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OF THE

VISCERA, IN SITU, OF THE
DAIRY COW

By GRANT SHERMAN HOPKINS

New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Pusutsuers

New York
State Callege of Agriculture

At Cornell University
Bthaca, N. B.

Library

‘ornell University Library

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003266230

ATLAS

OF THE

VISCERA, IN SITU, OF THE DAIRY COW

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK - BOSTON - CHICAGO + DALLAS
ATLANTA - SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., Limrrep
LONDON - BOMBAY - CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lrp.
TORONTO

ATLAS

OF THE

VISCERA, IN SITU, OF THE
DAIRY COW

BY

Grant SHERMAN HOopkKINS

New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University
: Iruaca, N.Y.

New Bork
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
at 9

All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT, I919,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1919.

Norwood Press
J.8. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

PREFACE

A GENERAL and widespread interest in all questions pertaining to the
maintenance of healthy herds of dairy cattle through physical and other
forms of examination is evident to anyone at all conversant with the sub-
ject. In all physical examinations an accurate knowledge of topographic
anatomy, especially of the location and relations of the digestive, respira-
tory and genito-urinary organs, is becoming daily more essential to the Vet-
erinarian and stock owner. To meet the needs of Veterinarians for a con-
cise and graphic exposition of the relations of these organs the present
atlas has been prepared. All of the drawings were made from photographs
supplemented by direct observations and measurements of the specimens
themselves.

In order to minimize as far as possible the liability to displacements of
the organs from their normal position the animal was first placed in a canvas
sling and then killed, with very little struggling, by chloroform injected into
the jugular vein. The carotid artery was then immediately opened and a
very strong solution of formalin injected in order thoroughly to harden and
fix the organs in situ. Displacements due to the postmortem accumulation
of gas in the rumen, from fermentation of its contents, were avoided by
inserting a canula into this organ immediately after death. That the
viscera were fixed in their normal position or at least in their position at
the time of death, is shown by the fact that upon opening the body cavities
no appreciable unoccupied space was found, 7.e. the abdominal organs, for
example, were everywhere in contact with the abdominal parietes as they
are in the living animal. Further evidence that no appreciable displace-
ments have occurred is shown by the fact that in four other cows similarly
prepared and photographed the relations of the parts were practically
identical with those in the present specimen. From the moment the live
animal was placed in the canvas sling to the final completion of the dis-
sections and drawings, the body was maintained in its natural upright
position, thus minimizing displacements of organs due to handling or moving
the body. In all physical examinations of the live animal a knowledge of
the normal location and relations of the various organs is essential, es-
pecially the relations of those organs that are accessible to percussion, pal-
pation, or auscultation either from the surface of the body or per rectum.
Any satisfactory conclusion as to the soundness of an animal from a physical

5

6

examination also necessitates an accurate knowledge of the location and
normal size of the accessible lymph glands.

It should be kept clearly in mind that identical relations of parts in any
two specimens are not to be expected. Variations in the relations of many
of the organs may be due either to differences in relative or absolute size
of these organs or to their varying extent of repletion at the time the speci-
men was prepared and hardened. For example, in one of the specimens used
the caudal extremity of the caecum was in the pelvic cavity, Pl. VI, 31,
but in the other four specimens it did not project into this cavity. In two
of the specimens, also, the pelvic cavity was occupied by a considerable
mass of the small intestine, whereas in the other cows a much smaller por-
tion of the pelvic cavity was thus occupied. The few measurements that
are given are of individual cases and not averages unless so stated. It should
be kept in mind that the respective lymph glands vary considerably in size
in normal healthy animals. Identical conditions as to size and number of
these glands are not to be expected.

My thanks are due Dr. Earl Sunderville for assistance in the dissections
and in photographing the same. To the Dean of the College, Dr. V. A.
Moore, and to Dr. R. R. Birch thanks are due also for their coOperation in
securing the necessary anatomical material.

The Abdominal Viscera

In Pl. I are shown the parts that are visible upon the removal of
the right lateral wall of the abdomen and the intercostal muscles, as shown
in the drawing. The right kidney, however, is visible only after the peri-
toneum and surrounding fat have been removed. In this specimen a much
smaller portion of the pancreas showed through the peritoneum than was
visible in the specimen from which Pl. X was made.

The greater omentum conceals all of the small intestine, on the right side,
with the exception of a portion of the duodenum and some of the coils of the
small intestine caudal to the free or unattached caudal border of the greater
omentum, Pl. I. The omentum is not a delicate lacelike structure as in
the horse, but is comparatively thick and strong and contains a relatively
large amount of fat. The greater omentum forms a kind of double-walled
sac-like structure interposed between the abdominal viscera and the ventro-
lateral walls of the abdomen, Pl. I. It may be divided into a parietal or
superficial and a visceral or deep portion, each of which is made up of two
layers or thicknesses of peritoneum, Pl. II, 19; Pl. III, 35, 36. The parietal
or superficial portion extends from the left face of the rumen, a little dorsal
to the left longitudinal groove, ventrally between the ventral sac of the rumen
and the abdominal floor, to the right side, where it turns dorsally and is at-
tached to the duodenum as far back as to the pelvic (caudal or iliac) flexure,
Pls. I, III; this part of the omentum is also attached to the greater curva-
ture of the abomasum. The visceral, inner, or deep portion of the greater
omentum is attached to the right or visceral face of the rumen, 4 to 6 cm.
ventral to the right longitudinal groove, Pl. IV. From here it extends
ventrally between the rumen and the intestines to the floor of the abdo-
men, where it turns to the right and then passes dorsally and has these
further attachments (a) to the duodenum for a short distance proximal
to its pelvic or caudal flexure; (b) to the medial layer of the mesoduo-
denum; (c) to the first part of the large intestine as far caudal as to the
point where it begins to turn cephalad; (d) to the visceral surface of the
liver.

The lesser omentum is attached to the visceral surface of the liver, to the

right face of the omasum, near and approximately parallel to the groove

between the omasum and the reticulum, to the pyloric portion of the lesser
7

8

curvature of the abomasum and to the duodenum as far as to the point of
entrance of the bile duct, Pl. III, 26.
The foramen epiploicum is described in connection with the pancreas.

The stomach occupies approximately three fourths of the abdominal cavity.
It fills all of the left half of the cavity, exclusive of the small space occupied
by the spleen, and projects considerably to the right of the median plane. The
stomach of ruminants consists of four clearly defined compartments or divisions,
viz., the rumen (paunch), the reticulum (honeycomb), the omasum (mani-
fold or manyplies) and the abomasum (rennet or reed), Pls. IV, V, VI, VII.

In the adult animal the rumen is by far the largest of the four compart-
ments. It occupies nearly all of the left half of the abdominal cavity ;
its middle and ventral portions project somewhat to the right of the median
plane. The rumen extends from opposite the ventral half or third of the
eighth intercostal space to the edge of the pubis or within a short distance
of it. The parietal or left face of the rumen is related to the diaphragm,
the spleen and the left abdominal parietes, Pls. V and VI. The visceral or
right face of the rumen is related to the omasum, abomasum, large intestine,
liver, pancreas, aorta and vena cava, Pl. IV.

The dorsal surface is in contact with the diaphragm and sublumbar
muscles. Dorso-medially the rumen is closely attached to the left crus of
the diaphragm and to the sublumbar muscles as far caudal as to the fourth
lumbar vertebra. Normally it has no other attachments to the abdominal
parietes than those just mentioned. The ventral face of the rumen is in
contact with the abomasum and the floor of the abdomen, Pls. IV, V, VI.
The cephalic end of the rumen is in immediate contact with the reticulum,
Pls. VII and VIII. The parietal and visceral surfaces of the rumen are
marked by longitudinal grooves, one on either face, which indicate the partial
subdivision of this compartment into dorsal and ventral sacs. At either end
of the rumen the two longitudinal grooves become continuous with each
other and are here much deeper than elsewhere. The caudal or pelvic
extremities of the dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen are marked off from
the remainder of it by the dorsal and ventral coronary grooves. From the
relations of the rumen to the left abdominal wall it is very evident that
palpation and auscultation of this organ, the introduction of a trocar or
the operation of rumenotomy are readily accomplished. The visceral or
right face of the rumen can be palpated per rectum only, Pl. IV.

The reticulum is the most cephalic and the smallest of the four divisions
of the stomach. It extends from opposite the sixth rib to the cephalic edge
of the eighth rib, Pl. VII. The median plane of the body divides the reticulum

9

into two nearly equal portions, the left portion, however, being somewhat
the larger of the two. The cephalic surface is in contact, to the left, with
the diaphragm and, to the right, with the visceral surface of the ventral por-
tion of the liver, Pls. VII and III. The reticulum is separated from the
pericardium of the heart by an interval of only two to four centimeters,
Figs. 4 and 7. The left surface of the reticulum is related to the diaphragm
and the ventral extremity of the spleen. The caudal surface is in contact
with the rumen, omasum and abomasum, Pls. IV, VIII. The close prox-
imity of the reticulum to the heart and its relation to the fifth and sixth
intercostal spaces deserve particular attention for the reason that sensitive-
ness here points to the possibility of an injury to the reticulum and the
diaphragm from some sharp-pointed foreign body that has become lodged
in the reticulum and has penetrated these structures.

The oesophageal groove begins at the cardiac or gastric end of the oesophagus,
extends ventrally on the medial wall of the reticulum and ends at the reticulo-
omasal orifice. Its average length is from 15 to 20 cm. Its direction is
nearly dorso-ventral but inclines slightly cephalad (sometimes caudad) and
somewhat medially in its ventral part. In this specimen the ventral or
omasal end of the groove was a little caudal to the vertical plane of the
dorsal or oesophageal end. More commonly, however, just the reverse of
this obtains, z.e. the ventral or omasal end lies a little cephalad of the vertical
plane of the dorsal or oesophageal end of the groove.

The rumino-reticular orifice (ostium rumino-reticulare). The reticulum
is partially separated from the cephalic end of the dorsal sac of the rumen
by a nearly vertical fold formed by the apposition of the walls of the two
compartments. This rumino-reticular fold is opposite the space between
the seventh and eighth ribs. The free edge of the fold forms the ventral
and lateral boundaries of the large oval rumino-reticular orifice, Pl. VIII.
The relation of this orifice to the oesophagus is such that it is clearly ap-
parent that food or water may readily pass from the oesophagus directly
into the rumen.

The omasum is very clearly defined from the other compartments. The
greater portion of it is situated to the right of the median plane. It extends
from opposite the cephalic edge of the seventh rib, near the middle of the
rib, to opposite the caudal edge of the eleventh rib at its costo-chondral
junction, Pl. IV. The parietal, or right, surface is in contact with the
diaphragm, liver, gall-bladder, abomasum and the beginning of the duo-
denum. Opposite the eighth and ninth intercostal spaces, for a distance of

Io

about 8 cm. dorsal to the costo-chondral junction, the diaphragm and omen-
tum are the only structures that intervene between the omasum and the
abdominal wall. The visceral or left surface of the omasum is related to
the rumen, reticulum and abomasum, Pls. IV and VIII. Dorsally the
omasum is related principally to the liver, pancreas, small and large in-
testines. The ventral surface of the omasum is in contact with the abo-
masum and abdominal floor, Pl. VIII. The cavity of the omasum is oc-
cupied largely by a series of longitudinal folds or laminae which depend
from the dorsal and lateral walls of the compartment. One hundred and
sixty of these folds or laminae were counted. They vary in width from
a few millimeters to 20 or 25 cm. Of these one hundred sixty laminae,
sixty-four were from 2 to 4 mm. up to I cm. or 1.5 cm. in width; fifty-six
were from 1.5 cm. to about 3.5 cm. in width; twenty-eight were from
about 3.5 cm. to 14 cm. in width; and twelve were from 14 cm. to 22 cm,
in width.

The abomasum or fourth compartment of the stomach is an elongated,
piriform structure sharply flexed toward its smaller or pyloric extremity.
It lies on the floor of the abdomen to the right of and somewhat ventral to
the rumen. Its cephalic end is opposite the costo-chondral junction of the
seventh rib. From here it extends in a direction more or less obliquely to
the right, some distance along the floor of the abdomen, and then makes a
sharp flexure of about 180 degrees and extends cephalo-dorsad to opposite
the ventral part of the tenth (or ninth) intercostal space on the right side,
Pls. II, III, IV, also Pl. VIII. The most caudal point of the greater cur-
vature reaches a transverse vertical plane through the umbilicus. The
larger portion of the abomasum is situated to the right of the median plane,
but a portion of it lies to the left of this plane. In the specimen from
which Pls. I to VII were made the abomasum was visible on the left side
nearly as far back as the umbilicus, Pls. V to VII. In other specimens the
abomasum was visible upon removal of the left wall of the abdomen, but not
to so great an extent as shown in plates V to VII. The parietal (ventro-
dextral) surface of the abomasum for the most part lies upon the floor of
the abdomen, a small part only being in contact with the right abdominal
wall. The visceral (dorso-sinistral) surface is in contact with the ventral
sac of the rumen, the omasum and the small intestine. The cephalic end
is closely attached to the reticulum. The abomasum has two curvatures
— greater and lesser. The greater curvature is ventro-caudal and to it
are attached the greater omentum and the cephalic end of the ventral sac
of the rumen. The greater part of the lesser or dorso-cephalic curvature
of the abomasum is attached by connective tissue and peritoneum to the

II

omasum; the lesser omentum is attached to the remaining pyloric portion
of the lesser curvature.

The small intestine. Upon cutting the greater omentum near its attach-
ment to the duodenum, large intestine and the greater curvature of the
abomasum and turning it ventrally, and after removing the liver and pan-
creas, the greater portion of the small intestine is exposed, Pls. II, III.
The small intestine lies almost wholly to the right of the median plane and
mainly in the ventral part of this portion of the abdominal cavity, Pls. II,
III. Its principal relations are as follows: superficially, to the greater
omentum which intervenes between the mass of small intestine and the
right abdominal wall; to the ventral and lateral walls of the pelvis and to
the pelvic organs, to the liver, pancreas, caecum, large intestine and right
kidney. More deeply, the small intestine is related to the visceral or right
face of the rumen and to the omasum. The duodenum begins at the py-
lorus opposite the tenth intercostal space and extends dorsally to the vis-
ceral surface of the liver. Between its place of origin from the abomasum
and the visceral surface of the liver the duodenum forms an S-shaped or
sigmoid flexure, Pl. III. From here the duodenum extends caudally to
near the coxal (or external) angle of the ilium, where it turns and extends
cephalad alongside of the terminal part of the large intestine and, ventral
to the right kidney, is continued by the mesenteric portion (jejunum and
ileum) of the small intestine, Pls. III, IV. The bile duct opens into the
duodenum immediately distal to the sigmoid flexure, Pl. III, 26. The
pancreatic duct opens from 20 to 35 cm. farther caudad, Pl. III, P; Pl.
X, 21. The mesenteric portion of the small intestine is arranged in numer-
ous close coils or loops which form a kind of festoon at the ventral border of
the mesentery. The terminal portion of the small intestine lies between
the caecum and the large intestine, to both of which it is adherent for a
short distance (4 to 8 cm). The small intestine occupies the space bounded
medially by the ventral sac of the rumen; ventro-laterally, by the ab-
dominal wall; dorsally, by the caecum and large intestine; cephalad, by
the omasum and the pyloric portion of the abomasum. The length of the
small intestine of an adult Holstein cow, measured while perfectly fresh,
was 135 feet.

The caecum. The caecum of the cow from which these drawings were
made was 65 cm. in length, somewhat shorter than the average, which is
about 75 cm. Its position and general relations to the large and small in-
testines are shown in Pls. II, III, X. The caecum is directly continued
cephalad by the large intestine, the conventional demarcation between the

I2

two being the terminal end of the ileum. From this ileo-caecal junction,
which is on the medial side and usually near the ventral end of the last
rib, the caecum extends caudo-dorsally and its rounded blind end more
commonly lies at the right side of the pelvic inlet; sometimes, however, it
lies within the pelvic cavity. In the cow from which plate X was made
the caecum was flexed so that its caudal or free extremity was situated ven-
tral to the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The caecum
is closely attached along its medial side to the mesentery, except the caudal
third, which is free and hence liable to some variation in position. As may
be seen from Pl. II, the two portions of the omentum, parietal and visceral,
separate the caecum from the abdominal parietes of the right flank.

The large intestine. The greater portion of the large intestine is arranged
in double elliptical coils between the layers of the mesentery in the right
dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, Pls. II, III. The large intestine is
related to the dorso-lateral portion of the right abdominal wall, to the
greater omentum, the first portion of the duodenum, the caecum and to
the pancreas. On its medial side it is related principally to the rumen and
the left kidney, Pl. IV. Unlike those of the horse, the caecum and large
intestine have no muscle-bands and are not sacculated. In cattle the
relations of the large intestine, particularly to the mesentery of the small
intestine, are such that torsion of the large intestine is practically impossible.
From the caecum the large intestine extends cephalad for a short distance
(10 cm.) and then turns abruptly dorso-caudally near the ventral ends of
the last two ribs. It then extends caudally (25 to 30 cm.) along the dorsal
surface of the caecum, to the caudal part of the sublumbar region. Here it
turns dorsally and extends cephalad, parallel to the portion just mentioned
but separated from it by intervening portions of the large intestine, as far
as to the second (or first) lumbar vertebra, where it turns ventro-caudally
and is continued by the spiral portion of the large intestine. The coiled
portion of the intestine makes two complete turns in a direct or clockwise
course (centripetal coils) and two complete turns in a retrograde or counter-
clockwise direction (centrifugal coils). The length of the large intestine
of an adult Holstein cow, measured in a fresh condition, was 27 feet,
somewhat shorter than the average length. Palpation per rectum of the
caecum and the caudal portions of the small and large intestines is easily
effected.

Costal attachment of the diaphragm. The costal attachment of the dia-
phragm in cattle should be specially noticed. In a cow one year of age the
costal attachment of the diaphragm was as follows: Beginning at the ven-

13

tral end of the eighth rib the line marking the most ventral limit of attach-
ment crossed the asternal ribs at the following respective distances dorsal
to the costo-chondral junction: the tenth rib, 3.8 cm.; the eleventh rib,
6.3 cm.; the twelfth 'rib, 12 cm.; and the thirteenth rib, 16.5 cm. dorsal to
the costo-chondral junction. The extent of diaphragmatic attachment to
each rib was as follows: to the costicartilage and slightly to the ventral end
of the eighth rib; to the ninth rib the diaphragm was attached for a dis-
tance of 3.8 cm. from the costo-chondral junction; to the tenth rib, a dis-
tance of 5 cm.; to the eleventh rib, a distance of 6.4 cm.; to the twelfth rib, ©
a distance of 5.7 cm.; and to the thirteenth rib, a distance of 2 cm. The
line of reflection of the costo-diaphragmatic pleura was at a greater dis-
tance from the ventral ends of the ribs than the extreme dorsal limit of
muscle attachment and varied from 2.5 cm. at the eighth rib to 6 cm. at the
twelfth rib. The pleura did not touch any portion of the thirteenth rib.
From the above measurements, but especially from Pls. III, IV, VI, VII,
X, it may be seen that the size of the thoracic cavity is surprisingly small.
Not only is the diaphragm attached at some considerable distance from the
ventral ends of the asternal ribs, but its central portion extends as far ceph-
alad as opposite the sixth rib. Auscultation or percussion over that por-
tion of the thoracic parietes formed by the ventral half or two thirds of
the asternal ribs, z.e. below the line of diaphragmatic attachment to the
ribs, would obviously relate to abdominal organs and not to those of the
thorax, ,

The liver lies almost wholly to the right of the median plane. Its long axis
extends from the cephalic end of the right kidney to opposite the ventral
end of the sixth or even the fifth rib, Pls. II, III. Its parietal or dia-
phragmatic surface is for the most part in contact with the diaphragm, but
a small portion of its dorsal extremity touches the dorsal end of the last one
or two ribs and a small portion of the adjoining wall of the abdomen. The
visceral surface is concave and irregular. This surface is related to the retic-
ulum, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, portal
lymph glands and the portal vein, Pls. II, III. This surface is marked by
the portal fissure and by impressions of the reticulum, omasum, gall bladder
and duodenum. The dorsal border is short and thick and is marked by the
deep renal fossa made by the cephalic end of the right kidney and adrenal ;
at this border also is the large, thick, quadrilateral-shaped caudate lobe of
the liver. The ventral border is short, thin and unbroken. The right
border contains the umbilical fossa. On the left border, almost directly
opposite the umbilical fossa, is the oesophageal notch. The area for per-
cussion of the liver is shown in Pls. IT, III.

14

The cholecyst or gall bladder is a large pear-shaped sac from 10 cm. in length
in one specimen to 16 cm. in another. It hes opposite the ventral part of
the ninth and tenth intercostal spaces, Pls. II, III, X. In an adult Hol-
stein cow the most dependent portion of the gall bladder was 7 cm. dorsal
to the costo-chondral junction of the tenth rib. In a second specimen its
most dependent part was only 2.5 cm. dorsal to this point, Pl. X. The
gall bladder is in contact with the visceral surface of the liver, to which it
is closely attached; it is also in contact with the abdominal surface of the
diaphragm, Pls. II, X. The cystic, hepatic and common bile ducts and the
place of communication of the latter with the duodenum are all shown in
Pi. LE.

The pancreas, Pls. I, IJ, II, X, is approximately triangular in shape, one
of the angles being a right angle and the other two very blunt or rounded.
It has two surfaces, dorsal and ventral, and three borders — right, left and
cephalic. In this specimen the right border was 16 cm. in length; the
cephalic border was 17 cm. in length, and the left border 21 cm. The left
border is broken by a deep incision, at the bottom of which are the portal
vein and hepatic artery ; several lymph glands also are present in this pan-
creatic incision. The dorsal surface of the pancreas is related to the liver,
right kidney, crura of the diaphragm, vena cava, anterior mesenteric artery
and vein and the left adrenal. The dorsal face of the organ is attached to
the liver, at the dorsal part of the portal fissure, and to the portion of liver
adjacent to-the fossa venae cavae. Between these two areas of attachment the
pancreas is free and forms the ventral boundary of the foramen epiploicum.
The dorsal opening of this foramen was 6 cm. in width; the ventral opening
was 2.5 cm. wide; and the distance between these two orifices was 7cm. The
ventral surface of the pancreas is related to the dorsal sac of the rumen,
to the omasum, the duodenum and the large intestine, Pls. III, VIII. The
pancreatic duct leaves the gland at its caudal angle (or extremity) and enters
the duodenum from 20 to 35 cm. caudal to the bile duct, Pls. III, X. The
caudal portion of the pancreas lies between the two layers of the mesoduo-
denum. This part of the gland is wide and thin and is often divided into
two branches, Pl. X. From the relations of the pancreatic duct as shown in
Pls. III and X, it is apparent that no great difficulty would be encountered

in opening this duct to collect the pancreatic secretion for physiologic or
experimental purposes.

The spleen is situated at the left side of the cephalic extremity of the stomach,
as shown in Pl. V. It has the form of an elongated ellipse, both ends being
rounded, thin and approximately of the same size. This organ varies con-

ty

siderably in size in different individuals. In the present specimen it was
49 cm. in length and 15.5 cm. in width. In another case it measured 62 cm.
by 18 cm. The dorsal extremity lies under the vertebral ends of the last
two ribs ; sometimes this end of the spleen extends back as far as to the mid-
dle of the first lumbar transverse process. The ventral extremity is oppo-
site the costo-chondral junction of the eighth rib; not infrequently, how-
ever, this extremity does not extend so far ventrad. The parietal surface
of the spleen is convex and is in contact with the diaphragm only, except
possibly a very small part of its dorsal portion. The visceral surface is
concave and is related principally to the rumen, Pl. VI, 27. Its ventral
end is usually in contact with the reticulum for a distance of 5 cm. more or
less. The dorsal part of the spleen is attached to the left crus of the dia-
phragm and to the rumen by connective tissue and reflected peritoneum.
The ventral end is free or unattached for a distance of 12 to15 cm. About
one half of the visceral surface of the spleen is attached directly to the ru-
men by connective tissue and is not covered with peritoneum, Pl. VI. Sim-
ilarly there is a non-peritoneal area of two to three centimeters average
width on the parietal surface along the dorsal half of the cephalic border of
the spleen. The area for percussion of the spleen is well shown in Pl. V.
In this connection it should be noted that the spleen is overlapped to about
one half of its width by the left lung, the diaphragm intervening between
the two organs.

The kidneys of the cow are distinctly lobulated. The lobules are of un-
equal size and vary in number from eighteen to twenty-three, more or less.
The right kidney is elongated and flattened dorso-ventrally. Its average
dimensions are 21 cm. in length, 12 cm. in width and 4 to 6 cm. in thickness.
It commonly lies ventral to the last rib and the transverse processes of the
first two lumbar vertebrae; in some cases it extends as far as the trans-
verse process of the third lumbar vertebra. The dorsal surface is in contact
with the sublumbar muscles. The ventral surface is related to the liver,
pancreas, right adrenal, duodenum and the large intestine. The right kidney
did not touch the rumen; the aorta, vena cava and crura of the diaphragm
intervene between the two.

The left kidney in adult cattle and sheep occupies an unexpected position.
Instead of lying wholly to the left of the median plane as it does in non-
ruminant mammals and in the young (calf and lamb) of ruminants, it is
situated either partially or wholly to the right of the median plane, Pl. IV,
27; Pl. VIII, 14. This is apparently dependent upon the extent of re-
pletion of the rumen. The left kidney is situated considerably farther
caudal than the right. It extends from opposite the caudal edge of the

16

transverse process of the second lumbar vertebra to opposite the correspond-
ing border of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The left
kidney also is situated farther ventrally than the right. The ventral sur-
face of the right kidney was 9 cm. ventral to the transverse processes of
the lumbar vertebrae, while that of the left kidney was 16 cm. ventral to
these processes. The left kidney is more or less regularly three sided, with
medial, dorso-lateral and ventral surfaces, Pl. VIII, 14.

The medial surface is in contact with the visceral or right face of the
rumen. The dorso-lateral surface is in contact with the sublumbar muscles
and the large intestine. The ventral surface is related to the large intestine.

The hilus of the left kidney opens almost directly to the right, while
that of the right kidney opens to the left. Palpation per rectum of the
left kidney is easily effected.

The adrenals. The right adrenal is molded to the medial surface of the
cephalic end of the right kidney. It is somewhat pyramidal in form, having
three faces, medial, lateral and ventral, also an apex and a base. The
medial surface of the right adrenal is in contact with the right crus of the
diaphragm. The cephalic portion of the lateral surface is related to the
liver; the remaining portion of this surface is marked by a fossa which is
occupied by the cephalic end of the right kidney. The ventral surface is
marked by a shallow groove for the vena cava. The ventral surface was
6 cm. in length by 2 cm. in greatest width. The dorsal border was 5.5 cm.
long and the base was 5 cm. in length. The average thickness of the right
adrenal was about 1 cm. The left adrenal is approximately medial in
position. It lies on the medial surface of the vena cava immediately caudal
to the anterior mesenteric artery. Its form and position are shown in Pl.
VIII. Its greatest length was seven and three quarter centimeters and its
width was four and one quarter centimeters; its thickness was a little over
one centimeter. The right surface of the left adrenal is closely attached to
the vena cava. The left surface was in contact with the pancreas and the
anterior mesenteric artery. The left adrenal was situated 3 cm. cephalad
of the left kidney, Pl. VIII.

The thoracic cavity.

Attention has been called to the costal attachment of the diaphragm
and the consequent diminution in size of the thoracic cavity as com-
pared to that of the horse. In the live animal the size of the cavity
varies with each inspiration and expiration. In expiration the periph-
eral portion of the diaphragm lies directly against the thoracic wall,
Pl. I, X. When the diaphragm contracts in inspiration, it is drawn away

17

from the inner wall of the thorax and the length of the thoracic cavity is
correspondingly increased. This increased thoracic space is immediately
occupied by the expanding lungs whose sharp borders then extend caudally
as far as the reflected costo-diaphragmatic pleura. In consequence of this
alternate contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm the lateral borders of
the lungs are continually moving backward and forward, the extent of such
movement varying from 10 to 20 cm., Pl. X. In expiration the caudal
border of the lung is approximately indicated by a line drawn from the
dorsal end of the twelfth rib to the costo-chondral junction of the sixth rib.
In inspiration the border of the lungs extends from 10 to 20 cm. caudal to
this line.

The lungs. In connection with the lungs the following special points
may be noted: (a) The apex of the right lung, unlike that of the left, ex-
tends a little distance cephalad of the first rib, Pl. II. (b) The extra bron-
chus to the apical lobe of the right lung arises from the trachea opposite the
third rib, Pls. III, IV, 17. (c) The bifurcation of the trachea into right
and left bronchi is opposite the fifth rib, Pl. IV. (d) The cardiac notch of
the left lung is larger than that of the right so that a greater area of the
pericardium is left uncovered by the lung on the left side than on the right,
Pls. V, II. (e) On the left side the caudal portion of the lung overlaps the
spleen and on the right side it overlaps the liver, the diaphragm only inter-
vening, Pls. V, II.

The pericardium and heart.

The pericardium is covered by the middle or pericardiac portion of
the mediastinum and is crossed on either lateral side, near the base
of the heart, by the phrenic nerves. There are several small orifices
in the fibrous layer of the pericardium through which several of the
cardiac nerves pass to the walls of the heart. The lateral surfaces of
the pericardium, in a strict sense, are related only to the mediastinal layers
of the pleura. Commonly, however, these surfaces of the pericardium are
described as though they were in direct contact with the lungs and the
thoracic walls. On the left side the area of contact of the pericardium with
the thoracic wall is considerably larger than it is on the right side. In the
specimen, a large Holstein, from which these measurements were taken, this
area (cardiac notch of the lung) extended from the second rib to near the
caudal edge of the fourth rib. The area is approximately quadrilateral ;
its height, at the second rib, was 10 cm. and at the fourth rib 15 cm. dorsal
to the respective costo-chondral articulations. On the right side the cardiac
notch of the lung is smaller and consequently a smaller area of the peri-

18

cardium touches the thoracic wall. The area extended from the second rib
to the fourth. Its height at the second rib was 8.5 cm. and at the fourth
rib 10.5 cm. dorsal to the respective costo-chondral articulations.

The heart, in this specimen, was opposite the second, third, fourth and fifth
ribs and the second, third and fourth intercostal spaces. The cephalic
border or surface, as a whole, is strongly convex; the apical portion, how-
ever, is nearly parallel to the sternum. The caudal border or surface is
shorter, straighter and was approximately parallel to the fifth rib. A plane
passed lengthwise of the fifth rib and about midway between its two borders
would mark the caudal boundary of this border of the heart. The apex
of the heart was opposite the ventral portion of the fifth interchondral space.
The close proximity of the heart to the diaphragm and to the reticulum is
apparent from Pls. III, IV, VI, VII. The pulmonary valve was opposite the
second intercostal space at a point 8 cm. dorsal to the costo-chondral
articulation of the second rib. The ligamentum arteriosum left the pul-
monary artery opposite the fourth rib at a point 24 cm. dorsal to its costo-
chondral articulation. It will be noticed that the relation of the heart
to the ribs and intercostal spaces, as above described, differs by about the

width of one rib from similar relations found in another specimen and
figured in Pls. III, IV, VI, and VII.

The pelvic organs.

The position of the pelvic organs, particularly of the uterus and the
urocyst, are subject to considerable variation. The urocyst or bladder
when empty and contracted forms a small piriform mass lying on the
floor of and almost wholly within the pelvic cavity, Pl. IX. In the
female the urethra is about 10 cm. in length and is closely connected
dorsally to the wall of the vagina. The external urethral orifice is about
1o to 12 cm. from the ventral commissure of the vulva. The relations of
the empty bladder to the uterus and vagina are shown in Pl. IX.

The general form, location and relations of the internal genital organs
of the cow are shown in Pl. IX, Figs. 1, 2. In Fig. 2 a portion of the small
intestine has been removed from the pelvic cavity. In neither of these
specimens was the uterus or its cornu in contact with the rumen. In Fig. 1
is shown an abnormal form of the uterine cornu. The cow from which
the drawing was made was sterile. But whether this form of the cornu is
at all characteristic of the condition of sterility Iam unable to state. Such
form of the cornu, however, is common in sterile cattle. Figure two shows
the uterus and cornu in, approximately at least, their normal form. In
both of these figures the broad ligament of the uterus has been removed.

IQ
Its line of attachment to the uterus coincides with that of the uterine blood
vessels, a part of which are shown in Pl. IX, Fig. 2. The accessibility of
all parts of the internal genital organs to palpation per rectum is quite
obvious.

The gravid uterus at the beginning of the eighth month of gestation. The
contrast in size, position and relations of the gravid uterus to the non-
gravid organ is very striking, as may be seen by comparing plates IX
and X. Plate X was made from a cow which was bred April 12, 1917,
and killed on the fifteenth of Nov. 1917, a period of 216 days of gestation.
The most marked features of this drawing are the enormous increase
in size of the gravid right cornu of the uterus; its relation to the broad
ligament of the uterus and to the ventro-dextral wall of the abdomen;
the correlative displacement of the small intestine and certain other viscera,
especially the right ovary.

The broad ligament of the uterus (Lig. latum uteri). The anatomical
relations of the broad ligament of the uterus, especially in breeding and
dairy cattle, are of special interest. Displacement or torsion of the gravid
uterus sometimes occurs in cattle and sheep as well as in other animals.
This accident, in cattle, is largely determined by the anatomical relations
of the broad ligaments of the uterus. The parietal attachment of the broad
ligament in the present specimen began at a point 8 cm. ventral to the trans-
verse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. From here it extended caudally
and slightly ventrally, and crossed the shaft of the ilium at a distance of 4
cm. dorsal to the edge of the cotyloid cavity. At a point directly ventral
to the coxal or external angle of the ilium, the distance between the parietal
attachment of the broad ligament and the ventral edge of this angle of the
ilium was 18cm. The gravid uterus extends far cephalad of its ligamentous
attachment to the abdominal wall, Pl. X. In consequence of this, rotation
of the uterus upon its long axis frequently occurs. Notwithstanding the
great cephalic extension of the gravid uterus, the ovary and the ovarian
extremity of the cornu of the uterus are not greatly displaced from their
normal position in the non-gravid animal. In the present case the ovary
was situated 4 cm. cephalad of a vertical plane through the coxal angles of
the ilium and 27 cm. ventral to a horizontal plane through these angles; or
to put it another way, the ovary was 26 cm. in a direct line, cephalad of
the pubis. It could be palpated easily per rectum. The adjacent ex-
tremity of the right cornu of the uterus was situated a little ventral to the
ovary, Pl. X. In Pl. X the fimbriated extremity or infundibulum of the
oviduct was turned back sufficiently to show the abdominal or peritoneal

20

orifice of the oviduct —ostium abdominale tubae uterinae, Pl. X. At this
period of gestation the gravid cornu had extended cephalad to within 2.5
cm. of the omasum, or, in this case, opposite to the sternal end of the tenth
rib. This cephalic extension, measured in a straight line, was 100 cm. from
the ischial tuberosity. The greater part of the small intestine was crowded
from its normal position, as shown in Pls. II, III, to a position dorso-cephalad
of the anterior half of the gravid cornu, Pl. X. Not more than six to eight
feet of the small intestine intervened between the genital organs and the
floor of the abdomen immediately cephalad of the pubis, Pl. X. By far
the greater portion of the gravid organ was situated to the right of the
median plane but it also projected considerably to the left of this plane.
The relations of the genital organs at this period of gestation, the beginning
of the eighth month, were as follows: ventrally to the bladder, a short por-
tion of the small intestine and to the floor of the abdomen cephalad as far
as opposite the ventral end of the tenth rib, P X The greater omentum
intervenes between the uterine cornu and the abdominal floor. On the
right side the gravid cornu was related to the broad ligament of the uterus,
to the right ovary and the right wall of the abdomen, with the greater omen-
tum interposed between the cornu and the abdominal wall, Pl. X. Dor-
sally, the organ was in contact with the rectum, large intestine, caecum,
the small intestine and partially with the ventral sac of the rumen. The
left or visceral surface of the gravid cornu was related to the left cornu but
almost wholly to the ventral sac of the rumen which also partially covered
the dorso-sinistral surface of this cornu. The portion of small intestine
connecting the large mass at the dorso-cephalic extremity of the cornu and
the smaller portion at the ventral side of the genital organs, just in front
of the pelvic inlet, passed between the gravid cornu and the adjacent sur-
face of the rumen. As already mentioned, the gravid cornu extended
cephalad nearly to the ventro-caudal surface of the omasum, being sepa-
rated from it and from the pyloric portion of the abomasum by loops of the
small intestine, Pl. X.

The superficial lymph glands.

The accessibility of these glands to palpation obviously is dependent
upon a number of considerations, as, for example, the physical con-
dition of the animal, whether in poor or good flesh; whether the skin is
thin and pliable or thick and unyielding; the size of the glands and
the experience and skill of the person making the examination. Vary-
ing degrees of manipulative skill and acuteness of touch doubtless account
for discrepancies of statement as to the possibility of palpating certain
lymph glands in the healthy animal. Some of the lymph glands which

21

are palpable only with difficulty and uncertainty in the healthy animal
are easily felt if enlarged as a result of disease.

The mandibular lymph glands (submaxillary or intermaxillary) are two in
number, one on either side. The gland is situated about midway between
the angle of the mandible and the vascular groove where the artery and vein
maxillaris externa and the parotid duct cross the ventral border of the
mandible. The gland lies between the muscle sterno-cephalicus (sterno-
mandibularis) and the submaxillary salivary gland. The muscle forms the
ventro-lateral boundary of the gland and the submaxillary salivary gland
forms its medial boundary. Dorsally, it is related to the V. maxillaris
externa and the ventral border of the mandible. Sometimes the submaxil-
lary salivary gland forms both the medial and ventral boundaries of the
lymph gland. The gland is oval shaped and was 4 cm. long by 2.5 cm.
wide and 1.3 cm. greatest thickness. (Average size, 3-4.5 cm. by 2-3 cm.
by 1-12 cm., Baum.)

The parotid lymph gland is situated a little ventral to the temporo-man-
dibular articulation between the masseter muscle and the dorsal end of the
parotid salivary gland, Pl. III, 4o, Pl. IV, 30. The gland is partially, some-
times wholly, covered by the parotid salivary gland. The more common
condition, however, is shown in Pls. III, IV, VI, VII, where a portion of the
lymph gland is uncovered by the salivary gland. When this relation ob-
tains the lymph gland usually can be distinctly palpated in the healthy
animal. The size of this gland in a large Holstein was 4.7 cm. long by 2
cm. wide and 1 cm. in thickness. (Average size is 6-9 cm. long by 1.5-
3 cm. wide by 2-1 cm. thick, Baum.)

The lateral retro-pharyngeal lymph gland (atlantal or sub-atlantal).
This gland is situated on the caudo-lateral wall of the pharynx and is cov-
ered laterally by the dorsal end of the submaxillary salivary gland. The
dorsal end of the lymph gland lies 2 cm. ventral to the caudal portion of the
wing of the atlas. The larger portion and sometimes the whole of the gland
is situated caudal to a transverse vertical plane between the atlas and the
axis. The gland is immediately dorsal to the common carotid artery.
Its dimensions, in an adult Holstein, were 4.5 cm. long by 2.5 cm. wide by
38cm. thick. (Average size, 4-5 cm. by 2-3.5 em. by 3-1} cm., Baum.)

Anterior cervical lymph glands are situated in the vicinity of the thyroid
body along the course of the common carotid artery. They vary in number,
3 to 5, and in size. In the present case three were present, of which the
largest was 2.3 cm. by 1.2 cm. In the healthy animal these glands cer-
tainly could not be satisfactorily palpated.

22

The prescapular lymph gland (superficial cervical) is situated at the cephalic
border of the supraspinatus muscle a little dorsal to, or above, the point of
the shoulder. The gland is covered, in large part, by the muscle omo-
transversarius which is here only about one half centimeter in thickness.
Its ventral portion is covered by the muscle brachio-cephalicus which is
somewhat thicker than the preceding muscle. The lymph gland is large,
8.7 cm. by 3.2 cm. by 1.9 cm., and can be readily palpated in the live animal.
In addition to this large gland there are often several additional small
nodules scattered along the cephalic border of the supraspinatus muscle and
covered by the omo-transversarius and the very thin trapezius. The small
glands, of a dark red color, vary in number from 5 to Io and in size from
4mm. uptol.gcem. (Average size of the prescapular lymph gland, 7-9 cm.
by 1.5-2 cm. by I-1.5 cm., Baum.)

The precrural lymph glands (prefemoral or subiliac), one on either side, are
situated on the aponeurosis of the muscle obliquus abdominis externus in
the region of the flank, Pl. IX. The gland lies at the cephalic edge of the
tensor fasciae latae and from 20 to 30 cm. ventral to the coxal or external
angle of the ilium; or from 15 to 20 cm. dorsal to the free edge or border of
the fold of skin at the flank. The gland is covered by the skin and the thin
aponeurosis of the muscle cutaneus trunci and can be palpated easily in
the healthy cow. The size of the gland varies considerably. In one speci-
men it was 7.5 cm. long by 2.5 cm. wide; in another case it was 10.5 cm.
long by 3 cm. wide. (Average size, 6-11 cm. by 14-24 cm. by 1 cm., Baum.)
Usually it forms a single structure as shown in PI. IX, Fig. 2, but sometimes
there are accessory glands as shown in Pl. IX, Fig. 1.

The superficial inguinal lymph glands differ in their relations in the two
sexes. ‘‘ In the male they are situated in a mass of fatty tissue immediately
caudal to the spermatic cord. Superficially, they are covered by the skin
and partially by the retractor muscle of the prepuce. More commonly only
one gland on either side is present but there may be two or three and in
exceptional cases even as many as four glands on a side. Occasionally an
unpaired gland is found between the penis and the ventral abdominal wall.
The largest of the superficial inguinal lymph glands, in the adult male, are
from 3-6 cm. in length and from 2-3 cm. in width.”” Baum.

In the female these glands are often termed the supramammary or
retromammary lymph glands. Usually there are two of these glands present
on either side. Exceptionally a third gland may be present on one side
and one gland only on the other. The largest glands are in apposition, or
nearly so, medially, and are sometimes united along their medial borders.

23

The glands are situated between the hind quarters of the udder and the
ventral surface of the pelvis but at some little distance, 12 cm. more or less,
from it, Pls. IX, X. Of the three glands shown in Pl. IX, Fig. 2, the largest
one was 5.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide. (Average size, 6-10 cm. long by
I-4 cm. wide by 3-1.5 cm. thick, Baum.) The supramammary lymph
glands, in many cases at least, may be readily palpated in the healthy dairy
cow.

The thoracic duct. In all mammals, so far as known, except the New World
monkeys, the lymphatic system communicates with the venous system
by two main trunks, the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct (or
right tracheal duct). The thoracic duct opens into the veins at, or close
to, the angle of junction of the left external jugular and axillary veins, Pls.
VI, VII. The right lymphatic duct (or right tracheal duct) opens at a
corresponding point or points, on the right side. The thoracic duct begins
at the cisterna chyli which is situated between the aorta and the right crus
of the diaphragm at the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The duct
passes through the hiatus aorticus of the diaphragm into the right pleural
cavity, Pl. IV, 35. It extends forward between the aorta and the vena
azygos to the fifth, sixth or seventh thoracic vertebra where it inclines
ventrally, and crosses obliquely over to the left side of the oesophagus and
trachea, Pl. VII, 29. From here the duct extends along the left side of the
oesophagus to the inlet of the thorax where it inclines ventrally and opens
by one or more orifices into the veins at, or near, the junction of the left
external jugular and the axillary veins, Pl. VII, 28. The thoracic duct
drains approximately three fourths of the body, viz., the hind quarters, the
abdominal viscera, portions of the thoracic viscera, the left side of the head
and neck and the left thoracic limb. The remainder of the body is drained
by the right lymphatic duct.

PLATE I

7. Seventh thoracic vertebra.

13. Thirteenth thoracic vertebra.
1. First lumbar vertebra.
5. Fifth lumbar vertebra.
6. Sixth rib.
13. Thirteenth rib.
. M. trapezius.

Prescapular or superficial cervical lymph gland.
Lung.

Diaphragm.

Pyloric extremity of the abomasum.
Duodenum.

Greater omentum.

Right kidney.

A. epigastrica anterior (anterior abdominal).

V. epigastrica anterior (subcutaneous abdominal).
Small portion of pancreas.

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PLATE II

T 3. Third thoracic vertebra.
‘P13. Thirteenth thoracic vertebra.
Li. First lumbar vertebra.
L 5. Fifth lumbar vertcbra.
R 2. Second rib.
I

3. Thirteenth rib.

I. M. trapezius.

2. M. longissimus dorsi.

3. M. splenius.

4. M. serratus ventralis below and M. rhomboideus above.

5. M. longissimus dorsi and costarum. The latter not clearly separated from the longissimus dorsi.

6. MM. levator costarum. J

. M. sterno-cephalicus (sterno-mandibularis).

8-11. Pectoral muscles.

12. Cut edge of diaphragm.

13. Lung. Note the apex of the lung cephalad of the first rib.

14. Heart, covered by the mediastinum and pericardium.

rs. Liver:

16. Gall bladder.

17. Duodenal extremity of the abomasum.

18. Duodenum.

1g. Greater omentum, cut and turned down. The other cut edge is shown between the numerals 18
and 22.

Small intestine.

Caecum.

Large intestine.

Terminal portion of large intestine.

Pancreas, covered with peritoneum.

Right kidney.

Axillary and other lymph glands.

A. axillaris.

A. epigastrica anterior.

V. jugularis externa.

V. epigastrica anterior.

-35. Brachial plexus.

Median and ulnar nerves.

N. radialis.

N. prescapularis.

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PLATE III

T 3. Third thoracic vertebra.

T 13. Thirteenth thoracic vertebra.

Li. First lumbar vertebra.

L 5. Fifth lumbar vertebra.

Rep. First. riby

R 13. Thirteenth rib.

M. cutaneus facie,

M. masseter.

M. parotido-auricularis.

Cervical portion of M. serratus ventralis.
M. splenius.

M. trapezius; the portion covering the rhomboideus has been removed.
M. longissimus dorsi.

Mm. longissimus dorsi and costarum.

M. levator costarum.

M. sterno-cephalicus (sterno-mandibularis).
11-14. Pectoral muscles.

15. Oesophagus.

16. Trachea.

17. Bronchus of the right apical lobe of the lung.
18. Right bronchus.

19. Fold of pleura around the vena cava.

20. Cut edge of diaphragm.

DO PIDNEWNH

21. Small portion of the ventral end of the liver; the greater part has been scraped away.
22. Pericardium.

23. Reticulum.

24. The omentum, covering the omasum.

25. Gall bladder, drawn aside somewhat.

26. The common bile duct above, and the cystic duct to the right of the numeral, 26.

27. Pyloric end of abomasum.

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8-29. Duodenum.
30. Small intestine.
31. Caecum.
32. Large intestine.
33. Large intestine.
34. Terminal portion of large intestine.
35. Greater omentum, turned down. Shows the two portions, parietal and visceral.
36. Cut edge of omentum.
37. Pancreas.
P. Pancreatic duct opening into the duodenum.
38. Right kidney.
39. Parotid salivary gland.
40. Parotid lymph gland.
41. Mandibular lymph gland (submaxillary).
2. Axillary and inferior cervical lymph glands.
43. Portal or hepatic lymph glands.
44. Right tracheal lymph duct.
45. A. carotis communis.
46. A. axillaris.
47. A. vertebralis.
48. Right branch of pulmonary artery.
49. A. epigastrica anterior (anterior abdominal).
50. V. jugularis externa.
1. V. axillaris.
2. Vena cava and hepatic veins.
3. Vena portae.
4. V. epigastrica anterior.
5. N. facialis.
56-60. Brachial plexus.
7. Median and ulnar nerves.

60. N. prescapularis.

PLATE IV

T 3. Third thoracic vertebra.

T 13. Thirteenth thoracic vertebra.
Li. First lumbar vertebra.

L 5. Fifth lumbar vertebra.

Roi. First ilo.

R 13. Thirteenth rib.

1. MM. cutaneus facici.
2. MM. masseter.
3. M. parotido-auricularis.
4. Cervical portion of M. serratus ventralis.
5. MM. splenius.
6. M. trapezius; the portion covering the M. rhomboideus has been removed.
7. AML. longissimus dorsi.
8. Mm. longissimus dorsi and costarum.
g. MM. levator costarum.
10. MI. sterno-cephalicus (sterno-mandibularis).
11-14. Pectoral muscles.
15. Oesophagus.
Lo. Trachea:
17. Bronchus of right apical lobe.
18. Right bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein.
19. Heart.
20. Cut edge of diaphragm.
21. Reticulum.
Omasum.
Pyloric extremity of abomasum.
Rumen.
Duodenum.
Terminal part of large intestine.
Left kidney.
Right kidney.
Parotid salivary gland.
. Dorsal end of the submaxillary salivary gland.
Parotid lympn gland.
Mandibular lymph gland (submaxillary).
Axillary and inferior cervical lymph glands.
Posterior mediastinal lymph gland. The duct from it opens into the thoracic duct at 35.
Right tracheal lymph duct.
Thoracic duct.
A. carotis communis.
37. A. axillaris.
38. A. vertebralis.
39. Aorta.
40. A. epigastrica anterior.
41. V. jugularis externa.
2. V. cava anterior.
43. V. cava posterior and several hepatic veins opening into it.
44. V. epigastrica anterior (subcutaneous abdominal).
45. N. factalis.
46. Nerves of the brachial plexus.
47. N. vagus.
48. N. phrenicus.
O. Cut edge of the greater omentum.

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PLATE V

Ri. First rib.
R 13. Thirteenth rib.
1. Coxal or external angle of the ilium.
2. Ischial tuberosity.
3. Great trochanter of the femur.
4. Sacro-sciatic ligament.
5. Coccygeal fascia reflected and section of muscle removed to show coccygeal vertebrae.
6. M. splenius.
7. M. longissimus dorsi.
8. M. levator costarum.
g-12. Pectoral muscles.
13. Cut edge of diaphragm.
14. M. gluteus medius.
15. M. biceps femoris.
16. M. gemellus.
17. Lung.
18. Heart, covered by the mediastinum and pericardium.
19. Spleen.
20. Dorsal sac of rumen.
21. Ventral sac of rumen.
22. Abomasum.
23. Cut edge of omentum.

24. Sternal lymph gland.

25. Lateral sacral lymph gland.
26. Ischiatic lymph gland.

27. A. axillaris.

28. A. thoracica interna.

29. A. glutaea anterior.

30. Artery to biceps femoris.

31. Artery to Mm. biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus.
32. A. & V. epigastrica anterior.
33. N. prescapularis.

34. N. radialis.

35. Nn. medianus and ulnaris.

36. N. ischiadicus.
37, 37’. Nerves to M. biceps femoris.

PLATE VI

Ri. First rib.
R 13. Thirteenth rib.
1. Coxal or external angle of the ihum.
2. Lateral border of sacrum.
3. Ischial tuberosity.
4. Great trochanter of femur.
5. Coccygeal fascia turned down.
6. Caudal portion of sacro-sciatic ligament.
7. M. masscter.
8. MM. parotido-auricularis.
g. M. sterno-cephalicus (sterno-mandibularis).
10. M. brachio-cephalicus.
11. M. trapezius (the rhomboideus was transected beneath the trapezius and therefore does not show).
12. M. splenius.
13. M. longissimus dorsi.
14. M. levator costarum.
15-18. Pectoral muscles.
19, 19’. Cut edge of diaphragm.
20. M. gluteus medius.
M. gluteus profundus.
M. biceps femoris.
M. coceygeus.
Parotid salivary gland.
Dorsal end of submaxillary salivary gland.
Heart, covered by mediastinum and pericardium.
Left bronchus.
Terminal portion of oesophagus from which a portion of the pleura has been removed.
Area of rumen to which the spleen is attached.
Dorsal sac of rumen.
Ventral sac of rumen.
Abomasum.
Caudal or blind end of caecum, within the pelvic cavity.
Rectum.
Parotid lymph gland.
Axillary lymph gland.
Terminal end of thoracic duct.
Rectal lymph glands.
A. axillaris.
38. A. thoracica interna.
39. Left pulmonary artery.
A. and V. pudenda interna.
41. V. jugularis externa; a portion of it is left covered with fascia.
2. V. axillaris.
43. V. epigastrica anterior.
44. N. facialis.
45. N. prescapularis.
46. N. radialis.
47. Nn. medianus and ulnaris.
48. N. phrenicus, showing its two roots of origin.
49. N. ischiadicus.
Cut edge of omentum.

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PLATE VII

Ri. First rib (the middle portion has been removed).
Rg. Ninth rib.
R 13. Thirteenth rib.
1. M. masseter.
2. M. parotido-auricularis.
3. M. sterno-cephalicus (sterno-mandibularis).
4. M. brachio-cephalicus.
5. M. trapezius (the rhomboideus was transected beneath the trapezius).
6. M. splenius.
7. M. longissimus dorsi.
8. M. levator costarum.
g-12. Pectoral muscles.
13, 13’. Cut edge of diaphragm.
14. Parotid salivary gland.
15. Submaxillary salivary gland.
16. Trachea.
17. Oesophagus.
18. Heart.
19. Reticulum.
20. Pillar of oesophageal groove. The groove is immediately to the right.
21. Vertical fold formed by the adjacent walls of the rumen and reticulum. The rumino-reticular orifice
is just to the left of 21.
Cavity of rumen.
Abomasum.
Parotid lymph gland.
Mandibular lymph gland.
Left tracheal lymph duct.
Axillary and inferior cervical lymph glands.
Terminal end of thoracic duct.
Thoracic duct.
A. carotis communis.
A. axillaris.
A. thoracica interna.
A. vertebralis.
Aorta.
Pulmonary artery. The ligamentum arterissum is immediately dorsal to 35 and the left aioe
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36. V. jugularis externa.
37. V. hemiazygos.

38. V. epigastrica anterior.
39. N. facialis.

40. N. prescapularis.

41. N. radialis.
2. Nn. medianus and ulnaris.
43. N. phrenica as it crosses the heart.
44. Vagus nerve, dividing into dorsal and ventral oesophageal branches.
45. N. ‘sympathicum.

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PLATE VIII

Fifth lumbar vertebra.
M. psoas magnus.
M. psoas parvus.

3. Cut edge of abdominal wall.

Portion of dorsal sac of rumen.

Rumino-reticular orifice.

Reticulum.

Lip of oesophageal groove.

Omasum.

Groove from reticulum through the omasum to abomasum.
Muscular pillar.

Omaso-abomasal orifice.

Abomasum.

Beginning of duodenum.

Cut end of large intestine.

Left kidney.

Loop of large intestine.

Left adrenal.

Pancreas.

Lymph glands.

Aorta, one centimeter cephalad of the origin of the right external iliac artery.
Left external iliac artery.

Dorsal branch of omaso-abomasal artery.

Common trunk of the left external and internal iliac veins.
Common trunk of the right external and internal iliac veins.
V. epigastrica anterior, one on either side.

Cut end of the ureter; the other ureter shows to the left of the cut end of the large intestine, 13.

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PLATE IX

1. Coxal angle of ilium.

2. Sacral angle of ilium.

3. Cut surface of shaft of ilium.

4. Sacrum.

5. Ischiam,

6. Cut surface of pelvic symphysis.
7. M. obliquus abdominis externus.
8. Inguinal hgament.

g. M. cutaneus trunci.

Fig. 1.

to. M. coccygeus.

11. M. retractor ani.

12. Portion of sacro-sciatic hgament.

13. Rectum.

14. Cornu of uterus.

15. Urocyst.

16. Ureter.

17. Ovary.

18. Precrural lymph gland.

19. Rectal lymph glands.

20. Supramammary lymph gland, turned up somewhat.
21. Udder, or mammary gland.

22. Posterior branch of circumflex iliac artery.

23. A. femoralis.

24. A. pudenda externa.
25. A. profunda femoris.
26. A. mammaria.

27. A. pudenda interna.
28. A. uterina posterior.
29. V. femoralis.

30. V. mammaria.

31. V.mammaria posterior.

32. V. epigastrica anterior.

33. V. pudenda interna.

34. N. femoralis.

35. N. ischiadicus, turned aside.

36. Third sacral nerve.

37. Fourth sacral nerve.

Fig. 2.

10. Portion of M. tensor fasciae latae.
11. M. iliacus.

12. Portion of M. sartorius.

13. M. coccygeus.

14. Rectum.

15. Uterus.

16. Urocyst.

17. Ovary, partially covered by the broad ligament of the uterus.
18. Oviduct.

19. Portion of broad ligament of the uterus.
20. Ureter.

21. Portion of sacro-sciatic ligament.
22. Rectal lymph glands.

23. Supramammary lymph gland.

24. Precrural lymph gland.

25. A. to the rectum.

26. A. pudenda interna.

27. A. uterina media.

28. A. femoralis.

29. A. femoris profunda.

30. A. mammaria.

32. Posterior branch of circumflex iliac artery.
33. V. pudenda interna.

34. V. femoris.

35. V.mammaria.

36. V. mammaria posterior.

37. N. ischiadicus.

38. Third sacral nerve.

39. Fourth sacral nerve.

4o. N. femoralis.

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PLATE X

Coxal angle of ilium.
Sacral angle of ilium.
Sacrum.
Portion of sacro-sciatic ligament.
M. longissimus dorsi.
M. longissimus costarum.
Cut edge of lateral abdominal wall.
M. iliacus cut and a portion of it removed.
Coccygeal muscles.
M. coceygeus.
Diaphragm.
Omasum, only a very small portion visible.
Pyloric extremity of abomasum.
13. Duodenum.
14. Small intestine.
Caecum.
17. Large intestine.
Rectum.
Gall bladder.
Pancreas.
Pancreatic duct.
Liver.
Lung.
24. Gravid cornu of the uterus.
End of the right cornu of the uterus.

Broad ligament of the uterus. A triangular portion has been cut out; through this opening are seen

the numerals 17 and 24.
Cut edge of broad ligament of the uterus.
Right ovary.

To the left of 29 is the oviduct and above the numeral is the abdominal orifice of the oviduct, ostium

abdominale.
Urocyst.
Supramammary lymph gland.
Ischiatic lymph gland.
. glutaea anterior.
pudenda interna.
. uterina posterior.
mammaria.

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Third sacral nerve.

. Fourth sacral nerve.

mammaria posterior (perineale or posterior mammary vein).

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