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Group of Perobas,

The Timber Trees
of the State of Sao Paulo

Brazil

Soe Saioriay

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002868705

THE TIMBER TREES

OF THE STATE OF

Sao Paulo

BRAZIL

j

nell Universi

SD 186. p43.

aig

REPUBLIC of the UNITED STATES of BRAZIL.
THE STATE of S. PAULO.

1K eer

Department of Agriculture, Commerce and
Public Works.

THE TIMBER TREES

OF THE STATE OF

SAO PAULO

BRAZIL.

A Descriptive Summary
by

== HUASCAR PEREIRA —

Engineer to the Public Works Dept. of the State.

Introduction,

In successive Universal Exhibitions it
has been recognised that Brazil is
the richest country in the world in
timber for building and industrial
purposes.

In the State of S. Paulo more than 800 varieties of timber
for building and industrial purposes have been noted; its higher
regions are still covered for the greater part with dense virgin
forests.

Its timber-lands and forests stretch from the shores of the
Atlantic Ocean to the Campos do Jordao in the Serra da Manti-
queira which rise to an altitude of 2,100 metres, producing a
succession of zones of varying climate, from a tropical warmth
to the temperature of the higher lands of Middle Europe.

The State of S. Paulo produces timber so durable that it
has been known to form part of structures much more than a
century old, and even of as long standing as the colony itself:
a duration of 50 years is very common for many species of
timber used in work exposed to the weather and to the action of
water. This period is quite usual, for instance, in bridge structures,
in river works, and even in harbour and coast constructions
exposed to the action of salt water.

Its timber is remarkable, too, for its beauty of colouring,
from the clear white of the Malacacheta, &c., to the jet-black
of the Gratna and others. In fact all colours are represented,
the white marfim-velho of the Pequid-marfim, the uniform light-
yellow of the Guatambd, the red of the Aroeira and others, the
green of the Sucupira, the violet of one of the Jacarandas, and
the pink of the Guarabd; all with grain of most equisite mark-
ing, which greatly enhances their employment for works of art
in wood and affording handsome surfaces for polishing.

The Eucalyptus has become quite indigenous to the soil,
grows rapidly and lends itself well to auto-reproduction. It may
be truly regarded as the timber of the State, for it exhibits the
same valuable qualities so notable in the Eucalyptus of Australia.

Sp

The Paulist timber is often very flexible, elastic and
resistant, as, for example the Guatambi, Genipapo, Goiabeira
do matto, Guaranta, &c., yielding timber specially suitable for
the more elastic parts of agricultural carts, and particularly for
like’ parts of machines. Some timber has extraordinary resisting
qualities, the Pdo-ferro withstanding a crushing force of 951
kilograms per square centimetre, the Jacarandd4-ta, 1,043 kilos. and
the Pdo-Brazil the extraordinary figure of 1,361 kilos. per square
centimetre.

The timbers vary greatly in specific weight, from the Cedro
branco with 3870 kilos. per cubic metre to the Aroeira with
1,267 kilos.; the ordinary building-timbers average from 800 to
1,000 kilos. per cubic metre.

The following varieties are applicable to ship-building: the
Sucupira, Tapinhoan, Mossotahyba, Pequid, Oleo pardo, Oleo
vermelho, Massaranduba, Eucalyptus, Jacaranda, Guaiambi, &c.

Wood for first-class carriage-building is provided by the
Jacaranda, Cedro vermelho, Oleo, the Canellas preta, imbuia,
sassafraz, &c., the Araribdé, Vinhatico, &c., all presenting very
handsome surface for polished and decorative work. More than
50 varieties of timber afford suitable material for all kinds of
household furniture and appointments, from the Grumichaba, Ara-
riba, Oleo, Peroba rajada, and mitida, &c., for ordinary qualities
of work, to the Jacarandds-ta and violeta, and the Imbujas,
Guayuvira, Carvalho nacional, Caxicahen, &c., all possessing qual-
ities especially fitting them for work of the highest finish.

This higher-class timber allows of fine polish, gilt and
beaded work, is remarkably firm and strong, allowing of the use
of parts of small dimensions, and is also of excellent quality
for moulding and carving. There are in the homes of Brazilians
of rank and wealth many examples of artistic cabinet-work which
has long been of traditional note.

The Araruva, Arco de pipa, Guarantd, &c., are suitable for
making casks, barrels, vats, &c.

The following supply timber for railway-sleepers of more
than 12 years duration: the Oleo vermelho, Tapinhoan, Aroeira,
Gibatao do Norte, Peroba mitida, the Ipes, &c.

The following trees yield secondary products useful in
pharmaceutical and veterinary science, viz: The And4-assti, Angico,
Angelim, Aroeira, Bicuiba, Cambard, Canella preta, Cangerana,
Capechenguy, Copahyba, Eucalyptus, Genipapo, Gratina, Guanandi,
the Ipé tabaco and others, the Jatoba Oleo vermelho, Pao d’Arco,
Pereira, Sucupira, &c., &c.

For tanning, the leaves, bark. &c. of the following are used,

2562

viz: The Mague, Angico, Peroba, Guatambt, Peito de pomba,
Tapinhoan, Sucupira, Barbatiméo, Capechenguy, &c.

The specific weights of the various varieties are determined
in kilogrammes per cubic metre, and the co-efficients of resist-
ance to crushing and flexion, or bending, are given in kilogrammes
per square centimetre.

The botanical classification has been made by the eminent
Brazilian botanist, Barboza Rodrigues and other capable scientists,
so insuring accuracy. :

All the information supplied concerning the various uses and
applications was carefully compiled by the Author of this Summary.

The Author gratefully acknowledges the learned and valuable
assistance of:

Drs. Loefgren and Edwall, of the Geological and Geograph-
ical Department of the State.

Dr. Jose Reboucas, Engineer.

Dr. Theodoro Sampaio, Engineer.

Dr. Cornelio Schmidt, of the Geographical Department of
the State.

Dr. Ascendino Reis, Professor of the State Normal College.

Dr. Barboza Rodrigues, ex-Director of the Botanical Garden
of Rio de Janeiro.

(BLESSES

Acacia.

Acacia polyphilla DC. Order: Leguminosae.

Fine wood affording a surface which can be polished.
May be used for furniture, decorative purposes, &c., and for
interiors of buildings. Is found in S. Paulo and in neighbouring
localities. Specific gravity: 750 kilograms per cubic metre.

Acoita-Cavallo.

VARIETIES: Acoita-cavallo.

4 és branco.

SYNONYMS: Soita-cavallo. Salta-cavallo. Agouta-cavallo. Ivatingy.

CLASSIFICATION: Luehea paniculata Mart. Family: Tiliaceae.
Order: Columniferae.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TIMBER: Trunks 10 to 12 metres
long with diameter of 0.80 to 1 metre. Colour whitish, or
hoary, with darker patches. Stubborn fibrous texture.

No alburnum. Easy to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 640 to 850 kilogs.

USES: Building-interiors. Panelling. Framework. Scantlings. Soles
of boots, clogs, wooden vessels and spoons.

Branches very flexible.
The bark is used for tanning and is of medicinal value,
for arthritic tumours, diarrhoea and _ leucorrhoea.

HABITAT: Abounds in the North of the State to the boundaries
of the State of Rio; is met with, nevertheless, in nearly
every part of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Its wood is of second-rate quality, the Agoita-
cavallo branco being even more inferior.

The tree attains a large size, widely branching and leafy,
affording grateful shade to cattle in the pastures.

Very flexible branches.

Large, oval, bright green leaves; woody fruit, long, divided
into five cavities.

Flowers in February and March.

eS peat

“QUIDS }SIIO} Y

Aderno.

VARIETIES: Aderno verdadeiro.
3 vermelho.
SYNONYMS: Aderno verdadeiro or preto.
CLASSIFICATION: Astronium commune Jacq.
Fam. Anacardiaceae. Order: Sapindinae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long, and from
60 to 80 cms. in diameter.

Light red colour, with whitish patches, which almost dis-
appear on polishing. In the Aderno verdadeiro the colour is
darker and the patches are brown.

Very regular and light fibres. Hard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Aderno vermelho: From 870 to 1,050
kilograms.

Aderno vermelho: From 820 to 900 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing force: 700 kilogs.; to bending 638
kilograms.

USES: Exterior woodwork, dry situations. Stakes, bridges, cabinet-
work, turning, polished work.

Sleepers of second-rate quality. Both kinds have the
same uses.

HABITAT: To boundaries of the State of Rio, Sierra del Mar.
OBSERVATIONS: Of large growth.

Fine appearance.

Timber rare.

Alecrim,

CLASSIFICATION: Pithecolobium sp. Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres long and with a
diameter of from 20 to 30 centimetres.

Colour dark-red, almost black.

Fibres straight, light in colour and very resistant.

Thick layer of sap-wood or alburnum in proportion to its
diameter.

Very hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 940 to 1,000 kilogs.

USES: Exterior woodwork, damp localities. Cabinet-work, axle-
trees; polished work, affording a very beautiful surface.
Rods. Balusters. Axles and spokes of wheels.

The sap-wood also can be used for interior wood-work.

HABITAT: West of the State, rare in other localities.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of flourishing growth, much branched

and leafy.
—9—

Bark rough and thin.

Leaves small, hoary or whitish and very similar to the
garden Alecrim.

Flowers small, white and in clusters.

Fruit large, copious and fine.

Almesca.

Styrax glabratum Spr. Family: Styracaceae. Order: Dios-
pyrinae.

Tree of ordinary growth. Wood of inferior quality used
for interior wood-work, frame-work and boxes. It has a sp.
gr. of 950 to 1,000 kilogs. per cubic metre.

Is met with in the North of the State and in the valley
of the Parahyba.

Amendoeira.

Amendoeira brava (Hardy Amendoeira). Wood of inferior
quality used for interior wood-work, frame-work and boxes.
Sp. gr. 700 to 800 kilogs.

Is. found in all parts of the State.

Amendoim.

SYNONYM: Oleo branco.
CLASSIFICATION: Pterogyne nitens Tul.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres long and 60 centi-
metres diameter.
Colour uniform whitish or hoary.
Fibres or grain, fine golden yellow. Leaves lengthwise
with the stem.
No alburnum or sap-wood.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
USES: Flooring. Carts and carriages. Dry situations, first-rate
quality. Ped fit
HABITAT: A plant of small growth, very branching and little
foliage. Branches erect and much subdivided towards base.
Leaves small, smooth and opposite. Flowers white, small
and perpendicular, in groups. Fruit small and abundant
similar to amendoim.

Clearing a Virgin Forest.

Amarellinho.

CLASSIFICATION: Symplocos sp. Family: Symplocaceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres long with diameter
from 0.80 to 1 metre.

Colour, bright yellow, very even colouring. Fine and

regular grain. Hard to cut.

USES: Exterior wood-work. Flooring. Dry situations. Cabinet-
work. Turning. Naval constructions. Hard to cut.

HABITAT: Valley of the Ribeira.

OBSERVATIONS: In Cananea it is called the Amarellinho or
Canella Paula Teixeira; has a texture of second-rate quality,
used only for interior-work.

Anda-Assd.

SYNONYMS: And4-guassu. Inda-guasst. Purga de gentio. Céco
de purga. Fructa de Arara.

CLASSIFICATION: Joannesia princeps Vell.

Family: Euphorbiaceae. Order: Tricoccae:

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 6 metres long and 40 to 60
centimetres diameter.

Colour white, with slightly golden patches. Grain much
intercrossed forming a very loose texture.

No sap-wood.

Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 480 to 600 kgs.

USES: Interior wood-work. Frame-work. Floats. Canoes. Pack-
ing-cases. It is of third-rate quality.

The fruit is purgative both for men and animals, and
stupifies fish causing them to come to the surface.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of ordinary growth, twisted, branch-
ing and with thick tufted foliage. Large palmlike compound
leaves at the ends of the branches.

Fruit divided into two capsules with oily almond-like
seeds.

On the Southern Coast this tree has a much smaller
development.

Angelim.

VARIETIES: Angelim amargoso.
95 céco.

ee

Angelim doce.

Bs pedra.
» rosa.
SYNONYMS: Angelim or Mangald.
» amargoso or aracui.

56 céco or urarema.

CLASSIFICATION: Angelim: Vouacapoua sp. Aubl.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: All the varieties of Angelim have trunks from 8
to 10 metres long and 0.60 to 1 metre in diameter.
Colours vary from bright yellow to dark red.

This description is departed from in some respects,
especially in the Angelim pedra.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Angelim amargoso. From 700 to 954 kgs.

Angelim céco: From 780 to 850 kilogs.

5 doce: From 800 to 1,000 kilogs.
pedra: From 980 to 1,052 kilogs.
Fr rosa: From 670 to 1,000 kilogs.

RESISTANCE: Angelim amargoso: To crushing 1,007 kilogs.

” céco: To crushing: 626 kilogs.

” pedra: ,, m 648 Bs

i rosa: 35 5 670 5
to bending: 570 kilogs.

USES: Exterior wood-work. Bridges. Posts, damp situations. Carts,
casks, barrels. Naval constructions. Is not fitted for flooring
nor where thin planking is required.

Not suitable where subjected to much flexion or bending.

Angelim céco and pedra make sleepers of first-rate
quality, but does not hold nails well.

The Angelim amargoso is a vermifuge and drastic medi-
cinally.

The bark of Angelim céco is a vermifuge, but is
poisonous if used in too large doses.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Rare in the rest of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Angelim amargoso: Tree of strong growth,
tufted foliage. Glossy leaves.

Fruit large, long and always green. Leaves red, slightly
aromatic.

Angelim doce: Tree of ozdinary growth. Flowers hang-
ing, with dark red calices. Fruit oval, with a single seed
ripening to a golden yellow colour.

Angelim pedra: Tree of large growth. Rayed flowers
with five points or teeth,

The fruit is white with a red seed.

Angico.

Angelim rosa: Tree of ordinary growth. Flowers reddish,
rather irregular. Fruits very broad with three edible seeds.

Angico.

VARIETIES: Angico.

#3 céco.

» escuro.
SYNONYMS: Angico or Curupay.
CLASSIFICATION: Angico: Piptademia rigida Benth.

Order: ‘Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 7 metres in height, and from
60 to 80 cms. diameter.

Colour from yellow to dark-brown with bright patches.

Coarse and crossed or netted grain.

Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Angico: From 907 to 1,070 kilogs.

Angico céco: From 770 to 890 kilogs.

RESISTANCE: Angico: To crushing 753 kilogs.
USES: Bridges, posts, work exposed to changing and extreme
temperatures, dry situations, first-rate quality.

Flooring, panelling, interior wood-work. Sleepers of
second-rate quality. The bark is used for tanning. Produces a
gum of medicinal value.

In the North of the State, in the valley of the Para-
hyba, there is much Angico but of inferior quality, appli-
cable only for interior work and boxes or cases.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth, branching with little
foliage, branches thin and subdivided. Leaflets small and
compound leaves, palm-like.

Flowers white, small, very numerous and odorless. Fruit
small and flat with small seeds.

Araca.

VARIETIES: Araga.

Aracagy.

Aracapyranga.

Aragarana de concha.

Aracarana_ branca.

Aragatuba.
CLASSIFICATION: The Aracd and its varieties are all of the

genus Psidium. Family: Myrtaceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 6 meters long, with 30 to

13 =

60 cms. diameter. Colour, dark-yellow to dark-brown. Grain
very regular and compact. No sap-wood or alburnum.
Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Arac4: From 997 to 1,071 kilogs.
Aracapyranga: From 1,000 to 1,100 kilogs.
RESISTANCE: Aracd: To crushing: 735 kilogs.; to bending
865 kilogs.
USES: Aracd: Exterior work, beams, bridges, damp situations,
second-rate quality. Coarse flooring. Turning. Polished work.
Aracgagy: Only applicable to interiors, not fitted for
flooring.
Aracapyranga: The same uses as Araga, to which it is
superior being of first-rate quality.
Aracarana: Is of inferior quality in both varieties.
Aracgatuba: Is of inferior quality and is only applicable
to interior work.

HABITAT: Around S. Paulo, Sierra del Mar, is however found
in other parts of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: The Aracgds are trees having little foliage,
branching upward and straight, the bark dark-brown in
colour but fine, except the Aragatuba which branches more
and has a greenish rough bark.

The Aragarana branco is met with on the south-lying coast.

te Arapasst.

Handsome timber for turning, polishing, furniture, &c.
Of first-rate quality for interior work. Is found in the valley
of the Ribeira.

Arapéca.

SYNONYMS: Guatayapéca. Pdo-amarello. Arapéca-amarella.
CLASSIFICATION: Raputia magnifica Engl Family: Rutaceae.
Order: Gruinales.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres long with 40 to
80 cms. diameter.
Colour, very even light yellow. Whitish grain, fine and
not very marked.
Small amount of sap-wood. Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 720 to 1,210 kilogs.
USES: Exterior work. Bridges, posts. Beams, damp _ localities.
Cabinet-work. First-class carriages and coaches. Turning,
etc. Sleepers of second-rate quality lasting 9 years.

os dees

HABITAT: Franca, Batataes, etc.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of ordinary growth. Leathery leaves of
various forms. The fruit is a tough capsule of five chambers
or vessels with five depressions.

Arariba.

VARIETIES: Araribd amarello.

a branco.
= rosa.
4 vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Araribé amarello or Grande.
3 vermelho or Carijé.
CLASSIFICATION: Araribé amarello: Centrolobium.
ss branco: Centrolobium.
5 rosa: Centrolobium robustum Benth.
Araribaé vermelho: Centrolobium tomentosum
Benth.
Order: Leguminosae. 7
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long, with 0.80
to 1 metre diameter.

Colour, yellow, with reddish veins and surface varied
by bright tones. Grain fine and netted.

Small layer of sap-wood. Easy working with the knife. -

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Araribé amarello: From 700 to 872 kgs.
3 branco: 650 to 780 kilogs.
53 fosa: 705 to 920 kilogs.
bs vermelho: 700 to 1,000 kilogs.
RESISTANCE: Araribaé amarello: To crushing 307 kilogs.; to
bending: 1,322 kilogs.

Arariba rosa: To crushing: 718 kilogs.; to bending:
972 kilogs.

Arariba vermelho: To crushing: 538 kilogs.

USES: Beams, posts. Exterior work.

Naval construction. Barrels. The Araribaé amarello is
superior to the Araribé vermelho. The Arariba branco is
of inferior quality to the others. The Araribé amarello
supplies flooring boards of remarkable flexibility. The root
of the Arariba yields a red dye. The Araribé rosa may
be put to the same uses as the Araribd amarello and makes
a sleeper of first-rate quality, lasting 11 years.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: Trees of large growth, very branching and

— 15 —

leafy, noted for their beauty in the landscape. On the coast
two varieties only have been noted up to the present: the
Araribaé amarello or grande.

Arariba vermelho, carij6 or pequeno.

Araruva.

VARIETIES: Araruva branca.
a vermelha.
SYNONYMS: Araruva vermelha or amarella.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres long with diameter of
40 to 60 centimetres.
Colour, yellow or bright reddish with patches.
Some planks from the bole are not evenly dense.
Grain very regular and well-marked.
Easy to work with the knife.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Araruva branca: From 700 to 820 kgs.
Bs vermelha: From 750 to 950 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Araruva vermelha: To crushing: 402 kilogs.; to
bending: 1,217 kilogs.
USES: Barrels. Interior work. Boxes. Flooring and panelling.
The Araruva branca is much inferior to the Araruva
vermelha; it cannot be employed for building, only for
large baskets.
HABITAT: Valley of the Tieté and of Piracicaba.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree with sparse branching and little top.
Smooth and fine bark. Large round leaves with coarse and
plainly-seen veining. This timber. is not of standard quality.

Araxixa.

Wood of white colour, easy to cut, and suitable for
boxes, panelling, matches, etc. Tree of medium height,
upright trunk, high branching head. Edible fruit, raw or
cooked as chestnuts.

Arco de Pipa.

CLASSIFICATION: Erythroxylum pulchrum St. Hil. Family: Ery-
throxylaceae. Order: Gruinales.

DESCRIPTION OF TIMBER: Very compact. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,071 to 1,072 kilogs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 538 kilogs.

eS

SPS

USES: Barrels. Carts. Bridges. Beams. Sleepers of first-rate quality.
This wood is noted for its flexibility.
HABITAT: North of the State and in the valley of the Tieté.
A rare wood.

Aroeira.

VARIETIES: Aroeira.

5 do campo.

3 preta.

3 do sertado.
SYNONYMS: Aroeira preta or Orindeuva (Q. V.)
CLASSIFICATION: Aroeira: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.

re do campo: Schinus anthartribua F.
All. Family: Anacardiaceae. Order: Sapindinae.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,050 to 1,267 kilogs. All the varieties
of Aroeira have this same sp. gr.

RESISTANCE: Aroeira: To crushing: 1,005 kilogs.

Aroeira do sertao: To crushing: 1,095 kilogs.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres long, with diameter
from 40 to 50 centimetres.

Colour from dark-yellow to red with darker patches,
forming a kind of pattern or design.

Grain fine and closely marked forming; a compact wood.

Layer of alburnum, or sap-wood, also applicable to
wood-work.

Very hard to cut.

USES: Bridges, posts, beams, damp situations. This timber is
justly considered to be the best in S. Paulo for exterior
wood-work and damp _ situations. Cabinet-work, axle-
trees. Forms handsome surface for polishing. The bark
of the Aroeira and its varieties is used for tanning leather,
for preparing a dye for textile fabrics and for its medicinal
properties used in cases of rheumatism.

The Aroeiras yield an oil which is used for ulcerated
wounds, and a distillate from their leaves and fruit is an
extract of diuretic value. The dye of the Aroeira is firm
in textures which come in contact with salt water, such as
hair, string and rope, ribbon, etc.

HABITAT: The valleys of the Mogy-Guassti and Tieté, but is
found in nearly every part of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: The tree is small and has a twisted and gnarled
growth. It yields a fine powder very irritating to the skin.

Stakes and posts made of Aroeira have usually a

duration of 50 years.
BT

Balsino.

Timber used for carts and waggons, joinery, exte-
rior wood-work, etc. Of second-rate quality. Tree of small
growth to be met with on the Sierra del Mar. Sp. gr
from 930 to 1,010 kilogs.

Barbatimido.

SYNONYMS: Casca de virgindade.

CLASSIFICATION: Stryphnodendron Barbatiméo Mart. Order:
Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 3 to 4 metres long with 40 to 50
centimetres diameter.

Fibres much interlacing.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,045 to 1,304 kilogs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 1,105 kilogs.

USES: Cabinet-work, turning. Exterior work. Damp situations.
Is not suitable for flooring nor for broad planking.

The bark is astringent and is used for tanning. The bark
and leaves are used as a tonic, also for malignant wounds
or sores and diarrhoea, both for men and animals.

HABITAT: North of the State, valleys of the Tieté and Rio
Pardo, being found, however, in almost every part of
the State. :

OBSERVATIONS: Twisted and gnarled growth, very few leaves,
small palmate. White flowers in dense spikes.

The fruit is small with coarse red seeds.

Bico de Pato.

SYNONYMS: Guaximbé. Bico de papagaio.
CLASSIFICATION: Machaerium sp. Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks of 8 to 10 metres in length with 50
to 60 centimetres diameter.
Whitish colour with branching patches.

Grain very fine and interlaced. Large layer of sap-wood.
Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 900 to 1,000 kilogs.
USES: Bridges, beams. Exterior work. Damp localities, first-
rate quality.
The bark is used for tanning.

HABITAT: Valley of the Tieté and certain parts of the North
of the State.

— 18 —

Aroeira.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large development, very branching and
good foliage. Erect. Bark fine and rough. Leaves large
and very uniform in size. Flat spines, large. in newer branches.
Fruit small, hooked like the bill of a bird.

In the valley of the Mogy-Guassi the timber grown
is of inferior quality.

Bicuiba.

VARIETIES: Bicuiba asst.

ig mirim.

CLASSIFICATION: Myristica Bicuhyba Schott.

Family: Myristiceae. Order: Polycarpicae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long and 60 to
80 centimetres diameter. Colour white, which rapidly becomes
red on exposure to the air.

Easy to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 680 to 800 kilogs.

USES: Beams, joists, rafters, flooring. In‘erior work, first-rate
quality. Yields medicinal oil used for rheumatism and
dyspepsia.

HABITAT: North of the State and the valley of the Tieté.
On the Southern shores it is of inferior quality.
OBSERVATIONS: A lofty tree, large head, rounded like the pine,
very branching and leafy. Broad leaves. Flowers unisexual.
The fruit contains a single seed yielding the medicinal oil.
The Bicuiba mirim is inferior to the Bicuiba asst.

Biry.

Wood of inferior quality, used for interior work and for
boxes. Grows very rapidly and can be felled in 6 years.
Makes very good fire-wood.

Is found in Campinas and neighbouring country.

Bocuva.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long with 0.60 to
1 metre diameter. Colour dark-yellow with reddish patches.
Coarse grain, straight, in layers; presenting divers colours
in regular transverse bands.
Layer of sap-wood. Soft under the knife.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 820 to 910 kilogs.
USES: Panelling. Scantlings. Interior work. Warps very much.

— 19 —

HABITAT: Valley of the Ribeira, Sierra del Mar and in the North
of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Upright in growth, much branched, little foliage.
Dark round leaves. Broad black fruits with yellow veining
and very oily. This fruit, even without drying, will burn
giving out a very good light.

Bracuhy.

VARIETIES: Bracuhy amarello.
Ss de pedra.
5 vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Baracuhy. Garacuhy. Gracuhy. Guaracuhy.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres long and 60 to
80 centimetres diameter.

Colour from bright yellow to dark-red. Grain small,
compact and straight, except in the Bracuhy de pedra, which
has coarse grain, irregular and netted with faults and knots
in the interior.

Thick layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Bracuhy amarello: From 920 to 1,010 kgs.
a de pedra: From 780 to 850 kgs.
$5 vermelho: From 800 to 920 kgs.

USES: Beams, bridges and exterior work. Dry situations. Is not
suitable for making broad planks. The Bracuhy de pedra
is superior to the other varieties.

HABITAT: Is common in the State, abounding in the valley
of the Parahyba.

OBSERVATIONS: The various varieties of the Bracuhys das
Marinhas are very superior to those of the interior moun-
tain-lands, the timber of the Marinhas (coast) being of
first-rate quality for any kind of wood-work.

They are trees of large and vigorous growth, with
thick branches.

Grey bark, thin and fine.

Cabretva.

VARIETIES: Cabretiva amarella.
2 vermelha.
SYNONYMS: Cabritiva. Caboré. Oleo de Cabérehyba. Cabretva
amarella or parda.

CLASSIFICATION: Myrocarpus fastigiatus F. All. Order: Legu-

minosae.

pe ORGOT.~ CM

Cabreuva.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12. metres long with diameter
from 0.80 to 1 metre. Colour yellow and dark-brown or
red with bright patches in the direction of the. grain. The
timber is straight, but there is a tendency to show unequally
distributed faults or cracks longitudinally with the trunk.

Small layer of sap-wood or alburnum.

Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Cabretiva amarella: From 960 to 1,020 kgs.

3 vermelha: From 980 to 1,050 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 759 kilogs.; to flexion: 1,356 kgs.

USES: Naval constructions. Cabinet-work. Carriages de luxe and
carts. Beams, bridges, strong, thick flooring. Parts exposed
to the weather. Carpenters’ tools.

The Cabretiva vermelha is superior to the Cabretiva
amarella or parda. Both yield an oil medicinally valuable in
rheumatism, and the bark yields medicaments used for
certain lung complaints.

HABITAT: West of the State; it is, however, found in other
localities.

OBSERVATIONS: This tree is remarkable as overtopping all
the other trees of the forest. A high tree, few branches,
thick and strong at the base springing often from the
lower part of the bole. Bark coarse and rough. Few
faults, or cracks. Flowers small and white at the ends of
the branches. Fruit broad, small and with a single seed
in the centre.

Cacunda.

VARIETIES: Cacunda.
43 de espinho.
DESCRIPTION: Colour bright yellow with darker patches. Grain
fine and regular. Easly carved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 612 to 807 kilogs.
USES: Furniture, turning. Scantlings. The Cacunda de espinho
is used for exterior work.
The root-wood of the Cacunda offers a beautiful surface
for polishing, with handsome wave-marks and patches.
HABITAT: Sierra del Mar and the valley of the Ribeira.
OBSERVATIONS: A rare timber.

—21—

Café Bravo.

Guarea sp. Family: Meliaceae.

This is a small tree; its leaves are small and like those
of the true coffee plant; flowers white and small, with
yellow points or spots: fruit, round small and red. Smooth
bark. Fruit ripens in August. Trunks from 3 to 4 metres
high, with a diameter of ‘30 to 40 cms. The wood is
suitable for interior work only, being of second-rate quality.
Its leaves are used medicinally against snakebites.

Caixeta.

VARIETIES: Caixeta branca.
% vermelha.
SYNONYMS: Caxeta. Pdo Parahyba. Malacacheta. Cacheta
vermelha or Tayavevuia.
CLASSIFICATION: Tabebuia leucoxyla DC. Family: Bigno-
niaceae. Order: Passiflorinae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long with 80 cms
diameter. : i
Colour, uniformly white or slightly reddish ‘with con-
spicuous veins. Coarse, straight grain.
Easily carved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Caixeta branca: 400 to 510 kilogs.
5 vermelha: 460 to 560 kilogs.
USES: Boxes, panelling. Interior wood-work. Does not crack

nor warp in the sun. The Caixeta vermelha is superior to
the other variety.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: This is a tree of erect and large growth with
few branches. There is found in the valley of the Ribeira
a tree, called the Araxixa, branching, with high top, and
producing a nut with 4 cavities containing edible fruit
when cooked. Its trunk is from, 6 to § metres high, with a
white wood like the Choupo and is used for making
matches.

The Caixetas of the coast regions are superior to

those growing in other parts.

Cambara.

VARIETIES: Cambara.
af poca.

— 22 =

Caixéta.

CLASSIFICATION: Vanillosmopsis erythropappa. Schultz Bip.
Family: Compositae. Order: Aggregatae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 5 to 6 metres long with 40 to
50 centimetres diameter.
Colour, white or light-brown, with conspicuous veins.
Grain fine and straight with small cracks running longi-
tudinally.
Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 890 to 950 kilogs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing 472 kilogs.
USES: Ship-building. Canoes. Bridges, posts. Dry situations.
HABITAT: Common throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: Tree of small growth, with regular-shaped top.
The Cambarad poca is of inferior quality.

Cambuhy.

VARIETIES: Cambuhy.
fe vermelho.
SYNONYMS: Cabuhy.
Cambuhy vermelho or C. Pitanga.
CLASSIFICATION: Eugenia sp. Family: Myrtaceae. Order: Myrti-
florae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks 6 metres long with 60 cms. diameter.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Cambuhy. From 670 to 770 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Cambuhy vermelho: To crushing: 580 kgs.
USES: First-class cabinet-work. Bridges. Exterior work. Dry
situations.
The Cambuhy vermelho is superior to the other variety
and makes sleepers of first-rate quality, lasting 10 years.
HABITAT: Valley of the Mogy-Guassii and in other districts of
the State, with more or less vigorous growth.
OBSERVATIONS: Tree of small growth and branching freely.
Rather erect. Leaves small, light in colour, smooth and
glossy with very fine venation. Bark smooth and light
in colour,

Candeia.

VARIETIES: Candeia gratida.

8 mirim.
SYNONYMS: Pdo candeia. Acende candeia.
CLASSIFICATION: Lychnophora sp. Mart. Family. Compositae.

ey ee

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 3 to 5 metres long and 40 cms.
diameter.

The Candeia gratida is white in colour with slightly
red patches.

The Candeia mirim is red with yellow patches. Both
have fine grain, compact and straight.

Hard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Candeia gratida: From 1,100 to 1,214
kilograms.

Candeia mirim: From 850 to 960 kilogs.

USES: Bridges, posts. Damp situations. Turned articles. Butts
of guns. Fine surface for polishing. Lasts longer when
exposed to the weather and covered with its bark. The
bark is employed in tanning, imparting to the leather a
bright red colour. The branches and twigs will burn in
the green State, giving out a bright flame.

HABITAT: It is found in nearly all parts of the State, abounding
in the valleys of the Alto Parahyba and the Mogy-Guasst.

OBSERVATIONS: A small tree, much branching and _ twisted.
Leaves lanceolate, small, of yellow colour on the back and
dark green surface.

Canella.

VARIETIES: Canella acafrao.
yi amarella.
i batalha.
a branca.
ss capitao-mor.
Canellinha.
Canella cedro.
‘i imbuia clara.
igs imbuia escura.
Pr limao.
33 marcanahyba.
2 mandiéca.

parda.
pimenta.
‘4 prego.
5 preta.
- puante.
35 ruiva.
5s santa.
4 sassafraz amarella.

= 24 =.

Canella.

Canella sassafraz parda.
= sassafraz preta.
» Sebo.
5 veado.
SYNONYMS: Canella acafrao or C. vermelha.
os batalha or C. bastarda.
Canellinha or C. legitima.
embuia or Folha larga.
ws marcanahyba or Tapanhtima.
rf puante or Cenellao.
CLASSIFICATION: Canella batalha: Nectandra robusta?
Canella branca: Nectandra leucothyrsus Meiss.
% capitao-m6ér: Nectandra myriantha Meiss.
Canellinha: Nectandra linhearia Meiss?
Canella marganahyba: Cassia marcanahyba F. All?
Order: Leguminosae.

parda: Nectandra amara Mart.

i preta: Nectandra mollis Meiss.

puante: Nectandra sp.

sassafraz: Ocotea pretiosa Benth.

5 veado: Actilostemon lanceolatum Sald.
Family: Euphorbiaceae. Order: Tricoccae.

All the Canellas belong to the Family: Lauraceae, Order:
Polycarpicae, except the veado and marganahyba.

There is great difficulty in classifying the plants commonly
called canellas.

DESCRIPTION: Canella acafrao: Colour yellow or reddish with
slight white veining. Irregular grain in distinct layers. Trunks
from 8 to 10 metres long and 0.80 to 1 metre diameter.

Hard to carve.

Canella amarella: Colour dark-yellow, with golden
shades. Grain very straight and regular. Trunks from 8 to
10 metres long and from 0.80 to 1.20 metres in diameter.

Easily carved.

Canella batalha: Colour, white satin, with handsome
surface for polishing. Trunks of 12 metres long with 1.20
metres diameter.

Very easily carved.

Canella branca: Colour, white or slightly yellow. Grain
wery regular and coarse. Trunks from 7 to 8 metres long
with 70 centimetres diameter.

Easily carved.

Canella capitao-mér: Colour, light-brown patch of golden

2?

— 2 —

colour. Grain coarse. Trunks from 6 to 8 metres long with
60 to 80 centimetres diameter.

Hard to cut.

Canellinha: Dark, almost black in colour. Grain very
regular presenting at times some knots. Trunks from 2
to 5 metres long with 40 to 60 centimetres diameter. Very
hard to cut.

Canella imbuia: Colours varying from dark-yellow to
the almost black colour of the Imbuia escura. Grain coarse
and very regular. Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long with
60 to 80 centimetres diameter.

Easily cut.

Canella limao: Colour light-yellow with satin shades.
Trunks from 6 to 8 metres long and 40 to 60 cms. in
diameter. Easy to cut.

Canella marganahyba: Colour dark-brown with various
lighter shades. Grain very irregular. Trunks from 6 to 8
metres long with diameter of 60 to 70 cms. Hard to cut.

Canella parda: Colour dark-brown with lighter patches
of golden and reddish tint. Grain very regular and rather
obscure. Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long and 0.80 to 1
metre in diameter.

Hard to cut.

Canella pimenta: Colour from light-brown to dark-
brown, veins lighter, yellowish shades. Grain very regular
and straight.

Hard to cut.

Canella prego: Colour dark-yellow with patches of light-
yellow and black veins. Grain very netted, coarse and
‘disposed in regular layers. Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long
and 0.80 to 1 metre diameter.

Hard to cut.

Canella preta: Colour glossy black. When cut, dark-
brown with black veins. Irregular grain. Trunks from 8
to 10 metres long and 60 to 80 cms. diameter.

Hard to cut.

Canella puante: Colour brown with light patches. Grain
coarse and straight. Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long and
0.60 to 1 metre diameter.

Hard to cut.

Canella sassafraz: Colour from light-brown to a very
dark-brown, with darker patches and golden shades. Grain
very fine and in regular layers. Trunks from 6 to 8 metres
long and 60 centimetres diameter.

— 2% —

Batalha.

Easy to cut.
Canella veado: Colour white, uniform.
Easy to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Canella agafrao: From 675 to 701 kilogs,
ss amarella: » 670 to 744. ,,
x batalha: » 697 to 758 ,,
: branca: » 610 to 720. ,,
As capitao-mor: » (10 to 735 ,,

Canellinha: » 680 to 780 ,,

Canella cedro: » 8620 to 640 ,
» limao: » Tilto 985 ,,
5 mandi6éca: » 80 to 845 __,,
% marcanahyba: » 628 to 903,
te parda: » 609 to 963 _,,
2 pimenta: » @12 to 790 ,,
o prego: » 90 to 928 ,,
a preta: » 02 to 912 ,,
- puante: » 880 to 920 ,,
55 santa: » 597 to 738 ,,
- sassafraz: » 868.to 1,082 kgs.
Re veado: » 827 to 1,000 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Canella acafrao: To bending: 665 kilogs.

re amarella: To crushing: 582 kilogs.

35 batalha: To crushing: 380 kgs.; to bend-
ing: 741 kilogs.
i branca: To crushing: 324 kgs.; to bend-
ing: 747 kilogs.
3 capitao-moér: To crushing: 402 kgs.
Canellinha: To crushing: 296 kgs.; to bending:
675 kilogs.
Canella limao: To crushing: 405 kgs.
5 marcanahyba: To crushing: 405 kgs.
parda: To crushing: 758 kgs.; to flexion:
1,079 kgs.
preta: To crushing: 538 kgs.; to bend-
ing: 462 kilogs.
santa: To crushing: 472 kgs.; to bending:
792 kilogs.
6 sassafraz: To crushing: 772 kgs.
USES: Canella acafrao: Furniture. Mouldings. Interior-work. First-
rate quality. Very beautiful wood for varnishing.
Canella amarella: Exterior work, damp _ situations.
Second-rate quality. Sleepers of second-rate quality.

eB

LOT

Canella batalha: Interior work. Cabinet-making. Fine
surface for polishing. Very suitable for making vessels which
do not impart odour nor colour ‘to their contents.

Canella branca: Boxes, etc. Interior work. Is of inferior
quality.

Canella capitao-mér: Exterior work. Damp _ situations.
Bridges, posts. Flooring. Makes sleepers of first-rate quality,
lasting 11 years.

Canellinha: Bridges, posts, damp situations. Not much
used because of shrinkage. Sleepers of first-rate quality,
lasting 10 years.

Canella cedro: Interior work. Flooring. First-rate quality.

Canella imbuia: Ship-building. First-class furniture.
Mouldings. Scantlings. Bridges, posts. Is of first-rate quality.

All the varieties are used for the same purposes.

Canella limado: The same uses as the Canella capitao-
mor, but inferior to this. It has medicinal value for lung
complaints.

Canella marcanahyba: Furniture. Flooring. Interior work.
First-rate quality.

Canella parda: Interior work. Pavement-wood. Flooring.
Ship-building. Exterior work, dry situations. Sleepers of
first-rate quality, lasting 11 years.

Canella pimenta: The same uses as Canella limao.

Canella prego: Exterior work. Damp situations. Sleepers
of first-rate quality, with duration of 9 years.

Canella preta: Is used in all kinds of building construc-
tion. For work in damp situations it is of first-rate quality.
Sleepers last for 12 years. The leaf yields an aromatic
oil which acts as a diuretic upon the body.

Canella puante: Is put to the same uses as the Canella
pimenta.

Canella santa: Inferior wood-work.

Canella sassafraz: The same uses as the Canella parda,
but rather more suitable for mouldings, furniture, etc.

The root and bark are used medicinally for rheumatism
and stomach troubles.

Canella sebo: Is of inferior quality.

Canella veado: Similar to the Canella santa, handsome
surface for polishing.

HABITAT: The Canellas are found in every part of the State,
abounding in the cooler regions.

The Canella imbuia is found only in the valley of the
Ribeira up to the boundaries of the *State of Parana.

ee OGRE

®
iN
8
'g
§
oe

Canellao.

These trees vary much in size from the Canella batalha,
a leafy tree growing to a height of more than 25 metres,
to the Canella veado, gnarled and twisted, of small growth
and with a milky sap.

Almost all the Canellas are put to some industrial
application, the most noteworthy being the Nectandra amara
Mart., the Nectandra mollis Meiss., and the Ocotea pretiosa.

In certain district the Canella santa’ is regarded as a
treasury of medicinal substances suitable for every ailment.

The most beautiful Canellas are found in the valley
of the Ribeira, the Canella imbuia, the sassafraz and veado
being especially worthy of mention; in addition to these
are the brinco, canheirao, nhonhé-sara, nho-mirim, Yago-
vira and gato which are improperly named Canellas.

Only able students of plant classification are able to
distinguish clearly the numerous plants which are popularly
classed under the common name of Canellas.

Cangerana.

VARIETIES: Cangerana amarella. ~
3 vermelha.

SYNONYMS: Cajarana. Pao de Santo.

CLASSIFICATION: Cabralea Cangerana Sald. Family: Meliceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long with 0.60
to 1.20 metre diameter. Colour dark-yellaw or red. The
wood has a strong odour. Grain fine and straight.

Easily cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Cangerana amarella: 590 to 700 kgs.
fe vermelha: 693 to 824 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Cangerana vermelha: To crushing: 546 kgs.

USES: Carved work. Furniture, cabinet-work, turning, ship-build-
ing, canoes, wood-pavement and flooring. Bridges and damp
situations. Is of first-class quality. Sleepers of first-rate
quality. Cross-grain working. The bark and leaves are
used for tanning. The Cangerana vermelha is superior to
the Cangerana amarella. Both may be used for the same
purposes as the cedro.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth, leafy and branched.
Greyish bark. Leaves small and tough, not glossy, and
disposed in palm-like manner. Flowers greenish and covered
with fine odorous hairs. Mussel-shaped fruit, rather rough
on the surface and edible.

= 90 -—=

Canna-Frista.

SYNONYM: Canna-fistula.
CLASSIFICATION: Cassia ferruginea Schrad.
Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long and from
60 to 80 cms. diameter. Colour light-red, with darker patches.
Coarse grains, in spite of which fact the timber is compact
and arranged in regular layers. Very hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,190 to 1,240 kgs.

USES: Exterior-work. Bridges, beams. Is of first-class quality.
Is not suitable for flooring and joints on account of shrink-
ing. Very beautiful surface for polishing.

The bark is used for tanning, imparting a light colour
to the leather.
The alburnum is also applicable to building work.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. The valleys of the Mogy-Guasst
and Tieté.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of large growth, very branching and
leafy. Leaves small and wide. The fruit contains very small
seeds. ' ;

' Tt is regarded as patron of the wilds.

Canudo.

SYNONYMS: Pao canudo. Canudeiro.
CLASSIFICATION: Carpotroche brasiliensis Endl.
Family: Flacourtiaceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres in length and 25

to 30 cms. in diameter.

Colour dark-brown with black patches.

A large cavity is formed throughout the centre of
the trunk.

Very hard to cut.

USES: Bridges and posts; dry situations. It cannot be used for
other purposes on account of the central hollow.

The bark is used for tanning, and has medicinal proper-
ties acting as an antifebrile.

HABITAT: In the valley of the Alto Parahyba and_ Sierra
del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: A low tree short branches. On the higher
branches the leaves are of a bright green colour on the
back and brown on the front, or upper surface. Flowers
brown, small and in clusters. The fruit is a brown capsule.

— 30 —

Capechenguy.

CLASSIFICATION: Croton floribundus Spr.

Family: Euphorbiaceae. Order: Tricoccae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 metres in length with 40 to 50
centimetres diameter. Colour, white or yellow. Grain in-
conspicuous irregular and with small resistance.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 765 kgs.

USES: Interior work. Skirting-boards,' etc. The central portion
or heart’? wood may be employed in bridges and in dry
situations. The leaves have medicinal properties, cathartic.

The bark is used for tanning. The fruit is a tonic.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: This is a small tree, twisting and gnarled in
growth. Leaves large, broad and rough. Bast, red and
fibrous.

Carne de vacca.

VARIETIES: Carne de vacca amarella.
5 5 » vermelha.
SYNONYM: Carvalho nacional. Q. V.
CLASSIFICATION: Rhopala sp. Family: Proteaceae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 6 metres in length and 50 to
60 cms. in diameter. Colour white and yellowish becoming
dark red toward the bark.
Grain very irregular and coarse giving the wood’ a mosaic
appearance. A layer of sap-wood. Easy to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 838 to 1,124 kgs.
USES: Furniture, cabinet-work, and turning. Interior work.
HABITAT: Valleys of the Parahyba and Mogy-Guassti; rare in
other regions.
OBSERVATIONS: Tree of small growth, regular leaves, tough
and notched.
Bark reddish.

Carvalho Nacional.

Rhopala brasiliensis KI. Family: Proteaceae.

Handsome wood, reddish, varying from yellow to almost
black. The trunk not very compact. Is employed for cabinet-
work and for turning, lending itself admirably to rebating.
It has a sp. gr. from) 674 to 780 kgs. Is only met with
in dry soils. There are three varieties found in the coast-

er.) ee

region, (las Marinhas) the amarillo, the escuro, and the
encarnado. The co-efficient of resistance to crushing of the
Carvalho nacional is 332 kgs., and to bending 695 kgs.

Catagua.

VARIETIES: Catagua branco. Catagué rajado.
CLASSIFICATION: Metrodorea pubescens St. Hil.
Family: Rutaceae. Order: Gruinales.

DESCRIPTION: Colour, uniformly white, with reddish veins.
Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 40 to 60 cms. in
diameter.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,050 to 1,120 kgs.

USES: Interior work. Wood used exclusively for dwelling-houses.
Is not suitable for flooring on account of shrinkage. No sap-
wood. The varieties are equal in quality.

HABITAT: Mogy-mirim and its neighbourhood.

Grows upon the plain.

Catigua.
VARIETIES: Catiguad gratido. Catiguad miudo.
CLASSIFICATION: Trichilia Catigua4 A. Juss.
Family: Meliaceae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres in length and 50 to
60 cms. in diameter.
Colour light yellow or reddish with white patches.
Grain very coarse and netted. A large layer of alburnum
or sap-wood. Easily carved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 612 to 720 kgs.
USES: General exterior work, carpentering or timbering, posts.

Dry situations. Makes sleepers of second-class quality.
HABITAT: North of the State; rare in other regions.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth. The catigud miudo
is much superior in quality to the gravido.

Catucahem.

VARIETIES: Catucahem gratido. Catucahem miudo.

SYNONYMS: Catucanhem. Caxicahem. Sobro.

CLASSIFICATION: Rhopala glabrata Kl. Family: Protaceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 40 to
60 cms. in diameter.

39 =

Colour light-yellow or reddish with white patches. Grain
coarse and tangled. A layer of sap-wood. Easily carved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 964 to 1,124 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 472 kgs.; to bending: 1,382 kgs.
USES: Furniture, cabinet-work, turning, etc. Handsome surface
for polishing. Sleepers of second-rate quality.
Bark astringent. ,
HABITAT: North of the State. Marinhas.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of normal growth with cylindrical
branches. Leaves regular, tough and denticulated or toothed.
Bark rough and yellow. Flowers white and small.

Caviuna.
VARIETIES: Cavitina amarella.
preta.
35 roxa.

SYNONYMS: Cabitina. Cabetna.

CLASSIFICATION: Machaerium sp.
Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 0.60
to 1 metre in diameter.

Colour light-brown with yellow or black veins, or black
with glossy black veins. Grain very regular and fine, and
symmetrically arranged.

Large layer of alburnum.

Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Cavitina preta: From 835 to 880 kgs.
Cavitina roxa: From 850 to 960 kgs.

USES: Bridges, coarse flooring. Posts, damp situations. Carpen-
ters’ tools. It is of first-class quality. Cabinet-work. A noted
wood for furniture.

Very hard to cut.

HABITAT: Is met with in all parts of the State, being most
common in the West.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth, branching freely, but
with little foliage.

Form usually twisted. Leaves small and broad.

The wood of the cavitina on exposure to the atmos-
phere becomes darker and darker in colour until it is
dense black.

23.994 =

Cazuarina.

A fine tree, of the Family: Casuarinaceae, having a
large growth, branching freely, with smooth bark and flowers
very small and almost invisible. The timber is of a light-
brown colour with very regular veins and patches, present-
ing a handsome surface for polishing. Is used for making
furniture, decorative wood-work, etc., and for interiors.

It is a handsome plant used in ornamental gardening
and for parks, and is very similar to the cypress. It grows
in the valley of the Tieté from Mogy das Cruzes be-
yond Itd.

Cedro.

VARIETIES: Cedro amarello.
5 branco.
6 vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Cedro branco or caopitiva.

» Vvermelho or C. batata.

CLASSIFICATION: Cedro amarello: Cedrela fissilis Vell.

3 branco: Cedrela brasiliensis Vell.
55 vermelho: Cedrela odorata Jus.
Family: Meliaceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and
0.80 to 1.20 metres in diameter. Colour from whitish-yellow
to light-red with wavy lighter patches. Grain direct, fine
and tractable. Layer of alburnum. Very easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Cedro branco: From 380 to 582 kgs.
Cedro vermelho: From 515 to 723 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Cedro branco: To crushing: 260 kgs.; to bend-
ing: 582 kgs.

Cedro vermelho: To crushing: 467 kgs.

USES: Cedro amarello: Cases and work of an inferior quality.

Picture-frames. Carving.
Cedro branco: The same uses as the Cedro amarello
to which it is wholly inferior. Yields a dye for leather.
Cedro vermelho: Furniture. Frame-work. Scantlings. Ve-
netians and ship-building. Wood-carving. Is the best wood

for launches, boats, etc. The bark is astringent and is an
emetic.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of rapid growth, easy to cultivate for
the twigs take root on planting.

3h

It is of large growth, erect, branching and with a
large top.

Large palmate leaves, which fall in the winter. Fruit
large, full and of oval shape.

The bark is veiny, coarse and rugged. The tree reaches
its full growth and may be felled in less than 15 years.

Ceregeira.

Myrcianthes edulis Berg. Order: Leguminosae.

Wood suitable for cabinet-work and turning; very elastic.
Handsome surface for polishing. Specific gravity: 620 kgs.

A rare wood.

Chibatao.

VARIETIES: Chibatéo pedra. Chibatao vidrado.

SYNONYMS: Gibatao. Ubatao.

CLASSIFICATION: Astronium gracile Eng.

Family: Anacardiaceae. Order: Sapindinae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60 to
80 cms. in diameter. i

Colour light-yellow with reddish patches. Coarse grain.
Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 927 to 1,022 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 582 kgs.

USES: Exterior work, beams, bridges, posts. Damp situations.
Work subject to flexion. Sleepers of first-rate quality, last-
ing 12 years.

Both varieties are put to the same uses.

HABITAT: Is found throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: The Chibatao of the West and of the Mar-
inhas is inferior to that growing in the valley of the Para-
hyba; this may be attributed to the soil in which they grow.
A very spreading tree, with not much head and large
cavities in the trunk passing through it from one side to
the other. Is subject to the shrinking of the radiating fibres.

Cangonha..

Villaresia mucronata R. et P.
Family: Olacinaceae.
Wood of inferior quality, used only for interior work,

2 BR es

frame-work and boxes. Sp. gr.. 830 kgs. Is met with in
the North of the State.

Copahyba.

VARIETIES: Copahyba parda. Copahyba vermelha.
SYNONYMS: Pdo de Oleo. Oleo de Copahyba. Copahy. Copa-
htiva. Oleo de Copahiva.
CLASSIFICATION: Copaifera Langsdorffii Desf.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and
60 to 80 cms. in diameter.
Colour light-red, uniform. Grain coarse and _ straight.
Easily carved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Copahyba parda: From 840 to 1,078 kgs.
Copahyba vermelha: From 790 to 875 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Copahyba vermelha: To crushing: 888 kgs.
USES: Cabinet-work, carriages, turning. Ship-building, masts of
ships. Yields a medicinal resin. The bark is used for tanning.
The two varieties are of equal value.
HABITAT: General throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of ordinary growth. Flowers small,
in clusters. Compound leaves.
Flowers in summer.

Corana.

Coirana. Coerana. Goerana.

Timber white, compact, with straight grain. Used
only for interior work and ordinary furniture. The plants
are as small as the olive and yield a fine red dye used for
writing-ink.

CLASSIFICATION: Solanum auriculatum Ait.

Family: Solanaceae. Order: Personatae.

Eucalyptus.

The Eucalyptus is a native of Australia and the adjacent
islands. It was first botanically described by Baron von
Miiller who proclaimed its worth and introduced it into
the United States about the middle of last century.

According to von Miiller the first Eucalyptus brought
to Europe was planted in the Botanical Garden of Naples
in the early part of last century. It soon become perfectly
acclimatised in the South of Europe and its growth spread

== 396) =

through the South of France to Spain where it grew pro-
fusely forming extensive plantations.

In Portugal, however, the Eucalyptus is little grown.

It was introduced into North Africa, in Algeria, in 1854,
being planted upon a large scale: in groves and avenues,
isolated and in groups, throughout the whole of the country,
so that, as Planchon says, ’’A stranger ignorant of the
origin of the Eucalyptus would suppose that it was in-
digenous there’.

The railway companies also planted it along their lines
using its timber as sleepers and for building purposes.

The first plantations of Eucalyptus were made in Asia
in 1854. In India Mr. Polk, in 1884, remarks upon the ”Eu-
calyptus globulus”. He says “It may be said that the growth
of this species is an unqualified success’

In North America, owing chiefly to the continued stud-
ies of Messrs. Polk and Bowen, American Consuls, the
Eucalyptus was introduced some years after it became known
in France.

It was made known in California by Mr. Walker in
1856, and from there its growth extended through Arizona,
Texas, New Mexico, etc. The Americans now use the Eu-
calyptus on a large scale and are in process of growing
forests of the plant; it is certain, therefore, that in a few
years they will become large cultivators for the production
of its essential oil.

In South America the Eucalyptus is not yet sufficient-
ly regarded as it should be, as one of the most valuable
of plants.

In 1870, it was planted in Rio de Janeiro where it
soon showed perfect acclimatisation and adaptability, notably
in the Garden of the town of Barra Mansa. There is at the
prerent time, in the plantation of Sr. Pereira da Fonseca,
15,000 plants of various kinds.

In S. Paulo, Dr. Luiz Pereira Barreta may be con-
sidered as the scientific introducer of the antiseptic oil of
Eucalyptus, and the Paulista Railway Co. has planted, in
its Botanical Garden in Jundiahy, 600,000 plants of 58
varieties.

It is now quite a popular plant in the State, having
become the timber of commerce in Mogy das Cruzes and
in the Capital.

Here in S. Paulo, the Eucalyptus is increasing rapidly,

22337 =

several varieties being grown, and planted in suitable ground,
they may be cut down in 10 to 12 years.

As propagation is made by seeds, the varieties grown
here are remarkably exempt from the ravages of the insects
inimical to the growth of the Eucalyptus.

The trunk of the Eucalyptus varies much in its manner
of growth, sometimes it is straight as the mast of a
vessel and at others contorted and twisted. In nearly all
varieties the trunk tapers gradually from below upwards,
rendering it suitable for use ‘as masts, high posts, etc.

The bark, too, varies greatly, even in the same tree,
changing its aspect with its age.

The colour of the trunk of the Eucalyptus varies from
white to dark brown or gray, and its grain from fine,
straight and regular to the most interwoven texture. Gener-
ally it is not easily cut.

The timber is put to innumerable uses for all kinds of
civil and naval construction as well as for many industrial
purposes, and it is rare that the quality of wood is inferior.

All varieties of Eucalyptus have perennial foliage which
is of advantage to the horticultural value of the plant. The
foliage and shape of the tree vary greatly, now dense and
affording cool shade, now sparse and suitable for situations
where plenty of sunlight is necessary.

The uses of the Eucalyptus are much more numerous
and of varying kind than those of any other kind of tree.

Rapid in growth it serves for the planting of groves
and woods and for ornamentation of park, estate or garden.

The surrounding air is purified, it supplies bees with
nectar, it beautifies the landscape, its wood is abundantly
serviceable, as fuel its heating power is superior to coke,
it has valuable medicinal properties, its hark may be used
for tanning, etc., etc.

The oil dictitied from the leaves and young shoots of
the Eucalyptus is used in the manufacture of soap, and for

medicines, yielding a return to the producer of 1.6 to
1.8 per cent.

“

There are at present grown, or may be grown, in Sio Paulo

the following varieties upon which the following information may
be ‘given:

— 38 —

Eucalyptus amygdalina: A fine tree, smooth bark, tortuous
growth, few shoots. A pronounced odour of peppermint. Will
support low temperatures, but suffers much in a hot or dry climate.
Attains a height of 40 metres with a diameter of 1.50 metre.

The wood is not of first-class quality and is suitable for
frame-work, boxes, etc.

Yields the liquid eucalyptol, transparent and camphorated.
Is good for purifying the air and to dry the earth.

Specific gravity: 850 kgs.

Eucalyptus botryoides: Damp situations, little subject to frost.

Eucalyptus citriodora: Tree of regular growth with a height
of 16 to 18 metres, and 80 cms. in diameter. Erect growth. Not
very leafy. Needs warm, damp soil, and resists badly a low
temperature. Hairy bark with a pronounced odour of lemon.
Is very suitable for planting in groves and woods. Produces a
very flexible wood of handsome appearance.

Is of first-rate quality for building, both of naval and
civil kinds.

Eucalyptus coriacea: Suited for planting on hilly and
stony soil.

Eucalyptus calophylla: For warm and moist situations.

Eucalyptus cornuta: Tree of 20 to 25 metres in height,
branching, with spreading top. Will bear, high temperatures, but
suffers much from frost. Is much used in the making of car-
penters’ tools and agricultural implements, etc. Wood very flex-
ible. Needs a warm, moist soil. Both bark and leaves are rich
in tannin. i | i

Eucalyptus corymbosa: Needs warm and damp soil. The
leaves produce latex which is used for making gum.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx: Of great height and growth, attain-
ing a height of 30 metres with 1.50 to 1.80 metres in diameter.
Is not very exacting as to the ground in which it is planted,
developing well in all temperatures, excepting that it suffers
under frost.

The trunk is used for bridges and posts. Damp situations.
Ship-building. Yields citronellon and genariol a ‘volatile liquid.

Eucalyptus creba: A fine tree of agreeable aspect. Trunk
fine and erect. Is the most picturesque of all the Eucalyptus
trees. Has a very flexible wood and is regarded as the best for
all kinds of building both civil and naval.

Specific gravity: From 1,050 to 1,120 kgs.

Needs a temperate and humid soil and suffers from frost.

Eucalyptus diversicolor: Tree of large size, branching and

— 39 —

with spreading top. Produces a timber for both civil and naval
constructions. Carts, first-class carriages, etc. Has a very rapid
growth and needs a temperate climate and humid soil, suffering
in frost. Is very suitable for planting in forest for production of
wood for fuel. The wood does not lend itself well to exterior
work in situations exposed to rough and changeable weather.

Eucalyptus _fissilis: Recommended by Sr. Pereira Fonseca.

Eucalyptus globulus: This is one of the most useful trees
in the world. It attains a height of 35 to 40 metres and 1 to
1.2 metre in diameter. Needs temperate and damp soil with little
exposure to frost. Has rapid growth and sends out shoots when
felled. The bark and leaves are very rich in tannin. Yields cincol.
Gives a wood suitable for all kinds of naval and civil construction
and produces very good wood for fuel. It has an average
specific gravity of 1,058 kgs.

Eucalyptus leucoxylum: Has the same uses as the Eu-
calyptus globulus and is not subject to injury from frost. Not
so large a growth as E. globulus.

Eucalyptus marginata: A tree of regular growth, but very
exacting as regards the soil, it will only grow well in hot and
damp climates. .The wood is suitable for exterior work and damp
situations. Contains an acid principle and yields much resin.

Eucalyptus microtheca: This tree has not a fine appearance,
it is small, only attaining} a height of 15 metres at most, with a
diameter of 60 cms. Hot and dry situations but suffers little from
frost although it may be severe. Produces a dark-brown or red
wood, good for bridges, posts and damp situations.

The roots of this Eucalyptus always contain a large quan-
tity of water which may be used for drinking.

Eucalyptus robusta: A tree of regular growth and of fine
aspect. Needs temperate and damp situations which are little
subject to frost. The wood is not suitable for important work,
but it is of first-rate quality for damp situations. Yields kino and
other resins. Is absolutely exempt from insects.

Eucalyptus rostrata: Is of very rapid growth. Varies much
in height and appearance. It is considered by Baron von Miiller
as the most valuable variety and is highly commended by Pereira
da Fonseca. Needs a temperate, humid climate little subject to
frost. It may be cut for firewood at intervals of seven years,
fully reproducing itself after twice cutting. The wood is red,
which colour gradually fades. Is extraordinarily resistant against
damp, and according to von Miiller is one of the most durable
timbers in the world. Very hard to carve.

— 40 —

Yields kino and other resins. Is used for desiccation and
ornamentation.

Eucalyptus syderoxylon: An erect tree, not very leafy,
branches long and high. The wood is used for exterior work.
posts, bridges, and damp situations. It is used very much for
drying the soil and yields large quantities. of nectar for the bees.
Has a rapid growth. Mr. James advises the planting of this
tree along lines of railway. Has a mean specific gravity of
1,157 kilogs.

Eucalyptus tereticornis: Tree of regular growth, having few
branches and little foliage. Needs a temperate and damp soil,
little subject to frost.

Wood of reddish colour, used for inierior work. It is the
variety of Eucalyptus which yields best return in the timber market.

Eucalyptus viminalis: A tree of gigantic proportions and
rapid growth, attaining a height of 30 metres and a diameter
of 1.5 metre. The wood is suitable for ship-building and for
all kinds of interior work. Needs a temperate, damp situation,
little exposed to frost.

In addition to the above-varieties, Pereira da Fonseca re-
commends the following: Euc. fissilis, Euc. gomocephala, Euc.
longifolia, Euc. resinifera, and Euc. rudis, which succeed admir-
ably well in Rio de Janeiro.

Faveiro.

VARIETIES: Faveiro amarello. Faveiro vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Faveiro amarello or Faveiro do Campo; Faveiro
vermelho or Faveiro do Matto.

CLASSIFICATION: Pterodon pubescens Benth.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Faveiro amarello: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres
in length and 30 to 40 cms. in diameter.

Colour whitish yellow, grain coarse and straight. Hard

to cut.

Faveiro vermelho: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length

with 40 to 50 cms. in diameter.

Colour reddish. Grain coarse and straight. Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Faveiro amarello: From 948 to 1,089 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Faveiro amarello:To crushing: 658 kgs.; to flex-

ion: 1,209 kgs.
USES: Bridges, posts, damp situations. Sleepers of first-class
quality. Is not of great adaptability because of shrinking.

= 4]

The Faveiro amarello is superior to the Faveiro ver-
melho, but both are put to the same uses.

HABITAT: West of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Tall, coarse trees, erect, not branching much
and with little foliage. Fine, smooth whitish or brown bark.
Leaves regular, isolated, rough and of a dark green colour.
Large flowers of a dark ashen gray and very pretty. The
fruit is a kind of twisted acorn. Flowers in winter.

Garapa Amarella.

SYNONYMS: Garapriapunha. Grapeapunha.
CLASSIFICATION: Apuleia praecox Mart.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour light yellow, very uniform.
Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 773 to 927 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 860 kgs.; to bending: 608 kgs.
USES: Ship-building, cabinet-work, bridges, pontoons. Work ex-
posed to weather. Is of first-rate quality. Sleepers of first
quality, lasting 11 years.
HABITAT: North of the State and Sierra del Mar.
OBSERVATIONS: An erect tree, branching little and not much
foliage. Isolated leaves, large coarse and soft. Flowers
crimson and large. Fruit green, large and round.

Genipapo.

CLASSIFICATION: Genipa americana Lin.
Family: Rubiaceae. Order: Rubinae.

DESCRIPTION: Colour, very uniformly light yellow. Straight and
very compact leaves. Small layer of alburnum. Easy to cut,
smooth.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 670 to 850 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 860 kgs.; to flexion: 1,520 kgs.

USES: Ship-building, carts, first-class carriages. Fencing sticks.
Agricultural and industrial implements and tools. The wood
is of great flexibility and elasticity. The fruit when green
is medicinal against syphilis. The new leaves produce a
black dye.

HABITAT: North of the State. Valley of the Mogy-Guassti.

OBSERVATIONS: Very tall tree, leafy and freely branching.
Bark ashen grey or brown. Leaves large, glistening and

— 42 —

E.DRIGOT ac

Faveiro.

opposite. Large yellow flowers, forming tubes. The fruit
is round with a diameter of 15 cms. arranged in circles,
very good for preserves.

Goiabeira do Matto.

A tree of ordinary growth. Is used for bridges and ex-
terior work in damp situations. Leaves lanceolate and smooth.
Bark yellow and smooth. Branches thick and bearing tew
leaves. Its resistance to crushing is 560 kgs. Is common
throughout the State.

Gongalo Alves.

SYNONYM: Guarabt rajado.

CLASSIFICATION: Astronium fraxinifolium Schott.

Family: Anacardiaceae. Order: Sapindinae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and
0.60 to’ 1 metre in diameter.

Colour light-brown with very regular black patches ap-
pearing longitudinally. Grain fine and straight. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 855 to 1,049 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 618 kgs.

USES: First-class cabinet-work. Wood-carving. Turning. Interior
work, bridges, beams, pontoons. Is of first-rate quality.
Sleepers of first-class quality, lasting 10 years.

Yields a medicinal resin.
HABITAT: North of the State. Sierra del Mar.
OBSERVATIONS: High and broad-topped. Erect. Smooth, res-

inous bark of rusty appearance.

Gratna.

VARIETIES: Gratina parda. Gratina preta.
SYNONYMS: Bratna. Baratna. Perovatina. Maria preta.
Garatina.
CLASSIFICATION: Melanoxylum Brauna Schott.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and- 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.
Colour dark-brown or black, with longitudinal light
patches. Grain coarse, straight and tinged with red.
Layer of alburnum or sap-wood. Very hard to carve.

— 43 —

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Gradna parda: From 843 to 1,060 kgs.
Gratina preta: From 943 to 1,124 kgs.

USES: Bridges, posts and damp situations, Coarse flooring, cab-
inet-work, carts. Both varieties give sleepers of first-class
quality, lasting 11 years. A dye is obtained from this
plant which is good for dying textile fabrics. Bark astringent.

HABITAT: North of the State, Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of large growth with spreading top.
Leaves compound, leaflets small and very glossy, distributed
in palm-like fashion. Flowers yellow and in boxlike covers.
Fruit large with cavities containing the seeds, and de-
pressions between the cavities.

Grossahy.

VARIETIES: Grossahy. Grossahy azeite.
SYNONYMS: Grocahy. Gorogahy. Guaracahy.
CLASSIFICATION: Moldenhauera floribunda Schrad.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 50
to 60 cms. in diameter.
Colour light-reddish, with indistinct patches. Grain coarse
and straight. Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Grossahy: From 712 to 865 kgs.; Gros-
sahy azeite: From 723 to 1,099 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Grossahy: To crushing: 516 kgs.; Grossahy azeite:
To crushing: 582 kgs.
USES: Ship-building, exterior work, beams, bridges, posts. Damp
situations.
The Grossahy azeite is superior to the other variety,
making sleepers of first-rate quality, lasting 12 years.
HABITAT: Sierra del Mar.
OBSERVATIONS: Both varieties have medicinal properties.

Grumichaba. »

VARIETIES: Grumichaba branca. Grumichaba_ vermelha.
SYNONYMS: Grumichaba. Grumixdva.
CLASSIFICATION: Eugenia brasiliensis Lin.
Family: Myrtaceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.
DESCRIPTION: White or yellowish, with reddish patches. Grain
fine and contorted.
Hard to carve.

gy ia

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Grumichaba branca: From 600 to 720 kgs. ;
Grumichaba vermelha: From 673 to 719 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Grumachaba vermelha: To crushing: 327 kgs.;
to bending: 890 kgs.

USES: Ordinary furniture. Frame-work, boxes, etc. The Grumi-
chaba vermelha is superior to the Grumichaba_ branca.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Warps very much. Tree of normal growth,
with few branches and little foliage.

Guabiréba.

Campomanesia sp. var. Family: Myrtaceae. Order:
Myrtiflorae.

A tree of small growth, branching much and with good
foliage, bark fine and smooth. Leaves broad, flowers white
aromatic and solitary. Fruit yellow, small and edible, pro-
ducing a very rigid wood of great elasticity. Sp. gr. from
674 to 817 kgs. and resistance to crushing of 611 kgs,
Is used for carpenters’ tools, cabinet-work, carts, etc.

Is common throughout the State.

Guaca.

Lucuma sp. Family: Sapotaceae. Order: Diospyrinae.
There are two varieties the branco and the vermelho.
Fine trees growing erect, high and with large heads. Bark
white and smooth. Leaves broad and light in colour. Fruit
large, odorous, soft and edible. Is used for interior work.
oars for boats, masts, etc. Is very light and resistant.
Abounds in the Marinhas.

Guajissara.

SYNONYM: Bugre.
CLASSIFICATION: Albizzia Lebbeck Benth.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and
0.80 to} 1 metre in diameter.

Colour dark with light irregular patches. Grain very
coarse, irregular, with many cracks and knots. Very hard
to cut. a ee ie

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,060 to 1,140 kgs.
USES: Bridges, beams. Coarse wood-work, is not suitable for

— 45 —

many constructions on account of shrinkage. For damp
situations of first-class quality. Yields a caustic resin, and
in springtime a liquid pleasant to drink.

HABITAT: Sierra de la Mantiqueira and in the West.

OBSERVATIONS: Where this tree grows it may be taken as an
indication that the land is good for cultivation. Of erect
growth, with few branches and little foliage. Bark thick,
rough and fissured. Leaves small, whitish and palmate.
Large flowers, yellow, perfumed and in sheaths. Fruit a
small pod, rounded and twisted.

Gua-Mirim.

There are two varieties: the QGua-mirim-ferro and the
Gua-mirim-guassi. Trees of small growth with trunks of 4
metres long and 40 cms. in diameter. Sp. gr. The Gua-
mirim-ferro from 720 to 842 kgs. and the Gua-mirim-
guassi from 670 to 803 kgs. The wood is much used for
gardeners’ frames, hurdles and fencing, damp situations, in
small pieces, lasting only a short time if used large. The
Gua-mirim-ferro makes sleepers of second quality, lasting
for 6 years. Grows in the neighbourhood of the Capital
and in the Valley of the Ribeira.

There is another variety of Gua-mirim, the Gua-mirim-
lanceta which is used only for fire-wood and may be
felled every 5 years, in which time it will grow to fit
size again.

Guanandi.
VARIETIES: Guanandi amarello.
es cedro.
es piolho.
ss vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Inglez jacaréub4. Landim.
CLASSIFICATION: Calophyllum brasiliensis Camb.
Family: Guttiferae. Order: Cistiflorae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length with 60
to 80 cms. diameter.’
Colour reddish, very uniform. Grain fine and straight.
Hard to cut.
There are small differences in colour and veining between

the various varieties except the Guanandi cedro which has
the same appearance.

= Ag =

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Guanandi ferro: From 720 to 810 kgs.;
Guanandi vermelho: From 635 to 802 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Guanandi vermelho: To crushing: 441 kgs.
USES: Ship-building, masts. Exterior work. Second quality. The
Guanandi amarello is the best of all the varieties; the
Guanandi cedro is used for the same purposes as the
Cedro vermelho but is a little the inferior. The Guanandi
piolho is of inferior quality and is suitable only for in-
terior work.
These trees yield a resin useful to the veterinary, surgeon.
A layer of alburnum.

HABITAT: Valley of the Parahyba and the Marinhas..

OBSERVATIONS: Trees with large tops, branching freely and with
good foliage. Bark brown, coarse and rugged. Flowers
white and small. Fruit an oily capsule. The young trees
yield the Landim balsam, used in cases of ulceration and
for, wounds of long standing.

Guapéva.

Lucuma laurifolia A. D C. Family: Sapotaceae. Order:
Diospyrinae.

Wood of reddish colour, dark grain netted and rough.
Hard to carve. Sp. jgr. a mean of 758 kgs. and the resis-
tance to crushing is 468 kgs. It is used for interior work
in dry situations and cannot be used to advantage for work
which suffers by shrinkage of its parts. Grows in the
valley of the Mogy-Guasst.

Guapertva.

A tree of large growth, very erect, branches straight
and long, leaflets very small and its leaves large. Bark
light-brown and very smooth. It is the Schizolobium ex-
celsum Vog. Order: Leguminosae. Has a specific gravity
of 330 to 380 kgs. Its trunk is from 10 to 12 metres in
length with a diameter of 0.60 to 1 metre. Is used for
marine canoes. Interior work. Framework. Boxes. The bark
is used for tanning.

The Guaperivd in the Marinhas is much superior in
quality to those of the rest of the State.

— 4 =

Guarabt.

VARIETIES: Guarabt’ branco. Guarabd preto.
SYNONYMS: Amarante. Pao roxo. Barabi. Guarabti rajado
or Ellon grypho.
CLASSIFICATION: Peltogyne confertiflora Benth.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length with 60
to 80 cms. diameter.
Colour light crimson or dark crimson, uniform. Grain
straight and fine. Hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Guarabi branco! From 855 to 1,017 kgs.;
Guarabi' preto: From 1,000 to 1,052 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Guarabii branco: To crushing: 618 kgs.; Guarabti
preto: To crushing: 685 kgs.
USES: Ship-building. Spokes and hubs of cart-wheels. Work
requiring high resistance. Exterior work, damp situations.
The Guarabii branco is superior to the Guarabii_ preto.
Sleepers of second-class quality. Yields an odorous resin
used medicinally and having the same uses as turpentine,
producing also a red dye used for textile fabrics.
Both varieties are put to the same _ uses.

HABITAT: Marinhas.
OBSERVATIONS: Trees of large growth.

Guaranhem.

SYNONYMS: Buranhem. Guaranhé. Pao doce. Yamiraen.
CLASSIFICATION: Chrysophyllum Buranhem Ried.

Family: Sapotaceae. Order: Diospyrinae.
DESCRIPTION: Compact. Hard to carve. Colour varies much.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 869 to 939 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 612 kgs.; to bending: 612 kgs.

USES: For various kinds of carriages and carts, spokes, etc. Wood-
work where flexibility is required. Interior work. Bark
astringent and medicinal, useful in cases of haemorrhage
and for leucorrhoea. Roots contain pectic acid.

HABITAT: Sierra do Mar, rare in other parts.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth, bark smooth and dark-

red, with sweetish taste but astringent. Longitudinal cracks.
Fruit small and like olives.

= 48 cs

£_QHICOT HC"

Guarita.

Guaranta.

SYNONYM: P4o duro.
CLASSIFICATION: Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.
Family: Rutaceae. Order: Gruinales.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 6 metres in length and 40
to 50 cms. in diameter. Colour uniformly yellow, with coarse
grain, golden and brilliant.

Large layer of alburnum or sap-wood.
Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 968 to 1,098 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 672 kgs.; to bending: 1,640 kgs.

USES: Bridges, etc., damp situations. Should always be used
in small lengths.

HABITAT: Valley of the Tieté and of the Alto Parahyba.

OBSERVATIONS: Small tree, erect and slim. Leaves large and
round.

Guarita.

VARIETIES: Guarité roxo. Guarité vermelho.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 50
to 60 cms. in diameter. Colour light red or slightly crimson
with pronounced black patches.
Grain fine and straight. Very often forming small cavities.
Layer of alburnum. Hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Guarita roxo: From 936 to 1,007 kgs.;
Guarité vermelho: From 880 to 990 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Guaritaé vermelho: To crushing: 681 kgs.; to
bending: 1,371 kgs.
USES: Cabinet-work. Turning. Exterior work, damp situations.
Is a handsome wood for polishing.
HABITAT: West and South of the State, being rare in other parts.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of large growth.

Guatambd.

VARIETIES: Guatambt amarello. Guatambi vermelho.
CLASSIFICATION: Aspidosperma macrocarpum Mart.
Family: Apocynaceae. Order: Contortae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks of 10 metres in length and 80 cms.
in diameter. Colour light-yellow or red, with lighter patches.
Grain straight and fine. Small layer of alburnum. Easy
to carve.

== AQy ae

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Guatambii amarello: From 750 to 796
kilogs.; Guatambii vermelho: From 815 to 900 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Guatambi amarello: To crushing: 529 kgs.; to

bending: 1,428 kgs.
Guatambti vermelho: To crushing: 421 kgs.; to bend-
‘ing: 798 kgs.

USES: Ship-building, dwellings, etc. Chairs. Polished work. Makes
very flexible flooring. The wood of the branches is used for
agricultural implements and walking-sticks. The Guatambii
vermelho is superior to the Guatambii amarello and makes
a sleeper of third-class quality, lasting 5 years.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Valley of the Tieté. Is met with
in all parts of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth, erect with few branches.
Leaves large and broad. Fruit large with cavities. Bark
smooth.

Guayaruva.

Cecropia concolor W. Family: Euphorbiaceae. Order:
Tricoccae.

A tree of erect growth, branching but with little foliage.
Bark smooth like that of the Goiabeira. Interior work,
wooden bowls for water. Wood white to yellow, very

uniform. Grain fine and straight. Flowers white, isolated
and small.

Guayuvira.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.
Colour black with patches. Grain fine. Large layer of

alburnum, of dark yellow colour, making handsome mark-
ings in the wood.
Very hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,045 to 1,145 kgs.

USES: Carriages. Chairs and other furniture. Turning, wooden
parts of tools. Work exposed to weathering. Beautiful
surface for polishing.

HABITAT: Valley of the Mogy-Guassti and of the Tieté, being
rarely found in other parts of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A high tree, branching freely and with large
top, the branches growing from near the root. Leaves of

Guayuvira.

light brown colour, small and isolated. Fruit small, with
downy green hairs.

Bark fine and smooth.

Wood very flexible.

Imbira.

Bombax (var. sp.). Family: Bombaceae. Order: Ster-
culiaceae. Pao imbira. Imbirinha.

Wood of inferior quality, suitable for interior work, etc.

Sp. ‘gr. 510 kgs.

Is found in all parts of the State.

Imbirussd.

Bombax cyathophorum K. Schum. Family: Bombaceae.
Order: Sterculiaceae.

Wood of inferior quality, used for making boxes. Has
a sp. gr. of 410 kgs.

Is met with in all parts of the State.

Inga.

Inga edulis Mart. Order: Leguminosae.

Inga ferradura.

Wood of inferior quality. Suitable for interior work and
boxes, etc.

Has a sp. gr. of 790 kgs.

Is common throughout the State.

Ipé.

VARIETIES: Ipé amarello.
cascudo.
do campo.
jabotia.
r6xo.
, tabaco.
» una.
SYNONYMS: [pé réxo or preto.
5 jabotid or falhas réxas.
CLASSIFICATION: Ipé amarello: Tecoma ochracea Cham.
do campo: Tecoma araliacea P. D C.
tabaco: Tecoma pedicellata Bur. et Sch.

Pane pee

Ipé una: Tecoma sp. F. All.
» '6xo: Tecoma impetiginosa Mart.
All of the Family: Bignoniaceae. Order: Personatae.
DESCRIPTION: The Ipé amarello, Ipé réxo and Ipé tabaco
have trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60 to 80
cms. in diameter. The others are smaller. The Ipé amarello,
Ipé cascudo, and the Ipé do campo are of a lightyellow
or whitish colour, with very small and regular grain.
The other varieties have a dark colour, patchy and with
coarse and netted grain with cracks in the trunk.
All hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Ipé amarello: From 816 to 880 kgs.
,» cascudo: From 803 to 870 kgs.
» do campo: From 819 to 997 kgs.
,» tabaco: From 992 to 1,099 kgs.
» una: From 785 to 1,046 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Ipé ararello: To crushing: 802 kgs.
» do campo: To bending: 1,063 kgs.
» 6xo: To crushing: 728 kgs.
» tabaco: To crushing: 885 kgs.
To flexion: 1,834 kgs.
» una: To crushing: 728 kgs.
USES: All the varieties of Ipé are used for carts, barrels, casks,
bridges and posts. Damp situations. Exterior work.
The Ipé tabaco makes a sleeper of first-class quality
and duration of 11 years.
The Ipé una, sleepers of second quality, lasting 9 years.
The Ipé tabaco has bast which is used to make cig-
arette-papers and is of medicinal value against angina.
All the Ipés have astringent bark and are medicinal
against syphilis and syphilitic ulcers.
HABITAT: Throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: In the North of the State this tree predom-
inates with all its varieties together with the Piuva.
They .are trees of small growth, with few branches
but long, leaves large, and flowers very abundant, totally
covering the trees.

Jacaranda.
VARIETIES: Jacaranda branco.
rf cabitina.
preto.
rosa.

sae HP aa

,
ATIRICOT FOY ___.

Jacaranda rdéxo.
Jacarandasinho.
Jacaranda ta.
ae ta amarello.
Pa violeta.
SYNONYMS: Jacarand4 cabitna or Jacarand4 pitanga.
CLASSIFICATION: Jacaranda: Platypodium elegans Vog.
3 preto: Machaerium legale Benth.
% r6xo: Machaerium firmum Benth.
3 ta: Machaerium Allemanii Benth.
5 violeta: Mach. violaceum Vog.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length with 60
to 80 cms. diameter.
Jacaranda branco: Colour light-brown with yellowish
patches. Grain fine and straight. Hard to carve.
Jacarandé preto: Colour black and glossy with brown
patches. Grain very fine. Hard to cut.
Jacarandaé réxo: Very dark rose colour, with black
veins. Grain very fine. Hard to cut.
Jacaranda ta: Colour brown, light and dark, with black
veins. Grain fine and straight. Hard to carve.
Jacaranda violeta: Colour dark-yellow to light-brown,
with crimson veins and patches. Grain very fine. Hard to cut.
All the Jacarandds have a thick layer of alburnum of
good quality and suitable for working.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Jacaranda branco: From 705 to 820 kgs.
cabitina: From 815 to 919 kgs.
preto: From 818 to 961 kgs.
ta: From 994 to 1,234 kgs.
ta amarello: From 810 to 890 kgs.
33 rosa: From 843 to 1,196 kgs.
r6xo: From 923 to 1,123 kgs.
a violeta: From 1,046 to 1,299 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Jacarandé cabitina: To crushing: 791 kgs.
5 preto: To crushing: 425 kgs.
To bending: 1,171 kgs.
rosa: To crushing: 777 kgs.
55 ta: To crushing: 1,043 kgs.
5 violeta: To crushing: 1,073 kgs.
USES: Very valuable wood, suitable for first-class cabinet-making.
It is of first-rate quality for exterior work, bridges and
beams. Damp situations. Ship-building.

eee).

The Jacarandé rosa as sleepers will last 12 years.
The cabitina r6xo and ta last 11 years.

The Jacarand4 branco and the Jacarandasinho are in-
ferior to the others.

Jacaré.

Piptadenia communis Benth.

Order: Leguminosae.

A tree of normal growth, having few branches and little
foliage. Leaflets small, palm-like compound leaves. Fruit
small with coarse pod, covered with teeth, like those of the
animal, the Jacaré, on the new branches, disappearing on
the older ones, Sp. gr. from 910 to 1,025 kilogs. Wood
white in colour, compact: grain fine and easy to carve.
Used for interior-work, flooring and carving. The bark is
used for tanning.

Jaguatirao.

Tibouchina mutabilis Cogn.

Family: Melastomaceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.

Timber ‘of inferior quality, suitable for interior work only,
boxes and flooring.

Specific Gravity: 660 kgs.

Is met with in the North, rarely in other parts of
the State.

Jantar.

A tree of erect growth, branching freely with good
foliage, leaves large and round, bark thin and cracked.
Wood of red colour with grain coarse and conspicuous.
Large layer of alburnum forming. a small vein in the trunk.

Specific gravity: From 1,120 to 1,210 kgs. Is used for
bridges and posts. Damp situations. Exterior work, is of
first-class quality. Is found in the valley of the Mogy-
Guassti and of the Tieté. :

Jatahy.

VARIETIES: Jatahy.
» péba.
» Vvermelho.

— 54 —

FE. DAICOTM CO!

Jacaranda.

SYNONYMS: Gitahy. Jitahy. Oleo de Jatahy or Jatoba (q. v.)
CLASSIFICATION: Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length with 60
to 80 cms. diameter.
Colour red with yellow patches. Grain fine and netted.
Hard ‘to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY Jatahy: From 860 to 902 kgs.
» péba: From 837 to 900 kgs.
» vermelho: From 850 to 937 kgs.
RESISTANCE: Jatahy: To crushing: 560 kgs.; to bending:
1,815 kgs.
Jatahy péba: To bending: 550 kgs.
USES: Bridges and posts. Dry situations. Flooring and rafters
Interior work. Has medicinal properties.
HABITAT: North of the State. Valley of the Tieté. Is rarely
met with in other parts of the State.

Jatoba.

VARIETIES: Jatoba. Jatoba réxo.
SYNONYM: Oleo de Jatahy.
CLASSIFICATION: Hymenaea stilbocarpa Hayne.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour light-red or brown, very uniform. Grain coarse
and in distinct layers, forming symmetrical markings on
transverse section.

Layer of alburnum. MHard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Jatoba: From 944 to 1,027 kgs.. Jatoba
r6xo: From 826 to 908 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Jatoba: To crushing: 841 kgs.; to flexion: 1,325
kilogs.

Jatob4 réxo: To crushing: 841 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work. Carriages. Axle-trees and wheels. Exterior
work. Damp situations.

Both make sleepers of 11 years duration. Bark astringent.
Yields a medicinal oil and the resin, which burns like
kerosine, is used in making varnish.

HABITAT: Throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of normal growth with spreading top.
The fruit is large, containing 5 seeds.

— 55 —

Jequitiba.

VARIETIES: Jequitibé amarello.

ie branco.
5 vermelho.

SYNONYMS: Jequitiba vermelho or rosa.

CLASSIFICATION: Couratarii estrellensis Raddi. Family: Myr-
taceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 1
to 1.20 metre in diameter. Layer of alburnum. Easily carved.

Jequitib4 amarello: Colour yellow, very uniform, grain
fine and straight.

Jequitibaé branco: Colour white, grain fine and straight.

Juquitibaé vermelho: Colour red, very uniform, grain fine
and straight.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Jequitiba branco: From 616 to 691 kgs.
Jequitiba vermelho: From 641 to 699 kilogs.
RESISTANCE: Jequitibad branco: To crushing: 396 kgs.; To
flexion: 938 kgs.; Jequitibé vermelho: To crushing: 750

kgs.; to flexion: 375 kgs.

USES: Flooring. Scantlings. Boxes. The Jequitibad vermelho is
superior to the others and is used for carving. The bark is
astringent and medicinal.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: This is the largest tree of S. Paulo and one

: of the largest in the world. There are some with a diameter
of more than 2 metres, Is remarkable for the beauty of
its form. Flowers small and white or pink. Fruit long and
cylindrical in shape.

Jissara.

Euterpe oleracea Mart. Family: Palmaceae. Order:
Spadiciflorae.

Jussara.or Gissara. This is a cocoa-palm of large growth
and very leafy, and is used for supporting-structures. It

is of first-rate quality for such purposes. Is common through-
out the State.

Larangeira do Matto.

Esenbeckia febrifuga Juss. Family: Rutaceae. Order:
Gruinales.

A tree similar in its leaves and newer branches to the

— 56 —

E.ORICOT HC"

Jequitiba.

Jequitiba.

ordinary orange. Its wood is white in colour, grain fine
and conspicuous.. Easy to carve. Is used for cabinet-work,
turning, wooden spoons and vessels. It has a sp. gr. of
785 to 1,010 kgs. Presents a handsome surface for polishing.
Is found in abundance in the valley of the Alto Parahyba

Leiteiro.

Pao de leite. Sapium biglandulosum Miill. Arg. Family:
Euphorbiaceae. Order: Tricoccae. A small tree of upright
growth with few branches. Leaves broad, fleshy and large.
Bark smooth and thick. Is used for roofing-beams and
rafters, etc. Interior work. Sp. gr. 1,222 kgs. Is found in
all parts of the State.

Louro.

VARIETIES: Louro amarello.
» cheiroso.
» pardo.

SYNONYMS: Louro pardo or Vinheiro.

CLASSIFICATION: There are various representatives of. the fami-
lies Cordiaceae and Lauraceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks of 8 metres in length and 60 to 80 cms.
in diameter. Colour light-yellow with darker patches. Grain
very fine and meshed. Easy to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Louro amarello: From 521 to 923 kgs.
Louro cheiroso: From 590 to 901 kgs. Louro pardo: From
855 to 853 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Louro amarello: To crushing: 681 kgs Louro
pardo: To crushing: 422 kgs.; to flexion: 704 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Canoes. Oars. Cabinet-work and turning.
Interior work. First-class furniture.

HABITAT: Is found in. nearly all parts of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of large growth. In Iguape is found
another variety called the Louro preto, which I have not
yet studied.

Louveira.

CLASSIFICATION: Cyclolobium sp. Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
cous. in diameter. Colour, a uniform light-red, grain coarse

ts

and netted, presenting beautiful markings on the worked
surface. Pay i

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 980 to 1,057 kgs.

USES: High-class cabinet-work. Exterior work and supporting-
structures, first quality.

HABITAT: Valley of the Mogy-Guasst, and is rare in the Sierra
de la Mantiqueira.

Mamica de Porca.

Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. Family: Rutaceae. Ord.:
Gruinales.

Wood of inferior quality, used for interior work and
flooring. Sp. gr.: 705 kgs. Is found in the North of the
State and in the Marinhas.

Mandioqueira.

Didymopanax sp. Family: Araliaceae. Order: Umbelli-
florae. Peed

This is a tree of large growth with trunks of 6 to 8
metres long, and 60 to 80 cms. in diameter with varying
colours in the longitudinal and transverse fibres. Grain
coarse and straight. Sp. gr. from 710 to 780 kgs.

Is very suitable for making match-boxes.

Is also employed for flooring.

Massaranduba.

VARIETIES: Massaranduba amarella.

de leite.
Bs vermelha.

SYNONYMS: Macaranduba. Apraud. Chaua.:

CLASSIFICATION: Mimosopus clata Allem. Family: Sapotaceae.
Order: Diospyrinae.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Massaranduba amarella: From 700 to 789
kgs. Massaranduba de leite: From 902 to 971 kgs. Massa-
randuba vermelha: From 1,002 to 1,079 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Mass. de leite: To crushing: 506 kgs.; to flex-
ion: 865 kgs.

USES: Mass. amarella: Supporting-structures, beams and work
exposed to the weather. Dry situations.

Mass. de leite: Supporting-structures, beams and work
exposed to the weather. Damp situations. Ship-building. Is
the best timber in the State for use in positions exposed to
the action of salt water. Bark rich in tanning. Yields a gum

— 58 —

Mandioqueira.

of inferior quality, and a resin which is used as glue for
wood-work. It makes a sleeper of first-rate quality, lasting
11 years.

Mass. vermelha: Has the same uses as the Mass.
amarella.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of free growth and with a large top.
Secretes a milky juice in every part of the bark.

Leaves at the ends of the branches, in clusters. Flowers
white, greenish. The fruit is of three colours: white, greenish
and yellow. On the southern part of the coast these are
the only trees upon the swamps... :

Milho Cosido.
CLASSIFICATION: Licania incana Aubl. Family: Rosaceae. Ord.:

Rosiflorae,

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 50
to 60 cms. in diameter. Colour yellow. The trunk has small
cracks running in a longitudinal direction. Grain straight, fine
and compact. Hard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 823 to 971 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 714 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work. Interior work. Flooring, scaffolding.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. z

OBSERVATION: A rare timber.

Monjoleiro Preto.

Pithecolobium sp. Order: Leguminosae.

Guarucaia. A tree of small growth, trunk twisted. Bark
dark-coloured and thin. Leaflets small, with inconspicuous
veins. The fruit is a broad pod, with six seeds. Is employed
in scaffoldings, fencing, posts, in damp situations, of first-
rate quality.

Is met with in the valley of the Mogy-Guassi and of
the Parahyba.

Mossotahyba.
VARIETIES: Mossotahyba parda.
55 preta.
55 vermelha.

SYNONYMS: Mocitahyba. Mussutahyba. Macutahyba.

2. BO as

CLASSIFICATION: Zollernia ilicifolia Vog.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms, in diameter.

Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Moss. parda: From 813 to 1,265 kgs.
Moss. preta: From 1,000 to 1,048 kgs. Moss. vermelha: From
1,117 to 1,418 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Moss. vermelha: To. crushing: 1,057 kgs.; to bend-
ing: 874 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work. Beams. Scaffolding, posts, and damp situa-
tions. Sleepers of third-rate quality, lasting six years.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Valley of the Ribeira.

OBSERVATIONS: A tall tree with spreading top, branching
freely and with good foliage. Bark, thick, ribbed and black.
The branches burn even while green.

Nhanduparana.

A timber suitable for ordinary purposes. Colour white
or red. Grain fine, straight and compact. Very resistant.
Interior work, furniture, polished work. Has the same uses
as the Guatambi amarello.

Specific igravity: 680 kgs.

Grows in the North of the State.

A tall tree, branching freely and with good foliage.
Bark thin, rough and red. Leaves small.

Oity.

SYNONYMS: Aiti, Guayti.
CLASSIFICATION: Moquilea tomentosa Benth.
Family: Rosaceae. Order: Rosiflorac.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 652 to 792 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 536 kgs.
USES: In situations exposed to the action of water. Ship-building.

Damp situations. Sleepers of first-rate quality, lasting eleven
years.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. North of the State.

Oleo pardo.
CLASSIFICATION: Myrocarpus frondosus F. Allem.

— 60 —

| 4. ORICOT & CH

Oleo de Copauva,

Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.
Colour light-brown, with dark and yellowish patches.
Grain fine and straight, forming pleasing tracery in cross
section. Rather hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 730 to 992 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 670 kgs.; to bending: 716 kgs.
USES: Articles de luxe. Cabinet-work. Turning. Carriage-build-
ing. Interior work, first quality. Ship-building. Sleepers of
first-rate quality, lasting eleven years. Presents a handsome
surface for polishing.
HABITAT: North of the State. Sierra del Mar.
OBSERVATIONS: The timber of the Oleo pardo is one of the most
handsome in the world. The wood-work of old churches ob-
tained from the Oleo pardo is renowned for its fine qualities.

Oleo Vermelho.

SYNONYM: Balsamo.
CLASSIFICATION: Myrocarpus Erythoxylum F. All.?

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8.to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour light-red, with darker patches. Grain fine, straight
and disposed in layers, forming handsome markings in cross
section.

Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 777 to 1,064 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 868 kgs.; to bending: 790 kgs.

USES: Articles de luxe. Cabinet-work, turning, furniture, carriages.
Scaffolding, beams, flooring. Damp situations. Has a good
polishing surface. Yields a medicinal resin. Sleepers of first-
rate quality, lasting twelve years.

HABITAT: Valley of the Parahyba. Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: The same may be said of this tree as was
stated of the Oleo pardo.

Orindetiva.

SYNONYMS: Aroeira preta. Urundedva.
CLASSIFICATION: Astronium Urundeuva Engl.

Family: Anacardiaceae. Order: Sapindinae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 40

ss — 61 —

to 60 cms. in diameter. Colour light or dark brown, with
varying colours on the surface. Grain very coarse and netted.
Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,055 to 1,278 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 661 kgs.; to flexion:1,170 kgs.

USES: Scaffolding, posts. Damp situations. Is the best timber of
S. Paulo for work exposed to the action of water. It is not
suitable for use in small dimensions on account of shrinking.
The bark has medicinal properties and is used also for
tanning. Beautiful surface for polishing.

HABITAT: Valley of the Mogy-Guassii and in the western part
of the State. Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: In Mogy-Guassi and in Ubatuba, districts
differing entirely in the quality of soil, climate and altitude,
one may meet with ‘huts or humble dwellings constructed
of the timber of the Orindetiva more than a century ago and
the wood is still in perfect condition.

Pao Brazil.

VARIETIES: Pao Brazil claro.
43 » escuro.
SYNONYMS: Ibirapitanga. Pdédo Pernambuco. Pdo rosado.
CLASSIFICATION: Caesalpina echinata Lamck.
Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour bright red, with dark patches. Grain fine and
netted. Layer of alburnum. Hard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Pao Brasil claro: From 891 to 981 kgs.
Pado Brazil escuro: From 1,029 to 1,340 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Pao Brazil claro: To crushing: 714 kgs. Pdo Brazil
escuro: To crushing: 648 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Cabinet-work de luxe. Turning. Has good
polishing surface. Produces Braziliama, a dye. It is astringent
and strengthening.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Grows as far as the boundary of the
State of Rio de Janeiro.

OBSERVATIONS: The coast-lands of Brazil are so rich in trees
of this species that the name given to the timber, Brazil,
i, e. the colour of fire, spread through the whole of the
enormous territory discovered by Pedro Alvares Cabral, in
1500. Even at the present time there is an abundance of the
species in the Sierras.

— 62 —

It is a tree of normal growth, branching freely and
with good foliage. Bark of an ashen colour and spongy.
Leaves oval and in two wing-like halves,

Flowers odorous, red and yellow in clusters.

The fruit is a legume or pod.

The tree is of slow growth.

Pao d’Arco.

SYNONYM: Cavantan,
CLASSIFICATION: Bignoniaceae and other botanical families.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour brown or pinkish, with
veinings and patches of yellowish tint.
Grain straight. Hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 700 to 850 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 758 kgs.
USES: Carts. Axles and spokes of wheels. Exterior work, posts,
etc. Damp situations. Sleepers of second-rate quality.
The bark is medicinal against ulcers.
HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Rare in other districts.
OBSERVATIONS: A very high tree. Bark very hard. Leaves
glossy, broad and compound. The fruit is a pod with two
cavities. At times the tree appears entirely covered with
flowers which hide the leaves,

Pao-Ferro.

SYNONYMS: Ytd. Quiripyranga.
CLASSIFICATION: Apuleia ferrea Mart.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour almost black with thin yellowish patches. Grain
very fine and netted. Layer of sap-wood or alburnum, useful
in building.

Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 1,086 to 1,270 kgs.
RESISTANCE: To crushing: 951 kgs.; to flexion: 1,442 kgs.
USES: Scaffolding, posts, beams, damp situations, first-rate quality.
Best used of large dimensions on account of tendency to
shrink a little. The ‘bark is medicinal for piles and rheumatism.
HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Valley of the Ribeira.

— 6 —

OBSERVATIONS: A high tree, of pyramidal shape. Very branch-
ing and leafy. Leaves green, oval and acutely dentated.
Flowers pink, very small and clustered. The fruit is a brown
pod, rounded and edible.

Pao Rosa.

SYNONYMS: Pdo cravo. Sebastifio de Arruda.
CLASSIFICATION: Physocalymma floridum Pohl. Family: Lythra-
ceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 5 to 6 metres in length and 40
to 50 cms. in diameter.
Colour yellow with longitudinal red veins.
Grain very regular. Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 736 to 1,031 kgs.
USES: Cabinet-work de luxe. Turning. Scaffolding, beams, exte-
rior work, damp situations, first quality. Yields a red dye.
HABITAT: North of the State. Sierra del Mar. .
OBSERVATIONS: A tree of ordinary growth. Flowers red with
scales at the base. Leaves oval with five sharp prolongations.
Fruit round.

Pao Setim.

CLASSIFICATION: Aspidosperma eburneum F. Allem. Family:
Apocynaceae. Order: Contortae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 80
cms. in diameter. Colour light-yellow, very uniform. Grain
straight and very fine. Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 698 to 764 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 714 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work de luxe. Turning. Mouldings. Inlaid work.

Is a very handsome wood for all articles de luxe.

HABITAT: North of the State. Valley of the Piracicaba.

OBSERVATIONS: A rare wood.

Passaritva.

This tree grows in the valleys of the Parahyba and
Tieté. It is suitable for interior work only. It has a layer
of alburnum, its sp. gr. is 622 to 695 kgs., its resistance
to crushing is 370 kgs., and to flexion, 794 kgs.

— 64 —

Marfim..

Passuaré.

There are three varieties: the preto, r6xo and the ver-
melho, the only one suitable for building construction being
the preto, which is of third-rate quality for interior work,
flooring, etc. These varieties are met with in abundance
in the valley of the Parahyba and Sierra del Mar. The bark
of the Passuaré réxo is spinous.

Peito de Pomba.

A handsome wood for cabinet-work, turning and for
polished work. Very resistant. Colour uniformly white.

Especially serviceable for work subject to violent strain.
The bark is used for tanning. Its habitat is the valley of
Mogy-Guasstii and in nearly all the West of the State.

Pequia Bravo.

SYNONYMS: Pequi. Piquid.
CLASSIFICATION: Caryocar brasiliense St. Hill.
Family: Caryocaraceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60 to
80 cms. in diameter. Colour light satin-yellow, very uniform.
Grain very fine and straight. Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 785 to 836 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 621 kgs..

USES: Ship-building. Oars. Cabinet-work. Turning. Presents a
good surface for polishing. Scaffolding. Damp situations.
Sleepers of first quality.

The bark is used to make black ink.

HABITAT: In the North and West of the State. Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: Tree of large growth but very twisted and
crooked; leaves oval. Flowers pink and abundant. Fruit
oval, fleshy and divided into six cavities. Is purgative.

Pequia Marfim.

SYNONYMS: Pdo liso. P4o marfim.
CLASSIFICATION: Balfourodendron Riedelianum Engl.
Family: Rutaceae. Order: Gruinales.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
cms. in diameter. Colour yellow with very faint veins and

265 2

patches giving to the wood an ivory appearance. When
it is quite dry the wood becomes very similar to old ivorv.
Grain fine, straight and inconspicuous.
Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 868 to 1,148 kgs.

Pereira.

VARIETIES: Pereira amarella. Pereira vermelha.

SYNONYMS: Pdo pente. Pdo pereira. Camara de bilro.

CLASSIFICATION: Platyciamus Regnellii Benth. Order: Legu-
minosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 0.80
to 1 metre in diameter. Colour yellow or bright red, very
uniform. Grain coarse and disposed symmetrically in trans~
verse section.

Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Pereira amarella: From 745 to 790 kgs.
Pereira vermelha: From 816 to 904 kgs.

USES: Scaffolding, beams and exterior work. Damp situations.
first-rate quality. Casks, barrels. Coarse flooring. Bark
febrifuge. Produces “Pereirina”.

HABITAT: Valley of the Mogy-Guasst.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of normal growth, contorted branches,
covered with downy hairs of brown colour. Bark coarse,
very furrowed and of a whitish colour.

Leaves pink or yellowish. Branches without odour. Fruits
few, oval, fleshy and of an ashen gray colour.

Peroba.

VARIETIES: Peroba gratida amarella.

7 i parda.

se 7 preta.

- 7 rosa.

* » Vvermelha.
ts do campo.

se miuda.

34 poca.

si rajada.

45 reversa.
aA tremida.
Perobinha.

— 66 —

Peroba.

SYNONYMS: Peroba gratida or Peroba-Assi.
55 po6ca or Peroba branca.
2s miuda or Peroba mirim.
CLASSIFICATION: Aspidosperma Polyneuron Miill. Arg. Peroba
gratida: Aspidosperma Peroba F. All? Peroba do campo:
Aspidosperma . Peroba péca: Leucomelium sp. Pero-
binha: Electrolobium elegans. ?

Order: Leguminosae.

The Perobas named above are of the Family: Apocyna-
ceae, Order: Contortae, except the Perobinha. |

DESCRIPTION: Peroba gratida: Trunks from 12 to 15 metres
in length and 0.80 to 1.20 metre in diameter. Colours very
various, indicated by their names, with veins and patches of
darker colour, the Peroba preta having very conspicuous black
veins. Grain coarse. Layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

Peroba miuda: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length
and 60 to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour red, with darker
patches. Grain finé and very netted. Layer of alburnum. Hard
to cut.

Peroba do campo:Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length
and 60 to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour yellow or reddish,
uniform. Grain fine and straight. Hard to cut.

Peroba péca: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length
and 60 cms. in diameter. Colour white, grain coarse and
straight. Layer of alburnum. Easily carved.

Peroba rajada: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length
and 60 to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour light-red with large
black patches. These patches form most beautiful markings.
Grain fine and netted. Hard to carve.

Peroba reversa: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres long and
80 cms. in diameter. Colour yellow or brown with dark
veinings. Grain fine, dark, very meshed, forining knots and
twisting in various directions. Very hard to cut.

Peroba tremida: Trunks from 5 to,8 metres in length and.
60 to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour yellow with lighter patches,
almost golden in colour. Grain coarse and undulating. Hard
to cut.

Perobinha: Trunks from 6 to 7 metres in length and
40 to 60 cms. in diameter. Colour light-yellow with reddish
patches. Grain fine and straight. Very hard to carve.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Peroba gratida amarella: From 724 to
770 kgs. Peroba gratida patda: From 756 to 886 kgs. Pe-
roba gratda rosa: From 837 to 943 kgs. Peroba gratida
vermelha: 780 to 986 kgs. Peroba miuda: From 750 to

6T =

833 kgs. Peroba péca: From 680 to 739 kgs. Peroba rajada:
690 to 788 kgs. Peroba reversa: From 773 to 1,018 kgs.-
Peroba tremida: From 765 to 825 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Peroba gratida amarella: To crushing: 668 kgs.;
to flexion: 617 kgs.

Peroba gratida parda: To crushing: 607 kgs. Peroba
gratida rosa: To crushing: 804 kgs.; to flexion: 616 kgs.

Peroba mirim: To crushing: 739 kilogs.; to flexion:
744 kgs. :

USES: Peroba gratida amarella: Interior work. This is of inferior
quality compared with the others.

Peroba gratida parda: Interior work, flooring. It is
superior to the Peroba gratida amarella, but inferior to
the others. Cabinet-work. Carriage-building.

Peroba gratida preta: Cabinet work, turning. Good
surface for polishing. Handsome surface with capricious
designs or markings. Interior work. Boards for flooring.

Peroba gratida rosa: Scaffolding, posts, dry situations.
Boards. General carpentry. Sleepers of first quality, lasting
eleven years.

Peroba gratida vermelha: The same uses as the Peroba
gratida rosa.

Peroba do campo: Exterior work. Dry situations. General
interior work.

Peroba mitida: Interior work. Exterior work, damp sit-
uations. Is suitable only in pieces of large size. Sleepers
of first quality.

Peroba rajada: The same uses as the Peroba midda,
presenting handsome surface for polishing.

Peroba reversa: Exterior work, damp situations, first-
rate quality. Not suitable for small work on account of
shrinking. :

Peroba tremida: Surface beautifully marked, with undu-
lating grain, fine wood for polished work. Furniture, cabinet-
work, turning.

Perobinha: Scaffolding, beams, first-rate quality. Flowers
medicinal against syphilis. All the Perobas have bark rich
in tannin, used for leather-tanning and currying, giving to the
leather a beautiful yellow colour.

HABITAT: Common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: The timber of the Perobas represents an
enormous wealth to the State of S. Paulo. It is used in
all kinds of building construction, both civil and naval, and
is in great abundance. The slender trees, with their sparse

— 68 —

Group of Perobas.

¥
L-. ORICOT mon

Group of Perobas.

foliage and wrinkled bark, stand out in the landscape clearly
marked by their majestic appearance.

Pindahyba.

Xylopia emarginata Mart. Family: Anonaceae. Order:
Polycarpicae. Pindahyva. Pindahuba. There are two varieties,
the Pindahyba and the Pindahyba preta. This is a tree of
great height, with horizontal branches, lanceolate leaves
and large white flowers. The timber is used for interior
work, boxes, etc. The bast is used for making ropes. Is
found in all parts of the State.

Pinho.

Araucaria brasiliana Lam. Family: Pinaceae. Order:
Coniferae.

These are large and beautiful trees, growing in the
wild uncultivated parts of the State, and are found almost
throughout the Campos do Jordao, over an area of more
than 30,000 hectares, and altitudes of 2,200 metres above
the level of the sea; they form the chief vegetation of the
Campos da Bocaina, reaching the same altitude, and flourish
up to an altitude of 400 metres in the Campos de Ita-
petininga. They produce timber, tar and turpentine. Their
bark is very rich is potash.

The quality of the timber is equal to that of the
Swiss pine and is superior to the pine of America.

There are two varieties of the Pinho, the branco and
the vermelho, the branco suitable for boxes, boarding, etc.
only, while the vermelho is of very good quality and may
be used for general interior work, flooring, frame-work,
beams and rafters. At altitudes between 400 and 2,200
metres the pine reaches full development in 20 years with
a height of 30 metres and 1.50 metre diameter.

Pinho Bravo.

Of the two varieties, the branco and the vermelho,
the vermelho only may be used to advantage for fencing,
posts, rafters, and beams. They are small trees with little
foliage and crooked growth.

— 69 —

Pidna.

SYNONYM: Petna.

CLASSIFICATION: Family: Myrtaceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres in length and 40
to 50 cms, in diameter. Colour white, very uniform, grain
straight. Easy to carve.

USES: Beams, bridges, posts, damp situations. Sleepers of first-
class quality, lasting eleven years.

HABITAT: North of the State. Valley of the Tieté.

OBSERVATIONS: A crooked tree. Slender and branching freely.

Coarse, regular, oval and smooth leaves. Fruit black and
round. Bark thin, smooth and with lighter patches.

Pidva.

SYNONYM: Peiva.

CLASSIFICATION: Bignonia longiflora Vell. Family: Bigno-
niaceae. Order: Personatae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter,

Colour dark brown with darker patches. Grain coarse

and in regular layers. Large layer of alburnum. Very hard
to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 956 to 1,046 kgs.

USES: Scaffolding. Beams. Posts, exterior work, damp situations,
second-rate quality. Sleepers of second class. The bark has
medicinal properties, being anti-diuretic and cathartic.

HABITAT: North of the State, but is also met with in other
regions.

OBSERVATIONS: A very high tree with many branches and
good foliage. Leaves yellow, very large and numerous.

In the North of the State several Ipés are called
Pitiva.

Quaresma.

Tibouchina mutabilis Cogn.

Family: Mclastomaceae. Order: Myrtiflorae.

Timber of an inferior quality, suitable for interior work
and boxes. Grows very rapidly. Sp. gr. 985 kgs. Is met with
in the North of the State.

— 70 —

Quina.

Erythroxylum var. sp. Family: Erythroxylaceae. Order:
Gruinales. Quina brava. A high tree. Timber of inferior
quality, used for interior work and boxes. Sp. gr. 790 kgs.

Grows in the North of the State.

Raposeira.

Raposeira gratida and Raposeira miida. Timber ‘of inferior
quality, used for interior work. Sp. gr. 770 kgs.
Found in the North of the State and Marinhas.

Roxinho.

A high and very spreading tree, producing a handsome
timber of dark pink colour, used for exterior work, bridges
and posts. Damp situations. A wood suitable for furniture
and cabinet-work de luxe.

Is met with in the valley of the Ribeira.

Saguaragy.

SYNONYM: Sobragy.

CLASSIFICATION: Colubrina rufa Reiss. Family: Rhamnaceae.
Order: Frangulinae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour yellow or light-red, with
very pronounced red patches. Grain straight and fine. Large
layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 843 to 1,000 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 812 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Carriage-building. Cabinet-work. Bridges,
posts, exterior work, damp situations, first-rate quality. Sleep-
ers of first quality, lasting twelve years.

HABITAT: Common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of upright growth, few branches and
little foliage. Bark smooth and thin. Leaves thin, small
and compound. Flowers yellow, large and in racemes.
Fruit round and very small.

Sapucaia.

VARIETIES: Sapucaia branca. Sapucaia vermelha.
oer ee

CLASSIFICATION: Lecythis sp. Family: Lecythidaceae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 0.80
to 1 metre in diameter.

Colour white or brown with very conspicuous patches
and veins of a red tint. Grain straight coarse and very
distinct. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Sapucaia branca: From 827 to 1,026 kgs.
Sapucaia vermelha: From 956 to 1,077 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Sapucaia branca: To crushing: 658 kgs. .Sapucaia
vermelha: To crushing: 729 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Fencing-timber. Scaffold-poles, posts, damp
situations. Cabinet-work and carriages.

The bast is used for making ropes and tow for calking.
Both varieties are put to the same uses. The plant. yields
a dye used by textile manufacturers.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: A tall tree. Bark coarse and furrowed. Leaves
lanceolate and large. Flowers in small clusters, white and
pink. Fruit round and large, coriaceous, and opening in
the upper part, lid-fashion.

Sapuva.

Sapuva. Sapuva-assi. Sapuva-mirim. Platymisium sp.
Order: Leguminosae. Timber used for general building pur-
poses of third-rate quality. Interior work. Sp. gr. 600 kgs.
A high tree, smooth bark. Fruit a pod. Flowers very small.
Is met with in the North of the State.

Sucupira.

VARIETIES: Sucupira-assi. Sucupira-mirim.
SYNONYMS: Sicupira. Sibipira.
Sucupira-mirim or Sucupira d’agua.
CLASSIFICATION: Bowdichia virgiloides H. B. et K. Order:
Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter. Colour uniformly brown.
The Sucupira-assi has coarse grain and in layers.
Hard to cut.
The Sucupira-mirim has very fine grain, hard and irreg-
ular. Is very hard to carve.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Sucupira-assti: From 944 to 990 kgs. Su-
cupira-mirim: From 863 to 1,061 kgs.

Bs as

RESISTANCE: Sucupira-assi: To crushing: 824 kgs. Sucupira-

a mirim: To crushing: 930 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Cabinet-work. Turning. Scaffolding. Posts
and work exposed to the weather. Flooring.

The Sucupira-assti is inferior to the Sucupira-mirim but
is of very good quality.

The Sucupira-mirim is a very flexible timber and has
a large quantity of water in the stem. Makes sleepers of
first-class quality, lasting eleven years.

Both have bark with tonic and anti-rheumatic properties.
Their seeds are roasted and ground in the same manner
as coffee and act as excitants to the lymphatic system.

HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Valley of the Parahyba and other
parts of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: High, branching and leafy trees. Branches
very uneven in length and form, as also the leaves whose
forms are very diverse.

Bark spotted, very furrowed, coarse and irregular.

‘Tajuba.

SYNONYMS: Tatajubé. Tajiba. Tatba.

CLASSIFICATION: Maclura affinis. Miq. Family: Artocarpaceae.
Order: Urticinae.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 971 to 1,019 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 968 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work. Flooring. Interior work and _ scaffolding,
posts. Dry situations. Gives a yellow dye.

HABITAT: South of the State. Mogy-mirim.

‘Tambory.

SYNONYMS: Chimbé. Ximbé. Tamboril. Tambor. Orelha de negro.
CLASSIFICATION: Enterolobium Timbouva Mart.
Order: Leguminosae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres in length and 1.20
to 1.50 metres in diameter.
Colour of very uniform brown. Grain fine and straight.
Very easy to carve. Layer of alburnum.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 378 to 531 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To flexion: 531 kgs.
USES: Boarding for floors and scantlings. Skirting-boards. The
planks keep their colour well. Serves the same purposes

95 os

as the timber of the Cedro vermelho. Yields a poisonous
resin found in the bark and roots.

HABITAT: West of the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of large growth, very leafy. Branches
thick and much sub-divided. Bark thin and smooth and of
a brownish colour. Compound leaves with very’ small leaflets
of light colour on the back. White flowers in clusters. The
fruit is a twisted pod, black and shaped like an car, con-
taining very small seeds.

Tapia.
Alcornea Iricurana Cas. Family: Euphorbiaceae. Timber
of inferior quality, used for interior work and boxes. Trunks
from 4 to 5 metres in length and 30 to 40 cms. in diameter.

Sp. gr. 680 kgs. Is met with in the Marinhas and in the
North of the State.

Tapinhoan.

CLASSIFICATION: Silva Navalium F. All. Family: Lauraceae.
Order: Polycarpicae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour brown with yellow patches. Grain minute and

rather netted. Layer of alburnum, Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 864 to 996 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 698 kgs.; to flexion: 492 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Scaffolding, beams. Boarding. Exterior work,
damp situations, first quality, lasting twelve years. Bark
astringent.

HABITAT: Is general throughout the State.

‘Taruman.

VARIETIES: Taruman pardo. Taruman vermelho.
SYNONYMS: Taruman pardo or Taruman do Norte. Taruman
vermelho or Taruman amarello, or Gratatba.
CLASSIFICATION: Vitcx montevidensis Cham. Family: Verbe-
naceae. Order: Tubiflorae.
DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.
Hard to cut.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 688 to 805 kgs.

Se Jace

Tambory (attaining a circumference of 10 metres).

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 599 kgs.

USES: Exterior work, damp situations. Bridges, posts, ete.
Carriage-building. Furniture. Sleepers ot first-rate quality,
lasting 10 years. The fruit yields a medicinal oil against
arthritic, or joint complaints, and the roots are used for
the preparation of a remedy for syphilis.

The Taruman vermelho is much inferior to the Taruman
amarello.

HABITAT: The valley of the Parahyba. Sierra del Mar.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of small growth, with good foliage and
branching freely. Leaves broad, round and very rough.
Fruit small, black and edible.

Tata.

VARIETIES: Tatti pequeno. Tati gratido.

CLASSIFICATION: Eugenia axillaris Vell. Family: Myrtaceae.
Order: Myrtiflorae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

Colour dark-yellow with darker veins and patches. A
small layer of alburnum. Grain fine. Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Tatti pequeno: From 989 to 1,100 kgs.
Tati gratido: From 810 to 960 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Tatti pequeno: to crushing: 449 kgs.

USES: Tati pequeno: Exterior work. Work exposed to the action
of salt water. Is not suitable for use of small dimensions
on account of shrinking.

Tatdé gratido: Interior work. Not suitable where shrink-
age is to be avoided.

HABITAT: Marinhas.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of small growth and with twisted and
gnarled branches. Leaves small and lanceolate, of a dark
colour. Bark coarse, brown and rugged.

The Taté gratido often has small holes in the wood
which is not the case with the Tati pequeno.

Taytva.

SYNONYM: Amotreira.

CLASSIFICATION: Chlorophora tinctoria (Lin.) Gaudich.
Family: Moraceae. Order: Urticinae.

ee, eee

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 4 to 5 metres in length and 50
to 60 cms. in diameter. Colour dark-yellow, very uniform.
Grain fine and netted. Large layer of alburnum. Hard to cut.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 860 to 957 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To bending: 1,468 kgs.

USES: Cabinet-work. Turning. Carved work. Bridges, Deams,
damp situations. Produces a very caustic resin of medicinal
value.

HABITAT: Common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of crooked growth, few branches and
leafy. Leaves large, oval and coarse. Bark thin and smooth,
spotted and bearing spines. The fruit is a green pod.

Ubatinga.

SYNONYMS: Batinga. Vatinga.

CLASSIFICATION: Eugenia sp. Family: Myrtaceae. Order:
Myrtiflorae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 8 to 10 metres in length and 60
to 80 cms. in diameter.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: From 880 to 1,054 kgs.

RESISTANCE: To crushing: 859 kgs.

USES: Interior work. Canoes. Oars. Sleepers of third-rate quality,
lasting five years. Very resistant to flexion.

HABITAT: In the valleys of the Parahyba and Tieté.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree of normal growth. Stems slender,
branching little. Bark thin and tinted. Leaves large and long.

Urucurana.

VARIETIES: Urucurana. Urucurana mirim.

SYNONYMS: Urucurana mirim or Urucurana de prégo. Urucurana
or Urucurana de leite.

CLASSIFICATION: Hyeronima alchorneoides F. All.

Family: Euphorbiaceae. Order: Tricoccae.

DESCRIPTION:. Urucurana mirim: Trunks from 10 to 12 metres
in length and 1 metre in diameter. Colour light-yellow very
uniform, or pinkish with patches. Grain coarse, straight with
light shades. Large layer of alburnum. Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Urucurana: From 707 to 1,084 kgs. Uru-
curana’mirim: From 849 to 939 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Urucurana: To crushing: 851 kgs.

USES: Carts. Carriages. Cabinet-work, Bridges, beams, posts,
damp situations. Work exposed to the action of salt water

— 7% —

A saw-mill of the ,Gavido Peixoto“ Colony.

The Urucurana de leite is superior to the Urucurana mirim
and supplies a sleeper of first-rate quality, lasting twelve
years. Produces a pink dye and a medicinal resin.
HABITAT: Sierra del Mar. Valley of the Parahyba.
OBSERVATIONS: Trees of large growth. Fine aspect. Leaves
regular, red and round. Bark rough and red in colour. Fruits,
small black and edible.

Vassourinha.

Dodonaea viscosa Lin. Family: Sapindaceae. Order:
Sapindinae.

A tree of small growth producing! a wood of dark-brown
colour, with black veins and markings, grain very even
and straight. Is employed for boarding for floors, etc., and
for interior work, making good thin planks. Is often confused
with the Vinhatico. Is met with in the valley of the Parahyba.

Vinhatico.

VARIETIES: Vinhatico.

3 de algodao.
63 de boi.
5 do campo.

SYNONYMS: Vinhatico algodao or Vinhatico orelha de macaco.
Vinhatico de boi or Vinhatico testa de boi.

CLASSIFICATION: Enterolobium ellipticum Benth.

Order: Leguminosae.

DESCRIPTION: Trunks from 6 to 8 metres in length and 80
cms. in diameter. Colour dark-yellow or brown with tones
of bright-yellow. Grain fine and regular. Layer of alburnum.
Easily carved.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Vinhatico: From 482 to 705 kgs.
Vinhatico do algodfo: From 460 to 567 kgs.
Vinhatico de boi: From 595 to 757 kgs.

RESISTANCE: Vinhatico: To crushing: 570 kgs.

USES: Ship-building. Ordinary furniture and furniture de luxe.
Turning. Scantlings. Flooring.

The Vinhatico algodao and the Vinhatico testa de boi
present most handsome surfaces for polishing.

HABITAT: Is common throughout the State.

OBSERVATIONS: A tree freely branching and with spreading.
high top. Bark white. Leaves long.

ee ee

NOTES.

Sierra de Mantiqueira: A range of mountains which separates

a part of the State of S. Paulo from the State of Minas
. Geraes. The summit of the range forms extensive and undu-
lating plains, especially suitable for stock-farming, particularly
for sheep; there are. pinewoods (araucaria brasiliensis) and
tracts of land admirably fitted for cultivation of the vine,
wheat and other plants of Southern Europe.

Campos de Jordao: A plain in the Sierra de Mantiqueira 2,000
metres above ithe level jof the sea. It has a magnificent climate
equal to that of Madeira and the S. of Europe generally.
A sanatorium has been built’ here for the treatment of
tuberculosis.

Virgin forests: Forests which have never been felled by man.

Heart-Wood: The interior wood of the trunk next to the alburn-
um; this is usually the only part applicable to constructive
purposes, but there are some trees in which the alburnum
is equal in quality with the heart-wood.

Alburnum, or Sap-Wood: Is that part of the stem which lies
between the heart-wood and:the bark, bast, etc. It is light
in colour (hence its name), carries the root-sap upwards
and consists of a variable number of the last-formed annual
rings of wood. It is generally of poor quality, only on
special occasions is it applicable to constructive purposes.

Specific Gravity: The mean specific gravity is calculated in kilo-
grammes per cubic, metre; for timber of sp. gr. over
900 kgs. this varies 10 %, and for those of lower sp. gr.
the variation is 15 %.

North: That part of the State which extends from the Capital,
the city of Sao Paulo, to the boundaries of the State of
Rio de Janeiro in the direction East of that State and of
the Atlantic Ocean to the State of Minas, in a northerly
and southerly direction.

It is the geographical East of the State.

Serro do Mar: The range of mountains which follows the coast-
line of the State of Sio Paulo forming the border of the
central plain which constitutes the main part of the Paulist

ae 7 =

“‘syUNJ}-901] “O[Ned “S

country, with! a height varying from 300 to 800 metres above
the level of the sea.

West: This part of the State is noted for its great production
of coffee which reaches the extraordinary average of 72,000
tons per year. The district is served by the Paulista,
Mogyana, Araraquara, Ituana and North-West Railways, in
connection with which are many branch railways belonging
to the large proprietors of coffee-plantations.

It. is the geographical North of the State.

Valley of the Mogy: A large river which flows through the West
of the State in a direction from East to West. It is navigable
for the greater part of its course and is much used for
carriage by the Paulist and Sorocabana districts.

Valley of the Ribeira: A large river formed by the waters
of the rivers Iguape, Juquid, San Lorenzo and others of
the South of the State between the Sierra del Mar and the
Atlantic Ocean. This is a very fertile region and is still
covered by immense forests.

The Ribeira and its tributaries are used by the Sul-
Paulista Navigation Company which is interested in the
formation of a line of railway from the Capital to the Ribeira
district.

Valley of the Tieté: A river which flows through the whole of
the State, rising in the Sierra del Mar and having on its
banks fifteen important towns in addition to the Capital.

It is navigated for the greater part by the boats of
the Sorocabana and Ituana Company.

Valley of the Piracicaba: A river flowing through the western
part of the State. It has some large waterfalls which are
used for the production of motor force for several paper
and textile works and for electric lighting. It is a river
noted for the beauty of its banks.

Marinha: The region lying between the Sierra del Mar and
the Atlantic Ocean forming the litoral or shore-lands.

a IO

GLOSSARY : containing most of the untranslated
Portuguese words in the text.

acafrao
alecrim
algodao
alto -a
amarello -a
amargoso-a
amendoeira
arco

azeite
batalho -a
boi

branco -a
bravo -a
brinco -a
café
campo
canella
canellinha
canudo
capitao-mér
carne de vacca
carvalho
cascudo -a

cavallo
cedro
cheiroso
chibataéo
clara

céco
cosido -a
cravo -a
doce
escuro -a
espinho -a
ferro
gato -a
goiabeira
grande
gratido -a
jacaranda
jacaré

saffron
rosemary
cotton
high
yellow
bitter
almond-tree
arc, bow
oily
battle
ox
white
wild
sporting
coffee
field
cinnamon
little cinnamon
pipe, tube
great chief
cow-beef
oak
thick-rinded, thick
bark
horse
cedar
odorant
rod, switch
light in colour,
bright
cocoa
clinging
pink
sweet
dark
thorny
iron
cat
guiva-tree
large, great
grainy, fibrous
violet-wood
crocodile

larangeira
leite
lim4o

‘louro

macaco
mandioca
mangue
mar
marfim
matto -a
milho
miudo -a
norte
oleo

onca
orelha
pao
papagaio
pardo -a
pedro -a
peito
pente
pequeno -a
pereiro
pimento -a
pinho
piolho -a
pipa
poco -a
pombo
prego -a
preto -a
puante
purga
quina
rajado -a
reverso -a
ribeira
rigido -a
rosado -a
roso -a
roxo -a
ruivo -a

= 80

orange-tree
milk

lemon

laurel
monkey
manioc
mangrove

sea

ivory

wood, forest
maize
slender, thin, small
north

oil

jaguar, ounce
ear

bread, food
parrot

gray, brown, dark
rocky, stony
heart, breast
comb

little, small
pear-tree
coloured
pine

lousy

lilac tree
little

dove, pigeon
drooping
black
stinking
purge

bark

rayed, striped
opposed, contrary
stream, river
stiff, rigid
rosy, pink
rose, pink
violet
reddish, russet

santo -a holy vassourinha small broom
sassafraz saxifrage veado -a stag

sebo -a tallow, suet velho -a old, ancient
sertao prairie verdadeiro -a_ true

setim satin vermelho -a__ red

sierra mountain-range vidrado -a glassy, vitreous
sul south vinhatico Brazilian yellow-
tabaco tobacco wood

testa head violeto -a violet

tremido -a trembling virgem virgin

=

= BY

Pages
ACACL A ose Santen te: Gaga: oe @ 8
Acenda candeia (andes) 23
Agoita eavallo cS 8
Aderno_. eur 2
Aitf (Oity) . . . .. 60
Alecrim . ‘ . 9
Almesca. .... . . 10
Amarante (Guarabti) . . 48
Amarellinho 11.
Amendoeira . 10
Amendoim . oe 10
Amoreira (Taytiva) oS oat 75
Anda-assi . . . 6, 11
Anda-guassti (Andé-asst 11
Angelim 5 a OED
Angico 6, 7, 13
Aprau@ o. 6.2 % 6 4 #4
Aracui (Angelim amargoso) 12
Aracad . . 13, 14
Aragagy ... . 13, 14
Aracapyranga ine 13, 14
Aracarana Se 13, 14
Aracatuba .: . 13, 14
Arapasst . ae ae
Arapoca — é . 14
Arariba . . . 6,15
Araruva .. . . . 6,16
Araxixd .. . 16,22
Arco de pipa. .. 6, 16
Aroeira 5, 6, 16, Te 61
Balsamo (Oleo vermelho) 61
Balsino ......... 18
Baquirtvii (Guapertivtt) 47
Barabi (Guarabi) . .. 48
Baracui arlene a here see 220
Baratina (Gratina) . .. 43
Barbatimao . 2 oe 18
Batinga (Ubatinga) hs 76

Bico de papagaio ee de pato) rE
Bico de pato. . .

Bicuiba #5 ; 8 6, 19
Biry ss oa. 5 19
Bocuva eho eA ecg 19
Bracuhy . . sw 20
Bratina (Gratina) ; 43

Pages
Bugre 0) 3. wich le ae Se 45
Buranhem pusbustes 48
Cabetina. . . 33
Cabitina (Cavitina) | 33
Caboré (Cabretva) a‘ 20
Cabretiva es : 20
Cabritiva . 20
Cabuhy . .. . . 23
Cacheta . a 22,
Cacunda . 21
Café bravo : 22
Caixeta .. axa 22
Cajarana (Cangerana) . « 29
Camara de bilro (Pereira) . 66
Cambara. .. 3 6, 22, 33
Cambuhy 23
Candeia . ; 23
Canella 6, ne 24 — 20

Canellao (Canella t batatha) 25

Canellinha ..... 24 — 28
Cangerana -. .. 6,29
Cangonha . . 35
Canna fistula (Canna frista) 30
Canna frista.. . 30
Canudeiro (Canudo) . 30
Canudo ...... 30
Caopiuva (Cedro) . . . 34
Capechenguy...... 6, 7,31
Carij6 (Arariba vermelho) . 15
Carne de vacca. .. .. 31
Carvalho nacional 6, 31, 32

Casca de virgindade
(Barbatimaio) 18
32

Catagua ..... ;

Catigua .. Sos 82
Catucahem . o% 3 32
Catucanhem .... .. 32
Cavantén (Pdo d'arco). . 63
Caviina. . . e «w 33.
Caxeta ea. ee ew aD,
Caxicaem (Catucahem) . 6, 32
Cazuarina . .. 34
Cedro.... 6, 29, 34, 74
Ceregeira 2. 35
Chaud (Massaranduba). . . 58

Pages
Chibatio. . ..... 35
Chimbé (Tambory) .... 73
CHOUPO) os oe: as oy eG » 22
Coerana (Corana). . .. 36
Coirana (Corana) .. . 36
Copahtiva (Copahyba). . 36
Copahy (Copahyba). . . 36
Copahyba Be! bigs ste tin x 6, 36
Corana . eo 36
Curupay (Angico) . : 13
Ellon grypho. ...... 48
Eucalyptus . . . 5, 6,36 — 41
Families

Anacardiaceae 9, 17, 35, 43, :
Anonaceae.......

Apocynaceae ... 49,64, e7
Araliaceae ....... :
Artocarpaceae ... .. 73
Bignoniaceae . . 22,52, 63, 70
Bombaceae . gage Bl
Caryocaraceae ..... 65
Casuarinaceae pe 8H
Compositae »~ 23
Cordiaceae. . .. 57
Erythroxylaceae. . . . 16,71
Euphorbiaceae 11, 25, 31, 50, 57
: 74,
Flacourtiaceae we « Sate | 30
Guitiferae . 1... 2... 46
Lauraceae . . . 25, 57, 74
Lecythidaceae gay ido CAD,
Lythraceae . best 64
Melastomaceae eo: 54, 70
Meliaceae 22, 29, 32, 34
Moraceae 75
Myristiceae ...... 19
Myrtaceae 13, 23, 44, 45, 56, 70
75, 76
Olacinaceae yeaa 35
Palmaceae : 56
Pinaceae . : . 69
Proteaceae . i 31, 32
Rhamnaceae . 71
Rosaceae . i 8 59, .
Rubiaceae .
Rutaceae . 14, 32, 49, 56, 58, 5
Sapindaceae ......
Sapotaceae . . 45, 47, 48, fs
Solanaceae 4 a: 30
Styracaceae . xace HO
Symplocaceae.. . . 11
Tiliaceae . eB 8
Verbenaceae . . 74
Faveiro .. ‘ 41

Pages
Fructo de Arara (Andé-assi) 11
Fructo de purga eed, 11

Garacuhy (Bracuhy) . 20
Garapa amarella . , 42
Garapriapunha . . . 42
Garatina.. . ... 43
Genipapo . . . . . 6,42
Genera and Species
Acacia polyphylla. .. 8
Actilostemon lanceolatum 25
Albizzia Lebbeck . 45
Alcornea Iricurana .. 74
Amendoeira brava ... 10
Apuleia ferreaa . .. 63
Apuleia praecox Par 42
Araucaria brasiliana. . . 69
Aspidosperma..... ae 67

Aspidosperma eburneum. 64
Aspidosperma macrocarpum 49

Aspidosperma peroba . . 67
Aspidosperma Polyneuron 67
Astronium commune . . 9
Astronium fraxinifolium . 43
Astronium gracile. . .. 35
Astronium Urundetiva . 61
Balfourodendron Riedelia-
HUM. aw ee ; 65
Bignonia longiflora . . . 70
Bombax cyathophorum . 51
Bombax var. sp. .... 51
Bowdichia virgiloides iy E2
Cabralea Cangerana. . 29
Caesalpina echinata. .. 62
Calophyllum brasiliensis . 46
Campomanesia sp. var. . 45
Carpotroche brasiliensis . 30
Caryocar brasiliensis . 65
Cassia ferruginea . . 30
Cassia marcanahyba_ . 25
Cecropia concolor 50
Cedrela brasiliensis . 34
i fissilis . . . 34
iy odorata . .. 34
Centrolobium .. . 15
Chlorophéra tinctoria. . 75
Chryosphyllum Buranhem 48
Colubrina rufa... .. 71
Copaifera Langsdorfii 36
Couratarii estrellensis 56
Croton floribundus’ . 31
Cyclolobium sp. . 57
Didymopanax sp. 58
Dodonaea viscosa eee ke
Electrolobium elegans . . 67

Pages

Enterolobium ellipticum . 77
Enterolobium Timbouva. 73
Erythroxylum pulchrum 16
var. sp. 71

Esenbeckia febrifuga 56
leiocarpa 49

Eucalyptus amygdalina 39
” botryoides . . 39

- calophylla 39

i citriodora 39

js coriacea . 39

- cornuta ... 39

if corymbosa. . 39

i‘ corynocalyx 39

; creba ..'. . 39

. diversicolor 39

7. fissilis . . . 40,41

. globulus. . 37,40

” gomocephala 41

- leucoxylum 40

" longifolia 41

is marginata 40

‘i microtheca. . 40

é resinifera 41

‘3 robusta 40

i rostrata 40

” rudis se 41

_ sideroxylon 41

x tereticornis . 41

‘ viminalis 41
Eugenia ...... 23
» axillaris » 5

” brasiliensis . . . 44

De) vet's ob Ye! Este 76

Euterpe oleracea . 56
Genipa americana. . . . 42
Hyeronima alchornoides 76
Hymenaea stignocarpa 55
” stilbocarpa . 55
Inga edulis... ... 51
Joannesia princeps 11
Lecythis sp. 72
Leucomelium sp. 67
Licania incana 59
Lucuma laurifolia . 47
Lucuma sp. 45
Liihea paniculata . . 8
Lychnophora . . . ~ 23
Machaerium Allemanii. . 53
‘ irmum 53

” legale 53

‘i sp. 18, 33
violaceum 53

Maclura affinis . . . 73

Melanoxylum Brauna .. 43
Metrodorea pubescens. . 32
Mimosopus elata .... 58
Moldenhauera floribunda 44
Moquiled tomentosa. . . 60
Myrcianthus edulis .. . 35

Myristica Bicuhyba . . . 19
Myrocarpus erythoxylum. 61

F fastigiatus . 20
frondosus . . 60

Nectandra amara . . . 25,29
5 leucothyseus . 25

‘i linhearia . . . 25

” mollis . . 25, 29
Nectandra myriantha .. 25
> robusta ... 25
Nectandra sp. ..- . . 25
Ocotea -pretiosa. . . 25, 29
Peltogyne confertiflora . 48
Physocalymma floridum 64
Piptadenia communis . . 54
rigida. . . . 13
Pithecolobium sp. 9, 59

Platipodium elegans . ~« 53

Platyciamus Regnellii . 66
Platymisium sp. .. . 72
Psidium . ... 13
Pterodon pubescens . 41
Pterogyne nitens . . 10
Raputia magnifica . 14
Rhopala brasiliensis .. 31
” glabrata... . 32
‘ sp. . ee « dl
Sapium biglandulosum . 57
Schinus anthartribua . . 17
5 terebinthifolius 17
Schizolobium excelsum 47
Silvia navalium .... 74
Solanum auriculatum . . 36
Stryphnodendron Barbati-
MAO. ge 6 4% ee
Styrax glabratum .. . 10
Symplocos sp... .s 11
Tabebuia leucoxyla . . 22
Tecoma araliacea . . . 451
e impetiginosa . 52
# ochracea ® #o “Bl
in pedicellata ~« 51
Spy fs oak A 52
Tibouchina mutabilis 54, 70

Trichilia Catigud . . . . 32
Vanillosmopsis erythropappa 23
Villaresia mucronata 35
Vitex montevidensis. . 74

niversi

[Sao Paulo trees]

“wn

i
|