= | | 4 | New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y. Library KB. OF THE Coe \\ at STATE OF MICHIGAN i | | Cornell University Library SD 551.F94 ucts on M ‘ERS Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002988461 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE PUBLIC DOMAIN COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS , By E. H. FROTHINGHAM, TFormst Examiner, Forest SERVICE. JULY 10, 1915. LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 1916 To the Farmers of Michigan: It is always a pleasure for the Public Domain Commission to co- operate with any of the United States departments in giving to the people of this State information which will be of benefit to them. This publication entitled “Selling Woodlot Products on Michigan Farms” is the result of such cooperation, and we feel that the data which has been so carefully gathered and intelligently compiled by the Forest Ser- vice of the United States Department of Agriculture will be of untold value to the farmers of Michigan, not only in advising them as to how best to harvest and dispose of the products of their woodlots, but in stimu- lating a greater desire for larger and better woodlots. Very respectfully yours, JUNIUS E. BEAL, ALFRED J. DOHERTY, ORAMEL B. FULLER, FRED L. KEELER, WILLIAM KELLY, COLEMAN C. VAUGHAN, Members of the Public Domain Commission. Protection to the orchard and wood production. A woodlot serving a double purpose: | SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS | CONTENTS ' | Page | PUPPOSE:Of NE HULLS jo xa .s dsaiws ciedunia ince anaes od imscaae pawed yume eh aay Seem 4 The woodlot situation in Michigan. .........00 00.00 c cece cece cnet eee 7 | The common woodlot trees............. 000 cc cece eee ee ee re 8 Marketing woodlot products.......00...00..0 00 ccc cece cee eee tees Me Se ce, Rese 8 | Sizing up the woodlot..... Re eee Sith eae: ORL Ho RES OM ED Rea eee wal’ Senate 8 & 9 | RS Oneioer e GUAIEE, eck iva uk uwmetee a eR CORR) | BO Ge ce mee ae i ew ete le 16 | TOON: o 2 gs paigtigia 24g og y 5 GPR Ade eae ees tiie pad (dW g. Goes pene 17 | SawlOgsst. 525 omit ae on4 5 ag 4 oownly en oe Soo5. Oy eS ks RR ES 18 | ONES oid oo ey ewan nee RAS ER GARE RRR Ye 4. sya sudeerorregs eemey 19 | Hanes cae vs seme a4 key BNE SARE OS = co Sea eeepe 4 ogee re eens 20 | Vehicles and vehicle parts.................00000005 Se chite Sia ees Bete keds 21 h IP GOPETAR Sie eb iscet ce bia oa arate CES oR ee Bay ERE Seago icine eect aes 22 | FRAMIT ORG ICR). ess secuens izsgea)e sds dnspinsiehills ected ont Saas ecw a > ah eb hans Poa gba buaiae des 23 POEs ATG, MOST fice d.5)5-5-2 eoninsasades ie god Sw ds ebeanaas Gee G A ada Bet wachacsaumincul ASD 9p abate 24 Small TOUS PLOMU CES) 3 5. sgweiccueies eis wis Pe oeoAmaR eed. DE OR ES HATA WHORE A Gh da eee 25 Wood for pulp ............... Bhs ade Moat fe sag. Sac aveawe Eo alb ticin, WhiCnee si Se Bones Sade 26 Excelsior 26 Wood for distillation 27 Firewood 27 Conducting the sales. gee pays capes epee x A when Whig at ay emilee ek Ge a Baten woe a Ao eee 28 Contracting for thewwales, » siswagen su0 x3 weeks s o23 244 Re Se eae ix Bas ueOe ES 30 \ pbealine te lees ues 4542 9 ad eames 42 oA PERS GES a ee be 2 Ate 2 -B1 “SOadine GOt” GeICeias 4 uv uy eeeees 48 ue 68S KR AwREE 4S OEE PORE. G9 EGE co eeew Cad bh oo eae F% 33 shipping by railroad...............20000- RSEEEL TO GS GEE BELO HGS ROCKS A ORO 33 How to prevent the deterioration of cut woodlot products............. 000 ccc eee teen eeeees 38 * ue of the principal uses of the common woodlot trees........... 0.0.00. ccc ee ees 39 {_.cectory of Michigan firms which buy wood products ‘‘in the rough”...................... 40 Pop POMGER cscs D sccncnlnsns a Gaeitis Sse ancnchenign GG x aakew waedainiedtne Wieland nun aie Sed amanda e BAS aN Af 47 i E SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS PURPOSE OF THE BULLETIN One of the essentials of successful farming is to know how, when, and where to market crops. Farmers are all deeply interested in this; yet when it comes to selling wood products, most of them are at such a disadvantage through ignorance of markets and methods of estimating and selling, that they lose sometimes two-thirds the value of their timber. Many Michigan woodlots still contain timber which represents the growth of a century. No farmer should let this valuable possession pass from him “for a song.” The advantage to be gained through knowledge of marketing timber is best shown by an actual example. An 80-acre farm in south central Michigan had on it a 10-acre woodlot containing about 48,000 board feet of basswood and about 12,000 feet each of hard maple, soft maple, red oak, soft elm, ash, and beech. The trees were overmature, many of them were hollow, and the owner knew he ought to “sell them to save them.” Timber on an adjacent 10 acres had previously been sold for $100 per acre, or a total of $1,000. Instead of selling on the first bid made, the owner, acting on the advice of an expert attached to a nearby forestry school, wrote to a number of wood-using firms in different cities, from some of whom, after examination of his timber, he secured bids on the different species in his woodlot. As a result of his bargaining he received stumpage values amounting, in the aggregate, to nearly $2,000. For his red oak, bought for quarter-sawing by a firm outside the State, he re- ceived $21 per 1,000 board feet. His other trees were purchased by a veneer company, the basswood returning $19 per 1,000 board feet, ash $16, elm and hard maple $14, soft maple and beech $12. Few farmers are so situated as to be able to secure the assistance of capable, impartial advisors; and this bulletin is an attempt to supply the deficiency by acquainting them with the uses of different kinds of woodlot timber, the location of some of the principal Michigan markets, and the more important details in the sale of the products. , THE WOODLOT SITUATION IN MICHIGAN. Michigan farms which cut woodlot products in 1910 (48.7 per cent of '| the farms) sold on an average about $50 worth apiece and consumed about the same amount.* The total value for the State was over $7,900,- 000 (not including maple sugar), or about one-twentieth of the aggregate income from all Michigan crops. The total area of Michigan farm wood- lots is nearly three million acres, which is 15.5 per cent of the total farm area. Woodlots will therefore continue for some time to be important sources of income to the State and to the farms on which they exist. *Bureau of Census Reports. 8 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. In spite of this evident importance to the State, woodlots are being cleared at a rate which would threaten their virtual extinction if cop- tinued for the next half century. In the 30 years between 1880 and the decrease was over 114 million acres, or at a rate of more than 1 per cent per year, so that while in 1880 the average area of woodland on each farm was about 29 acres, in 1910 it was only 14 acres. This process of clearing was inevitable and perfectly natural wherever it opened up good tillable soils for cultivation. On poorer soils financial necessity often compelled farmers to cut their timber. There has, in fact, been little or no inducement to hold salable timber or even to protect and care for young growth for the uncertain value it might have 40 or 50 years in the future. The only efficient means of stemming the tide of forest destruction seems to be organized community or State effort directed toward pro- moting the private holding of woodlots on poor lands by equitable tax laws or to establishing community or State forests by the purchase of existing woodlots or of land which should be in woods. The State is already providing for future forest growth through the holding of lands which have reverted for taxes. It is probable that a more general appreci- ation of the value of woodlots on,poorer soils would go a long way toward perpetuating them. The best way of bringing this home to the farmers is to give them the information necessary to get the highest returns from their salable wood products. THE COMMON WOODLOT TREES. In general, oaks and pines are the commonest species in woodlots on dry, sandy soils. The pines—white, Norway, and jack,—are unim- portant or entirely lacking south of an east and west line drawn through about the middle of the lower peninsula. The.oaks are most important south of this line, though some small species grow abundantly on sandy lands to the north of it. On heavier or moister soils throughout the State, maples, birches, elms, and basswood, and, in the north, hemlock are the species which predominate in the majority of the woodlots. In the swamps, tamarack is found throughout the State, while arborvitae (white cedar) and a little black spruce occur in the North. On cut-over and burned lands in the North, aspen and sometimes paper birch often form dense thickets, usually too small to be of any immediate value, but sometimes big enough to supply excelsior stock, box lumber, ete. These are the prevailing species, but there are others which, though ‘less abundant, may be much more valuable, among them white ash, black walnut, butternut, hickory, and (very sparingly in the South) yellow poplar. Merchantable trees of these species are becoming very scarce. They are eagerly sought out by buyers for special industries; and the farmer who owns good trees may, in prosperous times, expect good prices for them, even when at a considerable distance from the point utilization. MARKETING WOODLOT PRODUCTS. _The woodlot owner should not allow valuable trees to deteriorate on his hands, but he should fully satisfy himself that the deterioration has actually started before accepting a low bid for the timber. Even if signs of damage are found it should be remembered that timber does not SCALE gMILES 09 10 20 0 40 SO ° 2°, <> es ee LHASRAICRAWF'D |OSCODA | ALCOMA e x °* ore fatee ° Je. *|vee eee ratieee eboeen eK FARM WOODLOT AREA OF Witelet sole seeslen |e. |e tires MICHIGAN IN L9I0,BY COUNTIES He _¢ |e "le "*|*e *el'e le teases yaa 6 ACCORDING TO THE 13% CENSUSI* 50 9 6/08", «|e ele eee |e% ee [0 Rs EACH DOT REPRESENTS * 5000 ACRES < SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 9 “go back” very rapidly except when the process is already far advanced. When the signs of decay are unmistakable, therefore, a postponement Brot the cutting for a year or two can usually be made with safety, so as to allow a poor market to “pick up,” or in order to make further in- quiries into the manner of disposal. Young, thrifty timber should be held as long as possible. It should not be sold unless the money or the land is urgently needed, or unless the owner is sure that an exceptional price is being offered for it. There is little risk in holding good, sound, young or medium-sized timber. It is yearly increasing in amount and value; and if it is cut and sold too early, a sacrifice is involved. Woodlot sales may include the whole or the greater part of the stand, or may take only selected trees here and there. In the former case, a good market for each kind of material, including the cordwood, should be found. The case mentioned on page 7 illustrates how several dif- ferent markets can be found for the different trees in a given woodlot. When only certain kinds of material are to be sold from the woodlot and the rest of the timber is to be left standing, the owner should take care not to injure the woodlot any more than is unavoidable through haphazard selection of the trees to be taken out. Sometimes it is even best not to permit the removal of all of the salable trees, when to do this would leave the stand ragged and would expose large patches of soil to sun and drying winds. Before culling the woodlot, it is a good plan for the farmer to consult the State Forester or some other person experienced in this work, or to obtain suggestions from one of the many publications relating to the care of forests. One such publication is U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 711, “The Care and Improvement of the Woodlot” by C. R. Tillotson, which can be obtained free of charge on application to the Forester, Forest Service, Washing- ton, D. C. Assuming that the farmer does not own a portable mill and wishes to secure the best possible return for his rough products, the steps which he will take are (1) to size up the woodlot and determine the kinds, quantities, and qualities of the salable trees; (2) to choose the markets which, considering prices and costs of shipping, will give the best re- turns for the material; and (3) to arrange for and conduct the sale. Sizing up the Woodlot Every woodlot owner should have a good general idea of what he has in his woodlot, whether he intends to sell it at once or not. In writing to dealers for bids or in advertising timber for sale, it is necessary to state what the kinds are, and in general the amounts, sizes, and quali- ties of each kind. This information should be explicit as to the number and size of each form of product, such as logs, poles, piling, cross-ties, bolts, cordwood, etc. A general idea of the quality of the product should also be given; this is especially important where the timber is fit for veneer, quarter-sawing, or other high grade uses. The units in uaich timber is usually estimated are the board foot, the cord, and the piece. It is not hard to tell how much a tree contains of the products sold by the piece; but where logs are to be sold by board measure their contents, especially in the standing tree, are more diffi- cult to estimate. Furthermore, it is hard to tell how much to. deduct “pom the contents and quality of logs for hidden defects. If the timber 10 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. is to be sold by the log, at fixed prices per thousand board feet or other unit, no very precise estimate is necessary; but if it is to be sold “by the lot” or by “acreage,” the owner should protect himself by making as care- ful an estimate as possible. A simple and practical method of woodlot stocktaking is given in the next few pages of this bulletin. The main steps are as follows: estimate the top-end diameters and lengths of all the possible logs which the woodlot, or a measured sample of it, contains, recording the sizes and numbers separately for each species;* add up separately the number of logs of each species, each diameter, and each length;* deduct an inch or two from the diameter to eliminate the bark thickness (logs are always scaled inside the bark) ; and multiply the number of logs in each of the totals by the lumber volume for a log of the same diameter and length, to be found in either Table 6 or Table 7. While close results in estimating can not be expected without con- siderable experience, an untrained observer can, with ordinary care, secure figures reasonably close to the actual contents of the stand. In small woodlots every tree may be sized up separately; in larger ones the trees on a known portion of the tract can be measured, and the vol- ume of the whole stand found by multiplying the volume of the logs on the sample by the number of times the sample is contained in the whole area. This method is, of course, less accurate than the measurement of all the trees, and care must be taken that the sample is an average one. The bigger the sample the more accurate the results, especially when the stand contains a number of different kinds of trees in mixture; in any case, at least a quarter of the stand should be actually gone over, tree by tree. To be sure of securing an average, it is a good plan to esti- mate a number of scattered samples in different parts of the tract, using care not to place them where the timber is either heavier or lighter than the average. The samples can be either strips, squares, or circles of known area. The strip and the circle are usually the most convenient forms. A strip 4 rods wide and 40 rods long contains an acre; its width and length can be paced off, the observer advancing 2 rods and after that stopping every 4 rods, estimating each time the trees on the imaginary square, four rods on a side, at the center of which he stands. Another convenient sample plot is a circle about 20 paces (59 feet) from center to circumference, containing a quarter acre. As a guide in estimating the top (small-end) diameters of the logs in a tree it is well first to measure the diameter of the trunk at about breast- height.+ Then estimate and deduct the number of inches taper between the breasthigh point and the end of each successive log. It will be a great help in judging the rate of taper of the standing trees if a few down trees of different kinds and sizes can be found and measured at regular inter- vals of 8 or 10 feet along the trunk from the breasthigh point, noting the number of inches difference between successive measurements. If there are no down trees available for measurement, the farmer must size up the taper for himself. The taper varies more with the size of the trees than with the species. A short, thick tree which will cut only one or two logs may have 4 inches of taper in the distance between breastheight and the small end of the “¥Forms for recording the logs and finding the totals are shown on pp. 12 and 14 +Breast height is preferable to stump height because it avoids the pronounced swell at the base of most trees. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 11 first 16 foot log; and the taper of the top log may be nearly as great. A tall, slender tree may have 214 or 3 inches taper between breastheight and the top of the first log, 114 inches in the next 16 feet, and 2144 inches in the third log. The taper is normally greatest in the bottom and top logs. The best instruments for measuring diameters are a diameter tape or a pair of calipers. The diameter tape is a short steel tape in a case, one side graduated in inches or in tenths of feet, the other in intervals such that the exact diameter of any cylindrical object measured can be read off directly in inches. A twenty foot diameter tape can be obtained for approximately $1.75 or $2 through a local dealer in hardware or surveying instruments. The same local dealer will be able to procure tree calipers for from $3.15 to $4.50, depending on the size. This is a beam graduated in inches and tenths, with a fixed arm at one end and a sliding arm which indicates-on the beam the diameter of a tree held snugly between the two arms. In the absence of a diameter tape or calipers, diameters can be ob- tained with sufficient accuracy by taking the girth of the tree with an ordinary tape, graduated in inches and fractions, and dividing by 3. The results obtained by dividing the girth by 8 will be slightly greater than the actual diameters, so that it will be necessary to subtract a small amount for trees over 7 inches in diameter. Thus 14 inch should be de- ducted for trees between 8 and 16 inches in diameter; 1 inch for trees from 17 to 24 inches; 14% inches for trees from 2 to 3 feet; and 2 inches for trees of larger size. If the thickness of the trees is fairly regu- lar throughout the woodlot, the measurement of a number of them from time to time will train the eye of a close observer so that the diameters of the rest can be estimated with approximate accuracy. An ordinary two foot rule held at arms length against the tree will assist the eye in estimating diameters. Although the lumber contents of cut logs are measured inside the bark, it is usually easier and as accurate, in sizing up standing trees, to estimate the diameters outside the bark, and then to deduct an inch or two for the double thickness of bark when the tallies are added up on the summary sheet. The bark thickness cin be determined, roughly, by removing and measuring a few samples from about breastheight on standing trees which are to be cut. The thickness should of course be doubled “before subtracting from the outside bark diameter. The majority of logs are now cut 16 feet long where possible, with a few inches extra to allow for injuries to the log ends i in handling. Where 16 foot logs can not be obtained because of some defect or crookedness of the tree trunk, 14, 12, 10, or even 8 foot logs can often be cut, and. these should be included in the list. When 16 feet is the standard length, 8 foot logs can be recorded as “half-logs.” Allowance must be made for the stump, which will usually vary in height from 6 inches to 2 feet, depending on the size of the tree. For medium sized trees a good rule is to make the stump height about equal to its diameter. In tallying, the logs should be kept separate by species, by diameter, by length, and preferably by quality. .A simple and accurate method is to record on a tally sheet like the one shown the logs in each tree as the estimator comes to it. It is especially desirable to note the quality of the logs when they are fit for veneer, quarter-sawing, or other high- 3 12 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. grade uses. The grading must be an arbitrary one, depending on the farmers’ judgment and experience. Large, straight, smooth (“surface clear’) logs which appear to be sound can be classed as grade 1; sound logs of fair size, with a slight crook, or with a branch or two near the end, fall into grade 2; all other salable logs belong to grade 3. The grade number 1, 2, or 8, can be put in parenthesis in a corner of the space provided for log lengths on the tally sheet. TALLY SHEET FORM f First log. Second log. Third log. Fourth log. Diameter breast- high of Species. tree. Length | Diameter | Length | Diameter | Length | Diameter | Length | Diameter and at small and at small and at small and at small grade. end.* grade, end.* grade. end.* grade. end.* Inches. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches, Rock elm Hard maple Hard maple Hard maple *Either outside or inside bark, as the estimator prefers. It is probably simpler to make the estimate outside bark, ee) the double bark thickness when the logs are added up for scaling. The form on page 14, which shows the above logs added ani rence eo Ahi size, and grade, assumes that the tally was made outside bark, and that 2 inches were deducted for double ark thickness. When the tally is complete for the whole stand, or the measured sample of. it, the number of logs of each kind, size, and grade must be added up; and if, as in the example just given, the diameters of the logs were estimated outside the bark, the double bark thickness must be deducted. It is usually sufficiently accurate to assume a fixed de- duction for bark (say 2 inches, as in the form on page 14), for all species and sizes of log, based on the average thickness of bark actually cut from different parts of a number of trees.* The form on page 14 is a con- venient one for adding up the logs according to kind, size, and grade, and recording their lumber contents. The logs of each class are read off from the tally sheet, and recorded (after subtracting the double bark *This arbitrary deduction may be justified on the ground that the diameters of the log ends are estimated and not measured, are expressed in inches and not fractions, and can therefore be regarded only as fairly close approximations. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 13 thickness) by dots or short lines in the appropriate space.t The lum- ber eontents of all the logs of each class can then be easily determined by (1) finding in Table 6 or 7 the board foot volume of a log of the same length and diameter inside bark; and (2) multiplying this figure by the number of logs. The total volume for each class may conveniently be written into the proper space, as shown in the form, and these totals may be added across so as to give the total volume in board feet of the logs of each species and each grade. The form may be extended to pro- vide for any number of species and diameters; it may be simplified by omitting the columns for grades if a graded estimate is not desired. tA compact method is to record the first four logs by dots forming the corners of a small square; the next four by straight lines completing the square; and the next two by diagonals, thus: . oe oe i a Be (1 log), (4 logs), (6 logs), (8 logs), (9 logs), 10 logs) The logs thus grouped by tens can be easily counted. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 14 “(9 81q8L) A[N4 ouquiog ayy Aq poysos syuaqU0o 400} prvog oy) 21v sendy aq} ‘uO; yaoys Alpe} ZuIpooord 04} wosy sO] 94} JO puO syuasaidel gsooeds eA0qe oy} UI S9IN3y aq9 JO 4WOIy UI SOP []eUIs aq} Jo YOU “O7ON par't looe lore lagg |-o-|oee[eeeeeeederee|reeefeee feeb eee foeeefeeefee fore fore fete fern ferepe pore pice dere feces bere peee Perey vet eeeee eee eeeerpOg, ot fet tg ee ae 8 : or ¥ Zi en eee qoopme yy : i — is i i ew 2 wile cc eee oppo octee bese poceeb ep ig pode peep pe oe oT eon : 8 Or ral oe weer ene wae O07 FI 9T eter lege bel lest oles poe eet toe ke fectocfecter poster becpocigg pooped dpe fobs. com AIO, 8 oT athe +380 poy : tL es 9g ¥ aE mit oe ne 8 is 5 ic ZI eee ewe eee **qoeeg on #1 ot er lil le tes oes (odd | dear [ita oct oige, [ae [os los Popo =< 8 or aL beers -epdeur prey +1 9T BO] JO q\SueyT—so1vadg tal alan |e lel el een |e el | el ee ele la elelalbele!aielelt|elel ajo “gpely) c WW “sept 7 : e , : . . d : . Lessee +ssgaeq apreut ‘BO cai ST ra TI OT 6 8 4 9 { jo doy ye ae mt uajeardicr “43 "Pq ‘auMNJOA [BIO], "TAVUD ANY NOISNAWIC ‘SHIOUdS HOVA JO SNOT AHL ONITVOS ANY (21 GOVd) LHTHS ATIVL AHL WOUT dN ONIGCY UOd Wao SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 15 When the woodlot consists of only two or three species and it is not necessary or practicable to grade the logs, a more compact form of recording is possible as indicated below, which largely does away with the second operation of totaling. Where the owner knows that two or more of the species have closely similar values, they may be grouped together; but the general proportion of each should be kept in mind, since in bargaining it may happen that other prices will be offered than those which the owner contemplates. Log : Diameter :_ Pine am hemlock logs on 1 average acre (outside : Length in feet bark, Hy 2 3 : : ‘ igmall end: 16 : 14 > 12 : 10 : 8 Inches [mee 7B Bae :-20 (Bar 6 332 320 249 219 327 oo :: [oS cag : 63 oy’ & 7 244 :31 122 721 26 AR wo [EL 2] :O 8 277 228 217 39 38 a 7 Ol By Bo BY Bo aor 280 Oe) °s 9 750 =” 3 18 ad 35 [Rw fe sais : $ 10 342 26 2 : : °BIT : Lor : pee 216 : 5 -5 : SI By: ° (Cc <° $ 78 12 23 i7 23 : <2 etc. 3 5 : . Pas A rough estimate of the cordwood contents of woodlots can be ob- tained by tallying the number of trees of each diameter and dividing by the number of trees per cord shown for different diameters in the follow- ing table. The table is compiled from existing tables for northern hard- wood trees, but will apply roughly to softwoods as well: TABLE 1.—-NUMBER OF TREES TO MAKE A STACKED CORD OF UNPEELED SPLIT AND ROUND WOOD IN 4 FOOT LENGTHS, 3 INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER AT THE MIDDLE.* , . Number f Number Diameter breasthigh of tree—inches. of trees Diameter breasthigh of tree—inches. of trees per cord. per cord. earerrerners mao ouwan *Compiled by G. N. Lamb, from various tables for forest grown northern hardwood trees. 16 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Choosing the Market After finding out what the woodlot contains, the next thing to do is { to ascertain for what uses each kind of material will bring the best price. An index showing the uses of each species is given on pages 39-40. The farmer should look up all the local wood using industries like saw- mills, firewood dealers, pulp mills, fruit box and basket factories, rail- roads, etc., and obtain the prices they will pay for the various kinds of timber he has to sell. It is a good plan to inquire of neighbors who have had dealings with local buyers. It is very often possible to get better prices than those offered by local dealers, however. The woodlot owner should investigate the avail- able markets not only within wagon haul of his lot but also at points some distance away; valuable logs can often be shipped 100 miles or more with profit. It is easy to secure prices for different products by writing to all the firms in towns and cities not too far away which are manufacturing special articles and which seem to offer a good market. In such letters, the kinds, amounts, and general qualities of the timber available should be stated as clearly as possible, and inquiry should be made about the point of delivery,—whether on board cars at the shipping point or at the destination. In the latter case, the shipper pays the freight, and this amount must be deducted from the price offered in com- paring the returns to be derived with those which local sales would yield. In most shipments, carload lots are required. When buyers are sent by the firms in response to letters, however, they may accept less amounts, making up the carload from other farms in the vicinity. It is, of course, possible for two or more farmers to combine and make up carload lots, sharing the freight charges between them. On pages 41 to 46 is given a directory of Michigan industries which buy wood in rough forms—logs, bolts, billets, ties, posts, poles, ete. While this list is necessarily not quite up to date, most of the establish- ments are probably still in the market. For convenience in reference, the firms are arranged by towns, and the towns by counties, in alpha- betical order for the upper peninsula and for the northern and southern parts of the lower peninsula. This will make it easy for the farmer to find out what firms buy rough wood in his own and adjacent counties. In writing for bids he should not confine himself to these, but should also approach firms manufacturing specialized articles, like veneer, handles, etc., in any part of the State. The directory does not include sawmills or wood yards, since it is assumed that the farmer is already acquainted with such of these estab- lishments as are in his vicinity. It is rarely practicable to ship any great distance for these uses. In the list, the kind of product sold precedes the name of the company or buyer; wherever possible the species dealt in are specified. Prices and specifications for different uses can not be given to good advantage because they vary constantly. A general idea of the usual forms and grades required and of the relative values of the different species can, however, be given, and these will be useful in determining what firms to write to. It should be borne in mind that, unless other- wise specified, prices are for materials delivered f. 0. b. mill; in other words, the seller bears the freight charges. For some rough products, like pulp wood, excelsior wood, ties, etc., there are standard prices per SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 17 cord, per thousand board feet, etc. This is less true of log sales for veneer and other uses; buyers usually secure these at lowest prices, and it is best to obtain bids from a number of different sources. As a rule, the larger the size of a sound, high-grade log, the higher the price it will bring. Lumber. Among lumber dealers there is a strong prejudice against farm lum- - ber, due to the fact that it ig commonly poorly manufactured and poorly graded-as compared with the lumber cut in the larger stationary saw- mills. Most of the farm lumber is sawed in small portable mills with circular saws, and the work is paid for at so much a thousand board feet—usually $3.50 or $4. It is of course to the advantage of the sawyer to turn out as many thousand feet a day as the capacity of his mil] will permit. Getting the best lumber out of a log requires considerable judg- ment and necessitates a frequent turning of the log, which materially reduces the daily output. It is probable that a good sawyer could, by taking care as to grades, save as much as $10 per day over what ordinary portable mill lumber is worth. Most of the larger plants which use lum- ber, therefore, get it from the big sawmills or from wholesalers who are able to supply well manufactured stock of specified grades in the amounts and at the times required. There are many establishments in the State which do, however, buy lumber from farmers, and even fairly high grade lumber. Usually this lumber is bought “log run” (No. 2 common and better) or No. 1 common and better. Woodworking companies usually buy sawed lumber on de- livery. Local lumber yards often prefer to buy standing timber “by the lot” or by “acreage,” either hauling the logs to a mill in town or sawing them out on the spot in a portable mill. In such deals there are apt to be no standard grade values, the lumber being purchased at prices reached in bargaining. Lumber is put to a great many different uses, each having different requirements which can not be stated to advantage in a bulletin of this _. size. It is necessary, however, to be thoroughly aware of such require- ments, so that as much as possible of the material can be sawed to fit them, and as little as possible rejected at the yard after being hauled. This applies both to grade and to size. Some plants want 1-inch lumber, others thicker material. Plants which require lumber only for such purposes as furniture, finish, etc., usually require only the higher grades. It is usually best, when possible, either to sell such companies in the log—observing, of course, the points regarding competitive bargain- ing already mentioned—or to haul the logs to some established mill accustomed to producing high grade lumber, and have them sawed out there. Where lower grades are purchased, as for example No. 2 com- mon and better, a good portable mill, operated by an experienced sawyer, may be secured, and the cull lumber rigidly graded out. By grading rigidly the farmer may avoid loss through the rejection of culls at the point of delivery. Much high grade lumber undoubtedly goes into the construction of farm buildings. The farmer should look on this as a distinct loss until he has proved to his own satisfaction that he could not get better value from the logs or lumber either from local or from distant buyers. It is 18 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. usually a distinct misuse of good material to put hard woods ae aa lings, rafters, etc. Softwoods are much preferable for aes as rp i and as a rule only the lower grades are necessary, which, 1 e a lot itself does not supply enough, can almost always be bought at low prices from local dealers. Culls left in portable mill work can, of course, be used to advantage for such purposes, especially when of hemlock, pine, or other softwood. Some small mill operators make a business of buying up farm logs and selling the culls to farmers for about $17 per thousand feet. The following figures, gathered at random from a few firms in the southern part of the State, show prices paid in 1914 for different species and grades of farm lumber delivered at the company’s yards: TABLE 2.—PRICES PAID FOR FARM LUMBER BY A FEW FIRMS IN SOUTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN, 1914. Oak, red and white, Ists and 2nds, 1 inch lumber.......... 0... c cece cere cent e tent ee ee eee c eaten eeeetenes $37-39 Oak, red and white, No. 1 common, 1 inch lumber.. sence ee seta wane 28 Oak, red and white, No. 2 common, 1 inch lumber............... Sar ates eee 23 Oak, red and white, No. 1 common and better, 1 inch lumber 30 (1 inch and 1} inch oak lumber, Ists and 2nds, $2 or $3 more). Oak, white, 1sts and 2nds, 3-3} inch plank........... hoes 38 Oak, white, No. 1 common, 3-34 inch plank. pene 28 Elm, rock, Ists and 2nds, 3-34 inch plank... eee 38 Eln, rock, No. 1 common, 3-33 inch plank.......... sateen ae ere 28 Sim, sett, iste and ads; $2) neh Mane cons 5-05 curecenynens ay uk eae eR A mE MRE oo ALEK REM NE AS 5 pee OR RE ae ek 25 Elm, soft, No: 2:comnion,-2 incl planks esis osc scegncuad a os ERG ae RRA EEE AS Ring Bs HES ee as eaten Gere dae 20 Elm, soft, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. . des 2 20 * Maple, hard, Ists and 2nds, 4 inch plank.......... Katte rabies ee 8 45 Maple, hard, Ists and 2nds, 3-34 inch plank. . . ede : i EM a 35 Maple, hard, No. 1 common, 3-3} inch plank..,..... 8 Sosa = oe 25 Maple, hard, No. 2 common and better, 4 inch plank. chen Rots ae ae = 32 Maple, hard, No. 2 common, 2 inch plank.............. Hire Sales ao 20 Maple, hard, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber... 22 Maple, soft, 1sts and 2nds, 3-34 inch plank............. 25 Maple, soft, No. 1 common, 3-3} inch plank. ......... 2.0.00. ccc cece cece e eee t eee ee nace nenes 20 Maple, soft, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber 23 Basswood, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber 25-26 Beech, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber.... 16 Black ash, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber 23 White pine, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber 25 Poplar, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber 27 Sawtogs Selling logs by the thousand board feet is a very desirable method, since by it may be avoided the errors usually incident to estimating and the uncertainties introduced in the sawing operation. The prices paid for logs of a given species depend on the size and quality of the logs, and are usually fixed by bargain. The farmer should protect himself by finding out what prices have been obtained by neighbors who have sold logs, and also by correspondence or interview with dealers in logs for other purposes than lumber, such as veneer, handles, etc. As a rule, there are no standard grades of logs, but the price is fixed on inspection by the purchaser. If possible, this should be done before delivery. Otherwise the seller is at the buyer’s mercy. The best prices are those paid for select walnut logs, oak and syca- more for quarter-sawing, cherry, etc. A moderate market has existed in the southern part of the State for export logs of hard maple, rock elm, oak, ete.; but this market is very limited at the present time. Maple logs for export have been bought at about $35 per thousand bonrd feet, f. o. b. shipping point; especially fine maple and elm logs brought Farm logs and lumber hauled to the railroad for shipment. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 19 as high as $40 per thousand. The minimum size of such logs is 24 inches inside bark at the small end; and the requirements are about the same as for veneer logs—they must be sound and surface clear, but a slight crook is allowed. In the southern part of the State, high grade hard maple logs, 20 inches and more in diameter, often bring from $23 to $26, delivered at the mill. In 1914, some buyers paid for the common species, such as hard and soft maple, soft elm, and basswood, a fixed price of $20 per thousand board feet, delivered, for good logs, and $10 for poor logs. One such company paid from $20 to $25 per thousand for good white ash logs. Where the farmer has ash, oak, walnut, cherry, basswood, or especially good logs of hard maple and elm, it is decidedly advisable to consider the special uses for which such logs might be suitable before selling to sawmills. Veneer and handle companies are often able to pay con- siderably more for them than sawmills will,—often enough to make shipment profitable. There are certain defects which are apt to be overlooked and which unfit apparently good logs for the most paying use. White oak, for example, is apt to be wormy in some parts of the State, which spoils it for quarter sawing. Wormy logs can often be sold to advantage to vehicle manufacturers for wagon rims. Veneer Veneer logs must be sound, so that they can be held firmly at the ends in the machines. They must be at least 10 inches in diameter inside bark at the small end; and some companies specify minimum diameters of 12 or 14 inches. Often two grades are specified: No. 1 logs, which must be surface clear, straight, and with not over two knots; and No. 2 logs, including all usable logs that fall below these specifications. In dealing with veneer companies at a distance the farmer should take pains to find out just what the minimum requirements are for logs of the second grade; otherwise he will be in danger of having his lower grade logs graded out and refused at the destination, which would in- volve either the complete loss of the logs or a payment of shipping charges in returning them. Standard log lengths, with a minimum of 8 feet, are usually required. Average prices paid for veneer logs by Michigan buyers in 1914 were as follows: TABLE 3.—VENEER LOG PRICES PER 1000 BOARD FEET, F. 0. B. MILL, 1914—MICHIGAN. Diameter at small end, inside bark. Species. All sizes 10 to 14 | 17 inches | 18 to 24 | 25 to 28 | 29t034 | 35 inches sashes and under.| inches. inches. inches, and up. and up. Maple 050 sieeve et cs ee asec encase: Yellow poplar... : Birch...... Elm......- Basswood...... 20 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. These were average prices. Sometimes dealers in veneer logs receive as high as $45 or $55, depending on size and quality, for mixed oak logs, but the dealers rarely pay more than the above prices for: their material. Farmers favorably situated may be able to command better prices for large, sound, symmetrical logs. The veneer industry re- quires the highest class of logs and on an average pays a better price for such logs than other industries. An exception is high grade oak and sycamore logs for quarter-sawing, which may bring even higher prices. Nearly all the native species are used for veneer. Veneer from such woods as basswood and elm is used chiefly for the manufacture of boxes, crates, and other packages. The furniture and finishing indus- tries pay higher prices and use the high-class finishing woods, such as oak, walnut, and cherry. Several companies make both kinds of veneer. Handles The factories manufacturing wooden handles of various kinds are one of the very best markets for farm hardwoods. Hickory and ash bring the highest prices, but maple and beech furnish the greatest amount of raw material. In 1911, according to reports received from Michigan handle manufacturers by the Forest Service, the following prices were paid for the rough materials (logs, bolts, and split billets). The pro- portion which each species formed of the total cut is also shown: TABLE 4.—SPECIES USED FOR HANDLES AND THEIR PRICES IN 1911. Value of raw material, per thousand board feet. . Perceat Species used for handles. of total consumption. 69 $9-35 14 8-16 8 20-50 5 25-40 3 9-13 16-35 i 16-35 8 Undoubtedly other species, like basswood, cherry, applewood, etc., were used in small amounts, but these were not listed by the firms which reported. The form of raw material required by establishments manufacturing different kinds of handles naturally differs a great deal. Hickory, for example, goes into short and medium length handles, such as axe, pick, and hammer handles; ash is used for longer handles requiring greater stiffness, such as those for forks, hoes, and rakes. Broom handles take a large part of the maple and beech logs. Small tool handles are made of a variety of woods, some of them requiring special kinds; plane handles, for example, are made very largely of applewood. Where strength is a requisite. second-growth wood is often specified. Thus, in the manufacture of cant hooks and peaveys, second-growth maple and SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 21 rock elm are usually required, and the billets for the handles are, as a rule, split in order that no cross-grain may be left in them. Some beech is also used in making logging tools. Handle companies buy very largely in the log or bolt through buyers who get the material from farmers. Firms using hickory have to go to other States for the bulk of their raw material, since there is compara- tively little good hickory timber left in Michigan. Farmers owning good young stands containing considerable hickory can well afford to hold them and care for them in view of the steadily decreasing supply and increasing demand. The same is true of thrifty, rapidly growing, young ash timber. For fork and hoe handles, the specifications often designate only second-growth ash. The requirements are high, and as a rule the smallest sizes taken are: length 4 feet and a few inches, diameter 6 inches at the small end. The logs must be nearly straight, and with no knots or branches showing on the surface. Manufacturers of scythe snaths use elm and white ash, with some beech and maple for tholes. The elm is mostly rock elm, with some tough soft elm. The log requirements of one company were: diameter (small end) 12 to 30 inches, length 514 feet and up, logs to be straight and smooth. This company paid a good price for farm timber, on the stump, with the understanding that it must be good to be accepted. Top logs of inferior grade were left in the woods. Vehicles and vehicle parts Vehicle manufacturers draw the greater part of their supplies from the general lumber market; much of it—especially hickory and white oak—is supplied by southern jobbers in roughly shaped sawed products and split billets. Nevertheless, some vehicle makers draw largely from farm woodlots, and when this is the case it usually constitutes one of the desirable markets for the farmer to investigate. Most of the ma- terial thus bought, however, is in the form of rough planks from portable mills. , Some of the uses to which the various species are put in vehicle mak- ing are as follows: Rock elm—sleigh runners, sled beams, sled poles, eveners, single-trees, brake blocks, etc. Soft elm-——-wagon box bottom cleats, etc. Hard maple—wagon axles, plank for wagon and sled bodies and beams, bolsters. Soft maple—wagon box bottom cleats, ete. Oaks—gearings, sills, bed pieces. White oak—reaches, tongues, etc. Birch—hubs. Basswood—wagon box boards. White ash—wagon poles and bodies. Shagbark hickory—axles, single trees. Second-growth hickory—spokes. Whitewood (yellow poplar)—wagon bodies. White pine—wagon box bottoms. Norway pine—wagon box bottoms, 22 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS, The grades demanded vary considerably, some firms taking No. 3 com- mon and better, others only clear lumber. As a rule,. planks are speci- fied, but some 1-inch lumber is also taken. The proportionate amounts taken by companies which used local rough products in 1911, and the prices paid for them are as follows, for a few of the native species: TABLE 5.—PRINCIPAL MICHIGAN WOODS USED IN VEHICLE MAKING AND THEIR PRICES, 1911. Percent ‘ Value per thousand Species. of total consumption. board feet. Maple: jicsiiaeag a) oo Gomneeeemaneeee eames eal aa ee ee a aoe ae Haka Ok 96 | $12 (logs) AE sacs sens 3 | 13-30 (logs and plank) Ash, white. 25-30 (logs) Elm, rock. . 1} 30 (plank) Hornbeam 25 2:56 conten tera snes bacon so anelad cate siniohe acs wiemiemome Gee ee ta heed vious 30 ~—_ (logs) White spine ees Score hs eds lieu heet state afocdyes dae Seed vce voraraualayat tee Miteane dats a ondt: Soddeepeye inte 30 (plank) These prices are, of course, obsolete, and are only inserted to give a general idea of the values of the species by reference to the lists given on other pages of this bulletin. Vehicle manufacture affords a good market for hornbeam, which how- ever, is a small tree not commonly found of sufficient size to produce the 7 inch, 16 foot logs required. It is used for tongues for the “big wheels” used in logging in the northern part of the State and elsewhere. Blue beech (sometimes called hop hornbeam or water beech) is occasion- ally bought, when of sufficient size, for making spokes, felloes, and other parts of heavy wagons. The common beech is also used for felloes. Cooperage Slack barrel cooperage offers a much larger market for Michigan wood- lot trees than tight barrel cooperage. Many different species are used for the former, but the latter takes only white oak, both for staves and headings. The following specifications published by a firm outside the State will serve to show what the requirements are, in general, for tight barrel stave and heading bolts. SPECIFICATIONS FOR WHITE OAK STAVE BOLTS. All stave bolts to show a 3-inch heart face. White oak stave bolts to be made full 36 inches long, not over 6 inches from heart to sap, and not under 41% inches from heart to sap; to be made from sound green trees, not under 18 inches in diameter. Timber must be straight and all defects worked out. Knot, seed and worm holes, windshakes, splits, dead timber, pecks, and short bolts will be classed as culls. Bolts to be ricked close. All bolts must be barked. SPECIFICATIONS FOR WHITE OAK HEADING BOLTS. Bolts shall be full 22 inches long, and measure 10 inches from heart edge to outside of sap; to be not less than 10 inches across sap side. Bolts shall be ricked close. Knots, seed holes, wind shakes, splits, dead timber, Getting out barrel stave stock. Method of splitting the tree sections into ‘‘quartered”’ bolts. Barrel stave stock. Bolts piled in woods, ready for hauling to the mill. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 23 pecks, and short bolts will be classed as culls. Bolts with five to ten straight worm holes will be accepted. For slack barrel cooperage the specifications are similar, but not so severe. For example, the stave bolts do not have to be quartered, as they do for tight barrel cooperage, for which the staves must be straight grained. Cross grained or twisted grained bolts are acceptable for slack stave and heading manufacture, unless the defect is sufficient to weaken the product materially. Bolts containing sound knots, bird pecks, sap stain, and other minor defects, which would cause their rejection for tight barrel staves and headings, are accepted for slack cooperage. Slack cooperage establishments turn out large quantities of lime, cement, apple, potato, and other fruit and vegetable barrels, butter tubs, etc. In order of the amounts used the species made into staves in 1912* were pine, beech, elm, maple, birch, basswood, spruce, ash, oak, cotton- wood, tamarack, hemlock, and balsam fir. The species used for heading, also in order of amounts used, were pine, beech, basswood, maple, cotton- wood, elm, ash, birch, oak, hemlock, chestnut, sycamore. For hoops, the species used were elm (95 per cent), beech, ash, oak, maple, and bass- wood. Head linings—thin strips used to hold the heading in place— were mostly of elm, rock elm being preferred. Railroad Ties The demand for ties fluctuates considerably, but there are usually standard prices offered which are much the same for the different roads. Many different species are used, including white oak, walnut, and cherry. For these valuable species better prices can ordinarily be obtained for some other use; but when the logs are knotty and crooked no other use may be possible. The hearts of logs, which contain the lower grades of lumber, can often be utilized for this purpose, although it is question- able whether the value would not be greater in low grade lumber than in ties. Regular No. 1 ties are 8 feet long, 8 inches wide, and 6 inches thick. The ties used on the Lake Shore Railroad are 814 feet long, 9 inches wide, and 7 inches thick. Switch ties are 7 by 9 inches in end dimensions and of different lengths. The requirements of the company and the prices paid should be ascertained before a sale is made or the timber is cut. The best prices are those paid for white oak ties, which are used by the railroad without preservative treatment, and ordinarily bring from 55 to 60 cents apiece when cut to standard specifications and de- livered along the right-of-way. “Treatment ties” are mostly of beech, birch, hard maple, and tamarack. Before using they are treated with a wood preservative. No. 1 treatment ties, hardwood, brought in 1914 about 48 cents apiece; No. 2 ties, hardwood and tamarack, for use on side tracks, brought about 38 cents. Quantities of white cedar ties are bought by railroads in the northern part of the State. The Northwestern Cedarmen’s Association specifica- tions for 1912 require that “a standard tie shall be 6-inch face and wider, 12 inches from small end, 6 inches thick and 8 feet long, sawed ends. Ties made different from these specifications shall be regarded as special contracts.” *'Wood-using Industries of Michigan,’ by Hu Maxwell; 1912, Published by the State of Michigan {n cooperation with the Forest Service. 24 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Ties are either sawed or hewed. Hewing is wasteful, since a good deal of the best wood in the log, suitable for lumber, is chipped off, the amount of waste being greater, of course, with large than with small logs. Furthermore, tie hewing is a difficult job for an untrained axeman, and it is doubtful if farmers not already experienced would be wise in attempting it. Before deciding to have his logs sawed into ties the farmer should satisfy himself that the value in ties is at least as great as that in lumber. A good deal depends on the qualitv of the sawing. Logs of desirable species, well sawed into graded lumber, will undoubtedly bring better prices than if sawed into ties, although the log hearts may in some cases have a higher value as ties than as low grade lumber. For less desirable lumber species such as beech, on the other hand, ties at 48 cents apiece may afford the best possible use. Poles and Posts (white cedar) Of the native trees, white cedar (arborvitae) is the only one used ex- tensively for poles. This is a common swamp tree in the northern part of the State. It combines the qualities of durability, lightness, strength, and form, which are requisites of poles and posts. Fall and winter, when the swamps are frozen up, are the best seasons in which to cut cedar. The stumps should be cut high enough to avoid any pronounced crook. Peeling is most easily done in the spring, but it is better to do it in the winter to facilitate drying. Poles cut and peeled during the late fall and winter should be laid in a single layer on a pair of skids large enough to keep them well off the ground. By the first of May a large part of the moisture will have dried out, and the weight of the poles thus considerably reduced. The reduction in freight weight will more than equal the expense of holding, and in addition the poles will gain in strength and durability. Spring and early summer offer the best con- ditions for maximum seasoning in the shortest time, but checking dur- ing seasoning is greatest in poles cut during these seasons. It does not materially affect the strength of the poles, however, and can largely be prevented in the ways mentioned on page 38. The standard specifications of the Northwestern Cedarmen’s Associa- tion for 1912 may be summarized as follows: All posts and poles must be cut from live timber and peeled, and must be reasonably sound. In posts, “pipe rot” and other rot defects that do not impair the strength for use in fences are allowed. In large poles a certain amount of butt rot is allowed, not exceeding 10 per cent of the area of the butt, provided it does not plainly impair the strength of.the pole above ground. The tops of poles must be reasonably sound. Three classes of materials are recognized: “posts,” 7 and 8 feet long; “large posts and small poles,” from 10 to 20 feet long by 4 or 5 inches top diameter; and “standard telegraph, telephone, and electric poles,” 25 feet or longer, by 4 inches or more in top diameter. Some latitude is allowed in the size specifications: posts may be 2 inches less in length, and, if seasoned, 14 inch less in diameter; poles may be 14 inch short for each 5 feet in length, and 6 inches short for any length greater than 20 feet; and the top diameters of seasoned poles may be slightly less than specified—l4 inch less for 4 and 5 inch poles, 44 inch for 6 inch poles, and 1/10 inch for 7 inch poles. No such latitude in diameter ; _ GeSPONPOIg 1O]-POOM Suvoyreyt pue SutInsvoWy,, ‘STZ uTeTING §,1owsey aihqa{hst3y jo yueurredeq ‘yf wor) ‘sreuTIe] Aq [TUT 9AeIS BY} OF PaTNeY s}[Oq 9AV4s JoITeq SLL SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 25 is allowed, however, for green, fresh-cut, or water-soaked material which must come up to, or exceed, the full diameter specifications. “Sweep” or crook, one way, is allowed, but must not exceed 4 inches for posts and for poles up to 16 feet long. For 18 and 20 foot poles a 4 inch crook, one way, is allowed, and it may be measured from a point 4 feet from the butt. For larger poles, a one way crook of 1 inch for every 5 feet in length is allowed, and it may be measured from a point 6 feet from the butt. The crook is measured by tightly stretching a tape line from top to bottom or other specified point (4 or 6 feet from the butt) on the post or pole, on the side where the sweep is greatest, and then measuring the distance, at the point where it is greatest, between the tape and the pole. Poles must be reasonably sound and well proportioned for their length. Large, sound knots are allowed, if trimmed smooth. “Wind twist” is no defect unless very unsightly and exaggerated. Prices of cedar poles and posts vary, and should be learned im- mediately before the sale. Practically all the Michigan species are used for posts, the values of the different kinds depending on durability. Next to cedar, white oak is probably the most durable of the more common species. Where obtainable, black locust makes extremely durable posts; and black wal- nut, also, is a good post tree. But since these species are usually of much greater value for other uses, it is a mistake to use them for posts except as a means of utilizing rough or small material good for nothing else except fuel. The greatest consumption of posts cut from woodlots is on the farms themselves. Considered as a source of posts alone, a small, thrifty woodlot often proves a valuable adjunct to the farm. Small rough products In the northern part of Michigan the industries which draw their supplies wholly or partly from farm woodlots are much less numerous and less specialized than in the southern part of the State. The prices are lower, since the supply is greater, the demand less, and the length of railroad haul to the consumer so great as, in many cases, to impose prohibitive freight charges. The products used are apt to be in the form of relatively short bolts, though considerable quantities of logs are also taken. Among the industries which take quantities of rough products otherwise of small value are pulp mills, excelsior factories, wood- distillation plants, and lime kilns. The market is not, of course, limited to the northern part of the State. With the possible exception of wood distillation, these industries are represented also by firms in central or southern Michigan. One of the features of these markets is that they afford a means of disposing not only of small trees but also of large, straight, sound branches of big trees cut for other purposes. This is especially the case with hardwood trees, whose tops often afford large quantities of cordwood, salable for fuel and distillation, and some- times for excelsior and pulpwood. The importance of these markets to woodlot owners in northern Michigan lies in the fact that they present a source of income during the period in which the lands are being cleared and put on a productive basis; a period often of great financial hardship. Even when the farmer can get only the equivalent of day wages for his products these markets 26 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. are distinctly useful; and since wood can be cut often to better advantage in the winter than in the summer, a means of securing an income dur- ing the unproductive season and at the same time clearing the productive areas for cropping is presented. When the early struggle of clearing is over, however, the woodlot assumes the same importance to the farm that it has farther south,—for shelter from hot and cold winds, supply of fuel, posts, etc., for the farm, and eventually as the source of a re- current income from the sale of the products to specialized industries which may spring up in the vicinity or within a profitable shipping distance. Wood for pulp.—Industries reporting the manufacture of wood pulp in Michigan have in the past specified only softwoods—spruce, balsam, hemlock, white pine, jack pine, tamarack,—to which may be added a little “poplar” or aspen. There is a- likelihood that certain other hard- woods besides aspen will be used in the near future, as is now being done in many other States. Pulpwood dealers buy either unsplit bolts, by the cord, or logs, by the thousand board feet or cord. The wood is taken either peeled or unpeeled, some companies specifying one or the other, but many of them taking both at a difference of a dollar a cord in favor of peeled material. Bolts are bought in 4-foot lengths, with diam- eters at the small end of 4,5, or 6 inches. The cord is the standard cord of 128 cubic feet—a stack 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, with usually 3 or 4 extra inches in height to allow for settling. Logs may be 8 or 16 feet long. Spruce is the most valuable of the pulpwoods, but the amount of spruce in Michigan is so small that it is doubtful whether it will figure to any extent in woodlot sales. At northern points prices of from $5 to $6.50 per cord f. o. b. shipping point were offered for unpeeled spruce bolts in 1912, while spruce delivered at Detroit brought $9.85 per cord. Hemlock pulpwood sold for $3.50 rough and $4.50 peeled, balsam for $4 or $5 rough, tamarack for from $3.25 to $4, and white pine for about $3.25 per cord. Eecelsior—Excelsior manufacturers buy chiefly basswood and aspen, or poplar. Some spruce, balsam, “whitewood” (yellow poplar), willow, and Balm of Gilead, is also bought, and often a little tamarack and birch is accepted, although these are inferior species for the purpose and are not wanted in any amount. The preferred species is basswood, which comprises about half the wood used for excelsior. For the northern farmer, however, it is in reference. to aspen that the excelsior market is most important. Aspen (“popple” or “poplar”) is a small tree which has sprung up in great quantities over cut and burned areas in the north. Twenty-five or thirty years after a fire the aspen is about large enough for excelsior bolts, although much more can be cut from stands 10 or 15 years older. When farm lands contain stands of small, thrifty aspen not yet big enough for bolts, it is decidedly worth while to hold them for the comparatively short period necessary to give the trees value. Excelsior wood is bought in bolts 387 or 55 inches long, either peeled or unpeeled. Specifications usually require the bark to be removed “un- less otherwise agreed in writing.” Bolts from 4 to 8 inches in diameter are taken unsplit; from 8 to 12 inches in diameter they should be split in two; and when over 12 inches they should be split to the heart into pieces 6 to 8 inches wide on the bark side. Further requirements are ‘(aSaTJoH TwanqyNousy ues £q ydeiZ0,0yq) “ATYriyoid ysour sao14 sty JO osodsip 07 MOY SI waTqord g,19WUey oy} put ‘payrysnl st Suva ‘Iaquily JOJ uvy} sdoxo Ioz Joyaq Avd [TIM [10s LOY M “OANA [NI[IST 10) Supvapo Jo ssod01d ul JO[pooM Vy ee pie SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 27 that the bolts be “cut from live timber, free from gnarls, doze, rot, and large knots....Bolts should be piled up in ranks with a space of about two feet between piles and on poles to keep them up from the ground until they are seasoned and ready to ship. All culls and bolts under 4 inches in diameter will be thrown out.”* Prices paid for 37 inch excelsior bolts in 1914, delivered to factories in Grand Rapids, were about as follows: Basswood (peeled), per cord ..............-. $5.50-$6.00 Aspen (peeled), per cord .................4. 5.00 Aspen (unpeeled), per cord ................. 4.00 At Grand Rapids there is a limited market} for 36-inch bolts of soft elm, basswood, and soft maple for the manufacture of fiber “binder,” to be used in place of hair in plaster block making. These bolts must be between 8 and 36 inches in diameter, with solid centers to take the dogs of the lathe; pieces with “dozy’” centers are culled out and rejected. The bolts may be limby, if the limbs are trimmed fiush with the bark, but they must be straight and the ends must be square. Double heart is no defect. The bolts are bought from farmers or jobbers; and in 1914 the prices offered, delivered at the factory, were $6 when the bolts were mainly soft elm, and from $5 to $5.50 when mainly basswood and soft maple. Wood for distillation—Hardwood distillation for the manufacture of charcoal, wood alcohol, and acetates consumes a large amount of cord- wood of maple, beech, and birch, and offers a means of disposing of the top wood, small trees, and low grade logs left after disposing of the more valuable products. This material is taken with the bark on in lengths of 4 feet or 50 inches, and to minimum diameters of usually 3 or 4 inches. The price paid per standard cord of distillation wood de- livered at the factory is in the neighborhood of $3 or $4. Most of the companies get their material largely from the cutover areas of the big lumber companies, and some of them require that the wood shall be “body-wond,” with only a small mixture of branches. Pieces over 6 inches in diameter must be split in a manner generally similar to that described under “Excelsior.” Firewood.—Probably no other form of woodlot material has brought such large aggregate returns as firewood; and yet this is, in the majority of cases, the least paying use to which good log timber can be put. It offers, however, practically the only means of disposing of branch and top wood, defective logs and slabs, of some species throughout the State and of all species in some parts of the State. The best fuel wood is hickory; high prices are paid for it, but its promise for much more exacting and remunerative uses is so great that the farmer who has it in his woodlot should hesitate to sell for firewood any but the lowest grade timber and the refuse left in logging. This is also true of other woods, such as ash, oak, walnut, cherry, basswood, rock elm, and even thrifty second-growth hard maple, yellow birch, and soft e?m. Beech is generally less valuable than most of the other species for many uses, and second growth and defective beech trees can often be cut from a woodlot and sold to advantage as cordwood. This affords a means of improving overstocked woodlots by thinning out the trees and giving the most desirable of them more light and growing *From pe specifications furnished by the Excelsior Wrapper Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. +The Alabastine Co., Grand Rapids; associated with the Michigan Gypsum Co. 5 28 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. space. Thinnings should not, however, be made so heavy as to admit a great deal of light into the woodlot, except when the soil is plentifully stocked with young trees which will shade the ground.* In selling fuel wood there are two units, both called “cords,” which are apt to be confused, with danger of loss to the seller. These are the “standard” cord and the “stove-wood” cord. Both are piles 8 feet long and 4 feet high, but the standard cord consists of 4 foot lengths, so that the pile is 4 feet wide; while the stove-wood cord consists of 16 inch lengths, so that the pile is 16 inches wide. The solid volume of a cord of stove-wood is thus only about a third that of a standard cord. Since_ the shorter the pieces, the less the amount of crookedness, a cord of stove- wood will actually contain a little more than one-third the volume of a standard cord. Cords made up of thick pieces contain more wood than those of small pieces, while round sticks give a higher wood volume than split ones of about the same size. Considerable maple and beech body wood is shipped from upper Michigan ports in 4 foot lengths, but in the southern part of the State stovewood lengths are more often under- stood in woodlot sales. The price of wood for fuel depends on its heating value, the rate at which it burns, and its abundance and availability. Compared with coal, the heating value of different species is about as follows: one ton of coal is equal to a standard cord of hickory, oak, beech, birch, hard maple, ash, elm, locust, or cherry; a cord and a half of sycamore or soft maple; and two cords of cedar, poplar, or basswood. The greater abundance of wood and the smaller population in the northern part of the State give it a somewhat lower value than in southern Michigan. Wholesale values for stove wood in some of the cities in the central and southern counties average from $2 to $2.50 per cord. Retail prices run from $3 to $3.75 per cord. By working up a direct market for his wood among town consumers the farmer can frequently better his sales by 50 cents or $1 a cord. Stove wood of beech, birch, and maple usually brings from $2.25 to $2.50 per cord, wholesale. The best second-growth oak and hickory often sells to dealers for no more than $2.50 per cord. Elm and other softer woods usually sell for from $2 to $2.25 per cord. Except where sawmills have accumulated slab-wood in excess of the demand, hard- wood slabs from portable mills can often be disposed of for from $2 to $2.25 per cord. Lime kilns and brick yards use a great deal of wood, which they buy in 4 foot lengths. They can use very low grade material, and since the shipment must often be for long distances, do not pay high prices for it. Low as the prices are, however, they may make it possible for farmers to clean up their clearings and make day wages in doing it. The prices are apt to be from $2 to $2.75 per cord of 4 foot lengths. CONDUCTING THE SALE. Timber may be sold either standing (“on the stump”) or felled and cut into logs, bolts, ties, or other products. Standing timber may be sold either by “the lot,” by “acreage,” or by “stumpage.” Selling by the lot or by acreage is the easiest method, but it presents the greatest like- *See U. S. Department of Agriculture farmer’s bulletin 711—''The Care and Impr Woodlot,’’ which can be obtained free of charge on application to the Forester, Wash nerodeu & a ‘apvis oY} OF UOTJUEI}% pue ‘Suraves [njervo ‘suTTpueY JUSTO £&q peaoidur yonur oq ATyensn pines Ayrpenb sq “pmnoys Soy} sv AyPeNb w poos sv Jo Joquiny JINJOVINUUL 9TNI & sv you Op ‘AVp & 489} PLO 000‘OT JO 000'S BuTy3NO s]TTUIMeES 9[qeIIOd 4 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 29 lihood of the farmer losing a large part of the value of the timber. He is very apt to sell for what he thinks a “good offer” without taking the trouble to find out for himself just how much of each species of tree the woodlot contains, and what the best market for it is. The buyer naturally pays as little as possible for it, and since he is experienced in sizing up timber he is much better prepared than the farmer to estimate at a glance the value of the woodlot. In some regions “acreage” prices of from $50 to $100, according to the amount, quality, and situation of the timber, are customarily offered by portable mill operators. The acreage price may be all that the stand is worth, and the buyer may be perfectly honest in computing for himself only a fair profit. On the other hand, if the buyer is unscrupulous the farmer who does not know his timber is at a very great disadvantage in this method of selling. Furthermore, much is usually to be gained if the farmer, instead of selling through a “middleman,” deals directly with the manufacturer for whatever materials he can, and sells the rest, in the log or by stumpage, to a local sawmill, wood yard, or other purchaser. Sales of stumpage (standing timber) are much preferable, since these involve an actual estimate of the standing timber, which is paid for by the tree, or by estimated contents in board feet or other unit. The owner should protect himself by making his own estimate of the stand, in some such way as described on pp. 9 to 15. Having done so, and having found out for himself what values he can command for his rough products in different markets he is, of course, in a position to bargain with local buyers for a lump sum, on the basis either of acreage or of the entire lot. As a result of such an investigation he will often prefer to sell parts of his stand to a number of different dealers in specialized industries, such as veneer, handle, or woodenware manufacturers. In most cases, probably, the sale of cut products will be the most satisfactory method of all. Such sales are made either on delivery by the farmer of material cut by himself, or on the scale or tally of timber which is being cut in his woodlot by the buyer. In either case a unit price for each species and form of material is agreed upon in advance. When logs are sold the unit is the thousand feet, board measure, scaled according to a specified log rule. The Doyle and the Scribner rules are those most used, and of these the Scribner is preferable, since it gives more accurate results with the smaller logs. These rules are given on pp. 31 and 32. To protect himself the farmer should check all scaling, and an understanding as to deduction for defects should be reached in advance of cutting. This is discussed on p. 33 under the heading of “Scaling.” In selling to portable mill operators a good basis is the thousand feet of lumber, actually sawed out at the mill. The sale on delivery of timber cut by the farmer himself has a great deal to recommend it. The farmer pays the cost of cutting and delivery, and the prices he receives should therefore be greater by the amount of the labor cost, often a considerable item. Since woods work can be done in the winter and at odd times when the regular farm work is not pressing and teams and men otherwise idle can be used, the difference in price to be realized may be considered a clear gain. By doing his own cutting the farmer may also conduct it in such a way as to im- prove the condition of his woodlot, a matter in which the contractor or sawmill employee would have no interest. 30 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Contracting for the sale Even in small sales, it is always best to put the agreements into writ- ing. In this way a great deal of disagreement and financial loss may be avoided. In making the contract the seller must have fully in mind the terms of the sale; and the contract may call to the farmer’s atten- tion important details which would otherwise have been overlooked. The essential conditions of a complete contract relate to (I) description and location of the timber, (II) price and manner of payment, (ITI) conditions of cutting and removal, and (IV) title and means of settling disputes. Under the third heading comes the duration of the contract, the size and character of the timber to be cut, and the method of mark- ing to designate it, method of scaling, designation of what material is to be considered merchantable and must be removed from the woods (to prevent the leaving of any more low grade or refuse stuff than necessary or desirable), and protection against injury to any trees left standing. The contract should prescribe the estimated amount of timber to be sold, and its condition, whether living or dead or both. It should specify the unit of sale—i,000 board feet of logs or lumber, cords, ties, poles, etc..—and the amount to be paid, per unit, for each species of timber sold. Such items as the kind of log rule to be used, and the size of the cord (16-inch or 4-foot lengths, etc.,) should be clearly designated, and the time at which the payment shall be made, should also be entered. The contract should give the amount to be allowed for trimming log ends, in excess of which the logs are to be scaled as though a foot longer. If the timber to be sold is to be marked, the contract should prohibit the removal of unmarked timber. If only the trees above a cer- tain diameter are to be sold, this diameter should be specified, as well as the height at which it is to be measured, as “1 foot above the ground” or “at breast height (41% feet).” Low cut stumps and close utilization into the top should be required, together with the exercise of due care on the part of the purchaser to prevent fire from spreading. A provision retaining title to all timber covered by the agreement should be included. (Onher clauses which might be included are those requiring that the timber shall be scaled in the presence of the seller or his authorized agent; that log lengths shall be varied so as best to utilize the timber; that unmarked trees, if cut, shall be paid for at double the stated price; that tops left in logging shall remain on the tract for the use of the seller (or, if desired, shall be utilized by the purchaser). In selling by lump sums the provisions relating to scaling and unit prices may, of course, be omitted, but not the total amount to be paid. It is assumed that the farmer will precede any lump sum sale by a careful estimate of his stand and an inquiry as to the price, on the stump, which he should receive for each kind of product; with this knowledge he will be pre- pared to sell “by acreage” or “by the lot.” A sample contract for woodlot sales is contained in U. S. Department of Agriculture farmer’s bulletin 715, “Measuring and Marketing Wood- lot Products,” which can be secured free of charge on application to the Forester, Forest Service, Washington, D. C. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 31 Scaling the logs “Scaling” logs means determining their approximate contents in lumber by measuring them and applying volume figures already worked out. Tables containing these figures are called log rules, and the two in most common use are the Scribner and the Doyle log rules. The Scribner is undoubtedly the better rule for woodlot use, since it gives a fairer scale to the small logs. These rules are given in Tables 6 and 7. TABLE 6.—SCRIBNER LOG RULE. Length of log, in feet. Pen ey bark, - Spy soe 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 Inches. Contents in board feet. 7 10 14 16 18 21 24 10 14 18 22 24 28 30 13 17 23 28 32 36 40 19 25 30 35 42 48 54 26 33 38 45 54 62 70 32 41 48 56 64 72 80 39 49 59 69 79 88 98 49 61 23 85 97 109 129 58 72 86 100 414 129 143 71 89 107 125 142 160 178 79 99 119 139 159 178 198 93 116 139 162 185 208 232 106 133 160 187 213 240 267 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 152 190. 228 266 304 342 380 167 209 251 292 334 376 418 188 235 283 330 377 424 470 202 252 303 353 404 454 505 230 287 344 401 459 516 573 250 313 375 439 500 562 625 274 342 411 479 548 616 684 290 363 436 509 582 654 798 305 381 457 533 609 685 761 329 411 493 575 657 739 821 355 444 532 622 710 799 888 368 460 559 644 736 828 920 392 490 588 686 784 882 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 438 547 657 766 876 985 1,095 462 577 692 807 923 1,038 1,152 515 644 772 901 1,029 1,158 1,287 535 669 801 934 1,068 1,201 1,335 560 700 840 980 1,120 1,260 1,400 602 752 903 1,053 1,204 1,354 1,505 636 795 954 1,113 1,272 1,431 1,590 672 840 1,007 1,175 1,343 1,511 1,679 698 872 1,046 1,222 1,396 ‘ 1,745 740 925 1,110 1,295 1,480 1,665 1,850 32 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 7.—DOYLE LOG RULE. Length of log, in feet. Diameter inside bark, small end of log. 6 8 | 10 12 14 16 18 20 Inches. Contents in board feet. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4 4.5 5.0 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.8 7.9 9 10.1 is 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 9 12 16 19 22 25 28 31 13 18 22 27 31 36 40 45 18 24 31 37 43 49 55 61 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 30 40 51 61 71 81 91 101 37 50 62 75 87 100 112 125 45 60 76 91 106 121 136 151 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 63 84 106 127 148 169 190 211 73 98 122 147 171 196 220 245 84 112 141 169 197 225 253 281 96 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 108 144 181 217 253 289 325 361 121 162 202 243 283 324 364 405 135 180 226 271 316 361 406 451 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 165 220 276 331 386 441 496 551 181 242 302 363 423 484 544 605 198 264 331 397 463 529 595 661 216 288 360 432 504 576 648 720 234 312 391 469 547 625 703 781 253 338 422 507 591 676 760 845 273 364 456 547 638 729 820 911 294 392 490 588 686 784 882 980 315 420 526 631 736 841 946 1,051 337 450 562 675 787 900 1,012 1,125 360 480 601 721 841 961 1,081 1,201 384 512 640 768 | , 896 1,024 1,152 1,280 408 544 681 817 953 1,089 1,225 1,361 433 578 722 867 1,011 1,156 1,3 1,445 459 612 766 919 1,072 1,225 1,378 1,531 486 648 810 972 1,134 1,296 1,458 1,620 513 684 856 1,027 1,198 1,369 1,540 1,741 541 722 902 1,083 1,263 444 1,624 1,805 570 760 951 1,141 1,331 1,521 1,711 1,901 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 The ordinary way of using these rules is by means of “scale sticks,” which are thin strips of hickory, with the log volumes in board feet corresponding to different lengths of log burned into the two sides of the stick. In scaling, the stick is laid across the average diameter of the log at its small end inside the bark, and the figure nearest the bark which corresponds to the estimated or measured log length is the con- tents in board feet according to the particular rule used. Scale sticks Ae ae the Scribner or the Doyle rule can be purchased for $1.50 or $2. While the use of scale sticks makes it possible to read off the volumes directly and thus save some time in scaling, it is by no means necessary to have one. It is a simple matter to measure the average inside bark diameter with an ordinary rule, and refer to the tables here given for the corresponding volume, In measuring the diameters, fractions of an SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 33 inch should be disregarded; for example, if the actual diameter is 714 inches, the volume used should be that of a 7-inch log. The length of the log can be measured conveniently by means of a stick 8 feet long, marked at every foot or two. Logs should be cut about 3 inches longer than the specified length, so that the rough end may be trimmed at the mill. Three inches is as much as is necessary for this; larger amounts constitute a direct waste. The volume of each log should be immediately entered in a notebook, together with the species, and the log should be marked with a lumber crayon to avoid danger of rescaling it. A convenient way to record the volumes is to put them in columns under the name of the species. It is a good plan to number the logs with the lumber crayon as they are scaled, and to record the same number opposite the respective volumes in the notebook. This makes it possible, in case of dispute, to go back to any individual log for the purpose of remeasurement. “Scaling out” defects Log rules are made for sound logs and do not take into account de- fects; consequently the amount of defect must be estimated and deducted from the full scale. When the defect is rot or hollow at the center of the log it may be “scaled out” either (1) by giving the log a volume corre- sponding to that of a log an inch or more smaller or a foot or two shorter, the amount to be gauged by the estimated amount of the defect; or (2) by deducting from the full scale the amount of board feet which would be contained in a board as long as the log and a little wider and thicker than the defect. Where the log is hollow or badly rotten at the heart, as is apt to be the case in old basswood trees, the defect may be scaled as though it were a small log, and the volume then subtracted from the full scale of the log. When the heart is sound but the sapwood is rotten or badly checked, only the heart should be scaled. Crooked logs cut out a large per cent of short and bark-edged pieces of very little value, and it is necessary to deduct from the full scale the amount which in the opinion of the scaler would be lost in cutting. The scaler should sight along a curved log, noting where the saw will square it sufficiently to cut boards on both sides affected by the curve. Curve is much more serious in short than in long logs. In crooked logs 16 feet or more in length, little need be deducted from the full scale, since most of the shorter boards manufactured will still be long enough for sale. 4 : Shipping by railroad The two essentials in determining the cost of shipping woodlot products are the rate per 100 pounds to the destination and the weight of the materials to be shipped. The shipping charge, as for any other farm product, is simply the rate multiplied by the number of 100 pounds in the weight. Freight rates on wood products are low; since different roads have different rates, and these are not strictly uniform according to distance, they should be ascertained in advance of the sale from the local freight agent. At the same time the minimum carload weight to which the rate applies should be ascertained. The minimum weight usually exceeds 30,000 pounds and is sometimes as great as 60,000 34 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. pounds. Less than carload lots can, of course, be shipped, but at a greater expense per 100 pounds. When one farmer has less than a carload to sell, two or more may combine in order to take advantage of the lower rate. Freight rates over two or more lines are higher than when the same distance is covered by only one railroad. Such combined rates can be worked out and other information secured on inquiry of freight agents. The approximate weights per 1000 board feet of lumber and logs, and per cord of bolts, for different species of trees are shown in table 8. Table 9 gives the weight per stack of green and air-dry bolts of different species and different lengths. The advantage of shipping air-dried material is at once apparent. Not all the native species are given in the table, but their weight may be quite closely estimated by comparison with some of the others. For instance, the weight of aspen would be about the same as that of cottonwood, that of soft maple about the same as that of cherry, etc. The figures in these tables are not given as weights adopted by any railroad company, but only as average weights upon which the timber owner a base his preliminary estimates of the cost of shipping. TABLE 8.—WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS WOODLOT PRODUCTS. pape {rer J 000 Logs per 1,000 board feet log scale. Doyle rule. Cordwood, bolts, , . butts, etc., 90 cu. ft. Diameter inside Diameter inside Diameter inside per cord. Species. 1 inch thick. bark at small end, bark at small end, | bark at small end, 12 inches. 18 inches. 24 inches. Green. | Air Dry. | Green. Dry. Green. Dry. | Green. | Dry. Green. Dry. Pounds. | Pounds, | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds | Pounds. | Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds. Ash, white..... 4,000 ,500 11,100 5 ,700 ,800 , 60 5,700 4,300 3,800 asswood..... 3,400 2,100 9, 5,900 ,600 | 4,100 | 5,600} 3,500 3,700 2,300 Beech......... 4,600 3,600 12,700 10,100 8,900 | 7,000} 7,500! 6,000 5,000 3,900 Birch, yellow. .| 4,800 3,700 13,200 10,300 9,200 | 7,200 | 7,800] 6,100 5,100 4,000 Cherry, black..| 3,800 3,000 10; 500 8,300 7,300 | 5,800] 6,200| 4,900 4,100 3,200 Chestnut...... 2,500 12,600 7,000 8,800 | 4,900} 7,500{ 4,100 4,900 2,700 Cottonwood... 2,200 10,700 6,300 7,500 | 4,400] 6,300] 3,700 4,200 2,500 Elm, soft...... 2,900 11,200 8,000 7,800 | 5,600} 6,600] 4,700 4,400 3,100 Elm, rock..... 3,300 12,600 9,200 8,800; 6,400} 7,500}; 5,500 4,900 3,600 Gum, red...... 2,800 10,700 7,800 7,500 | 5,500} 6,300; 4,600 4,200 3,100 Hickory....... +3 14,700 11,900 10,300 | 8,300} 8,700] 7,000 5,700 4,600 Locust, black..| 4,800 4,100 13,300 11,400 9,300 | 7.900) 7,900} 6,700 5,200 4,400 Maple, sugar..| 4,700 3,600 12,900 10,000 9,000} 7,000} 7,600 | 5,900 5.000 3,900 Maple, red....| 4,300 3,000 11,900 8,200 8,300 | 5,700 | 7,100] 4,900 4,700 3,200 Maple, silver...| 3,800 2,800 10,500 7,800 7,300] 5,400] 6,200] 4,600 4,100 3,000 Oak, red....... 5,400 3,600 14,800 10,100 10,300 | 7,000} 8,800 | 6,000 5,800 3,900 Oak, white....| 5,200 4,000 14,400 11,000 10,000 | 7,700) 8,500] 6,500 5,600 4,300 Sycamore...... 4,300 3,000 12,000 8,300 8,400 | 5,800) 7,100; 4,900 4,700 3,200 Yellow poplar..| 3,200 2,400 8,800 6,500 6,100 | 4,500] 5,200] 3,900 3,400 2,500 Tupelo. . 3,000 15,100 8,400 10,500 | 5,900] 8,900; 5,000 5,900 3,300 Walnut. 3,000 11,900 8,200 8,300 | 5,700) 7,100} 4,900 4,700 3,200 Willow. . 2,100 11,800 5,900 8,200 | 4,100} 7,000} 3,500 4.600 2,300 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 35 TABLE 9.—WEIGHTS PER STACK OF BOLTS, GREEN AND DRY, OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND DIAMETERS AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOD. Length of bolt—feet. Tins pe meter. cu. ft Species oy 3h 4 4h 5 5} 6 ane peels (& cord). (& cord).|(1 cord).}(14 cords).|(14 cords).|(1 cords).}(14 cords). Inches. Weight per stack—pounds. Pounds, Ash, white: 6 | 2,600 8,700 | 4,200 4,800 5,300 5,800 6,300 Green.......... 9} 2,800 3,900 | 4,400 5,000 5,500 6,100 6,600 48.1 12 | 2,900 4,000 | 4,600 5,100 5,700 6,300 6,900 6} 2,300 3,200 | 3, 4,200 4,600 5,100 5,600 Alt dry viscose ea 9 | 2,400 3,400 | 3,900 43400 4,800 5,300 5,800 42.1 12 | 2,500 3,500 | 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 Basswood 6 | 2,800 3,200 | 3,600 4,100 4,500 5,000 5,500 Green.......... 9 | 2,400 3,300 | 3,800 4,300 4,700 5,200 5,700 41.3 12 |} 2,500 3,400 | 3,900 4,400 4,900 5,400 5,900 6 | 1,400 2,000 | 2,300 2,600 2,800 3,100 3,400 BER cos cases 9; 1,500 2,100 | 2,400 2,700 101 3,300 3,600 25.8 12} 1,500 2,100 | 2,500 2,800 3,100 3,400 3,700 Cottonwood: 6 | 2,600 3,600 | 4,100 4,600 5,100 5,600 6,100 (C) 1a eee ‘ 9 | 2,700 3,700 | 4,300 4,800 5,300 5,900 6,400 46.5 12 | 2,800 3,900 | 4,400 5,000 5,500 6,100 6,600 6 | 1,500 2,100 | 2,400 2,700 3,000 3,300 3,600 Ale dy isiavsiecte 9] 1,600 2,200 | 2,500 2,800 3,100 3,500 3,800 27.3 12 1,600 2,300 | 2,600 2,900 3,200 3,600 3,900 Elm, rock and white: 6} 2,700 3,700 | 4,300 4,800 5,300 5,900 6,400 Greenisyccsccces 9| 2,800 3,900 | 4,500 5,000 5,600 6,100 6,700 48.6 12 | 2,900 4,000 | 4,600 5,200 5,800 6,300 6,900 6] 1,900 2,700 | 3,000 3,400 3,800 4,200 4,600 Air dry......... 9} 2,000 2,800 | 3,200 3,600 4,000 4,400 4,800 34.6 12} 2,100 2,900 | 3,300 3,700 4,100 4,500 4,900 Hickory, shagbark: 6 | 3,500 4,900 | 5,600 6,300 7,000 7,700 8,400 Green.......... 9] 3,700 5,100 | 5,900 6,600 7,300 8,100 8,800 63.8 12} 3,800 5,300 | 6,100 6,800 7,600 3 9,100 6 | 2,800 4,000 | 4,500 5,100 5,700 6,200 6,800 Air dry......... 9 | 3,000 4,100 | 4,700 5,300 5,900 6,500 7,100 51.5 12 | 3,100 4,300 | 4,900 5,500 6,100 6,700 7,300 Stacks are 4 feet high feet long, made up of bolts of different sizes. Bolts sg 4 feet long make a standard cord, while shorter lengths make “short cords,” and longer lengths a cord and over. 36 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Tables 10 and 11 give the approximate cost per 1000 board feet of shipping green and air dry logs and lumber, respectively, to distances such that the freight rates. per 100 lbs. are from 2 to 10 cents. TABLE 10.—COST OF SHIPPING GREEN AND AIR DRY LOGS, PER THOUSAND BOARD FEET (DOYLE SCALE), WITH RATES OF FROM 2 TO 10 CENTS PER 100 POUNDS. (Costs given are for logs measuring 18 inches in diameter at the small end. For 12-inch logs add 40 per cent, and for 24-inch logs subtract 15 per cent of the costs given. Weights used are those shown in Table 8. Rate in cents per hundred pounds. Species. 2. | 3. | 4, | _ 5 | 6. | a | 8. | 9. | 10. < Cost of shipping per 1,000 board feet. he Green... $2.31 | $3.06 | $3.85 | $4.62] $5.39] $6.16] $6.93] $7.70 settee eeeeeenes Air dry. 2.04] 2:72] 3.40/ 408] 4.75] 5.44] 612] 6.80 1.98] 2.64] 3.30) 3.96] 4.62] 5.28] 5.94] 6.60 Basswood........... { 1.23] 1.64; 2:05] 2:46] 2.87] 3.28] 3.69] 4:10 ai 2.67| 3.56| 4.45| 5.34) 6.23] 7.12| 8.01] 8.90 sitter et eeeeeas 2:10| 2:80] 3.50) 4.20] 4.90| 5.60] 6.30] 7.00 : 2.76| 3.68) 4.60) 5.52] 6.44] 7.36) 8.28] 9.20 Birch, yellow......... { 2:16| 2.88) 3.60] 4.32] 5.04] 5.76] 6.48] 7.20 2.19/ 2.92] 3.65) 4.38] 5.11] 5.84] 6.57] 730 Cherry, black........ {Sag 1.74] 2.32] 2:90) 3.48] 4.06| 4.64] 5.22] 5.80 Green....... 2.25| 3.00| 3.75] 4.50| 5.25] 6.00] 6.75] 750 Cottonwood. ........ { Air dry 1:32] 1.76] 2.20} 2.64] 3.08] 3.52/ 3.96] 4.40 ee Green....... 2.49| 3.32) 415] 4.98| 5.81] 6.64] 7.47] 8.30 Dp reseee eae eenes Air dry 1:80} 2:40] 3.00] 3.60] 4.20} 4:80] 5.40] 6.00 : Green....... 3.09] 4.12] 5.15) 6.18] 7.21} 8.24] 9.27] 10.80 Hickory...........+. {Sar ai49] 3.32| 4115| 4.98) 5.81] 6.64] 7.47] 8.30 Green....... 2.70| 3.60) 4.50) 5.40] 630] 7.20} 8.140] 9.00 Maple, sugar......... { dry 2:10 2:80) 3.50] 420| 4:90] 5.60] 6.30] 7.00 Pee Green 3.09] 412] 5.15| 6.18] 7.21] 8.24} 9.27] 10.30 PTOd. ss eseveeeees Air dry 2:10| 2:80] 3.50) 4.20] 4:90] 5.60] 6.30] 7.00 ; Green....... 3.00/ 4.00] 5.00] 6.00] 7.00] 8.00} 9.00] 10.00 Oak, white.......... (ae 231} 3.08) 3.85| 4.62] 5.39] 616} 6.93] 7.70 Green....... 2.52] 3.36] 4.20| 5.04] 5.88] 6.72| 7.56] 8.40 Sycamore........-... te 1.74} 2.32} 2.90] 3.48| 4.06] 4.64] 5.22 5.80 Green....... 1.83| 2.44] 3.05) 366] 4.27| 4.88] 5.49] 6.10 Yellow poplar........ { fear. 1.35] 1.80| 2.25] 2.70| 3.15] 3.60/ 4.05) 4.50 aan { Gross eee 2.49] 3.32) 4.15! 4.98] 5.81] 6.64! 7.47] 8.30 serineeereees Air dry 171) 2.98) 2185] 3:42| 3.99] 4.56] 5.13) 5.70 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 37 TABLE 11—COST OF SHIPPING GREEN AND AIR-DRY 1-INCH LUMBER, PER THOUSAND BOARD FEET, WITH RATES OF FROM 2 TO 10 CENTS PER HUNDRED POUNDS. Weights used are those shown in Table 8, columns 1 and 2. Rate in cents per hundred pounds. Species. 2, | 3. | 4, | Bi | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. Cost of shipping per 1,000 board feet. Ash Green....... $0.80 | $1.20) s1.60| $2.00] $2.40] $2.80] $3.20] $3.60] $4.00 Settee eee rec eens Airdry......| .70| 1.05] 1.40| 1:75) 2:10] 2:45] 2:80) 3.15] 3.50 Green....... 68| 1.02] 1.36] 1.70] 2.04] 2.38] 2.72] 3.06] 3.40 Basswood........... {gk ee 42} 163 | 84] 1.05| 1:26] 1.47) 1.68| 1.89] 2/10 Heth Green....... g2| 1.38] 1.94| 9.30] 2.76! 3.22] 3.68] 4.14] 4.60 SCI sete Ne sa Gielen Air dry...... ‘72 | 1.08| 1.44| 1.80] 2.16 | 2.52] 2.88] 3.24 3.60 F 96] 144] 1.92] 2.40) 2.88] 3.36] 3.84] 4.32] 4.80 Birch, yellow ‘74! iit] 1148] 1185] 2:22] 2/59] 2/96] 3:33] 3.70 Green....... 76| 1.14| 1.52] 1.90} 2.28) 2.66] 3.04] 3.42] 23.80 Cherry, black........ { Air dry... ‘60| 190) 1:20} 1:50) 1:80] 2110; 2:40} 2:70] 3.00 72| 1.08) 1.44] 1.80| 2.16| 2.52) 2.88] 3.24] 3.60 Cottonwood. ........ f ‘44} 166 | .88| 1.10) 1.32! 1:54] 1:76] 1.98) 2.20 nat s6| 1.29| 1.72) 2.15] 2.58) 3.01] 3.44) 3.97] 4.80 Dire eerereeenees 62| 193} 1.24) 1.55| 1.86] 217] 2.48] 2:79] 3.10 : 1.04] 1.56] 2.08] 2.60] 3.12] 3.64] 4.16]; 4.68] 5.20 Hickory............. ‘36 | 1.20) 1:72] 2115] 2:58] 3.01| +3144] 3187] 4:30 4/141] 1.88] 2.35| 2.82! 3.29] 3.76} 4.23] 4.70 Maple, sugar [72] 1.08) 1.44] 1.80] 2.16; 2.52] 2.88] 3.24 3.60 pee 1.08} 1.62} 2.16] 2.70} 3.24] 3.78| 4.32] 4.86] 5.40 TEs reese eee ‘72| 1.08] 1.44] 1:80] 2:16] 2:52] 2/88] 3.24] 3.60 . 1.04} 1.56] 2.08] 2.60! 3.12] 3.64) 4.16] 4.68] 5.20 Oak, white........... ‘30 | 1:20] 1.60] 2.00) 2.40) 2.80| 3.20] 3:60] 4.00 .86| 1.29] 1.72] 2.15] 2.58] 3.01] 3.44] 3.87] 4.30 Byeamore............ 60 :90| 1.20] 1.50] 1.80} 2.10] 2.40] 2.70 3.00 64 .96| 1.28, 1.60] 1.92] 92.24] 2.56] 2.88] 3.20 Yellow poplar 4g | 172 96} 1.20] 1.44] 1.68] 1.92] 2:16) 2140 86/ 1.29] 1.72) 2.15! 2.58] 3.01| 3.44] 3.87] 4.30 Walout..........444 “60 ‘90 | 1.20] 1.50] 1.80] 2.10; 2.40] 2.70 3.00 The average amount of forest products of any kind contained in a carload varies with the size and load capacity of the car and the weight of the material. The following amounts may be considered roughly as a carload for the standard car of 60,000 pounds capacity: Lumber (rough), 15,000 to 18,000 board feet. Lumber (finished), 17,000 to 20,000 board feet. Logs (large: 24 inches), 5,000 to 7,000 board feet. Logs (small: 12 inches), 4,000 to 5,000 board feet. Bolts or butts, 12°to 16 cords. Cordwood (4 feet), 15 to 18 cords. Stovewood (16 inches), 30 to 40 ranks. Mine timber (see posts, poles, logs). Poles or piling, 25 to 40 pieces. Ties (6x8’x8’), 350 pieces. Ties (7’x9’’x814’), 300 pieces. 38 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Ties (5’x6”’x514’; mine tie), 1,100 pieces. Posts (4” top, 7 ft.), 800 pieces. Posts (6” top, 8 ft.), 500 pieces. Tanbark, 16 to 18 cords. Sawdust, 12 to 18 tons. The necessity of investigating shipping charges can sometimes be avoided by making the sale f. 0. b. shipping point instead of at point of delivery. The buyer, instead of the farmer, thus handles the shipping end of the business, and this arrangement should be made wherever possible. HOW TO PREVENT THE DETERIORATION OF CUT WOODLOT PRODUCTS. ~ It is often necessary or desirable to put off the delivery of logs, bolts, poles, etc., until some months after cutting, either in order to allow them to season, or because a good sale can not be arranged at once. A great deal of the weight of freshly cut products is due to the water they con- tain, and a few months seasoning will often reduce this to a marked degree, the amount of reduction depending, of course, on the climate, the weather, and the exposure to sun and air. At the same time, unless preventive measures are taken, the products are sure to deteriorate through decay, insect attack, checking, or some other agency. A certain amount of deterioration is apt to take place in any. case if the delivery is put off for some time; but the amount can be greatly reduced, and the saving in weight and increase in strength due to seasoning is more than enough to counterbalance any small deterioration which may occur in spite of the preventive measures. Logs should never be allowed to remain long in the woods after cutting. As soon as possible they should be taken to a dry, well-aired, and un- shaded area, and placed on skids, well off the ground. The bark may be left on the logs, and the ends should be coated with paint, creosote, or tar. This will not only assist in preventing decay, but will also retard seasoning to some extent and thus keep the logs from checking badly. Poles should be peeled, and hauled or dragged to a place free from debris or rank vegetation and freely exposed to sun and wind. There they should be rolled upon skidways not less than 18 inches high, so that no part of them will rest on the ground. There should be only one layer of poles on each skidway. When ties are cut, it is usually cheaper and most desirable to haul them, unseasoned, directly to the railroad, and there pile them according to the specifications furnished by the tie buyer. Cordwood should be stacked in loose piles in a sunny well-aired and well-drained place free from rank vegetation. Two sticks on the ground running the length of the pile will keep it from contact with the soil and thus prevent decay in the lower layers. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 39 SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL USES OF COMMON WOODLOT TREES. The following list will serve as a rough index to the most important uses, aside from lumber and fuel,* of the common trees in woodlots, which are discussed on pages 16 to 28 under “choosing the market.” Ash, black—handles; vehicle parts; baskets; tubs and pails; veneer for furniture; woven splint boxes. Ash, white—long handles; vehicle parts; singletrees; neck yokes, veneer ; slack barrel staves and headings; pails and tubs; novelties; agricul- tural implements (rollers, etc.). : Aspens (“popple”)—boxes; excelsior; wood pulp; tubs and buckets. Balsam— (see fir). Basswood—veneer for packages; handles, woodenware and novelties; slack barrel staves, headings, and hoops; excelsior; baskets; tubs and pails. Beech—veneer for packages; handles; felloes; woodenware; pails and tubs; slack barrel staves, headings and hoops; railroad ties (‘“treat- ment”) ; chemical distillation. Blue beech—felloes; singletrees; spokes; small handles. Birch, paper (“white’)—handles; agricultural implements; excelsior ; boxes; baskets; clothespins; toothpicks; novelties. Birch, yellow and black (‘“‘sweet”)—veneer for finish and furniture; handles; vehicle hubs; woodenware; novelties; spindles; slack barrel staves and headings; baskets; pails and tubs; railroad ties (“treat- ment”) ; chemical distillation. Butternut—veneer for finish, furniture, etc. Cedar, white (“arborvitae’)—poles; posts; piling; railroad ties; shingles; net floats; woodenware. Cherry, black—veneer for finish and furniture; novelties. Elm, cork (“rock”)—handles; vehicle parts; slack barrel staves, head- ings, hoops, and head linings; bicycle rims; basket hoops; bent-wood settees; insulator pins; tent pins and slides. Elm, white (“soft”)—veneer for packages; handles; slack barrel staves, headings, hoops and head linings; boxes; baskets; bicycle rims; pails and tubs; singletrees and veneers. Elm, slippery (“red”)—handles; plow handles; neck yokes; eveners and singletrees; saddle trees; wagon reaches. Fir, balsam—wood pulp; excelsior; boxes; slack barrel cooperage; pails and tubs. Hemlock—wood pulp; boxes; pails and tubs; slack barrel staves and headings; tanbark. Hickory—handles; axles, singletrees, and spokes; agricultural imple- ments; vehicle parts; lumber and log rules; bicycle rims; machine axles; mallets and mauls. Hornbeam—logging tool handles; tongues for “big wheels;” axles; farm wagon felloes; garden hose reels; levers. Locust, black—posts; poles; insulator pins. *Practically all the species contribute to lumber and fuel, which are omitted in order to simplify the list and because it is difficult to classify in short space the many uses to which lumber is put. This depends upon the size and quality as well as the kind of lumber. In general, softwood lumber (pine, hemlock, spruce, etc.) 1s used for building and rough temporary construction purposes, while hard- wood lumber (oak, maple, birch, beech, etc.), goes toe into finish, flooring, and furniture. Both kinds supply. large quantities of woodenware, novelties, agricultural implement frames, boxes, and crates. uch softwood lumber is used for cheap furniture and for furniture backing. For a complete list of the uses’of each species, see ‘‘'Wood-using Industries of Michigan,” 1912, obtainable from the Public Domain Commission, Lansing, Michigan. 40 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Maple, sugar and black (“hard”)—-veneer for finish and furniture; handles; vehicle parts; agricultural implements; slack barrel staves, headings, and hoops; railroad ties (“treatment”); bicycle rims; woodenware; novelties; dishes; mallets; pails and tubs; skewers; spindles; toothpicks; levers; chemical distillation. Maple, red and white (‘soft’’?)—-veneer for boxes, crates, etc.; handles; slack barrel staves; headings and hoops; woodenware. Oak, black (“yellow”’)—cultivator handles; plow beams; saddles; slack barrel cooperage; railroad ties (“treatment”). Oak, red—veneer for finish and furniture; handles; vehicle parts; slack barrel cooperage; railroad ties (“treatment”). Oak, white and bur—veneer for finish and furniture; handles; vehicle parts; agricultural implements; tight and slack barrel cooperage; railroad ties; car timbers. Pine, jack, red, and white—boxes; buckets and kegs; slack barrel staves and headings; woodpulp. Poplar, yellow—veneer for packages; excelsior. Spruce, black and white—woodpulp; excelsior; boxes. Sycamore—veneer for packages, finish, etc.; slack barrel headings; baskets. Tamarack—boxes; pails and tubs; slack barrel staves; railroad ties (“treatment”) ; ship knees; woodpulp; excelsior. Walnut, black—veneer for finish and furniture; woodenware and novel- ties; gun stocks. DIRDCTORY OF MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH.” The following list of wood-using firms which buy rough products is supplied for the use of woodlot owners in finding the best markets for their timber. It is based partly on reports received by the Forest Ser- vice within recent years and partly on directories of firms compiled from other sources. The list is as complete as it could be made, with- out, however, including sawmills. These were omitted because of the large number scattered throughout the State, most farmers knowing already those in their immediate vicinity. A number of firms which might buy lumber sawed from farm woodlots are also unavoidably omitted. While the list is as nearly up to date as possible, there are probably a few of the concerns which have ceased operating. The list is divided into three parts: the Upper Peninsula, the northern part of the Lower Peninsula, and the southern part of the Lower Penin- sula. In each of these divisions the counties* are given in alphabetical order, and the cities and towns in each county are arranged, also in alphabetical order, beneath the county name. The woods used by each firm are given in the right hand column, so far as they could be learned from the reports submitted. The kind of industry and of wood used are indicated by abbreviations, the explanation of which is given at the head of the table. *The location of the different counties is shown on the wood lot area map for71910, page 8. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 41 TABLE 12.—MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH.” (Abbreviations used.) Industries. Agr. imp, = Agricultural implements. Pulpwd. = Pulpwood. Wd. ware = Woodenware and novelties, dairymen’s supplies, etc. Sp.-Ath. = Sporting and athletic goods. Inst. = Instruments, professional and scientific. T.coop. = Tight cooperage. SI. a = Slack cooperage. Wd. dist. = Wood distillation. P.M.P. = Planing mill products, sash, door and blinds. Misc = Miscellaneous. Species. Asp. = Aspen. B.eld. = Boxelder. Hick. = Hickory. OQ. = Oak. Tom. = Tamarack. Bals. = Balsam fir. But. = Butternut. Ho. Hornbeam, Pop. = Poplar. W. bir. = White birch. Bass. = Basswood Ced. = Cedar. J.D. Jack pine. R.ced. = Red cedar. W.ced. = White cedar. Bee. = Beech. Che. = Cherry. ice. = Maple. R.o. = Red oak. W.o. = White oak. Bir, = Birch. Hem. = Hemlock. N.p.= Norway pine. | Sp. = Spruce. W.p. = White pine. Wil. = Willow. County and town. Industry, Firm. Wood used. Upper Peninsula. Great Lake Veneer Co. . Chippewa: Rudyard Delta: Escanaba........ Escanaba........ Dickinson: Hardwood....... eee Mackinac: St. Ignace eae: cheno Marquette “Marquette Menominee: Poles, posts..... Veneer......... Ties, poles, posts Menominee, Menominee. Menominee. -| Goodman. B. J.. Munising Paper Co., Ltd. .| Superior Veneer & Cooperage Co.... Bird’ ety coe COvsnaysescean as Erickson & Hl... Escanaba ne COE siasuscisieisieoncninicressts National Pole Co.................. Northwestern Cooperage & Lbr. Co. . Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., The...... Northwestern Cooperage & Lbr. Co.. Escanaba Lbr. Co...........ce ease National Pole Co..............0005 ek Chem. & Iron Co Stephenson, I., C Anderson; PoS secu eu oeuawsoavenax Burkman & Sons, Nels............. Eilola, Frank Northern Cooperage & Lbr. Co...... Newberry Chem. Co.........0.0006 Connor & Bissell Gwinn Lbr.. Coss. eccscasceee ee cee Pioneer Iron Co Sambrack, F. W., & Son............ Der go Ge Bais eeuwinny aaron nets Wisconsin Land & Lbr. Co Carley, Ira...........200e Craford Cedar Co. . Girard Lhr. Co... Huebel, C. J., Marinette & hecuee Paper Co... Peninsular Box Co.... Hem. Ced. Ash, Elm, But., Wil., B. eld., Map., Bee., Bir., W. p., N. p.. Hem., Si Bals., Ced., Bass., ABS Ho., Pop. Ced. W. p., Hem. .| W.p., Sp., Hem, Bir., Tam., O., Bass. ‘| Consolidated Fuel & Lbr. Co........ W. p., aa Hen., Ben Bit. Tan. 0., Bass., Elm, As Hen., Bir., W. bir., x ?. Ced. * Ced. W. ced. Hem., W.p., W. bir., N.p., J.p., Bals 42 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12,-MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH.”—Continued. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Upper Peninsula.— Continued. Ontonagon: Ewing........... PEM iPevoso insets ng gens beech, MaBises 544 oanecawad vaca Hem., Map., Bir., Tam. Ontonagon....... Peds Portekevee aig on bens Noble-Corwin Lbr. Co....7........ Hem. Schoolcraft: Manistique...... BOxOS! ic sccasiaces 60s ott Goodwillie Bros............4+ee00+ Hem., Map., Bass., W. p., W. bir. Manistique...... Ties, poles, posts........ White Marble Lime Co.......... :..| Ced., Hem., Tam. Northern part of Lower Peninsula. Eales Bros. & Co... 2... .seeee eens svarers .| Fletcher Paper Co..........-2-0000- ' Michigan Veneer Co.........-..--+ Handles, Fixtures, P. M. 4 P., vehicles, Misc...... Northern Planing Mill Co.......... Wii Ash, W.p.,N.p,Sp. Hem, , , . ap., Bir. Alpena.......... Veneer Walker Vencer & Panel Works...... P Antrim: Elk Rapids. .| Lake Superior Iron & Chem. eal oes Mancelona. Antrim Chemical Co..... Mancelona. -| Antrim Iron Co..... Arenas: Au Gres Goodchild) Bi sz. ssssecccievass ine neraictornirans u Gres Herman Bros...........0.0cseeees Tam. Au Gres Herman Bros, & Johnson........... Omer. . Rouse) Bs. Divan rceicerpiaiere ausremicreie 2 Standish. International Milk Products Co...... Standish Michigan Cooperage Co., Ltd....... Benzie: Benzonia........ Sweltzer & Maise.................. Frankfort. . East Shore Woodenware Co......... Map., Bee. Honor... ...| Guelph Patent Cask Co............ Honor.. .| Seymore & Peck Co............... Lake Ann....... abbler, Wm., Co......-.... see eae Thompsonville. ..| Wd. Desmond, F.C...........ce cece eee Thompsonville. .. Dixon, B. M., & Co............2..- Thompsonville. . . National Wood Dish Co............ Map., Bee. Thompsonville. . . Piqua Handle Mfg. Co., The........ Map., Bee., Bass. Charlevoix: : Baysboro........ BLOOD sitar sec anieaate Elk Cement & Lime Co............ Boyne City is bisceaiccve woe sihaverebeoss Boyne City Chemica] Co........... Boyne City... SLcoOpssesssne sd cence! Elm Cooperage Co., The........... Boyne City... Ties; postaincisa maven. White, at Cisse saoweaaienns Ced. Boyne Falls. . MiP cece cgsacase aa ete tekate Newson, DAMES: fasak sco waren eh Ai W. p. Boyne Falls. . Widicwares.scioswwseees 3 Williams, G. G. Woodenware Co....| Map. Charlevoix.......| Wd. ware, P. M.P...... Wallace, Wm. .......... ccc eens Ced., W. p. East Jordan.....| Chairs, handles.......... Bennett Handle Co............ 0... Bir., Map., Bee. Hast Jordan. .... Handles, ties............ Black Land & Lumber Co.......... Bir., Map., Bee. East Jordan. .... Wa idist sce ssersseieinvazaiece East Jordan Chemical Co. . East Jordan..... SD) COO? ince wusseserasarssoseretnve East Jordan Coo} pperae Co... East Jordan..... Sli coop acdnetencaaiees Haight, As M. Co wscesutis va covsrens Cheboygan Novelty Turning Works.. Cheboygan Paper Co..........-.4+ Lombard & Rittenhouse............ -| Nelson Lumber Co................ aa Rittenhouse, John, Co............. "1] Forest Lumber Co.......0..0. 000. Stratton: DivA we ceistersses jose coemveiscnasess W. bir., Ced., Pop. Ced. Ced.- Bee., Bir., Map. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12.—MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH.’—Continued. 43 County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Northern part of Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Clare: Clare. .......... SISCOOD ssesswisarternssisvowe Rhoades & Shafer...............+5 Temple......... SL. coop., ties... 0.2.6.0. Temple Mfg. Co.........2.000000+ Crawford: Frederick........ Walsh Mfg. Co...........ceeeeeeee Grayling. . i .| Crown Chemical Co. re : Grayling. . Grayling Dowel Co Bee., Map., Bir. Grayling. . Grayling Haber Sp aye Harbor Springs... Harbor Springs... Grand Traverse: Interlochen...... Traverse City.... Traverse City... . Traverse City.... Traverse City.... Leelanau: Suttons Bay..... Manistee: Mason: Ludington Ludington, . Ludington....... Ludington....... ‘Missaukee: Montmorency: Atlanta......... ‘) SL coop.... .| Veneer. :| Jackson & Pindle............ ; rd. ware, handles....... Pellston Turning & Mfg.Co........ NUP Ws. sausvsce asa ariveriotnrs Bear River Paper & Bag Co......... d. ware... Washburn Mfg. Co...............- Ties, posts Van Every Bros............2+20005 Wed. distiss sos cnsaqersen Thomas, Arthur E,................ BL GOOD tires es aivein sieiniese Wylie r Wes Co., Ltd.......... VON OOF iii cicittecajninisssierosmis Beitner, W; Son ‘(estate) abe id Wd. ware, boxes, veneer..| Oval Wood Dish Co............... Boxes, P.M. P.......... South Side Co... ee. cece e eee e nee | Veneer...... sec. eee eeee Higman Co..........ceeceeee Loud’s, H. M., Sone Coseccus nega Tosco Turpentine Co..............% Loud’s, H. M., Sons Co.,.......... OM, cP esatcaciraaceamrmianae Teslie Bross. aicjs.sec-oceac avons ners Handles.............4. Kalkaska Handle Co............... Shingles... .936.i6. 0s ccweses Madden, Jerry, Shingle Co......... BOS racuias se wees yeia Denster, Leo...........ccseeeeeene VOMCOR iis satteissessatinsarees Arcadia Furniture Co.............. I. coop. Peters, ee ec Salt & Lbr. Cov...... SI. coop Biller: eS ous. sossscceicvinendiapaes siviasaivreractvs Sl. coop Veneer. Wd. ware. Poles, SI. coo :.| Grayling Wood Products Co........ .| Carrom-Archarena Co.. Salling & Hanson Co............-.. Markham, M.S Hunt, M.M.. Emmet Lumb Clark, W. J., & Soi Harbor Springs Lbr. Harbor Springs Woodenware C Levering Stave Mfg. Co...... Ludington Basket Co.. Ludington Woodenware Stearns Salt & Lbr..Co... Wyllyo, Charlet cc ccsvcauorewvevs Walsh Mfg. Co..... Joslin & Stark. . Rose City Mfg. Co. Rose City Wood Distillation Co Batchelor Timber Co......... Hem., Map., Bir., Bass., Bee. Bir., Bee., Map. Bir., Bee., Bass., Map. | Map. Ced. Map. Map., Bir., W. p. W. p., Hem., Tam. W. p., Hem., Bee., Tam. Bir , Map., Bee. Bazss., Pop. Ash, W. o., Elm, Ho., W. p. Map., Bee. 44 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12.—MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH ’—Continued. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Northern part of Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Champion Tool & Handle Co Map., Bee., Elm. Evart Tool Co...........+5 ap., Bee. Crawford, McGregor & Canby Co., | Map., Bass. Dayton Last Block Co Map. .| Jensen, L.. ‘| Map., Hem., W. p. Olds & Hixson. Bee., Bir., Map. Stephenson, Henry, -| Hem., W. p. Handles, P. M. P. vehicles} American Wood Rim Co,.......... Map., Bir. Ties, posts, poles........ Chandler, Geo. M........-.....+4- W. ced. Gardner Peterman & Co..........- Lobdell & Churchill Mfg. Co........ ‘uhrman, Gustave H.............. - Loud-Haeft Lbr. Co............005 Cadillac......... Wd. dist.........-0.2505 Cadillac Chemica Co.............. Cadillac......... Cadillac Handle Co., The........... a Bee., Bass., Che., Elm, Bir, Map em Cadillac......... Cadillac Mfg. Co...........2-2006- adillac......... Cadillac Veneer Co., The........... Cadillac......... Cummer-Diggins Co..............- Hattietta........ Fellers Bros...........0eeeeeee cues anton......... William Bros. Co....... tap, Bass. Mesick.......... Mesick Turning Works.. Map. Mesick.......... WPT Ipp is Lis:dDesciancs.ccevstie-apeserstescre oa Sean Southern part of Lower Peninsula. Allegan: > Douglas......... Veneer 224.038 weet vecucee Weed., E. E., & Co..... 2. eee eee Hooper.......... Blicoopyaa-cs.ncwreanes Deal; Jasvvecwsnyeeacin anatase we se Barry: Hastings........ Wd. ware..........000- Hodge; Et siseocwewnves os gueeanss Ash Bay Wd. ware, Sl. coop....... Bonsfield & Co..........0ceeeeeees ue Bass., Map., Bir., Bee., Hem., 7 ‘am., Pop., Ash. Misc. . .| Goldie Mfg. Co........ Map. Veneer. . .| Hanson Ward Veneer Co Ties, pol Michigan Cedar Co..... Ties, poles, pats .| Michigan Pipe Co. . Wad. dist. -| Michigan Turpentine Co * Vehicles, .| Severance, H.B........ «| Ced. Sl. coop. .| Standard Hoop Co., L Sl. coop. -| McGinness, John..... Sl. coop. .| Jennings, Edward. . SlsCoop aces gia eases Sandusky Cooperage & Lbr. Go... Berrien: . Benton Harbor...| Boxes.................. Colly Hinckley Co................ Bee., Hem., Elm, Map., Pop. Benton Harbor...| Veneer...............05 Thayer, Geo. B., Co............... Niles French Paper Co..... 06... .e eee ae Branch: Athens Snyder & Bisbee.................. Bronson Frederick, W. H., & Co............ Coldwater Calkins, B H., & Son Co,........., Coldwater Coldwater Coo erage Co........... : Coldwater Nellenberg, J. B., & Sons.......... .| Hick., Map., Elm, Bass. Sherwood French, J. W., & Sons.............. HOiRs0, SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 45 TABLE 12—MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH.’—Continued. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Southern part of Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Cass: x Dowagiac........ f 2 el ae ere Doal & Murphy.............00e0 ee W. p., Pop., Bass. Glennwood...... Sl. coop., T. coop........ Hampton Stock Farm Co,.......... Eaton: Charlotte........ Handles..............55 Bemm Mile Co saseissd scaiatssssenesiassceaesatere Map., O., Ash, Elm. Genesee: Chics coseatnnicds 4 PEM -P actcs arin Stevens, Css gered imnieasdlenwneds wee W. p., 0. Gratiot: Middleton....... Dl, COOP Ss ss ta aa auc. Middleton Cooperage Co........... Huron: . Sebewaing....... Slicoopeecnse wes ara Liken & Bach civics vss anggnnees ¢ VenGeP cen caereai ay away Belding Basket Co................. Veneer dices ses viss age Be acct Stafford, E. H., Mfg. Co......... ate Agr. imp., handles, Sp.- CDs cicisisctiocas haseceme Lyons Handle Co.................- Ash, O., Hick. 1 COOP E jerasssckonce ces Sdedarncas Middleton Cooperage Co........... Isabella: Mt. Pleasant....] Veneer...............45 Gorham Bros. Co., The............ Shephard........ BL. GOOD: cs slots tuted Bell, Edwin, Co., Theis scatsocnmanrs Jackson: Jackson......... Handles... 40 sc cceiacees American Fork & Hoe Co.......... Ash. Augusta Basket Co..............-. Kent Basket Co ,G. 8 Mecosta: — Big Rapids...... Montcalm: Vickeryville...... Muskegon: Montague....... Muskegon....... me Ties, poles, posts Ties, poles, posts. Coffins....... Wd. ware............... Handles e:cisie oe xé's.crs scare Charky; Ji, My yin sn ncelnoennecn th Veneer, SI. coop.. White Bros ies is:33 33 igeeaaseee Boxes, Handles, P. M. P. Sp-Ath..........000. Eringer Vogt Co., The..........,.. Sl. coop MTSE Wes 21 3s ssicius a cod aa deoine ore XS SI. coop -| Lenox Hoo es 81. coop .| Snook & coop ened T. W., Son coop ar, A aeapbiotdtieteib heros ne Sl. coop Struthers Cooperage Co MONG OR pic sasvsienersusaaes ieee Hood & Wright.................05 i TES, DONS aa wexnena sii Sterling, W. C., & Sons............ Bl GOOD evtacara dans Chittenden, C. E., & Co............ Veneer..........5 Beane Miller Package & Fruit Co......... PUB WE esas coer nds Central Paper Co................. Rice, Geo oe Dregge, Groover Lbr. Co. Grand Rapids Veneer Works Bass, Ced. W. p., ash .| Bass.,Map.,Bee.,Ash, Elm, W. o., R. o. Ash. Map., Hick., Ash, Bass., O., Pop. 46 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12—MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS “IN THE ROUGH."—Coneluded. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Southern part of * Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Oakland: ‘ 5 Hollyic siteccicue Vehicles, car............ Holly Bending Co..............+.- W.0., R. 0. Pontiac......... Boxes, handles, Sp.-Ath...| Pontiac Turning Co................ Map., Hick., Ash, Eln. Ottawa: Grand Haven....{ Veneer................. Grand Haven Basket Factory....... Saginaw: Saginaw BGO sso tines asin Daa lntiee Berst Mfg. Co.............0.005 |.., Bir, Saginaw .-| Boxes, Wd. ware, Inst....| Lufkin Rule Co., The.............. N. p., Bass., Map. Saginaw .| Hd. ware Palmerton, F. G, Woodenware Ce, .| W. p., Bass, Saginaw Poles, posts .-| Phillips & Seeley. ed Saginaw Poles, posts .-| Porter Cedar Co Ced. Saginaw. Sl. coop...... ..| Saginaw Heading & Veneer Co...... . aginaw S81. coop. Mise ..| US. Tie ee CO eiiieisied ices ..{ Elm, Map., O., Ash, Hick., Bass., Pop. Saginaw Sl. coop........ Wylie, J. T., & Co... fares Saginaw SICOOD sas kceeeevees Mead Lies Co St. Clair: Marine City..... LACOOD ak cceresshc os aan Baker, 8., & Sons...........eceeeee Port Huron...... POStB io: «aie ceaccuesriesa esi seotace’s Hayes, qT Dip OO cecadiuererciznnane ‘adele Port Huron...... Pulpwebss : scsssssievasevosc-oiavavend Michigan Sulphite Fiber Co St_Joseph: Wasepi.......... De MAP sacs ussiareripatonntey Palmer, Geo. W.......0seseee eens W. p., W.0., R. 0. Shiawassee: Durand......... Bi OOO onccns va snawures Hercules Hoop Co..........--.20++ Owosso. . -| Boxes, Tandles, Sp.-Ath..| Turnerman, J. N.. -| Map. Elm, Ash. x Owosso Agr. imp., handles....... Wood, M., & Co Ash, O., Hick. Tuscola: ee ‘Haines, Arthur............e.ee eee Elm. .| Pardee, Lawson. ....-.....0.-.0008 Butcher Folding Crate Co.......... Bee., Map. .| Decatur Hoop & Lumber Co Hinckley-Roberts Co .| Pensinger, J. W.. -| Hartford Stave C: : . Hartford. alker, L. .| Bee., Map., Bir. Lawrence. Wallace & Lockwood. : Lawton ‘| Lawton Basket & Box Paw Paw. -| Deal, Jos.............. : : . South Haven .| Pierce-Williams Co., The .| Bee., Map., Bass., Bir., Asp. Washtenaw: Pi Mic P. ssteresrceransined Lamkin; O} Pt cwcwwse taren ware gests W. o., Bass, ae imp., handles, Sp.- hes : ee Deikuim, C..Wocsccieve sk ca nexaces| ASh, Hiek, Telegraph poles......... Browilie tO. ose she ca twine .| Ties, poles, posts Detroit Cedar & Lbr. Co........... Ties, poles, posts........| Detroit Lbr. Co...............0005 .| Pulpwd........... .| Detroit Sulphite Pub op & Paper Co... .| Ties, pa posts. .| Grace Harbor Lbr. Co............. Wad. ware........ .| Perfection Mfg. Co.............005 Bass., Map., Bir. Sl. Good sla araravceanersere ane National Mfg. Co... 0.0.00... 0000s Yin KS Pena eae Neel PERCENTAGE OF MICHIGAN fe FARM LAND IN WOODS,ACCORD- J:; NG TO THE. CENSUS OF.19/0 5 CSR: I MI. SPE SCENES [___] REGION I-FARMLAND LESS THAN 10% WOODED REGION II- FARMLAND FROM 10 %, TO 20% WOODED REGION II- FARMLAND FROM 20% TO 40% WOODED REGION IV-FARMLAND FROM 40% TO 60% WOODED REGION V-FARMLAND FROM 60Z TO 80%WOODED SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 47 TABLE 13—PRINCIPAL BUYERS OF BLACK WALNUT LOGS IN THE UNITED STATES. State. Town. Firm name. .| Winchester Arms Co. National Sewing Machine Co. New Haven. Belvidere. 11] Foley & Williams. Illinois Sewing Machine Co. ....| Hoffman Bros. Co. ‘...| Indiana Veneer & Lbr. Co. ..| The Talge Mahogany Co. ..| Batesville Lbr. & Veneer Co. -| Williamson Veneer Co. Baltimore. . Massachusetia...............65 #3} Boston sicr:aaie cave eile. ..| Mason & Hamlin, Massachusetts................. oss) CBmibM dees cso s in saa 6 ..| National Casket Co. Massachusetts................. ...| Chicopee Falls............. ..| J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. Massachusetts..............6.. ...| Springfield...............-- ..| J. W. Stein Organ Co. Michigans ceisieg te snjecis-nseidctiuven veo Big Rapids. c:.s5 shin fee eG we Geass Hood & Wright. East St. Louis. .. ..{ East St. Louis Walnut Co. Penrod Walnut & Veneer Co. Pickerel Walnut Co. Lenoir Veneer Co. .| The Ohio Veneer Co., 2624 Colerain Ave. H. C. Hossafores. ..| George W. Hartzell. .| A. H. Fox Gun Co. Paine Lumber Co., Ltd. APPENDIX. FACTS RELATING TO THE WOODLOT SITUATION IN MICHIGAN. The agricultural development of a heavily wooded region is a slow and difficult process. The first farms in southern and central Michigan, as throughout most of the East, undoubtedly contained a great deal more woodland than tilled land. As the zone of pioneering was pushed farther north, more and more of the woodlot area in the longer settled sections was cleared for cultivation. The progress of agriculture can therefore be roughly gauged by the proportion of the total farm land which is in woods. This proportion is shown for Michigan in the map of “woodlot regions” (page 48). Each of these “regions” consists of coun- ties having similar proportions of woodland to total farm land, accord- ing to the 13th census (1910). The different regions are shown by shad- ing, the heaviest shading representing that in which the farms are from 60 to 80 per cent wooded. Tables 14 and 15 and Diagram 1 are based on these regions, so that the chief facts relating to the status of wood- lots in any part of the State can be easily ascertained after locating on the map the “woodlot region’ in which the area falls. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 48 ‘OS8T Ul pozluedio you BEM YoIyM AyUNOD sJaB/y jo SysIsu0D UOLdeI SIT T,| “40[POOM B Seq UHR] AIaA0 4B} SuTUMESYy, wet | og | ee po PIL POL ggg yo mecha ‘+++ (490 sad) papoomun pue peaoidunan pure wre; jo uolysedo1g * . (ques sad) paaosdum pues wey Jo uorj19do1g 5 “*(quaa Jad) papoos pur] ure; jo uolpiodoig se aakitn (sie[jop) aioe Jad pur] ULIEy Jo enjea oBeIOAY eee srrssteess (gag Jad) aoBpINs puxy [e407 04 PUB] WI} Jo UoNIOdo1g + “088T “OT6T “OIGT ‘O88T “OT6I “088T “O16T “O88T “OTGT TROL “AI ‘III “SUOTdaI YO]POO ‘TOMEN}S JO[POOA pue ULIEy ay} Fuyworput 610708,7 ‘SHSOSNAO HLEl (NV HLOT AHL AG GYLOATIOO SOLLSILVLS NO Gasva—( SNOIDGY LOTGOOM,, 10 dV X48) 0161 ‘NVDIHOIW NI SNOIDTY LOTGOOM AHL JO SOLLSIUALOVUVHO—?I WIAVL SW vs SO 'ON 724 GIGOOM GNY GIGOOMNN ONY GINOYAWINA CGINOUdIWI STHIY IO YIGWNAN FOVUAY FHL SMOHS FTONWLOFIY HOWA 088! NI GN OI6l NI SNOIDZY LOTGOOM,, FHL AO HOW NI Wad FOVHFNY FHL IO IZIS -| NVHOVIG anv taoom EZZZZ) any7 07000MNn ay a3N0GaWinn RE ov v7 ozn0vaw/ [___] SWY / AO 'ON 48071 Zeer SWe #7 SO ON SW v4 AO ON SWe dS 10 'ON 9920! L96EZ $EZ1Z/ 8/0 CE! 18302 S9LEZ 7 . eS Yijuyjy—G O16! j 08ss/ O16! AI a ae — | 08s! IT] O16! ogsi ores 088! O16/ IT I £ oO? Oo Oo am og SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 49 The table shows that where the woodlots are largest, farming is least important; land values are lowest; the percentage of improved farm land is least; and the value received for woodlot products on the average farm is greatest. Just the reverse ig true of the regions with the smallest proportion of wooded farm land. The figures given in the last line of the table bring out forcibly the importance of the woodlot in the dif- ferent regions. They show that while woodlot products comprised 6.4 per cent of the value of all farm incomes in the entire State, the wood- lot income from region IV was over a fifth and that from region V over a fourth of the total farm income in these counties. How the growth of farming has affected Michigan woodlots is shown in Table 15, which gives the actual acreage in farm woodland in 1910, and the per cent of increase or decrease in farm woodland area in the thirty years from 1880 to 1910. TABLE 15.—FARM WOODLAND IN MICHIGAN, BY WOODLOT REGIONS, 1910, AND PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN AREA SINCE 1880. Farm Increase or Woodlot regions. woodland area, | decrease, 1880- 1910. 1910. Acres. Per cent. 209.209 53.9 decrease. 1,698,043 | “46.6 decrease. 783 , 836 11.0 increase. ‘216,211 88.6 increase. 20,255 * Total...... s Reeeeu Toa op sbeelcertstaatar os ee ete eterstpchgh al eedeveeenates Bite baeact 2,927,554 | 34.2 decrease. . *Alger county, with 68.6 per cent of its farm land wooded, was not organized in 1880, and no comparison is possible. The deduction which this table appears to justify is that for the present, at least, the farm woodland area can be expected to increase only in those regions where farming has not yet occupied large areas. Elsewhere the decrease will be rapid as more and more of the woodlot area is claimed for cultivation.