Cornell University
Library

Mew Work State College of Agriculture

584

DATE DUE

DEMCO 38-297

ornell University Library

alifornia citrus culture,

‘Hii

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

CALIFORNIA

CITRUS CULTURE

A. J. COOK

State Commissioner of Horticulture

FaieNp WM. RIcHARDSON, SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE PBINTING
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
1913.

OFFICERS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.

Capitol Bullding, Sacramento.
A. Js COOK vscesascesesssscsssseseesesese es seeececssesessseesseseeecees Commissioner
GEO. P. WELDON-_- --Chief Deputy Commissioner
W: -O\ GHSSIG.<2s2s-2- 25 ---Secretary
MUSS: SMAWD By SALAD es Jo ios ook ea ene eR eee ee a ee Clerk
MRS. Ne MITCH BUD 2s2--232<s2eccssecc esse tc sense ese sees csseeeessese) Stenographer

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capltol Park, Sacramento.

WOARRY Si SMITE ssccscscsscccsccswccssccccecnsssassesecswesesseucees Superintendent
iad “VO Sis li bess e o's 26 aks Re ee ae RAs tenes See tee Assistant Superintendent
Bs Dy IBIRRAINIGAN 2.5 oie ee ed ea eee a i cit Field Deputy
MISS!) Ay (ACP PINAR D2 oc cee ire pe a a ee See _---Stenographer

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Bullding.

FREDERICK MASKBEW-_--_-------_-~------_------_- Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
GRO: (COM PIR Bases. os eo te oe ee Chief Quarantine Inspector
Be Bs “WRILDEN Bs woos eens ese eese ne eee ee nee mee eee eee ee cdl Quarantine Inspector
Tae Ay “WEEDING. oseeee cs eee ete coin eec ese See eel Quarantine Inspector
ACRGHIG CH AUUNRLEM 262 2<ccessebe nes est ceee eee eesense eased! Quarantine Inspector
TAB Ax STRONG 3: 54 Ss Sea he oe eS ea ee ee Quarantine Inspector
MISS GLARE DUPRTONesseses: su avess neces teseeaseeessess! Stenographer and Clerk
Los Angeles Office: Floor 9, Hail of Records.
A.» S\ HOW De ooncecs cscs ccs ecseee ose eee e ads Deputy Quarantine Officer
Oh OE WAR Vecses2 cet ee ee eee tee Os eee ae Quarantine Inspector

BL. Vis bo SEA Veen cae ee et ee i Quarantine Inspector

THE STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

CALIFORNIA

CITRUS CULTURE

A. J; COOK

State Commissioner of Horticulture

Printed at the State Printing Office, Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent.

Aq 4500

CONTENTS.

RAPID GROWTH OF CALIFORNIA CITRUS INDUSTRY, EXPLANATION
THEREWOR: ni swswuuserdoeeaneeesanhudas Soueel Messen ews see ee leu pone

SERS SESE ORR cacmncmncomax oaks uae him see nee ane names
LOCALITY ADAPTED FOR CITRUS CULTURE --------------------------
WATER—LEADING REQUISITE --_-.-----------------_------------------
LOCAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ~-
HROSD PROTECTION: c2.0ss2 sss senseeeoee Sense nesses cee sees ses ceeee
PLANTING THE ORCHARD—PREPARATION OF THE SOIL—THE

SOUNG: (TREES .coscswenanewwaas acsenmenanc'sSancmuswecatsenesaseenans.
PASe CLL TELE CUES BR cena in aria anne Sten aon omens
OCT ENG CE RICE a cenneanesuuneusuece Gueueueasey ene an ccasueeeus
ARRANGEMENT OF TREES IN THE ORCHARD -_-_--_---~---------------
SLANTING THE TRENS .20c5u.2occe ccc kee eens
PROPAGATING CITRUS TREES socccscscenssemesnesesscasesseasessnanss
SELECTING BUDS—BUDDING. -2252252-55254.45- 002 ses 5 oa ene ech a as
CARE OF YOUNG CITRUS ORCHARD --
HPERTIDIZATION | 220s oe SS ee Se ee ee ee
TRRIGATION: j---ceasses- Seas tases see ola eeu ceo See besssee esses
PRUNING
SCHEDULE OF CULTIVATION
TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR CITRUS ORCHARD----------------~-------

Wagons, Plows, Harrows, Cultivators, Marker or Furrower, Subsoiler,
Drills, Spraying Outfit, Miscellaneous, Singletree, Doubletree.

PICKING FRUIT, PICKING AND PACKING BOXHS ~_---------------------
THE PACKING-HOUSE 222-552. 2cssesseusesesssscsesesecssecceseceeeseses
GRADING» 202 sa 2S ie se oie pao ee ee ae Se eee eee ee ae eee
PLANT: DISBASES. .222-222222s-c2s225s550H225 snaseecesasessscsscesscsscsasescc

Chlorosis, Exanthema, Gummosis, Scaly-bark, Mal-di-gomma, Splitting,

Puffing, Peteca, Brown Spot, Fungi, Blue Mold, Brown Rot, Cottony Mold,
Gray Mold, Withertip, Damping Off, Navel Rot, Root Rot.

INJUBIOUS: CIZRUS INSECTS 2522-42 ctee nna ee knees e eepeceemeseeu

CALENDAR OF PESTS OF CITRUS TREES ------------------------------ 5

PREDACEOUS INSECTS—PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS --------------
PARASITES (INTERNAL)—PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS-_-----------
SPRAYS) 2so2s225sh55 S55 2eneSassn cnaeassske sans lone een 3o5 Seek eee essece

Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux paste, Tobacco extract (Commercial), Lime-
Sulphur (Commercial), Carbolic Acid Emulsion, Resin Wash, Lead Arsenate.

Flowers of Sulphur, Lime and Sulphur.

IPANGEHEOOT BANDS 2220 25<-. 2222 82a eee oa ee eee eee eceseeees

MUMIGATION, 222222555 eae eee et ee Se St ene eae oS See eee ees sets
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, Tents (Shape, Size, Materials, Dipping, Marking,
Number for Outfit, Care), Chemical Wagon, Acid Container, Water Tank,
Graduates, Acid Generators, Measuring the Tents, Dosage Schedules, Mis-
cellaneous Equipment, Chemicals, Sulphuric Acid, Method of Procedure,
Dosage (Black Scale; Purple, Red and Yellow Scale; Mealy Bug), Length
of Exposure, Time of Operation, Temperature, Buying Material, Block
Fumigation.

PAGE.

Om fF & ww LO

wonww nye ee Pee

covraranmw

69
69-82

CONTENTS.

PaGE.

DECADENCE: OF CITRUS GROVHS, 222-+2---+~-----s-cess--scc sacccces 82

AD ELE (RATS MACKS 22 a ee ea eee ee ew ecee eee Ses ee eee SUS eae see 82

SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CITRUS TREES ---------------------------- 83-100
Citrus trifoliata, Citrus aurantium, var. amara; Citrus aurantium, var.
sinensis; Washington navel, Valencia late, Thompson’s improved, Other
Sub-Varieties, Seedlings, Homosassa, Jaffa, St. Michael, Mediterranean
Sweet, Blood Orange, Citrus nobilis, Citrus decumana, Citrus japonica,
Citrus medica, var. genuiana, var. limon; Lisbon, Eureka, var. acida or
limetta.

BY-PRODUGUS: (CIDRUS)t 2s. e525. s25. 256.625 ee eee eee ees 100-101
Citrate of Lime, Concentrated Lime Juice, Oil of Lemon, Salted Lemons,
Candied Lemon Peel.

GOPHIGR® 222 - si. 6 257 a ets es Sik eso ee eee Ca eee eens, 101

BARMBRS) CUUBS cae so sesso basse se pare ea oe eas eee a eee 102

REQUISITES YOR:.A SUCCESSPUL CUE ntucancnseewcenaemsnnennessase 102

CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE .W20s--nscees-~.----.=- 103

CITRUS PROTECTIVE LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA. ..-..--....--.-----.--.- 104

PLBLIOGRA RE Yess 52ers eee SS 105

TN DS! 253 soto aa eee Se eee ee ee 115

PREFACE.

Since assuming the duties of State Commissioner of Horticulture,
October 20, 1911, there have come to this office many requests for litera-
ture on citrus culture. We could not meet this desire, as the admirable
work of the late Mr. B. M. Lelong, for years connected with this office,
has long been out of print. This led to the writing of this little treatise.
It seemed wise and well to prepare at once something to take the place
of Lelong’s ‘‘ Culture of the Citrus in California’’ to send out in response
to these requests, and hence this unpretentious booklet.

I have purposely made this a manual; simple, brief, and severely
practical. We might have gone thoroughly into the history of citrus
culture, especially in our State, but the beginner or novice, for whom
this is principally intended, usually cares little for that; we might have
discussed varieties at length, but this would be confusing and not in
accord with our purpose, and so we have considered this subject only so
far as it is immediately practical.

I am greatly indebted to Messrs. C. C. Teague, R. M. Teague, A. F.
Call, C. C. Chapman, Dr. G. Harold Powell, Fred Reed, J. H. Reed,
J. D. Culbertson, E. K. Koethen, R. P. Cundiff, aud especially the
secretary of the commission, Mr. KE. O. Essig, and many others who have

given valuable aid.

A. J. COOK.
Sacramento, California, July 1, 1913.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

We can not but marvel at the growth of the citrus industry, especially
the orange and the lemon, in California during the past two decades.
In the early nineties it was a mere infant. We now have nearly two
hundred thousand acres, and ship well nigh fifty thousand cars annually,
for which almost forty million dollars are received, of which nearly
one third is paid to transport the fruit to the markets. The following
statistics show graphically this rapidity of growth: In 1891, 4,056 cars
were shipped; in 1901, 24,097; in 1911, 46,399. The number of boxes
per car is now 396.

The reason for this rapid growth is not far to seek. ‘‘A thing of
beauty if a joy forever.’’ What can excel in beauty an orange grove
loaded with ripened fruit (Fig. 1), or a lemon tree at any time or
season? We all love aud are ennobled by our environment where
loveliness is dominant; and so it follows that citrus fruit growers will
be generally marked bv refinement and culture. Indeed, the success-
Jul citrus orchardist must be a student and must possess rare intelli-
gence. Even the so-called learned professions at their best call for no
better thought or deeper study than that required by the highest suc-
cess In growing and marketing the orange, the lemon and the grape-
iruit or pomelo. The grower must be a close student of details. The
people of highest type enjoy most that which causes them to think
and study most, and so our best folk are flocking to citrus culture as
affording keenest mental enjoyment and the finest ethical stimilus.

The profits in citrus production are equal to those in any line of
agriculture. It is brainy work and nowhere do brains count for more.
T have been a close student and observer of citrus orchards and citrus
fruit production for nearly twenty years, and have known orchards
for all that time that have never missed a crop. Where every detail
of care is observed by the orchardist, the trees rarely fail to respond
with a good and often a colossal production.

A small orange grove can be cared for by its owner with very slight
aid from others, and thus the greatest handicap in agriculture—
inability to secure labor—is solved. I have known one man single-
handed to care thoroughly well for a ten-acre orange grove, and such a
erove will give generous support to its owner. I have known a man to
care for forty acres, with no other aid except at time of irrigation and
picking. In case pruning is extensive, it would require extra service.
One can hardly picture a nearer approach to Utopia than a community

6 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

of citrus growers, each with a erove of from five to twenty acres, and each
rivalling the other in the care and intelligence of his management. The
climate must be genial, for only in sueh a climate will these fruits
thrive. Jn California, the scenery rivals the best in Switzerland, and
the labor, never too arduous, is uniform the entire year through. The
free, pure, outdoor air is surety for health and vigor, and a happiness

.

woe * pee i]
a sat Fe ae
x

4091 aes. ae HEAR

Eee

Fic. 1.—Orange trees at San Gabriel thirty years old. (After Lelong.)

and comfort that ever attends honest endeavor in the field of agricul-
ture, is nowhere more certain than to the owner of a citrus grove that is
properly loeated and well cared for. We can not wonder then that
citrus culture has advanced by leaps and bounds, and ean safely predict
that the future will greatly surpass the past, and even the present, in
its growth and production.

CITRUS FRUIT TARIFF.

There is a tariff of one and one half cents per pound on lemons and
one cent per pound on oranges. The one half cent additional on
lemons was added in 1910 and has greatly stimulated the planting
of lemons. If this protection continues, in a few vears sufficient lemons
will be planted to supply the entire demand of the United States. This
is now true in the case of oranges, which have been protected by a one
cent per pound tariff, so that now our country produces all its own
Oranges.

There is little doubt but that the tariff on both oranges and lemons
will be reduced to one half cent by the present extra session of

Coneress.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

-1

EARLY HISTORY.

In that excellent volume, by the late Mr. B. M. Lelong, ‘‘Culture
of the Citrus in California,’’ will be found an interesting account of
the early development of this industry in our State. It was more than
a century and a half ago that the Mission Fathers introduced the
orange, the fig, the foreign grapes, and the olive. These padres came
to help men to a more abundant life. They did more; they demon-
strated that our genial climate made our much prized citrus fruits
entirely at home.

California gained its great renown from the discovery of gold.
Little did the early miners dream of the riches in the soil while in
quest of nuggets in the placers and river gravels or the locked-up
gold of the quartz mines. Yet to-day our orchards fairly eclipse the
_mines in the wealth they pour into the pocketbook of the State. Except
for oil, no single product of California begins to compare in impor-
tance, measured by the net cash returns, with that of the citrus groves.
G. Harold Powell, general manager of the California Fruit Growers’
Exchange, than whom no one is more able to give an authentic opinion,
states that the ‘‘citrus industry represents two hundred million dollars
capital invested, ten thousand growers are interested, one hundred
thousand people depend upon it for a livelihood, while fifty thousand
carloads are expected to be shipped from the State the present season.’’
We see that the citrus product of to-day is a very leading factor in the
business interests of the State. There is apparent the urgency of push-
ing with vigor all that helps to advance this important interest and of
working to stay with all possible energy whatever tends to handicap it.

To quote again from the work of the late Mr. B. M. Lelong:
‘While orange trees were among the first introduced into the State,
having been brought by the Mission Fathers, it may be said that orange
culture is of very modern origin, and the industry has assumed com-
mercial importance only since 1880.’’ At first it was supposed that
only the south was sufficiently balmy to make citrus culture possible.
Now we know that in the elevated mesas and the foothill valleys of
both the northern coast and Sierra ranges there are favored localities
where citrus culture is successfully practiced, as far north as Placer,
Glenn and Butte counties. In fact, the fruit in these northern coun-
ties is of excellent quality and ripens earlier than in the south. This
promises only good to the State, as we shall be able to maintain a
market of superior oranges, as we do now of lemons, throughout the
entire year, from January to January. This guarantee, that the best,

ra) CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

will always be at the command of the purchaser, is of great impor-
tance to both the producer and consumer. The northern groves pos-
sess two advantages: They supply the early better market, and the
early ripened fruit is likely to precede any possible frost.

LOCALITY.

There are certain requirements that should always engage the most
serious and painstaking attention of the one about to engage in the
erowing of oranges and lemons: soil, water and climate are dominant
factors in successful citrus culture.

The soil should be a rich loam; either clay, or sand or gravel may
predominate. We now know that humus is an absolute requisite for
any productive soil or any crop, so a good supply of organic matter
is essential. While in such arid soils as those of California, humus
is unfortunately limited in amount, yet the nitrogen content of the
humus in these soils is usually large; thus I say, rich loam, for
though we may supply this decaying organic matter, when it is meager
in quantity, yet the orchardist is most favored who has in his soil a
goodly proportion of this valuable humus. We have only to mention
Redlands, Riverside, Santa Paula, and Porterville to prove that the
best citrus fruit can be produced on quite heavy clay; even adobe soil
often produees first-class oranges and lemons; on the other hand, much
of the San Gabriel Valley is remarkable for its sandy, gravelly acres.
This soil may also boast of great crops of very superior fruit. The
clay soils are very strong, very productive, very enduring, but they
must be kept aerated and in good tilth, which is no light task. The
man who cultivates a clay citrus grove must have good brain power,
and must use his brains to the hmit. We may say a grove of heavy
clay soil is first best if its owner is first best. Such soils must never
be tilled when not in prime condition and the drainage should be per-
fect. A sandy, gravelly soil is less retentive of moisture, is not so
strong, and must be abundantly fed. It can be worked almost imme-
diately after a heavy rain with no serious injury, and so may be
handled with less of care, less of diligenece—in short, less of brains.
Such soils suffer lttle from lack of aeration. I was told, in Sicily,
that the lemons grown on clay soils were superior in quality, brought
a higher price—one fourth more—and kept better than those grown

on sandy soils.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 9

It is also necessary to have a soil that is deep and with a good
subsoil. An artificial hardpan from six to eight inches from the sur-
face is not uncommon in any kind of soil. A natural hardpan still
deeper down is often found. In purchasing a location for citrus trees,
we should never fail to dig down and find cut just the condition of
the subsoil—the soil just below the plane reached by the plow. King’s
soil tester makes it easy to learn the character of the subsoil to a depth
of five or six feet. Any hardpan is prejudicial to success. It is also
very essential to avoid black alkali or carbonate of soda. We have
only to keep these points in mind to choose wisely in the purchase of
lands for citrus fruits, so far as the soil is concerned.

WATER.

The purchaser must be even more wary regarding the ability to
secure sufficient water for irrigation, as nearly every California soil
will, with proper care and cultivation, give remunerative crops. Water
is the very life of the grove. No one should ever purchase a grove,
or land for a grove, unless he is absolutely sure that abundant water
is always at his command. In planting, we must not forget that the
older the trees the more water required. The government experts, who
have investigated along these lines, caution those who are planting
new groves, and state emphatically that in many localities in Cali-
fornia, though not in all, we have now reached the lmit of safety
in planting. In some sections we have, however, come far short of
developing the amount of water that may be secured from underground
reservoirs by boring wells and-pumping. Very much more water will
be pumped for irrigation in the near future than is now secured. In
a few places reservoirs above the surface may be formed to add to our
water resources, and in these the winter run-off may be stored and held
for use. It is also demonstrated by actual experience that by wisely
distributing the water during the copious rains of winter, what would
else go in the winter run-off to the sea, can be stored up in the sub-
earth gravels and be utilized in the long dry season of summer. Yet
we may still urge that since water is the great desideratum and the
absolute necessity in citrus culture, the securing a full supply for the
coming time when the groves are all mature and in full bearing, and
for years of least rainfall, should engage the chief and most thorough
consideration of him who is contemplating the purchase or planting of
citrus orchards. We must also always be cautious that the water we
use is free from alkali.

10 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

LOCAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

As regards the lability to frost, we can not be too cautious in select-
ing a locality for a citrus grove. True, the orange (the lemon is a
little more susceptible to frost than is the orange) will resist a tem-
perature a little below freezing, perhaps as low as 26 degrees Fahr.
if not too long continued, but if the thermometer goes down to 22
degrees or 25 degrees Fahr. above zero, both fruit and tree are likely
to suffer. This is the more true if the cold endures for quite a long
period, and if the sun comes out clear the following morning the
damage is increased. It is found in California, as elsewhere, that the
cold is more pronounced in lower levels, so that it is safer to locate
higher up on the mesas. The cold, hke water, flows down into the
lower valleys, so that often the lower groves will suffer harm, while
those higher up escape all damage. It is a gratifying fact that seriously
cold seasons do not oceur in California on an average oftener than about
one year in four.

FROST PREVENTION.

As a question of permanent public policy, it is uncertain how far
protection against frost, by artificial means, may wisely be carried;
but where orchards are already planted, it is surely unwise to neglect
the insurance that is afforded by a proper equipment for frost pro-
tection. The cost will be great, and the labor involved in the fight
will be both disagreeable and exhaustive, when the cold nights come.
But when not only the fruit but the trees themselves are at stake, the
orchardist can not afford to take any chance. In one large lemon grove
the expenditure of $6,000 fighting frost in the winter of 1911-12 saved
$100,000 worth of fruit. While the year following, when the cold
reached a temperature of 15 degrees above zero, it cost twice as much
to save the crop. Yet at this time not only the fruit was saved, but
irreparable damage to the trees was prevented. Many would have been
killed outright, others greatly injured.

Prior to 1911, for years, the coal baskets, one to each tree were
successfully used in frost protection. The experience in 1911 proved
that oil pots were preferable to coal baskets. Oil as a fuel is more

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 11

easily handled and much more economical. This season millions of oil
pots are being purchased. The oil pot now desired has a capacity of
seven gallons, a down draft tube that insures the entire consumption
of fuel oil or cheap distillate and regulation of the flame to greater
or less heights as the degree of cold requires. These are costly but the
expense is more than warranted. The soot resulting from incomplete
combustion smuts fruit, but by washing the latter in warm water con-
taining gold dust after a quick submergence in kerosene oil the smut
is wholly removed.

The lessons taught by the unprecedented frosts of January, 1913,
are first: We can not count on any frostless region in California. San
Diego had never been injured before, but suffered severely last Janu-
ary. The same was true of the foothill mesas along the San Gabriel
mountains.

Lemons, both the fruit and trees, are more susceptible than oranges;
young trees than old. Apparently trees inured to cold are less likely
to be damaged than are others. Severe frosts in Sacramento seemed less
injurious to citrus trees than a like frost at Santa Barbara or San
Diego.

It was conclusively demonstrated that by the use of oil pots—-
smudge—the orchards could be absolutely protected. In some orchards
which were thoroughly provided with pots and oil the fruit was wholly
protected, and the frost was a real advantage, as the high prices are
very exceptional and bring great profits to the vigilant orchardist.

While the thick canopy of smoke often resulting from the fire may,
and doubtless does, do some good in acting as a blanket to retard radia-
tion, yet it is probable that a smokeless heater which consumes all the
carbon would produce more heat and be more advantageous.

While the soot can be easily and cheaply removed from the fruit,
yet it is very obnoxious, as it pushes into houses and begrimes tapestry
and curtains, and is a very serious inconvenience. It would seem that
the ideal pot would be smokeless, one that would consume all the refuse
from the oil, leaving the pot clean, would burn crude, or cheap, oil,
hold sufficient oil to burn all night, if required, and so made that it can
be filled with no spilling of the oil.

There are two methods which are quite satisfactory in determining
whether or not the fruit has been frozen. By placing the fruit in
diluted alcohol of the right density, which can be easily determined by
experiment, the frozen fruit does not sink and so is easily separated
from the heavier unfrozen fruit. The other method is by the use of a
current of water which separates the injured from the sound fruit on
the same principle that gravel is sorted by a running stream, This
latter arrangement originated with Mr. Harry Chase of Riverside, and

12 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

is reported to give accurate determination. Of course it need not be
said that frozen. fruit should never be marketed.

Frozen trees should not be pruned until time and new growth show
the exact limit of the killing of the branches. Then all dead portions
should be removed. In case the cambium, or inner bark, is killed down
to or below the bud then the whole of the trunk may be cut away, and
new growth from the crown can be permitted to grow, and this may be
budded to produce the desired variety of fruit. If branches start
above the bud, the largest of these may form a new tree and no further
budding will be required. If desired, the trunk can be retained for a
time and will serve well to support the new growth. Jn this case it is
well to trim the trunk of all dead hmbs, when it will be easy to grow
and cultivate beans among the injured trees. These will give a good
profit and serve to keep up the fertility of the land.

Tur CITRUS GROWER MUST REMEMBER THAT GOOD AND SUFFICIENT OIL
POTS ARE \ WISE AND PROVIDENT INSURANCE AGAINST LOSS AND POSSIBLE
RUIN.

PLANTING THE ORCHARD.

PREPARATION OF SOIL.

In preparing to set an orchard the soil should be thoroughly and
deeply cultivated, especially if it is a clay soil. We have seen that a
rich supply of humus is very essential. If, then, a heavy stand of
vetch, alfalfa or sweet clover could be grown and plowed under before
planting, in time to become well decomposed, it would aid in making a
first-class planting ground. The soil should be moist when the trees are
set.

THE YOUNG TREES.

These should be vigorous, well formed, and wholly free from fungous
affection or insect attack. Usually it will be necessary to secure them
at a nursery. In such ease, a reliable nursery should be sought and a
careful inspection of all the trees made by an expert. In case one
can do so, it is well to grow his own plants in the seed bed from selected
seed. Seeds from sour stock are now thought the best. Trees from
these are said to resist fungi and frost, especially when young, better
than others. Those from fruit known to be produced on a very
vigorous, productive tree are to be preferred. A very productive tree
inust possess great vitality, and the seed would be likely to partake
of this character and produce excellent plants. Even more important

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 13

is it to secure the buds of trees that invariably produce more gen-
erously of fruit of rare excellence. Such a course would almost
certainly result in producing a phenomenal orchard, for it is a well
known law of nature that ‘‘like produces like.’? There may be ex-
ceptions, but these only prove the rule. (See article by A. D. Shamel
in August, 1912, The Monthly Bulletin, California Horticultural Com-
mission.) The trees in transplanting must be dug from the nursery
so as to disturb the root system as little as possible. They should
be balled, kept moist, and planted out with the least possible delay.
In setting, the earth should be firmed about the roots when practicable,
by use of water, and if the planting is done in early spring (I have
had satisfactory results in planting in February, though most prefer
May and June) we are quite sure to have excellent success, if our
subsequent care is what it should be. If the earth keeps cold, plant-
ing may be deferred even to late summer. It is best to cut back to
preserve the balance between roots and top. As this work is so vital
to success, I will discuss it more in detail.

PLANTING THE ORCHARD.

As before stated, the land prior to planting should be thoroughly
prepared. This means that it should be deeply and thoroughly cul-
tivated, well enriched by previous cover crops plowed under or by use
of stable fertilizer, at least ten big loads to the acre. In a virgin soil
manure may be safely deferred for two or three years. The ground
should also be leveled and graded to perfection, as this will save
immensely in labor and peace of mind in the future care of the orchard.
A uniform grade is desirable with a minimum of one per cent fall if
possible. We should never grade off the surface soil where contour or
change in direction could make it unnecessary. The reason is obvious.
The surface soil is usually better supplied with the necessary soil ele-
ments. I fear not all will follow this advice, but those who do not will
surely realize their mistake later.

PROCURING THE TREES.

It is wise to see the trees before purchasing, to make certain that
they had been grown under proper conditions. One had best purchase
some months before planting, as he is more likely to secure good trees.
The price usually runs from forty cents to one dollar per tree, varying
with size, supply and demand, and number purchased. If possible, one
may well buy selected trees, paying more. This is one signal advan-
tage among many of growing one’s own trees from seedbed to orchard.

Too much care can not be exercised in removing budded trees from

14 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

the nursery and preparing them for shipment. There are two methods :
the open-root and the balling. A ditch, eighteen inches deep on one
side, eight inches from the row, permits cutting all the roots on that
side, and also the tap root or roots. Then for open roots, the tree may
be crowded into this trench, breaking as few roots as possible. This
is allowable only for near-by planting. A long, sharp spade makes it
easy to cut the roots on the other three sides. If we wish to ball, which
is best in most all cases, we tamp the soil, shape the ball and lift the tree
on to burlap, which is then folded and tied about the trunk. Haste in
transportation is always in order. The trees upon arrival at their des-
tination should be heeled-in, pointing southwest, in case of open roots,
or planted at once. A furrow with a 45-degree slant on one side makes
heeling-in easy. None but the open root trees should be heeled in, and
it were always better to set at once. If one grows his own nursery stock,
this is the more easily accomplished. No one should order trees until
he is ready to set them. From the heeling-in furrow to the orchard,
trees should be handled with as little delay as possible, and unless balled
should be covered with a wet blanket, especially if the day is hot.

ARRANGEMENT OF TREES IN ORCHARD.

There are four methods of planting as to arrangement of trees:
rectangular, triangular, quincunx or hexagonal. The first, square or
rectangular, is simplest and most common. Indeed, it is the almost
universal method to-day. If in squares (Fig. 2), the trees are often
planted twenty feet apart, which gives one hundred and eight trees to
the acre. Most prefer to plant further apart, at least one way. If
twenty by twenty-five feet, then we have eighty-seven trees to the acre.
It is quite common to have the squares twenty-two by twenty-two feet,
which takes ninety trees to the acre. This is quite close enough, and
there is wisdom in increasing this. The squares are often twenty-four,
twenty-five or twenty-six feet on each side.

In the triangular system (Fig. 3) the trees are parallel to one mar-
gin of the field in one direction and diagonal to this the other way.
The trees will be further apart on the diagonal lines. Suppose we wish
to plant twenty feet apart in the rows parallel to the margin. We then
lay off the orchard in twenty-feet squares. The first row will be at
the angles of the squares, next to the margin of the field. The trees of
the second row will be at the middle points of the opposite sides of the
squares, ete. Hach alternate row will have trees at the angles, the next
at the middle of the sides of the squares. This gives ninety-eight trees
to the acre. The trees will be twenty feet apart one way and a little
more than twenty-two feet the other way. This has no advantage,
except it permits cultivating or workin

CALIFORNIA. CITRUS CULTURE. 15

i

Buy

le. I- alee. - bs J
- We ee
Decne pas oe ei ost ack
le. te... book whe ah
A ae ae

| eeaeere bard ease Weta thee ie Ve...

BY Zs 4 5 ue s
&. 4, 4. 4. 4 &

Fic. 2.—The square system.
(After Lelong.)

~BIM

Fic. 3.—The triangular or alternate
system. (After Lelong.)

$B
i a) eS a

zy ed “3 ab ey ie
os a oh Bae “Bo eo cn th

Pia a

Fic. 4.—The quincunx system,
(After Lelong.)

Fic. 5.—The hexagonal system.
(After Lelong.)

16 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

The quincunx system (Fig. 4) is like the rectangular, except that a
tree is planted in the center of each square or rectangle. This adds to
the number of trees. If the square is twenty feet on each side, there
will be one hundred and ninety-nine trees to the acre. It also serves
when more trees are desired in a young orchard, some of which will be
removed as the trees age. It makes this removal easy, without affecting
the symmetry of the grove.

In the hexagonal or sextuple system (Fig. 5), six trees mark the
angles of an equilateral hexagon, with an extra tree in the middle point
between them. In ease the trees are twenty feet apart, the first row
will be parallel to the one side of the field, and the trees twenty feet
apart. Two twenty-foot lines stretched from the first two trees of this
row towards the opposite side of the field, approximating each other,
will fix the location of the center tree where they meet. This will be
the first tree of the second row, which will be parallel to the first row.
The trees of the third row will be exactly opposite those of the first.
Here alone, of all the systems, each tree is equally distant from all
adjacent trees. If the trees are set twenty feet apart, then one hundred
and twenty-four trees will be set on each acre. Here the trees may be
cultivated diagonally in two directions and in a third direction parallel
with the side.

PLANTING THE TREES.

Citrus trees may be planted at almost any time; better from February
to August. I prefer February—when the trees are more dormant,
though the heaviest plantings are in April and May, and as late as
June. This avoids frost, and the trees will respond to the temperate
heat of spring.

The holes may best be dug just prior to setting the trees and should
be oe in size, not less than two and a half feet in diameter. They
should be dug a little deeper than necessary to accom-
modate the trees, the extra space being filled with
fresh, rich fertile soil. The bruised roots of each tree
should he ent off diagonally with a clean cut, just
above the wound, and the top eut to balance the root
pruning and to give all the trees similar and sym-
metrical heads. Some of our growers leave all the
top and foliage intact; others prune the top heavily,
removing all the leaves. I think the above course,
Pre. 6—Young roots tVimuing to halanee top and root system, is preferable.

iedanting (Acne == As the trees are placed in position, the roots, if the
iin trees are not balled, should be evenly separated
(Fig. 6) by hand, and in every case the hole filled three fourths full

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 17

with good surface soil, when enough water should be added to settle
the soil thoroughly about the roots or ball and to crowd out all the air
and saturate the ball through and through, after which fill in to the
top, leaving the trees a little higher than they stood in the nursery,
as they will settle slightly after they are planted. The bud should be
some inches above the earth. Not only should the bud be well above
the ground, but it is equally important, probably more important, not
to plant the roots too deep. Preferably the crown roots should not be
planted more than two inches below the mean surface level of the
crown.

As soon as the trees are all set they should receive a thorough irriga-
tion, especially if not balled, and a good cultivation as soon thereafter
as the soil is in proper condition, both of which as we have seen should
be deep.

PROPAGATING CITRUS TREES.

More and more, I think, will our citrus growers start their own trees.
Yet nurserymen need not shiver at this advice, as few will follow it.
The orchardist can then select seeds and buds, and can care for the
plants from the very first, and very likely such care, costing but little,
will double the annual income as the trees come to maturity. I know
starting trees is a complex matter—a trade to be learned, but I have
great faith in Yankee gumption.

As large seeds are preferable, seeds of the sour orange, sweet orange
and pomelo are to be preferred, the largest seeds always to be selected.
These should be secured from the fruit of trees of maximum perform-
ance and thrift. Whether or not the stock affects quality of scion or
bud so as to influence quality of fruit, surely every plant and animal
has better promise if the parents are full of vigor, health and action.
In Europe sour stock is everywhere preferred and almost universally
used. We are now rapidly coming to the same practice.

Seed are secured by cutting selected fruit, squeezing out pulp and
seeds and sieving; or the fruit may be decomposed in water and the
seeds washed free from the pulp by use of the sieve. The seeds should
never be permitted to dry, and to prevent this they may be stratified
in moist sand till needed for planting. Seeds from Florida come dry,
but will germinate readily if soaked in water about seventy hours before
planting. Mr. R. M. Teague, one of our most successful growers, always
plants in the open, with no protection. He thinks this gives him hardier
trees and a better root system. It is to be said, however, that his loca-

2—cc

18 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

tion is in a very protected district. But most of our nurserymen
protect the young plants by use of a lath cover. The seeds should
never be planted until the earth is warm or they may decay. In
any case, the soil should be rich, loamy, and with a surface of sand at
least for two or three inches. If this is slightly ridged, and the seeds
planted on the ridges, the drainage will be more perfect and the damp-
ing-off fungus will not be so likely to put in its deadly work.

From March to May, depending upon season and soil, is the time to
plant the seed bed. The seeds are best planted in rows one foot apart.
The seeds are covered about one inch with soil that has been screened.

Fic. 7.—Young seed bed orange stock. (After Lelong.)

Tt is easy to irrigate between the rows and to cultivate with a hand
cultivator. The seeds will come up in about three weeks if the weather
is favorable. The young seedlings should be well watered and culti-
vated and left in the seed bed for one year. As already stated, many
prefer to protect the young seedlings. The earth must be kept moist,
but not too wet or the plants will die of fungus attack. The early
spring is the best time to plant not only the seeds but to transplant
the seedlings.

The young plants from the seed beds (Fig. 7) should be transplanted
to the nursery in rows at least three or four feet apart, or so as to

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 19

admit of cultivating by horse without injury, and fifteen inches apart
in the rows. This gives ample room for digging and balling. The
plants are easily loosened in the seed bed by the use of a long spade,
and should be quickly set, as the roots must not be permitted to become
dry. Only robust plants should be transplanted to the nursery. As
Mr. R. M. Teague says, ‘‘the best are none too good.’’ Some advise
keeping puny plants for two years in the seed beds. It were better to
discard them entirely. To take up the seed bed plants, a four or five
tined potato fork is excellent. It will not cut the roots as will a spade.
If the weather is hot it is well to place shade boards above the young
plants. The nursery should be carefully watered and cultivated for
two years, when the nursery trees should be ready for budding. This
insures larger and stronger trees, and the buds can be set six inches
above the ground. Budding is possible whenever the bark slips easily,
and may be done in March and April. Summer budding is not uncom-
mon, though the best time to set the buds is in September and October.
The buds will start as soon as the sap begins to flow; will become strong
before fall and will resist the cold of winter. Here, avain, it is well to
select only the best of the young trees. The bud union is the weak
place in a citrus tree, and should be well above the reach of irrigating
water as a preventive of gum disease.

SELECTING BUDS.

The selection of the buds is, I think, the most important step in the
whole range of citrus culture, and is reason enough for one to grow
his own trees, at least from the time they are set in the nursery. Only
buds from tested trees, whose performance has been most excellent in
both quality and quantity for a number of years, should ever be
accepted. This gives us pedigreed stock. In this way we hope to double
our output and profit. We must remember what selection has done for
corn in Illinois and Iowa. (See article on breeding citrus trees, by
A. D. Shamel, The Monthly Bulletin, California State Commission of
Horticulture, Vol. I, No. 9, August, 1912.)

Mr. R. M. Teague uses only selected buds. He allows his patrons to
furnish their own buds if they so prefer, though this privilege is rarely
accepted. The past season only two persons accepted the offer, though
he sold over two hundred thousand trees. Only plump, vigorous buds
should be used. The method of inserting the bud is explained by
Figs. 8 and 9, where is shown the T-shaped cut, the pecling of the bark
and the cutting and insertion of the bud. The tying by budding twine
or waxed strip of cloth is well shown. Some of the twigs with folhage are
left on the young plants to promote vigor (Fig. 10), though not many,

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Fic. $.—Preparing the stock to receive the bud. (After Lelong.)

Vie. 9.—Cutting the bud from the scion. (After Lelong.)

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 21

as we wish to throw sap to the buds. After the buds are well started
the old twigs may be gradually removed. One or two years after
budding the young trees are ready to set in the orchard.

Large trees may be budded if a change of variety or if a better tree
is desired. Here the buds are inserted.into the branches (Figs. 11
and 12), some of which are permitted to remain to insure thrift, and
removed as the new growths from the bud become large and thrifty.
The trunks in this case should be protected from the sun’s hot rays by
whitewash, or by wrapping with some protecting cover. It is also well
to protect young trees in the orchard in similar fashion. All pruning

Vic. 10.—Showing bud inserted and the wrappings. In some cases a few limbs
are left to promote vigor. (After Lelong.)

of orchards should be close, and the fresh cut at once waxed over.
In case Fuller’s rose weevil attacks the buds, as they are wont to do,
the insects may be headed off by winding loose cotton about the trunk
below the bud. The beetles are wingless, and so can reach the buds
only by crawling up the trunk. The cotton will prevent this.

Citrus trees can be started by grafting, by slips, or by layering, but
as none of these methods are now in vogue in our citrus orchards it is
needless to discuss them here.

22 SALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Fic. 11.—Orange tree cut back to force it to throw out shoots from
the main branches, which are budded. The body of the tree is
protected with burlap or whitewash, (After Lelong. )

Fic. 12.—Large seedling orange trees worked over by budding in
the main branches, (After Lelong.)

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 23

CARE OF THE YOUNG CITRUS ORCHARD.

Humus is very essential to the best growth and vigor of our trees.
Therefore, a good application of well-rotted stable fertilizer will be
welcomed by the young trees even the first year. The trees must never
feel the lack of abundant moisture. At first basins about the trees
for irrigating are allowable, but furrows, even in the young orchard,
are usually the cheapest and the best. In any case the water should
not touch the tree trunks, and the irrigation should be deep, then the
roots will go down deeply, where they always should be. We often
talk of trees as being deep or shallow rooting, but are not these condi-
tions the results of our special methods? The roots will go where the
water or moisture is. The elms in the eastern swamps are very shallow
rooting. I have grown them here in California, and found the roots
deep in the soil. Surface irrigation invites the roots to the surface,
while if the water is placed deep down the roots are impelled to push
down to secure it. Shallow rooting trees in an arid soil will always
suffer in times of drought; while trees with roots deep in the soil will
usually suffer not at all. I have trees that I have set and cared for for

Fic. 13.—Orange trees pruned high. (After Lelong.)

fourteen years, always irrigating in deep basins or furrows, and now,
when I plow deeply in fall or spring, the roots are never harmed. In
clay ground it is well to plow deeply, and one can do so safely where
the roots are beyond harm’s way. I repeat, the roots should be kept
down, but if, from improper cultivation and irrigation, this has not
been done, the wrong may be righted by plowing each succeeding fall
and spring a little deeper. Such a course is certainly wise. I urge

24 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

2

again, the first year the trees must never feel the want of water. As
with young animals, dwarfed in youth, always dwarfed.

The second season the trees must be pruned to form a head that is
shapely, but this pruning should be as light as possible to produce a

Fic. 14.—Orange tree headed low. (Photo by A. D. Shamel.)

symmetrical tree, as the abundant foliage is of signal use at this
period. In Italy the trees are headed high (Fig. 13), so that one can
walk under the lower hmbs. The practice of lower heading (Fig. 14) is
much to be preferred. The lower branches should leave the ee at
varying heights to avoid crotches and splitting.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. a)

FERTILIZATION.

In the young orchards—in all orchards—a winter cover crop of vetch,
Canadian field peas, burr clover, or other vigorous legumes (vetch is
probably the best) is very desirable. This insures against washing of
the soil in case of heavy rainfall, supplies the needed humus, and also
adds to the soil the most expensive, and possibly the most deficient, soil
element—nitrogen. The roots of this cover crop also liberate other
elements of fertility. The soil bacteria take the free nitrogen from the
air and combine it with the soil salts, when it is in form to be utilized
by the trees. This is emphatically the cheapest way to secure the
valuable and greatly needed nitrogen. We must have abundant water
for both the cover crop and the trees. This cover crop should be plowed
under not later than February, that it may be decomposed or converted
into humus in the early spring as the probable moisture at this season
promotes decomposition. To plow this under at so early a date and yet
permit the plant to reach its full development requires that the seed
of the cover crop be planted early—not later than September. In case
of light rainfall in the autumn irrigation must be practiced, not only
as the seed is drilled in, but also when needed afterwards. In this case
broad, shallow furrows must be left so that irrigation can be accom-
plished whenever it is desired to water the plants. Some of our best
citrus growers advocate and practice the planting of cover crops in
summer, using at this season cowpeas. This may be wise in case one
has abundant water, especially in a young orchard, but in this case
we must be very careful that our trees are not robbed of the required
amount of water. I can but believe that this is a questionable practice.
The questionable practice of growing alfalfa in citrus groves is an
increasing one. This makes a heavy demand on the water supply.
Dr. E. W. Hilgard used to say that alfalfa hay was easily worth eight
dollars per ton to plow under as a fertilizer. Dr. C. G. Hopkins main-
tains that growing alfalfa, just to use to fertilize our orchards, is well
- worth consideration. (See the Monthly Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 9, page
641.)

Many utilize the space between the young trees by growing an extra
summer crop of some useful vegetable. In such case nothing is better
than beans, as these tend to make the soil loose and friable, and as these
are legumes, they really enrich the soil by adding nitrogen, as we have
already explained. Beans are also one of our most profitable field crops.
Many, however, grow no secondary crop, preferring to give the trees,
old or young, all the fertility that the soil possesses.

As the grove reaches on toward maturity the presence of abundant
humus is more and more important, and so the cover crop must not be

26 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

neglected. Stable fertilizer should be used in generous proportions,
with scarcely any limit in the ease of clay soils. Straw, especially bean
straw, is particularly valuable. Commercial fertilizers are also to be
recommended. While the abundance of potash in our California soils
would seem to sustain Dr. Hilgard’s contention that we need not
add this element to our soils, yet some of our most intelligent growers
feel sure that they have secured much advantage in the use of this soil
element. Dr. Hopkins maintains that limestone, ground coarsly, is
often more needed than potash. (See The Monthly Bulletin, State
florticultural Commission, Vol. I, No. 9, page 424.) Dr. Hilgard urges
algo that the phosphates are likely to be the first fertilizers that will
be called for by our California citrus orchard soils. It is never safe
to neglect advice of one so thoroughly informed, and one who has had
such valuable observation and experience as has had Dr. Hilgard. Dr.
Hopkins states, as already mentioned, that many soils are more likely
to be deficient in lime than in potash. The reason for this is, the greater
solubility of the lime permits it to be washed from the soil. (See The
Monthly Bulletin, State Commission of Horticulture, Vol. I, No. 9.) It
makes no difference whether we use rock or bone phosphates, as phos-
phates are phosphates, whatever their origin. In case either of bone or
rock, the treated or superphosphates are more readily and quickly avail-
able, but if the untreated are ground very fine and added to a soil rich
im organic matter, and if the bone is steamed, they will answer well and
in time will all be utilized, so that really nothing is lost. The potash
and phosphates should always he placed deep in the soil. The presence
of humus insures organic acid, which renders the phosphates available.
The phosphate slag affords also a cheap and valuable fertilizer, when
procurable.

The most costly fertilizing element—nitrogen, so necessary because
it enters into every hving cell, plant or animal—will be much in evi-
dence in case we have followed the foregoing advice regarding the use
of cover crops and stable or barnyard manure. Yet we may find it
advisable to secure it in more ample quantities. Many use Chili salt-
petre or nitrate of soda. This in the cool days of early spring brings a
quick response from all vegetation. It is, indeed, very quickly available
as it is very readily soluble. For this reason it is quite likely to be
washed out of the soil and lost. The late Dr. Frank H. King, one of
our greatest soil chemists and long time professor in the University of
Wisconsin, urged great caution in the use of this sodium nitrate. The
nitrie acid is very likely to let go of the soda and unite with some other
base, and the carbonic acid of the soil will at the same time couple with
the soda, and thus we will have formed sodium carbonate, the black
alkali, which, as we know, is a very serious enemy of nearly all plants,

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 27

In soils that are poorly drained we often have too much of this black
alkali without adding any more. Its presence may not be apparent at
onee, but we are storing up trouble for our children, or the future
owners of the land, if we use this Chili saltpetre, especially on poorly
drained soils. If, however, sodium nitrate is used in connection with
gypsum less harm will occur. The organic nitrogen secured in dried
blood and tankage is without objection, and though slower to act, is
very sure to be available sooner or later, and can be used with little or
no loss. It is well to remember that the Germans, among whom are
many expert scientists, advise and use much commercial fertilizers,
mueh more than we do in America. It is also significant that their crop
production is often much heavier and of finer quality. We must
remember that our citrus trees are tremendous producers, and so must
be very generously fed. Indeed, our most successful growers in Cali-
fornia are generally those who use commercial fertilizers in greatest
abundance. It is not presumptious, I think, to predict that in the near
future all citrus growers will grow luxuriant cover crops, will use
abundant stable fertilizer, and will supplement these by a lberal use
of commercial fertilizer. I am glad to append here the practice of
some of our best orchardists.

The late Judge A. F. Call, of Corona, California, was a successful
citrus grower and spoke from experience. He thought lemons need
more nitrogen than do oranges; preferred organic or a slow-acting
nitrogen ; supplied the orange with nitrogen in the spring and the lemon
in both spring and fall; he used no potash; he believed phosphoric acid
valuable, would apply it at any time, but wished it drilled deeply in
the soil; he was a firm believer in cover crops.

Mr. Frank L. Palmer, of North Pomona, would use for phosphoric
acid high grade tankage early in the season; or, if bone meal is pre-
ferred, plows it under in the early winter. He often adds superphos-
phate in midsummer, drilling it in after irrigation. He believes in
sulphate of potash, applied with drill in the fall. He decides at the
beginning of the year how much of each fertilizer he will use throughout
the season, and then uses the separates to supply the amount desired.

Mr. C. C. Chapman, of Fullerton, uses from fifteen to twenty pounds
of complete fertilizer, containing nine per cent nitrogen to each large
tree. He supplements this with three to four pounds nitrate of soda in
the early spring. He applies five to seven pounds of potash and ten to
fifteen pounds, running eighteen to twenty per cent of superphosphate,
or eighteen to twenty pounds, running twenty to thirty per cent of
ground bone. He drills in deeply, all but the nitrate of soda.

The question of using home-mixed or separate, fertilizers, or a com-
plete fertilizer, is not easy to answer. That the latter is most expensive
there is no question. If one is willing to study the question thoroughly

28° CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

and proceed with wisdom and energy, there is little doubt but that to
use the elements separately, or to mix them at home, will save much
money and will give good results.

IRRIGATION.

It has already been suggested that trees should never be allowed to
feel the need of water. Lack of proper irrigation is the cause of many
of the failures in citrus culture. Irrigation should be deep down. If
the grade in the orchard is slight, the run need not be so long. If
great, it should be longer and the stream smaller. Cross furrows made
with a subsoiler twelve or fourteen inches deep will often give excellent
results. Zigzageing the furrows among the trees, so as to get water
on all sides of each tree, gives the water better chance to get down to
the roots, and is often practiced with no little satisfaction. The great
desideratum is to give plenty of moisture to all of the roots all of the
time. It will pay admirably to dig a ditch from just under the trees to
the middle point between four trees at different parts of the orchard,
and at not too long intervals of time, to note just the condition of the
soil as to moisture and the way the roots are developing. Such practice.
will often bring great surprises to the orchardist, who vainly imagines
that his trees are being liberally supplied with all needed moisture.
The King soil tester is less valuable only as it fails to show root distri-
bution. It costs about seven dollars, and is worth many times that
amount. It enables one to investigate the subsoil six feet down from
the surface very quickly, easily and cheaply.

In case of a side hill, we may follow the practice so common in
Calabria, Italy, and in parts of Switzerland, of terracing the hill slopes,
though it is usually more satisfactory to contour the slope as we plant
our trees, and thus we may irrigate as easily as we can on a more level
field. The great Arlington orchard of Riverside County, and the
Limoneira orchard of Ventura County are examples of where this last
method is practiced with entire satisfaction. As previously stated, the
grade of the orchard must be made perfect before trees are planted.

In the citrus groves, no matter what age, filling the furrows and
cultivating the ground should be practiced just as soon after a rain
or irrigation as it is possible to get on to the land without injuring it.
Indeed, the ground should never be permitted to bake. The gauge to
proper tillage with a clay soil is the entire absence of lumps or elods.
In plowing clay soil it is the wisest plan never to leave the field until
all the day’s plowing is thoroughly harrowed, as the possible lumps
are easily pulverized while they are yet moist.

It remains to be said that clay soils are more retentive of moisture
than are sandy soils, and will need less and less frequent irrigations ;

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 29

that sandy soils will be more retentive of moisture if well supplied with
humus; and all should remember that no thorough orchardist will wait
until his trees show by wilt of foliage that they are thirsty before he
turns on the water.

PRUNING.

After the shaping up of the yearling orange tree little more pruning
is called for, other than to cut out all the dead limbs or to cut back or
off the tco ambitious suckers or water sprouts; though if the trees are
headed low, as they should be, it will be wise to trim up from the ground
only enough to permit cultivation of all the surface soil close up to the
trees. This low heading protects the trees from the sun. Some of our
most excellent orchardists prune, even the orange, more thoroughly,
cutting out the weakest of all competing branches and letting in the
sun, believing that they thus secure larger foliage and more fruit wood.
With the lemon, more pruning is usually done. It is found that more
and better fruit is secured if the trees are cut back and the centers
somewhat thinned. It is now the common practice of our best lemon
growers to thin out and cut back the branches every year. These
prunings in small orchards may be cut up by the use of a hand pruner,
though many orchardists use a cutting box, which runs by power and
is drawn between the rows of trees, to cut these prunings into rather
short lengths, which are then plowed under. I believe this is a very
wise practice. Those with small holdings may combine and secure a

. power cutter to be used in common. There is one custom among almost
all citrus fruit men that I can but believe is wholly wrong. I refer to
the fact that the branches are permitted to hug the ground. This
precludes cultivation close up to the trees, and if there is a growth of
grass or weeds under the trees in early spring and on up to summer,
this is likely to be untouched, and there is a heavy loss of water by
transpiration from this undergrowth. If the soil is not broken up, it
is dead soil, and there is great consequent loss. I am firmly of the
opinion that the whole soil close up to the tree should be mellowed
deeply at each cultivation of the orchard, even though general practice
is to the contrary, so that there may be a splendid, dry, fine earth
mulch, of at least four inches, always covering the entire surface of
the ground. Some of our ablest orchardists, notably Mr. C. C. Chap-
man of the ‘‘Old Mission’’ brand, practice this low pruning, and are

30 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

not content unless all of the soil is mellowed everywhere, even up to the
very trunk of the tree. It is only in a mellowed, aerated soil that the
bacterial action, so necessary to root activity, can take place; so all
uncultivated area is waste land. He who leaves the earth under the
tree hard and uneultivated is satisfied with the ‘‘half loaf’? when a

whole one is entirely within his reach.

SCHEDULE OF CULTIVATION.

The first cultivation of the calendar year will generally be when the
cover crop is plowed under in February. If a too wet soil forbids work
in February, then as soon thereafter as the soil is in condition to be
worked. This early plowing promotes rapid decay, as the moist soil
induces bacterial action, and is best done by the use of a dise plow, and
dise harrow following right after, as any other will tear up some of the
vetch, ete., which should be kept wholly under the surface soil. In
case cover crops are not grown, many prefer to plow in January. This
is a good time to plow under bone meal, tankage or other organic
fertilizers. The cultivation after this, until September, should be just.
sufficient to preserve the four to six-inch dry earth mulch. Cultivating
at varying depths prevents the formation of irrigating hardpan, which
must never be permitted to form. Early deep plowing also helps to
prevent the formation of plow sole. Of course cultivation will follow
irrigation as soon as the soil can be worked without injury. In Sep-
tember the seed for the cover crop will be drilled in after the phosphates
have been placed deep down in the soil. These latter may be placed
in the furrows or drilled in in ease one does not plow. If necessary,
the cover crop should be irrigated in the fall months, and if desired,
the crop can be grown in drills far enough apart to be cultivated.
Some excellent citrus growers are growing alfalfa in their orchards as
an experiment, in which case no cultivation is required, and bacterial
nitrogen is being manufactured in the soil every week of the year. In
this case much water must be at one’s command and most liberally used.
This is better grown in alternate rows of the orchard for three years,
then plowed under and the other rows utilized for alfalfa as before for
the same period. This practice has not been general at all, but some,
notably Mr. Hampton, of Corona, who have tried it have expressed
themselves well pleased. Dr. Hopkins suggests that alfalfa be grown
in a separate field, hauled to the orchard, and worked into the soil.
He says it is as well to convert this into concentrated fruit products,
like oranges and lemons, as into beef, pork and mutton.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 31

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR CITRUS ORCHARDS.

By one of the most experienced and successful citrus growers of California.

Wagon. Perhaps first of all is needed a substantial wagon with
strong bolster springs for hauling fruit and other miscellaneous pur-
poses about the place. Most orchardists prefer low wheels for con-
venience of handling.

Plows. A strong 10-inch or 12-inch share plow is almost indis-
pensable, as is also a smaller 6-inch or 8-inch plow. The old-fashioned
mold-board plow with roller coulter and chain is considered a superior
tool for plowing under the cover crop. When properly handled, and
not always run at the same depth, it most effectively stirs the soil and
buries the green manure deep below the surface.

The disk plow throwing one or two furrows is in very common use
for orchard plowing, and for handling a heavy growth of vegetation
it is easily operated without the annoyance of coulter and chain. It
is also well adapted to stony ground, though its work, even there, is
not the equal of mold-board plowing. Either the mold-board or disk
plow will require two, four or six horses, according to depth. Large
horses, or better, mules, are a requisite in citrus culture.

Whether using the mold-board or disk plow it is usually necessary
to break out the first furrow or two next the trees—or the last furrows,
as the case may be—with the smaller walking plow drawn by a single
animal, or by two hitched tandem.

Harrows. The adjustable tooth-harrow is in frequent demand for
following the plows on cloddy soil and for dragging over the irrigated
furrows in advance of the cultivator.

The disk harrow is indispensable for use on ground covered with
litter of any sort. The orchard extension-disk harrow is so designed
that it may be operated well back under the trees when desirable, and
at other times altered so as to cut no more than five feet wide. When
extended one group of disks works under the tree while the other group
works out in the center of the space, leaving six feet between them to be
worked with another disk or to be disked later when the extension rods
have been removed and the two groups of disks set close together.

Cultivator. The cultivator must be strong enough to cultivate
freely to a depth of ten inches when desired, and it must be so con-
structed that it may be operated at varying depths and forced to those
depths by its full weight and the proper type of shovels or chisel teeth.

Hinged extensions on the ends of the cultivator beam are often used
for cultivation under low-hanging and wide-spreading trees.

32 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Marker or Furrower. The marker, for making the irrigation fur-
rows, is not unlike the cultivator in strength and design, except that
it carries on its beam only two, or three, sometimes four or five, stout
bread shovels, depending on the number of furrows desired. It is a
common practice among smaller growers to alter the cultivator each time
marking out is necessary by the mere substitution of shovels for the
teeth, reversing the operation again before cultivation is necessary.
Thus one tool serves a double purpose.

The marker may be extended in the same way as the cultivator.

Subsoiler. (Fig. 15). This is a most important tool in the citrus
orchard, and yet it is probably the tool that has been used least of all.
Cross subsciling to a depth of from sixteen to eighteen inches at right
angles to the irrigation furrows and midway between the trees greatly
facilitates deep irrigation and improves the aeration of all of the soil.

Fic. 15.--Subsoiler at work in an orchard. (After Lelong.)

An occasional subsciling, say every third year, of the entire cultivated
area at intervals of two feet and in two directions to a depth four
inches below the deepest plowed and cultivated depth will break up
plow sole or irrigation hardpan and supply the much needed air that
is too often shut out from the roots.

Drills. The seceding of cover-crops is usually done with the drill.
The ‘‘disk’’ drill instead of the ‘‘hoe’’ drill has many advantages
where trashy ground may be encountered.

Commercial fertilizer is usually drilled into the soil and to as great
a depth as possible. A tendeney to believe in applying a part of the

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 33

fertilizer underneath the spread of the branches or as close to them as
possible has called for a low, squat drill with seeding box extending
out at either end beyond the wheels. This is well exemplified in some
of the later models of orchard drills now on the market.

Efforts to put on the market a satisfactory combined seeder and
fertilizer drill that will handle all kinds of both materials in the proper
quantities per acre have not as yet been altogether a success. Such a
drill is greatly needed for the smaller orchardist. Fle who has but a
few acres may more profitably hire his seeding done, or rent a drill, or
perhaps own a small interest with others in a community drill, because
the tool is used so very seldom during the year. The same applies to
the fertilizing.

Spraying Outfit. In most localities the spraying of citrus trees at
one or another season of the year is a commercial necessity: Small
orchardists usually find it cheaper to buy and mix their own materials
and hire the owner of a machine to come and do the spraying. In the
larger grove the power spray outfit, with gas engine, force pump and
200-gallon to 250-gallon tank with agitator, is now a part of the regular
equipment. Very satisfactory work is being done with the barrel spray
pump in some small orchards. This requires one man to operate the
hand pump while another handles the nozzle.

Miscellaneous Tools. Other tools might be mentioned, such as the
one-horse cultivator and one-horse marker often used in young orchards,
the ‘‘eyclone’’ and ‘‘straight knife’’ for cutting weeds, the spring-tooth
harrow, the reversible disk and share plows for hillside and special
needs, the brush cutter for chopping up the prunings to be thrown into
the orchard for mulch, the manure spreader, tank wagon, fumigation
cart, scrapers and drag-floats for leveling and grading the land, long
handled and hand pruning shears, curved saw, grafting wax or, if pre-
ferred, thin putty, clippers with curved points, King’s soil tester,
ladders and other picking equipment, pruning tools, and the many
smaller hand tools. But these are either such common ordinary..tools_
that each man is in a position to enumerate his own needs and select
the best obtainable in his community, or they are tools that may be
dispensed with altogether except under such conditions as confront the
larger orchardist or the orchardist whose needs are exceptional.

Single-trees and Double-trees. At all times and in all places in the
orchard the shortest possible double-trees and single-trees should be
used, as at best they are a great menace to smooth and low-hanging
branches. Leather protections, or guards, over -the clips are.wise..

precautions.
5—cc

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

PICKING.

There are three things which must be carefully observed in picking
citrus fruit. First in importance is careful handling. This applies to
all kinds of citrus fruit. They must not suffer the least bruise, as any
wound forms a seed bed for the ever present blue mold spores, which
are terribly fatal to successful shipping; no clipper-cut wound; no
thorn-puncture, no bruise from rough handling. The uninjured skin
of an orange or lemon is resistant to the common process of decay.
Mr. C. C. Chapman called attention to this in his admirable lecture at
the Long Beach Seaside Institute about 1904. But until Dr. G. Harold
Powell demonstrated the importance of this care thousands of dollars
were lost, where there is now hardly any loss.

Again, care as to the size is also important. Picking with a ring
makes this sure and easy. The orange box, which is 114 by 114 by 24
inches, will hold as follows:

Number ia box | Diameter a | satanpine are

Sea ha eee eo 34 inches 12 by 12

OG: Stee a a ee ee ne 34 inches 12 by 12
QO oS he es oe ae a en EN ete ett 34— inches 12 by 12
LD ee aes ee ee eee oe ote Ae 34 inches 11 by 11
2 Fame le Dea er we aap ie Peg gc aan RO wn PRS NP eee 33 inches 11 by 11
ELS () ce Sian ee eo eae a ae veh Seen oye 3 inches 11 by 11
Dee a i a el ee Ae 2% inches 10 by 10
DOO rds ites ert as oer en es cee eae een eRe ee 22 inches 10 by 10
OW Geese Soe 2 Se eee ee ee Oa ee eee ee 23 inches 9 by 9
QO Sie nee oo See ee eee Sees 23 inches 9 by 9
209) ook ee ine See eae eee eee ee ee 23 inches 8byS
Poet a ae ne en aR uh OM ide chek nina chk Ean eet 2% inches 8by 8

The lemon box, which is 102 by 134 by 25, will hold as follows:

Number in box | atte . | wiping aver
O10) soos eet ess edasewe see otetee eee ecess a seesaw | 2% inches 10 by 10
DA (edeenmcee ateten atte nat wide Su ney ang Nay ies | 28 inches 9by 9
CPA 0 Rea gr aa er eo eee ee ee Pe eee 23 inches 9 by 9
BOOMs eS ats eee Sec nec ante eee eee 23 inches 8by8
Ai 5) D Looe Ste, ME Nees hee ts NED NS GR DO PSDs Ante tel hs ob MOEN ANU ODE SERRE 24 inches 8by 8
AD nose oes e Ree w esa ks re eRe ee eke 2% inches 8by8
Ge eas on oe ee eae oe 2+ inches Thy 7
$90) ose es ere Se ee eee eee see 2 inches Tby 7

<—
e

CS
.

e

58s
a

OC)
Oo

<
FE
seats

OD
ete
ce
ese

@
IR
OR

216 $8
3X3-6
OLIYEL

LPO S
4Ax3-6
b key ey

£86 S
Ax4-—6

6 Layer

IZF 5
IxXA-G

elayey

CC)
Bote

LIOS
Nex
bhiyery

LAOS
IXZ-E

6 Laer

Zyros
INL-GF
bliyty

00 f
JIX2Z-/0
6 iayty

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 41

A box of oranges will hold from eighty to three hundred and sixty,
according to size. The weight will vary with variety, but will average
about sixty-six pounds of fruit; the total weight averaging about sev-
enty-five pounds. In case of oranges and pomelos, they are not picked
until ripe, or should not be, while lemons are better picked green,
especially if a desirable size is attained. Lemons picked green and cured
in the packing-house will ship better and are the only ones suitable for
long shipment. All lemons, except those that ripen on the trees before
reaching the desired size, are cured in the packing-house. Oranges and
pomelos are usually kept only two or three days until the skin softens
by evaporation, when they are more easily packed. Pomelos are some-
times held successfully for weeks before shipment. The lemons must
color and this takes time. This curing improves the appearance, thick-
ness and texture of the lemon peel, giving it a soft kid-glove finish.
Lemons are sometimes kept in the packing-house for ten weeks before
they are sufficiently cured. It is possible to hold them much longer
than this if market conditions require it.

The fruit should always be picked by use of curved-pointed clippers
and the picking sack, which can be carried and emptied without bruising
the fruit, and should be drawn to the packing-house on cars or wagons
with good springs. The rule to be observed, ever and always, “‘ handle
all citrus fruits as though they were egegs.’’

42 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

THE PACKING-HOUSE.

The packing-house of to-day is a masterpiece of study and skill, and
is the result of much thought and experience. The precooling, automatic
handling, and easy, gentle working are a surprise to one a stranger to
such perfection. A description of the model packing-house of to-day
would take much time and space. The only way to become informed
is to visit a model house. The lemon house of the Limoneira Company
at Santa Paula, where the Teague tents permit easy and ready ventila-
tion, and cheap, admirable curing, represents one type; while the other
type with its refrigerator room is well shown in the model house at
Pomona. Both types should be visited and thoroughly studied by those
contemplating building a packing-house.

A lemon must be perfectly clean and bright, and so must be washed.
The washer must do its work very gently. We must remember that none
but the best is good enough. So much of intelligence is now devoted to
citrus culture that he who would succeed must be mindful of every
slightest detail. To-day picking gangs under an expert manager are
working so carefully and well that decay is greatly reduced. Soon all
citrus fruit will be picked by skilled pickers. The wrapping and pack-
ing is now a work of art, and this is well, as a neat pack will enhance
the selling price beyond belief.

GRADING.

Grading is a matter of great importance. The grading for quality
is done by hand, the sizing is done by machinery. Lemons are usually
sized by hand. The ‘‘fancy brand’’ must be bright, smooth and perfect.
‘-Choice’’ must be bright, but the skin may be a little rough and thick.
‘‘Standards’’ are less perfect in appearance, but are merchantable.
*“Culls’’ take all unmerchantable fruit. These may be plowed under
as a source of humus. Oranges before the sugar is developed or when
frosted should never be shipped at all. Such fruit is very likely to be
sold at a loss, and is very prejudicial to the interests of the industry
as a whole. Mr. C. C. Chapman said at the Long Beach Seaside Insti-
tute in 1904 that his brand, ‘‘Old Mission,’’ was worth as much as the
fruit itself. It should be the aim and determination of our citrus
growers to establish a brand that would be famed the country over.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 43

PLANT DISEASES.

Plant diseases may be considered under three heads: Physiological,
or plant sickness, fungous and insect attack. There are several ailments
that are wholly physiological. The plants or trees are sick. The most
common of these is chlorosis.

Chlorosis, Yellow Leaf, Variegated Leaf or Mottled Leaf.

This peculiar color is doubtless simply symptomatic. As pallor in
man, so chlorosis in plants, denotes disease—something is wrong. As in

Fic. 22,—Die-back on orange: A, showing gum pockets; B, cross-section of a Valencia,
showing gum at core; C, twig showing multiple buds and dead tips. (After Bssig.)
case of all physiological troubles the thing to do is to search for the
cause of the ill, and then apply the suggested remedy. In clay soils
with poor drainage the earth may be water logged, in which aeration
is impossible, and we have a dead soil. This last condition follows from
a hard, cemented soil, consequent upon imperfect cultivation. Artificial
or natural hardpan will also produce the same condition. Again the
plants may be thirsty and suffer from lack of moisture. The soil may
be impoverished and the plant ery out for food. Probably the great
eause is ‘‘malnutrition,’’ including both food and air. The artificial
hardpan referred to is a cemented soil, just below the plane of deepest

44 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

cultivation, usually consequent upon the cementing lime carbonate in
the water used in irrig:tion. Cultivating at different depths will tend
to break this up and relieve the trees. Dynamite will break up the
deep or natural hardpan. The trio of remedies for physiological ills

is right irrigation, cultivation and fertilization.

Exanthema—Florida Die-Back.
(Fic. 22.)

This disease is not well understood. The ends of the branches die;
frequently tufts of small twigs develop from supernumerary buds; the
bark roughens and shows lines of brown excrescence; gum pockets form
near the attachment of the leaves; the fruit is imperfect and often pale
yellow and insipid, and gum ferms in the fruit close akout the core;
dark green leaves appear, which, though they would seem to indicate
health, are really the result of the disease. It is claimed that gravelly
soils with coarse gravel for subsoils, or soils underlaid with hardpan
promote this disease, as do large appheations of stable fertilizer on such
soils, especially if the trees have previously lacked plant food. As
above advised, good care and removing the cause when possible is the
only known cure.

Gummosis—Gum Disease.

Mr. H. 8. Fawcett has shown that gum disease is often fungoid. The
gum is an incident. Fungoid attack of the bark is the real disease. It
affects all kinds of citrus trees, but lemons suffer most. Gum exudes at
various places, but in case of lemons, most at the crown near or at the
place where the bud was inserted. Injuries, improper irrigation and
earth compacted about the spot where the bud was inserted are enough
to cause the disease. It is best to have the bud above the earth and
avoid running water about the crown.

Mr. Faweett has produced gum disease of the lemon by inoculations
with the decaying bark; also from cultures. He finds two distinct
forms, both produced by common molds of the packing-house. In one,
the brown rot fungus (Pythiacystis citrophthora), the decay of the
inner and outer bark is almost coincident, and the diseased bark remains
hard, while in the other, gray fungus (Botrytis vulgaris), the outer
hark decays before the inner, and all becomes soft. The eure for both
is Bordeaux paste. (See Monthly Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 8, page 601,
August, 1913.)

Psorosus—Scaly Bark.
(Fic. 23.)
This trouble, not found in the lemon, is described in its name. The
cause ay be improper aeration or irrigation. When serious it is often

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 45
fatal. When only small areas or branches are attacked, by cutting
out and painting with wax a cure may be effected. This, like gummosis,
is not contagious, though its nature and cause are not fully known.
pe, : : :
This and mal di gomma described below may prove to be fungoid.

Fic. 23.—California scaly bark or psorosis on
orange. (After Fawcett.)

Mal di Gomma—Foot Rot.
This is only met on water-logged, clay soils, and is often fatal if not

speedily treated. There is decay of the roots from the origin down,

46 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

which ig serious. Removing the earth from the main roots, cutting out
the diseased portion and disinfecting will usually effeet a cure. My.
R. P. Cundiff, of Riverside, California, claims to have used large
quantities of gypsum, 50 per cent pure, working it into the earth about
the trees with apparently excellent results.

Splitting.

Ilere again the name tells the story. Oranges alone are attacked—
the oranges split. It is probably caused by spasms of growth caused
by irregularities in culture, irrigation or seasons. Navels, especially,
suffer. As we should expect, it is much more common some years than
others. We can do something, I think, by regularity and punctuality
in our care. Of course we can not control the seasons.

Puffing.

This is described by the name. The rind of the orange bulges out in
sections, is often very rough, and is easily injured in handling. I have
seen it very pronounced in case of trees pushed to extremes, by excessive
fertilization. The orange loses its flavor and is likely to become worth-
less. Soil and season seem to influence in this affection, and, as we
should expect, it is more serious some years than others. Improper
irrigation may be provocative of this disease.

Peteca.

In this disease, which is usually seen only in the packing-house on
lemons, there is a pitting of the surface of the fruit. It is injurious
only in marring the appearance of the lemon. The cause is obscure.

Brown Spot.

This is a serious affection, more frequent in the navel orange, which
marks the rind of the finest fruit, and appears only after the fruit is
picked for some days. Often there is no discoloration until the fruit
is shipped. It is early picked fruit that shows the spot. The cause of
this spotting is not certainly discovered. It would seem that some
injury to the epidermis of the fruit may be the seat of the troubie.
Brown spot is much less common near the coast. I first had samples
from San Fernando, then San Dimas, then Redlands, where that first
season it injured fifty per cent of the early picked fruit.

Fungi, Molds, Etc.

Our citrus trees often suffer severely from the attacks of fungi.

These very simple organisms are among the lowest of plants. They
develop no chlorophyll, do not take oxygen, but denend nan athan

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 47

organisms for their support. If the supporting organism is dead, we
call them saprophytes, in which case they do no harm. If living, then
they are parasites, and may work us great harm. They often produce
myriads of spores, very small seed-like bodies by which they reproduce.
Many put forth minute, thread-like growths, called hyphe, or the tangle,
mycelium. These threads which form the common mold, push into the
living tissue and sap from it its substance, or, to state it otherwise, feed
upon it. The larger and more highly developed are familiar to us in
the toadstools and mushrooms, others in the rusts, molds and mildews.

Blue Mold (Penicillium italicum) and Green Mold (P. digitatum).

We are all familiar with these molds. The myriad spores give the
color, blue or green. They are the common cause of rot in all citrus
fruits, and are not uncommon in many other fruits. They attack
almost exclusively injured fruit. This formerly was the cause of
millions of dollars loss to citrus growers. The masterly researches of
Mr. G. Harold Powell, expert of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, demonstrated the cause and remedy for this common rot, so
that now the loss from this cause is much lessened. Clpping and
handling the fruit so carefully as to produce no injury is a great pre-
ventive, and precooling or cooling it off in the cars by icing so that no
spores can germinate, has decreased the decay very greatly. The motto
of every citrus grower should be, ‘‘Handle all fruit as though it were
eggs,’’ and never bruise or wound in the least degree. Yet it remains
to be said that some fruit, fruit from certain localities and fruit from
orchards heavily manured, fails to stand up. There doubtless is sus-
ceptible fruit. It may he physiologically weak. The attack is also
increased apparently by a continued moist atmosphere.

Brown Rot (Pythiacystis citrophthora).

This is a very serious enemy of citrus fruits. The brownish color is
very characteristic. It is observed on the fruit, the leaves and lower
branches of the tree, in the packing-house and in the packed boxes. It
spreads rapidly from fruit to fruit, wherever they touch in boxes or
elsewhere. There is a characteristic odor of decomposing oil. It is
most common on lemons. The fungus grows and fruits in the soil and
in washing the fruit in the packing-house the spores that have blown
on the lemons in the grove collect in myriads in the water and play
havoe with the fruit, by being carried to every lemon. Professor Ralph
E. Smith and H. J. Ramsey, of the University of California (Whittier
Experiment Station), in suggesting bluestone (copper sulphate) as a
eure, and in working out methods of sanitary treatment in the packing-
house, conferred a rare service to the industry and to the State. Blue-
stone is placed in the washing water in the packing-house. Straw

48 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

placed under the trees, and to a lesser degree a cover crop, helps to keep
the spores from reaching the fruit. The usual strength of the bluestone
water for brown rot is one and one half pounds to one thousand gallons.

This fungus, as we have seen, causes one kind of gum disease of
lemon, see page 44.

Cottony Mold or White Rot (Sclerotinia libertiana).

This is much like the brown rot, except that it coats the fruit with
white. It attacks and often kills the twigs a foot or two from the end.
In this mold develop black bodies (sclerotia), another stage in the
erowth of the fungus. This fungus also develops in the soil, and is
more likely to attack lemons that are bruised. It is thought that cover
crops, especially vetch, which is also a host plant, favors this fungus.
Bluestone will aid in its control, but it must be stronger than for brown
rot. Professor Smith suggests that it may not be safe to use it strong
enough to be effective on account of injury to the fruit, in which case
the remedy must be to destroy it in the field. This fungus has been
found recently attacking the orange roots of full grown lemon trees,
entirely killing the trees in many instances, at the same time causing
more or less gummosis.

Gray Mold (Botrytis vulgaris).

This is the dark colored decay of lemons in which a gray fungus
develops. The fungus in the packing-house is not usually very serious,
but as we have seen, it is a cause of gum disease. (See Monthly Bulle-
tin, Vol. 2, No, 8, page 601, August, 1913.)

Wither-tip (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).

This fungus kills the twigs at their ends, spots the fruit and leaves,
and fells the latter to the ground. Mr. C. C. Teague says that this pest
has cost the Limoneira lemon grove more than all injurious insects
combined. I saw the plague in Mr. N. W. Blanchard’s orange orchard
so bad that the foliage looked as if it had been blighted by fire. This
disease is becoming more and more common in many orchards, and many
are now fighting it with no little suecess. It seems to he erratic, depend-
ing on seasons. Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur spray are the
specifics to use in its control. Care must be taken in the use of the
Bordeaux or injury may result. This is the more true if fumigation
follows soon after the spraying.

Damping Off (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium).

Two fungi seem to be responsible for damping off. The first named
fungus attacks the young seedlings at or just above the ground, causing

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 49

a deeay of the crown or stem, while the second may produce dead spots
at any point. Tmproper soil (it should be sand, at least on top), over-
irrigation and insufficient drainage are favorable to this disease.

Iria, 24.—Navel or black rot, Alternaria citri, infecting
the navel end. (After Amundsen.)

Navel Rot (Alternaria citri).
(Fig. 24.)

This rot attacks only the navel orange. It is not a true parasite, and
attacks the navel end only when it is injured in growth. It is thought
that moisture in the navel cavity may favor the disease, as autumn rains
seem to increase the affection. The navel is the finest winter variety
for all around use, and its seedlessness adds to its excellence. This rot
is one of its few drawbacks, but it is only occasionally that it becomes
of serious importance.

Root Rot (Oak-root Fungus, Armillaria mellea).
(Fig. 25.)

Where orange trees and many others replace oak trees in the foothills
and valleys a toadstool fungus, which previously infested the roots of
the oak, may attack and greatly injure the trees. It is common in
California, and often serious. Mr. Earl Morris, county horticultural
commissioner of Santa Clara County, regards it as the most serious
pest in the orchards of his county at the present time. It spreads to
other trees from the center of infection. Professor Smith suggests that
in case this disease is troublesome other and more resistant trees, like
walnuts or cherries, be grown in their stead. I have seen one case of

4—coc

50 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

(After Horne.)

Notice the toadstools at the base of the tree.

Fic. 25.—Pomelo attacked by the root-rot fungus.

a serious attack on the walnut. Professor Horne finds pears and figs
especially resistant to this disease.

All interested in citrus culture should possess Bulletin 218, Experi-
ment Station, University of California, by Professor Ralph E. Smith
and Elizabeth H. Smith. For one who wishes to study more deeply into
this intricate subject of fungi, ete., Duggar’s Fungous Diseases of
Plants will prove admirable.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. ol

INJURIOUS CITRUS INSECTS.

Insects are not so minute and obscure as are fungi, and their pestif-
erous work is much better understood. However, their ravages are often
alarming. It is stated that by very conservative estimate the amount
expended annually in California in insect control reaches the startling

Tic. 26.—Adult females and egg masses of the citrus mealy bug
(Pseudococcus citri) on orange. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

sum of one million dollars. The damage wrought by their attack doubt-
less far exceeds the million dollar mark. The United States government
estimates the damage by the pear thrips alone in California for the
last seven years at seven million dollars.

e

CALIFORNIA CLERUS CULTURE.

Tie. 27.—Cottony cushion — scale ie. 28.—S
y cus sei a. 28. oft brown scale (Coc
(foerna purchasi Mask. ) on hesperidwmn Linn.) on Co
orange twig. (Cal. Hort. Com.) twig. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

CALIFORNIA

Fic. 29.
at base of nightshade plant.

CIPRUS

CULTURE.

Full grown specimens of black scale, Saissetia olew (Bern.),
Many of these were under the surface of
the soil. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Int.)

ON

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Via. 30.—Aspidiotus hederw (Vall.) on lemon and in
such cases known as the lemon peel scale. (Essig,
P.-C. Jr. Ent.)

Fic, 31.—Red scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii (Mask. )
on orange. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Fic. 32.—Yellow or citrus scale, Chrysomphalus cttrinus (Coq.), on
orange leaf. (After Essig.)

CITRUS CULTURE.

ALIFORNIA

\

C

6

0

wsivedde jI sv uoos sy

“AIBNAQIAT 0} Aquarion
“peq settooveq Jsed
Way ATvposUl avg je Addy

‘Ivedde aI, SB Uo0OS Sy
‘Iveddv aol, sv uoOs SY
‘IvoddeB vol[ Se WwoOoS

“Ivoddv sol] Sv UoO0S SY
‘Avedde att se uoOs SY
‘Ioqmuiajdey puv jsusuy

‘UMOUY st aouasotd sv uoOSs SY
“Ivadde sold} Wo Al

“tvodde

SoquNnu asTVp osvo ur ALTO

IATPNASep sMMOdaq SoU VotLAL

‘sivoddy jt sv uoos sy

‘Ivadde so}IU of} SV MOOS SY

‘OG OF T “[uWs plow

“Qde,y “TON ‘poeyos Worl est,
‘OT 01 T [Hts plow
“Qivy) "TON ‘poyos tolesimay

“1ajoqaoy *N pus
SIDUIPAD)I SNILON XG po[[O.ywo,

‘OOOL OF LT ‘OF JROTOR[_

‘OG OF [ Uols[utts plow olfoque,)
‘OOOT OF LT OF FVePPORIC
‘0S 0} [ UOlspLute prow orpoq.ae
‘OOOT OF TOF F¥eTPO RIT
‘OG OJ [ UOlspnute plow o1poqaey
“OOOT OF LT OF FVEOPpPri,
‘OG OJ [ UWOTS[nuy ple oTpoq. rey)
‘OO9T OF TOF FROPPUIG
‘OG OL [T Uorlspntes prove orpoq.tey

—-sdtliy} asnoyteats 10y se oulrg

‘OOST OF T ‘OF Fe9T
-PVv[_ ‘OS o} T ‘anygdyjns-owry

-sjood punore sprydpusiq woqte,)

SeAds [LOUSY

*yued
vod F 01 G ‘Autds aydpus-ouVvy

---“O}U TAATIS at} OZ sv olurg
‘jued 10d & OF g ANYyas

cs G
<u ands puew ow Ai

Apotmoyy

SuUUON

~~ PUA

PUA puw aovrpouy

JMIJ puw sseI[oy

--"~9@Sel[oJ pue seyouvrg

asVI[OT
grins asain aSVI[O
Ea Bae as VsSBI[OT
Sy ee oe adLIOS
~aSUBAIO JO aoRI[O
“IMAP pUv IsUIpOT
THULEZ pUuvw asVT[OoT
Rieter eae $]001

*soSuURLO

oq) Ul sefoy 1Ugy

THUY puv sselpO oy
Bee tae ISUIOT
‘asulpoy ‘sapourrg

IOAN

‘(sie snurdsihuo]

SNoVI0I0pNAST) Suq A[BIW PaflB}-suo'T
*(OSSTY

MYL snovOI0pNI8g) sng ATBIUT SULIT
“CHSBIV

ispyoind plidaoy) afBos Worysnd AU0}}0F)

‘SLOASNI 3A1VOS
; *(qo0ST
DYUDAND vlgpdoroy,) ISNOT SNA Yorlq_

-(*2[Ng Dostad snsiyg) pryde yoved Woolf
“Corysy 2704
asno[, SNA}ID Weel ty

“1110 WN YAWOLID TL )

(taiopy udiissoé siydp) styde wopoyy

Isso] 7.00) sryd FP) pryde snaj ATPOO AY
‘3011 LNW 1d
(qynoyy 2479 sdicygng) sdtaq}y saajt,)
‘(Cog Ssippploy.L
sdiuq} asnoquea.4y
‘SdIYHL
Sows yf) 918} TOMUIO,)

“LNV SLIHM

-Loway sdr.tyjona yf )

(tissoy subnpron)

CUNT] wn poflend, WNLpNAI0.LIUTE) PIpsLIV YT

‘QIdALV™
“(Som sipid
“spp snyohunijay) dJeptds pedi suai)
*(CCAIVTT
Spd] NopULG SNYyIiudsQA T, ) WE poyods-N1S

~~ (CULYSY snwo219j]0 sahydotug) a AIATTS
“SALIWN

‘SSHHaAL SNALIO JO SLSdd 4O AVAGNYTVO

CITRUS CULTURE.

CALIFORNIA

*paotjou Ist atv syoR]zV Wo AY

“OATPONASep SB UOOS SW

‘PAT@AODSIP lB BAILT Sv
*paotjou st eseuup se

uo00s SY
uoos SV
uoos

"Ivodde STAOM JSIY SV sV

‘soave, UO Ivedde Arey UetTAL

‘savodde say JL Wet AY
(‘dour
TAAVTOY MA

-m09 JON)

*SNOLIOS
‘SHOLI8S LoA0TIOT AL

‘dodd 0} sdvUE SotOdaq JT
‘sdo.ad 0} doBUETU ¥B SI a[vIS

vet AL

‘aATJoNAYSep stvodde opBos Wet AL
‘aul} ATW

‘oul) ATW

‘stvedde a[vos of} Wel] Ay
‘T Arenuve 0} T Aloqutajdeg
‘[ Savnuve 0} f£ aaquta}dag

‘TE Jsusuy 07 OG ATUL

*LABSSVDIM ADAVTOY AY.

[Bormes.y

-yord) puvyy

[Bolues1Ty

ON

ON

= LON

“spuRd

‘spueq

apnpeyas
apupelpas
apupeyas
apapeyos

apnpeyas
apupeypas

a[Apeyos

apupeyas

—--[ ‘ON apupetpos £

--"[T ‘ON o[upeyos F

JUBITVA 0} YSNOUE
----£ "ON 9[npatpos

“"“"T ‘ON 9[Upeyos F

*sf{eds
JOOJOTSURT,

sfvads [Bollas.y

“Sul

‘sfvaids [voluesIy
skeids [Bolus ty

*sABaIds
JOOJo[SuURT,
‘TOTP RSTUN
“TOTPRSTUN
‘TOT VSTUN
‘Toles

‘UOT VSIUIN
‘TOT RSID, T

‘TOTP RSTUD

Adesseoott JON

AIBssodoU JON

‘UOT RSTUIN
“TON VSIUIA

“WOM esIUIn
*[O.1}UO00
SNOlas JON
UO BSN]

‘WON BSI

ISRO

ISVI[OT

pecans asUBIO JO ISVI[O
ite he cae vsuvlo JO JIMA

ester aia aetna oe VSRIPOT
Rabies abana ire as oe OSVILOT
“Jy ‘eserpoy ‘seqoursrg
““}II} ‘asvipoy ‘soyouvrg
“yy ‘eserpoy ‘seqouvig

emia JINAF PUB VSBILOT
“T}IMAy ‘osvrpoy ‘seyoursrg

“~ymMay fosulpoy ‘seyourasg
*(AT[BNsO ‘sedra1
JInIy puv ssvrlpogy
* (sedi
asRIfOT

do} )
oot}) JmMdy pus

ies aseljoy pur
moma osRI[OJ puv

satourig
sopouRlg

eae esUT[OJ puv soypourig

eee eerie sotpurig

““asVl[OJ puv SatpUBIG [[V

“aSVI[OJ
Tapuay,

pus = seyoueaq

*(CuI0R
snbiuosp) af}eeq asot S.daTN Gy
*(oarTT 040s 0012019017 )
af}Jaeq = JequINoNdD pa}jOds-aAfaAi} UW191s9A\
‘SS1L353q
“Cpslog
uondyoz odd) SsOp ass8UBIO BITIOJI[LRO
TTT CUA DUDALLD L110 7) XT1I0O] VSURICD
“(CuUqUE, vionvds vsopiwod
DUWOMPLId) UWAIOM JNO pa] BsolIe A
‘A1SdYSaLING GNV SHLOW
“CH
pue "Y Ly soposhiopy) AY aM snayio

aoqpng

-DUE

TC YSMOY) Upunbsod DILO] DAD) IBIS Feyo
“Cyoed
11.4220]70 saydvsopidaT) a[BoS S,1aA0[D
(CUMIN tyoog soydnsopidaT ) apeos a[dang
“Chop
Snureio snpoydwosliayg) a[BosS MOTAX
CYS wpupend snpoydimoshiasyg ) eds poy
*(uury
UNPUOD Ssnpoyduoshsy) B[VoS ped VpLo[

SE aes CUBA Dtopay snzompidsy) ayeos Lay

~~ (CUSIG DIjauvI snjorpidsF) s[eos Lpae1iy)

*(‘ysul0op
wtg1d sidspuoiy)) sidsvuoryg asurntg
ene ((‘Ulsgq M370 DiZassiMY) e8[BOS Yovl_
“(SIBl, Dowayds

way =bijassingy) = aywos — [BoLeydstmepT
‘(bop

wnsoumad winding) afeos paso

“"(USIG snzpbuojd sno009g) apeos snpnsuory
*Cuary

wnpilwodsoy snI009) e288 WMOIq og

‘Alda SLIHM

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Fic. 33.—Purple scale, Lenidosavhes beckii (Newm.),

on leaf. (Essig, Bull. 2, C. Pom. Cl.)

Itc. 34.—Adult citrus white fly
(Aleyrodes citri R. & H.). En-
lurged fifteen times. After
Quayle. Courtesy California
Iixperiment Station. )

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

lta. 35.—Larve and pupe of the citrus white fly. (Aleyrodes
citri R. & H.) on the under side of an orange leaf. Enlarged
three times. (After Essig.)

ou

oS

60

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

PREDACEOUS INSECTS PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS.

Predator

LACEWINGS.

Brown lacewing (Sympherobius angus-
tus Bks.)
Green lacewing

Coy.)
Tlemerobius pacificus Bks,-~----------

(Chrysopa californica

LADYBIRD BEETLES.

Hippodamia convergens Guer, ~~~ ---
Two-stabbed Jadybird beetle (Chiloco-
rus bivulnerus Mauls.)
Steel-blue ladybird (Orcus

Boisd.)
Avion plagiatus Oliy.-- ~~ --------- ne
Latow pitatit. Mus, 222 s=ceeeetoe
Harochomus californicus Casey ——-----
Cruptogonus orbiculus Schon._—~~------ ;
Cryptolamus monutrousicri: Muls. ~~~
Hypcraspis latcralis Muls._-__-_-------
Seymnus sordidus Horn...-..---.--=<

chalybeus

Neymnus guttulatus Lee, ---------- ~~

Neymnus nebulosus Lee. --

Neymnus marginicollis Mann.__

Nicthorus vagans Blackb,__~~__~ =

Vedalia (Novius cardinalis Muls.)——~~

Novius kebelei Olliff.----..-_--------

Black ladybird (Rhizobius ventralis
Er.)

SYRPHID FLIES.

Large syrphid (Lasiophthicus pyrastri
Linn.)

American syrphid (Syrphus americana
Wied.)

Small syrphid (Allograpta obliqua Say)

Pest preyed upon

Moenly

bugs, mites.

Mealy bugs, plant lice, mites.

Mites,

Plant
Scale

lice, young scale insects.
insects.

Scale insects.

Scale insects.
Scale insects.
Scale insects, plant lice,
Mealy bugs.
Mealy bugs.
Mealy bugs
Plant lice,
scales,
Mealy bugs.
Mealy bugs, plant lice.
Scale insects and plant lice.
Mites.
Cottony cushion scale.
Cottony cushion seale.
Black scale, mealy bugs.

and other seale insects,

mealy Dues, young armored

Plant lice.
Plant lice.

Plant lice.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 61

A

I'tc. 36.—Adult female cf Cryptolemus Fic. 387.—The two-stabbed ladybird
montrouzierit Muls. (Essig, BP. C. Jr. beetle, Chilocorus bivilnerus Muls.
Ent.)

Itc, 388.—The vedalia, Novius cardnalis
Muls.

sre acewing "hryso salifornica C ) E ; s the

MG. 39.—The green lacewing (Chrysopa californica Cod.). A, larva; B, eggs on tl

= slender stalks; C, cocoon opencd ; D, cocoon closed; E and FI, adult females. (Essig,
D OO Tr FRnt )

62 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Tra. 40.—Soft brown seale (Coccus hesperidium
Linn.), showing exit holes of true parasites. (After
Quayle. Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)

Ita. 41.—Mummied bodies of the citrus aphid (Toxroptera aurantic
exit holes of the internal parasites. (Hssig, P. C. Jr. Tent. )

v Koch), showing

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 63

INTERNAL PARASITES PREYING UPON CITRUS PESTS.

Parasite

HYMENOPTEROUS.
Aphidius testaceipes (Cress.)~~-------
Charips xanthopsis (Ashm.)—~-------~-
Comys fusca How.------------------
Encyrtus flavus How._---
Neutellista cyanea Motsch
Chrysoplatycerus splendens How.__----
Cheiloneurus dactylopii How. --------
Tomocera californica How. ----------~
Aphycus flavus How._----------
Aphycus immaculatus How. _---------
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw._-------~
Prospaltella aurantii How,_~---~~----
Signiphora occidentalis Tow. ~~ -_-----
Aphelinus diaspidis How. -----------
Coccophagus lunulatus How,.---------
Coccophagus lecanii (Witch) --~------
Eupelmus mirabilis (Walsh) _~-------

DIPTEROUS.
Cryptochetum icerywr
Leucopis bella Loew.__---------------

Pest preyed upon

Citrus aphids.

Black citrus louse.

Frosted scale.

Soft brown scale.

Black and hemispherical scales.
Mealy bug.

Mealy bug.

Black scale.

Soft brown scale.

Red scale.

Red, yellow, purple scales.
Yellow and purple scales.
Yellow scale.

Red scale.

Red scale.

Soft brown scale.

Eggs of katydid.

Cottony cushion scale,
Mealy bugs.

FIs. he.
citrinus Craw.

42.—The purple scale parasite, Aspidiotiphagus
(After Howard.)

64 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

i 1G. 43. —Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw. i, es
larva; 3, larva within the body of a yellow genies
rt pupa. Greatly enlarged. (After Quayle.
Courtesy Cal. Exp. Sta.)

Ita, 44.—Scutellista cyanea Motsch. (After
Howard.)

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 65

SPRAYS.

For many years spraying was the only known method for the control
of citrus pests, but the discovery of fumigation and the use of hydro-
cyanic gases has practically eliminated commercial spraying in the
citrus orchards for injurious insects. Fungus diseases, however, are
still to be controlled by spraying, including such fungicides as Bordeaux
mixture and lime-sulphur.

Plant lice are controlled entirely by the use of contact sprays, chief
of which are carbolic acid emulsion and tobacco decoction.

In a number of instances it has been found practical to control certain
scale insects by the use of sprays. Young seed bed stock is usually
dipped in resin wash or sprayed with an oil emulsion to kill young
scale. It has been found that the carbolic acid emulsion is a cheap and
ready means of controlling the citrus mealy bug.

Only the most important spray formule are given in this work:

Bordeaux Mixture.

UWnslaked: lim 6s. se a ee 4 pounds
Copper sulphate (bluestone) _-______________-_-__--__________ 4 pounds
Wraten ate a ee eh Se ee Pe ee 50 gallons

The task of mixing these chemicals, where large quantities of the
spray is used, is no small thing in itself. A great deal of study has
been given to the construction of suitable mixing apparatus.

The first consideration is to get the materials high enough on a plat-
form so that they can-be easily and rapidly placed in the spraying
tanks of the power machines. This is done by constructing at convenient
places in the orchard, platforms large enough to hold a large box for
slaking lime, a lime solution agitator, and a vat for dissolving bluestone.
Such a platform is about 12 feet square and 44 feet high. A large
standpipe for filling the tanks is desirable, or the water must be pumped
into the tank while the solutions are being added.

The lime is first slaked in a common vat for that purpose. It is
necessary to keep the slaked hme agitated properly when it is being
-drawn off to mix with the bluestone in the spraying tank.

The bluestone vat contains slats, across the entire box or simply
across one end. These slats must be low enough so that the bluestone,
which is placed upon them in sacks, will be completely immersed in the
water. This method admits quick dissolving of the bluestone, much
more rapidly than if simply poured into the tank and stirred.

The lime and bluestone are mixed with a given amount of water so
that the proper quantities of the resultant solutions can be measured
.so as to give the mixture the strength of the above formula.

5—cc

66 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

The sieve used should be made of brass wire and contain twenty

meshes to the inch.
This spray is used on such fungus diseases as wither-tip, brown rot,

Fic. 46.—An excellent type of a power sprayer costing $350.00. (Courtesy
Bean Spray Pump Co.)

Bordeaux Paste.

1 pound of bluestone (copper sulphate) dissolved in one gallon of water in a
wooden or earthen vessel. This can best be done by hanging it in a sack
in the top of the water.

2 pounds of unslaked lime, slaked in about one half gallon of water. Some
variation from these proportions may be made without greatly changing
the value of the paste.

Stir together when cool, making a hight blue mixture about the con-
sistency of whitewash. If the mixture turns to some other color before
being applied, it is an indication that something is wrong. Mix up
fresh each day or two, as the mixed paste tends to deteriorate with age.
It may be applied with a large brush as whitewash. A wash made of
equal parts of lime and sulphur (self-boiled) is also being tried out.
This may prove equally as good.

This paste is apphed to the trunks of lemon trees which are affected
with gum disease.

Commercial Tobacco Extracts.

The extract containing two and three quarters per cent nicotine
should be diluted to sixty parts of water. The extract containing forty
per cent nicotine should be diluted from one to one thousand parts or
one to fifteen hundred parts of water.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 67

Commercial Lime-Sulphur.

The commercial spray is a perfectly clear liquid, easy to handle and
needing only to be properly diluted for use. It is usually sold in barrel
lots. There are two common brands upon the market in California,
sold under the trade names, ‘‘Rex’’ and ‘‘Ortho,’’ though there are
other sprays equally as good manufactured elsewhere.

For red spider on citrus trees this spray is applied as a two or three
per cent solution.

Carbolic Acid Emulsion.

SW bial] @O es Oa ee ee ee Se 40 pounds
@wruade ea bolic sci ts he eee Cee 5 gallons
Wialtels tonite oe 2S ee 5 te Bee a ee pe ee 40 gallons

Dissolve the soap in hot-water (the soap must be entirely dissolved) ;
add the carbolic acid and heat to the boiling point for twenty minutes
(reserve some water to add in case the mixture begins to boil over).
For use add twenty gallons of water to every gallon of the above stock
solution. The emulsion needs little or no agitation.

This spray is especially recommended for mealy bugs, but is also
suitable for plant lice and soft brown scale. It is also a good contact
insecticide for ants.

Resin Wash.
Though not a true emulsion and fast losing prominence as a spray,

this wash is included here because of its value as a spray and dip for
plants with tender foliage.

Resin), cesses see Sa a Sees Se ee 10 pounds
Caustie-soda (76 per cent) 2-222 oa ee eee 3 pounds
Wish: Oil) 2.222202 sSe eee bese s hoe ee 13 pounds
Water 2225623 ees sce ce ese eo cass sess sas sececss= 50 gallons

Put oil, resin and a gallon of water in an iron kettle and heat until
the resin is softened ; add the lye (dissolved in a small amount of water)
and stir thoroughly, after which add enough water to make fifty gallons
of spraying material.

This wash is only effective for young scale insects, plant lice, or other
soft-bodied insects.

Lead Arsenate.

No. 1. Commercially prepared.

Lead arsenate (paste) -------------_--------------- 6 to 8 pounds

Water 2022022. So Be ee See ee ee 100 gallons
No. 2.

Arsenate of lead (powder) —~------------------------- 2 to 8 pounds

Walter 2. 28222 ee ee tee eee eee 100 gallons

Preparation—Simply dissolve the paste cr powder in the required
amount of water or in a small amount and add the remainder for use.
A poison spray for leaf-eating insects.

68 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

DUSTS.

A number of valuable insecticides are applied dry, as dusts. They
are easy to mix and handle, and are often of great service to the farmer
and orchardist, especially in controlling red spiders or mites on citrus
trees.

Flowers of Sulphur.

For a number of years flowers of sulphur was used alone as a remedy
for mites on citrus trees. It was distributed over the trees by hand or
with a blower in the early morning when the foliage was damp, thus
enabling it to adhere. The warm sunshine oxidizes the sulphur, the
liberated sulphur-dioxide being the killing factor. Accordingly, sulphur
is of little avail in the cool summer weather of the coast counties or
during the winter months anywhere. However, in the warm interior
districts this is still a very effective remedy for mites.

Fic. 45.—A power blower for applying dust sprays in
: orchards. About forty acres can be treated in one day
with such a machine. It costs $115.00.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 69

Lime and Sulphur.

Even better than sulphur alone is hydrated lime and flowers of
sulphur mixed in equal parts and blown upon the trees with a power
machine, as is shown in Fig. 45. In the citrus orchards this is a very
important method of controlling the citrus red spider (Tetranychus
mytilaspidis) and the six-spotted or yellow mite (J'etranychus bimacu-
latus).

TANGLEFOOT BANDS.

To prevent insects from crawling up the trunks of trees and plants
sticky bands have been devised which have proven exceedingly success-
ful in many instances.

Tree tanglefoot is a thick, sticky substance which, when applied as a
band, remains moist for several weeks and is a very effective barrier
against cankerworms, caterpillars, cutworms, Fuller’s rose beetle and
other crawling insects.

The material is put up in cans. It should be applied directly to the

. trunk of the tree several feet above the ground.

*FUMIGATION.

Fumigation consists in the generation and uses of gases to kill destruc-
tive insect pests. Formerly such practices were limited to the uses of
carbon bisulfid, sulphur dioxid and tobacco fumes. The use of hydro-
eyanic acid gas in citrus orchards has lately been so perfected as to
become of very great importance, and has opened up a remarkable field
in the control of orchard pests.

HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS.

Hydrocyanic acid gas is generated by the addition of diluted sul-
phuric acid to sodium or potassium cyanide. The generation is made
in an earthenware jar, the gas being confined in a fumigation house,
or, if the work is being done in the orchard, in a tent thrown over the
tree. For many years the methods of fumigation depended entirely
upon each fumigator, there being no uniform or common procedure.
The results of this early work so clearly showed the need of systematism

*From “Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California,’ The Monthly Bulletin of
the State Commission of Horticulture, Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2, 1913.

70 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

that the United States Department of Agriculture set experts to work
out a reliable and uniform system of procedure. Dr. A. W. Morrill
inaugurated our present system of marked tents and a system of dosage,
which is known as ‘‘The Morrill System.’’ This work was done in
Florida. Later Mr. R. 8. Woglum began operations in California and
greatly perfected this system so as to make it at once practical and
available to all the orchardists.

TENTS.

Shape. In order to conform as near as practicable to the form of
a tree, fumigation tents are made in the shape of an octagon (8-sided)

Fic. 47.—Showing shape and method of marking tent. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)

(Fig. 47). If the tents were square the corners would be a constant
and unnecessary annoyance.

For small trees bell tents were formerly made by cutting the tents
circular and sewing a strong hoop around the bottom. Such tents are
seldom if ever used at the present time.

Size. The size of a tent naturally depends upon the size of the tree.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 71

For young orchards a twenty-foot tent will serve until the trees are
about four years old, and the tents can then be enlarged by simply
sewing a border around the edges. This border might just as well be
made of lighter and less expensive materials. In this way an orchard
may be carried over until the ordinary orchard tents can be used. In
fact many fumigators do use a large tent upon a small tree by placing
a suitable square or triangular frame around the tree to support the

tent or if the trees are strong enough to allow them to support the
tents unaided.

Fic. 48..—Marked fumigating tent over tree. (After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

For ordinary work forty-five-foot tents are commonly used and meet
all requirements of a full grown orchard, except for unusually large
trees, many of which require seventy or eighty-foot tents. It is custom-
ary, however, to use two or even three tents together when there is only
an occasional large tree.

Materials. Tlie life and nature of a fumigation outfit depends upon
the quality and care of the tents. Many materials have been recom-
mended and tried, army duck and drills of various weights being those
most used. Special tight-woven drill tents were recommended by
fumigating investigators, but these materials, though allowing but a
small escape of gas, have not been able to stand the rough usage. After

Ti CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

a

several years of trial with the drills it is becoming the unanimous
opinion of fumigators that by far the best all around tent material is
the eight-ounce army duck. Though somewhat coarse and open it is
able to hold the gas well and may be used almost twice as long as the
drills.

Tents should be ordered a little larger to allow for shrinkage when
dipped.

ee sae)

Fic. 49.—Apparatus for dipping tents in tannin to prevent
mildew. (After Woglum.)

Dipping. To prevent moulding and rotting, new tents are usually
treated in a tannin bath. <A suitable outfit for this work is shown in
Fig. 49.

The tank should have a capacity of from two hundred and fifty to
three hundred gallons. Oakbark extract of tannin is used at the rate
of one pound to every five gallons of water. Six or eight pounds of

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 73

tannin and the amount of water removed with the tent should be added
after each is dipped.

The tannin solution should be brought to a boil and the tents immersed
for half an hour, after which they are removed and spread out to dry.

A forty-five foot tent will shrink about one foot all around in dipping
(allowing for some stretching by use afterwards).

The cost of dipping for tannin, fuel, labor, ete., amounts to about
$1.20 to $1.50 outside of equipment.

Marking. Because of the shrinkage it is preferable to mark the
tents after dipping.

The usual practice consists in marking three one and a half or two-
inch parallel lines across the tent three feet apart. Three lines are
made in preference to one, so that when the tent is put over the tree
one of these lines will be sure to pass over the center. The measure-
ments over the tree are ascertained by numbering each foot across the
tent, beginning in the middle, and numbering each way, as shown in
Fig. 47. The first four numbers are not designated because they are
seldom if ever used. The cost of marking and stenciling the numbers
averages about seventy-five cents a tent.

Number for Outfit. The ordinary fumigating outfit consists ot
from thirty to forty tents, a number which five men are capable of
throwing and dosing at hourly intervals. An increase in apparatus
or men for handling and dosing will naturally admit of an increase in
this number.

Care. Greatest care should be exercised to prevent acid coming in
contact with the tents, for every contact results in a large or small hole.
Every day each tent should be carefully examined and all holes covered
with sewed patches. Failure to follow these suggestions means poor
and unsatisfactory work.

CHEMICAL WAGONS.

Under the old system of scheduling and estimating, the dosage for
every tree was made up at some central point in the orchard and dis-
tributed in carriers by hand. The new system of determining and
making the dosage of every tree separately gave rise to the chemical
cart or wagon, which carries a full supply of acid, cyanide and water
in easily available shape.

The sulphuric acid should be kept in an earthenware or lead-lined
container and drawn off through a rubber siphon or outlet. An ordi-
nary keg or barrel with a faucet will hold the water and a tight box is
all that is necessary for the cyanide. Dosage schedules, graduates,
clamps, rubber gloves, scales and sufficient light complete the outfit.
(Figs. 50, 51.)

74 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Acid Container. For ordinary work a three, five or ten-gallon
earthenware jar is sufficient. A lead lid for the top and a three fourths
inch iron pipe inserted through a hole in the side near the bottom with
a piece of pure rubber tubing six inches long and closed by a clamp
is a cheap and practical device. Lead-lined tanks are more durable,
but also much more expensive.

Water Tank. As there is three times as much water used as acid
the water tank must necessarily be larger. For a hand cart a pickle
keg is excellent, while a twenty-five or fifty-gallon barrel may be neces-
sary for a large wagon. An extension pipe and faucet furnish the
outlet which should be near that of the acid tank.

Graduates. The quantity of acid and water used depends entirely
upon the amount of cyanide required for a dose. For every ounce of
potassium eyanide one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid and three fluid

Tic. 50.—A cheap and satisfactory hand chemical cart. (Photo by Vaile.)

ounces of water are used, while for sodium cyanide one and a half
fluid ounces of sulphuric acid and two fluid ounces of water are used.
As this is a fixed ratio in each case, graduates have been made to
measure out the exact amount of the liquid required in the terms of the
number of ounces of cyanide; for instance, if it required twelve ounces
of sodium cyanide for a dose the acid graduate is so sealed that it would
be filled to the twelve ounce line, which would mean eighteen liquid
ounces and the water graduate to the twelve ounce line, which would
be twenty-four liquid ounces. Such a scheme makes it unnecessary to
make mental calculations and thus avoids mistakes. .

on

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

~

ACID GENERATORS.

Acid generators are earthenware pots usually made in gallon, two-
gallon and three-gallon sizes and with or without lids (Fig. 52). The
lid has long been recognized as a valuable adjunct to a generator by
throwing the gas outward, thus preventing burnings directly above the
generator. It also prevents the sputtering over of the acid due to the
violent chemical reaction when the cyanide is added. So far there
appears to be no lid manufactured which is entirely satisfactory,
though nearly all fumigators prefer those on the market to the open
generator. A suitable lid should be light and hinged so as to admit of
easy emptying.

Fic. 51.—A specially constructed chemical wagon. (Photo by Fawcett.)

The two-gallon generator is more generally used because it more
nearly meets the requirements of large and small doses. Care should
be exercised not to fill a single pot more than one third full of acid and
water before the cyanide is added as the contents may boil over and
much of it be wasted. For large doses use two or more generators to a
tree. To prevent unnecessary sputtering, especially when open genera-
tors are used, small cheap paper bags are excellent to contain the cyanide
when it is dropped into the acid.

76 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

MEASURING THE TENTS.

The air space of the tents is determined by a schedule based wpon
the cubical contents which in actual field operations is determined by
the distances over and around the tent when it covers a tree. The
distance over is easily ascertained by the marked lines across the tent—
the sum of the two figures nearest the ground being taken. The distance

Fic. 52.—Acid generators showing residue remaining because of careless emptying.
(After Pierce, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

around is often paced, but careful fumigators use a tapeline, which is
certainly the only procedure to be recommended. The tapeline should
be numbered in feet on both sides, the numbering of each side being
opposite so as to admit of the use of either end without subtraction. A
small, light snap is usually sewed to each end, to be fastened to the ring
at the top of a short iron pin stuck in the ground to hold the loose end
while the tape is carried around the tent.

DOSAGE SCHEDULES.

These schedules are printed on fairly stiff paper so that they may
be tacked upon a board for the use of the cyanide man. The figures
are black and large enough to be plainly seen by the light of a torch
or lantern on the darkest night. Half and quarter ounces are omitted,
because of the difficulty in reading the small fractions at night and
because few scales are made to register these small amounts accurately.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 77

All less than half ounces are placed in the lower figure, while half
ounces or over are placed in the next higher figure. A more convenient
way of fixing up the schedule is to have a cylinder made of zine, with
a narrow slot, the width of a row of figures, covered by a glass, and a
wooden roller on the inside, similar to a rolling pin. Each end of the
eylinder is closed by a cap with a hole in the center, in which turns
the handles of the wooden roller. The chart or schedule is attached
to the roller so as to revolve in the cylinder. The figures of the distances
around are pasted along the top of the slot to conform with the hke
numbers on the schedule. In finding the dosage one has only to turn
the roller until the distance over shows at the left-hand end of the slot;
the figure at the top of the slot shows the distance around. In this way,
the chart is kept perfectly dry and bright and the possibilities of making
a mistake are reduced to a minimum. This arrangement was first
invented by Mr. C. E. McFadden, Fullerton, California, who used it
on all of his chemical carts.

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT.

Rubber gloves for handling the acid graduate and generators, pure
rubber tubing for drawing off the acid, acid clamps or cut-offs to control
the flow, a pair of scales registering ounces, thermometer and good
lights are as necessary as any of the other equipment.

CHEMICALS.

The chemicals used for generating hydrocyanie acid gas in fumigat-
ing work are potassium or sodium cyanide, commercial sulphuric acid
and water. The cyanide is usually handled in the 200-pound cases and
the acid in steel drums weighing from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds.

Cyanide. For many years potassium cyanide 98-99 per cent pure
was thought to be the best and only reliable source of hydrocyanic acid
gas. It was formerly used to the exclusion of all others, and is still
preferred by many who do not wish to add the injurious residue of
sodium cyanide to their soil, and also by those who do not see enough
advantages in sodium cyanide to warrant a change.

There are two grades of sodium cyanide: the 98-100 per cent pure,
which is totally unfit for fumigation purposes because of the impurities
it contains, and the pure 129-130 per cent sodium cyanide, which is used
almost exclusively for fumigation work. This product, though some-
what more expensive than the potasisum cyanide per pound, has much
more available hydrocyanic acid gas and consequently a smaller amount
is necessary, which is enough smaller to make the cost of dosage less
than that for potassium cyanide, and is therefore fast displacing it.
Much has been said for and against the sodium cyanide relative to the
burning of fruit and foliage, but this is still an unsettled point.

8 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

=!
o

Both of the cyanides are good and reliable, and the deciding features
will probably always be the supply available and the price.

Fic. 53.—The McFadden tent-hoisting machine. (After Woglum. )

Sulphuric Acid. Fumigating sulphuric acid has a specific gravity
of about 66 degrees Baumé, often containing traces of nitric acid and
arsenic, lead or zine. It has been the current belief that nitric acid
especially caused the burning of the fruit and foliage so often the
results of fumigating work, but R. S. Woglum in Bull. No. 90, Part I,
page 42, U. 8. Dept. Agrel., Bureau Entomology, states that this is an
erroneous belief. It should always be the aim of every fruit grower to
get good grades of sulphuric acid, which is not at all difficult at the
present time.

CHEMICAL PROPORTIONS.
Potassium Cyanide:
Potassium cyanide ounce
Sulphuric acid ________________ fluid ounce
WEA C pe oo hee a te 2 ee Ee eee 3 fluid ounces
Sodium Cyanide:
Sodium cyanide 1 ounce
Sulphuriciacid: ste ee Sh ee ee See 13 fluid ounces
Weller 2o3 oes 22 es ee Beene ee ea i 2

fluid ounces

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 79

METHODS OF PROCEDURE.

For an outfit of thirty or thirty-five tents five men are required to
operate to an advantage. Two men pull the tents and kick in the edges
around the bottom. One man, the taper, takes the measurements of the
tree and calls them off to the man who weighs out the cyanide. After
determining the dosage this man also empties the generators from the
row just finished and has them ready for the next trees by the time the
chemical cart arrives. The man who weighs the cyanide determines the
dose on the schedule from the measurements called out by the man who
measures the tents. The cyanide man also lifts the tent so that the
last man who measures out the acid and water in the generators may
place them well under the tree, after which the cyanide is added. In
no case should the acid man touch the tents. While the chemical men
are dosing one tree the taper is getting the measurements for the next
tree ready in advance. In brief, the procedure is as follows: putting
the tents over the trees, measuring and dosing. The string of thirty
tents can be easily dosed within forty-five minutes or an hour. Methods
of procedure vary considerably, the above being general.

For extra large trees a special tent-hoisting apparatus (Fig. 53)
has been devised by Mr. C. E. McFadden, with which a 70 or 80-foot
tent can be easily and quickly put over the largest citrus trees.

DOSAGE.

The amount of cyanide used depends upon the pest to be treated.
Accordingly several schedules (Figs. 54, 55) have been made, based
upon dosage schedule No. 1 for purple or red scale made by R. S.
Woglum. This dosage consists of one and a half ounces of potassium
cyanide to every one hundred cubic feet of air space. The schedule
dosage for black scale usually consists of three fourths of schedule
No. 1 and is designated dosage schedule No. 2.

If sodium cyanide is used the dosages are reduced 25 per cent.

Black Scale. Either dosage schedule No. ? or $ for potassium
cyanide or 4 for sodium cyanide. The smaller dosage is recommended
only where there is an even hatch of very young scale insects.

Purple, Red, Yellow Scale. Use dosage schedule No. 1 for potas-
sium cyanide and No. 2 for sodium cyanide.

Mealy Bug. The same dosage as for black scale gives almost as
good results as the heavier doses.

80 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Distance over tree.

8 J2022/2426728 fo [32 [3
- f

16
{18
20
22
‘|g 24
ito Frozro: Sane & “426 |
a ae T eee 28-
3 rovalrarereg
19 20/2024 0
Tals lisiie fiGi07 ish 2a 2
13 F415 [16 [1778 (6, ilazile 4%
4 [5 ite (17 [7/08 i920 é
(6 16:17 [tal9 F2o'2r|

|
ites es

(40142|44/46|48950 152

1718 [192020 122
21 22/23
a2 922/23 24)25 25.926
125125 26926272
425/262

Distance around tree.

[re aie Ze ets} 36 36)38)39)41 59

Fic. 54.—Schedule No. 1. The first few dosages should be doubled.
(U. 8S. Dept. Agrel.)

LENGTH OF EXPOSURE.
The time required to complete the generation of the gas is not long,
but it is advisable to leave the tents upon the trees for at least forty-five

minutes after the dosage is placed under the tent. Some prefer thirty
minutes, while others insist upon a full hour.

TIME OF OPERATION.

For red, purple and yellow scale fumigation work is usually done
during the winter or spring months. If black scale is present the time
of operation covers the period from the middle of August to the middle
of January, depending somewhat upon the individual locality.

TEMPERATURE.
To avoid the heat of the sun, fumigation is ordinarily done during the
night, when the atmosphere is cool. Cloudy cool days may admit of

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 81

some work, but all day operations are liable to cause severe burnings of
fruit and foliage.

Excessive cold is also liable to cause disastrous results. Keep a
thermometer on the wagon and do not operate under the following
conditions: when the temperature is 70 degrees Fahr. or more above
zero or when it is 36 degrees Fahr. or less. This latter temperature
should be carefully avoided, especially upon damp or wet nights.

Hot, electric winds also tend to produce severe burning, and all work
should be suspended on nights they are blowing.

Orchards previously sprayed with Bordeaux mixture should not be
fumigated, as there results a chemical reaction which is exceedingly
damaging to the fruit and foliage.

VENTURA COUNTY ORT CU IORAL COMMISSIONER
FUMIGATING SCHEDULE FOR BLACK SCALE
SODIUM CYANIDE

DISTANCE AROUND, IN FEET

DISTANCE OVER, IN Feet

16] 18} 20] 22] 24] 26 | 28] 30] 32] 34] 36 | a8 | 40] 42] 44 | 46] 48
wfafifafafa 10
wiyajail2}2]e2]e2 12
wa} a2[2]/2/2}2)2)/3s]3 [3s [3 [3s [a | 14
wf} 2);2}2])/2/3/3/3),3 |3 1/4 /4 [a 4| 4 16
w]}2]}2]2]/3s|3)/3})4f4fala]a [a 4] 6 18
20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |38 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 48 | co | 2! 54 | 66 | 58 | co

20 2{/3[ 3[ 4]/4]4]4]4 [a [os 5| 5| 6] 5] 6| 6 20
22 a4{/4]4]4]4 ]4]5 |5 5| 5{ 6] 6| 6] 6 22
24 4/4/44 ]/5 |5 [5 |6 6| 6| 6] 6] 7] 7 | 24
26 4/6/65 {5 |6 |6 6] 6} 6] 7] 8] 8 8| 8] 8| 8 26
28 5/5 |6 |6 {6 6| 7| 7] 8|8]s8 s{ 8| 9| 9 28

30 | 32 | 34 | 36 | 38 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 52] 54| na | 58] 60] 62] o4| ool 68
30 5 |6 {6 |6 |7 7} 8| 8} 8 {s{s| s{ 9| 10{ 11] 11] 11] 11] 12] 12] 30
32 7 18 8| 8| 8 9 | 9 | 10] 10] 11] 11] a1] 11] 12} 12] 13] 32
34 8 8| 8| 9 | 10] 10] 11 | 11] 11] 11] 11] 12] 12] 13] 18] 13] 34
36 8 8{ 9 | 10] 10] a1] 11 | 12] 11] 12] 13] 13] 13] 13 14] 14] 36
38 a{ 9 { 10 { 11] 21 { 11 | 12] 12] 13] 13] 13] 14] 14] 14] 15] 38

40 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 52] 54] 56 | 53] Go| 62] «4] ool os
40 a! 10] 11] 11] 11] 21 | 12] 13] 13] 14] 14] 14] 15] 16] 15] 40
41 ur] a] a2] 1a | a2 | 13) 13] 14] 14] 14] 15] 16] 13] 16] 42
42 11] 11] 12 | 13 | 13] 14] 14] 14] 15] 15] 15) 16] 16] 44
43 12| 13] 13 | 14] 14] 14] 15] 15] 15] 16] 16] 17] 46
4 13 | 14] 14] 14] 16] 15] 15] 16] 17] 17| 48

bo | 52/54] 56] se] col 62] oa! ool o8
2 13 | 14] 14] 15] 16] 15{ 16] 17) 17] 17] 50
ba 1a | 14] 15] 15] 15] 16] 17] 17 17) 17] 52
47 a4] 34] 15] 15] 26] 17) 17] 17] 17) 18) 54
res 14| 15] 15] 16] 17] 17] 17] 17] 18] 18) 56
2 14| 15] 16] 16] 17] 17] 17] 17} 18] 19) 58

NOTE.—Quarter and half ounces are omitted to make the achedule more practical for field conditions,
Prop: for mixing Cyanide 1, Sulphuric Acid 1%, Water 2.

Fic. 55..-Dosage schedule No. 3 for black scale using sodium cyanide as prepared by
Woglum. (Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent.)

BUYING MATERIALS.

Fumigating acid and cyanide are usually bought in large lots by the
fumigating contractor, the various associations, the counties and large
orchard companies who are able to get the benefits of a much reduced

6—cc

82 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

price. Until within the last few years the owner of a small orchard
was not thus benefited unless the association to which he belonged or
the county bought his materials. A co-operative company in the south-
ern part of the State composed of the citrus growers themselves and
known as the Fruit Growers’ Supply Company, now gives its members
the advantage of the prices obtained by making large purchases.

BLOCK FUMIGATION.

The spread of scale insects in citrus orchards is very rapid, and under
ordinary methods of fumigation, where only part of a district is treated
each year, there is always a source of re-infestation from the trees which
have not been fumigated for from one to several years. To eliminate
this condition it is exceedingly desirable to fumigate large blocks or
tracts of orchards the same year and thus place each upon the same
basis. This is known as block fumigation and should be encouraged in
every possible way, as it has great advantages over the usual haphazard
fumigation of a district. All citrus growers should possess ‘‘ Insects
of California,’’ Monthly Bulletin, State Commission Horticulture,
Vol. II, 1913, No. 1-2, which is mailed free on application.

DECADENCE OF CITRUS GROVES.

There has been no little discussion of late regarding deterioration
of our citrus trees. The condition of some of our groves and the fact
that increase of production does not keep pace with the increase in
planting lends some apparent color to this contention. Yet we know
that in Europe trees a century old are still vigorous and productive.
Some of our oldest orchards in California have lost none of their health
or productiveness. It has been suggested that our Washington Navels,
in their developed excellence, have yielded some of their strength and
vitality, and so may deteriorate while yet young; yet there are old
Washington Navel trees that still show a maximum of vigor and pro-
ductivity.

The Real Facts.

We must remember that our citrus trees are marvelous producers;
they know no rest season—no off years. Does it not stand to reason
then that they must have the very best care and attention? If they
are suffering from insufficient food or water; if the soil is hard and
compact so that aeration is impossible; if they rest on impervious hard-
pan, then what wonder if they show decline or utterly suceumb, In

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 83

such cases would it not be more correct to apply the term ‘‘decadence’”’
to the manager or management than to the citrus trees? If our groves
are failing in vigor then we should cast about and look sharply to the
care which they are receiving. Is the soil rich in fertility; is there
always abundant moisture; is aeration perfect ; is there no show of hard-
pan or cemented subsoil; is there no disease, either fungoid, physio-
logical or insect attack? If the orchardist can answer ‘‘no’’ to all these
questions, then I believe he can give an emphatic ‘‘no’’ to any question
of decadence. I saw lemon trees in Sicily said to be one hundred or two
hundred years old. There they do not force their trees and expect little
or no fruit for the first eight years. The famous orange grove of
Mr. N. W. Blanchard of Santa Paula did not produce till eleven years
old, since which time it has been an enormous producer and the trees
have shown no decline of vigor.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CITRUS TREES.

Citrus trees belong to the family Rutacew, which includes our Amer-
ican prickly ash and hop tree. The genus Citrus comprises the orange,

Fic. 56.—Branch and fruit of Citrus trifol-
iata. Half size. (After Lelong.)

lemon, citron, pomelo, lime, ete. They are aromatic, glandular, shrubs
or trees, usually thorny, leaves alternate, with petioles more or less

84 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

winged, compound though usually unifoliate; the joint between petiole
and leaf shows that the apparent simple leaf is really compound ; in one
species trifoliate; flowers, pink or white, sweet-scented, hermaphrodite,
calyx cupulate, three to five toothed ; petals, four to eight, linear oblong
imbricated in the bud; stamens, twenty to sixty, rarely only five; fila-
ments more or less united; ovary compound, with five to many united
carpals, one style and stigma, ovules, five to eight in each carpal in two
rows; fruit a berry, spherical, oblong or pear-shaped with thick leathery
rind containing numerous oil cells, pulp, juicy, aromatic; juice con-
tained in curiously formed sacs, the form possessing possibly specific
importance. Supposed origin of this genus is Cochin China or the
Malayan Islands.

Citrus trifoliata Linn.

In its trifoliate deciduous foliage this species from Japan is peculiar.
It is a shrub or small tree, very thorny (Fig. 56) with spherical yellow
fruit and valuable commercially only as a hedge plant and for stock
on which to bud the commercial orange and lemon. It is thought to
dwarf the latter and may be more hardy than other stock. As pre-
viously stated, sour stock is now thought to be greatly preferable. It
endures more cold, and so Dr. H. J. Webber has originated hybrids
between this and the orange in hope of securing the frost resistance
of the trifoliata and something of the excellence of the orange.

Citrus aurantium Linn. var. amara Linn.

This orange, known as Bigaradia (sour or bitter orange), also the
Seville orange, is thought to be the original of all our oranges. The
leaf is broadly winged, the flowers sweet-scented and the fruit spherical.
It was brought early to Florida by the Spaniards and ran wild. The
fruit (Fig. 57) is too bitter and sour for commercial purposes, but is
sometimes used for marmalade. The seeds are large and prized, as
the seedlings are thought by some to be more hardy and vigorous than
are those from other seeds, and it is also said to stand neglect better,
and to be more resistant to gum diseases. If the stock does influence
the scion or bud, it is not obvious in this case, as the fruit seems not
inferior. Mr. Lelong thought the Bigaradia inferior as stock to the
sweet orange, for he says: ‘‘The trunks are not as large as those on
sweet stock and show less expansion of root system.’’ Our best author-
ities today favor strongly sour orange stock. There is considerable
variation in these sour oranges. Lelong mentioned ten marked strains.
Dr. Webber says there are only two, the bitter orange, prized as stock
for budding, and the bitter-sweet, which is more pleasing to the taste.
It is claimed by some that this is a well marked species, and the fact

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 85

that its peculiar sourness and bitter flavor persists would seem to sustain
this contention. It is, however, very similar to the sweet orange. Dr.
G. Harold Powell informs me that the stock of the bitter orange is
universally used in lemon growing in Italy.

Fic. 57.—The sour or bitter orange (Citrus aurantium var. amara Linn.
(After Lelong.)

Citrus aurantium Linn. var. sinensis Engler.

This is our common sweet orange and includes all the subvarieties
so familiar to us. These subvarieties are often as marked as the variety
itself. Its excellence and commercial importance makes it a great
favorite, and so it is much grown and subject to varied care and treat-
ment. This is doubtless the cause in great part of its many variations.
Unaided nature has given us the superb navel orange. Does this not
show that the orange is susceptible to change and improvement, in
short, to marked bud variation? We believe we are safe in saying that
the skillful breeder has great opportunity to create an orange that may
greatly distance in excellence and productivity any yet produced.

The leaves of the sweet orange are oblong and pointed, petiole nar-

(After Lelong.)

Reduced.

Fic. 58.—The Washington navel orange.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 87

rowly winged, fruit of varying color—yellow to orange—size and form
from spherical to oblong, pulp when ripe, sweet and delicious. The
seéds are large and much valued for planting. The tree is from twenty
to forty feet in height.

The Washington Navel Orange.
(Fig. 58.)

The most prized and excellent variety in California is the Wash-
ington navel. This in its perfection is at present certainly incompar-
able, not only as an orange, but as a fruit. The peculiar scar at the
blossom or calyx end, and the fact that it was brought to Washington
from Bahia, Brazil, by the Department of Agriculture in 1870, has
given it the name of Washington navel. Two trees were brought from
Washington, D. C., to Riverside, California, and thus a second name—
Riverside navel. From these two trees buds have been taken in pro-
fusion, and thus our ‘‘King of Oranges’’ is now widely distributed,
keenly relished and in great demand. The navel is the unmistakable
mark, though occasionally found in cther kinds of oranges and very
rarely in lemons. This navel seems to be like a proliferous rose where
the stem pushes through the flower and bears a second rose. Some
wild flowers (Salvia) exhibit the same peculiarity. Here the second
orange simply reaches the surface, though occasionally it pushes up
partly through the rind, and rarely we have a second orange surmount-
ing the fruit. The orange is seedless, which may be due to the fact
that this second fruit prevents the pollen threads from pushing through
to fecundate the seeds. The pollen being useless, nature has robbed the
navel bloom of this product. Occasionally, although very rarely, pollen
from other sources is effective and we have seeds, even in the navel.
This fact suggests that in the near future all our citrus fruits will be
rid of seeds. This navel orange is large, highly colored, pulp luscious,
very sweet, flavor incomparable. It will always be a favorite. The tree
is a profuse bearer, and of course must have most generous treatment.
Decadent care will result in decadent trees.

An inferior navel, both in tree and fruit, is known as the Australian
navel. Some think it is merely a sport of the Washington navel, while
others think it is distinct It is a shy bearer and produces a coarse,
undesirable fruit.

The Washington navel is not ready for the market in southern Cali-
fornia till January, though often shipped for the holiday trade and
may last, not greatly impaired in excellence, till July. In northern
California it ripens earlier. In Florida this variety is a shy bearer
and does not give the satisfaction that it does in Arizona and California.
As remarked above, other varieties occasionally exhibit the navel cicatrix.

88 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Valencia Late.

This orange, also known as Hart’s Late and Hart’s Tardiff, is second
in importance only to the navel. It is the only commercial summer
orange in the world. It reaches maturity in May and increases in

rs

Fic. 59.—Valencia late. (After Lelong. )

perfection until late November. Like the navel, it is very productive
has a smooth skin, melting pulp, is nearly seedless, and is a very
superior fruit. In color it is inferior to the navel. Sometimes the

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 89

green color returns, after the fruit yellows. In California it is now
deservedly a great favorite with the growers, as it is everywhere with
the consumers. It has of late years in many sections of California
rivalled the navel in numbers planted. Without doubt, it is very wise
to plant these two varieties in about equal numbers, giving the navel
possibly in some sections somewhat the advantage. For the commer-
cial orchard no other subvarieties are thought by many of our best
citrus growers to be worthy of attention.

Fic. 60.—Thompson’s improved navel. Reduced.
(After Lelong. )

Thompson’s Improved Navel.

This is strikingly like the Washington navel, but has a very thin,
smooth skin and is exceedingly beautiful. It does not equal the Wash-

90 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

ington navel in quality. It is doubtless simply a sport of the Washing-
ton navel, and is able to bequeath its desirable characteristics to its
budded descendents.

Fic. 61.

Jaffa orange. Natural size. (After Lelong.)

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 91

Other Subvarieties.

There are many other oranges that have real merit and would be
worthy of consideration in planting, except that the ones mentioned
above are so much superior.

E

Paper rind St. Michael. Natural size.
(After Lelong. )

Ita. 62.

Seedlings.
These secured without the labor of budding are of course cheaper,

but they are correspondingly less valuable. The fruit is small, the
trees very tall, so that picking is expensive, and yet these seedling
orchards are often very profitable. Usually, however, they are budded
over to more desirable kinds, but many possessors of such orchards
think them too profitable to make this wise. Seedling trees often bear

enormous crops.

a

92 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Homosassa.
This orange originated in Florida, where it is a favorite. It is

large, yellowish, pulp delicious, acidity moderate, sweetness marked.
The season in Florida is from December to February, the usual time for
fruiting in that state. It is rarely seen in California.

Jaffa. (Fig. 61.)

This beautiful orange comes from the Holy Land. It is very juicy
with melting pulp. Had we not such varieties as the navel and Valencia,
this beautiful, smooth skinned orange would be more frequently planted ;
however, it is sparingly planted here in California, and is much prized.
Paper Rind St. Michael. (Fig. 62.)

This orange has been much grown in California. The blending of
acidity and sweetness, its delicious pulp and superior quality has secured
for it many friends. We have enjoyed them greatly on our table and
can say that it is not that we love this less, but the navel and Valencia
more.

Tic. 63.—Dancy tangerine. Natural size.
(After Lelong.)

Mediterranean Sweet.

This orange is well named, as the pulp is deliciously sweet and it is
one of the Mediterranean subvarieties. The fruit is large and the tree
a good producer, and it is one of the late varieties. In the past it was
largely planted in California, but not so at the present time.

The Blood Orange.

These, from their very deeply colored pulp, are really unique and
so are often thought desirable. The Malta and Ruby Bloods are the
varieties most planted in California. They are small, but very juicy
and sweet when fully ripe. Commercially they are not important.
These latter subvarieties occasionally show the navel cicatrix.

There are many other subvarieties of the sweet oranges, and any who
are desirous of studying further into the subject are recommended to

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 93

secure ‘‘Citrus Fruits and Their Culture,’’ by H. Harold Hume, pub-
lished by the Orange-Judd Company.

Citrus nobilis Lour.

The Mandarin oranges, which include the dancy tangerine (Fig. 63),
are very peculiar. The trees are small, the foliage dense, the branches
with small, sharp spines, leaves small with short petioles, slightly
winged, and the fruit, usually reddish orange, very flat with the rind
loose from the pulp so that it can be readily separated, while the nine

Fic. 64.—Pomelo tree in fruit.
(After Lelong.)

to fifteen sections of the pulp separate very easily the one from the
other. Except for curiosity, these Mandarin oranges would have little
to recommend them, as the pulp is less melting than that of the sweet
oranges and the juice is often unpleasantly tart. I think the pulp
usually lacks flavor. Hume gives ten varieties of the Mandarins; one
other of these, the Satsuma, has been planted not a little in California.
From its deep color, pleasing pulp and absence of rag, the dancy tan-
gerine is interesting and desirable for show. While these sell well,
ofttimes, I think no one setting a commercial orchard would think now
of using these trees.

94 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Citrus decumana Linn.

The pomelo, or grapefruit, and shaddock are distinguished by the
large size of both fruit and tree. The fruit of the pomelo is usually in
large clusters (Fig. 64), hence the name grapefruit. The tree may reach
one and one half feet in diameter and forty feet in height. The petioles

Itc. 65—The shaddock (Citrus decumana.) Reduced.
(After Lelong.)

of the leaves are broadly winged. The large fruit is greatly prized by
many for the morning meal. Many contend that the Florida pomelo is
superior to that of California, while others say emphatically ‘‘no.’’ The
fruit is very juicy, exceptionally flavored and is slightly bitter, which
makes it more toothsome to many persons. In California it is a summer
fruit, in Florida a winter and spring fruit.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 95

Hume gives sixteen varieties, only two of which, I think, are much
grown in California. These are the Triumph and Marsh’s Seedless. I
have them both, and we prize them greatly. Except for the presence
of seeds, I should give the Triumph the preference. I believe that in
the near future the pomelo will be one of our standard fruits, which
will be grown at a substantial profit. It has been claimed that pomelo
seedlings are deep-rooted and so superior. This claim lacks proof, how-
ever. The large size of the seeds possibly recommends them.

The shaddock (Fig. 65) is a great, over grown variety, bitter and of
no commercial importance. The fruit is a huge jumbo of citrus fruits.
It is curiously interesting, and the tree has value for ornamental pur-
poses.

Citrus japonica Thumb.

The kumquat is, like the Mandarin, a shrub from four to ten feet
high, with branches that bear small thorns, or they may be thornless.
The fruit is small, often in clusters. It is relished and prized for the
table because of its sweet edible pulp and fine appearance. Except
for decorative purposes, however, it is of slight importance. Its deep
green foliage and small size make it very desirable for pot culture.

Citrus medica Linn.

This species includes citron, lemon and lime. We find here both
shrubs and rather small trees; though unpruned, they may reach
goodly proportions, of spreading form, foliage light green, flowers
tinged with red, fruits spherical or oblong, often mammalated.

Variety genuiana Linn. (Citron.)

The citron (Fig. 66) is one of the oldest of fruits, dating back to
very ancient times. The trees are about the size of the kumquat; the
branches are scraggly and bear thorns; the leaves are very long and
the fruit large, bitter, unappetizing, with a very rough rind. It is of
principal importance in that the rind when candied is used in pastries
and confections. It is very little grown either in Florida or in Cali-
fornia and is especially sensitive to cold. It could doubtless be grown
in favored localities in California and Florida, but it is not likely to
become of any commercial importance for long years, for the cheaper
labor of Europe would make it an unprofitable crop in our country.

Variety limon Linn.

The lemon is a small spreading tree with foliage light green, leaves
erenate or serrate, with twigs often quite thorny; fruits spherical to
oval or oblong, usually mammalate; the rind is thin and smooth. The
tree is a perpetual bloomer, so that fruit in all stages of development

96

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Reduced one third. (After Lelong.)

Fic. 66.—The citron.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 97

may be found at all seasons of the year. A well cared for grove will
furnish fruit once a month. The lemon is more prolific than the orange;
although the lemon is less tender to cold than is the citron, yet it is
more susceptible than is either the pomelo or the orange. It is easily
propagated from seeds or cuttings, but is best secured by budding on
strong stock, either of sweet or sour orange, which is necessary to
secure the improved varieties. Sour stock is now in the ascendancy
in both Europe and America. It is more than probable that by using
selected buds exclusively very superior trees could be secured.

Some years since a hard freeze in some sections not only injured the
fruit, but also the trees not a little. This was a severe setback to
lemon culture and many groves were budded to Valencia oranges. Soon
lemons advanced in price and now the lemon orchard is as profitable as
the orange, or indeed, as any other of our common fruits. Mr. C. C.
Teague of Santa Paula gives the following from his large experience:
‘For successful and profitable lemon growing there are five great
essentials—climate, proper soil, abundance of water for irrigation, root-
stocks suited to the particular soil, and a thorough knowledge of the
business of lemon growing. A most thorough and exhaustive investiga-
tion by the Citrus Protective League of California of the cost of pro-
ducing lemons in California has shown that it is about one dollar and
a quarter per box, or one and a half cents per pound greater than it is
in Italy or Sicily, when the cheaper labor and cheaper transportation
abroad are considered as factors in this cost. It is this difference in
cost of production between the foreign and domestic lemon that justifies
and makes necessary the present duty of one and a half cents per
pound.’’

Of the many varieties of lemons only three, the Lisbon, Eureka,
and Villa Franca, have been much planted in California. The first two
are now the favorites, and no others are desired by our most successful
growers.

7—cc

98 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

The Lisbon.

This beautiful fruit, from its elongated form, smooth peel, fine grain,
ample juice, few seed and great prolificness, is a deserved favorite with
lemon growers. It is a good keeper. The tree has, however, one decided
drawback, its strong thorns. It is also objected that it is rather too

Fic. 67.—The Lisbon lemon. Natural size. (After Lelong.)

shy of summer fruit. Its beauty, however, will always commend it.
The Lisbon is naturally a much larger and more thrifty tree than is the
Eureka, and in the orchard they are usually set further apart. It
grows very compact when but moderately pruned, yet produces a very
large proportion of its fruit on the inside twigs and branches, more so
than the Eureka.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 99

The Eureka.

The Eureka, like the Lisbon, is of medium size and also possessed of a
smooth, glossy rind, though not the equal of the Lisbon in this respect.
The juice is a pleasant acid; it is almost seedles, and it is a good shipper.
The tree is a prolific bearer of summer fruit. Its tendency to bear on

Tic. 68.—Eureka lemon. Natural size. (After Lelong.)

the extreme ends of the limbs is unfortunate, but can be remedied by
proper pruning. The fruit is superior in sizing up while still green.
The Eureka now leads in popularity in this State. The fact of its being
thornless is greatly in its favor.

Variety Acida Hook or Limetta. (Lime.)

This very spinous shrub might be considered a miniature lemon,
though the juice has a peculiar flavor of its own. The lime lacks

100 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

the size and excellence of the lemon, yet when at its best it is. no
mean fruit. The stem is winged but not as broadly as is the sweet
orange and pomelo. The pulp is very sour and has a tinge of bitter
which pleases the taste of many. Limeade, with many, is a favorite
beverage. The lime has escaped from cultivation in Florida and the
West Indies and has run wild. Some varieties lack not for size and
some have less pronounced thorns and a less number of seeds. At the
Oroville Show a year ago I saw very large limes that were apparently
seedless. Of the several varieties the Imperial, Mexican and Tahiti
are praised. While the lime bears severe pruning and can be fashioned.
into a hedge, it will hardly meet the competition of the lemon and will
be but little grown in California.

CITRUS BY-PRODUCTS.

In Sicily the inferior and injured lemons, and to a less degree the:
oranges, are used for by-products. In case there is a great demand
for fruit, the best of this inferior fruit is often diverted to the markets.

Citrate of Lime.

Citrate of lime is one of the most important of these by-products.
The concentrated lemon juice is pressed from the lemon, warmed,
filtered, then heated nearly to the boiling point, when finely powdered
chalk is gradually added, being constantly stirred, and when effer-
vescence has ceased we have citrate of lime as the result. By adding
dilute sulphuric acid to this salt a chemical change produces gypsum
(sulphate of lime) and citric acid. The process of this manufacture
is simple and the necessary equipment limited and cheap. There is no
reason why the growers might not produce this product, except that
possibly it would not pay.

Concentrated Lime Juice.

Lemon juice, as it is pressed from the fruit, is a valued article of
commerce. By boiling carefully it is concentrated and is then ready to
ship. Only inferior fruit is used for this purpose, especially that which
is punctured or bruised. Orange juice or orangeade is also a valuable
product.

Oil of Lemons.

This essence consists of spirits of wine to which oil from the oil cells
of the lemon peel is added. The fresh peel is soaked, then pressed
against a sponge, which absorbs the oil. Only inferior fruit is used,
though it must be fresh and sound.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 101

Salted Lemons.

Inferior but sound fruit is often shiped as a salted product. The
‘lemons are halved and placed in a salt brine for ten days and then
‘shipped in casks, usually to Leghorn, Tuscany. This salted material
is freshened by being placed in water, when it is ready to use for
-candied peel.

Candied Lemon Peel.

Leghorn, Tuscany, is the great manufacturing center for candied
lemon and citron peel. This is an important product, shipped to many
parts of the world. The rind is freed from the pulp, freshened in
water and then placed in a weak solution of sugar, which is gradually
made stronger, and after several days it becomes saturated with the
sugar. A slight fermentation is said to improve the product. At last
it is boiled in a concentrated solution of sugar, after which it is dried
and coated with crystals of sugar by slow boiling in a very strong
solution.

In Italy, where labor is cheap and where everything must be utilized,
these citrus by-products are of much importance. It is necessary
there that nothing be lost. One third of the Italian lemons are converted
into by-products. These industries have further service, as the culls
are disposed of and injury of the market is not caused by their sale.
At present these by-products are of small importance in America, but
we may hope that the inventive genius of our people may bring about
a change in the not distant future. The U. 8. Department of Agri-
culture is now experimenting regarding the practicability of our using
our culls profitably in the production of citrus by-products. We all
hope that success will crown their efforts.

THE GOPHER.

(Thomomys sps.)

Citrus and other fruit trees are often partially or completely girdled
by the pocket gopher. I have seen great havoc wrought by this destruc-
tive rodent. The wise orchardist will be vigilant to protect against
this destructive mammal. Traps set in their run-ways, or raisins or
bits of tender orange twigs with strychnine inserted in a slit, placed in
their run-ways, cause their speedy death.

102 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

FARMERS’ CLUBS.

My friend, Mr. J. H. Reed, whose suggestions are always to be
considered, urges me to append to my booklet a word of advice as to
clubs and co-operative associations. It is certainly a wise suggestion.

No one can doubt the value of our Farmers’ Institutes. Michigan
originated this ‘‘University Extension Work’’ in 1875. I was one of
the lecturers at the first institute, and have been engaged as director
most of the time from that day until now. In Michigan I inaugurated
the movement to form a monthly club at each institute. Michigan, I
think, excels to-day in the number of such clubs. As conductor of
farmers’ institutes in southern California for twelve years, I empha-
sized the value of such organizations and aided in organizing over forty-
five. Who can doubt the wisdom of such action? This virtually gives
each locality an institute each month. Such clubs have been of immense
value to many sections of our country.

Requisites for a Successful Club.

A wide-awake club requires enthusiastic officers, whose devotion will
permit no abatement of effort to make the club first best. Secondly, a
meaty programme at each session is a prime necessity. Thirdly, we
must have committees that will make a thorough study of some phase
of ranch work, each reporting at least once a year. This will give the
club dignity and influence. I would urge, in addition, ceaseless effort
to make the social atmosphere as fine and bracing as is possible.

I will outhne the principal features of the Claremont Pomological
Club, of which I was president from 1894 to 1912. It is a strong club
and has done exceptionally good work.

Besides the usual officers who perform the duties common to such
officials, there are committees on insects, cultivation, irrigation, fer-
tilization, roads, household economy, street trees, decorative planting,
and good of the club. The club meets one day of each month from
September to June, inclusive. In June and September picnics are
enjoyed, always with a first-class dinner and programme, when all are
cordially invited to attend. The attendance usually runs up into the
hundreds. July and August are vacation months. Thirty-three fam-
ilies are the limit of membership. There are several applications con-
stantly on the waiting list.

The social status of the club is admirable. The meetings are held
and entertainment provided at the homes of the members in succession.
The club owns the chairs (seventy-five folding chairs), lapboards,
knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups and saucers and tablecloths. There

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 103

are usually from eighty to more than a hundred at each meeting. The
host may invite at pleasure, and if any member has company from
abroad he can take them to the meetings if he informs the host. This
would seem a great burden, but as it occurs only once in four years, it
is not grevious and once given it ensures thirty-two good times, big
eats, and rich mental feasts with no cost or labor.

The above account will make it easy for one to write a constitution
and by-laws, under which to organize a successful club.

The Claremont Club founded the local telephone company, with over
four thousand phones, helped form the County Insurance Association,
which saves immensely to its patrons and who now has over five
million dollars in policies. At the time of the forty-five clubs it was
their influence that secured for us our excellent fertilizer law in the face
of most vehement opposition. May we not hope to rival Michigan with
her hundreds of wide-awake clubs? Nothing would foster the fruit
interests with more energy and certainty.

THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS’ EXCHANGE.

The California Fruit Growers’ Exchange represents about sixty-five
hundred growers who have organized themselves into one hundred or
more local associations. Each association usually owns its own packing-
house, where the fruit of the members is assembled, pooled and prepared
for market under brands adopted for the different grades by the asso-
ciation. The association usually picks the fruit of the members.

The associations in the different regions combine into one or more
district exchanges, which represent the associations in the business
operations common to each, and which sell the fruit through the agents
of the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, receiving the proceeds
therefor through the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, an incorpo-
rated agency formed by a representative of each of the seventeen district
exchanges. The California Fruit Growers’ Exchange acts alas agent in
furnishing the facilities through which the fruit is placed in the different
markets by the growers through their sub-exchanges and sold, through
its own exclusive agents to the trade or by auction, and collects the pro-
ceeds and transmits them to the district exchanges, which in turn pay
the growers through the local associations.

The central exchange, the district exchange and the association all
transact the business for the grower at actual cost. The central exchange
through its agents is in daily touch with the markets of America,

104 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

thereby enabling it to secure the information through which the sub-
exchanges distribute the fruit intelligently. The local exchanges and
the associations receive a daily bulletin from the central exchange, which
outlines the condition of all the markets the preceding day, states the
selling price of all exchange cars, and gives the growers such informa-
tion as will help them to pack and distribute their fruit to the best
advantage.

THE CITRUS PROTECTIVE LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA.

The citrus industry of California has formed a voluntary organiza-
tion, known as the Citrus Protective League, to handle the public
policy questions that affect the industry as a whole. This organization
represents about ninety per cent of the shippers and shipping organiza-
tions in all parts of the State in handling such questions as railroad
rates and transportation problems, customs, tariffs, and other govern-
mental relations, state and federal legislation that applies directly to
the citrus industry, and all other questions of a general nature that
affect the upbuilding of the industry, except the marketing of the fruit.

The league has brought about reductions in the freight and refrigera-
tion rates on citrus fruits, which have saved the producers millions of
dollars. It secured through Congress the equalization of the tariff duty
between oranges and lemons by securing an increase in the duty on
lemons, more nearly equal to the difference in the cost of producing the
lemons as compared with the oranges. The league brought about the
promulgation of new regulations regarding the determination of decay
in imported fruit, thus protecting the California industry against unfair
competition; and, in general, has secured the aid of the State and Fed-
eral Government in the study of the nutrition troubles, production of
citrus by-products, and constructive questions affecting the industry.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 105

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CITRUS.

Works of rare merit and up-to-date are set in bold type.

Adee, Alvery A. Orange and Lemon in Foreign Countries. Consular Reports. U. 8.
Dept. of State, 1890, Part 1st. pp. 399-585.

Alden, W. L. Citrus Fruit Culture in Foreign Countries; the Citron, Oranges and
Lemons. Special Consular Rpt. 1890. Supt. of Doc.

Amundsen, E. O. Black Rot of Navel Orange. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., 2 (1913)
No. 5, May. Illustr.

Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. New York; The Macmillan
Company; copyrt. 1900-02. Numerous articles by different writers; see citrus,
orange, lemon, lime, pomelo, citron and kumquat.

Nursery Book. 17th ed., Macmillan Co., New York.

Baker, C. F. Grape Fruit in Southern California. 39th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Conven-
tion, 1911. pp. 53-55.

Baldridge, M. Citrus Fruits—Everything Pertaining to Citrus Culture, and the Dis-
position and Sale of Fruit. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., 3d Biennial Rept. 1887-88.
pp. 207-211.

Conditions of Citrus Culture. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., Biennial Rept., 1885-86.

pp. 550-554.
Bauskett, F. N. How Lemon Oil Is Made. Scientific American. 101:372. Nov. 20,
1909.

Bell, J. D. Cultivating and Fertilizing Citrus Trees. Transactions of the Fla. St.
Hort. Soc., 1998. pp. 207-208.

Bennett, J. E. Roofing Over Orange Orchards. Current Literature. 27:146-7. Feb.,
1900.

Berger, E. W. Controlling the White-fly by Its Natural Enemies. Transactions of
Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1908, pp. 77-89.

Fungous Diseases of White-fly. Annual Rept. St. Entomologist. Fla. Exp. Sta.,
1911, pp. 40-49.

The White-fly Investigations. Proceedings of Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1910, pp. 80-85.

White-fly Control. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bul. 103, 1910. pp. 5-28. Ilustr.

White-fly Studies in 1908. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bul. 97, 1909, pp. 43-71. lllustr.

‘Berry, Major C. J. Citrus Fruits in the Northern Counties. 29th Cal. Fruit Growers’
Convention, 1908, pp. 215-217.

Bertoni, M. S. Gummosis of Orange Trees. Agronomia Puerti Bertoni, 5 (1911),
No. 2, pp. 79-89.

Bessey, Ernst A. Report on Plant Diseases. Transactions of Fla. St. Hort. Soc.,
1908, pp. 97-100.

Bettner, James. Essay on the Orange. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., Biennial Rept. 1885-86.
pp. 191-202.

Bishop, A. D. Orange from Blossom to Car. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1903, pp. 66-69.

‘Blanchard, N. W. Lemon and Its Treatment. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual Rept. 1890.

p. 109-121.

ayia, S. S. Citrus Culture in Northern California. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual
Rept. 1891, pp. 348-349.

Brackett, G. B. Prevention of Frost Injury to Fruit Crops. Yearbook. Dept. of
Agric., 1909, pp. 357-364.

Bremner, O. E. Destructive Insects and Their Control. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., special
rept. 1910.

Brown, E. Orange in Northern California. Scientific American. 88:138-139. Feb.
21, 1903.

Budlong, W. F. Citrus Fruit Culture in Riverside 1899-1900. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. 7th
Biennial Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 228-232.

Burton, R. P. Florida Citrus Exchange. Proceedings of Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1910,

. 154-160.
The Florida Exchange. Proceedings of the Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1911, pp. 78-92.

Butler, C. W. Orange Tree Scale. Transactions of Fla. St. Hort. Soc., 1908.
pp. 103-106.

Cal. Fruit Grower. Orange Sorter to Detect Frozen Oranges. No. 1286. pp. 6-7.

Call, A. F. Treatment of Gum Disease. 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910,

. 66-71.

Gioia Cc. W. Canada & S. Arai. How to Plant and Cultivate an Orange Orchard;
Summary of the Main Points. C. W. Canada, Houston, Texas. 1909.

Carnes, BE. K. Coccide of California. Cal. St. Com. Hort. 2d Biennial Rept., 1905-06.
pp. 155-222. (Bound with Appendix to Journals of Senate and Assembly. 37th
sess., 1907.)

Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 5. Illustr.
Practical Work Combating the Whitefly, 33d Cal, Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1907, pp. 133-147.

106 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Chapman, A. 8. Fertilization of Orange Orchards. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Biennial Rept.
1885-86, pp. 488-490.

Lemon. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. 2d Biennial Rept. 1885-86, pp. 97-98. : ,

Chapman, C. C. Citrus Protective League. Proceedings 40th Cal. Fruit Growers
Convention, 1911, pp. 104-107.

Details in Citrus Culture. Mo. Bul., Cal. Com. Hort., 2 (1913), Nos. 3 and 4,
March-April, p. 390. , .

Varieties of Oranges and Their Respective Merits. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers
Convention, 1903, pp. 163-169. ;

Chapman, F. M. Marketing Citrus Fruits. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1903, pp. 158-162.

Charles, Herman. Story of the Orange. Pass. Dept. Salt Lake Route, 1910.

Chavez, E. Better Oranges, Lemons and Limes. Bstac. Agr. Cent., Mexico. Bot.
67 (1912), p. 72. Tlustr. :

Chase, Elmore. Citrus Culture in the North. Proceedings 36th Cal. Fruit Growers
Convention, 1909, pp. 72-77.

Chase, E. M. Manufacture of Extracts from Lemon Oil and Orange Oil. Year Book.
Dept. of Agric. 1908, pp. 333-342.

Chilton, B. H., and Kilgore, Jas. E. Handling of Citrus Groves. Transactions of
Fla. Hort. Soc., 1909, pp. 31-37.

Clapp & Martin. Surface Water Supply of the United States; California. U. S. Geol.
Survey. Water Supply Paper, 251, 1910.

Clausen, R. BE. A New Fungus Concerned in Wither-tip of Varieties of Citrus
Medica. Reprint from Phytopathology, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 217-234. Tllustr.

Coit, J. E. Blemishes of Citrus Fruits, Physical and Pathological. Proceedings 39th
Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1911, pp. 22-29.

Citrus Culture in the Arid Southwest. Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. Arizona, 1908,
Bul. 58, pp. 42. Ilustr.

Relation of Asexual or Bud Mutation to the Dacadence of California Citrus
Orchards. Proceedings 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910, pp. 32-39.

The Brown Spot of the Navel Orange. University of California. Reprint from
Proceedings of the Society for Horticultural Science, 1910, pp. 1-6.

Colby, G. E. Analyses of Oranges, Lemons and Pomelos. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept.
Univ. Cal, 1895-97, pp. 161-181.

Collins, T. B. New Agriculture. pp. 186-201. Munn & Co., New York, 1906.

Compere, George. Beneficial Insects Collected and Imported Into the State from
Australia and Other Places. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. 7th Biennial Rept. 1899-1900,
pp. 9-17.

Comstock, J. H. Investigations of Insects Injurious to the Orange and Particularly
the Coccide. Year Book, Dept. Agric., 1880, pp. 246-253, 276-300.

Congar, Dr. O. H. Pruning the Orange Tree. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Biennial Rept.
1885-86, pp. 160-164.

Lemon Culture. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual Rept. 1889, pp. 361-364.

Cook, A. J Insect Scale Control. Proceedings 387th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention
1910, pp. 102-104.

Overwork, Neglect and Decadence -in Our Citrus Orchards. Proceedings 387th
Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention 1910, pp. 55-61.

Scale Insects. 29th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1903, pp. 153-159. (Bound
with Appendix to Journals of Senate and Assembly, 36th sess. 1905.)

Stem End Rot and Gummosis. Mo. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., 1 (1913), No. 2,
January, p. 44.

The Red Scale. Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Dept. Biology,
Pomona College, pp. 15-21. Tllustr.

Thrips. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1908, pp. 98-102.

Coolidge, Karl R. A California Orange Dog. Pomona College Journal of Ento-
mology, Vol. 2, No. 4. Dept. Biology, Pomona College, pp. 333-334.

Coquillett, D. W. Injurious Insects and Their Remedies. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Rept.
1889, pp. 333-337.

Cornell, R. D. The Culture of Citrus Fruits, Dates, and Other Crops in the Coachella,
Imperial and Yuma Districts. Pomona College Journal Economic Botany as
Applied to Subtropical Horticulture. Vol. 2, No. 3. Dept. Biology, Pomona
College, pp. 342-350.

Craw, Alex. Horticultural Quarantine Reports on Infected Citrus Fruits. Cal. St.
Bd. Hort. 7th Biennial Rept. 1899-1900, pp. 61-73.

Insect Friends and Foes. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual Rept. 1891, pp. 284-288.
Need of a National Horticultural Quarantine Law. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Biennial
Rept. 1899-1900, pp. 185-187.

Crawford, D. L. Mexican Orange Maggot. Mo. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., 1 (1913),
No 2, January, p. 46. Illustr.

The Mexican Orange Maggot. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. 2
No. 4. Dept. Biology, Pomona College, pp. 321-332. IMllustr.

Curtis, A. H. Report on Foot-Rot and Seab of Citrus Trees and on The Prevention

of Orange Rust. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bul. 2, 1888, pp. 27-42.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 107

Curtis, W. D. Advertising Cal. Oranges and Lemons. Proceedings 28th Cal. Fruit
Growers’ Convention 1903, pp. 120-135, 179.
Cutter, J. E. Scale of Points for Judgment of Citrus Fruits. Cal. St. Bd. Hort.
Annual Rept. 1889, pp. 365-366.
Varieties of Citrus Fruit and Discussions. Cal. St. Bd. Hort. 4th Biennial
Rept. 1893-94, pp. 250-255.
Cuttle, F. Water Conservation. 389th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention 1911,
pp. 165-169.
Davis, George W. A Treatise on the Culture of the Orange and Other Citrus Fruits.
Jacksonville: Ashmead Bros. Copyrt. 1881-1882. pp. iv and 86.
Dobbins, J. R. How to Pick, Pack and Ship Citrus Fruits. Cal. State Board of
Hort. Biennial Rept. 1885-86, pp. 535-536. |
Downing, A. J. The Orange Family in Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. New
York: John Wiley & G. Putnam. Ninth ed. 1849. pp. 542-546.
Lay aaa M. Fungous Diseases of Plants. Ginn & Co., 1911, pp. 1-508
ustr.
Ehrhorn, Edw. M. Scale Insects and Their Parasites. 26th Fruit Growers’ Conven-
tion 1901, pp. 149-155.
Englehardt, J. P. Pruning of the Washington Navel Tree: 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’
Convention 1910, pp. 97-100.
Essig, E. O. The Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona College Journal of Entomology. Vol. 2,
No. 4, Department of Biology of Pomona College, pp. 289-320.
Citrus Plant Lice. Pomona College Journal of Entomology. Vol. 8, No. 4,
p. 588. ITllustr.
Citrus Plant Lice. Monthly Bulletin, State Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 4, 1913,
p. 115. Ilustr.
Citrus Plant Lice and Their Enemies. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. of Hort., Vol. 1,
No. 7, June, p. 282. Tllustr.
Combating the Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, -
Vol. 1, No. 4. Department of Biology of Pomona College, pp. 89-91.
Dieback of Citrus Trees. Pomona College Journal. Economic Botany. Vol. 1,
No. 2, pp. 74-82.
Host Index to California Plant Lice, II. Pomona College Journal of Entomology,
Vol. 38, No. 2. Department of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 457-458.
Insects of California. Mo. Bul., Vol. 2, Nos. 1 and 2, January-February, 1913.
IIlustr.
Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona College Journal of Entomology,
Vol. 3, No. 1. Department of Biology of Pomona College. p. 300. Illustr.
Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealy Bug, II. Pomona College Journal of Ento-
mology, Vol. 2, No. 3. Department of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 260-274.
Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona College Journal of Ento-
mology, Vol. 2, No. 1. Department of Biology of Pomona College. p. 143.
Tllustr.
Plant Lice of Citrus Trees. Pomona College Journal of Entomology. Vol. 3,.
No. 4. Department of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 586-619.
Spraying for the Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona College Journal of Entomology.
Vol. 2, No. 3. Department of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 246-259.
Wither-tip of Citrus Trees. 39th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1911, pp. 28-51.
Fawcett, H. S. Brown Rot of Lemon. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol 1, No 9%
p. 650. August, 1912.
Citrus Diseases. The Annual Report of the Plant Pathologist. Florida Experi-
ment Station, 1908, pp. 64-67.
Citrus Scab. Florida Experiment, Bul. 109, 1912. pp. 51-59. Figs. 8.
Citrus Scab. Mo. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. 1, No. 11, p. 834. October, 1912,
Illustr.
Crown Gall on Citrus. Mo. Bul. Vol. 1, No. 18. December. p. 937. Mllustr.
Fungi Parasitic Upon Aleyrodes Citri. Univ. of the State of Florida, Special
Studies No. 1, 1908, pp. 5-11. Figs. 19, plates 7.
Gum Disease in Citrus Trees. Reprint from the Mo. Bul., California Com.
Hort., Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 147-156. Figs. 6.
Gummosis in Lemons, Cause and Cure. Mo. Bul., Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 2,
No. 6, June, 1913, p. 574.
Scaly Bark. Gummosis Scab. Annual Report of Plant Pathologist. Florida
Exp. Sta., 1999, pp. 46-53. Figs. 6.
Scaly Bark Diseases of Citrus. Transactions of the Florida State Hort. Society,
1908, pp. 101-102. é
Scaly Bark of Citrus. Preliminary Report. Florida Exp. Sta. Bul. 98, 1909,
pp. 75-80. Figs. 5.
Scaly Bark or Nail-Head Rust on Citrus. Fla. Exp. Sta. Bul. 106, 1911, pp. 3-41.
Figs. 23.
game Diseases of Citrus Trees. Transactions of the Fla. State Hort. Society,
1909, pp. 75-88. Figs. 18. :
Stem End Rot. Black Rot. Blue Mold Rot. Diplodia Rot. Diplodia natalen-
sis as a Gum-Inducing and Fruit-Rotting Fungus. Annual Rept. of the Plant
Pathologist, 1911. Fla. Exp. Sta., pp. 58-66. Figs. 3.

108 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Stem End Rot. Gummosis. Scaly Bark or Nail-Head Rust. Citrus Scab or
Verrucosis. Silver Scurf (“Thirp Marks’). The Annual Report of the Plant
Pathologist, Fla. Exp. Sta., 1910, pp. 45-57. Figs. 7.

‘Stem End Rot. Proceedings of the Florida State Hort. Society, 1910, pp. 73-79.

Stem End Rot, Citrus. Mc. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. 1, No. 9, August, 1913,
p. 649.

‘Stem End Rot and Gummosis. Proceedings of Fla. State Hort. Soc., 1911,
pp. 41-52. Plate 1. °

Stem End Rot of Citrus Fruits. Fla. Exp. Sta. Bul. 107, 1911, pp. 3-23. Figs. 9.

-Tear Staining of Lemons. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 2, No. 6, June, 1913,
p. 560.

The Cause of Stem End Rot of Citrus Fruits. Reprint from Phytopathology,
Vol. 11, No. 3, 1912, pp. 109-113. Figs. 6.

Two Fungi as Casual Agents in Gummosis of Lemon Trees in California. Mo.
Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. 2 (1913), No. 8, Aug., pp. 601-617. IlIlustr.

Fernald, Mrs. C. H. Coccide of the World. Massachusetts Exp. Station Bulletin 88,
1902.

Floyd, B. F. and Stevens, H. BE. Melanose and Stem End Rot. Fla. Exp. Sta. Bul.
111, 1912, pp. 3-16. Figs. 9.

Floyd, B. F. Problems in Citrus Nutrition. Fertilization, Dieback. Melanose.
The Annual Report of the Plant Pathologist, Fla. Exp. Sta., 1911, pp. 68-81.
Figs. 5.

Yellow Spotting of Citrus Leaves. Transactions of the Fla. State Hort. Soc.,
1909, pp. 88-93. Figs. 2, plates 2.

Forbes, R. H. Irrigaticn and Agricultural Practice in Arizona, Univ. of Arizona

Agric. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bul. 63.

Fortier, S. Irrigation of Orchards. U. S. Farmers’ Bul. 404, 1910, pp. 83. Mllustr.

Methods of Applying Water to Crops. Reprint from Year Book, Dept. of Agri-
culture, 1909.

franklin. Green Soldier Bug on Orange Trees. Entomology Bul. 4, 1884, pp. 81-83.

Froggatt, W. W. An Orange Psyllid. Agr. Gaz., N. S. W., 23 (1912), No. 12, p. 1079.

‘Garcelon. Fifteen Years With the Lemon Grafting, Budding, Etc. Cal. Board of
Hort., 1891, pp. 5-17.

Preparation of the Lemon for Market, Also Grafting, Budding, Etc. Cal. State
Board of Hort. Annual Report, 1891, p. 138-142. ,

Garey, Thomas A. Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. Cal. State Board of Hort.
Annual Report, 1890, pp. 104-107.

Orange Culture in California. San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press. Copyrt.
1882-83. pp. 210.

Orange Growing. Cal State Board of Hort. Biennial Report, 1885-86, pp. 98-105.
Glen Saint Mary Nurseries. The Story of the Satsuma, pp. 3-10. Plates 2.
Goff, E. S. Citrus Fruits in Lessons in Commercial Fruit Growing. Madison: Univ.

Co-operative Association. Copyrt. 1902. Sec. 4, pp. 101-105.

Gossard, H. A. Some Common Florida Scales. Fla. Exp. Sta. 1900, Bul. 51,
pp. 108-128. Figs. 8.

The Cottony Cushion Scale. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1901, Bul. 56, pp. 312-356. Fig. 1,
plates 7.

White Fly. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1903, Bul. 67, pp. 599-666. Figs. 2, plates 6.

White Fly Investigation. Entomology Bulletin 31, 1902, pp. 68-74.

‘Gregory, W. B. Selection and Installation of Machinery for Small Pumping Plants.
U. S. Exp. Sta. 1910, Cir. 101. pp. 40. Ilustr.

‘Hamilton, H. Red Scale. Cal. State Board of Hort. Annual Report, 1890, pp. 58-60.

Hamilton Orchard Heating Co. Hamilton’s Red Book on Orchard Heating. 2d. ed.
1912. Grand Junction, Colo.

Harcourt, H. ‘Culture of Citrus Fruits’ in Florida Fruits and How to Raise Them.
Revised and Enlarged Edition. Louisville: J. P. Morton & Co. Copyrt. 1886.
Chap I-XVII; pp. 9-166.

Hart, E. J. Citrus Fruits. In the American Fruit Culturist, by J. J. Thomas.
Twentieth Ed., by William H. 8S. Wood, New York: Wm. Wood & Co. Copyrt.
1897. Part 3; chap. 25, pp. 558-588.

‘Harwood, W. S. Growing American Lemons. World’s Work. 5:3315-3322. Apr.,
1903.

‘Henderson, Peter. Citrus in Henderson’s Handbook of Plants and General Horti-
culture. New Edition. New York: Peter Henderson & Co. Copyrt. 1889, 1890.
p. 88.

‘Henricksen, H. C. Propagation and Marketing of Oranges in Porto Rico.
Rico Exp. Sta. Bul. 4, 1904, p. 24. Tllustr.

Higgins, J. E. Citrus Fruits in Hawaii. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., Washington: Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Bul. 9, 1905, pp. 1-31. Figs. 7, plates 3.

Hilgard, E. W. Acidity of the Reot-sap of Citrus Trees. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Expt.
Sta. Rept. 1896-97, pp. 181-183.

Analyses of Oranges and Lemons from the Riverside Citrus Fair, 1885. Univ.
of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. 1885. Bul. 39.

Economy in Fertilization, Univ, of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Report, 1895-97,
pp. 107-111.

Porto

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 109

Fertilization of Orchards and the Use of Fertilizers. Cal. State Board of Hort.
Annual Report, 1891, pp. 350-360.
Soils. Macmillan & Co., 1906, pp. 1-593. Illustr.

Hilgard & Loughbridge. Endurance of Drought in Soils of the Arid Regions. Univ.
of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Report, 1897-98, pp. 40-64.

Hilgard & Osterhout. Agriculture for Schools of the Pacific Slope. 1910, pp. 306-308.
Macmillan & Co., N. Y.

Blue Mold on the Lemon and the Brown Rot of the Lemon, in Agriculture for
Schools of the Pacific Slope, pp. 229-234. Macmillan & Co., N. Y.

Hodges, J. R. Nematode Worms and Citrus Mottled Leaf. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com.
Hort., Vol. 2, No. 6, June, 1913, pp. 555-556.

Hodgson, A. H. Physiological Effects of Windbreaks. Proceedings 37th Cal. Fruit
Growers’ Convention, 1910, pp. 44-48.

Hofman, J. Irrigation and Cultivation. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1903,
pp. 24-29.

Holt, L. M. Reclamation of Arid Lands. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1903,
pp. 39-46.

Hopkins, C. G. Feeding of Plants. 41st Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1912. pp. 419.
Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture. Ginn & Co., 1910, pp. 1-653. Illustr.
Story of the Soil, Badger, Boston, 1911, pp. 1-350. Illustr.

Horne, W. T. Root Rot of Citrus Trees. 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910,

pp. 93-97.
Root Rot of Citrus. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 6, May, p. 216. TIllustr.

Hoyt, A. S. Natural Control of Citrus Mealy Bug. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 1,
No. 6, p. 231. Tllustr.

Hubbard, H. G. Insects Affecting the Orange. Entomology Misc. 1885, 227 p. U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture. Illustr.

Scale Insects of the Orange, Remedies and Their Application. Year Book,
Dept. of Agric., 1881-82, pp. 106-127.

Hume, H. Harold. Anthracnose of the Pomelo. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1904, Bul. 74,
pp. 161-172. Plates 4.

Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. Orange-Judd Company, New York, 1911,
pp. 3-587. Figs. 124, plates 35.

Citrus Fruits in Texas. Texas Dept. of Agric., 1909, Bul. 3, pp. 5-55. Plates 28.

Cultivation of Citrus Groves. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1904, Bul. 69, pp. 5-28. Plates 2.

Diagram for Packing Citrus Fruits. Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1902, Bul. 63.

Packing Citrus Fruits. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1902, Bul. 63. Chart illustrated with 34
packs. Plates 2.

Pomelos. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1901, Bul. 58, pp. 386-421. Figs. 4, plates §.

Some Citrus Troubles. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1900, Bul. 53, pp. 146-173. Figs. 5,
plates 6.

The Kumquats. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1902, Bul. 65, pp. 555-566. Plates 3.

The Mandrin Orange Group. Fla. Exp. Sta., 1903, Bul. 66, pp. 567-594. Plates 3.
Illustr.

Isaac, John. Trypeta ludens in Mexico. California Com. Hort., 1905, 48 p.

White Fly Conditions in 1906. Fla. Exp. Sta., Bul. 88, 1907. 44 p.

Jones & Horton. The Orange Thrips. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Bul. 99, part 1,

pp. 116. Illustr.

Kell, D. The ‘‘Longulus’” Scale. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. 4,
No. 3. Department of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 798-800.

Kellogg, G. D. Precooling of Fruit with Dry Cold Air for Shipment. 36th Cal. Fruit
Growers’ Convention, 1909, pp. 175-179.

Kellom, J. H. Resin Spray and Its Effects on Citrus Trees. Cal. State Board of
Hort. Annual Report, 1889, pp. 420-425.

Kendall, A. G. Citrus Protective League. 39th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1911, pp. 119-124.

Kilgore, J. E. The Whitefly Problem. Proceedings of the Fla. State Hort. Soc.,
1910, pp. 90-102.

Kimball, Frank A. Lemon Culture and Lemon Curing. 38d Cal. Hort. 1887-88,
pp 220-228.

King, F. H. Irrigation and Drainage, pp. 373-381. Macmillan & Co., N. Y., 1907.

Stocks for the Orange, with notes on mal di goma and the mutual influence of
stock and scion. Pomology Bul. No. 4, 1891. 21 p.
The Soil. Macmillan & Co., 1208, pp. 303. IIlustr.

Klee, W. G. Citrus Fruits—Orange, Lemon, Lime, Etc., in the Report on the Con-
dition of Tropical and Semi-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887. 1887.
pp. 111-124. Bul. No. 1, Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric.

The same. Reprint. 1891.

Fruit Pests. Cal. State Board of Hort. Report 1888, pp. 242-268. Illustr.

Parasites. Cal. State Board of Hort. 3d Biennial Report, 1887-88, pp. 179-191.

Scale Insects Affecting Citrus Trees. Cal. St. Bd. Hort., Biennial Rept. 1885-86,
pp. 373-397.

Koebele, Albert. Account of the trip to Australia in search of a parasite for the
Icerya purchasi and his discovery of the Vedalia cardinalis or the Ladybird.
Cal. St. Bd. Hort. Annual Rept. 1889, pp. 262-288.

110 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Lefferts, D. C. Separation of Frosted Fruit by Alcohol. Cal. Cultivator 38 (1912),
No. 19, pp. 583-584.

LeLong, B. M. Budding of Citrus Trees with Figures Showing Process. Cal. State
Bd. Hort. Annual Report 1891, pp. 161-163.

Citrus Fruit Culture. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 3d Biennial Rept. 1887-88, pp. 33-47.

Culture of the Citrus in California. Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, Supt. State
Printing. 1902. Illustr. p. 267. Out of print.

Condition of Citrus Fruit Culture in California in 1890-91. Cal. State Bd. Hort.
Annual Report, 1891, pp. 65-66.

Cottony Cushion Scale (Icerya purchasi). Cal. State Bd. Hort. Annual Report,
1889, pp. 207-208, 266-271, 385.

Hints on Grafting. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Biennial Report, 1885-86, pp. 555-557.

Injurious Insects. Cal. State Bd. Hort., 1889, pp. 155-211. Mllustr.

Lemon in Sicily. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Annual Report, 1889, pp. 145-146.

Marly Subsoils and the Chlorosis or Yellowing of Citrus Trees. Cal. Exp. Sta.
Circular 27, 1906, 4 p.

New Varieties: the ‘Joppa.’ Cal. State Bd. Hort. Annual Report, 1891,
pp. 1380-131.

Pomelo. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 4th Biennial Report, 1893-94, pp. 63-65.

Propagation of Citrus and Deciduous Trees from Seed. Cal. Com. Hort., 1892.
38 p.

Pruning the Orange Tree. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Biennial Report, 1885-86,
pp. 160-164.

Rearing of Citrus and Deciduous Trees from Seed; Budding, Grafting and
Appliances. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 1892. Out of print.

Remedy for Cottony Cushion Scale. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 6th Biennial Report
1897-98, p. 78.

Remedy for Red Spider and Six Spotted Mites. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 6th Biennial
Report 1897-98, p. 87.

Lipman, C. B. Cover Crops. 39th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1911, pp. 124-134.

Soil Bacteriology in the Service of Agricultural Practice. 41st Cal. Fruit
Growers’ Convention, 1912, pp. 482-500.

Lippincott, J. B. Development and Application of Water near San Bernardino,
Colton and Riverside, Cal. U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Papers No. 59,
1902, pp. 95. Illustr.

Loughridge, R. H. Alkali Soils: Effect on Citrus Trees. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp.
Sta. Report, 1897-98, pp. 99-117.

Macoun, D. B. Cultivation, its Relation to Plant Disease. Proceedings 37th Cal.
Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910, pp. 83-92.

Mann, C. W. Effect of Treatment of Frosted Fruits to Determine Condition. Cal.
Cultivator, 38 (1912), No. 19, pp. 582, 599, 607.

Manville, A. H. Practical Orange Culture, Including the Culture of the Orange,
Lemon, Lime and other Citrus Fruits as Grown in Florida. Jacksonville:
Ashmead Bros. 1883, pp. 6-116.

Marlatt, C. L. Scale Insects and Mites on Citrus Trees. U.S. Farmers’ Bul. No. 172.
1903.

The Scale Insect and Mite Enemies of Citrus Trees, in Yearbook of U. S. Dept.
of Agric., 1900. Washington: Govt. Printing Office. Illustr. pp. 247-290.

Maynard, L. A. Story of the Seedless Orange. World Today, Vol. 12, pp. 25-32.
Jan., 1907.

McAdie, A. G. Frost Protéction Cal. Orange. Mo. Weather Report 39 (1911), No. 12,
pp. 1910-1912.

Protection From Injury by Frost. 36th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1909,
pp. 139-143.

McAlpine, D. Fungous Diseases of Citrus Trees in Australia and Their Treatment.
Dept. of Agric., Victoria, 1899, pp. 5-132. Figs. 186, plates 12.

Mead, E. Report of Irrigation Investigations in California. U. S. Exp. Sta. 1901,
Bul. 100, pp. 411. MIlustr.

Mendenhall, W. C. Ground Waters and Irrigation Enterprises in the Foothill Belt,
Southern California. U. 8S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper, 219, 1908,
pp. 180. Illustr.

Miles, F. C. Orange Culture. Cal. State Bd. of Hort. Annual Report, 1889, p. 360.

Mills, J. W. Citrus Fruit Culture. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1902, Bul. 138.
Iustr.

Improvement of the Orange. 8th Cal. Hort., 1901-02, pp. 255-8.

Moore, T. W, Treatise and Handbook on Orange Culture in Florida. Third edition.
Revised and enlarged, embracing Florida, Louisiana and California. New
York: E. R. Pelton & Co.; Jacksonville: Ashmead Bros. Copyrt. 1881, 1883.
pp. IX-170.

Moremen, M. S. Condition and Treatment of Orange Groves. Florida Agric. Exp.
Sta., 1896, Bul. 33.

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 111

en Se W. Citrus Thrips. Mo. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. 1, No. 5, April, p. 162.
ustr.
Spraying for Orange Thrips. Arizona Sta. Rept. 1911, pp. 552-554.
The same. Texas Exp. Sta. Bul. 148 (1912), pp. 5-22. Illustr.
The White Fly Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Transac-
tions of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 1908, pp. 89-96.
aaa rs sagan Orange Thrips. U. 8. Bur. of Ent. Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. 7, Feb. 11,
1909. 5
Murray, D. H. Orange in Northern California, 26th Cal. Fruit Growers‘ Convention,
1901, pp. 134-137.
Myers, William S. Cultivation of Citrus Fruits with Special Reference to Fertiliza-
tion. 2d ed. rev. John St. and 71 Nassau st., N. Y., 1907, gratis.
Naftzger, A. H. Discussion on Transportation of Fruit. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Bien-
nial Rept. 1899-1900, pp. 107-114.
Marketing Citrus Fruits. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1903, pp. 74-87.
Neuls, J. D. Flour Paste in Lime Sulphur Solution for Citrus Red Spider. Mo. Bul.,
Vol. 2, No. 6 (June, 1913), p. 557.
O’Gara, P. J. Protection of Orchards in the Pacific Northwest trom Spring Frosts
by Means of Fires and Smudges. 1910. Farmers’ Bul. 401.
Paddock & Whipple. Fruit Growing in Arid Regions, pp. 324-354. Macmillan & Co.,

N. Y., 1910.
Paine, C. R. Pruning Oranges. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. I, No. 10, September,
p. 764.
Pruning to Improve the Orange. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1903,
pp. 169-177.

Parish, 5. B. Botanic View of the Orange. 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1910, pp. 21-24.

Patterson & Charles. Some Fungous Diseases of Economic Importance. U. S. Bureau
of Plant Industry, 1910. Bul. 171.

Pease, S. A. San Bernardino County. Number of Acres of Citrus and Deciduous
Trees Grown. Report 1912.

Pierce, Wright M. Fumigation Studies, I. Pomona College Journal of Entomology,
Vol. 2, No. 1. Dept. of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 139-142. Illustr.

Fumigation Studies, II. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Dept. of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 175-178.

Fumigation Studies, III. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. 2, No. 3.
Dept. of Biology of Pomona College. pp. 241-245. Illustr.

Potts, A. T. Report on Experiments with Citrus Fruits at the Beeville Substation.
Texas Agric. Exp. Sta., 1912. Bul. 148.

Powell, E. P. Orange—Another of our First Families. Independent. 60:1089. May
10, 1906.

Powell, G. H. Co-operation in the Handling and Marketing of Fruit: Organization
of the Citrus Fruit Industry of California. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1910,
pp. 391-406. :

Decay of Oranges While in Transit from California. U. S. Bur. of Plant
Industry, 1908, Bul. 128, pp. 79. Illustr.

Italian Lemon Industry. Cal. Citrus Protective League, Jan., 1913, Bul. 10.

Research in Fruit Decay Proceedings 39th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1911, pp. 7-21.

Status of the American Lemon Inaustry. Reprint from Year Book, Dept. of
Agric. 1907, pp. 343-360.

Variation which occurs in different trees of the Washington navel orange, Valen-
cia, Eureka lemon, Marsh’s seedless grape fruit, etc. Extracts of letter from
A. D. Shamel, in notice to shippers. Dec. 14, 1912.

Prizer, J. A. Controlling Citrus Mites. Mo. Bul. State Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 5,
p. 174. Tlustr.

Quayle, H. J. Citrus Fruit Insects. Berkeley, California, 1911. Illustr. pp. 443-512.
Bulletin No. 214. College of Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California.

Red Spiders and Mites of Citrus Trees. Berkeley, Cal., 1912. Illustr. pp. 483-530.
Bul. No. 234. College of Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California.

The Black Scale. Berkeley, Cal., 1911. IIlustr. pp. 151-200. Bul. No. 223. Col-
lege of Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California.

The Purple Scale. Berkeley, Cal., 1912. Illustr. pp. 319-340. Bul. No. 226.
College of Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California.

Ragan, W. H. Fruits Recommended by the American Pomological Society for Cul-
tivation in the Various Sections of the United States and Canada. U. 8S. Bur.
of Plant Industry, 1909, Bul. 151, pp. 69. Tllustr.

Reasoner, P. W. Orange, Pomelo, Lemon, Etc., in the Report on the Condition of
Tropical and Semi-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1587. Washington:
Govt. Printing Office, 1887, pp. 57-87. Bul. No. 1, Division of Pomology, U. S.
Dept. of Agric.

The same. Reprint, 1891. ;

Redden, L. C. Culture of the Orange and Citron. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1867,

pp. 147-154.

112 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

Reed, Fred. Breeding Citrus Trees. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. I, No. 9, August,
p. 81. F

Reed, J. H. Importance of the Careful Handling of Fruit. 83d Cal. State Fruit
Growers’ Convention, 1997, pp. 208-215.

Rice, Geo. Profits of Fruit Growing and Co-operation. Cal. State Bd. of Hort.
Biennial Rept., 1885-86, pp. 537-539. ‘ P

Rise and Downfall of the Cottony Cushion Scale. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Biennial

Report, 1890, pp. 53-57. A
Richardson, Wm. C. Climatology of the Citrus. Transactions of the Florida State
Hort. Society, 1908, pp. 35-37. >
Roeding, F. W. Irrigation in California. U. S. Exp. Sta. Off., 1911. Bul. 257, pp. 82.
Rolfs, Effie Stone. Tropical Fruits Recipes and Confections. Proceedings of the
Florida State Hort. Society, 1911, pp. 119-138. ?
Rolfs, P. H. Citrus Fruit Growing in the Gulf States. U. S. D. A., Farmers Bul.
238, 1906, pp. 7-48. Figs. 17.

The Citrus Grove, Its Location and Cultivation. From the Quarterly Bul. of the
Florida Agric. Dept., 1910, pp. 1-16. .

The Withertip Disease in Florida. Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany
as Applied to Subtropical Horticulture, Vol. 1, No. 8, Dept. of Biology of
Pomona College, pp. 107-108.

Withertip and Other Diseases of Citrus Trees and Fruits. U. S. D. A., Bur. of
Plant Industry, Bul. 52, 1904, pp. 9-20. Fig. 1, plates 6.

Rolfs, P. H., Fawcett, H. S., and Floyd, B. F. Diseases of Citrus Fruits. Florida
Exp. Sta., 1911, Bul. 108, pp. 27-47. Figs. 14.

Rolfs, P. H., and Fawcett, H. S. Fungous Diseases of Scale Insests and Whitefly.
Florida Exp. Sta., 1908, Bul. 94, pp. 5-17. Figs. 21.

Shamel, A. D. Breeding Citrus Trees. Mo. Bul. Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 9,
pp. 441-482. August, 1913. Illustr.

Breeding Citrus Trees (and discussions). Proceedings 41st Cal. Fruit Growers’
Convention, 1912, pp. 441-482.

Bud Selection to Improve Citrus. Report American Breeders’ Association, 7
(1911), pp. 227-259. Tlustr.

Study of Bud Selection in Citrus Fruits. Proceedings 39th Cal. State Fruit
Growers’ Convention. 1911, pp. 89-107.

Study of the Improvement of Citrus Fruits Through Bud Selection. U. 8. Bur.
of Plant Industry, 1911, cir. 77.

Shinn, C. H. Culture Work at the Sub-Stations, 1899-1901. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp.
Sta., 1903, Bul. 147.

Sievers & True. Preliminary Study of the Forced Curing of Lemons as Practiced in
California. U. S. Bur. of Plant Industry, 1912. Bul. 232.

Skinner, L. B. Report of the Methods of Picking and Shipping Citrus Fruits. Pro-
ceedings of the Florida State Hort. Society, 1910, pp. 66-72.

Slechter, C. S. Motions of Underground Waters. U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply
Papers No. 67, 1902.

Smith, B. M. Growing Oranges in California. World’s Work. 11:7328-7334. Mar.,
1906.

Smith, Carroll B. Improving the Orange by Selection. 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’
Convention, 1910, pp. 100-102.

Smith, R. E. Brown Rot of the Lemon. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1907, Bul.
190. Tllustr. pp. 1-70.

Diseases of Citrus Trees, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1909. Report of the Plant
Pathologist, Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1909. Bul. 203, pp. 46-51, 58-59.

Diseases of Citrus Trees. Report of the Plant Pathologist, 1906, Univ. of Cal.
Exp. Sta., 1907, Bul. 184, pp. 250-252.

Smith, R. E. & Butler, O. Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in California. Univ. of
Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1908, Bul. 200, pp. 235-280. Tllustr.

Smith, R. E. and Smith, Elizabeth H. California Plant Diseases. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
1911, Bul. 218, pp. 1139-1193.

Snowden, R. R. Proportion of Lime to Magnesia in the Soil and Their Relation to
Nutrition in Citrus Trees. 387th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910, pp. 76-80.

Spaulding, W. A. The Orange: Its Culture in California, with a brief discussion on
the Lemon, Lime and Other Citrus Fruits. Riverside: Press and Horticulturist
Steam Print. Copyrt. 1884, 1885. Illustr. pp. VIII-97.

Steele, E. S. Methods of Extraction of Oil from the Rinds of the Citrus Fruits for
Perfumery. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1898, pp. 377-398.

Stiles, H. C. Lemon Culture. Cal. State Bd. of Hort. Annual Report, 1890
pp. 107-109. if

Stubbs, W. C. and Morgan, H. A. The Orange and Other Citrus Fruits from Seed
to Market. Special Bulletin of the Louisiana State Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 5-110.
Figs. 46, plates 3. \

Stubenrauch, A. V. Causes of Decay of Florida Oranges in Transit to Market.
Proceedings of the Fla. Hort. Soc., 1910, pp. 43-56.

Uses of Citrus Fruits. Good Housekeeping. 64:103-108. January, 1912.

Stubenrauch, A. V. and Dennis. Precooling of Fruit. Year Book, Dept. of Agric.

1910, pp. 437-448. Tllustr. om

CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 113

Summers, M. T. Grape Fruit Suggestions. Delineator, 73:285. February, 1909.

Swingle, W. T. Limitation of the Satsuma Orange to Trifoliate Orange Stock. U. S.
Bur. of Plant Industry, 1969. Cir. 46.

New Types of Citrus Fruits for Florida. Proceedings of the Fla. State Hort.
Society, 1910, pp. 36-42. Plates 8.

Swingle, W. T. and Webber, H. J. Hybrids and Their Utilization in Plant Breeding.
Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1897, pp. 383-420. Illustr.

The Principal Diseases of Citrus Fruits in Florida. Washington: Govt. Printing
Office, 1896. Mlustr. pp. VIII-32. Bul. No. 8, Div. of Pomology and Path-
ology, U. 5S. Dept. of Agric.

Tait, C. E. Use of Underground Water for Irrigation at Pomona, California. U. S.
Exp. Sta., 1911, Bul. 236.

Taylor, W. A. Dugat Orange. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1910, pp. 430-431. Illustr.

Thomson Orange Year Book, Dept of Agric, 1911, pp 436-438. Illustr.

Teague, C. C. Curing and Marketing of Lemons. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Conven-
tion, 1903, pp. 63-66.

Frost Protection. 41st Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1912, pp. 434-441.

Teague, R. M. Citrus Fruits, Historically, Horticulturally, Commercially; a Preach-
ment on Their Culture from the Seed to the Full Bearing Orchard. San
Dimas Citrus Nurseries, 1907-1908.

Temple, Wm. Chase. Preparing Citrus Fruits for Market. Proceedings of the Fla.
State Hort. Soc., 1911, pp. 65-77. Plates 8.

Tenney, L. S. Decay of Florida Oranges While in Transit and on the Market.
U. S. Bur. of Plant Industry, 1908. Cir. 19.

Is Decay of Oranges in Transit Necessary? Transactions of the Florida State
Hort. Soc., 1908, pp. 69-76.

Tenney, L. S., Mote, E. H. and Warner, S. C. Packing and Shipping Citrus Fruits.
Transactions of the Florida State Hort. Soc., 1909, pp. 38-46.

Tenney, W. A. Ventura Lemon Culture. Overland, 45:151-157, Feb., 1905.

Thompson, C. H. and Williams, E. S. Methods of Citrus Culture. Proceedings of
the Florida State Hort. Soc., 1910, pp. 57-66.

Timberlake, P. H. Parasites cf Soft Brown Scale. Journal of Economic Entomology,
Vol. 6 (1913), No. 3, p. 295.

Tolman, L. M. Soil Sediments as Found Under Arid Conditions with Regard to
Their Plant-Food Value. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rept., 1898-1901,
pp. 33-42.

Tyrrell. Lecaniums of California. Cal. Exp. Sta. Repts., 1894-95, pp. 262-270.

Vaile, R. S. Breeding Citrus Trees. Mo. Bul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. 1, No. 9,
August, pp. 479-451.

Improvement of Citrus Stock Through Bud Selection. Pomona College Journal
of Economic Botany as Applied to Subtropical Horticulture, Vol. 1, No. 3,
Dept. of Biology of Pomona College, pp. 149-151.

Pruning Lemon. Mo. Bul. Cal. Com. Hort., Vol. 1, No. 6, March, 1913, p. 216.
Ilustr.

Van Deman, H. E. Condition of Semi-Tropical Fruits in 1887, giving descriptions of
different varieties of all citrus fruits. U. S. Div. of Pomology, Bul. 1.

Culture of the Orange in the United States. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1887,
pp. 637-642.

Report on the Relative Merits of Various Stocks for the Orange, with Notes on
Mal-di-goma and the Mutual Influence of Stock and Scion. Washington: Govt.
Printing Office, 1891, pp. 21. Bul. No. 4, Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric.

Varnum, G. W. Transplanting and Pruning. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Annual Report,
1890, pp. 67-71.

Vasey, a Orange Culture in Australia. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1886,

p. 702-703.

Volek, W. H. Spraying with Distillates. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1903, Bul.
153, 31 p. Ilustr.

Sulfur Sprays for Red Spiders. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1903, Bul. 154,
pp. 1-11. Ilustr.

Von Herrmann, Chas. F. Methods of Protecting Citrus Fruits from Frost. Year
Book, Dept of Agric., 1909, pp. 394-396.

Wall, W. B. Parasites of Injurious Insects. 28th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1903. pp. 102-110. ;

Watson, I. R. Fungous Parasites of Scale and White Fly. Journal of Economic
Entomology No. 5 (1912), p. 200.

Webber, H. J. Fertilization of the Soil as Affecting the Orange in Health and
Disease, in Year Bock ot the U. S. Dept. of Agric., 1894. Washington: Govt.
Printing Office, 1895. Illustr. pp. 193-202.

The same. Reprint. :

Methods of Propagating the Orange and Other Citrus Fruits. Year Book, Dept.
of Agric., 1896, pp. 471-488. ; es

Morton Citrange. U. S. Bur. of Plant Industry, 1911. Reprint from Year Book,
Dept. of Agric., 1905, pp. 276-278.

8—cc

114 CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE.

New Citrus and Pineapple Productions of the Dept. of Agric. Year Book Dept-
of Agric., 1906, pp. 329-346. : me
New Citrus Productions of the Department of Agric. Year Book, Dept. of Agric.,
1906, pp. 329-3388. k 2
Sooty Mold of the Orange and Its Treatment. U. S. Vegetable Pathology, 1897.

Bul. 13.

Webber & Swingle. New Citrus Creations of the Department of Agriculture.

Scientific American Supplement. 62. Nov. 3, 1906.
The same. Year Book, Dept. of Agric., 1904, pp. 221-240.

Weinland, H. A. The Cosmopolitan Habits of the Fruit Fly. Pomona College
Journal of Entomology, Vol. 4, No. 4. Department of Biology of Pomona Col-
lege. pp. 821-825. Mees

Wells, A. J. Oranges of the Foothills. Sunset, Vol. 17, August, 1906, pp. 171-173.

White, W. N. Citrus—The Orange Family, in Gardening for the South. New York:
Cc. M. Saxton & Co. Copyrt. 1856. 1856. pp. 327-330. fs

Orange, Lemon, Etc., in Gardening for the South, second edition, by J. Van
Buren & Jas. Camak. New York: Orange-Judd & Co. Copyrt. 1868. 1868.
pp. 382-384. y

Whitner, J. N. Kumquat—Otaheite Orange, Orange in Gardening in Florida, a
Treatise of the Vegetables and Tropical Fruits of Florida. Jacksonville:
Cc. W. DaCosta. Copyrt. 1884. 1885. pp. 210-216.

Whitney, J. P. Educational Orange Growing. Illustr. Sunset, vol. 17, No. 70,
pp. 161-170. August, 1906.

Wickson, E. J. California Fruits and How to Grow Them. 6th ed., pp. 422-467.
Pacific Rural Press, S. F., 1912. Illustr.

The Orange, Lemon, Lime, Etc., in the California Fruits and How to Grow
Them. 6th edition. San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press. Copyrt. 1912.
Williams, L. B. Coloring of Our Oranges and Lemons by Our Sweating Process.

Proceedings 37th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910, pp. 104-108.

Woehlke, W. V. Oranges—In the Service of Quality. Outlook, 93, pp. 417-427.
October 23, 1909.

Woglum, R. 8S. Attempted Introduction Parasite on White Fly into Florida.
Florida Grower 6 (1912), No. 9, p. 3; No. 10, p. 3.

Fumigation Investigations. Los Angeles Horticultural Commission. Illustr.

Recent Results of the Fumigation of Citrus Trees in California. San Antonio
Fruit Exchange, Pomona, Cal., pp. 1-19.

Trip to Orient for Enemies of White Fly. U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bur. of Ento-
mology, Bul. 120. Illustr. pp. 1-58.

Value of Sodium Cyanide for Fumigation Purposes. U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bur.
of Entomology, Bul. 90, Part II, pp. 83-90.

Woglum & Maskew. Fumigation Investigation. F. W. Braun, Los Angeles. Illustr.
pp. 1-32.

Wood, W. Selection of Seed an Important Factor in Laying the foundation for a
Citrus Orchard. Proceedings 37th State Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1910,
pp. 25-28.

Woodford, B. A. California Fruit Growers’ Exchange and Its Relation to the Citrus
Fruit Industry. 40th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1911, pp. 40-44.

Marketing Citrus Fruits by the Growers. 33d Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention,
1907, pp. 111-116.
Organized Fruit Marketing. 389th Cal. Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1911, pp. 85-89.

Woodworth, C. W. Black Scale. Cal. Exp. Sta. Report, 1894-95, pp. 253-262.

Fumigation Studies. Dosage Tables. Univ. Cal. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Bul. 220
1911, pp. 1-34.

Orange and Lemon Rot. Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, Supt. State Printing, 1902.
Ilustr. pp. 12. Bul. No. 139. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta.

Red Spider of Citrus Trees. Cal. Exp. Sta., 1902, Bul. 145. 19 p. Ilustr.

Remedies for Insects. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1908, Cir. 7, pp. 1-19.

White Fly Eradication. Cal. Exp. Sta., Cir. 32, 1907. 15 p. Tllustr.

White Fly in California. Cal. Exp. Sta., Cir. 30, 1907. 16 p.

White Fly of California. 26th Fruit Growers’ Convention, 1901, pp. 155-160.

Yothers, W. W. Recent Results of Spraying Experiments for the Control of the
White Fly on Citrus. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society,
1911, pp. 538-64.

INDEX.

Acid, clamps,
container, 74.
cut-offs, 77.
dosage, 76-77.
generators, 75.
graduates, 74.
sulphuric, 73-79.
Acida variety, 99.
Adobe soils, 8.
Alcohol to determine frozen fruit, 11.
Aleyrodes citri, 57-59.

Alfalfa, 12, 25, 30.
Alkali, 9.
black, 9, 26.

Allograpta obliqua, 60.
Alternaria citri, 49.
American syrphid, 60.
Aphelinus diaspidis, 63.
Aphidius testaceipes, 63.
Aphis cookii, 56.
gossypii, 56.
Aramigus fulleri, 21,
Aphycus flavus, 63.
immaculatus, 63.
Arid soils, 8.
Armillaria mellea, 49-50.
Arrangement of trees, 14-15.
Arsenate of lead, 67.
Aspidiotiophagus citrinus, 63, 64.
Aspidiotus camelliw, 57.
hedere, 54, 57.
Axion pilatii, 60.
plagiatus, 60.
Australian navel orange,

57, 69.

87.

Balling trees, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19.
Bands, tanglefoot, 69.
Beans, 25.

Beetles, 57.
ladybird, 60-61.

Bibliography, 105.

Bigaradia orange, 84.

Bitter orange, 84.

Black, alkali, 9, 26.
citrus louse, 56, 63.
ladybird beetle, 60.
scale, 53, 57, 63, 79, 80.

Blanchard, N. W., 48, 83.

Blood orange, 92.
malta, 92.
ruby, 92.

Block fumigation, 82.

‘Blower, 68.

Blue mold, 47.

‘Bone, 26.
steamed, 26.
treated, 26.

Books, Citrus fruits and their culture, 93.

Fungi, 50.

Bordeaux mixture, fumigation, 48, 81.
for withertip, 48.
preparation of, 65-66.

paste, 44.

preparation of, 66.

Botrytis vulgaris, 44.
Box, lemon, 34.

orange, 34.
Brands, choice, 42.

eulls, 42.

fancy, 42.

standard, 42.
Brown, lacéwing, 60.

rot, 47, 48.
causing gummosis, 44.
seale, 57.
spot, 46.
Bud, 13.
securing, 13.
selection, 13, 19-20.
Budding, 13, 19-22.
figure, 20, 21, 22.
large trees, 21.
figure, 21.

Burr clover, 25.
Butterfly, 57.
By-products, citrus, 100-101.

candied lemon peel, 101.

citrate of lime, 100.

oil of lemon, 100.

salted lemon, 101.
Calendar, citrus pests, 56-57.
California, orange dog, 57.

fruit growers’ exchange, 103-104.
Call, A. F., 3, 27.
Canadian field peas, 25.
Candied lemon peel, 101.
Cankerworms, 69.
Carbolic acid emulsion,
Carbonate of soda, 9, 26.
Care, of fumigating tents, 73.

orchard, 23.

Caterpillars, 69.

Chaff scale, 57.

Chapman, C. C., 3, 27, 29, 34.
Charips xanthopsis, 63.
Chase, Harry, 11.
Cheiloneurus dactylopti, 63.

67.

Chemicals, 77.
Chemical wagon, 73-77.
Chili saltpeter, 26, 27.

Chilocorus bivulnerus, 60, 61.

Chionaspis citri, 57.

Chlorosis, 43.

Choice brand, 42.

Chrysomphalus, aonidum, 57.
aurantii, 54, 57.
citrinus, 55, 57.

116

Chrysopa californica, 60, 61.
Chrysoplatycerus splendens, 63.
Citrate of lime, 100.
Citron, 95, 96.
figure, 96.
Citrus culture, 3, 5.
Butte County, 7.
fascinating, 7.
Glenn County, 7.
history of, 7.
importance, 7.
labor, 5.
locality, 8.
north and south, 7.
Placer County, 7.
profitable, 5, 7.
rapid growth, 5.
study, 7.
aphid, 62, 63.
by-producteé, 100-101.
grading for, 13.
louse, 56.
mealy bug, 51, 56.
protective league, 104.
red spider, 56.
thrips, 56.
white fly, 57.
Citrus aurantium amara, 84-85.
sinensis, 85-87.
decumana, 94.
figure, 94.
triumph pomelo, 95.
Marsh’s seedless, 95.
japonica, 95.
medica, 95.
acida, 99-100.
genuiana, 95.
limon, 95-100.
nobilis, 93.
figure, 92.
Clamps, acid, 77.

Claremont Pomological Club, 102-103.

Clay soils, 8, 12, 28.
Climate, 10.
conditions, 10.
frost, 10-12.
Clippers, 41.
Clover, burr, 25.
sweet, 12.
Clubs, farmers’, 102-103.
Coal baskets, 10.
Coccophagus lecanii, 63.
lunulatus, 68.
Coccus elongatus, 57.
hesperidum, 52, 57, 62.
Colletotrichum glwosporioides, 48.
Commercial, fertilizers.
application by.
Call, A. F., 27.
Chapman, C. C., 27. '
Palmer, F. L., 27.
lime-sulphur, 67.
Comys fusca, 63.
Contouring, 13, 28.
Control of insects, 56-57, 60, 638.
Copper sulphate, 47.

INDEX.

Cottony, mold, 48.
cushion scale, 52, 56, 60, 63.
Cover crops, 12, 13, 25, 27.
plowing, 25, 30.
seeding, 32.
vetch, 12.
Cowpeas, 25.
Crop in orchard, 25.
beans, 25.
Cryptocheatum icerya@, 63.
Cryptogonus orbiculus, 60.
Cryptolemus montrouzieri, 60, 61.
Cucumber beetle, 57.
Culbertson, J. D., 3.
Culls, brand, 42.
Cultivation, 28, 28, 30.
Cultivator, 31.
Culture, citrus, range, 7, 8.
Cundiff, R. P., 3, 46.
Curing lemons, 41, 42.
Cut-offs, acid, 77.
Cuttings, 97.
Cutworm, 57, 69.
Cyanide, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79.
potassium, 69, 77-79.
sodium, 77-79.

fe)

Damping off, 48-49.
Dancy tangerine, 93.
figure, 92,
Decadence in citrus groves, 82.
how prevented, 82.
not necessary, 82.
Diabrotica soror, 57.
Die-back, 44.
Dipping fumigating tents, 72.
Dipterous parasites, 63.
Disk drill, 32.
Distillate for orchard heating, 11.
Dosage, fumigating, 73, 76, 77, 79, 81.
black scale, 79.
mealy bug, 79.
purple scale, 79.
red scale, 79.
schedule, 80, 81.
yellow scale, 79.
Doubletrees, 33.
Drained soils, 27.
Drills, 32.
Duggar, B. M., 50.
Dusts, sprays, 68-69.
Dynamite for hardpan, 44.

Elms, 23.

Encyrtus flavus, 63.

Eriophyes oleivorus, 56.

Essig, E. O., 3.

Hulecanium pruinosum, 57.

Bupelnus nirabilis, 63.

Eureka lemon, 97-99.

figure, 99.

Euthrips citri, 56.

Exanthema, 44.

Exchange, California fruit growers’,
103-104.

Exochomus californicus, 60.

INDEX.

Fancy brand, 42.
Farmers’ clubs, 102-103.
institutes, 102.
Faweett, H. S., 44.
Fertilization, 25-28.
Fertilizer, 13, 23.
drilling, commercial, 32.
Firing, 10. :
Flies, syrphid, 60.
Florida die-back, 44.
Flowers of sulphur, 68.
Foot rot, 45-46.
Frost, 10, 16, 97.
lessons taught, 11.
prevention, 10-12.
Frosted scale, 57, 63.
Frozen fruit, determining, 11.
alcohol method, 11.
Chase method, 11.
marketing, 12.
trees, pruning, 12.
Fruit, frozen, 11-12. -
growers’ exchange, 103-104.
Fuller’s rose beetle (weevil), 21, 57, 69.
Fumigation, 65.
block, 82.
Bordeaux mixture, 48, 81.
buying materials, 81-82.
chemicals, 77.
dosage, 79.
schedules, 76.
exposure, 80.
insect pests, 56-57.
methods, 69-70.
procedure, 79.
temperature, 81.

tents, 70-73.

time, 80.

wagons, 73-75.
Fungi, 46.

Fungous diseases, 43.
Furrower, 32.
Fusarium, 48-49.

Gas, hydrocyanic acid, 69.
Generators, acid, 75.
Gloves, rubber, 77.
Glover’s scale, 57.
Gold dust to remove soot, 11.
Grading, 13, 42.
lemons, 42.
oranges, 42.
Graduates, fumigation, 74.
Grafting, 21.
Grapefruit, Marsh’s seedless, 95.
pack, 38.
triumph, 95.
Gravelly soils, 8.
Gray mold, 48.
producing gummosis, 44.
Greedy scale, 57.
Greenhouse thrips, 56.
Green, citrus louse, 56.
lacewing, 60, 61.
mold, 47.
peach aphid, 56.

117

Growth of industry, 5.
Gum disease, 44.
Gummosis, 44.
Gypsum, 27, 46.

Hampton, Mr., 30.
Handling young trees, 14, 16.
Hardpan, 9.
tree troubles, 43-44.
Harrows, 31.
Heading trees, high, 24.
figure, 23.
low, 24.
figure, 24.
Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, 56.
Hemerobius pacificus, 60.
Hemispherical scale, 57, 63.
Hexagonal system, 14-16.
Hilgard, H. W., 25, 26.
Hippodamia convergens, 60.
History of citrus, 7.
Holes for trees, 16.
Homosassa orange, 92.
Hopkins, C. G., 25, 26, 30.
Hop tree, 83.
Hume, H. H., 93.
Humus, 8, 12, 238, 25, 26.
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 69.
Hymenopterous parasites, 63.
Hyperaspis lateralis, 60.

Icerya purchasi, 52, 56.
Imperial lime, 100.
Implements, cultivating,
Insects, attacks, 43.
control, 56-57.
illustrations, 51-64.
black scale, 53.
lacewing, 61.
ladybird beetles, 61.
chalcid flies, 63-64.
lemon peel scale, 54.
mealy bug, 51.
parasitized aphids, 62.
scale, 62.
purple scale, 58.
red scale, 54.
soft brown scale, 62.
white fly, 58-59.
yellow scale, 55.
injurious, 51-59.
parasitic, 62-64.
predaceous, 60.

Irrigation, 9, 17, 19, 23, 28-29.
after planting, 17, 18.
basin, 23.
deep, 23, 28.
furrow, 23, 28-29.

Italy, 97, 101.

Ivy scale, 54, 57.

30, 31.

Jaffa orange, 92.
figure, 90.

Katydid, 56, 63.
IKXerosene to remove soot, 11-

118

King, F. H., 26.

soil tester, 9, 28.
Kethen, E. L., 3.
Kumquat, 95.

Lacewings, 60.
brown, 60.
green, 60.
Ladybird beetles, 60-61.
Lasiophthicus pyrastri, 60.
Layering, 21.
Lead arsenate,
Leghorn, 101.
Legumes, cover crops, 25.
Lelong, B. M., 3, 7, 84.
Lemon, box, 34.
candied peel, 101.
frost resistance, 10.
grading, 41, 42.
oil of, 100.
packing, 41.
peteca, 46.
propagation, 97.
pruning, 29-30.
salted, 101.
varieties, 97-98.
Eureka, 97,
Lisbon, 97, 98.
Villa Franca, 97.
Lepidosaphes beckii, 57, 58.
gloverii, 57.
Leucopis bella, 63.
Lime, 26, 65.
and sulphur, 69.
-sulphur, 48, 67.
Lime juice, 100.
Limes, 95, 99-100.
citrate, 100.
Imperial, 100.
juice, 100.
Mexican, 100.
Tahiti, 100.
Limestone, 26.
Lime-sulphur, commercial,
for withertip, 48.
Limoneira Company,
Lisbon lemon, 97, 98.
figure, 98.
Loam, 8.
Localities to grow citrus, 8, 9, 11.
Long-tailed mealy bug, 56.
Longulus scale, 57.

67.

99.

67.

packing-house,

Macrosiphum citrifolii, 56.
Mal-di-gomma, 45-46.
Mandarin orange, 93, 95.
Manure, 13, 23, 26.
Marker, 32.

Marking fumigating tents,
Marsh’s seedless grapefruit,

13:
9

5.

Materials, buying, 81.
fumigating tents, 71-72.
McFadden, C. E., 77, 78.

Mealy bug, 51, 56.
dosage, 79.
enemies of, 60, 68.

42.

INDEX.

Mediterranean sweet orange, 92.
Melon aphis, 56.
Mexican lime, 100.
Microcentrum laurifolium, 56.
Mission Fathers, 7.
Mites, citrus red spider, 56.
enemies of, 60.
silver, 56.
six-spotted, 56.

Mold, 46.
blue, 47.
cottony, 48.
gray, 48.
green, 47.
Morrill, A. W., 70.
system, 70.
Morris, Earl, 49.

Moths, 57.
Mottled leaf, 43.
Mulch under trees,
Myzus persice, 56.

29.

Navel orange, 85.
figure, 86.
rot, 49.
figure, 49.
Thompson’s improved, 89.
Washington, 86-87.
Nitrate of soda, 26, 27.
Nitrogen, 25-27.
Novius cardinalis, 60, 61.
kobelei, 60.

Number of fumigating tents to outfit,

Nursery stock, growing, 14, 18-19.

Oak-root fungus, 49-50.
Oil, kerosene to remove soot, 11.
of lemons, 100-101.
pots, 10, 11, 12.
Orange, bitter, 84-85.
blood, 92.
chionaspis, 57.
diagram of packs, 35, 36, 3
frost resistance, 10.
grading, 42.
Homosassa, 92.
Jaffa, 92.
Mandarin, 93.
Mediterranean sweet, 92.
number in box, 34.
paper rind St. Michael, 92.
packs, 35-37.
picking, 34.
puffing, 46.
pruning, 29-30.
splitting, 46.
sweet, 85-92.
Thompson's navel,
tortrix, 57.
trifoliate, 84.
Valencia, 88-89.
Washington navel,
Oreus chalybeus, 60.
Old Mission brand, 42.

-1

89-90,

86-87.

Orchard, 14.
care of young, 23.
contouring, 28.
figure of, 6.
planting, 13.
preparation of soil, 13.
procuring trees, 13.
terracing, 28.

trees, hexagonal setting, 14, 15.

quincunx, 15, 16.

squares, 14, 15.

triangular, 14, 15.
young trees for, 12.

Packing, fruit packs, 35-40.
house, 42.

Pomona, 42.
Teague, 42.
grading, 42.

Packs, grapefruit,’ 38.
lemon, 39-40.
orange, 35-37.

Palmer, F. L., 27.

Paper rind St. Michael, 92.

Papilio zolicaon, 57.

Parasites, dipterous, 63.
hymenopterous, 63.

Parlatoria pergandii, 57.

Pear thrips, 51.

Peas, Canadian field, 25.
cow, 25.

Pedigreed stock, 19.

Penicillium digitatum, 47.
italicum, 47. :

Peridroma margaritosa saucia, 57.

Pests, control, 56-57, 60, 63.

Peteca of lemons, 46.

Phosphates, 26.
bone, 26.
rock, 26.

Phosphoric acid, 27.

Physiological troubles, 43.

Picking, clippers, 41.
expert work, 42.
lemons, 41.
oranges, 41.
pomelos, 41.
ring, 34.
sack, 41.

Plant diseases, 43-50.
blue mold, 47.
brown rot, 47.
brown spot, 46.
cottony mold, 48.
damping-off, 48.
exanthema, 44.
fungi, 46.
gray mold, 48.
gummosis, 44.
mal-di-gomma, 45.
navel rot, 49.
peteca, 46.
psorosus, 44.
puffing, 46.
root-rot, 49.

INDEX.

Plant diseases—Continued.
spitting, 46.
withertip, 48.
Plant lice, 56, 60.
Planting, cover crops, 12, 13.
trees, 12-17.
time, 13, 16.
Plowing, 30-31.
cover crop, 25, 30.
Plows, 31.
Pomelo packs, 38.
picking, 41, 93, 94.
Potash, 26.
sulphate, 27.
Potassium cyanide, 77.
Powell, G. H., 3, 7, 34, 47.
Predators, 60.
lacewings, 60.
ladybird beetles, 60.
syrphid flies, 60.
Prickly ash, 83.
Propagating citrus trees, 17-19.
Prospaltella aurantii, 63.
Protective league, citrus, 104.
Pruning, 12, 16, 21, 28, 24, 29-30.
Pseudococcus citri, 51, 56.
longispinus, 56.
Psorosis, 44.
Puffing, 46.
Purchasing trees, 13.
Purple scale, 57, 58, 63, 79, 80.
Pythiacystis citrophora, 44, 47-48.

Quincunx system, 14-16.

Ramsey, H. J., 47.
Red scale, 54, 57, 63, 79, 80.
Florida, 57.
spider, 56, 69.
Reed, Fred, 3.
Reed, J. H., 3, 102.
Resin wash, 65, 67.
Rhizobius ventralis, 60.
Rhizoctonia, 48-49.
Ring, picking, 34.
Roots, 23.
position in planting, 16-17.
Root-rot, 49.
Rose beetle, Fuller’s, 21, 57, 69.
Rot, brown, 47.
foot, 45. ,
navel, 49.
root, 49-50.
white, 48.
Rubber gloves, 77.
tubing, 77.
Rutacew, 83.

Saissetia hemispherica, 57.
olew, 53, 57.

Salted lemons, 101.

Sandy soils, 8, 29.

Seales, fumigating, 77.

Scale insects, 51-58.
black, 57.
chaff, 57.

119

120

Scale insects—Continued.
cottony cushion, 56.
enemies of, 60-64.
Florida red, 57.
Glover’s, 57.
greedy, 57.
hemispherical, 57.
ivy, 57.
purple, 57.
red, 57.
soft brown, 57.

Sealy bark, 44-45.

Schedule, fumigating, 56-57.

Sclerotinia libertiana, 48.

Scutellista cyanea, 63, 64.

Scymnus guttulatus, 60.
marginicollis, 60.
nebulossus, 60.
sordidus, 60.

Seeds, large, 17.
planting, 12, 13, 17-19.

Seed bed stock, 19.

Seeding cover crops, 32.

Seedlings, 18.
figure, 18.
handling, 18.
orange, 91.

Selecting buds, 13, 19-20.
trees, 12, 13.

Setting trees, 13, 16-17.

Shaddock, 94-95.
figure, 94.

Shamel, A. D., 13, 19.

Sicily, 8, 97.

Signiphora occidentalis, 63.

Silver mite, 56.

Singletree, 33.

Six-spotted mite, 56.

Sizing fruits, 42.

Slips, 21.
Smith, E. H., 50.
R. E., 47, 48, 50.
Smoke, 11.
Sodium, carbonate, 26.
cyanide, 77.

nitrate, 26.

Soft brown scale, 52, 57, 62, 63.

Soils, adobe, 8.

arid, 8.

around young trees, 16-17.

clay, 8, 12, 28.

gravelly, 8.

loam, 8.

preparation, 12.

sandy, 8, 28.

Sicily, 8.

tester, King’s, 9, 28.
Soot, removing from fruit, 11.
Sour orange, 84.

figure, 85.

stock, 12, 13, 17, 97.
Species of citrus trees, 83-100.
Splitting of fruit, 46.
Spot, brown, 46.
Spraying, 65-67.

formule, 65-67.

outfit, 33.

INDEX,

}

|

Sprays, 65-67.
Bordeaux mixture, 65.
earbolic acid emulsion, 65.
contact, 65.
formule, 65-67.
resin wash, 65.
Spray wagon, 66.
figure, 66.
Square system, 14-15.
Stable fertilizer, 13, 23, 26.
Standard brand, 42.
Steel blue ladybird beetle, 60.
Stethorus vagans, 60.
St. Michael, 92.
figure, 91.
Stock, nursery, 19.
seed bed, 19.
sour, 12, 13, 17.
Straw as fertilizer, 26.
Subsoiler, 32.
Sub-varieties of orange, blood,
Homosassa, 92.
other varieties, 91.
Mediterranean sweet, 92.
paper rind St. Michael, 92.
figure, 91.
seedlings, 91.

bo

Thompson's improved navel, 89.

figure, 89.
Valencia, 88.
figure, 88.
Washington navel, 87.
figure, 86.
Suckers, pruning, 29.
Sulphate of potash, 27.
Sulphur, and lime, 69.
flowers, 68.

lime-sulphur, 48, 67.

Sulphuric acid, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79.

Sweet clover, 12.
Sympherobius angustus, 60.
Syrphid flies, 60.
American, 60.
large, 60.
small, 60.
Syrphus americanus, 60.

Tangerine, Dancy, 9
Tanglefoot bands, 69.
Tannin tent dip, 73.
Tape line, 76.
Tariff, citrus, 6.
Teague, C. C., 3, 48, 97.
Teague, R. M., 8, 17, 19.
Temperature, fumigating 80-81.
Tents, care, 73.

dipping, 72-73.

figure of, 70, 71.

fumigating, 70-73.

hoist, 72.

marking, 73.

measuring, 76.

number for outfit, 73.

size, 70.

Teague lemon curing, 42.
Termes lucifugus, 56.

Terracing for irrigation, 28.

Tetranychus bimaculatus, 56, 69.
mytilaspidis, 56, 69.

Thermometer, 77.

Thompson’s improved navel, 89-90.

figure, 89.
Thrips, 56.
citrus, 56.

greenhouse, 56.
Thomomys sps., 101.
Tobacco extracts, 66.
Tomocera californica, 63.
Tools, orchard, 31-33.

cultivator, 31.

drills, 32.

harrows, 31.

marker, 32.

miscellaneous, 33.

plows, 31.

singletrees and doubletrees, 33.

spraying outfit, 33.

subsoiler, 32.

figure, 32.

wagon, 31.

Tortrix citrana, 57.
Toxoptera aurantie, 56, 62.
Trees, arrangement, 14-16.

budded, 13, 19-21.

cost of young, 13.

digging, 14.

planting, 13, 14, 16, 17.

procuring, 13.

propagating, 17-19.

shipping, 14.

young, 12.

Triangular system, planting, 14-15.
Triumph grapefruit, 95.
Tuscany, 101.

cc

INDEX.

Two-stabbed ladybird beetle, 60, 61.

Valencia late orange, 88-89.
figure, 88.

Variegated cut worm, 57.
leaf, 43.

Varieties of trees, 83-100.

Vedalia, 60, 61.

Vetch, 12, 25.

Villa Franca lemon, 97.

Wagon, 31, 41.
chemical, 73-77.
Washington navel orange, 86-87.
figure, 86.
Water, fumigating, 78.
increased, 9.
tank, fumigating, 74.
underground, 9.
sprouts, pruning, 29.
Webber, H. J., 84.
Weevil, Fuller’s rose, 21, 57, 69.

Western 12-spotted cucumber beetle, 57.

White ant, 56.

fly, 57-59.

rot, 48.
Withertip, 48.
Woglum, R. S., 70, 78, 79.
Woolly citrus aphid, 56.
Wrapping, 42.

Yellow leaf, 43.
mite, 69.
seale, 55, 57, 638, 64, 79, 80.
Young trees, 12.
balling, 13, 14.
open roots, 138, 14.
selecting, 12.

1s

1