Be bets tute tess n Seah at tata eee MET: tig Ac ee rT eh re Sele a habans a ctotanpeete ee ete ca te os gla rviiany owiehe eTetEFi ht gt “ nd rip wheats ae Veit hy Cie ad eat ame pena ecteorei ga Eee i baie Tenia anon at ete ee view lace RR a ab hale Math Da he Dah De liga Naas NaN ha Be less bo aha i ee eae re in neato’ 3 vp ‘he lte had, iyortenaienttante ole ag tn ee eeaagha tate Geqehen ae etait tah ana Pues ir Loe ite phot comet © Peete Saree RS ae mie acer Nate? eR ex ees nea ys seit ee . se tne . Vive es 4 a aaa Ms We dental nel at Se Te ay “an viel iw ten nt af a te ter 4 Perera sig, al alana do we 2 ot A af 9 ie ban a Asiana RO as vied Yi Ee hays 24 ae Pitas A eh 4 Niet ss ray SN abe Sage ay eyes A= po i ay! operas Pei aside Saat e nee tas saibe BRL save aL spe aerate eet ina Fun He ee eee etter mee econ sats bal nen oe reat pape tainaren te ‘ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE DATE DUE fey se wk UE E1979 L RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Libra TT Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002908295 REPORT UPON THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND AND ADJACENT WATERS, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE REGION. BY A. E. VERRILL and S.1I. SMITH, ‘7 (SUEFFIRLD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, NEW HAVEN, -CONN,) EXTRACTED FROM THE REPORT OF PROFESSOR §. F. BAIRD, COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, ON THE CONDITION OF THE SEA- FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW ENGLAND IN 1871 AnD 1872. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1874. > a A. Habits and distribution, (of the invertebrate animals) E—Goeneral! remarks). sje, tc, cise! six gicieja wate sicceciclci dio win eines eS iglicetarsianlcetisie Il.—Fauna of the bays and sounds...-.. 2222-222 222 eee cee eee eee eee eee TABLE OF CONTENTS. (The figures refer to the inside paging of the report.] 1. Animals of the rocky shores between high and low water marks.... General remarks ..- 22. 022006 oo ne cen te ee eee eee tee eee conn eee Articulates : Annelids: ChBtopods: ic o2nssaonk een Meaodsace deaeisasee Saeee ees OU POCHB UA rcs.ciackweigiskvemiatine ties = sisicige Seb seieiviennts wisi NGMORGOADS) oicisidiaisnsiepsiciniavnekis Scecwensize oe nisin ie oe 371 | Cirratulus grandis....-.... 371 Maldane elongata ......... 371 | Polycirrus eximius .....-.. 371 Notomastus luridus........ 371 | Cheetobranchus sanguineus. 371 N, filiformis............... 371 MOLLUSGA. Gastropods. Page. | Page. Ilyanassa obsoleta......... 371 | Littorinairrorata......-.-. 372 Nassa vibex ......-.-.--.- 371 | Lacuna vincta .......--..-- 372 Eupleura caudata .-....... 371 | Bittium nigrum........... 372 Urosalpinx cinerea ..--...- 372 | Triforis nigrocinctus....-..- 372 Astyris lunata ..-....-.--- 372 | Bulla solitaria .......----- 371 Crepidula convexa ...--...- 371 $4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [378] Lamellibranchs. Page. , Page. Pholas truncata.......-.-- 372 | Venus mercenaria......... 372 Tagelus gibbus....--.----- 373 | Kellia planulata........-.. 374 Mya arenaria ....--.---.-- 372 | Argina pexata .........-.- 372 Mulinia lateralis...-...-.-.. 373 | Mytilus edulis.......... ane Ole Macoma fusca.......------ 372 | Modiola plicatula.......... 374 Cumingia tellinoides. ...... 374 | M. hamatus......-........ 374 Angulus tener............. 372 | Pecten irradians .......... 374 Petricola pholadiformis.... 372 | Ostreea Virginiana .....-.- 374 Ascidians. Page. | Page. Molgula Manhattensis. .-.. 375 Botryllus Gouldii.......--. 375 RADIATA. Echinoderms. Page. | Page. Thyone Briareus......-.--- 376 | Asterias arenicola..-.. ... 376 Acalephs. Page. Page. Hydractinia polyclina...... 376 | Halecium gracile.......-:. 376 Il. 4.—ANIMALS INHABITING THE PILES AND TIMBERS OF WHARVES AND BRIDGES, BOTTOMS OF VESSELS, BUOYS, AND OTHER SUBMERGED WOOD-WORK. In these situations a large number of species may be found, but the majority of them are not peculiar to such stations. There are, however, quite a number of species that are nearly always found under these cir- cumstances, and others are directly dependent for their very existence upon submerged wood. Some of these, like the Teredo, for example, are of so great importance, owing to the injuries which they do to valuable property, that it seems desirable to make a special division for the animals ordinarily found in connection with wood-work of various kinds, whether injurious or not. On the piles of wharves and bridges various kinds of sea-weeds often grow in abundance, each species having a particular zone to which it is limited; but as these plants require light, they are found almost exclu- sively upon the outer rowsof piles and timber, and are most abundant on the outer side of the piles and on the southern exposures, where they get the most sunlight. These alge afford congenial homes to a considerable number of animals, most of which occur also among algie on the rocky Shores and in tide-pools. Beneath the wharves, where the piles are con- (379] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 85 stantly shaded, very few alge, and those only of the smallest and sim- ' plest kinds, such as Ocillatoriz and Diatoms, are to be found. But in these shaded situations many animals, such as Tubularians and other Hydroids, some Ascidians, Bryozoa, &c., delight to dwell. Many of these adherent animals also live in abundance on the outermost piles of the wharves, at or just below low-water mark, where they are more or less exposed to the sunlight. The animals that are found among or attached to the seaweeds growing on the piles are, for the most part, identical with those that are to be found in similar situations among the alge on rocks and in rocky tide-pools. Among those that are nearly or quite peculiar to submerged wood-work are several species of ‘ ship-worms,” (Teredo of several species, and the Aylotrya fimbriata,) which are bivalve mollusks; the wood-eating Lim- noria; several species of barnacles, which belong to the Crustacea; some of the tubularians, and other hydroids, «ce. Of the salt-water Insects two species have been observed on the piles of wharves. One of these is a small, slender, green larva, with a dark, firm head, and sharp jaws. Itis the larva of a small, two-winged fly, probably identical with the Chironomus oceanicus of Packard. On the piles of a wharf at Menemsha, Dr. Edward Palmer found, in October, a very interesting insect-larva. It lived in a stout tube com- posed of grains of sand firmly cemented together, and attached by its whole length to the piles; the single specimen is broken at both ends. The tube is flattened, and consists of a central, subcylindrical, tapering portion, or proper tube, which is covered on all sides with a single layer of’ small grains of sand, neatly arranged; along each side of this, and partly covering its upper surface, and to fill the angle between it and the surface to which it was attached, larger grains of sand are cemented. The preserved portion of the tube is about three-quarters of an inch long and nearly one-quarter wide, at the larger end, but not more than half as wide at the smallend. The larva is about a third of an inch long, rather stout, and has a pair of long, sharp, curved jaws, and three pairs of rather long, hairy legs. It belongs to the Phryganide, among the Neuroptera, and somewhat resembles some of the well-known larve of the caddis-flies, common in fresh water, which make tubes or cases of various kinds. Dr. Hagen, who has examined this specimen, refers it to the genus Molanna, of which three North American species are known, but only in the adult state. All the larve of this genus, known in Europe, live in fresh water, and no other species of the Phryganidx has been observed in sea-water, although some live in water that is slightly brackish. Of Crustacea the most important species is the Limnoria lignorum, (p. 370, Plate VI, fig. 25.) This little creature is grayish in color, and covered with minute hairs. It has the habit of eating burrows for itself into solid wood to the depth of about half an inch. These bur. 86 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [380] rows are nearly round, and of all sizes up to about a sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and they go into the wood at all angles and are usually more or less crooked. They are often so numerous as to reduce the wood to mere series of thin partitions between the holes. In this state the wood rapidly decays, or is washed away by the waves, and every new surface exposed is immediately attacked, so that layer after layer is rapidly removed, and the timber thus wastes away and is en- tirely destroyed in afew years. It destroys soft woods more rapidly than hard ones, but all kinds are attacked except teak. It works chiefly in the softer parts of the wood, between the hard, annual lay- ers, and avoids the knots and lines of hard fiber connected with them, as well as rusted portions around nails that have been driven in, and, consequently, as the timbers waste away under its attacks, these harder portions stand out in bold relief. Where abundant it will destroy soft timber at the rate of half an inch or more every year, thus diminishing the effective diameter of piles about an inch annually. Generally, however, the amount is probably not more than half this, but even at that rate, the largest timbers will soon be destroyed, especially when, as often happens, the Teredos are aiding in this work of destruction. It lives in a pretty narrow zone, extending a short distance above and below low-water mark. It occurs all along our shores, from Long Island Sound to Nova Scotia.’ In the Bay of Fundy it often does great damage to the timbers and other wood-work used in constructing the brush fish-weirs, as well as to the wharves, &c. At Wood’s Hole it was formerly found to be very destructive to the piles of the wharves. The piles of the new Government wharves have been protected by broad bands of tin-plate, covering the zone which it chiefly affects. North of Cape Cod, where the tides are much greater, this zone is broader, and this remedy is not so easily applied. It does great dam- age, also, to ship-timber floating in the docks, and great losses are sometimes caused in this way. Complaints of such ravages in the navy-yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, have been made, and they also occur at the Charlestown navy-yard, and in the piles of the wharves at Boston. Probably the wharves and other submerged wood-work in all our sea-ports, from New York northward, are more or less injured by this creature, and, if it could be accurately estimated, the damage would be found surprisingly great. Unlike the Teredo, this creature is a vegetarian, and eats the wood which it excavates, so that its boring operations provide it with both food and shelter. The burrows are made by means of its stout mandi- bles or jaws. It is capable of swimming quite rapidly, and can leap backward suddenly by means of its tail. It can creep both forward and backward. Its legs are short and better adapted for moving up and down in its burrow than elsewhere, and its body is rounded, with parallel sides, and well adapted to its mode of life. When disturbed. it will roll itself into a ball. The female carries seven to nine eggs or young in the incubatory pouch at one time. [381] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 87 The destructive habits of this species were first brought prominently to notice, in 1811, by the celebrated Robert Stephenson, who found it rapidly destroying the wood-work at the Bell Rock light-house, erected by him on the coast of Scotland. Since that time it has been investi- gated and its ravages have been described by numerous European writers. It is very destructive ou the coasts of Great Britain, where it is known as the “ gribble.” The remedies used to check its ravages are chiefly copper or other metallic sheathing; driving broad-headed iron nails, close together, into the part of the piles subject to their attacks; and applying coal- tar, creosote, or verdigris-paint, once a year or oftener. Another singular crustacean, common on the piles at Wood’s Hole, is the Tanais jilum. This is a very slender, whitish species, alinost thread-like in form, but has the first pair of legs much thickened, with very peculiar, stout claws, ovate in form; the rest of the anterior legs are very slender. The antenne are short and thick, the inner ones di- rected forward; the outer ones more slender, and curved outward and backward. This species lives among the adhering ascidians and hy- droids on the piles, and has also been found in deeper water, in the Bay of Fundy. Its habits are little known, but some of the allied species have been accused of borin g in wood. Two species of barnacles are very common on the piles of the wharves. The common barnacle of the rocky shores, Balanus balanoides, (p. 305,) is also common on the piles of wharves and bridges, between tides, and also on the bottoms of vessels, &c. It never grows very large, although it may become so crowded together as to form a contin- uous crust. It is easily distinguished from the other species by its membranous base, which never forms a solid plate, like that of the other species. The ‘“ivory-barnacle,” Balanus eburneus, is also common on all kinds of submerged wood-work, whether fixed or floating. It is usually abundant on the piles and timbers of wharves, buoys, oyster- stakes, bottoms of vessels, &c. It is chietly found below low-water mark if on fixed objects, and is even more common in the brackish waters of estuaries than in the purer waters outside, and it is capable of living even in pure fresh water, for Professor Jeffreys Wyman has sent me specimens collected, by himself, about sixty-five miles up the Saint John’s River, in Florida, where the water is not at all brackish. This species is sometimes found adhering to the carapax of crabs, the shell of Limulus, and various mollusks. It is easily distinguished from most species on account of its low, broad form and its smooth white exterior. It hasashelly base. The B. crenatus, common on shells and stones in deep water, also occurs on vessels. Other species are often found on the bottoms of vessels that have come from warmer latitudes. Some of them are of large size. One of the most frequent of these ix Balanus tintinabulum, Several species of “ goose-barnacles,” Lepas, are frequently found 88 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [3421 alive on the bottoms of vessels, and especially such as have recently arrived from the West Indies and other foreign countries. These resemble, in general appearance, L. fascicularis, (Plate VII, fig. 33,) which is a common indigenous species, usually found adhering to floating sea-weeds and other small objects in early summer, in large numbers, It is doubtful whether any of those found on the bottoms of vessels can be regarded as true natives of this region. The most common of them is Z. anatifera; the valves of its shell are bordered with orange. The other common species are ZL. anserifera and L. pectinata. Species of the curious genus, Conchoderma, also occur on the bottoms of vessels. Among the Crustacea that commonly occur among the ascidians, hydroids, and alge on the piles of wharves, are Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,) P. depressus, (p. 312, Plate I, fig. 3,) Gammarus ornatus, (p. 314, Plate IV, fig. 15,) Amphithoé compta S., (p. 370,) Corophium cylindricum, (p. 370,) Melita nitida, (p. 314,) Caprella, sp.,.(p. 316,) and various small Entomos- traca. Jeera copiosa (p. 315) often occurs abundantly near high-water mark, on old piles and timber, living in the crevices and cracks, or under loosened bark. Of Annelids very few if any species occur that are peculiar to these sit- uations. The Potamilla oculifera (p. 322, Plate XVII, fig. 86) is quite common on the piles of wharves where the water is pure. PP. microph- thalma V. (p. 323) also occurs under the same circumstances, and also on the piles in harbors, where the water is brackish. The Leprea rubra V. was found living in tubes among the ascidians on the piles of the wharves. This is a Terebelloid worm, somewhat resembling the Amphitrite ornata, (Plate XVI, tig. 82,) but is much smaller, and there are fascicles of sete on all the segments. There are three pairs of arborescently divided branchize, which are pedunculated, the last pair being quite smail. The body is bright red, the tentacles pale flesh-color. The Nicolea simplex V. (p. 321,) was also found with the last in large numbers, but mostly of small size. Both males and females of Nereis lim- bata (p. 318, Plate XI, fig.51, male) were often found among the barnacles and ascidians on the piles of the wharves at Wood’s Hole, but the males were the most abundant, while the reverse was the case with those dug out of the sand and gravel on the shores. Numerous other Annelids were occasionally met with among the ascid- ians and algie. Among these were Polycirrus erimius, -(p. 320, Plate XVI, fig. 853) Podarke obscura V., (p. 319, Plate XU, fig. 61;) a Phyl- lodoce, &c. ‘Two Nemerteans were also common; one of these was an olive-green species, with a light dorsal stripe, belon ging probably to the genus Cerebratulus, but it was not carefully studied ; the second was Polinia g glutinosa, (p. 324, Plate XIX, fig 97.) Of Gastropod mnollieks quite a ne of species occur on the piles of wharves, and some of them in great abundance, especially the smaller kinds which live among the hydroids and conferve. The most abun- [383] INVERTEBRATE AFIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 89 dant speciesis generally the Astyris lunata, (p. 306, Plate XXT, fig. 110,) which generally occurs among the small alge and especially on the Tubularians, in countless numbers; Anachis avara (p. 306, Plate XXI, tig. 109) is often found in considerable number ; Bittium nigrum (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 154) and Triforis nigrocinctus (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig, 152) are usually common and the former often is very abundant ; Cerith- iopsis Greenti (Plate XXIV, fig. 153) sometimes occurs, but is rare; Ilya- nassa obsoleta (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 113) and Tritia. trivitiata (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 112) are common, especially the former; Urosalpine cinerea (p. 306, Plate X NI, fig. 116) is generally to be found at or below low-water mark on the piles and buoys; Bela plicata (Plate XXI, fig. 107) is sometimes met with, but is not common; Odostomia bisuturalis (p. 307, Plate XXIV, fig. 146) and other species of the genus are often found near low-water mark on the piles, especially where they are somewhat decayed. ILittorina palliata (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 138) and LZ. rudis (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 137) nearly always occur near high-water mark, on the piles, where there are alg. In the harbors, where the water is brackish, and less frequently in the purer waters, the Alexia myosotis (Plate XXV, fig. 168) may be found on timbers and piles near high-water mark, and sometimes, also, Skenea planorbis, (Plate XXIV, fig. 142,) Littorinella minuta, (Plate XXIV, fig. 140,) and Rissoa aculeus, (p. 306, Plate XXIV, fig. 141.) Among and feeding upon the Tubularians growing on the piles at and just below low-water mark, the beautiful Molidia pilata (Plate XXV, fig. 174) may often be found, espe- cially in the harbors where the water is more or less brackish. Another related species, apparently the Carolina gymnota, was found by Professor Todd, on an old wreck in the Wood’s Hole passage, but it differs in several points from any form that has been described. Tle branchie-were arranged in six transverse simple rows, on each side those of the second and third longest; in the anterior rows there were four to six branchiz, the lower ones much shorter than the upper ones. In life the branchize were dark green or blackish. Several other Gastropods are occasionally met with in these situa- tions, but the species above named are about all that ordinarily occur. Among the Lamellibranchs, or “ bivalve-shells,” we find the Teredo tribe, nearly all of which are peculiar to submerged wood-work, either fixed or floating, and most of them are capable of doing great damage, both to ships and to the timber and piles of wharves and bridges, or other similar structures. Although popularly known as the “ship- worm,” these creatures are not at all related to the worms, but are true mollusks, quite nearly allied, in many respects, to the common “long- clam” (Mya) and to the Pholas. Like those shells the Teredo excavates its holes or burrows merely for its own protection, and not for food; but the Teredo selects wood in which to form its holes, and wlten these have been excavated it lines them with a tube of shelly material. The holes are very small at the surface of the wood, where they were formed by 90 REPORT ON COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [384} the young Zeredos but they gradually grow larger as they go deeper and deeper into the wood, until they sometimes become ten inches or more in length and a quarter of an inch in diameter, but the size is generally not more than half these dimensions. The holes penetrate the wood at first perpendicularly or obliquely, but if they enter the side of the timbers or planks across the grain, the burrows generally turn horizon. tally in the direction of the grain a short distance beneath the surface, unless prevented by some obstruction, or by the presence of other Teredo tubes, for they never cross the tubes of their companions or interfere with each other in any way, and there is always a thin layer or partition of wood left between the adjacent tubes. It is, however, not necessary that they should follow the grain of the wood, for they can and do penetrate it in every direction, and sometimes not more than half the tubes run in the direction of the grain, and they are often very crooked or even tortuous. They rapidly form their burrows in all kinds of our native woods, from the softest pine to the hardest oak, and although they usually turn aside and go around hard. knots, they are also able to penetrate through even the hardest knots in oak and other hard woods. The Teredos grow very rapidly, apparently attaining maturity in one season, and therefore, when abundant, they may greatly damage or completely destroy small timber in the course of four or five months, and even the largest piles may be destroyed by them in. the course of two or three years. The most abundant species in this region is the Teredo naralis (cuts land2; Plate XXVI, fig. 183, animal; Plate XA VII, fig. 186, shell.) EXPLANATION OF THE CUTS. Lig. 1. Posterior or onter end of a living Teredo navalis, removed from its burrow; c, the muscular collar by which it adheres to the shelly lining of its burrow; p, the shelly ‘‘pallets” which close the aperture when the animal withdraws; t, the two retractile siphon-tubes which project from the hole when the animal is active. fig. 2. Anterior end and shell of the same ; 4, the front part of the shell; jf, the foot or boring organ. ‘This is the same species that has attracted so much attention in Europe, during nearly two centuries, on account of the great damage that it has done, especially on the coast of Holland. Nevertheless no fall description of the animal of this species has yet been published, nor any satisfactory figures of the soft parts. When removed from its tube (see Plate XXVI, fig. 183) the animal is [385] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 91 found to have a very long, slender, smooth, soft, whitish body, tapering somewhat toward the outer or posterior end, (fig. 1,) which has a muscu- lar, circularly wrinkled collar, (¢,) by which the animal is, when living, attached to the inside of the shelly lining of its tube. To the inside of this collar two shelly plates, known as the “ pallets,” (p,) are attached by their slender basal prolongations ; their outer portions are broad and flat, and more or less emarginate or two-horned at theend. These are’ so connected with the muscles that when the animal withdraws its tubes into its hole the free ends of these pallets are made to fold together and close the opening, thus serving as an operculum to protect the soft tubes against enemies of all kinds. Between the bases of the pallets arise the siphonal tubes, (¢,) which are soft and retractile, united together for half their length or more, but separate and divergent beyond ; they are nearly equal, but the ventral or branchial tube is perhaps a little larger than the other, and is fringed with a few small papille at the end; the tubes are white or yellowish, sometimes specked with reddish- brown. At the anterior end of the body and farthest from the external opening of the hole, is seen the small, but elegantly sculptured, white bivalve shell, (cut 2,s; and Plate X XVI, fig. 183, s.) The shell covers the mouth and palpi, liver, foot, and other important organs. The foot (/) is a short, stout, muscular organ, broadly truncate or rounded at the end, - and appears to be the organ by means of which the excavation of the bur- row is effected. The shell is covered by a delicate epidermis, and prob- ably does not assist in rasping off the wood, as many have supposed. The gills are long and narrow, inclosed mostly in the naked part of the body, and are reddish brown in color. The Teredos obtain their micro- scopic food in the same manner as other bivalve mollusks, viz., by means of a current of water constantly drawn into the branchial tube by the action of vibrating cilia within; the infusoria and other minute or- ganisms are thus carried along to the mouth at the other end, while the gills are supplied with oxygen by the same current; the return current passing out of the dorsal tube removes the waste water from. the gills, together with the feeces and excretions of the animal, and also the particles of wood which have been removed by the excavating process. As the animal grows larger the burrows are deepened, the lining of shelly matter increases in length and thickness, the shell itself and the pallets increase in size, and the terminal tubes grow longer. But as the -orifices of the terminal tubes must necessarily be kept at the external opening of the burrow, the muscular collar at the base of the tubes con- stantly recedes from the entrance, and with it the pallets; at the same time imbricated layers of shelly matter are usually deposited in the upper end of the shelly tube, which are supposed to aid the pallets in closing the aperture when the tubes are withdrawn. When the animal has completed its growth, or when it has encountered the tubes of its companions and cannot pass them, or when it approaches the exterior of a thin piece of wood and cannot turn aside,it forms a rounded or 8V 92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [386] cup-shaped layer of shelly matter, continuous with the lining of the tubes, and closing up the burrow in front of its shell; sometimes it retreats and forms a second partition of the same kind. This species produces its young in May and probably through the greater part or allof thesummer. The eggs are exceedingly numerous, probably amounting to millions, and they are retained in the gill-cavity, where they are fertilized and undergo the first stages of their development. The embryos pass through several curious phases during their growth. In one of the early stages they are covered with fine vibrating cilia, by means of which they can swim like ciliated infusoria ;:later they lose these cilia and develop a rudimentary bivalve shell, which is at first heart-shaped, and the mantle begins to appear and larger retractile cilia develop upon its edge, which serve as organs for swimming; but at this period the shell is large enough to cover the whole body when contracted. In this stage they swim actively about in the water ; later the cilia become larger, a long, narrow, ligulate foot is developed, by means of which they can creep about and attach themselves temporarily to solid objects; the shells become rounder, a pair of eyes and organs of hearing are developed; after this the little animal begins to elongate, the locomotive cilia are lost, the eyes disappear, and the mature form is gradually assumed. These young Teredos, when they finally locate upon the surface of wood-work and begin to make their burrows, are not larger than the head of a pin, and consequently their holes are at first very minute, but owing to their rapid growth the holes quickly become larger and deeper. This species is very abundantalong the southern coast of New England, from New York to Cape Cod, wherever submerged wood-work, sunken wrecks, timber buoys, or floating pieces of drift-woodoccur. It alsoinfests the bottoms of vessels not protected by sheathing. It is not confined to pure sea-water, but occursin the piles and timbers of our wharves in har- bors that are quite brackish. Ihavefounditabundantin the pilesof Long Wharf in New Haven Harbor, where the water is not only quite brack- ish, but also muddy and contaminated with sewerage and other impari- ties. At Wood’s Hole it was found to be very abundant in the cedar buoys that had been taken up from various localities and placed on the wharves to dry and be cleaned. Captain B.J. Edwards informed me that formerly, when the buoys were not taken up, they would not usually last more than two years, owing chiefly to the attacks of this Teredo, but under the present system there are two sets of buoys, which are alter- nately taken up and put down every six months. After a set has been taken up and allowed to dry thoroughly they are scraped to remove the barnieles, &c., and then receive a thorough coat of verdigris paint, each time, before they are put down. With this treatment they will last ten or twelve years, but they are more or less perforated and in- jured every year, until finally they become worthless. Inasmuch as the Teredos produce their young all through the summer, and they develop [387] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND,’ ETC. 93 to a very large size in one season, it is evident that the best time to take up the buoys would be in midsummer, before the early crop of young have grown large, and leaving too little time for the later crop to become large, in the buoys thus put down, before winter, when most of them would probably be killed by the cold weather. In this way the damage might be materially diminished, if not inconsistent with the other duties of the officers of the vessels employed in this service. There are, as yet, no means of estimating the extent of the damage done to our wharves, shipping, &c., by this and the various other species of Teredo found on our coast, but judging from their abundance along the whole coast, it is much greater than is generally supposed. The Teredo navalis is also abundant on the coast of Europe, from the Mediterranean and Black Seas'to Christiania, and the coasts of Great Britain. Its habits have been quite thoroughly investigated by several Dutch naturalists, owing to the great damage that it has done on their coast, at times even threatening a general inundation of the country by destroying the wood-work of the dikes. This Teredo occupies a zone of considerable breadth, for it often lives considerably above low-water mark and extends several feet below it, even to the depth of fourteen feet, according to some writers. The best remedies in common use to resist or prevent its attacks are copper-sheathing, used chiefly on vessels; broad-headed nails, closely driven, used for piles and timbers; creosote and coal-tar, frequently applied. The various poisonous substances that have been applied to timber for this purpose, however useful they may be in other respects, have little or no effect on the Teredo, for it does not depend upon the wood for its food, and even protects its body externally with a layer of shell, lining its holes. The only reniedies that are likely to succeed are those caleu- lated to prevent the lodgment and entrance of the young ones beneath the surface. Even creosote, thoroughly applied under pressure at the rate of 10 pounds per square foot, has been found insufficient to prevent their attacks, for piles thus treated at Christiania were found by Mr, Jeffreys to be filled with the Teredo within two years after they were put down. Several other species of Teredo also occur on this coast. The Teredo megotara (Plate XX VII, fig. 188) has been found in floating pine wood at Newport, Rhode Island, and in cedar buoys, &e., at New Bedtord, Massachusetts; as well as in Massachusetts Bay, at Provincetown and other places; it is also found as far south as South Carolina at least. This species sometimes grows toa large size, forming tubes at least eighteen inches long. It sometimes occurs, also, in the piles of wharves in this region. The Teredo Thomsoni (Plate XXVII, fig. 187) has been found in great numbers in the marine railway and also in cedar buoys at New Bedford. It has also been found at Provincetown in a whaling- ship that had cruised in the West Indies. The Xylotrya jimbriata (Plate XX VII, fig. 189) is very similar to the 94 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [388] common Teredo, except that it has long, oar-shaped pallets, with slender stalks; the blade is flattened on the inside and convex externally, and consists of ten to twelve, or more, funnel-shaped segments which set one into another; their margins project at the sides, making the edges of the blade appear serrated. This species appears to be indigenous on this coast. It has been found living in a sunken wreck in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, and I have also taken it from the oak timbers of a vessel, the Peterhoff, employed in the blockading service, during the late war, on the coast of the Southern States. It grows toa rather large size, often forming holes a foot or more in length and a quarter of an inch in diameter, though usually smaller. The pallets are sometimes half an inch long. Among the kinds of bivalve shells that do not bore in wood, there are but few species that commonly inhabit pilesof wharves. The most fre- quent of these is the common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) which sometimes adheres in large clusters. The common oyster, Ostrea Virginiana, (p. 310,) often attaches itself to the piles, but in such situations seldom survives the winter. Ascidians often occur in large quantities attached to the piles, at and just below low-water mark, and also on the under side of floating timber. They often completely cover large surfaces and spread over the barna- cles, hydroids, and alge, which have previously located. They grow very rapidly, attaining their full size during a few weeks in midsummer. The most abundant species are usually Molgula Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate XX XIII, fig. 250) and Cynthia partita, (p. 311, Plate XX XIII, fig. 246.) At Wood’s Hole, on the piles of the Government wharf, in August and September, the Perophora viridis V. was exceedingly abundant, creep- ing over and covering up the other ascidians as well as the barnacles, hydroids, and alge. This is a compound or “ social” Ascidian, in which stolon-like tubular processes come out from the basal portion of the first individuals and run in every direction over the surfaces of objects to which they are attached, producing buds at intervals, which rapidly develop into little Ascidians like the old ones, and give out other stolons in their turn; thus they will very soon cover large surfaces, though each individual Ascidian is quite small. The body is com- pressed, broad oval, or more or less rounded iz outline, with a terminal branchial, and lateral anal orifice, both slightly raised on short and broad tubes. The body is attached to the stolons by a short narrow pedicle, and is usually not more than an eighth of an inch high. The color is bright green or yellowish green, and the integument is soft and translucent. On the piles of the same wharf, and associated with the last, was another compound Ascidian, Amarecium constellatum ; this forms solid gelatinous masses, with a smooth, convex surface, usually less than aD inch in diameter and about half an inch high, but often larger. The zovids, or individual animals, are quite small, long, and slender, and en- [389] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 95 tirely imbedded in the gelatinous mass that unites them together. They are arranged in circular, oval, or stellate groups, with a common cloacal orifice in the center of each cluster. The masses are usually pale orange- red, varying to yellowish and pale flesh-color. The stomach of each in- dividual is bright orange-red; the branchial sac is flesh-color, pale yel- low, or orange; the tubes and upper part of the mantle bright orange or lemon-yellow. The Botryllus Gouldii (p. 375, Plate XX XIII, figs. 252, 253) also fre- quently occurs on the piles of the wharves, creeping over the stems of Tubularians, the surfaces of other ascidians, fronds of alge, or on the surface of the wood itself. It also frequently forms broad, soft incrusta- tions on the bottoms of boats, floating timber, &ec. The Bryozoa are also usually quite abundant on the piles and timbers of wharves, &e. The Bugula turrita (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 258, 259) is one of the most common as well as one of the most elegant of these. It occurs at- tached to the adhering sea-weeds, &c., forming delicate white plumes. The Escharella variabilis (p. 311, Plate XX XIII, fig. 256) usually forms firm, coral-like incrustations, but when attached to hydroids and sea- weeds it spreads out into foliaceous or lichen-like, rigid, calcareous fronds, which are dull red while living. On the piles at Wood’s Hole the Bugula flabellata was also very abun- dant. This forms elegant circular or fan-shaped fronds, consisting of numerous repeatedly forked, flat, and rather narrow branches, on which the cells are arranged in about three longitudinal rows. This species, like others of the genus, bears very singular structures, known as avicu- laria, which, under the microscope, have the form and appearance of the stout, hooked beaks of certain birds, such as the hawk, owl, parrot, &c. These beaks are attached by flexible stems, and are provided in- ternally with powerful muscles by means of which they are constantly opened and closed, and can bite with considerable force. In this species these are attached to the sides of the cells, along the edges of the branches. Their office seems to be to defend the colony. against small parasites, and dirt of all kinds, which, unless thus removed, would soon cover up the cells and destroy the animals. In addition to these, various less conspicuous species often occur in abundance, especially Vesicularia gracilis ; V. dichotoma V.; and V. cuscuta. Of Radiata there are but few species in such localities, with the excep- tion of the Hydroids, which are usually very abundant. The green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326, Plate XXXYV, fig. 269,) may occasionally occur adhering to the piles just below low-water mark, ‘but it does not have this habit to such an extent as does the A. vulgaris, north of Cape Cod, for the latter is almost always to be seen in abun- dance on the piles of the wharves of the northern seaports, as at Port- land, Eastport, &c., and less abundantly at Boston. One of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most abundant, of 96 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [390] the Hydroids that occur on the piles of wharves, and on the under side of floating timber, is the Parypha crocea, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 274.) This species grows in great luxuriance upon the piles, especially in those harbors where the water is somewhat brackish. It forms large clusters of branching stems, often six inches or more in height, each of which is surmounted by a beautiful, flower-like, drooping head of a pink or bright red color. These heads are often broken off, or even volun- tarily cast off, when the animals are unhealthy, but new ones are soon reproduced, and, therefore, this does not seem to be a very serious acci- dent, though certainly avery inconvenient one, for the mouth, stomach, tentacles, and most other organs are all lost when these ‘‘ heads” drop off. This species does not produce free-swimming meduse, but the buds, corresponding to those that develop into free medusz in many other cases, in this remain attached to the heads in drooping clusters, looking like loose clusters of light red grapes, in miniature. The buds produced by the hydroid-heads of one colony are either all males or females, and, while attached to the hydroid-heads, eggs or spermules are developed within them; the eggs are fertilized and de- velop into young hydroids, which, when finally expelled, are provided with a circle of slender tentacles, and need only to attach themselves to some solid substance by the basal end of the body to become fixed, tubularian hydroids, similar to the old ones in many respects, though still very small and simple in structure. These young tubularians swim and crawl about for a time, and after attaching themselves they rap- idly grow larger and produce stolons from the base, from which buds arise that develop into forms like the first one; other buds are pro- duced from the sides of the stems, which also become like the others, and in this way the large clusters of tubularians are rapidly formed. Several species of Campaunularians are also to be found attached to the piles and timbers of wharves and bridges. At Wood’s Hole the most abundant species was Obelia pyriformis, which grew in great pro- fasion on the piles just below low-water mark. Itisa delicate and much branched species, with elongated, pear-shaped, reproductive capsules, and is beautifully phosphorescent. On the hull of an old wreck in Wood’s Hole passage, where the tide flows with great force, the Obelia flabellata was found in abundance, though it does not appear to have been noticed on this side of the Atlantic before. It has very elongated, slender, simple, but crooked stems, with numerous, alternate, short, forking, fan-shaped branches ; these generally fork close to their origin, the divisions diverging in opposite directions. The hydroid calicles (hydrothece) are small, cup-shaped, or broad bell-shaped, with a smooth rim, and they are borne on slender pedicles that are of various lengths, but mostly short and composed of only four to six rings. The repro- ductive capsules (gonothec) are urn-shaped, with a short, narrow neck ; they are borne on short pedicles, of few rings, arising from the axils of the branches. Some of the specimens were eight or ten inches long. [391] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 97 On the piles of Long Wharf, at New Haven, the Obelia gelatinosa of Europe was found growing in great luxuriance in September. The water at this locality was quite brackish, but it will probably be found, also, in pure sea-water, for on the coast of Europe it is common both in brackish and pure ocean-water. It is probable that this species has not been observed before on our coast, for although the name occurs in several local lists, these refer, according to Mr. A. Agassiz, to other species, and he does not include the present species in his Catalogue of North American Acalephe. It is a large species, growing to the length of ten or twelve inches, and branches widely and very profusely. It differs from most of our other species in having a thick, compound stem, composed of many united tubes. The smaller branches are, how- ever, profusely divided, and the branchlets are simple, very slender, white, and translucent, their delicacy contrasting strongly with the stout, dark-colored stems. The larger branches mostly arise in pairs, close together, but immediately diverge; the small branches and branch- lets are alternate. The hydrothece are very small, deeply bell-shaped, the rim divided into ten or twelve teeth, which are squarish in form, and slightly emarginate at the end; their pedicies vary in length, and are often rather long and slender, especially the terminal ones. The gonothece are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, short, tubular neck. I also found this species in April, growing on oysters, at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Several other species of Obelia occur in similar situations, together with various related genera. The Sertularia pumila, (p. 327, Plate XX XVII, fig. 279) often oc- curs attached to the Fucus and other sea-weeds growing on the piies. The Halecium gracile V., (p. 328,) often grows on the piles in great abundance, especially where the water is somewhat brackish, and it sometimes also occurs in great profusion on floating drift-wood. Of Actinians the most frequent species is the Sagartia leucolena, (p. 329, Plate XX XVIII, fig. 284,) which can almost always be found among the adhering barnacles and ascidians; not unfrequently it at- taches itself within a dead barnacle, and, in fact, seems quite partial to such a location. The Metridium marginatum (p. 329) also frequently occurs on the piles, but is much less frequent, and generally of smaller size than it is farther north, as about Boston and on the coast of Maine. Several sponges occur frequently on the piles of the wharves, but they have not been well determined. Among them the Grantia ciliata, or a closely allied species, is very common, and also another of the same group, which is tubular and branched, (Leucosolenia botryoides 2). The common, red branching sponge (p. 330) is frequent, and also a slender branching species of Chalina, near (. oculata. Two or more species of Tedania, forming irregular, massive, pale-yellow sponges of a brittle texture, are common. 98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [392] List of species commonly found on piles and timbers of wharves and bridges on buoys, bottoms of vessels, and other submerged wood-work. ARTICULATA. Insects. Page. Page. Chironomus oceanicus..... 379; Molanna, sp....-..-....... 379 Crustacea. Page. Page Panopeus Sayi......-..--- 382, Jeera copiosa..-........-.. 382 P. depressus...-....-.---- 382| Tanais fillum .............. 381 © Hyale littoralis...-.......- 315) Balanus eburneus ......... 381 Gammarus ornatus......-. 382| B. crenatus............-.- 381 Melita nitida.............- 382| B. balanoides .........-... 381 Amphithoé compta.....-.. 382| B. tintinabulum.... ...-.. 381 Corophium cylindricum.... 382} Lepas anserifera.......... 382 Caprella, sp........--.-.-- 316; L. anatifera..........-.-.. 382 Limnoria lignorum...-.... 379| L. pectinata.......---.... 382 Idotea irrorata.........--. 316| Conchoderma virgata...... 382 I. phosphorea........-...- 316| C. aurita......2---2.-.... 382 Annelids. Page. Page. Lepidonotus squamatus.... 320} Nicolea simplex........... 382 Harmothoé imbricata... ... 321| Leprea rubra............. 382 Hulalia, sp..-......-.----- 349| Polycirrus eximius........ 382 Eumidia, sp.........---.-- 349| Potamilla oculifera........ 382 Podarke obscara.......... 382; Sabella micropthalma...... 382 Autolytus cornutus...-..-.. 397| Euchone, sp......-.--.--- 416 Nereis limbata...........- 382! Serpula dianthus.......... 322 Sabellaria vulgaris........ 321| Spirorbis spirillum........ 23 Nemerteans. Page. Page. Polinia glutinoga...-...... 382| Cerebratulus, (?) sp......-. 382 Nemertes socialis...... -- 9324 MOLLUSCA. Gastropods. Page. Page. Bela plicata.............. 383 | Astyris lunata............ 383 Urosalpinx cinerea........ 383| Anachis avara..........-. 383 Tritia trivittata........... 383; Littorinella minuta........ 383 Ilyanassa obsoleta..... ... 383 Rissoa aculens............ 383 [393] Odostomia fusca. ....2...-. O. trifida Teredo navalis............ T. Thomsoni.............. T. megotara...........--.- Xylotrya fimbriata........ Cynthia partita ........... Molgula Manhattensis..-.. Perophora viridis.......... Crisia eburnea......-..... Vesicularia, dichotoma .... Nie STACI oc) oti oes weep wine se V. cuscuta...........-.-.. Asterias arenicola.......-. Obelia gelatinosa..-....--. O. flabellata............-- O. commisuralis.....-...-. O. pyriformis.............. O. geniculata.......-.-.--- Sargatia leucolena.....-.. INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Page, 307 307 383 383 Triforis nigrocinctus....... Cerithiopsis terebralis. -.--. O. Greenti..- 22262 2sce ness AXolidia pilata....... ..--. 383| Cavolina gymnota (?).....- 383! Alexia myosotis.... ...... Lametlibranchs. Page. 383| Mytilus edulis........-.... 387} Anomia glabra............ 387) Ostrea Virginiana......... 387 Ascidians. Page. 388| Botryllus Gouldii.-........ 388} Amarcecium constellatum. . 388 Bryozoa. Page 311| Bugula turrita..........-. 389| B. flabellata...........--- 389] Escharella variabilis....... 389] Membranipora pilosa...... RADIATA. Echinoderms. Page. 389 Acalephs. Page. 391) Campanularia flexuosa..... 390; Halecium gracile..........- 327| Sertularia pumila......-... 390} Pennaria tiarella.......... 407| Parypha crocea........-.-. Polyps. Page. 391; Metridium marginatum.... 100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [394] PROTOZOA. Porifera, (Sponges.) Page. Page, Grantia ciliata (?)......--- 391 | Halichondria, sp.....--.--- 330 Leucosoleniabotryoides(?).. 391 | Renieria, sp......-...----- 330 Chalina, sp..-.-.-.-.------ 391 | Tedania, sp ..----.-...---- 391 II. 5.— ANIMALS INHABITING THE ROCKY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS. In this region the proportion of rocky bottom is relatively quite small, and mostly tobe found only in quiteshallow water. Therefore the animal life is very similar to that of the rocky shores and tide-pools, near low-water mark. In Vineyard Sound and vicinity the rocky bottoms examined were chiefly at the following localities, as indicated on the accompanying chart, viz.: Ist. An area south of Parker’s Point and occupying a part of the bottom of the passage between Parker’s Point and Nonamesset Island, on both sides of the channel, and extending somewhat south of a line drawn from Nobska Point to the southeastern end of Nonames- set Island. The dredgings made in this area are, 9, a, b, c,d; 2, a, b; 3, a, b, 3 4, a, b; 5, e, d, e; 8, a,b; 18, a, b. 2d. An area south and southwest of Nobska Point; dredgings, 21, b, e; 22,a; and others not recorded were made on this patch. 3d. In the Wood’s Hole passage, between the north end of Nonamesset Island and the opposite shores, there are numerous rocky patches, and the tides flow with great force; dredgings, 14, a, b, c¢, d, e, f, g3 16, a,b; 17, ¢,d,e; 15, a,b; and many others were made on this bottom. 4th. A small area between Uncatena Island and Long Neck; dredgings, 11, e, f, and 71, c, were on this patch. 5th. A small area, south of the Wepecket Islands, where the dredging, 73, d, was made. 6th. A region of rocks and sand off West Chop, north of Martha’s Vineyard; in the dredgings made here, 37, ¢, d, e, some very fine hydroids and ascidians were obtained. 7th. In Quick’s Hole, the passage between Nashawena and Pasque Islands, a rocky bottom, with abundant ascidians, hydroids, and sponges, was found, where dredgings 77, a and c, were made. In addition to these localities numerous dredgings were made on rocky bottoms off Gay Head and Devil’s Bridge, and also between Martha’s Vineyard and No Man’s Land, but these properly belong to the cold outer region. In the vicinity of New Haven, rocky bottoms, generally of small extent, are found off the light-house,; and off South End and Branford Point, also among the Thimble Islands. All these localities have been examined by me in numerous dredging excursions made during the past eight years. Nevertheless the fauna of the rocky bottoms of [395] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND ETC. 101 this region is probably more imperfectly known than that of other kinds of bottom. This is mainly owing to the difficulties encountered in dredging upon rough rocks. Rocky bottoms are very favorable for many kinds of Crustacea, both for those that swim free and conceal themselves among the sea-weeds that grow on rocks in shallow water, and for those that take refuge be- neath the rocks. Consequently rocky bottoms are the favorite feeding- grounds for certain kinds of fish, especially tautog, striped bass, black bass, cunners, &c., in this region. The common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,) P. depressus, (p. 312,) the larger hermit-crab, Hupagurus pollicaris, (p. 313,) and thesmaller hermit, #. longicarpus, (p. 313,) are common species on the rocky bottoms. A small species of spider-crab, Pelia mutica, oc- casionally occurs. The Cancer borealis has hitherto been a rare species, and little is known concerning its habits or distribution ; it appears to frequent rocky bottoms chiefly, but most of the specimens obtained in this region were found thrown up by the waves on the shores of Cutty- hunk Island, No Man’s Land, and near Gay Head. The lobster, Homarus Americanus, frequents rocky bottoms, concealing itself under and among the rocks while watching for its prey, but it is much less abundant in this region than on the coast of Maine and in the Bay of Fundy, and does not usually grow to so large a size as in the northern waters. It also occurs on the sandy and gravelly bottoms of Vineyard Sound, where most of those sent to the markets from this re- gion are obtained. The young, free-swimming larve of the lobster, in the stages represented in Plate IX, figs. 38, 39, were often taken at the surface in great abundance, during June and July, in the towing-nets. The young lobsters were also found swimming actively at the surface by Mr. 8. I. Smith, even after they had acquired the true lobster-like form and structure, and were nearly three-quarters of aninch long. In this stage they swim and act much like shrimp. While young, there- fore, the lobster must be devoured in immense numbers by many kinds of fishes, and even when of considerable size they are still preyed upon by the tautog and. black bass, and especially by sharks, skates, and rays, and doubtless by other fishes. We found the lobsters very abundant off Menemsha on a sandy and weedy bottom in shallow water. At this place over one hundred were taken at a single haul, by the trawl. The lobsters caught for the market are nearly all caught in “ lobster-pots,” baited with refuse fish of various kinds. In addition to the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) another quite different species (Hippolyte pusiola) was often met with on the rocky bottoms. This isa smaller species, about an inch long, of a pale gray, salmon, or flesh-color, often specked with red; there is usually a white stripe along the middle of the back, and some- times transverse bands of red or white; the antenne are annulated with flesh-color and light red, and the legs are sometimes specked with 102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [396] brown, and often annulated with brown, or with gray and white. It differs from all the other American species in having a short, acute ros- trum, scarcely projecting beyond the eyes, with three or four sharp teeth on its upper edge and none below. In form and general appearance it somewhat resembles the Virbius represented in Plate ITI, fig. 11, but is stouter and quite different in color. It is a northern species, extending to Greenland and Northern Europe, and is more common on the coast of Maine, where it is usually associated with several other larger species of the same genus, all of which are remarkable for their brilliant colors, the various shades of red usually predominating. Their bright colors are no doubt directly connected with their habit of living among the bright red alge, so abundant in the shallow waters on rocky bottoms. A beautiful little shrimp-like Crustacean, Mysis Americana SMITH, sometimes occurs in immense numbers among the alge growing on the’ rocks just below low-water mark, especially in spring. This is an im- portant species, as it is one of the principal kinds of food for the shad and other fishes. The full grown specimens are only about an inch long. It is almost transparent, whitish, with conspicuous black eyes; there is arow of more or less conspicuous, dark stellate spots along the body, both above and below, and similar specks often occur on the tail; a spot of dark brown or blackish often occurs on each side of the carapax. The intestine shows through as a greenish or brownish line. Another small, shrimp-like species belonging to an interesting new genus, the Heteromysis formosa SMITH, often occurred in small colonies, sometimes hid away in the dead shell of some-large bivalve or gastro- pod. The females of this species are of a beautiful light rose color, but the males have the pale color and translucency common to most of thé species of Mysis. Numerous Amphipods also occur, most of which are also found in the pools or under stones at low water, and have, consequently, been mentioned on former pages. One of the most curious Amphipods was a small species, found living among the large compound ascidians, which is probably Cerapus tubularis Say. This species constructs a little, slender, free tube, which it inhabits aud carries about upon its back when it travels, very much as the larve of caddis-flies, common in fresh waters, carry about their tubes. One species of bar- nacle, the Balanus crenatus, was abundant, often completely covering small stones and shells. This has not been met with, as yet, at low- water, although it occurs on the bottoms of vessels. Of Annelids a large number inhabit rocky bottoms, but as most of them live beneath the rocks, or in tubes attached to rocks and stones, itis difficult to obtain an accurate knowledge of them. Many of the species seem, however, to be found also in pools and beneath the stones on rocky shores, and have already been mentioned. Perhaps the most characteristic Annelids of rocky bottoms are the scaly worms, of which three species are common in this region, Viz.: {397] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 103 Lepidonotus squamatus, (p. 320, Plate X, figs. 40, 41;) LD. sublevis V., (p. 320, Plate X, fig. 42;) and Harmothoé imbricata, all of which cling close to the rough surfaces of the-stones, or hide away in the cracks and crevices, or conceal themselves in the interstices between the ascidians, barnacles, roots of alge, or in the cavities of sponges, &c. Several long, slender, and active species, belonging to the genera Phyllodoce, Hu- lulia, Humidia, and Hteone, are of frequent occurrence; most of them are bright green or yellowish green in color, and all have small, leaf-like branchiz along the sides. The Nereis pelagica (p. 319, Plate XI, figs. 52-55) is very common, living beneath the stones, and especially in the interstices between the lobes of a large, sand-covered, compound ascidian, Amaracium pelluci- dum, in company with the species of Phyllodoce, &c., just named. This species of Nereis is remarkable for its brilliant iridescence. It is a northern species, extending to the Arctic Ocean and northern coast of Europe. It is very abundant on the coast of Maine, under stones at low-water mark. Associated with the preceding species among the sandy compound ascidians, occurring both on rocky and gravelly bottoms, were large numbers of the Lumbriconereis opalina, (p. 320, Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70,) conspicuous on account of the brilliant iridescent colors. Several other Annelids also occurred among these ascidians. The Cirrinereis fragilis, which is a small and delicate species, furnished with con- spicuous eyes, and related to the large Cirratulus, occurs beneath the stones. The singular Naraganseta coralii occurs burrowing in the coral, Astrangia Dane, and in this respect is similar in its habits to the allied genus Dodecacerea, which excavates its galleries in the solid shells of Cyprina Islandica, Pecten tenuicostatus, &c., in the Bay of Fundy. The Sabellaria vulgaris, (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88a;) Nicolea simplex, (p. 321;) Scionopsis palmata, (p. 321;) Potamilla oculifera, (p. 322,) Plate XVIL, fig. 86 ;) Sabella microphthalma, (p. 323 ;) Serpuladianthus, (p 322 5) and Fabricia Leidyi, (p. 323,) all occur in tubes attached to the rocks and stones. A species of Spirerbis, which forms a small, white, calcareous shell, coiled up in an open spiral, is commonly attached to the alg and hydroids. The Avutolytus cornutus (Plate XITI, figs. 65, 66) constructs cylindrical tubes, which are attached to sea-weeds and the branches of hydroids. This is a small flesh-colored species, with conspicuous brown eyes; the ends of the body are often tinged with green, and the dark, greenish intestine shows through as a median line. The males and females are widely different in appearance and structure, and there are also asexual individuals (fig. 65) very different from both. The asexual ones construct the tubes referred to, but do not remain in them constantly, for they are also often taken swimming at the surface. The males and females are also taken at the surface, especially in the evening, but they also occur creeping over and among the hydroids. This worm is partic- 104 RBPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [398] ularly interesting on account of its remarkable mode of reproduction, for, like several other marine annelids, it presents the phenomena of al- ternate generation. Its history has been well given by Mr. A. Agassiz.* The very numerous eggs of the female (fig. 66, e) are at first contained in the general cavity of the body, between the intestine and the outer wall, along the whole length of the body ; afterwards they pass into a pouch on the lower side of the body, extending from the twelfth to about the twenty-sixth segment; in the pouch they hatch into young worms, and soon after the sac bursts and they escape into the water. The females apparently die after discharging the young. The eggs do not develop into males and females, but into the asexual or neuter individuals, (fig. 65,) which differ widely from the others in form and in the eyes and other appendages of the head, as well as in the internal anatomy and lateral appendages. After these neuter individuals become nearly full-grown, having forty to forty-five segments, a median dorsal swelling arises at about the thirteenth or fourteenth segment, most commonly on the thirteenth, and soon after two others arise from the sides of the same segment and develop rapidly; these swellings finally become the three front tentacles of a new head, (a, a, a, fig. 65;) soon a pair of eyes appears on the upper side of the segment, than a pair of tentacular cirri; then the second pair of eyes ; then other appendages of the head, until finally acomplete head is formed, having the structure belonging to the head of a male or female, as the case may be. As the new head, with its append- - ages, becomes more completely organized, the segments posterior to it, which are to become the body of the new individual, become more highly developed, and the lateral appendages more complicated, those back of the fifth in the male, or the sixth in the female, acquire dorsal fascicles of long sete, and the dorsal cirris becomes longer; at the same tiine some additional segments are developed; and the ova in the female, or spermatazoa in the male, are formed. Finally the new sexual individ- ual, thus formed out of the posterior segments of the original neuter, breaks its connection and swims off by itself, and becomes a perfectly developed male or female. The head of the female is represented in fig. 66; a male individual is represented as developing from an asexual individual in fig. 65. The male can be easily distinguished from the female by the pair of large antenna, which are forked in the male, but simple in the female. Farther details concerning this curious mode of reproduction may be found in the memoir of Mr. Agassiz, together with numerous excellent illustrations, in addition to those here copied. Associated with the preceding species a few specimens were found which probably belong to another speciesof Autolytus. These were quite slender, light-red in color, with paler annulations, but only the asexual individuals were observed. Another species of larger size also occurs among the hydroids, near New Haven, which belongs to Autolytus or * On Alternate Generation in Annelids, and the Embryology of Autolytus cornutus; Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VII, p. 384, 1863. [399] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 105 some closely allied genus, but of this only the asexual form has occurred, and it has not yet been carefully studied. This becomes nearly an inch long and quite slender. The body is white, with about fifty annulations of bright purplish red between the segments, but sometimes a red ring is absent, leaving wider white bands; the lateral appendages are simple, and each has a dot of red on the anterior side; the head is orange, with four dark red eyes. Of Mollusks there are but few species among the higher groups which do not also occur on the rocky shores at low-water, but of the As- cidians and Bryozoa we find numerous additional species. The Gas- tropods are represented by the large Fulgur carica (p. 355, Plate XXII, fig. 124) and Sycotypus canaliculatus, (p. 355 ;) also by the “ drill,” Urosal- ping cinerea, (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. 116,) which is usually abundant in shallow water; Astyris lunata (p.106, Plate XXT, fig. 110) is abundant on the hydroids and alge ; A. zonalis, (Plate X XI, fig. 111,) which is an allied species, of larger size and with plainer colors, is sometimes met with, but is rare in this region. It takes its name from two narrow spiral zones of white that usually surround the whorls. The Crucibulum striatum (Plate XVITI, figs. 125, 126) is often met with clinging firmly to the rocks and stones. The Leptochiton apiculatus (Plate X XV, fig. 167) is one of the most characteristic and common species on rocky and gravelly bottoms ; this also adheres firmly to the stones and dead shells, and its grayish or dirty whitish shell, often more or less stained, blends its color with that of its surroundings in a way that might deceive the fishes them- selves. The back is covered with a series of movable plates, so that when removed the animal can curl itself into a ball, like a “ pill-bug,” (Oniscus,) or like an armadillo, a habit that it shares in common with the scaly annelids, Lepidonotus and Harmothoé, which live in the same places with it. The flexibility of the shell also enables the chitons to adapt themselves more closely to the uneven surfaces of the rocks than they otherwise could. More rarely the Leptochiton ruber (Plate XXV, fig. 166) is met with, though farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy, this is a very common species, while the apiculatus is quite unknown there, being decidedly southern in its range. The ruber is, as its name implies, ared species, and its colors are usually bright and beautifully varied with lighter and darker. Its bright color would seem at first a fatal gift, calculated to attract the attention of passing fishes, which are always fond of such food, but when we examine its habits more closely we find that it lives almost exclusively on and among rocks that are incrusted by the curious stony alge, known as “ nullipores,” (Lithothamnion poly- morphum,) which are red in color, but of various shades, and often com- pletely cover the rocks with irregular red iucrustations, over large areas in shallow water, especially on the coasts farther north, so that this shell and a larger species, (C. marmoreus,) usually associated with it, are admirably adapted by their colors for living and concealing them- 106 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [400] selves on such bottoms, while many other species, frequenting the same localities, have a similar coloration, though belonging to very different groups. As examples we may mention the beautifully variegated star- fish, Ophiopholis aculeata, (Plate XX XV, fig. 270,) rare in this region, but very abundant in the Bay of Fundy; Crangon boreas, common on the same bottoms in the Bay of Fundy ; several species of shrimp belonging to the genera Hippolyte, Pandalus, &c. The bright red colors of all these animals would certainly be very fatal to them were there no red alge among which they could conceal themselves and thus escape, to a con- siderable extent, from the voracious fishes, which are nearly always ready to pounce upon them whenever they expose themselves. One or two handsome species of Yolis (similar to fig. 174) were taken, but for lack of opportunity they were not identified while living, and these soft and delicate creatures cannot be preserved in alcohol so as to be identi- fied afterwards with certainty. The handsome little Doto coronata (Plate XXV, fig. 170) occurs occasionally on the hydroids, upon the animals of which it feeds. This species is generally less than half an inch in length. The body is pale yellowish, or salmon-color, or rosy, specked with pink, light red, or dark red, which often forms a median dorsal line toward the head; the curious papillose branchie along the back are pale orange, the lateral and terminal papille being tipped with bright purplish red, dark red, or carmine, with a ring of flake-white below the tip; the head and tentacles are pale and translucent. The eggs are laid upon the hydroids, in long, flattened, and convoluted gelati- nous strings, at various times during the early summer. Another curious and beautifully colored naked mollusk, the Polycera Lessonii, also oceurs occasionally on rocky bottoms, among hydroids and bryozoa. In this species the body is pale flesh-color, or sometimes pale orange, and thickly covered with bright, deep green specks, giving the whole surface a green color; along the back is a median line of tuber- cles or papille, and there are two other rows on each side, which extend as far as the gills or a little beyond; all these tubercles are tipped with bright sulphur-yellow, except that the last ones of the lateral rows, posterior to the gills, are usually tipped with flake-white, but these have two or three irregular, Jateral lobes, which are tipped with yellow; other smaller, yellow tubercles are scattered over the back, sides, head, and tail; the tentacles are also bright yellow, but sometimes specked with green and yellow, with yellow tips. The gills are three in number, ina cluster on the middle line of the back, posteriorly; each one is bipinnate and delicately plumose; they are colored similar to the back, generally more or less specked with bright yellow, and often with flake- white; the tips are usually bright yellow. Another small but singular species, which also occurs among the hy- droids, as well as among dead shells, is the Doridella obscura, (Plate XXYV, fig. 173;) in this the colors are not conspicuous, but seem rather intended for its concealment. The back is sometimes light, yellowish [401] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 107 brown, finely mottled with white, and specked with darker brown; dorsal tentacles white and retractile; lower surface white or light yel- lowish, a three-lobed yellowish or brownish internal organ showing through in the middle of the foot. Other specimens are very dark- brown or almost black above, finely mottled with whitish. The ante- rior angles of the head are prolonged into tentacle-like organs or palpi. The gills are situated beneath, in the groove between the edge of the foot and the mantle, on the left side, and near the posterior end of the foot; they consist of a tuft of slender filaments. Of Lamellibranchs certain species occur on rocky bottoms, which attach themselves firmly to the rocks, either by the side of one valve, like the oyster, Ostrea Virginiana, (p. 310,) and the Anomia glabra, (p. 811, Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242;) or by threads of byssus, which they spin and use as cables for anchoring themselves, like the common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) the ‘horse- muscle,” Modiola modiolus, (p. 309, Plate XXXT, fig. 237,) the Argina pexata, (Plate XXX, fig. 227,) and Scapharca transversa, (Plate XXX, fig. 228,) all of which are common in this region; but certain other species occur, which burrow beneath the stones, like the Saxicava are- tica (p. 309, Plate XX VII, fig. 192) and Mya arenaria (p. 463, Plate XXVI, fig. 179,) and several other less.common species. The Ascidians are usually very abundant on the rocks and stones at alldepths. The Cynthia partita (p. 311, Plate XXXII, fig. 246,) is very common, often forming large, rough clusters, much overgrown with hy- droids, bryozoa, and alge. The specimens mostly belong to the erect variety, and in form are quite unlike the one figured. The body is more or less cylindrical, oblong, or urn-shaped, about twice as high as broad when expanded, and with a wide base; the branchial orifice is largest, and situated at the summit of a broad, terminal tube, swollen at base; the anal orifice is smaller, on a short lateral or subterminal tube. Both orifices are usually squarish, and open widely, but, when fully expanded, they sometimes become nearly circular; they are often surrounded at the edge with a narrow circle of red, and each tube has eight longitudinal stripes of white, narrowing downward to a point at the base of the tubes, and alternating with purplish brown ones, which are usually specked with flake-white. The exterior of the test is more or less rough and wrinkled, and generally yellowish or rusty, often tinged with deep purplish brown on the upper parts or throughout. The tubes are usually roughened by small, wart-like papille. Unprom- ising as this species looks, it is devoured by the tautog. The Molgula Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXII, fig. 250) is generally associated with the former. The Perophora viridis (p. 388) is often very abundant, creeping over and covering up the two preceding, as well as other as- cidians, alge, hydroids, &c. The most conspicuous species, however, are the massive compound ascidiaus, which sometimes completely cover the bottom. One of the most abundant of these is the Amarecium pel- 9V 108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [402] lucidum, which forms large, hemispherical or irregular masses, often six or eight inches, or even more, in diameter, with the surface more or less completely covered by adhering sand. These masses consist of a large number of lobes or basal branches, which come out from a com- mon base as elongated, stolon-like processes, and enlarge upward to the end, which is obtusely rounded, and variable in size, but usually from a quarter to half an inch, while the length may be from one to six inches; these lobes often coalesce, more or less completely, at the upper surface, which is sometimes naked and smooth, translucent, and of a gelatinous appearance. Each of these lobes contains a central cloacal orifice, around which a colony of minute ascidians, or zodids, are grouped, in a manner analogous to the arrangement in Botryllus, already described, (p. 389,) but in the present case the zodids are very long and slender; the lower end of each, containing the ovaries, with the heart at its extremity, extends down toward the base of the lobe in which they: are contained to various distances, varying according to the age and state of development of each zodid, but the full-grown ones are often nearly an inch long. Each zodid has its own branchial orifice opening at the surface, as in Botryllus, while all the anal tubes discharge the refuse water, feces, and eggs into the common cloacal ducts. The Amarecium stellatum is another related species, which is nearly as abundant as the last, and likewise grows to a very large size. It forms large, smooth, irregular plates, or crest-like lobes and masses, which are attached by one edge to the stones and gravel. These plates are sometimes oue to two feet long, six inches high, and about an inch thick, and, owing to their smooth surface and whitish color, look some- thing like great slices of salt-pork, and in fact it is often called ‘“ sea- pork” by the fishermen. Other specimens will be four or five inches high, and only one or two inches broad at the base, and perhaps half an inch in thickness, and the summit often divides into broad, flat, blunt lobes; various other shapes also occur, some of them very irreg- ular. The larger specimens of this species are generally of a pale-blu- ish or sea-green color by reflected light when first taken from the water, but pale salmon or flesh-color by transmitted light. The zodids are much elongated and arranged in more or less regular circular groups over the whole surface, with a small cloacal orifice in the center of each circle. If kept in water, when they grow sickly the zodids will be forced partially or wholly out of their cavities by the contraction of the tissues around them—a peculiarity seen also in other species of this genus. These zodids have the branchial tube prominently six-lobed, and of a bright orange-color, this color also extending over the upper or outer end of the body, between the tubes, and more or less over the branchial sac, which is pale yellow or whitish below. The stomach is longitudinally sulcated, with bright orange-red ribs or glands; intes- tine bright orange or yellow. This species is devoured by sharks, skates, and the tautog, although [403] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETc. 109 it would seem difficult for them to digest it, or get much nutriment from it. The supply is certainly sufficiently abundant. A third species of this genus, and much more beautiful than either of the preceding, is also common on rocky bottoms. This is the Ama- recium constellatum V.(p. 388,) which has already been described as occurring on the piles of the wharves. In deeper water, attached to rocks, it grows to a larger size, forming thick, hemispherical or cake- shaped masses or crusts, sometimes becoming somewhat mushroom-like by the upper parts growing out beyond the central attached portion, which then becomes a short and broad peduncle. It can be easily distinguished from the last on account of its brighter colors, the general color inclining to orange, and by the more irregular and complicated clusters of zodids. It is less abundant than either of the two preceding. Two other species of compound Ascidians are also abundant in this region, as well as farther north. These belong to the genus Leptoclinum ; they form thin, irregular, often broad, white, or salmon-colored incrus- tations over the surfaces of the rocks, shells, and other ascidians ; these crusts are of a firm, coriaceous or gritty texture, and have a finely granulous surface. Under the microscope they are seen to be filled with small, nearly globular particles of carbonate of lime, from which points project in every direction. The zodids are very minute and are scattered over the surface in large and scarcely distinct groups, . which have, however, a common cloacal orifice in the middle, but the several cloacal tubes or channels leading to each central orifice are long, with many crooked branches, reminding one of miniature rivers, and the zodids are arranged along these ducts and. their branches. One of these species, the Leptoclinum albidum, is easily distinguished by its chalky white color; the other, LD. luteolum, is buff or salmon- color. It is possible that the last may even prove to be only a colored variety of the former, but the very numerous specimens that I have collected and examined, in the living state, both in the Bay of Fundy and Vineyard Sound, do no not warrant their union. In these locali- ties both forms are about equally common, but near New Haven the L. luteolum has not yet been met with, though the other is not uncom- mon. The Bryozoa are very abundant on rocky bottoms at all depths. Some of these incrust the rocks directly, like the Hscharella variabilis, (p. 312, Plate XX XIII, fig. 256;) Alcyonidiwm hirsutum ; Hscharipora punc- tata, &c.; but even these seem to prefer other locations, and by far the greater number occur attached to alge, hydroids, ascidians, and dead shells. A large part of the species occur also in rocky pools at low- water mark, or attached to the Fuci and other sea-weeds between tides, or to the under sides of stones laid bare by low tides, and have, con- sequently, been previously mentioned. Others which have not yet been detected on the shore will doubtless be found there by more thorough search. 110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FSIH AND FISHERIES. [404] The Alcyonidium ramosum (Plate XXXIV, fig. 257) is one of the most conspicuous species, and is often very abundant, attached to rocks in ‘shallow water. In such situations we have often found arborescently branched specimens, twelve to fifteen inches high, with smooth, cylin- drical branches about a third of an inch in diameter. The Alcyonidium hispidum (p. 312) does not appear to have been recorded as from our coast, by previous writers, but it is one of our most common species, and may almost always be found incrusting the stems of Fucus at low-water mark, as well as the under surfaces of rocks ; below low-water mark it is less abundant, generally incrusting Phyllophora, and other stout, palmate alga. It is easily distinguished by the slender, acute, reddish spines, of horn-like texture, which surround each of the cells. It forms soft crusts of moderate thickness, gradually extending over the surface of the sea-weeds to which it becomes attached. The A. hirsutum has also been hitherto overlooked on our coast, but is common, living under the same circumstances as the last, and some- times associated with it, both above and below low-water mark. I have found it in the greatest abundance in some of the large, rocky tide-pools on the outermost of the Thimble Islands, east of New Haven. It was there growing chiefly upon Phyllophora membranifolia, in some cases en- tirely covering and concealing the plant, from the base of the stem to the tips of the fronds. It also often grows on the “ Irish moss,” Chondrus crispus, on rocky bottoms in shallow water. It forms rather thin, soft crusts, which have small, soft papille scattered over the surface; from the summit of each of these papilla zodid protrudes, when they ex- pand, and displays an elegant little wreath of tentacles, much as in A. ramosum, (see fig. 257.) The A. parasiticum is also a species hitherto neglected on our coasts. It forms thin crusts on alge and hydroids, which generally become coated with a layer of fine sand or dirt. I have not observed it at low-water, but have found it at the depth of a few fathoms on rocky bottoms in Vineyard Sound. The Vesicularia dichotoma V. is a very common species, both on rocky shores, in pools and on the under side of stones; and in shallow water on rocky and shelly bottoms. It is also capable of living in brackish water, and is frequent on the oyster-beds. It usually forms cespitose clusters of many crowded, slender, white stems, each of which is repeatedly forked, branching in a somewhat arborescent man- ner. There is a little crowded cluster of small, dark-colored, oval or pear-shaped cells just below each fork, the cells being sessile and arranged in two somewhat spiral rows in each cluster. It generally grows about an inch high, but sometimes two or three inches. When expanded each of the zodids protrudes from its cell-like body a delicate wreath of eight slender tentacles. The Vesicularia cuscuta is a delicate, creeping species, which resem- bles, in miniature, the “ dodder-plant,” (Cuscuta,) and creeps over other bryozoa and hbydroids, very much as the dodder creeps. over other (405] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 111 plants. The stem is very delicate, filiform, jointed, and at intervals gives off two very slender, opposite branches, which diverge at right angles, and in their turn branch at intervals in the same way. The cells are small and oval or elliptical, mostly arranged in clusters at or near the branchings of the stems, but some are often scattered on the branches; they are attached by a narrow base. It occurs both at low-water in pools and in shallow water among rocks. The V. armata is also a creeping species, but the cells are terminated by four conical prominences, each of which bears a slender spine when perfect. This also occurs both between tides and in shallow water, on hydroids and bryozoa. With these species of Vesicularia, and often attached to them and creeping over them, as well as on other kinds of bryozoa, hydroids, and algze, a very curious little species often occurs, in which the cells are small, campanulate, and raised on slender pedicels, which rise from slender, white, creeping stems. This is the Pedicellina Americana. The zodids, when expanded, display a wreath of twelve or more tenta- cles; in contraction and when young they are often clavate. The Mtea anguinea has not been recorded as from our coast, but is very common on rocky and shelly bottoms, creeping over various hydroids, alge, ascidians, broyozoa, &c.; it also frequently occurs on floating eel- grass and algve, in company with many hydroids. It consists of delicate, white, creeping, calcareous stolons, from which arise elongated, slen- der, clavate, white, rigid, erect cells, with the aperture at the end; the narrower, pedicel-like portion of the cell is surrounded by fine, circu- lar, punctate stric. The Eucrate chelata is also a slender, creeping species, aud has some- what similar habits, but is much less common, and has been met with only in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound on ascidians and hydroids. in this species each cell arises from the back of the preceding one, near the end, and bends upward and forward obliquely, the cell expanding from a narrow, pedicel-like, basal portion to a more or less oval upper part, with the aperture oblique and subterminal. This, also, is a new addition to the fauna of our coast, although, like the last, long well known on the coast of Europe. The Diastopora patina grows attached to alge and eel-grass; it forms little circular disks, with tubular cells arising from the upper surface, those in the middle being longest. The Tubulipora flabellaris frequently occurs attached to various kinds of slender-branched alge, such as Ahnfeltia plicata, &c. It forms small, blunt-lobed, coral-like masses, composed of long, crooked, tubular cells, . united by a porous mass at boas Toward the borders of the lobes the cells are crowded and polygonal. In the central parts they are more cylindrical and form groups or radiating rows. Associated with the preceding on the alge, Crisia eburnea, (p. 311;) Mollia hyalina, (Plate XXXIV, fig. 264;) Cellepora ramulosa, (p. 312;) and other species oc- 112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [406] cur. The Membranipora pilvsa (Plate XXXIV, figs. 262, 263) is frequent on rocky bottoms, growing chiefly upon Phyllophora and other alge. It may be known by the oval cells, bordered by erect, bristle-like pro- cesses, of which the one at the proximal end of the cell is much longer than the rest. Another species, J/. lineata, is also common, incrusting rocks and shells in broad, thin, radiating patches. In this the cells are oblong; crowded, and separated only by the linear margins. In the most com. mon variety there are eight or ten slender spinules on each side of the cells, which bend over so as to meet or interlock across the open cells. The cells are much smaller as well as narrower than those of the pre- ceding species. Of Echinoderms only a few species occur in this region, on rocky bot- toms, which causes this fauna to contrast very strongly with that of the rocky bottoms farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy or on the coast of Maine, where numerous other fine species of star-fishes and several addi- tional Holothurians are common. Thecommon green sea-urchin, Stron- gylocentrotus Drobachiensis, (Plate XX XV, fig. 268,) so very abundant farther north, and especially in the Bay of Fundy, where it occurs in abundance at low-water mark, and on rocky bottoms at all depths down to 110 fathoms, and off St. George’s Bank even down to 450 fath- oms, is comparatively rare in this region and chiefly confined to the outside colder waters, as off Gay Head and No Man’s Land, where it was quite common. But a few specimens were dredged at several local- ities in Vineyard Sound. The largest occured on the rocky bottoms off West Chop, and off Menemsha. It has been found occasionally in Long Island Sound, as off New Haven and Stratford, Connecticut, but is there quite rare and small. It feeds partly on diatoms and other small alge, &c., which it cuts from the rocks with the sharp points of its teeth, but it is also fond of dead fishes, which are soon devoured, bones and all, by it in the Bay of Fundy. In return itis swallowed whole in large quantities by the wolf-fish and by other large fishes.. The purple sea-urchin, Arbacia punctulata, is much more abundant in Vineyard Sound and similar waters, in this region. This is a southern species which is here near its northern limit. It is easily distinguished by its rather stout, unusually long, purple spines; by its ambulacral pores in two simple rows; by the upper surface of the shell being partly desti- tute of spines; and by the anal region, at the summit of the shell, which is formed of only four rather large plates. It occurred of large size, associated with the preceding species, off West Chop and Holmes’s Hole; it was quite abundant in the passage at Wood’s Hole, especially on shelly and gravelly bottoms north of Naushawena Island, and it was met with at many other localities. The common green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326, Plate XX XV, fig. 269,) is very common on all the rocky bottoms in this region. A smaller and more beautiful northern star-fish was occasionally met with [407] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 113 in Wood’s Hole passage and several other localities on rocky or grav- elly bottoms. This was the Cribrella sanguinolenta; it is much more com- mon north of Cape Cod, and is abundant in the Bay of Fundy and vorth- ward to Greenland ; it is also found on the northern coasts of Europe. It has not been found much south of Vineyard Sound on this coast. It can easily be distinguished by its five round, tapering rays, covered with small spinules, and by having only two rows of locomotive suckers in the grooves on the under side of the rays, instead of four rows, as in the common star-fishes belonging to the genus Asterias. Its color is quite variable. It is often orange, or purple, or rose-color, or cream- color, and sometimes mottled with red and purple, &c. Unlike the pre- ceding, and most other species of our star-fishes, this does not have free- swimming young. Its eggs are deposited around the mouth, and re- tained by the mother until they develop into little star-fishes capable of taking care of themselves. The Hydroids are very numerous on rocky bottoms. A few species, like Hydractinia polyclina (p. 328) and the Thamnocnida tenella, attach themselves directly to the rocks, but the greater number adhere to as- cidians, algze, or to other hydroids. Many of the species are also to be found on the rocky shores in tide-pools, and have already been mentioned. Among those not yet detected at low water is a delicate species of Plu- mularia, with slender, alternately pinnate branches, which was found growing upon rocks in company with Hydractinia. The Thamnocnida tenella is a Tubularian which grows in clusters, two or three inches high, consisting of long, slender, somewhat branched stems, which are more or less crooked, and usually irregularly and distantly annulated, with beau- tiful pink heads at the top. The general appearance is like that of the Parypha, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 274.) The Obelia dichotoma was found grow- ing upon ascidians (Cynthia partita, &c.) in 8 or 10 fathoms, among rocks. Itis a well-known European species, but has not hitherto been established as an inhabitant of our coast. It has dark, horn-colored, slender stems, with pretty. long and rather erect, slender, alternate branches, which branch again in the same way. The hydroid cells are deeply campanu- late, with the margin slightly sinuous or scolloped, the slight notches corresponding with faint angular ridges which run down on the upper parts of the cells, giving the upper half a slightly polygonal form. In this respect this species closely resembles the Obelia commisuralis. The reproducsive capsules are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, raised, sub-conical neck. The Obelia geniculata is often very abundant on the fronds of Lami- naria and other alge having flat fronds. Its creeping tubular stolons often thickly cover the surface with a complete net-work; from these the erect stems rise to the height of about an inch. This species may be known by the prominent geniculation at the origin of the hydroid pedicels. The Obelia fusiformis has a similar mode of growth, but is 114 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [408] much less common. Its hydroid cells are comparatively small and their pedicels very short. Several very delicate and beautiful creeping hydroids, belonging to the Campanularians, also occur attached to larger hydroids, and the alge. Among these are Clytia Johnstoni, having comparatively large, bell- shaped cups, with a notched rim, each borne on a long, slender, generally simple pedicel, ringed at each end, and arising from the creeping stems. The reproductive capsules are urn-shaped and anuulated. The C. inter- media is quite similar in its growth, but has smaller and deeper cups, with smaller notches around the rim. The Orthopywis caliculata grows in the same manner; it has beautiful little bell-shaped or cup-shaped cells, with an even rim, each borne on a long, slender, annulated pedicel with one of the rings, just below the cup, very prominent. Its reproductive capsules are large, oblong, smooth, and obtuse at the end. The Platy- pyxis cylindrica has small, very deep, somewhat cylindrical cups, with the rim divided into sharp teeth or notches; each one is borne on a small, slender pedicel, generally less than an eighth of an inch high, feebly annulated at each end. The reproductive capsules are elongated, com- pressed, flaring slightly at the end. The Campanularia volubilis, is also a very small, but elegant species; it has deepcylindrical cups, which have a regularly scolloped rim, the scollops being small and evenly rounded. The pedicels are very slender, and are annulated spirally throughout their whole length, so as to appear as if twisted; just below the cup there is one prominent rounded annulation, or bead, the whole resem- bling in miniature the stem of certain wine-glasses and glass vases. The reproductive capsules are vase-shaped, attached by short pedicels, and have the neck elongated and gradually narrowed to the end, which flares slightly. The Lafoéa calcarata is also a small creeping hydroid, belonging to another family. It has curved tubular cells. It nearly always grows on Sertularia cornicina, which is a small species, resembling 8. pumila, (Plate XX XVII, fig. 279.) The Sertularia argentea (Plate XXXVII, fig. 280) is a large, profusely branched species, often growing to the length of afoot or more. It is very abundant in this region. 8S. cupressina, i8 closely related, but much less common. The Hydrallmania falcata is also a large species very common on these bottoms. It can be easily distinguished by the spiral arrangement of its branches and the unilateral arrangement of its jug-shaped cells along the branches. The Ludendrium ramosum and E. dispar are not uncommon on rocky bottoms, and are both beautiful species, somewhat resembling the Pennaria, (Plate XX XVII, fig. 277.) The species of Polyps are the same as those found on rocky shores at low-water mark. The coral, Astrangia Dane, (p. 329,) is much more common than on the shores, and grows larger, some of the Specimens becoming four or five inches across, and rising up in the middle into (409] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 115 lobes or irregular branches, sometimes nearly two inches high, making very elegant specimens. Numerous sponges also occur, but they have not yet been carefully studied. One of the most abundant isa species of Chalina, which grows up in clusters of slender, soft, smooth branches, five or six inches high, and from a quarter to half an inch in diameter, of a pale yellowish or buff-color while living. It makes very delicate, white, and beautiful specimens when the animal matter has been thoroughly washed out and the sponge dried in the sun, which can be best done by hang- ing them up in a reversed position, owing to the flexibility of the branches when wet. This species is closely related to the Chalina oculata, which also occurs in this region, in the outside cold waters, as off Gay Head, and is abundant farther north and on the coast of Europe; but the pre- sent species is much more delicate, with more slender and rounder branches, and it seems to be a southern form, for it is common all along our coast as far, at least, as North Carolina. The common, irregularly branched, red sponge is found in abundance, and also several light yellow, irregular, soft, massive species of Tedania, and the firm, massive, sulphur-yellow Cliona sulphurea. List of species ordinarily found on the rocky bottoms of the bays and sounds. ARTICULATA. Inseets. Page. | Page. Chironomus halophilus ..... 415 | Pallene, sp..........----.- 421 Crustacea. Page. | Page. Cancer irroratus ........... 395 | Meera levis ...........-..- 315 C. borealis .........-..-.--05 395 | Autonoé, sp ...-...-....-- 415 Panopeus depressus ..-.---. 395 | Amphithoé maculata ....-. 315 Pe Saye eu sistas, telra moet boas 395 | A. longimana............- 370 Pelia mutica........--.---- 395 | Unciola irrorata........... 340 Eupagurus pollicaris........ 395 | Cerapus tubularis (?) ....-.- 396 KE. longicarpus ........-..--. 395 | Caprella geometrica ....... 316 Homarus Americanus .....- 395 | Caprella, sp ........-.+--- 316 Crangon vulgaris ...-...... 395 | Idotea phosphorea .......- 316 Hippolyte pusiola .........- 395 | Erichsonia filiformis....... 316 Mysis Americana .......... 396 | Balanus crenatus.......--. 396 Heteromysis formosa....... 396 | Numerous small Entomos- Lepidactylis dytiscus.... .. 339 traca. 116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Lepidonotus syuamatus.... L. sublevis Harmothoé imbricata...-... Phyllodoce, sp Eulalia, sp Eumidia, sp Autolytus cornutus ......- Autolytus, sp...... ; Nereis pelagica Podarke obscura........-- Marphysa Leidyi:.......-. Lumbriconereis opalina Cosmocephala ochracea..-.. Polinia glutinosa.....-.... Fulgur carica Sycotypus canaliculatus. . . . Tritia trivittata Urosalpinx cinerea Astyris lunata A. zonalis ..............-- Anachis avara Lacuna vincta............ Bittium nigrum ........... Cerithiopsis Greenii ....... C. Emersonii.............. Mya arenaria Saxicava arctica Argina pexata Scapharca transversa...... Annelids. Page. . 897 , Ophelia simplex ..-.-.--.- . 897 ' Cirrhinereis fragilis ....-.-. 397 | Naragansetacoralii........ . 397 | Sabellaria vulgaris ......-. . 397 | Nicolea simplex..... ...-- . 93897 : Scionopsis palmata... ..-- . 397 | Polycirrus eximius .....--- . 398 | Potamilla oculifera..-...-- - 3897 | Sabella microphthalma.... . 319 | Fabricia Leidyi.........-- . 319 | Serpula dianthus....-..... . 397 | Spirorbis, sp.......--..--- Nemerteans. Page. | 325 | Cerebratulus? sp......---- 324 MOLLUSCA. Gastropods. Page. 399 | Triforis nigrocinctus....... 399 Crucibulum striatum....... 354 | Crepidula fornicata......-. 399 | C. unguiformis.......:.... 399 | Leptochiton apiculatus -... 399 | L. ruber.........-..-+.--- 306 | Doto coronata ............ 305 | Polycera Lessonii.......-.. 305 | AMolis, sp.-.-.+-.-.--2--- 383 | Doridella obscura ......... 417 Lamellibranchs. Page,’ 401 | Mytilusedulis............. 401 | Modiola modiolus........-. 401 | Anomia glabra............ 401 | Ostreea Virginiana ........ [410] Page. 319 397 397 397 397 397 320 397 397 397 397 397 Page. 324 Page. 305 399 355 355 399 399 400 400 400 400 [411] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Ascidians. Page. Cynthia partita ........... 401 | L. luteolum............ wai Molgula Manhattensis ..... 401 | Amarcecium stellatum..... Perophora viridis....._.... 401 | A. constellatum......-...- Leptoclinum albidum...... 403 | A.pellucidum...........-. Bryozoa. Page. Alcyonidium ramosum..... 404 Eueratea chelata....... .. A. hispidum .........-..-.. 404 | Alteaanguinea ........... A. parasiticum..........-.. 404 | Bugula turrita............ A. birsutum .............. 404 | B.flabellata...........2... Vesicularia gracilis........ 389 | Membranipora pilosa ...... V. dichotoma............. 404 | M. lineata ................ We CUBCULAN cui ieee ees 404 | Escharipora punctata...... V. armata ....22..-20..... 405 | Escharella variabilis....... Tubulipora flabellaris ...... 405 | Mollia hyalina ............ Diastopora patina......... 405 | Cellepora ramulosa........ Crisia eburnea ............ 405 Pedicellina Americana..... RADIATA. ie Echinoderms. Page. Arbacia punctulata.....-.. 406 | Asterias arenicola......... Strongylocentrotus Drd- Cribrella sanguinolenta.... bachiensis ....-........- 406 Acalephs. Page. | Campanularia tlexuosa. ...- 327 | Sertulariacornicina.... ... C. volubilis....-.......... 408 | S. argentea ...-........-.. Platypyxis cylindrica. ...-. 408 | S. cupressina...........--- Orthopyxis caliculata...... 408 | Hydrallmania falcata..... Clytia Johnstoni -......... 408 , Halecium gracile.......... C. intermedia ............- 408 | Bougainvillia superciliaris Obelia fusiformis........-. 407 | Eudendrium ramosum ..... O. geniculata.............- 407 | E. dispar ................- O. dichotoma ..........--- 407 | Pennaria tiarella........ ee O. commisuralis..........- 327 | Thamnocnida tenella .....- Lafoéa calearata .........- 408 | Hydractinia polyclina...... Plomularia, sp.........---. 407 11? Page. 403 402 403 401 Page. 405 405 405 389 406 406 403. 403. 405 405 405 118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [412] Polyps. Page. Page. Metridium marginatum.-.. 329 | Astrangia Dane .....-..-. 408 Sagartia leucolena......... 329 PROTOZUA. Sponges. Page. Page. Grantia ciliata .......-.... 330 | Chalina oculata....... ... 409 Cliona sulphurea.......... 409 , Chalina, slender species.... 409 Tedania ..............-.-. 409 | Several other sponges...... 409 Sponge, red species......-. 409 | Foraminifera. Page. NUMEROUS: SPCCIES 22.56.05 Sia ale nee Gs Bsa REG HIRD A Sak Seas 421 6. FAUNA OF THE GRAVELLY AND SHELLY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS. . Bottoms composed of gravel or pebbles, often with small stones, and generally with a considerable proportion of dead and usually broken shells, were of frequent occurence in Vineyard Sound, and a few such localities were found in Buzzard’s Bay. Similar bottoms of small extent have also been examined in Long Island Sound, near New Haven. These bottoms are generally the most productive and agreeable for the dredger, for they are the favorite abodes of large numbers of animals of all classes, and the contents of the dredge are often so clean that they require little if any washing in the sieves. They vary much, however, in character, some of them consisting mostly of gravel, with pebbles and perhaps small scattered boulders; others consist largely of broken shells, especially those of Mactra solidissima and Crepidula Jornicata, mixed with more or less gravel, sand, and mud. Others are so completely overgrown with the various large compound asci- dians described above, that they might well be called “ascidian bottoms.” In many places, however, there are patches of mud or sand, scattered here and there over a bottom which is mostly of gravel and Shells, so that the dredge will often bring up more or less mud or sand, with some of the animals peculiar to such patches, mixed with those peculiar to the gravelly bottoms, thus augmenting the number and variety of animals. In other cases more or less mud and sand may be mixed with the gravel throughout, or the bottom may be in process of changing from mud or sand to gravel, or the contrary, owing to frequent changes in the directions of the currents, produced chiefly by the action of storms upon the shoals and bars of sand. Hence it is often difficult to [413] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 119 distinguish with certainty the animals properly inhabiting the gravelly and shelly bottoms trom those that pertain to the muddy and sandy bottoms, but for our present purposes it is not necessary to make a very sharp distinction between the different lists, for many species are com- mon to all, and the areas of the different kinds of bottom are generally small in this region, and evidently may change their character from time to time. After a single storm the character of the bottom, in some localities, was found to be greatly altered over wide areas, sometimes several miles in extent, at depths of two to ten fathoms, and the animal life at the bot- tom was always found to have changed very quickly, when the physical character of the bottom had been modified. The most frequent cause of change was the accumulation of immense quantities of dead sea- weeds and eel-grass over bottoms that, a few days before, had been per- fectly free from it. Such accumulations must either kill the majority of the animals inhabiting gravelly, sandy, or rocky bottoms, or else cause them to migrate. In all probability the majority of them perish, at such times, beneath the accumulations. In other cases one or two storms sufficed to change gravelly and shelly bottoms to sandy ones, causing, undoubtedly, great destruction of life and a great change in its character over particular areas. These changesin the character of the deposits accumulating on the bottom, attended with extermination of life and changes in its character in particular localities, illustrate on a small scale similar phenomena that have constantly occurred on a grander scale in the history of the past life of the globe, during all the geological ages, from the first commencement of life. Practically it was found quite difficult to find, in this region, large areas of gravelly and shelly bottoms, without some admixture with mud or sand, and it very seldom happened that a continuous series of dredgings could be made on such bottoms without encountering patches of mud and sand. Therefore the accompanying list of species undoubtedly contains many that belong rather to muddy or sandy bottoms than to those now under discussion, for species have not been excluded unless well known, from many observations, to be peculiar, or nearly so, to mud or sand and rarely met with on true hard bottoms. The following are the principal localities where this kind of bottom was explored in Vineyard Sound and vicinity, but those belonging to the outside cold area are not included: First. An extensive area extending from off Nobska Point eastward, nearly parallel with the shore, with some interruptions of sandy bot. tom, as far as Suconesset Shoal, mostly in three to eight fathoms of water; on this bottom were the dredgings of line 6, a, b, ¢, d, e, f ;. 21, a,b, c,d; 22, a,b, c,d; 23, a, b, e, £3 25, b, c,d; 26, a, b,c, d, e; 34, a, b, ¢, d, ef; 35, a, b, ¢, d, Second. Another similar region nearly parallel with the southeastern shores of Naushon and Nonamesset Island and extending out into mid- 120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [414] channel; dredgings on line 5, a, b; 7, b,c, d; 8, ¢,d,e,f,g3 42, a, b; 43, a, b, c, d, e, were made on the shallower portion of this ground, mostly in three to eight fathoms; 38, a, b,c; 39, a,b; 40, a,b, ¢, 4; 41,b; 44,4, b, ¢, d,e; 46, e, were made in the deeper parts of the chan- nel, in eight to fifteen fathoms. Third. Several areas, in the deeper waters of the sound, north and northeast of Holme’s Hole, and doubtless continuous with the last area; dredgings, at line 28, a, b, ¢, d,e,f; 29, a,b, e; 31, a,b, ¢, a, e 3 32, a, b,¢e ; 33, a, b, ¢, d, were made on these bottoms. Fourth. A narrow strip of clean gravelly bottom, swept by the strong wurrents passing around West Chop, and situated between the ‘“ Middle Ground” Shoals and Martha’s Vineyard, and extending around to Kast Chop, with an interruption of rocky bottom just opposite West Chop ; dredgings on line 37, a, b, ¢, d, g,h; 47, a, and 48, a, b, c, d, were made on this area. Fifth. In the channel, at the entrance to Great Harbor, off Nonamesset Island, and partially extending into the harbor, there is more or less gravelly and shelly bottom, frequently alternating with rocks and often composed chiefly of dead shells, (mainly Crepidula fornicata.) This place is swept by the powerful tidal currents running through Wood’s Hole Passage; dredgings at line 3, d,e; 5, e, f,g; 13, a,.b; 18, a, b, c,d; 19,a; 20,a,b, and many others not indicated on the chart, were made here. Sixth. Another area at the other end of Wood’s Hole Passage, north of Hadley Harbor, and extending out into Buzzard’s Bay a short dis: tance; some parts of this region had a smooth hard bottom of fine gravel and sand, or coarse sand; in other places it was more or less stony; dredgings on line 10, e, f; 11, a, b, ¢, d,e,g; 12, b,¢; 70, a, b,c, da; T1,a, b, were on these gravelly bottoms. Seventh. A shallow region off Cataumet Harbor, in Buzzard’s Bay ; the bottom here was hard gravel and shells, much overgrown with alge ; . Plate 24. fig. 5. The tentacles in this species are rather short, searcely exceeding the breadth of the head, slightly tapering. blunt; the eyes are on low prom- inences on the outer side of the bases of the tentacles: rostrum large, stout, transversely wrinkled, longer than the tentacles, tapering some- what, but divided at the end by a deep emargination into two rounded lobes, which are often somewhat expanded. Foot short and broad, sub- truncate anteriorly. with the angles broad and but little produced, pos- terior end broadly rounded. New Jersey to Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Abundant along the brackish and muddy shores of Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay. Casco Bay, and Bay of Fandy. It is not confined to brackish waters. but often occurs also on the ocean shores, under stones between tides. LITTORINELLA LEVIS Verrill. Cingula leris Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 111, Plate 6, fiz. 112 (poor), 1245. Odostomia limnoidea (Dekay, MSS. Linsley, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 224. 1245 (no description). (?\Rizeoa Sdmpsoni 3. Smith, Annals Lyceum Nar. Hist.. New York, vol. ix, p. 393, fig. 2. 1870. Long [sland Sound. near New Haven. Siratford. Connecticut (Linsley); near New York (Dekay': Greenport. Long Island (3. Smith). 360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [654] RIssoA ACULEUS Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 141. (p. 306.) - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 34; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 299, fig. 568. Cingula aculeus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 266, fig. 172, 1841. Trochus striatellus Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 393, (non Linné). (?)Rissoa saxatilis Mdller, Index Mollusca Grénl., in Kroyer’s Tids- skrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1843. (?)Rissoa arctica Lovén, Ofversigt af Kongl., Vet.- Akad. Forhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 156, 1846. Long Island Sound to Greenland. New Haven, Connecticut, and vicin- ity, common. Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound ; Stratford, Connecticut (Linsley); Gull Island (Smith). Common on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Lovén’s &. arctica was from Finmark, and, to judge from the de- scriptions, may not be identical with our species. Mr. Jeffreys regards it as a variety of R. striata of Europe. He also unites the Ameérican shell with &. striata, thus: ‘The variety arctica (under the specific name aculeus given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the northern sea-board of the United States.” (See British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 38). Tt is natural to infer that a writer who does not appear to have seen the accurate description and figure of this species published in the well-known work of Dr. Gould, ten years previous to Dr. Stimpson’s earliest publications, cannot hae devoted much time or attention to the American shells, and therefore his opinions should not have too much weight in such cases. ; In reality, our shell differs widely from R. striata. It agrees more nearly with the English R. proxima (Alder, Forbes and Hanley), but apparently differs from it in the soft parts. The foot in our shell is broadly and slightly rounded anteriorly, with the angles only slightly produced, and tapers backward to a bluntly-rounded posterior end. The tentacles are long, slender, slightly tapering, with blunt tips. The eyes are situated near their bases on the dorso-lateral aspect, and are scarcely elevated above the general surface. The snout is rather long, often a little expanded at the end, and divided by a deep emargination into two lobes, which often, in a dorsal view, show a slight emargina- tion on their outer surface. No opercular cirrus was observed. This species belongs to the genus Onoba of H. and A. Adams. The R. savatilis was described by Méller as having the whorls smooth, but he refers to T. striatellus of Fabricius, which had spiral striations, as in our species. RISSOA EXARATA Stimpson. (p. 495.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 34, Plate 1, fig. 3, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 301, fig. 571. Cingula arenaria Mighels and Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 49, Plate 4, fig. 24, 1842 (non Montagu, sp.). Rissoa Mighelsii Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15,1851; Shells of New England, p. 34; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 301, (but not figure 570, which is probably &. yulooea). Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, nmnongrocks and alg (white variety) ; Casco Bay, [655] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 361 6 to 25 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 4to 20 fathoms. Fossil in the Post- Pliocene of Canada. This species is usually brownish or chestnut-color, but is also frequently white. Rissoa eburnea Stimpson, has been recorded (as Rissoella (?) eburnea) by Dr. G. H. Perkins, from Long Island Sound, near New Haven, but I have seen no undoubted shells of this species from any locality south of Massachusetts Bay. The shell referred to by Dr. Perkins was beach- worn, and may have been some other species. The figure given in the second edition of Gould’s Invertebrata (fig. 564, p. 297), does not rep- resent this species. See the figure in Stimpson’s Shells of New England, Plate 1, figs. 1, la. This shell appears to be a Jeffreysia. From Huntington, Long Island, I have seen a shell closely resembling Rissoa latior Stimpson, (M. and Adams, sp.), if not identical with it. SKENEA PLANORBIS. Plate XXIV, fig. 142. (p. 383.) Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, vol iii, p. 156, Plate 74, figs. 1-3, and Plate G, G, figs. 1 and la (animal); Stimpson, Shells of New England, p.35; Gould, Invert., ed. il, p. 296, fig. 563. Zurbo planorbis Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 394, 1780. Skenea serpuloides Gould, Invert., ed. i, 247, fig. 189. Long Island Sound to Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Scandinavia ; and northern and eastern coasts of Europe generally, to England and France. Near New Haven, Connecticut, common; Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Cuttyhunk Island. Very common on allrocky shores in Massa- chusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Scotland and Scandinavia. STYLIFER STIMPSONII Verrill. (p. 460.) American Journal of Science, vol. iii, pp. 210 and 283, 1872. Shell white, shorf, swollen, broad oval ; spire short, rapidly enlarging. Whorls four or five, the last one forming a large part of the shell; con- vex, rounded, with the suture impressed, surface smooth, or with very faint strie of growth; a slightly impressed revolving line just below the suture. Aperture large and broad. Length about .15 of an inch ; breadth, .12. Parasitic on the dorsal surface of Strongylocentrotus Drébachiensis, from off New Jersey, in 35 fathoms (Captain Gedney); and Saint George’s Bank, north latitude 41° 25’, west longitude 65° 50’, 3”, in 60 fathcms, (8. I. Smith). EULIMA OLEACEA Kurtz and Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 149. (p. 418.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 115, 1851; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 39, Plate 1, fig 6, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 332, fig. 603. Vineyard Sound to Beaufort, North Carolina. In Vineyard Sound it is not uncommon on Thyone Briareus, in 4 to 10 fathoms. Buzzard’s Bay (Stimpson). 362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [656] OpDosTomIA PRODUCTA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 143. (p. 418.) Invert., ed. i, p. 270, fig. 175, 1841; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 593. Jaminia producta Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 322, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1840. Vineyard Sound to New Jersey. . OpDosTOMIA FUSCA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 144. (p. 307.) Invert., ed.i, p. 270, fig. 176; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 594. Pyramis fusca Adams, op. cit., vol ii, p. 282, Plate 4, fig. 9, 1839. Cape Cod to New Jersey. This species is referred both to Turbonilla and Odostomia by H. and A. Adams, in the same work (Genera Moll., pp. 231, 232). ODOSTOMIA DEALBATA Stimpson. Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, fig. 595. Chemnitzia dealbata Stimpson, Proc., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 114, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 41. Long Island Sound to Boston Harbor. New Haven, Connecticut (Perkins). Boston (Stimpson). ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS Gould. (p. 307.) Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, (not fig. 597). Turritella bisuturalis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822. Chemnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42. Jaminia exigua Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, Plate 1, fig. 7, 1838. Odostomia exigua Gould, Invert., ed.i, p. 272, fig. 177. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Boston (Say); Chelsea (Couthouy) ; Staten Island; Greenport, and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Not uncommon in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard’s Bay. The figure (597) in the second edition of Gould’s Invertebrata does not represent this species, but apparently a variety ‘of O. trifida. OposToMIA TRIFIDA Gould. Plate XXIV, figs. 145, 146. (p. 307.) Invert., ed. i, p. 274, fig. 179, 1841; ed. ii, p. 328, fig. 598. Actwon trifidus Totten, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 368, Plate 1, figs. 4, a, b, 1834. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Staten Island (S. Smith) ; Lynn, Massachusetts (Haskell). Common in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard’s Bay. ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 147. (p. 418.) American Journ. Science, vol. xxiv, p. 444, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 330, fig. 600. Odostomia insculpta Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Mollusca, p. 115, Plate 31, fig. 297, 1843. Turritella impressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel- phia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 84. Chemnitzia impressa Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. Long Island Sound to South Carolina. Near New Haven, Connecticut, rare. Hast River (Dekay); Maryland (Say); Beaufort, North Carolina (Stimpson, Coues). [657] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 363 ODOSTOMIA SEMINUDA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 148. (p. 418.) Invert., ed. i, p. 273, fig. 178, 1841; ed. ii, p. 329, fig. 599. Jaminia seminuda C, B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 280, Plate 4, fig. 13, 1839. Chemnitzia seminuda Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. Turbonilla seminuda H. and A. Adams, Genera Moll., vol. i, p. 231. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 2 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, less common. Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). Greenport and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Tort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Adams. (p. 418.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 231, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 231, fig, 601 (bad figure), Turritella interrupta Totten, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. i, vol- xxviii, p. 352, fig. 7, 1835; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 268, fig. 173 (incorrect). Cape Cod to South Carolina. Quite common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 3 to 10 fathoms; Loug Island Sound, off Thimble Islands and New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, rather rare. Huntington and Greenport (S. Smith). Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). New- port, Rhode Island (Totten). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). I have received from Prof. E. 8. Morse specimens of this shell ob- tained from mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, but they are dead and bleached. I am not aware that it has been found living so far north on our coast. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. Lovén records this species as from the coast of Norway, but possibly his shell is a different species, or else a variety of 7’. rufa of Southern Europe, which is certainly very closely related to our species, and is con- sidered the same by Jeffreys. If so, the name given by Totten has prece- dence of rufa (Philippi, 1836). Farther and more extensive compari- sons must be made before the identity of the two forms can be estab- lished. The figure given in the first edition of Gould’s Invertebrata, and copied in the second edition, does not correctly represent this shell, and was, perhaps, drawn from ‘some other species, for it does not agree with Gould’s description, which is accurate. The spire, as represented, is too acute and too rapidly tapered; the last or body whorl is too large; the aperture has not the right form; and the peculiar sculpture is not brought out at all. Totten’s figure, though somewhat coarse, is char- acteristic. TURBONILLA ELEGANS Verrill. Plate XXIV, fig. 155. (p. 418.) American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 210, 282, Plate 6, fig. 4, 1572. Shell light yellowish, elongated, moderately slender, acute. Whorls ten or more, well rounded, not distinctly flattened; suture rather deeply impressed; surface somewhat lustrous, with numerous rounded vertical costa, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out below the middle of the last whorl; and with numerous fine revolv- 25 V 364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [658] ing grooves, which are interrupted on the costa, but distinct in the in- tervals; on the upper whorls there are about five; and on the lower half of the last whorl usually five or six distinct and continuous ones, Aperture broad oval, anteriorly rounded and slightly effuse; outer lip thin, sharp; columella nearly straight at base within, slightly revolute outwardly, regularly curved anteriorly where it joins the outer lip, and not forming an angle with it. The epidermis is thin, light yellow, sometimes with a darker, yellowish, revolving band on the middle of the last whorls, and also with the revolving strie darker. Vineyard Sound,6 to10 fathoms; Long Island Sound,near New Haven, 5 fathoms. TURBONILLA AREOLATA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell small, slender, with eight or more whorls, slightly obelisk- shaped, owing to the more rapid narrowing of the upper whorls; apical or nuclear whorl very small, reversed; the other whorls are moderately convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, and crossed by numerous rather crowded, narrow, transverse costa, of which there are twenty- five or more on the lower whorls; interstices interrupted by numerous rather conspicuous, revolving, impressed lines, of. which there are about six on the upper whorls; these divide the interstices into series of pretty regular, small, squarish pits, but do not cross the cost; the body- whorl is subangulated below the middle, where the ‘coste disappear, below which the base is marked only by fine revolving lines; suture impressed. Aperture oval, acute posteriorly, rounded and slightly spreading anteriorly; outer lip sharp, thin, slightly angulated below the middle, rounded and slightly effuse anteriorly; columella smooth, somewhat curved, scarcely forming an angle at its junction with the outer lip. Length, 4™™; breadth, 1.5™™, Long Island Sound, near New Haven. The crowded costa and numerous spiral lines produce a closely can- cellated appearance, which is sufficient to distinguish this from the two preceding species. From the following it differs much.in sculpture, form, shape of aperture, and columella, and especially in the minute size of the apical whori. TURBONILLA COSTULATA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell small, long conical, translucent, glossy white, banded faintly with pale brown, subacute, with a relatively large, smooth, reversed apical whorl; the other whorls are six or more, flattened, and but slightly convex, enlarging regularly, crossed by numerous straight, smooth, rounded, transverse coste, of which there are upward of twenty on the lower whorls; interstices rather, narrower than the costs, deep, and interrupted by numerous very minute revolving lines, which are scarcely visible under an ordinary pocket-lens, and do not cross’ the eostz ; suture impressed. The body-whorl is subangulated below the {659] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 365 middle, the cost vanishing at the angulation ; the base is covered with numerous microscopic revolving lines ; on the body-whorl there are two revolving hands of pale brown, one above and one below the angulation. Aperture long ovate, acute posteriorly, alittle angulated on the outer side, rounded and slightly prolonged anteriorly. Outer lip thin and sharp, round and slightly effuse anteriorly ; columella smooth, nearly straight, but scarcely forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Lengtb, 4™™; breadth, 1.5™™, Somewhat resembles 7. interrupta, but the cost are more crowded, the spiral lines are very much finer and more numerous, and the nuclear-whorl is much larger. Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Conn. TURBONILLA STRICTA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell white, subulate, very acute, with a very minute reversed apical whorl; ‘whorls teu, besides the nucleus, gradually and regularly enlarg- ing, flattened or only very slightly convex, crossed by straight, obtuse, transverse cost, of which there are about sixteen or eighteen on the lower whorls; the two upper whorls are nearly smooth; suture im- pressed. Aperture irregularly oblong-ovate, acute posteriorly, rounded anteriorly ; outer lip flattened, thickened internally, in mature shells, and minutely crenulate within; columella smooth, nearly straight, thickened, forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length, 4.5™™ ; breadth, 1™™. Long Island Sound, off New Haven, Connecticut. This is probably the shell recorded from this region as T. nivea (Stimp. son, sp.) by Dr. G. H. Perkins. It differs from the nivea in the form of the aperture and lip, and in being smaller and much more acute, though having the same number of whorls. TURBONILLA EQUALIS Verrill. Turritella equalis Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. v, p. 208, 1826; Bin- ney’s Say, p. 119. “Shell subulate, white; volutions ten, each with about twenty-two, transverse, elevated, obtuse, equal lines, with interstitial grooves of the same diameter; suture distinct, impressed; aperture rounded at base, and destitute of any distinct emargination. Length one-fifth of an inch.” (Say.) My spécimens agree well with the above description. The shell is very slender and acute, with a small distinctly reversed apical whorl ; the remaining nine whorls are somewhat flattened, and all are crossed by obtuse, transverse coste, which are a little oblique, especially at the upper ends, close to the sutures; on the body-whorl there are about twenty, but fewer on the upper ones; at the base of the body-whorl they vanish, leaving it smooth; the interstices between the coste# are deep and apparently smooth. The aperture is round ovate, well rounded or sub-circular anteriorly; the inner lip having a raised and thin 366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [660} margin. Length, 4.5"; breadth, 1.25™™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms. . Menestho albula Moller (Fabricius, sp.), was recorded by Linsley (as Pyramis striatula Couth.) from the stomachs of ducks at Bridgeport, Connecticut. It has not been found south of Cape Cod by any one else, and as it is a rare deep-water shell on our northern coast, it is not likely to have been obtained by ducks. It is found in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward to Greenland. Linsley’s shell may have been Odostomia impressa. , SCALARIA LINEATA Say. Plate XXI, fig. 123. (p. 418.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 242, 1822; Binney’s Say, pp. 83, 180, Plate 27, lower left figure; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 250; ed. ii, p. 312, fig. 580. Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay,and Long Island Sound; southward to South Carolina and Georgia. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina. SCALARIA MULTISTRIATA Say. Plate XXI, fig. 122. (p. 418.) Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 208, 1826; Amer. Conchology, iii, Plate 27; Binney’s Say, pp. 119, 180, Plate 27, lower right figure; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 313, fig. 581. Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay and Long Island Sound; southward to Florida. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. SCALARIA ANGULATA Say. American Conchology, iii, Plate 27, upper figures, 1831, as a variety of S. clathrus ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., partiv, p. 86, Plate 32, fig. 5, 1844. Scalaria Humphreysii Kiener, Iconographie des Coquilles Viv., p. 15, Plate 5, fig. 16, 1838-9. Connecticut to Florida. Stonington (Linsley); Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Outer beach at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (A. E. V.); Fort Macon and Beaufort, North Carolina, common, (Stimpson, Coues); South Carolina (Kiener). Rare and perhaps accidental north of New Jersey. ScALARIA GRCENLANDICA Perry. Conch., 1811, (t. Mirch); Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., part iv, p. 101, Plate 34. figs. 105, 106, 1844; Gouid, Invert., ed. i, p. 249, fig. 170*; ed. ii, p. 314, fig, 582. Turbo clathrus Grenlandicus Chemnitz, Conch., xi, t. 1878, 1879 (t. Gould). Scalaria subuluta Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 93, Plate 3, fig. 4, 1838. . Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean, and northern coasts of Kurope, south- ward to Bergen. South Shoals, off Nantucket (Agassiz, t. Stimpson). Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from 10 to 109 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-Plicoene of Nantucket, rare, (Desor); and in the Red-Crag, Norwich-Crag, and later deposits in Great Britain. Janthina fragilis Lamarck ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 240; ed. ii, p. 277. This has been found cast ashore at Nantucket, but probably does not occur living so far north. It inhabits the Gulf Streain farther south. [661] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 367 RHIPIDOSLOSSA. MARGARITA OBSCURA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 156. (p. 508.) Invert., ed. i, p. 253, fig. 1717, 1441; ed. ii, p. 253, fig. 545. Turbo obscurus Cou- thouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 100, Plate 3, fig. 2, 1832. Stonington, Connecticut, to Labrador. Rare and confined to the outer waters south of Cape Cod; off Martha's Vineyard, 20 to 25 fathoms. Stonington, from haddock’s stomach, (Linsley). Common in Massachu- setts Bay, Casco Bay, and in the Bay of Fundy. from extreme low- water mark to 100 fathoms. East of Saint George’s Bank, in 430 fath- oms, (S. I. Smith). Margarita ornata Dekay, N. Y. Mollusca, p. 107, Plate 6, fig. 104, 1843, was described as occurring in the vicinity of New York, bat I have not met with it in Long Island Sound. DOCOGLOSSA. ACMLEA TESTUDINALIS Forbes and Hanley. Plate XXIV, figs. 159, 159a. (p. 307.) British Mollusca, vol. ii, p. 434, Plate 62, figs. =,9,and Plate A A, fig. 2; Car- penter, Report of British Association for 1255, pp. 219, 366, 1257: Dall (sub- genus, Collisella Dall), American Journal of Conchology, vol. vi, p. 249,171. Lottia testudinalis Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 153, fig. 12. Tectura testudinalis Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 267, fig. 529. Patella testudinalis Miiller, Prodromus Zool. Danica, p. 227. 1776. Variety alreus. (fig. 159.4). Patella alveus Conrad, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vi, Plate 11, fig.20, 1531. Lottia alveus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 154, fig. 13. Tectura alveus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 269, fig. 530. Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean; circumpolar. It extends southward on the European coasts to Southern Sweden, England, and Treland; in the North Pacific, southward to Sitka and the Island of Jesso, Japan. It is comparatively rare and local south of Cape Cod; at New Haven, very rare; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Martha's Vine- yard, Cuttyhunk, and adjacent islands. Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Fossilin the Post-Pliocene of Labrador (Pack- ard); Greenland, Scandinavia, and Great Britain. PGLYPLACOPHORA. CHLETOPLEURA APICULATA Carpenter. Plate XXYV, fig. 167. Chiton apiculatus Say, Amer. Conch., part vii, appéndix, (?) 1254; Binney’s Say, p. 231; Gonld, Invert., ed. i, p. 146, fig. 20; ed. ii, p. 255, fig. 322. Lepto- chiton apiculatus, this Report, p. 399. Cape Cod to Eastern and Western Florida. Commen in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 3 to 12 fathoms, shelly. Off New Lon- don, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden). Dr. P. P. Carpenter informs me that this species belongs to the genus Chetopleura of Gray (non Adams). 368 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISII AND FISHERIES. [662] TRACHYDERMON RUBER Carpenter. Plate XXV, fig. 166. Chiton ruber Lowe, Zov). Journ., vol. ii, p. 101, Plate 5, fig. 2 (t. Gould); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 149, fig. 24; ed. ii, p. 260, fig. 523, Leptochiton ruber H. and A. Adams, Genera, voli, p. 473; this Report, p. 399. Off New London, Connecticut, to the Arctic Ocean and northern coasts of Europe. Rare and local in the colder outer waters south of Cape Cod. Off New London, 8 fathoms; off Watch Hill, 5 fathoms, Stonington (Linsley). Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 40 fathoms. Ds. Carpenter assures me that this species should be referred to Trachydermon. Linsley records “ Chiton fulminatus Couth.” (= C..marmoreus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 261, fig. 524) as froin cod-fish taken off Stonington, Con- necticut, but as it has not been confirmed from south of Cape Cod, this must be regarded as a doubtful identification. This species is found from Massachusetts Bay northward to the Arctic Ocean and northern coasts of Europe. It is common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 40 fathoms, on “nullipore” (Lithothamnion). “ Chiton albus” (= Trachydermon albus, t. Carpenter) has been men- tioned as from this region, but probably erroneously. White specimens of C. apiculata are often mistaken for it, when superficially examined. The genuine albus is a northern species, with about the same distribution as the preceding. It is abundant in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water to 80 fathoms. PULMONATA. MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say. Plate XXV, figs. 169, 169a. (p. 463.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Gould, Invert., od. ii, p. 467, fig. 721. Auricnla bidentata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 117, fig. 131. Me- lampus corneus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 51, 1851. Massachusetts Bay to Florida, and along the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Texas. Very common on the shores of Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Long Island, and Long Island Sound. Yossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. ALEXIA MYOSO'TIS Pfeiffer. Plate XXV, fig. 168. (p. 383.) Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric. Viv., p. 148, (t. Binney); Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 463, figs. 718, 719. Auricula myosotis Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 53. Auricula den- ticulata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 199, fig. 129 (non Montfort). New Jersey to Nova Scotia; also on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe. It is,common at Eastport, Maine ; Portland, Maine; and at the mouth of West River, near New Haven, Connecticut; also near New York City. TECTIBRANCHIATA. BULLA SOLITARIA Say. Plate XXV, fig. 161. (p. 371.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 84; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 162, fig..92; ed. ii, p. 222, fig. 513. Bulla insculpta Totten, American Journ. Science, vol. xxviii, p. 350, fig. 4, 1835. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in the muddy lagoons [663] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 369 and salt-ponds along the shores of Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Long Island Sound. Abundant ina small pond near Holmes’ Hole; in New Haven Harbor, in ditches near Fort Hale. CYLICHNA ORYZA Stimpsoa. Piat2 XNV, fiz. WL (p. 432.) Smithsonian Check List, p. 4, 1250; Gould, Iovert., el. ii, p. 221. fig. 512. Balla oryza Totten, Amer. Jonr. Science, vol. xxviii, p. 35), fig. 5, 1335; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 153. fig. 93. Cape Cod to South Carolina. Not uncommo.i in Vineyar.1 Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Long Island Sound. This species was recorded as. from Casco Bay by Dr. Mighels, but as this habitat has not been con- firmed subsequently, it was probably based on an erroneous identifica- tion. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson). CYLICHNA ALBA Loven. Plate XXV, fig. 163. (p. 505.) Ofversigt af Kong]. Vet.-Akad. Forhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 142. 1-43; Goald, Invert., ed. ii, p. 220, fig. 511. Volraria alba Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B., iii, p. 3, figs. 43,44. Bulla triticea Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist.. vol. ii, p. +3, Plate 2. fig. 38, 133+; Gould, Iuvert., ed. i, p. 1635, fig. 0-. Near Block Island, northward to the Arctic Ocean ; northern cousts of Europe to Bergen ; and on the northwest coast of America, south to Sitka. Fossilin the Post-Pliocene of Canada and Great Britain. Most of the specimens of this shell dredged in the Bay of Fundy are opaque, yellowish brown or chestnut color, but those from Case» Bay are nearly all clear white and translacent, although of equal size. UTRICULTS CANALICULATUS. Plate XXV, fig. 160. (p. £32.) Stimpson, Smithsoniam Check-List, p. 4, 1560; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 219. fig. 510. Volearia canaliculata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. Vv, D. 211, 1326; Binney’s Say, p.121. Bulla canaliculata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 165, fig. 97. Tornatina canaliculata H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 13. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Commonin Bazzard’s Bay and Vineyard Soand, in 2 to 8 fathoms; less common in Long Island Sound. Fort Macon, North Carolina, abundant, (Dr. Yarrow). Fossil in the Post-Pliocere of North and South Carolina; and the Pliocene of South Carolina. AMPHISPHYRA DEBILIS Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 162. (p. £32.) Bulla debilis Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxxviii, p. 196. 1249: In- vert., ed. i, p. 164, fig. 95, 1541. Diaphana debilis Gould, Invert.; ed. ii, p. 216, fig. 507. Bulla pellucida Brown, 1-44. Amphisphyra pellucida Loven. op. cit., p. 143, 1446. Bulla hyalina Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 353, 1254, (t- Jeffreys), (non Gmelin). Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean ; and on the northern coasts of Europe, southward to Great Britain, Madeira, ete. Stonington, Connecticut, from stomach of cod (Linsley). Not uncommon in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, and northward, in 6 to 50 fathoms. Very rare south of Cape Cod. Fossilin the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden. 370 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [664] ACTAION PUNCTO-STRIATA Stimpson. Plate XXV, fig. 165. Shells of New England, p. 51,1851; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 5. Tor- natella puncto-striata C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 323, Plate 3, fig. 9, 1840; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 245, fig. 188; ed. ii, p. 224, fig. 515, Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard’s Bay, not uncommon; Long Island Sound, rare; Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). DOoORIDELLA Verrill. Body smooth, oval, convex. Dorsal tentacles retractile, without sheaths. Head prominent, the lateral angles prolonged anteriorly as short oral palpi or tentacles. Foot broad, cordate. Branchie tufted, situated near the posterior end, on the right side, in the groove between the mantle and foot. DoRIDELLA OBSCURA Verrill. Plate XXV, figs.173 a,b. (p. 400.) American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 408, figs. 2, 3, November, 1870. Body broad oval, 7.5"" long and 5™" broad; back convex, smooth. Foot broad, cordate in front. Oral disk broad, emarginate or with con- cave outline in front; the angles somewhat produced, forming short, obtusely pointed, tentacle-like orgaris, which in extension project beyond the front edge of the mantle. Dorsal tentacles small, stout, retractile. The branchice consist of a tuft of slender filaments, usually concealed by the edge of the foot. Color of body dark brown, lighter toward the edge, as if covered with nearly confluent blackish or brown spots, the whitish ground-color showing between them; foot, oral disk, and dorsal tentacles white ; the central part of the body, beneath, with a three-lobed yellow spot due to the internal organs. Young specimens are flesh- color or yellowish brown above, specked with darker brown. Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Savin Rock, at low-water, under stones; off South End, 4 to 5 fathoms, shelly. NUDIBRANCHIATA. Doris Biripa Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 176. (page 307.) American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 406, 1870. Outline broad oval, widest anteriorly, about 25™™ long by 12™™ broad, in extension ; back very convex, mantle covered with numerous, scat- tered, small but prominent, pointed papilla. Tentacles rather long, thickest in the middle, the outer half strongly plicated with about twenty folds, but with a smooth tip, the base surrounded by small papille. Gills retractile into a single cavity, united together by a partial web, deeply frilled, much subdivided, bipinnate, the subdivisions fine and slender. Foot very broad, in extension projecting back beyond the mantle about a quarter of an inch, slightly tapering, rounded and slightly notched at theend. Oral disk or veil crescent-shaped, the front [665] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND. ETC. 371 a little prominent, the sides extended backward, and forming a curve continuous with that of the foot. Color purplish brown, sprinkled with white specks ; tentacles deep brown, specked with white, tips yellowish; gills purplish at base, the edges and tips usually yellow; foot similar in color to mantle, but lighter. : Long Island Sound, at Savin Rock, near New Haven, to Eastport, Maine, under stones, at low-water mark. ONCHIDORIS PALLIDA Verrill. (p. 495.) American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 408, 1870; vol. iii, p. 212, 1872. Doris pallida Ag. MSS.; Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 26, 1853; Gould, In- vert., ed. ii, p. 229, Plate 20, figs. 284, 287, 288, 291. Off Cuttyhunk Island; Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy. In Eastport Harbor, not uncommon, from low-water mark to 30 fathoms. PoOLYCERA LEssonil D’Orbigny. (p. 400.) Magazine de Zodl., vol. vii, p. 5, Plate 105 (t. Gould); Alder and Hancock, Brit. Nud. Moll., Fam. 1, Plate 24; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 226, Vlate 17, figs- 242--248. Doris illuminata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 4, 1841. Long Island Sound to Labrador; European coasts, from Sweden to France and Great Britain. Savin Rock, near New Haven, Connecticut, at low-water, and off South End in 4 to 5 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 3 to6 fathoms. Common iu Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 20 fathoms. DENDRONOLUS ARBORESCENS Ald. and Hancock. (p. 495.) British Naud. Moll, Fam. 3, Plate 3, 1850; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 234, Plate 22, figs. 311-313. Doris arborescens Miiller, Zodl, Dan. Prod., p. 229, 1776; Fabri- cius, Fauna Gronl., p. 346, 1780. Tritonia arborescens Cuvier; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 5. Tritonia Reynoldsii Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. li, p- 74, Piate 2, figs. 1-4, 1838. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, ia + to5 fathoms, common on Laminaria wnong Obelic ; northward to Greenland; on the European coasts south to Great Britain and France; Sitka (Middendorff), Wery common in the Bay of Fandy and Casco Bay, from above low-water mark to 60 fathoms. Rare and local south of Massachusetts Bay. Doro coronatTa Lovén. Plate XXV, fig. 170. (p. 400.) Arch. Scand. Nat., p. 151 (t. Stimpson); Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Fiérhand- lingar, vol. iii, p. 139, 1846; Alder and Hancock, Brit. Nud. Moll., Fam. 3, Plate 6; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 236, Plate 16, figs. 233-237. Doris coronata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 8105, 1790. New Jersey to Labrador ; on the northern European coasts, southward to Great Britain, Holland, and France. Great E gg Harbor, New Jersey, 1 fathom, (A. E. V. and 8. I. Smith); Long Island Sound, near New Haven; off Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard ; off Watch Hill, Rhode Isl- and, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Obelia. Common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 15 fathoms. 372) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISHEL AND FISHERIES, [606) * HOLLIS PAPTLLOSA Loven. (pe fe, ‘ Ofvers. al Kongl Vot-Akad. Pork, v al, a p. 189, 185; Gould, Invert, od. i, p, RR, fig SES, and Plate 1s, figs, 247-282, Lona papillowes Linas, Syst. Nat, ed. xii, vol. i, pe 1082, 1767, Molis farindood Gould, MSS.) Stimpson, Tavert. Grand Manan, p. 26, P8oa, Rhode Island to the Aretie Ovean; northern coasts of Kurope to Great Britain. Rare south of Cape Cod; Wateh Hill, among roots of Laminaria; very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from above low-water mark to 20 fathoms, HOLS, OR MONTAGUA. Species undetermined, (p. -£96.) A species about an inch long, with bright red, fusiform branchiv, av: ranged in seven or cight transverse clusters on each side, Foot with prominent and acute auricles anteriorly. Off Gay Head, -F to 5 fathoms, rocks. Monvracua virara Verrill. (p. 883.) Kolix pilata Gould, Invert, ed. ii, pp. 288, Plato 19, thys, 270, 277, 270, 23h, ESTO. -Holidia pilata, this Report, p. vas. CSeo errata.) Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Abrundant in New Haven Harbor, on piles of Long Wharf. MontTAGUA VERMIFERA Vorrill. HMolis vermiferus S Sinith, Annals Lye. Nat. Tish, N.Y. vol. ix, p. 80%, L870, Greenport, Long [sland (Smith), Long Island Sound, off Thimble Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks, The specimens from Thimble Islands differ somewhat from the original description. They were about half an inch long; modorately stout; the foot lanceolate, rapidly tapered posteriorly to a point, but not pro- duced far beyond the branchiie, nor slender-pointed ; anteriorly the angles are somewhat produced, triangular, and pointed, their length equal to about half the breadth of the foot, Tlead rounded ; tentacles rather stout, obtuse; the oral longer than the dorsal ones; the latter are transversely wrinkled. The branchial papille are fasiform, moder ately stout, obtuse, arranged in about twelve Lransverse rows on each side, forming six Oluiiahs, the two rows forming each cluster separated by a narrow elliptical naked space, narrower than the spaces between the clusters; in each anterior row there are six or seven papilhe, the upper ones larger, the lowest short and blunt. Foot translucent, white, with a flake-white streak on the upper side posteriorly ; body pale yellowish, minutely specked with greenish and tlake-white 5 back of the dorsal tentacles there is, on cach side, an orange patch, and there are others along the back; papilhe dark brown internally, irregu- larly specked with fake-white externally, forming Coward the end an ill-defined white ring; the extreme tips ave whites tentacles similar in color to the body. [667] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS UF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 373 MontTacua GouLpi Verrill, sp. nov. Body elongated, rather slender; foot with the anterior angles only slightly prominent, and obtasely rounded; posteriorly it tapers grada- ally to an elongated slender point. Tentacles long, slender, not serrate. the dorsal ones a little longer than the oral; eyes smail, black : branchial papill fusiform, moderately stont, grouped in eight or more tranverse tows on each side, the rows being grouped two by two, so as to form transverse clusters. with two rows each, the rows of the clusters being separated by spaces narrower than those between the clusters. Color of body light yellow or tinged with pale orange: tentacles pale orange, with a flake-white stripe on the posterior surface; branchial papille dark brown or reddish brown internally, with a ring of opaque white close to the tips. Length about 20". Of Thimble Island, in £ to5 fathoms, with the preceding species. This ts nearly allied to 1. Mananensis Stimpson, but the angles of the foot are less produced and not acute, and the proportions of the tenta- cles are different. Dr. Gould seems to have confounded this species with MW. dirersa (Molis diversa Couth.), and one of his figures (Plate 19, fig. 250) apparently represents this species; but certainly does not represent M. diversa, which was originally described and figured as hav- ing the oral tentacles longer than the dorsals (See Gould's figs. 267, 268, copied from Couthouy.) CORYPHELLA GYMNOTA Verrill. Eolis ( Tergipes) gymnota Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 69, Plate 1, fig. 3, 1232; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 7: ed. ii, p. 249, Plate 16. figs. 232-241. Montagua gymnota H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 74. Cavolina gymnoia, this Report, p. 323. (See errata.) Wood's Hole to Boston, Massachusetts. TERGIPES DESPECTUs Adams. (p. 495.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 76.1255. Eolidia despecta Johnstén, Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 373. fig. 35°. Eolis despecta Alder and Hancock, Brit. Naud. Moll., Fam. 3, Plate 37. £olis . Tergiprs) despecta Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 248, Plate 16, figs. 222-295. Stonington, Connecticut, to Bay of Fundy and northward; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Watch Hill, + to 5 fathoms, on Laminaria, among hydroids, abundant; Casco Bay; Eastport Harbor. HERES CRUCIATA A. Agassiz, MSS. Plate 25., fig. 175. Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 253, Plate 17, tig. 255. Naushon Island (A. Agassiz). ELYSIA CHLOROTICA Gould. Plate XXV, fig. 172. (p. 450.) Tnvert., ed. ii, p. 255. Plate 17. figs. 251-255. 1270. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in pools on salt-marsh at low-water (A. E. V. and 8. I. Smith). Cambridge, Massachusetts : Agassiz). 374. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FINILERIES. [668] ELYSIELLA CATULUS Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 171. (p. 480.) American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 284, Plate 7, figs. 5, 5%, 1872. Placobranchus catulus Agassiz, MSS.; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 256, Plate 17, figs. 249, 250, 1870. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Massachusetts Bay. New Haven Harbor and Wood’s Hole, among eel-grass, common. PTEROPODA. GYMNOSOMATA., CLIONE PAPILLONACEA Pallas. (p. 444.) Spicil. Zodl., x, p. 87, Plate 1, figs. 18, 19, (?) 1774. Clio limacina Phipps, Voyage. to North Pole, p. 195, 1774 (t. Gould). Clio retusa Miiller, Prod. Zo6l. Dan., 2742, 1776 (non Linné); Fabricius, Fauna Griénlandica, p. 834, 1780 (description ox- cellent). Clio borealis Brugiere, Encyce. Meth., Vers., i, p. 502, 1792 (t. Gould), Clione borealis Gray, Brit. Mus. Pteropoda, p. 36, 1850; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 27, 1851; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 62, Plate 7, fig. 7- Clione limacina Stimpson, Smithsonian Check-Lists, p. 4, 1860; Binney in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 507, fig. 754 (poor). Clio Miquelonensis Rang, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. i, vol. v, p. 285, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1885, New York to the Arctic Ocean; on the northern coasts of Europe south to Great Britain. Off Stonington, Counecticut (A. E. V. and D- C. Eaton); Vineyard Sound (V. N. Edwards); Portland, Maine (C.. B. Fuller). The synonymy of this species has been greatly and unnecessarily con- fused. The Clio retusa of Linné was a southern Pteropod, having a tri- quetral shell. In a foot-note on page 1094 of the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturie, he states that he had not seen the genus Clio, but adopts it from Brown. Ife gives three species mentioned by Brown, all having shells. THECOSOMATA. STYLIOLA VITREA Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 178. (p. 443.) American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 234, Plate 6, fig. 7, 1S72. Shell smooth, polished, diaphanous, almost glassy, long conical, rather slender, slightly curved toward the acute apex; animal white ; locomo- tive organs obovate, with the end broadly rounded, and bearing slender tapering tentacle-like processes near the middle of the anterior edge; intermediate lobe short, rounded in front. Length of shell, 11.5"; diameter, 2". Taken among Salper, off Gay Ilead, Martha’s Vineyard, in the after- noon, September 9, 1871. Several other species of this and other related genera were taken by Messrs. 8. I. Smith and Oscar Harger, off Saint George’s Bank, in 1872, on the United States steamer Bache. These may occasionally occur also in the vicinity of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. [669] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETc. 375 CAVOLINA TRIDENTATA. Plate XXV, fig. 177. (p. 444.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 51, Plate 6, figs. 1, 1"; Verrill, op. cit., p. 224. Anomia tridentata Forskal, Fauna Arab., p. 124, 1775; Icon., Plate 40, fig. b, (t. Lamarck). Hyalea cornea Lamarck, Syst. des Anim., p. 140, 1801. Hyalea tridentata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 415. Mediterranean Sea and the warmer parts of the Atlantic. The shells were dredged off Martha’s Vineyard, at two localities, in 19 and 22 fathoms. DIACRIA TRISPINOSA Gray. (p. 444.) British Museum Pteropoda; H. and A. Adams, Genera, i, p. 52, Plate 6, fig. 29; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 504. Hyalea trispinosa Lesueur, in Blainville, Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. xxii, p. 82, 1-24; Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. ii, p. 380, Plate 5, fig. 3; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 27. Gulf Stream and warmer parts of the Atlantic generally. Occa- sionally cast ashore at Nantucket (Stimpson). SPIRIALIS GOULDII Stimpson. (p. £43.) Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. fiv, p. 8, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 27, Plate 1, fig. 4. Heterofusus balea and H. retroversus Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 505, Plate 27, figs. 345-349, (not of European writers). Spirialis Flemingit A. Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 14, 1865, (not of Forbes). Heterofusus Alexandri Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 221; 1872 (young). Near Naushon Island and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). Twenty miles off No Man’s Land, in stomach of herring, (S. I. Smith). Off Saint George’s Bank, in Gulf Stream, (S. I. Smith and O. Harger). The identity of this species with the Limacina balea Moller, of Green- land, is very questionable. The description of the latter is brief, and no mention is made of the spiral sculpture, which is an important char- acter of 8. Gouldii. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. DIMYARIA. TEREDO NAVALIS Linné. Plate NAVI, fig. 183. Plate XXVII, fig. 186. (pp. 384, 482.) Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1267,1767; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. xiv, p. 463, 1862; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 23, fig. 355; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol, iii, p. 171. Coast of United States, from Florida to Vineyard Sound; coasts of Europe, from Sweden (Christiania) and Great Britain to Sicily; Algeria and the Black Sea (Jeffreys); Senegal. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; New Haven Harbor, in piles of wharves; Wood’s Hole, in piles of wharf; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in cedar buoys. This is the most abundant species on our Atlantic coast, south ot Massachusetts Bay, where it also probably occurs. 376 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [670] TEREDO MEGOTARA Hanley. Plate XXVII, fig. 188. (p. 387.) Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 77, Plate 1, figs. 1, 2; Plate 18, figs. 1, 2; vol. iv, p. 247; Tryon, op. cit., p. 466, 1862; Jeffreys op. cit., p. 176; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 30, fig. 357. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in floating drift- wood, in tbe North Atlantic; north to Greenland, Iceland, and Spitz- bergen; coasts of Scandinavia and Great Britain. Fossil in the Post- Pliocene of Scandinavia. TEREDO THOMSON Tryon. Plate X XVII, fig. 187. (p. 387.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. xv, p. 28, Plate 2, figs. 3, 4, 5, 1863; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 31, fig. 358. New Bedford, Massachusetts, in cedar buoys (Tryon). Provincetown, Massachusetts, in whale-ship (Atwood). {TEREDO DILATATA Stimpson. Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 113,1851; Shellsof New England, p. 26; Tryon, op. cit., p. 464, 1862; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 32, fig. 359. Massachusetts to South Carolina (Tryon). Cape Ann, in buoys, (Stimpson). Provincetown, Massachusetts (Gould). Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). I have not met with this species south of Cape Cod. XYLOTRYA FIMBRIATA Jeffreys. Plate X XVII, fig. 189. (p. 387.) Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. vi, p. 126, 1860 ; Tryon, op. cit., p. 478, 1862; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 34, fig. 361. Zeredo palmulata Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i. p. 86, Plate 2, figs. 9-11, (non Lamarck). Xyl- otrya palmulata Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1460 ; Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 141, 1869. Long Island Sound to Florida ; Pacific coast, at the Straits of Fuca ; Europe. In an old submerged wreck near New Haven. From the hull of the “ Peterhoff,” used in the blockade of the southern coast during the late war. Frequent in vessels from foreign ports. PHOLAS TRUNCATA Say. Plate XXVII. fig. 200. (p. 372.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. i, vol. ii, p. 321, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 107 ; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 6, Plate 9, fiz. 26; Tryon, op. cit., p. 202; Gouid, Invert., ed. ii, p. 38, fig. 364. Vineyard Sound to Florida. Payta, Peru (Tryon). Common on the shores of Long Island Sound, near New Haven. The large specimens from Sable Island (Gould), mentioned by Tryon, were not this species, but Z. crispata. PHOLAS CosTATA Linné. (p. 433.) Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1111, 1762 ; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila- delphia, xiv, p. 201, 1862 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 37, fig. 363. Caribbean Sea to Buzzard’s Bay. Southern Europe (Linné). New Bedford Harbor, living, (Gould); Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, dead {671] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 377 shells dredged, (A. E. V.); Long Island Sound. Atlantic City, New Jersey (Tyron). Specimens from the east and west coasts of Florida; and from near Vera Cruz, Mexico (coll., Mr. Salt), are also in the museum of Yale College. ZIRPHAA CRISPATA Morch, 1853. (p. 433.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 327, Plate 89, figs. 5, 5a, 1853; Tryon, op. cit., p. 211, 1862. Pholas crispata Liané, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1111, 1767 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 27. Zirfea crispata Gray, Figures of Moll. Anim., Plate 388, fig. 5, and 339, fig. 5, 1857; Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. vill, p, 385, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 29, fig. 365. Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; Iceland; north- ern coasts of Europe, south to France, and the southern coasts of Great Britain ; west coast of North America, south to California. Charles- ton, South Carolina (Stimpson, t. Gould). New Jersey (t. Gould). Wood’s Hole, dead shells dredged, (A. E. V.). Common in Casco Bay, in 10 to 20 fathoms, perforating hard clay and sunken but sound wood ; also in the Bay of Fundy, in8 to 70 fathoms, in hard clay. Mr. C. B. Fuller has obtained fine large specimens in submerged tree-stumps at extreme low-water mark on Jewell’s Island, Casco Bay. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, Scandinavia ; and in the Coralline and Red Crags of Great Britain. Its occurrence at Charleston, South Carolina, needs confirmation. Martesia cunetformis Gray, 1851; Tryon, op. cit., p. 219. Pholas cunei- formis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 322, 1822. This species was found by Mr. Perkins in oyster-shells, near New Haven, but it was probably brought from farther south (Maryland or Virginia) in the oysters. It inhabits the coasts of Florida and the West Indies. Diplothyra Smithti Tryon, op. cit., p. 450, 1862. This species was described from specimens found in oyster-shells at Staten Island, where they were supposed to have lived. If really indig- enous there, it may be expected to occur in Long Island Sound. SAXICAVA ARCTICA Deshays. Plate XXVII, fig. 192. (p. 309.) Elem. Conch., Plate xii, figs. 8, 9 (t. Gould) ; Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i, p. 141, Plate 6, figs. 4-6; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 89, fig. 397. Mya arctica Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1113, 1767. Mytilus rugosus Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1156. Saxicava rugosa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 152; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 87; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iii, p. 81. Mytilus pholadis Linné, Mant. Plant., p. 548. Saxicava pholadis Lamarck, op. cit., vol. vi, p. 152. (?) Saxicava distorta Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 318, 1822; Gould, ed. i, p. 62. Georgia and South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean; northern coasts of Europe to the Mediterranean; Pacific Coast of America, south to Santa Barbara, California. Various other parts of the world are given as locali- ties by different authors. On our coast this shell is very common from Massachusetts Bay to Labrador, occurring from low-water mark to 50 378 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISIL AND FISHERIES. L672] fathoms or more. In Casco Bay it is extremely abundant in rocky, cay- ernous pools, among the ledges at low-water mark, and mostly attached by a byssus, associated with Modiola modiolus. 1 also found specimens in 10 to 15 fathoms, perforating recent and sound shells of Oyprina Islandica. In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, near Anticosti Island, where limestone abounds, I have found it burrowing in the limestone in Jarge numbers. South of Cape Cod it is far less abundant, though not un- common in Long Island Sound. Var. distorta (Say) is common from Fort Macon to Georgia, and is possibly a distinet species. Joxssil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, New Brunswick, Canada, Anticosti, Labrador, Scandinavia, and Great Britain; in the Coralline and Red Crags of Ing. land, etc. Var. distorta is found in the Miocene of Maryland. MYA ARENARIA Linné, Plate XXVI, fig. 179. (pp. 357, 4163.) Systema Natumer, ed. xii, p. 1112, 1767; Gould, Invert., ed. i, pp. 40, 3505 ed. fi, p. 55, fig. 375. Mya mercenaria and M, acuta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila delphia, vol. ti, p. 313, 1822. South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean; northern coasts of Murope, south to England and France; northeastern coast of Asia, south to China and Japan (Hakodadi). Sitka (Middendorff). South Carolina (Gibbs). lort Macon, North Carolina (Dr. Yarrow). Comparatively scarce south of Cape Hatteras. Very abundant from New Jersey northward, both in brackish estuaries and on the open coasts. Particularly large and fine in Long Island Sound (sce p. 463). Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from half-tide mark to 40 fathoms, those dredged Deing all young. Jossil in the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia, Greenland, Labrador, Canada, New England, Virginia, South Carolina, cte.; in the Red-Crag and all later formations in Great Britain ; and in the Miocene of Virginia. CORBULA CONTRACTA Say. Plate XXVIF, fig, 191. (p. 418.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 312, 1422; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 43, lig. 875 cd. ii, p. 60, fig. 377. Cape Cod to Florida. Common, living, in Vineyard Sound and Buz- zard’s Bay, in 5 to 19 fathoms; Long Island Sound, near New Jfaven, not uncommon in shallow water. Georgia (Couper). Tossil in the Post-Vliocene of Virginia, North’and South Carolina ; and in the Plio- cene of South Carolina. ; vol. iv, pp. 10, 160; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 42, figs. 65, 66. Aurelia aurita Stimpson, Invert.,.of Grand Manan, p. 11, 1853. Buzzard’s Bay to Greenland. Common in the upper part of Buzzard’s Bay, in spring; off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, in August ; abundant in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Frenchman’s Bay; Bay of Fundy; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. CYANEA ARCTICA Péron and Lesueur. (p. 449.) Ann. Mus., vol. xiv, p.51, 1809; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii, Plates 3, 4, 5, 54, 10, 10°; vol. iv, pp. 87, 162; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 44, fig. 67. Cyanea Pos- -telsii Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 347; Stimpson, op. cit., p. 11 (non Brandt). Long Island Sound to Greenland. Common near New Haven; in Buzzard’s Bay ; Vineyard Sound; very abundant in Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Fire Island, Long Island (S. I. Smith). Cyanea fulva Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 119, 162, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 46 (no de- scription). : Long Island Sound (L. Agassiz). Vineyard Sound (A. Agassiz). I have been unable to distinguish more than one species among the Cyanee of our waters, although they vary considerably in color, just as 430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [724] they do farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy. This is probably only a color-variety of C. arctica. DACTYLOMETRA QUINQUECIRRA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 272, (p. 449.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 125, 166, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 48, fig. 69.. Pelagia quinquecirrha Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 76, 1848. Bermudas to Cape Cod. Long Island Sound, near New Haven; com- mon in Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. ‘Pelagia cyanella Péron and Lesueur. ‘Aun. du Mus: Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 37, 1809; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii, Plates 12, 13, 138; vol. iv, pp. 128, 164; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 47, fig. 68. ‘Off Saint George’s Bank (S.I. Smith). This species inhabits the Gulf of Mexico ; Caribbean Sea; and coasts of Florida and North Carolina, It is carried northward by the Gulf Stream to the vicinity of Saint George’s Bank, and is, therefore, like the two following, likely to occur occasionally at Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 14, 1860; vol. iv, pp. 138, 151, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 40. Coast of Georgia (Agassiz). Off Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). ? Charybdea periphylla Péron and Lesueur. Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 332, 1809; Edwards in Cuvier, Régne Anim., Pl. 55, fig. 2 (from Lesueur); Lesson, op. cit., p. 265, 1843; Agassiz, Contribu- tions, vol. iv, p. 173. This species was originally described and figured from mutilated specimens taken under the equator in the Atlantic Ocean, and seems not to have been seen by later writers. Mr. 8S. I. Smith has apparently rediscovered this interesting species off Saint George’s Bank. The specimen obtained by him, while on the United States Coast- Survey steamer Bache, in 1872, is not quite perfect, but agrees pretty nearly with the descriptions and figure cited. The body in the alcoholic specimen is elevated, bell-shaped, rounded above, with a marked constriction toward the border; transparent, the inner cavity showing through as a large, conical, dark reddish brown spot, with the apex slightly truncated. Border deeply divided into six- teen long, flat lobes, which are of nearly uniform breadth throughout, and slightly rounded, or sub-truncate, at the end; the edges and end thin and more or less frilled; the inner side with two sub-marginal carine. Eyes inconspicuous, but small bright red specks are scattered over the marginal lobes. The intervals between the lobes are narrow and generally smoothly rounded, without distinct evidence of the exist- ence of tentacles, except that, in one of these intervals, there is a small and short papilliform process, with brown pigment at the base. The [725] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 431 ovaries are mostly wanting, but portions are to be seen as slightly con- voluted organs in the marginal region, opposite the intervals between the lobes. TRACHYNEMA DIGITALE A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) Catalogue, p. 57, figs. 81-86, 1865. Medusa digitale Fabricius, Fauna Greenl,, p. 366, 1780. Vineyard Sound to Greenland. Wood’s Hole, July 1, young speci- mens. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz). HYDROIDEA. Sertularina. ‘TIAROPSIS DIADEMATA Agassiz. (p. 454.) Memoirs Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, Plate 6, 1849; Contributions, vol. iii, p. 354, Plate 31, figs. 9-15; vol. iv, pp. 308, 311, figs. 45-48; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 69, figs. 91-93. Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz). Greenland (Mérch). Wood’s Hole, April, 1873. OCEANIA LANGUIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 70, figs. 94-102, 1865. Buzzard’s Bay to Bay of Fundy. Common in Vineyard Sound; not uncommon in Eastport Harbor. EUCHEILOTA VENTRICULARIS McCready. (p. 454.) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor, in Proc. of Elliott Society of Nat History, vol. i, p. 187, Plates 11, figs. 1-3, 12, figs. 1, 2, 1857; Agassiz, Contr butions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 74, figs. 104, 105, 1865. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. EUCHEILOTA DUODECIMALIS A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 75, figs. 106-1072. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon Island (A. Agassiz). CLYTIA JOHNSTONI Hincks. (p. 408.) Hist. British Hydroid Zodphytes, p. 143, Plate 24, fig. 1, 1868. Campanularia Johnstonit Alder, Northum. and Dur. Catal., in Trans. Tynes. F. C., vol. v, p-. 126, Plate 4, fig. 8 (t. Hincks). Sertularia uniflora (pars) Pallas, Elench. Zoéph., p. 121, 1766. Campanularia volubilis Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, pp. 107, 108, fig. 18 (not of Linné and Pallas). Clytia volubilis Lamouroux, Expos. Meth., p. 15, Plate 4, figs. E, f, F, 1821. Clytia bicophora Agassiz, Con- tributions, vol. iv, pp. 304, 354, Plate 27, figs. 8,9; Plate 29, figs. 6-9, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 78, figs. 108-111. Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and France. Common near New Haven and at Thim- ble Islands, in tide-pools and 2 to 6 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode 432 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [726] Island, 3 to 5 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 14 fathoms, common; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; abundant in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 40 fathoms. Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). This species is undoubtedly the one described by Pallas, and accord- ing to the strict rules of priority it should be called Clytia uniflora. CLYTIA INTERMEDIA Agassiz. (p. 408.) Contribations, vol. iv, p. 305, Plate 29, figs. 10, 11, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 77 (no description). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms, on Phyllophora. Massachusetts Bay (Agassiz). PLATYPYXIS CYLINDRICA Agassiz. (p. 408.) Clytia (Platypyzis) cylindrica Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 306, 354, figs. 42-44 (not 41, nor Plate 27, figs. #, 9), 1362. Platypyxis cylindrica A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 80, figs. 112-114. Campanularia rolubilis Leidy, Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 13+, 1355 (not Linné, sp.). Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Near New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, on Halecium ; Thimble Islands; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound; off Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms. ORTHOPYXIS CALICULATA Verrill. (p. 408.) Campanularia caliculata Hincks, in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. xi, p. 174, Plate 5, B, 1953; Brit. Hydroid Zodph., p. 164, Plate 31, figs. 2-24 Clytia ( Orthopysis) poterium Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 297, 302, fig. 40 Plate 24, Plate 29, figs, 1-5, 1862. Orthopyzxis poterium A. Agassiz, Catalogne, p- 1, 1465. Vineyard Sound to Labrador; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms; com- mon in Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay; and Bay of Fundy, low water to 30 fathoms. Mingan Islands, Labrador, 6 fathoms, (A. E. V). Henley Harbor, Labrador, 20 to 30 fathoms (A. 8. Packard, as Clytia volubilis). CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS Alder. (p. 403., Catal. Zodph. Northamb. and Durham, in Trans. Tynes. F. ©., vol. iii, p. 125, Plate 4, fig. 7, 1457 (not of Johnston); Hincks, Brit. Hyd. Zodph., p. 160, Plate 2A, fig. 2. Sertularia volubilis Linné (pars), Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 19; ed. xii, p. 1311; Pallas, Elench. Zodph., p. 122, 1766. Clytia rolubilis A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 77 (not of Lamouroux). Vineyard Sound to Greenland and Iceland; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain ; low-water to 100 fathoms. Common in the Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms. CAMPANULARIA FLEXUOSA Hincks. (p. 327.) Brit. Hyd. Zoiph., p. 165. Plate 33. Laomedea flexuosa Hincks, Devon. and Corn- wall Catalogue, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. viii, p. 260, 186L [727] INVERTEBRATE AN 8 OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 433 Laomedea amphora Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 311, 314, fig. 50, p. 352, Plate 30, Plate 31, figs. 1-3. 1552: A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 93. Long Island Sound to Galf of Saint Lawrence; northern coasts of Earope, Isle of Man. New Haven, on piles of Long Wharf; Thimble Islands, near New Haven; Vineyard Sound, off Gay Head; abundant on the timbers of the wharves at Eastport, Maine. OBELLA DIAPHANA Verrill. (p. 327.) Thaumantias diaphana Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 300, figs. 1. 2. 1349 (? non Morch). Eucope diaphana (pars) Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iv, Plate 38, fig. 2. 1532: A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 23. figs. 115-125. Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Abundantin New Haven Harbor and Vineyard Sound, on Zostera, Fucus, ete. OBELLA GENICTLATA Allman. (p. £07.) Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii. May, 1364 (t. Hincks): Hincks, Brit. Hyd. Zoophytes, p. 149, Plate 25, fig. 1, 1262. Sertularia geniculata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 23: ed. xii, sp. 21, p. 1312; Pallas, Eleneh. Zooph., p. 117. 1766. Laomedea geniexlata Lamouroux, Pol. Flex.. p. 202: Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 103, Plate 25, figs.1,2. Eucope diaphana (pars) Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv. p. 322, Plate 34. figs. 1-9, 1552. Eucope alternata A. Agassiz, Catalogue - p. 36, 1365. . Long Island Sound to Labrador. Northern Europe, from North Cape to Great Britain. Common near New Haven; at Thimble Islands: Watch Hill, Rhode Island: Vineyard Sound, £ to 15 fathoms; Massa- ehusetts Bay: Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, and northward, low-water to 40 fathoms, on Jgiminaria, Rhodymenia, ete. e OBELIA POLYGENA Verrill. Eucope polygena A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 35, fig. 126, 1365. Off Gay Head, 4 to 5 fathoms, not common. Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). OBELIA DIVARICATA Verrill. Laomedea divaricata McCready, op. cit., p.195, 1859. Eucope ? divaricata A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 91, 1865. Charleston, South Carolina (MeCready, Agassiz). A few specimens were found on floating alge in Vineyard Sound, which appear to belong to this species. It is closely allied to O. fusiformis (A. Agassiz, sp.). OBELIA PYRIFORMIS Verrill. (p. 390.) Catalogue, p. 22, figs. 127-129, 1365. Laomedea gelatinosa Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 137, 1255 (not Pallas, sp.). Long Island Sound to Bay of Fandy. Very abundant on piles of wharves, ete., at Wood’s Hole. This species is closely allied to the following: in the latter the young meduse have sixteen tentacles when set free, and the reproductive capsules differ slightly in form. 434 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER ,OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [728] OBELIA DICHOTOMA Hincks. (p. 407.) Brit. Hydroid Zodphytes, p. 156, Plate 28,fig.1, 1963. Sertularia dichotoma Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 24; ed. xii, sp. 22, p. 1312. Laomedeza dichotoma, var. a, Johuston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 102, Plate 26, figs. 1, 2. Vineyard Sound, northward; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, «. ?scidians; Eastport, Maine. OBELIA LONGISSIMA Hincks. Brit. Hydroid Zodph., p. 154, Plate 27, 1868. Sertus ¢>ic fongissima Pallas, Eleneh. Zoéph., p. 119, 1766 (excl. synonymy). Laomedea longissima Alder, Trans. Tynes. F.C., vol. iii, p. 121 (t. Hincks). Zaomedea dichotoma, var. b, Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p.102. Campanularia gelatinosa Vau Beneden, Mém. sur le, Campan., p. 33, Plates 1, 2 (t. Hincks). Gay Head; Cape Ann, Massachusetts; Bay of Fundy. Coasts of Belgium and Great Britain. OBELIA FLABELLATA Hincks. (p. 390.) Brit. Hydroid Zoéph., p. 157, Plate 29, 1868. Campanutaria Aabdellata Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. xviii, p. 297. Off Thimble Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Astrangia ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, on Laminaria ; Wood’s Hole, on old wreck, in the passage. Coasts of Great Britain. The hydrarium of this species very closely resembles the Obelia com- missuralis of Agassiz, and may prove to be identical with it. But the original O. commissuralis of McCready, from Charleston, South Carolina, is, perhaps, distinct from that described by Agassiz. OBELIA COMMISSURALIS McCready. Plate XX XVII, fig. 281. (p. 327.) Proce. Elliott Soc., vol. i, p. 197, Plate 11, figs. 5-7, 1859 ; (7) Agassiz, Contribu- tions, vol. iv, pp. 315, 351, Plate 33 (except fig. 2), Plate 34, figs. 10-21, 1862 ; (?) A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 91, fig. 134. Laomedea dichotoma Leidy, op. cit., p. 138, Plate 11, fig. 36 (not Linné, sp.). ? Laomedea gelatinosa Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853 (not Pallas, sp.). Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). New Jersey (Leidy). New- port, Rhode Island, and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). New Haven Harbor, on piles; Vineyard Sound, on floating alge. Grand Manan (Mills, t. A. Agassiz). The northern specimexs possibly belong to the preceding species. OBELIA GELATINOSA Hincks. (p. 391.) British Hydroid Zodphytes, p. 151, Plate 26, fig. 1, 1868. Sertularia gelatinosa Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 116, 1766. Laomedea gelatinosa Lamouroux, Polyp Flex., p. 92; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 104, Plate 27, fig. 1 (var. b). Campanularia gelatinosa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 134 (t. Hincks). Laomedea gigantea A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 86, 1865. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay; northern coasts of Europe, from North Cape to Belgium and Great Britain; low-water to 20 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters; New Haven, on piles of Long Wharf, abundant. Mouth of Charles River, near Boston (H. J. Clark, t. A. Agassiz). [729] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 335 RHEGMATODES TENUIS A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 361, 1862; Catalogue, p. 95, figs. 136-138. Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. ZYGODACTYLA GRENLANDICA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 275. (p. 449.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 360, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 103, figs. 153-156. Aiquorea Grenlandica Péron and Lesueur, Aun. du Mus., vol. xiv, p. 27, 1809 (t. A. Agassiz). Buzzard’s Bay to Greenland. Common in Vineyard Sound, in June and July. ALQUOREA ALBIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 359, 1862; Catalogue, p. 110, figs. 160-162. Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). TIMA FORMOSA Agassiz. (p. 449.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 362, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 113, figs. 164-172. Vineyard Sound,. February and April. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz). EUTIMA LIMPIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 363, 1862; Catalogue, p. 116, figs. 173-178. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). LAFOBA CALCARATA A. Agassiz. (p. 408.) Catalogue, p. 122, figs. 184-194. Lafewa cornuta Agassiz, Contr., vol. iv, p. 351 (not of Lamouroux). Laodicea calearata A. Agassiz, in Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 350, 1862. Campanularia dumosa Leidy, op. cit., p. 1388, 1855 (not of Fleming). South Carolina to Vineyard Sound; Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. The hydrarium was abundant on floating Zostera and alge in Vineyard Sound, creeping over Sertularia cornicina; also at low-water, and in 6 to 8 fathoms on Phyllophora ; Thimble Islands, in tide-pool, on Vesicularia. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready, described as a constituent part of his Dynamena cornicina). HALECIUM GRACILE Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 328.) Stems slender, flexible, clustered, compound, consisting of many very slender, united tubes, light brown or yellowish, pinnately much branched ; branches alternate, ascending, long, slender, tapering, similar to the main stem, and usually similarly subdivided; the branches and branchlets mostly arise from opposite sides of the stem, so that they stand nearly in one plane; ends of branches and the branchlets simple, very slender, translucent, whitish, divided into rather long segments; the articula- tions not very conspicuous, somewhat oblique; each segment usually with a prominent cylindrical process, arising from near the upper end, which, on the older branches, bears the hydroid cell, but on the young branchlets are themselves hydroid cells, furnished with a thin, slightly 436 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [730] expanded border, having a circle of dots near the edge; the older or secondary cells, arising from these, are rather elongated, narrow, cylin- rical, with slightly expanded rim, more or less bent and crooked or geniculate at base, and usually with one or two irregular constrictions, Many of the older cells are much elongated, and have two or three old rims below, separated by distances equal to two or three times the diameter. The hydroids are long, slender, with numerous long tentacles, much exsert from the cells. The branchlets and gonothece (reproduct- ive capsules) arise in the axils of the hydroid cells, and, like the latter, the gonothece are often secund on the branchlets. The male and female capsules are different in form. The male gonothece are oblong, sub- fusiform, about three times as long as broad, obtusely rounded at the end, more gradually tapered to the base; the female gonothecx are broader, somewhat flattened, usually a little shorter, gradually expand- ing from the narrow base to near the distal end, which is emarginate ; the outer angle broadly rounded and slightly produced ; the inner angle prolonged into a short cylindrical hydroid cell, with the edge slightly everted, from which two hydroids usually protrude. Height, 75™™ to 150™™ ; diameter of stems, seldom more than1™; length of female ponthacs, about 1™; breadth, 0.40™™ to 0.45" ; length of male gono- thece, 1™™ to 1.10™™; breadth, 0.30"" to 0.40"; diameter of hydro- thece, about 0.12™™. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters, just below low-water mark; Long Island Sound, near New Haven, in 2 to 6 fathoms, abundant, and also in brackish water on floating timber; Thimble Islands, 2 to 6 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. This species is more nearly allied to H. halecinum of Europe and Northern New England than to any other described species. It is a | much more slender and delicate species, with longer joints, and narrower and more elongated hydrothecse and polyps. The female gonothece, although similar, differ in having the distal ends decidedly emarginate, with the outer anvils somewhat produced, mueuee much less so than in those of H. Beanii. ANTENNULARIA ANTENNINA Fleming. (p. 497.) Brit. Anim., p. 546; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 86, Plate 19, figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., p. 280, Plate 61. Sertularia antennina Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1310. Antennularia indivisa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. ii, p. 156. Martha’s Vineyard to Bay of Fundy; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and France. Off Gay Head, 8 fathoms ; Casco Bay, 6 to 30 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 60 fathoms, not uncommon. AGLAOPHENIA ARBOREA Verrill. Plumularia arborea Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 65, 1848; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 140. The original specimen of this species is still preserved in the collection [731] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 437 of the Boston Society. It consists of a large number of long, mostly simple, but occasionally forked stems, forming a dense plume-like cluster, united at base by an intricate mass of creeping stolons, which cover what looks like the dead axis of a Gorgonia, but is most probably a dried-up black alga, and is certainly not, as Desor supposed, a part of the hydroid. The stems are mostly 4 to 6 inches long, more or less re- curved, composed of short joints, and deusely covered with the secund pinne, which increase in length from the base toward the tips; the pinne arise from every joint, and form two close alternating rows along the inner side of the stems ; they are directed upward, and more or less curved inward, toward each other, near the tips, and mostly 5™™ to 8™™ in length, composed of short, stout, oblique joints, not twice as long as broad. Hydra-cells deep, slightly flaring, rising at an angle of about 45°, attached only at base, the upper side less. than half as high as the lower, border strongly dentate: one slender median denticle on the up- per edge; four lateral ones on each side, of which three are subequal, triangular, rather wide, obtuse, with rounded intervals; the lower or outer lateral one is twice as long, rather acute; the single odd median oue, on the outer margin, is equally long and more slender, and usually bent upward. A single large tubular median nematophore is attached to the outer side of the cell, along most of its length, but separated at the end, which is obliquely truncate, with the aperture on the inner side, its tip nor extending beyond the long lateral denticles of the hydra- cell. Lateral nematophores small, sessile, not so long as the upper or inner side of the cells. The large, closed, oblong corbule are irregu- larly scattered among the other pinnz; they occupy the terminal part of the modified pinnz, but there are usually three or four unaltered hydra- cells on the basal portion, below the corbula; the pinnz bearing cor- bulz are somewhat shorter than the others. Shoals of Nantucket, ten miles east of Sancati Head, 14 fathoms, (Desor). PLUMULARIA TENELLA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 407.) Stems clustered, simple, slender, 1 to 2 inches high, horn-colored ; branches alternate, very slender, not very long, mostly unbranched, placed toward one face of the stem, inclining forward, and ascending at an angle of about 45°, and originating from the alternate joints of the stem, the internodes being longer than the joints that bear branches ; at one side of the base of each branch there is a hydrotheca and accon- panying nematophores; the internodes of the stem also bear one or tvo nematophores. The basal segment of each branch is short ; the rest are of three kinds ; every third one is usually stouter, and bears a hydro- theca; just in front of each hydrotheca there is usually a very short segment, scarcely longer than broad, and sometimes indistinct, destitute of nematophores; then follows a much longer, slender segment, five or six times as long as broad, articulated by a very oblique joint at its dis- 438 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [732] tal end with the thicker and shorter polypiferous segment, and bearing one or two nematophores on the median line, which may be either near the middle or toward the proximal end. Hydrotheca broad, sub- cylindrical, a little longer than broad, with a slightly flaring, even rim; the axis forms an angle of about 45° with the branches; the free part of the distal side is about half the length of the sreucineeal side. Ne- matophores relatively large, usually three with each hydrotheca: one on each side, shorter than the hydrotheca, trampet-shaped, with a round, cup-like opening, narrowed below, nearly sessile; another, similar in form, placed toward the proximal end of the segment, inclined forward, and neatly’ reaching the base of the hydrotheca. Gonofheca not ob. served. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among ascidians; Vineyard Sound, 8 fathoms. This species is related to P. Catharine Johnston and P cornucopia Hincks, from the English coast. The former differs in having opposite branches, smaller and more elongated nematophores, etc. ; the latter agrees in having alternate branches, but the nematophores are smaller, longer, and more slender, and the joints of the branches are different. This is the first genuine species of Plumularia that has been discov- ered on the New England coast. SERTULARIA ARGENTEA Ellis and Solander. Plate XX XVII, fig. 280. (p. 408.) Zobphytes, p. 38; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 79, Plate 14, fig. 3, Plate 15, figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., p. 268, Plate 56; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 144. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; northern shores of Europe to Great Britain and France; low-water to 110 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in April; common and of large size in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Thimble Islands, and at Iaulkner’s Island, 1 to 8 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms, very common; abundant in Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy; Nova Scotia coast; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, low-water to 110 fathoms. Saint George’s Bank (8. I. Smith). SERTULARIA CUPRESSINA Linné. (p. 408.) Syst. Naturw:, ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1308; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 142, 1766; Johnston, op. cit., p. #0, Plate 16, figs. 1,2; Hincks, op. cit., p. 270, Plate 57 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 143. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, with reproductive capsules, in April; Vineyard Sound, not common; Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, in tide-pools and from 1 to 110 fathoms, common. Saint George’s Bank (8. I. Smith). Absecom Beach, New Jersey (Leidy). SERTULARIA PUMILA Linné. Plate XX XVII, fig. 279. (p- 327.) Syst. Nature, ed. x, 1748; ed. xii, p. 1306; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 130; Johnston, op. cit. p. 66, Plate 11, figs. 3,4; Hincks, brit. Hydr. Zoéph., p. 260, Plate 33, [733] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 439 fig. 1. Dynamena pumila Lamouroux, Bulletin Soc. Phil., vol. iii, p. 184, 1812 ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 326, 355, Plate 32, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 141, figs. 225, 226. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; Finmark to Great Britain and France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on Fucus; abundant on the shores of Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and northward, between tides. SERTULARIA CORNICINA Verrill. (p. 408.) Dynamena cornicina (pars) McCready, op. cit., p. 204, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogne, p. 142, 1865. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Not uncommon in Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms, often on Halecium gracile ; also on float- ing Zostera, etc., and covered with Lafoéa calcarata. This species somewhat resembles the preceding, but the hydra-cells are more distant, longer, more prominent, and freer, while the end is distinctly bent outward, making the lower side concave in the middle ; aperture strongly bilabiate, often appearing tridentate. HYDRALLMANIA FALCATA Hincks. (p. 408.) Brit. Hyd. Zodph., p. 273, Plate 58, 1868. Sertularia falcata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1309; Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 160; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., p. 90, Plate 21, figs. 1, 2. Sertularia tenerissina Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853. Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean; northern shores of Europe to the British Channel. Common near New Haven, and off Thimble Islands, 4 to 8 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound, and off Gay Head, 6 to 20 fathoms; Massachusetts Bay, abundant; ‘very abundant in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 110 fath- oms; Mingan Islands, Labrador. Saint George’s Bank, very abundant, 20 to 150 fathoms, (S. I. Smith, A. S. Packard). Tubularina. NEMOPSIS BACHE! Agassiz. (p. 454.) Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, figure, 1849 ; Contributions, vol. iv, p. 345; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 149, figs. 227-231. Nemopsis Gibbesi McCready, op. cit., p. 58, Plate 10, figs. 1-7, 1859. Charleston, South Carolina, to Nantucket. BOUGAINVILLIA SUPERCILIARIS Aggasiz. Plate XXXVII, fig. 276, (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 289, 291, figs. 37-39, Plate 27, figs. 1-7, 1862; A. Agas- siz, Catalogue, p. 153, figs. 232-240. Hippocrene superciliaris Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 250, Plates 1-3, 1849. Newport, Rhode Island, to Bay of Fundy ; ? Greenland. MARGELIS CAROLINENSIS Agassiz. (p. 450.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 156, figs. 241-248. ' Hippocrene Carolinensis McCready, op. cit., p. 164 (separate copies, p. 62), Plate 10, figs. 8-10. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Wood’s Hole, at surface, evening. 440 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [734] EUDENDRIUM DISPAR Agassiz. (p. 408.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 285, 239, 342, fig. 36, Plate 27, figs. 10-21, 1862; A Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 159, fig. 249. Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy ; 1 to 20 fathoms. EUDENDRIUM TENTE A. Agassiz. Catalogue, p. 160, fig. 250, 1865. Buzzard’s Bay to Bay of Fundy, low-water to 15 fathoms. This is closely allied to the English E. capillare Alder, but the latter seems to be a smaller and more delicate species. EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM Ehrenberg. (p. 408.) Corall. roth. Meer, p. 72, 1234; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 46, Plate 6, figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., p. 82, Plate 13; ? A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 160. Tubularia ramosa Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1302. Martha’s Vineyard to Labrador; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Gay Head, 8 to 20 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 60 fathoms; Bay of Fundy. 6 to 100 fathoms. Off Saint-George’s Bank, 430 fathoms, (S. 1. Smith). DYSMORPHOSA FULGURANS A. Agassiz. (p. 448.) Catalogue, p. 163, figs. 259, 260, 1°65, Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon, and Massachusetts Bay (.A. Agassiz). TURRITOPSIS NUTRICULA McCready. (p. 454.) Op. cit., pp. 55, £6, 127, Plates 4, 5. 8, fig. 1, 1857-9; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347: A. Agassiz, Catalogue. p. 167, figs. 269, 270. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. STOMOTOCA APICATA Agassiz. (p. 455.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogne, p. 168. Saphenia apicata McCready, op. cit., p. 129, Plate &, figs. 2, 3, 1859. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready); Newport, Rhode Island (A. Agassiz). CLAVA LEPTOSTYLA Agassiz. (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 218, 222, fig. 32, Plate 20, figs. 11-16, Plate 21, figs. 1-108, 1262: A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 170, fig. 274: Hincks, op. cit., p. 6, Plate 2, fig. 1, 1368. Clara multicornis Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, p. 11, 1853 ; Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 135, Plate 11, figs. 33, 34, 1255 (not of Johnston). Long Island Sound to Labrador; coasts of Great Britain. Near New Haven Light; Thimble Islands, in tide-pools; Beverly, Massachusetts ; Casco Bay, on rocks and Fucus, abundant ; Eastport, Maine, on piles. Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy). Nahant, Massachusetts (Agassiz). Morecombe Bay (Hincks). CORDYLOPHORA, species undetermined. Syncoryna, sp., Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 339 (no description). Newport Harbor, Rhode Island (Leidy, t. Agassiz). In 1860 I ob- tained a species of this genus from the vicinity of Cambridge, Massa- [735] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETc. 441 chusetts, in water that was fresh, or nearly so. It grew to the height of two inches or more, with long slender branches. WILLIA ORNATA McCready. (p. 455.) Op. cit., p. 149 (separate copies, p. 47), Plate 9, figs. 9-11, 1859 (Willsia) ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 346, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 171, figs. 274, 275. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). CORYNE MIRABILIS Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 11°, figs. 14, 15, Plates 17-19; vol. iv, pp. 185-217, figs. 9-31, Plate 20, figs. 1-9, Plate 23%, fig. 12; A. oaetn Catalogue, p. 175, figs. 283-287. Sarsia mirabilis Agassiz, Mem. Arne Acad., vol. iv, p. 224, Plates 4,5, 1849. ? Tubularia stellifera Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 56, 1839. Coryne gravata Wright, Edinb. New Phil. Jour., Apr., 1858, Plate 7, fig. 5(t. Hincks). Syncoryne gravata Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., p. 53, Plate 10, fig. 1. The species described by Couthouy may, possibly, have been this ; but his species was described as unbranched, and as if it had two dis- tinct circles of tentacles. Martha’s Vineyard to Greenland. Common in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; aud Bay of Fundy. Scotland (Hincks). DIPURENA CONICA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 341, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 181, figs. 301-305. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). < GEMMARIA GEMMOSA McCready. (p. 455.) Op. cit., p. 151, Plate 8, figs. 4,5, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 134, fig. 306. Zanclea gemmosa McCready, op. cit., p-151, 1849; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 344, Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). PENNARIA TIARELLA McCready. Plate XX XVII, figs. 277, 278, (p. 327.) Op. cit., p. 153, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 187, figs. 311-315. Globiceps tia- rella Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 193, 1852. Eucoryne elegans Leidy, op. cit., p. 136, Plate 10, figs. 1-5, 1855. Globiceps tiarella Agassiz, Con- tributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862. Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay. Great Egg Har- bor, New Jersey ; near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound, common, low-water to 10 fathoms, and on floating alge. ECTOPLEURA OCHRACEA Agassiz. (p. 455.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 343, 1862; Catalogue, p. 191, figs. 320-323. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). 442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [736] CoRYMORPHA PENDULA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 273. (p. 510.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp- 276, 343, Plate 26, figs. 7-17, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 192, fig. 324. Corymorpha nutans Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 9, 1853. Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 8 to 30 fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms. Off Cape Cod (A. S. Bickmore). HYBOCODON PROLIFER Agassiz. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 282. (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 243, 343, Plate 238, figs. 10, 11, Plate 25, figs. 1-15, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 193, figs. 325-328. Vineyard Sound to Massachusetts Bay. PARYPHA CROCEA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 274. (p. 390.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 249, 342, Plates 23, 238, figs. 1-7, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 195. ? Tubularia cristata McCready, op. cit., p. 156, 1859=Parypha cristata Ag., op. cit., p. 342. Brooklyn, New York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Very abundant near New Haven, on piles in harbor, and in 2 to 6 fathoms, off Thimble Islands; Wood’s Hole, on piles, abundant. Warren Bridge, Boston (Agassiz). This is probably not distinct from P. cristata, which is abundant at Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort Macon, North Carolina. THAMNOCNIDIA TENELLA Agassiz. (p. 407.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 275, 342, Plate 22, figs. 21-30, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 195. Rhode Island to Bay of Fundy. Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms; common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 40 fathoms. HYDRACTINIA POLYCLINA Agassiz. (p. 407.) . Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 16; vol. iv, pp. 227, 339, figs. 33-35, Plate 26, fig. 18, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 198, figs. 329,330. Hydractinia echinata Leidy,’ op. cit., p. 135, Plate xi, fig. 35, 1855 (? not of Johnston). New Jersey to Labrador. Very abundant in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fath- oms. Saint George’s Bank (8S. I. Smith). Labrador (Packard). Green- land (Mérch). ? Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). The identity of this with the European species is somewhat doubtful, though united by Hincks and others. The latter extends southward on the European coasts to Great Britain and France. Physophore. NANomia CARA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.) Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 181, 1863; Catalogue, p. 200, figs. 332-350. Newport, Rhode Island ; Massachusetts Bay ; Nahant (A. Agassiz). [737] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 443 Porpite. PHYSALIA PELAGICA Lamarck. (p. £50.) Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 356, 1-01; Lesson, Acaléphes, p. 545, 1243. Physalis pelagica Osbeck, Itin., p.224, Piate 12. fig. 1, 1757 (t. Lesson). Holothuria physalis Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1090, 1767. Medusa caravella Miiller. Besch. der Berl. Natarf., vol. ii, p. 190, Plate 9, fig. 2 (t. Lesson): Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3139, 1723. Physalia caravella Eschscholtz; Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Zooph. Acaleéphes. Plate 11 (explanation). Physalia arethusa Tilesias, in Krusensterns Reise, vol. iii, p. 91, Plate 23, figs. 1-6, 1713 (t. Lesson); Agassiz, Contributions , vol. iv, pp. 335, 307, Plate 35, 1262; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 214, figs. 351-354 ; this Report, p. 450. Physalia aurigera McCready, op. cit., p. 176, 1259. Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, coming north- ward in the Gulf Stream to the southern coast of New England and Long Island; and off Saint George’s Bank and Nova Scotia. Not un- common, in good condition, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay. Watch Hill, Rhode Island (D. C. Eaton). East of Saint George’s Bank (8.1. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). VELELLA MUTICA Lamarck. (p. £55.) Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 355, 1201: Bose, Hist. Nat. des Vers., vol. ii, p. 155 ; Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., vol. ii, pp. 2,42, Plate 6, figs. 1.2; Aca- léphes, p. 571, Plate 12, figs. 1,2: A. Agassiz. Catalogue, p. 216, figs. 355-357. Medusa velella Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1092. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, coming northward in the Gulf Stream as far as Nantucket and off Saint George’s Bank. Aspinwall (coll. F. H. Bradley); coasts of Florida (Agassiz); Long Is- land Sound (A. Agassiz). POLYPI or ANTHOZOA. ALCYONARIA. ALCYONIUM CARNETM Agassiz. Plate XNNVIU, fig. 253. (p. 497.) Proc. American Association for Adv. of Science, 125, p. 209; Verrill, Revision of Polyps of Eastern Coast U. §.. in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 4, 1864; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 343, 1266. Halcyonium carneum A, and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 19, figs. 21-23, 1265. Rhode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4to 5 fathoms; off Cuttyhunk Island, 10 to 15 fathoms; off Gay Head, 5 to 10 fathoms ; common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and coast of Nova Scotia, low-water to 80 fathoms. Gulf of Saint Law- rence (Whiteaves). Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Leptogorgia tenuis Verrill. Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 2,1864. Gorgonia tenuis Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 339, 1266. Leptogorgia teres (error typ.) Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xlviii, p. 420, 1869. “Bay of New York.” Specimens in the museum of Yale College are supposed to have come from Long Island Sound, but the exact locality is not known. 30 V 444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [738] ACTINARIA. METRIDIUM MARGINATUM Milne-Edwards. (p. 329.) Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 254, 1857; Verrill, Revision of Polyps., in ‘Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 22, 1864; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1866; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 252; Tenney, Natural History, p. 523, tigs. 515-517, 1865; A. and Mrs, E, C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 7, figs. 2-7, 1865. Aclinia marginata Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol.i, p. 172, 1817; Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. i, p. 349, 1841; Leidy, Journ. Acad. N. §., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 140, 1855 Agassiz, Contri- butions, vol. iii, p. 39, fig. 8, 1860. Actinia dianthus Dawson, Canadian Nat- uralist and Geologist, vol. iii, p. 402, figs. 1,2, 1858. New Jersey to Labrador. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound, but mostly smaller than farther north; abundant in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low- water to 90 fathoms. SAGARTIA LEUCOLENA Verrill. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 284. (p. 329.) Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 336, 1866; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 261. North Carolina to Cape Cod. Common in Long Island Sound, Buz- zard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). SAGARTIA MODESTA Verrill. (p. 330.) Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1866. Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound. Savin Rock, near New Haven; Goose Island; Stony Creek; Naushon Island; low-water, buried in sand or gravel. PARACTIS RAPIFORMIS Milne-Edwards. (p. 363.) Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 249, 1857; Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 436, 1872; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 23, figare, (in ed.i, as Sagartia modesta V.). Actinia rapiformis'Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. i, p. 171,1817; Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 35, 1864; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 338. North Carolina to Long Island Sound. Fort Macon (coll. Dr. Yar- row); New Jersey (Lesueur); near New Haven (Dana). HALocaMpa PRODUCTA Stimpson, MSS. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 285. (p. 330.) 7 Verrill, Revision, in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 30, Plate 1, figs, 10, 11, 1864. .felinia producta Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 110, 1856. Corynactis albida Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 24, 1859. Haleampa albida Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 29, 1864; A. and E. C, Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 16, fig. 15, 1865; Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 338, 1870 (Halocampa). : South Carolina to Cape Cod. Shores of Long Island Sound, at Stony Creek, etc.; Naushon Island; Martha’s Vineyard ; Nantacket; Cape Cod. Charleston, South Carolina (Stimpson). [739] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 445 EDWARDSIA FARINACEA Verrill. (p. 510.) American Journal of Svience, vol. xlii, p. 11>. 1536. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 70 fathoms; Bay of Fundy. 8 to 90 fathoms. EDWARDSIA LINEATA Verrill, sp.nov. {p. £97.) Body cylindrical, elongated, covered over the base and sides with a dirty. brownish. slightly rough and wrinkled epidermis. except anteriorly, below the tentacles. where it is smooth. translucent, and usually with eight impressed, longitudinal, flake-white lines. showing through. Tenta- cles, 24 to 30, or more, in the larger specimens. slender, tapering, obtuse, white or pale flesh-color, each with a flake-white, longitudinal line along the inner side. Disk. with a white circle around the month. and often with S.or more, radiating, white lines. extending to the base of the inner tentacles: border of the mouth sometimes pale-red; naked part of column pale flesh-color, often with a circle of white below the bases of the tentacles. and usually with eight oblong or fusiform flake-white spots between the longitudinal impressed lines. Length, 25"™ to 35™™: diameter. 2.5-~ to 3™™. A very young speci- men had 15 slender, equal. long tentacles. each with a median longi- tudinal line of white on the inside: disk with 6 radiating lines of white; naked part of the column with 6 impressed white lines, and with 6 oblong, flake-white spets between them. Breadth across the expanded tentacles. 37”. This species is remarkable for not having. in any of the specimens found, a naked basal area, nor any true disk for attachment, thus differ- ing both from Phellia and the other species of Hdicardsia. This may be due to its peculiar habit of nestling in the erevices and interstices between rocks. ascidians. worm-tubes. ete. Off Watch Hill, Rhode Island. £ to 5 fathoms. in cavities in and beneath Asfrangia, ete.: Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 6 to 12 fathoms. amon ascidians, annelid-tubes. etc.. abundant. Arachnractis brachiolata A. Agassiz. (p. £51.) Proc. Boston Sc. Nat. Hist., vel. ix, p. 159, 1262: Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.. vol. vii, p. 525.1220: Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. N. H., p. 33; Proceedings, vol. x, p. 343. Mr. A. Agassiz has recently ascertained that this is only a larval form of some species of Edirardsia. As it had already developed 16 tenta- cles. it must belong to one of the species having numerous tentacles when adult. Peachia parasitica Verrill. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 352. 1295: Bicidium parasiticum Agassiz, Proe. Boston &. N.H., vol. vii, p. 24, 1259: Verrill, Revision of Polyps.in Me- moirs Boston $.'N. H., vol. i, p. 31, Plate 1. Bes. 14, 15, 1564: A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies. p. 15, fig. 14. 1265. Cape Cod to Bay of Fandy, on Cyanea arctica: Eastport, Maine, buried in gravel at low-water mark (two specimens. of very large size). lam 446 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND WISHERIES. [740] not aware that this species has been found south of Cape Cod, but it will probably be found hereafter, since the Oyanea is common. EPIZzOANTHUS AMERICANUS Verrill. Plate XXX VIII, figs. 286, 287, (p. 510.) American Journal of Science, vol. ii, p. 361, 1871; Dana, Coraly and Coral Isl- ands, ed. i, p. 62, figs 1, 2, 1472. Zoanthus parasiticus Vorrill, Mevision of Polyps, in Mem. Boston Soc. N. IL, vol. i, p. 34, 1864, (not of Duch, and Mich,, 1860.) Zoanthus Americanus Verrill, op. cit., p. 45; Proc. Boston Soo, Nut. Mists, vol. x, p. 335, 1866. Gemmaria Americana Verrill, American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 9, fig. 42. Off New Jersey to Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in deep water. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, on shells occupied by Dupagurus ; off Grand Manan, in 40 to 50 fathoms, on shells covering Lupagurus, and in 109 fathoms, on rocks; off Saint George’s Bank, 430 fathoms, on rocks, (8. 1. Smith and O. Harger); Saint George’s Bank, 60 fathoms, on shells occupied by Hupagurus (Smith and Harger); Gulf of Saint Lawrence, on rocks, (Whiteaves); Massachusetts Bay (J. i. Gray). Off New Jersey, N, lat, 40°, W, long. 73°, 32 fathoms, ou shells inhabited by Hupagurus pubescens, (coll. Captain Gedney). MADREPORANIA. ASTRANGIA DANA Agassiz. (p. 408.) Proc. American Assoc, vol. ii, p. 64, 1549 (not of Edw. and Maime, 1850); Ver- rill, Revision Polyps, p. 40, 1464; A. and Mrs. 11. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studics, p. 16, figs. 16-20, 1465; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 335, 18665 ana, Corals and Coral Sslands, p. 63, figures, 1472, Aalrungia astruiformia Edw. and Naime, Ann. des, Sci. Nat., vol, xii, p. 181, 14505 Coralliaires, vol. ii, p. 614, 1857; Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 139, Vlate x, figs. 9-16, 1855; Verrill, Revision of Polyps, p. 39, 1864, North Florida and west !lorida to Cape Cod. Common in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, at Savin Rock, off Thimble Islands, etc, 1 to 6 fathoms, rocks; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 2 to 15 fathoms ; Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). Charleston, South Carolina (Agassiz). West Florida (i. Jewett). PROTOZOA. POVIFEBRA or SPONGLAE, CALCAREA. GRANTIA CILIATA Fleming. (p. 330.) British Anim., p, $25; Johnston, Brit. Sponges and Lifhophytes, p. 176, Plate 20, figs. 4,5, late 21, figs. 6, 7, 1442; Bowerbank, Monog. British Spongiads, vol. i, Plate 26, figs. 345, 346%; vol. ii, p. 19, 1466. Spongia ciliata Vabricius, Fauna Grunlandica, p. 444, 1720. Bycandra ciliata Heckel, Dic Kalkechwimme, [741] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 447 vol. ii, p. 296, Plate 51, figs. 1*-1t, Plate 58, fig. 9, 1872. Spongia coronata Ellis and Solander, Zosphytes, p. 190, Plate 58, figs. 8, 9. Grantia coronata Hassall, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 174. Rhode Island to Greenland; northern coasts of Europe. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms; Vineyard Sound, not uncommon. Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy). ? LEUCOSOLENIA BOTRYOIDES Bowerbank. (p. 500.) Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 28, 1866. Spoungia botryoides Ellis and Solander, Zoéph., p. 190, Plate 58, figs. 1-4,1786. Grantia botryoides Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 525; Johnston, op. cit., p. 178, Plate 21, figs. 1-5. Ascaltis botryoides Heckel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 65, Plate 9, fig. 10, Plate 10, figs. 79-7, Martha’s Vineyard to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; northern coasts of Europe to England and France. . I refer some of our larger specimens to this species with considerable doubt. They appear to be distinct from the following species, with which they have formerly been confounded. ASCORTIS FRAGILIS Heckel. Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 74, Plate 11, figs. 5-9, Plate 12, figs. 5¢-5i, 1872. Leucosolenia thamnoides Heckel, Prodrom., p. 243, spec. 70. Leucosolenia botryoides H. J. Clark, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, part 3, p. 323, (sep. copies, p. 19), Plate 9, figs. 40-44, Plate 10, fig. 64, 1866 (not of Bowerbank); this Report, pp. 334,391. Grantia botryoides Leidy, op. eit., p. 185, 1855. Long Island Sound to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Western coast of Norway, at Bergen, ete. (Heckel). Common in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, at Thimble Islands, etc.; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vine- yard Sound; Casco Bay, etc. Massachusetts Bay (H. J. Clark). Heckel names the form figured by Clark var. bifida. SILICEA. MICROCIONA PROLIFERA Verrill. Spongia prolifera Ellis and Solander, Zodphytes, p. 189, Plate 58, fig. 5, 1786; Lamouroux, Expos. Méthodique, p. 31, Plate 58, fig. 5. Red sponge, this Re- port, pp. 330, 409, 476. This species, when young, forms broad, thin, bright red incrustations over the surfaces of stones and shells. In this stage it agrees well with the British species of Microciona described by Bowerbank, all of which are said to be incrusting forms. Our species, at a later period, rises up into irregular lobes and tubercular prominences, which eventually be- come elongated and subdivided into slender branches, until they often form a profusely and intricately branched sponge, frequently six inches high and as much in diameter. The branches are repeatedly dichoto- mous, more or less flattened, and often digitate or palmate at the ends They also frequently anastomose irregularly. The branches, when dry, are brittle and hispid. They consist of stout, horny fibers, which radiate outward and upward from the axis to the periphery, terminating in 448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND I"ISHERIES. [742] more or less irregular, slender, blunt papillic, each of which bears a tuft of numerous slender, acute, more or less bent spicules, arising froin its lateral and terminal surfaces. At the tips of the branches the papiila are more slender and divergent, and the texture is more open and loose. During life these papilla are connected together by a thin dermal mem- brane, through which the spicules project but little. The oscules are small and scattered over the surface. Color, when living, dark red to orange-red; when dried, generally dark grayish brown or umber-colored, fading to dull yellowish brown and gray. Diameter of branches mostly 2mm to hmm. . South Carolina to Cape Cod. Very abundant in Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms, on oysters and other shells, stones, etc.; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll..Dr. Yarrow). IsopIcryA, species undetermined. Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound and Nantucket, washed ashore after storms in winter; Casco Bay ; Bay of Fundy. The specimens from Watch Hill have few broad, thick, palmate branches, with large oscules and an open texture, with multispiculose fibers. They resemble Isodictya palmata Bowerbank. CHALINA OCULATA Bowerbank. (p. 497.) British Spongiad:e, vol. i, p. 208, Plate 15, fig. 262; vol. ii, p. 361. Spongia oculata Linné, Syst. Nut., ed. x, sp. 2; ed. xii, p. 1299; Pallas, Klench, Zooph., p. 390, 1766. Halichondria oculata Johnston, op. cit., p. 94, Plate 3. Rhode Island to Labrador; northern coast of Europe to Great Brit- ain. Off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms; off Gay Head, 4 to 15 fathoms; very common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy ; low-water to 80 fathoms. CHALINA ARBUSCULA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 409.) Sponge profusely branched, trom close to the thick base; branches repeatedly dichotomous, slender, round or somewhat compressed, seldom broad or palinate. Oscules smnall, round, irregularly scattered. Texture of the surface finely reticulated when dry, with very delicate fibers, which usually have but a single row of very slender fusiform spicules, covered by a thin layer of horny matter; the reticulations do not usu- ally exceed the length of a single spicule. Primary longitudinal fibers of the larger branches strong, horny, with several lines of spicules; secondary fibers at right angles to the primary ones, much smaller, with fewer spicules. The spicules are slender, fusiform (‘ acerate”), much smaller and more slender than in the preceding species. Color, when living, dull gray; when dried, brownish, yellowish, or white. ‘The largest specimens are about one foot high ; more commonly 6 to 8 inches (140™" to 200") ; breadth often nearly as much; diameter of branches, [743] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 449 4-™™ to 10™™, mostly about 5™™ to 6™™; diameter of the oscules, in dry specimens, abort 19. North Carolina to Cape Cod. Very common in Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. This species has a much finer and more delicate texture than C. ocu- lata, due to the smaller fibers and spicules, as well as to the smaller meshes of the skeleton. The branches are also smaller and much more numerous than they usually are in that species. HALICHONDRIA PANICEA Johnston. Brit. Sponges, p. 114, Plate 10, Plate 11, fig. 5, 1842 ; Bowerbank, British Spongiade, vol. i, p. 195, Plate 19, figs. 300, 303 ; vol. ii, p. 229, 1866. Spongia panicea Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 38%, 1766. Tedania (7), this Report, p. 498. Rhode Island to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Abundant at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, on alge, in 4 to 8 fathoms ; off Gay Head; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy. HALICHONDRIA, species undetermined, a. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, associated with the preceding. Grows in large tuberous masses, on algze, like the last, but has a smoo:her surface and finer and firmer texture. (See p. 498.) HALICHONDRIA ?, species undetermined, b. (p. 334.) Long Island Sound near New Haven; Vineyard Sound. Forms broad, uneven incrustations on the under side of stones, at low-water mark. Color when living, bright yellow. Oscules rather large, conspicuous. HALICHONDRIA 2, species undetermined, ¢. Vineyard Sound, on the under side of overhanging banks, on the salt marshes near Waquoit; on the piles of wharves at Wood’s Hole. Forms large, irregular, thick masses, often containing much foreign matter; surface uneven, rising into irregular prominences. Soft and brittle. This is, perhaps, a species of Reniera Schmidt (Hymeniacidon Bow- erbank).* RENIERA ?, species undetermined, a. (p. 334.) Vineyard Sound, 1 to 10 fathoms. Forms large, irregular, soft masses, 3 to 5 inches in diameter, of a light yellow color when living. RENIERA ?, species undetermined, b. Vineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms. Forms large, irregular, thick masses, with numerous acute, irregular, often ragged, conical promi- nences, rising from its upper surface. * It was not studied carefully when recent ; and I have no specimens of this and sev- eral of the other species at hand, fur most of the sponges were sent elsewhere for com- parison with named types, and have not yet been returned. 450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [744] HALisarca 2, Species undetermined, a. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms. Forms small, soft, some- what gelatinous masses, on red alge. (See p. 498.) SUBERITES COMPACTA Verrill, sp. nov. This species is remarkable for the compactness of its tissues and the smallness of the canals and pores permeating its substance, as well as for the large size of the plates and crest-like lobes in which it grows. A transverse section of the dried sponge shows very numerous irregular canals, most of them not larger than pin-holes (or less than 0.15™™ in diameter). The tissue is very compact throughont, but is more dense close to the surface, which is nearly smooth, the oscules being smal! and inconspicuous. The spicules are very abundant, crowded, very slender, mostly pin-shaped (spinulate), with the point very acute andl the “ head” but little enlarged, and often largest a slight distance from the end, 80 as to give the head a slightly ovate form. Color, when living, bright yellow. Off Martha’s Vineyard, 10 fathoms, sand; Nantucket ; Eastern Shore of Virginia. This is the species described asa “firm siliceous sponge,” on page 503. In general appearance it somewhat resembles Suberites stberea Gray (Hymeniacidon suberea Bowerbank). JLIONA SULPHUREA Verrill. (p. 421.) Spongia sulphurea Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 68, 1848. { South Carolina to Cape Cod; local farther north. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; very abundant in Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound on oysters and various other shells, 1 to 15 fathoms. Portland Harbor Maine, in sheltered localities (C. B. Fuller). 2? POLYMASTIA ROBUSTA Bowerbank. (p. 497.) British Spongiade, vol. i, p. 178, Plate 29, fig. 358; vol. ii, p. 62, 1866. Oft Gay Head, 18 to 20 fathoms; common in Casco Bay and Bay of, Fundy, 8 to 70 fathoms. Coast of Great Britain (Bowerbank). | The American specimens do not agree in all respects with the descrip- tion, and may prove to be distinct when a direct comparison can be made. In our specimens the surface is finely hispid; the dermal tissue is) firm, and filled with small, slender, often curved, needle-shaped (‘ acuate”),| and piu-shaped (“spinulate”) spicules, which project from the surface. The latter form is the predominant one, but the “head” is very small, and they pass gradually into the former kind, in which the “ head” is obsolete, or not larger than the shaft. The spicules of the large, radi- ating fascicles in the body of the sponge are long and large, needle- shaped, with the central portion thickest (‘ fusiformi-acuate”). The large spicules in the lougitudinal fascicles of tbe cloacal tistule are of the same form; the secondary fascicles of the body and the transverse secondary spicules of the fistule also have the same form, though much [745] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD souND, Erc. 451 smaller. The “cloacal fistule” are numerous, and, when living, are round and tapering, but when dry become flat and bent, or curved to one side. They are mostly 20™" to 40™™ long, and 4™" to 6™™ in diameter near the base. Several other species of sponges were collected, which have not been examined. I have been unable to identify any of our specimens with the Spongia urceolata of Desor (Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 67). Possibly it was based on a peculiarly-shaped young specimen of Micro- cionu prolifera. FORAMINIFERA. Numerous species were collected, especially in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound and off Martha’s Vineyard, but they have not been identified. ADDENDA. Crustacea. CANCER BOREALIS Stimpson. (p. 546.) A small specimen of this species was dredged off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and alge,in April. It was found in abundance, and of large size, at Peak’s Island and Pamkin Knob, in Casco Bay, Maine, in August, clinging to the sea-weeds, and in tide- pools, above low-water mark. OcYPODA ARENARIA Say. (Megalops stage.) (p. 337.) The megalops of this species was found in large numbers, swimming at the surface of Vineyard Sound in September, by Mr. Vinal N. Ed- wards. Homarus AMERICANUS Edw. (Lobster.) (p. 492.) Subsequent observations have shown that the breeding-season of the lobster extends over a large part of the year. In Casco Bay female lobsters were found carrying eggs in August and September. Mr. Vinal N. Edwards has forwarded two living females, of medium size, taken in Vineyard Sound, December 12th, both carying an abundance of freshly laid eggs. He states that he finds about “ one in twenty” carrying eggs at that season. THEMISTO, species undetermined. A species of this genus was taken in large quantities in Vineyard Sound, in September, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. It occurred swimming at the surface in vast numbers, and was thrown up by the waves in windrows, extending several miles along the shores of Martha’s Vine- yard. 452 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [746] CoNILERA CONCHARUM Harger. (p. 572.) This species, previously quite rare, was taken this year in large uum- bers, in Vineyard Sound, both in-spring and autumn, by Mr. Vinal N, Edwards. Annelida. PROCER#A ORNATA Verrill, Sp. nov. Autolytus (?), banded species, this Report, p. 398. Head short and broad, bluntly rounded or subtruneate above, slightly bilobed or emarginate below. Eyes moderately large; the anterior pair wider apart. Median antenna white, very long, slender, variously curled, reaching to about the twelfth body-segment; posterior teuta- cles also very long and slender, reaching to about the ninth segment, white at the tips; inver antenne about one-fourth as long as the median one; the other two pairs of antenns and tentacles about one- fourth as long as the median one; tentacular cirri of the second (post- buceal) segment short, about equal to the diameter of the body. Dorsal cirri short, about one-third as long as the breadth of the body ; setiger- ous lobe short and broadly rounded; setie short. Gizzard sinall, short, elliptical, situated at about the eighth segment. Caudal cirri two, slen- der, tapering, their length about equal to the diameter of the body. Color of the body white or pale yellowish, annulated with bands of bright red at unequal distances. Length, about 15™™; breadth, 0.5", Long Island Sound, off New Haven; and at Thimble Islands, 1 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids and bryozoa. ErEONE ROBUSTA Verrill. (p. 588.) This species, previously known only from a single specimen, was taken at Woods Hole, in abundance, and of large size, in November, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. Turbellaria. RHYNCHOSCOLEX PAPILLOSUS Diesing. Revision der Turbellarien, op. cit., vol. xlv., p. 245, 1862. Rhynchoprobolus papil- losus Schmarda, Neue wirbell. Thiere, i, p. 1, 11, Plate 2, tig. 25 (t. Diesing). Hoboken, New Jersey, in brackish water, (Schmarda). POLYCELIS MUTABILIS Verrill, sp. nov. Body much depressed, thin, changeable in form, often elliptical or oval, frequently broad and emarginate in front, and tapered posteriorly. Marginal ocelli minute, black, forming several rows along the front . border, but only one row laterally. Dorsal ocelli larger, forming three pairs of rather ill-defined clusters; the outer clusters are largest, con- vergent backward; a pair of smaller clusters are situated a little in advance, and nearer together; the third pair is a little farther forward {747] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 453 and closer together, often more or less confused with those next behind them. Color, yellowish brown, darker centrally; or pale yellowish, thickly specked with yellowish brown. Length, about 7™™ to 9, breadth, 5™ to 6™™, , Thimble Islands, 1 to 2 fathoms, among alge. Bryozoa. GEMELLARIA LORIGATA Busk. Catal. Mar. Polyzva, Brit. Mus., part i, p.34; Smitt, op, cit., p. 286, Plate 17, fig. 54. Sertularia ioricata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 285 (t.Smitt). Gemellaria loriculata Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, pp. 293, 477, Plate 47, figs. 12, 13. Nantucket to the Arctic Ocean; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 110 fathoms. The specimens from Nantucket differ somewhat from the ordinary form. They consist of rather dense tufts of stout stems, two or three inches high, and rather sparingly branched. The cells are larger than usual, elongated obovate, five or six times as long as broad; those of the same pair are not exactly opposite. Aperture deeply crescent- shaped, facing a little oatward. Many of the cells, toward the base of the stems, give rise to one or more curious processes from near the base of the cell; these are, at first, slender tubes, rising from a thin roundish spot on the cell, but soon they divide at the tip into two, three, or four forks, which are at first regularly recurved; later these become much elongated, and are converted into slender rootlets or stolons. ERRATA. Page 3067, line 23, for cavaluted, read convoluted. Page 310, line 8, page 401, line 12,and elsewhere, for Ostrwa, read Ostrea. Page 383, line 23, for Afolidia, read Montagua. Page 383, line 26, for Cavolina, read Coryphella. Page 392, line 23, for micropthalma, read microphthalma. Page 393, last line, for Sargatia, read Sagartia. Page 399, line 21, for Leptochiton, read Chetopleura. Page 399, line 32, for Leptochiton, read Trachydermun. Page 405, line 27, for Zucrate, read Eucratea. Page 407, line 38, for reproducsive, read reproductive. Page 415 line 25, for Unicola, read Unciola. Page 427, line 15, and page 429, line 28, for Melitta testudinaria, read Mellita pentapora. Page 433, line 34, for Amphipholis, read Amphiura. Page 444, line 12, for tidentata, read tridentata. Page 457, line 39, for Pandaru, read Pandarus. Page 459, line 36, for Echthrogalus, read Echthrogaleus. Page 487, line 10, for A. planaria,read A Planaria. Page 488, line 4, for cantenula, read catenula. Page 496, line 28, for 4. ternata,read C. ternata. Page 498, line 5, for Tedania, read Halichondria panicea. Page 498, line 30, for Augustus, read angustus. Page 504, line 41, for page 433, read 432. Page 508, line 5,for Acutum,read A. acutum. Page 509, line 18, for laevigata, read discors. Page 509, line 32, for thraci-formis, read thraciformis. Page 509, line 33, for Simpson, read Stimpson. Page 547, line 15, for Panopius, read Panopeus. Page 561, line 43, for pingus, read pinguis. Page 619, line 16, for Cosco, read Casco. Page 619, last line, for Cisco, read Casco. Page 640, first line, for fig. 127, read fig. 124. Page 666, line 15, after Montagua pilata, insert Plate XXV, fig. 124, Page 680, line 18, for 185, B., read 184, B. Page 695, line 34, for fig. 238, read 243, Page 716, line 35, for fig. 368, read 268. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. [In the following index the first reference, for the names of genera and species, is to the systematic catalogne, where the synonymy, descriptions, and references to plates may be fonnd. In many cases references to the nominal lists have bee. omitted. The tigures refer to the inside paging of the report.] Page. Abra eequalis.......-....2----.206- 679 AGCalEPh®y so050 seaececeweus wesc 722 Acanthocephala. ..-.......2.-.---- 456 Acelis crenulata.......222.-02.22.-. 681 Acmea testudinalis ..... .661, 307, 333, 485 Acmostomum crenulatum.....-.... G31 Acorn-shell. .--.....-. .....---..-- B04 Actzon puncto-striata ..........-664,518 trIAdUS: sessed tecescwecciene 656 ACHNATIA «cst tensa saw ecseocwetecs 3S Actinia dianthus. .--.............- 733 marginata........----.---- 738 productaz. cee .wesiw seuss 738 rapiformis .--........22.-- 738 Actinobolus borealis............-- 683 Novanglie............ 684 AUIGENO Ri os jacnatdesecncaameesemne 745 4&ga concharum...-.--......----- 572 Abolidia pilata...........666, 383, 393, 749 ABOlis farinacea........---.------- 666 papillosa ....-.....---- 666, 486 495 Pilatane 2 wscesaeogssy aes 666 Equorea albida ...-..-...--..---- 729 Greenlandica...--.-.---- 729 Aitea anguinea.....-.... 710, 405, 411, 424 Aglaophenia arborea.-....-.-----. 730 Abnfeltia plicata.c.csocce. ce ceeass 405 AlCVOnATI sc 20) focictaaaacs Acescce 737 Alecyonidium gelatinosum...-.-.. 700, 496 hirsutum ...708, 333, 403, 411, 424, 476, 487 hispidum...708, 312, 333 04 411, 487 parasiticum .708, 404, 411, 424 pellucidum.......-... 703 ramosuin.. .708, 333, 404, 411, 419, 424 Aleyonium carneum....-.--... 737, 485, 497 gelatinosum....--....-- 709 hinsatum.2 shee cess 708 parasiticum ..---...-.-- 708 Alecto dentata....-..---.-......-- 722 Alexia myosotiy.........---.. 662, 383, 393 Alita: virenS.cccescwas cos sain ss 590 Allorchestes littoralis............. 556 Page. Alosa tyrannus......2...22....... 520 Amage pusilla ..........22.22.... 613 Amareecium constellatum.. - -704, 328, 393, 403, 411, 424 pallidum ..-......... 705, 496 pellucidum .703, 397, 401, 411, 415, 419, 424 stellatum ...704, 402, 411, 419, 424 Ammochares, sp...-..--........-610, 503 Ammodytes, sp -.-...-222..22..2.- 521 Ammotrypane fimbriata......... - 604, 508 Amouroucium pellucidum. -.... ..703, 562 stellatum...._...... 704 Ampelisca, species. .561, 431, 434, 452,514, 519 Ampharete gracilis... 2.222... 612,503 setosa -...612, 416, 422, 432, 434 Amphidesma equalis -.....2. 2... 679, 518 Amphipholis abdita...... 720, 433, 435, 749 elegans ..... 720, 420, 424, 447 TENDIS eicscecccweacss 720 Ainphipodars:. w= senvleseuex scence 555 Amphisphyra debilis...... 222.222. 663 pellucida. . 663, 432, 435, 517 Amphithoé compta..564, 370, 377, 382, 392, erenulata...... inermis.....-....22.... 557 leviuscula.......22.... 957 longimana -. .563, 370, 377, 409, 452 maculata... ..563, 315, 331, 409, 415, 422, 452, 426, 493 valida -. -.563, 315, 331, 370, 377 Amphitrite ornata. . .613, 320, 321, 332, 348, 369, 377, 382, 422, 422, 453 Amphiura abdita...... sedeeecs -- 720 WUSONIes oo o50 tsieece tk 722 AlePANS csseceyenevesecs 720 squamata ....-.-....... 720 Anachis avara. . -643, 306, 315, 333, 383, 392, 410, 417, 423, 428 SIMMS ay secs yee cescesees, 644 Anaperus Bryareus........-....-- 715 458 INDEX. Page. Page. Auaperus Carolinus......--- juawniee 715 | Argulus Alosm.........---++-+++ 75, 459 unisemita.....--------- 715 Catostomi-..-...-..--+-- 573, 459 Anatifa dentata...--.--.---------- 579 laticanda .......-...574, 452, 459 Miata once 2 estaseeeekes 580 latus.....-.-....-.--574, 452, 459 Anatina fragilis.....--...-----.--- 673 megalops .......--. -575, 452, 459 Deanites : cc2ccsiseceeetee: 673 species......---.-.------439, 457 papyracea .....--.----.-- 673,517 | Aricia ornata......-.....-..-596, 344, 365 papyratia.... .-.--.--.--- 673 | Artemia gracilis ....--......---.-- 573 Anchorella uncinata......-....--578, 460 | Ascaltis botryvides..---.-..--.----- 741 ADPOE 2.2000 pences senate se eee 516 | Ascaris ....---.--2.---2--ee eee --- 457 Anguinaria spatulata.......------- 710 | Ascidia amphora .......-.....-.-- 699 Angulus modestus.......677, 418, 423, 429 CATNCA occ ccs veers «TF temellus ecco 2s oe nee ce 677 echinata ..-....-..--.---- 702 tener. .677, 358, 365, 372, 378, 423 Manhattensis.......-.---. 699 426, 429, 435, 519, 520 ocellata ......-.---------- 698 Annelida ....-..-.---. ------ 20 580 tenella. 2225 scecesccacesscs 698 Anomia aculeata..-.....---.-----. 697 | Asvidians, larve of...:...--------. 454 electrica <.«.--+ ces2 eee 0s 696 | Ascortis fragilis........---.------- 741 ephippium ...-.--.------- 696 | Astacus marinus....-.----.------- 549 glabra. .696, 311, 333, 393, 401, 410, 418, 424, 429, 435, 476, 495, 509 squamula..---.----------- 696 tridentata ...-.-..--.-.--. 669 Anomoura .-.- -..---2e0e-s-------- 548 Autedon dentatus.....------....-- 722 Autennularia antennina......----- 730, 491 indivisa.........-.--- 730 Anthosoma crassum ..--....------ 577, 460 Smitbii -..-. Eeacuegcan BNE Anthostoma acutum .599, 416, 422, 428, 501, 508 fragile ....-.-.--. 598, 344, 365 robustum . ..597, 343, 348, 365, 428 species..-.... 600, 416, 422, 508 ANthoZ08.cccc08 oeesccuccexcasesse ‘787 Anthura brachiata.......-.--.---. 573 DEUNNCA ce scss cscs 572, 426, 428 Anurida maritima...-...544, 331, 464, 482 Aphrodita aculeata.....-...---- -- 580, 507 cirrata .......-- eC: 582 imbricata ..-..-------.. 582 punctata ....-..----.--- 521 squamata.....-.-.-.---- 581 Appendicularia, species... ....707, 446, 454 Arachnactis brachiolata 739, 451 Arachnidaryco2cnsats.cecacd aecceat ,. 544 Arbacia punctulata-....- 717, 326, 333, 406, 411, 420, 424, 433 Arca pexata........ wcicine seamaiseee 692 ponderosa -...........-.-.-. 692 TADS VEISA:..2 -ecnecaewelcees. 691 Arenicoia cristata.......--..----- - 367 Argina pexata..692, 309, 333, 372, 378, 401, 410, 424, 435, 515 Astarte castanea... .. 685, 423, 429, 432, 435 BUI nee eerrrie eels seccrse 685 WiteO..2 we seesewigee sects 684, 509 mactracea ...-...---00---- 685, 518 Portlandica...--...---..--. 685 Quad rans :. 2222 c0csc22seee0 685, 509 BU Cate: 2ae Se ecco sa. se 684, 509 OCGA. niceseecewemnacaxd 684, 508 Asteracanthion berylinus.........- 718 Forbesii --....---.- 718 pallidus. .......... 718 . Asterias acnleata ....-........---. 716 arenicola - ..718, 326, 333, 363, 366, 376, 378, 389, 393, 406, 411, 420, 447, 454, 476, 429, 432, 433, 435, 438, 424, 427 berylinusee csi ee scec eee 447 COMPLR, sc cscrcccccscresess 719 Forbésli 2s25202sc0insde02% “718 OCALA secessesewnwesces 719 Pallida, orccrweoscciaideeses 447 TUDEDS loccetcesescesescers 18 sanguinolenta -.........-. 719 spongiosa..-.....-.------- 719 vulgaris ....718, 389, 432, 447, 454, 486, 496 AsterTi0idea cee vccccewesceceecee 718 Astrangia astreiformis .........--. 740 Dane. ... -740, 330, 334, 397, 408, 412, 421, 425, 485, 494 Astrophyton Agassizii-.....-.-.... 722 Astyris limata.....-....-.-----... 645 lunata...645, 306, 333, 355, 365, 372 377, 383, 392, 399, 410, 417, 423, 428, 463, 479 rosacea...........-.-645, 495, 508 INDEX. 459 Page. Page. Astyris Turnbullii -... .... Dee eis . 645 | Bays and sounds, list of species of zonalis ...... 645, 396, 410, 423, 518 muddy SHOLES ss sic cece ccmrncase.ce 377 Atwood’s shark... -- eaeine aes aes 457 | Bays and sounds, list of species of Atylus crenulatus.......-....---. 557 | piles, timbers, buoys, vessels. .... 392 inermis......--..-.+-----. 557 | Bays and sounds, list of species of VWUIGATIS peesccrcccvevenece 557 rocky bottoms ..--...----.---- 409 Aulacomya hamatus......-....... 693 | Bays and sounds, list of species of Aurelia aurita....------.--------- 723 rocky shores..-...----.--------- 331 flavidula......-. 723, 447, 449, 451, | Bays and sounds, list of species of 454 sandy bottoms...--...-.-..---.- 428 Auricula bidentata......-......---. 662 | Bays and sounds, list of species of denticulata ...--...-..... 662 sandy shores.......--.--..---+-- 364 myosotis...-.....-----.-. 662 | Bays and sounds, list of species of Autolytus cornutus..590, 392, 397, 410, 422 BULLI GO saccc crcinte coin awe wie we ate epsrere 451 440, 452, 494 | Bays and sounds, list of species of -species.. ..590, 746, 410, 492, 452 surface in winter .-.--..--.----- 455 Autonoé ........-2..-...562, 409, 415, 422 | Bdella marina ............----.-- 544, 331 Avenella fusca......--..--- save eyeiere 710 oblonga ...--. -...---...-5. 544 Balanoglossus aurantiacus.627,351,365,453 | Bdellodea ...-...-.--.-----.------ 624 Kowalevskii....--.. 627, 352 | Bdelloura candida. ....--....-.-. 634, 460 Balanus amphitrite............--.. 578 parasitica ..--....2.--2. 634 balanoides- .579, 304, 331, 381, 392, rustica .......2-...---.- 634 452, 482, 486 | Bela harpularia.....---.--..----- 636, 508 erenatus.. . 579, 381, 392, 396, 409, pleurotomaria ...-.. --..-.--. 637 415, 422, 515 plicata....- 637, 383, 392, 423, 432, 435 eburneus- .... .. 579, 381, 392, 482 | Bembidium constrictum........-- 541, 464 elongatus........-------- 579 contractum...-...... 541, 464 improvisus ...-.. ..-.---- 579 | Bicidium parasiticum ...-.....-... 739 ovularis ....-..---..----- 579 | Bittium Greenii..............----- 647 TUQOSUS...--. ------ 22 eee 579 nigrum . 648, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372, tintinnabulum .---... 578, 381, 392 377, 383, 393, 410, 417, 423, 428, larv®.....--.------ -----5 455 463, 479, 515 Batrachus tau -......--.---------- 516)| Black hassewesseeasengsdeseeentee. “SLA Bays and sounds, fauna of---..--.. 300 | Blackfish......-.-....-.2....---.- 515 Bays and sounds, fauna of gravelly Bledius cordatus........ -543, 364, 462, 464 and shelly bottoms......-.----.. 412 pallipennis...... 543, 364, 462, 464 Bays and sounds, fauna of muddy SPOCIOS: jecloisac: win siescpeudinisyeies 335 bottoms ss .c2 see sen cesses sone 430 | Blood-drop ..--....---..---+------ 371 Bays and sounds, fauna of muddy Bloody-clams .....-.-...+---.----- 309 shores .... .-.--.----.---.------ 366] Blue-crab ..............---..----367, 468 Bays and sounds, fauna of piles, tim- Blue-fish ......-.---.------..----.516, 339 ber, vessels, buoys...---.----. 378 | Blue-shark .........-...---------- 521 Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky Bolina alata ........----+. -----0-- 451 bottoms .......-.. 2-22 ---------- 394 | Boltenia reniformis ...........---- 702 Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky Bonito) osc sasicieccie oacess Seenaes 516 BOP Hine iectisrninigt gate See aeeae 303. | Bopyrus. ..- 04: v.00 seen ccs cence 457 Bays and sounds, fauna of sandy Borlasia olivacea...--..----. ------ 628 bottoms s.c.asscs dex ene weecdia 425 | Botryllus Gouldii..702, 375, 375, 378, 389, Bays and sounds, fauna of sandy 393, 483 SNOPES. 52 scduewiccecentceeeeesten | BSA! var. albida .....5.--.+..: 376 Bays aud sounds, fauna of surface.. 436 var. annulata ..-....-.-- 376 Bays and sounds, list of species of VAT) BELOX sense ec exewens 376 gravelly and shelly bottoms ....- 421 var. bicolor..--..-------- 376 Bays and sounds, list of species of var. farinacea .......---. 376 muddy bottoms............. ae. 484 var. stella........--- ---- 376 31 Vv 460 INDEX. 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Botryllus var. variegata..-...---- . 376 | Bugula flabellata... ..711, 333, 389, 393, 411, Schlosseri.....----.----% 702 424, 489 stellatus -.-.-...---- +--+ 702 Murrayana..--.---------- 711, 496 Bougainvillia superciliaris -. -733, 328, 334, turrita.. 712, 311, 333, 361, 366, 389, 411, 454 393, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476 Bowerbankia gracilis ......-.----- 709 | Bulbus flavus....-..------.------ 647, 518 Brachydontes hamatus ....-..- .--- 693] Bulla canaliculata .....-----.--- - 663 plicatulus..........- 698 GebiiS cssezs evsstecesscces 517, 663 Brackish waters, fauna of........-- 460 “hyalina 222225, ssesecaciews ae 663 Brackish waters, fauna of eel-grass. 478 inscul ptascccasscecces cosciee 662 Brackish waters, fauna of estuaries OLY 20 seseddcsecuascasicn sees 663 and harbors...-....---..------- 460 péllucida.: scscesscersseenose 663 Brackish waters, fauna of muddy solitaria-. .662, 371, 377, 435, 469, 520 shores and bottoms....-..---..- © 465 WIMCO.c Soca tes esascns-e ees 663, 518 Brackish waters, fauna of oyster- Busycon canaliculatum....--.-.--. 640 DOOS 222 keh asstad ceudealackunce 472 CATCH Gh 2oy ae eae eae. 640 Brackish waters, fauna of piles of Byblis serrata ...--.--------- 561, 501, 511 wharves, bridges, floating timber, Caberea Ellisii..........----. 711, 420, 424 QCr eaten tiene eid Sesteceeeads 481 TROO KOT 02s ccacicieertisceces 711 Brackish waters, fauna of sandy Cecum Cooperi..---.------------- 649 shores and bottoms....-.-.----.- 462° costatum ....-...649, 417, 423, 428 Brackish waters, list of species of pulchellum...... 649, 417, 423, 428 eel-grags.--.-..----------------- 480 | Calcareous sponges...--....---.--- 740 Brackish waters, list of species of Caligus Americanus...---..-.--.-. 575 inuddy shores and bottoms .....-. 470 CUELUS said cass eitGaee ce see 575, 459 Brackish waters, list of species of CLASSUS 22 snes cones cea eee 577 oyster-beds .. sse0 seeees wee seer as 476 Millert so-cectes accede cewa's 575 Brackish waters, list of species of rapax.....--.-.. 575, 452, 457, 459 piles of wharves, bridges, floating SPCCIOS; sare a gomay genie see 439 ss eee ei siete ; : ce ae susacats cee : 482 | Callianassa longimana ....-...-.-. . 549 rackish waters, list of species o i i sandy shores mid ease 2 aadearale' se 464 Cee toes ee me Brachyura...--...-.---..--------- 545 | Caliope leviuscula............---- 557 Brada setosa..--.-....-- 606, 431, 434, 508 | Calliopius laeviusculus. . .557, 315, 331, 439, Branchellion Orbiniensis ...... ..-. 624 452, 455, 519 Branchiella Thynni .-..-...---.--- 578 | Callinectes hastatus.548, 367, 377, 431, 434, Branchiobdella Ravenellii..- 624, 458, 460 7 438, 451, 458, 468, 479, 516 Brevoortia menhaden ......-..-.-. 520 | Callista convexa... ..681, 432, 435, 470, 518 Brittle star-fish ..-....2.. .--2.--. 363 | Calyptrea striata-...........--..- 651 PBIYO20 Ais sesccis seis sinks: steeen aces 707 | Campanularia caliculata .......... 726° -Bucecinum cinereum .--..-.-....--. 64] dumosa ....-. .----- 729 Labradorense...-..--.-- 638 flabellata......-.... 728 lapilus escs veceseiee aca 642 flexuosa... 726, 327, 334, 393, lunatum 5.5 ..<<6.2----- 645 411 obsoletum ............- 641 gelatinosa .-........ 728 plicosum :.-exexsessesns 641 Johnstoni ...-.-.-. 725 pyramidale.-.-......... 637 volubilis.. 726, 334, 408, 411, TOSACEU NM vec esiceeems ose 645 424 trivittatum....-..22..2. 641 | Cancer borealis ..546, 745, 395, 409, 486, 493 undatum .-.... 638, 494, 508, 521 granulatus .---.....2.. 2... 547 undnlatum ....-2. 22222. 638 irroratus...546, 312, 331, 338, 364, Wheutleyi.._--......... 645 367, 377, 395, 409, 415, 422, 428, 74011) (re 645, 518 434, 439, 451, 464, 486, 490, 493, Bugula avicularia..-...-.......... 711 514, 515, 516, 520, 521, 530 INDEX. 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Cancer ocellatus ......-.---.-.---- 547 | Cerithium Sayi..--- ihaaibieye pees Se 648 WAY]! caminspinsae hws sencees 546 terebrale.... ..--.. ---- 648 VOCANSa6 ss eseeeed seme ae 545 | Ceronia arctata..---. 2... 79, 426, 429, 518 Caprella geometriaa ......--...-. 5B7;409' | CestodGs.... 2.8. ccc06 cane ceed OSE 456 species .519, 316, 382, 392, 409, 422, | Cestum Veneris........---...----- 723 494 | Chivnopsetta ocellatus.......-..--458, 519 Carcinus granulatus-547, 312, 331, 338, 364 | Chietobranchus sanguineus. . 616, 320, 332, 367, 377, 464, 428, 434, 467 371, 377, 434, 468 TH SONIA! = = leszties cinders cee ciceaieg 547 | Chatognatha.... ..........--. 022: 626 Cardita borealis .........--..----- 683 | Cheetopleura apiculata...-...---.-- 661 granulata, -...-2..-.--.--- 684 | Chalina arbuscula..-.....--.---.-- 742 Cardium Greenlandicum.. .-..-.-. 518 oculata..742, 391, 409, 412, 425, 497 MOrtOnl. 6.0 c00cccesee asus 683 | Charybdea periphylla.........---. 724 pinnulatum..-. 683, 423,435,518 | Chemnitzia bisuturalis......-..--. 656 Caudina arenata..... 715, 362, 366, 427, 429 dealbata ....-..--. 2... 656 Cavolina gymnota.........-. 667, 383, 749 impressa ....-.-..---. 656 tridentata. -.... 669, 393, 444, 453 seminuda......------. 657 Cecrops Latreillii.........--..- °.577, 459 | Chernes oblongus....-..---.----- 544, 331 Cellaria ternata ........-...-.-.-- 711 | Chilostomata......-.....--------- 710 Celleporitiaacccencsens series eee = 714 | Chirodota arenata.......-.--.---- 716 Cellepora coccinea ...--...--..---- 714 OGlitica.. 5.25 sesceseene 715 Dyalitawes mesccesee sates 713 | Chiton apiculatus.........--.---- - 661 DAG sees oa eecedclstee vo 7138 fulminatus ..--...---..---- 517 puinicosa ...-.....----.- 714 Marmoreus ..-.. .--------- 517, 399 -ramulosa. 714, 312, 333, 405, 411, TUDO! sisson see ewncearccnes 662 424,496 | Chironomus halophilus.. .539, 409, 415, 421 SCADLAisssssieiersis'c were 714, 419, 424 oceanicus.. ..539, 331, 379, 392, verrucosa ..---...------ 714 519 Cellularia chelata........--------- 710 | Chondracanthus cornutus......--- 578 C6188) .2c26.ccotawceseesee 711 | Chondrus crispus..--...----.----- 404 fastigiata...-.....----.- 712 | Chrysodomus pygmeeus..----.--... 639 Hookeri ......---.-. ---- 711 |. Cicindela albohirta..-.-..-.--.---- 364 COTM D co: ejcgencieicaceersrreye 711, 496 DOYSAIIG a2 :cisieiniie binsarcrerareine 541, 364 \ HUBPPITA 2s sts cee sce 712 duodecimguttata ...----. 541 Gell laring cise ceiemee saieceaes 710 generosa....-.----- 541, 336, 364 Centropristis fusens....-...------. 514 hirticolhisszcnne0. vs exes 541, 364 Cephalopods. x2 ccs seseceeenes dens 634 JABYS vent os esse soazes 464 Cepon distortus..-.-...-..----.-- 573, 459 marginata......---.----- 541 Cerapus fucicola...--...-.-..----- 565 NEPAHG die sos se meseanine 541 MiNAX.....seeee eee J... 565 | Cineras vittata...........-..2..--. 580 rubricornis-....-..-. 565, 396, 409 | Cingula aculeus......-..-..------ 654 Ceratacanthus aurantiacus.....-.. 520 arenaria.....-..---.+--- 654, 517 Cerebratulus, species.630, 324, 332, 382, 392, VOVIS . ic ien go neiee eee esis 653 ‘ 410, 434 minuta ..----....---.---- 653 Cerithiopsis Emersonii-..648, 410, 417, 423, modesta ....-...----. 22+ 653 428 | Ciona tenella......-....----- 698, 419, 424 Greenii. 647, 333, 383, 393, 410, | Cirratulus fragilis......--.-...--.. 607 417, 423 grandis ..606, 319, 332, 348, 364, terebralis.. . 648, 393, 417, 423, 371, 377, 422, 468 428 TODUIG sec cnesies teen 607, 416, 422 Cerithium Emersonii-...-....----- 648 | Cirripedia......----.. .------+----- 578 Greenii......- Boe 2 hice Se 647 | Cirrhinereis fragilis. .607, 332, 397, 410, 422 nigrocinctum........--. 648 | Cistenides Gouldii. 612, 323, 332, 349, 365, reticulatum.... .....--- 848 371, 377, 422, 428, 434 462 INDEX. 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Clam, bloody....-..----++--- +--+ 309 | Copeopoda...-.....------+ ------ 573, 455 JON gon pcccisececcesee 463, 357,309 | Copepods, free...-.. masvetercistcrraraiate’s 451, 452 maninose..-----------+--+-- 464 | Corallina officinalis......---.-..-.- 316 quahog....-----+ .--0+- +--+ 359 | Corbula contracta. .......672, 418, 423, 429 TOUNG .ijcicnercn casera sarcrees 359 | Cordylophora, species. .........---. 734 BOB. n davis we SaamaseRe meee 358 | Coronuladiadema...-...--...---- 579, 460 BOLECBHOM S widot ciclo eateeeseeteraioe 464 | Corophium cylindricum. .566, 392, 382, 377, eS Peep e een ae? 358 370, 434, 422, 415 Clam-worms...-...--------------- 319 | Corymorpha nutans..-.... ee 736 Clava leptostyla....--..-----784, 328, 334 pendula............. 736, 510 multicornis...-..-.--------- 734 | Corynactis albida.....,...----.--- 738 Clidiophora trilineata.. .673, 418, 423, 429, | Coryne gravata.......----.-+---+- 735 432, 435 mirabilis......-..----...-6 735 Clio borealis....-..--.-----.------ 668 | Coryphella gymnota.....-....---.- 667 limacina...--...---.--------- 668 | Cosmocephala ochracea. .630, 325, 332, 365, Miquelonensis...-.-..--.------ 668 410, 423, 434 Cliona retusa..---. -...----------- 668 | Crab, blue....-. .-......---.---5-- 367 Clione borealis...-....------------ 668 edible........-..----.------367, 458 limacina nc. ewsccnen dene 668 fiddler.......--.---..-..-.-336, 367 papillonacea.... ...... 668, 444, 453 PPCET 5 ooo vines mayors smisrtinnteien 312 sulphurea...-.744, 430, 409, 412, 421, hermit......-...-.. 313, 339, 368, 415 425, 427 horseshoe ....-...---- Bement 340, 370 Clitellio irrorata.... . 623, 324, 332, 365, 463 MAG Yi oicicces dense arms sie tiaserareis ope'etares 338 Clupea elongata..-..... ween cee nee 520 Wand 2.2002 seieice afcialermeie: stainidels 337 Clytia bicophora...-..-.---..----- 725 MUG sccieecce ence ctiec oseeccee 812 eylindrica....-.-.---------- 726 OV SUED x acocieicicicwieis wismcisiarareicse 367 intermedia-.---.------ 726, 408, 411 TOCK Sajo5 secs Gees baeesenn 312, 415 Johnstoni......--- 725, 334, 408, 411 BONG) accacasoacecatececesets, Ode poterium..---. .----..-----. 726 | — soft-shelled..--...-.---.-.--- 368 uniflora...--.-------------- 726 339, 368, 395 volubilis.......----.------726, 725 | Crangon boreas....-. poacher sanynseS 400 Clymenella..---. .----------+---+-- 607. septemspinosus.......---- 550 torquata......----.---- 608 vulgaris....550, 339, 364, 369, 377, Clymene torquatus- . .608, 343, 365, 422, 428 395, 400, 409, 415, 422, 428, 434, urceolata.....--..see.---+ 610 451, 455, 463, 464, 479, 490, 493 . Cochlodesma Leanum. -. .673, 418, 423, 429 501, 514, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520, Cod .... .----- -- eo ee ee eens eee eee 516 521, 529 Cod-fish, mollusks found in........ 517 | Crassina castanea........-..-...-- 685 Cold waters of the ocean shores, latisulea .......2.-....-- . 684 fauna Of....-. .----.-----2.----- 484 | Crassivenus mercenaria.......---.- 681 Coleoptera.----.---------- +--+. 540, 335 | Crenella glandula-..695, 418, 424, 435, 518, Collisella Datli........---.--..---- 661 519 Columbella avara...-....---.-.-.. 643 | Crepidula acuta-.-........2--...-- 650 dissimilis........-..-. 645 convexa...650, 333, 355, 365, 371, Gouldiana........ ceeee 645 377, 423, 429, 435, 463, 479 Junata ...... ---2-.2.. 645 fornicata..649, 333, 355, 365, 410, TOSACEA..0.2.-2.2-2-.- 645 412, 414, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475, translirata......-..-.. 644 515 Common muscle.......-...-..--.. 307, 361 PlBWC Hiss coed ce ecstinie ice 650 Common prawn........---+---+-+- 339 plana...............-... 650 Common skate-........----.------ 521 unguiformis. ..650, 333, 355, 365, Conchoderma aurita....--...-.-- 580, 392 410, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475, 515 virgata........-.-. 580, 392 | Cribella oculata..... ..........--. 719 Conilera concharum.572, 746, 426, 428, 459, | Cribrella sanguinolenta.719, 407, 411, 420, 521 424, 433, 447, 485, 496 Cyclocardia Novangliz..631, 418, 423, 435, 508 Cyclostomata...-.....--.-.------- 707 Cylichna alba.........-.---- 663, 508, 518 oryza...--. 663, 426, 429, 432, 435 Cyllene furciger ...-.....-.....--- 533 lignorum ........-2.--.-.- 571 Cymothoa ovalis.........-.....--. 572 Cynoscion regalis...-...-....---.- 515 Cynthia carnea...--.-...---.---- 701, 495 CHM Ata: 25526 cieie ose secs 702, 495 PUGS 22 we weed oe cies sce 701 hirsuta. sescwsccesecasicex 702 partita -701, 311, 333, 388, 393, 401, 411, 424, 435, 515 Placenta..wwsoco esee< sas 701 WUGOSS cc wioscce caer siecle 701 Stelliferd ic occ amsiced cteat 701 Cyprina Islandica.-..-... 633, 397, 508, 518 Cystobranchus vividus-..--.. 624, 458, 460 Cytherea convexa...-------------- 681 morrhuana...-..-..--..- 621, 518 Sayauacc coves cis atone 681 Saytics s202 5ecc guessed 681 Dactylometra quinquecirra ..724. 449, 454, 495 Darwinia compressa. ..-.-.. ------ 557 Defrancia bicarinata...-.....--... 638 Wablil« ssesticseens cots 637 Delesseria sinuosa.----.---------- 492, 496 Dendrotelav..c.2 ci coon ssesiee sens 632 Dendronotus arboreseens.--..--. -- 665 Diacria trispinosa ...-..-.--- 669, 444, 453 INDEX. Page. Page. (Crinoidea .-.-........-.-.-.-----. 722. | Diaphana debilis.......----------- 663 Crisia eburnea- .707, 311, 333, 393, 405, 411, | Diastopora patina ...-..---.- 707, 405, 411 419, 424, 496,515 | Diastylis abbreviata -....-...----- 554 Crucibulum striatum .631, 399, 410, 417, 423 ‘quadrispinosa .,..-.554, 511, 507 Crustacea.... ---..----...-----+2-- 54a SeUlptay cases tsiewee dese 554 Cryptodon Gouldii.....-.......... 636,509 | Dibranchiata ....-........-------- 684 obesns........-..--..-..687,509 | Dinematura coleoptrata....-.----. 576 Cryptopodia granulata........-..... 548 | Dinemoura alta.-.---..----. ----- - 476 Clenophoraisicee ese daciseciensinns se 722 | Dimyatias. ce ceesce ce Bas esemiisise 669 Ctenolabrus burgall...-..........- 521 | Diodon pilosus.....-..----.------ 460, 578 Ctenostomata ..---...--...---..-- 708 | Dione convexa.-....--------------- 681 Cucumaria fusiformis..........--- 715 | Diopatra cuprea.593, 346, 364, 371, 377, 422, Culex, species... .----...-.-.--.- 539, 466 431, 434 Cumaced 22-2 cacexiewds Cone uee sed’ 452-554: | Diptera 2.25 ..e0 essc.0 aceieedsse sl 539, 335 Cumin giatellinoides .679, 374, 378, 418, 423, | Dipurnea conica....------------- 735, 455 435 | Discophorer....-.------ fedisieysicte atclels 723 Cyaneaarctica -.723, 440, 447, 449, 450, 454, | Discopora coccinea.......714, 333, 424, 496 455,739 | Docoglossa...-------.--------+----- 661 Pl Vai weeense wesw cccicic® cden 723 | Dodecacerea, species... .----- 607, 397, 422 Postel sii. x20 scscesesc asics 723 | Dog-fish...-.....--.--.--.-------- 521, Cyclas dentata...--...--. 686, 418, 423, 429 | Doliolum, species -..--..----- 707, 446, 454 Cyclocardia borealis ..683, 418, 423, 435,508 | Donax fossor ._...-..----2.------- 679 Doridella obscura -. .664, 307, 333, 400, 410, 423 Doris arborescens--....------------ 665 : bifida: sees snxwseee goes 664, 307, 333 COTOMALS ne dc samns ccrcaae 665 iluminata....--.-..--..-.-. 665 pallida ico secsaschwssecn Le. 665 Doto coronata, - . .665, 400, 410, 423, 420, 495 DriUllec sos teaace heats aeeiass 306, 399 Dusky shark.......--------------- 520 Dynamena cornicina....--------- 733, 729 pumila..c.2 seme ecees 733 Dysmorphosa fulgurans.----. 734, 442, 454 Echinarachnius parma. . .717, 362, 366, 427, 429, 490, 503, 515, 578, 520 Echinaster oculatus.-..-----..---- 719 sanguinolentus .----.-- 719 Echinocidaris Davisii .....-------- 717 punctulata...-..--.- 717 Echinodermata ..--...-.---------- 715 Echinoidea ..---.---------------. - 716 Echinus Droébachiensis -....--.--.- 716 eranularis:....:xsesce-cex. “FIO granulatus --.------.----- 716 neglectus..-.------ aeisteis 716 pentaporus....-.-..------ 717 punctulatus .--.-.-------- 717 Echthrogaleus coleoptratus -.576, 459, 749 denticulatus ....-. 576, 459 Ecrobia minuta...--.------- ----- 653 Ectopleura ochracea ----.-------- 735, 455 Edible crab......------ Secieended 357, 458 Edwardsia elegaus -----..-------- 451 464 INDEX. ; Page. Page. Edwardsia farinacea...--..--. 739, 451,510 | Eudendrium ramosum...--. -734, 408, 411 | lineata -...--- 739, 421, 425, 497 tonne ...-2.--2260-.- 784 Kel-grass . waa lagaact aemaem ase 460 | Eudorella hispida...-., ---------- 555 in brackish water, animals pusilla .----.-...----+-- 554 inhabiting .----..------ 478 | Eugomphodus littoralis ........-.- 521 list of species inhabiting Eugyra pilularis......-.---..---- 700, 509 HG seca. cciscen cesses 480 | Eulalia annidata.... .--...--.-.-- 585 Elysia chlorotica......------. ----667, 480 PVACH IG no ac cen ceaede sevice 586 Elysiella catulus..--..----------- 668, 480 granulosa ....-...----.---- 585 Jambolus pauper -.---.---------+- 715 species -.452, 332, 349, 392, 397, 410, Enchytreus triventralopectinatus.. 624 422, 434 Engraulis vittatus..-.--...----.-- 516 | Eulamia Milberti.....-..-....---- 521 Ensatella Ainericana.674, 356, 365, 426, 429, obscnra. ..,--.--------- 520, 576 490,521 | Eulima oleacea..655, 418, 420, 423, 427, 460 Ensis Americana........---------- 674 | Kumidia Americana........---.-- 584, 494 Entomostraca. ...422, 434, 573, 331, 337, 409 Papi llOsa caaaa seewssienc 584 Eolidia despecta.......----------- 667 pistacia ...-.....-.------ 584 Holis despecta ..---..------s------ 667 species... . - 452, 332, 349, 392, 397, gymnota....---------------- 667 410, 422, 452 Eone gracilis.......-.-.-.-0---2+++ 596 MIVIG Eo ocicteccraisiscpilicoates s 584 Epelys montosus-571, 316, 331, 370, 377, 434 | Eunice sanguitfea -.--. ..---.---- 593 trilobus -.571, 370, 377, 422, 428, 434, | EKupagurns Bernhardus........... 548, 501 452, 464 War Viiinacwen cts scan eriew 451, Ephydra, species..--...--.-.- 540, 464, 466 longicarpus ..549, 313, 331, 339, Epizoanthus Americanus..-.....-- 740, 510 364, 368, 395, 377, 409, 415, 422, Ergasilus labraces ....-...-..-. --573, 459 426, 428, 434, 463, 464, 479, 515, Erichsonia attenuata... .. 570, 370, 377, 479 pollicaris.548, 313, 331, 364, 368, ‘filiformtis.570, 316, 331, 409, 422, 377, 395, 409, 415, 417, 422, 426, dive, 494 428, 484, 515, 521 Iiristalis, species.............---.. 540 pubescens ......-.----- 549 Eschara Pallasiana.........--..--. 713 | Enplenra caudate. . .642, 332, 371, 377, 423, PUOSA sso sees eek eee cece 712 428, 435 BOA DA ooo ecto Santee wie ee ee 714 | uryechinus Drébachiensis........ 716 Escharella variabilis 713, 312, 333, 361, 366, granulatus........-.- 716 389, 393, 403, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476 | Euthora cristata...... 2222... sess 492 Hscharina....0sicae seeewe execs xanees 713 | Eutimalimpida.........2-....... 729, 454 * dineatier.% vexseacoesunts 712 | Fabricia Leidyi..619, 323, 382, 397, 410, 422 pediostoma ...--..----.- 713 | False scorpion....-.....-...-2---- 331 variabilis ....-..-.--...- 713 | Farrella familiaris ....-..........710, 487 Escharipora punctata....713, 403, 411, 424 Eteone limicola..............--.-- 588 MODMSE: certcive wenvarelehcreines 588, 746 BCLOBR sisi crornizss, slntiniay neEee eee 588 species. ..589, 349, 364, 397, 428, 452 Eucheilota duodecimalis.......-.725, 454 ventricularis ...-..... 725, 454 Euchone elegans......... 618, 482, 434, 508 BPCClB = csccee enews 422, 302, 416 Eucope alternata....-....222..2..- 727 diaphana.... 2.0.2 -....2-.- 727 pentapora ...-....--...... 717 POLY Get awe sess ncerkeetaere 727 Eucoryne elegans.......2-2.-...2.- 735 Eucratea chelata..... 710, 405, 411, 424,740 Eudendrium dispar...... 734, 408, 411, 425 pedicellata......-...2.-.- 710 Fasciolaria ligata......-....-2.-. §A2, 517 Fiddler crabs ....-....--. .-- 836, 457, 467 PIONS Dict ctaersoneemeswmrn exinarurrrena ad 520, 327 Vishes, food of....--.. 0.2.22. ...--. 514 list of external parasites ob- served O .......222-22 e066 459 parasites of...... 022.22... 455 Flounder, ocellated, or siuiminer. ..419, 339 spotted........2...-.2.- £20 WITEET ccc ccunevuseesca 520 Flustra avicularia ......2....... - 71 WS NUYS E ie sescetnracen Shia eiayeraiarasntcine 711 VBP, 2 sesases tracare semen 708 VACA 2 ocoate.cie eae ances 712 DAUD GAN. 2c cies ea aes oe 711 INDEX. 465 Page. Page. Plustta pilosa: snccc se soos cs 712 | Gemma Manhattensis....-...------ 682 ‘ SCtaeass.25 oscece0 cen ecwes 7iL | Gemmaria Americana....-.-.-..-- 740 ATURCAE -c ca 5 seesaw Seine 711 VeMMOSAS «266-1 2 = dees 135 Flustrella hispida...-..-.....--... 70+ Geopinus incrassatus...........-.541, 364 Blustribavcesoscscamstas, aceatens 712 Glandula arenicola......---.----- 701, 502 POP SH issoceed scene cuee Qateeee S21 | Globiceps ‘tiarella..2- 20.02.22 <0 735 Pood of tish@s¢sacc.acnaeecceteecee 514 | Glycera Americana... .......---.-- 596 Foraminifera ...-. ..+-.. TAS, 425, 430, 412 , dibranchiata ...........--- 596 Fovie SWatrenl js. es). c ceca secs 633 | Goose-barnacles .....--.---.------- Bal Free swimming and surface animals 436 | Goose-fish..-.......-...----------- 516 Fringed sea-anemone-..........-.- 329 | Gorgonia tenuis.....'......---...737, 457 Prost-fish 2c vest o5o3cne sek acdstnens 519 | Gonldia lunolata...--...2...-..... 685 Piens Nodosas sscs-2452.00 qoee sees ce 303 mactracea -. - .675, 41+, 425, 429,513 WeSICHOSNS 24.20. dhe eee ets 303,427 Grantia botryoides.-.....-..-.---.- TAL Fulgur canaliculata_-.............. 640 ciliata. . 749. 330, 334, 391, 394, 412, carica .. .6410, 313, 332, 355, 365, 399, 425 410,417,423, 42> POROUEN nas é xctoieag avn 741 SliCOANS 58 es satskeiee sees 640 | Gravelly and sandy bottoms off the Fundulus pisculentus....-..... ..520, 45% open coast, list of species inhabit- Pasus cimerenS225: s2c-2005 soc en | BAT | ING! sestewice wee, RES ees 504 COMCUS 2. nce socine weed once SBE HIF Gravelly and shelly bottoms of bays "TUES co). ghaeleeets Teo oad 638 and sounds, fauna of the...------ 412 harpularing 3. sos sescerne~ 1636 | Gravelly bottoms off the open coast, HiGIPOM tes cass.ose te eeeeenes 645 faUNa Of ssesescsescéceseascezsa / 500 TWSlandiGGsic.<.sas-aacceesoesss G38)! Green-era ben os Accasscsingc nese cece 312 pleurotomarins ---.----.---- 6374 GHDIMNE: cicssc ssi eecdeee see 228 321 PN CMOUS 5 2ceskesseeentas 639 | Gymnocopa.... .----..----.------- 626 PULUS obec a2 Besa atewlceees 637 | Gyiinosoniata...<..coe.cccce ccc 663 PraMmbuld 2-4-0530: 639,645 a1!" Gyinnolemata: 22-2. ce.cc6 cece eee TOT Gadus iérebnd 02.5. secs -ticesce 516 | Haddock, mollusks taken from Galerocerdo tigrina..-...--..------ 521 stomachs Ofscscxnvadewssceas seas 513 Gammaracanthus mucronatus..... 559 | Haleampa albida-.-...----....--. 738 Gammarus annulatus -- --553, 314,331,495 | Haleyonium carneum........-.---. 737 519 | Halecium gracile.- ..729, 32%, 334, 376, 373, TOONS ile a upyea en eeicuted 557 391, 393,411, 425, 476 marinus ..---. 559, 314,331,456 | Halichondria oculata.-.....-...... 742 mucronatus... 559, 370, 377, 466, panicea..:nscsse0s 743, 749 479, 519, 520 ° SPCCleS . coececcceae 7A3 natator.. 552, 439, 452, 455,514, | Halisarea, species........-----...- 744 519,520 | Halocampa producta.73%, 330, 334, 363, 366 ornatus-. 557, 514, 331, 322, 392, | Halodrillus littoralis.623, 324, 332, 333, 365, 455, 126,519 463 PUle® noses ssc see eciss 557 _ Harbors, fauna of the.-....---..-- 460 Gastranella tumida .--..----- 67%, 412,423 | Harger, Oscar, on Isopod Crusta- GastlOpOd tis ic.c.loiecideqeged soe sae 636 | GO Decent eee seen aE Gattiola, species.---..-....--. 590.453 ' Harmothoé imbricata. .. .522, 321, 332, 392, Gebia affinis .. 549, 364, 377, 451, 46%, 519, | BoT, ALO, 422 52) ' Hemimactra solidissima.....---..- 630 Gelasimus minax...-....----. ----545.237 | Hermit-crabls..__....... ..313, 330.36, 371 pugilator. 515, 336, 364, 462, 464. | Herma eruciata ........-.------- 667 467 Heterocerus undatus.-_.-_. ..543, 364, 464 pugnax ...545, 367,377, 466, 462 | Heteroerypta granulata......04>, 415, 422 545 Heteromyatia: 2220222209 sees enn 692 Gemellaria loricata .- TAT | Heteromysis formosa .. ..553, 396. 409, 415. loriculata: .ccse0 sec sce TAT 422, 452 Gemma Totteni 22.2 -cccececaes on 682 | Heteronereisarctica...-....---..-. 59 466 INDEX. Page. Page. Heteronereis assimilis ..--...-.-.-- 591 | Invertebrate animals, habits and dis- glaucopis ..-.-..----. 591 tribution of the...... ieipesicbel pce wie 204 grandifolia .... ..---. 591 | Imphimedia vulgaris...-..--.----- 507 Heterofusus Alexandri .......--.-- 669 | Trish mOsh....2-.2r cee eee es cee eee 404 Dale aeis aie caine cee saese 669 | Isodictya palmata ......2---0: 2-6 742 Hickory shad.....-------+++-0-0-- 520 BPCCION. 22 cee eee nee «+ 742 Hippa talpoida. .548, 338, 364, 428, 451,490, | Isopoda ..... wea diasetiaieaia ciate - 567 530 | Ivory-barnacle ...-....----- peer 381 Hippocrene Carolinensis........-. 733 | Jira copiosa... 571,315, 331, 342, 392, 486 superciliaris.......-... 733 NHVALIN -1 2. ee ee eens eee ee 571 Ilippolyte pusiola.:.550, 395, 409, 422, 457, | Juminia exigua..-.-....-------+- - 656 493, 511 producta.....2.----0. seen 656 Hippothoa rugosa....-.--...+--+-- 712 seminuda ......----+ eaeee OT Holothuria Briareus ........--..-. 715 | Janthina fragilis...-....--... ----- 660 : Physalis., «<0 se ovens 737 | Jingle-shell.....--. sais ane Scare Wi deweseinia $11 Holothurioidea ......--..-----+-+- 715 | Keilia planulata.688, 310, 333, 374, 374, 418, Homarus Americanus. .. .549, 313, 331, 395, 423, 435 409, 415, 422, 426, 428, 451, 492, 515, rubra ..... pandecaimanieidans 688 520, 521,745 | King-crab..... Griese emacs aveneae 340 Hlorseshoe-crab....--.21.---+8 +--+ 340, 468 | King-fish ..-....----.--.0-02--00- 515, 339 Horse-mackerel......-..-+-0----++ 516 | Lacuna divaricaty............--++ 652 Horse-musele ....-.----020e-00 eee 309 frigida...........2-.---6- 652 Hyas coarctatus .....-.---------66 548 Va IOWA ccitoca actee et actatie 652 Hyalea cornea.....-...-------++- - 669 noritoidea .....220-- --+. 653, 45 tridentata .........------- 669 HOMDG ences. pecece teanas 652 trispinosa ...-......--2---- 669 vincta. . 652, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372, Hyale littoralis...... 556, 315, 331, 392, 486 377, 410, 417, 423, 445 Hybocodon prolifer ...... +0736, 324, 334 | Lady-cral .2.. 222.2222 e eee eee 338, 426 Hydractinia echinata.......-....-. 736 | Luwvicardium Mortoni. ..685, 354, 365, 426, polyclina... 736, 328, 334, 363, 429 376, 378, 407, 411, 425, 427, 429 | Lafwa calcarata.729, 334, 40B, 411, 425, 454 Hydrallmania falcata. ...733, 408, 411, 425 COMNMMEDS ciescics:chaciaewe oes wer 929 Hydroidea sescessssceescccsacsone: 725 | Lamellibranchiata......-2-2.2-+-+ 669 Hydrophilus qnadristriatus ...... 541, 466 | Laminaria digitata........-22++2-- 492 Hymeniacidon ...-..--.----.------ 743 longiornra .2...-.26ee- 492 suberea ......--. +54 744 saccharing ....0. 2.22006 492 Hyperia, species......... 567, 439, 452, 459 | Laodices calcarata......--0. 0006+ 729 Ichthyobdella Funduli..-.. - 624,454, 460 | Laomeden amphora......---.---- 727 Idotea cwca.......----- 569, 340, 364, 428 dichotoma ....-.------- 723 irrorata .569, 316, 331, 340, 364, 370, divaricata ..........2-- 727 377, 392, 439, 452, 479, 446, AEX NO8S, ee eeeeceaseens 726 494,514 elatinOBe .--- 2202 eee 728, 727 montosa ....-. 2.22.22 eee 571 genicnlata..-.-2...20+ - TH phosphorea. .569, 316, 331, 392, 409, gigantea. 22: vteeneceos 728 422, 452 Jongishima...eceee anne 728 robusta ........--.-. 569, 439, 452 | Laphystins sturioniy.......-.557, 457, 469 WWiloba ccnessockcuewsmesine 571 | Larves of balanus.......-...----- 455 Tutteil. ccse ceases 569, 340, 364,501 | Larvalia .....-...2-.-0---.--- 220 707 Tdyiaroseola.......-.--.- 723, 448, 451,454 | Larval macroura........... aenme 452 Tlyanassa obsoleta.. 641,313,359, 354,355, | Leda limatula..... Cie oneeeemees 689 365, 368, 371, 377, 383, 392, 428, 435, OWCKE. cuxainscsms dae wan saves 690 463, 469, 479, 516 SapoOtiNe, secc so seinen s news dees, 629 Infasoria, ciliated....-.----.2.222. 455 tenuisuleata....-.--.. 600, 509, 519 FHSOCt a a. soso ecriaieraisie sinzia jens Helen as 539 thraciwformis ......--- aenee G90 INDEX. 467 Page. Page. Leguminaria Flondana...... .---. 676 | Limnoria lignorum ..571, 360, 377, 379, 392, Lepas anatifera........-..-.-580, 382, 392 482 aurita ..... sinidewiow e.aeisisieieels 580 terebrans ...-..----.---- 571 auserifera........-.--- 588,362: 392 | Limpet: coe ose cecccaw sw cece sesenes ne 306 balanoides..-........-.---- 579 | Limulus australis --.........---.-- 580 MAVOMA 2..:;0 6 soneieeee cesees 579 Polyphemus....580, 340, 355, 364, fascicularis -.-..--.. - -579, 382, 452 370, 377, 428, 431, pectinata .....-...--.-579, 382, 392 434, 452, 464, 468 virgata...----...---.------ 580 | Linkia oculata .........-....----. 719 Lepeophtheirus salmonis.....-..-- 576 PCCtUSa. ces didect cee cress 719 : species .......... 575,459 | Liocardium Mortoni.........----. 683 Lepidactylis dytiscus- ...556, 339, 364, 409, | Lissa fissirostra.......-..--.-..--. 548 422, 428 | Lists of species found in the stomachs Lepidonote armadillo..........-.. 581 Of fishes ecas- ce ees sess cenesess 514 cirrata ............... 582 | List of parasites observed on fishes. 459 Lepidonotus angustus.......---..581, 494 | List of species inhabiting eel-grass sublevis-. .581, 320, 332, 397, in brackish waters....-.-..----- 480 410, 422 | List of species inhabiting gravelly squamatus ....581, 320, 332, bottoms of the outer waters..... 504 ¥ 392, 397, 410, 422 | List of species inhabiting gravelly Leprwa rubra......--.. 615, 382, 392, 453 and shelly bottoms of the bays Lepralia hyalina......-...---.---- 713 and sounds........---.--------- 421 Pallasiana .......-.-.... 713,420 | List of species inhabiting muddy Peachii......-.--..-----. 714 bottoms of bays and sounds...... 434 pediostoma ......-.-.---- 713 | List of species inhabiting muddy punctata -...-.-...---.-. 713 bottoms of brackish waters...-.. 470 species .-..-.--..--- 496, 424, 333 | List of species inhabiting sandy or variolosa ....-...-.---.-- 713 soft muddy bottoms of outer wa- Leptasterias compta.....----..-.- 719 POPS ae ett sth Sereie see cereeis fer) WOE Leptochiton apiculatus..661, 423, 399, 410, | List of species commonly found on 749 muddy shores of bays and sounds 377 ruber. . .662, 399, 410, 495,749 | List of species inhabiting muddy Leptoclinum albidum...705, 403, 411, 424, shores and bottoms of brackish 515 WALEIS. ccc a dacdcce cease neecee, 420 luteolum. ..706, 403, 411,424 | List of species inhabiting oyster- Leptogorgia tenuis....----.------ 737 beds in brackish waters........- 476 teres...--.-...----- - 737 | List of species inhabiting piles of Lepton fabagella....-.-....------- 683 | wharves and bridges, buoys, bot- Leptoplana folium..-...---.-----632, 487 toms of vessels, &c., in bays and Leptosynapta Girardii-..716, 366, 361, 490 Bia ga bee ae hee Pa 392 roseola .... .--716, 366, 362 | List of species inhabiting piles of tenuis .....--..---- 716] wharves, floating timbers, &c., in Lernza branchialis.-.-.. a Seteleeenets 578, 460 brackish waters ........---..--- 482 uncinata -..--.--..------- 578 | List of species inhabiting rocky bot- Lerneocera radiata..-...-..------ 57 toms of the bays and sounds. .... 409 Lerneonema radiata-...----- 578, 458, 465 | List of species inhabiting rocky bot- Lesueuria hyboptera......-.. ----722, 454 toms of the outer waters......-. 498 Leucosolenia botryoides..741, 334, 391, 394 | List of species inhabiting the rocky thamnoides.......... 741 shores of the bays and sounds.... 331 Libinia canaliculata.548, 339, 364, 368, 377, | List of species found on the rocky 431, 434, 511, 521 shores of the outer coast. ..-..-.--- 487 dubia -......548, 368, 377, 431, 434 | List of species inhabiting sandy bot- Limacina balea....--...---------- 669 | toms of bays and sounds........- 428 Limax papillosus........-..-.---- 666 468 INDEX. Page. Page. List of species inhabiting sandy bot- Lucina Gouldii-.....---.---------- 686 toms of estuaries..----.--------- 464 Tadula .ccacwccoss seee viens 66 List of species inbabiting sandy bot- Btrigillay sc sees seenwesaecacs 686 toms of outer waters.--...------ 504 | Lumbriconereis fragilis.... 594, 501, 507 List of species inhabiting sandy shores of bays and sounds.....-- 364 List of species inhabiting sandy shores and bottoms of estuaries.. 464 List of species inhabiting sandy shores of the outer coast...--.-- - 490 List of species inhabiting surface WateMs sccncccccc sneer aeeneae 451 List of species inhabiting surface waters in winter....--..----.--- 455 Lithodomus ..--....--..---------- 309 Lithothamnion polymorphum .399, 492, 495 Littorina arctica ....-..-----.----- 652 Greenlandica .....-.. ---- 651 irrorata ..-...-.... 651, 372, 377 JIM ALA on a scn Kdecoaedienes 652 littoralis........--------- 652 marmorata ....---------- 652 neglecta ......-.----- scizee/ “O52 neritoidea ..----..------- 652 palliata 652, 305, 333, 383, 393, 485 Peconica ..-.---.---.---. 652 rudissima...-..-.---.-.-. 652 rudis.. 651,305, 333, 383, 393, 485 BARACIIG Wns cecccgasuciece 652 Bul Cate os.c.ceecceeeen eee 651 tenebrosa...--...-------- 65 ROWAMAr 2.00008 geen cee ess 652 Littorinella levis ...-...----.----- 653 minuta .... 383, 392, 469, 653, Livoneca ovalis......-.....----- 572, 459 Ligzia erata, 2nd vsssdesscece cones 448 Lobster and other crustacea, meta- morphoses of. By 8.1. Smith... 522 Lobster, habits ...--...---.-- 395, 492, 745 Loligo illecebrosa..-.-....---.-.-- 634 pallida......--.. 635, 441, 453, 514 Pealii -. 635, 416, 423, 440, 453, 515 516, 520, 521 punctata ...--...---.....-- 635 Long clam 2... 2222 see 309, 357, 458, 490 Long-tailed sting-ray ..--...----.- 521 Lophius Americanus -.--..-.---.- 516, 457 Lophopsetta maculata....-....---- 520 Lophothuria Fabricii...-..---.--.- 519 Lottia testudinalis -...---......... 661 Lucina contracta.......-.--------- 686 dentata -----...-20.-.--nee 686 divaricata......--....----- 686 TOBA sh cevensseeee edu toe 686, 509 flexuosa ..--.....+22------- 686 opalina . 594, 320, 352, 342, 364, 371, 377, 397, 410, 422, 428, 434, 468 splendida ........ 594 tenuis -. 594, 320, 332, 342, 364, 371, 377, 422, 463 Lumbriculus tenuis -......-....--- 623 Lumbricus fragilis ...--...-..----- 594 Lumbrinereis fragilis........-.-..-.. 594 Lunatia triseriata......--..----. 646, 365 heros . 646, 313, 353, 354, 365, 423, 426, 429, 490, 417, 521 immaculata -....--. 646,508, 517 Lupa diacantha...-....--.---.---- 548 hastataess3e sss pe scoenasts 548 Lycidice Americana........---- = 593,508 Lycoris fucata .........----- 02-6 591 Lyonsia hyalina.... 672, 358, 365, 423, 426, 429, 435 Lysianassa, species...----. -- 556, 434, 452 Lysianassine...... ..---.----2 2-06 431 Macha divisa ...--.-- 0-22-22 -2-+-- 676 Machera costata...... .2..-.-- 208 675 Mackerel ....-. ..---------- eee. 442, 516 Macoma calcarea.......--..------- 677 fragilis: 222 cscscnc0 sacnene 676 fusca. - .676, 359, 365, 372, 378, 429, 435, 463, 469, 508 Greenlandica ....-...----- 676 PLOXIMA 226.6 sicc esac s scicie 677 sabulosa,...--.-.--------+ 677 Macrowtanp.cccseccnencesca cece 549 Mactra arctata...-0------- 2-22 -- 679 gigantea ..--2.------ wee nee 680 lateralis: ccsc-cs2% Secaciennt 680 BiMilist ccd cots ea tedaeS 680 solidissima.. 680, 358, 365, 412, 418 423, 426, 429, 490 tellinoides.......--...----. 679 Madreporaria .....-...---- ree 740 Malacobdella grossa...---.-------- 625 mercenaria .... 625, 458, 460 obesa@..----.--- 625, 458, 460 Maldane elongata... 609, 343, 365, 371, 377 Maumina immaculata .......------- 646 Mammaria Mauhattensis ...-..-... 445 Mangelia bicarinata...........-.-- 688 © CePA: 2p eseececce 637, 432, 435 harpularia -.-.........-- 636 pyramidalis......-.....- 637 Margarita Greenlandica ........... 519 INDEX. 469 Page. Page. Margarita obscura .......-.-. 661, 502, 515 | , MOdiOla TERA wc.e ne ncsiecceus, 432, 434, 453 lacteankiesseicece. 630, 350, 365 lurida. 2ctiecs ccc 630, 502, 502 Pocahontas-....---..----- 630 - rosea.. 630, 324, 332, 350, 365, 422 Medusa digitale..-.-..........---- 725 Garav ella) ....c.ccsumeans ee 737 WA: cares ocean a mean aoe Megalops and zoea-....----.------ 451 | Melampus bidentatus -.. 662, 463, 469, 520 Melanogrammus eglifinus --...... - 513 Melinna cristata -...._-- 613, 432, 434, 507 Melita nitida .560, 314, 331, 322, 392, 134, 479 Mellita pentapora .-..........----. 717 quinquefora testudinaria testudinata Membranipora lineata -- 712,333, 406, 411, 424, 427, 429 pilosa... 712, 333, 393, 406, 411, 424, 496 tenuis ....-.. 712, 420, 424 | Menestho albula .----...--------- 670 Menhaden .2. 2:52 22 ss00 csscesescecs 520 | Menipea ternata .---..---.---.---- 711 Menticirrus nebulosus .---..-.----- 515 Mercenaria mercenaria ..---.------ 621 Violacea ..0--ccco2s0c02 651 Mesodesma arctata....-....------ 679, 51> Mesopieura bidentata ...-.-...---- 676 Metamorphoses of the lobster and other crustacea. By S.I.Smith. 522 Metridium marginatum. 73, 329, 334, 391, 393, 412, 425 Microciona prolifera.---.. - -745, 741 Microdeutopus minax - ...~-. .562, 479, 519 Microgadus tom-codus..--.....---. 519 | Millepora reticulata ......-....--- 714 MinuoW veeeretesecs aecctoeseciesed 520 Mnemiopsis Leidyi-. .722, 449, 450, 454, 457 Modeeria, species .-..-..--.-.----- 454 Modiola discrepans..---.-.---.---- 69-4 glandula -....-..--.---. -695, 517 hamatus - -- -693, 374, 372, 472, 475 levigata 694 modiolus--. 693, 309, 333, 401, 410, 412, 424, 495, 515 52 Mulinia lateralis ..-. levigata .......-.694, 509, 749 nigra .694, 415, 424, 133, 435, 516 Meera levis. .559, 315, 331, 409, $22, 452, 519 Molanna, species... .....-----543, 379, 392 Molgula arenata-699, 119, 424, 426, 429, 502 Manhattensis -- se 311, 333, 361, 366, 373, 32, 393, 575, 401, 411, 424, ‘pt. 429, 435, 445 PapilOsa sacs e i ceccueaeies 699, 495 pellucida ...2......-. 699, 426, 429 PUMIATIS: cs oc22-2c0.24 teecics 700 ; producta 699, 502, 510 | Mollia hyalina... ....713, 405, 411, 420, 424 | MoMUSC8 . cnc2 cane ceietene eu deue 634 ' Mollusks found in stomach of cod- fish, sesh cebseviies s eashed aeeeress 517 Mollnsks found in stomach of had- | OG Ath sci tS Atel alla een 512 Molpadia OOMTICD oasis ws vesicle ag od 715,510 Monocelis agilis ........-----631 325, 332 Monoculodes, species-.-.--.--- 556, 152, 455 Monoculus Polyphemus.......---. 530 Mono ps: AGilis5 220: cesces e Senses tsar 631 Montacuta bidentata.-......---.. 622,513 elevata -..622, | Montagua Gouldii-.......--.----- BYNUM Aceases 2x xxn ven Pata 5's xsigianige aveces vermifera Monomy arlasies 2isciecnjon gexeasens , Morone Americana....-..-...----- Muadserabs.c2sn esusesates eesese Muddy bottoms of bays and sounds, list of species inhabiting. 434 Muddy bottoms of the open coast, {AUS OF owes seeds meetes ceeees 506 Muddy shores and bottoms of brack- ish waters, fauna of....-..------ 465 G20, 373, 37>, 423, 429, 432, 435, 470 Slurex ana icalatns 656 impressa ..-....---....- 656 interrupta............. 657, 517 Turritopsis nutricula............- 734, 454 Page Turtonia minuta..-.-....--.------ 687 HOUMA ecw cme wonmercer a 687 ‘Ulva latissima.......-..--------- 303, 315 Unciola irrorata 567, 340, 364, 370, 377, 409, 415, 422, 426, 428, 431, 434, 493, 501, 507, 514, 749 Urosalpinx cinerea ..641, 306, 332, 372, 377, 383, 392, 399, 410, 423, 428, 476 Urothoé, species -.---.2--...--..- 556, 452 Utriculus canaliculatus............ 663 Valkeria cuscuta..........-.-. 228 709 pustulosa.......---.....- 709 Velella mi titai.cxecccenteme nares 737, 455 Venericardia cribraria........---.- 684 granulata.....-...-.- 684 Venus castanea.-----.......--..-- 685 FraPTIS. oss seve eicescesinees 676 POM MA sn eisuasic ae aialaisiacle See 682 WSl andi ais os-ccie-cicteterecseicletarate 683 Manhattensis -....--...... 682 mercenaria -.681, 359, 365, 372, 378, 429,435, 458, 463, 469 MOTNU Gah. 2/22 2,55 as) vermis icin, 687 NOLAlAs = cneeiewic cb cone sc -- 681 preparca..---.-.---. 2-226. 681 Vermetus lubricalis...--.-.-...... 649 Tadicula, 2c. cssesseeasees 649 Vermilia, species. ...--.-----. 621, 416, 422 Vesicularia armata ...... 710, 405, 411, 424 cuscuta -709, 333, 389, 393, 404, 411, 424 dichotoma ..709, 333, 389, 393, 404, 411, 419, 424, 476° familiaris ..--......... 710 PUBCA noone esi 710, 420, 424 gracilis .709, 333, 389, 393, 411, 424 Virbius pleuracanthus -........... 550 zostericola..550, 369, 377, 396, 452, 479, 519, 530 Volvaria alba...-..-..--...-00-.- 663 canaliculata ............- 663 Vortex candida .-...-.....-....--- 634 Warrenii..............--.- 633 Wiealeefis hh an:s ict mcieseitey ac dodeteyie 515, 339 White-armed anemone .........-.. 329 White perch....- syste Beg Dis.clenttefere ls 339, 514 Willia ornata........---. 2... -..- 735, 455 Winter flounder ..---...--2....2.. 520 MIPHOSUTBiicwsaceaasaecisics was gered 580 Polyphemus...---..-.-. 580 Xylotrya fimbriata--.-.-.. 670, 379, 387, 393 palmulata........-...... 670 Yoldia angularis...-.........2.... 690 PTC CAs ciecieiics sists, dauvawd wcere 689 478 Page. Viol: GOW. 2025 heniconcineese 690 limatula ....-...-G29, 432, 435, 518 OWCSE 3 caione seromen ask ceee 690 509 sapotilla ......-.. 689, 509, 518, 521 thraciformis...--.....---- 690, 509 Zanclea gemmosa....--.-------2--- 735 Ziried Crispata. sovcieesexs sees sees 671, 433 =) INDEX. Page. Zirphwa crispata ....-...--------- 671 Zoanthus Americanus...-..------- 740 parasiticus......-------- 740: Zoea and megalops..-------.---+-- 451 460 Zostera marina ---...--.---.------ Zygodactyla Greenlandica....729 449, 454 EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Figure 1.—Pinnixa cylindrica Say, (p. 546;) male, enlarged four diameters. 2.—Pinnotheres ostreum Say, (p. 546;) male, enlarged four diameters. 3.—Panopeus depressus Smith, (p. 547;) male, natural size. 4,—Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille, (p. 547 ;) male, slightly reduced in size. (All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. eek Figure 5.—Hippa talpoida Say, (p. 548;) dorsal view, enlarged about two diameters. 6.—Pandalus annulicornis Leach, (p. 550;) dorsal view, slightly reduced in size. 7.—Gebia affinis Say, (p. 549;) female ; lateral view, slightly enlarged. 8.—Callianassa Stimpsoni Smith, (p. 549;) larger cheliped; outside, natural size. 9.—Palemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, (p. 550;) male; lateral view, enlarged one and one-half diameters. ‘ {All tke figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.) 508 Fig. 9. Plate II, EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL Ficure 10.—Crangon vulgaris Fabr., (p. 550;) male; dorsal view, natural size, 11.—Virbius Zostericola Smith, (p.550;) female; lateral view, slightly en- larged. ; 12.—Mysis stenolepis Smith, (p. 551;) young female; lateral (view, enlarged four diameters. The anterior margin of the carapax is not well repre- sented in this figure; see description. 13.—Diastylis quadrispinosa G. O. Sars, (p. £54;) lateral view, enlarged seven diameters. (All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.) Plate III. Fig. 16. Fig. 13. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. BY ‘Ficure 14.—Orchestia ‘agilis Smith, (p. 555;) male; lateral view, enlarged five di- ameters. 15.—Gammarus ornatus Edwards, (p. 557;) male; lateral view, enlarged two diameters. : 16.—Amphithoé maculata Stimpson, (p. 563;) male; lateral view, enlarged two diameters. 17.—Ampelisca sp., (p. 561;) lateral view, enlarged five diameters. 18.—Cerapus rubricornis Stimpson, (p. 565;) female; lateral view, enlarged five diameters; and hand of the second pair of legs of the male, en- larged the same amount. 19.— Unciola irrorata Say, (p. 567;) male; dorsal view, enlarged six diameters. (All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton and §. I. Smith.) Plate IV. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 19. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. FiGuRE 20,—Caprella geometrica Say, (p. 567;) lateral view, enlarged about three diameters. 21.—Spheroma quadridentata Say, (p. 569;) dorsal view, enlarged five diam- j eters. 7 22.—Idotea ceca Say, (p. 569;) male; dorsal view, enlarged three diameters. 23.—Idotea irrorata Edwards, (p. 569;) male; dorsal view, enlarged two diameters. 24,.—Idotea robusta Kroyer, (p. 569;) male; dorsal view, enlarged two diam- eters. (Fignres 20, 21, 23, and 24, were drawn by J. H. Emerton; figure 22 by O. Harger.) Plate V. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Figure 25.—Limnoria lignorum White, (p. 571;) dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 26.—Erichsonia filiformis Harger, (p. 570 ;) dorsal view, enlarged five diam- eters. 27,.—Erichsonia attenuata Harger, (p. 570;) dorsal view, enlarged three diam- eters. 28.—Epelys trilobus Smith, (p. 571 ;)ydorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 29.—Livoneca ovalis Harger, (p. 572 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diameters. (Figure 25 was drawn by S. I. Smith; 26 and 28 by O. Harger; 27 and 29 by J. H. Emerton.) Plate V1. No. 783 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL Ficure 30.—Lerneonema radiata Steenstrup and Liitken, (p.578 ;) female, enlarged two diameters. : 31.—Pandarus, (p. 576;) female; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters. 32.—Nogagus Latreillii, (p. 576;) male; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters 33.—Sapphirina, (p. 573;) male; dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 34.—Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander, (p. 579;) lateral view of a single animal from a large cluster, slightly enlarged. 35.—Phoxichilidium maxillare Stimpson, (p.544;) male; dorsal view, enlarged. two diameters. (Figure 33 was drawn by S. I. Smith; all the others by J. H. Emerton.) Plate VII. Seo “ON Fig. 30. No. 540 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII Ficurt 36.—Squilla empusa Say, (p. 536;) lateral view of the free-swimming larve in one of its later stages, enlarged ten diameters. 37.—Zoéa of the common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 530 ;) in the last stage just before it changes to the megalops condition; lateral view, =e seventeen diameters. 38.—Megalops stage of the same, just after the change from the zoéa ‘totidte tion ; dorsal view, enlarged thirteen diameters. {All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.) Plate VIII. Fig. 37. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Larval young of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus Edwards, (p. 522.) Ficure 38.—A. Lateral view of the larval young in the first stage observed, enlarged seven diameters. B. The same in a dorsal view, the abdomen held horizontally. C. Antennula, enlarged fourteen diameters. D. One of the thoracic legs of the second pair, enlarged fourteen diam- eters; a, exopodus; 0b, epipodus; ce, branchiz. ° 39.—E. Lateral view of the larval young in the third stage, enlarged five and one-half diameters. F. Terminal portion of the abdomen seen from above, enlarged ten diam- eters; a, one of the small spines of the posterior margin of the terminal segment, enlarged fifty diameters. G. Basal portion of one of the legs of the second pair, showing the epip- odus and branchie, enlarged fourteen diameters. . (All the figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens, by S. I. Smith.) Plate IX. Fig. 38. No, 512 EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. FicurReE 40.—Lepidonotus squamatus, (p.581;) anterior part of the body, head, and proboscis; dorsal view. 41.—The same; end of the proboscis; front view, showing the jaws and papille. 42.—Lepidonotus sublevis, (p. 581;) dorsal view. 43.—Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus, (p. 596;) anterior part of body, mouth and head ; lower side. 44.—The same; lateral appendage, showing the dorsal cirrus, the upper and lower branchie and the setigerous lobes between them. 45.—Rhynchobolus Americanus, (p, 596;) anterior part of the body and ex- tended proboscis; dorsal view. 46.—The same; lateral appendages, showing the dorsal cirrus, the branched gill, the setigerous lobes, and the ventral cirrus. (Figures 40, 41, 42, 45, were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 44 by A. E. Verrill; 43 and 46 were copied from Ehlers.) : Plate X. Fig. 43. Fig. 40. Fig. 45. No, 544 Fig. 41. Fig. 42. No. 545 Ue yf sake ances. ir No, 543 Fig. 46. No. 559 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. Figure 47.—Nereis virens, (p. 590;) head little more than natural size ; dorsal view. 48.—The same; extended proboscis; dorsal view. 49.—The same; probosci; sventral view. 50.—The same; lateral appendage. 51.—Nereis limbata, male, (p.590;) a few segments of the middle region of the body, anterior region, head and extended proboscis ; dorsal view. 52.—Nereis pelagica, female, (p. 591;) natural size; dorsal view. 53.—The same; male, natural size; dorsal view. 54.—The same; head more enlarged; dorsal view. 55.—The same; proboscis; ventral view. 56.—Phyllodoce gracilis?, (p. 586;) head ; dorsal view. (Figure 51 was drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, were copied from Ehlers; 34, 55, from Malmgren; 56, from A. Agassiz.) 4 Plate XI, Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Fig. 53. Fig. 52. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. Figure 57.—Nephthys picta, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and head, much enlarged ; dorsal view. 58.—Nephthys bucera, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged; ven- tral view. ; f 59.—Nephthys ingens, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and extended proboscis ; ventral view. 60.—The same; dorsal view. 61.—Podarke obscura, (p. 589 ;) dorsal view, from a specimen preserved in alchohol and much contracted in length. 62.—Nectonereis megalops, (p. 592;) ventral view. 63.—The same ; anterior region of body and head; dorsal view. 64.—Marphysa Leidyi, (p. 593;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged about three diameters; dorsal view. (Figures 57 and 58 were copied from Ehlers; all the rest were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton) Plate XII. Fig. 61. Fig. 63. eke 7 ESS Za EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. Fictre 65.—Autolytus cornutus, (p. 590;) an asexual individual, from which a male is about to separate; dorsal view, enlarged about six diameters; A, A, A, antenme of the former; C,C,C, C, two tentacles and one tentacular cirrus on each side, followed by the dorsal-cirri; F, the intestine; d, the long sete and dorsal cirri of the male, 66.—The same; anterior part of a female, more enlarged ; the letters as before ; 5 b, the eyes; ¢, the eggs; f, the intestine; 3, one of the appendages of the anterior region of the body; ¢, the dorsal cirrus; h, the setigerous _ tubercle, supporting hooked setx. 67.—Diopatra cuprea, (p. 593 ;) head and anterior part of body, showing part of the branchie ; side view. 68.—The same; ventral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back. 69.—Lumbriconereis opalina, (p. 594 ;) anterior part of body; dorsal view. 70.—The same; lateral appendage and sete. 2 (Figures 65 and 66 were copied from A. Agassiz; 67, 68,69 were drawn from nature by J. H. Emer- ton; 70, by A. E. Verrill.) Plate XIII. Fig. 66. Fig. 65. Fig. 69. Fig. 70.