulbs.

The species of Aerides, Saccolabium, Vanda, Angrecum, and
similar plants that have no fleshy bulbs to support, are best
imported after they have become established on flat pieces
of wood, so that they can be nailed to the sides of their
travelling cases. I once received a consignment of Orchids
from Manilla, including amongst other fine plants some beau-
tiful examples of Phalenopsis Schilleriana, P. rosea, P. ama-
bilis, P. intermedia, Aerides quinquevulnerum, and Vanda vio-
lacea, all established and sent off in the way just described ;
they had evidently been growing some time before starting for
this country, for on arrival their roots adhered firmly to the

48 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

wood, and many of their leaves were as green as though they
had been in an Orchid house instead of having made such a
long sea voyage in a glass-topped case. One point of import-
ance is to take care to well secure the plants to the sides of
the cases; because, if allowed to roll or swing about, they get
bruised and soon rot, which is very vexing after all the trouble
and expense bestowed on importing them. In the case of the
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana just referred to, some of the pieces
of wood had become loose, rolling about during the journey,
which caused injuries. In such cases, if any leaves are bruised
during the journey, the best way is to cut them off at once
before decay begins; for if allowed to go on, there will be
danger of the whole plant being destroyed. With the cases
just alluded to, I received also a close box filled with Phale-
nopsids packed in the dry bark of trees, which is a very bad
material for such tender-leaved plants; when I unpacked this
box there was not a green leaf to be seen—the shaking of the
rough material just named, during the long journey, had de-
stroyed all the foliage. If these had been packed in very dry
soft moss, they would most likely have travelled safely. I
have also received plants in good condition from India, in close
boxes, packed in dry soft shavings, while on the other hand
many are entirely spoiled in that way. The cause of failure I
attribute to their not being packed in a proper state; the
plants themselves, as well as the material employed, should be
well dried before packing, and care should be taken to avoid
bruises, which often prove fatal. Cattleyas and plants with
similar pseudobulbs I have received in close boxes from
Brazil, packed in dry shavings, and have found them, when
opened, in good condition ; but care had evidently been taken
to pack them firmly in the boxes, so that they did not shake
about on their journey.

The best time of year for receiving Orchids in this country

ADVICE TO COLLECTORS OF ORCHIDS, 49

is, if possible, the spring, in order that they may have the
summer before them to get established.

With Anactochili the best way is to tie some moss round
their roots and stems to keep them firm, leaving the foliage
just above the moss, and they should occupy a small case by
themselves. These little things are very tender, and therefore
require a great deal of care to import them alive. On arrival,
pot them in some dry soil (see Anwcrocuit1), and put them in
a close place with little heat at first, until they begin to grow ;
afterwards pot them separately in small pots, and place them
under hand-glasses or in a frame, giving them the treatment
usually recommended for this class of plants.

Cases in which Orchids are sent home ought to be made
strong, and roofed with good stout glass not easily broken ;
for I have often seen plants spoiled by the glass being
fractured. Through an accident of this kind, salt water and
cold air get in, both of which are very injurious. All cases
should be air and water-tight ; and to prevent the glass being
broken, the best thing to place over it is some strong iron
wire, or stout and broad wooden bars; the sash bars ought
also to be made very strong, and the case must not be placed
during the journey too near heated surfaces or fires in the
vessel. I have seen many boxes of plants spoiled by being set
in such positions, the leaves being completely dried up; they
ought to be placed in a moderately warm situation, but by no
means near any fires. Many plants also arrive in this country
in a dead or dying state, from the effects of exposure to the
full effects of the sun; this, however, may be obviated by
simply painting the glass white inside: it must be allowed to
become thoroughly dry before fastening down.

During the past year or two an immense quantity of Orchids
have been sent to this country, a large proportion of which

proved to be dead upon arrival. There may perhaps be
D

50 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

several causes assigned for this, but the rapacious appetite of
the collector is the principal one, the boxes being overcrowded
by his sending home thousands instead of being satisfied with
a few dozens, and in consequence all arrive dead. Another
probable cause of this loss, is that they may have been
gathered at the wrong season. This is sad to contemplate,
involving as it does the extermination of the plants in their
native homes, and loss of time to the collector, which, com-
bined with loss of money, vexation, and disappointment to the
cultivator at home, has a most depressing influence upon
Orchid growing. All this might be avoided if collectors
would be satisfied with a less number, and would attend to
the few simple rules given in this chapter, adapting them to
suit the circumstances in which they find themselves placed.

INSECTS.

RCHIDS are liable to be injured by many sorts of
insects, such as red spider, thrips, mealy-bug, white
and brown scale, woodlice, cockroaches, and a small
snail, Helix alliaria. Cockroaches are among the greatest
plagues we have to deal with; they will do a great deal of

mischief in a few nights if not sought after on every oppor-
tunity. The food they like best, is the young tender roots and
flower stems, and I have seen the roots of a plant completely
eaten off in one night by these depredators. The only way
to keep these insects under is by constantly looking after them,
both by night and day, searching for them in the evening
by candle-light, and in the daytime by moving the pots and
baskets under which they harbour. They leave their hiding-
places in the evening, to seek after food, and it is then that

INSEOTS. 51

they are most easily caught. Chase’s Beetle Poison, a phos-
phoric mixture sold in boxes, is a capital thing to destroy
them, if laid in different parts of the house in the evening.
Tt should be placed on oyster-shells or pieces of tile or slate,
two or three nights a week, and then removed for a week,
repeating the operation every other week until they are
destroyed. The pieces of shell should be collected every
morning, and put down again in the evening. By using this
preparation from time to time they may be kept under. It is
also a good plan to lay some damp moss as a decoy in the hot-
test part of the house ; this should be looked over every two or
three days, and I have killed many in this way. They may also
be destroyed by the use of a mixture of honey, lard, and
arsenic, the latter in very small quantity, placing some of this
on oyster-shells, and laying them in different parts of the house.
Some growers mix the arsenic with tallow, and put it on a
stick, which is stuck in the pots: care must, however, be taken
that the mixture does not touch the leaves or bulbs of the
plants. Bell-glasses are also used for catching these pests,
placing them so that they are level with the soil or moss,
and then half filling them with treacle, to which some water
has been added to make it a little thinner; it should be thick
enough to stick and prevent them from climbing up the glass ;
the dead ones should be removed every day.

Small ants. are another pest in the Orchid house, as they
carry the dirt to the flowers, and thus spoil their appearance.
The best plan I know of by which to catch these little
troublesome insects, is to cut apples in halves, scoop out some
of the inside, and lay the pieces in different parts of the house,
looking them over very often. I have in this way destroyed
hundreds in a very short time. ‘Treacle is also a good thing
as a trap for these pests; place some in a bell-glass where they
frequent—they are fond of anything sweet; they go to feed,

D2

52 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

get into the mixture, and cannot get out again, as it sticks to
them, and thus causes death. I have also found hollow bones
a very good means of enticing them, and these should be
dipped in boiling water and the bones laid down again ; look
them over often. ,

The woodlouse and the small snail (Helix alliaria) are also
very destructive. These, like the cockroach, are very fond of
the young roots; they may be trapped by cutting some
potatoes in two, scooping out the inside, and placing them
on the pots and baskets, looking them over every night and
morning till the house is cleared of these vermin. Turnips
cut in slices will answer the same end. Some dry moss put
into flower-pots also form capital traps for the woodlouse ;
lay them on their sides in different parts of the house, and
examine them frequently, destroying those which are caught.
Toads are very useful in catching insects ; a few of them in a
house do a great deal of good.

The best way of getting rid of the red spider and the thrips
is by frequently washing the leaves with clean water, and by
fumigating the house with tobacco. My method is, to fill the
house with tobacco smoke three or four times, at intervals
of two or three days, till the insects are quite destroyed ;
evening is the best time to do this. It is also a good plan to
mix some lime and sulphur together, and rub it on the pipes
in different parts of the house, taking care not to use too much;
and it should be used only when the pipes are warm. There
should be a good supply of moisture at the same time, but not
too much heat. There is also a kind of red thrips, which
sometimes gets into the heart of the plants, and is very
troublesome ; tobacco smoke is the best remedy for this. It
is very difficult to perceive, but will soon disfigure the tops of
the plants if not kept under; when discovered, the house
should be smoked every two or three nights till it is destroyed ;

INSECTS, 53

the parts on which the insects had established themselves
should be washed with tobacco water.

The green fly, which makes its appearance in spring,on the
young flower buds, may also be destroyed by tobacco smoke,
and of late we have a yellow fly introduced, which is a great
pest if not kept under, and requires more looking after than
the green fly ; smoke will kill this nuisance, and wherever it
is seen wash it off with a sponge to prevent its increase.

The brown, and white scale, and mealy-bug may be kept
under by frequently sponging the leaves and bulbs with water ;
the white scale is very troublesome if not looked after. A
little soft soap mixed with water, and rubbed over the leaves
and bulbs, is a good thing to destroy this kind of scale ; it
should remain on for a day, and if then washed off, all will
be destroyed ; care should, however, be taken not to use it too
strong. Cattleyas are very subject to this pest. The following
is another recipe for destroying it:—To one gallon of rain
water add eight ounces of soft soap, one ounce of tobacco, and
three table-spoonfuls of spirits of turpentine ; stir well together
and leave the mixture for forty-eight hours; then strain it
through a cloth, when it will be ready for use. It is necessary
to rub the plants over two or three times, if they are much
infested, but once will be sufficient in most cases. Any
portion of the mixture remaining after the plants are washed,
should be put into a bottle, and reserved for future use.

This recipe is also a cure for thrips on azaleas or any other
plants. The ingredients as above noted should be mixed in
a large tub and the plants dipped in it; this will speedily
clear them of the pest. It will be seen, therefore, that it is
useful to others as well as Orchid growers, and will prove a
great saving of labcur for those who grow large plants for
exhibition, or for those who have a quantity of small plants to
clear of such pests. The mealy-bug must be kept away by

54 ORCHID-GROWER'’S MANUAL.

constant watching and frequent cleansing. Whenever a plant
is purchased that is infested with it, take care to cleanse it
thoroughly before placing it in the stove or Orchid house. In
a word, never allow insects to get the upper hand, or you will
not long continue to grow plants to perfection, for all such
pests are as poison to plants—robbing them of their vigour,
and when they have lost that there is not much hope of them.
There are more plants lost through uncleanliness than from

any other cause.

ROT IN ORCHIDS.

Seal RCHIDS are subject to disease in their leaves, stems,
and pseudobulbs, especially during the damp months
of winter. The rot, which is apt to assail the thick
fleshy bulbs, is caused by toc much moisture in the house.
When the heat is low, sometimes the drip from the glass will
fall on the crowns of the pseudobulbs, and this soon causes

them to rot. Steam is also very injurious in a house during
the winter; it is particularly inimical to such plants as
Cattleyas, Peristerias, Odontoglossums, and any other Orchids
that have fleshy bulbs. When the rot attacks the bulbs it
should be seen to at once, and may be easily stopped by
cutting the diseased part entirely away with a sharp knife, no
portion of the diseased or decayed bulb being left, and the
wound should then be filled up with sulphur, to keep it dry.
When the leaves begin to rot, the diseased part should also be
cut clean away, and a little sulphur rubbed on the part that is
cut, but not in such a manner as to let the sulphur get to the
roots of the plants.

When any part of the fleshy pseudobulbs of the above-

SPOT IN ORCHIDS. 55

named plants, or of those with similarly-formed bulbs,
becomes discoloured, and the dark or discoloured part appears
moist or wet, especially if any fluid exudes from it on pressure,
the wet or discoloured part should be immediately cut out, or
there is danger that the bulb will be destroyed, as the rot is
often much more extensive within the bulb than the discoloured
appearances on the outside would seem to indicate. The
plant should also be removed to a drier and cooler place, and
water should be given with the utmost care.

SPOT IN ORCHIDS.

HIS disease is the dread of many Orchid growers, and
there is no denying that when it attacks plants it _
soon disfigures them. Some assert that it is in-
fectious, but in this I am a total unbeliever. Indeed, I would
have no hesitation in placing a plant infected with spot
amongst a quantity of healthy ones, and should any of
these become diseased, I should feel certain it was induced

by a wrong course of treatment in some respect, and that no
blame could be laid to the charge of a neighbouring plant.
A great deal has been said and written respecting this disease,
which I have seen in various places, and in other plants as
well as in Orchids. I have not experienced much of it
myself, and have in most cases found that the plants out-
grow it.

To prevent the disease making its appearance, no rotten or
rotting material should be permitted near the roots, either
in the shape of sour stagnant moss, or soil, or decomposed
wood. If the plants get sufficient, but not excessive heat, an

56 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

abundance of fresh, sweet air, without draughts or sudden
chills, a liberal supply of moisture, and full exposure to the
light, with shade from the direct burning rays of the sun, I
am fully persuaded that the “spot” will never be troublesome.
On the other hand, if any plants are attacked, they should be
immediately taken out of the material, and every particle of
decaying or decayed root removed, and the whole that remains
sound should be well washed with warm water; after this
they should be re-potted in some good sweet soil, the
instructions given above for the treatment of healthy
plants being otherwise followed out.

In 1860, a gentleman bought of me some planis of
Phalenopsis, which were the finest grown plants I had seen,
and they did beautifully with him for some time, growing very
fast—in fact too fast, for they got sappy, and their leaves
became spotted, as did also those of some others he had.
Some time after I went to see them, and he asked my opinion
respecting them. Upon inquiring how they had been treated,
he told me that he gave them a great deal of water over the
leaves, and kept the roots wet; this was during winter. I
went several times to see them during the following spring,
and advised him to treat them as recommended for Pha-
lenopsis in these pages. These plants have quite outgrown
the spot, and are now among the finest round London.

When at Hoddesdon, I had two Phalenopses which became
affected with spot in the winter. I cut off one of the leaves,
and sent it to Dr. Lindley for his opinion as to the cause of
the evil. His reply was, that the plants had been kept too
moist during the cold dark days of winter— a fact which I have
never since lost sight of. He was quite right, for it was a
sharp winter, and these two plants had been kept wet by
placing the bottom of the block on which they grew in a pan
of water to keep off the cockroaches. In that way, too much

SPOT IN ORCHIDS. 57

moisture crept up to the roots, and, being in the winter time,
this doubtless caused the leaves to become spotted. However,
by following the treatment here recommended in my remarks
on Phalenopsis, the plant soon recovered; but if a rigorous
change had not been adopted in time, the disease would have
gone too far, and probably killed the plants.

Much injury is done to epiphytal Orchids by keeping the
plants too wet at the roots in dull weather; in fact, too much
moisture in that way is injurious at any time, especially to
those species that grow on branches of trees, when they come
to be confined in pots and baskets with a mass of wet material
about them, which is unnatural. My practice is, to give but
little water at the roots during winter, and not so much as
many people in summer, because I have seen the ill effects
of it. The treatment I recommended some years ago I still
follow, and with uniform success.

Some Orchid growers give more heat and moisture than is
here recommended, and their plants have done well for a time ;
but under such exciting management they are apt to become
spotted, and get into a permanently bad state of health ; in
short, the least chill, after growing in so high a temperature,
is liable to induce disease. The great secret in the cultivation
of these as well as of all other plants, is a proper house,
without drip ; sufficient ventilation, heat, and moisture ; and
the total banishment of all insects detrimental to vegetable
life. The temperature throughout the whole year should be
kept as nearly as possible in accordance with the directions
laid down in these pages, which are the result of long
experience and close observation.

58 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

MODE OF MAKING ORCHID BASKETS.

ALOCKS and baskets are most natural for true air-
plants, such as Vandas, Saccolabiums, Aerides, An-
gracums, Phalenopses, &. When planted in baskets
or on blocks, these send out their roots much more vigorously
into the air, and suck up the moisture, whereas, if their roots
are covered too much, they are very apt to rot. Various
materials are used for forming baskets. Sometimes they are

made of copper wire, which is very durable. Others are made
from the ordinary material in use for making flower-pots—
these are very good indeed, and have a neat appearance.
Mr. Anderson, gardener to T. Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank,
has some very good ones of this description ; they are round,
about six inches deep, with holes in the bottom, and made
of the ordinary pottery clay ; they are, moreover, very useful,
as they last a long time, and the plants do well in them. I
prefer, however, those made of wood, on account of their
rustic appearance, and, besides, the roots like to cling to the
wood. The best baskets are those of a square shape, made
of proportionate even-sized rods without the bark. The wood
should be cut into the lengths according to the size of the
basket required. They should not be too large, for there are
two objections to this; one is, that they take up much space ;
the other, that the plants do not require much room. After
the wood is cut into proper lengths, the pieces should be bored
within one inch from the ends, taking care to have all the
holes bored at the same distance : there should be four lengths
of copper wire, one for each corner, and this wire being
fastened at the bottom, should be put through the hole in
each piece of wood, and be afterwards brought up to form

VANDA CCBRULESCENS.

SELECT ORCHIDS AT PRESENT IN OULTIVATION. 59

the handle for suspending the plants from the roof. Galvanised
iron wire only should be used in making baskets, for any other
is probably injurious to the plants.

The best kinds of wood for blocks are acacia, apple, pear,
plum, maple, hazel, or cork, if it can be obtained. The wood
should be cut into lengths suitable for the size of the plants ;
some copper nails should be driven in at each end, to which
should be fastened copper wire to form the handle; wind the
wire round each nail, and leave the handle about ten inches
high. Small copper. or galvanised iron nails, driven in on
the surface of the block, serve, by means of copper wire, to
fasten the plants on to the blocks. There are some imitation
blocks made with pottery ware, which are very neat, and last
a long time, but it is questionable if they are so congenial to
the plants as wood. The great advantage of growing Orchids
on blocks or in baskets, is that of being able to get the
plants near the glass, where they may reap the full benefits of
sun and light.

SELECT ORCHIDS AT PRESENT IN CULTIVATION.

IN the following descriptions of all the best Orchida-
%| ceous plants now cultivated in our gardens, a general
account is given of the distinctive features of each
genus ; this is followed by a more particular description of
the individual species, together with an account of the mode of
treatment which I have found, after considerable experience,
best adapted to their successful cultivation.

ACINETA.
This genus comprises several species ; the most attractive
kinds are, however, here specified. They should all be grown

60 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

in baskets, as they produce their flower spikes from the base
of the pseudobulbs, and they invariably take a downward
direction. The species are all evergreen, with short pseudo-
bulbs, and leaves about a foot high ; of easy culture, and are
best grown in baskets with moss and peat. A liberal supply
of water at the roots during their period of growth is necessary
for their successful culture, afterwards less will suffice. They
will all succeed in either the East Indian or Cattleya house,
suspended from the roof, and all of them are propagated by
division.

In order that the flowers in this class, as in all others, may
be preserved in bloom, care should be taken not to wet them
while watering the plants.

A. Barkerit.—A curious Orchid from Mexico, producing
from the bottom of the pseudobulbs spikes about a foot in
length, bearing rich yellow flowers, which will last a long
time in perfection. It blooms during the summer.

A. densa.—A beautiful and distinct species, also from
Mexico, with yellow and crimson flowers, which are produced
on pendulous spikes from the base of the bulbs, and which
will last a long time in perfection.

A. Humboldtii.— A strong-growing species from La Guayra.
Flowers in the same way as 4. Barkeri, but about a month
earlier; the long spikes of flowers are of a deep chocolate
colour, spotted with crimson. It lasts only a short time in
perfection.

ACROPERA.

A genus nearly related to Gongora, the species of both being
pretty and curious; the flowers of the one now described are
large, and produced in great profusion. The treatment this
plant requires is not a cool one, which is the case with many of
the genus; it thrives best in the Cattleya house, grown in a
basket with sphagnum moss and turfy peat.

ADA—AERIDES. 61

A. armeniaca.—A very free-growing compact plant, attain-
ing to about a foot in height; pseudobulbs somewhat oval,
bearing on the top two broad light green leaves, and from
the base producing a rather lax, many-flowered, pendulous
raceme, a foot or more in length, supporting from twelve to
twenty of its rich yellow flowers, slightly spotted with red ;
blooms very freely through the summer months, and is a very
desirable plant for a basket.

Apa,

This genus, as far as I am aware, contains but one
species, and is evidently nearly allied to Brassia. It is an
extremely showy and ornamental plant, as the colour is rare
amongst Orchids; it should be grown with such plants as
Odontoglossum Alexandre, and treated in the same manner.

A. aurantiaca—But few plants of this most desirable
Orchid have been imported, until quite recently, and this
probably is the reason we have up to the present time so
seldom seen it. It is a beautiful compact evergreen Orchid,
growing from eight inches to a foot high ; spike drooping ; the
flowers, which are of a bright orange colour, are~placed some-
what distantly on them; native of New Grenada, being found
growing at an elevation of 8,500 feet. It is another addition
to our now numerous cool-house species; blooms in autumn
and early spring.

AERIDES.

The species of Aerides are among the most beautiful of
Orchids, many of them uniting every good quality that a plant
can possess—rich, evergreen, and regularly-curved foliage, a
graceful habit, flowers deliciously scented, and of peculiar
elegance. Even when not in bloom the plants themselves are
interesting objects, and give a tropical character to the collec-
tions in which they are found. The stems of the Aerides are

62 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

straight or slightly bent, with leaves attached on opposite sides,
and they are nourished by large fleshy roots, shooting out
horizontally from the lower part of the stem. The flowers,
which are rich and waxy, proceed from the axils of the leaves,
and extend in delicate racemes one or two feet in length, while
their fragrance is so powerful as to fill the house in which
they grow with grateful perfume.

These plants are of easy culture, and if properly attended to
are seldom out of order. They are found in various parts of
India and in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, growing
on the branches of trees, generally on such as overhang
streams of water; and to grow them in anything like perfec-
tion, the climate in which they grow wild must be imitated in
most respects. I find they succeed best with a good supply
of heat and moisture during their growing season, which is
from about March to the latter end of October. During that
time I keep the temperature, by day, from 70° to 75°. It
may be allowed to rise to 80° and 85°, or even higher will not
do any harm, provided the house is shaded from the rays of
the sun. The night temperature should range from 65° to 70°
in March and April, and afterwards it may rise five degrees
higher.

Some grow their Aerides in baskets made of wood, but they
may also be grown in pots—a mode of culture successfully fol-
lowed by many of our Orchid growers, especially those who
exhibit; for when in pots, the plants are more easily moved
about. Another reason in favour of pot culture is that baskets
soon decay ; but if the plants are not required for exhibition,
I should advise some of the smaller kinds to be grown in
baskets, in which they have a fine appearance, especially if
there is room for suspending them, letting the roots grow out
of the basket. All the kinds will succeed well in this way. In
pot culture fill the pots about three parts full of potsherds,

AERIDES. 68

large pieces at the bottom, but finish off at the top with small;
above this fresh living sphagnum moss should be used, and
when the moss begins to decay fresh should be given to keep
all healthy. They all do well on blocks of wood, but to grow
them in perfection they require care as regards moisture.
Sphagnum moss and broken potsherds have proved the best
materials for filling baskets. They require frequent watering
at the roots during the growing season ; indeed, they should
never be allowed to become thoroughly dry, not even during
their season of rest, as they are liable to shrivel and lose their
bottom leaves. Aerides require but little repose, and the moss
should always be kept damp; but during the dull months of
winter no water should be allowed to lodge on the leaves or in
the heart of the plant, as it would be very apt to rot them.
The plants, if not in pots, should be suspended from the roof,
but not very near the glass, lest they should be affected by
cold ; and they should be kept perfectly free from insects, espe-
cially the different kinds of scale. There is a small kind in
particular which is apt to infest them, and which, if allowed
to increase, will speedily make the plants look yellow and
unhealthy. It may be kept under by washing with warm
water and soft-soap, applied with a sponge and left on the
leaves for some twenty-four hours, when all remains of the
soap should be removed with clean water.

These plants are propagated by cutting them into pieces,
with roots attached to each piece. Some kinds, however, are
shy in throwing up young shoots, and this makes these sorts
very scarce. The A. odoratum division is the most easy to
increase, and A. crispum sends out roots more freely than some
others. If the plants ever get into an unhealthy condition, the
best way is to cut off the bottom of the plant, and give fresh
moss, with plenty of water at the roots.

A, affine.—A handsome free-flowering species from India,

64 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

with light green foliage a foot long, and pink and white flowers,
produced on long branching spikes in great profusion. I have
seen spikes of this two feet long, with three and four branches
on each spike. It is a profuse bloomer, and has been exhibited
with from thirty to forty spikes. It grows from two to three
feet high, and makes one of the finest plants for exhibition,
continuing in blossom three or four weeks.

A, affine superbum.—A splendid variety of the former, the
colour of which is richer, and the flowers much larger, and the
plant is more compact in growth. It is a free-flowering variety,
producing a many-branched spike.

A, crispum.—A truly beautiful free-growing kind from
India, with purple coloured stem, dark green foliage, ten
inches long; the blossoms, which are abundant, are white,
tipped with pink. Flowersin June or July, and lasts two or
three weeks in good condition. The spikes of flowers are long
and very distinct from any of the other kinds.

A. crispum, var. Lindleyanum.—A charming kind, with
a large branching spike, bearing blooms of a fine rich
colour about the same time as the species; sepals and
petals white, lip large, rich rose; growth similar to that of
A, crispum.

A, crispum, var. Warneri.—A splendid free-flowering variety
from India. In leaves and stem it closely resembles A. crispum,
except that the leaves are smaller and more slender in growth ;
the blossoms, which are produced in June and July, are white
and rich rose colour, and they last three or four weeks in
perfection.

A. cylindricum.—A very rare and distinct-growing plant,
in habit resembling Vanda teres, but not so strong; the flowers,
which are produced in pairs from the axils of the leaves, are
as large as those of A. crispum, white and pink in colour. This
plant is called A. vandarum by Prof. Reichenbach, but it has

AERIDES. 65

been cultivated in our gardens for some years under the name
we have retained.

A. Dominianum.—A garden hybrid, having flowers of the
colour of those of A. Fieldingiti, with the markings and shape
of A. affine. It is very rare at present. One of the most
beautiful varieties which are enriching our collections as the
result of hybridising. It is the produce of a cross between
A. Fieldingii and A. affine, producing rich rose-coloured
flowers.

A. Fieldingii—A magnificent free-flowering Indian species,
of which there are many varieties both in growth and flowers,
and which is popularly known as the Fow-brush Aerides ;
it grows from two to three feet high; some of the varieties
have dark green foliage, while others are of a lighter shade ;
the leaves, which are broad, are eight or ten inches long; the
spikes sometimes attain a length of three feet, and are branched ;
the flowers are clear bright rose colour, unusually large, and are
produced during May, June, and July, continuing in bloom
three or four weeks. This makes a fine exhibition plant.

A. japonicum.—tThis is quite a novelty, being, as far as I
am aware, the first of the genus from Japan, and consequently
will prove a cool-house species. It has thick coriaceous leaves,
and a raceme of moderate length ; the flowers are of a greenish
white, spotted with rose colour.

A. Larpente.—A fine free-growing plant, with dark green
leaves, ten inches long. The flowers are numerous, on a
single spike, of a cream and light rose colour. It blooms in
June, and lasts two weeks in perfection. This is a distinct
plant, and was first flowered by Mr. Eyles, then gardener to
Lady Larpent, and shown at the Regent’s Park Exhibition in
1847, when it received the first prize as a new plant. Native
of the East Indies.

A, Lobbii—A free handsome-flowering species from India,

66 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

producing long spikes of deep rosy pink and white blossoms ;
foliage light green, about eight inches long and nearly two
inches wide. Altogether a very showy kind, of which there
are several varieties; many of them produce long branching
spikes, and make a fine display when in bloom. This has
become one of our best Aerides for exhibition.

A. maculosum.—A. lovely dwarf Orchid from Bombay, with
dark green leaves, eight inches long, close and compact, stiff
growing, with light coloured flowers, spotted all over with
purple, and a large purple blotch on the lip. Blooms in June
and July, and, if the flowers are kept dry, lasts four weeks in
perfection. The colour of the bloom is very striking. The
plant is slow growing, which is the reason we so seldom see
fine plants.

A. maculosum, var. Schroderit.—A magnificent free-growing
plant from the hills near Bombay, much stronger than A.
maculosum and more in the way of 4A. crispwn, with dark
green foliage, ten inches long ; the flowers are very delicate, the
sepals and petals almost alike—white, tinged with lilac and
spotted with rose, the labellum being of a beautiful rose colour.
It flowers in June or July, lasting three weeks in perfection.
This was first flowered by J. H. Schroder, Esq. It is supposed
that there was only one plant imported ; and the stock at
present in this country is from that one plant.

A, McMorlandiaA magnificent species from India, com-
pact in growth, and having bright green foliage, about ten
inches in length; blossoms freely, producing long branching
spikes of peach and white flowers in June and July, and con-
tinuing three or four weeks in perfection. The only plant I
know of this, was in the collection of E. MeMorland, Esq., in
compliment to whom it is named.

A. margaritaceum.— This pretty species has spotted
leaves, and in its general appearance somewhat resembles

AERIDES, 67

A, maculosum; it produces spikes of pure white flowers
during summer.

A. Mendelit.—This is a very handsome, distinct, and rare
species. I believe the only plant in Europe is the one existing
in the collection of S. Mendel, Esq., of Manly Hall, Manchester,
a great lover of plants and a munificent patron of horticulture.
The plant has a stem about the thickness of that of A. virens ;
the leaves, which are about seven and a half inches long, and
one and a half in breadth, are smooth, shining, and of a
light green colour, and have the habit of clasping the stem
at the base like those of A. quinguevulnerum. The flowers
are produced upon drooping spikes, and resemble those of
A. Larpente in size and shape, but are entirely distinct in
colour, being pure white tipped with rose. Native of the
East Indies.

A, mitratum.—A very peculiar plant, with long whip-like
terete, dark green leaves; the flowers are borne in dense erect
spikes; sepals and petals pure waxy-white; lip rosy purple.
An elegant and rare species from Moulmein.

A, nobile.—A magnificent free-flowering species from India,
in the way of A. suavissimum, but with the flowers larger and
of a better colour, and the growth much stronger. I have seen
spikes of this from two to three feet long, and branched ; colour
of flowers creamy white, spotted and shaded with rose. Blooms
in June, July, and August, and keeps in perfection three or
four weeks.

A, odoratum.—A good old free-growing species, and one
of the most abundant flowering of this genus, having pale
green foliage, blooming in June or July, and remaining
two or three weeks in good condition. The blossoms are
white, stained with pink, and have a delightful perfume. I
have seen specimens five feet high and four feet in diameter,
which produced thirty or forty spikes of bloom every year ; it

68 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

is altogether a noble and very useful plant. Native of the
East Indies.

A. odoratum cornutum.—A handsome free-flowering variety
from India, distinct in growth from the former ; spikes about
twelve inches long, furnished with pink and white coloured
flowers, which, are produced in May, June, and July, and
continue upwards of three weeks in bloom.

A. odoratum majus—Like A. odoratum in growth, and
differing only in the larger size and longer spikes of flowers.
This makes a fine exhibition plant, and may be retarded very
easily without the slightest injury.

A. odoratum purpurascens.—This is a somewhat scarce
variety, and one of the very best; it is robust in habit, with
broad dark green leaves. It is a very free bloomer, producing
along massive spike of large flowers, which are white tipped
with bright pink.

A. quinquevulnerum.—A splendid free-flowering Orchid from
Manilla, with light green foliage, about one foot long, and less
compact-growing than many other species. The sepals and
petals are white, spotted with purple; the tip of the lip is
green, the sides pink, and the middle a deep crimson: it
blooms in July or August, and lasts two or three weeks in
bloom. There are two varieties; one with much lighter
coloured flowers than the other. :

A, quinguevulnerum Farmeri.—A variety of the preceding,
producing long spikes of white flowers ; it grows like A. quin-
quevulnerum, and blooms about the same time. The first
time this plant came under my notice was at Nonsuch Park,
Cheam, the seat of W. F. G. Farmer, Esq. It is by no
means plentiful.

A. rosewm.—A beautiful dwarf plant from India, producing
leaves a foot long, spotted with brown. It is a slow-growing
species, bearing light rose-colour flowers, spotted with dark

AERIDES. 69

rose ; it blooms in June and July. This plant, which does
not root freely, requires less moisture than any of the other
kinds.

A, roseum superbum.—A fine variety, much stronger in
growth than A. roseum ; the flowers also larger, and of a richer
colour. The best variety I ever saw bloomed with Mr. B.
Findlay, at the Botanic Garden, Manchester. The spikes
of this, as well as those of the species, are apt to damp off at
the ends before the flowers open—an evil which is often
caused by too much moisture having been given. It continues
a long time in perfection.

A, rubrum.—aA very nice cool-house species, with dark
green foliage ; a very distinct plant, not so showy as many of
the preceding ones, but well worth growing ; indeed, any one
that can appreciate Saccolabium ampullaceum would like this,
the colour being similar and the spikes longer. Native of the
Madras hills.

A. suavissimum.—A distinct and desirable species, of free
growth, having light green foliage ten inches long, spotted
with brown. The sepals and petals are white, and the
lip has a blotch of yellow in the centre edged with
white. Blooms in July, August, and September, and lasts
in good condition three weeks. I have flowered several
varieties of this species, some of which were much better
than others.

A, suavissimum maculatum.—This is a very handsome form
of the preceding ; the sepals and petals are white, profusely
spotted with pink, so also is the lip. It bloomed very freely
in the noted collection of Thomas Dawson, Esq., of Meadow
Bank, during the past season.

A. testaceum.—A very pretty Orchid, distinct from any-
thing I know; it is, in habit of growth, like Saccolabium
curvifolium, bearing spikes a foot long, with delicate sulphur-

70 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

coloured flowers; there are several varieties of this elegant
little plant.

A. Thibautianum.—This handsome Orchid is a free-grow-
ing species, with somewhat the appearance of A. quinque-
vulnerum ; it produces, however, a very different spike of
bloom ; the spike is very long, with flowers rather laxly set
upon it; sepals and petals of a beautiful rose colour, and
the lip bright amethyst. It is sometimes called A. Huttoni.
Native of Java.

A, Veitchii.i—A charming species from India, with leaves
about eight inches long, dark green, and covered with small
spots; flowers of a white and pink colour, like so many
small shells, so beautiful are they in appearance. Blooms
during June and July, and lasts about three weeks in good
condition.

A. virens.—A lovely plant from Java, with light green
foliage eight inches long; the flowers are of a light peach
colour, spotted with purple, the lip being spotted with crimson.
Blooms in May and June, the flowers remaining long in per-
fection. A desirable species.

A, virens yrandiflorum.—A magnificent variety from India,
whose flowers are larger than those of A. virens, of a white
and pink colour, and more graceful in their manner of growth.
The only plant I have seen of this was in the collection of the
late J, A. Turner, Esq., Manchester, where it bloomed during
April and May, and continued from three to four weeks in
beauty.

A, virens superbum.—This is another fine variety from
India, the growth of which is the same as that of A. virens,
except that the spikes and flowers are longer and of a brighter
colour. It blooms about the same time, and remains long in
perfection. There is another superb variety, called A, Dayt,
which blooms about the same time.

AGANISIA—-ANECTOCHILUS, 71

A. Williamsiit.—A distinct and charming kind from India,
with broad dark green drooping foliage. The spikes of
flower are produced in great abundance, measuring from
two to three feet in length, and branched; colour, pinkish
white ; very scarce. First flowered in the collection of the
late C. B. Warner, Esq.; blooms in June and July, and
makes a fine Orchid for purposes of exhibition, on account of
its free flowering character; from its delicate colour it also
associates well with other kinds.

AGANISIA.

A. pulchella—A rare and pretty dwarf Orchid from
Demerara, eight inches high, the only species of this genus
that I know ; it produces from the bottom of the bulb a spike
of flowers, which are white, with a blotch of yellow in the
centre of the lip. It blossoms at different times of the year,
lasts two or three weeks in perfection, and is best grown in a
pot, with peat and good drainage. It requires a liberal supply
of water at the roots, and the hottest house. It is a very scarce
plant, and is propagated by dividing the bulbs.

ANECTOCHILUS AND OTHER VARIEGATED ORCHIDS.

The following short and plain description of all the
Anactochili I have seen grown may prove serviceable to those
who are beginning their cultivation, as well as to others who,
having made a commencement, have not completed their
collections. I have also added the mode of cultivation which,
from long experience, has been found to suit their wants.
Many fine species are, however, not introduced, and there are
others in catalogues that I have not seen.

Among Orchids, as well as among most other orders of the
vegetable kingdom, there are variegated-leaved species and
varieties, and these, like most other variegated plants, gene-

72 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

rally bear flowers small and unattractive compared with the
beauty of their foliage. To this rule, however, the charming
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana is an exception ; some of the Cypri-
pediums, too, have both finely-variegated foliage and showy
flowers. The genus Anactochilus is one of the most re-
markable of this handsome class of Orchids, and to its
cultivation, which is not generally well understood, I will
now address myself. All the varieties are remarkable for
compact dwarf habit, perfect form, and great beauty: they
vary in height from two to six inches, and their leaves,
which are well defined, vary from two to five inches in
length, including the stalks, which, like the stems of the
plant, are short and fleshy. The foliage of all the species is
singularly beautiful; in some of the varieties it resembles
the richest olive, or rather purple velvet, regularly inter-
spersed with a network of gold. In others the leaf is of the
most lively green, covered with silver tracery. As regards
cultivation, the plants require sand and peat mixed with
moss ; the white sandy ground from which they spring should
be enlivened occasionally by small growths of moss, which sets
off the plants to much advantage, especially when looked at
through bell-glasses, under which the delicacy, richness, and
softness of their appearance are increased. Few visitors walk
through a house containing any of these plants without
bestowing on them more than ordinary attention, and
expressing admiration of their elegance, richness, and beauty.
All the species require treatment very different from that of
any other Orchid, and different growers -operate in different
ways, but I have not found any mode of management to
succeed better than the one first laid down by me many years
ago, and which is being followed by many who have Anac-
tochilt growing in great perfection. They are difficult to cul-
tivate, and many fail with them—a circumstance I attribute

ANACTOCHILUS AND OTHER VARIEGATED ORCHIDS. 13

to being kept too close. The case in which they are grown
should always have a little air, by tilting the glass about one
or two inches; this will benefit them very much, and make
them more vigorous, for when too much confined in the case or
bell-glass, they grow up spindly and damp off in the stem ;
the latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and hardi-
hood. I have seen Anectochili grown in bottom heat, which
I find to be injurious: they sueceed in it for a time, but not
long; they grow too fast, and become so weak as often to die
altogether. Some few plants which I had in bottom heat I
removed to a cooler house without it, and under cooler treat-
ment they improved very rapidly.

The finest collection I ever saw belonged to the late J. A. Tur-
ner, Esq., of Manchester, and was under the care of Mr. Toll, his
gardener ; the plants were grown under bell-glasses in the stove,
but no bottom heat was applied. Mr. Turner purchased a plant
of each kind from me some years ago; they had been grown and
propagated, and he had large pots full of them, many plants of
akind being placed together. This shows how well they may
be grown without bottom heat. I have also seen them doing
well in other places without bottom heat, in short, they may
be grown without having an Orchid house at all, any common
stove will do, or even a well-heated pit. I have frequently
sold collections to gentlemen who have no other Orchids, but
who have bought these for the express purpose of growing them
for the decoration of the dinner-table, on which they have a
beautiful appearance by artificial light. As the taste for table
decoration is increasing, plants such as these will doubtless
be much sought after for that purpose; and the subjecting
of them to exposure for a few hours in a warm room will do
them little harm, provided they have glasses over them with a
ventilator at the top to let out moisture, so as to keep the
leaves dry. As they are generally grown in small pots, they

E

74 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

can be plunged in handsome vases with ornamental glass tops;
and when done with, be taken back into the heat. For room-
work let the foliage be dry, and there should not be much
moisture at the roots. I should not, however, advise them to
be used in the way just described on a frosty night; but
during mild weather it will not do them any more harm than
taking them to a flower-show. It was for years my custom,
when living with the late C. B. Warner, Esq., at Hoddesdon,
to show <Anectochili at the Regent’s Park and Chiswick
exhibitions under bell-glasses, and I never found them injured
by such changes. I, however, always took care to prepare
them before starting, by not giving them too much water, and
by putting them in a cooler house, which should be done with
all plants of a tender kind before taking them to a show.
Few plants would be injured if treated in a proper way before
leaving a warm house. The plants in question were shown
for several years, and though that was many years ago, some
of the same stock still exist; and these were grown without
bottom heat and under bell-glasses in the shade. I mention
this to show how many years Anectochili may be grown when
subjected to the treatment best suited for them.

When out of health I have found that the best way is to
turn them out of their pots and examine their roots; if ina
bad state below, wash the bottom of the plant, and repot in
fresh soil. Thus treated I have known them to improve and
do well for some time, provided they have not been allowed to
get too much out of order before being seen to; if so, there
may be little hope that all the care bestowed on them will be
cf any use. These plants, unlike some Orchids, have no thick
woody pseudobulbs to support them ; their small fleshy stems
require constant attention to keep them in a thriving state, but
with care they may be grown to perfection. 'Che flowers are
small and unattractive, and often injure the plants ; I therefore

ANZECTOCHILUS AND OTHER VARIEGATED ORCHIDS. 75

always pinch them off when they appear, and find that doing
so induces them to make lateral shoots freely.

These plants require to be grown in a warm house or pit,
where the temperature ranges, in winter, by night from 55°
to 60° (a few degrees higher would not do them any harm),
while the warmth may rise to 65° by day, and by sun heat to
70°; during March, April, and May the night temperature may
range from 60° to 70°, and afterwards a few degrees higher will
not be injurious. From March to October is the best time
for growth, during which they will require a good supply of
moisture at their roots; in fact, they should never be allowed
to get dry, for then they will most likely perish; but from
October to March they should only have sufficient water to
keep the soil damp. They succeed best under bell-glasses,
or in a glass case, with a little air always on to keep them
in a healthy condition. Some will do without glasses, if in a
warm house. I grow them in sphagnum, chopped into small
pieces, intermixed with a little good fibrous peat and silver
sand, all well mixed together. Clean river sand will, however,
answer the same purpose, if they are provided with good
drainage. These plants do not require large pots, as they do
not make much root, but they succeed well in small pots ;
and if bell-glasses are used, the small pot may be plunged into
a large one, so that the bell-glass may fit the outer one. If
grown in cases, put them in small pots, and arrange them in
the case by placing good drainage at the bottom and sphagnum
on the top of the drainage, with some sand on the top of the
moss to set the pots on; then arrange the kinds in the case so
that the contrast of the different colours may have a good effect.
The pots should be perfectly clean, with good drainage at the
bottom, and should be covered with a little moss, and filled
up with the material recommended. In placing the roots in
the pot, raise the stem a little above the rim. Established

E 2

76 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

plants may be repotted once a year, and the end of February
or the beginning of March will be found the best time for
doing this. The glass or case in which they grow should be
kept perfectly clean, in order that they may have plenty of
light, but not any sun, which is injurious to them.

They are propagated by cutting the plants into pieces just
below the first joint, and so as to have a root attached to each
piece. For this purpose strong plants should be selected,
and, in cutting, take care that the bottom piece has two eyes,
one to root from, and the other to push into a shoot ; place
them in small pots in the material already named. The
“bottom,” or plant which has been cut, should be put
under a bell-glass, or placed in the case, where it will
soon throw up a young shoot, which is best left on till
well rooted; then cut it off from the old plant, and treat
it like the portion first removed, leaving the old part in the
pot, which will throw up again, and form another plant from
the bottom eye.

The Anectochili are subject to different kinds of insects ;
red spider is very destructive to them, and, if allowed to in-
crease, soon spoils the foliage, but if constantly looked after
it may be kept in check. Upon the first symptoms of the
appearance of this marauder, take the plants out of the case,
and examine the under sides of the leaves, and rub them over
with a sponge. It is not advisable, however, to do this except
there is necessity for it. The thrips is another enemy which
must be kept under in the same way, or by fumigation, taking
the glasses off for a short time. Cockroaches, too, should
uot be allowed to get near them, or they will work great
mischief by eating the young stems; they must be sought
after by candle-light, or killed by placing some of Chase’s
beetle poison in different parts of the house. The latter is
sold in boxes, and should be laid down about twice a week till

ANE CTOCHILUS AND OTHER VARIEGATED ORCHIDS. 77

the cockroaches are destroyed. In smoking be careful not to
give too strong a dose. The best way is to fumigate three
times, with an interval of one night between each operation,
till both thrips and spider are destroyed.

A. argyroneurus.—This extremely pretty little plant is a
native of Java; it has the ground colour of the leaves light
green, mottled with a darker hue, and the veins form a
beautiful silvery network.

A, Bullentii—This charming species from Borneo grows six
inches high, and has leaves two and a half inches in length ;
ground colour bronzy green, marked through the entire length
with three broad distinct lines of coppery red, varying at
times to golden stripes.

A. Dayi.—A very pretty and rare species, having good-
sized dark green leaves, beautifully veined with red, and
grows nearly as large as A. Lowit.

A. Domintii—This is a hybrid between Goodyera discolor
and Anectochilus xanthophyllus, and possesses a fine vigorous
constitution. The leaves are of a dark olive green, with a
pale yellow coppery streak down the centre, the main ribs
marked by pale lines.

A. El Dorado.—aA distinet species, and very difficult to
cultivate. It appears to be a deciduous kind, and is often lost
by people throwing it away, thinking that it is dead, whereas,
if left, it would push up again; the foliage is dark green, with
a small tracery of a lighter colour. This plant should not be
allowed to get too dry at the roots when at rest; if so, it
will die. It requires a good deal of care to keep it in good
condition.

A. intermedius.—A fine distinct species, and one of freer
growth than some others. It grows three inches high, and
has leaves two and a half inches long, one and a half inch
broad, with a soft silky surface; colour dark olive, striped

78 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

and veined with gold. This will do well without a glass, if in
a warm house, and shaded from the sun.

A. javanicus.—A species of less interest than many others,
but still worth cultivating on account of distinctness of colour ;
height four inches ; leaves about an inch and a half long, and
one inch broad ; ground colour dark olive green, with blotches
of a lighter green.

A, latimaculatus.—A very distinct and free-growing kind,
having dark green leaves with silvery markings ; it will succeed
well without the protection of a bell-glass, in a warm moist
atmosphere.

A. Lobbii.—A fine distinct species, attaining a height of
three inches, and with leaves two and a half inches long, and
an inch and a half broad; colour dark olive, with light
marking over the whole surface.

A, Lowti.—A splendid kind, the largest species of the
genus yet introduced; it grows six inches high, and has
leaves from four to five inches long, and three inches broad ;
colour rich dark velvety green, shading off to mellow orange
brown, lined from stalk to point with well-defined deep golden
veins, and crossed by lines of the same attractive hue. The
finest specimen I have seen was with Mr. Lees, of Tynningham.
This remarkable plant is also called Mfacodes marmorata, and
was found by Mr. Hugh Low near an opening of a large
cavern in the interior of Borneo.

A, Lowiti virescens—A charming variety of the above,
growing equally large, having the foliage of a lighter green,
with brighter markings over the whole surface.

A, Nevillianus.—A distinct and pretty species from Borneo ;
grows about three inches high, and has leaves an inch and a
half long; ground colour dark velvety green, enriched with
blotches of orange. Apparently a free grower.

A, Petola.—One of the finest of the genus, very free

ANZCTOCHILUS AND OTHER VARIEGATED ORCHIDS. 79

growing, and easy to increase. Of this there are two
varieties, one inferior to the other, but both handsome.
It grows four inches high, and has leaves from two to three
inches long, and two inches broad, resembling light-coloured
velvet, enriched with well-defined lines, and bands of a deep
golden colour covering the whole surface. A magnificent
species, more correctly named Macodes Petola.

A, querceticolus.—A distinct species, but inferior in beauty
to many of the other kinds. It grows from three to four
inches high, and has leaves two inches long; of a light green,
with blotches of white down the centre, A free grower.

A, Reinwardtii.—A very pretty variety in the way of A.
setaceus; the leaves are of a rich deep velvety bronze, beauti-
fully and distinctly intersected with bright golden lines.

A, RoxburghtiimA pretty and distinct kind, which grows
three inches high, and has leaves two and a half inches long,
and an inch and a half broad, with a dark velvety green
appearance, the whole surface striated with well-defined lines
of silver. Several kinds are grown for this species, but the
true one is very rare.

A. Ruckeri—A pretty species from Borneo. Mr. Low, the
importer of it, describes it as having leaves broadly ovate ;
ground colour bronzy green, with six rows of distinct spots
running down the entire length of the leaves. It looks
distinct from most others.

A, setaceus.—One of the handsomest of the genus, and one of
the oldest in cultivation. It grows four inches high, and has
leaves two inches long, and an inch and a half broad; surface
a beautiful velvety green, veined in regular lines, and covered
with a network of gold. There are several varieties of this
charming plant, all of which are free growers.

A, setaceus cordatus.—A remarkably handsome variety ;
grows three inches high, and has leaves two inches long, and

80 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

an inch and a half broad; resembles the former, but is
rounder in the leaf, and the gold markings are broader. A
rare variety.

A, setuceus grandifolius.—A beautiful kind, growing two and
a half inches high, and having leaves two inches long, and an
inch and a half broad; foliage light green, beautifully laced
and banded with a network of gold. A rare variety.

A, setaceus inornatus.—A very distinct form of this handsome
plant ; the leaves are destitute of the golden reticulation, but
are of a dark rich velvety hue, with a few slight markings.
Native of Java.

«1. striatus.—A distinct species ; grows five inches high, and
has leaves three inches long, dark green, with a broad band
of white down the centre. A free-growing plant, and one
which may be cultivated without a glass in a warm house.

A. Turncri.—This is one of the most beautiful of the genus,
and possesses the advantage of being a strong and vigorous
grower; the leaves are large, of a rich bronze colour, freely
marked with golden reticulations.

A, VeitchiiimA rare and fine species, named after its
importer. It grows four inches high, and has leaves three
inches long and two inches broad; ground colour beautiful
light velvety green, interspersed from base to point with well-
defined lines, and bars of the same colour, but lighter. A
free-growing plant, and one which grows nearly as large as A.
Lowti.

sl, vanthophyllus.—A splendid species, and very distinct
from any other variety in cultivation. It attains a height of
five inches, and has leaves two and a half inches long, and an
inch and a half broad ; ground dark velvety green, with broad
orange and green stripes down the centre, and covered with a
beautiful golden network. A free-growing species.

A, zebrinus.—An elegant dwarf-growing species with ovate

GOODYERA. 81

lanceolate leaves, of a deep olive green, striped with copper-
coloured lines. Native of India.

GooDYERA.

An interesting class of plants, with a compact habit of growth.
Many of them have dark velvety-like foliage, marked with gold
and silver lines down the centre of the leaves, and some of the
kinds have silver and gold markings spread over the entire
surface of the foliage, like the genus Anactochilus. The plants
have thick fleshy roots, and push from underground stems,
forming beautiful round dwarf plants; the flower spikes,
which issue from the centre of the foliage, attain a height of from
six to ten inches; some of the kinds have delicate white
flowers, especially G. discolor, which is one of the prettiest
white winter-flowering plants grown, very useful for bouquets,
as well as for other purposes. Of this genus there are many
fine species yet to be introduced to our gardens. Some are of
easy culture, while others are difficult to manage, but with care
all may be had in perfection, and when this is attained, they
amply repay any trouble that may have been bestowed. If grown
in small pots, and intermixed with Anectochilus, they have a
fine appearance, the foliage of the Goodyeras forming a beauti-
ful contrast with them; they do not, however, require the
game attention—on the contrary, they will do in any close
house where there is a little warmth. I grow many of them
in five and six-inch pots for blooming in the winter season,
placing about six plants in a pot; they should be grown
strongly, so as to ensure abundance of bloom. The soil I use is
peat and sand, with a little loam, and I give a liberal supply
of water to the roots during the growing season. They are
propagated by cutting up the plants so as to have a piece of root
attached to each piece; they may be grown where there is

no Orchid house, as mixed stoves suit them perfectly.
E383

82 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

G. Dawsoniana,—A very ornamental-leaved species, which
has been distributed under the name of Anectochilus
Dawsonianus. The leaves are blackish-green on the upper
side and very glossy, with lines of beautiful golden purple
traversing them from base to apex; the under side is of a uni-
form dull purple. The flowers, which are white, are freely
produced and become useful for bouquet-making. Native of the
Malay Islands.

G. discolor.—A beautiful plant from Brazil, which grows
about six inches high ; foliage a beautiful dark velvety colour,
with white markings through its entire length ; flowers white,
with a little yellow in the centre, produced in winter, on a
stem about ten inches high, and lasting a long time in
perfection. A useful plant grown in five and six-inch pots,
several plants being put in a pot so as to make a good show;
even without any flowers the plants themselves are by no
means unattractive.

G. Dominit.—A beautiful hybrid, raised from seed in this
country, and as regards foliage, one of the best I have seen.
I have not seen its blossoms: the leaves are larger than those
of G. discolor, having a dark bronzy velvet-like appearance,
with several prominent lines running their whole length, of
a lightish colour—nearly white, and interspersed with smaller
veins ; a good addition to this class of plants, contrasting, as
it does well, with the Anectochilus.

G, macrantha.—A very neat and pretty terrestrial Orchid,
and being a native of Japan, will be a valuable acquisition to
the cool-house: the leaves are dark green, beautifully netted
with a lighter shade of the same colour; it also bears large
and pretty rose-coloured flowers.

G. Ordiana,—This may be only a variety of G. Dawso-
niana, but is a very desirable plant; in habit and shape
of leaf it resembles that plant, but the colour is a vivid

GOODYERA. 838

green, instead of deep brown, the leaves being lined with
golden veins.

G. picta.—A distinct species, growing about three inches
high ; foliage an inch and a half long, light pea-green, with
a paler band running through the entire leaf. I have not seen
this flower, but it is worth growing on account of its foliage ;
arare kind, whose roots are not so thick as those of G. discolor,
it therefore requires more care.

G. pubescens.—A charming dwarf species; foliage green,
enriched with white markings, in appearance something like
Physurus argenteus; this requires a cool-house or pit to
grow it in perfection ; it is not difficult to manage, but requires
great care; it is often destroyed by being placed in too great
heat. Grow it in pots not too large, giving a liberal supply
of water during the growing season; in fact, it should never
be allowed to get dry at the roots. The flowers are white—
not showy: I grow it on account of its beautiful foliage.
Native of North America.

G. rubrovenia.—A charming distinct species from Brazil,
in the way of G. discolor; grows several inches high, with
velvet-like foliage, having three bands of red down each
leaf; it has thick fleshy roots, and is of easy culture
under bell-glasses or in frames. I have grown it along
with Anactochili for several years on account of its foliage,
but it will do in a pot with the same treatment as is usually
given to G. discolor.

G. Veitchii.—A hybrid variety of vigorous habit, raised by
the Messrs. Veitch between G. discolor and Anactochilus
Veitchii ; the leaves are of a rich deep reddish brown colour,
marked with a few silver ribs.

G. velutina.—This is another handsome ornamental foliage
plant for the cool-house : it has deep purplish green leaves,
beautifully marked with silver; it is a robust and easy grower,

84 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

and produces a good spike of handsome pink flowers. Native
of Japan.

MicrostyLis.

M. discolor—There are several species of this curious
family in cultivation, all interesting and desirable to those
who wish to have a general collection ; but the present one is
the prettiest, and well deserving a place with the Anactochilus,
and it succeeds well under the same treatment; the leaves are
deep reddish purple, edged with green; the flowers, which are
small, and produced upon short upright spikes, are yellow,
changing to orange. Native of Ceylon.

Puysurus.

This is a lovely class of plants, resembling Anaectochilus in
their beautiful foliage, and requiring the same treatment ; they
grow about the same height, with a creeping stem, and are
propagated in the same way. Many of them will do well
grown without glasses, provided they are in a warm shady
house—in fact, sun will soon destroy them: they require
more moisture when grown without glasses.

P. argenteus.—A handsome distinct free-growing species,
with leaves two and a half inches long, one and a half broad,
and having stems four inches in height; ground colour light
green, with well-defined silvery markings. This does not
require so much care as some others. I have seen it
grow in a warm house without a bell-glass, with a good
supply of water at the roots, in a shady place. Native of
Brazil.

P. argentens pictus.—A beautiful and distinet sort, growing
five inches high, and having leaves three inches long, and one
and a half broad; each leaf is edged with dark green, and
has a handsome silver-frosted band down the centre. A very

ANGRAECUM. 85

free growing plant, and one which may be cultivated without
a glass.

P. fimbrillaris,—This very pretty species has ovate leaves,
beautifully streaked with silver, on a dark green ground. It is
one of the prettiest of this family; and was introduced from
the forests about Rio Janeiro, in Brazil.

P. maculatus.—This very pretty plant grows about six
inches high, leaves two and a half inches long, dark green,
with two rows of white oblong spots lying parallel with the
mid-rib. Native of Ecuador.

P. nobilis. —A large and very beautifully marked species,
having broadly ovate leaves of a dark green, marked with
silvery veins.

ANGRECUM.

Curious Orchids, of which there are many species, but as -
the flowers of most of them are not showy, only a few are
worth growing where space is limited; many of these, how-
ever, are handsome in growth, and ought to be in every collec-
tion. In habit they resemble Aerides, having beautiful ever-
green distichous foliage, which in some kinds is regularly curved
and very graceful: the flowers are produced on long spikes from
the axils of the leaves. Even when not in bloom, the plants
themselves are objects of interest, and give a noble appearance
to the house in which they are grown. The flowers are not
so much prized as they ought to be, as they are produced at
the wrong time for exhibition; but, blooming as they do in
winter, they are invaluable to those who look for beauty at
that season. They continue six weeks or more in perfection.
If in vigorous health the plants generally flower every year, and
also produce young plants at the bottom. The latter, ifrequired,
should be taken off when rooted; if not, leave them on, in
order to make a finer specimen. They require the same
treatment and material as Aerides, and, like that genus, are

86 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

best grown in the East Indian house; A. faleatwm however
being an exception to this rule, as it succeeds best in the
Mexican house.

A, bilobum.—An elegant little Orchid from Cape Coast, with
dark green leaves and very compact growth ; the blossoms are
white, and have a small tail about two inches long. The plant
blooms from October to December, and remains two or three
weeks in good condition. I have grown this plant on a block,
but it does best in a basket, where the roots obtain plenty of
moisture.

A, caudatum.—A singular free-flowering species from Sierra
Leone, with pale green drooping foliage, ten inches long, and
very compact growth, producing racemes of flowers a foot or
more in length; the flowers are greenish yellow, mixed with
brown, the labellum being pure white, and furnished with a
tail of pale green colour, about nine inches long. I have
sometimes seen twelve or more of these curious flowers on a
spike. Its season of blooming is from June to September, and
it continues in perfection a long time. This is still, and
always has been, a rare plant.

A, Chailluunum.—This is a very distinct plant, but at
present rare in cultivation ; it is interesting because of the long
tail-hke spurs with which the flowers are furnished, proving
its relationship with A. caudatum. The leaves are six or
eight inches long, one to two broad, and dark green in
colour ; flowers white, with a long yellowish green spur, pro-
duced upon pendulous spikes. It succeeds best grown on a
block of wood with a little moss. Native of West Africa.

A, citratum.—A rare and pretty species from Madagascar.
It has smooth bright green close-set leaves, with a slender
pendulous flower spike; the flowers are pale yellow, and
closely set in two rows upon the spike. It is a compact
growing plant.

ANGRAECUM. 87

A, eburneum.—A noble, strong growing free-flowering Orchid
from Madagascar, with very thick and broad light green stiff
foliage, eighteen inches long; the flowers are of ivory white-
ness, produced on upright spikes eighteen inches long, and if
kept from damp, last four or five weeks in perfection. It
blooms during the winter months, and is, on that account,
valuable.

A, eburneum superbum.—A fine variety of A. eburneum,
brought from Madagascar by the Rev. W. Ellis, of Hoddesdon.
It is stronger in growth than the former ; the blooms are very
large, ivory white, open about the same time as those of A.
eburneum, and continue a long time in beauty.

A, eburneum virens.—A free-flowering variety, the flower
spikes of which are not so stiff, and are therefore more grace-
ful, than those of A. eburneum. The blossoms are greenish
white, and the plant has dark green foliage, about ten inches
long. In perfection during December and January.

A, Ellisiii—This beautiful species was introduced to
this country from Madagascar, by the Rev. W. Ellis, whose
name it bears, and is undoubtedly one of the finest species of
the genus in cultivation. The leaves are arranged in a dis-
tichous manner, and about ten inches in length, by upwards
of two inches in breadth ; dark green on the upper side, paler
below, and unequally bilobed at the apex. Flower spikes some
two feet long, arching, bearing from eighteen to twenty-four
flowers, pure white and very fragrant; sepals and petals
reflexed. Spur of the lip six inches long, and light cinnamon in
colour. The profile of the flower is an exact resemblance of a
cockatoo. It requires the temperature of the Hast Indian
house.

A, falcatum.—This is a very elegant, compact-growing
species, with narrow dark green leaves; the flowers are
freely produced, very fragrant, pure white, and furnished with

88 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

a very long spur. This species is an exception to the rule in
respect to heat, as it succeeds in a much lower temperature.
Native of Japan.

A, pellucidum.—A noble-growing plant, making bright
green shining leaves from a foot to a foot and a half long,
producing long spikes of white flower in winter, making it an
acquisition in that dull season. It is a native of Sierra Leone,
consequently requires to be kept in the warm house. It
makes a good basket or block plant, and is in growth very
much like a Phalaenopsis.

A. pertusum.—This is a very distinct and pretty species,
seldom to be found, however, in collections. It somewhat
resembles an Aerides in its growth; leaves long, rather
narrow, channeled above, fleshy and dark green. The spike
is pendulous, longer than the leaves, and densely furnished
with its pure white flowers. It blooms during the late
autumn and winter months. Native of Sierra Leone.

A wonderful plant, brought by the Rev. W.
Ellis, of Hoddesdon, from Madagascar, where he found it

A, sesquipedale.

growing on trees. Foliage dark green, about ten inches long ;
blooms beautiful ivory white, and very large, with a tail or
spur hanging from the bottom of the flower, from twelve to
eighteen inches in length. I saw it finely flowered by Mr.
Whitehead, gardener to R. Dodgson, Esq., Blackburn; on a
small plant not more than a foot high were three spikes,
each bearing four superb flowers. In blossom in November,
December, and January, and lasts three weeks in beauty. A
very beautiful-growing species, and certainly the finest of
its class.
ANGULOA.

The flowers of this genus are large and beautiful, and the
plants make good subjects for exhibition, especially 4. Clowesii
and A, Ruckert, the colours of which, from being somewhat

ANGULOA, 89

different to that of most Orchids, render them more valuable.
The pseudobulbs are large, about eight inches high, with broad
flag-shaped leaves a foot or more long; they all produce their
' flowers, which are about twelve inches high, from the base of
the bulbs just as they begin to grow. All the kinds are best
grown in pots, with rough fibrous peat, good ‘drainage, and
plenty of moisture at the roots in the growing season. The
cool-house is the most suitable place for them, as they succeed
best in a cool temperature. They ought to have a good season
of rest, and during this time they should be kept rather dry,
till they begin to show signs of growth. They are propagated
by dividing the bulbs just before they begin to grow.

A. Clowesii.A charming and free-growing species from
Columbia; sepals and petals bright yellow; lip pure white.
Blooms in June and July; lasts long in perfection if kept in
a cool-house. There is a fine plant of this species in the rich
collection of T. Dawson, Esq., under the care of Mr. Anderson,
which produces in June as many as seventy-six expanded
flowers. It is a truly noble plant, and is worth a journey to
see when in flower.

A, Clowesit macrantha.—A fine variety, also from Columbia,
growing about the same height as the preceding; the flowers,
which are bright yellow, spotted with red, are produced in
July, and, if kept dry, continue three or four weeks in per-
fection. A scarce plant.

A. eburnea.—A magnificent species from New Grenada,
and consequently will make a valuable addition to the cool-
house. It has large dark coloured bulbs, with bright green
leaves, producing flowers as large as those of 4. Clowesti, but
of the purest white, saving the lip, which is spotted with pink.
I have only seen this in bloom in Mr. Dawson’s collection.

A, Ruckeri.—A handsome Orchid from the same country
as the former, and flowering at the same time. The sepals

90 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

and petals have crimson spots on a yellow ground, and the lip
is deep crimson. It lasts two or three weeks in good condition.
Also a rare plant. There is a fine plate of this in the second
series of Warner's “Illustrated Orchids.”

A. Ruckeri sanguinea.—This very fine variety is precisely
like the preceding in habit, but the flowers are a deep rich
blood colour, very rare in cultivation ; a native of Columbia.

A. uniflora.—A good species from Columbia, which flowers
very freely ; the blossoms are white, and are produced in June
and July, lasting two or three weeks in flower.

A. virginalis—A pretty species, likewise from Columbia,
which grows about a foot high, with dark green bulbs; the
blossoms, which are white, spotted all over with dark brown,
are produced in June and July, and last three weeks in bloom.
A rare species.

ANSELLIA,

Three of this genus at least are well worth growing; they
are noble free-flowering Orchids, growing about three feet high,
and blooming in winter, when they produce large spikes of
flower, which, if kept in a cool-house, last long in perfection.
Ansellias require good-sized pots, as they root very freely, and
are of easy culture, provided they get the heat of the East
Indian house while growing, and a good supply of water at the
roots ; care is, however, necessary in watering, for the young
growths are apt to rot if water lies in the heart. A. africana
was first found in Fernando Po, at the foot of a palm-tree, by
the late Mr. John Ansell. All of them are propagated by
dividing their bulbs after they have finished their growth, or
just after they have done blooming.

A. africana.—aA free-flowering noble Orchid, producing up-
right stems from three to four feet high, with light evergreen
foliage ; the flowers are produced on drooping branching
spikes ; sepals and petals yellow, spotted all over with dark

ARACHNIS—ARPOPHYLLUM. 91

brown ; lip yellow; keeps in beauty for two months. I have
seen upwards of a hundred flowers on one spike.

A, africana gigantea.—A very fine variety of the preceding,
producing upright spikes from the top of the bulbs; it flowers
about the same time, and is of the same colour as 4. africana,
lasting a long time in perfection ; very rare.

A. africana lutea—A very distinct variety from Natal,
resembling the others in appearance, but not so strong in
growth, and producing clusters of light yellow flowers from the
top of the bulbs.

ARACHNIS.

This is a small genus of very curious and highly interesting
plants, requiring the same treatment as Aerides and Angrecum.

A. moschifera—A very peculiar plant, somewhat like a
Renanthera in habit. The flowers are large, creamy white, or
lemon colour, with purple spots, and they very much resemble
a spider, from whence it has derived its generic name; they
are very delicately scented with musk, and continue in perfec-
tion a long time. The old spike should not be cut, as it
produces flowers from its point for along time. Native of Java.

ARPOPHYLLUM.

There are only three plants belonging to this genus with
which I am acquainted that are worth growing. All three are
of handsome habit, with graceful evergreen foliage, and having
beautiful upright spikes of flowers, charmingly arranged, look-
ing not unlike rows of small shells clustering round the spike,
which is a foot or more in length. A. gigantewm makes a.
fine exhibition plant, and the colour is distinct from that of
most Orchids. All of them require the heat of a Mexican
house, and they are best grown in pots, in peat and good
drainage, with a liberal supply of water at the roots when
growing. They are propagated by division.

92 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

A. cardinale.—A very beautiful species from Guatemala,
with dark evergreen foliage. Flowers produced on upright
spikes a foot high; sepals and petals light rose ; lip deep red ;
it blooms during the summer months, and lasts three or four
weeks in perfection.

A, gigantewn.—A magnificent species from Guatemala, and
certainly the best of the genus, having dark evergreen foliage
and a graceful habit. The flower spikes, which are produced
from the top of the bulbs, grow from about eight inches to a
foot high; the blossoms are beautiful dark purple and rose:
they are produced during April and May, and last three weeks
in perfection. If required for exhibition, this should be kept
at the coolest end of the house, for it will generally come in
too early if not kept back.

A, spicatum.—A pretty evergreen Orchid from Guatemala,
with dark red flowers on an upright spike, which continues in
beauty three or four weeks during the winter months.

ASPASIA.

This is a small genus, containing plants of dwarf habit.
The pseudobulbs are broad and oval, and like the leaves, dark
green. They require the same treatment as Jiltonia.

A. lunata superba.—A beautiful variety of this old acquaint-
ance in our gardens: it bloomed last season with me, and
proved to be very fine; the sepals and petals are long, white
at the ends, and spotted with chocolate; lip a good size,
white, the centre being deep violet. A nice compact plant,
well deserving a place in any collection. Native of Brazil.

BaRKERIA.
These plants are deciduous, losing their leaves during their
season of rest; they are small growing, but free in producing
flowers, which are both rich and delicate in colour. The

BARKERIA. 93

Barkerias merit a place in every collection ; they are compact
growing, with upright slender bulbs, from the top of which
the numerous flower stems are produced. These plants suc-
ceed best on blocks of wood of a flat shape, so that the plants
can be tied on the top without any moss. They send out
their thick fleshy roots very freely, and will soon cling to the
blocks. They require to be grown in a cool-house, where
they can receive air every day during their season of growth.
The Mexican house will be the most suitable place for them,
and during their season of growth a good supply of water—
twice a day in summer will not be too much for them ; but
during their season of rest very little water will suffice—only
enough to keep their bulbs from shrivelling, about two or three
times a week. They should be suspended from the roof, near
the glass, where they can receive plenty of light, but not too
much sun.

B. elegans.—A splendid species from Guatemala, producing
upright spikes during the winter season; sepals and petals
dark rose ; lip reddish crimson, spotted and edged with a lighter
colour ; flowers as large as those of B. spectabilis, The finest
of the genus, and very rare; of this there are two varieties.

B. melanocaulon.—aA pretty and free-flowering Orchid from
Costa Rica. The sepals and petals are lilac, and the labellum
pink with a spot of green in the centre. It produces its
blossoms on an upright spike from June to September, and
will continue in perfection a long time. A véry rare and
desirable species.

B, Lindleyana.—From the same country as the preceding.
The flowers are produced on a long spike, and are of a rich
purple colour, with a blotch of white in the centre of the lip.
Blooms in September and October, and lasts long in good

condition.
B. Skinnert.—A beautiful free-flowering Orchid from Gua-

94 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

temala, with deep rose-coloured blossoms, which are produced
on a spike sometimes two feet long, with as many as from
twenty to thirty flowers on each spike. It will continue in
flower from November to February. A valuable Orchid for
winter blooming.

B. Skinneri superbum.—This far surpasses the preceding in
the size of the flowers and of the raceme, as well as in bril-
liancy of colour; and it frequently produces a branched in-
florescence, no doubt from its stronger growth and constitution.
The present variety grows about a foot high; the flower spike
proceeds from the top of the stem when the growth is nearly
completed, and attains the height of from twelve to eighteen
inches, bearing a large number of flowers of a dark rosy
colour, somewhat deeper-tinted in the lip, which is marked
towards the base with yellow streaks. Native of Guatemala.

B, spectabilis.—A charming species from the same country
as B. Skinncri. The flowers proceed from the top of the
bulb, on a spike bearing eight or ten flowers of a rosy pink or
blush, dotted with deep crimson. It blooms in June and July,
and lasts three or four weeks in perfection if kept in a cool-
house. This makes a splendid plant for exhibition. I have
seen specimens at the Chiswick and Regent’s Park shows
with as many as twenty spikes on one plant A very distinct
and desirable Orchid.

BaTEMANIA.

This is a small genus of dwarf, compact-growing plants,
generally of free-flowering habit. The species are not so
showy as some other Orchids, but are worth growing, as they
are easily accommodated, and take but little room. They will
do either in pots, or on blocks with moss; if grown in pots,
peat and moss is the best material. They should be placed in
the cool-house with a good supply of water in the growing
season.

BLETIA. 95

B. Beaumontii—A very singular and interesting plant,
dwarf growing; leaves light green; producing flowers two
inches in diameter, light green, marked with brown. Native
of Para.

B. grandiflora.—This extremely curious and very pretty
Orchid was introduced some years ago, but is not often to be
met with. It is a native of New Grenada, but not of the
coolest parts of that country. It has ovate pseudobulbs
some three or four inches long, bearing two large broad
leathery leaves. The flower spike comes up with the young
growth, bearing three or four flowers of curious structure :
the sepals and petals are olive green, striped with reddish
brown ; the lip is white, with reddish purple streaks, orange
or yellow towards the base.

Bieta.

These are terrestrial Orchids. There are several species of
this genus, but there are only a few that are worth growing.
All are of easy culture, and may be grown in the Mexican
house. The flowers are produced very freely when they are
thoroughly established, and are very valuable for cutting for
bouquets, on account of their pleasing colour, and the long
time they last in water. The pseudobulbs are round and
flattened, from which proceed long narrow deciduous leaves.
The best material for growing them in, is a mixture of loam and
leaf mould, with about two inches of drainage in the bottom
of the pot, covered with a layer of moss or rough peat; the
pots should be filled with the mould to within an inch of the
top, the bulbs placed on the top of the mould, and just
covered over. They require a good supply of water in the
growing season, but not much heat. After their growth is
finished, give them a good season of rest; and keep them
rather dry till they begin to grow.

96 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

These plants require to be well grown to make them flower
freely. The colour of the flowers is distinct from that of most
of our Orchids, and produces a good effect in a house; and
although they are not thought much of by many Orchid-
growers, they are well worth the care that is bestowed upon
them, on account of their pleasing colours.

B. campanulata.—The blossoms of this species are of a
deep purple, with a white centre ; flowers at different times of
the year, and lasts long in perfection; from Peru.

B. hyacinthina albo-striata.—Another of the many novelties
we have received from Japan, exactly similar in habit to B.
hyacinthina, but with all the nerves white, which makes a very
pretty variegation, and as it succeeds well in a cool-house,
it will be a valuable acquisition.

B. ShepherdiiimA robust growing species with long,
lanceolate, dark green leaves, and long and branching
flower spikes. The flowers are purple, marked down the
eentre of the lip with yellow. It blooms during the winter
months, and remains in perfection three or four weeks.
Native of Jamaica.

B. Sherrattiana.—A charming species from New Grenada,
in habit resembling B. putula. It produces large bright rose-
eoloured flowers, and is a most desirable acquisition to the
terrestrial section of Orchids. When growing, it should be
kept in the cool-house.

B. patulu.—This plant should be placed in the Cattleya
house during the growing season, but must be removed to a
cooler place to rest. The spike is long, erect, many-flowered,
the flowers dark purple, produced in March or April. Native
of Jamaica.

Bo.porayiium.

There are several species of this genus, but only a few

that are worth the attention of the amateur. The flowers of

BOLBOPHYLLUM. 97

the others are curious, particularly the labellwm, the least
breath of air or the slightest cause of motion being sufficient
to set up a tremulous or dancing movement in this organ.
They are chiefly valued as curiosities, require but very little
room, and thrive best on small blocks of wood with a little
moss, suspended in a warm part of the house; the roots
require a good supply of water. They are propagated by
dividing the pseudobulbs.

B, barbigerum.—A curious dwarf-growing plant, with dark
green leaves and pseudobulbs; sepals and petals greenish
brown; the lip is covered with dark-coloured hair, and is so
loosely attached at the base as to be moved with the slightest
breath, which gives it the appearance of a living thing. It
lasts long in bloom. From Sierra Leone.

B. Lobbii.i—The flowers of this species are large, the
sepals and petals deep yellow, the upper part spotted with
purple. It produces its solitary flowers on radical scapes
during the summer months, and lasts long in beauty. Native
of Java.

B. maculatum.—An interesting and pretty species; it has
long obtuse bright green leaves, and prettily-spotted flowers.
It is of easy culture, and must be kept in the warm house.
Native of India.

B. reticulatum.—This is a very singular Orchid from
Borneo, the handsomest of the genus, the leaf being somewhat
heart-shaped, with the nerves of a deeper green than the rest
of the leaf, giving it a beautifully reticulated appearance ; the
flowers, which are borne in pairs, are white, striped inside
with purple, and the lip is spotted with the same colour. It
is easy of culture, delighting in the strong heat of the Hast
Indian house.

B. saltatorium.—A curious dwarf Orchid from Western.
Africa, of a greenish brown colour; blooms at different times

F

98 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

of the year, and lasts some time in perfection. The plant
should be grown in the East Indian house.

B. siamense—A very pretty species, and well adapted for
those who, having but little space, devote it to the small-
growing kinds ; the leaves are longer and stouter than those of
B. Lobbii, with ovate pseudobulbs ; the flowers are pale yellow,
and striped with purple; lip yellow, streaked with purplish
lines. It should be grown in a pot with peat and sphagnum
moss. Native of Siam.

Brassavoua.

There are several species of this genus, but only a few that
are sufficiently showy to be worth growing by the majority of
amateurs. They are of easy culture, and grow best in a little
moss on blocks of wood suspended from the roof; a liberal
quantity of water is necessary during the growing season, but
afterwards much less will suffice. They are best grown in
the warmest house, and are propagated by dividing the plants.

B. acaulis.—A very interesting species from Central America,
with rush-like foliage, and a compact habit of growth. Flowers
large, creamy white. They are produced in September, and
remain a long time in beauty.

B. Diqhyana.—A fine compact evergreen species from the
West Indies. The plant is about six inches high ; the sepals
and petals are creamy white; the lip of the same colour,
streaked with purple down the centre, and beautifully fringed.
It produces its solitary flowers during the winter months from
the top of the bulb, Lasts about two or three weeks in
bloom.

B. Gibbsiana,—This is a beautiful and distinct species, well
worthy of general cultivation: an erect plant, belonging to the
terete-leaved section, but in the present species the leaves

are somewhat broad and very thick. It is a very profuse

BRASSIA. 99

bloomer, producing three flowers upon each spike, which are
large, and white, spotted with chocolate. The temperature of
the Cattleya house suits it best, and it should be potted in
peat and sphagnum moss. I saw this rare plant blooming
beautifully in the collection of H. Gibbs, Esq., under the care
of Mr. Penny.

B. glawca.—A desirable compact evergreen Orchid from
Mexico. Its blossoms are creamy white, with a pink mark
on the upper part of the lip. It blooms in February or
March, and lasts two or three weeks in perfection. This is
found rather difficult to flower in some collections, but it
blooms every year if the plant is strong, producing one large
flower from a sheath at the top of the bulb.

B. lineata.—The present plant is too much neglected by
Orchid-growers. The leaves are long, terete, channelled above,
tapering to a point, and of a very deep green. The flowers
are large and very fragrant; sepals and petals creamy white ;
lip large, pure white. It is a pendulous plant, and requires to
be grown on a block, in the Cattleya house.

B. venosa.—A pretty free-flowering species from Central
America, small and compact, with white flowers, which are
produced at different times of the year. It grows best on a
block suspended from the roof.

Brassia.

This genus is nearly allied to Oncidium, differing partly in the
very much elongated sepals. Some of them are dull-coloured,
so that the genus is not in great repute with Orchid-growers,
but there are a few kinds that are showy, free-flowering, and
last a long time in bloom, and ought to be in every collection.
All have dark-green pseudobulbs, and evergreen foliage a foot
or more in length. They are plants of easy culture, and will
do either in the East Indian or Cattleya house. The flowers are

F 2

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100 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

produced from the side of the bulbs on long drooping spikes.
They are best grown in pots, with rough fibrous peat and good
drainage, and require a liberal supply of water at the roots in
the growing season; afterwards, just enough water to keep
their bulbs plump will suffice, for they should never be allowed
to shrivel. They are propagated by dividing the plants when
they begin to grow.

B. Gireoudiana.—A very handsome species of a genus
that is rather neglected by Orchid-growers; itis a plant of
easy culture and good robust habit; bulbs stout, and with the
leaves of a light green colour. It produces spikes of large
bright yellow flowers spotted with red. Native of Costa Rica.

B. Lanceana.—A_ free-flowering Orchid from Demerara,
blooming at different times of the year, and bearing yellow
blossoms spotted with brown, which last three weeks in per-
fection. There are two varieties of this plant, one much better
than the other, having larger and brighter coloured flowers.

B. Lawrenceana,—A handsome species from Demerara,
blooming abundantly from June to August. The colour of the
flowers is yellow and green spotted with brown, and they last
three or four weeks in good condition, if kept dry.

B. Lawrenceana longissima.—A very striking variety of
the species, the sepals being very much lengthened out; they
are greenish white spotted with dark brown ; the lip is also very
much lengthened, and is yellowish dotted with purple. It is
deserving a place in every collection.

B. maculata major.—A very free-flowering species; sepals
and petals greenish yellow spotted with brown; lip white
spotted with dark brown. Flowers in May and June; lasts
five weeks in bloom if kept in a cool-house. From Jamaica.

B. verrucosa.—A curious species from Mexico. The upper
part of the flower is pale green; the lip white, marked with
green warts, It blossoms abundantly in May and June.

BROUGHTONIA—BURLINGTONIA, 101

B. verrucosa grandiflora—A fine variety from Mexico,
of stronger growth than the typical B. verrucosa, and with
flowers twice the size, and of a lighter colour. This is the best
of the genus I have seen, and is well worth a place in every
collection. There are several kinds grown for this variety,
but the true one is very rare.

B. Wraye.—A very pretty species from Guatemala, pro-
ducing its flowers on spikes two or three feet long ; sepals and
petals yellowish green blotched with brown; the lip is broad
and yellow spotted with brown. Blooms from May to August,
and continues flowering for two months.

BRovuGHTONIA.

This is a small genus, in fact, as far as I am aware, it con-
tains only a single species, which is allied to Lelia; it is
common in the Islands of Cuba and Jamaica, more especially
the latter, where it grows fully exposed to the influence of the
sun.

B. sanguinea.—A very compact evergreen-growing plant,
which succeeds best suspended from the roof on a block of
wood, with a little moss. It requires a good supply of heat
and moisture in the growing season, and produces its spikes
of crimson flowers from the top of the bulb during the summer
months, lasting a long time in good condition. This plant
ought to be in every collection, on account of the distinct
colour of its flowers. It is propagated by dividing the plant.

BuRLINGTONIA.

There are some beautiful species in this genus, all of which,
except B. decora, are of a very compact habit of growth.
They have evergreen foliage, from four to six inches high,
and produce their delicately-coloured flowers mostly on
drooping spikes from the sides of their pseudobulbs. These

102 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

plants ought to be in every collection, however small, as they
require but very little room, and may be easily grown to
perfection. They thrive best in small baskets with sphagnum
moss and potsherds, and require a good supply of heat and
moisture while growing. They need but little rest, and should
never be suffered to get too dry at the roots. They are pro-
pagated by dividing the plant. The following are among the
best of these beautiful plants with which I am acquainted.

B. Batemanii—A very pretty addition to this charming
family, so deservedly admired for their neat habit and
deliciously-scented white flowers. In this species, which in
general appearance resembles B. candida, the lip, instead of
being of the yellow colour, which is so usual in the genus,
is of a beautiful mauve. Native of South America.

B. candida.—A handsome free-flowermg Orchid from
Demerara, producing drooping spikes of flowers, which are
white, except on the upper part of the lip, which is yellow. It
flowers at different times. A few years ago, I saw some large
masses of this plant in excellent health growing on blocks,
in the collection of T. Bewley, Esq., of Black Rock, Dublin.
To grow this species in perfection a good supply of moisture
is necessary at the roots; indeed, it should never be allowed
to get dry.

B. decora.—A beautiful free-flowering species from Brazil,
but a straggling grower, as it makes long stem-like growths
between each pseudobulb, from which the roots proceed.
The flowers are produced on upright spikes, and are of a
delicate white, pencilled with light rose. It blooms during
the winter months, and succeeds best in a basket, or on a
block suspended from the roof.

B. decora picta.—This is a very fine form of the preceding,
stronger in growth, with much larger flowers; the colour is ”
richer, and it is altogether a superior variety. Native of

OALANTHE. 103

Brazil. I saw a fine plant of this, grown by Mr. J. Williams,
gardener to the late C. B. Warner, Esq., Hoddesdon. It had
many branching spikes of its beautiful flowers, some of them
numbering twenty blossoms on each, and was grown in a
basket with moss and peat.

B. Farmeri.—This is a very pretty species, and well
worthy of general cultivation. It resembles B. candida in
habit and appearance, and is a very free bloomer, producing
its elegant white and yellow flowers in early summer. It
succeeds best grown on a block or in a basket with sphagnum
moss, suspended from the roof in the Cattleya house.

B. fragrans.—A charming Orchid from Brazil. The flowers
are deliciously fragrant, the perfume resembling that of the
hawthorn; sepals and petals white; lip white, stained with
yellow down the centre; they are produced in April and May,
on a drooping spike, and last three or four weeks in beauty
if kept free from damp.

B. Knowlesii—A beautiful plant, somewhat similar in
habit to B. venusta, very dwarf and compact. The flowers
are white, slightly tinged with pinky lilac, and produced in
long racemes. It blooms during the autumn, and continues
in perfection a long time. A scarce Orchid.

B. venusta.—A very pretty species from Brazil, in which
the blossoms are white, with yellow down the centre of the
lip. It blooms at different times of the year; lasts two or
three weeks in good condition.

CaLANTHE.

There are some beautiful species belonging to this genus,
and consequently these plants are great favourites. They
are of easy culture, having handsome evergreen foliage—
except, however, C. vestita, C. Veitchit, and C. Turnert,
which are deciduous, losing their leaves during the season

104 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

of rest. The three last named kinds are divided from
Calanthe by some authors, and established under the name of
Preptanthe. Nearly all the Calanthes have striking and
attractive flowers. Most of them are rather large, upright-
growing plants, some of them having leaves a foot and a half
long and six inches broad. Their long spikes of flowers rise
from the bulbs, and come up between the leaves. They
generally make their growth after the flowers have faded.

The majority of the C'vlanthes are terrestrial Orchids, and
are best grown in pots of a large size, with loam, leaf mould,
and rotten dung mixed together. When they are planted,
two inches of drainage should be put at the bottom of the pot,
then a layer of moss on rough peat; after which the pot
should be filled up with the mould, and the plant left about
level with the rim. They succeed best when grown in the
Indian house, and require well watering at the roots in their
growing season, so that the mould is never allowed to get dry.
But little rest is required by the evergreen kinds, and during
the resting period only enough water to keep the soil slightly
damp will be required. The deciduous species, however,
require a long and thorough resting period, after the flowering
season is past. These plants are very much subject to the
brown and white scale, which should be diligently sought for
and destroyed, as if allowed to accumulate, the plants will
not thrive. They are propagated by dividing the plant. The
following are the most beautiful of the species.

C. cureuliyoides.—This is an extremely rare and beautiful
species ; it is, however, a long time since I last saw it flower.
The leaves are large, evergreen, and plaited. The flower
spike is erect, bearing a head of bloom similar to that of
C. ecratrifolia, but instead of being white as in that species,
the blossoms are of a beautiful orange-yellow. Its flowers are
produced in summer and autumn. Native of Malacca.

CALANTHE. 105

C. Dominii.—A good and distinct hybrid, which grows in
the same way as C. Masuca, The sepals and petals are
lilac, the lip deep purple. It was raised by Mr. Dominy from
seed in this country, and is a cross between C. Masuca and
C. veratrifolia. A fine free-blooming plant.

C. furcata.—A showy Orchid from India; spikes erect,
three feet long, bearing a profusion of creamy white flowers,
and lasting in perfection six weeks. Its flowers, which are
very freely produced, usually open in June, July, and August,
and render it a good plant for exhibitions.

C. Masuca.—A desirable and free-flowering Orchid from
India, producing its flowers on a spike two feet long. Sepals
and petals deep violet colour, with a rich purple lip. It
blooms in June, July, and August, and lasts six weeks in
perfection, This is a good plant for exhibition, the colours
being very distinct.

C. Masuca grandiflora.—A charming and very scarce
variety, with evergreen foliage, producing gigantic flower
spikes from three to four feet high, which continue bloom-
ing for three months; sepals and petals deep violet,
shading off to lilac ; lip very deep rich purple. On account
of its long continuous blooming season, it is a fine variety
for exhibition.

C. Steboldtii—An elegant evergreen dwarf-growing cool-
house species, with broad dark green plaited leaves and erect
spikes, bearing large yellow flowers. A distinct and desirable
species. From Japan.

C. Veitchit.—A beautiful mule, raised between Limatodes
rosea and Calanthe vestita, by Mr. Dominy. It is a deciduous
plant, and grows like C. vestita. The flower spikes are usually
from two to three feet high, and the blossoms of a rich rose
colour. This has proved to be one of the best and most
useful for winter decoration. The finest example I ever saw

F3

106 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

of it was in the collection of §. Mendel, Esq., under the care
of Mr. Petch; the pseudobulbs were nearly eighteen inches
high, and the flower spike six feet long, supporting fifty of its
charming flowers.

C. veratrifolia—A noble species from India, its spikes of
flowers, which are delicate white, frequently attaining the
height of two or three feet; it blooms freely from May to
July, and will continue blooming for two months. The
flowers should be kept free from damp, for if they get wet they
are apt to become spotted. This also makes one of the finest
exhibition plants; it is a very old species, but no collection
should be without it.

C. vestita rubro-oculata.—A charming free-flowering’ Orchid
from Moulmein; deciduous, and producing, from October to
February, long drooping flower spikes, which have a white
downy covering, and rise from the base of the finely-formed
silvery green pseudobulbs when the latter are destitute of leaves.
The flowers are upwards of two inches across; the sepals and
petals delicate white, the lip of the same colour, with a
blotch of rich crimson in the centre. No collection ought to
be without the varieties of C. vestita, as they are all fine plants
for winter blooming. We have had plants of this species
with thirty spikes, and frequently with from twenty to thirty
flowers on each spike, continuing in perfection for three
months. The finest variety of this plant I ever saw was
grown by Mr. Green, gardener to W. W. Saunders, Esq.,
Reigate.

C. vestita luteo oculata.—Another charming variety, in
which the sepals and petals are white, and the lip of the
same colour, with a blotch of yellow in the centre. The
flower spikes are produced in the same way as in the last,
and at the same time; it is nearly equal to it in point of
beauty, and very useful for winter decoration; the finest

CAMAROTIS. 107

plant of this variety I ever saw, was in the collection of
S. Mendel, Esq.

C. vestita nivalis—An elegant variety, with pure white
flowers. It is in no way different to the other forms save in
being entirely destitute of the colour on the lip. It flowers
in winter, and is especially valuable for wedding bouquets,
or any other purpose for which pure white flowers are wanted.

C. vestita Turnert—A_ handsome variety, producing longer
flower spikes, larger flowers, and these in greater quantity than
the previous-named kinds; the form of the flower is more
compact, the colour pure white with rose-coloured eye. A
peculiar feature of this variety is, that it blooms after the other
forms of C. vestita are over, which makes it the more valuable.

CaMAROTIS,

A small genus of scandent Orchids. They have narrow
coriaceous leaves, and the flowers have a thick fleshy lip,
which is hollowed out somewhat in the form of a slipper. The
temperature of the Hast Indian house is required for their
successful culture. They succeed best grown in sphagnum
and suspended in baskets.

C. purpurea.—A beautiful upright-growing plant, with
leaves three inches long. It produces its flower spikes, which
are about eight inches long, from the side of the stem; the
blossoms are rose-coloured, and appear from March to May,
lasting two or three weeks in beauty. This plant requires
care to grow it well; it may be planted either in a pot or
basket with moss, but the latter is preferable; it requires a
good supply of heat, and moisture over the roots and leaves
during the period of growth, but needs very little rest, and
should never be allowed to shrivel. The Hast Indian house is
the most suitable place for it. A fine specimen of this species
was shown at the Chiswick and Regent’s Park Exhibitions in

108 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

1850. This single plant, on which there were more than 100
spikes of flowers, was exhibited by R. 5. Holford, Esq.,
Tetbury, Gloucestershire.

CATTLEYA.

The species of this popular genus rank among our finest
Orchids; they are generally favourites, and there can be little
doubt that, as the mode of treatment which they require and
the ease with which they may be brought to a high state of
perfection becomes better understood, they will be extensively
cultivated. In many of them the pseudobulbs are singular and
pleasing in form; and the dark evergreen foliage of the plants
when in a healthy condition, together with their compact
habit of growth, renders them peculiarly attractive. Some of
the sorts have only a single leaf at the top of each pseudobulb ;
others, as C. Skinneri and C. intermedia, have two, and C.
granulosa and C. Leopoldit have three. The flowers are
large, elegant in form, and scarcely surpassed in their brilliant
richness and depth of colour, the most frequent tints of which are
violet, rose crimson, white, and purple, with their intermediate
shades. The flower scape, which is enclosed in a sheath,
rises from the top of the bulb, and a single spike sometimes
contains as many as nine perfect flowers, and I have seen as
many as thirty. As soon as the flowering is over, the Cattleyas
generally begin to make their growth for the next scason; but
some of them, such as C. Walkeriana, C. violucea, C. superba,
aud several others, flower while making their growth. With
the exception of C. Walheriana, C. muarginata, and (. citrina,
which grow best on blocks with a small quantity of moss,
I have found Cattleyas thrive best in pots. If the
accommodation is limited, all the kinds may be grown on
blocks, but they will require more attention, and seldom thrive
so well as in pots. They require a good depth of drainage ;

CATTLEYA, 109

so that the pots should be filled about half full of potsherds,
and these covered with a layer of moss, the remaining space
being filled up with peat, taking care always to have the plants
elevated above the rim.

I grow nearly all the Cattleyas in the Brazilian house, and
am accustomed to give them a good supply of heat, and not
too much water, while they are growing. Water applied to
the roots once or twice a week will be sufficient for those in
most vigorous state of growth ; too much water is apt to cause
the bulbs to rot. So long as the soil remains moist, no water
is required ; and when the soil becomes dry, water should be
applied to the roots—not to the bulbs, as it is apt to injure
them greatly. When the plants have made their growth they
should be allowed to rest, and be kept rather dry, giving them
just water sufficient to prevent their shrivelling.

A long season of rest is very advantageous to the plants,
causing them to flower more freely and grow more vigorously
afterwards. Those plants growing on blocks will require a
good supply of water at their roots every day during summer,
and twice or three times a week in winter.

Cattleyas require to be kept perfectly clean and free from
insects. They are subject to the white scale, which should
never be allowed to accumulate, as it is then difficult to
remove, and the plants are in danger of being injured. In
order to keep the plants free, they should be carefully looked
over every three or four weeks, and sponged with clean water
of the same temperature as that of the house. They are
propagated by dividing the plants.

The following list comprises the most beautiful and valuable
species of this splendid genus; and the collection in which
they are found will seldom if ever be without one or more of
the sorts in flower.

C. Aclandie.—A charming Orchid, from Brazil, of dwarf

110 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

habit, the bulbs seldom being above six inches high. It is
generally a rather shy-blooming plant; but its large chocolate-
coloured flowers are variegated with yellow, and have a rich
rose-coloured lip. It flowers in June and July, and remains
long in perfection, There are many fine specimens of this
plant in the country now; it is a species apparently subject
to much variation, some plants proving very free flowering.

C. amabilis—A magnificent free-flowering species from
Brazil, growing about eighteen inches high, making two growths
in one year, and blooming from the one that is formed in
spring. On each spike are from three to five blossoms, which
remain about four weeks in perfection; the sepals and petals
are delicate pink; the lip is large and of the richest crimson.
Undoubtedly the finest of the group is represented by C. in-
termedia, which it closely resembles; it blooms during the
summer months, and makes a fine exhibition plant. Very rare.

C. amethystoglossa.—A beautiful and distinct species from
Brazil, and one of the prettiest I have seen ; grows from two to
three feet high, in the way of C. Leopoldii, with two leaves on
the top of the bulb. From the centre of the leaves are produced
spikes with six or seven flowers, each measuring more than
five inches across; sepals and petals light rose, spotted with
rich purple ; lip deep purple; it blooms in March, April, and
May, and will last five weeks in perfection. There have been a
good many plants of this beautiful species imported during the
last year, and many varieties have bloomed. It is seldom
that two plants flower alike.

C. amethystoglossa sulphurea.—A very pretty variety of this
fine Orchid, resembling in every respect the plant figured in
Warner's “ Select Orchidaceous Plants’’ as C. amethystoglossa,
saving that the ground colour of the flowers is of a pure lemon
colour, spotted as in the one preceding; the lip is broad, and
of a rich cream colour.

CATTLEYA. 111

C. bicolor—A beautiful and free-flowering Orchid from
Brazil; sepals and petals pale green, sometimes brown tinged
with green; lip rich purple. It blooms in September, and
remains a long time in perfection. It produces as many as
eight or ten flowers on a spike. This is a strong grower,
rising eighteen inches or two feet high. There are two beauti-
ful varieties of this plant in the collection of T. Dawson, Esq.,
Meadow Bank.

C. Brabantia.—This is one of the Messrs. Veitch and Sons’
hybrids, the result of a cross between C. Aclandie and C.
Loddigesti, and will doubtless require the same treatment as its
parents, which are both natives of the warmer parts of Brazil.
It is a sturdy dwarf-growing variety, with the colours of both
species very equally and handsomely blended.

C. candida.—A desirable free-growing species from Brazil,
grows about a foot high; sepals and petals delicate white,
slightly shaded with pink; the lip of the same colour, with
a shade of yellow in the centre. It flowers from July to
November, and lasts three or four weeks in good condition, if
the flowers are kept free from damp. This plant makes two
growths in a year, and blooms from both, producing three or
four flowers on a spike.

C. citrina.—A beautiful dwarf plant from Mexico, with
small oval pseudobulbs and narrow glaucous leaves. The
flowers, which are large for the size of the plant, are bright
yellow, fragrant, and produced from the top of the bulb, some-
times in pairs; it blooms from May to August, and lasts two
weeks in perfection. This is best grown on a block of wood ;
the plant should be tied to the block, with the leaves hanging
downwards, as it is found growing beneath the branches of
trees in its native country. It succeeds best in a cool-house
with Odontoglossums.

C. crispa.—A splendid free-growing Orchid from Brazil,

112 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

about a foot and a half high; it flowers in July and August:
the blossoms are pure white, with a rich crimson stain in the
middle of the lip. A single spike frequently produces four or
five flowers, which continue in perfection for two weeks. This
is a fine plant for exhibition in July and August. The colour
of the flower is remarkably attractive, and it always produces a
good effect in a collection. It is also known by the name of
Lali« crispa.

C!. crispa superba.—A magnificent variety, the flowers of
which are larger than those of the preceding ; sepals and petals
pure white ; lip rich crimson and beautifully fringed. I con-
sider this to be one of the finest Cattleyas in cultivation, if
true, but many are sold under this name which have no claim
to it. It blooms in July and August, and will last from two
to three weeks in beauty.

C. Dawsont.—This very fine and rare Cattleya is like an
intermediate form between C. labiata and C. Mossie. It is
named in honour of T. Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank, in
whose splendid collection it first flowered. It grows a foot or
more high. The leaves are of a dark green colour, and of un-
usual thickness. The flowers are produced in clusters of three
or four, very large, being some six or seven inches in diameter ;
sepals and petals delicate rosy purple; lip large, the upper part
straw colour or yellow, the rest being of a beautiful roseate hue,
and the margin fringed. The flowers are of good substance, and
consequently last a long time in perfection. It is one of the
grandest of its class, beautifully figured in the first volume
of Warner's ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.’ Introduced, it is
supposed, from Brazil.

C. Devoniana.—This beautiful hybrid, for which we are
indebted to the skill of Mr. Dominy, is in growth like Lelia
elegans, making thin pseudobulbs, each bearing two leaves
some six or eight inches long; flowers upwards of five

CATTLEYA. 113

inches in diameter and produced in September; sepals and
petals white tinged with pink, which becomes deeper towards
the points. Lip deep rosy purple.

C. Dominiana.—A beautiful addition to this fine family ;
a garden hybrid, in habit resembling Lelia elegans, but
somewhat less robust. The flowers are six inches in
diameter; sepals and petals white, delicately shaded with
pink; lip rosy purple, edged with white, and deep orange
in the throat.

C. Dominiana alba.—This plant resembles the C. Dominiana
in all but the colour of the flowers: the sepals and petals are
broad, white, faintly shaded with lavender ; the lip pure white,
with a lilac blotch in the centre.

C. Dominiana lutea.—An elegant hybrid variety; sepals
and petals delicate blush, lip white in front, suffused with
yellow, the disk yellow, streaked with rose.

C. Dowiana.—This superb species was sent home from
Costa Rica in 1864, and flowered the following autumn. In
habit it resembles C. labiata, and thrives well under the same
treatment. It produces stout pseudobulbs, and leaves about
a foot high; the flowers are very large, sepals and petals
bright nankeen colour, lip rich bright dark purple, beautifully
streaked with gold. When properly established in cultivation,
C. Dowiana will undoubtedly be the most gorgeous of its
family, some of the imported spikes having borne five or six
flowers each.

C. Edithiana—A most splendid species from Brazil, with
dark green foliage a foot high; in growth like C. Mossie ;
the flowers are very large, measuring in diameter from six
to seven inches; sepals and petals light mauve; lip also
mauve, striped with white, upper part buff. The flowers are
produced in May and June, and remain in perfection three or
four weeks ; the only example I have seen of this, which will

114 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

make a fine exhibition plant, is in the collection of R. Warner,
Ksq., at Broomfield.

C. Eldorado.—This species is comparatively little known
amongst Orchid-growers, a fact which is much to be regretted.
It is a very beautiful object, and a valuable addition to the
cultivated forms of this grand genus. In growth it very much
resembles C. quadricolor ; the sepals and petals are pale pink,
lip of same colour outside, purplish-crimson towards the front,
and stained with orange in the throat. Its flowers are produced
during the late summer and early autumn months. Native of
the Rio Negro.

C. Eldorado splendens.—This is a very beautiful and
superior form of the preceding ; sepals and petals clear rose,
the latter much broader and serrated at the edges, lip large,
throat rich deep orange, succeeded by a circle of white, which
is again followed by rich violet purple, extending to the front
and round the whole margins, where it is finely saw-toothed. It
is a most desirable plant, and should be in every collection.
Native of the Rio Negro.

C. exoniensis—A splendid garden hybrid, having for its
parents C. Mossie and Lelia purpurata. The sepals and petals
are soft lilac; lip deep rich purple, beautifully margined with
white; throat golden yellow; blooming in August and Sep-
tember. We are indebted to the Messrs. Veitch for raising
this beautiful Cattleya.

C. granulosa.—A free-growing species, from Brazil, pro-
ducing large olive-coloured flowers, with rich brown spots ;
the lip whitish, spotted with crimson. It blooms in August
and September, and remains long in perfection. This is
not so showy as many of the Cattleyas ; but where there is
room it is worth growing, for its distinct colours. I saw
a fine variety of this, called superba, in the collection of
R. Aders, Esq., Manchester.

CATTLEYA, 115

C. guttata.—A free-growing Orchid, from Brazil, growing to
about twenty inches high. Sepals and petals greenish yellow,
beautifully spotted with crimson ; the lip white, stained with
purple. This is a very distinct species, and when well grown
will produce as many as nine or ten flowers ona spike. It
blooms in October and November, lasting two weeks in per-
fection.

C. guttata LeopoldtiimA charming variety from Brazil ;
grows about twenty inches high, and has short dark green
foliage ; a free-blooming kind, producing its flowers after it
has made its growth. Sepals and petals dark brown, spotted
with crimson; lip purple. I have seen this with thirty
flowers on one spike, a condition in which it was exhibited at
Regent’s Park by Mr. Page, gardener to W. Leaf, Esq.,
Streatham, in whose collection it was grown; this was the finest
spike I ever remember seeing. It generally has from six to
ten flowers on a spike, and continues in perfection about three
weeks, making a fine plant for exhibition on account of its
distinct colour.

C. guatemalensis—A very distinct and pretty Orchid;
though not so large as many of the genus, yet the curious
colour of the flowers—which are in the sepals and petals rosy
purple and buff, and the lip reddish purple and orange, with a
few crimson lines—amply compensates for the size, and being
produced in large clusters, makes it a very desirable addition
to a collection. Similar in habit to C. Skinneri, and requires
the same treatment.

C. Harrisonie.—A free-growing Orchid from Brazil, attain-
ing the height of twenty inches, and blooming in abundance
from July to October. The flowers, which will last in good
condition three weeks, are of a beautiful rose colour, having on
the lip a slight tinge of yellow. This is a noble plant, and
amply repays the care required to grow it well. A fine speci-

116 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

men of C. Harrisonie, grown by Mr. Woolley, late gardener
to H. Bellenden Ker, Esq., Cheshunt, and having more than
fifty flowers open at once, was shown at the Regent’s Park
Exhibition in 1851.

C. Harrisonie violacea.—A charming Brazilian variety,
which grows about two feet high, and makes two growths in
one year, flowering on both, in July, August, and September ;
it will last in bloom four weeks if kept in the coolest house.
The sepals and petals are of a beautiful violet ; lip same colour,
with a little yellow in the centre. Will make a fine exhibition
plant, the colour being very different from that of many other
Orchids.

C. intermedia violacea.—A beautiful Orchid from Brazil; a
free grower, and about a foot high. The sepals and petals are
delicate rose colour, and the lip has a rich purple spot in the
centre. It blooms in May and June, and lasts three or four
weeks in perfection, if kept in a cool place. This species
frequently produces as many as nine flowers on a spike, and
makes a fine plant for the May and June shows. There are
several varieties of C. intermedia,

C. intermedia superba.—A splendid variety from Brazil,
growing about fourteen inches high, and making two growths
in one year, but only flowering from the one made in spring.
Sepals and petals delicate rose; lip broad and of the richest
purple; from four to six blossoms are produced on a spike.
It makes a fine plant for exhibition, and will last about four
weeks in perfection.

C. labiatu.—One of the best of the Cattleyas ; it is a free-
blooming species, and grows about twenty inches high. The
flowers are large, often six or seven inches in diameter, and
three or four on a spike; sepals and petals broad, rose colour ;
labellum rich crimson. It blooms in October and November,
and will continue in perfection three or four weeks. The finest

CATTLEYA. 117

specimen I ever saw was in the collection of R. Hanbury,
Esq., The Poles, near Ware: the plant was cultivated in a
large tub, about two feet across. This superb species was first
flowered by the late Mr. Cattley, of Barnet, in honour of whom
the genus is named. Native of Brazil.

C. labiata atropurpurea.—A splendid variety, which grows
about the same height as the preceding; flowers large, and of
a much richer colour; sometimes produced five on a spike.
This variety formerly existed in the collection of E. McMor-
land, Esq.

C. labiata pallida.—A beautiful variety from Brazil, whose
growth is shorter than that of the two preceding, and which
blooms in August. The leaves are upright, and of a lighter
green. Sepals and petals light pink; lip crimson, beautifully
fringed. A useful variety on account of its flowering carlier
than C. labiata, and if the flowers are kept dry, it will remain
three weeks in good condition.

C. labiata Pescatoret.—A very beautiful variety, with light
green foliage, and free blooming habit ; sepals and petals light
roge-coloured, lip rich crimson. This is distinct from the old
form of C. labiata, blooms during the autumn, and continues
three weeks in perfection.

C. labiata picta.—When well bloomed one of the finest of
all Cattleyas : it grows about a foot high, and has light green
foliage. The flowers are large, but produced sparingly, and
often deformed; when well expanded, however, they are
magnificent, a single bloom sometimes measuring seven inches
across. Sepals and petals pure white; lip of the richest
crimson, and beautifully fringed. Flowers during June and
July, and will continue three or four weeks in perfection. This
was first flowered at Sion House, and is often called the Sion
House Cattleya.

C. Lemoniana.—Distinct from C. Mossie in growth, the leaves

118 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

being shorter. It grows about a foot high, and has light green
foliage. The flowers are produced during the summer; colour
pale pink, with yellow in the centre of the lip ; it will last three
or four weeks in bloom.

C. lobata—A charming species from Brazil, very much like
C. crispa in growth, but shorter in both bulb and leaf. The
flowers are of a deep rich rose. It is a very shy-flowering plant,
producing its blooms in May and June, and continuing about
three weeks in perfection. One seldom sees this plant exhibited
on account of its shy flowering properties. There is a variety
called C. lobata superba, which flowers very freely; and its
spikes are larger. I exhibited a fine plant of this variety at
the International Exhibition in 1866, with seven spikes upon
it. This species, which bloomed profusely last year, was ex-
hibited at Manchester by several people in excellent condition,
its rich and distinct colour producing an excellent effect.

CU. Loddigesit.—A free-flowering species, which grows a foot
or more high. Sepals and petals pale rose colour, tinged with
lilac ; the lip light rose, marked with yellow. It blooms in
August and September, producing three or four flowers on a
spike, remaining long in perfection, and is a desirable species.
Native of Brazil.

C. MeMorlandii.—A fine species from Brazil, in the way of
C. Mossi, growing about a foot high, and having dark green
foliage. Flowers about six inches in diameter; sepals and
petals beautiful light rose; lip yellow and fringed. Blooms
in June and July, and remains three or four weeks in perfec-
tion. Very distinct, and makes a fine exhibition plant.

C. marginataa—A handsome dwarf plant from Brazil,
about six inches high. The flowers are large, usually
solitary ; sometimes, however, two being on a spike; sepals
and petals rosy crimson ; lip deep rose, margined with white.
Tt produces its blooms in September and October, and lasts

OATTLEYA. 119

three weeks in perfection. It is a very desirable plant, and

ought to be in every collection, however small, as it requires
but very little room. It grows best suspended from the roof of
the house, on a block of wood, with a little sphagnum moss,
and it requires a good supply of water at the root in the
growing season. There are many varieties of this species,
and many of them are very beautiful in colour.

C. maxima.—A magnificent species from Columbia, grow-
ing from a foot to eighteen inches high. A distinct growing
plant, producing from five to ten flowers on a spike in
November and December, and continuing in perfection three
weeks; sepals and petals bright rose; lip richly variegated,
with dark crimson veins down the centre. Of this species
there are many varieties—J. Day, Esq., of Tottenham, and
Bishop Sumner, at Farnham Castle, both possess a very fine
variety of this charming plant. In the latter collection, under
the care of Mr. Laurence, as many as thirteen fine flowers are
sometimes produced upon a single spike, the usual number
being nine and ten. There have been many plants of this
imported within the last two years.

C. Mossie.—This magnificent and free-flowering species is
a native of La Guayra. It grows a foot or more high, and
blooms from March to August. The flowers are very large, a
single one being five or six inches across, in some of the
varieties still larger, and three or four growing on one spike.
There are many varieties of this plant, with blossoms of
various shades of colour, from white and pale pink to crimson
and rose purple. ‘This species makes a noble plant for
exhibition. I have seen specimens of C. Mossi@ at the
Chiswick and Regent’s Park shows, with from thirty to forty
flowers upon a single plant. The flowers will remain in
perfection for three or four weeks, if kept in a cool place.
Many of the varieties of this plant here enumerated bloomed

120 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

in the rich collection of Robert Warner, Esq., who makes
this species one of his special favourites, and where we have
seen as many as six hundred of these beautiful flowers open
together. Many of these forms are very distinct. The best
of those which I here introduce were named and described in
the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1864 by Mr. Thos. Moore, of
the Botanic Garden, Chelsea.

C. Mossie aurea.—A small-flowered variety, with the sepals
and petals blush, less spreading than in most other forms;
lip small, strongly marked with buff orange at the base,
extending forward at the front edge, and having broken violet
rose lines in the centre, surrounded by a very broad pale
margin, which is almost white inwards, and tinged with blush
on the extreme edge.

C. Mossie aurea grandifiora.—A large-flowered form;
sepals and petals blush; lip marked with a bar and a few
broken lines of violet rose, very much stained with orange at
the base, and towards the upper part of the margin.

C. Mossie aurea marginata.—Large-flowered: sepals and
petals deep blush ; lip with deep violet-rose centre and yellow
base, the yellow stain continued so as to form a broad margin
to the upper expanded portion of the lip.

C. Mossiw Blakei.—Sepals and petals deep blush, the latter
frilled towards the points; lip orange buff at the base, and
mottled violet rose in front, the markings passing out nearly
to the edge, so that there is no sharply-defined pale frill.

C. Mossia complanata.—A large-flowered variety, remark-
able for the almost total absence of frilliness on the petals,
and especially on the lip; sepals and petals rather deep
blush ; lip broad and spread out at the apex, a good deal
stained with orange at the base, but faintly mottled and
veined with purple over the centre, leaving a broad pale blush
tinted edge.

CATTLEYA. 121

C. Mossie conspicua.—Large-flowered: sepals and petals
blush; lip richly marked with violet rose, dashed with orange
at the base, and having an irregular broadish pallid border ;
it blooms in great profusion.

C. Mossie elegans.—Rather small in size, but lively and
effective in colouring: sepals and petals deep blush; lip
small, with bright orange yellow base, and the central portion
marked sparingly with veins of violet rose, surrounded by a
broad pale edge.

C. Mossie fimbriata.—One of the largest-flowered of the
whole series, and prettily though not heavily marked ; sepals
and petals rather pale blush, the latter broad and a good deal
frilled throughout ; lip very much frilled, marked with a bright
orange stain at the base, and in front decorated with broken
veins of violet rose on a white ground, the extreme edge being
blush ; the lip is thus distinctly edged with blush.

C. Mossie flammea.—Rather small, but richly coloured, the
petals and lateral sepals less spreading than in other forms:
sepals and petals deep blush, the latter frilled towards the tip;
lip small, very deep rich orange at the opening, dense violet
rose in the centre, the orange intermingling therewith, and
producing a fiery crimson, the purple broken up with white in
front, and irregularly margined with blush.

C. Mossie grandiflora.—A large-flowered variety: sepals
and petals blush, the petals less frilled than in some forms;
lip a deep rich purple rose, slightly stained at the base with
orange, and having a narrow even edge of pale blush.

C. Mossia grandis.—The largest of all the forms in respect
to the size of its lip; sepals and petals pale blush ; lip mottled
violet rose, with an irregular blush-coloured edge; the base
stained with buff orange. This is beyond doubt one of the
finest of all the varieties of C. Mossie that have ever come
under my notice. ;

G

122 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

C. Mossie Helene.—Remarkable for its high-coloured
flowers: sepals and petals deep blush, mottled with dark
purple rose; the lip a rich motley purple, orange at the base,
and parti-coloured at the margin.

C. Mossie kermesina marginata.—This magnificent variety
has rich peach-coloured sepals and petals, with a large carmine
lip, edged with white and beautifully fringed.

C. Mossie Lawrenceana.—Large-flowered, with erect stalks ;
sepals and petals blush, the petals very broad and consi-
derably frilled ; lip large, rich deep violet rose, slightly stained
with orange in the interior, veined and mottled in front, with
a narrowish and nearly even frill of blush. It is in the way
of the variety splendens, but rather smaller in the lip, with the
throat more expanded.

C. Mossie magnifica—In this variety the flowers are
of a very fine form, from eight to nine inches in diameter ;
sepals and petals of a deep rose colour; lip orange,
streaked with purple. Like all the varieties of C. Mossi,
if kept free from the damp, it will remain a long time in
bloom.

C. Mossie marmorata.—One of the finest light-coloured
sorts, and one of the largest-flowered ; sepals and petals pale
blush, the latter very broad ; lip large, light rose, broken up
into marbled markings, covering the whole surface, except a
narrow fringe at the edge ; it is a good deal stained with deep
orange at the base, and the margin is not only strongly frilled,
but conspicuously fringe-toothed.

C. Mossia Mariane,—Small-flowered, but very distinct and
chaste, and very rare; sepals and petals white; lip with a
bright yellow stain at the base, prettily mottled with violet
rose in the centre, and broadly and evenly margined with
white. Although this variety is not so large flowered as many
others, it is at once the most elegant and pleasing of all the

CATTLEYA, 123

kinds introduced into these pages, and is worthy of a place in
every collection in the country.

C. Mossie Moorcana.—A beautiful variety, well marked
by the clearly-defined narrow white border of its lip, in the
way of the var. Martane; sepals and petals pale blush; lip
dense violet rose, moderately stained with ofange at the base,
and having a narrow even frill of white.

C. Mossie Napoleonis.—A very telling variety from its
roseate tinge, and the erect habit of its full-sized flowers ;
sepals and petals deep blush; lip large, of a mottled purple
in front, and deep orange at the base, with a broad margin of
pale blush.

C. Mossie purpurata.—Large-flowered ; sepals and petals
deep blush ; lip large, of a very dense and nearly uniform violet
rose, orange at the base, and having a pale frill or margin.

C. Mossie Rothschildiana.—One of the larger-flowered
forms ; sepals and petals blush ; lip very bright orange at the
base, with rosy purple lines and splashes over the centre,
and a broad irregular white margin ; the petals are finely den-
ticulate.

C. Mossie splendens.—Large-flowered: sepals and petals
blush ; lip rich full purple rose, with orange base, the margins
blush, and very much frilled.

C. Mossia striata. —A curiously marked sort: sepals and
petals deep blush, with paler veins, producing a motley
striated appearance ; lip motley rose, striped throughout with
dark purple rose, the margin paler and venosely striated, the
orange tint confined to the base.

C. Mossia superba—Dark blush sepals and petals, the latter
narrow and very slightly frilled ; lip large, prominently stained
with deep orange at the base, the front part brighter, and. the
centre veined and somewhat mottled with violet rose, leaving a

broadish irregular pale margin.
«2

124 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

C. Mossie venosa.—A very handsome variety, distinct-look-
ing from there being very little orange present, and from the
markings of deep violet rose being evenly distributed ; sepals
and petals deep blush, the petals becoming paler towards the
margin; lip marked with lines of violet rose, beautifully
fringed, extending nearly to the margin; the base very slightly
stained with orange.

C. Mossie Victorig—A very large and beautiful variety ;
the sepals and petals large, of a blush tint; the hp deep
purple rose, with bold orange marking at the base, and narrow
even margin of blush.

C. Mossie Williamsii.—A large-flowered variety; sepals
and petals blush white; lip finely mottled with rose, stained
with orange at the base, and having a broad pale margin;
the flowers are amongst the palest in the series, and very
beautiful. .

C. pumila—A charming species from Brazil, about six
inches high, flowering in September. The blossoms are rose-
coloured, with a crisped crimson lip, often edged with white.
It remains three or four weeks in perfection, and is similar to
C. maryinata in its habit of growth.

C. quadricolor.—A very rare and pretty species, which
grows about ten inches high, and produces its blossoms on
the young growths in May and June. Sepals and petals light
rose; lip of same colour, yellow on the upper part. There
are two varieties of this plant in cultivation.

C. quinquecolor.—This pretty variety is the result of a cross
between C. Aclandia and C, Forbesii. The sepals and petals
are light olive green, spotted with brown and dark chocolate ;
the lip is white, with a large yellow blotch, veined with
rose.

C. Schilleriana.—A charming species, which grows much
like C. Aclandie; the foliage is, however, darker and rounder.

CATTLEYA. 125

It blooms during the summer months from the young growths,
the flowers being large, and nearly of the same colour as those
of OC. Aclandia, but much darker, and they remain in per-
fection three or four weeks, if kept dry.

C. Schilleriana RegnelliimThis is sometimes considered
distinct from the preceding, but although well marked, it is
evidently very closely allied to that plant. The pseudobulbs
are usually about four or five inches high ; leaves in pairs,
sometimes, however, three are produced; these are thick,
fleshy, and dark green; flowers borne upon upright spikes,
from three to five in a cluster, measuring nearly four inches
in diameter; sepals and petals somewhat oblong, spathulate,
green suffused with olive, and spotted with purple; the front
lobe of the lip is large, rich amethyst shaded with purple,
and bordered with white; the base yellow, streaked with
purple. It should be placed upon a block with a little
sphagnum moss, and suspended from the roof at the warmest
end of the Cattleya house, shaded from the direct rays of the
sun, and supplied with water liberally during the growing
season ; during the winter less heat will suffice, but it must
by no means be allowed to get dry. It is a rare plant, but a
very desirable one, as it blooms twice in the year, first in the
month of July, and again about the end of September or
beginning of October. It is beautifully rendered amongst
the superb illustrations in the second volume of Warner’s
“ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” Native of Brazil.

C. Sedeniana.—A beautiful garden hybrid, the parents being
C. erispa and C. granulosa ; itis tall in habit; the flowers are
large and handsome ; the sepals and petals light rose, shaded
with green; the lip has a white fimbriated margin, centre
purple, with darker veins. A desirable plant.

C. Skinneri—A beautiful and free-flowering plant from
Guatemala, growing about a foot high, and blooming in

126 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

March, April, and May. The blossoms are rose purple,
and remain three weeks in perfection, if kept dry. This
fine species of Cattleya, when grown strong, will produce as
many as nine or ten flowers on a spike. It is one of the finest
Orchids that can be grown for any of the exhibitions in May,
the colour being distinct. and different from that of any other
Cattleya. One of the finest plants of this species I ever saw
was exhibited at the Regent’s Park Exhibition in 1869, by
Mr. Archer, gardener to A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester; it was
in beautiful health, splendidly flowered, and measured some
three feet in diameter.

C. speciosissima Lowti.—This is a very handsome form of
the C. labiata type. The pseudobulbs are oblong and deeply
channelled, bearing ovate, shining leaves; flowers large, fre-
quently measuring eight inches in diameter; they are borne
upon a somewhat short spike three or four together; sepals
and petals broad soft flesh colour, the latter being the broadest
with erose edges. The lip forms a circle, through closing
over the column, the front portion being of an intense
amethyst colour, varied with white and yellow markings
towards the centre, where are also several lines of bright
amethyst. It is a gem amongst Cattleyas, and first
flowered with T. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank. Native of
Venezuela.

C. superba.—This truly beautiful plant comes from Guiana.
It is a slow-growing species, and usually ten inches high. It
flowers in June and July. The blossoms, which are of a deep
rose colour, with a rich crimson lip, will remain in bloom
three weeks ; it produces three or four flowers on a spike, and
is a very distinct species. It requires plenty of water at all
times, and should never be allowed to get in a shrivelled
state—if so, it is difficult to restore to a healthy condition
again ; requires more heat than the other Cattleyas, and is

CATTLEYA, 127

best grown on a block of wood with live sphagnum moss, but
is a bad one to propagate.

C. superba splendens.—A variety of the preceding, which
has been introduced from the Rio Negro; the flowers are
much larger, the sepals and petals being considerably longer
than the form originally introduced from British Guiana ;
sepals and petals delicate bright rose ; lip white at the base,
rosy-violet in front, and having in addition several lines of
golden yellow towards the middle. It is altogether a very
distinct and handsome form.

C. Triane.—There are an immense number of varieties of
this lovely winter blooming Cattleya, all of which are beautiful,
and some in particular; in habit of growth it resembles
C. Mossie. The flowers are produced during the winter
months, and measure several inches in diameter; sepals and
petals usually blush; hp blush, or pale rose colour outside ;
the throat orange, or yellow, and the front rich purple, more
or less intense. This is considered by many to be a variety
only of C. Warscewiczii ; but species or variety, it is a really
charming Orchid. Native of New Grenada.

C. Triane Atalanta.—These three extremely fine varieties
were flowered by Mr. Wilson, gardener to W. Marshall, Esq.,
and named by that gentleman when exhibited before the Floral
Committee of the Horticultural Society, each receiving a first-
class certificate. Sepals and petals upwards of three inches
long and about an inch broad, white shaded with rose; petals
same colour, but broader and more pointed; lip some three
inches long, pale rose with a broad band of orange in the throat.

C. Triane Io.—F lowers of the same size as the preceding ;
sepals and petals clear rose, petals finely serrated at the
margins; lip large, rich deep purple shaded with violet; an
orange throat and marginal band of rosy-purple, edges beau-
tifully crisp.

128 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

C. Triana Venus.—Another fine form of this winter-blooming
species ; sepals three and a half inches long and upwards of
an inch broad; petals upwards of two inches broad, waved at
the edges and recurved, white tinged with rose; lip three
inches long, basal part rose, but rich deop rosy-purple in
front shaded with violet, the centre of the lip and throat bright
orange, and the edge beautifully curled.

C. velutina.—This is quite a new plant in our collections,
baving been first flowered by A. Williams, gardener to J.
Broome, Esq., of Fallowfield, Manchester. The plant resembles
C. bicolor in growth ; sepals and petals pale orange, spotted
and streaked with purple; lip orange at the base, white with
violet veins in front, where the surface is velvety. The flowers
are very fragrant, which is an additional recommendation. It
would appear to be a native of Brazil.

C. Wagneri.—A splendid free-flowering Cattleya, in the
way of C. Mossi, and with flowers equal in size; sepals and
petals white; lip also white, with rich yellow in the centre.
A fine plant for exhibition, producing blossoms in June and
July, and lasting about three weeks in perfection. A very
rare plant.

C. Watkeriuna.—A truly elegant dwarf species from Brazil,
about four inches high, with large rose-coloured flowers;
the lip, which is a richer rose than the other part, having a
slight tinge of yellow. There are generally two flowers pro-
duced on a spike, each measuring five inches across, It
blooms twice a year, in February and June, on the young
growth ; and the blossoms last four or five weeks in beauty,
which is longer than those of any other Cu/tleya : it is also sweet
scented, and will fill the house with perfume. I always grow
this plant suspended from the roof, in a place where there
is plenty of light, but not too much sun, on a block of wood,
surrounded by a little sphagnum moss. This plant is well

CATTLEYA. 129

grown and flowered in the select collection of T. Jones, Esq.,
Manchester.

C. Warneri.—One of the finest of all Catileyas. It grows
in the same way as C. labiata, and produces blossoms equal
to it in size. A very useful species for summer exhibition ;
flowers large, more than six inches across; sepals and petals
beautiful rose ; lip large, of a rich crimson, and finely fringed.
This rare plant was first flowered in the rich collection of
R. Warner, Esq., and I thought it the finest and most magni-
ficent Cattleya that had ever come under my notice; of this
there are, however, many inferior varieties. The true and
original form of this splendid Cattleya is figured in the first
series of Warner’s “‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

C. Warscewicztt.—A magnificent species which grows about
a foot high, with light green foliage, in the way of C. Mossia.
The flowers are large; sepals and petals purplish white ; lip
rich crimson. Of this there are also many varieties ; blossoms
during the winter months, and continues three or four weeks
in perfection. Mr. Baker, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq.,
flowered a splendid variety of this plant.

C. Warscewiczti delicata.—A magnificent variety in the way
of C. Mossia, but still very distinct. It grows about a foot
high, and bears blossoms six inches across ; sepals and petals
white ; lip large, with a beautiful yellow centre and a tinge
of rose, white on the outside. Blooms in December and
January ; very useful during winter, and continues in perfec-
tion three or four weeks.

C. Warscewiczit delicata superba.—This grand variety was
bloomed by Mr. Moore, when gardener to the Earl of Shrews-
bury, at Alton Towers. It is by far the finest of its class I
have ever seen; the lip is very large and finely expanded, and
the sepals and petals are broad and pure white.

a3

130 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

Cuysis.

This is a beautiful, though somewhat small genus, there
being but a few species, so far as I am aware. They are deci-
duous epiphytes, losing the leaves during their season of rest.
The pseudobulbs are thick and fleshy, and about a foot long,
producing their flowers with the young growth. These will do
on blocks of wood, but grow much finer in baskets or pots,
with peat, moss, and potsherds. All the species require a
liberal supply of heat and moisture in their growing season,
but after they have finished their growth, they should be
removed into a cooler house till they begin to grow, and then
taken back to the East Indian house. During their season
of rest they require but very little water, and are propagated
by dividing the plants just as they begin to grow.

C. aurea.—A charming Orchid from Venezuela, producing
its flowers on a short spike, generally twice a year; the
blossoms are yellow, the lip being marked with crimson. It
flowers at different times of the year, and lasts about a fort-
night in beauty.

C. bractescens.—A fine species from Guatemala ; its flowers
are produced on a short spike, sometimes six together, each
flower measuring two or three inches across. The sepals and
petals are white, while the lip has a blotch of yellow in the
centre. It blooms in April and May ; lasts two or three weeks
in perfection, and makes a good show plant.

C. levis. —A beautiful species from Guatemala. The pseudo-
bulbs are fifteen inches long, producing from the young growths
in June pendulous spikes of bloom, with eight or more flowers
on each; sepals and petals yellow and orange; lip orange,
blotched with scarlet or crimson, and fringed round the
margin. It will last about a fortnight in good condition. A
scarce plant, figured in the fifth number of Warner’s “ Select
Orchidaceous Plants.” Ihave only seen this plant in bloom

CIRRHOPETALUM. 131

with R. Warner, Esq., and it is the finest of all the species of
Chysts.

C. Limminghei.—A charming species from Guatemala,
which grows a foot high, producing delicate pink and rose-
coloured flowers very freely, along with the young growth in
May and June; they continue in perfection for three weeks.
This makes a good exhibition plant, but requires a cool-house
to keep it back for late flowering.

C. undulata. An exceedingly rare and handsome kind ; the
pseudobulbs are some eighteen inches in height; the spike
produces from ten to twelve flowers, which are in the sepals
and petals of a lively orange-yellow; the lip cream colour,
with numerous lines of pink. I saw this plant with Mr.
Anderson, gardener to Thos. Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank,
Glasgow, but am not aware of the country from whence it was
obtained.

CIRRHOPETALUM.

The plants forming this genus are peculiar in the con-
struction of their flowers, and a few kinds ought to be in
every collection. They are small compact evergreen plants,
and will do either in pots or on blocks of wood with moss; if
grown in pots, fibrous peat and sphagnum, with good drainage
and a liberal supply of water in the growing season is neces-
sary for their well-being; a very little moisture will suffice
when at rest: they require the heat of the East Indian house,
and to be kept as near the light as possible.

CO. Cumingiit.—A charming Orchid, which, although intro-
duced many years ago, is yet a scarce plant ; it was introduced
by Mr. Cuming from the Philippines. The flowers are curiously
but regularly arranged in a circle, and the sepals, which are
very much enlarged, are of a bright rich red; it is easily
grown, and should find a place in every collection.

C. Meduse.—Amongst the strange and varied forms which

132 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

the flowers of Orchids present, this is certainly one of the most
remarkable. The flowers, though not large, are very numerous,
and part of the sepals are very much lengthened, so that the
spike looks like a head with long hair hanging down, from
whence its name has been derived. It is a dwarf-growing
plant, with thick fleshy leaves, and should find a place in
every collection for its perfectly unique appearance. A native
of Singapore,

C. Pahudii.—This is another very curious and interesting
plant from Java. The habit is dwarf; leaves dark green ;
flowers arranged in an umbel, large, reddish brown, with
bright red dots ; the sepals and petals are turned back, giving
it a most singular appearance. It should be grown on a block
of wood in the East Indian house.

CLEISOSTOMA.

There are several species belonging to this genus which
would form beautiful ornaments in our collections, although
most of them have small flowers, and therefore would not be
much esteemed by the majority of Orchid fanciers. They
require the same treatment as Aerides.

C. Dawsoniana.—In general appearance this resembles a
Renanthera; the leaves are arranged in a distichous manner,
are light green in colour, and about six inches long; spike
branched, and bearing some twenty flowers, which are thick
and fleshy; sepals and petals light yellow, banded with
brown ; lip deeper yellow, blotched and streaked with brown.
Native of Moulmein.

Ca@Loeyne,

There are numerous species of this genus of Orchids, many
of which are very beautiful, the colour of the flowers of some
being rich and of a most delicate hue, whilst others are incon-
spicuous and not worth growing. The following produce the

C@LOGYNE, 133

best flowers, and all I have seen are evergreen. Almost all
the Celogynes have bulbs from three to six inches high, from
which the flowers proceed with the young growth; they make
their leaves after they have done blooming: the flowers of
some are very large, measuring as much as three inches across.

These plants are all best grown in pots, with peat and moss.
Some of them will do on blocks, but pot culture is to be pre-
ferred. They require good drainage, and an abundance of
water at their roots in their growing season; some are best
grown in the Hast Indian house, and others will do in the
cooler house with Cattleyas, but after they have finished their
growth a cooler house will do. During their period of rest
they should have but little water. They are propagated by
dividing the bulbs.

C. ciliataa—A very pretty species, and well worthy of
cultivation, for autumn blooming; it is a compact-growing
plant, making bulbs about four inches high, with light green
leaves ; produces its flowers in great profusion, which are in
colour yellow and white, with some brown markings.

C. cristata—A magnificent Orchid from Nepal, dwarf and
of evergreen habit ; leaves six inches long ; the flowers proceed
from the base of the bulb, on a drooping spike, six or eight
together, each flower being three or four inches across; the
colour is a beautiful white, with a blotch of yellow on the lip.
It blossoms in February and March, and will continue in per-
fection four or five weeks if the flowers are kept free from damp.
Mr. R. 8. Yates, of Manchester, grows a house full of this fine
species for cut flowers. This is the finest of the genus, and
ought to be in every collection. I have seen it with as many
as sixty spikes on it at one time. This occurred on a speci-
men grown by Mr. Baker, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq. The
Cattleya house is the most suitable place in which to grow it.

C. cristata citrina.—This is a very distinct variety; it in-

134 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

variably flowers some two or three weeks later than the pre-
ceding, which is a decided advantage, as it prolongs the season
of flower, and it also differs in having the centre of the lip
stained a delicate lemon-colour, and not yellow as in the
ordinary form of the species. Native of Nepal.

C. corrugata.—This is a very pretty species, and interesting,
because one of the cool Orchids from the East Indies; it is
found in the Neilgherry Hills, in Madras, and probably in many
other of the hilly districts of India, and will grow freely and
bloom with Odontoglossums. It is a free compact-growing
plant, producing lovely pure white flowers of considerable
size ; the lip is yellow inside, striped with orange; it should be
grown in a pot, with an abundance of drainage.

C. CumingiiiA pretty species from Singapore. Sepals
and petals white; lip bright yellow, with white down the
centre. It lasts long in beauty.

C. fuscesens.—A beautiful species from the warm parts of
India, and one of the finest of the genus. The pseudobulbs
are about three inches long; leaves in pairs, broadest in the
middle, contracted at each end. Sepals and petals white,
shaded with yellow ; lip cinnamon in the centre, streaked with
orange and edged with white ; it flowers in autumn and winter,
and lasts in bloom for a considerable time.

C. Gardneriana.—A very good species from the Khasia

Hills, and which grows about a foot high; the flowers are
white tinged with yellow, and produced on a drooping spike.
It blooms during the winter months, and lasts three or four
weeks in good condition.

C. Goweri.—This elegant and delicate species was named
and described by Professor Reichenbach in the Gardeners’
Chronicle in the spring of 1869. The pseudobulbs and leaves
resemble those of C. ocellata; the racemes are pendulous,
bearing. several flowers; sepals and petals pure white ; lip

'

‘

CELOGYNE. 135

white, with a stain of pale yellow on the disc. It blooms
during March and April. Native of Assam.

C. Lowii.—A fine evergreen species from Borneo. It is
rather a large plant, growing about two feet high; the flowers
are produced on a drooping spike, about a foot long, twelve or
more of them together; they are large, of a pale yellow and
chocolate colour. It blooms in June or July ; lasts two weeks
in good condition. This requires a large pot to grow it in
perfection, being one of the freest of all the Celogynes.

. C. media.—A pretty small-growing species, with short round
bulbs, and leaves seven inches long; flowers on spikes ten
inches high; sepals and petals creamy white; lip yellow and
brown; blooms during winter, and lasts in perfection three or
four weeks ; grows well on a block, or in a pot in peat.

C. odoratissima.—aAn elegant dwarf cool-house Orchid, grow-
ing only about eight or ten inches high, and producing
abundance of its white and delicately scented blooms in winter
—a, season when white flowers are so desirable. It is from
the hills of Madras, and is impatient of heat.

C. pandurata.—A curious and distinct-flowering Orchid from
Borneo; grows eighteen inches high, and has flat shining
bulbs, from the bottom of which the flower spikes proceed ;
sepals and petals pale green; lip nearly black. This is
one of the most interesting plants when in bloom that I
have seen.

C. plantaginia.—A desirable Indian species, with greenish
yellow flowers, having a white lip streaked with brown; a
distinct kind.

C. speciosa.—A free-flowering plant from Borneo, evergreen,
and about eight inches high. The flowers are creamy white,
with a dark brown lip, and are produced on a short spike, two
or more together, at different times of the year. It lasts long
in bloom. There are two varieties of this species, one of

136 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

which is far superior to the ordinary form. These plants are
very useful, as they are almost always in flower.

C. viscosa.—At present this is a rare species; it is nearly
allied to C. flaccida, it would seem, yet very distinct from that
plant. The pseudobulbs are fusiform in shape, bearing dark
green leaves, which taper towards the base; sepals and petals
white, lip white, the side lobes being broadly streaked with
rich brown. It blooms during summer.

Conax.

A small genus, nearly related to Maaillaria, but separated
from them by a few trifling differences. The species here
named is well deserving attention. It should be potted in peat
and sphagnum with good drainage, and placed in the Cattleya
house. ;

C. jugosus.—A very interesting plant which flowered recently
in the rich collection of 8. Rucker, Esq., under the care of
Mr. Pilcher. It grows about ten inches high, with leaves
two inches broad, and dark green; flowers two or three on a
spike, and about two inches in diameter; sepals cream colour,
petals white, with numerous stripes of rich dark purple ; lip
white, smaller than the petals, and striped and spotted with
the same colour. It is a native of Brazil.

ComPaRETTIA.

This is a small genus, of which the two species now
described are the best that have come under my notice.
They are very pretty plants, and distinct from any other
Orchids. They are best grown on blocks of wood, with live
sphagnum moss, and suspended from the roof, with a liberal
supply of moisture in the growing season—in fact, they never
should be allowed to get dry, or they will suffer. The flowers
proceed from the base of the bulbs, and continue in beauty

CORYANTHES. 187

a considerable time. The species of this genus should be
grown in the Cattleya house, where they are well shaded from
the sun.

C. coccinea.—A charming little plant, with the habit of a
strong Sophronites grandiflora. It produces its spikes very
freely from the base of the pseudobulbs when fully formed,
bearing from three to seven brilliant scarlet and orange flowers,
rendered more conspicuous by their very long spur. It blooms
during the months of November and December, and is doubly
valuable at this season on account of its brilliant colours; this
rare species has been imported by 8. Mendel, Esq., of Manly
Hall, Manchester, in whose collection I saw it flowering last
autumn, under the care of Mr. Petch.

C. faleata.—Similar in habit to the preceding species, but
differing in having broader leaves, and somewhat different
shaped flowers, which are of a deep crimson colour. A native
of Columbia, and consequently does not require great heat.

CorYANTHES.

The flowers of these plants are very large extraordinary-
looking objects, and, before they open, are of the shape of a
Chinese foot; after opening, they form a sort of cup, having
above it a pair of fleshy horns, from which a liquid exudes and
drops into the cup. They produce their flowers from the base
of the bulbs on a spike, four or five together. The plants are
evergreen ; pseudobulbs three inches high; leaves ten inches
long, and two or three inches broad. They will grow either
in baskets or pots, with moss and peat and good drainage,
and require a liberal supply of water at the roots during
their period of growth, with a good heat. They are found
growing on the outside branches of trees, where they get more
sun than many of our Orchids, and I believe the reason we
have been rather unsuccessful with this genus is that we have

138 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

treated them in a similar manner to Stanhopeas, and given
them too much shade. After their growth is finished, they
should be kept rather dry, so that their bulbs be not allowed
to shrivel. They are propagated by division of the bulbs.

C. macrantha.—The best of the genus ; it comes from the
Caraccas, flowers in May, June, and July, and lasts but three
or four days in bloom; sepals and petals orange yellow,
spotted with purple, the lip red. This plant ought to be in
every collection.

C. maculata.—This species has flowers of a light yellow,
spotted with dull crimson; it blooms during the summer
months, and lasts but three days in beauty. Native of
Demerara.

C. speciosa.—This singular Orchid also comes from Deme-
rara, is about a foot high, with pale yellow flowers, which are
produced in April or May, and last three or four days in
bloom.

CycnocHEs.

Another singular genus of plants, whose flowers are of a
very peculiar form, bearing usually more or less resemblance
in shape toa swan. They are not thought much of by many
growers of Orchids, but some are well worth growing, as they
are of easy culture, and produce their flowers freely. All are
deciduous, and lose their leaves as soon as they have finished
their growth. The pseudobulbs, which are thick and fleshy,
are from six to ten inches high, and have three or four leaves
on the top of each. They produce their flowers, which are
large, from nearly the top of the bulb, some of them several
together. They are best grown in the East Indian house, in
pots, with rough fibrous peat and good drainage, with a liberal
supply of water at the roots in their growing season; after-
wards they may be kept much cooler, and should be placed
near the glass, to receive all the light possible. They are

CYCNOCHES. 139

very impatient of moisture during their season of rest, being
speedily destroyed if at all over watered. When they begin
to grow, move them back into heat. They are propagated by
dividing the bulbs when they begin to start.

C. aureum.—This is a very handsome and remarkable
species, known to many by the name of the Golden Swan
Orchid ; it produces long racemes of closely-set light yellow
flowers. It is a native of Central America, and will succeed
well under the treatment recommended above.

C. barbatum.—A dwarf species; sepals and petals greenish
white, spotted with pink; lip the same colour. It blooms in
June or July, and lasts in flower two or three weeks. A very
searce plant. Native of New Grenada.

C. chlorochilum.—A very good species from Demerara; the
flowers, which are of a yellowish colour, are produced in June
or July, and last three weeks in good condition if kept dry.

C. Loddigesii.—A very curious Orchid from Surinam. It
produces its blossoms on a spike, six or eight together; they
are four inches across; the sepals and petals are of a brownish
green colour, with darker spots, and bearing some resemblance
to the expanded wings of a swan. This plant often produces
two kinds of flowers on one plant very distinct from each
other. It blooms in July and August, and continues in
perfection for three weeks. A desirable species, which ought
to be in every collection.

C. pentadactylon—This is also a curious species from
Brazil; the flowers are very large, the colour being yellow and
brown. It flowers at different times of the year, and lasts
long in beauty.

C. ventricosum.—A free-flowering Orchid from Guatemala ;
the sepals and petals are greenish yellow, with a white lip, and
sweetly scented; blooms in June, July, or August, lasting in
bloom three weeks.

140 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

Cymsipium.

There ave several species of this genus, but only a few that
are admissable into a choice selection of Orchidaceous plants ;
some of them are very handsome and delicate in colour. Ail
are evergreen, with beautiful foliage. Some are large-growing
plants, with short pseudobulbs, from which the leaves and
flowers proceed. They succeed best grown in the East Indian
house, and are generally free-flowering plants, some of them
producing pendulous spikes as much as two feet long. They
require plenty of pot room, as they send out thick fleshy roots
very freely. I grow them in rough peat, with good drainage,
and a liberal quantity of water at the roots during their period
of growth ; afterwards less water will suffice, and they should
be kept at the cool end of the East Indian house. Propaga-
tion is effected by dividing the bulbs. The following are the
best I have seen :—

C. Dayanum.—A very distinct and pretty kind, somewhat
resembling C. churneum in appearance, but the flower spike is
pendulous, not erect as in that species; the flowers are freely
produced, and are yellowish white streaked with purple; it
requires the temperature of the East Indian house all the
season. Native of Assam.

C. eburneum.—A remarkably handsome species, the finest
of the genus, with graceful foliage, and of very compact
growth. The spike is erect, about six inches high, flowers
very large; the sepals and petals are pure white; the lip is
the same colour, with a blotch of yellow in the centre. It
blooms in February and March, and lasts a long time in
bloom. A very scarce plant. We are indebted to Messrs.
Loddiges for the introduction of this magnificent plant, of
which there are two varieties. I have seen a pretty variety
grown by Mr. Stone, gardener to J. Day, Esq., Tottenham,
which is smaller in growth than the original type, and the

CYMBIDIUM. 141

flowers are not so large. Sepals and petals pure white; lip
of the same colour, with a blotch of yellow in the centre, and
rose-coloured spots on each side.

C. giganteum.—This is not so handsome as the preceding,
but it makes a good plant for winter blooming, and is a
rather large-growing species. Its brown and purple flowers
are produced on long upright spikes during the winter, and
last long in perfection, if they are kept dry. Native of Nepal.

C. Hookerianum.—A fine addition to this family, and well
adapted for a cool-house. It is a native of the Sikkim
Mountains. In habit of growth similar to C. giganteum, but
striped with greenish yellow at the base of the leaves; flower
spikes erect; blossoms very large, upwards of four inches in
diameter ; sepals and petals green ; lip straw-coloured, deep
yellow at the margins, round which are large blotches of rich
purple. It should be grown in a pot, and kept in a cool-
house.

C. Huttont.—A new, rare, and very remarkable-looking
species. It grows about twelve or eighteen inches high, and
produces long racemes of flowers of a brown colour, spotted
and streaked with chocolate, excepting the lip, which is green,
with chocolate stripes. It flowered with Messrs. Veitch in
the summer of 1867, and is a native of Java.

C. Mastersit.—A pretty Orchid from India. It is a great
deal like C. eburneum in its growth, but the flowers are very
different in shape: they are produced on upright spikes, and
are white, with a yellow centre. This plant blooms during
the winter, and continues long in flower.

C. pendulum.—A very good Orchid from Sylhet. A large-
growing plant, with long drooping spikes from one to two
feet long; sepals and petals brown, the lip red, striped
with white. It blooms in July or August, and lasts long in
beauty.

142 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

C. pendulum purpureum.—A fine variety of the former, pro-
ducing splendid racemes of bloom from two to three feet in
length, bearing the flowers, which are, in the sepals and petals,
of a rich deep red, the lip white, with crimson markings. I
have seen this blooming very finely with Mr. Toll, gardener to
the late J. A. Turner, Esq., Manchester: flowers in May
and June, and remains a long time in perfection. Native of
Sylhet.

C. tigrinum—A very pretty plant from Moulmein. The
bulbs are nearly round; the leaves some five or six inches
long; the flowers large, greenish yellow, spotted with red in
the sepals and petals; the lip large, and tapers to a point;
its middle portion is white, striped with cross bars of purple ;
sides of the lip also purple.

CYPRIPEDIUM.

Many of the species belonging to this genus have beautiful
foliage as well as flowers, and on this account are worth a
place in every collection, They are of easy culture, and
require but little space. The form of the flower is curious,
being that of a slipper; hence they are generally called Our
Lady’s Slipper. They are all dwarf, compact, and evergreen,
the leaves of some being beautifully spotted. They produce
their flowers from the centre of the leaves, on an upright
stalk, and rise from six inches to a foot high. The majority
of the species are best grown in the East Indian house ;
some kinds, however, thrive best in a cooler place, and will
do well in a warm greenhouse. I grow all in pots with rough
fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, and sand mixed together. They
all require a liberal quantity of water at their roots during
their period of growth; and as they nced but little rest, they
never should be allowed to get too dry at the roots. The
Cypripediums are not like most Orchids, since they have no

CYPRIPEDIUM LOWII,
Borneo,

CYPRIPEDIUM. 1438

thick fleshy bulbs to supply them with nourishment, They
are propagated by dividing the plants,

C. barbatum.—A pretty species, with beautifully spotted
foliage ; the colour of the flowers brownish purple and white.
It produces its solitary flowers at different times of the year,
lasting six weeks in bloom. There are many varieties of this
plant, some being much brighter in colour than others.
Native of Mount Ophir.

C. barbatum nigrum.—aA charming variety, producing finely
variegated foliage. The flowers are larger than those of any
of the other forms of C. barbatum, and the colour is much
darker. It blooms in July and August, and continues six
weeks in bloom.

C. barbatum superbum.—A fine variety, which grows in the
same way as C. barbatum, but the foliage is brightly varie-
gated, and the flowers more handsome, the lip being very
dark, and the dorsal sepal purer white towards the apex: will
last about six weeks in perfection. This makes a fine plant
for exhibition.

C. biflorum.—A handsome species from India, in the way of
C. barbatum, but with more elegantly variegated foliage ; it
grows four inches high. The blossoms are produced on a
spike ten inches long, two flowers sometimes appearing on
one stem; the dorsal sepal is very handsome, the upper part
being beautiful white, while the other parts of the flower are
purplish brown. Blooms in February and March, and will
keep six weeks in good condition. A rare plant.

C. caricinum.—A very curious and elegant Orchid from
Peru. It has a singular grassy appearance, with long creep-
ing rhizomes, totally distinct from those of any of the other
species. It grows a foot or more in height, the flower-spike
rising clear of the foliage, and producing from four to seven
flowers, of a pale green colour; the sepals and petals have a

144 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

white margin, the ends blotched with rich brown. A very
remarkable plant, and well adapted for growing in the cool-
house with Odontoglossums. Known also as C. Pearcet.

C. caudatum.—This is perhaps one of the most curious
of Orchids, owing to its singularity of character, and re-
markable beauty ; it has probably created a greater sensation
than any other of its genus. A specimen which was flowered
by Mr. Wilson, in the rich collection of W. Marshall, Esq., of
Enfield, was much the finest I ever witnessed. The plant isan
evergreen, and grows from a foot to eighteen inches high. The
foliage is of a light green colour. The flower scapes are pro-
duced after the growth is completed, and rise from the centre
of the plant to a height of from twelve to eighteen inches.
The sepals and petals are yellowish, marked with brown;
the long tail-like petals are the most extraordinary part of
the plant, often reaching, when fully developed, to the
length of thirty inches, and being more deeply coloured
towards the end; the lip is of a reddish brown, with the
basal part yellow, beautifully spotted with reddish brown.
The plant blooms during the months of April and May,
and lasts in perfection for several weeks if the flowers are
kept from damp. Native of Chiriqui. Professor Reichen-
bach separates this species, with C. Schlimii, C. caricinum,
and one or two others, under the name of Selenipedium.

C. caudatum roseum.—A variety which grows in the same
way as the preceding, and blossoms at the same time.
Flowers dark rose, intermixed with yellow and green. It has
all the beauties of the species with additional charms, espe-
cially brilliancy of colour.

C. concolor.—A very distinctly marked plant, a native of
Moulmein. The leaves are beautifully variegated, and the
flowers, which are cream-coloured and finely speckled, are
borne in pairs on dark brown stems. I have seen this plant

CYPRIPEDIUM CONCOLOR,
Moulmein.

ZZ wast y.

CYPRIPEDIUM. 145

as imported, and by its appearance it is found growing
among limestone rocks, and should recommend some of that
material to be mixed with the peat and sand.

C. Dayanum.—A charming plant, the foliage of which is
beautifully variegated, and very distinct from any other of
the variegated class. The flowers, which are large, are pro-
duced in May and June, and last a long time in perfection ;
sepals white, with green veins; petals purplish, tinged with
green. J. Day, Esq., has flowered two varieties of this: one
has darker foliage than the other, and the colour of the
flowers is also darker. Native of Borneo.

C. Dominianum.—This plant is one of the many startling
results of hybridising, by Mr. Dominy, whose name it worthily
bears ; its parents are C. caricinum and C. caudatum, and it
seems exactly intermediate between the two. It bears three
flowers on the spike at one time, which are somewhat of the
colour of those of C. caudatum and of the shape of those of
C. caricinum, whilst in size they are intermediate. It is a
valuable addition to this fine genus. Garden hybrid.

C. Fairrieanum.—A_ beautiful and distinct species from
Assam, with leaves three inches long, of a light green colour,
blooms very freely during the autumn months, and will con-
tinue in perfection six weeks. The dorsal sepal is propor-
tionately large; the petals white, striped with green and
purple ; the lip large, brownish green and purple. This plant
is seldom seen doing well: I believe the reason to be that it
usually gets too much heat, for with me it succeeds best in the
Cattleya house.

C. Harrisianum.—This is one of the fine hybrids raised by
Mr. Dominy—between C. barbatum and C. villosum, and the
result has been a plant exactly intermediate. The leaves are
marked like those of the first named plant, and have the

polished appearance of the latter. The flowers are larger
H

146 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

than those of C. barbatum, yet inferior in size to C. villosum ;
upper sepal broad and shining, dark purple, tipped with white ;
petals rich purple, and the lip claret coloured, tinged with
green.

C. hirsutissimum.—A beautiful Indian species, with pale
green foliage ten inches long. The flowers proceed from the
centre of the young growths, on a stem ten inches high ; the
blossoms, which often measure six inches across, are of a
purple, light green, and brown colour; they open in March,
April, and May, and last six weeks in perfection.

C. Hookerea.—The leaves are most beautifully variegated in
this species, being of a bright dark green, finely marbled with
large irregular white spots. The flowers are somewhat defi-
cient in size, compared with others, and though not very
showy, are certainly pretty; sepals and petals brownish
yellow, with purple points; lip bright yellowish brown. It
is a native of Borneo.

C. insigne.—A good old species from Sylhet, furnished
with light green foliage. It produces its solitary flowers
during the winter, lasting six weeks in bloom; sepals and
petals yellowish green, the dorsal sepal tipped with white,
and spotted with brown; the lip is orange and brown. I
have seen a fine variety, which is exactly like the old C. insigne
in habit ; but the flowers, which are large, have bright crimson
streaks running up into the white of the upper sepal, and the
white being continued round the sepal gives it a very different
appearance from the old variety, and adds much to its beauty.
I saw this in bloom with the Messrs. E. G. Henderson.

C. insiqne Maulei—A handsome variety of the preceding.
Tt grows in the same way, but has shorter and smaller foliage,
and flowers at the same time; the dorsal sepal has much
more white, this colour being continued half way down, and
the spotting is purplish, so that the whole flower is better in

CYPRIPEDIUM. 147

colour. The true plant seems rare. This was exhibited by
Messrs. Maule and Sons, Bristol, after whom it is named.
The blossoms will continue in perfection six weeks.

C. levigatum.—This really grand species was discovered by
Mr. J. G. Veitch, in the Philippine Islands, growing upon the
roots of Vanda Batemanit, and bloomed in this country in
the spring of 1865 for the first time. The long and thick
leaves have a shining appearance; the flower scape is hairy,
bearing three or four flowers ; sepals striped inside with purple ;
petals six inches long, very much twisted, beautifully blotched
with chocolate, purple, and green ; lip yellow.

C. longifolium.—This is a new and very curious plant ; it is
somewhat robust in growth, with long strap-shaped dark green
leaves ; the flowers are each furnished at the base with a very
large bract; the flower spike produces a quantity of flowers,
but as far as I have seen but one is fully expanded at a time ;
the dorsal sepal is broad greenish-white bordered with brown,
the lower sepal larger; petals broad, tailed, ground colour
green, bordered with white and brown at the ends; lip very
curious in shape, green suffused with shining brown. It is
not a very showy plant, but I have seen it in very good con-
dition with Mr. Burnet, gardener to W. Terry, Esq., Fulham.
Native of Costa Rica.

C. Lowii.—A curious and beautiful Orchid, with oblong-
ligulate light green leaves. This species produces its flowers
on a spike, generally two or more together. Dr. Lindley,
indeed, describes as many as eight being sometimes produced,
but Lhave never seen so many on cultivated plants. It blooms
during the summer, and continues in perfection for two or
three months if kept in a cool-house. The dorsal sepal is
downy outside, pale green within; petals long, the basal half
greenish spotted with purple, wholly purple towards the end,
the margins being ciliated; lip large, smooth, and shining,

H 2

148 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

bluntly oblong, light brown in colour suffused with purple.
Native of Borneo, where it grows upon very high trees.

C. nivewm.—A plant resembling C. concolor in its foliage,
although when closely examined the markings are slightly
different; the flowers are satiny-white inside, speckled with
a few minute dots of purple. It sometimes produces two
flowers on a spike, and blooms during summer. A native
of Moulmein.

C. pardinum.—The leaves of this plant are mottled with
various shades of green on the upper side, purplish beneath ;
the flowers are large, and from two to three are produced
upon a spike; dorsal sepal white striped with bright green,
lower sepal smaller ; petals broad and pointed, lower portion
yellowish green, spotted with purplish black, the remaining
portion reddish purple, and fringed at the edges with fine
hairs; lip light bright green, tinged with pale yellow. This
is an extremely rare species, and appears to be of Indian
origin.

C. Parishiit.—A very distinct plant, with a habit of growth
like that of C. lavigatum. The leaves are broad, dark green
above, paler below; flower spike bearing from three to six
large flowers ; sepals broad, and, like the lip, greenish white ;
petals long like C. levigatum, undulated, green at base, upper
portion deep purple; margins sparingly furnished with hairy
worts. It should be grown in the East Indian house. Native
of Moulmein,

C. purpuratum.—aA pretty species from the Indian islands,
with beautifully spotted foliage, producing its flowers during
the winter months. The flowers are very much like those
of C. barbutwm, except that the dorsal sepal has more pure
white at the end.

C. SchlimiiA rare and beautiful species from Ocina,
New Grenada, very distinct in growth, as well as in flower,

CYPRIPEDIUM. 149

from most others. The leaves are eight inches long, light
green; spikes branching, with as many as eight flowers on
each ; flowers two inches across, the sepals and petals white
and green, the lip white, beautifully mottled and striped with
dark rose, This is a difficult plant to cultivate. The imported
plants of this species all appear as if they had been growing
beside streams of water which are subject to being flooded,
for the leaves are frequently coated to a great extent with
river mud; and it would, therefore, appear that our difficul-
ties with this plant have arisen chiefly from an insufficient
supply of water. Pot in peat, a little turfy loam, and sand,
with good drainage, and take care that water does not lodge
in the heart of the plant. It is best grown in the Cattleya
house. There have been many seedlings of C. Schlimii raised
by Mr. Pilcher, gardener to 5. Rucker, Esq., and I hope he
will get some improved varieties.

C. Stonei.—This superb species is a native of Borneo, and
first flowered in the fine collection of J. Day, Esq., Totten-
ham. It produces dark green obtuse leaves, ten or twelve
inches long, from the midst of which the scape ascends,
bearing three flowers ; sepals large, white, streaked with dark
purple, and tinged with yellow; petals five inches long,
yellow, streaked and blotched with purple; lip large, pur-
plish, with red veins. There are several varieties, but all are
worth growing.

C. Stonei. platytenium.—This handsome variety has been
flowered by J. Day, Esq., Tottenham. It is similar to
C. Stonei, but has long straight broad petals, beautifully
spotted, and is a grand addition to this class.

C. superbiens—This very handsome species of Lady’s Slip-
per is a native of Java and Assam, and may be regarded as
the best of the C. barbatum group. It is of free growth and
good habit, and has finely variegated foliage, so that when out

150 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

of bloom it has a beautiful appearance ; it blooms in June
and July, and continues a long time in flower, so that it is
invaluable for home decoration or exhibition purposes. Mr.
Penny, gardener to H. Gibbs, Esq., showed a very fine speci-
men at Regent’s Park Exhibition, July, 1867. When well
grown this makes a grand plant. It is sometimes grown
under the name of C. Veitchianum.

C. vevillarium.—This is an elegant hybrid, raised by Mr.
Dominy, and is the result of a cross between C. Fairrieanum
and C. barbatum, the flowers being exactly intermediate. The
leaves are pale green, with a few darker markings. The
flowers are about the size of those of C. Fairrieanum ;
dorsal sepal white, tinged with green towards the base, suf-
fused with light purple, and streaked with a darker shade
of the same colour; petals deflexed as in C. Fairrieanum,
but less waved at the edges, purplish tinged with green, and
furnished with a few worts ; lip large, light brown, veined and
tinged with green. At present this plant is extremely rare.

C. venustwm.—The leaves of this plant are light green,
curiously blotched and mottled with a deep black green, and
on the under side green mottled with purple ; the dorsal sepal
is greenish-white; petals nearly of the same colour, whilst the
lip is yellowish green. It is a pretty cool-house species, and
is very useful for cutting. Native of Sylhet.

C. venustion spectabile—A beautiful form of this useful old
winter flowering species. The leaves are beautifully mottled
with green. The flowers are medium sized, produced singly,
and far more handsome than those of the ordinary type; the
dorsal sepal is white, broadly striped with green; petals
greenish-white, streaked with deeper green, and tipped with
rosy red; lip greenish-yellow, and tinged with rose. A rare
plant, beautifully figured in the second volume of Warner’s
“ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” Native of Sylhet.

CYPRIPEDIUM VILLOSUM,

Moulmein,

CYRTOCHILUM—CYRTOPERA, 151

C. villosum.—A desirable Indian species, which grows about
a foot high. The leaves are of a light green colour, freckled
on the lower part with dark spots. Flowers produced singly,
often measuring five inches across, and having a fine glossy
appearance over their whole surface, which is orange red,
intermixed with light green and dark purple. Blossoms
during April and May, and continues from six to eight weeks
in perfection. This makes a fine exhibition plant, on account
of its distinct colour, and its long continuance in flower.

CyRTOCHILUM.

C. maculatum.—There are a good many species in this
family, but this is the only one I consider really worth grow-
ing. It is somewhat similar in habit to the Miltonias, and
succeeds well with Brassias and Oncidiums. The pseudobulbs
and leaves are dark green, and the plant is of free and compact
growth, producing its long spikes of green and purple spotted
flowers during the winter and spring months, Native of
Mexico.

CyRTOPERA.

This is a terrestrial genus, containing a few very handsome
species. They have long thin plaited dark green leaves, and
resemble Bletias, and should be treated in the same manner.
Pot them in a mixture of turfy loam, peat, and sand, but do
not elevate the plant upon a cone above the rim of the pot.
During the growing season they should be placed in the Kast
Indian house; but during rest a cool and moderately dry
atmosphere is best.

C. flava.—A very pretty plant, not much known at present
amongst Orchid growers, having somewhat the appearance of
a Bletia. The flower spike grows upwards of two feet high,
bearing large flowers, the sepals and petals of which are rich
yellow ; lip rather paler. Native of Northern India.

152 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL,

CyRToPODIUM.

These are large-growing plants, yet are well worth culti-
vating, especially where room is not an object, for they are
noble-looking objects when not in bloom. I recollect well
seeing a splendid plant of C. punctatum exhibited at Chiswick
many years ago, and Dr. Lindley remarking to me what a grand
specimen it was. To grow it in like manner would require a
large pot and plenty of room, but it well repays the cultivator
if space is allowed. The best soil is a rich fibrous loam and
rotten dung to produce vigorous growth ; and when the plant
is strong enough to flower, after the growth is completed, give
it a long rest with little water, until it shows signs of growth
in spring, when water should be applied to the roots freely,
and more heat given. The flowers are produced from the
young growth just after starting in spring. The plants re-
quire the heat of the East Indian house when growing; but
after they have finished their growth the heat of the Cattleya
house will be sufficient.

C. Andersont.—A very pretty Orchid, native of Brazil, and
of easy culture, requiring plenty of heat and moisture when
growing. The pseudobulbs are five feet high ; it produces its
fine spikes of yellow flowers in spring.

C. punctatum.—This is a more profuse bloomer than the
preceding, and not so tall; they are both, however, noble
plants, and with their fine long curved leaves make striking
objects in an Orchid collection, even when out of bloom.
The large spikes of flowers, yellow spotted with red, are pro-
duced in April and May. In addition to the flowers the large
bracts at the base of each branch are also marked in the same
manner as the sepals and petals, which greatly increases the
display of colour. Native of Brazil.

DENDROBIUM. 153

Denprosium.

This is a magnificent genus of Orchids, producing, in some
of the species, flowers which are very large and delicate in
colour, and delightfully fragrant ; indeed, there are not many
Orchids that surpass the Dendrobiums, for their beautiful
flowers are of nearly every shade of colour, and some of
them blossom very freely. Many of them, moreover, retain
their leaves all the year round, whilst others are deciduous.
Some of the kinds are compact in their growth, while others
are straggling ; and others again are very graceful in habit,
especially when cultivated in baskets and suspended from
the roof, for in this way their pendulous stems hang down and
exhibit the flowers to the best advantage; indeed, all the
drooping kinds require to be grown either in baskets, or on
blocks of wood.

Though some of the Dendrobiums require different treat-
ment from others, they may all be successfully cultivated with
proper attention. The majority of the species are found in
various parts of India and the Indian Islands, growing on the
branches of trees, frequently such as hang over streams of
water ; whilst others are found in Australia. To grow these
plants to perfection, they must have a decided season both of
rest and of growth; for it is quite necessary that they should
make strong stems or pseudobulbs for the production of a
good crop of flowers, and it is equally essential that these
growths should be well ripened. Some of the sorts are best
grown in pots, with peat and good drainage; others do best
on blocks of wood. Nearly all of them should be placed in
the East Indian house during their period of growth, as they
require a good supply of heat and moisture, with a liberal
quantity of water at the roots; in fact, the moss or peat should
never be allowed to get dry while they are in vigorous growth.
After their growth is finished, allow them a good season of

H3

154 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL,

rest by moving them into a cooler house; and during the
time they are in a cool house give them very little water,
only just enough to keep the stems from shrivelling. This is
the only way to make them grow strong and flower freely.
When they begin to grow they should be moved back into
heat, and treated as described above. They generally begin
to grow after their flowers have faded.

The above remarks apply to the East Indian kinds; there
are, however, many of the Australian species which succeed
admirably in a cool house; but some few even from that con-
tinent enjoy the East Indian treatment during the season of
growth. When this is complete, they should be gradually
inured to a cooler temperature, and supplied with less water,
until it is entirely withheld; after this remove them to the
open air for a few weeks towards the end of summer, which
will thoroughly ripen their just matured stems. They should,
however, be returned to the cool house before any danger
from the external air is to be apprehended, and placed in a
gentle heat at the commencement of winter to start them into
flower if they are required to bloom during the dull months; but
if not wanted before spring, keep them cool and dry all winter.

They are propagated in different ways: some of them form
plants on the old stems, which should be cut off and potted;
some are propagated by cutting the old stems from the plants
after they have done blooming; others are increased by
dividing the plants according to the directions given in the
chapter devoted to remarks on Propagation.

The genus Dendrobium being a very large one, contains
many plants of but little interest to the general amateur,
though well deserving cultivation for botanical purposes. The
following are among the finest in cultivation, and by their

beauty or interest will amply reward the care of the cul-
tivator :—

DENDROBIUM. 155

D. aduncum.—A rather straggling growing evergreen spe-
cies from Manilla, producing its flower spikes from the old
stems. The blossoms, which are small, are white and pink
in colour, and appear at different times in the year, lasting
two or three weeks in perfection. It succeeds best grown in
a pot with peat and good drainage. This species is not so
showy as many of the Dendrobiums, but it is well worth
growing where there is plenty of room.

D. aggregatum majus.—A pretty dwarf evergreen species
from India; grows about four inches high, producing its
yellow blossoms on a somewhat short spike; it flowers in
March and April, and lasts two weeks in bloom. This will
do either on a block, or in a pot with peat, and is a desirable
species.

D. albo-sanguineum.—A charming and compact-growing
plant, with stems a foot high, and produces its large
flowers from nearly the top. Sepals and petals creamy
white ; lip of the same colour, with a crimson blotch in the
centre. It blooms in May and June, lasting a long time
in perfection, and thrives well on a block with moss. A dis-
tinct Orchid, and a fine showy plant for exhibition. The best
plants I have seen of it were in the collection of T. Dawson,
Esq., near Glasgow, where it was growing in baskets with
sphagnum, and seemed to be quite at home, for the bulbs
were very strong. It requires plenty of water during the
growing season, enjoys an abundance of light, and likes the
warmest house. Native of Moulmein.

D. anosmum.—A magnificent species from Manilla, and
which grows in the way of D. superbum, but the sepals
and petals are broader, thus forming fuller and better shaped
flowers, and it has no rhubarb scent, The flowers are large,
and produced in pairs down the stem, the colour a beautiful
rose; they last two or three weeks in perfection. Even now

156 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

this is a scarce plant; it blooms during the spring months,
and is best grown in a basket, as it is drooping and
deciduous.

D. barbatulum.—A charming epiphyte from Moulmein, which
flowered first in the collection of the late J. A. Turner, Esq.,
of Manchester, and was then called D. Fytchianum. It grows
a foot or more long, and produces clusters of flowers of the
most delicate white, with a few spots of crimson. Not being
a robust grower, it succeeds best on a block, and must have a
tolerable rest after its growth is made.

D, Bensonia.—A lovely species, of somewhat recent intro-
duction. It bears some resemblance to D. crepidatum in
habit, producing large creamy white sepals and petals; the
lip is orange, with two large black spots at the base. A
handsome and desirable species. I saw some nice plants in
bloom for the first time in 1867, in the fine collection of
Lord Londesborough, in Yorkshire, grown by Mr. Richards.
Native of Rangoon.

D, bigibbum.—A very rare and handsome species, totally
unlike any other Dendrobium we know of, and certainly the
handsomest of the Australian kinds. It is a dwarfish-growing
plant, producing racemes of rich rosy purple flowers, and will
sometimes continue to throw out spikes from the same stem
for several successive years. It will thrive admirably in the
Cattleya or the Mexican house, potted in fibrous peat and
sphagnum moss, giving abundance of drainage, and a plen-
tiful supply of water in the growing season; if allowed to
become dry enough to shrivel, it will with great difficulty be
restored. A fine variety of this plant, exhibited last year
Ly Messrs. Brooks & Co., of Manchester, bore a long spike
with numerous fine flowers. It is also beautifully figured in
the second volume of Warner's ‘“‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants,”
from a fine specimen which flowered with Mr. Pilcher, in the

DENDROBIUM. 157

rich collection of S. Rucker, Esq., of Wandsworth. Native
of the warm parts of Australia.

D, Bullerianum.—aA delicate and pretty species; one of
Messrs. Low’s introductions from Moulmein. It resembles
D. crepidatum in habit, but its flowers are very dissimilar,
generally produced in pairs; sepals and petals white, shaded
and tipped with rose; the lip is marked with a large yellow
spot, which is faintly striped with orange.

D. Calceolus—This is a large beautiful evergreen plant,
about four feet high when well grown ; its flowers are produced
on a raceme twelve or more together, and proceed from the
top of the old stems; flowers large ; sepals and petals bright
yellow; lip of the same colour ; it blooms during the summer
months, lasting several days in perfection. This is best grown
in a pot with moss and peat. Native of the Kast Indies.

D. Cambridgeanum.—A remarkably handsome deciduous
species, with a drooping habit, the stems being about a foot
long. The flowers are produced on the young growth in
March and April; sepals and petals bright orange; the lip
has a crimson blotch in the centre. It lasts in beauty about
a fortnight, and is best grown in a basket with moss, suspended
from the roof. Native of Northern India.

D. capillipes.—This is a charming dwarf-growing species.
In appearance it resembles a pigmy plant of D. albo-san-
guineum, and usually attains a height of about six inches,
producing short racemes of bright golden yellow flowers.
Succeeds best upon a block or in a basket. Native of
Moulmein.

D. chlorops.—A very pretty free-flowering species, pro-
ducing white, pink, and orange flowers, which last a con-
siderable time in bloom. Native of the East Indies.

D. chrysanthuwm.—A charming species from India, deci-
duous and pendulous, growing from three to four feet long,

158 ORCHID-GROWER S MANUAL.

generally producing flowers along the stem at the same time it
is making its growth. The colour of the flowers is a bright
yellow, with a dark red spot on the lip. It blossoms at diffe-
rent times of the year, lasting two weeks in perfection, and
requiring the same treatment as Ds Cambridgeanum.

D. chrysotis—This plant resembles D. jimbriatum very
rauch in general appearance. It grows from three to four
feet high; the stems are slender and rod-like; leaves dark
green; spikes slender, bearing five or six large flowers, which
measure upwards of two inches across; sepals and petals
long and narrow, rich deep yellow; lip large, of the same
colour as the petals, or of a deeper apricot yellow, having
two blotches of purplish-black towards the base, and deeply
fringed at the margins. A native of Assam. A fine specimen
was shown recently from Lord Londesborough’s collection.
T. Jones, of Manchester, has also bloomed a fine plant.

D. chrysotoxum.—An upright-growing plant, a foot or more
high, and evergreen. It produces its pale yellow flowers on a
spike from the top of the stem, blooms during the winter and
spring months, and lasts two or three weeks in flower. Of
this there are two varieties, one much better than the other:
pot and peat culture suits it best. Native of Moulmein.

D. claratum.—A remarkably handsome evergreen species
from India; grows two feet high, and produces spikes of
flower from the top of the stems ; colour bright yellow, with a
crimson spot in the centre of the lip. This is one of the
finest of the yellow kinds, and it continues in perfection three
or four weeks, thus making a fine exhibition plant. Pot cul-
ture in peat suits it best.

D. crassinode.—A very fine and distinct species, with stout,
erect stems varying from six to eighteen inches in length, and
having large swollen or knotted joints or nodes, whence the
name. ‘The flowers are stout and shining; sepals and petals

DENDROBIUM. 159

waxy white, tipped with rich purple ; lip white, with an orange
blotch at the base. Native of Moulmein.

D. crepidatum.—A splendid deciduous drooping species
from India, and which is best grown in a basket or on a
block. The stems grow a foot or more long; sepals and
petals white, tipped with pink; lip stained with yellow;
blooms in April and May, and continues three weeks in
perfection. A species which will make a good plant for
exhibition, as it may be easily retarded by keeping it cool in
winter,

D. cretaceum.—A compact deciduous-growing plant, which
produces its white flowers during June and July, lasting six
weeks in perfection. This will do either in a pot or basket,
with peat or moss. From the East Indies.

D. crystallinum.—A new and distinct species, said to be
related to D. Wardianum; the stem-like pseudobulbs are
stout, but destitute of the knotted joints so conspicuous in the
last named plant; flowers of moderate size, and freely pro-
duced ; sepals and petals white tipped with purple ; lip orange
at the base, and also tipped with purple. It is a most desirable
plant. Native of Burmah.

D. Dathousianum.—This is a beautiful Indian evergreen
species ; the stems, which are elegantly marked with reddish
crimson, grow from four to eight feet high: it blooms from
the old growth in April and May, producing numerous flowers
on a spike. The flowers are large; sepals and petals of a
pale lemon colour; lip the same colour, with a pink margin
and two dark crimson spots in the centre: it lasts four or five
days in beauty. This will grow either in a pot or basket, with
moss. Specimen plants of this are scarce, and justly prized
by those who possess them, as it makes a good plant for exhi-
bition purposes.

D. densiflorum.—A magnificent compact and free-flowering

160 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

evergreen Orchid from India, The stems are erect, a foot or
more high, and produce their beautiful pendent spikes of rich
yellow flowers from their sides near the top; it blooms in
March, April, or May, and lasts from four to six days in per-
fection, if kept in a cool-house. This is one of the showiest
Orchids in cultivation, and one of the choicest plants we
have for exhibition on account of its colour. It should be
potted in peat. I have seen this with nearly one hundred
flower-spikes on it at one time, in the collection of J. Day,
Esq., Tottenham, under the care of Mr. Stone.

D. densiflorum allwm.—An Indian kind, distinct from the
former, and called Schroder’s variety; it grows to the same
height as D. densiflorum, and has foliage of the same colour ;
flowers pink and white; lip yellow; blossoms in April and
May, and continues about ten days in perfection. It grows
best in a pot in peat. This is one of the finest of the genus.
There are several varieties of D. densiflorum ailiim sold, but
none are equal to “Schréder’s variety’’—sometimes called
D. Schréderi ; and when the plant is known, it can be distin-
guished from any other by its stems.

D. Devonianum.—This is one of the finest of the genus ; it
is a deciduous and pendulous-growing species. The flowers
are produced from the nodes, for fully three parts of the
entire length of the stem, which sometimes attains the extent
of four feet; they are two inches across; the sepals cream-
coloured, shaded with pinkish purple; the petals are broader
than the sepals, and are pink, with a deep purple stain; the
lip is broadly Leart-shaped, white, rich purple on the edges,
with two spots of rich orange on the column, and the entire
margin is most beautifully frilled. It blooms in May or June,
lasts two weeks in perfection, and is best grown in a basket
with moss. This plant is usually found difficult to cultivate ;
but the great secret is to give it plenty of water when growing,

DENDROBIUM. 161

and always to bear in mind that the red spider is its desperate
enemy, often attacking the leaves; this must be diligently
searched for, and, if found, kept under by syringing the
foliage every day, or even twice a-day, in summer. It makes
a splendid plant for exhibition. Native of Moulmein, é&c.

D. Devonianum rhodoneurum.—tThis variety is said to last
longer in flower than the normal form, The sepals and petals
are streaked with dark purple; lip large and round; it is
remarkably sweet, and very distinct. Native of Moulmein.

D. dizanthum.—A very pretty species from Moulmein; it
is a very free grower and abundant flowerer, producing its
flowers, which are of two shades of yellow, in spring.

D. Faleonerii—A magnificent plant, and one of the most
beautiful of the genus; it is a pendulous grower, and so diffi-
cult to cultivate that only a few have succeeded well with
it. During the growing season it likes a good supply of water ;
but after it has finished growth, which is by autumn, it should
be kept rather dry till it begins to show flower, but must
never be allowed to suffer for want of water, as it frequently
grows during the winter months. Under this treatment it
flowers every year, well repaying any trouble that is taken to
induce it to produce its charming white and purple flowers,
which open in May and June, and remain about a fortnight
in perfection. One of the finest plants I ever saw of this
species was grown in a pine house with Messrs. Brooks &
Co., of Manchester: it had upwards of eighty very large
main stems. Native of Northern India.

D. Farmeri.—A beautiful compact evergreen species from
India. The stems are terete at the base, thickening upwards,
and becoming clubbed and four-sided, supporting several lea-
thery dark green leaves. This grows and flowers in the same
way as D. densiflorum. Sepals and petals pink; lip rich
yellow in the centre; it blooms in April and May, and lasts

162 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

two weeks in beauty if kept in a cool-house. This species
requires the same treatment as D. densiflorum. There are
many forms of this plant, which vary much in colour and
growth.

D, Farmeri aureo-flavum.—A beautiful rich golden yellow-
flowered variety from Moulmein, with just the same quad-
rangular stems as in D. Farmeri, but not quite so strong
growing. It is somewhat intermediate in character between
D, Farmeri and D. chrysotoxum.

D. fimbriatum.—A very showy Orchid, from India. An
evergreen species, growing two or three feet long, producing
its flowers in drooping spikes towards the end of the stem ; the
flowers are of a bright yellow, and beautifully fringed. This
plant will continue flowering from the old bulbs for years; it
generally blossoms during the spring months, seldom lasting
more than about four days in bloom, and is best grown ina
basket or pot, with peat and moss.

D, fimbriatum oculatum.—A beautiful variety of the pre-
ceding, producing its pendent flower spikes from near the top
of the stems, and growing from two to three feet high; it
succeeds best in a pot, in peat. The flowers are large, of a
rich orange yellow, with a single deep sanguineous spot on
the lip; blooms in March and April, if kept dry, and lasts ten
days in perfection, This plant is very commonly mistaken
in gardens for D. Pasxtont.

D. formoswn—A remarkably handsome compact ever-
green Orchid, growing about a foot high, producing its
spikes from the top of the stem, and bearing three or four
blossoms togethér, which are frequently three inches across ;
sepals and petals white; lip white, with a bright yellow
centre ; they last six weeks or more in perfection, This may
be grown either in a pot or basket, with moss or peat. It
makes a splendid plant for exhibition.

DENDROBIUM. 163

D. formosum giganteum.—A magnificent variety of the pre-
ceding, much stronger in growth, and, like it, evergreen, The
flowers, which are produced at the top of the stems, measure
from four to five inches across; colour snow white, with
bright yellow on the centre of the lip; it requires the same
treatment as D. formosum, and remains in bloom about the
same time. I have seen several fine specimens of this plant,
some with as many as twenty-one leading growths, which,
when in bloom, make a fine display. I saw this particularly
fine in the gardens of the Duke of Sutherland at Trentham
Hall, grown by Mr. Stevens. Native of Moulmein.

D. Gibsoni.—A very pretty evergreen erect-growing Orchid
from India, about two feet high; the blossoms are produced
on the ends of the old bulbs; the sepals and petals are rich
orange; the lip bright yellow, with two dark spots on the
upper part. It blooms during the autumn months, lasts two
weeks in good condition, and requires the same treatment as
D. formosum.

D. Grifithianum.—This is certainly one of the most glorious
of the yellow spring-flowering Dendrobes ; it is about double
the size of D. densiflorum in all its parts, and its immense
drooping spikes of bloom are of the richest golden yellow,
and remain in perfection for a long time. This plant is very
rare, and varieties are often sold for it which are much inferior
to the true plant.

D. Heyneanum.—A charming deciduous species from
Bombay, which grows eight inches high, and produces spikes
of white flowers from the tops of the stems at different times
of the year; they have somewhat the appearance of sprigs of
whitethorn. It is best grown on a block, with a moderate
supply of moisture, during the growing season. It continues
about ten days in perfection.

D. hedyosmum.—This beautiful sweet-scented Orchid is

164 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

another of the many fine plants we have received from Moul-
mein. It is a plant of remarkably easy culture, producing
its blossoms in spring. Its flowers, when first opening, are
green or greenish white, but after a day or so they change to
pure white, except the lip, which is shaded with green and
yellow, and striped with orange. They are produced in pairs,
and yield a delicious perfume similar to that of wallflowers.
It belongs to the D. formosum section of the genus, which
have the young growths covered with black hairs.

D, Hiltii.—This is an Australian species, nearly related to
the old D, speciosum, but the stems are fully twice the length,
and more stem-like, while the racemes of flower are much
longer and more graceful, and the sepals and petals are nar-
rower and creamy white. It is a free-flowering and desirable
species, and succeeds well in the cool-house after its growth
is complete.

Dz infundibulum.—tThis is a species of great beauty, distri-
buted in the first place under the name of D. moulmeinense,
and resembling D. formosum in habit of growth and flower, but
surpassing it much in size and profusion of blooms. Native of
Moulmein.

D. Jamesianum.—This is a very fine species named in
honour of the late Mr, James Veitch. It is somewhat in the
way of D. formusum, The stems are about a foot high, and
the flowers nearly as large as those of D. formosum, pure
white, except the lip, which is deeply stained with cinnabar
red. It blooms during spring and summer. Native of
Moulmein.

D. japonicum.—This is by no means an exhibition plant;
but although it cannot lay claim to much beauty, its flowers,
which are pure white, with a few purple spots on the lip,
yield a delicious fragrance; it grows about a foot high, and
coming from Japan, will make a good addition to the cool-

DENDROBIUM JAMESIANUM,
Moulmein.

DENDROBIUM. 165

house. This, according to Professor Reichenbach, is the
true D. moniliforme of botanists, the D. moniliforme of
gardeners being more correctly named D. Linawianum.

D, Jenkinsti—A beautiful dwarf evergreen species from
India, growing about two inches high; the flowers are very
large for the size of the plant ; the colour is a pale buff, mar-
gined with yellow; they are produced from the bulb, one or
two together, and last ten days in beauty. This is best grown
on a bare block of wood, suspended from the roof. A mag-
nificent specimen of this species was exhibited at Kensington
last year by Mr. Denny, gardener to Lord Londesborough.

D. Johannis.—A very pretty North Australian Dendrobe
though not so gay as many others we are already acquainted
with, yet its peculiar twisted flowers, which are brown and
yellow streaked with orange, and the delicate perfume they
emit, render it a very desirable plant. It will succeed best in
the Odontoglossum house.

D. lasioglossum.— Although a somewhat small-flowered
_ kind, this species is well deserving the attention of Orchid
growers. The stems are long and slender, and it produces
two or three flowers together from the joints; sepals and
petals creamy white ; lip yellow in the centre, and brown at
the sides, streaked with purple lines. Native of Burmah,

D. Linawianum.—aA delicate species, said to come from
China and Japan, but this is probably a mistake arising from
its being falsely identified as D. moniliforme, which comes
from those countries; this is probably Indian, as it was
originally introduced by Wallich. It is a pretty evergreen
upright-growing plant, about a foot or more high, blooming
all up the stem on two-year old growths, the colours being
a rosy-lilac and white. It blooms during the winter months,
lasting two weeks in beauty. This will grow in a basket, but
I find it thrives best in a pot, with peat or moss.

166 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

D. Linawianum majus—A fine variety of the preceding,
growing the same height, but having larger flowers ; the latter
being four inches across, and richer in colour. I saw this in
very fine condition in the splendid collection of R. Warner,
Esq.

D, lituiflorwn.—A charming species from India, deciduous
and pendulous; it succeeds best in sphagnum, in a basket
suspended from the roof. It is difficult to grow, and requires
great attention as regards moisture during the growing season,
but should be kept dry during winter. The flowers are large,
and are produced in pairs from the nodes on each side of the
stem; sepals and petals dark purple; lip white, edged with
purple. Blooms in March and April, and will last two weeks
in perfection.

D, longicornu majus.—A charming Indian variety, in the
way of D. formosum, but not so strong in growth. Flowers
white, except the lip, which has a yellow centre, and is fringed.
Of this there are two varieties, but the one now described is
the best. It produces its blossoms from the top of the stem
in May and June, and they continue in perfection a long time
if kept in a cool-house. Treatment the same as that for D.
Sormosum.

D. Lowiwt.—A fine rare species from Borneo, where it was
first found by Mr. H. Low, to whom we are indebted for
many beautiful Orchids. A very distinct plant, growing in
the way of D. longicornu, with upright stems a foot high, fur-
nished with dark green foliage, and producing in racemes,
from the side of the stems near the top, large flowers, mea-
suring about two inches across, the colour bright yellow, with
red markings on the upper part of the lip. This will succeed
in a pot or basket, or on a block, provided it has a liberal
supply of water when in vigorous growth. JI saw this plant,
with several other species of this genus, growing in a pine

DENDROBIUM. 167

stove, at Messrs. Brooks & Co.’s establishment at Man-
chester, and they were certainly growing most vigorously.
Blooms in November,

D, superbum.—A fine deciduous species, from the Philippine
Islands, of pendulous habit, losing its leaves just as it begins
to show its flower-buds. The spreading or drooping stems
grow about two feet long, from which the flowers proceed in
a row on each side; they are pink, tinged with rose colour,
each three or four inches across and lasting two weeks in
perfection, if the flowers are kept dry. The flowers have a
strong smell of rhubarb. It is best grown in a basket, with
moss. This makes a noble plant for public exhibition. It is
commonly grown under the name of D. macrophyllum, which
proves to have been previously appropriated to the plant
hitherto known in gardens as D. Veitchianum.

D. superbum giganteum.—A showy variety from Manilla,
which flowers in the same way as the preceding, and about
the same time. Flowers from five to seven inches across;
sepals and petals beautiful rose purple; the lip the same
colour, fringed and marked at the base with a pair of rich
purplish red spots, and they remain about two weeks in
perfection. A fine plant for public exhibition, but it requires
to be kept in a cool-house to keep it back for that purpose, as
it generally blooms very early..

D. superbum Huttoni.—This exceedingly rare and beau-
tiful variety has pure white sepals and petals, whilst the lip
is the colour of the normal form, saving a marginal border of
white. The rhubarb scent is not so decided as in the spe-
cies. It requires the temperature of the East Indian house,
and is a native of the Malayan Archipelago.

D. macrophyllum.—See also D. superbum.

D. M‘Carthieg—This really splendid Orchid is a native of
Ceylon ; it is a free grower and profuse bloomer, producing

168 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

long racemes of bright cherry red flowers, nearly as large
as those of D. superbum, and has the advantage of lasting
six weeks or two months in perfection. It is one of the finest
of the Dendrobes. This species was first exhibited by Mr.
Mitchell, gardener to R. F. Ainsworth, Esq., Manchester.
It also blossomed very finely with Messrs. Veitch, at Chelsea,
in 1870, a single specimen producing upwards of a hundred
flowers.

D. moniliforme.—See D. japonicum.

D. moschatum.—A handsome species from India. This
grows in the same way as D. Calceolus, and lasts about as long
in perfection. The flowers are bright orange ; lip chocolate,
edged with yellow.

D. nobile-—A magnificent old species from India; a free-
flowering evergreen plant of upright growth. The blossoms,
which are pink and white, with a spot of crimson in the centre
of the lip, are borne along the sides of the stems. It blooms
during the winter and spring months, lasting three or four
weeks in good condition, if kept in a cool-house. It will grow
either in a pot or basket, with moss or peat. This is one of
the finest exhibition plants we have; but to keep it for exhi-
bition, it must be put in the greenhouse and shaded from the
sun, and left there till it is wanted, when it must be forced
into bloom. During the time it is in a cool-house give it but
little water, only enough to keep it from shrivelling. This
species may be had in full flower from January to June by
having a number of plants treated successionally.

D. nobile intermedium.—A pretty and distinct variety,
which grows in the same way as D. nobile, and flowers at the
same time. Sepals and petals white ; lip white, with a crim-
son spot in the centre. A desirable variety for winter deco-
ration. A scarce plant, and one of the best.

D. nobile penduluin.—aA fine variety of D. nobile, from India,

DENDROBIUM. 169

and one which is best grown in a basket on account of its
pendulous habit. Flowers large, richer in colour than those
of D. nobile, and produced at the same time. This is often
called Rucker’s variety.

D. nodatum.—aA pretty Orchid, readily distinguished by its
thick joints. It is a free grower, but shy bloomer, flowering
several seasons upon its old growths, which are about a foot
long. Sepals and petals white, clouded with yellow; lip
bright orange, margined with white, and a large blood red
spot at the base. Native of Moulmein.

D. macrophyllum.—A fme distinct species, which has
clavate stems bearing two or three leaves. The racemes of
flowers are erect; the sepals are yellow, shaded with green;
petals white, and the lip yellowish green, streaked with purple;
altogether a singular and very interesting plant. Native of
Java. This plant, which received at first the name of
D. Veitchianum, and is generally grown under that name,
proves to be the true D. macrophyllum.

D. Parishiit—A beautiful flowering species, from Moul-
mein. It makes stems from one to two feet long, very thick
throughout their entire length. Flowers generally in pairs,
which are of a beautiful dark rose; the lip is lighter in colour
along the centre, with dark purple markings on each side of
the throat. A very distinct and altogether good addition to
our Dendrobes. This makes a good exhibition plant.

D. Paxtoni—A remarkably handsome Orchid from India,
which is usually confounded with D. fimbriatum oculatum.
The present plant produces its blooms at different times of
the year, from nearly the top of the old bulb on a short spike
in pairs, and its flowers are of a beautiful orange and brown ;
it lasts in perfection ten days, and requires the same treatment
as D. nobile.

D, Pierardi—A useful species for flowering during the winter

I

170 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

and spring months. It is of a drooping, deciduous habit,
flowering in the same way as D. superbum, and requiring
similar treatment; its beautiful white flowers last three weeks
in beauty. Native of India.

D, Pierardi latifolium—From India. The flowers are
much finer than in the type plant, though of the same
colour; it blooms in April and May. A scarce plant. I
have seen it with seventy flowers on a single stem. It
requires the same treatment as the former, and is a useful
plant for exhibition.

D. primulinum.—A beautiful free-flowering deciduous spe-
cies, from India, of pendulous growth. The flowers, which
are white and pink, are produced in two rows along the stem
in April and May, and they last in perfection ten days. It is
begt grown in a basket with sphagnum. A fine plant for
exhibition. I have seen as many as sixty flowers on one stem
when grown in baskets. It is very rare, and of graceful
appearance.

D. primulinum giganteum.—A magnificent variety, the
flowers of which are very large, of a pink and white colour ;
the lip is particularly fine. A free-flowering plant, which
ought to be in every collection. Is best grown in a basket,
as it is pendulous in habit. This is grown in some collections
under the name of D, cucullatum giganteum.

D, pulchellum purpureum.—aA pretty dwarf deciduous spe-
cies from Sylhet; it loses its leaves after it has finished grow-
ing, and generally begins to show flower in February all up
the stem. The sepals and petals are white, edged with green;
the lip has a bright orange blotch in the centre, and is
beautifully fringed. The plant does well in a basket with
moss, and lasts two weeks in bloom.

D. sanguinolentum.—A good distinct evergreen species,
the stems and leaves of which are violet or lilac-coloured.

DENDROBIUM. 171

It grows some three or four feet high, and blooms from the
end of the old stems, which continue flowering for years ;
sepals and petals fawn colour, tipped with spots of deep violet;
lip of the same colour. It blooms during the summer and
autumn months, and lasts two weeks in good condition.
This will do either in a basket or pot, with peat or moss.

D. sanguinolentum superbun.—This plant is a great im-
provement upon the previous one; handsome as that is, this is
much stronger in growth, producing longer spikes of very much
larger flowers, which are of a creamy white, tipped with dark
rich purple. This variety was sent me a few years ago from
Borneo, with a consignment of Phalenopsis.

D. senile —This is another of the productions from that rich
land of Orchids, Moulmein, and is one of the most curious,
the stem and leaves being densely covered with white hairs ;. its
flowers are of a bright yellow colour, produced in pairs, and
continue in full beauty for a considerable time. When we get
it imported in quantity, it will, I think, become a general
favourite, although its constitution is probably rather delicate.

D. Tattonianum.—A very pretty Orchid from North Aus-
tralia; it is of easy culture and sweet-scented. It seems to be
a small-growing species attaining some three inches in height,
and it makes a flower-stem about a foot long; the sepals and
petals are yellow and white, and the lip bluish or mauve. It
is a very singular and desirable small-flowering species.

D. taurinum.—A vigorous-growing magnificent species from
India, often attaining a height of five feet, with upright stems.
The sepals are pure white, and the petals reddish brown,
curling and spread out like the horns of a bull, whence the
name ; lip white, margined with purplish violet. It is best
grown in a pot in peat. Of this a fine plant may be seen in
the collection of 8. Rucker, Esq., Wandsworth, under the
care of Mr. Pilcher.

12

172 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

D. thyrsiflorum.—A fe showy species, in habit like D.
densiflorum, but stronger, with the apex of the bulbs slightly
yellow, and producing splendid clusters of golden and white
flowers. From Moulmein.

D. tortile-—A charming evergreen species from Java, grow-
ing about two feet high; it blooms in the same way as D.
nobile, and requires the same treatment. The flowers are pale
yellow, indeed almost white; it blooms in May and June,
lasting a long time in perfection.

D. tortile roseum.—This is a beautiful variety of the pre-
ceding species, resembling it in every respect, saving the
colour of its flowers, which are in this plant a delicate rose,
shaded with yellow. A very desirable variety ; blooms in May
and June. Native of Java.

D. transparens.—A beautiful small-flowering Indian Orchid,
which blooms in the same way as D. nobile. The flowers,
which grow in pairs along the stems, are of a pale, trans-
parent, pinkish lilac, stained in the middle of the lip with a
blotch of deep crimson; it blooms in May and June, and does
well grown in a pot with peat or moss.

Dy triadenium—A delicate Orchid from India, of upright
growth, and evergreen ; it produces its white and pink flowers
on a small spike from the old stems, and lasts two weeks in
bloom; flowers at different times of the year, and is best
grown in a pot with peat.

D. Veitchianum.—See D. macrophyllum.

D. Wallichianum.—tThis is a beautiful kind, resembling D.
nobile in general appearance; it has, however, much taller stems,
darker foliage, and richer coloured flowers. It blooms during the
winter and spring months, and may be retarded until the
summer with care, when it makes a noble and valuable spe-
cimen for exhibition purposes, The treatment recommended
for D. nobile suits this plant also, Native of the East Indies.

DENDROCHILUM. 178

D. Wardianum.—A magnificent species. A splendid match
for the beautiful D. Falconer, which it somewhat resembles
in its thickened and knotted stem. It is pendulous in growth,
making strong stems from two to three feet long, on which the
flowers are produced in twos and threes, each flower mea-
suring upwards of three inches and a half in diameter. The
colour of the sepals and petals is white, tipped with magenta ;
the lower part of the lip rich orange, spotted on each side with
crimson. It blooms about May, and continues a considerable
time in perfection; thrives best suspended in a basket, or on
a block. This fine plant was figured in Warner’s “ Select
Orchidaceous Plants”? from a specimen flowered by T. Ward,
Esq., of Southampton. Native of Assam.

D. Williamsoni—This plant belongs to the nigro-hirsute
section of this genus, and is somewhat difficult to establish.
The stems are erect, bearing strap-shaped leaves clothed with
short soft hairs; flowers large, ivory white, slightly tinged
with brown, and bearing a large blood-red spot on the lip.
Native of Assam.

D. xanthophlebium.—This species grows about a foot high,
making very small stems; it produces its flowers in pairs
upon the old stems; sepals and petals white; lip medium-
sized, spotted with orange, and having a white margin.
This species was, when it first bloomed, named D. marginatum.
It is a native of Moulmein.

DENDROCHILUM,

A small genus of graceful growing plants. They are small
and compact in habit, and ought to be in every collection,
having evergreen narrow leaves about six inches in length, and
small pseudobulbs ; their flower spikes, which are graceful and
pendulous, are produced from the top of the bulbs, hanging
down in long elegant racemes, These plants should be grown

174 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

in the East Indian house, potted in peat and sphagnum, with
good drainage. They like plenty of water during the growing
season; but after having finished their growth, less will
suffice. They are propagated by dividing the pseudobulbs
just as they begin to grow.

D. filiforme—A charming species, which grows about
six inches high. The flowers, which are produced in June
and July, are of a yellowish green hue, and are prized for
their gracefully drooping habit. When arrived at a good size
it makes a nice exhibition plant. This is beautifully flowered
by Mr. Stone, gardener to J. Day, Esq., a great number of
the elegant flower spikes hanging round his large specimen.
Native of Manilla.

D. glumaceum.—Another pretty species, with small ever
green foliage, and producing graceful spikes of greenish white
flowers, which are delicately scented ; it flowers in spring, and
continues three or four weeks in perfection. Native of the
Philippine Islands.

EripENDRUM.

Many of the species of this large genus are scarcely worth
cultivating, excepting for botanical purposes. Some of these
small-growing and small-flowered kinds are, however, sweet
scented. Growers of Orchids have been more deceived in
buying E'pidendrums than any other group of these plants.
The bulbs of many kinds are so nearly alike that it is very
difficult to tell what they really are until they flower, and
they often require to be kept several years before this occurs ;
and then, instead of something good, they produce frequently
only dingy green flowers about the same colour as the leaves.
Some of these insignificant flowers are nevertheless very fragrant,
and will perfume the whole house in which they are grown.
There are, however, some beautiful species among them, the

EPIDENDRUM. 175

flowers of which are very distinct in colour. The following
comprise all the best sorts that I know. They are all ever-
green, and compact in their habit, except EF. cinnabarinum,
E. crassifolium, E. rhizophorum, and a few others, which
are tall-growing, with long slender stems, clothed with small
leaves from top to bottom. The other sorts have short
round pseudobulbs, with long narrow leaves, except E'. auran-
tiacum, E. bicornutum, and E. Stamfordianum, which grow
more in the way of the Cattleyas, with upright bulbs, having
two or three short leaves on the top. They all produce their
flowers from the top of the stem or bulb, except H. Stam-
fordianum, in which they rise from the base.

These plants will all do in the Mexican house, and may be
grown on blocks of wood; but pot culture is the best for the
majority of the species; the drainage must be perfect, and
sphagnum moss and peat should be used in about equal
parts. They require a season of rest, with the same treatment
as the Cattleyas, excepting that they need less heat. They
are propagated by dividing the plants, as described in the
remarks on Propagation.

E. alatum majus—A pretty species from Mexico. Its
flowers are produced on spikes in June or July, and are pale
yellow, the lip striped with purple, and it continues five or six
weeks in beauty. There are several varieties of H. alatum,
but the one here described is the only one worth the attention
of amateurs.

E. aloifolium.—A pretty species when well grown, and a
native of Guatemala. The plant is pendulous in habit, and
very distinct from any of the other Epidendrwms, having
curious and narrow-pointed leaves. The flowers, which are
large, proceed from the top of the bulb, one or two together ;
the sepals and petals are greenish yellow and brown, and the
lip is of a pure white. It blooms during the summer months,

176 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

and lasts long in beauty. This plant is best grown in a
basket with moss.

E. aurantiacum.—A distinct species from Guatemala, This
plant is similar in growth to Cattleya Shinneri; the pseudo-
bulbs so nearly resemble those of that plant, as to lead to its
being often mistaken for it. It grows a foot high, and pro-
duces its flowers from a sheath at the top of the bulb; the
flowers are of a bright orange, with the lip of the same
colour, striped with crimson. It blooms in March, April, and
May, lasting six weeks in perfection if kept in a cool-house.
There are two varieties of this plant, both of which I have
had growing in the same house under the same treatment.
The best variety opens its flowers freely, while in the other
they keep nearly closed—a peculiarity which renders the
latter not worth growing.

E. bicornutum.—A remarkably handsome Orchid from
Guiana, growing about fifteen inches in height. The flower
spike proceeds from the top of the bulbs, sometimes producing
on one spike as many as twelve beautiful flowers, each about
two inches across, of a pure white, with a few crimson spots in
the centre of the lip. It blooms in April and May, lasting
two or three weeks in beauty. This is rather a difficult plant
to grow. The best plant I ever saw was grown on a block of
wood without any moss, and flowered five or six years in
succession ; but in the seventh year it seemed to lose its
vigour, and never flowered afterwards, probably because the
block began to decay and get sour. There are some very
fine plants in the collection of A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester.
I have seen plants do well in pots with peat and good
drainage.

E. Brassavole.—This very fine and remarkable species is a
native of Central America, and will succeed well in the Mexican
house. It derives its name from the resemblance in shape

EPIDENDRUM. 177

which the flowers bear to those of a Brassavola, The sepals
and petals are of a rich yellowish brown, while the lip is in
part white, the rest being of a beautiful mauve. The flowers
are four inches in diameter, borne upon long and many-
flowered spikes, very durable, and sweet-scented in the evening.
The plant in its general habit resembles a large form of
E. prismatocarpum.

E, cinnabarinum.—A tall-growing plant, from Pernambuco.
It grows four feet high, and blooms from the top of the
stem ; the flowers, which are bright scarlet, and are produced
in abundance in May, June, and July, continue to be produced
for two or three months.

E. cnemidophorum.—This is a rare and pretty cool-house
Orchid, a native of Guatemala, where it is found up to an ele-
vation of nearly 8,000 feet. It is one of those plants which
the lamented Mr. Skinner had so much difficulty in getting
home alive. It is a strong-growing plant, throwing out large
fleshy roots, and making stout stems from three to five feet
high. The leaves are about eight inches long, glossy, green,
and somewhat sharp-pointed. The flower spike is terminal,
and about a foot long, producing a cluster of light yellow
flowers, spotted with brown inside, and pure white at
the back; the lip is white shaded with rose, and deeply
divided.

E. Cooperianum.—A beautiful species from Rio, growing
from two to three feet high. The flowers grow in racemes,
and are brownish yellow, with the lip large and bright rose-
coloured. It is named in compliment to Mr. Cooper, of the
Old Kent Road. A most desirable species, and of easy culture
in the Cattleya house.

E. crassifolium.—This is not so ornamental as many of the
species of this genus, but it is worth growing on account of
its distinct colour. It is rather tall, attaining a height of some

13

178 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

two or three feet, and produces its rose-coloured flowers in
profusion in March, April, May, and June, continuing to bloom
for three or four months, which makes it a valuable plant fot
decoration.

E. dichromum.—A beautiful Orchid from Bahia, It pro-
duces large panicles of flowers two inches in diameter, light
rose-coloured, with the lip a rich crimson. A most desirable
species, which is also known under the name of E. amabile.

E. dichromum striatum.—A very beautiful variety, in which
both sepals and petals are white, and all the veins marked
out by radiating deep purple lines; it flowered in the collection
of T. Dawson, Esq. Native of Bahia.

E. eburneum.—A pretty Orchid from Colon, in Panama.
It grows two feet high, and has large leaves of a deep green
colour, placed alternately upon the stems. The raceme is
terminal, producing four to six flowers, which have a very
large ivory white lip; it is well worthy of general culti-
vation.

E. erubescens.—A plant of very distinct habit, making long
woody rhizomes, which root from the under side, and bear
the pseudobulbs at intervals of about sixinches. The flowers
are produced upon branching spikes ; sepals and petals broad,
and of a beautiful delicate mauve; Hp a darker shade of the
same colour, and yellow at the base. This species has
flowered with Mr. Sherratt, gardener to J. Bateman, Esq.,
and also in the collection of T. Salt, Esq., Bradford. It
lasts in bloom for six or eight weeks, and is certainly a very
desirable species. This plant is difficult to grow. We have
found it thrive well on long blocks of wood in the cool-house
with Odontoglossums, and always kept damp at the roots.

EF. Hanburyanwn.—This is not so showy as many of the
species of E'pidendrum, but is worth growing on account of its
pleasing colour. Sepals and petals deep purple; lip pale rose.

EPIDENDRUM. 179

It blooms during the spring months, lasting long in beauty.
Native of Mexico.

E. macrochilum.—A beautiful species from Guatemala. The
sepals and petals are brown; the lip large, pure white, with a
purple blotch at the base. It blooms in April and May, and
lasts five weeks in good condition if the flowers are kept free
from damp. It is more accurately called E. atropurpureum.

E. macrochilum roseum:—A. beautiful variety of the former.
The lip is large and wholly dark rose colour; it blooms at
the same time, lasts long in beauty, and is a most desirable
plant.

E.. myrianthum.—A charming plant from Guatemala, very
rare in cultivation, of tall but graceful habit, with dense
spikes of rich magenta flowers. It will not bloom if subjected
to much heat: the cool-house, therefore, will suit it best.

E. nemorale majus.—A compact evergreen species, with
pseudobulbs four inches high, bearing on the top two leaves a
foot long, of a light green colour, and producing panicles of
flowers which are sometimes three feet long, and, when ex-
panded, have a remarkably handsome appearance. It makes
a fine exhibition plant, on account of its being well adapted
for travelling, and from its distinct and pleasing colour, which
in the sepals and petals is delicate rosy mauve, the lip being
white in the centre, with three short red lines, and bordered
with deep rose. It is found growing on rocks and trees, and
will do well in the Cattleya house. Native of Mexico.

E. paniculatum.—This is a tall-growing plant, with thin
stem-like pseudobulbs, which attain a height of some three or
four feet, and are clothed with narrow dark green leaves.
The flowers are produced in a drooping branched panicle
upwards of a foot long, bearing a profusion of elegant pale
rose-coloured blooms, It will succeed in a cool-house. Native
of Peru, &e.

180 ORCHID-GROWER 8 MANUAL.

E. pheniceum.—A fine species-from Cuba. The sepals
and petals are purple; the lip of the same colour, mixed
with pink and crimson. It blooms during the summer
months.

FE’, prismatocarpum.—A splendid Orchid, and certainly one
of the best of the genus. It grows about twelve inches high,
producing short bulbs, and evergreen foliage. The spikes are
produced from the top of the pseudobulbs, and bear each
about fourteen flowers; sepals and petals creamy white,
spotted with black; lip pink. It blooms in June and July,
and will last several weeks in perfection. There are several
varieties of this species.

EF, rhizophorum.—A_ pretty but shy-flowering evergreen
scandent Orchid, often reaching ten feet in height. It is best
grown in a pot in peat, with good drainage. When the
plant becomes tall, it should be trained round some sticks,
which is the best way to make it flower. The flowers, which
are produced in long racemes from the top of the stem-like
growths, are of a bright orange scarlet; the same spike will
keep in beauty for three months. I have known Mr. 8.
Woolley, of Cheshunt, to have the same plant in flower for
twelve months.

E. Stamfordianum.—A small-flowering species from Guate-
mala, producing its flowers in great abundance on a branch-
ing spike; they are of a greenish yellow, thickly spotted
with brownish purple. It blooms in April and May, lasting a
considerable time in perfection, There are two varieties of
this plant: one has much brighter coloured flowers than the
other; the best form is characterised by its longer and thinner
bulbs.

EF. syringothyrsus.— An extremely handsome cool-house
species. The slender stems attain a height of about three
feet, and are clothed with distichous leaves, which are about

EPISTEPHIUM. 181

six inches long, and light green. The flowers are produced
in branching panicles, which bear from seventy to eighty
flowers ; sepals and petals light purple; lip white, and pink
in front. Native of Peru.

E, vitellinum.—A small-growing plant, but one of the finest
of the genus. <A very distinct Orchid, the pseudobulbs and
leaves glaucous. It blossoms during the greater portion of the
year, some plants throwing up their spikes in summer and
others in winter, lasting six weeks or more in good condition;
sepals and petals rich orange scarlet; the lip bright yellow.
This is best grown in the cool-house with Odontoglossums, and
requires plenty of moisture at the roots. Amongst the
numerous fine examples of this species which I saw in Mr.
Dawson’s collection, at Meadow Bank, was one magnificent
plant, with twenty-five spikes of bloom expanded, forming a
charming spectacle. Native of Mexico.

E. vitellinum majus.—This is of the same colour as
E, vitellinum, the only difference being in’ the flowers, which
are considerably larger, with the sepals and petals broader;
the flowers are also very thick and fleshy, and last in bloom
an immense time. It usually flowers during the summer
months, but sometimes sends up its brilliantly coloured
blooms during winter. A very rare plant. Same treatment
as the former.

EpistEPHIUM.

E, Williamsii.—This beautiful plant is nearly allied to the
Sobralias ; indeed, it has been sent home from Bahia, its
native place, under the name of 8. sessilis. It makes a fleshy
fibrous underground root, and grows upwards of a foot high ;
the leaves are very dark and shining; the flowers large, of
a bright reddish purple, six or eight upon a terminal spike.
Being a terrestrial species, it should not be elevated above
the rim of the pot. It succeeds best potted in good fibrous

182 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

loam and sand, with good drainage and a liberal supply of
water, and will do well in the Cattleya house.

ERIopsis.

E. biloba.—A pretty species from South America, and the
only one with which I am acquainted that is worth growing.
It is evergreen and of upright habit, attaining a height of ten
or twelve inches; foliage dark green; flowers produced from
the side of the pseudobulb, on a spike ten inches long ; sepals
and petals yellow and deep orange; lip white, spotted with
dark brown; upper part orange. This succeeds best potted in
peat, with good drainage, and it requires a liberal supply of
water at the roots, with full exposure to the sun: it is pro-
pagated by dividing the bulbs. The coolest house will suit it.

GALEANDRA,

Some of the species belonging to this genus are small-
flowered, and possess little beauty to attract the attention of
amateur Orchid growers; a few, however, have large and
beautifully coloured blooms and are well deserving general
cultivation. They are deciduous and upright-growing plants,
with slender stems, producing their flower spikes from the
top, just as they have finished their growth. These are best
grown in pots, with peat and good drainage, in the Kast
Indian house, and should have a good supply of water at the
roots during their period of growth. Afterwards they should
be moved into the Cattleya house, placed near the glass,
and not kept too dry. When growth commences, they
should be treated as before directed. Galeandras are some-
what difficult to cultivate, and require strict attention in the
growing season in regard to keeping their leaves free from the
red spider and the thrips. This may be done by syringing
them twice a day in warm weather, which will keep it under.

GONGORA. 183

G. Baueri.—A desirable dwarf species from Guiana; the
pink and purple coloured blossoms are produced on a droop-
ing spike, in the months of June, July, and August, and
continue in perfection along time. This makes a fine plant
when well grown, and it is worth all the care that can be
bestowed upon it. When Mr. Schréder’s collection was intact,
he invariably exhibited this plant in splendid condition, at
Chiswick ; but I have never seen it so good since, which is to
be regretted. Indeed it is now a rare plant, but I trust we
may soon get some fresh importations.

G. eristata.—A desirable species from South America;
it grows about eight inches high. The flowers, which are
produced on a drooping spike, are of 4 pink and dark purple
colour; they appear in July and August, and last four or five
weeks in perfection.

G. Devoniana.—A beautiful slender Orchid from South
America; it grows about two feet high. The blossoms, which
are produced in pendant spikes from the top of the bulbs,
aré white, beautifully pencilled with pink; it blooms at different
times of the year, and remains a long time in beauty. I have
only séen this grown well in the fine collections of 8. Rucker,
Esq., Wandsworth, and the late J. A. Turner, Esq., Man-
chester. It is beautifully figured in the first series of
Warner’s “ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

GoNnGoRA.

This isa somewhat despised genus with the majority of
Orchid growers, yet it contains many very interesting and
beautiful flowered species; and as nearly all of them are fra-
grant, they have an additional claim to our attention. In the
earlier days of Orchid culture one often saw fine specimens of
Gongoras, but latterly they seem to have become quite a
neglected race. These plants are compact growing and ever-

184 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

green, producing long pendulous racemes of richly-coloured
flowers, which, in some instances, are very grotesque in
appearance. As the flower spike is pendulous and produced
from the base of the bulbs, the plants are best grown in
baskets with peat and moss; indeed they are extremely
liable to injury if grown in pots. The temperature of the
cool end of the Cattleya house suits them well; they enjoy
a liberal supply of water during summer, both on the foliage
and to the roots, but a very little will suffice in winter. The
bulbs, however, should not be allowed to shrivel.

G. atropurpurea.—This is an old but very handsome spe-
cies, compact in growth, with ribbed pseudobulbs and light
green leaves; racemes long, springing from the base of the
bulbs, pendulous, and bearing a profusion of dark purple
flowers. It blooms during summer. Native of Trinidad.

G. bufonia major.—Similar in habit of growth to the pre-
ceding ; indeed, they are mostly about the same size both in
pseudobulbs and leaves; in this species, however, the flowers
differ considerably, being beautifully variegated with purple
and white. From Brazil.

G. maculata.—This grows about eighteen inches high ;
pseudobulbs ribbed; leaves dark green; racemes upwards of a
foot in length, pendulous, and produced from the base of the
bulbs ; flowers very showy, yellow, spotted with rosy red. It
blooms in May. Native of Demerara.

G. maculata alba~—A handsome and distinct form of the
preceding, which it very much resembles, but the pseudobulbs
are more deeply ribbed ; the flowers, which are pure white,
with a few spots of rose on the lip, are produced about the
month of May. Native of Guiana.

G. portentosa.—This is a compact-growing species, not
differing greatly from the others in habit; it produces an
abundance of its gay flowers from the base of the psendo-

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM. 185

bulbs, the sepals being rich yellow, whilst the petals and lip
are deep purplish violet. Native of South America.

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM.

A small genus of somewhat large-growing plants, all of
which are worth growing where space can be allotted them.
One of them makes a magnificent specimen, having a noble
palm-like appearance ; but it requires considerable space to
grow it in perfection, and it is, unfortunately, a shy bloomer.
I have seen plants grown for eight years without flowering ;
indeed, it has only once or twice been flowered well in this
country—once by Mr. Scott, when gardener to the late Sir
George Staunton, and again by Mr. Carson, Nonsuch Park,
Cheam ; the latter had it very fine. This plant had been in
the Cheam Collection for many years, but was sold a few
years ago, and is now in the possession of 8. Mendel, Esq., of
Manchester, with whom I hope to see it flower again. The
plants require to be well grown, and after making a few
strong growths, should have a decided season of rest; they
require to be grown in peat, in a pot of good size, and with
good drainage ; a liberal supply of water at the roots must
also be given during the growing season. The East Indian
house is the proper place in which to keep them throughout
the year. They are propagated by dividing the bulbs.

G. Ellisiii—A charming species, brought from Madagascar
by the Rev. W. Ellis, of Hoddesdon, in compliment to whom
it is named ; it is a smaller-growing species than G. speciosum,
and more free flowering, producing spikes of blossoms from
the base of the bulbs along with the young growths; the
flowers are large, of a yellow and brown colour, and they
remain some time in beauty. This may be made to succeed
on a block suspended from the roof, provided it has a
plentiful supply of water.

186 OROCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

G. speciosum.—A magnificent Orchid from Java, but, as
above stated, somewhat shy blooming; it grows from five to
ten feet high, producing upright spikes from the bottom of
the bulbs, which are very large; the flowers are also large,
and of a beautiful yellow and brown colour. It blooms
during winter, and will last a long time in perfection if the
flowers are kept dry.

HEtcta.

H. sanguinolenta.—A rare and very handsome Peruvian
plant, with somewhat the habit of Trichopilia, producing
flowers two inches in diameter; sepals and petals yellowish,
blotched with reddish brown; lip large, white and striped
with crimson. This is a small compact-growing evergreen
plant, and succeeds well in the cool-house ; it is best grown in
a pot with peat, moss, and good drainage, keeping it moist in
the growing season; it is the only one of the genus I have
seen.

Hovtretia.

A small genus of Orchids, which are well worth cultivating,
on account of their distinctness of colour. They grow best in
pots, in peat with good drainage, and like a liberal supply of
water during the growing season; they are propagated by
dividing the bulbs just before they begin to grow.

A. Brocklehurstiana.—A distinct species from Brazil; it
grows eighteen inches high, and has short round bulbs, and
broad pale green leaves. The flower spikes are produced
from the side of the bulbs; the blossoms measure from three
to three and a half inches in diameter, the petals being orange
brown, enriched with darker spots, the lip yellow, and also
spotted with dark brown.

H. odoratissima.—A handsome species from South America;
grows eighteen inches high, and has light green leaves; the
flower spike rises from the side of the bulb; blossoms two

HUNTLEYA. 187

and half inches across ; petals orange brown, striped with a
lighter colour ; lip white, tipped with yellow.

H., odoratissima antioquiensis.—A very fine variety of the
preceding, with dark green pseudobulbs and leaves; spike
erect, bearing many flowers; sepals much broader than the
petals ; and like them deep blood-red ; the curious lip, which
is very long and somewhat sagittate, is white, faintly tinged
with pale yellow. It succeeds in a moderately cool tem-
perature. Native of Columbia.

H. tigrina.—A showy and very pretty species of this some-
what neglected genus; the pseudobulbs are about two inches
long, somewhat ovate, supporting long dark green leaves,
which are blunt at the ends; sepals greenish yellow, barred
with brown ; petals smaller, rich yellow, barred with crimson;
lip white, dotted with brown, and barred with light purple.
Native of Columbia.

Hontieya,

Under this heading are included plants distributed through
the following genera :—Huntleya, Warrea, Warscewiczella,
Batemania, Zygopetalum, and Pescatoria. They are all very
similar in their general appearance, and not a little diversity
of opinion exists respecting them. I have therefore deter-
mined to retain them all under the old and familiar title of
Huntleya for the present. Several of them bear very showy
flowers, and are of easy culture, if they get the treatment
required, but they are often killed by having too much heat.
I find they do best in the cool end of the Cattleya house,
with plenty of water all the year round, for they seem never
to require any rest. The attention that may be given them
will well repay the cultivator by a profusion of their elegant,
curious, and delicately scented flowers. The plants have ever-
green foliage, about ten inches high, and are compact in their
growth, with small pseudobulbs, from which their flowers

188 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

proceed. The blossoms are large, produced singly upon
stalks which stand about four inches high. These are best
grown in pots, with peat and moss, and good drainage.

H. albido-fulva.—This is a robust-growing plant for this
genus. The leaves are light green, and erect; flowers large,
produced singly; sepals and petals white, tipped with copper
colour ; lip white, tipped with red, and much crested at the
base. It is a distinct species from Brazil.

HI, candida.—An extremely rare species of dwarf habit,
seldom growing more than eight or nine inches in height.
The sepals and petals are pure white; the lip purple, edged
with violet, with afew red veins at the base. This handsome
little plant is a native of Bahia. Professor Reichenbach now
refers this species to Zygopetalum, formerly to Warscewiczella.
Lindley included it in Warrea.

H. cerina—This beautiful species was first flowered by
8. Rucker, Esq.; it is slow in growth, but of easy culture,
producing at various seasons its delicate yellow and straw-
coloured flowers, which are of very long duration. Itisa
native of Veragua, growing at an elevation of 8,000 feet. It
is sometimes referred to Zygopetalwn and Pescatoria.

H. marginata.—A beautiful species from South America,
which grows about ten inches high, and has evergreen foliage ;
the flowers are produced from the side of the bulbs; colour,
pinkish purple and white; blooms at different times of the
year, and continues a considerable time in beauty. This is
one of the species sometimes referred to Warscewiczella ; it is
also called Warrea quadrata.

H, Meleayris.—The best of the genus, from South America.
The flowers are large, yellow and brown in colour; it blooms
in June and July, and lasts a long time in beauty. A scarce
Orchid, sometimes called Batemania Meleagris,

H, velata,—A very beautiful and fragrant species from New

IONOPSIS. 189

Grenada, growing about a foot high. The sepals and petals
are yellowish white; lip yellowish white, margined with
crimson, and marked with purple, and very large. This is
one of the Warscewiczellas.

H. violacea.—A curious species from Guiana. It produces
its solitary violet-coloured flowers at different times of the
year, and keeps in bloom four or five weeks. It has been
called Zygopetalum and Pescatoria.

Hi. Wailesiana.—tThis is a very elegant little species, with
dark evergreen leaves. The flowers are of moderate size;
sepals and petals white; lip white, stained along the centre
with violet; it blooms during the autumn months, lasting long
in perfection. Native of Brazil. It is sometimes included in
Zygopetalum, and has also been referred to Warrea.

Hi. Watllisti—In general appearance this superb species
resembles H. cerina, but the flowers are much larger; the
ground colour is a rich cream, and the sepals and petals are
tipped with bluish violet, the base of the column being dark
violet. It is a fine addition to this beautiful genus, requiring
somewhat cool treatment. It is also known by the names of
Zygopetalum Wallisit and Pescatoria Wallisii. Native of
Ecuador.

Tonopsts.

I. paniculatus.—A charming small free-flowering Orchid,
and one that ought to be in every collection. The leaves are
six inches high, and proceed from very small pseudobulbs.
The flower spikes, which are branching, proceed from the
axils of the leaves, and are about ten inches long, the blossoms
being of a pretty blush white, pencilled with light rose, and
produced twice a year. The plant succeeds best on a
block, with a little live sphagnum moss round the roots,
which require to be kept moist nearly all the year round. I
have found it do well in the coolest house suspended near the

190 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

glass, where it continues in bloom for several weeks at a time.
This is a difficult plant to grow, for we seldom see it doing
well. I often find it flower itself to death.

Lain.

This is a most lovely genus of plants, most of the species
being compact in their growth, with evergreen foliage, resem-
bling in many respects the genus Cattleya, to which some of
them are equal in the beauty of their flowers. They produce
their blossoms, which are large, distinct in colour, and very
handsome, on spikes of varied length, from the top of their
pseudobulbs. These plants merit a place in every collection,
and will amply repay the cultivator for any care they may
require; indeed, the Lelias are among our finest Orchids,
whether for winter or summer blooming.

Some of the species are best grown on blocks of wood with
moss ; others thrive well in pots with peat and good drainage.
The large-growing kinds are best grown in pots, and require
the same treatment as Cuttleyas. Those on blocks require
more water, and are best grown in the Cattleya house, except
some which do not require so much heat to grow them to
perfection. They are propagated in the same way as Catileyas.

L. acuminata—A pretty, delicate-flowered, and compact-
growing plant from Mexico. The sepals and petals are white ;
the lip white, with a dark blotch on the upper part. It blooms
in December and January, and lasts two or three weeks in
beauty.

L. albida.—A lovely compact-growing species from Oaxaca.
The sepals and petals are white; the lip pink, with stripes of
yellow down the centre. It blossoms in December and January,
lasting a good time in beauty. There are two varieties of
this plant. The best is called superba. In the latter, the
flowers are much larger than in the ordinary form of L. albida.

LBUIA. 191

L. albida Mariane.—A pretty variety of the preceding
species, of compact habit, with pale green foliage; sepals and
petals flesh colour, changing to salmon; lip mauve, with buff
stripes. A desirable plant, blossoming during winter, and as it
continues in bloom four or five weeks, it is a valuable addition
to a collection when flowers are generally scarce. It requires
to be grown in a cool-house.

L. anceps.—A remarkably handsome Orchid from Mexico.
The flowers are three or four inches across, and last a month
in perfection, if kept in a cool dry house; sepals and petals
rose lilac, the lip a beautiful deep purple. It blooms in
December and January. Of this there are several varieties,
one of which is called L. Barkerii.

L. anceps Dawsoni.—This beautiful variety flowered in the
autumn of 1867 for the first time in this country, with T.
Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank, the great emporium for
Orchid gems and novelties ; it was also exhibited, in January
1868, at South Kensington, by Mr. Hodges, gardener to
8. Wright, Esq., Gravely Hill, Birmingham, and is a great
acquisition amongst our winter-flowering Orchids. The plant
does not present any special character distinguishing it from
the species, except in colour. The flowers are produced two
or three together, on stems two feet long or more ; sepals and
petals pure white; exterior of lateral lobes of lip white,
interior clothed with purple lines radiating from the base,
the yellow ridge under the column, common to the species,
being prominent; the lower or expanded portion of the lip is
undulating and recurved, white towards the lobes, and purple
near the extremity, the whole being broadly margined with
white. Native of Juquila in Mexico.

L. anceps delicatum.—A distinct and handsome form, pro-
ducing from four to six flowers upon each spike. The sepals
and petals are white, stained with rosy purple ; the lip white,

192 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

suffused with reddish purple and shaded with violet, the throat
being orange yellow. his variety is deserving the attention
of all cultivators of these plants, on account of the numerous
flowers borne upon each spike. Native of Mexico.

L. autumnalis.—A lovely and showy Orchid from Mexico.
It produces its blossoms on a spike twelve inches high or
more, and often bears as many as nine flowers on a single
spike. I have bloomed it with more than that number. The
sepals and petals are of a beautiful purple colour ; the lip rose
and white, with yellow in the centre. The flowers are four
inches across. It blooms at the same time as L. anceps,
lasting about a fortnight in good condition. There are several
varieties of this plant, some of them much richer in colour
than others; one fine variety of this species, in which the
flower was large, and the colour very deep, was sent me by
Mr. Kemmery, gardener to E. G. Wrigley, Esq., of Broadoaks,
Bury.

L. Brysiana.—A fine showy Orchid from Brazil, and very
distinct. It grows like Cattleya crispa, with dark evergreen
foliage; and the flowers are large, produced three or four
together during the summer months, and lasting three weeks
in perfection; sepals and petals beautiful light rose, spotted
and veined with a darker colour; lip dark crimson. L. pur-
purata is often grown for this species, but it is quite distinct.

L. cinnabarina.—A charming distinct species from Brazil,
very compact in growth; flowers reddish orange, produced on
upright spikes, many together. It blooms in March, April,
and May, lasting six weeks in beauty. This makes a good
plant for exhibition on account of its unusual and very distinct
colour,

L. crispilabia.—This very pretty plant is nearly allied in
habit to L. cinnabarina, though a very distinct plant, in the
colour of both pseudobulbs and leaves. It hag been in culti-

LELIA 1938

vation under the name of L, Lawrenceana for many years. It
succeeds very well with other Lelias, liking plenty of light,
and never being allowed to get perfectly dry; it grows about
a foot high, bearing on its flower spikes four to six medium-
sized delicate purple flowers, which continue in perfection for
several weeks. Native of Mexico or Brazil.

L, elegans—A magnificent species from Brazil, with ever-
green foliage. It grows about two feet high or more, and blooms
at different times of the year. Of this species there are many
varieties, and shades of colour varying from white to light
rose, and pink, crimson, and carmine; in the typical variety
the sepals and petals are pale rose, the lip a brilliant purple.
It lasts about three weeks in perfection.

DL. elegans Warneri—A magnificent variety of L. elegans,
which grows to about the same size. Sepals and petals light
rose; lip rich crimson; it blossoms in June and July, and
will last in perfection three or four weeks. Very rare, and
one of the finest of its class ; it is also a fine exhibition plant.

L. flava.—A very distinct species from Mexico; it grows
in the same way and blooms at the same time as L. cinna-
barina. The colour of the flowers, which last three weeks in
perfection, is yellow. Native of Brazil.

L. furfuracea.—A fine variety from Mexico, resembling L.
autumnalis in growth, and attaining a height of ten inches,
with light green foliage. The flowers are produced on upright
spikes from the top of the bulb during autumn, and are indi-
vidually five inches in diameter, the colour dark purple, with
a dark rose lip. This plant is somewhat difficult to cultivate,
but I have seen it growing most luxuriantly under the care of
Mr. Baker, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq., who had a very large
example of it, and it flowered well with him every year; it
was grown in a pot suspended from the roof of the Mexican
house.

K

194 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

L. gigantea.—This is one of the finest of its genus, and is a
free-growing and free-flowering plant, in general habit like L.
elegans. The flowers measure six inches in diameter; the
sepals and petals are of a delicate lilac, beautifully spotted
with rose purple; the lip is of the same colour, but more
intense. It comes from Brazil, and succeeds well with the
other Lelias, There is a good figure of it in Warner's
“« Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

L. grandis.—A very distinct plant, from the neighbourhood
of Bahia. It grows about a foot high; the stems are small at
the base, and thick at the upper part, from which rises one
rigid dark green leaf; the sepals and petals are of a light
nankeen colour; the lip is white in the throat, edged and
veined with lilac and purple. It flowers during the summer,
and will remain in perfection for a long time, if kept from
the damp.

L. irrorata.—An elegant plant, the pseudobulbs of which
usually attain a height of eighteen inches, bearing two or
three leaves on the summit; flowers about five inches in
diameter; sepals and petals pure white; lip rich crimson,
shaded with purple and margined with clear white. It makes
a very pretty exhibition plant, flowering in June and July.
The finest variety of this plant which I have seen bloomed
in the rich collection of R. F. Ainsworth, M.D., at Lower
Broughton, Manchester, under the care of Mr. Mitchell, and
it is a plant no collection of Orchids should lack.

L. Lindleyana.—Very distinct both in flower and growth ;
the foliage is like that of Brassavola venosa, and grows about
eight inches long; sepals and petals rosy white ; lip of the
same colour, with the exception of the bottom part, which is
dark rose. It blooms at different times of the year, and
continues in perfection six weeks. Native of Brazil.

LL. majatis.—This is a glorious plant from Mexico. It is a

LAELIA, 195

dwarf-growing species, but the flowers are large, four inches
across, of a delicate rose colour, the lip striped and spotted
with chocolate. It blooms with the young growth, and lasts
five or six weeks in beauty. This is one of the finest of the
genus, and is rather difficult to flower in some collections, but
I have flowered it successively for several years. I keep it
rather dry and cool during the winter, with plenty of water
during the growing season. It has been flowered very
finely by Mr. Anderson, gardener to T. Dawson, Esq.

L. peduncularis—A charming compact-habited evergreen
plant from Mexico, growing like L. acuminata. The sepals
and petals are of a beautiful dark rose; the lip is of the same
colour, with darker spots in the centre. It requires to be
grown on a block; blooms during the winter months, and
lasts about a fortnight in perfection. The finest form of this
plant I ever saw was in the collection of R. F,. Ainsworth,
M.D., under the care of Mr. Mitchell; the flowers in this
case were deep rose-coloured, and three inches and a half
in diameter.

L. Perrinti—A truly beautiful species from Brazil, re-
sembling a Cattleya in growth and flower; the sepals and
petals light purple, with a crimson lip. It blooms in October
and November, and continues in good condition a couple of
weeks, There are two varieties of this plant ; one producing
much darker-coloured flowers, and being stronger in growth
than the other.

L. Pilcheri—This is a fine hybrid, obtained by Mr.
Dominy. It is a cross between L. Perrinti and Cattleya
crispa, and has light rose-coloured sepals and petals, the lip
being narrow and pointed, purple with a white throat.

L. prestans—A splendid dwarf evergreen species from
Brazil. It grows six inches high, and often blossoms twice
a year. The sepals and petals are dark rose, the lip rich

K 2

196 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

purple. The plant grows best on a block with a good supply
of water at the roots in the growing season. There are
several varieties, some of which are much better than others.
This plant resembles Cattleya marginata in growth and in the
size of its flowers. The finest plant I ever saw is in the rich
collection of J. Sichel, Esq., Timperley, Cheshire, under the
charge of Mr. Stevenson; this frequently bears between
twenty and thirty flowers.

L. purpurata.—A magnificent Orchid from Brazil; grows
two feet high or more, and has light green foliage. The
blossoms are so large and showy as to render this, without
exception, one of the finest Orchids in cultivation. There are
many varieties of it, all of which are well worth growing,
though some are much finer than others. The sepals and
petals are pure white, the lip rich dark crimson purple; but
in some of the varieties they are of a light rose colour. It
blooms during May, June, and July, and lasts three weeks
in perfection, if the flowers are kept dry. Of this a fine spe-
cimen in bloom was exhibited at one of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society’s meetings by R. Warner, Esq., Broomfield ;
the plant was large, and had about sixty flowers on it.

L. purpurata Nelisii.—In habit of growth this variety
differs in no respect from the species. The flowers are
large ; sepals and petals white tinged with rose on the inside,
whilst the sepals only on the outside are of rich rose colour ;
lip large and reddish crimson; a rare and very beautiful
form. Native of Brazil.

L. purpurata, var, Williamsti.— A splendid kind from
Brazil, and certainly one of the finest of the genus for
exhibition purposes. The flowers are large, three or four on
a spike, each bloom measuring more than five inches across;
sepals and petals beautiful delicate rose; lip rich crimson,
and very large. Blooms in May and June, and continues

LELIA. 197

three weeks in perfection; grows two feet high; foliage rich
dark green.

L, Russelliana.—A very distinct and elegant variety, be-
longing to the L. purpurata section of this genus; the flowers
are large, the sepals somewhat narrow, white suffused with
lilac, the petals broader and slightly deeper in colour, the
lip large and rosy-lilac, having a band of pale rose near
the throat, which latter is light yellow pencilled with rose.
Very rare: Native of Brazil.

L. Schilleriana.—A very fine species in the way of
ZL. elegans, as regards growth as well as flower. It grows
eighteen inches high, and has light green foliage nine inches
long. The sepals and petals are white, the lip long and of a
rich crimson; blooms during May and June, lasting three and
four weeks in beauty. It makes a good exhibition plant on
account of its showy flowers.

L. Schilleriana splendens.—A splendid variety which grows
eighteen inches high, with two leaves of a light green colour
on the top of the bulb. The plants flower twice a year; the
blossoms are large, the sepals and petals light rose, veined
with a deeper colour, the lip large, and of a beautiful magenta,
the top part light rose, and throat yellow. It blooms in June
and autumn, and as it lasts several weeks in perfection, it will
make a fine exhibition plant.

L. superbiens.—A magnificent Orchid from Guatemala.
It is rather a large-growing plant, but it is one of the finest
of the genus. The flowers are produced on a spike five feet
long, having sometimes on one spike from fourteen to twenty
flowers, each measuring nearly four inches across. The
flowers are of a beautiful deep rose, variegated with dark
red; the lip is a rich crimson, striped with yellow. It
blooms during the winter months, and continues long in
beauty. The finest plant I ever saw of this was in the

198 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

Horticultural Gardens, Chiswick, and it is now in my own
collection. This plant, when in bloom, is worth travelling
miles to see. It sometimes produces as many as nine spikes
of its beautiful flowers at one time; the plant is seven feet
in length and four feet across, and is in perfect health.

L. Turneri.—This ig another magnificent plant of the
LL, elegans section, from which, however, it seems quite dis-
tinct in its larger flowers, richer colours, and especially in
the different form of the lobes of the lip. The flowers measure
upwards of six inches across; the sepals and petals are of
a deep rose pink, slightly veined with a darker hue; the
lip is bright deep magenta in front, its upper parts white,
slightly tinged with rose. It is a native of Brazil, and is
without exception one of the finest plants known amongst
Orchids. It was named in honour of the late J. A. Turner,
Esq., of Manchester, and is figured in Warner’s ‘ Select
Orchidaceous Plants.”

LL. Wolstenholme.—A magnificent variety of L. elegans,
producing large light amethyst flowers, the sepals being
dotted at the edges with purple, and the petals margined
with the same colour; lip deep purple. It is very distinct in
appearance, and was bloomed by J. Day, Esq., and named
after Mrs. Wolstenholm, his sister, who is an enthusiastic
lover of these beautiful plants.

L. xanthina.—Not a very showy kind, but worth growing
on account of its colour, which is pale yellow; flowers during
May and June, and lasts in beauty three weeks.

Lz.iopsis.

L, domingensis—A pretty species, and the only one of
the genus I have seen. It is evergreen, and compact in
growth, with short bulbs; leaves about three inches long ;
the flower spike proceeds from the top of the bulb, and

LEPTOTES—LIMATODES. 199

attains a height of twelve inches; blossoms rose coloured,
and produced at different times of the year, continuing in
beauty for five weeks at a time. A very scarce plant, and
best grown on a block suspended from the roof, with a good
supply of water at the roots during the growing season; in
growth this plant is much like Broughtonia sanguinea.

LEprortss.

This small genus of Orchids deserves to be in every collec-
tion ; it consists of small and compact-growing plants, with
curious evergreen terete foliage channelled on the upper side,
about three inches long, and producing their flowers from the
top of the bulb. They are of easy culture, and will do either
on blocks, or in pots with peat. These plants are very
accommodating, for they will grow in either house, requiring
a liberal supply of water in the growing season. They are
propagated by dividing the plants.

L. bicolor.—A pretty Orchid from Brazil; sepals and petals
white, with a blotch of purple on the lip; it blooms during
the winter months, lasting four weeks in beauty.

L. serrulata.—A charming little plant, from the same
country as L. bicolor; the flowers are nearly the same in
colour, the only difference being, that they are much larger.
It blooms in April and May, and lasts three weeks in

perfection.
LimatoDEs.

L. rosea.—A charming winter-flowering Orchid, and the
only species of the genus that I have seen; there are, how-
ever, many varieties of it. I have had five in flower at the
game time, all differing more or less from each other in
their colour, which varied from white to dark rose and pink,
with different shades of rose. Few plants are more interest-
ing or decorative during the dull season, and they may be had

200 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

in flower for months together. It is a deeiduous plant, with
short thick pseudobulbs and flag-shaped leaves. The flower
spike proceeds from the base of the bulb, and attains a height
of ten inches, bearing many flowers, which are usually of a
pleasing shade of rose. During the growing season these
plants require a liberal supply of water at the roots—in fact,
they should be kept well watered till they are in flower; after
they have done blooming, give them rest by withholding
water. They do well in the East Indian house, in pots with
peat, leaf mould, and sand, and potted in the same manner
as Calanthe vestita, which they resemble in growth; they
also flower about the same time as that equally useful Orchid.
They are propagated by dividing the bulbs just when they
begin to grow.

LissocHILus.

LL. Horsfalltii—This is a genus much neglected and despised
by Orchid growers, but we have not had the best species intro-
duced to our gardens yet, or if they have been, they have soon
disappeared again. The present one is a magnificent plant;
in habit of growth it resembles our old acquaintance Phajus
grandifolius ; its flower spike stands up well above the leaves,
producing a mass of large and beautiful flowers. Sepals of a
rich brown ; petals large, white, with a delicate shade of rose ;
lip green and rich purple. It was received by the gentleman
whose name it bears from Old Calabar, and consequently will
take strong heat. It is a terrestrial plant, and requires fibrous
loam and good drainage, with a liberal supply of water during
the time it is making its growth.

Lycastr.

Of this genus several fine varieties have appeared during
the past few years; these chiefly belong to L. Skinneri, and

LYCASTE. 201

differ very much from each other in colour, I have seen
several varieties in the collection of R. Warner, Esq., and also
in those of J. Day, Esq., of Tottenham, and T. Dawson, Esq.,
of Meadow Bank, as well as in various other places. All the
sorts of Lycaste have short thick pseudobulbs and flag-shaped
leaves. The flowers are produced from the side of the bulbs,
on spikes about six inches in length. The various plants
belonging to this genus are of easy culture, if properly
attended to with respect to water, of which they require
a liberal supply during the growing season, especially L.
Skinneri and its varieties. I have seen specimens of this
species bearing as many as fifty blossoms, and producing a
grand effect. They should be grown in a cool-house, potted
in peat, with good drainage, and be liberally supplied with
water during the growing season; they should, in fact, never
be allowed to get dry at the roots even while at rest. These
plants will stand for a very long time in flower in a sitting-
room, and will continue in full perfection, without the slightest
injury arising therefrom. They are propagated by division
after flowering.

L. citrina.—A fine robust-growing plant, with the habit of
L. Harrisone, and flowering about the same time. The
flowers are large, thick, and fleshy; sepals and petals lemon
colour ; lip white and lilac. It is a distinct and rare plant.
Native of Brazil.

L. cruenta.—A Guatemalan species, with yellow blossoms,
marked with a dark spot in the centre of the lip; it flowers
in abundance in March and April, and lasts three weeks in
perfection.

L. Deppei.—A good old species from Xalapa. Flowers
white and brown, with orange spots; lip deep orange. It
blooms during the winter and spring months, and lasts long

in beauty.
K 3

202 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

L. gigantea.—A stately-growing plant, of which there are
several varieties, some of them not worth growing, though the
best variety is well deserving a place with L. Skinneri, It
makes oblong pseudobulbs some five or six inches high, bearing
two, or sometimes three, large leaves from one to two feet long,
and in June and July produces its large flowers, which are
in the sepals and petals of a yellowish green, the lip being of
a rich dark velvety purple, with a narrow margin of orange.
Native of Santa Martha.

L. Harrisong.—An old and undeservedly neglected species.
The pseudobulbs are stout and light green, bearing a single
large, plaited, dark green leaf. The flowers are very large,
measuring some three inches in diameter; sepals and petals
large and fleshy, waxy-white; lip deep purplish lilac. It
succeeds in a cool-house. Its flowers last an immense time
in perfection in a sitting-room. Native of Brazil.

I. lanipes.—A very free-flowering kind from South America.
It is in habit of growth similar to L. Skinneri. The flowers
are large, produced in great quantities, greenish white; lip
beautifully fringed. It is a most profuse bloomer during
autumn, many dozen of flowers being produced, and these are
very useful for cutting, and last a long time in perfection.

I, Schilleriana.—A free-growing plant, with somewhat the
habit of L. gigantea. The flower spike attains the height of
six inches ; sepals about four inches long, yellowish brown ;
petals smaller, and white; lip white in front, and yellow at
the base. This was first shown by Lord Londesborough.

L. Skinnerit.—A beautiful free-flowering Orchid from
Guatemala. The sepals and petals are pure white, tinged at
the base with rose; the lip of the same colour, spotted with
crimson ; blooms during the winter months, lasting a long time
in beauty. This plant ought to be in every collection; it is
one of the finest for winter blooming, its large, numerous,

MASDEVALLIA. 2038

singularly-formed, and richly-coloured flowers rendering it at
that season peculiarly attractive.

L. Skinneri delicatissima.—Another distinct and handsome
variety from Guatemala. Flowers large, measuring six inches
across ; sepals and petals pinkish white; lip white, intermixed
with rose. Blooms in February, and continues in perfection
six weeks.

LL. Skinneri gloriosa—A fine variety of this beautiful
winter-blooming Orchid. The sepals are very large and broad,
pale pink in colour, whilst the petals are rich rosy pink, some-
what lighter inside; the lip is white towards the front. Native
of Guatemala.

L. Skinnert rosea—A magnificent variety, also from
Guatemala. Flowers large, being quite seven inches in
diameter; sepals and petals rich dark rose; lip white
spotted with crimson. This is the finest I have seen, and
it lasts six weeks in beauty.

L. Skinneri superba.—Another splendid variety, likewise
from Guatemala ; sepals and petals blush white ; lip of the
richest crimson. A very showy kind. I have seen this very
fine in several collections, especially with Mr. Penny, gardener
to H. H. Gibbs, Esq., Regent’s Park, London.

L. Skinneri virginalis—A distinct and pretty variety from
Guatemala. Sepals and petals pure waxy-white ; lip white ;
flowers smaller than those of Skinnert, with which it blooms
contemporaneously, and it lasts a long time in perfection.
A scarce variety.

MAspDEVALLIA.

This is a very interesting genus, comprising many very
beautiful neat-growing plants, which should be in every collec-
tion, for they occupy but little space, and are both free bloom-
ing and free growing, providing they get the treatment they

204 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

require. They have hitherto been grown in too much heat
by the majority of Orchid cultivators, but I find them grow
best in the cool-house, with Odontoglossums, and under the
same treatment. They should be potted in peat and sphagnum
moss, with good drainage, and always kept moist at the roots,
though never allowed to get soddened by bad soil and deficient
drainage, which is too often the case with these rare little
plants. Mr. Pilcher, gardener to 8. Rucker, Esq., grows
these plants to great perfection, and blooms them beautifully
every year in a cool-house.

M. coccinea.—This little gem has often been sent to this
country, but either they have been dead on arrival, or have
soon died through being subjected to great heat, and other
bad treatment. We have, however, now learnt a good method
of growing them. Dr. Lindley says, in describing it :—‘‘ This
is a most charming thing, with flowers as red as a soldier’s
coat. Native of Pamplona, in New Grenada.”

M. maculata.—A charming and very remarkable plant. It
is similar in habit to the other species, producing yellowish
flowers, with rose and purple spots; the sepals and petals
are very much lengthened out, and measure four inehes from
tip to tip. Well deserving a place wherever there are any
cool Orchids grown, but it cannot live in heat. Native of
Columbia.

M. tovarensis—This is a very distinct species, and easy of
culture. It lasts a long time in bloom, and thus makes up,
with its modest beauty, for any deficiency that may be felt
when compared with larger and more attractive flowers. The
present plant is a native of Columbia, being found at an
altitude of several thousand feet: it produces its pure white
flowers in pairs, which, as before remarked, remain a long
time in perfection.

M. Veitchiana.—The most beautiful species of this genus

MAXILLARIA, 205

yet introduced. The stem-like pseudobulbs are some six or
eight inches long, furnished with a single dark shining green
leaf, from the base of which the scape is produced, bearing
a solitary flower about six inches across; sepals ovate,
lengthened out into tails at the points; the ground colour
is a rich bright orange scarlet, beautifully shaded with
purple and bright yellow; the petals and lip are small, and
almost hidden. It is a native of the high mountains of Peru,
and requires very cool treatment.

Maxinuaria.

This is a large genus of Orchids, but many of the species, on
account of their small flowers, are not worthy of cultivation.
The kinds here enumerated are, however, very good. They
are evergreen plants, and can be grown in the cool-house with
Odontoglossums, and succeed best grown in pois, with a
mixture of peat and moss and a liberal supply of water during
their growing season, which should be reduced during the
period of rest to just sufficient to keep them in a plump state.

M. grandiflora—tThis fine plant enjoys a very cool
atmosphere ; indeed, to succeed with it, the coolest end of
the Odontoglossum house should be selected for its reception,
and the atmosphere kept very moist. The pseudobulbs are
ovate, have sharp edges, and are deep green; leaves also
dark green, and about a foot long; flowers produced singly
upon a scape about six inches in length ; sepals and petals
pure white; lip pouched, dark purple at the sides, the tri-
angular middle lobe yellow in front, white towards the base.
A very desirable plant, blooming during autumn. Native of
Peru, &c. ;

M. luteo alba.—This is a very neat-growing plant, with
bulbs something like those of M. venusta. The leaves are
long and broad, and grow to the height of eighteen inches ;

206 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

the flowers proceed from the side of the bulbs at different
times of the year, and are large, of a creamy white colour.

M. niyrescens.—There are several varieties of this species;
the best are handsome, and well deserving the attention of
Orchid growers. Pseudobulbs light green, bearing a solitary
dark green coriaceous leaf. The flowers are produced singly,
and upon erect peduncles. Sepals and petals spreading, port-
wine colour; lip same colour, but in addition, it is stained
with dull purple. It blooms at various times of the year, and
should be grown in the cool-house. Native of New Grenada.

M., splendens.—A very handsome plant, deserving a place in
every collection ; in growth it is something like I. venusta,
but more robust; sepals and petals white; lip orange, margined
with rose. Native of Peru.

M. Turneri.—A very distinct and handsome species. The
pseudobulbs are short, with long broad leaves a foot high, of
a very dark green; the flowers are of a rich cinnamon brown
and crimson, with a delicious fragrance. Blooms in May in
great profusion, and continues a long time in perfection.

M. venusta.—This is a charming plant; one of the best of
the genus, of easy culture, blooming at different times of the
year, and continuing long in perfection. It has large showy
white flowers, the lip yellowish, with light red markings, and
the foliage is of a light green, about a foot high. There are
two varieties of this, one having the flowers larger and more
pure in colour than the other.

MEsosPINIDIUM.

M. sanguineum.—This very pretty plant is a native of
the Peruvian Andes, and though known for many years,
was never brought in a living state to this country until
recently. In habit it resembles the Odontoglossums. The
flower spikes are pendulous and branched; the flowers are

MILTONIA. 207

of a beautiful waxy appearance, bright rose in colour, and
produced in autumn. This will do either in a pot or on a
block, with moss ; if grown in a pot, peat and moss is the
best material for potting ; it will do well in the cool-house.

Mit rTontia.

This genus includes some beautiful species, all of which are
evergreen, compact in growth, and have light green foliage,
with short bulbs, bearing two or three leaves on each; they
flower freely from the side of the bulbs. Some of them
require different treatment from the others, which will be men-
tioned when describing the different species. They will suc-
ceed in the Cattleya house. The most of them require to be
grown in pots, in peat and moss, with good drainage; and
they like a liberal supply of water during the growing season,
and to occupy the shadiest part of the house. Propagation is
effected by dividing the pseudobulbs when they begin to grow.

M. anceps.—A singular and rare species, which, after being
in cultivation some time, was lost, and we are indebted to the
Messrs. Low for its reintroduction. Its flowers are about two
inches in diameter, produced singly; sepals and petals dark
olive colour; lip streaked and dotted with reddish purple, on
a white ground, It requires precisely the same treatment as
that indicated above.

M. bicolor.—A beautiful species from Brazil, which grows
about eight inches high, with the habit of M. spectabilis, but
it is stronger, and the flowers are larger; sepals and petals
white; lip also white, with a blotch of violet in the upper
part. In bloom in August, and will last in perfection six
weeks. Of this there are two varieties, one called M. bicolor
superba, with larger flowers and more white on the lip.

M. candida.—A fine strong-growing species; sepals and
petals yellow and brown; labellum pure white, marked with

208 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

pink. It produces its spikes of flowers during the autumn,
lasting three weeks in bloom. Native of Brazil.

M. candida grandiflora.—tThis is much finer than M. can-
dida, the plant being much stronger in its growth, and the
flowers larger and brighter in colour. It is best grown in a
pot with peat and moss; a very rare plant.

M. Clowesii major.—This plant produces long spikes of
flowers in September and October; sepals and petals pale
yellow, barred with chocolate; lip purple and white; it lasts
long in perfection. Of this there are several forms, but this
variety is the best; it should be grown in a pot with peat and
moss. Native of Brazil.

M. cuneata.—A pretty species, which grows some ten
inches high, resembling M. candida in growth ; the blossoms
are produced several together on upright spikes ; sepals
and petals dark brown, tipped with pale yellow; lip white.
Flowers in February, and continues four or five weeks in
perfection. It is best grown in a pot, in peat, with good
drainage. From Brazil.

M. festiva.—This is a remarkable and handsome addition
to this genus; the plant resembles A. spectabilis in growth
and general appearance, but the flowers are very distinct, and
are borne in pairs; sepals and petals narrow, ochre-coloured ;
lip large, pointed in front, purplish lilac, with radiating
streaks of deep purple. At present this species is somewhat
rare. Native of Brazil.

M. Moreliana.—A handsome and most desirable plant.
The flowers of this species resemble those of M. spectabilis in
shape ; the colour of the sepals and petals is, however, very
distinct, being deep rich purple; lip broad, beautifully veined
with rose. It grows in the same way as MM. spectabilis, and
produces its flowers in September and October, continuing in
bloom a long time. Native of Rio Janeiro.

MILTONIA. 209

M. Moreliana atrorubens.—A magnificent variety of the
preceding from Brazil; flowers very large, often measuring
four inches across, with the colour much darker than that of
M. Moreliana. It blooms in September, and lasts a consider-
able time in beauty. A scarce plant.

AM. RegnelliiA charming Brazilian species, which grows in
the way of M.cuneata. The leaves are light green, and about
twelve inches long ; spikes erect, producing from three to six
flowers; sepals and petals white; lip light rose. A very
distinct kind, which generally blossoms in September or
October, and lasts in bloom four or five weeks. It is
best grown in a pot, with peat and moss, Also a rare
Orchid.

M. Regnelli purpurea,—tThis is a very superior form of the
preceding, and very rare ; the habit of growth is the same, but
the spike is longer, and the flowers are larger, and vastly
superior in colour, which in the sepals and petals is delicate
rose, margined with white, and in the large, flat lip of an
intense crimson-purple, the crests being white. Native of
Brazil.

M. spectabilis—aA beautiful Orchid from Brazil. It grows
about six inches high, and produces its large solitary flowers
in July and August, lasting six weeks in beauty if kept ina
cool-house and free from damp ; sepals and petals white; the
lip large, sometimes measuring four inches across, violet,
edged with dull white. Of this beautiful species there are
some varieties much better than others. It is a most desirable
old plant, and easily grown into a good specimen. Native of
Brazil.

M. spectabilis rosea.—This very handsome plant, though
rare, has been for some time in cultivation under this name,
and also under that of Af. Warneri; in habit of growth it
resembles MM. spectabilis, but the pseudobulbs are narrower

210 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

and longer, so also are the leaves. The flowers, which are
large, are in the sepals and petals white, shaded with light
rose, and the lip is a rich deep rose, margined and striped
with white. It flowers during summer, and remains in per-
fection for several weeks. Native of Brazil.

M. Warscewiczii.—This beautiful plant is to be found in
some gardens under the name of Odontoglossum Weltoni ; it is
a very distinct and handsome plant, with somewhat flat pseudo-
bulbs, sharp at the edges, and nearly the same size throughout
their entire length. The flower spike becomes branched with
the age of the plant, bearing a profusion of blossoms; sepals
and petals waved at the edges and blunt at the point, bright
cinnamon tipped with yellow; the lip is large and broad, pale
violet, the centre yellowish white, and the front part also
white. It should be grown with the Odontoglossums from
cool countries. Native of Peru.

Mormopes.

A large and most interesting genus, of which only a few find
favour with Orchid cultivators. They are deciduous, and will
do best in the Cattleya house, potted in peat, with a liberal
quantity of water at the roots during their period of growth ;
afterwards water should be gradually withheld until they
become quite dry, when they may be placed near the glass
till they begin to grow. They are propagated by dividing the
plant.

MM. citrinum.—A Mexican plant, and the best of the genus ;
flowers yellow, and produced on a short spike in July and
August.

M. luratum.—tThis is a very handsome species, having
creamy white sepals and petals; lip the same colour, with
stripes of brown in the centre. Blooms in July, lasting in
bloom two weeks or more. Native of Mexico.

NANODES—ODONTOGLOSSUM. 211

M. pardinum.—Another very beautiful species, also from
Mexico, unfortunately seldom seen in collections ; the sepals
and petals are bright yellow, spotted with rich brown. Native
of Mexico.

NANODES.

N. Medusa.—This is a very rare, most extraordinary, and
beautiful plant, very distinct in habit from any other Orchid
I have seen. There is no bulb to support it, only a woody
stem with light green leaves on both sides, which are about
three inches long; flowers large terminal, produced two or
more together; sepals and petals light green, tinged with
brown; lip large and spreading, deeply fringed round the
margin, rich maroon in colour, except towards the base, where
it is green. It is a plant well worth growing, and will require
to be grown on a block, and kept very cool, as it is a native
of the higher Andes of Western 8. America.

OponToGLOSsUM.

To this magnificent genus of Orchids so many fine additions
have of late years been made, that it now contains some of
the showiest species in cultivation. It is a large genus, many
of the species producing flowers of inferior merit ; but those
here described are worthy of a place in every collection. All of
them are evergreen ; some have stout, thick pseudobulbs, very
compact in growth, while others have small bulbs, with small
narrow leaves. All produce their flower spikes from the base
of the pseudobulbs, and require an intermediate or cool-house
to grow them luxuriantly. With the exception of O. citrosmum
and O. Phalaenopsis, which thrive best with the Cattleyas, I
find them succeed best in a cool-house, the temperature of
which ranges from 45° to 55°. Some are best grown on
blocks, while others do best in pots, in peat and moss mixed
together, with good drainage, a liberal supply of water at the

212 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

roots being required during the growing season—in fact, they
never should be allowed to get dry at the roots. It is a
good plan to have some live sphagnum moss growing on the
top of the soil, as it keeps a nice wholesome moisture about
them, which they seem to delight in. The demand for these
plants has become very great of late, and I do not wonder at
it, for they are a lovely class, and can be grown in a cool-house
at a less expense than the East Indian Orchids, besides being
productive of more enjoyment to lady cultivators. Many of
them are truly beautiful, and continue a long time in perfec-
tion. It is much to be regretted they are so difficult to
import: many hundreds of plants die before reaching this
country. I have opened many boxes of these valuable
plants, in which all have been dead, and many also which
have arrived in excellent condition. We are indebted to the
Messrs. Low, O’Reilly, and others, for introducing many of
our finest species ; and I live in hopes of seeing many more
of them added to our stores. These plants are propagated by
dividing the bulbs just as they begin to grow. Care must be
taken to keep them from the burning sun, as the foliage of
some of the kinds is very tender. Tobacco smoke is also
very detrimental to many of the Odontoglossums, by spoiling
their leaves. The best way to keep them free from insects
—a thing which is very important—is to wash carefully with
clear water.

O. Aleruandre.—A charming addition to our collections,
which varies very much in its markings; but I believe the
form which originally received this name was pure white, with
bright golden spots on the lip. It is a graceful plant, produc-
ing its lovely spikes of bloom freely when kept quite cool.
There are many varieties of this beautiful plant, some much
finer and larger than others; but I have not seen a single bad
one. The finest that has come under my notice flowered with

ODONTOGLOSSUM. 213

My. Pilcher, gardener to 8. Rucker, Esq., Wandsworth, each
flower measuring upwards of three and a half inches in dia-
meter. It grows at an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 feet in
Bogota.

O. Alexandre guttatum.—This is a distinct and handsome
variety ; the flowers are large, pure white, sepals and petals
bearing a few spots of reddish-brown ; lip large, deep yellow
at the base, and there dotted with red, with a single large spot
in the centre of the lip. Native of New Grenada.

O, Alexandre giganteum.—Pseudobulbs and leaves large,
and robust; flower spike three feet high, branching, and
many-flowered; flowers large, white, spotted all over most
profusely with reddish brown. I saw a plant of this variety
last October in the collection of T. Dawson, Esq., Glasgow ;
it had three spikes of bloom, each upwards of three feet high,
much branched, and bearing over fifty superb flowers.

O. Alexandre Triane.—A superb variety ; flowers large,
nearly three inches in diameter ; sepals white, shaded with rose,
the upper one having a single large round spot in the centre,
while the lower ones have each three such spots, with several
smaller ones; petals pure white, and much broader ; lip with
a large blotch of rose in the centre, barred and spotted with
the same colour.

O. Alexandra Warneri.—Another magnificent form of this
beautiful species. It was named by Mr. Bateman when ex-
hibited at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Exhibition in
1869. The sepals are white, stained with rose, and spotted
with purplish brown ; the petals are very broad, dentate at
the edges, and pure white ; lip large, white, stained at the
base with rich yellow.

Q. Andersoni.—This is a singular and very interesting plant.
The pseudobulbs and leaves resemble those of O. Alewandre,
but the flowers suggest the idea of its being a natural hybrid

214 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

between that species and O. gloriosum ; sepals and petals in
shape like those of the last-named plant, white spotted with
purple; lip resembling O. Alexandra, Ihave only seen this
plant in the rich collection of Thos. Dawson, Esq., Meadow
Bank, and it is named in compliment to Mr. Anderson, his
gardener,

O. astranthum.—This is a pretty species with a large
branching spike, bearing upwards of fifty flowers, which are
nearly two inches in diameter; sepals and petals yellowish,
blotched with purplish-brown ; lip white, spotted with pale
rose. It requires quite cool treatment. Native of Ecuador.

O. bictoniense superbum.—A distinct free-growing plant,
much superior to the old form ; pseudobulbs and leaves light
green ; spike erect, many flowered; sepals and petals dark
chocolate brown; lip large, purplish mauve, marked with darker
lines. It blooms during the autumn months, und is a very
desirable plant. Native of Guatemala.

O. blandum.—This is a very fine species, being somewhat
in the way of O. navium. The sepals and petals are equal in
size, narrow and pointed, yellowish white, beautifully spotted
and freckled with maroon crimson; the lip of the same
colour, but much broader than in O. neavium. Native of New
Grenada.

O. Bluntii—This is very nearly allied to O. Alexandre ;
indeed, most Orchid growers consider it a variety only of that
species, whilst several high authorities maintain it is specifi-
cally distinct. The sepals and petals are white, shaded with
rose, and richly spotted with crimson ; lip white, and also pro-
fusely spotted. There are many varieties of this, as well as O.
Alexandre. I saw avery fine example of this plant with Messrs.
Brooke & Co., of Manchester ; it had a long branching spike,
bearing twenty-eight flowers. Native of New Grenada.

O. cariniferum.—A very free-growing plant, producing large

ODONTOGLOSSUM. 215

branching spikes of bloom, which are, in the sepals and petals,
reddish brown, greenish outside; the lip yellowish white. It
succeeds well in the cool-house, continuing in bloom for
three months. This species has flowered very freely in the
collection of the Bishop of Winchester, under the care of
Mr. Laurence. Native of Central America.

O. citrosmum.—A charming Orchid from Guatemala. It
produces its long pendulous spikes of flowers in June and
July ; the ground colour is white, the flowers measuring two
inches across, twelve or more on one spike, It will continue in
perfection four or five weeks if kept in a cool-house free from
damp, and makes one of the finest plants for exhibition.

O. citrosmum roseum.—A fine variety of the preceding, from
Guatemala; it grows in the same way, and produces its rosy
flowers on long drooping spikes. The late J. A. Turner, Ksq.,
exhibited this variety, with many spikes, on one occasion in
fine condition at the Manchester Botanic Garden.

O. constrictum —Although not a large flowered species,
this plant is very pretty, producing a quantity of flowers upon
a large branching spike. The pseudobulbs are somewhat
ovate, ribbed and dark green, supporting a pair of oblong
leaves of the same colour; spike branching and many-
flowered; sepals and petals yellow, spotted and barred with
reddish brown ; lip white, tipped with yellow, and bearing two
conspicuous rose-coloured spots near the centre. Native of
Caraccas.

O. cordatum.—A desirable species from Guatemala. It grows
ten inches high, and has short thick pseudobulbs, from the side
of which the spikes proceed ; sepals and petals yellow, barred
with crimson ; lip white, spotted round the edge with crimson.
This plant requires to be grown in a pot in peat. I sawa
wonderful specimen of it in the collection of T. Dawson, Esgq.,
measuring eighteen inches across, and which produces many

216 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

spikes every year: it has been grown from a small piece,
which shows that it gets the proper treatment. This plant is
still very rare, those which have been imported and sold for it
having often turned out to be O. maculatum.

O. cordatum superbum.—This very fine variety was exhi-
bited at the great summer show at Manchester in 1867, by
A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester, who possesses, in his superb
collection, many perfectly unique varieties, and this is certainly
not the least. The flower spikes were upwards of two feet
high, very much branched ; colours richer and flowers larger
than in the preceding.

O. coronarium.—A charming species from South America ; it
grows eighteen inches high, with short thick pseudobulbs, and
dark green foliage; the spike, which rises upright from the
side of the bulb, is about eighteen inches in height; sepals
and petals reddish brown, edged with yellow; lip bright yellow.
It does best in a pot in peat, and will continue a long time
in perfection.

O. cristatum.—A pretty compact-growing and free-flowering
species from Peru. The pseudobulbs are conical, of a light
shining green, with narrow leaves, producing flowers of a rich
yellow, spotted with purple. There are several varieties of
this, some of which are very deficient in colour.

O. Galeottianum.—This is a plant nearly allied to O. nebu-
losum, and still somewhat rare; in growth it resembles O.
Cervantesii, and it may be a hybrid between these two species.
The flowers are white, with the exception of the petals,
which are transversely barred with brown at the base; lip
white, with a few streaks of yellow near the base. Native
of Mexico.

O. gloriosum.—This, like many more of the family, would
appear to seed freely in its native country and produce
numberless varieties, some of which are good. It is a plant

va
ae

ODONTOGLOSSUM HALLII,

New Grenada,

ODONTOGLOSSUM, 217

of good constitution, and easily grown. It produces a long
branched spike. The flowers vary much in size and colour,
but they are mostly yellow, clouded with green, and spotted
with a lively brown. It is a native of New Grenada.

O. grande.—A remarkably handsome species from Gua-
temala ; produces its very large flowers on an upright spike
during the autumn. The flowers are mottled and striped with
brown and yellow, like the back of a tiger; the lip white and
purple. It remains in perfection three or four weeks, if the
flowers are kept dry. This plant, which is one of the finest
of the genus, should be grown in a pot.

O. grande magnificum—lIn habit of growth this resembles
the preceding, but it bears sixteen flowers upon a spike, and
these have the most splendid and brilliant markings, and
measure seven inches in diameter; lip alse large in propor-
tion. This plant I saw in the collection of T. Dawson, Esq.,
and it well deserves the name of magnificum. With it there
were in bloom fifty to a hundred plants of O. grande, forming
a really beautiful display.

O. Hailitii—A charming kind, belonging to the O. luteo-
purpureum section, but it hag a superior and more beautiful
flower than any variety of that species I ever saw. The pseudo-
bulbs are about three inches high; leaves upwards of a foot
long, and two inches broad, light green; spike produced from
the base of the bulbs, many-flowered ; flowers measuring about
four inches across; sepals and petals buff, spotted and barred
with reddish brown; lip large, white, blotched with purplish
brown, bordered with white, and beautifully fringed ; throat
rich yellow, streaked with orange and white. I saw this mag-
nificent variety in bloom with Mr. Penny, gardener to H. H.
Gibbs, Esq., Regent’s Park, under whose care the Odonto-
glossums thrive admirably.

O. hastilabium.—A desirable Orchid from South America.

L

218 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

It produces its spikes of flowers in June, July, and August,
the colour being purple, green, and white. It continues
blooming for two months, if kept in a cool-house. This is a
useful plant for exhibition, on account of its continuing in
bloom so long.

O. Insleayi.—This grows in the same way as O. grande;
the flowers are brown, yellow, and orange, and are produced
on a short spike at different times of the year, lasting in
beauty three weeks. Native of Mexico.

O. Insleayi splendens.— In this variety the sepals and petals are
rich shining brown tipped with yellow ; the lip is large, yellowand
spotted with purple. A very fine form introduced from Mexico.

O. Krameri.—This is a rather pretty species, and seems to
be related to O. citrosmum, though having a very different
appearance. The pseudobulbs' are somewhat flat, with sharp
edges, in some specimens almost spherical, in others ovate,
and pale green in colour, bearing, as far as I am aware, a
single leaf only. The spikes are freely produced from the
base of the bulbs, and are pendulous, bearing several flowers
a little less than those of O. citrosmum; the sepals and petals
are strap-shaped and obtuse; the lip somewhat reniform, and
deeply notched in front. The whole flower is of a charming
violet colour, the lip, in addition, being marked and spotted
with yellow and purple, with two lines of rich dark brown near
the column. It is a good addition to this numerous family, and
should be grown in peat and sphagnum moss, and will, like
O. citrosmium, require a little more warmth than the generality
of the genus. Native of Costa Rica.

O. leve.—A pretty species, which will take the very coolest
treatment. It is very nearly allied to O. Reichenheimii, and
may probably prove to be a variety of that species. Being a
very abundant bloomer, it will no doubt become generally

cultivated.

ODONTOGLOSSUM. 219

O. luteo-purpureum.—The numerous varieties of this plant
have given rise to many names, but I think most growers
of Orchids are now satisfied they are only varieties; still, as
such, they are well worthy of a place in every collection.
The leaves are about a foot long; flower spikes about ten
to eighteen inches; sepals and petals of a bright brown, the
margins yellow; lip white, with the base brown, and banded
with white, the bristles or beard of the lip being deep yellow.
It is a native of New Grenada, being found at an altitude of
7,000 to 8,000 feet.

O. maculatum.—A pretty species from Guatemala. It grows
a foot high, with short thick pseudobulbs, and produces its
sub-erect spikes of blossoms during winter; colour yellow,
crimson, and dark rose; it will last in bloom a long time,
and succeeds best in a cool-house, in a pot, in peat and moss.

O. maculatum integrale.—A very interesting variety of the
preceding which I had the good fortune to introduce. It has
been named by Professor Reichenbach, who, it appears, knew
it already in a dried state. Growth the same as maculatum.
Sepals light brown ; petals white, with a few transverse bars
of brown at the base; lip white, with a yellow crest. Native
of Guatemala.

O. membranaceum.—A beautiful small-growing species, from
Guatemala; sepals and petals pure white; the lip of the same
colour, barred with brown. It blooms during the winter
months, and continues in bloom four weeks. This will do on
a block of wood or in a pot. There are many varieties of this
species.

O. membranaceum roseum.—A handsome variety, producing
its flowers through autumn and winter; they are rose colour,
shaded with yellow, barred with brown, and produced five or
six on a spike. Native of Guatemala.

O. nevium—aA pretty dwarf Orchid from Truxillo. The

L 2

220 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

colour of the flowers white, spotted with crimson, the lip yellow.
It blooms in June and July, and lasts a considerable time in
perfection. A scarce plant. There have been of late a good
many plants imported and sold for this species, but we have
not heard of one turning out true. The pseudobulbs resemble
those of some other species, which makes it difficult to deter-
mine it in a newly imported state.

O. navium majus.—A beautiful variety of the preceding ; it
grows ten inches high, and produces upright spikes of flowers,
which are pure white, speckled all over with rich crimson.
Mr. Stone, gardener to J. Day, Esq., of Tottenham, has
flowered some fine plants of this splendid Odontoglot. Mr.
Brockhurst, also, when gardener to A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester,
flowered a superb variety, which is very rare. The plant re-
quires great care to grow it well; a cool-house suits it best,
with a good supply of water—in short, it should never be
allowed to become dry. This and the preceding last several
weeks in bloom, and they both make fine exhibition plants.
Native of Mexico.

O. nebulosum.—A very handsome species from Mexico.
The flower spike comes up with the young growth, bearing
five or six large flowers, and becomes pendulous as they
expand ; the sepals and petals are clear white, thickly studded
with spots of reddish brown; lip different only in the spots
being larger, with a faint tinge of yellow. A rare plant.
There have of late been many plants imported for this, but I
have not seen the true one amongst them.

O. nebulosum candidulum.—A very pretty delicate variety
of the previous plant, precisely like it, saving in having
the sepals and petals pure white, and entirely destitute
of the spotting or clouding of reddish brown. It flowered
in the collection of J. Day, Esq., Tottenham. This we
do not consider so good as the original form of the species.

ODONTOGLOSSUM NEBULOSUM,

Mexico.

vA
yl,

ODONTOGLOSSUM WARNERIANUM,

Mexico,

ODONTOGLOSSUM. 221

O. odoratum.—This species produces a branching panicle
of flowers, which are in the sepals and petals golden yellow
blotched with brown, and crisp at the edges; lip of the same
colour, white towards the base. It blooms during the winter
months, and, as its name implies, is sweet scented. Native
of New Grenada.

O. Pescatorei.i—A magnificent species which grows ten
inches high, with small pseudobulbs, and leaves a foot in
length. It produces branching spikes of richly ornamental
flowers during April and May; sepals and petals white, with
a shade of rose in them; lip white, yellow, and rose. This is
a difficult plant to manage, and requires great care. There
is a wonderful specimen of this fine species in the collection
of T. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank, Glasgow, which produces
as many as a hundred flowers ona spike. I have seen another
example in the fine collection of A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester,
bearing upwards of a hundred splendid flowers; and when
grown in this way it produces a charming effect. There are
several varieties of it, all of them good. It does best in
a cool-house, grown in a pot. Native of New Grenada.

O. Phalenopsis.—A most lovely compact-growing species,
having short pseudobulbs, and narrow leaves about eight inches
long. The flowers, which are generally two or more together
on a spike, are flat and very distinct from those of all other
kinds; sepals and petals white; lip crimson in the centre,
edged with white; it will last in bloom four or five weeks.
This is a free plant to cultivate, but it requires the heat of the
Cattleya house in winter to grow it well; it also requires a well-
drained pot, and good fibrous peat. Mr. Byers, when gardener
to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, bloomed this for many
years, and exhibited several very fine specimens. Native of
New Grenada.

O, pulchellum.—A pretty species from Guatemala; the

222 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

flowers are white, with the exception of the crest of the lip,
which is spotted with crimson. It blooms during the winter
months, and lasts five weeks in good condition.

O. pulchellum majus.—This is a very robust form of pul-
chellum, having the pseudobulbs much larger, and the flowers
fully double the size of those of the ordinary variety, as well
as produced in greater profusion upon the spikes; in addition
it is very fragrant, and will perfume the house it is growing in.

O. Reichenheimti.cThis is a strong, free-growing, and
handsome species ; it grows a foot or more high, sending up
its branched spike some two or three feet in length; sepals
and petals yellow, clouded with green, and barred with
purplish brown ; the lip varies in colour very much; in some
varieties it is quite dark, in others light purple. This when
well grown makes a fine specimen. Native of Mexico.

O. radiatum.—A very handsome plant, the flowers being large
and freely produced ; sepals and petals pale yellow, barred and
blotched with rich chestnut brown; the lip is white, with a
chestnut brown blotch at the base, and prettily fringed round
the margin; column dotted with yellow. It blooms during
the summer months, and is considered by some to be a form
of O. lutvo-ynapureum, Native of New Grenada.

O. Rossit.—A desirable little Orchid from Mexico. It pro-
duces its white and purple flowers during the winter, and
lasts long in beauty. Is best grown on a block, but should
always be kept moist.

O. Rossii majus—This is a superb variety of the preceding ;
the growth is somewhat more robust, and the flowers are vastly
superior, often measuring three inches and upwards in dia-
meter, and two or three being frequently borne upon each
spike ; sepals white ; petals also white, but beautifully striped
with transverse bars of purplish-crimson ; lip large, cordate, and
pure white, the column being in some varieties purple, in others

ODONTOGLOSSUM GLORIOSUM,
New Grenada.

ODONTOGLOSSUM RADIATUM,

ODONTOGLOSSUM. 223

yellow. It blooms during mid-winter, lasting a very long time
in full beauty. One of the finest and largest varieties of this
plant I ever saw was flowered by Mr. Kemmery, gardener to
E. G. Wrigley, Esq., of Bury, Lancashire. Native of Mexico.

O. roseum.—This very handsome plant I have only seen in
a small state, but even then it was a charming plant; when,
however, it has been longer in cultivation, I have no hesitation
in saying it will be one of the most distinct and beautiful. Its
flowers are about an inch across, rosy-carmine, with the lip
not quite so bright. It produces from twelve to twenty flowers
on each spike during the winter months, and it remains in
full beauty for a considerable time. The cool-house suits it
best. Native of Ecuador.

O. rubescens.—Another of the many cool Orchids for which
we are indebted to the late Mr. Skinner. A dwarf-growing
kind ; flowering in autumn; the sepals and petals are blush,
spotted with crimson; the lip is white and very pretty. It
is a native of Nicaragua.

O. retusum.—This is not a magnificent large-flowered spe-
cies, but is well worth a place in a collection on account of the
profusion of flowers it produces during winter. It is a dwarf-
growing plant, producing a branching spike which bears up-
wards of a hundred flowers; sepals and petals orange-red,
tinged with yellow; lip yellow in some varieties, in others of
the same colour as the sepals and petals. Native of Ecuador,

O. Schlieperianum.—This plant was confounded with O. In-
sleayi for a long time, and in growth it certainly resembles that
plant very much ; the flowers are, however, very distinct ; sepals
and petals soft light yellow, faintly blotched with a darker
yellow; lip same colour, somewhat small. It flowers towards
the end of summer, and not during the winter months.

O. triumphans.— A magnificent and rare species, which
grows a foot high, with short thick pseudobulbs, and dark green

224 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

leaves; it produces branching spikes of blossom during the
spring months; flowers three inches in diameter ; sepals and
petals golden-yellow, barred and spotted with rich crimson ;
lip caudate, white at the base, front portion rich deep rose.
This species will last in perfection several weeks. This
has bloomed very finely with Mr. Marshall, of Enfield.

O. Uro-Skinneri.—A pretty strong-growing species with
thick shining bulbs; blossoms during autumn, and continues
flowering for a long time ; sepals and petals pale green, spotted
with brown; lip blush white; requires to be potted in peat.
Native of Guatemala.

O, Wallisitt.—A plant belonging to the O, Lindleyanum
section, but superior to that species; the spike is many-
flowered ; sepals and petals soft yellow, streaked with reddish
brown ; lip white, purplish-violet in front, and streaked with
the same colour at the base. It blooms during winter.
Native of New Grenada.

O. Warnerianum.—This very handsome species is sup-
posed to be a native of Mexico. It flowered first in the fine
collection of R. Warner, Esq., of Broomfield. The plant is
dwarf in habit, and the scape, which is longer than the leaves,
bears four or five flowers ; sepals and petals pure white, with
a few brown spots; lip white, shaded with rose, with a yellow
blotch at the base. A very rare species ; beautifully figured in
the second series of Warner's ‘“ Select Orchidaceous Plants,”

OncIpium.

This is a large genus of Orchids, of which many of the species
are very beautiful. All of them are evergreen; their flowers
are rich coloured and showy, and they make fine exhibition
plants. Some of them are large growers, while others are more
compact ; and, in addition to their flowers, some species have
handsomely spotted foliage. They have generally short thick

ONCIDIUM ROGERSII,

Brazil,

ONCIDIUM. 225

pseudobulbs, from which the leaves and flower spikes proceed ;
but in this respect there is much dissimilarity amongst them.
Some kinds succeed well on blocks of wood, but they are
generally best grown in pots, with peat and moss and good
drainage. They require a liberal supply of heat and moisture
in the growing season; afterwards only just enough water is
required to keep their leaves and bulbs plump and firm. These
plants are very accommodating : they will thrive in either house,
and are propagated by division of the pseudobulbs. The fol-
lowing are all fine sorts, and ought to be in every collection,
being of easy culture. There are, moreover, many other On-
cidiums worth growing, besides those named in the following
list.

O. acinaceum,—This is a very distinct and elegant species,
producing spikes from one to two feet long; flowers about an
inch across; sepals white; the large petals are violet, bor-
dered with white; the lip is the same colour, shaded with
carmine. It should be grown in the cool-house. Native of
Peru.

O. ampliatum majus.—One of the finest species in culti-
vation. It produces its large yellow flowers in abundance,
on a long branching spike three or four feet high, in April,
May, and June, and continues blooming for two months.
It is a robust-growing plant, and should be grown in a
mixture of peat and sphagnum. When this plant is in
good health and well flowered, it is one of the finest Onci-
diwns for exhibition purposes. Native of Guatemala.

O. Barkeri—A remarkably handsome dwarf Orchid from
Mexico; the flowers are very large; the sepals and petals
rich brown, barred with yellow; the lip a bright yellow,
about an inch and a half across. It produces its branching
spikes of flower during the dull months of autumn and

winter, which greatly enhances its value, and it lasts six
L 3

226 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

weeks in bloom. This very rare plant is also found in culti-
vation under the name of O. tigrinwm. The finest specimen
of this which has come under my notice, was in the collec-
tion of Dr. Ainsworth, of Lower Broughton, under the care of
Mr. Mitchel. It had upwards of fifty flowers on a large
branching spike,

O. Batemanti—A good distinct kind from Brazil, growing
about eighteen inches high, and having pale green foliage ;
rather a shy-flowering plant, but one which is worth growing
on account of its beautiful bright yellow flowers, which are
produced at different times of the year.

O. bifolium.—A handsome dwarf-growing species, with
ovate dark green pseudobulbs, which are streaked with a
few black marks; the leaves are short, borne in pairs, and
like the bulbs, deep green; sepals and petals brown; lip
bright yellow, and of large size. It produces short spikes
of these flowers in May and June, which last a long time
in perfection. There are two varieties of this plant, one
much brighter than the other in the colour of the flowers.
This is best grown in a pot, suspended from the roof, close to
the rafters. It requires to be potted in peat and sphagnum
moss; ample drainage should also be given, as it enjoys a
liberal supply of water. Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney, used
to cultivate this plant better than any other grower of Orchids
whose collections I-have seen; they treated it in the way
above recommended. Native of Monte Video.

O. bifolium majus.—This is a superb variety of the pre-
ceding; the pseudobulbs are much larger, and the habit of
the plant is altogether more robust. The spike is quite double
the length of that of the ordinary form, and bears fully double
the number of flowers; sepals and petals brown, faintly
marked with yellow; lip very large, and brilliant yellow.
These are produced in May and June, and continue in per-

ONCIDIUM. 227

fection a long time. It requires the same treatment as the
preceding, and, like it, should be placed at the cool end of
the Cattleya house. Native of Monte Video.

O. bicallosum.—A showy dwarf species, producing a single
dark-green, thick, fleshy leaf; the spike is erect and many-
flowered; sepals and petals dark brown; lip bright yellow.
This makes a fine plant for winter blooming, and continues in
perfection along time. It is very much like O. Cavendishii
in flowers and growth, but less robust. Native of Guatemala.

O. bicolor.—This is a fine species from the Spanish Main,
and blooms in September; sepals and petals yellow, spotted
with crimson. ‘The lip is very large, deep yellow on the
upper side, and almost white underneath. This will thrive on
a block suspended from the roof.

O. calanthum,—A pretty, distinct, and free-flowering speties,
which thrives best potted in peat, and placed in the cool-
house ; the flower spike is long, and bears a profusion of its
gay blooms; sepals and petals somewhat oblong, nearly as
long as the lip, light yellow; lip broad deep yellow, the crest
of the lip and column being stained with red. Native of
Keuador.

O. Cavendishii—The large, broad, and fleshy leaves of
this princely Orchid are of a rich and lively green ; its bright
yellow flowers are produced in great abundance from strong
and branching spikes, and the fact of their appearing in the
dull months of winter greatly increases its value. The
flowers, even at this season, retain all their brilliancy for
several weeks. It may be grown on a block or in a pot, but
on account of its size seems to do best in the latter. Native
of Guatemala.

O. chrysothyrsus.—This very showy and free-flowering
Oncidium is a native of Brazil. It is free and compact in
its growth, seldom growing more than a foot high, and pro-

228 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

ducing from the pseudobulb, when fully developed, a fine
branching spike some three feet in length, covered with its
lovely flowers; sepals and petals green, streaked with red;
the lip is large and bright yellow. It succeeds well upon a
block, and remains in bloom a long time. I saw a few fine
varieties of this with Mr. Findlay, Botanic Garden, Man-
chester.

O. ciliatum.—aA pretty species from Brazil, and very com-
pact in growth, being about six inches high; the colour is a
beautiful brown and yellow; it succeeds best on a block, but
it must have good attention as to water at the roots.

O. cornigerum.—This plant bids fair to become highly orna-
mental, as it is very distinct in habit and appearance. The
pseudobulbs are about nine inches long, producing deep green
leaves of a peculiarly thick and fleshy texture; the prettily
marked spike is formed after the growth is mature, and on it
are borne the beautifully gay flowers, which are yellow, spotted
with deep red; its season of flowering is April and May.
Native of New Grenada and Brazil.

O. crispum.—A good dwarf-growing plant. The pseudobulbs
are ovate, somewhat rough, and light brown, each supporting
a pair of short coriaceous leaves ; the spike is long, producing
many large flowers ; sepals and petals a rich coppery colour ;
lip the same colour, with lighter spots in the centre. This
blooms at different times of the year, and lasts three or four
weeks in beauty. It requires to be grown on a block of wood
in the Cuttleya house, and should never be allowed to get dry,
for it seems to like plenty of moisture. Native of the Organ
mountains in Brazil.

O. crispum grandiflorum.—A very fine variety of the pre-
ceding. Its blossoms are very large, twice the size of those of
O. crispum, and deep rich brown in colour. It succeeds best
on a block, and requires a good supply of water at the roots.

ONCIDIUM. 229

O. crispun marginatum.—tThe flowers of this variety are
scarcely so large as those of the preceding one; they are,
however, superior in size to, and richer in colour than, those
of O. crispum, and, in addition, the sepals and petals are
broadly margined with golden yellow, which affords a striking
and beautiful contrast with the rich chocolate ground colour.

O. Cresus—A charming dwarf-growing plant; its pseudo-
bulbs are slender, tapering upwards, supporting a pair of light
green leaves; spikes short, few flowered; sepals and petals
greenish yellow, tinged with brown; lip large, rich golden
yellow, the crest prominent, and deep velvety black. It
blooms very freely during summer, and continues a con-
siderable time in full beauty. The plant succeeds best in the
Cattleya house, either suspended from the roof upon a block,
or potted in peat and sphagnum moss. Native of Brazil.

O. cruentum.—A very desirable species ; pseudobulbs very
dark green; leaves long, lanceolate; it produces fine branching
spikes of yellow flowers ; sepals and petals yellow, barred with
brown ; lip pale yellow.

O. cucullatum.—Although this is a small-flowered species,
it is a very beautiful one. It is a dwarf-growing plant, and the
flowers (which are in the sepals and petals rose colour, and in
the lip reddish purple, spotted with deep purple) last a long
time in perfection, Found in New Grenada at 8,000 feet
altitude.

O. cucullatum flavidum.—Similar in habit to the species ;
sepals and petals yellow, blotched with brown; lip purple,
margined with white. This is a distinct and very desirable
form of this plant; it must be placed in the coolest house ;
the flowers are produced in spring, and continue a long time
in beauty.

O. cucullatum macrochilum.—An entirely ditferent-looking
plant from the previous one. It grows about a foot high, pro-

230 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

ducing flower spikes two feet in length, upon which are borne
its beautiful flowers, which are “in the sepals and petals rich
plum and crimson; lip mauve, spotted with dark violet.
Native of New Grenada.

O. divaricatun.—A small but abundant-flowering species ;
the flowers are produced on long branching spikes during the
summer months; sepals and petals yellow, blotched and
barred with brown ; lip orange yellow: it continues in per-
fection a long time. This is a useful plant for all purposes
when well grown: pot culture suits it best. Native of Brazil.

O. euxanthinum.—A plant having much the appearance of
O. bifolium, and requiring similar treatment. The flowers are
numerous, of moderate size, and very showy; sepals and
petals small greenish yellow, banded with brown ; lip large,
rich yellow: it blooms during the autumn. Native of Brazil.

O. excavatum.—A robust-growing plant, with light green
leaves and pseudobulbs; it should be potted in good fibrous
peat, and placed in the cool-house ; the flower spike is long
and branched, and bears an immense quantity of its richly-
coloured flowers; sepals and petals rich yellow, profusely
blotched with cinnamon brown ; lip also rich yellow, blotched
only on the crest. This is also known by the name of
O. aurosum. Native of Peru.

O. excavatum Dawsoni.—This, though bearing some resem-
blance to O. exearatum, is very much stronger and more
robust in all its parts. The branching spikes are five feet
long, upon which its lovely large bright yellow and rich brown
flowers are borne in great profusion. I had the pleasure of
seeing a specimen of this splendid variety in bloom with T.
Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank, each spike five feet high,
bearing upwards of a hundred flowers: it was truly a noble
object.

O. flecuosum.—A good old species from Brazil, producing

ONCIDIUM. 231

showy flowers in abundance on a long spike ; blossoms yellow,
slightly spotted with brown. It blooms at different times of
the year, and continues for several weeks. There are two
varieties of this plant; one called majus, which has much
larger flowers than the other, though of the same colour:
this is scarce variety, and is best grown in a pot with moss.

O. Forbesii.—A truly handsome dwarf species from Brazil ;
flowers large and very distinct, the colours being yellow,
scarlet, and white ; it blooms in November. This is a very
rare plant, and grows best on a block with moss.

O. hamatochilum.—A fine compact-growing plant, similar
in habit to O. Lanceanum; leaves short, thick, and fleshy,
dark green; spike erect; flowers moderate size; sepals and
petals greenish yellow, blotched with chestnut; lip rich crim-
son and rose. A scarce Orchid. Native of Guatemala.

O. holochrysum.—This, though long known to botanists,
like many more fine things, has only recently become known -
to cultivators. The plant is similar in habit to O. bifolium,
but the bulbs are beautifully spotted; the flowers are rich
golden yellow, and set very densely upon the spike. No col-
lection should be without this charming plant, which grows
freely in a low temperature. Native of Peru.

O. hyphematicum.—This is a beautiful little plant, with small
oblong pseudobulbs bearing a single oblong-lanceolate, obtuse
leaf. The flowers are large, but somewhat laxly set upon the
branching raceme; sepals and petals purplish brown, blotched
with a deeper hue of the same colour; lip rich deep yellow.
The flowers of this species are very showy, as, in addition to
the colours already named, they are blood-red on the outside.
It should be grown in peat and sphagnum, and kept in the
cool-house. The flowers are produced during the latter part
of summer and beginning of autumn. Native of Ecuador.

O. incurvum.—A pretty distinct dwarf Orchid, producing

232 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

white and brown flowers during autumn and winter; it lasts
long in beauty, and is best grown in a pot with peat. This
is a very fine species when well grown. I have seen it growing
in a cool-house, and bearing twenty-five spikes, two feet high,
with Mr. Anderson, gardener to T. Dawson, Esq. Native of
Mexico.

O. Kramerianum.—A very fine Orchid, somewhat in habit
like O. Papilio; the pseudobulbs are very dark, the leaves
brightly spotted. It makes a long, knotty-jointed flower spike,
with flowers the samé shape and colour as the before-mentioned
species, but instead of being banded with the rich dark brown
on the yellow, the darker colour is distributed over the flower
in a profusion of spots. The margin of the lip is beautifully
undulate. Native of Central America.

O. Lanceanum—A remarkably handsome and distinct
plant, with beautifully spotted foliage; flowers large, and
produced on a stiff spike about a foot or more high; sepals
and petals bright yellow, blotched with crimson; lip rich violet.
Of this plant there are two varieties, one having the lip almost
white. It blooms during the summer months, lasting four or
five weeks in good condition, if the flowers are kept free from
damp. This is best grown on a block or in a basket, with
moss or peat, and makes a splendid plant for exhibition; but
we seldom see it in good condition. Native of Guiana.

O. leopardinum,—aA very free-flowering and pretty Orchid.
It is a compact-growing species, and produces flower spikes
some three feet high, covered with yellow flowers, spotted with
brown. Native of Peru.

O. leucochilum.—A desirable and distinct species from
Mexico, producing spikes sometimes ag much as ten feet long;
sepals and petals yellowish green; lip a pure white; it blooms
at different times of the year, and lasts a long time in per-
fection, Best grown in a pot.

ONCIDIUM. 233

O. Limminghet.—This species is perhaps the most singular
in the whole genus; the habit is similar to that of a
Sophronites ; the leaves are dark green, arranged in a dis-
tichous manner, and netted with veins of bright brown; the
flowers are golden yellow, richly spotted with brown, It
succeeds admirably in a somewhat cool temperature. Native
of Brazil.

O. longipes.—A beautiful compact small species from Rio
Janeiro, growing about six inches high, and producing spikes
of flowers in great abundance; lip large and of a bright golden
yellow ; petals brown, tipped with yellow. It blooms during
the summer months, and will do well on a block.

O. luridum Dodgsonii—A splendid variety, which I have
only seen in the choice collection of R. B. Dodgson, Esgq., at
Blackburn, Lancashire. The leaves are very thick and fleshy,
in the way of luridum, but broader and longer, producing
flower spikes seven feet long, and much branched, bearing
between three and four hundred flowers on each; colour
orange and yellow, barred with dark brown. Under the care
of Mr. Whitehead this has become a splendid specimen, potted
in peat and sphagnum moss, and treated with a liberal supply
of both heat and moisture. Native of the West Indies.

O. luridum guttatum.—A fine variety from Jamaica: it
produces long spikes of flowers, which are yellow, brown, and
red in colour; it blooms during the summer months: con-
tinues in perfection a long time, and is best grown in a pot
with peat.

O. macranthum.—tThis splendid plant was introduced by
the Messrs. Backhouse, of York. It is robust in growth, with
large pseudobulbs and dark green leaves; spike several feet
long, twining, branching, and many-flowered; flowers from
three to four inches across ; sepals and petals very round and
broad, thick and fleshy, rich yellow, tinged with purplish

234 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

brown; lip hastate, much smaller, yellow, the side lobes being
dark purplish brown. It is perhaps the grandest Oncidium
yet introduced; the cool-house suits it best, and it should be
potted in peat and sphagnum moss, with good drainage. It
blooms during spring and early summer; lasts long in full
beauty. This plant was first exhibited from the fine collection
of Lord Londesborough. It is beautifully figured in the
second series of Warner's “ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”
Native of New Grenada.

O. Marshallianum.—This lovely plant is a native of South
America; it is a near ally of O. crisyum. The flowers are
very large, bright golden yellow in colour, and marked with
rich brown spots. This was bloomed very finely by Mr.
Wilson, gardener to W. Marshall, Esq.

O. nubigenum.—This is a lovely addition to our cultivated
Orchids, and one that should succeed under the coolest
treatment, growing as it does at a greater elevation than
any other known—viz., 14,000 feet above the sea level. It
is somewhat more robust in all its parts than Odontoglossum
Phalaenopsis, but the flowers are in shape very like diminutive
examples of that species. The sepals and petals are brownish,
shaded with crimson; lip generally white, yellow at the base,
marked with violet or purple ; but in the manner of its mark-
ings and intensity of colour it appears to be very variable.

O. oblougatun.—A handsome free-flowering species, from
Guatemala, compact in habit, with short thick pseudobulbs ;
foliage light green, about twelve inches in length ; flowers very
showy, of a bright yellow, and of good size; blossoms during
the winter months, and continues a long time in perfection ;
it succeeds best in a pot.

O. obryzatum.—Of nice compact habit, growing freely in the
cool-house ; producing in great abundance its fine branched
spikes of bright yellow flowers, barred with brown, and which

ONCIDIUM. 235

yield a delicious perfume. There are many varieties of this
plant. Native of Ecuador.

O. ornithorhynchum.—A charming free-flowering Orchid
from Mexico. It grows ten inches high, and produces graceful
drooping spikes of flowers during the autumn and winter
months ; colour delicate rose, and beautifully scented. This
does best in a basket, in which the flowers are shown off to
good advantage; a general favourite with Orchid growers.
There are two varieties of this; one having darker and larger
flowers.

O. Papilio majus.—A truly magnificent Orchid from
Trinidad, with flowers the shape of a butterfly. It continues
blooming from the old flower stems for years—as soon as
one flower fades, another appears in the same place; the
colour of the flowers is rich dark brown, barred with yellow ;
lip very large, with bright yellow in the centre, and edged
with dark brown. This will do either in a pot or on a
block. There are several varieties of O. Papilio, but majus
is the best.

O. Phalenopsis—This plant is in the way of O. cuculla-
tum, but more robust in growth; the flowers are also much
larger, and the lip is of a very different form. Pseudo-
bulbs ovate, about three inches long, and very dark green ;
leaves produced in pairs, and also deep green; spike slender,
bearing five or six large flowers; sepals and petals about the
same size, rich cream-colour, barred and spotted with bean-
tiful violet and crimson ; lip large, creamy white, spotted the
same as the petals, and having in addition a golden yellow
crest. It should be grown in the cool-house. Native of
Peru.

O. phymatochilum—A pretty species from Brazil, and
very distinct from all others in flower as well as in growth.
The pseudobulbs are thick ; the foliage dark green, attaining

236 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

a height of twelve inches; flowers very curious; sepals and
petals yellow and reddish brown; lip white. This is a species
which ought to be in every collection ; it blooms during May
and June, and continues in flower two months at a time;
it is best grown in a pot, in peat.

O. pulchellun.—A_ beautiful dwarf compact species from
Jamaica, attaining a height of about six inches, with small
pseudobulbs and leaves, and it produces its spikes of white
flowers in abundance during the summer months, remaining
a long time in perfection. It thrives well on a block, with
plenty of moisture at the roots.

O. pulvinatum.—aA_ free-flowering Brazilian species, com-
pact in habit, and growing about a foot high. The flower
spikes not unfrequently ten feet long, the colour of the
blossoms being yellow, orange, and brown. It blooms during
the summer months, and lasts a long time in perfection ; pot
culture and peat suit it best.

O. pulvinatum majus.—A fine Brazilian variety of the pre-
ceding, growing in the same way, but having blossoms much
larger and brighter in colour. This I have only seen in the
collection of E. McMorland, Esq.

O. reflecum—This very handsome Mexican Oncidium
should find a place in every collection. Its dwarf habit, easy
culture, and the numerous long spikes covered with abundance
of its large bright yellow flowers, which enliven the house as
autumn is approaching, should make it a universal favourite.

O. [ogersii—This exceedingly showy and free-flowering
species should be grown in the Cattleya house, potted in peat
and sphagnum moss. In habit and appearance it resembles
O. bifolium majus, but is more robust than that plant, and
the spike is also much larger and branched, bearing as many
as one hundred and seventy flowers, which measure about two
and a half inches across; sepals and petals small; lip large,

ONCIDIUM. 237

flat, and spreading, deeply three-lobed in front, and rich
golden yellow in colour. It blooms during winter, and is
said to be a variety of O. varicosum. Native of Brazil.

O. roseum.—A pretty small-flowering species from Hon-
duras. The flowers are rose coloured, spotted with red; it
blooms at different times of the year, lasts six weeks in good
condition, and is best grown in a pot, with peat.

O. roseum superbum.—This is a fine large variety of the
preceding, which I saw in the collection of the late T. West,
Esq., Clapham Park ; it is a magnificent plant, making spikes
five feet long, covered with its beautiful large rich crimson and
white flowers.

O. rupestre—A very handsome cool-house species: the
pseudobulbs are smooth and stout, pale green; leaves ligu-
late, about a foot long, and dark green; flowers numerous,
produced on a much-branched spike ; sepals and petals bright
flame colour, spotted with brown; lip similar in colour.
Native of Peru.

O. sarcodes.—A fine species, with handsome flowers, from.
Brazil, and producing its branching spikes of yellow and
crimson flowers during March and April. This species is
finely flowered in the collection of H. H. Gibbs, Esq., Regent's
Park, A very rare compact-growing plant, which is best
grown in a pot, with peat.

O. serratum.—A pretty species which should be grown in
rough fibrous peat, and placed in the cool-house. The pseudo-
bulbs are oval, some six inches high or more, dark green,
bearing rigid acute leaves of the same colour ; spike twining
and branched, from six to twelve feet long, bearing many
large flowers, which are bright chocolate brown, margined with
yellow; sepals much crisped at the margins, the lower ones
much lengthened out ; petals smaller and connivent ; lip small.
This plant is sometimes called O. diadema. Native of Peru.

238 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

O. sessile—A pretty species, of compact growth, from
Santa Martha: it produces its slender spikes of yellow
flowers, spotted in the centre with pale cinnamon colour ;
blooms during the spring months. This fine species was
flowered in 1850 by Mr. Iveson, then gardener to the Duke
of Northumberland.

O. sphacelatum majus.—A good free-flowering Orchid, from
Honduras, producing its long branching spikes of flowers in
April and May, lasting three or four weeks in beauty. The
colour of the flower is yellow, barred with dark brown; it is
best grown in a pot with peat or moss.

O. splendidum.—This is a grand and very distinct plant. It
has short roundish dark green pseudobulbs, which support a
single erect thick and fleshy deep green leaf; the spike is
erect, about two feet long, and branching; flowers large and
very showy ; sepals and petals small, greenish yellow, blotched
with brown ; lip large and flat, of a uniform rich clear yellow.
It should be grown in the Cattleya house, in a pot. The
flowers are produced during spring and early summer. I saw
this superb species blooming beautifully with Mr. Denning,
gardener to Lord Londesborough, in 1870, and also again
this spring with Mr. Whitehead, gardener to R. B. Dodgson,
of Blackburn.

O. Sprucei.—This species in habit somewhat resembles
O. Ceboletta, but its terete leaves are more swollen in the
centre ; it produces its bright flowers in great profusion, and
from its distinct habit is a good addition to a collection.
Native of South America,

O. trilingue.—A very distinct and peculiar plant, still very
rare in collections; it very much resembles O. serratum, to
which, indeed, it is nearly allied. Sepals and petals rich
chocolate brown, edged with light yellow, the margins undu-
lated ; lip very singular in form, brown with a yellow crest.

ONCIDIUM SPLENDIDUM,

Guatemala.

PALUMBINA—PAPHINIA. 289

It should be potted in fibrous peat, and grown in the cool-
house. Native of Peru.

O. unguiculatum.—A pretty winter-flowering species from
Guatemala; the large yellow flowers are produced on a long
branching spike, three or four feet high, lasting a long time
in perfection. It succeeds best potted in good fibrous peat.

O. variegatum.—A pretty species from the West Indies ; it
grows six inches high, and has dark evergreen foliage ; spikes
branching and upright, bearing many blossoms of a rosy pink
colour, and continuing in beauty for several weeks ; it is best
grown on a block with plenty of moisture at the roots,

O. xanthodon.—This plant belongs to the O. serratum
section, and although the flowers are not so large as in
that species they make a ‘good display from their being so
freely produced. In growth it very much resembles OQ. ser-
ratum ; the flower spike is very long and trailing; sepals and
petals rich dark brown, bordered with yellow; lip brown, and
yellow in the centre. Native of Ecuador.

PaLUMBINA.

P. candida.—This plant, though nearly allied to Onci-
dium, is very distinct in habit and appearance. It has light
green leaves and pseudobulbs, and produces upon its slender
erect spikes several flat waxy white flowers, which continue
in perfection a long time. It is from Guatemala, and thrives
best under rather cool treatment; a rare and interesting
species. This will do in a pot, with peat, moss, and good
drainage, but it does not require much water at the roots
at any time.

PapHINiA.

Of this pretty genus there are only two with which I am
acquainted, but both of them are well worth growing, being
compact in habit, and having short pseudobulbs and flag-

240 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

shaped leaves from six inches to a foot in length. They
succeed best in the Cattleya house, in pots, in good fibrous
peat, with plenty of drainage, and enjoy a liberal supply of
water at the roots during the growing season. Propagation
is effected by dividing the bulbs.

P. cristata.—A pretty dwarf free-flowering species from
Demerara; it grows about eight inches high, and has small
shining pseudobulbs, from the base of which the flower spike
is produced ; it usually bears about three flowers, the weight of
which causes the spike to become slightly pendulous; sepals
and petals dark chocolate, tinged with purple; lip white,
barred with purple, and fringed. There are two varieties of
this plant, one of which produces much darker flowers than
the other. It blooms at different times of the year, and will
remain in beauty for about a fortnight.

P. tigrina.—A fine species which grows some ten or twelve
inches high, and produces its fine yellow and brown flowers
on an upright spike, several together ; it succeeds best potted
in peat, and should have good drainage. The flowers last
several weeks in perfection. Native of Trinidad.

PERISTERIA.

A singular genus of Orchids, of which there are several
species, but only three that I can recommend as worthy the
attention of the amateur. Peristeriu elata, the Dove plant, is
a noble species, and one which ought to be in every collection.
These plants produce flower spikes from the side of their
large pseudobulbs, near the base. They will succeed in
either the East Indian or the Cattleya house, and should
be potted in loam and leaf mould; a good quantity of
water during their period of growth is necessary ; afterwards
give them a good season of rest, and keep them nearly dry
at the roots: if allowed to get wet during their resting

NANODES MEDUSA,

South West America.

PHAJUS. 241

season they are apt to rot. They are propagated by dividing
the plants.

P. cerina.—The pseudobulbs of this plant are strong and
dark green, supporting a pair of large coriaceous leaves of
the same colour. The spike is pendulous, and produces
bunches of yellow flowers close to the bulbs; it blooms in
June or July. Native of the Spanish Main.

P. elata.—A noble free-growing plant from Panama, with
large pseudobulbs, and light green plaited leaves three or
four feet high; spikes erect, three feet or more in height,
bearing a quantity of white waxy flowers; the central parts
of each flower presenting a very striking resemblance to
the figure of a dove, whence it is called in the vernacular,
El Spirito Santo. This plant usually flowers in July, August,
and September, and continues blooming for two months when
the growths are strong.

P. guttata—A curious species, from South America. It
produces spikes of red and yellow flowers close to the
bulbs, which are pendulous, and hang over the edge of the
pot. It blooms in September, lasting two or three weeks in
perfection.

Puagus.

A fine genus of terrestrial Orchids, which produce their
beautiful spikes of flowers very freely, and when well grown are
noble objects. These plants are of easy culture, and will amply
repay any amount of attention and care. They are large-
growing plants, and when not in bloom their noble foliage is
extremely ornamental, If large specimens are wanted, they
should be grown in pots of large size, with loam, leaf mould,
and rotten cow-dung, as directed in the remarks on Terrestrial
Orchids. They require plenty of heat and moisture at their
roots in their growing season, but the water should not touch

the young growth. During their period of rest they may be
M

242 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

placed in a cooler house, and should be supplied with very
little water. Propagation is effected by dividing the bulbs
after the blooming season is past.

P. grandifolius—This noble evergreen plant grows about
three feet high, and produces its flower spikes one or two
feet above the foliage, the colour of the flowers being white
and brown. It blooms during the winter and spring months,
and lasts long in beauty if kept in a cool-house. This is a
most useful plant for winter blooming, as it will flower beauti-
fully when grown in small pots, and in this state may be used
for the decoration of apartments during the dull months,
without suffering the least injury. It also makes a noble
plant for exhibition when grown into a large specimen, but to
retard it for this purpose it requires to be kept very cool
during autumn and winter. It is an old inhabitant of
our gardens. Native of China.

P. irroratus.—This is the result of a cross between Phajus
grandifolius and Calanthe vestita. The pseudobulbs are coni-
cal, and bear dark green plaited leaves, similar to those of
P, grandifolius ; flowers large, produced upon an erect spike ;
sepals and petals rich cream colour, tipped with rosy-pink ;
lip nearly round, creamy white, stained with yellow towards
‘the base. Its elegant flowers are produced during mid-winter.
The same treatment as recommended for the other kinds suits
this plant admirably. It is one of Mr. Dominy’s beautiful
garden hybrids.

P. maculatus.—A plant too much neglected by the majority
of Orchid growers, but one that is very showy in spring.
The pseudobulbs are large, somewhat ovate; the leaves long,
dark green, spotted with yellow ; the flowers are rich yellow,
‘borne on short spikes in great profusion. There are two
varieties of this plant; the best one is very showy and
desirable. Native of Northern India.

PHALENOPSIS. 2438

P. Wallichii.—A fine large-growing plant, attaining some
four or five feet in height, producing its long upright
spikes of flowers in March, April, and May, and continuing
to flower for six weeks. The blossoms are orange yellow in
colour, or buff tinged with purple. It makes a noble plant
for winter blooming, and also for exhibition purposes, if
retarded as directed for P. grandifolius. For further notice
of these plants, see chapter on Preparing Orchids for Tra-
velling to Exhibitions.

PHALENOPSIS.

A genus containing comparatively few species, and these of
not very large growth, but some of them producing magnificent
flowers, which last long in beauty. Within the last few years
has been added to it one of the finest of all Orchids—viz.,
P, Schilleriana, which has really beautifully variegated foliage,
as well as wonderfully distinct and fine flowers. The known
species are all compact handsome plants, requiring very little
room, and are worth a place in every collection. They produce
thick fleshy leaves, from the axils of which the spikes of
charming flowers ascend. The flowers themselves are very
freely produced, and last a long time; indeed, they may be
had in bloom all the year round. I have seen P. grandiflora
blooming for six months, and have exhibited the same plant
for seven years at six exhibitions during each year, sometimes
with as many as from seventy to eighty flowers expanded on
it at one time.

The species of Phalenopsis now in cultivation, comprise
some of the finest Orchids yet introduced to this country,
and no collection, however small, should be without adequate
representatives of these lovely plants, which are compact in
habit and growth, have beautiful flowers and handsome ever-

green foliage ; free-flowering, and, as I have just pointed out,
m 2

244 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

continue a long time in perfection—qualities which proclaim
them to be plants of more than ordinary value.

They all require the same kind of treatment, and an East
Indian heat, together with a good supply of water during their
growing season, for the various species are found in Java,
Borneo, Sumatra, in Manilla, and some few of them in the
Burmese territory, where the heat is high, a natural condition
which ought to be imitated under artificial circumstances as
nearly as possible. They are found growing on the branches
of trees in damp, moist places, and on bare rocks where,
during the rainy season, an immense quantity of water falls,
Nevertheless, they are of easy culture, and if properly attended
to are seldom out of order; but since they have no thick
fleshy pseudobulbs to support them, they require, in order to
grow them to perfection, somewhat more care and attention
than the majority of this order. Thus, they need more
moisture at their roots during the growing season—in fact,
they should never be allowed to get dry, for if so, they are apt
to shrivel, and often lose their bottom leaves, which spoils
their appearance, the beauty of these plants consisting almost
as much in their having good foliage as good flowers. The
growing season is from March to the end of October, during
which time the temperature by day should range from 70°
to 75°, allowing it to rise to 80° or more by sun heat, pro-
vided the house be shaded. The night temperature should
range from 65° to 70° in March and April; afterwards it
may be allowed to rise a few degrees higher. During their
resting season, from the end of October to February, the tem-
perature should range from 60° to 65° by night, and 65° by
day, or even a little more will not do any harm with sun
heat. In giving air, a little should be admitted close to the
hot water pipes, so that it may be warmed on entering the
house; and some water should also be sprinkled about on

PHALENOPSIS, 245

fine days, in the morning, so that the house may be dry by
night.

Phalenopsids are grown in different ways. Sometimes they
are placed on blocks, sometimes in pots or in baskets, and I
have found them to succeed well under all three modes of
treatment; they require, however, more moisture at the
roots if grown on blocks, whilst if grown in pots, more
drainage will be required than when they are planted in
baskets. For pot culture, the best way is to place an
inverted pot in the bottom of the one intended for the
plant, and fill in the intervening space with potsherds,
broken into pieces about two inches square, to within two
inches of the rim; sphagnum, having a few small potsherds
mixed with it, should then be placed upon the drainage, and
the plant elevated three inches above the rim, taking care to
keep the base of the plant well above the moss. The suc-
cessful culture of Phalenopsis, as well as of all other plants,
depends upon efficient drainage. If grown on blocks they
should be placed on a good-sized one, so that there is plenty
of surface for the roots to cling to. In fastening the plant on,
first place a little live sphagnum on the block, then fix the
plant on with copper wire, and afterwards hang it up near the
roof, but not too near the glass, or the plants may get
injured by cold, which should be specially guarded against
during winter.

If the plants should get into an unhealthy condition, the best
plan is to turn them out of their pots or baskets, and shake
all the material away from their roots, wash them with clean
water, cut off all the decayed parts of roots or leaves, and re-
place them on blocks with a little sphagnum, giving them a
good supply of moisture, and placing them at the warmest end
of the house, but not too much exposed to the light ; under
this treatment they will soon begin to root and improve in

246 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

appearance. I need hardly add that they should be kept
clear of insects, especially thrips, which soon disfigure the
foliage. Constant attention and frequent washing of the leaves
with a sponge and clean water, or fumigating the house with
tobacco smoke, is the way to keep clear of all such pests ; the
latter operation, however, should be conducted with great care.

These plants are difficult to propagate. To this rule, how-
ever, P. Liiddemanniana is an exception, as it produces young
plants upon the flower spikes very freely. Sometimes the
other species will also produce young plants on the old
flower stems, and these should be left on till well rooted,
and then placed on small blocks.

P. amabilis—The Queen of Orchids. This magnificent
plant, which comes from Manilla, produces its graceful spikes of
flowers nearly all the year round. The flowers are each three
inches across, and arranged in a distichous manner along the
spike; sepals and petals pure white; the lip of the same
colour, but beautifully streaked inside with rose pink. The
flowers continue in perfection a long time, if they are kept
free from damp, but if allowed to get wet they are apt to
spot. Isaw last year a remarkably handsome and healthy.
specimen of this plant, with as many as eleven perfect leaves,
in the collection of J. H. Fernley, Esq., Didsbury, under the
care of Mr. Allen.

P. amethystina.—An elegant little plant which, though not
so showy as some of the genus, yet is a nice addition to this
beautiful and popular family. The leaves are somewhat,
oblong, but narrower towards the base, stout, waved at the
edges, and dark green; spike about a foot long, with a few
short branches; flowers rather small and lax; sepals and
petals white, spreading; lip white, tinged with yellow at the
base, centre part rich amethyst suffused with purple, and
deeply emarginate in front. Native of the Sunda Isles.

PHALZENOPSIS. Q47

P. cornu-cervi.— very pretty Orchid, originally found by
Mr. Lobb, and which was frequently sent to England, but
never arrived in a living state until two or three years ago.
It is a native of Moulmein. This plant is not particularly
showy in a small state, but when grown strong, it blooms
very freely. The leaves are eight inches or more in length,
and bright green. The flower stem is thickened and flattened
at the top where the flowers are situated; sepals and
petals yellow, tinged with green, and barred and striped with
brown. It may be grown in a pot or basket, living sphagnum
being the best material to pot it in; a liberal supply of water
and heat is essential to its well-being.

P. grandiflora.—A truly handsome species from Java.
The flowers are produced in the same way as in P. amabilis;
and indeed, the only difference between the two is, that P.
grandiflora has larger flowers, with yellow instead of pink in
the centre of the lip ; and the leaves are much longer, and
of a lighter green colour. This makes a fine plant for ex-
hibition.

P. grandiflora aurea —This certainly is the grandest of
the many varieties of this fine Orchid. It is a variety that
bloomed among several hundred I imported from Borneo;
the sepals and petals are unusually broad, and rounded, and
the lip is conspicuously marked with deep orange. It is a
compact-growing plant, with light green foliage, and is beauti-
fully represented in Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

P. intermedia.—A very pretty species, which resembles the
other kinds in general habit. The leaves are pale green in
colour, the flowers are medium-sized ; sepals and petals white,
shaded with rose, the lip being a deeper shade of the same
colour. This beautiful plant is very rare; it was first sent
to this country by Mr. Lobb. Native of Manilla.

P. intermedia Portei.—This beautiful and rare plant is a

248 ORCHID-GROWER'’S MANUAL.

native of the Philippines, and even there must be very rare.
It is not unlikely to be a natural hybrid ; let it, however, be
hybrid or species, it ranks among the very handsomest of its
class. In general habit it resembles P. grandiflora, but the
under side of the leaf is dark purplish, more in the way of
P. amabilis, and the leaves are about a foot in length, broad
and dark-green above. The spikes are arched, supporting the
large flowers ; sepals and petals white, suffused with light rose;
lip rich dark rose. The flowers are of good substance, and
remain in perfection a very long time. This is well represented
in Warner’s ‘“ Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

P. Lowii.—This really charming species is a native of
Moulmein, where it grows on bare rocks exposed to the full
influence of the sun; in the rainy or growing season it is
perfectly deluged with water, and in the resting season it
loses its leaves, and under cultivation it requires great atten-
tion during this time or it will die entirely. The leaves are
broad, somewhat thin in texture, and dark green. Compared
with those of P. grandiflora, the flowers are small, but the
sepals and petals are round, white tinged with rose, and the
lip is a beautiful bright rose, suffused with mauve. Though a
small plant, it produces a good spike of flowers. It is not so
robust in growth as many species, and requires to be kept near
the glass, so that it may get an abundance of light.

P. Liiddemanniana.—A native of the Philippine Islands,
The whole plant is very similar to P. rosea in general appear-
ance ; the leaves are eight inches or more in length ; the flower
stem several feet long; sepals and petals white, beautifully
barred with amethyst, the centre of the lip being richly
marked with deep violet. There is no doubt this will prove
itself, by cultivation, a very much more ornamental species
than we have hitherto supposed. I saw it very fine in the
collection of T. Jones, Esq., Manchester; the spike was two

PHALENOPSIS. 249

feet long, and the variety good. This species produces young
plants on the flower spikes more freely than any other kind.

P. rosea.—A small-flowering but very pretty species from
Manilla. It grows in the same way as the former, but is much
inferior to it in beauty. The leaves are somewhat oblong,
slightly broadest at the apex, bright light green in colour; sepals
and petals white, slightly tinged with pink ; the lip deep violet in
the centre, the side lobes stained in some varieties with rich
orange. It blooms at different times of the year, lasting long
in beauty. If the old spikes are left, they will keep blooming
for several years, and as the spikes elongate the flowers come
larger ; it sometimes produces from twelve to fourteen spikes
of bloom, and then makes a very showy specimen.

P. Schilleriana—A magnificent species from Manilla, and
which is undoubtedly the finest in cultivation, which I had
the good fortune to be the first to introduce to the notice of
English Orchid growers. It has beautifully variegated foliage,
and is quite distinct from all other kinds. The leaves are
similar in form and equal in size to those of P. grandiflora,
of a dark green colour, mottled with irregular bands of white ;
the flower spikes are produced from the axils of the leaves,
and in their native country are more than three feet long, and
more branched than those of the other kinds. I have a dried
spike, on which there has been developed more than one hun-
dred blossoms. The individual blossoms measure more than
two and a half inches across, and they are arranged in two rows
along the spike ; sepals and petals beautiful light mauve edged
with white; lip of the same colour, with darker spots, the
upper part being yellow, spotted with reddish brown; the in-
side is handsomely spotted—indeed, the whole aspect of the
plant is very attractive. The roots of this plant are very
distinct from those of the other species of this genus, being
flat, and having a rough appearance ; they are, moreover, very

mu 3

250 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

free in growth. The flowers of this species continue for several
weeks in full perfection. The finest display of Phalenopsis I
have ever seen is in the collection of R. Warner, Esq., who
has a magnificent lot of specimens. Of P. Schilleriana alone I
have seen upwards of twelve hundred expanded blooms at one
time. Mr. Warner sent a specimen of this plant to the
St. Petersburgh Exhibition in 1869, which had one hundred
and twenty expanded blooms upon it, and presented a most
glorious spectacle.

P. sumatrana.—A remarkable plant from Sumatra, flowered
for the first time in this country by J. Day, Esq. in 1865;
leaves pointed, six or seven inches long, somewhat fleshy and
bright-green in colour; sepals and petals yellowish white,
banded or barred with streaks of reddish brown; lip white,
spotted with orange, and streaked down the centre with violet.
It requires the same treatment as the other species.

Pitumna.

P. fragrans.—A deliciously sweet-scented plant, very like
Trichopilia in habit and appearance. Its flowers are produced
on spikes three or four together, the sepals and petals being
greenish white, the lip pure white. It succeeds well in the
cool-house, and is best grown in a pot, with peat and moss,
and good drainage; a good supply of moisture is requisite
during the growing season, but when at rest less will suffice.
It should be well elevated above the rim of the pot.

PLEIONE.

A genus of pretty small-growing deciduous plants, with
flask-like pseudobulbs and light green membranous leaves.
They are considered by some entitled to generic rank; other
authors, however, make them only a section of the genus
Calogyne, from which indeed they seem to differ but slightly,

PLEIONE. 251

except in habit. Every year, after finishing their growth, the
leaves begin to die away, and this is the proper time to rest
them, when they should have only just enough water to keep
them from shrivelling. The flowers are produced during the
winter and spring months, after a period of rest, and imme-
diately precede the young growths, so that whenever the
flowers are seen to be pushing up from the base of the
pseudobulbs water should be given in moderate quantities.
They are frequently called Indian Crocuses, throwing up their
flowers as they do in spring, much like our common crocus,
differing, however, considerably in shape, but like them very
handsome and rich in colour. The Pletones are far too little
cared for by Orchid growers, many objecting to them on
account of the leaves being absent at the time of flowering ;
but this is easily remedied by grouping them with Ferns, or
other graceful green-leaved plants. They give little trouble
if properly managed, but their wants must be supplied at the
right time, which is the great secret in the treatment of
most deciduous plants. Through being deciduous, they get
neglected, and just at the time when they should receive
most attention, and their beauties should be seen, they are
found shrivelled and dead. They require a good season of
growth, and after that, one of rest. The way in which I
treat them, is to pot them in a mixture of loam, peat, moss,
and sand, giving them good drainage and plenty of water
while growing; this operation—the potting—should be per-
formed immediately the flowers fade. After the pseudobulbs
are fully formed, give just enough water to keep them from
shrivelling ; but, as before stated, when they begin to show
flower, water freely, which will induce their blossoms to come
finer. The Cattleya house is the most suitable place for them.

P. humilis.—A splendid dwarf-growing species from India,
with dark green ovate pseudobulbs, in the way of those of

252 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

P, Wallichiana, and with flowers three inches in diameter ;
sepals and petals bright rose ; lip white, spotted with crimson
and striped with brown; it lasts in beauty two or three
weeks.

P. lagenaria.—A fine dwarf species, also from India, in the
way of P. maculata; flowers on single stems three inches
long ; blossoms three inches across ; sepals and petals mauve ;
lip white, veined with crimson. This also continues a long
time in perfection if the flowers are kept dry.

P. maculata.—A beautiful Orchid from the Khoosea Hills,
with leaves six inches long ; sepals and petals delicate white ;
lip same colour, beautifully barred with crimson. It blooms
in October and November, continuing three or four weeks in
perfection.

P. Reichenbachiana.—A very distinct species of this ex-
ceedingly handsome genus, which I saw last autumn in
excellent condition with Mr. Beesley, gardener to S. P. Cal-
lander, Esq., Whalley Range, Manchester; the flowers were
large, and produced two on a spike; sepals and petals rosy-
lilac ; lip suffused with rich purple and fringed in front with
magenta. Native of Rangoon.

P. Wallichiana.—A truly handsome dwarf species from
India, producing its solitary flowers in October and November,
and lasting two weeks in beauty. The colour is of a deep
rose, and the lip the same, with a dash of white in the
centre ; the blossoms are three or four inches across.

PonystacHya.

This is a small genus, the species of which are mostly
foand in various parts of Africa; to this rule, however, there
are a few exceptions. It is a family of small dull-coloured
plants, and consequently does not find much favour at the
hands of many Orchid growers.

PROMENZA. 953

P. pubescens.—This beautiful dwarf-growing species has
for a long time been in cultivation in our gardens under the
name of E’piphora pubescens. It has small pseudobulbs, pro-
ducing two or three leaves, which are narrow, dull green,
and slightly hairy beneath; raceme erect, short and many-
flowered ; flowers rich bright golden yellow, with a few purple
lines. This plant grows well in the cool-house, potted in
peat and moss, and likes a good supply of water—indeed,
it should never be allowed to get dry. It is an abundant
bloomer, and is quite an exception to the majority of Polys-
tachyas in being very showy. Although introduced many
years ago, it is still very rare. Native of Algoa Bay.

PROMENZEA.

This is a small genus of pretty little dwarf-growing
Orchids, about three inches high: they produce their flowers
from the base of their pseudobulbs, which are drooping, and
hang over the edge of the pot. They are not very showy
plants, but very curious, and deserve to be in every collec-
tion. They are best grown in pots with peat, the same treat-
ment as that recommended for Paphinia cristata being suitable
for them.

P. citrina.—This is a native of Brazil, and produces its
flowers, which are deep rich yellow, spotted with dark
crimson at the base of the lip, at the end of summer, lasting
in beauty for several weeks.

P. Rollissoni.—This species also produces its pale yellow
flowers during the autumn, lasting three weeks or more in
beauty. Native of Brazil.

P. stapelioides.—In this the pseudobulbs are small and
nearly round, bearing a pair of thin light green leaves. The
colour of the sepals and petals is greenish yellow, spotted
and barred with dark purple; the lip is deep purple,

254 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

approaching to black. It blooms in July, August, and
September, and lasts long in perfection. Native of Brazil.

RENANTHERA,

This genus is very nearly allied to Vanda, and the treat-
ment recommended for that genus will suit these plants also.
They are all showy plants, with distichous leaves. They require
the temperature of the East Indian house, and should be
potted in living sphagnum moss, with an abundance of
drainage. They are propagated in the same way as Aerides.

R. coccinea.—This is a somewhat scandent straggling
plant, often twelve feet or more in height, with long stems
furnished with leaves on either side; the latter are about
three inches long. The flowers, which are beautiful orange-
scarlet, are produced from the axils of the leaves, on long
branching panicles, and they continue in bloom several
weeks together. This plant requires to be so placed as
to be well exposed to sunlight, which is the only sure
way of inducing it to bloom; it is indeed a shy bloomer,
which doubtless accounts for it not being much cultivated.
By letting it grow up the roof, where it gets plenty of light
and sun, it will, however, most likely flower when sufficiently
strong for that purpose. I have seen it do well on a large
block suspended from the roof, and thus grown have known it
to produce as many as five spikes at one time. When well
bloomed it is well worth all the care that is bestowed upon
it, for it is really a superb and showy plant. During the
summer it should be treated to a liberal supply of heat and
moisture, as from March to October is the time it is in
vigorous growth. While resting in winter, let it have but
little water—just enough to keep it from shrivelling. The
most suitable material to pot it in is sphagnum moss, which,
as before remarked, should be kept moist during the growing

RESTREPIA, 255

season. I have several times seen it blooming very freely
with Mr. Speed, gardener to his Grace the Duke of Devon-
shire, at Chatsworth. Native of Cochin China.

R. Lowit—This most remarkable and exceedingly rare
Orchid is a native of Borneo, where it grows on high trees,
in very humid forests. It is very distinct in growth from
any other species, and is easily distinguished by its broad,
straight dark green foliage, thick fleshy roots, and remarkably
long drooping flower spikes, which attain from six to twelve
feet in length. The most remarkable feature of the plant is
the production of two kinds of flowers on the same spike.
The flowers are reddish brown, intersected by irregular lines
of greenish yellow, while the two at the base of the spike are
of a tawny yellow, spotted with crimson. It blooms during
July, August, and September, and continues fresh for several
weeks. The plant succeeds well along with Vandas and
Aerides, but it is a shy bloomer, and generally grows four or
five feet in height before commencing to flower. I once,
however, saw a fine plant exhibited, about three feet high,
with three spikes of bloom, by Mr. Mitchell, gardener to R. F.
Ainsworth, M.D., Lower Broughton, Manchester. The plant
is evergreen, and grows several feet high; it throws out thick
fleshy roots, and bears dark green alternate leaves eighteen
inches in length. It is beautifully figured in Warner's ‘“‘ Select
Orchidaceous Plants,” from a remarkably fine specimen in the
possession of J. H. Fernley, Esq., Didsbury, Manchester.
This plant was formerly included in the genus Vanda, and,
indeed, is to be found in many collections under the name
of V. Lowii, but it is undoubtedly more correctly placed in
Renanthera.

RESTREPIA.

A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, somewhat resembling

Pleurothallis, and consisting of small-growing plants with

256 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

slender stem-like pseudobulbs, each supporting a single leaf.
There are but few kinds of this genus worthy the attention
of Orchid amateurs, although, where these plants are grown
for study and scientific purposes, the small microscopic flower,
or the large showy-coloured flower, are equally valuable.
Such a collection is to be found at the establishment of
W. W. Saunders, Esq., of Reigate, under the care of
Mr. Green, and I should be glad to see many more
Orchid growers take the matter in hand in the same enthu-
siastic manner. The Restrepias succeed best in the cool-house
with Odontoglossums, and should be potted in a mixture of
peat and sphagnum ; a moderate supply of water all the year
round will be found necessary for their well-being. They are
increased by dividing the plants, taking care to have a leading
growth or eye to each piece. ;

R. antennifera.—This is a very elegant little plant, with
slender stems which support a single ovate-oblong dark green
leaf. The exceedingly curious and handsome flowers are pro-
duced upon short slender stems from the base of the leaves.
The sepals are very long, the upper one yellowish-white,
streaked with purple, the lower ones reddish-crimson, pro-
fusely dotted with blackish-purple; petals antenne-like,
narrow, clubbed at the ends, and similar in colour to the
dorsal sepal ; lip small, of the same colour as the lower sepals.
It is well deserving a place in every collection for its extreme
beauty, free flowering properties and curious structure. It
blooms throughout the whole summer. Native of Columbia.

R. elegans.—A pretty little plant, which very much resem-
bles the preceding in habit. The flowers are not so long as
those of R. antennifera, but marked somewhat in the same
manner. It succeeds admirably in the cool-house. Native of
Columbia.

SACCOLABIUM. 257

SacconaBium.

This genus contains some of the finest Orchids in cultiva-
tion. They are very compact in their growth, and are
furnished with long, thick, and fleshy pendent evergreen
foliage. From the axils of the leaves their long graceful
racemes of flowers, which often measure from one to two feet
in length, are produced. Their habit of growth is the same
as that of Aerides, and they require the same heat and
treatment. The various species of this genus mostly inhabit
the hottest parts of India, and are found growing on the
branches of trees. They are propagated in the same way as
the Aerides, and are liable to become infested by the same
sorts of insects. The following species comprise the best of
this beautiful genus, There are several others in cultivation,
some of which are small flowered, and not worth the attention of
amateurs with limited space. I have only named those that
are the most beautiful, and which ought to be in every col-
lection, however small, as they are very handsome even
without flowers.

S. ampullaceum.—A distinct, compact-habited, and pretty
Orchid from India, with straight dark-green leaves about three
or four inches in length; it grows about ten inches high, and
produces erect spikes of flower about six inches long, of a
beautiful rosy-pink colour, in May and June. This plant will
succeed on a block, or in a basket with moss, and remains in
beauty three weeks.

8. ampullaceum moulmeinense—A superb variety of the
preceding; it is somewhat more robust in growth, and the
leaves are spotted on the under side with dull brown; the
spike is long and dense, and the flowers of a uniform rich
deep rose. It is a native of Moulmein.

S. bigibbum.—This very pretty species is at present very
rare ; it is a small close-growing plant, with somewhat oblong

258 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

bright green leaves, about four inches long. The spike is
short and drooping, bearing eight or more of its curious
flowers. Sepals and petals lemon colour; lip white, with a
yellow centre and pretty frilled edge. It blooms about
November. Native of Burmah.

S. Blumei.—A beautiful distinct species from Java. The
leaves are long and arched, premorse at the ends, light green
with a few parallel lines of dark green, extending from base
to apex, on the under side. It produces its flowers, which
are violet and white in colour, in July and August, and lasts
three weeks in perfection.

S. Blumei majus.—A charming variety of S. Blumei. The
colours of the flowers are the same as in the preceding ; but
the flowers and spikes are much larger, and the whole plant is
of much stronger growth.

S. Blumeit Russellianum.—This is the very finest of the
S. Blumei section I ever saw; the spike of flowers is very
long and massive, the blooms large, dense, and beautifully
spotted. It bloomed in the fine collection of J. Russell, Esq.,
of Falkirk, under the skilful management of Mr. Sorley. The
flowers are produced in September.

S. curvifolium.—A handsome, compact-habited, dwarf-
growing species, from six inches to a foot in height, with
light green foliage. It is a free-flowering kind, with orange-
scarlet blossoms, and blooms in May and June. It will thrive
well on a block suspended from the roof, and was until within
the last few years very rare, but is now more plentiful. Native
of the Hast Indies.

S. curvifolium luteum.—In habit like the preceding, the
flowers, however, instead of being orange-scarlet, are clear
yellow, which renders it very distinct from the ordinary form.
A somewhat rare plant. Native of Moulmein.

8. furcatum.—A distinct and fine species from India, which

SACCOLABIUM. 259

grows somewhat slowly, and has short leaves about eight
inches long. The flowers of this are more laxly set on the
spike than in S. guttatum ; colour white, spotted with rose.
It blooms during July and August, and continues in perfection
three weeks.

8. giganteum.—This very beautiful species is very much
like S. violacea, and has been in the collection of the Bishop
of Winchester, at Farnham Castle, for several years, but it is
so exceedingly slow in growth that its great beauty was never
seen in this country till exhibited by Messrs. Veitch, in the
autumn of 1866. The leaves are very stout and broad, about a
foot long, and three inches in width. It produces long racemes
of thickly set flowers from the axils of the leaves; sepals and
petals white, the latter spotted with lilac ; lip lilac and violet.
Ié continues in bloom a very long time, and is deliciously
sweet. Native of Burmah.

8. guttatum.—A remarkably handsome species from India.
The leaves are long and broad, somewhat curved, thick and
fleshy, preemorse at the ends, and dark green. It blossoms
from May to August, and remains three or four weeks in per-
fection, if removed to a cooler house, and kept free from
damp. The flowers are closely set. upon the spike, which is
upwards of a foot in length, and form massive wreaths of
bloom; sepals and petals waxy white, spotted with deep
rosy-purple; lip small, purple. There are two or three
varieties of this species, which makes one of the finest
plants for exhibition. Some remarkable specimens of it
were shown in the year 1850, with from twenty or twenty-
five spikes of flowers on each.

S. guttatum giganteum.—A magnificent variety, the leaves
of which are longer than those of S. guitatum, and spotted ;
the spikes are also much longer, and the flowers more distinct
in the markings; it makes a superb exhibition plant, as it

260 OROHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

blooms in June and July, and will last three or four weeks in
perfection.

S. guttatum Holfordianum.—This splendid variety is the
finest of the genus. The leaves are broader than those of
the ordinary form of S. guttatwm, and more premorse at the
ends ; the flower spikes are also much larger and longer, and
the flowers are of a richer colour than those of the kind just
named, the lip being a rich crimson. This was bloomed first
by R. 8. Holford, Esq., Weston Birt, Gloucestershire, in
compliment to whom it is named. It is figured in Warner's
‘* Select Orchidaceous Plants.”

S. Harrisonianum.—This is no doubt a variety of S. viola-
ceum, to which it bears great resemblance. The leaves are,
however, of a somewhat lighter green colour. It produces
dense spikes of large pure white blooms, which are remarkably
sweet scented, and as these are produced in the winter, they
become doubly valuable. Native of Pulo-Copang, an island
in the Chinese Seas.

S, miniatum.—A pretty, distinct, small-growing Orchid
from Java. It is not so showy as some of the other species
named, but it is well deserving attention on account of its
distinct colour. It produces its short spikes of vermilion-
coloured flowers in March and April, lasting threé weeks in
beauty. This will do well on a block of wood without moss.

S. premorsum.—A lovely species from Malabar. The leaves
are stout and fleshy, broad, with very preemorse end, and dark
green; spike long and dense; flowers white, thinly spotted
with lilac. It blooms in May and June: lasts three weeks in
perfection. A slow-growing kind, which makes a fine exhi-
bition plant. There has been a variety imported which is
more free in growth, produces much finer spikes, and is alto-
gether superior to the form first introduced.

S. retusum.—A fine handsome free-growing species, more

SCHOMBURGREIA, 261

robust in habit than most others. It blooms in May and
June, producing in great abundance long spikes of flowers,
which are waxy white, beautifully spotted with pink. These
continue in perfection three or four weeks. It is a useful
plant, and one which comes into bloom rather earlier than
any of the other kinds. Native of Java.

S. violaceum.—This magnificent species is a native of
Manilla, where it luxuriates on the stems and branches of
trees, The leaves are a foot or more long, two inches in
breadth, and rich deep green, somewhat striated with lines of
a deeper colour, and from the leaf-axils it produces. spikes of
bloom, twelve to fifteen inches in length ; the flowers are very
numerous, the sepals and petals pure white, spotted with
mauve, the lip dark mauve, marked with deeper coloured
lines. It generally blooms in January and February, and
lasts four or five weeks in perfection if kept from the damp.
The plant succeeds in a pot well drained and surfaced with
a little growing sphagnum moss.

ScHOMBURGEIA.

Of this genus only a few are worth cultivating where space
ig at all limited, though the blossoms of many are individually
very attractive ; the fact is, they are too shy in flowering, and
they, as a rule, produce long spikes with but very few blossoms
on them. In growth they resemble Cattleyas or Lalias, except
that they are less compact. The pseudobulbs are erect,
twelve inches or more in length, with generally from one to
three leaves on the top; and their flower spikes proceed from
the top of the bulbs, and are from three to five feet long.
They succeed on blocks or in baskets suspended from the
roof, in moss or peat mixed together, in the Cattleya house,
or they may be grown in pots equally well if that system
is preferred. A liberal supply of water is necessary during

262 ORCHID-GROWER'S MANUAL.

the growing season; but after they have completed their
growth, it should be withheld until they begin to show flower.
Propagation is effected by dividing the bulbs. The following
are the best and most showy species I have seen :—

S. crispa.—aA pretty species from Brazil, with pseudobulbs
a foot high, and spikes from three to five feet long, on the
apex of which are situated its yellow and brown flowers. This
does best in a pot or basket, and will grow to a considerable
size; it blooms during winter, and will last three weeks in
perfection if the flowers are kept dry.

S. Lyonstii—A handsome kind, the pseudobulbs of which
grow about a foot high, from the top of which its flower
spikes are produced, and which grow three or four feet long ;
the flowers are white, spotted with purple and yellow. It will
succeed either on a block or in a basket suspended from the
roof, and lasts in bloom three weeks. Native of Jamaica.

8. tibicina——A species from Honduras, and the best I
have seen of the genus. The pseudobulbs are hollow and large
when well grown, indeed it will not flower until the bulbs are
strong. The blooms are produced on spikes five feet or more
in length, many together; each flower measures more than
two inches across; sepals and petals pink, spotted with rich
chocolate ; lip white, with rose colour on the side. Its usual
time of blooming is May and June, and it will keep flowering
for six weeks. I have found this plant grow best on a block,
with plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season.

ScuticaRia.

A small genus of curious plants, producing very handsome
flowers, and long evergreen terete leaves. The flower spike
proceeds from the base of the pseudobulb, and is about two
inches high. They are best grown in the East Indian house,
either on blocks or in baskets with moss, a liberal supply

SOBRALIA, 268

of water being necessary at the roots in the growing season.
They are propagated by dividing the plants just as they begin
to grow.

S. Dodgsoni—This is a very distinct and handsome
species. The leaves are terete, some twelve or fifteen inches
long, and dark green ; flower spike short, bearing two flowers ;
sepals and petals light brown inside, darker at the base, and
blotched with light yellow; lip white, beautifully streaked
with light rose and yellow. It is said to have been introduced
from Demerara.

S. Hadwenit.—A pretty Orchid, with foliage a foot long.
This plant is very much like S. Steelii; the only difference
between the two is, that the flowers of 8. Hadwenit are more
erect, and the scape is an inch or two higher. The colour of
the flowers is nearly alike. A rare plant. Native of Brazil.

S. Steelii—A handsome plant, from Guiana. The leaves
are terete, pendulous, and dark green, some three or four
feet long, and taper to a fine point; flowers yellow, spotted
with crimson. It produces its blossoms at different times of
the year, lasting a long time in perfection. Of this plant I
saw three varieties growing in the collection of the late
T. Brocklehurst, Esq., under the care of M. Pass.

SoBRALia.

This genus contains some very handsome species and
varieties. They are all strong, free-growing terrestrial plants,
with long slender reed-like stems, bearing dark green plaited
leaves, from the summit of which the flowers issue ; as many as
six or more are produced from a single stem, but, except in
very few instances, one at a time only is developed. The blooms
in most of the species are large and brilliantly-coloured ; and,
although individually they last but a short time, this is amply
compensated for by the quick succession of new flowers—as

264 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

soon as one decays another appears. They will grow either

in the East Indian or Mexican house, and thrive best in pots -
of a large size, amongst rough fibrous peat, which suits them

best, and about three inches of drainage ; plenty of water at the

roots in the growing season is essential to their well-being,

afterwards much less will suffice. When these plants get too

large, they should be turned out of the pot, and divided into

several pieces, which will soon grow and make flowering

plants. The following are amongst the best of this genus,

which is far too much neglected by plant growers :—

S. Liliastrum.—A distinct species from Guiana. The
flowers are white, and are produced in July and August;
they, however, last but a short time in beauty. There are
two varieties of this, one much better than the other.

S. macrantha,—A remarkably handsome Orchid from
Guatemala; the finest of the genus. The flowers are
large, six inches across, of a beautiful rich purple and
crimson. It blooms during the summer months, and each
flower lasts three days in perfection. This makes a fine
plant for exhibition.

S. macrantha splendens.—A charming variety from Guate-
mala; flowering from June to August. It has darker flowers
than those of S. macrantha, but they are not so large. There
is a variety called ‘‘ Woolley’s,” which is very dwarf in habit,
and produces fine large flowers. J. Day, Esq., has some fine
plants of this variety, which is very rare.

S. Ruckeri.—A very fine species from New Grenada. It
grows two or more feet in height; the flowers are very large,
the sepals and petals dark mauve, the lip, which is very open,
crimson, with a white centre. The plant produces four flowers
on a spike, open at the same time, and thus makes a grand

‘display ; and unlike many of the others it remains in bloom a
considerable time. It is at present a very rare species, but

SOPHRONITIS. 265

T hope we may get some of it imported, so that it may be in
every, collection.

SoPHRONITIS.

A small genus of Orchids containing several very beautiful
species ; most of the known kinds are worth cultivating, on
account of their not taking up much room. They are small-
growing plants, and thrive best on blocks of wood, or in small
baskets, with a moderate supply of heat and moisture all the
year. They are evergreen, producing their flowers from the
top of the pseudobulbs, and are propagated by dividing the
plants just as they begin to grow.

8. cernua.—A close-growing and small-flowering species,
with small bunches of red flowers. It blooms during the
winter, lasting long in beauty. Native of Brazil, about Rio.

8. coccinea.—An exceedingly beautiful kind, which should
be either grown on a block with a little moss attached, or in a
small basket with moss and a little peat, and suspended from
the roof. The pseudobulbs are short, each bearing a single
oblong leaf, about three inches in length, and dark green in
colour; the flowers are upwards of three inches in diameter,
of stout substance; sepals and petals brilliant scarlet; lip
yellow, with vermilion bars. It blooms during the winter
months. Native of Brazil.

S. grandiflora.—aA truly handsome species from the Organ
mountains. The flowers are large, and of a beautiful bright
scarlet colour, lasting six weeks or more in perfection. It
blooms in November and December. This plant ought to be
in every collection. Of this species there are two varieties ;
one produces short obtuse leaves, with exceedingly brilliant
coloured flowers ; the other has longer leaves and bulbs.

8. violacea.—A pretty distinct species, from the same
country as the former. The pseudobulbs are small and
bear a single narrow dark green leaf. It produces its violet

N

266 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

coloured flowers in abundance during the winter months, and
lasts long in beauty.
STANHOPEA.

A most beautiful genus of epiphytes, most of which have
somewhat ovate furrowed pseudobulbs, which bear a large
dark green plaited leaf, some twelve inches or more long, and
six or more inches broad. The scape proceeds from the base
of the pseudobulbs, taking a downward direction. Flowers
large, curiously formed, thick and waxy in texture, in most
of the kinds highly coloured, and emitting a very strong per-
fume ; but unfortunately they remain but a few days in perfec-
tion, which has probably led so many growers of this order
to relinquish their culture. This is much to be regretted,
for, as they are free-flowering plants, a succession of blooms
renders them gay fora long time. Stanhopeas are of easy
culture, and are best grown in baskets, with sphagnum moss,
and suspended from the roof; they require a liberal supply
of water in the growing season, and plenty of shade. The
baskets should be made shallow, and open at the bottom and
sides, so that the flowers may easily find their way through.
After their growth is completed they are the better for a good
period of rest, during which they should be kept nearly dry
at the roots. They will grow well in either the East Indian
or Brazilian house. I shall only mention a few of the best
sorts in these pages, though there are many others well
deserving a place in an Orchid collection, especially where
room is not an object. These plants are subject to the red
spider and the thrips, to prevent the attacks of which the
leaves should be well syringed during hot weather.

S. aurea.—Pseudobulbs and leaves dark green, and together
about eighteen inches high. The colour of the flowers is
yellow. It blooms during the summer and autumn months.
Native of Guatemala.

STANHOPEA. 267

S. Bucephalus.—This fine plant is certainly one of the
richest coloured in the whole family. Its flowers, which
are of a bright orange, with large blood-red blotches, “are
usually produced about the month of August; and, like
most of this family, it emits a powerful odour. Native of
Ecuador.

S. Devoniensis—This species grows between twelve and
eighteen inches high, with somewhat lighter green leaves
than many of the kinds. The flowers are orange, spotted
with red. They are produced during July and August.
Native of Mexico.

S. grandiflora—aA distinct species, which grows about a
foot high. The flowers are white and very large. It blooms
at different times of the year, and lasts about three days in
perfection. Native of Trinidad.

S. insignis.—Sepals and petals pale yellow, spotted with
red ; the lip nearly white, spotted with purple. It produces
its flowers in August and September. Native of Trinidad.

8. Martiana.—The sepals and petals are straw-coloured,
spotted with red; the labellum white. It blooms during the
autumn. Native of Mexico.

S. oculata.—A free-flowering species. The colour of the
flowers is pale yellow, spotted with purple. It blooms from
July to November. Native of Brazil.

S. tigrina.—The handsomest of the genus. The pseudo-
bulbs of this fine species are dark green, and support a large
and broad deep green plaited leaf; the blossoms are very
large, pale yellow, barred and blotched with deep chocolate.
It blooms in July, August, and September. Native of
Mexico.

8. tigrina lutescens.—This is also a fine variety from
Guatemala; the flowers are brilliant yellow, inclining to
orange, and barred with deep chocolate, Blooms at the same

wn 2

268 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

time as S. tigrina. It makes a fine plant for exhibition, on
account of its large showy flowers.

S. Wardii.—A handsome plant, and one which produces a
great quantity of flowers on a spike ; the sepals and petals are
golden orange and yellow, and rich dark purple at the base of
the lip. Native of Guatemala.

THUNIA.

A small genus of Asiatic Orchids, which are mostly in-
cluded with Phajus, from which genus they are, however,
readily distinguished by their growth, and by several other
differences of a botanical character. They are characterised
by their terete stems, which grow in fascicles, by their deci-
duous leaves, and by their terminal clusters of flowers. The
plants belonging to this genus should be grown in the East
Indian house, and treated liberally to water; they will grow
upon blocks, but pot culture is best. In potting Thunias, the
drainage provided should be perfect, and the material should
be rough peat and sphagnum in about equal parts. After the
flowers are past and the leaves fallen, only just sufficient
water should be given to keep them from shrivelling, and they
should be removed to a lower temperature. Thunias may be
propagated by division, and also by cutting up the old pseudo-
bulbs iuto pieces about six inches long, and inserted in a pot in
the same manner as ordinary cuttings. This latter operation
should be effected just when the young growths are complete.

T. alba.—The stems of this plant are round, and usually
about two feet high, clothed with leaves from the base
upwards ; leaves clasping the stem at the base, some six or
eight inches long and glaucous; these fall during the resting
season, leaving the slender terete stems naked. The flowers
are produced on a short terminal raceme just as growth is
finished; the sepals and petals are pure white; lip white,

TRICHOCENTRUM. 269

beautifully pencilled along the centre with purple and lilac.
The plant now under consideration should be potted in good
fibrous peat and sphagnum, and during the growing season
be kept in the East Indian house; but after the flowers are
faded, water must be gradually diminished until it is entirely
withheld, when the cool-house will suit it best ; care must,
however, be taken to prevent its shrivelling. It blooms during
July and August. Native of Northern India, and also of
Burmah.

T. Bensonie.—A beautiful species of more recent intro-
duction than the preceding, which it much resembles in
general appearance, but produces much finer and different
coloured flowers. The stems are erect, round, and from one
to two feet in height. The leaves are distichous, from six to
ten inches long, green above, but slightly glaucous beneath.
The flowers are large, measuring some two or three inches
across, and produced from the top of the stem on a short
raceme like those of 7’. alba, just when growth is finished ;
sepals and petals about the same size, spreading, open,
bright reddish-purple in colour, becoming white towards the
base ; lip large, open, rich purple in front, with a white base,
the crest being bright yellow. Native of the mountains of
Moulmein.

T. nivalis.—This plant resembles 7. alba more than the pre-
ceding ; its erect terete stems, which seldom exceed eighteen
inches in length, are furnished with glaucous distichous
leaves, which are about six inches in length, and fall off
during the resting season. The flowers are produced on a
short raceme from the apex of the growth, each cluster
containing some five or six pure white blooms. Native of

Sylhet.
TRICHOCENTRUM.

This is a small genus of dwarf stemless plants, the flowers

270 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

of most of the known species of which are very small, and
interesting only in a botanical point of view. There are,
however, some few exceptions to this rule, of which the species
here quoted are examples. They should be grown on a block,
or in a small basket, and treated to a moderately cool tem-
perature ; care must, however, be taken that no stagnant water
remains about the roots.

T. albo-purpureum.—aA very desirable plant, with some-
what broad dark green leaves. Flowers large and freely pro-
duced ; sepals and petals cinnamon-brown ; lip large, white,
with a pair of purple spots near the base. It should be grown
at the cool end of the Cattleya house. It would appear to be
a native of New Grenada.

T. tigrinum.—This is said to be a splendid species, very
much resembling the preceding in foliage and habit of growth.
The flowers are described as resembling those of Cattleya
Aclandi@ in size, and in the markings of the sepals and
petals; lip very large, white in front, and orange towards
the base. It is an extremely rare plant.

TRICHOPILIA.

This genus contains some very handsome and distinct
plants; their flowers are curious in form, and are produced
from the base of the pseudobulbs. They are dwarf evergreen
plants, and are best grown in pots, with peat and good drain-
age, and should be well elevated above the rim of the pot on
account of their drooping flowers, which proceed from the
base of the bulbs. Too much water at the roots at any time
is highly injurious to them. They will do best in the Mexican
house, and are propagated by dividing the plant.

T. candida.—A very pretty kind, producing pseudobulbs
several inches long, bearing light green leaves. The flowers
are freely produced, usually three on each spike; sepals

TRICHOPILIA. 271

and petals white; lip white stained with yellow in the
throat.

T’. coccinea.—A very pretty and distinct species from Central
America. The sepals and petals are long and twisted, yellow
and reddish-brown in colour, and the lip is deep crimson,
with a narrow edge of white. It produces its blossoms in
May and June, lasting three weeks in beauty. Of this plant
there are many varieties.

T. crispa.—A charming species, and very rare, resembling
T. coccinea in its growth, but the pseudobulbs are larger and
the whole plant is more robust. It requires to be grown in a
pot, and should be elevated three inches above the rim, in order
to show off the flowers, which are drooping, to the greatest
advantage. The drooping spike is produced from the base
of the bulbs, and bears two and three large flowers on each ;
sepals and petals light crimson, faintly edged with white ;
lip large and slightly deeper in colour than the sepals. It
blooms during April, May, and June, and lasts about two
weeks in perfection. R. Warner, Esq., of Broomfield, exhi-
bited a fine specimen of this plant, with upwards of a hundred
flowers, at the St. Petersburgh International Exhibition in
1869. This plant has the peculiarity of producing two crops
of flowers from the same bulbs every year. Native of Central
America.

T. crispa marginata.—A decided acquisition to a very
pretty genus, all of which are dwarf, compact in habit, and
abundant bloomers. This is a much finer plant than 7’. crispa,
and will prove very useful for exhibition purposes, as it flowers
in June and July. The plant grows some twelve inches high;
pseudobulbs ovate; leaves lanceolate, slightly pendulous and
dark green. The spikes are produced from the base of the
bulbs, bearing two and three blooms each, which are large
and very showy; the sepals and petals are of a light crimson

272 | ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

red, with a white margin; the lip is of a beautiful deep crim-
son, two inches across, and narrowly edged with white. This
is, without doubt, the finest of all the Trichopilias. I have
only seen this in Mr. Warner’s collection, and it is nicely
figured in his ‘“ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” Native of Cen-
tral America.

T. Galeottiana,—The pseudobulbs of this plant are broad,
and light green, whilst the leaves are quite dark ; the flowers
are very freely produced; sepals and petals white ; lip light
pink, margined with white, and suffused with yellow. It re-
quires cool treatment, and should be potted in peat and
sphagnum. Native of Mexico.

T. picta.—A beautiful species, with pseudobulbs about two
inches long, bearing a single dark green leaf some six inches
high. A very distinct kind, the flowers of which are of a
pale yellow, and spotted with brown. In bloom in August
and September, and continues two weeks in good condition.
Native of Chiapas.

T. suavis,—A magnificent plant, the pseudobulbs and leaves
of which very much resemble those of Odontoglossum grande ;
the bulbs are, however, flatter and sharper at the edges,
The flowers are white, spotted with pink, and as many as
three are produced on a spike. It blooms in March or April,
lasting about two weeks in perfection, and is best grown at
the coolest end of the house. Native of South America.

T. suavis grandiflora—aA lovely variety of this really
handsome Orchid; the pseudobulbs and leaves are very
large ; the flowers are also more highly coloured, and expand
very much better; the sepals and petals are white, and the
lip, which is upwards of three inches in diameter, is white,
with large rich crimson spots, the upper part deep orange.

T. tortilis—A pretty species from Mexico; pseudobulbs
and leaves about six inches long, and dark green. The sepals

UROPEDIUM. 278

and petals are brown and pale yellow, twisted like a cork-
screw; the lip white, spotted with red. It produces its
flowers freely at different times of the year, and lasts two or
three weeks in beauty. There are two varieties of this plant,
one with much brighter coloured flowers.

T. Turneri.—A distinct plant, and one well deserving a
place in every collection; pseudobulbs light green, bearing a
single dark green leaf; flower spike eight inches long, each
bulb producing two, which together bear six flowers; sepals
and petals white; lip white, suffused with yellow. It should
be grown in the cool-house.

UropepDium, °

This genus contains but one species, as far as I am aware ;
it would appear to be nearly related to Cypripedium, from
which it differs, however, in being destitute of a pouched
lip. ;

U. Lindeni.—A singular and compact-growing plant, with
pale green foliage about ten inches in length. In growth
it resembles Cypripedium caudatum, and throws up its flower
spikes from the centre of the leaves. The blossoms, which are
produced two or more together, are large and singular in
shape; sepals broad, with waved edges, greenish yellow,
striped with dark green; petals and lip reddish brown, the
points lengthened out into long tail-like appendages, which
frequently attain as much as two feet in length. Though not
very showy, this plant is well worth growing on account of
its peculiarly-shaped blossoms; and it is by no means a
difficult plant to cultivate, if it gets the treatment it requires.
L have found it to do best in a pot in a mixture of loam,
peat, and sand, with good drainage; place the plant just
below the rim of the pot, and water liberally at the roots
during the growing season, which is nearly all the year. It

n 3

274 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

requires but little rest; for having no fleshy bulbs to support
it, a certain degree of moisture is necessary at the roots, even
when it is comparatively at rest. After growth is completed
it will begin to show flower, and then care should be taken
that it does not get dry at the root, for it requires a good
quantity of nourishment to bring its flowers to perfection.
I have seen this plant shrivelled when the blossoms have
been showing, and from this cause they have been nearly
spoiled -and the plant injured. If this plant is allowed to
get into an unhealthy state it is a long time before it recovers ;
it blooms during the summer months, and lasts some time in
beauty. Propagation is effected by dividing the plant when
done growing, or just as it begins to push. The finest plant
I ever saw of this was grown by Mr. Mitchell, gardener to
R. F. Ainsworth, M.D., of Manchester, in whose fine collec-
tion it has frequently flowered.

VanpDa.

This genus contains several lovely species with magnifi-
cently-coloured flowers, some of which are very large.
Indeed, there are not many Orchidaceous plants that surpass
Vandas in the beauty of flowers. Their habit of growth is
the same as that of Aerides and Saccolabium. Their foliage is
evergreen, but the leaves of most of the species are longer
and more graceful. The spikes are erect and produced from
the axils of the leaves, whilst the majority bear large waxy
flowers. They require treatment similar to that of Aerides,
and become infested with the same sort of insects. Propa-
gation is effected by taking off the young growths which
spring from near the base of the stem, or by cutting the stem
as directed in the case of Aerides.

V, Batemanii.—A noble, upright-growing stately plant, the
leaves of which are thick and very stiff, and of a pale green

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VANDA CATHCARTIH,
Northern India.

VANDA, 275

colour. The spike is long and erect, bearing many large
flowers; sepals and petals thick and fleshy, yellow spotted
with crimson in front, rosy crimson at the back ; lip crimson.
It blooms in July, August, and September, and continues
blooming for three months. Native of the Philippine Islands.

V. Bensoni.—A very nice addition to this beautiful genus,
belonging to the V. Roxburghii section. A free-growing plant,
producing spikes eighteen inches long, with flowers two inches
in diameter, white on the outside, and greenish yellow, dotted
with reddish brown on the inside ; lip white and violet colour.
It flowered for the first time with the Messrs. Veitch, in the
summer of 1866. Native of Rangoon.

V. Cathcartii—This exceedingly rare plant somewhat
resembles Renanthera coccinea in general appearance. The
leaves are short, broad, and bluntly bilobed, arranged in a
distichous manner, and pale green in colour. The spike is
drooping, bearing four or five large fleshy flowers ; sepals and
petals chocolate-brown, striped with numerous transverse
bands of yellow on the inside; lip large, the centre lobe
cordate, having a soft yellow thickened margin. This species
has now become established in our collections, and has
flowered the last two years in the collection of C. Stead,
Esq., Baildon, near Leeds. Native of Northern India.

V. cerulea.—This remarkably handsome plant produces
upright spikes, each bearing nine or ten flowers, or more; the
flowers are five inches across, are produced during the autumn
months, and last six weeks in perfection. It does not require
go much heat as the other kinds. I saw this plant in very
robust health with Mr. Denning, gardener to Lord Londes-
borough: a plant upwards of two feet high, with foliage to
the base, every leaf perfect, and bearing strong spikes,
each supporting eighteen large flowers. Native of Northern

India.

276 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

V. cerulescens.—This elegant little species is of recent
introduction, and extremely rare. The leaves are narrow and
strap-shaped, bilobed at the ends, and dark green. The
spikes are erect, bearing from ten to twenty flowers; sepals
and petals pale blue outside, lilac within ; lip small, dark blue
at the sides and on the disk, but paler in front. It blooms
during spring and early summer. Native of Burmah.

V. cristataa—A charming Orchid from Northern India ;
sepals and petals greenish white, the lip large and crested,
spotted and striped with dark brownish black. It produces its
flowers from March to July, and lasts in bloom for six weeks
or two months.

V. Denisoniana.—tIn habit of growth this plant much
resembles V’. Bensoni, yet the leaves are broader and
somewhat longer; they are strap-shaped, unequally bilobed
at the apex, and dark-green. The flowers are medium-sized,
thick, and fleshy; sepals and petals white, tinged with green ;
lip white, and furnished with a short spur. This is the first
white Vanda which has yet been discovered, and is named in
honour of Lord Londesborough, an enthusiastic admirer of
this order. Native of Burmah.

V. gigantea.—A fine massive plant, with noble dark green
foliage, three inches broad, and of graceful habit. The
flowers of this plant have not given general satisfaction to
Orchid growers, but I think, as it acquires size and strength,
it will prove a much finer species than many imagine. The
large plant in my collection produced, last season, two long
spikes, each bearing twelve flowers of large size and good
substance, the colour yellow, with brown blotches and crimson
spots. Mr. Wilson, gardener to W. Marshall, Esq., of Enfield,
informs me that the plant in Mr. Marshall's collection has
produced seventeen flowers on one spike. It continues a long
time in full perfection, if the flowers are kept dry. This is

VANDA DENISONIANA,
Burmah,

VANDA. 277

the most majestic and massive plant of the whole tribe.
Native of Burmah.

V. Hookeri.—This distinct-growing species is in habit
like a small form of V. teres. It has resisted many attempts
to be introduced in a living state; but we have now got it
fairly established, though it has not yet been bloomed in this
country, so far as I am aware.

V. insignis.—This very beautiful and extremely rare plant
has long been an inmate of our gardens by name, but that
name has been given in mistake to a variety of V. tricolor, as
the recent introduction of the true plant has proved. The
flowers of this species are as large as those of V’. tricolor ;
sepals and petals chocolate brown, spotted with deep blood-
red, yellowish white on the outside ; lip large, spoon-shaped,
its side lobes white, the centre rich purple. It is exceedingly
handsome, producing its blooms in May and June. Native
of the Malay Islands.

V. Roxburghii.—A good old species from India, with white
and purple flowers, which appear during the summer, and last
five or six weeks in beauty. There are two varieties of this
plant, one being much handsomer and having a darker
coloured lip than the other.

V. suavis—A truly magnificent Orchid from Java, of
strong-growing habit, and very free in flowering. It pro-
duces branching spikes of flowers, each being large, of a
creamy white, spotted with crimson, and blooms at different
times of the year, lasting a long time in perfection. This
makes one of the finest of all plants for exhibition. One of
the finest and most distinct varieties of it was exhibited at the
Manchester Exhibition in 1869, by G. Gottschalcke, Esq. ;
it was remarkable for its broad leaves and stout stem, the
flowers being very large, the sepals and petals profusely spotted,
and the lip tipped with white.

278 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

VY. teres.—A handsome, curious-growing, and distinct
Orchid. The stem as well as the foliage is terete or
cylindrical, and dark green. Its large red and yellow-tipped
flowers are produced from June to August, and last four or
five weeks in beauty. It is rather a shy-flowering species,
and is best kept rather dry during the winter, so as to pre-
dispose it to bloom. It thrives best on a block of wood, the
block being plunged into a pot. Native of Sylhet.

V. teres Andersoni.—A very fine variety of this handsome
and distinct species. It has the same habit of growth as the
preceding, but is far more free in blooming, producing flowers
when quite young. The spikes are ten inches in length, and
bear from five to six flowers, which are richer and deeper in
colour. Native of Sylhet.

V. tricolor.—A charming free-growing species from Java ;
it grows in the same way as Vv. suavis; the sepals and
petals are pale yellow, spotted with crimson; lip purple,
striped with white. It blooms at different times of the year,
and lasts long in perfection. There are two or three varieties
of this plant, some much inferior to others. It makes a
superb plant for exhibition purposes, as do all the varieties.

V. tricolor Dodgsont.—A superb variety, named in honour
of a most enthusiastic cultivator of these plants, with whom
it originated. The flowers are large, and borne in great
numbers upon the spikes; sepals and petals light amber-
colour, streaked and blotched with reddish brown and
margined with violet; lip large, rich purplish violet, with a
few white blotches near the base. It is very highly-scented.
Native of the Indian Islands.

V. tricolor insignis.—This plant must now take its place as
a variety of V. tricolor, since we have the true V’. insignis at
last in our gardens; it will not, however, be any the less
welcome to Orchid growers though it be but a variety of

VANILLA. 279

V. tricolor, for it makes a handsome specimen; sepals and
petals light yellow, spotted with crimson; lip pale lilac.
It blooms at different times of the year, but generally in
spring and autumn, and continues in bloom for six weeks.
Native of Java.

V. tricolor superba. —A charming Orchid from Java, and a
fine variety of the preceding, often called Rollisson’s V. suavis,
Of this there are many varieties, the best of which is nearly
equal to V. suavis (Veitch’s). :

V. tricolor Russelliana.—This beautiful variety is very
distinct both in habit of plant and flower. It has a peculiar
and gracefully pendulous style of growth, and is, at the same
time, very robust. The spikes are long, and the flowers very
bright in colour. It bloomed with Mr. Sorley, gardener to
J. Russell, Esq., of Falkirk, and is an extremely fine variety.

VANILLA.

This genus contains a few species only. They are all climb-
ing plants, with dark green terete stems, and oblong fleshy
leaves, while the flowers of most of the known species are
dull-coloured and uninteresting. Vanilla is, perhaps, the only
genus of Orchidaceous plants which is of commercial value.
The fruits of various species of this family produce the Vanilla
so extensively used for flavouring chocolate, liqueurs, ices, &c.,
and which is considered one of the finest of aromatic per-
fumes. These plants require strong heat during their grow-
ing season, and should be potted in peat and sphagnum moss,
and have either some rough logs of wood to grow upon, or
should be trained upon a wall.

V. Phalenopsis.—This is an exceedingly interesting plant,
and one which is quite an exception to the rest of the known
species, as it produces very showy flowers. These flowers are
large and produced in bunches; sepals and petals white,

280 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

tinged with rose; lip large, pale rose outside, rich orange
within. At present it is an exceedingly rare plant, but
one which is well deserving of the attention of Orchid growers.
Native of Madagascar.

WarrREA.

W. cyanea.—A very pretty and distinct Orchid from
Columbia. It is an upright-growing plant with evergreen
foliage, and requires to be grown in a pot, with peat and
good drainage, in the East Indian house. The colour of the
flowers is white and purple. It blooms in June, lasting a
long time in beauty. A rare species.

W. tricolor.—A very distinct species from Brazil. The
flowers are produced on an upright spike, two feet high, in
June and July; sepals and petals white; the lip white, with
yellow and purple in the centre; the blossoms last a long
time in perfection. It requires the same treatment as the
former one. There are several other species, but I have not
seen them bloom.

ZYGOPETALUM.

This genus comprises many handsome plants with evergreen
foliage, which generally bloom during the winter months, a
circumstance which makes them very valuable. Most of the
species are rather large-growing plants, of easy culture; the
Cattleya house is the best place to grow them in, and they
should be in pots, with peat and good drainage, and plenty
of water at the roots. They are propagated by dividing the
plants.

Z. aromaticum.—A rare and little-known plant, which I
have only seen in the rich collection of J. Day, Esq., under
the care of Mr. Stone. It does not, however, appear to be
a very strong-growing species. The flowers are large, three
or four inches in diameter ; the sepals and petals of a light

ZYGOPETALUM. 281

soft green ; the lip large, somewhat cordate, the margin white
and crenate, while the centre is of a rich deep blue. It
emits a very strong but agreeable perfume ; and succeeds in
a pot with peat and sphagnum moss. Native of Central
America,

Z. brachypetalum.—A Brazilian species, and one of the
handsomest of the genus, having brownish sepals and petals,
a little marbled with green, and a deep blush violet lip,
veined with white. It blooms in December, lasting long in
perfection.

Z. crinitum ceruleum.—A bandsome variety from Brazil.
It produces upright spikes, sometimes two from the same
pseudobulb, and bears during the winter beautifully variegated
flowers, which last a long time in perfection. The sepals
and petals are green, barred with brown; the lip is white or
cream-coloured, streaked with bright blue.

Z. Gautieri.—An elegant but somewhat rare plant. The
pseudobulbs are much furrowed, and bear large dark-green
plaited leaves. The flowers are large; sepals and petals
green, blotched with brown; lip white, with a purple stain
towards the base. Native of Brazil.

Z. gramineum.—This is a dwarf-growing species, attaining
the height of ten inches; leaves narrow and light green in
colour; flowers white and purple, two to three on a spike,
which is about six inches high, and produced from the base
of the pseudobulbs in the autrmn months. This very dis-
tinct and beautiful plant I have only seen in the fine collection
of Lord Egerton, Tatton Park, under the care of Mr. Cliff,
who finds it succeed best potted in sphagnum and peat, and
kept in the East Indian house.

Z. intermedium—A free-growing, useful old plant, easily
grown, and a profuse bloomer; its flowers begin to open
during autumn, and continue in full perfection for five or six

282 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

weeks ; sepals and petals green, tinged with brown ; lip large
and flat, blue, streaked with deep purple. Native of Brazil.

Z. Mackuyi.—A very handsome plant, producing long
spikes of large flowers during the winter months. The colour
of the flowers is greenish yellow, spotted with brown and lilac.
There are several varieties of this plant, some much finer than
others. It lasts in perfection a long time.

Z. Mackayt intermedium.—A very fine and distinct plant
having the leaves longer than in Z. Mackayi ; it flowers at the
same time, but the blossoms are of a paler colour, with a fine
large lip; it is well worthy of cultivation. Native of Brazil.

Z. maxillare.—A free-flowering pretty species from Brazil,
producing its drooping spikes at different times of the year,
and keeping in beauty a long time. I have bloomed this
species with seventy flowers on a plant at one time; sepals
and petals greenish, stained with chocolate near the base ; the
lip a rich blue.

Z. rostratum.—A showy compact free-flowering plant, which
blooms three times a year, and lasts six weeks in perfection.
It requires more heat and moisture than any of the other
species. This makes a fine exhibition plant when well grown ;
I have shown it with twenty or more flowers, and grown like
this it is a beautiful object ; sepals and petals yellowish green ;
lip two inches across, white, striped with pink. Native of
Demerara.

ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE, COLD FRAME,
OR PIT.

HIS subject was first introduced to these pages in
the third edition, and I am glad to find the
remarks then made have induced many to turn
their attention to these beautiful plants, for there are many

ORCHIDS FOR THE GREENHOUSE, COLD FRAME, OR PIT. 288

Orchids which yield most exquisite flowers, that will thrive
entirely without artificial heat. Orchid growers too often
set on one side all those which do not succeed under
artificial heat. My object in introducing the subject is to
bring into notice some of those beautiful terrestrial plants
from the Cape of Good Hope, North America, the South
of Europe, and Australia, which at present are only seen at
rare intervals, but which when seen are always admired. It
also opens a field for many not possessing the advantages of
an Fast Indian and Mexican Orchid house, or, indeed, any
plant house, to commence the study of this beautiful class.
The terrestrial species, from the Cape and other places, which
do not, as a rule, produce large flowers, are yet most
exquisitely coloured, and most fantastic in shape. We have,
however, some fine things to introduce from the Cape yet.
Mr. Plant, in one of his journeys in South Africa, in describing
some of the rarities he met with, says :—‘‘ The Terrestrial
Orchids are numerous and very beautiful, In my opinion,
there are many here but little inferior to the most showy of
the epiphytous kinds. Fancy a plant with the general
characters of an Ophrys, producing a spike of bloom as large
and as thickly set as those of Saccolabium guttatum, often,
indeed, measuring two feet in length, of a bright salmon
colour, intermixed with as bright a yellow. Another with
plaited foliage, and a nodding head of some twenty bright
yellow blossoms, having a deep stain of crimson on the
cucullate lip, in the manner and of the size of a Dendrobium.
Again, another with fleshy leaves and an erect stem of about
two feet, supporting from fifteen to thirty large yellow flowers,
the lip lined and blotched with pale purple, bearing the aspect
of some robust Epidendrum.”’ Many of these fine things
would no doubt ere now have enriched our gardens, had
Mr. Plant been spared to return alive. What can be more

284 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

gorgeous than the Disa grandiflora? There are numerous
members of this family at the Cape, and though they are not
so large in the flower as the species just named, yet they are
exquisitely beautiful. Again, the elegance of the North
American Cypripediums is not surpassed by those which
inhabit the tropics. Now all these can be cultivated in a
cool greenhouse or frame, either planted out or in pots.
Indeed, many of the terrestrial kinds will succeed well in
the open air if a little care is bestowed upon the selection and
preparation of the situation. The number of species I have
here enumerated is not extensive; but there is no reason
to prevent us, in the course of a few years, from largely
increasing them, if the plant-loving ladies and gentlemen, as
well as gardeners, will encourage the growth of these beautiful
plants; and any one having friends at the Cape, North
America, or Australia, should strongly press upon them to
send home the tubers of any Orchids they may find. By this
means we should have a great many new additions to our
collections.

The Orchids described in the following pages are all
terrestrial species, and must not be elevated above the rim of
the pot, as is the custom with the epiphytal ones, but there
must be a space of an inch or more from the rim to the soil,
to allow of a sufficient quantity of water being given at one
time. The soil best adapted for their growth is a mixture of
good fibrous loam, turfy peat, and silver sand, adding more or
less of each, according to the peculiar habitat of the particular
plant to be potted. They must all have good drainage, and
the addition of lumps of sandstone to the soil will have a
beneficial effect, serving to keep the soil open, and the roots
cool and moist. They are mostly all propagated by division
of the roots, just as the fresh growth commences; and though
they all require a season of rest, they must never be allowed

OYPRIPEDIUM. 285

to become dry at the roots, nor must the temperature be
allowed to be lower in winter than from 35° to 40°; not but
some of the kinds will withstand some few degrees of frost,
but I believe they will all thrive far better if not subjected to
such extremes. In the growing season, abundance of water
should be poured round and about them, to keep a moist and
cool atmosphere, in which they delight.

CyYpRIPEDIUM.

C. acaule—A pretty stemless species. The leaves are
produced in pairs, oblong, slightly hairy, and light green ; the
large and beautiful flowers are borne singly upon short stems
from the centre of the plant, and are in colour rose and
purple; it flowers in May, and retains its beauty for a
considerable time. Native of North America.

C. Calceolus.—This, though a British species, is so rare
and beautiful, that it well deserves a place in any and every
collection ; it grows about a foot high. The leaves are smooth
and dark green; the flowers yellow and brown. Native of
Europe.

C. candidum.—An elegant little species which at present
is rather rare in cultivation. Leaves somewhat lanceolate-
acuminate in shape, and dark green. The flowers are pro-
duced singly, and are of moderate size ; sepals and petals green
with brown streaks, the latter slightly twisted; lip some-
what oblong, white spotted with brownish purple. It is a very
desirable plant. Native of N. America and Canada.

C. guttatum.—A perfect little gem, making a stem about
three inches high, with two broad leaves and a single flower,
which is large and most beautifully marked with rich purple
and white. It is found in boggy swampy places in Canada

and Siberia.
C. macranthum.—One of the finest and most distinct of the

286 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

terrestrial species of this genus; it grows about ten inches
high, and produces its charming large purple flowers early
in June. Native of Siberia.

C. parviflorum.—Another very handsome species, some-
what resembling C. Calccolus, but taller in its growth, and
the stem and leaves are slightly downy; sepals and petals a
little twisted, yellow, streaked with reddish brown; lip large
and round, and wholly of a rich yellow. Native of North
Carolina.

C. pubescens.—This fine plant is also from North America ;
it makes a stem a foot or more high, with large downy light
green leaves, and produces in June its charming yellow and
purple flowers, which continue in perfection for a very long
time.

C. spectabile-—A superb plant, growing from one to two
feet high, and supporting large downy leaves, with beautiful
rose and white flowers. It generally blooms in May and June,
and makes one of the finest plants for exhibition purposes, the
flowers being so distinct from those of any other Cypri-
pedium, KR. Hanbury, Esq., of The Poles, Herts, exhibited a
very fine plant several years ago at the Horticultural Society’s
Exhibition, Regent’s Park. Native of North America.

C. spectabile album.—Resembles the preceding in habit of
growth, and is from the same country; but its large flowers
are of a uniform creamy white, and are very attractive.

Disa.

This is an extensive family, but the two described are the
fmest I have seen. There are more species in cultivation ;
but as they have not yet flowered, it is difficult to determine
which they really are. Nearly the whole of the species are
well worth growing, for although their flowers are not so
large as those of D. grandiflora, they are very handsome, and

DISA. 287

of easy culture. The following, some of which I have seen
growing, though not flowering, are well worthy of attention,
being very pretty and interesting subjects for the cool-house :-—
D. cernua, flowers green and yellow ; D. chrysostachya, golden
yellow; D. cornuta, purple and white ; D. draconis, white and
dark blue ; D. graminifolia, azure ; D. lacera, white ; D. longi-
cornis, blue; D. macrantha, large, white, and sweet-scented ;
D. maculata, spotted blue; D. melaleuca, brown and white ;
D, patens, yellow; D, prasinata, green and reddish purple ;
D. racemosa, purple; D. rufescens, purple; D. spathulata,
pale blue; D. tenutfolia, yellow. Many more species might
be named; but enough has been said, I think, to show that
we have a rich stock of novelties in store yet.

The best mode of treatment to be adopted for these
plants is to pot them in shallow pans, in some good fibrous
peat in a rather rough state, with a little silver sand, well-
rotted manure, and live sphagnum moss added to it. They
require a liberal supply of water during the growing and
flowering season. During the time they are making vigorous
growth, they may be syringed twice a day, or even oftener.
This is far better than using a watering-pot, as it serves the
purpose of a shower of rain, and helps to keep the red spider
from the leaves—an insect which is very injurious to these
plants. The plants rest after the flowering season is over, and
during this timeless moisture is required. it is a good plan,
after the growing and flowering seasons are over, to place the
plants in rather a shady part of the garden, and syringe them
oceasionally—not keeping them too moist—as they may pro-
bably perish if allowed to get dry at any time. The most
suitable time for potting them is just as they are beginning to
make roots, which is usually in the months of January and
February. They are easily propagated, as they throw up
suckers in‘abundance. These should be left till well rooted,

288 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

and then be taken off and potted in the material recommended
for established plants; after which they must be kept moist,
and in the shade, until they make fresh roots. When they
become established, place them near the light, and apply more
water to the roots. What they principally require is coolness
and moisture at the root, and a good season of growth during
the winter months. C. Leach, Esq., of Clapham Park, grows
the D. grandiflora in cold pits, and we never saw any shown
in better condition ; these plants have been thus grown by
him for years.

D. grandiflora.—This fine plant is a native of the Cape of
Good Hope. It attains the height of a foot or eighteen inches,
bearing on the top of the stems from two to five of its beau-
tiful scarlet flowers in June and July. The blossoms last a
very long time in perfection.

Dy grandiflora superba.—tThis certainly ranks among the
finest of greenhouse Orchids, and is beautifully figured in
Warner’s ‘‘ Select Orchidaceous Plants.” It has a creeping
underground stem, which throws up young shoots about six
inches in height, and of a light green colour, The leaves
are affixed to these stems, and the flower spikes, when present,
proceed from the top, to the height of eighteen inches or two
feet, bearing from two to eight flowers, more than four inches
in diameter, of a bright scarlet and crimson, veined with pink ;
the blossoms are generally produced in June, July, and August,
and continue for five or six weeks. It makes a fine plant for
exhibition on account of its splendid colour. R. Warner, Esq.,
grew this fine plant in a cold greenhouse at Broomfield; and
I have also seen it in excellent condition in the collection of
T. Salt, Esq.

EuLopatia.

EL. Dreyiana.—This is a large genus, though there are

not many in cultivation; indeed, the greater portion of the

GOODYERA—HABENARIA—LISSOCHILUS. 289

species are not sufficiently showy to render them worth the
attention of amateurs with limited space; yet there are some
very pretty ones. ‘The species here introduced, and which
flowered in the collection of Lord Eversley, at Heckfield, is
well worth growing. It is of free habit, producing spikes of
flowers which resemble little doves hanging by their beaks ;
the sepals and petals are chocolate colour, and the lip white.
Tt requires the same treatment as the Cypripediums. Native
of the Cape of Good Hope.

GooDYERA.

G. pubescens.—A charming species, of dwarf habit. The
foliage is green, enriched with white markings, and is in
appearance something like that of Physurus argenteus. It is
a beautiful foliage plant, and should be in every collection.
Native of North America, and consequently a fine plant for the
cold frame. To cultivate this well, put some live sphagnum
moss with the peat, and also a portion of silver sand; mix
them well together. It requires a liberal supply of water; in
fact, it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots.

HasEnaRiA.

H. ciliaris—A very pretty and rare species, though it
has been for a long time an inhabitant of our gardens. It
grows about a foot or more in height, with light green leaves,
producing a dense cluster of orange-yellow flowers, the lip
being beautifully fringed. It requires the same treatment as
Cypripediums. Native of Canada.

LissocuiLus.

L. speciosus.—A free-growing kind, and an old inhabitant
of our gardens, though it is so much neglected as rarely ever
to be seen. With proper treatment, it grows about two feet

fc)

290 ORCHID-GROWER’S MANUAL.

in height, and produces in June its spikes of magnificent
yellow butterfly-like flowers, which remain in their beauty
for a considerable time. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

OrcHIs.

A beautiful genus, containing many species well worthy of
general cultivation. They require soil and treatment similar
to those described in our introductory remarks. In habit of
growth, they may be compared to Hyacinths.

O. foliosa.— This makes a very fine exhibition plant, though
it is rarely seen. It was exhibited in very fine condition by
A. Turner, Esq., Leicester, and has been exhibited frequently
in my own collection, where it has always attracted universal
admiration. It grows about a foot and a half high, and
in May and June produces its dense spikes of beautiful purple
flowers, which continue in perfection for some time; it should
be in every collection. Native of Madeira.

O. longicornu.—A really beautiful species. It blooms
generally from about December to the end of May; and as
these plants are so easily grown, if not much disturbed or
kept too warm, it is surprising that they are so neglected by
the majority of Orchid growers. The present plant grows
from twelve to twenty inches high, with flower spikes densely
set with bloom from six to eight inches in length; the lip is
striped with lilac, and the upper part a rich deep black, form-
ing a striking contrast. Native of the Coast of Barbary.

O. maculata superba.—This is a very fine variety of our
British species, O. maculata. There are many—or, indeed,
most of the native species are very interesting, though they
are difficult to manage, or get the credit of being so, because
no one perseveres and endeavours to understand their peculiar
requirements. The present plant has bloomed very finely
with me upon several occasions, and is well worth general

PLATANTHERA— SATYRIUM. 291

cultivation. It grows about eighteen inches high; the leaves
are dark green, beautifully spotted with purple, and the flower
spikes, about a foot long, densely set with the beautiful flowers,
which are a rich mauve, spotted and blotched with purple, and
which last in perfection a long time; flowers in May and
June, and is a good match plant for Orchis foliosa.

PLATANTHERA,

P. incisa.—An interesting and pretty herbaceous Orchid.
It grows about a foot or a foot and a half high; the stem
leaves are obtusely lanceolate, and deep green in colour; the
flowers are thickly set upon the spikes, and are of a rich
purple; the lip being deeply fringed. Native of North America.

SagTyRIUM.

S. aureum.—This is a very interesting family of Orchids
from South Africa, and one which succeeds admirably in a
cold frame, in turfy peat and fibry loam and sand, with plenty
of drainage. As in all other genera, some species are much
handsomer than others. This one is a really fine thing,
growing a foot or more in height, producing its deep orange
flowers, which are shaded with rich crimson, in July and
August, and continuing in perfection a long time. I saw it
growing very freely at Heckfield, in the collection of Lord
Eversley, where many curious and interesting terrestial species

are to be found.

ADA

ACINETA

Barkeri
densa .
Humboldtii.

ACROPERA.

armeniaca .

aurantiaca .

AERIDES

affine . “
—— superbum
crispum
—— Lindleyanum
—— Warnerii
cylindricum
Dominianum
Fieldingii . a
japonicum . .
Larpente . a
Lobbii . ¥
maculosum .
Schroderi
margaritacea
McMorlandi
Mendelii
moitratum.

nobile .
odoratum
cornutum
—— majus.

— purpurascens
quinquevulnerum
Farmerii
roseum.

-— superbum
rubrum.
suavissimum
—— maculatum .
testaceum . .
Thibautianum
Veitchii

virens .

— grandiflorum
—— superbum .

Williamsii . "

eo
Page
. 9 | AGANISIA .
60 pulchella
» 60 | VaRincatTEep ORcHIDS
. Be ANACTOCHILUS.
argyroneurus
61 Bulleni ‘
61 Dayii . 4 ‘
61 Dominii . ‘
» 61 El Dorado .
63 intermedius e
64 javanicus
64 latimaculatus .
64 Lobbii. 4 ‘
64 Lowii . . 4
. 64 —— virescens
65 Nevilleanus.
65 petola .
. 65 querceticolus
65 Reinwardtii
. 65 Roxburghii .
. 66 Ruckerii
66 setaceus
66 —— cordatus
66 =a
67 —— inornatus
67 striatus % .
67 Turnerii
67 Veitchii
68 xanthophyllus
68 zebrinus
68 | ANGRECUM
68 bilobum
68 caudatum
68 Chailluanum
69 citratum
69 eburneum ,
69 — superbum .
69 —— virens, 3
69 Ellisii .
« Ww faleatum
70 pellucidum .
70 pertusum
. 70, sesquipedale F
70 | ANGULOA . s .
oe RE Clowesii . ‘

294

ANGULOA

Clowesii macrantha

eburnea ’
Ruckerii .

virginalis .
ANSELLIA . .
africana.
—— gigantea
— lutea ,
ARACHNIS .. a
moschifera ,
ARPOPHYLLUM .
cardinale
giganteum .
spicatum ,
ASPASIA .
lunata superba
BARKERIA. ‘
elegans ‘
melanocaulon
Lindleyana
Skinnerli .
—— superba
spectabilis .
BATEMANIA ‘
Beaumontia
grandiflora .
BLETIA .
campanulata

hyacinthina albo striata

Shepherdii .
Sherrattiana
patula.
BoUBOPHYLLUM
larbigerum .
Lobbii . r
maculatum .
reticulatum.
saltatorium ,
Siamense .
BRASSAVOLA,
acaulis .
Digbyana .
Gibbsiana
glauca.
lineata.
venosa,
BRASSIA
Gireoudiana
Lanceana .
Lawrenceana

—— longissima
maculata major

verrucosa

— grandiflora

Wray F
BROUGHTONIA .
sanguinea ,

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

6 eae We a Se a Ge la Uy a Sa cet gt et

ie es wee ee we ke ew

INDEX,

Page

89 Batemanii . c
89 candida . .
89 decora. ‘
90 ——picta . °
90 Farmeri F ‘i
90 fragrans . .
90 Knowlesii . .
90 venusta . .
91 | CaLANTHE. : .
ut curculigoides .
91 Dominii 5 .
91 furcata fi .
91 masuca c .
92 —— grandiflora ,
92 Sieboldti . é
92 Veitchii .
ua veratrifolia . ‘
92 vestita rubra oculata
92 — lutea oculata
93 —— nivalis

93 —— Turmerii

93 | CAMAROTIS ‘

94 | CATTLEYA. ‘:

BURLINGTONIA .

purpurea,

Aclandize
amabilis
ameihystoglossa
—— sulphurea
bicolor.
Brabantie .
candida , .
citrina. ‘ .
crispa . . :
—— superba
Dawsonii .
Devoniana .
Dominiana .
—— alba

—— lutea .
Dowiana .
Edithiana .
Eldorado

—— splendens
exoniensis
granulosa.
guttata

—— Leopoldii
guatemalensis .
Harrisoniz . a
—— violacea :

intermedia violacea

——superba.

labiata ‘ é
— i Ad
—— pallida .
—— Pescatorei .
—— picta .
Lemoniana .

lobata . A a

CHYSIS ‘i

CATTLEYA

Loddigesii ,
marginata .
maxima ,
McMorlandii
Mossize
aurea .
_—_ grandiflora
—— —— marginata
—— Blakei. eet
—— complanata.
—— conspicua ,
— elegans ‘i
flammea

—— fimbriata

—— grandiflora .
—— grandis ‘
—— Helenz

,
.
.
.
.

—— kermesina mar; cinata

—— Lawrenceana
— magnifica
—— marmorata .
—Mariane .
— Mooreana
—— Napoleonis .
—— purpurata .
—— Rothschildiana
—— splendens
—— striata.

—— superba

—— venosa ,
Victorize
— Williamsii .
pumila ¥
quadricolor .
quinquecolor
Schilleriana

—— Regnelli
Sedeniana . .
Skinneri .
speciosissima Lowii
superba .
—splendens .

Triane
—— Atalanta
— Io ‘ P
Venus. P
velutina 4
Wagnerii . .
Walkeriana .
Warnverii .
Warscewiczii
— delicata
superba

aurea . .
bractescens. y
levis . .
Limminghei ‘i
undulata . .

.

INDEX.

Page

118
118
119
118
119
120
120
120
120
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
122
122
122
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
125
125
125
126
126
127
127
127
127
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
130
130
130
130
131
131

CIRRHOPETALUM
Cumingii
Medusee
Pahudii .

CLEISOSTOMA
Dawsoniana

C@LoGyNE
ciliata F
cristata ‘
— citrina,
corrugata
Cumingii .
fuscesens
Gardneriana
Goweri :
Lowii i
media . i
odoratissima
pandurata .
‘plantaginia .
speciosa.
viscosa

CoLax . .
jugosus,

CoMPARETTIA
coccinea
falcata

CoRYANTHES
macrantha .
maculata .
speciosa

CYonocHES
aureum
barbatum
chlorochilum
Loddigesii .
pentadactylon
ventricosum.

CYMBIDIUM
Dayanum
eburneum .
giganteum .
Hookerianum
Huttoni
Mastersii
pendulum

—— purpureum .

tigrinum
CYPRIPEDIUM

acaule

barbatum
nigrum
— superbum
biflorum
calceolus
candidum
caricinum
caudatum
—— roseum
concolor .

296

CyPpriPEeDIUM

Dayanum
Dominianum
Farrieanum

guttatum
Harrisianum
hirsutissimum
Hookeree

insigne

—— Maulei
levigatum .
longifolium , .
Lowii . ‘ é
macranthum . ‘
niveum . ‘ .
pardinum . :
Parishii i . .
parviflorum,
pubescens
purpuratum

Schlimii * .
spectabile . ‘ .
— album. *
Stonei ‘ P
-_—— platytenium ‘
superbiens . . ‘
venustum . .
—— spectabile
vexillarium . .
vilosum ,

CyRTOCHILUM

maculatum

CYRTOPERA é

flava . A

CyRTOPODIUM ,

Andersonii . , r
punctatum , . .

DENDROBIUM

aduncum .
aggregatum majus .
albo sanguineum,
anosmum .
barbatwlum .

Bensonize

bigibbum
Bullerianum
calceolus :
Cambridgeanum .
capillipes

chlorops
chrysanthum
chrysotis

crassinode .
chrysotoxum 7 5
clavatum . 7 ‘
crepidatum .
cretaceum
erystallinum “
Dalhousiunum . .
densiflorum . .

INDEX.
Page
DENDROBIUM

145 densiflorum album

145 Devonianum

145 —-— rhodoneurum

285 dixanthum .

145 Faleonerii .

146 Farmerii

146 —— aureo flavum

146 fimbriatum .

146 —— oculatum q
147 formosum . . ‘
147 —— giganteum .

147 Gibsonii

285 Griffithianum

148 hedyosmum.,

148 Heyneanum

148 Hillii . é ‘ “
286 infundibulum . .
286 Jamesianum

148 japonicum . . ‘
148 Jenkinsii . ‘ ‘
286 Johannis . * ?
286 lasioglossum ‘i %
149 Linawianum é ‘
149 —— majus. i :
149 lituiflorum . é

150 longicornu majus

150 Lowti .

150 muacr ophyllum

151 McCarthie .

151 moniliforme

151 nobile . ‘4
151 -_— intermedium ‘
151 —— pendulum . .
152 nodatum , x ‘
152 Parishii

152 Paxtonii

153 Pierardii

155 —— latifolium

155 primulinum

155 — giganteum .

155 pulchellum purpureum
156 sanguinolentum .

156 —— superbum

156 senile .

147 superbum y

157 — giganteum .

157 —— Huttonii

157 Tattonianum

157 taurinum ;

157 thyrsiflorum ‘

158 tortile . i

158 — rosea .

158 transpareus .

158 triadenium .

159 Veitchianum =.

169 Wallichianum

159 Wardianum

159 Williamsonii é <
159 xanthophlebium . P

167, 169,

DENDROCHILUM

filiforme
glumaceum

Disa .

grandiflora :
—— superba

EPIDENDRUM

alatum majus.
aloifolium
aurantiacum
bicornutum .
Brassavolee .
cinnabarinum
cnemidophorum .
Cooperianum =.
crassifolium
dichromum .
—— striatum
eburneum
erubescens .
Hanburyanum
macrochilum
roseum
myrianthum
nemorale majus .
paniculatum
pheenicium . .
prismatocarpum .
rhizophorum
Stamfordianum .
syringothyrsus
vitellinum .
—— majus,

EpIsteEPHIUM .

Williamsii .

ERIOPSIS.

bilobas. Ses

EULOPHIA . é

Dregiana

GALEANDRA

Bauerii
cristata
Devoniana .

GOODYERA

Dawsonianus
discolor a
Dominii .
macrantha .
ordiana

picta . .
pubescens .
rubro-venia ,
Veitchii .
velutina

GONGORA .

atropurpurea =.

pbufonia major .
maculata . .
——alba .

portentosa . .

e-

88,

INDEX.
Page

173 GRAMMATOPHYLLUM.

174 Ellisii . 4

174 speciosum ,

286 | HABENARIA

288 ciliaris

288 | HELota *

174 sanguinolenta

175 | HovuLuetia .

175 Brocklehurstiana

176 odoratissima :

176 —— antioquiensis

176 tigrina ‘

177 | Howrurya ‘

177 albido-fulva 4

177 candida .

177 cerina ¥ 4

178 marginata . .

178 meleagris ‘

178 velata . s

178 violacea P

178 Wailesiana . ‘

179 Wallisii

179 | Ionopsis . . s

179 paniculata . a

179 | Lata ‘ ”

179 acuminata . ‘

180 albida . A

180 — Mariane .

180 anceps. . .

180 —— Dawsonii .

180 ——delicatum .

181 autumnalis . i

181 Brysiana .

181 cinnabarina ‘i

181 crispilabia . :

182 elegans *

182 —— Warnerii .

288 flava. "

288 furfuracea . r

182 gigantea F

183 grandis .

183 irrorata, is

183 Lindleyana .

81 majalis

82 peduncularis
82 Perrinii ‘
82 Pilcherii

82 preestans

82 purpurata
83 —— Nelisii.

289 —— Williamsii .
83 Russelliana .
83 Schilleriana 5
83 ——splendens .

183 superbiens . F

184 Turnerii . a

184 Wolstenholme .

184 xanthina 6

184 | L2LIopsis . ‘ .

184 domingensis

03

298 INDEX.

Page Tage

LEPTOTES , . ' « . 199 | ODONTOGLOSSUM
bicolor bh Se ye 198 Alexandre. . . « 212
serrulata . . . « 199 ——guttatum . . . 213
LmtaToDEs » 6 6 « 199 ——giganteum. . . 213
rosea . ‘ Re . 199 —— Triane ‘ , . 218
LissocHILUS ss, : ; » 200 — Warneri. ‘ + 213
Horsfallii . . . 200 Andersonii . : » 218
speciosus . + é « 289 astranthum. x ‘ . 214
LycasTe . ‘ : Z . 200 bictoniense superbum » 214
citrina. ‘ é . . 201 blandum x ‘ . 214
cruenta . r 2 « 201 Bluntii ‘ : r . 214
Deppii . . < . 201 cariniferum , . ‘ . 214
gigantea. i . . 202 citrosmum . ; ‘ . 245
Harrisone . ; F . 202 —— roseum 5 « 215
lanipes " . . 202 constrictum : . » 215
Schilleriana 4 i . 202 cordatum . ‘ » 215
inneri . . - ~ 202 | ——superbum . 3 . 216
——delicatissima . . 203 coronarium . é a « 216
——gloriosa . c . 203 cristatum . ‘ , . 216
—— rosea . * i « 203 Galeottianum . ‘ - 216
—— superba. « 203 gloriosam . 4 ‘ » 216
——virginalis . » «208 grande . : F - 247
MASDEVALLIA , a ; . 203 —— magnificum ‘ - 217
coccinea, : ‘ . 204 Hallii . P ‘ « 27
maculata . P i . 204 hastilabium ‘ . « 2g
Tovarensis . 7 ‘ . 204 Insleayii . . ‘ + 218
Veitchiana . : i . 204 —splendens . ‘ - 218
MAXILLARIA . ‘ . . 205 Krameri . ‘ . 218
grandiflora . 7 : . 203 leve . ‘ i . 218
luteo-alba . . ‘i » 205 luteo-purpureum ‘ = 4209
nigrescens . ; 4 . 206 maculatum . * " 3 Ako
splendens , A A . 206 ——integrale . i » 219
Turnerii . . i . 206 membranaceum . x « 219
venusta. , i . 206 —— roseum ‘ . « “She
MESOSPINIDIUM. ‘ . + 206 neevinum . . ‘ a “219
sanguineum ‘| ‘ . 206 —— majus. ' ‘ . 220
MICROSTYLIS . . ‘ . 84 nebulosum . ‘ ‘ + 220
discolor P ¥ 5 . 84 —— candidulum * » 220
MILTONIA . 4 . : . 207 odoratum . ‘ ‘ « 224
anceps P ‘ é » BOF Pescatorei . z 3 » 221
bicolor * . 5; « 20% Phaleenopsis ‘ e « 22]
candida r F * 207 pulchellum , * , ~ 2k
—— grandiflora , ‘ . 208 —— majus. ‘ . 222
Clowesii major . : . 208 radiatum ee tie ac 222
cuneata a * : « 208 Reichenheimii . ‘ » 222
festiva. ¥ . i . 208 roseum P i a » 223
Morelliana . * ‘ « 208 Rossii . ‘ : s 222
—— atrorubens . Z x 20a —— majus. 4 : » 282
Regnelli 4 x . 209 rubescens . . “ 225
purpurea. ‘ . « 209 retusum F ‘ 223
spectabilis . 2 ‘ » “209 Schlieperianum . < » 23
—— rosea , i ‘ « 209 triumphans. ‘ : 223
Warscewiczii . ‘ . 210 Uro Skinneri . . 224
MorRMODES z i é . 210 Wallisii ‘ 5 . 224
citrinum . ‘ ‘ . 210 Warnerianum , * « 224
luxatum é is . 210 | ONciDIUM . ‘ ‘ ‘ . 224
pardinum ¥ ‘ . 211 acinaceum . ‘ ‘ « 225
NANODES 7 r « 211 ampliatum majus : « 225
Medusze F « » 3 Barkerii . , » 226
ODONTUGLOSSUM : ‘ « ZU Batemanii . ‘ a + 226

ONncIDIUM
bofolium
—— majus.
bicallosum ,
bicolor
calanthum ,
Cavendishii .
chrysothyrsus
ciliatum
cornigerum .
crispum
—_— grandifioram
marginatum
Croesus " i
cruentum
cucullatum .
flavidum
—— macrochilum
divaricatum
euxanthinum
excavatum .
Dawsonii
flexuosum
Forbesii
hematochilum
holochrysum
hyphematicum .
incurvum . .
Kramerianum .
Lanceanum . °
leopardinum
leucochilum
Limminghei
longipes.
luridum Dodgsonii
guttatum .
macranthum
Marshallianum
nubigenum .
oblongatum
obryzatum .
ornithorynchum .
Papilio majus
Phaleenopsis
phymatochilum .
pulchellum .
pulvinatum .
majus.
reflexum
Rogersii .
roseum §
—— superbum
rupestre . .
sarcodes
serratum . .
sessile .
sphacelatum majus
splendidum
Sprucei .
trilingue .

INDEX.

Page
ONCIDIUM

226 unguiculatum
226 variegatum .
227 xanthodon .

227 | ORcHIS

227 foliosa.

227 longi-cornu 2
227 maculata superba
228 | PALUMBINA , .
228 candida .

228 | PAPHINIA . a

228 cristata

229 tigrina

229 | PERISTERIA ‘
pas cerina . . ‘
229 elata . ‘ #
229 guttata . .
229 | PHavus 2 z
230 grandifolius ;
230 irroratus .

230 maculatus .

230 Wallichii

230 | PHALANOPSIS .

231 amabilis

231 amethystina

231 Cornu-cervi

231 grandiflora .

231 aurea .

232 intermedia .

232 —— Portei.

232 Lowii . ; ‘
232 Luddemanniana .
233 rosea .

233 Schilleriana

233 sumatrana .

233 | PHyYsuRvs.

233 argenteus

234 —— pictus.

234 fimbrillaris .

234 maculatus .

234 nobilis .

235 | PLATANTHERA .

235 incisa .

235 | PILUMNA . .

235 fragrans

236 | PLEIONE

236 humilis

236 lagenaria

236 maculata .

236 Reichenbachiana
237 Wallichiana

237 | POLYSTACHYA .

237 pubescens .

237 | PROMENZA *
237 citrina. ‘ ‘
238 Rollissonii .

238 stapelioides .

238 | RENANTHERA

238 coccinea.

238 Lowii . ‘

300

RESTREPIA .
antennifera .
elegans .

SACOOLABIUM .
ampullaceum

—— moulmeinense

bigibbum
Blumei x
—— majus.

—— Russellianum

curvifolium ,
— luteum
furcatum
giganteum .
guttatum

—— giganteum :

—— Holfordianum

Harrisonianum
miniatum
preemorsum.
retusum
violaceum
SaTYRIUM. ‘
aureum e
SCHOMBURGKIA.
erispa .
Lyonsii
tibicina ¥
SCUTICARIA
Dodgsoni
Hadwenii
Steelii. .
SOBRALIA . "
Liliastrum .
macrantha .
—— splendens
Ruckerii
SOPHRONITIS ,
cernua.
coccinea,
grandiflora .
violacea ‘
STANILOPEA .
aurea ,
Bucephalus.
Devoniensis
grandiflora .
insignis
Martiana
oculata .
tigrina. r
—— lutescens
Wardii i
THUUNIA .
alba. x

ee ee eee

INDEX.

Page
255 | THUNIA
256 Bensonie . 7
256 nivalis. ‘ 4
257 TRICHOCENTRUM i
257 albo purpureum .
257 tigrinum #
257 | TRICHOPILIA . :
258 candida F <i
258 coccinea. ‘
258 crispa . .
258 — marginata ‘
258 Galeottiana ; ‘
258 picta . r ‘
259 suavis . ‘
259 — evandiflora ‘
259 tortilis ‘ ‘
260 Turneri , 7
260 | URorepium : :
260 Lindenii . ‘
260 | VANDA A #
260 Batemanii . .
261 Bensonii . .
291 Catheartii .
291 cerulea, ‘ ‘
261 ccerulescens .
262 cristata
262 Denisoniana
262 gigantea
262 Hookerii . ‘
263 insignis * r
263 Roxburghii. .
263 suavis . ‘ ‘
263 teres. : 5
264 —— Andersonii .
264 tricolor ‘ é
264 —— Dodgsoni .
264 —— insignis c
265 —— superba.
265 —— Russellianus
265 | VANILLA . ‘ :
265 Phaleenopsis P
265 | WARREA . : .
266 cyanea ‘
266 tricolor |. ‘
267 ZYGOPETALUM , ‘
267 aromaticum ‘
267 brachypetalum .
267 crinitum coernleunm
267 Gautieri . 5
267 gramineum. i
267 intermedium 5
267 Mackayii . a
268 — intermedium
268 maxillare
268 rostratum , e

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ORMSON'’S

PATENT VENTILATING HOT-WATER APPARATUS

(Combined with his new Patent System of Ventilating Hothouses).

This system has received the approval of a very large number of leading Horticulturists, and
been commented upon in the most favourable terms by the Horticultural Press. It insuresa
constant supply of fresh warm air, without admitting cold currents. All drip effectually
carried away. Admits the maximum of light, possesses great strength, lightness of con-
struction, and durability. The Ventilating Hot-Water Apparatus can be applied to either
new or old Hothouses, &c.

HENRY ORMSON,
HORTICULTURAL BUILDER TO HER MAJESTY,

And Hot-Water Apparatus Manufacturer to the Commissioners of Her Mayjesty’s
Royal Palaces and Public Buildings, and to the Royal Horticultural Society,

STANLEY BRIDGE, KING’S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

JOHN WARNER AND SONS,

Bell and Brass Founders to Her Majesty,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS, &c.,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, EC.

IBA

es po

No, 42.

Warners’ Portable Pumps,
With improved valves for liquid
manure, £2 16s. 6d.
Two-inch flexible rubber suction pipe,

in 10, 12, and 15 feet lengths, per
foot, 2s. 5d.

No. 554}.

Warners’ Garden Engines,
12 gallons... aa .- £3 0 0
16 ,, ‘ 316 0
dl 5 1 0
30, 513 0

No. 35.

Cast-iron Pumps.
2hinches... a wel 8 &
3 hy me es ae dO
3k, ai ae ony DOE O
ioe : ee wee 210 “6

Short Barrel ditto, for Sinks, Plant
Houses, dic., No. 37, 23 in., £1 1s. 6d.
Ditto, with 15 ft. of 14 in, lead suction

pipe, £2.

No. 5793.

Warners’ Swing Barrows.
20 gallons 3 «£2 2 0
BO gy ees a ee BO
BB aes 318 0
50, 514 0

Brass SYRINGES, from 5s. to 18s.

May be obtained of any Ironmonger or Plumber in Town or Country at the above
Prices, or of the Patentees and Manufacturers,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE FLORIST AND POMOLOGIST:

A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruits,
and General Horticulture.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.

Is Illustrated by beautifully-coloured Plates of New Flowers and Fruits, and by
Woodcuts ; and contains articles on the most interesting garden topics, contributed
by some of our leading horticulturists.

PUBLISHED ON THE IsT OF EVERY MonvH, aT

171, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.

FOR SIMPLICITY, EFFICIENCY, AND ECONOMY,
ADOPT THE

TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER.

Mr. R. Janson, Great Stand Hall, Prestwich, says—‘“I have one of your 3 ft.
6 in. Boilers fixed to 1,000 feet of 4in. pipe; it does its work well. The quantity
of fuel it consumes is very small indeed for the work it has todo. I have another
boiler, of different construction, attached to only 500 feet of pipe, that consumes
considerably more fuel.”

J. IRELAND, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.

Periodical Sales by Auction of Plants, Seeds and Bulbs.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS,
HORTICULTURAL AUCTIONEER AND VALUER,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HE HOLDS

SALES BY AUCTION
GENERALLY TWO AND THREE TIMES A WEEK,

THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, AT HIS GREAT ROOMS,

No. 88, King Street, Covent Garden, London,

AND ELSEWHERE, FOR THE DISPOSAL OF
and other Stove, Greenhouse, fine foliage and
i i Ornamental Evergreens and
variegated Plants; Conifers, Roses, Rhododendrons,
docticont Trees and Shrubs; Fruit Trees, Bedding Plants, Seeds, Dutch and Cape
Bulbs, &c.

, i eived and inserted in Sales with property of a kindred
Bmiall Gansignme Fae same advantages to the owner of a few lots as to the

Pee a givin
sescrpuen, SEEPS possessor of large collections,

Orchids, Ferns, Camellias, Azaleas,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

CHOICE SEEDS.

(POST FREE)

WILLIAMS’ SUPERB STRAIN OF PRIMULA.

B. 8. WILLIaMs begs to call special attention to his superb strain of this univer-
sally admired winter and spring flowering plant. He can with confidence offer it
as being unequalled in cultivation. Plants from this seed have always been
awarded first prizes wherever exhibited.

Red, white, or mixed, 1s, 6d., 2s, 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.

SUPERB NEW CRIMSON CHINESE PRIMULA,

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA RUBRA Mae@nirica, “ THE KING OF PRIMULAS.”

This is undeniably the finest strain of this popular and ornamental plant ever raised, and
B.S. WILLIAMS has much pleasure in offering seeds of this veritable gem to the horticul-
tural public. This strain is distinguished by its robust habit and downy deeply indented
leaves, which are thick in texture and deep green in colour. The flowers are remarkable for
their intense purplish crimson colour, which contrasts udmirably with the bright sulphur
eye, and also for their large size, each measuring nearly three inches in diameter; they are
borne on large trusses well above the foliage.

It has been awarded a First-class Certificate by the Floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, and declared the finest strain of Primula extant.

Price 5s. per packet.

CALCEOLARIA, HERBACEOUS (NEILL’S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN).

B.S. W. has much pleasure in again offering this superb strain of Calceolaria, being con-
fident it will prove far superior even to that previously sent out by him; great pains have
been taken in discarding all plants with second-rate flowers, and in_ properly harvesting
the seed. The peculiar features of these Calceolarias are dwarf robust habit and strong con-
stitution, producing immense trusses of very large, finely-shaped flowers of exquisite
and varied colours, such as cannot fail to give universal satisfaction.

Price 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.

CINERARIA (WEATHERILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN.)

This superb strain of Cineraria is of very dwarf branching habit, yet the constitution is
robust. The seeds have been saved with special care, and are the produce of extremely fine
flowers and of the most diverse colours ; indeed, for form, size, and colour, they far surpass
the majority of the named varieties.

Price 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.

CYCLAMEN PERSICUM (WIGGINS’ PRIZE STRAIN).

B.S. W. has great pleasure in offering seed of the above, which are much superior to those
sent out by him last season, being saved from the plants exhibited by Mr. Wiggins at the
Meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington, on Wednesday, January 19th,
and March 2nd, 1870, and was awarded Special Certificates on each occasion, when they were
pronounced far in advance of any ever before raised, both in point of size of flower and
richness of colour, which varies from pure white to mauve and deep red; many of them, in
addition, being beaut sally, striped and spotted, and deliciously fragrant.

Tice 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d. and 3s. 6d. per packet.

SOLANUM HYBRIDUM COMPACTUM.

Very great improvements have been effected during the last few years, through hybridisa-
tion, in the genus Solanum, more especially in the berry-bearing section, of which S. capsi-
castrum may be taken as the type, and which hns been the parent of many very fine varieties.
Amongst all the superb forms, however, which I have had the pleasure to introduce to
public notice, the present form stands pre-eminent, and is far in advance of anything ever
yet offered. S. hybridum compactum 1s of fine dwarf and compact habit, seldom exceeding
12 inches in height, and very close branching, thus forming a dense and handsome bush.
The leaves are produced in abundance, and are irom three to four inches in length and about
one in breadth, oblong-lanceolate in shape, tapering towards the base, and deep rich full
green. In early summer they are profusely adorned with small white flowers, which are
succceded in autumn by large round bright red berries, borne in clusters of from five to
seven; in this state they are admirably adapted for the decoration of apartments, or for the
dinner table, in addition to the beautiful effect they produce in the greenhouse or conserva-
tory. They are also very ornamental in the open borders ; especially in mild autumns. ‘The
beauty of the borders or beds may be considerably enhanced by the culture of this variety.
Awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, March 16th, and a
Special Certificate, December 7th, 1870.

Price 3s. 6d. and $s. per packet.

BENJAMIN 8. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES,
UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Registered for Transmission Abroad.

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE;

A Weekly Illustrated Journal,

DEVOTED TO ALL BRANCHES OF HORTICULTURE AND
AGRICULTURE,

Published every Friday, price Fivepence ; post-free, 54d.

Established in 1841 by the late Prorgssor Linpzy, in conjunction with Sir
JosEPH PAxTon and other leading Horticulturists, the “ GARDENERS’ CHRO-
NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE” continues to be the largest and
most important of all the periodicals devoted to Horticulture and Agriculture, either
in this country or abroad,

Its prominent features are :—

Original Articles on all matters connected with HorricuLTURE and AGRI-
CULTURE.

The principles of ANIMAL and VEGETABLE PuysioLoey, of Botany, and of
NaTURAL HIsrory, are explained.

The fullest information is supplied as to improved methods of Culture, New
Implements, and on all points connected with the Cultivation of Flowers, Fruits,
Forests, &c.; the Management of Estates, Farms, Gardens, Orchards, Woods, or
Stock; the details of Field Cultivation ; the practice of Drainage and Irrigation,
the Veterinary Art, Road Making, the keeping of Bees, Poultry, &c.; the Con-
struction, Maintenance, Heating, and Ventilation of all Garden or Farm Build-
ings; in short, on all matters connected with the

Practice of Horticulture, Agriculture, Forestry, Fruit Culture, and
Rural Economy generally.

Descriptions of New Plants, Fruits, &c.

Reports of all important Metropolitan and Provincial Exhibitions, Socie-
ties, Lectures, &c., likely to be interesting to the Horticulturist or Agriculturist.

The Weekly Markets for Corn, Hay, Hops, Cattle, Flowers, Fruit, Timber, &c.
. Home Correspondence, containing a vast amount of varied and interesting
information.

Reviews of Books, English and Foreign, whose subjects come within the
scope of the Journal.

Garden and Farm Memoranda, containing Notices of such Gardens, Farms,
or Estates as are likely to furnish materials for the information of the reader. —

Calendar of Weekly Operations, as well as Notes for Amateurs, supplying
valuable suggestions to Practical Gardeners and others. _ ; .

Notices to Correspondents, including Replies to Questions ; such replies being
given by men of the highest reputation in their respective departments.

Foreign Correspondence, which, owing to the extensive circulation of the
«“ GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE” abroad
and in the Colonies, forms a valuable and interesting feature of the J ournal,

Supplements are often given, for which no extra charge is made.

Embracing so large a field, addressed to so many classes of readers, and with so
large a circulation, not only in Great Britain, but on the Continent, in India, and
the various Colonies, the ‘GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL
GAZETTE” affords an unusually good Medium for Advertisers of all articles
used by persons interested in Gardens, Farms, and Country Pursuits.

OFFICE FOR ADVERTISEMENTS:
41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BY ROYAL JRE RA, LETTERS PATENT.

e a
WEEKS’S UPRIGHT TUBULAR BOILER.

With Patent DUPLEX COMPENSATING IMPROVEMENTS.
It is guaranteed by

Is indestructible. Its average durability is twenty years,
insurance for ten years. Can be easily cleaned out.

bore

Either half of the Boiler may be worked separately. This Boiler can he
periodically cleaned out, without the water being withdrawn from the apparatus.

A failure is impossible.
A lithograph plan of the largest hot-water apparatus on record, erected by
J. Weeks & Co., at Manley Hall, Manchester, sent free by post on application.
WEEKS’s PaTeNT DUPLEX BOILER is the only one to which a First Class
Certificate was awarded at the Royal Botanic Exhibition, Regent’s Park, July, 1870.

WeEEKS's Book of Designs (12th Edition) post free.

J. WEEKS & Co.,,
HORTIGULTURAL BUILDERS, AND HOT WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,
KINGS ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, W.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FIRST-CLASS ILLUSTRATED GARDENING PUBLICATION.

Published Weekly, Price 8d.; Post Free, 84d.

THE JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE,

Cottage Gardener,
AND COUNTRY GENTLEMAN.

EDITED BY

GEORGE W. JOHNSON, F.R.H.S., anpD ROBERT HOGG, LL.D., F.LS.,
Assisted by a Staff of the best Writers on Practical Gardening, and numerous

Amateur and Professional Correspondents, eminent in the Various Departments
of Horticulture and other Rural Pursuits connected with the Household.

Tats long-established and widely-circulating Journal consists of Thirty-Two
Pages of Letterpress, with occasional Supplements of Eight additional Pages; and
is richly Illustrated with Wood Engravings in the highest style of the Art.

The subjects treated on embrace every department of Gardening, and Rural and
Domestic Economy.

The Horticultural Department treats of all Out-door and In-door operations of
the Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Garden; embracing the management of the Stove,
Greenhouse, Conservatory, Vinery, Pine-stove, and Orchard-house; and the Culti-
vation of Melons, Cucumbers, and Mushrooms; Forcing both of Fruit, Flowers,
and Vegetables; Notices of all the New Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables; Arbori-
culture, and more particularly Fruit Tree Culture and Pomology; Landscape
Gardening and Garden Architecture; descriptions of all the newest Inventions in
Garden Structures, Tools, and Implements; and a detail of work to be done in each
department during every week in the year.

In Rural and Domestic Economy, it treats of the Farm and Poultry-yard; Allot-
ment Farming; the Dairy; the Pigeon-house; and Rabbit and Bee-keeping. The
Treatment of Soils; Manures, Cropping and Rotation of Crops. Brewing; Wine
Making ; Vegetable Cookery, and the Preserving of Fruits and Vegetables.

Natural History and Botany, so far as they relate to Gardening and Husbandry,
are amply treated on, and embrace Zoology, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology,
and Physiological, Structural, Systematic, and Popular Botany.

Biographies and Portraits of the most celebrated Horticulturists.

Reviews of New Books relating to the above subjects; Reports of Horticultural
and Poultry Societies’ Meetings throughout the country ; and Scientific Notices.

To Advertisers, the Journal of Horticulture will be found a valuable and effective
medium, from its extensive circulation among the middle and upper classes.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER OFFICE,
171, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.;
And to be had of all Booksellers, and at the Railway Stalls,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

DESCRIPTIVE AND PRICED CATALOGUES.

B, 8. WILLIAMS

Will be happy to forward, post free, to all applicants, the following Catalogues

published by him annually, and will feel obliged by those Customers who do not

receive them regularly informing him of the same, when fresh copies will be
Jorwarded.

SEED CATALOGUE,
(JANUARY,)

Contains a descriptive list of Novelties in Flower and Vegetable Seeds, also a
detailed compendium of all previously known kinds, with copious notes for the
guidance of Amateur cultivators.

NEW PLANT CATALOGUE,
(MAY,)

Comprises all that is really good and that can be recommended of the new
introductions of the season, Stove, Greenhouse, and Hardy, with a full description
of each variety.

BULB CATALOGUE,
(AUGUST,)

Includes selected lists of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Ranunculus,
Amaryllis, Ixias, Gladioli, Liliums, and all other choice and rare kinds, with
suggestions as to Culture, &c.

Also a Supplementary List of Fruit Trees, Pines, Vines, &c.

LANDSCAPE AND SUB-TROPICAL GARDENING.

Estimates, Plans, and Advice given for the Laying-out Parks, Pleasure-Grounds,
&c.; also for erecting Greenhouses, Conservatories, the construction of Rock-
work and Ferneries; also for Heating and Ventilating on the most approved
principles, on the lowest terms.

FOREIGN ORDERS.

Plants, Seeds, §c., for transmission abroad, selected and packed with the greatest
possible care, in Wardian Cases, or Close Boxes, according to the nature of the -
goods, and shipped to any part of the world.

EXPERIENCED HEAD GARDENERS, GARDENER AND BAILIFF, FOREMEN, AND
UNDER GARDENERS RECOMMENDED,

ADVERTISEMENTS,

BY HER MAJESTY'S Hawa ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

MILBURN’S
PATENTED IMPROVEMENT TO THE LAWN MOWER,

FOR

Cutting Long Grass, Windles, &c., so unsightly on the Lawn,

Consists in attaching to the ordinary lawn mower, in front of the revolving cutter, arunnin
horizontal knife, similar to the reaper knife, which is fixed at a given distance from the turf,
and will cut every particle of grass, no matter how long or tough, sufficiently short, that the
ordinary. revolving cutter will cut it close enough to leave a beautifully smooth and closely-
cut lawn.

When the lawn has been neglected for sone weeks, or a new one laid down, it often is a
matter of consideration by the practical gardener how to cut the grass; his experience of
lawn mowers always proves they will only cut short grass, and he has invariably to use the
scythe to prepare for the lawn mower; but with MILBURN’S PATENT attached, all this can
be done at one operation. From the longest and toughest grass can be produced a perfectly
finished and uniform turf,

In introducing this to the public, W. M. feels confident that every practical person will at
once fully agree with him that his Machine does really supply a want long felt; and, from
the fact that it can be added at a small cost to any existing machine, or supplied with the
new one, together with the extreme simplicity of its construction, it must very soon recom-
mend itself wherever introduced.

The Machine is similar, in every respect, to MILBURN’S REVERSIBLE MOWER, as shown
underneath, with the addition as described.

a
ails

BW I Won LAAN Si C2 a LN aap HDS
cae la 5 RC
vi Rit ‘AN uy AMEE NUM DABS cass 7 Hh ok

Every information may be obtained from

WILLIAM MILBURN,

Maker of Milburn’s well-known Reversible Lawn Mowing Machine,
7, Todd Street, Corporation Street, Manchester.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

RICHARD HOLLIDAY,
2a, Portobello Terrace, Notting Hill Gate, London, W.,
MANUFACTURER OF ESPALIER WIRE WORKS.

Also, for the Constructing and Fixing of Wires to Garden Walls, to which the

shoots of Peaches and other Trees may be trained and tied; instead of the

antiquated system of using Shreds and Nails, so destructive to bricks and mortar,
and the harbouring of insects.

RABBIT-PROOF GARDEN FENCING.

TRELLIS WIRE WORK,

For Gardens and Conservatories.

WIRE WORK ARCHWAYS,

For Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, &c,

WIRE WORK ROSE FENCES,
ROSARIES, ARBOURS, SUMMER HOUSES, &e.

WIRE STANDARD BASKETS,

With Stem and Prongs for placing in any position, on the Lawn, and opposite
Windows or elsewhere.

SUSPENDING BASKETS,

For Conservatories,

WIRE WORK FLOWER STANDS FOR CONSERVATORIES, AVIARIES
FOR CONSERVATORIES, PHEASANTRIES, &e,
STRAINED WIRE FENCING OF ALL KINDS.

STRAWBERRY CRINOLINES,
For Preserving and Keeping the Fruit Clean and free from Slugs, &c.

ALL KINDS OF WIRE WORK MADE TO ORDER.
See ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Post 8vo., price 5s.; post free, 5s. 5d.

CHOICE STOVE AND GREENHOUSE FLOWERING
PLANTS,

By B. 8. WILLIAMS, F.R.H.S.

Comprising descriptions of upwards of 1000 Species and Varieties, accompanied
by instructions for their cultivation and general management.

“This neat and handy volume will supply a real want in horticultural literature—that of a
reliable modern treatise on the cultivation of the most beautitul flowering plants, whether
for exhibition, or for the decoration of the Stove or Greenhouse.”— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

“A book of this kind, which Mr, Williams now offers us, has been sadly wanted for
years.”— Gardeners’ Magazine.

“This book meets a real want, for all other books, such as those of Sweet and Macintosh,
that attempted to deal with this subject, are long since out of date, and out of print; it is
iesued in a handy form, and well and intelligently written by a first-rate cultivator."—The

ield,

Post 8vo., cloth, price 5s.; post free, 5s. 5d.

CHOICE STOVE AND GREENHOUSE ORNAMENTAL-
LEAVED PLANTS.

By B. 8. WILLIAMS, F.R.H.S.

FORMING A SEQUEL TO THE ABOVE, AND PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH
ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

Containing descriptions of upwards of 800 Species and Varieties, with full
directions and plans for the erection of Plant Houses especially adapted for this
class of Plants, Greenhouses and Conservatories, accompanied by Remarks on
Glazing and Ventilation, Heating, Cisterns, Shading, Soil, Potting, Watering,
Insects, Palms and their uses, Succulent Plants, Sub-Tropical Gardening, Window
Plants, and Plants suitable for window cultivation, Ornamental-leaved Plants
suitable for dinner-table decoration, Horticultural Exhibitions, &c. &c.

“ One feature, in particular, will render this work very useful to gardeners, viz., that it
contains a popular account of most of the introduced Palms—a class of plants concerning
which information is much needed amongst cultivators: altogether we heartily commend
the book.”— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

“ This is a companion volume to Mr. Williams’s admirable work on ‘ Stove and Greenhouse
Flowering Plants,’ and is as well got up as regards mechanism, and as terse and practical in
style, as the most business-like reader could desire. It need not be suid here that it is a book
to be relied upon for accuracy, because that is the first thing we should expect from acul-
tivator of Mr. Williams's immense experience ; but it is proper to remark that the hook
constantly presents examples of freshness of observation, spirited criticism, and original and
valuable suggestion.”—Gardeners’ Magazine.

“We cannot speak too highly of the two admirable volumes of Mr. B. 8. Williams.”—
Floral Magazine.

“We strongly recommend the work as a most indispensable one for the library of the
modern gardener.”—Land and Water.

Post 8vo., cloth, price 5s.; post free, 5s. 5d.

SELECT FERNS AND LYCOPODS,

BRITISH AND EXOTIC.
By B. 8. WILLIAMS, F.R.HS,
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

“We have no hesitation in stating that this is the best garden work on Exotic Ferns
which has yet appeared.” — Gardeners’ Chronicle. j

“ An excellent, practical, and handy treatise on Garden Ferns, well supplying a want
which has long been felt.”— Florist and Pomologist.

PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY
B, S. WILLIAMS, VICTORIA & PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

USED IN THE ROYAL GARDENS,
And principal Nurseries and Gardens throughout the United Kingdom,
with the most successful results,

FOWLER’S

HORTICULTURAL REQUISITES,

GARDENER’S INSECTICIDE destroys and prevents, without the slightest
stain or injury to the most delicate Plant and Root, every Insect, Blight,
and Mildew to which Plants and Trees are subject. It is easily applied,
by dipping, syringing, sponging, or as a winter dressing; does not
require cleansing off with water; and gives the foliage a bright, clean,
and healthy appearance. Price 1s. 6d., 3s., 5s, 6d., and 10s. per Jar.

TOBACCO POWDER, for dusting Plants and Trees infested with Insects,
Blights, and Mildews. It is intended for those who prefer the appli-
cation of a powder, and will be found a safer and more effectual remedy
than the ordinary “Duty Free Ground Tobacco.” Price 1s., 2s. 6d., 5s.,
and 10s. per Tin.

STANDEN’S MANURE, or GaRDENER’s and AMATEUR’S FRIEND, is specially
prepared for the use of exhibitors and others who aim to excel in the
culture of Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. It promotes a rapid, healthy,
and finely developed growth, with the highest excellence of colour, size,
and quality. Price 1s., 2s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 10s. 6d., and 21s. Per Tin,

TOBACCO PAPER.—Manufactured by our new and patented process. It
combines great strength, safety, and uniformity of quality ; does not
require blowing, and will keep good any length of time. Price 1s. 6d. per lb.

GARDEN MANURE.—This manure is specially prepared to meet the demand
for a thoroughly efficient and reliable manure for garden purposes, at a
moderate price. The effectiveness and permanence of its action is much
greater than Guano or Farmyard Manure, and renders its use in the
garden a matter of economy. Price, in 112 ld, bags, 21s. each; in 14 ld.
Cases, 3s. 6d. each,

MEALY BUG DESTROYER.—A special preparation for the safe, easy, and
complete eradication of this most troublesome of Stove House Plant
pests. It is instant destruction to both insects and ova, easily and
cleanly applied, and will not stain or injure the foliage. Price 1s., 2s. 6d.,
5s., and 10s. per Bottle,

Testimonials from the most eminent authorities. :

SOLD BY NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, AND CHEMISTS.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

G, & T, FOWLER, 35, GREAT DOVER STREET, LONDON.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FOR THE VILLA GARDEN, COUNTRY HOUSE, KITCHEN GARDEN,
ORCHARD, AND NURSERY.

‘HE

GARDENERS’ MAGAZINE.

Conpvuctgep sy SHIRLEY HIBBERD, Esq., F.R.H.S.

TWOPENCE WEEKLY.
Monthly Parts, Tenpence.

“«The Gardeners’ Magazine’ is allowed to be the oracle on all matters relating to Iorti-
eulture.”—Cambridge Chronicle.

“ Will be found useful in Country Parishes.”—The Record,

“Every one who wishes to make the most of his Garden should study this valuable and
pleasant Magazine.”—Literary World.

“ We would recommend every Housekeeper who possesses but a small Garden to obtain
«The Gardeners’ Magazine.’”—Ladies’ Treasury.

“Plenty of information as to what we should do.”—Fun.

“The Answers to Correspondents and Hints en Gardening are worth much more than the
cost of the Magazine.”—Churck Standard.

LONDON: E. W. ALLEN, 11, AVE MARIA LANE,
AND ALL BOOKSELLERS AND NEWSVENDERS.

AUTOMATON LAWN MOWERS

MANUFACTURED BY

RANSOMES, SIMS, & HEAD, IPSWICH.

THE best, simplest, and most durable Machines. They leave no ribs in the grass,
and are unsurpassed for keeping a Lawn or Croquet Ground in first-rate order.
They collect the grass as cut, or by taking box off leave it on the lawn. Best
wheel gearing, steel bearings, and rolled steel and iron knives, which keep sharp
in work. 5,000 are now in use. Prices from 55 Shillings ; sizes, 8 to 20 inches.
A large stock kept, and orders executed on receipt. Illustrated Lists free by post,
and Testimonials from Thirty English Counties.
Please refer to this Advertisement when ordering.
Pp

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE VICTORIA ELECTRIC THERMOMETER.

This instrument is very sensitive, showing the slightest change of temperature, and may be
lly relied upon for all the purposes of a

THERMOMETER, ALARM, OR INDICATOR.

Extract from the GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE, Worember 5, 1870.

“This invention consists in the adaptation of a peculiar form of balance thermometer,
designed by the patentee, Mr. G. Kothnie, to the purpose of connecting together separate
wires, jn connection with a galvanic battery. The action of the instrunient is the reswt of
the expansion of spirit, which occupies the upper part of the tube, and rests on quicksilver in
the lower part. This latter, by the expansion or contraction of the spirit, is displaced at one
end of the tube and driven over to the other, as the heat or cold may predominate, and thus
overbalancing the tube, makes it descend so as to come into contact with the pillars on either
side of the stand, as the case may be.

“To show more clearly what is the power and sensitiveness of this instrument, let us see
what it will effect. Take 1° of heat; this, even to the most sensitive person, would be
imperceptible; aided by a common thermometer we might just perceive it. Applied to a
long glass tube, filled with quicksilver, it will only expand the metal in that tube 1-9990th
part—or, in other words, a tube filled with quicksilver, 52 feet high, for 1° of additional! heat
will expand upwards 1-16th of aninch. Taking one of the most expansive of fluids—air—a
tube 5 teet high, tilled with air, will expand 1-8th of an inch in height, since air expands at
the rate of 1-490th for one degree of heat. Now, the effect of one degree of heat on the Victoria

‘Thermometer will be to cause it to ring a large bell upwards of 10 miles off.”

Sy

VICTURLA KLECTRIC THERMUMEVER.
Extract from the GARDENERS’ MAGAZINE, November 26. 1870.

“The VICTORIA ELECTRIC THERMOMETER, invented by Mr. Rothnie, and_ lately
presented to public notice by Mr. B.S. Williams, of the Victoriu Nursery. Upper Holloway,
merits attention for its admirable adaptation to all the purposes of a ‘ thermostat,’ without
any of the objections usually arising in connection with the use of such an instrument. The

inventions of Dr, Ure and Dr, Arnott were in principle alike throughout, though various in
form and material. ‘The ‘ Victoria Electric Thermometer’ is certainly one of the best of the
latest inventions of this class ; most likely ‘ve best, because of its universal applicability.”.

Price of Thermometer only £1 10s.

Price of Thermometer, including Galvanic Battery, Two Electric Bells, Indicator, Walnut-wood
Stand, and ail necessary connections, can be supplied on application to

— B. S. WILLIAMS,
Wietoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway. London. N.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A BOON FOR GRAPE GROWERS.

MEREDITH’S

VINE, PINE, PEACH, AND PLANT MANURE,

JOSEPH MEREDITH,

THE VINEYARD, GARSTON, NEAR LIVERPOOL,

After giving world-renowned proofs of his excellency over all others in Vine and
Grape growing, is now induced to offer to the horticultural world the above
MANURI, to the ingredients of which, in a great measure, he attributes the
success that has attended his exhibitions of Grapes in Paris, Brussels, Antwerp,
Maestricht, England, Ireland, and Scotland. In doing so, he is offering from
experience the most valuable aid to both practical and amateur gardeners, in not
only securing fine fruit, but good flavour and high finish of colour, and to plants
the greatest help towards vigour and successful cultivation ever met with.

To be had in Sealed Bags of 4 cwt., 10s. 6d.; 4 cwt., 218.; 1 cwt., 42s.,
with full directions for use.

For further particulars, see Descriptive Circulars, to be kad post free on
application as above.

VINES! VINES!

JOSEPH MEREDITH can supply all the leading varieties, both for fruiting in
pots and planting.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE POST FREE UPON APPLICATION,

J. M. can confidently say his Stock is unrivalled for quality and quantity.
An inspection is invited.

THE VINEYARD, GARSTON, NEAR LIVERPOOL,

EASY OF ACCESS, BOTH BY RAIL AND OMNIBUS,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

RALPH WALLER & Co.,
45, DALE STREET, MANCHESTER,
Manufacturers of all kinds of GARDEN NETTING, &c.

(pee serious injury done every spring to fruit crops by frost has proved to every
gardener the absolute necessity of providing some protection to the trees
early in the year. If the blossom, in its earliest development, be but slightly
weakened by frost, the vitality of the fruit-germ is destroyed, and the fruit lost.
In this climate, on the average of a century, there is not more than one year in
nineteen when the protection is unnecessary. Many fabrics have been tried for
this purpose of protection, with more or less success; and we may now say,
without fear of contradiction, that we have succeeded in manufacturing the only
fabric which is altogether unobjectionable for this purpose. Without unduly
nursing, it effectually protects the young germ, and does not impede the action
of light and due circulation of air. Some other fabrics do this, and thus weaken
the vitality of the tree altogether. Almost every large grower in the three
kingdoms can testify to these facts.

HOT-HOUSE SHADING of various thicknesses, superior to any other yet
discovered for lightness, strength, and durability, standing as it does all weathers.
Testimonial from ROBERT WARNER, Esq.

“T have had the netting No. 6 on my orchid-house for eighteen months, and I find it now
in very good order, and likely to last as many more months, and I intend to use it on all my
houses in future, being well satisfied both as to its lasting qualities and also as to the shade
it gives, which is sufficient to prevent burning and yet not thick enough to keep out the
light, as the ordinary strong shading stuffs do; indeed, it is suitable for shading any kind
of plants.—Broomfield, Feb. 18, 1871.”

TIFFANY of various kinds always on hand. NETTING and SHADING, in pieces
80 yards long, 1} yards wide. TIFFANY, in pieces 20 yards long, 38 inches wide.
For prices, &c., apply to the above address—45, DaLB STREET, MANCHESTER.

; STEVENSON’S
ABYSSINIAN MIXTURE,

Warranted to destroy Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale, Thrip, and all Insects
infesting Plants, without injuring the most tender foliage.

This invaluable mixture has received the very highest commendations from
many of the leading Horticulturists of this country.

Sold by all respectable Nurserymen and Seedsmen in the United Kingdom, in
bottles, 1s. 6d, 3s., 4s. 6d., and 5s. 6d. each, with directions for use.

sole Manufacturer, F. STEVENSON, Lark Hill, Timperley, Cheshire.

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT !!—The ertensive Range of Metallic Hothouses, the Cherry

Houses, and Back-roofed Vineries in the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, also the Metallic Plant

Houses at Osborne; Vineries at Arundel Castle, Sussex; Penrhyn Castle, Bangor; Walcot Hall,
Salop, d&c., &c., were executed at this Establishment.

Metallic Hothouse Builders ESTABLISHED
to Her Majesty. A.D. 1818,

CLARK & HOPE (late Clark),
HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,

55, LIONEL STREET, BIRMINGHAM,
Copper Sashes, Sash Bars, Hand Clases Meraneane Sky Lights, Wrought Iron Windows,
Jasements, dc.
BOOKS OF DESIGNS POST FREE—COLOURED, 2/9; PLAIN, 1/9.-The Designs comprise
all kinds of Metallic and Wood Conservatories, Hothouses, Stoves, Greenhouses, Tree
Covers, &c., &c., some of them having been in operation many years.

ADVERTISEMENTS,

NEW ILLUSTRATED WORK ON ORCHIDACES.

Dedicated by special permission to Her Most Gracious Majesty

QUEEN VICTORIA.

EACH VOLUME COMPLETE IN ITSELF,

First Volume now completed in Ten Quarterly Parts, each containing Four Coloured
Plates, price 12s. each.

SELECT ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS.

By ROBERT WARNER, F.R.H.S.
THE NOTES ON CULTURE

By B. 8. WILLIAMS,

Author of the “ Orchid Grower’s Manual,” “ Select Ferns and Lycopods,” “ Choice
Stove and Greenhouse Plants,” “ Choice Ornamental-leaved Plants,” $c.

THIS FORMS A HANDSOME WORK FOR THE DRAWING-ROOM TABLE.

Covers for binding, 5s. each.

Extract from the late Dr. Lindley’s remarks in the ‘‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,”
July 5th, 1862.

“This new contribution to our knowledge of Orchids will appear in ten
quarterly parts. The author states that, ‘having one of the largest amateur
collections of Orchidaceous plants, and being in friendly correspondence with the
principal growers throughout the country, he possesses ample opportunities for
selecting the most interesting species and varieties for illustration. One object of
the work will be to collect and disseminate information as to the best means of
growing and flowering Orchidaceous plants. It is consequently intended to
devote ample space to the details of cultivation ; and the author will gladly avail
himself of the assistance of those who are willing to communicate the results of
their practice.’ Mr. Williams, the author of the ‘Orchid Grower’s Manual,’ and
one of the most skilful of cultivators, being associated in the undertaking, the
public has the best possible guarantee that the foregoing promise will be kept.”

Parts I., 11, III, 1V., V. VI. and VII., of Vol. II. of this Work, are now ready.
Each Number will contain Three Coloured Plates.

Price, to Subscribers, 10s. 6d. each.

SOLD BY B. S. WILLIAMS,

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Pp 2

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence, profusely Illustrated.

THE ‘VILLA GARDENER.

+ Meee Magazine is not intended for Professional Gardeners, who are already so

well supplied with ably conducted weekly and monthly journals, but for
that very large class—the dwellers in Suburban Residences and Villas—who are
interested in Gardening simply as a relaxation from other pursuits, who do not
employ a regular gardener, and who have at present no Periodical devoted
expressly to their interests.

Its pages are occupied with matter concerning Villa and Town Gardens—to
their laying out, planting, and general culture—the management of plants in the
open air, the conservatory, greenhouse, dwelling-house, balcony, Wardian case,
&c. City gardens, squares, parks, and places of public resort, also receive some
degree of attention proportionate to the influence they exercise, or may be made
to exercise, on the public taste.

Special articles by some of the most competent writers of the day regularly
appear on all Gardening operations—as the preparation of the soil, manuring, the
sowing of seed, striking plants from cuttings, grafting, layering, pruning, training,
watering, and the innumerable other operations which require to be performed in
the course of the year, even in the smallest Garden. The Conductors will also
have something to say on the best mode of dealing with the Pests of the Garden,
insects especially.

Notices of New Flowers, Fruits, Omamental Plants and Trees, and Culinary
Vegetables, so far as these may be interesting to amateurs, appear in each
Number, and their respective merits or demerits are fairly criticised.

Particular attention is given to the construction of conservatories, greenhouses,
and hothouses, and of the varied modes of Heating and Ventilating.

Garden Architecture and the proper use of Statuary and other garden ornaments
form an important feature of the VILLA GARDENER. Improvements in Garden
Tools, Implements, and other appliances are noticed and criticised.

Practical and plain instructions of what has to be done during the month, in all
the departments of a Villa Garden, are given; and, in addition, plain directions
for what should not be done.

It being unquestionable that it is on the Ladies of the household that the
general direction of the labour of a Flower Garden falls, as well as the care of
plants in the conservatory and drawing-room, it has been the particular study of
the Conductors, by imparting their experience on the best modes of management,
to make “ Every Lady her own Flower Gardener ;” and, in doing this, it is hoped
to effect a general improvement in the gardening tastes of that large class for
which the VILLA GARDENER is specially intended.

In addition to the subjects mentioned above, a portion of the Magazine is
occasionally devoted to Villa Architecture, and the Management of Aviaries and
Aquariums, as adjuncts to the Villa,

The Queries of Correspondents on all subjects connected with Villa Gardening
receive every attention, and are replied to at such length as the general interest of
the questions demands.

OFFICE :

13a, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET, LONDON,

Intending Subscribers are recommended to order THE VILLA GARDENER from
their regular Buokseller or News Agent ; but should any difficulty arise in procuring
it, Copies will be sent Free by Post for one Year, on receipt of a Post-office Order,
or Postage Stamps, for Seven Shillings, addressed to the Office,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS

Erected Complete, or the Materials supplied for Heating
GREENHOUSES,
HOTHOUSES,
CONSERVATORIES,
CHURCHES,

PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c.

HOT-WATER PIPES

At wholesale prices; Elbows, T-pieces, Syphons, and every other connection
kept in stoek,

WROUGHT and CAST-IRON CONICAL, SADDLE, and IMPROVED
CONICAL, also ELLIPTIC BOILERS, from 248. each.

IMPROVED AND EXTRA STRONG

CAST-IRON TUBULAR BOILERS,

With or without Water Bars, from 52s. 6d. each.

CAST and WROUGHT-IRON PORTABLE BOILERS, on Stand,
for use without Brickwork, from 60s. each.

Patent THROTTLE and other VALVES.
FURNACE DOORS, BARS, and Furnace
Work of every description and size.

INDIA-RUBBER RINGS for Pipe Joints; Sockets
require no other packing, and are perfectly
water-tight.

GOODS, OF THE VERY BEST MANUFACTURE, DELIVERED AT RAILWAY OF
WHARF IN LONDON.

LYNCH WHITE,
Old Barge Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street,

LONDON, S.E. (Surrey side Blackfriars Bridge).
PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

a

GREENHOUSES, HOTHOUSES, &c.,

FOR THE MILLION.

MADE BY STEAM POWER.

HOT WATER APPARATUS, constructed on the most economical and latest-
improved principles, warranted to consume the smallest amount of Fuel yet intro-
duced to the Public. The Cheapest in England for good work. Several Green-
houses, &c. to be seen in use on the premises. Send three Penny Stamps for

Catalogue to
J. LEWIS & Co.,
Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, London, N.

CONSERVATORIES AND FERNERIES

BUILT OR IMPROVED,
INTRODUCING FOUNTAINS, ROCK-WORK, TERRA-COTTA,

AND OTHER FITTINGS, BY

JAMES PULHAM,
BROXBOURNE.

Specimens on Show and Sale in the Arcades of the Royal Horticultural Gardens,
and at Maria Place, near Loughborough Road Station, Brixton.

References to Works executed during Thirty Years.

PRIZE MEDALS OF 1851 AND 1862; ALSO 1867 AT PARIS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

GARDEN ORNAMENTS.

seni

Illustrated and Priced Lists of Garden Requisites,
Fencing, Cattle Hurdles, &c., on application.

. ARCHWAY No. 54.—Galvanized. £ zs. a.
7ft.0in. high ... 4 ft. 0 in. span, inside measure ii .. Price 112 6
7ft.3in. ,, - 4.6m, % 4 wa ae a «66
7ft.6in. ,, - 5.0m ,, ” te » 240
ARCHWAY No. 51.—A place aeseription, ‘Galvanized.
7 ft. high, 4 ft. span, 1 ft. wide ... 1a .. Price 12s. 6d.

SUSPENDING BASKET, No. 119u-Galvenieed or Japanned.
10 12 15 18 21 inches diameter.
3/ 4/ 5/6 7/6 10/6 each.
THOMAS’S IMPROVED HARD WIRE aaa BORDERING.—
neler —

=

a
SI

In rolls of 6 9 2 15: inches high.

50 yards 6d. 9d. 1/ 1/3 per yard.
In separate 3 feet lengths © 7d. 10d. 1/2 1/6 each length.

Including Spikes for fixing.

J. J. THOMAS & Co.,
PADDINGTON WIRE WORKS, 285, EDCEWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

WAX FLOWER MODELLING
MADE EASY,

ADVERTISEMENTS,

COMPRISING THE PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF

MODELLING

AND

COLOURING FLOWERS IN WAX.

BY
ANNIE M. WILLIAMS.

WITH COLOURED FRONTISPIECE AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

Price Two Shillings and Sixpence, cloth gilt. Free by Post Two Shillings
and Eightpence,

From “Tue LapIEs’ OWN PAPER.”

“*Wax Flower Modelling Made Easy’ is what it professes to be—a hand-book for the
beginner in this tasteful and pupular ‘Ladies’ Work.’ It comprises practical directions for
modelling and colouring, with lists of the flowers best suited for the purpose; and we can
therefore cordially commend the little Manual to any of our readers who may think of com-
mencing this pleasant and profitable study during the coming summer months.”

From “THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE.”

“A very unpretending, but at the same time very serviceable, guide in the manufacture of

wax flowers. The directions are simple and to the point.” >

SOLD BY

B. 8S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY,

And all Booksellers.
PUBLISHED BY BRADBURY, EVANS, &Co., LONDON.

Just Published,

THE HAND-BOOK OF HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL AND
ALPINE FLOWERS, FOR THE FLOWER GARDEN. By WILLIAM
SUTHERLAND, Gardener to the Earl of Minto, formerly Manager of the Her-
baceous Department at Kew. In One Vol., Crown 8vo, price 4s. 6d.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & S¢ NS, 45, George Street, Edinburgh ; 37, Paternoster Row, London.

This day is Published,

A New and Enlarged Edition of HANDY BOOK OF THE FLOWER GARDEN;
being Practical Directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement
of Plants in Flower Gardens all the year round. By Davip THomson,
Gardener to the Duke of Buccleuch, Drumlanrig, N.B. Crown Octavo,
with Engravings, price 7s. 6d.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London.

ADVERTISEMEN TS,

GLASS SHADE AND WINDOW GLASS WAREHOUSE.

JAMES HETLEY & Co.,
35, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, Ww.

FERN SQUARE
SHADES AND
ON
GLOBE
RUSTIC
STANDS, AQUARIUMS.

GLASS FOR GREENHOUSES AND P!T FRAMES.

‘A large assortment of small sizes at very low prices.

HARTLEY'S ROLLED ROUGH PLATE.
WINDOW CONSERVATORIES.
PROPAGATING AND BEE GLASSES.
CUCUMBER TUBES.

MILK PANS AND WASP TRAPS.

5.6 Seon
y, os

erm ee voc.