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THE

FRUIT CULTURE
IN JAPAN

\

BY

T. IKEDA, Nogakuhakuehi.

\w

SEIBIDO.
TOKYO, JAPAN.

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003402983

A 50 4394

T. IKEDA, Nogakuhakushi.

CONTENTS

Introduction

CHAPTER I

The Climate of Japan and Its Local Modifications ---

CHAPTER II

The Adaptive Ranges of Fruits in Japan --+

CHAPTER III
The Fruit Soils of Japan

CHGPlER. I
Indigenous and Introduced Fruits
CHAPTER V
List of Varieties of Leading Fruits in Japan
CHAPTER VI

Propagation of Fruit Trees ++

CHAPTER VII

Modes of Pruning and Training Fruit Trees

CHAPTER VIII

Some Routine Operations in Japanese Orchards

* 10

69

sé 76

a 89

94

104

Introduction.

In Japan, arable land is limited in extent, and the
population numerous, and owing to the lack of capital the area
cultivated by individual farmers is small.. The plains, and
level ground generally, come first in value, as these are
utilised for the cultivation of those cereals which form the
principal diet of the Japanese; and on such land no room
is found for other produce, including fruits, and orchards are
rarely if ever seen. What fruit trees there are, have been
planted in spare ground, around peasant’s cottages, on embank-
ments, by the roadside, in temple grounds, on steep slopes
and on table-lands which are not easily utilised on account
of water facilities ; also on the outer edge of the embankments
of rivers, which are often subject to destruction by floods,
It would appear that hill slopes, notwithstanding the heavy
growth of wild vegetation they bear, even on a poor and
shallow soil, have not been taken advantage of for the
cultivation of fruit trees. These conditions still exist, and
have done in Japan from ancient times.v As instances of this,
the persimmon may often be seen flourishing in the situations
mentioned above; the pear and peach are found in the dry
beds of rivers; and the orange tree and grape-vine are often
planted on the slopes of hills. Fine fruit has often been
produced under such conditions, without much effort, and
where the soil and climate are favourable and the grower has
paid some attention to the cultivation of his trees, good results
have been obtained. But the cultivation of fruit trees in Japan
may still be said to be in its infancy when compared with the

( 2)

horticulture of Europe and America, and to account for this
it must be stated that the lack of a arboricultural knowledge in
the direction of pomonology is largely due in this country to
the want of a market, in other words to a paucity of consumers,
fruit being regarded as an article of food of dietetic value only
by those above the middle class, and by the majority of the
community as a luxury only and as the comestibles of
children; consequently even high-class fruit has not been
appreciated to the extent it deserved nor the grower awarded
the merit to which he was entitled. The time has not yet
arrived apparently, for competition in the production of fruit,
the main effort put forth being in the cultivation of the
universal daily food of the people. Although some progress
has been made in fruit culture the general tardiness in its
advancement cannot be denied, and it has been stated that not
one person out of ten is acquainted with the names of the
ordinary fruits grown. Japanese do not, apparently, care for
fruit as do the peoples cf the West, and this may be owing
partly to the difference in the dietary of the nations of the
East and West. In Japan albuminous food is not taken as the
principal portion of a meal, but is served as side dishes.
Thus while rice, barley, sweet potatoes, onions, maize and
other vegetables form the staple of the people, fish and fowl
are the adjuncts to the general diet, the opposite being the
case in the West where albuminous substances are the principal
and starchy and sugary substances the auxiliary food of the
people. After the introduction of Buddhism into Japan the
converts to that faith subsisted upon a so-called vegetarian diet,
the use of wine and meat being prohibited, the consequence
being that only vegetables were served with the starchy food
mentioned above. From remote ages Buddhism has been a
widely spread religion in Japan, and the adherents to that
faith have always been in considerable numbers and it is due
to this fact that the production of meat for human consumption
has largely fallen off, and as the use of meat declined that of

( 3)

vegetables increased. Among the Japanese the natural demand
for a highly nourishing diet has always been smaller than
among the nations of Europe and America, and this, together
with the influence of Buddhism, is the reason that there has
been so limited a demand in Japan for food in the nature of
fruits, consequently their cultivation has never been fostered to
any extent and has made but little progress. On the contrary,
in Japan there are numerous varieties af vegetables, many of
which are of a high character, andin the neighbourhood of
the larger cities there are extensive market gardens whose
products are quite celebrated. There is no doubt that Europe
and America are well advanced in the production of vegetables,
especially in the art of forcing, which method has not been
adopted in Japan; but it is nevertheless a fact that vegetables
grown in Japan in the open ground are not only not inferior,
but are in some instances superior, in quality, to those raised
in Europe or America. It is seldom in Japan that the ground
becomes frozen to the extent that work becomes impossible
in winter, as is commonly the case in many other countries,
and market gardens around cities like Tokyo and Yokohama
are kept in continuous cultivation. This fact together with the
acquisition of vegetables from warmer Gistricts diminishes the
necessity for the forcing processes adopted in Europe and
America, It has been stated that there are in the suburbs
of Tokyo only two establishments which have adopted the
European style of forcing, and the largest of these has
only eighty frames working on a quarter of an acre of
ground.

Whatever may be said of our vegetables, it is but natural
that we should have some fine fruits among the variety
grown in such an extended latitude and the various
altitudes found in Japan, and many of these are abundant
in quantity and of a superior quality; but notwithstanding
this, they are generally regarded by the Japanese—who have
no idea of their hygienic value—as a luxury and to be used

( 4 )

as are candies and sweetmeats, and these conditions remain
to the present day.

For a long period in ancient times there was no com-
munication between Japan and foreign countries, and even
for along time after the end of the Tokugawa era there was no
importation of the fine fruit of Europe and America, and
consequently the Japanese lack of knowledge of foreign
fruits and plants. Had it heen otherwise, there is no doubt
that the cultivation of foreign fruit in Japan would have made
more progress than it has done. Due to the great variety
of latitude and altitude previously mentioned, foreign fruits
planted in Japan have done fairly well, and annual crops,
good both in quantity and quality, have been gathered ;
and this notwithstanding the fact that the growers give but
scant attention to the trees and rest satisfied so long as the
yield is good, neither manuring nor pruning, and the majority
ot fruit trees in Japan are treated in this way to the present
day. The persimmon is treated in like manner, with the
exception that its branches are occacionally thinned out,
Orange trees have received some attention in the matter
of manuring, as have also chesnut trees, but these are neither
pruned nor trained; but Japanese have been taught by
experience that pear-trees and grape-vines will not bear good
crops of fruit without pruning and tiaining and consequently
they have fallen into these methods as a matter of necessity.

Many suitable situations, having regard to mountain side
and soil, for the cultivation of fruit trees are to be found
in Japan if sought for, and people generally seem to have
relied upon situation and the soil only. The consequence has
been that no improvement has taken place in fruit culture ; and
this fact, together with extensive seri-culture, which has been
for many years a growing industery of farmers and now
and for some time past has produced the principal export
of Japan, has no doubt largely contributed to and been the
means of retarding the progress of fruit culture.

C 3

In Japan the national drink is sake (i.e. rice-wine), This
jiquor is used universally and by all classes, from Mikado to
the lowest members of the community, and is to be found in
evidence on all occasions of joy or grief, fortune or misfortune.
As a beverage, it may be considered inferior to the liquors of
Europe and America, but it is not likely that these will take
the place of sake in this country, seeing that the latter has
been in use for many centuries in close association with all
rites and ceremonies. In recent times scientific investigators
have introduced an improved process in the brewing of sake by
adopting the pure yeast culture of western methods, and thus
are enabled to manufacture a better liquor than formerly, and
whatever hygienic value and fine flavour may be possessed by
the fruit wines of the west, they do not take any strong, hold
on the appreciation of the Japanese.

Another cause of neglect in the cultivation of fruit trees
is the fact that a large area that would be suitable for that pur-
pose is occupied and has to be maintained under forest for the
production of fire-wood and charcoal. The amount of land
required for this purpose is enormous, for up to the time of the
Restoration the only fuel used in Japan was wood and char-
coal, and even now coal forms but a small percentage of the
country’s fuel. These forests require but little attention and
are profitable to the owners on that account.

Finally, to summarize the causes why in Japan fruit culture

has not been taken up to any extent, it may be stated :—

(1.) That as the principal food of the Japanese consisted
of starchy and sugary. substances, these have not deve-
loped a taste or desire for fruit.

(2.) Japan being surrounded by the sea, fisheries’ developed
to a great extent, and consequently fish were consum-
ed very generally while the consumption of the
flesh of cattle was but little. The former has lighter

taste than the latter.

(3.) In all Japan, pickled vegetables have taken the

(4-)

(5.)
(6.)
(7-)

(8.)

(9.)

(10.)
(11)

(12.)

( 6 )

place of salads :and fruits at the end of meals, and
this is the case among all classes without distinction.
The consumption of fruit was small, and it was rarely
used in cooking. The canning of fruit was unknown,
and liquors from fruits have only been made on a
small scale.

That the community regarded fruit as a luxury and
not as a necessary.

That the people had no knowledge of the beneficial
qualities and the hygienic value of fruits.

That on the introduction of Buddhism, vegetarianism
prevailed and the consumption of animal food was
checked.

That the seclusion of Japan for a long period and no
communication with the west, where fruits are
extensively grown, until about 50 years ago, de-
prived the country of gaining a knowledge of foreign
fruits. ;
That most fruits, though grown in a semi-wild state,
yet produced crops annually or in alternate years,
and thus called for little attention as to cultivation.
That the extensve demand for rice-wine considerably
limits that of fruit-wine and beer.

That the seri-culture having been so important a part
of: the farmer’s work, he has devoted no time to the
culture of fruit.

That land has been largely used for the production
of fire-wood and charcoal. ,

Special features of the Japanese fruit industry.

(1.)

(2.)

Though the cultivation of fruit in Japan has existed
from ancient times, it never took the form of planting
gardens or orchards until a comparatively modern
date.

To those trees that do not give an annual crop or
that bear unsatisfactorily, a certain amount of atten-

(3.)
(4.)

(5.).
(6.)
(7.)

(8.)

(9.)
(10.)

(11.)

(12.)

(13-)

(14-)

i ae

tion has been given in the form of pruning and train-
ing, but others that bore fruit annually were permitted

to grow in a semi-wild state.

With the exception of oranges (especially the man-
darin), there are no plantations of fruit trees.
Fruit-trees are usually low trained and those which
are left nearly in their natural states resemble the stan-
dards, but there are no standards as are seen in Europe
and America, nor are there such roadside trees as
may be Seen in Germany.

There is a special method of training in Japan, and it
differs greatly from that in vogue in the west.

There are special measures taken in Japan, for
instance enveloping fruit in hanging bags. ||
Irrigation is not required in Japanese fruit gardens
during summer, while drainage is usually very neces-
sary and in case when the latter is unsatisfactory,
though the trees may fruit, the result is always very

‘bad.

Fruit culture in Japan is almost always a by-produc-
tion of farmers, and as such the cultivation is encourag-
ed. Districts specially devoted to fruit culture are few.
There is no horse-power or machine power used in
fruit gardens. This is because manual labour is cheap,
and besides the gardens are on too small a scale or
their grounds are too precipitous to use those powers,
Our fruit culture is intensive in labour but lacking capital.
The variety of fruit trees also the stock plants, and
the methods of propagation are widely different from *
those of Europe and America.’

The fruit-growers of Japan are careless in packing
and pay little attention to trade marks, consequently
well-grown fruit when placed on the market does not
obtain its proper value.

The customs of the fruit and: vegetable markets in

Cs

Japan differ from those of the west. Here we have
the broker as well as the agent. Goods pass from
the grower to the agent through the broker, and
thence from the agent through another broker to the
retail dealer. This process may have some facilities
but at the same time it involves considerable disad-
vantages. In certian markets this practice has been
altered by eliminating the brokers, the markets of

- Biwajima near Nagoya being cases in point; but in

the larger cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, etc.,
the broker reigns supreme, and the grower’s profits
are thereby very much reduced. The agents do not
gain much in this business and are considered general-
ly to be fairly honést'in their dealings with the grower,
but a radical alteration is called for in the matter of
brokerage, but as the system is of many year’s

Standing it will probably take some time before a

change is effected. The grower—who is also usually
the consignor—generally remains in the country, and

che-chas generally déficient knowledge on the condi-
tion of the market. Thus the agents and brokers

are enabled to make large profits. Should the grow-
ers’ knowledge not advance, the situation may remain
forever and he will not be able to compete
successfully with the merchant.

Special features of Japanese fruits,

(1.)

In respect of the shape, quality, and yield of fruit in
Japan it may be stated that it is not inferior to that
produced in Europe and America. The use of cover
bags induces growths of uniformity in size and shape.
Generally speaking, our fruit culture is conducted on
a much smaller scale than that of the west and its

' system is: very intensive, in consequence of which

our fruits frequently excel in size and’shape ; but as to
flavour, aroma, colour etc, they are generally inferior

. @)

(3-)

{ 9 }

to that of continental productions. It is the general
opinion that fruits produced in China, Korea, and
California have strong aroma, while ours are very
weak in it. This is due to the moist climate of
Japan at the ripening period,

The Japanese prefer fruit of the crisp, fleshy kind, and
do not care for those that dissolve easily on the palate.
This is a taste of long standing, and still exists, and it
is probably due to this fact that so few soft fruits are
grown in Japan. é
Formerly our people regarded fruits as they do
candy or sweetmeats. They were not esteemed for
their acid qualities or their flavour, and aroma but
for their sweetness. Sweet stuff was regarded asa
relish in Japan, but this habit has diminished and is
diminishing in eynipey with the general advance:
ment, ‘

CHAPTER I.
The Climate of J: apan and Its Local Modifications.

Unrivalled in her physical endowment, our insular empire,
though trifling in area, is characterised by specific climates and
soils with numberless variations. From the extreme north to
Formosa, spanning 28 degrees of latitude, some 27500 miles
long, our floral paradise is said to be without parallel in the
world.

The empire abounds in fruits, both tropical and temperate,
partly indigenuous and partly exotic. Our continental brethren,
have often had the good opportunities to introduce their fruits,
most of them with high qualities, with their civilization. The
western fruits, especially of the Old World have frequently
been introduced with the opening of commercial intercourse
mainly at Nagasaki through the hands of the Dutch, Portuguese
and Spaniards. Beside, there are a number of introduced
fruits dating since the Restoration of 1867.

Most of these exotic fruits, both of tropical and temperate,
varieties, thrive well and some have been found to grow with
great luxuriance.

The archipelago of Japan consists of four major islands,
Formosa excepted, and three chains of oceanic islands.

Being in proximity to the Asiatic Continent, our insular
climate has undergone certain disturbance through continental
influence. So we find that extreme conditions of climate are
greater than those of oceanic islands.

Thus the difference between the average temperatures of
the summer and winter amounts to about 30 degrees or more
Centigrade in the north and over 20 degrees even in the south,

( ir )

~~» The influence of the continent differs in-differcnt parts of
the country. The mountain chains, most of which run through
our archipelago from north to south divides the empire length-
wise into two main regions, and the climatic features of the
two regions show quite a radical difference, in’ consequence.
The half lying west or north-west of the back bone of our
country being called “ Ura-Nippon,”* (“ Ura” means ventral)
the other half lying onthe other side is called “ Omote-Nippon ”’t
(“ Omote ” means dorsal).

Generally speaking, our winter temperatures are much
lower owing to the heavy cooling influence of the Asiatic con-
tinent. So, north of 30 degree N. (Riukiu Chain) the average
minimum temperature in winter descends below zero every-
where; ‘hence, more or less snow falls. The cooling below
zero takes place not only in mid-winter, but also in late
autumn and early spring. So, frost prevails from the middle
of November to the end of March in every part of the country
except the extreme south, that is to say, south of 30
degrees N, -

According to the observations made at Sapporo (about 43
degrees 5 minutes N. L.), Hokkaido, earliest frost occurs in the
first week of Octobzr and latest spring frosts extend to the
middle of May.

In Tokio (35 degrees 40 minutes N. L.) frost begins in
the late November and lasts until the first week of May.
Finally, in Kagoshima (about 31 degrees and 30 minutes N,.
L.), the frost begins in late December and disappears by the
end of March. Lt

The Riukiu Islands have no frost throughout the year, but:
the case is different in Formosa, where light frosts are often.
formed in the northern districts, The climate of Formosa:
differs from that of oceanic islands, owing to its nearness to:
the Continent, d

* May be called the Continental Belt.
{ May be called the Pacific Belt. :

( 12 )

Thus the frost season extends over seven months in the
far northern territory, while our southernmost province has
the shortest period of only three months,

Though frost forms in almost all regions, it is, as a matter
of fact, harmless in south Japan, except... great altitudes.
It is a noticeable fact that the north and north-west regions, or
greater part of the so called Ura-Nippon has never suffered
damages of early and late frosts. This fact has been constantly
confirmed by the reports from local authorities.

Upon close examination of the reports, it has also been
found that the east and south-east half or Omote-Nippon,
except the warm southern provinces as well as the central
plateau of Shinano and Kai provinces, have often suffered
rather severe damages from frost, while the narrow belts under
the influence of large bodies of water have always escaped
them.

It is not uncommon that orchards in those regions have
suffered occasional injuries during the flowering period, while
enormous loss is caused on young mulberry and tea leaves. In
the last spring the same damages happened in Fukushima-Ken.
Mulberry leaves were entirely destroyed in one night, the loss
being estimated by the authorities at some £130,000.

In the summer, owing to the strong heating of the Conti-
nent our thermometers show relatively high temperatures,
which are, however, not so extreme as the low temperatures
of the winter.

So, in the summer a south or south-east breeze blows
from the Pacific toward the Continent across our lands, while in
the. winter the direction of the wind is quite contrary. Thus the
normal directions of the wind in the summer and winter are
always fixed, and the two prevailing winds or monsoons change
to each other in April and October. The isobars, during the
winter and autumn runs south-south-west and north-north-east
and make close curves convex towards the Continent. When
the warm spell comes in spring, these curves gradually change

ie ae

their direction and character-and gradually come to present
their convex sides towards the ocean.

_ The prevailing north-west wind of the winter sweeping
across the Sea of Japan is loaded with moisture. When it
strikes against the mountain barriers lying along the sea coast:
at various distances, it at once unloads its moisture Where
the barrier stand near the ccast and directly face it, heavy
precipitations are always the result.

Above all others, the provinces of Kaga, Echizen, Etchu,
Echigo, Uzen, Ugo and. Mutsu are known for the heaviest
snowfall in Japan. The depth of snow near the sea-coast:
reaches over 3 feet, while it increases to 9-13 feet at the foot o.’
the mountains.

Snowstorms accompanied by cold north or north-west
winds is one of the characteristic features of Ura-Nippon in.
winter., For about five months from November to March dull,
rainy or snowy weather always prevails. Rivers, streams, low.
paddy rice fields are flooded, the fields often remaining
submerged in water during the whole winter.

The cold wind from the frozen Continent becomes much
drier in passing to the other side of the mountains. So, the
south or south-east side or the so-called “ Omote-Nippon ”
regions are always scanty in rain and snow in winter. The
valleys of the interior of Central Japan, especially those of
Kai and Shinano Provinces have therefore cold and dry
winters.

Generally speaking, the Pacific Belt and the interior
valley regions of Central Japan, being quite shut out from
influence of humid winds, always have clear weather during the
winter months.

So, it is not an uncommon thing for a traveller to see the
striking contrast of weather in the two belts when he arrives
on his way from Echigo to Tokio, at Mikuni Pass, the
watershed i in Central Japan. why BF oy

- In the summer the contrary is the case.. The prevailing

( 14 )

south or south-east wind from the Pacific sweeps over the land
towards the Continent, and becomes heated during its course.

The humid atmosphere, on coming in contact with the
mountains of our Pacific Belt, discharges its moisture and
causes heavy rainfalls.

In particular, during the period of change from north
to south monsoons and vice versa, the warm humid atmos-
phere is brought in contact with the cold currents from the
Continent and long and heavy rainfalls are the result.
This period of rainfall called “ Tsuyu” lasts for about one
month beginning in the second week of June. Indeed, during
this period the sun can not be seen frequently. Floods
followed by destruction of roads, dwellings and fields occur
here and there in large numbers. Strongly protected river
cmbankments are often destroyed, changing fertile fields into
waste. The air and soils become always saturated with
moisture under rather high temperatures. The fruit trees
make rapid and sappy growth. For fungus and other
microbes, it is now the best time to show their activity. The
unfavorable conditions of things are the commonest phenomena
in the Pacific Belt of Japan, in summer especially in its South-
ern territories. :

While the Pacific Belt is suffering from rain. the other
belt does not receive such abundant precipitation, and enjoys a
rather clear spring sunshine after the long dull weather nas
been swept away. But the sky is not quite so clear asin the
Pacific Belt in winter. The annual precipitation in the Conti-
neutal Belt teaches its maximum in December, and its minimum
in May, the range between the two extremes being rather
small; in other words, precipitations are rather uniformly’
distributed through the year. The case is quite contrary and
more or less varied, in the Pacific Belt, and the range of varia-
tion is far greater than in the Ura-Nippon. For convenience
sake, I will divide it into five sections, as follows :—

“1, North-West Part of Kiushu. In this section the mini-

( 15 )

mum precipitation is in winter, and gradually increases towards
the summer, reaching its maximum in June. The range
amounts to over 13% of the total annual precipitation.

2. The long Pacific Belt from the south-east part of
Kiushu to Mito (36 degrees and 30 minutes N. L.), the north
limit of Tokaido, including the Inland Sea Region, Island of
Shikoku and Tokaido, In this section the rainfall reaches its
minimum between December and February and increases
gradually until June. These features are the same as in
section 1; but afterwards in Atigust the rainfall quickly
diminishes and again increases in September. The difference
between the two extremes amounits to 119 of the total prea
tation of the year.

3. East Coast of Hondo (Main Island). The variations
are almost equal to section 2 but the amount of precipitation
in September is far greater than in June. Besides second mini-
mum occurs in July instead of August.

4. The Central Part of Hondo. The changes are similar
to those of the first section, except that the maximum occurs
in July and not in June,

5. Hokkaido, the west coast excepted. The minimum
of precipitation occurs in February, and the maximum in
September. Its amount in autumn far exceeds that of any
other section.

The phases of variations above described aré shown by

the following figures :—

as a ° Boe °
oa Be a

as 88 Se 8 32 da %
fo. of sg a5 = Es “
Pe 2 ¢4 go 95 a3 3
a oA gs gS gs S>

January..........5 103% 37% 39% 34% 40 % 37% 36%
February ........ . 7.0 36 3.9 4.2 4.7 3.7 2.0
Match ...cceseeeee 6.1 6.2 5.9 9.3 6.7 6.0 5.0
April .. veeee 6.9 - 8.2 104 10.9 6.0 8.3 74
MAY cccreccaccovese 5.4 9.1 to.7 10.3 6.7 8.3 Iro
June cevecsserecees a 23 11.8 16.6 14.3 13.3 11.3 8.5
July csssccrcroreees 84 12.0 16.4 116 9.0 18.3 9.5
AUBUSt orcs 67 10.0 8G°:° 7.2 11.0 11.0 110
September ...... 10.6 igo 10.1 12.0 18.0 13.0 10.0

‘Ura-
+ Nippon

wo.

( 16 )
: 3s Ho
ga a os
28 62 oF
= $M ga
2 ss Bs
I 5.4 10.4
6.2 3.9 5.5
5.0 4:3 34

Ree
wayne

East Coast

of {Tondo :

6 oy ae Central
2e™ Japan

kkaida,

Owe Io

ee ee
°

(Fi om. Observations of Central Meteorological. Observatory.)
Also figures showing precipitations in various ‘stations
run.as follows: —

Stations: ;

Nawa

Kagoshima
Miyazaki
Kochi’.

Tokushima
Wakayama
Oita ,
Yamaguchi

Kumamoto -

Saga

Nagasaki,

Saseho
Fukuoka
Itsugahara.
Akamaga-
seki i
Hamada
Sakai
Hikone
Tsu
Nagoya:
Gifu
‘Hamamatsu
Kofu
Numazu.;
Yokosuka
Tokio
Utsunomiya
Choshi

Sections

Kiushu

Shiketeu,

Hondo .
Kiushu
Hondo
Kiushu

Ave. ;

Ann. Stations

Pptns. _
Mim.

2193.3 Hiroshima

1193.6 Kure

2539.6 Matsuyama Shikoku
- 2675.5 Tadotsu -

1745.7 Ajino
1361.2 Okayama
1585.3 Kyoto ~
18780 Osaka -
1477.9 Kanazawa
1461.4. Fushiki
1963.9 Nagano |
1318.4 Niigata —
1432.3 Yamagata
2240.6 Akita .

1568.2 Fukushima

1461.9 Ishinomaki
1902.8 Miyako
1461.2: Awomori
1655.2 Hakodate
1561.0 Shutzu
1919.6 Sapporo
~ 1766.7 Kamikawa
1068.2 Soya
1779.7. Abashiri
1460.7 Nemuro
1467.6 Kushiro
1571.7 Erimo .
1560.5 ‘Tokachi

Sections’

Hondo

“ogy

Piane

Hokkaido

Ave.”
‘Ann;

‘Pptns;:

_ Min.

. 1480.9
"1269.0
1157-7

- 963-7
873.8
988.0

1516.0

1283.8

24788

2077:7
906, 1

1696.9

1173.4

1684.3

1185.7
1085.1
1342.9
1251.2
1103.5
1231.5
967.9
1085.3
868.9
691.1
987.3
1024.7

.. 997-9

924.2

{ 17)

' The amount of rainfall thus ranges between 3100 mm, at
Shingu, a station in Kii Province and 691.1 mm. at Abashiri;
Hokkaido. The ‘heaviest rainfall in summer therefore occurs
on the Pacific coast ‘of Kii, and it is the maximum in our
country. Next comes the Pacific coast of Kiushu, and Shikoku
in the Omote-Nippon, and the Provinces of ‘Kaga and. Echizen
in the Ura-Nippon. In these districts the total amounts to
over 2500 mm. =

The driest region next to the north-east Hokkaido is Shina-
no, a province in Cent’l Japan; then follow the Inland Sea
Region and the Province of Kai. In Shinano, the total never
reaches over 900 mm. Itis also under 1000 mm. in the Inland
Sea Region (the outlying Provinces of Bizén, Bichu and Sanuki
and the islands) and under 1100 mm. in Kai, a Province next ©
to Shinano. These are the drier regions of Japan, considering
the rainfall of the whole year.

Aside from’some -local disturbances due to topographical
irregularities, the rainfall seems to diminish from the south-
west to the north-east parts of Japan. Thus the amount in
Hokkaido is no more than 4 of that of Kiushu.

I shall now proceed to examine the conditions of cloudi-
ness and relative humidity.

The variations of cloudiness are quite similar in their
phases to those of the rainfall. In the Pacific Belt it is little in
winter and great in summer. that is, during the six months
from April to September its amount is above the average,
while. during the other half of the year it is below the average.
Here however, I must mention some exceptions. The Inland
Sea Region, the Pacific Belt, as well as the west coast of Kiushu
in Ura-Nippon show some deviations from this rule, the
minimum cloudiness being in November, and never in Decem-
ber. (See the Table)

The phases of cloudiness are-generally reverse in Ura-
Nippon being very. coudy in. winter and comparatively clear
in summer, the monthly amount is under the average from

( 18 )

March to October, while for the rest of the year is considerab-
ly. above the average. og 2

. As to the seasonal distribution of dauds Ican clearly say
that j in Ura-Nippon, it is almost uniform through all seasons
except winter and far less than the amount in winter. On the
contrary, the sky is most cloudy in the summer and clearest
in the winter in the Pacific Belt,. while in the spring and autumn
it falls between the two extremities.

_ In the -west coast of Japan the conditions of cloudiness
are uniformly distributed between the winter, spring and sum-
mer, the autumn being the clearest season. . In the Inland Sea
Region, the spring and summer are rather cloudy, and the
other seasons clearer,

The variations of relative humidity show a parallelism to
those of the average temperatures of the respective places. It
is great in summer and small ia winter. The maximum falls
in August, and the minimum in January. The average of the
two extremes amounts to some 15 mm. in the south and dimi-
nishes gradually northwards to 13 mms. in Hokkaido.

The annual variations of humidity show two maximum
and minimum in Ura-Nippon, while in Omote-Nippon, there is
only one minimum and maximum, as shown in the following
table :—

Jan.
Feb
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. :
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year

Ura-Nippon | 83 | 82 | 78 | 76 | 76 | 82 | 84 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 82 | 8r

gs
@ ByE. Coast | 77 | 76 | 74| 72 | 73 | 83 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 82 | 77 | 73 | 79
Y& (Hokkaido| 8x | 84 | 85 | 82 | 83 | 89 | 91 | go | 88 | 82 | 79 | 80] 85

Thus, one can see the great humidity of our climate, Hok-
kaido standing highest in the scale as shown in the table.
This phenomenon is caused by cooling effect of the “ Oya-
shiwo,” a cold current sweeping parallel to and along the

{ 19 )
Kurile Islands southwards towards the Pacific coast of -Hok-
kaido. The dense fogs which cover this part of Hokkaido
and the northern parts of Hondo are due to this current.

Next to Hokkaido, the east or pacific coast of Hondo
often show the highest percentage. This part is also quite
foggy in the summer, though not so densely as in Hokkaido.

Ura-Nippon shows, on the whole, a higher percentage
than the East Coast of Japan. But it is less humid than the
East Coast in summer,

As regards the air temperature I may add a few words.

According to the reports of the authorities, the minimum tem-
perature is in January or often in the early part of February.
It then gradually rises with the monthly rate of 4 degrees C.‘
and finally reaches its maximum in August. Then it slowly
decreases at the rate of 3.5 degrees C, through September and
October when. the rate suddenly drops to 6 degrees C. pee
month.
Thus the rise of monthly temperatures is slow taking
seven months, while its fall is quicker and requires only five
months,
From the foregoing one can see that the temperature of
the air falls below zero in all districts except the extreme south.
But there is no serious damages to the growing vegetation.
Fruit trees thrives well in the open air. Even the tender ones
such as oranges and lemons, grow well without protection up to
35 degrees 30 minutes N.L. Of the severe freezing of the soil
familiar to continental people we have no experience. Except
in the extreme north our open fields abounds in crops and
vegetables in winter, and in some sheltered corners peas and
rapes often break the monotony of winter with white. and
golden. flowers. a

Probably such a state of things. would Seretie your wonder.

As above stated, Ura-Nippon is quite free from frost (or
other cooling injuries) the ground being always covered with
deep snow, or the sky clouded during the winter and early

( 20 )

spring. -Grape vines are always mulched in. this part -before
-winter sets in; but it is merely to prevent their breaking down
by heavy snowfalls and has nothing to do with frost or freezing.

Owing to the winter drought the Pacific Belt is much
liable to the’ winter injuries of frost and freezing. ; These inju-
ries are severe especially in the cold dry interior valleys: of Kai,
Shinano and Iwashiro, as well as on the open plains of Kwanto.
.- ‘The ocean currents having most influence on our climate
seem to be the two large ones called the,Tsushima Current and
the “ Oya-Shiwo” (Main Current). The former passes through
the Korean Channel’ from south to north into the Sea of
Japan, and sweeps along the coast-of Ura-Nippon. The
north-west. winds prevalent in the winter, which take up
warmth in. sweeping over the current, have the effect of amel-
iorating to some extent the winter cold. of Ura-Nippon.

On the other hand, the “:Oya-Shiwo ”, or the cold current
running southwards along the east and south coasts of Hok-
kaido and’ the east coast’ of Hondo..is largely influential in
lowering. the temperatures of those regions in summer.

Besides these two currents, there is another large warm
current called “ Kuro-Shiwo” (Black Current), which sweeps
along the south and east coasts of Japan. It is larger and
higher in temperature than the above currents.. But its influ-
winds prevail as above stated, In summer the winds from the
Pacific become heavily charged with moisture in crossing this
current and cause abundant rainfall upon their arrival on the
land ; but the land: is then heated to a much higher temperature
than the current and the warming effects of the latter are quite
imperceptible, only causing heavy rainfalls on’the Pacific Belt.

The facts presented above will enable one to grasp the
general features of our climate, and-certain, of its characteristics.
They are quite different from those of other countries. More-
over, ‘the two Belts of Omote.and Ura-Nippon present a strik-
ing contrast. Generally. speaking, the continental features

( 21 )

appear in the north-west and north Japan, including the greater
part of Ura-Nippon and Hokkaido. The central dry valleys of
Shinano and Kai as well as the Inland Sea Region have also
similar climate. On the contrary, the south and south-eastern
parts, in other words, the Pacific Belt show more characteris-
tics of insular climate. : a ; 7

The great*difference in adaptability of fruits in those dis-
tricts, to be detailed in the next chapter, will be intelligible
on the basis oi these facts,

CHAPTER Il.
The Adaptive Ranges of Fruits in Japan.

a
ie rae a

Fruit trees growing in Japan comprise almost all kinds of
warm and temperate origin. ‘The climate and soil are varied
enough for them to flourish in the open air. Exotic fruits
have also been quite naturalized in various districts, and many
of them have borne good fruits. Amongst them, apples, pears
and American grapes have found a wide field for adaptation
since their introduction some 30 years ago. Apple growing
now forms the leading industry ot North Japan.

Generally speaking, no fruits, except those of tropical and
sub-tropical origin, suffer from want of summer heat, but owing
to the high degree of humidity in summer, our fruits are
clearly different from those grown on the Continent or in drier
regions, Their flavour or aroma is markedly inferior to that
of the fruits grown in the continental climate. .

CRABS AND APPLES.

“ Ringo,” a Japanese crab apple and “ Rinki,” a variety
of the Siberian crab, both of which are indigenous to Japan
grow wild in almost any part of the Ura-Nippon, north Japan
with Hokkaido and central Japan (Provinces of Kai and
Shinano). According to our old records and reports of local exe
perts, the fruits have never been found wild or naturalized in the
south east parts of Hondo, Shikoku and Kiushu, or in the
Omote-Nippon, except the North.

Cultivated apples, most of which are of American origin,
thrive well in Hokkaido, north and north-west Japan. Thearea
of their plantations in these centres amounts to several hundreds

( 33 )

of acres. Their cultivation has also proved very promising in
Central Japan, where, however, they have not been grown so
extensively. Inthe rather dry regions bordering the Inland
Sea (Provinces of Bizen, Sanuki and Iyo) apple growing has
become a profitable industry in late years. But the climatic
factors are not so favorable as in the above districts, and some
early and mid-season varieties alone are cultivated with suc-
cess. Besides, there is a small apple district in Kawasaki,
between Tokio and Yokohama, where only the earliest variety
(Red Astrachan) is.grown to supply the markets of those cities.

The apples are seldom found in south and south-east
Japan. The summer heat of these-regions is too high for the
proper growth of apples, while the excessive humidity in
summer is liable to. induce over luxuriance of the vegetative
parts and check the fruit bearing in consequence. So, it is
necessary to care for the selection of aspects, altitudes and
soils in order to raise good apples (most of them belong to the
late varieties) in south-east Japan. Otherwise, the trees
grow vigorously but remain fruitless for ever.

It is now a settled opinion that the apples of Hokkaido
are handsome in appearance, rather similar to those of such
favoured districts as Canada and Pacific States of the United
States, whilst they are poorer in flavour, especially in sugary
contents. Perhaps the summer is not long enough to bring
their full ripening. The produce of Yoichi, a littoral village
not far from Sapporo is said to be excellent in quality and
appearance, and very large in quantity. Next follows
Sapporo.

In north and north-west Japan, the apples of Awomori
and Akita have gained mastery over all the other districts.
Next comes those of Iwate and Yamagata. The provinces of
Echigo, Kaga and Echizen standing far behind the others in
every respect. It seems to me, as above stated, that the poor
quality of the apples of the latter districts is to be ascribed to
the hot summer, as is also the case in south Japan.

{ 24 9

Of the practical apple growing centers, Tsugaru or-Hiro-
saki region in Awomori-Ken* and Kazuno or Hanawa region
in Akita-Ken have long since taken the leadership, in the
central markets of Tokio and other cities, Their fruits are
unsurpassed in quantity and in flavour and keeping: quality.
As regards appearance, they are often inferior to those of
Hokkaido. Here they are planted on steep hill-sides or in
rich alluvial deposits with gravelly subsoil. : They are also
often grown in humous soils with fair success, although would
remain fruitless in such soils in south Japan. _ Hence it is clear
that in North Japan climate is the primary factor in the produc-
tion of good apples, while the ;soil’plays only a subordinate
part. ; A

Though apples are grown with best results in these dis-
tricts insects and disease give trouble.” Fungi are kept away
by means of,spraying and bagging, and those neglected are
always subject to the harm of parasites.

The; spot fungus and sooty mould, ‘both ‘ tof hich: ‘are
caarepivess grow on the fruit skin and: Hus spojl their appear-
ance... ~~ Peps opten alma
.. Aside. from the. parasites a frets. ae here the oo
of these. saprophytes on the fruit skin: ‘Gjrould _surprise ‘any; con-
tinental growers, and are unmistakable: proofs of:our warm and
humid, climate.

- Finally, apples grown in: south ‘Japan, that j is, in es prov-
inces of the Inland Sea Region, are characterised by poor
quality, dull appearance, deformity, dry and mealy texture,
want of keeping quality, etc. The late varieties behave like
the early ones. The ripening process appears to be much
accelerated, the fruits cease to grow at an early period and
tend-to premature colouring. ‘Therefore they are markedly
small, dry in ‘texture;, light, and keep badly. As compared
with the same variety grown in north Japan, how wide a
difference! :

*« Ken” means Prefecture...

( 25 )

Though producing apples of varied qualities, all these
regions present more or less similarities in climatic factors,
such as humidity, cloudiness and precipitation, but the
temperature varying. Hence we may conclude that- the
adaptive range for apples depends: mainly on the amount of
precipitation during the period of vegetation.

SAND AND WILD PEARS.

Sand pears grow throughout Japan, except the Riukiu
Isles and Formosa. They have a wide range of adaptation as
regards climate and soil. They mostly grow very healthy, are
productive, and seem to attain the fruiting age earlier than the
European pears, other conditions being equal. They are
adapted to the warmer parts of Japan better than European
pears. Pears of good quality are now grown in north Japan
and Hokkaido. Their flavour and appearance seem to excel
those grown in the more southern parts of Japan. betty

_ The growing of sand pears is one of the most advanced
and important line of business for Japanese growers, They seem
to flourish equally well in Omote-Nippon. The best kinds are
grown in the provinces of Echigo, Kaga, Echu and Echizen.
Though North Japan has also good kinds of native pears. Of
late years, an expert grower called Chojuro Taima has succeeded
in bringing out a novel breed, to which his name has been given.
It is almost unsurpassed in quality and other characteristics as
a market pear. It has a wide reputation among growers and
salesmen and has spread throughout the country with great
rapidity. In Omote-Nippon, good >ears have long been culti-
vated in the villages on rich, alluvial deposits of the Tamagawa,
some six miles south of Tokio. Besides, native pear orchards
abound in regions with rich river bottoms and in littoral
districts. Low paddy fields are often inter-planted with sand
pear trees with good success, In an extensive pear region of
Nara, pear-trees are planted on low ridges, side by side with.rice

( 26 )

plants. Owing to the heavy nature of the soil and narrow
limit of root extension, they begin to fruit very early and
heavily. But they tend to deteriorate while rather young.
They attain full fruiting at seven years from planting and at
fifteen years deterioration is nearly complete whereupon the
orchards are planted anew. Most Japanese growers firmly
believe in the old saying, that where the water stands, pears
thrive, hence our pear culture in rice fields, Recently, pear
orchards have largely been laid out on steep hillsides, at
several localities on the Inland Sea.

Wild pear trees commonly used as stocks, “ Inunashi”
(Pirus Calleryana), and “ Tanenashi Inunashi,” its seedless
variety has a similar range of adaptation to the wild apples,
predominating in the north, north-west and central Japan.
‘“TInunashi” growing by the road-sides often bears an immense
crop every year. Its pips are gathered and sown to raise
stocks. It is unparalleled in its hardiness, health and
productiveness. Among the wild pears, some varieties are
eatable, especially the seed less variety. These wild species
grow largely in many parts of the Province of Rikuchu. ©

QUINCES.

’ “The species of Cydonia have become naturalized since
their introduction at a remote period. They were imported
from Cambodia through the hands of the Portuguese in Naga-
saki in 1634. “ Marumero,” our name for Cydonia Vulgaris,
is derived from the same Portuguese word. - Species closely
similar to ours also grown in Korea and North China.

Beside these exotic kinds, we have many Cydonias as
Ornamentals. The edible quinces have an almost similar
distribution to the native apples and wild pears in our country.
They flourish and fruit profusely in north Japan -in- low
moist corners near farmers’ dwellings. Besides, beautiful
specimens grow in Hokkaido and-central Japan. Travellers

( 27 )

are often surprised at seeing the growth of wild quinces on the
banks of Shinanogawa in the province of. Echigo. On the
lake side of Suwa, they are planted on low wet lands, newly
prepared for them by hilling up the soil from the water. Here
they thrive and fruit in the best conditions. The ornamental
Cydonias grow more widely than the edible species; they
thrive equally well in both halves of the country. .

-KAKIS (Date Plums of -Japan).

We have about 800 named varieties of date plums which
can be divided into sweet and astringent varieties. They have
a wider range of adaptation than the native pears; and almost
equal to the peaches, as wil! be shown later. They are grown
and gathered by the aborigines in Formosa in the extreme
south, but I have heard of no trees growing in the Riukiu and
Bonin Islands. In Kiushu, Shikoku and the Main Island they
thrive well in any district. It is a rather difficult thing to.
travel ‘without seeing a few lots of Kaki trees planted on road-
sides and odd lands around farmers’ cottages in every village..
They have never been planted in regular orchards or gardens,
but any vacant lot is used for them.

Kaki, Kaki, everywhere ; it is as common a scene in Japan
asthe water in Holland! But, generaliy speaking, the date
plums gradually lessen in number from the south to the north,
and the weet varieties, common in south and central Japan
gradually decrease towards the north and are replaced by the
astringent ones. Good fruits are produced up to 38 degrees N.
L. but from this limit northwards, the fruits become inferior in.
all respects, until one comes to Tsugaru Strait, which is the ex-
treme north limit of the Kaki. Hokkaido has Kaki trees
growing quite wild in its southern provinces, but they have
proved there unfit for cultivation.

_ The date plum has no distinct preference between the,
climates of the two longitudinal halves of Japan. They suc-,

( 28 )

ceed equally well i in both sections ; but the best named varieties
are mostly found in the south parts of Omote-Nippon. They
grow and fruit freely in a variety of soils. The colour and
quality of the fruits as well as their yield seem to be promoted
by planting them on heavy, but well-drained loams. They
are very water-loving in habit and require a constant and
sufficient supply of soil water. Soil variable in. their’ water
contents are unfit for their cultivation, causing the premature
dropping of the fruit, especially in and after the rainy season
(“ Tsuyu ”).

CITROUS FRUITS. i ,

Citrous plants can grow from about 37 degrees N. L.
- southwards. Their growing centers, however, are located
from 35 degrees N. L. southwards, but owing to the influence
of the warm current (Kuroshiwo in the Pacific Ocean and
Tsushima Current i in the Sea of Japan) their north limit extends
up to the 37 degrees N. L. on the sea coast. Inland valleys
of central Japan are not favourable for the growth of citrous
fruits because of the effects of high altitude. Only in a:
small part of Shinano and Kai some of the hardiest kinds are
grown but not on a commercial scale.

Near the north limit or frontier of the citrous area are
trifoliate orange (Aegle Sepiaria), ‘“ Yuzu ’' and often “ Daidai”
(Bitter orange, Citrous Bigaradia). Next follow the mandarin
(C. Nobilis), Kinkans (C. N. Var. Microcarpa) and ‘“ Natsu-
mikan ” (C. ‘Bigaradia Var. Sinense). Then come the region
of sweet oranges (C. Aurantium) whose north limit extends to
about 35.5° N. L. on the sea coast. South of the oranges
come the pomelos and grape fruits (C. Decumana), followed
by Fingered Citrons (C. Medica Var. Chirocarpus), lemons
and citrons. ‘Their north limits are likely to coincide with
those of the Myrica and the olives. The limes are not yet
cultivated in our ‘country. The flavour of the dessert kind of
citrous fruits, such as oranges, pomelos and mandarins become

( 29 )

gradually improved southwards, owing to the richer’ contents
of saccharine principles. ‘Besides, the colour deepens arid the:
tind tends to become more and more. smooth, accompanied by:
the diminution: of its thickness. Finally, in Riukiu Isles and
Formosa, the sugary contents entirely replace the acid sub-:
stances. It becomes simply very sweet and thus the ‘true
flavour of the fruits are rather lost. The distribution of our
citrous fruits seem mainly influenced by the average minimum:
temperatures of:'the winter months. According to the obseérv-
ations of the ‘Central Meteorological Observatory, the north’
limits of the hardiest kinds seem to coincide more or less per-
fectly with the winter isothermal of 3 degrees C., and those of
more tender species, as citrons ‘and lemons are roughly. coin~
cident with 5 depiees C. winter isothermal.

Of the many kinds, mandarins, Natsudaidai and oranges
are the: most extensively cultivated, the two latter being rather
recent introductions. They attain the highest perfection only
‘in south Japan. Of the sweet oranges, Washington Navel and
Thomson’s Improved are exclusively planted ona large scalé’
Many of the groves are young and a few have been
iruiting for several years. In :my opinion, the ' sweet
oranges are difficult to grow in our humid atmosphere,
and the soils of south Japan, where the mandarins reach-
perfection as to the quality and yield, do not seem to be suited
to them. In America, it is known that the orange fails in
‘Florida, and succeeds in California, while the mandarin, which.
flourish in Florida, can not be cultivated with success in
California, -The climates of Florida and our south have a
certain similarity though they differ in degree. More over,
the famous orange regions of the world and the natural
habitat of the plant, for example, the Mediterranean countries,
Bahia in Brazil, and California, have something in common
in their climatic conditions. In other words, these are regions
of moist winter and dry summer; ‘ecologically the so-called
Sclerophilous wood-land climate! — . oe ee

{ 30 )

From the foregoing, it may be inferred that the oranges
rather enjoy a drier climate than the mandarins, whilst the
latter show themselves to be adapted to grow and fruit in
damp rainy climate, under the so-called warm temperate rain-
forest climate.

The citrous fruits of Omote-Nippon are said to be much
superior in all respects to those of Ura-Nippon, The growing
centres are located in the north-western part of Kii, and in
Izumi, and the neighboring provinces, insouth Japan. Here
the mandarins are planted on steep hills in terraces. The
terraces dre supported with stone blocks piled up like a stone
wall. The growing of citrous fruits is an important branch of
out fruit industry. Its acreage is shown in the following table.

1901 1902 : 1903

Q (Fe, a ——_—_—_
Prefectures Citrous Mandarins Citrous Mandarins Citrous Mandarins
Fruits (Unshu) Fruits (Unshu) Fruits (Unshu)

: cho cho cho cho cho cho
Wakayama 3487 1862 3432 1745 3521 1997
Osaka 1216 1173 1255 1209 1296 1246
Oita 438 363 300 230 517 437

Kanazawa 505 348 666 494 662 509
Kumamoto 573 113 651 166 —_— —_—

Aichi. 311 293 368 350 490 464
Yehime 321 183 373 224 398 235
Yamaguchi 489 21 509 23 532 32
Kagoshima = 459 == 499 —= 439 =
Kyoto 246 14} 260 156 264 157
Nara 211 170 235 182 261 200
Shizuoka 200 113 16) 105 219 104
Hyogo 181 127 192 135 206 140
Tokushima 186 65 213 128 238 151
Formosa 244 — 259 -, - —
Miye 157 44 166 50 178 54

Gifu 97 76 99 78 108 86

{ St
Igor 1902 1903

Prefectures Citrous Mandarins Citrous Mandarins Citrous Mandarins
Fruits (Unshu) Fruits (Unshu) Fruits (Unshu)

cho cho cho cho cho cho

Nagasaki 92 54 98 56 69 39
Fukuoka 124 — 128 — 141 —_
Hiroshima IOI 22 100 20 98 17
Saga 82 33 104 4I 95 40
Shimane gl 3 87 3 94 3
Kochi 74 II 79 82 12 12
Ibaraki 50 10 51 12 52 14
Miyasaki 52 I 55 I 58 I
Okayama 39 2 4I 2 44 3
Okinawa 29 —_— 30 — 32 _—
Kaga 28 I 36 2 46 3
Fukui 19 4 27 5 28 7
Saitama 18 — 18 — 18 —
Tottori 15 = 16 — 18 —_—
Niigata 10 _ 10 — 10 —_—
Ishikawa 3 — 3 — 3 —
Shiga — — _— _ | —

Total IOI52 5254 10485 5971 {10163 5761

N.B. Our “Cho ” is nearly equivalent to 2.5 acres,

LOQUATS (The Japanese Medlar).

The north boundary runs almost parallel to that of the
citrous plants but being hardier, it extends somwhat more
northwards. They seem to enjoy mild climates in the proxi-
mity of large bodies of water. Large loquat groves flourish
and fruit abundantly in the littoral districts of south and south-
east Japan, only a few districts being noted on the west coast
of Wakasa on the Sea of Japan. At any rate, famous loquat
regions always stand by the sea, the plantations often directly
facing the breeze, being located on steep hillsides rising
directly from the waters. Tne new shoots come out in spring

( 32 )

and in late summer, some of them have become spur-like and
begin to show flower clusters at the top. The other rapidly
grown shoots never bear flowers on them. The flowering
begins usually in late October and continues till early December.
The plant is evergreen, and the fruits continue to grow larger
gradually during the winter and ripen in the early part of
June. From its flowering habit it is well considered that the
larger part of Ura-Nippon is not favourable for loquat culture,
owing to the heavy rain or snow-falls which always prevail in
the late autumn and winter. But the case is quite different in
Omote-Nippon. ‘The dry, sunny weather from the autumn to
winter in Omote-Nippon has no little favoured the setting of
fruits. Thus, loquat growing has arisen and developed in many
parts of Omote-Nippor. At present, the best fruits are
produced in localities from 35 degrees N. L. southwards.
Amongst them, the groves of Mogi, a fishing village near
Nagasaki and Sakurajima, an Islandin the Gulf of Kagoshima
produce immense crops, while those of Tamura in the province
of Kii and Namuya in the province of Awa have also been
famed for their superior produce.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES,

There are a number of varieties of our native peaches
and nectarines, From the extreme south of Formosa to
Hokkaido, local forms are cultivated side by side with Western
and Chinese varieties, whichi are all much superior to ours in all
respects. During the past twenty years, the growing of
introduced peaches has replaced the native one with striking
rapidity. Their growing seems to be naturally limited in
Hokkaido to the south part up to about 43 degrees N. L.
The midseason and late varieties do not properly ripen there
and peach growing consequently does not develop to be a
profitable industry in Hokkaido. Peaches are rather easy to
cultivate and seem to be less susceptible to the effects of

( 33 )

climate, than apples, provided suitable sites. and soil
be given. Consequently peach orchards are found scattered
here and there all over the country. For the peaches there
is no difference between the two longitudinal halves of Japan.
At present, large orchards of peaches, regularly planted and
trained, are found on the alluvial lowlands and hillsides. The
heavy rainfall during June and July causes an overluxuriance
of growth and considerable portion of the fruits drop down
without reaching maturity. To prevent the damage from the
parasites our people have learned through experience the
important operation of bagging. On the-loamy soils, good
qualities of fruits may be attained, but the growers. are
accustomed to prefer light sandy soils to insure success.
Sometimes rather dry hillsides give good results.

Our damp climate is always apt to induce sappy growth
of shoots, from which the gum disease follows. This is the
case in loamy soils in particular, and the custom of planting
them in sandy soils must have resulted, partly at least, from
this cause.

JAPANESE PLUMS.

Plums behave like peaches, and none have been found
growing in Riukiu, Bonin Isles or Formosa. The north limit
of plum culture lies in the south part of Hokkaido. But its
range seems capable of being extended farther north by the
selection o hardier varieties. Japanese plums are more
adaptive to climatic conditions than the Kernel f:uits and
vinifera grapes. Some varieties can be found in Ura-Nippon
and Omote-Nippon. They are more healthy, vigorous and
fertile than Domestic and American varieties, Exotic plums
are rarely seen, except in amateur’s gardens. They seem to
be more exacting as to climatic conditions than-the native
plums for the perfection of fruitage.

Native plums are cultivated with much less care than
pears andpeaches. They are like Kaki to the growers. From

( 34 )

the cultural point of view, the plum hardly deserves mention.
Little cared for they regularly bear good crops of excellent
quality year after year. Though the Americans have imported
many noted varieties from our country and the fruit has under-
gone improvements by the breeder, there still remain some native
varieties untested by them. The best plums come from the
villages of Teradamura and Tominoshio, villages several miles
southwest of Kyoto, they are noted by their appearance, very
best quality, ferility and earliness. No onecan fogget their flavour
after one trial as dessert. The plantations cover about 245
acres in the village of Terada alone. The total produce of
this village amounted to 690 tons last year and sold for £4,000.
The plums of Ochiai, a rural district in the province of Kai,
have also had a wide reputation for many years. Besides, in
far southern they Kagoshima produce beautiful plums. Their
beauty, flavour and productiveness are unrivalled by any native
plums. Above all others, the late varieties have had a world-
wide reputation. There are 68,475 native plum trees in Sakura-
jima and produce amounted to 140 tons valuing £1,827 in
1904. They are mainly grown on the west coast of the island.

In these districts, they are planted on dry hill-sides with
a gentle slope. The soil is well drained, but rather poor and
shallow, and underlaid with stiff subsoil of granite origin.
Soils of this kind are very common in the south-west part of
Japan. In Sakurajima, the soils are of volcanic origin. The
orchards at Ochiai (Province of Kai), are located on gravelly
joam with well-drained sub-soil. The soil of Terada is a light
sandy loam underlaid with heavy clay.

The early frost comes in Terada about the middle of
October and the late frost ends in early April. Although
any site may be selected, the best is thought to be the side
of a gentle slope with north exposure. In this position not
only the injuries from late frosts can be avoided, but the
best quality and appearance of the fruits can be secured,
since on a sunny exposure the fruit skin tends to become

( 35 )

yardened too early. In sunny positions the fruits are often
covered with numerous brown patches owing to the action
of intense light. Such fruits not only lose in appearance
but are of inferior quality as dessert. On the contrary, fruits
grown on the north side are superior as above stated, in
many respects, of which thick bloom and the delicateness
of the skin are noticeable. On a loose subsoil plum roots
freely penetrate and the result is a greater or less sterility.
Plum trees do not fruit well in wet low-lands and in rainy
seasons, the fruits are moreover apt to drop prematurely.
‘They also remain inferior in appearence and flavour and are
more subject to gum disease.

APRICOTS.

The apricot has long been cultivated in our land in
a half wild condition. It grows very widely in Japan. Its
north and south limits almost coincide with those of the plums.
It seems to require a similar climate as the hardy plums
and rather different from that required by peaches. They
are grown with good success in the drier parts of Japan,
that is, in the provinces of Kai and Shinano in central Japan,
as well as the north-west part of Hondo and the Inland Sea
Region. The environs of Nagano in the Province of Shinano,
have particulary wide reputation for them since remote antiquity.
We have no districts, famous for growing apricots in Omote-
Nippon. The fruiting conditions for apricots are more
difficult than for the ‘“‘ Ume,” the only nearly allied species.
They seem to enjoy a rather dry summer and loamy soil.
The best apricots are grown in rich alluvial deposits of more
or less varying texture, but always with gravelly subsoil. Such
soils are found in the growing centers of Hanishina, Sarashina,
and Kami-minachi in the Province of Shinano, Frequent
rains before ripening induce the fruits to drop down premature-
ly, while summer drought make them shrivel. The severest

{ 36 %

damages are sometimes, though seldom, done by late frosts
on flowers in the early weeks of May.

“UMES” (“Japan Apricot” of American Authors)

In the range of adaptation they are similar to the two
foregoing. They are more fruitful in all parts of Japan than
the plums and apricots. Any climate and soil seem to suit
them equally well. Only the selection of a proper site is
of the hightest importance to avoid spring frosts, since the
umes are the first to bloom among our orchard fruit trees,
In Tokio, they begin to flower in late January. So, it is
important to obtain a northern exposure and some elevations
where the frost injuries are out of reach. Besides, under
these conditions, good quality and appearance of the fruits
can be secured. The Ume (Prunus Mume) to which the name
of ‘Japan Apricot” has been given is something quite
different from any native or exotic apricots. It has descended
from our forefathers and is much esteemed, The plants
are used both for ornamental and utilitarian purposes. The
fruits are gathered while unripe about the middle of June,
and are preserved in salt under pressure. During the clear.
hot weather from late July to August the squeezed fruits are
dried in the sun in the open air ontrays. When enough drying
has been done, they are placed in a salt solution coloured
crimson with the leaves of Perilla Nankinensis. The drying
is repeated a number of times and the fruits are finally
preserved in the juice. The Ume fruits are very acid when
fully ripe, it contains a high percentage of free citric acid,
and can not be used as desserts. In this way the Ume fruits
can be kept safe for several. years and though not highly
palatable, they have a place of their own among household
fruits not easily replaceable by any other articles. The preserve
is called “ Umeboshi ”’, and the housewife prepares them. Our.
torefathers. used always to carry them inthe camp. In ths
late Russo-Japanese War, some hundreds of tons of “ Ume-

( 37 )

boshi ” were sent out for the use of our fellowmen at the front.
The “Umeboshi” is believed by some people to have a
medicinal value, and so it is usual to see it served at breakfast
in many hotels and private families,

CHERRIES.

The native cherry-trees bear poor fruits and do not belong
to the category of orchard fruits in the strict sense. They are
valued as ornaments and take in our national life the place of
the Roses of western nations, The fruits are small, round,
deep purple, and rather bitter in taste. Besides, there are
dwarf wild cherries called Fujisakura, growing wild in the
high altitudes of Mt. Fuji, Hakone a J other mountains.
These bear fruits similar to those of the ordinary cherry trees
but small, They are dwarfed in pots and used for
ornamental purposes, trees have been recently used as
dwarfing stock for grafting European cherry trees. This
use is quite a new thing. The result is very satisfactory,
and European cherry trees can be made by this means to
fruit very profusely while young. Flowering cherries have
been used as stocks in our country, but they have no dwarfing
effects on cherries and require some particular attention as to
soil and managements to let them bear freely. The cultivated
fruit cherries are entirely introductions from Europe and
America. One kind from China is also now grown. The
western varieties succeed well only in districts with cool and
dry summer. The suburbs of Yamagata, the metropolis of
the Province of Uzen and Sapporo in Hokkaido are noted for
its culture. The profitable boundaries for cherries appear to
be more sestricted than those for apples and quinces, On the
contrary, the Chinese edible cherry seems to be better
adapted to the warmer and moister parts of our country
where the European varieties are apt to run to wood at the
expense of the fruits.

(38-5
JUJUBES.

They grow well in a quite abandoned state in drier parts
of our country. They seem to succeed especially well in
continental climates, The finest specimens are produced in
Shinano and Kai provinces in central Japan. In the south,
from 34 degrees N. L. southwards, they are rarely cultivated.
The. native species are inferior in quality and size of fruits to
those of Korea and North China. In the north parts of Korea,
and in north China, especially near Shan-hai-Kwan travellers
are always agreeably surprised to see extensive bushes of
jujubes in a quite wild condition. They seem to thrive very
well in about 40 degrees N.L. on the Continent. The
Chinese jujube has very large fruits with thick pulp and
tough smooth skin. Californians have early paid attention
to them and succeeded in introducing them into their own
country. Their dried fruits have been seen in late years in
our grocer’s stores in Tokio.

MYRICAS.

These are natives of warm temperate zones like the
_ loquats and oranges, and more tender. They grow in the
south part of Japan where they attain perfection in growth and
fruitage. They are adapted to an equable climate near large
bodies of water. Their north limit is far lower than for the
hardier citrous fruits, and approximately the same as for the
more tender species, such as lemons, citrons etc., and with
the camphor tree. It reaches up to about 35 degrees and 20
minutes N. L. on the Pacific coast but only 34 degrees N. L. on
the west coast. The quality of the fruits become gradually
inferior with higher latitudes. The case is quite similar to
that of the citrous fruits. The pulp becomes thinner, and
poorer in dessert qualities. Our southern provinces, such as
Chikuzen, Tosa, Awa and Hyuga produce the largest
fruits, equal in size to the larger specimens of strawberries.

( 39 )

Ryukiu ‘Isles also produce the best fruits, but none comes
from Formosa. There are two varieties, red and white.

GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

The cultivated varieties are introduced from America and
Europe. The alliedspecies grow wild in the north eastern.
part of Hokkaido and the south parts of the Kurile Isles and
Sakhalin. Their horizontal distribution seems to be restricted
to north Japan, but they are also well adapted to the mountain
districts of central Japan. I have never heard of their occu-
rence in our southern provinces, even at high altitudes. They
seem to grow and bear the best kind of fruits between 42
degrees and 44 degrees N. L. in north Japan.

BRAMBLES.

Many species of brambles grow quite wild in the mount-.
ainous parts of our south and the plains of north Japan and,
Hokkaido. The wild fruits are gathered and used but no cul-
tivation has been carried on. The cultivation of the bush
fruits being still in its infancy, our people have not paid suffi-
cient attention to this interesting branch of fruit culture.
There is little demand in the market and no supply in ‘conse- ,
quence.

MULBERRIES.

Our mulberry plantations increase from year to year with
wonderful rapidity for sericultural purposes. Silk-worms are
now raised three times a year; spring, summer and autumn
crops -eing not uncommon. The area of the plantations
amoutited to 2,c00,000 acres in 1904. Wood-lands and fields
are often turned into mulberry plantations. They are as
familiar to our people as the vineyards are to the French.
But no cultivation of this plant for fruits has ever been carried
on anywhere in Japan. The plants have a very wide dis-
tribution from Hokkaido to Formosa.

( 40 )
STRAWBERRIES.

All the cultivated varieties are exotics. They flourish,
well throughout the country, excepting the extreme south. In
the southern littoral districts of Kii Province, with the heaviest
rainfall in our country during summer, the plants show often
exceesive vigour in ample, tall foliage, but always remain
fruitiess. In other parts of Japan, the strawberries have adapt-
ed themselves with ease and have now become a popular fruit
in early summer. They require some protection only in
winter in north Japan.

FIGS.

Figs grow up to 40 degrees NLL. in Japan. Its south |
boundary may extend to Formosa, although ‘I have never
heard of its growing in the extreme south. They luxuriate
with abundant crops between 37 to 36 degrees N.L. From
Tokio northwards, the growth is poor. Our growers do
not pay attention to their culture, although they prosper
well anywhere in wet places along streams and ditches.
Our humid climate does not materially affect the beariug of
this. fruit. Farmers and-cottagers plant a few trees in their
inclosures. It should be the poor man’s fruit in’ Japan. The
figs bear crops only twice in Tokio and like latitudes. The
summer figs are marketed about the middle of July and the
next crop, with smaller fruits, comes in September and October.
In warmer districts a third crop is obtainable. But from
Tokio northwards, the half grown young fruits, near the apex
of the current year’s shoots, shrivel on the coming of cold and
drop down,

GRAPE VINES.

_ We have two distinct species of the wild and cultivated
vines. Vitis Coignetiae and Vitis Thunbergii grow wild
throughout our couatry. Cottagers make a kind of wine from.

( 41 )

the fruits of the former. It has recently been introduced into
England and gained reputation as an ornamental plant.
This species is wonderfully prolific in a quite abandoned
state, growing together with brambles and bushes. The
cultivated kind known as “ Koshu’ are said by some
experts to belong to the vinifera type. They seem, in my
Opinion, to be an intermediate type between the European
and America vines, They are wonderfully vigorous in growth,
throwing out shoots over fifteen feet long very commonly
when young. The shoots light purple, smooth; leaf stalks
and leaves are smooth; canes, light brown when well
matured ; internodes long. Leaves, large, slightly serrated,
smooth on both sides. They closely resemble those of the
vinifera type. Though vigorous in constitution, they can
yardly rival the aestivalis and labrusca types of American
grapes. Bunches loose and long, often heavily shouldered ;
berries of medium size, slightly elliptica!, translucent, deeply
amber-coloured, and tinged with purple when fully ripe.
Skin thick and tough; pulp soft, rather acid, readily separating
from both seeds and skin. Juice colorless and very sugary.
It ripens from late September to early October.

Though superior in dessert qualities to the majority of
American grapes, and of admirable keeping quality, they are
inferior when compared to English specimens grown under
glass. The “Koshu”, being resistant towards phylloxera.
may perhaps belong to a quite different species from the
Vinifera grapes. ‘Koshu” vines are known to have been
cultivated now for 900 years in the province of Kai, whence
the name has been derived. In the days «f the Tokugawa
Shogunate, the produce was carried to Yedo on horse-back,
across the steep Sasago pass. Of late years, these vines have
been grown in other provinces, especiaily in Katashita
(formerly in the near village of Sawada), Province Kawachi,
some ten miles from Osaka. In these two centers, the
“Koshu” vines are planted mostly on hill-sides or on flat

( 42 )

river bottoms. Not only their aspect, soil and other require-
ments seem very favourable to them, but the climatic suitability
has rendered these regions without parallel for their cultivation.
The province of Kai belongs to dentral Japan, and Kawachi is
under the influence o: the Indand Sea. Both regions have
relatively poor precipitations throughout the year. That is,
favoured by the carly rise of temperature in the spring the bud
starts its growth, favoured by the rains usual in this period, the
new shoots undergo rapid and steady growth. Afterwards,
though its flowering season falls in our rainy period, in the
middle of June the injury is not so great as in Omote-Nippon.
On the contrary, after the fiuits have set frequent rain would
rather favor the growth of the vines and fruits. Dry summer
and intense insolation would check more or less the action of
insects and fungi. After the rain season, which continues for
about one mcnth, our summer, becomes hot and dry until late
August; then comes frequently the large amount of precipita-
tions accompanied by storm, and succeeded by the autumn
drought; thus favouring their ripening and vintage. The
weather of the late autunin differs in Omote-Nippon and Ura-
Nippon, as repeatedly shown in the preceding chapter. In the
villages of Katsunuma and Iwai, the famous growing centers
in Kai, the vines are cultivated on horizontal bamboo trellis
called “Tana” in Japanese. These vine-yards have an
elevation of some 450 meters above sea-level. The relatively
cool, dry, cloudless summer produces grapes famed for their
exceilent qualities.

Finally, I can introduce to you an indigenous vine, the
so-called “ Juraku’ (or “ Murasaki”) cf Kyoto. The name
is derived from a village in the suburbs of Kyoto, where the
variety has been cultivated for a long period. The grapes
differ from “ Koshu”’ only in color. In this village, vines
are peculiarly trained over cottage roofs upon high bamboo
trellis, 10 feet or more in height. The ‘‘Tanas” are not
repaircd by the holders or cottagers themselves, but com-

( 43 )

mitted into the hands of professional men called “ Budeshi ”
who annually make rounds of visits in winter from cottage to
cottage offering their services. The work of pruning and
training are in the hands of the specialists. Thus a good deal
of division of labour has been brought about. Our native
vines differ widely from those of China and Korea. In these
countries, excellent varieties, both of native and foreign origin,
are now cultivated with good results. They belong to the
true vinifera type and are similar in some respects to English
choice green-house varieties.

Viticulture passed many hundreds of years in infancy and
the acreage of vine-yards was trifling. During the past twenty
years, our viticulture has made large strides in many respects.
American varieties, except the resistant vines, were first
introduced as also some European varieties; and these have
spread through the whole country. Western procedures were
blindly imitated. The old, superior vines of ‘‘Koshu” have
largely been supplanted by the American ‘“‘foxy” vines, in
their growing centers. Even at present, Catawba, Isabella,
Concord, Adirondac and other numerous inferior kinds are
grown for their early ripening and large crops. No advance
has been made on the cultivation of European grapes. Growers
are ignorant about the selection of varieties, protection
against foes, while planting at random in large areas. Most
of these vineyards have resulted in utter failure from various
causes, particularly from severe ravages of insects and fungi,
The wine made from these inferior “foxy” grapes are
rejected everywhere, though cheap. Until recently, the
healthiest and most productive kinds of these American grapes
continued to remain but the others have vanished from our
vineyards.

Aside from the cultivation of American vines, a number of
viniferas have been introduced from France. Amongst the vine-
yards of this category, an experimental farm of the Central Gov-
ernment has the largest acreage and fullest equipments. It was

( 44 )

a pioneer vineyard with foreign methods. Owing to the good
-climate the farm has been successful and wine-making promises
to be a lucrative industry. Of late years, viticulture of this
‘kind has sprung up in many districts. Among them I may
mention the following as the largest and most reliable ones:
Iwanohara Vineyard, province Echigo; Fujita Vineyard,
Hirosaki, Province Mutsu. Besides, smaller ones in the
environs of Yonezawa, Province Uzen; and those in Kai, Shi-
nano and Niigata, and finally their culture in cold vineries in
Kaidani near Okayama are all brilliant examples of success
of the cultivation of European vines for the market. Cultiva-
tion under glass has been carried on for about two decades in
the Emperor’s Garden. Moreover, in gardens of amateurs,
colleges and experimental stations, it has been tried with fair
results. Though the vinifera grapes easily grow and fruit
under glass structures, they are not perfectly healthy and set
freely in the open air in some parts of Japan, particularly in
the south and south-east Japan. So it is difficult to get ripe
fruits from them, even when the soil conditions are favourable.

The causes of failure have been often discussed by
growers and specialists. It is my opinion that the principal
cause lies in the weakening of the vines, owing to diverse
climatic conditions, especially by poor illumination, dampness
both in the air and soil and by the prevailing rain during the
flowering period. Lack of heat is responsible only in some
varieties like Muscats in north Japan and Hokkaido. It is
needless to say that the vinifera type of grapes has attained
the highest perfection in the Mediterranean countries, Califor-
nia, and other arid States in the United States.

Similar types of vegetation flourish under similar
oecological conditions. Generally speaking, dry summer and
moist winter prevails in these countries, This is a radical
difference as compared with our own climate. The soils,
though variable in texture and in fertility in different districts,
appear, however, to be adapt. 1 to a proper growth of vinifera

( 45 )

vines. The remedies against enemies are at our disposal.
But the vines grow sickly and often fall a prey to their
enemies, their tender parts being especially subject to the
ravages of micro-organisms. During the period of flowering
long and heavy rainfalls are apt to check pollination and
prevent fruiting.

Such unfavourable state of things, however, does not
appear in many districts of the other half of Japan, the central
Japan and the Inland Sea Regions. The above named
vineyards of Iwanohara and Hirosaki belong to Ura-Nippon.
The vineyards of Iwanohara are located on the table-lands
formerly treeless grasslands and long abandoned on account
of the lack of irrigation ; but the soil has been found suited to
vines. The vineyards as a whole face north-west toward the
Sea of Japan. The soil is variable in texture in different
parts of the vineyards, and the best fruits are obtained on
gravelly loam. MHirozaki Vineyard has been established on
flat, alluvial deposits. The finest specimens are obtaine! from
rich, heavy loam with gravelly subsoil. esides, small vine-
yards near Yonezawa have produced vinifera grapes, such as
Black Hambro’, Feher Szagos and Green Hungarian, Both
of these vineyards have long since produced choice dessert
and wine grapes quite in open air. Mr. Fukuba, Gardener to
H. I. M. the Emperor, has told me that it is difficult to grow
such fine specimens as those of Hirosaki evea by the most
experienced hands under glass. The Black Hambro’ from
this locality have long been in the service of the Imperial
Household by special appointment. Besides, the French wine
grapes are grown there and fine claret is produced.

In the Iwanohara Vineyards, all of the above named
varieties of European, Californian and American origin have
been imported during the past fifteen years. Though the
relative merits vary according to the soil, season and variety,
the followlng sorts are having’ good success :—

( 46 )

Black Hambro’
Chasselas Rose.
Golden Champion.
Golden Queen.

Golden Chasselas.
Muscat of Alexandria.
Muscat Hambro’,
Madresfield Court.
Malaga Muscatella.
Muscat Frontignan,
Royal Muscadine.
Muscat Rose.

Mataro.

Orlean’s Riessling.
Johannisberg Riessling.
Sauvignon Jaune.
Chauche Noire.
Griesa.

Black Malvoise,
Malbec,
Pondicherry.
Seedless Sultans.
Sweet Water.
Charboneaux.
Palestine,

Purple Damascus. ~
Flame Tokay,
White St. Peters.
White Nice.
Bowker.
Zinfandel.

Pinot Noire.
Black Burgandy.
White Malaga.
Bordeaux Noire.
Semillion Blanc.

For further reference I will show you the table of analysis

of these varieties:

Variety, oe
Orlean’s Riessling Sept. 20
“ Koshu” Oct. 5
Griesa r 5
Golden Chasselas Sept. 22
Golden Champion Oct. 23
Sauvignon Jaune Sept. 22
Seedless Sultana » «I?
Sweet Water * 3
Charboneaux » 28
Chauche Gris si FO
Chauche Noire » 20
Semillion Blanc » 10

Glucose in must% _ Tartaric
Beaume Fehling acidy%
17.82 16.200 0,600
17.50 16,800 0.650
15.12 — _
17.02 16750 0.670

— 19.690 0.410
19.44 18.250 0.450
18.00 16.100 0.470
16.74 14.300 0.600
20.16 17.640 0,525
19.80 19.230 0.600
19.26 19.230 0450
19.08 14.300 0.450

( 47 )

-Variety — Date of Glucosein must% Tagtaric
ripening acid% .

Beaume Fehling

Johanisberg Riessling Sept. 15 15.68 - _—

Zinfandel » 27 18.54 19.800 0,600
Purple Damascus Oct. 5 16.20 — _
Palestine » 3 18.72 17.880 0.500
Pinot Gris é Sept. 12 1854 19.230 0.750
Pinot Noire » If 2062 f7agr a8ro
Pinot Blanc » 15 18.54 17.18f 0.675
Flame Takay or. (ae — — —
Black Hambro’ » 25 21.96 18.540 0.450

». Burgandy » 17 1872 1$.520 0.450
~~ y Muscatello » 12 19.44 18.520 0,825
White St. Peters Aug. 27 16.20 13.500 0.413 _
‘yy Nice Oct. 17 a eo —

» Malaga ~ 10 15.12 14.300 0.650
Bowker ; Sept. 23 — 14.800 0.750
Bordeaux Noire » 25 20.70 16.66 0.810
Muscat of Alexandria Oct. 7 — 19.850 0.425
Muscat Frontignan Sept. 24 22.96 21.080 0,500
Mataro » 20 19.00 18.540 0.650
Madresfield Court » 13 18.00 16.500 0.660°
Malaga Muscatella Oct. 9 — — —- .
Black Malvoise » 10 18.80 17.800 0,650
Malbec ‘ 8 IO 14.76 — —

aor ' Sept. 17 17.82 14.300 0.525
Chaseelas Rose Oct. 13 1692 — —
Royal Muscadine Sept. 20 — — —

a | iE

(After. the report of Iwanohara Vineyard).
N..B. Thé above table gives the maximum percentage
of glucose as determined with Beaume’s Saccharometer, during
the ten years from 1892 to 1902. The same as determined by-
Fehling’s method refers to ihe crop of 1900 only, oa

( 48 )

A similar success has; been obtained in Kai. - - achasselas
Rose,:: Sweetwater, Malaga Muscatella and the ‘like have
already been grown with ease on bamboo trellis on hillsides,

Finally, Hokkaido ought to be ‘suited for the cultivation
of vinifera grapes as “judged from the dryness of the summer,
but the lack of temperature sufficiently high to ripen them, has
proved an insurmountable obstacle so far.

The fact presented’ above would enable one to see ; iat
the successful ‘cultivation of European grapes in our country is
much restricted 'by the influence of precipitations.

LITCHI AND RIUGANNIKU.

"These two fruits are intimately related. Both of them
thrive in the warm temperate climate of Formosa and. ‘the
Riukiu Isles, and up to about 31 degrées and 20 minutes N.L.
They also grow in the extreme south of the province of Satsu-
ma, but they are ‘cultivated mainly i in regions lying between 39
degrees N. L. and the Tropic of Cancer. Recently, fresh
fruits have come to appear in the markets of Tokio about the
middle of July. Besides, dried fruits are annually imported i in
large quantities from South China and Formosa. They are
sold cheap in home markets. The plants grow. freely out-of-
doors in summer from early May to late September i in Tokio,
but are reared i in green houses in other seasons.

GINKGOS (The Maidenhair Tree).

The important Ginkgo fruits are grown neither in orchards
nor in gardens, We only gather them from gigantic trees
which arc left untouched in a quite wild condition. No
manuring, pruning and other operations are carried’ on on
these sacred trees, mostly planted within the enolosures of
temples and shrines. The plant is dioecious, and two trees
at least are necessary for fruiting. People are well aware of
this fact and often plant the female trees to the leeward to give
them every: opportunity: for pollination. The plant occurs in

( 49 )

the warmer part of Japan up to 36 degrees. N:L.... The ripe
fruits nearly equal in size to the olives, are buried in the
ground to hasten the decay, of the pulp, and’are afterwards,
rinsed and sun-dried. The dried nuts of Ginkgo are used
mainly i in cooking. They are very nutritious, having a peculiar
flavour, The demand for them stands next to that of the
chesinuts i in the home market.

WALNUTS.

Japanese walnuts comprise the three distinct species. of
Juglans Cordiformis, J: Regia Var. Sinensis, J. Sieboldiana,
They grow all over the country, but require’ certain altitudes
to thrive in the warmer parts. They seem to flourish in,
north-west Japan in a quite abandoned state. The produce.
from Echizen, Kaga, Echu and Iwate are noted in the market.

CHESTNUTS.

Nothing i is so important as chestnuts. on our igen bainenie
and farmers as ore of the staple food articles. Aside from.
their staple' use, chestnuts form an important material for.
Japanese cookery. The dried and shelled fruits, the so-called,
“ Kachiguri” are used after the fresh ones have disappeared.
from the market. Trees stand neither in: orchards nor in
gardens, but in odd lands around cottages, river banks, road,
sides, very irregularly, like the Kaki trees. Only in late
years, a few orchards or groves of this fruit tree have been
started. Besides trimming, no’ manuring, cultivation, or
protection is given. The trees begin to bear fruit in the third
year from germination. They are propagated mainly by seeds,
and the art of grafting and budding is rarély performed.
They are markedly hardy, healthy, productive and almost free..
from the attacks of enemies. When the’ plants become too old
to bear good fruits, which occurs about 30 years from: germi-
nation, they. are cut down.and turned out as timber. The old.
trees are. replaced with young plants -from-the nursery grown.

( 50 )

from selected seeds. The nuts in a single butr number at
most-three. In this case, the two side nuts are always
compressed and small, while the middle one is very large.
The latter is preferred as seed for wood-trees, while the thin,
smaller nuts are always used for the fruit-trees. The thick
well developed nuts produce, other conditions being equal,
more vigorous seedlings than the smaller ones, fruit later, and
produce better wood. The chestnut-trees grow all over the
country, except the Riukiu Isles and Formosa, In the south
part of Japan they grow only above certain altitudes, but from
35 degrees N.L, northwards they grow luxuriantly in the woods
and elsewhere. From 38 degrees N.L, northwards, the native
chestnut trees abound in fields and woodlands in a quite wild
condition, The region lying between about 35 degrees and 42:
degrees N. L. is termed ‘‘Chestnut Belt” in view of the
horizontal distribution of the plant. Beyond this south limit
they grow in nature only in mountainous forests. The
chestnut tree is apparently well adapted anywhere. within the
limits above specified, without regard to the character of the’
soil and the atmospheric conditions. Their adaptability to soil
is without parallel. The great chestnut centers are in the.
provinces of Kai; Funai, Kita-Kuwada Counties in the
province of Tamba, and Shuhi, a western county in the
province of Mino. The three regions are also the centers for
dried chestnuts.

TROPICAL FRUITS. :

‘Bananas, Pineapples, Jambos, Mangos, and Papayas etc.
are grown recently in glass structures in Tokyo. They require’
heated houses during the winter but grow and bear freely ‘out-
of-doors in the: hottest summer months even in this high
latitude. Their natural distribution is limited to Riukiu, Bonin:
Isles and Formosa. In the extreme south of Kiushu, they‘
grow in the open ai but it‘is rather diffieult-to get the fruits -
even ‘in the most favourable’seasons. Allied tothe ‘Bananas, -

( 51 )

there is a hardy native species, the Musa Basho, This ranges
as far north as about 36 degrees N.L. The plants grow in
spring, flower in summer and bear small fruits in clusters, but
these never ripen even in the far south of Kiushu. With the
oncoming of cold, they are frost-bitten, leaving only their
subterranean parts intact. They are simply ornamental plants.

CHAPTER Mi.
The Fruit Soils of Tare:

As stated in the foregoing: chapter, our damp and hot
summer and cold winter, though less extreme than on the
continent, has greatly affected the decomposition and removal
of rocks and soils. So, itis not uncommon that soils derived
from the same mother rock have widely different properties
and further on slopes it frequently happens that the texture of
the. soil differs in different layers, being clayey at the bottom,
loamy in the middle part, and rocky at the top. Such a
great variation of soil texture in a small area seems never to
occur on the continents. Furthermore, the water-holding
capacity of our soils is great and therefore their productivity is
highest in rather light and permeable loams, whilst the clay
soils commonly regarded as most fertile in Europe, are too
heavy for general agricultural purposes, especially in rice fields.
There are, however, exceptions to this rule in fruit growing.
Some kinds of fruits produce the best crops in heavy soils,
thus behaving differently from most farm crops.

The influence of the climate is shown not only in the
physical texture of the soils, but also in their chemical com-
position, which is widely different from that of the soils of
foreign countries. The fertilising elements differ greatly in
their qualities in the top and the subsoils, They are either
lost by washing, or permeate into the subsoil, which always
contains a greater percentage of them, According to the
observations of the Fertiliser Survey, the contents of
phosphoric acid in the arable soil of our fields are only one
third of the subsoil contents. Sometimes, it scarcely reaches

( 53 )

to one-tenth of that of the subsoil, as in an old Quaternary
field-in Kiushu. The case is quite’ different on the ‘continent ;
for instance, in an arable soil in Germany and Belgium, the
contents of fertilising elements are about equal both in the top-
and the subsoil. Also-it is an established fact that the top soil
is‘more fertile than’ the subsoil. The important constituents
formed by the action of weathering or added by manuring,
thus tend to pass away more quickly than on the continent.
But,.on the other hand, there is'an advantage derived from
this quick weathering, viz., that our farmers are able to restore
the lost fertility by ‘the art of cultivation, ploughing and
trenching ‘in relatively’ ‘short periods. The rocks may be
classified as follows :—
1, how Eruptive Rocks,
“Plutonic Rocks (Granite, Quar tz- ‘porphyry, etc).
2. Young. Eruptive Rocks, ,
~ * Volcanic Rocks (Andesite, Volcanic tus, Volcanic
‘ashes and: gravels. a
a Metamorphic. Rocks,
Archeatn | For mation (Granite: Gneiss, Crystalline
““Schist, *Chiorite Schist, ete. J
iA: ’ Séaiindheary” Rocks,
Paleozoic Rocks (Schalstein, Quartzite, etc.)
Mesozoic Rocks (Trias, Jurassic, Cretaceous.)
Tertiary Rocks-(Paylite; Tufts, éte)° ~
Old Quaternary (Alternate Strata of Soil, Sand and
Gravel. - Sometimes covered’ with volcanic’ ashes
with admixture of humus.) .
‘Young Quaternary (Consisting of rich alluvial
déposits near streams, rivers and seas.)

—

sper) 3 et ; Flat lands
~ Formations. Mountains. (below 15 Total area.
inclination)
cho cho cho
Plutonic rocks : 3,862,082.0 774,183.6 4,638,266.5
Volcanic rocks 5,055,850.2 1,959,69.19 7,015,542-1
Archean rocks 1,244,027.6 228,480.8 1,472,518.4
Paleozoic rocks 4,488,836.2 | 802,935.0 5,291,771.2
Mesozoic rocks 2,370,631.5 638,426.5 3,009,056.0
‘Tertiary 4,005,442.7 3,496,152.6 —7,501,645.3
Old Quaternary 78,787-5 2,542,578.6 2,621, 366.1
Young Quaternary 171,779.2 45331,195.8 4,502,975.0
Total 21,877,487.8 14,775,654.8 36,653,142.6

N.B, “cho” is nearly equivalent to 2.5 acres.

As shown in the table, the volcanic rocks. occupy the
largest area and the Tertiary formations follow next, whilst
the area of the former as flat land is far less than that of the
Tertiary. Paleozoic and Plutonic Rocks occur widely, but
their area as flat land is comparatively little. The Old and
Young Quaternary formations appear to occupy miore fat land
than slopes. .

1. SOILS FROM VOLCANIC ROCKS.

Of volcanic rocks, andesite, basalt, trachyte, volcanic tuft
and ashes prevail in this country occupying the widest area.
But, the larger part of the land occupied by them has large
inclinations, that is, flat land with an inclination of less than 15
degrees is 34% of its total area. These flat lands remain still
uncultivated as grasslands in north Japan,

Though widely differing in the nature of the rocks from
which they were derived and their chemical constituents, most
of them are rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia,

( 55 )

alumina and ferrous oxide. Besides, in humus loam ot
north Japan, nitrogen is present in rather large quantities.

The presence of the low oxidized compounds of iron show
an imperfect aeration of such soils and their productivity is
low in consequence.

Their physical properties are also inferior in most cases
from the agricultural standpoint, being mostly stiff and im-
permeable when wet and very difficult of aeration. The
water holding capacity is generally large. But they are apt
to dry up and become very open into deep strata when dry
weather prevails.

These characteristics of the soils prove very disadvantage-
ous for fruit growing, unless their texture undergoes radical
improvements. .

The absorptive capacity, on the whole, is large, especial-
ly when humus is present. Experiments show that . the
presence of humus always heightens the absorptive capacity
of the soil, whatever its nature may be. Soils of this category,
when mixed with volcanic ashes and pumice, improve more
or less in fertility and power of absorption, whilst becoming
much inferior in texture and in productivity.

The only exception to this rule is found in Kiusiu, where
the poor soils have good texture and have proved productive
under good management.

As shown later in the accompanying table, fruit growing
is successfully carried on in this kind of soil only in Kiusiu.
The loquat and mandarin groves of Sakurajima, a. small
volcanic island in the Gulf of Kagoshima, the mandarin
groves of Ikiriki, near Nagasaki; and the same in Kotemmu-
ra near Kumamoto are the only brilliant examples of fruit
growing carried on in soils of above category. Outside of
Kiusiu, one can hardly find good examples of archards on
soils of this description.

Soils derived from basalt and trachite differ widely in their
chemical and physical properties from those of andesitic origin.

56 )
* In rocks of this category a high percentage of lime,
potash and soda has always been found. Their absorptive
capacity being moderate, it remains generally inferior in
texture, but they can be improved by artificial means, and
seem promising for fruit culture.

: Soils of trachite origin resemble in every respect those of
granite. They are heavier, and lower in absorptive capacity.
The physical texture is rather inferior to that of granitic soil
put can be AESOEE and turned useful for fruit PErew ing. |

2, SOILS FROM PLUTONIC ROCKS..

Soils derived’ from granite and’ quartz-porphyry are the
principal ones of Plutonic origin. They occupy large areas in
the south-west part of this country. Alluvial soils of the same
source! are also extensive. “Lands of this origin have mostly
large inclinations, that is, ‘only: 1 % of the whole area is flat
arable land. Moreover, in ‘south-west ‘Japan where the land is
scarce in ‘proportion to ‘the dense- ‘population, hillsides with
more than 15 degrees of inclination have already - been’ cul-
fivated’-and planted - with peaches, “pears,” plums and apples,
Besides, there are ally tea and: mulberry" aoe a ‘in ‘such
nena Fey egie pas ig boa gs ep . shyt j

Soils. of ‘granite and pieesantyi: ‘origin’ differ -in
fertility as well as in texture, but the majority of them are
loamy and rather sandy but not clayey. Generally speaking,
they are poor in fertilising elements, ‘but are highly productive
on account of their good phliysical ‘properties. The” best kinds
of rice are always produced in soils of this category, which
also produce fruits of good qualities. The trees fruit with the
utmost éase, but the fruits tend to dwindie away while rather
young if not subjected to proper management. They are also
likely ‘to- ‘Suffer from ‘serious droughts in summer °without
mulch, Usually, the summits of these ills are thinly: wooded
oF ‘quite bare. “Tourists ‘are’ pleased’ with the picturesque
sie ai of the ‘famous Ttand-Sea ‘Region. Rocky islands

C37 )

stand out from the water with their naked or lightly wooded
crowns. Their arid, red brown summits remain scarcely pro-
tected from weathering by the deep-rooted pines. The chains
of mountains seen in the background of this grand panorama
also show similar features.

The whole scenery is located on lands made of granite and
quartz porphyry.

' “The absorptive capacity of these soils for the fertilising
elements is fairly good, but they are poor in phosphoric acid.
Hencé, in soils of this category and alluvial deposits derived
therefrom, soluble phosphates prove less effective, especially
in rainy seasons. Thus, our growers are accustomed to use
certain phosphatic’ manures, ‘such as bone _ meals, fish oil
cakes, dried fish, etc. as most effective. oe

The famous peach and apple: orchards of Okayama, Sanu-
ki and Iyo are mostly located’on soils of- this class. Besides,
good. orange groves have been established on this ‘soil i in Hagi,
province. Nagato and in Kiusiu, as shown in: the tables: :

3. SOILS DERIVED FROM ARCHEAN |
FORMATION.

sient wea aay

The archean formations occupy the smallest area in’ this
country and is very fragmentary in its distribution. ~ It consists
of gneiss and crystalline schists. The larger part of ‘the ‘land
is oe and only 15 per cent of the whole area is flat. land.

. The ‘gneiss system includes many kinds of rocks, of which
the granite gneiss forms the main part of the cultivated land.
It-resembles granite, but gives rise to a soil of different proper-
ties, .In the south-west part of Japan,. oraage, ‘mandarin and
loquat groves are planted in soils of Archean origin.

Paddy fields and farms are rarely met with on such soils.
But special plants like the mulberry, tobacco and often “ Kon-
niak ” (Amorphophalus Riveri) are grown with best results.

{( 58 )

Forest trees. luxuriate in such soils and the best kinds of wood
are grown there.

Rocks of this system are rich in potash and other fertile
elements and the soils derived from them have a good texture
similar to that of granitic soils. Their capacity of absorption
is in general greater than that of granitic soils.

In south-west Japan, lands even if inclined, are made
into paddy fields, and where there are irrigation facilities,
produce rice of the best quality. Inthe Province of Kii and
Izumi, these slopes are cultivated up to the summit, and
planted with citrous trees, arranged in regular terraces.

The Crystalline schist system also form steep lands. The
soils are rich in fertile elements, particularly in magnesia.
Moreover, they have a large capacity of absorption especially
for nitrogen and phosphoric acid. While thay are rich in the
fertile elements, the productivity differs widely ior different
kind of crops, and according to the site of the plantations and
the nature -of the subsoil. It also varies as to the admixture
of gravel. Where the natural drainage is sufficient in elevat-
ed situations, or where they are underlaid by a porous subsoil
on flat land-they have proved highly productive. Moreover,
as they usually contain gravel or fragments of chlorite schist,
their texture becomes much more improved and productivity
is increased. Fruit trees have mostly been grown with
complete success in such soils in south Japan, especially citrous
fruits and loquat trees as well as vines, both in the quantity
and quality of the produce. Besides, the famous growing
centers of tobacco, tea and mulberry are located in soils of this
category,

They are often too heavy and retentive for rice growing
and require improvements of drainage for making paddy ficlds,

( 59 )

4. SOILS OF PALEOZOIC ORIGIN.

The Paleozoic formations extend through the whole
ecountry from Formosa to Hokkaido.’ They form the backbon
of the country and the larger part is much elevated and
inclined. The cultivated parts amount only to 15°/, of the
whole. The Soils of Paleozoic Origin may be divided into
two classes, from the nature of the mother rocks, Soils from
schalstein and quartzite prevail, and they form almost two ex-
tremes as regards texture. Schalstein produces clay and
quartzite sandy soils. The richness of the former in the fertile
elements, indeed, is probably without parallel in this country.
It. has also a high capacity of absorption, But- generally
speaking, soils of this category are lacking in the requisite
texture. They are too heavy and retentive for rice growing
or other farming purposes on level land, unless the drainage
facilities are exceptionally great. Thus, the productivity seems
variable according to the situation, subsoil, kind of crops, etc.
Where the soil has some admixture of gravel or rock frag=
ments and the natural drainage is ample, the best kinds’ of
fruits can be grown, as shown in the accompanying tables.
Vinifera grapes, mandarins, oranges, loquats, peaches and
pears flourish and yield first rate crops. Most extensive and
finest citrous groves, orchards and vineyards have long been
established on-soils of this category. Moreover, mulberry, tea
and other deep-rooting plants thrive best‘in this soil. -~Wild
tea plants have frequently been found in this soil ‘in south
Japan. ,

'. Quite opposite to the above, are soils derived from
quartzite. They are moderately fertile, but markedly want-
ing: in absorptive capacity. They are exceedingly porous and
crops are often liable to suffer from summer drought, except’
rice plants, which yield-crops of higher quality, though less in

bs

amount, ©

5s. SOILS OF MESOZOIC ORIGIN..

Of the Mesozoic formations, the Trias system occupies a
very trifling area, next. comes the Jurassic and finally the
Cretaceous. has the largest area. Arable soils are largely
found in the Cretaceous system. Phyllite, sandstone and
conglomerate contribute mainly to the production of soils.

Soils derived from the Trias have a low absorptive
capacity but otherwise good. physical properties. They are
moderately fertile and have proved good for rice fields; but
they have no importance for fruit trees in this country.

The Jurassic soils have by far the greatest absorptive
capacity, and the physical properties appear to be generally
good.

. The Cretaceous rocks mostly form gravelly loam, phyllite
and sandstone being the main source. About 25°/, is very,
gravelly. The soils are very light and open, and are rich in,
potash, but very poor in phosphoric acid. They are, however,
apt to dry up and be subject to drought. They are suited to
rice growing but valueless for fruits.

6. TERTIARY SOILS.

Soils of Tertiary origin occur over an extensive area,
being next to those of volcanic origin in the area they cover.
They are especially common in Hokkaido, north and north-
west Japan, Most of these lands still remain in a virgin state,
The Tertiary soils of south Japan has already been cultivated,

The Teriary lands have generally gentle elevations,
whilst the flat lands covering 48°/, of the. whole area are
available for agricultural purposes.

The prevalent rocks of the Tertiary formations are.
phyllite, tuffs and sandstone, They are rich in phosphoric
acid, potash, alumina and magnesia. Low-oxidation product,
of i iron exists in the Tertiary soils of Hokkaido and north

( 61 )

Japan. Their. capacity. of absorption is very great, especially
for phosphoric acid. This is due to the presence of ferrous
oxide. The physical properties need to be improved by the
addition of humus into the soil so as to make them open and
friable, while aeration goes on more easily than in the case of
volcanic. soils, Generally speaking, though these soils are
rich in manurial elements, they are defective in texture, owing
to the action of low temperatures.

_ Where drainage is good owing tothe etinell situation or
the character of the subsoil, apple and pear orchards have.
shown good results, especially when the soil contains gravel.
The soil becomes very stiff and retentive. when wet and splits,
into hard blocks when dry. This defect can be overcome by
adding humus or by application of lime in proper quantities.

Amongst the. Tertiary soils, those derived from sandstone
are of exceptionally good texture, being not so retentive as
the. above. Those of conglomerate origin are poor both in,
texture and fertility, and need improvements for successful.
fruit growing.

7. OLDER QUATERNARY SOILS.

During this period, volcanoes seem to have been very
active, hence most of the quaternary soils have admixtures of
the weathered products of volcanic ashes. They’ occur in
relatively small areas in this country. They are rich in humus
nitrogen, lime and ferrous oxide. While having a strong
affinity for phosphoric acid owing to the presence of ferrous
oxide, their absorptive capacity for other nutriments is moder-
ate, The presence of iron compounds in the soil would tend.
to hinder aeration and would prove injurious to vegetation.
In north Japan lands of this category remain barren as grass-
lands or plains. i
T okio, or in, the s0- called “ Kwanto ‘plain.” _ Here the soil
readily becomes wet and dry, aeration being checked-in the

( 62 )

wet tate and the soil drying up to quite a depth, when dry
weather continues, ‘ The roots of trees can penctrate into a
great depth to seek moisture and nutriment. The mechanical
resistance to the growth of the roots being much less than in
the case of loamy soils, they are apt- to grow vigorously and
extend farther and wider and deeper into the soil than in the
latter case. Fruit trees planted in such a soil commonly de-
velop a few strong roots in place of fibrous ones. ° Fine,
compact root-system can solely be obtained by checking their
quick growth by some artificial means. Root pruning,
transplanting and pot culture, answer well for this purpose and
to promote fruiting in such unfavorable kinds of soils.

Fruits of good qualities can never be obtained from ‘such
soils even if rich manuring is done. 4

In such light, friable soil, however, when mixed with rich
humus, ‘root crops have shown excellent results. Long,’
beautiful specimens of the native radish, carrot, burdock,
turnip and the like have long since been grown by the sub-
urban kitchen gardeners of Tokio on such kinds of soilé,:
Their beauty is unsurpassed and they always command a high
price in the market.

“Thus, the Old Quaternary soils have after all contributed
very little to the fruit industry of this country.

8 YOUNGER QUATERNARY SOILS.

“They occupy the largest part of the flat land ot this count-
ry. Agriculture has been most extensively carried on in this
soil. The soils differ in their physical and chemical properties”
according to the nature of the mother rocks,

Generally they havé a good texture for fruit growing, but
those formed by the action of the sea waves are often too
light and permeable, and renders: irrigation necessary in dry
seasons, The alluvial deposits on river beds have more or less
a'loamy texture, and are mostly underlaid by porous and

( 63 )

well-drained subsoil, In such a case, they have proved almost
ideal as fruit land.

But one exception is to be noticed. Where large amount
of precipitation occur in summer, rather light soils prove ex-
cellent for the wellbeing of fruit trees, especially on flat land.

The amount of humus tends in our country to increase
with the latitude. Soils with humus are rather extensive and
the percentage of the humus is relatively high. The alluvial
deposits on river bottoms and sea shores are exceptions, Tle.
quaternary soils of north Japan, Hokkaido excepted generally
contain much humus in particular especially those of Volcanic, |
Tertiary and Old Quaternary origin. The humus has been
gradually accumulated in these colder regions; it decomposes
very slowly and the acid is produced as a consequence of the
imperfect aeration of the soil.

Soils rich in humus appear to be highly productive: sil
beneficial on the continents, but it is not so in our climate.
The humous soils of north Japan may. be ameliorated by the
addition of lime and by thorough drainage. In the apple
growing centers of the north, trees planted on such soils are
said to be liable to disease and insects injuries. The soils of
Hokkaido are less rich in humus than in the above districts.
This is probably due to the dry climate.

Fruit culture in Japan is carried on in any kind of soil,
but generally speaking, it is largely conducted on alluvial
lowlands on rivers, lakes and sea coasts. Most of them have
proved very productive from their native fertility and good
texture. These lowlands are occupied mainly by rice fields,
and by vegetable farms in the proximity of large cities. Pear
orchards under skillful management are also found by their
side. The orchards suffer in some places from occasional flood.
Peaches and plums are often grown together with pears on
such lowlands. Pears do not materially suffer, while the other
fruits undergo severe damage. Next, fruits are grown on
soils of Tertiary, Paleozoic, Archean and Plutonic origin with

( 64 )

the best results. : The area ‘of plantations on these soils is. most
extensive. Those derived from the Older Quaternaries and:
from: Volcanic rocks are far inferior to these soils, though some
kinds of the fruits, have given good results owing to the bene-:
ficial action of the climate on the soils from Voltanic ashes:
with humus give poor results for fruit growing and are entire-
ly disregarded: by fruit growers. Soils of Mesozoic origin:
show intermediate results. Lastly, I show you for further:
reference the following table: —

.\N. B.—Asterisk refers to the growing centers of respec-.
tive fruits,

1. APPLE ORCHARDS.

Prefectures Districts. Rocks or Soils
js Formations

Hokkaido Sapporo Alluvial Sandy loam

J *Voichi ot 5s Loam ~

3 Takikawa #5 ¥
Aomori-ken *Hirosaki . 3

5 *Kuroishi ‘ Old Quaternary 5)

3 Shimizu Tertiary , Clayey loam
Iwate-ken Kisen-geri Clay Slate Gravelly loam

sy *Morioka Granite Loam

¥ Ninohe gori Conglomerate Humus soil
‘Akita-ken *Akita Alluvial -Clayey loam:

en Gojono-me _ 3

$i Nosliiro _ Alluvial Sandy loam

35 Kado 3 Sandy soil |

$5 Yamada _ Clay

5 Komagata “Volcanic Humus loam

oe . *Hanawa Alluvial: - -Loam

+ *Shibahira — . Humus soil

1 Ogida ee eee Gravelly loam

os “Daigo — Humous loam’

‘i Yamauchi ‘Tertiary “Loam

ny Asamai : _ Alluvial.. Humus loam:
en 388 Honjo ; 5 Sandy. soil
Yamagata-ken Tsuruoka rr Clayey loam

* *Yonezawa OMe ‘Loam

a “*Vamdgati a fie -

Ishikawa-ken © “Kanabawa: -,, Saridy Loam .

Prefectures

Tshikawaken

Fukui-ken
”
”
Kanagawa-ken
”
Yamanashi-ken
”

”»

Nagano-ken- a &

”
Okayama-ken

»”
Kagawa-ken
Ehime-ken

Formosa

Miyazaki-ken

Ehime-ken

Okayama-ken
>

”

Hiroshima-ken.:

Kagawa-ken |

Hiogo-ken

Fukui-ken

Kanagawa-ken
”

3F as
Tokio-fu

”
Chiba-ken
Saitama-ken

2

Nagano-ken

Hokkaido

ww

( 65 )

Districts Rocks or
é Formations’
Kanazawa Alluvial -
” n”
Oseki 3
Takamuku’ |. 5
*Nishitsu sy
*¥Fukui Ee
Kawasaki: 5
” ”
Obuchizawa
Yutaka Tertiary
Kofu Old Quaternary
Mikage io
Nagano Ss
*Watauchi Alluvial 4
*Akaiwa Granite - ;
” _ Paleozoic
Kamikasai Granite
*Gogoshima’ ‘
2. PEACH ORCHARDS.
Shiran-Ippo Andesite
Obi Clay slate
*Gogoshima : Granite
*Akaiwa oy
55 Paleozoic
Hirohama Granite
*Mitarai Paleozoic
Kamikasai Granite
Suma Tertiary
Fukui, * Alluvial
Hiratsuka 3
“ ¥Kawasaki es
” ”
*Rokugo ”
Kabata <
Ichikawa $5
Koshigaya Alluvial ~~
Kitakatsushika ,,
*Komoro _ Paleozoic
Hakodate _ ; Alluvial
” Tuff

Soil s

Gravelly loam:

Sandy loam with
Limonite

Clay. ~
39
»
Gravelly loam
Loam
Clayey ‘loan

Sandy loam
Loam

Gravelly loam
Loam ae
Loam

”
Clayey.loam.,
Sandy loam

Red clay
Clayey loam
Sandy loam '
Clayey loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy soil
Gravelly loam
Sandy soil

”

_Clayey loam’ . |

Loam

Clayey loam
Sandy soil

Loam

Sandy soil

_ Loam

Sandy loam —

”

Pretfectures’

Formosa
Okinawa-fen--
Nagasaki-ken

Kumamoto-ken

”
Miyazah i-keo
Kagoshima-ken

Saga-ken

»

Oita-ken
Fukuoka-ken

” .

»

Lhime-ken
2
Kochi ken

‘Tokushima-ken
»

»

Yamaguchi-ken

( 65 )

3. MANDARIN GROVES.

Districts

Shiran-niho |
Hajimagiri
*Ikiriki

*Kotenmura
*Kawachi-mura
Obi
Kita-Tanega-
shima
*Nishi-Sakura-
jima
Kasuga
Kawakami
Matsu-ume
Kan-Zaki
Koshiro

Kine Shima
”
Fujitsu
”
Higashi-matsu-
ura
*Tsukumi
Yamada
Kamitsuyaku
Yanagi
Hiyoshi
Minaki
Ukinane
Aka-mura
Tsunoda
*Tatsuma
Hido-mura
Takaoka
Yamakita

Asagawa
*Tanano

*Uagi

Rocks or
Formations

Lime Stone

Hornblende-
Andesite

Andesite
Volcanic
Clay slate
Tertiaty

Volcanic

Granite
»

bid
”
Hornolende
granite
Andesite
”

Granite

Paleozoic
Granite
Chlprite Schisi
Granite & Basalt
Andesite
Sandstone
Granite
Crystalline Schist
Alluvial
Alluvial and
Mesozoic
Mesozoi¢
Paleozoic
Archean
Granite

Soils

Clayey loam
Clay
Gravejly clay

Clayey loam
Clay

Clayey loam
Sandy soil

Sandy loam
»
”
”

»

Gravelly clay
Loam

Clay
Sandy loam

”
Red clay
Loam

”» a
Sandy loan
Loam
Sandy loam

»
Clay
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Gravelly loam

Sandy loam
Loam

Clayey loam
Sandy loam

Prefectures

Wakayama-ken
n”
ws

”

Wakayama-ken

Osaka-fu

”
Hiogo-ken
»

- Aichi-ken

”

kid
Shizuoka-ken

”

”
Shizuoka-ken
Kanagawa-ken

ay
Ibaraki-ken

”

ve
Niigata-sen
Tottori-ken

( 67 )

Districts

Kaiso-Gun

*Arita-Gun

*Yamataki

”
Minami
Yokohama
Minami Ikeda

*Sennan Gun

”

*Sumoto

Yura

*Nezaki

”

”
Mitsu-mura
Shizosato-mura
Kaminogo
Karukaya

*Shida-Gun

*Ibara-Gun

Kozu

”

*Yoshihama

Sonobe
”

”
lloigawa
Seihaku-Gun

Rocks or
Formations

Archean
Paleozoic
Granite
Mesozoic
Serpentine
Archean
Tertiary
Mesozoic
Serpentine
Mesozoic Ter-
tiary cryst.
Schist
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
‘Tertiary
Archean

Tertiary
Archean
‘Tertiary
Alluvial
Mesozoic
Tertiary
Old Quaternary
Alluvial
Granite

”?
Alluvial
Mesozoic
Tertiary
Alluvial
Tertiary

”
Old Quaternary
Volcanic
Old Quaternary
Granite
Paleozoic
Tertiary
Alluvial

Soils

Sandy loam *"
Gravelly loam

”

Red clay loam

Gravelly loam

Gravelly loam

Loam
Loamy clay
JLoam

Loam clay
Loam

»”

”
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Clayey loam
Loam

”

»
Clayey loam
Sandy loam
Clayey loam
Loam
Clayey loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam

”

”
Clayey loam
Clay
Sandy soil

Prefecture.

Nagasaki-ken
Kagoshima-ien

Chiba-ken
Tochigi-ken
Fukui-ken

td

Hiogo-ken
Kyoto-fu

”

Aomori-ken
Yamagata-ken
Niigata-ken
Nagano-ken

”

”
Yamanashi-ken

3
Osaka-Fu
Okayama-ken

( 68 )

4. LOQUAT GROVES.

Districts

*Mogi
*Nishi-Sakura-
jima
*Namuya _
Himuro
Tai mura
Oshima _
Wada-mura
Fukui
Sumoto
*Saga-mura _

Nishi-oura, |

*Hirosaki
Yonezawa
*Iwanohara
Kikyogahara
Ofuse «
Nagano
*Kofu
*Katsunuma
Takata
*Katashita
Kaidani

Rocks or
Formations

Cryst. Schist
Volcanic

Tertiary
Paleozoic
Granite
Paleozoic
Alluvial

Alluvial e

Alluvial
Old Quaternary
Granite

Old Quaternary
Alluvial
Tertiary

‘Old Quaternary -

”

”
Tertiary
Paleozoic, '
Tertiary.

-. Archean

Granite

Soils

Gravelly clay
Sandy soil

" Clayey loam

Gravelly loam
Sandy loam
Gravelly Clay
Sand

Gravelly loam
Loam

»
Sandy loam

5. VINIFERA VINEYARDS.

Loam
Gravelly loam
loam

Gravelly loam
Loam

Clayey loam
Loam

(Compiled from reports of local authorities.)

CHAPTER V.

Indigenous and Introduced Fruits,

Comprising Fruits of Old Foreign Introductions.

NATIVE FRUITS OF JAPAN.

refers to the native fruits,

1 Japanese Crab

2 ”
3 Wild Pear
4 Sand Pear
“a
6
y
8 Japanese Quinc
J —
{0 ”
UI ”»
12
13
14
15 Kaki
16
17 Loquat

18 Pomegranate

19 ”

20 Bitter Orange

2t Kumquats
22 Mandarins

Asterisk

1. KERNEL FRUITS.

Rinki

Ringo
In ynashi
Nashi
Tori
Zumi

Ozumi
Marumero

Kwarin
Boke
Kusaboke
Kempo-nashi
Sanzashi
Osanzashi
Kaki
Mamegaki
Biwa
Zakuro
Himezakuro
Daidai
Kinkan-rui
Mikan-rui

‘Pirus baccata var. mand-
shurica. ,
*P. Malus var. tomentosa.
*P. Calleryana.
*P. sinensis.
P, betulaefolia.

-*P, Toringo.

P. sp.

Cydonia vulgaris.

CG. sinensis. —

C. japonica,
*C. japonica var. pygmza.
*Hovenia Dulcis.
*Mespilus cuneata.
*M. sanguinea.
*Diospyros Kaki.
*D. lotus.
*Eriobotrya japonica,
Punica granatum,.
P, nana.
Citrus bigaradia.
*C, japonica,

C nobilis, .

23

27

37

38

39
40
41

42

43
44

45
46

{ 7}
Zabon, Uchi-

Pomelo, Shad-

dock murasaki
Fingered Citron Bushukan
by Marubushukan
Yuzu

Trifoliate Orange Kikoku

Sweet Orange

Amadaidai

C, decumana.

C. medica.
» var. chirocarpus.
C. medica var. acida.
*Aegle Sepiaria.
Syn. C. trifoliata.
C. Aurantium

2. Stone Fruits.

Japanese Apricot Anzu

Ume P. Mume.
Japanese Plum Sumomo P. communis,
Peach Momo *Persica vulgaris
Nectarine Zubai-momo *P. vulgaris var. laevis.
Yusura-ume f. tomentosa.
Niwa-ume P. japonica.
Ko-ume » var. glandulosa.
Jujube .Natsume *Zizyphus vulgaris var.
inermis.
Rose Apple Hoto, Futo- Eugenia jambos,
momo
Litchi _Reishi *Nephelium Litchi.
Riuganniku *N. longana
Flowering Yamazakura *P. pseudo-cerasus, var,
Cherry spontanea.
3. Nuts.
Chestnut Kuri *Castanea vulgaris var.
japonica,
Walnut Hime-gurumi *Juglans cordiformis.
Fe Oni-gurumi = *J. Sieboldiana.
is Chosen-gurumi*J. regia var. sinensis.

Ginkgo, Maid-
en-hair-tree

Ginnan

Prunus Armeniaca_ var.
ansu,

*Ginkgo biloba.

Filbert
Hazelnut

White Pine

Cycas cone

Water Lily

Grape
Wild Grape

”

Wineberry

Brambles

4 7 I
Kaya
Mateba-shii
Shii

Hachibami
Naga-

hashibami
Chosenmatsu

Sotetsunomi
Ichii

Onibasunomi

Hasu-no-mi
Hishi-no-mi

*Torreya nucifera.

Pasania glabra.
*Pasania cuspidata.

Syn. Quercus cuspidata.
*Corylus heterophylla.
*C. rostrata var. Sieboldia-

na,
*Pinus Koraiensis.,
*Cycas revoluta.
*Taxas cuspidata.
*Euriale ferox.
*Nelumbo nucifera.
*Trapa chinensis.

4. BERRIES.

Budo
Yamabudo
Ebizuru
Sarunashi
Hime-Kozo
Yama-momo
Nawashiro-

ichigo

Ebigara-

ichigo

Fuyu-ichigo
Awa-ichigo
Niga-ichigo
Kaji-ichigo
Knma-ichigo

A kind of Cran- Koke-momo

berry

Tsuru Cranberry Tsuru-

kokemomo

*Vitis vinifera,

*V. Coignetiae.

*V, Thunbergii.

*V. Actinidiae arguta.
*Brousonetia papyrifera.
*Myrica rubra.

*Rubus parvifolius.

*R. phoenicolasius.

*R, Buergeri.

*R. palmatus,

*R. incisus.

*R. trifidus.

*R, morifolius,
*Vaccinium Vitis-idaca.

*V. oxycoccos.

76

82

( 72 )

Shashampo _*V. bracteaturn.
Syn. V. Wrighti'.

~Iwa-nashi *Epigae asiatica.

Jap. Gooseberry

Gankoran *Empetrum nigrum.
Natsu-gumi *Elaegnus multiflora.
Aki-gumi *E. umbellata.' ~
Syn. E. reflexa.
Nawashiro- *E. pungens.

gumi or
Tawara-gumi
Kwakwatsu- *Cudrania javanensis,

gayu

Suguri *Ribes grossularioides. | .

*R. rubrum var. bracteo-

Jape Giver Eee ase *R, petracum var. iouenee
. sum,
Fig Ichijiku Fics caricea, 2-9 2:
Mube or *Stauntonia hexaphylla. *
Tokiwa-Akebi
Mulbérry- -Kuwa-no-mi °*Morus alba. vars.
; Akebi + *Akebia quinata.
Yashabishaku - Ribes ambignum.
5. MISscELLANEOUS.
Dwarf Banana Sanjaku-bashd Musa chinensis.
or Chinese Banana Syn. M. Cavendishii.
Plantain Mi-Basho M. paradisiaca.
g Banana or ;
Horse Banana
‘ Yama-béshi *Cornus Kousa. .,
Sanshuyu . *C. officinalis.
Gozen- - *C.. canadensis.’ ; '
tachibana
Aogiri *Sterculia Platanifolia,

Mukunoki--:*“*Aphananthe aspera,

w nN

NS Ow &

13*

23
24

L ¥3

DOMESTIC FRUITS UNDER CULTIVATION.
Asterisk refers to those under most intensive culture:

I. KERNEL F RUITS.

Japanese Crab (Rinki)
% (Ringo)
Wild Pear (Inu- nashi)- Only raised for seeds or pips,
whose seedlings are largely used as stocks.
*Sand Pear (Nashi) | .
Japanese Quince ines

- (Kwarin)
<5 (Boke and Kusaboke) Only as ornament-
als,

Kaki or Date Plum (Kaki)

Loquat (Biwa)

Pomegranate (Zakuro)

Bitter Orange (Daidai) °

Kumquat (Kinkan)

Mandarin (Mikaf) « ¢ ~

Pomelo, Grape Fruit (Zabon, Uchimurasaki, Jagatara,
Buntan, etc.)

Fingered Citrous eee “Mostly ‘as: “oritamentals
in pots. fe. #

Yuzu.

Trifoliate Orange (Kikoku) ‘Raised for hedge plants or
stocks for various citrous fruits. :

Sweet Orange. (Ama-daidai).

2. STONE Fruits.
Ume. ,
Japanese Apricot ( Anzu)
Japanese Plum (Sumomo).
Japanese Péach and Nectarine.

Yusura- ae Both for flowers and fruits.
Niwa-ume

25
26
27
28

29
30
31

32*
33
34

35
36

37*

' 74)

Ko-ume.
Jujube (Natsume)
Litchii (Reishi).
Riuganniku.
3. Nuts.
Chestnut (Kuri).
Walnut (Kurumi).
Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree (Ginnan).

4. BERRIES.
Grape (Budo)
Yama-momo (Myrica).
Goumi (Gumi)
Fig (Ichijiku).
Mube (or Tokiwa-Akebi).

5. MIsceELLANrEOuS.

All kinds of Banana (Basho-no-mi),

EXOTIC FRUITS

CULTIVATED IN JAPAN.

Asterisk refers to those under most intensive culture.

t*Apples 13*American Vines
2*Pears 14*European Vines
3 Quinces 15 Gooseberries
4 Medlar 16 Currants

5 Cherries 17 Blackberries

6 Apricots 18*Sweet Oranges
7 Plums 19*Lemons

8* Peaches 20 Citrons

g* Nectarines 21 Raspberries

10 Olives 22 Pine-apples

it Figs 23 Melon Papaw

12* Strawberries 24 Mango ete.

( 75 \

FRUITS FOR PROFIT

For Home Growers AND FARMERS.

1**Apples (Occidental) 18 *Strawberries
2**Sand Pears Ig Gooseberries

3 Pears 20 Currants

4 Quinces 21 Pine-apples

5 *Cherries 22 *Bananas

6 *Apricots ‘23 “American Grapes
7 *Umes 24 European Vines
8 *Japanese Plums | 25 *Figs
9**Peaches 26** Chestnuts
10 *Nectarines .27 ‘Walnuts
11**Kakis 28 *Ginkgos
12**Loquats — 29 *Native Grapes
13 Pomegranates 30 Myricas

14 *Oranges 31 Olives
15**Mandarins 32 Lemons

16 *Kumiquats 33 Litchis and Its Allies,

17 *Pomelos and Shaddocks

N.B. Asterisk shows the fruit trees, nuts and _ berries,
extensively cultivated and immensely produced as general
market products. Some of them are exported via Oriental and
American ports. Double asterisks show those exported,

=O O ON ANUAWNHA

etme
ON Auf} W WN.

19
20
21
22

CHAPTER IV.

List of Varieties of Leading Fruits in J apan.

SAND PEARS.

-(Pirus sinensis, Syn. P. Usuriensis)
: (Nashi, Arinomi.)

Asahi
Away uki
Akarin
Awo-nashi

Akappo

Awo-maru
Aka-maru
Asashimo |
Asahi-maru

Aka-nashi -

Arame ~~

Awaichi

4

Aworin

Asahirin | etait,

Doyo-wase
Gozen-nashi
Gosho-maru
Heishi (Wase-
roku, Doyo-
maru)

Hinode

Hada (Haneda)
Hagoromo
Hoshoji

23

Hase (Naga-

: tani)

24

Himewatari
Hosoguchi
Harukoshi
Goshu

.Hakurin
Kinchakutataki

koma _ (Korai)
Kuruma

> Konowatari

Kanno
Kanséi

‘Kinchaku

Kakuto (Kaku-
zu)

Koyuki
Kompei
Jobana
Echu-Hoshoji
Minobako
Aki-nashi
Baba-koroshi
Chojuro

45 D Doitsu

46 Doyo-kinko.
47 Edoya

48 Demono

49 Debeso’

50 Ekubo

51 Nakaya_
Natsu- nashi,
Hakuteiriu
Okoga
Okuroku °
Okusankichi
Orisuke —
Koshukoga’
Cbusa
Okuzo
Okuma
Oshumaru
Akashi
Tamamizu
65 Shinchu

66 Ichimatsu
67 Imamura
68 Jujiro

69,

70
71
na
73
74
75

76 Shimada’ 96 Misu-no-uchi 116 Yukidoshi
77 ‘Tora’ -* 97 Matsuwo 117 Shimojima
78 Teruyo 98 Mizu-nashi 118 Ringo-nashi’
79 Tokuzo 99° Yaji 119 Sakae :
80 Tamagawa 100 Yonezawa 120 Shinosé-nashi
81 Toho IOI Yokogoshi(Yo- (Sasase nashi)
82 Taniwatari kogoye) | 121 Nekokoroshi _
83 Otani 102 Kinae (Kie) 122 Shokichi-nashi_
84 Ohiromaru,_,. 103 Tampo 123 Segawa
85 Yaemon _ 104 Taihei 124 Shota (Masata)
86 Ese-Awayuki 105 Tosajo 125 Ueda
87 Zaiken: : 106 Toernon 126 Tetsubin
88-Shirataki ~~ - 107 ‘Rikiya 127 Reizan -
89 Ruizo- -* 108 Sekaiichi’
CHOICE. DESSERT VARIETIES.

18 VARIETIES. 33
Asahi Meigetsu Asahiriu
Chojuro (Decho) Nakaya - > Okusankichi
Doitsu (K-ncbakutataki) Hakuteiriu
Gozen-nashi.. . Shinchu
Heishi Sekaiichi
Imamura Taihaku.
Kozo Shiratama —
Kinriu, Nijisseiki j

iti¢c ELEVEN. BEST DESSERT. VARIETIES,

Asahi " ” Meigetsu ‘Kinriu’ -
Chojuro (Decho). Hakuteiriu ‘Asahiriu'

Kozo_/“,
Koga
Kinriu
Kinko
Kanaya-

Kiku-nashi

Nijisseiki

( 7 J

9° Meigetsu

9! Hinoshita--

92 Marubako

93 Mizukuma
(Waseaka)

94 Goto

‘95 Kobu-nashi

109 Sujiaka
110 Taihaku® -

_ 111 Tosa-maru

112 Torafu |
113 Tamago'
114 Shiratama
Tig Yamamarii

( 78 )

Doitsu Sekaiichi Okusankichi
Imamura Nijisseiki

26 CuHoice MARKET VARIETIES.

Awayuki Kozo Taihaku
Asahiriu Koyuki Tamago
Akariu Mizukuma (Waseaka) Shimada
Akappo Nakaya Segawa
Chojuro (Decho) Okoga Shiratama
Doitsu (Kinchakutataki) Okuroku

Edoya Kusankichi

Doyokinko Shinchu

Debeso Taihei (Oiran)

Heishi Rikiya

Jujiro.

BEST MARKET VARIETIES.

(15 Vars.)
Asahiriu Kozo Segawa
Awayuki Mizukuma (Waseaka) Okusankichi
Akarin Okoga Kinriu
Chojuro (Decho) Shinchu
Edoya Taihei (Oiran)
Heishi Shimada

7 SELECT MARKET VARIETIES,

Away uki Okusankichi Shinchu
Akarin Mizukuma (Waseaka) Taihei (Oiran)
Chojuro
LOQUATS.
1 Obiwa (Syn. To-biwa) 5 Kogane

Maru-mi 6*To-biwa (Nankin-biwa,
Naga: ti Shina-biwa, Sakurajima-
3 Wase-biwa biwa)

4*Shiro-biwa 7 Kuro-biwa

2 Tanaka-biwa}

(799

8 Yatsubusa-biwa
9 Shinchu .

to Akagane

11 Bankin-biwa
12 Naga-biwa

13 Maru-biwa

14 Kishu-biwa

15 Nakate-biwa
16 Yamato-biwa ...
17 Okute-biwa .
18 Akajiku

19 Awojiku
20*Mizuwo-biwa
21 Ikeda-biwa

22 Todoroki-biwa
23 Sagatsu-biwa
24 Ko-biwa

25 Yama-biwa
26 Yabu-biwa
27*Tamura-biwa
28 Tochiya-biwa

29 Ji-biwa (Syn. Ko-biwa);

30 Kusunoki-biwa

31 Obusa-biwa

32 Kobusa-biwa

33 Kanro-biwa

34*Suisho-biwa (Syn. Suite:
biwa}

-35*Mogi-biwa-(Syn. To- Saws)

36 Mame-biwa (Syn. Ko-

biwa)

.37*To-biwa, One-Seeded,

38 Me-biwa

39 Kagura-suzu
59*Aka-biwa. -
41 Obiwa

‘42 Bussho-biwa ®

43 Hiwa

44 Oshima-biwa

45*To-biwa, Twe- seeded |
46* Ma-biwa :

N. ho Asterisle shows the standard vaiieties either for

market or for pleasure.

er

BEST DESSERT VARIETIES OF LOQUATS.

1 To-biwa, One-Seeded.

2 4 » —Two-Seéded,

3 To-biwa (Many-Seeded)

4 Tanaka-bitva.
Amongst them, first

as best in quality.

5 Bankin-biwa,

6 Mogi-biwa (To-biwa)
7 Shito-biwa.

8 Aka-biwa. -

three varieties may be recommended

POMEGRANATES " (ZAKURO).

1*Ama-zakuro
2*Shiro-zakuro

.3 Aka-zakuro
4-Nami-zakuro ° a

( 8 )

5 Hana-zakuro

*Standard Varieties.

6 Hime-zakuro
(Chosen-zakuro)

CITROUS FRUITS.
(Mikan-rui),

1 MANpDARINES
1*Unshu (Satsuma, Seedless, 10*Yatsushiro-mikan

Rifujin, ©§ Nakajima-Mi- 11 Eta-mikan

kan) 12 Usukawa-mikan
2 Hira-mikan 13 Beni-mikan
3*Kunembo 14 Kinuji-mikan
4 Ko-mikan 15 Daito-mikan
5 To-mikan -16 Yama-mikan

Doro-koji

Kin-koji

7*Kishu-mikan (Kinokuni-
mikan)

8 Shirawa

g Yuko

6* Koji-mikan

17 Fukure-mikan
18 Sakurajima-mikan

19*Ponkan
20. Tankan>Formosa
21 Suikan

22 Tachibana

N. B,—Asterisk refers to best market varieties,

2 Hysrips DrerivED From BITTER

1 Asahikan
2*Naruto-mikan -
3* Natsu-daidai

ORANGES,

4 Tengu-mikan (Shigetomi-
Kinkunembo)
5 *Iyo-mikan etc., etc,

3. POMELOS AND SHADDOCKs.

1 Yamabuki-mikan (Ujukitsu)
z*Buntan (Bontan)
3*Zabon (Jabon, Zampo,)

4 Jagatara
5 *Uchi-murasaki

4. KINnKANS,

1* Marumi

2*Nagami

5. SWEET ORANGES,
*Kin-Kunembo‘{(Choséndaidai, Satsuma-orenji)

{ o2 }
6. MISCELLANEOUS.

1*Sudachi (Sutachi)
2*Yuzu (Citrus medica var. acida)

N. B.—Asterisk shows the leading varieties.

3*Hiuga-natsu-mikan,

KAKI or DATE PLUM.

According to my recent study there are some 800 named

varieties, either sweet or astringent. Now for convenience

sake, I will select some useful varieties from this ‘large col-

lection of Kaki.

1*Zenji-maru 24 Bongaki
2*Yamato-Gosho 25*Tendai

3 Toyama 26 Mishirazu
4*Joren 27 Beni-gaki
5*Sawashi 28 Mizugaki
6 Aka-gaki 29 Awoso

7 Mino-tsurushi 30 Tamago
8*Shibu-gaki 31 *Hiakume
g Rendaiji 32 Hiakume
10* Nabezumi 33 Okame
t1 Eboshi 34 Ogaki

12 Ohira 35 Hashidani
(3 Edoichi 36 Yotani
14 Shimo-shirazu 37*Sagami-maru
ts Shimo-Kaburi 38*Giboshi
t6*Imon (Emon, Tarugaki) 39*Saburoza
17 Koshibu 40 Mizushima
18 Sato-gaki 4t Takura
19 Shimmio 42 Hakkiri
20*F uji 43* Toyoka
21*Fuyu ‘ ‘44*Gosho-nitari

22*Tenjin-gosho
23 Anzai «..

45 Hassaku
46 Nagara

( 82 )

47 Renge
48*Otera.

49 Tsurigane

50 Shimoneri (Shimo-maiu)
s1*Hachiya
52 Bonneri

53 Mizi-gaki

54 Koneri (Kineri)
55*Koshu-maru
56*Hagakushi
57*Giombo
58*Gosho (Hongosho)
59*Saijo

60 Shibu-kaki

61 Higaki
62*Mino

63 Koriyama
64*Tsurunoko

65 Kumonosu

66 Kurokuma

67 Hiragaki

68 Watanabe
69*Enza .

N. B.—Asterisk refers to those varieties best suited for

dessert or drying.

7o Koharu

71 Genzan

72 Kyara

73 Issaigaki

74 Jurenji
75*Kubo

76 Usuzumi
77*Tane-nashi (Sane-nashi)
78* Wasehei
79* Daidai-maru
80 Yamagaki
81 Hachwoji
82* Miotan

83 Kawazoko
84*Seihakuji
85*Daitsuki
86*Gottemmaru
87*Egosho

88* Mombei
89*Tsurukame
go*Okame

g1* Yamato-gaki

APRICOTS (ANZU).

1*Taue-momo
2*Maru-manju
3*Ko-manju
4*Ama-manju

5 *Beni-manju
6*Ko-Kinchaku

7 Ko-mikan

8 O-mikan
9*Mame-Kanro
10 Ko-mame-momo
11 O-mame-momo
12*Shiro-momo
13*Shiro-anzu
14 Karakara-momo

( 83 )

15*Beni-momo 22 Shiro-mikan
16*Beni-chu-anzu -23 Maru-kanro
17*Kita-beni-anzu 24 Yawaraka-manju
18 Nagamanju ‘25 Kata-manju

1g Akao-mikan 26 Shibori manju;:
20 Ume-anzu 27 Otaki-momo

21 Akao-mame-momo
N. B.—Asterisk refers to the standard sorts éither for
table or for drying or canning.

CuHorcE VARIETIES FOR DRYING.

1 Shiro-anzu 2 Shiro-momo 3 Ama-manju

CHOICE VARIETIES FOR CANNING.

t Ko-manju 2 Beni-manju 3 Beni-momo

JAPANESE PLUMS (SUMOMO).

1*Sumomo 18 Kwanji
2*Urabeni-sumomo 19 Kishu-dama
3*Shiro-sumomo 20 Hari
4*Togari-sumomo 21 O-beni
5* Wase-sumomo 22 O-momo
6*Wase-O-sumomo 23. Yedo
7 Benkei-sumomo 24 Genshiro
8* Wase-shiro-sumomo 25 *Yone-sumomo
9*Ki-sumomo 26* Ochiai-botankio
10* Botankio 27*Suikwa-momo
11*Aka-sumomo 28 Sarugawa
12 Uchie-sumomo 29*Beni-sumomo
13 Bunhichi-sumomo 30 Hayashi-sumomo
14*Tkuri 3 Yamadoro-sumomo
t5 Shiro-Ikuri 32 Murasaki-sumomo
16* Beni-botan 33 Hachiwoji
(Terada-Sumomo) 34 Hatakake

17 Otafuku 35 Oba-Botankio

( 84 )
36 Beniba-Botankio 57 Kajiya
37 Tane-sumomo 58 Konosu
38 Usuki 59 Tabiya
39 Beni-kake 60 Bunnemon

40 Doyo-sumomo 61 Biwa-momo.

41 Sashihei 62 Kiauri

42 Tanebanare 63 Ukon-sumomo (Kogane)
43 Bushu 64 Kawara-sumomo

44 Hange-Otama 65 Katansho

45 Hiyatsu-sumomo 66 Natsu-naka-sumomo
46 Oku-Kotsubu -67 Too

47 Basu-sumomo 68 Kuroya

48 Daikichi-maru 69 Awada-sumomo

49 Yrozuya 70 Ringo-sumomo

50 Komiugiwara 71 Bungo-sumomo

51 Mugiwara-sumomo 72 Samomo
52*Kan-sumomo 73 Zenjiro
53*Yone-bake 74 Bekko-sumomo |
54*Ichinari-momo 75*Manzemon

55*Jinno-uchi 76* Nishida-momo
56*Hon-sumomo (Satsuma, 77*Fujinozaki
Yone-momo, Ushiro-seko-
momo, Urabeni-sumoma)

N. B.—Asterisk refers to the standard varieties for dessert,
Amongst these, best dessert varieties for market are as follows:

Best DrgssErT PLums.

1 Hatankio (Kelsey)

2 Botankio

3 Yone-sumiomo

4 Yone-momo (Satsuma)
5 Ichinari

6 Jinnouchi

7 Ochiai+Botankio
8 Beni-sumomo

9 Terada-sumomo
10 Yone-bake

11 Nishida-momo
12 Manzemon

Six--Cuotce Dessert PLuMs.

{ Yone-momo (Satsuma) «© 4 Nishida-momo
2 Ichinari : 53 Terada-sumomo
3 Jinnouchi ' 6 Qchiai-Botankio

rs

Two Cxoicest Dessert Plums.

1 Ichinari 2 Terada-sumomo.
: UME. _

1 Ko-ume =. . 8 Sakata

2 Yoro-ume 9 Rinshubai

3 Minari-Naniwa. 10 Shiro-bana

4 Kashiwagi-bungo 11 Samidare .,-

5 Bungo-ume 12 Su-ume - ;

6 Minari-Bungo 13 Shiro-Kaga-ume

7 Oya 14 Beni-Kaga-ume
Best Sorts FoR PICKLING.

I Ke-ume 3 Shirobana

2 Yoro-ume | 4 Shiro-Kaga-ume..

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.

N. Hi Astericle shows the leading varieties) grown for
market.

1*Tsubame-momo 12*Tanigoro
2* Wase-hange 13*Inada-momo
3* Hange. (Kawachi-momo)
4*Yama-hange 14. Kizu-momo_;
5° Wase-Kintoki 15 Satsuki-momo ..
6* Yanagiba-Kintoki. 16 Sa-momo
7*Tobe-Kintoki 17*Toba
8 Akambo . | 18*Kanoko
g*Wase-Doyo-maru . 19*Kuroni

10 Yasoji-maru- 20*Taruya

1t Kusai-Doyo-maru 21 Kawanaka

22 Taihaku-momo
23*Tachiyama-Doyo-maru
24*Kahei-Doyo-maru
28 Oku-Kahei-Doyo-maru
26 Wase-maru
27*Ko-maru
28*Nakate-maru
29 Domen-maru

30 Awoso
31*Shiromomo
32*Yoroi-doshi
33*Amento
34 Wase-Kaminiwa ~
35 Nakate-Kaminiwa
36 Kam-momo

37 Kio-momo

38 Natsu-momo
39 Aki-momo
40 Chawam-nomo
41 Sane-momo
42* Seiwobo
43 Jimbei-momo
44 Hiodoshi

45 Sanebeni-momo
46 Bom-momo

47 Yoroi-gaeshi
48 Kara-momo

49 Fushigaeri

50 Abemmomo

st Usuya

2 Maruya

53 Nagadairiya

54 Suitari

55 Hioi

56 Hikobei

( 86 )

57* Asahi-maru

58 Okute-Kaminiwa
59 Ke-momo
60 Heishiro

*

_ 61 Gempei-momo
- 62 Yedo-momo

63 Yoro-momo

64 Shiratama

65 Tsuwa-momo
66 Sudare-momo
67 Jugatsu-momo.
68 Watamomo

69 Benkei-momo

-70 Furugiya

7. Kensaki

72 Taihei

73, Kinta

74 Kabuto

75 Kaburi-momo
76 Tango-momo
77 Yani-momo

78 Wakasa-momo
79 Hinode

80 Nagamomo

81 Beni-Kio-momo

82 Tsuyu-momo
83 Tobosaku-Beni-momo
84 Kaizuka-momo

.85 Daibutsu-momo

86 Issaito:

87 Hachwoji

88 Hange-shirazu
89*Hino-maru

gc Gonzaemon-momo
QI Yotsuya~-momo

( 87 )

92 Uima-gao 94 Sozaemon
93"Tachiyama-Kintoki 95 Inubusa
NECTARINES.

96 Zubai-momo (Katashi-mo-mo, Katachi-momo, Zunbai-
momo, Kenashi-momo, Hadaka-moino) ,
97*Daicho-monio

NUTS.

CHESTNUTS.

§ Hiyaku-kujugonichi-guri 13*Hanaya-guri

(“195 Days’’) 14 Asahi-zakura |
2 Nihiaku-toka-guri 15*Otoniune

(“ 210 Days’’) 16 Ribadane _
3*Bon-guri 17* Higan-guri
4 Wase-guri 18*Fuku-nishi
5 Asagi-guri 19 Fujio
6 Shiba-guri 20 Ginyori
7*Tamba-guri 21 Kuragake
8 Moheiguri 22 Imakita
9*Oguri (Tamba-guri) 23 lamida-guri
10 Hakoguri 24 Chokoji
11 Sando-guri 25*Doyo-guri

12*Shimo-kaburi
(Hibuta, Shimo Kazuki)

N.B.—Asterisk refers to the standard market variety.

’

WALNUTS.
1 Kwashi-gurumi (Chosen- 4 Oni-gurumi
gurumi, To-gurumi) (Kurumi, J. Sieboldiana)
2 Shishi-gurumi 5 Okurumi
3 Hime-grumi (Megurumi, 6 Shina-gurumi (J. regia var.

‘Juglans Cordiformis) sinensis) «

( 88 )

TorREYA NUCIFERA (Kaya).

1 Omi-Kaya 4 Hidarimaki-Kaya
2 Marumi-Kaya 5 Shibunashi-Kaya
3 Nami-Kaya 6 Inu-Kaya
: BERRIES.

GRAPE VINES.
1 Wase-budo 4 Nagami-budo
2*Koshu-budo 5 Juraku-budo
3 Marumi-budo (Murasaki-budo)

N. B.—Asterisk refers to most important market variety,

Myrica RUBRA (Yama-momo). :

1 Kuma-yamamcemo 2 Yamamomo

CHAPTER VI.

Propagation of Fruit Trees.

Nothing is so simple as the propagation of fruit trees in
Japan. The familiar methods of grafting or cutting fruit
trees are only one or two and performed with highest skill,
without seeking after many ingenious modes of foreign origin.
Our forefathers had known the art of grafting, cutting, layer-
ing and the like, as practised in Europe and America.

Only the art of budding being entirely unknown has re-
mained for us to acquire. With the introduction of western
civilization it was introduced among us. It has spread through-
out the country with successful results everywhere. Our fruit
growers acknowledge its merit through experience but being
highly skilled by their ordinary methods of grafting they do
not come to rely upon the ingenious methods of budding as is
done in the West, except in the case of peaches and nectarines,
These two fruit trees being quite stable in the striking per-
centage attained by our common methods of grafting, even if
by most skillful hands they became used gradually to adopt
budding in recent years.

The popular methods widely used among our nurserymen
and growers are methods of grafting, while by seeds, and by
cuttings, stocks are raised. Among methods of grafting, the
following are most in use :-—

1. Kiritsugi. Similar to the Crown Grafting of Americans.
Inarching or Grafting by approach. (Yobi-tsugi)
Splice Grafting. (Sogi-tsugi)

Side Grafting. (Hara-tsugi)
Cleft Grafting. (Wari-tsugi)
Cutting Grafting. (Sashi-tsugi)
Root Grafting. (Ne-tsugi)

OSE aN

‘(gO )

Without going into details of each mode of grafting 1
will show you our modes of propagation of each fruit. Crabs
and apples are propagated by grafting. Many kinds of stocks
are used as follows :-—

Rin-Ki (Pirus Malus var. tormentosa) Koringo (Baccota
var. mandshurica) Kaido (Spectabilis) Inunashi or
Yamanashi (P. Calleryana), Kozumi (P. Toringo),
Sand pear: seedings, Quince (Cydonia Vulgaris)
Kwarin (C. Sinensis) Boke (C. Japonica).

Amongst them, Rinki, Koringo, Kaido, Yamanashi and
Kozumi are commonly used as best stocks. The season of
grafting is long, while the period from March to middle April!
is said to be the best. Usual time to cut scions is February.
The young shoots are cut and buried shallow in shaded and
sheltered position for at least one week before grafting. The
duration of storing scions may be prolonged at will. Common
method of growing stocks is by cuttings, root cuttings, division,
layering and by seeds.

Sand pears and pears are commoniy propagated by grafting
of which Kiritsugi, splice grafting and top-working are mainly
performed, Cuttings and layering are seldom used. Yama-
nashi, Quince, Koringo and Kempo-nashi (Hovenia dulcis), are
used as stocks. Among them, seedlings of Yamanashi are
exclusively used. Japanese pears do not strike well on Quinces,
except a few kinds. Results of double grafting of our pears
on quince have lately been cared for in this country. Pearsare
wide in grafting period. They are grafted in spring from
March to early April. Beyond this period they can unite by
regrafting, which is often done in May. To cut scions,
nurserymen select February. But they may be cut and stored
in the preceding month. Shrivelled scions unite rather better
than newly cut scions, Stocks are grown by seeds, cuttings
and layering.

Quinces are propagated by layering, cuttings and grafting,
Yamanashi, Koringo, Pear seedlings and quinces are used as

( gt )

stocks. Stocks are propagated by seeds, cuttings, layerings
and division. «

Pomegranates are grown by cuttings, layering, inarching,
cutting-grafting and root-grafting. Our gardeners used the
same species as stocks, They are propagated by seeds and
other means.

Kaki or Date Plums are commonly propagated by graft-
ing, layering, root-cutting, etc. Shibukaki, are astringent
variety and mamegaki (Diospyros lotus) are stocks. Common
seedlings of sweet varieties are also available. Average season
of grafting begins by the beginning of spring. Shoots cut for
scions should be stored for some days to good advantage by
the same methods as the kernel fruits. Whole parts of scions
are never buried in the soil. Stocks are raised by seeds.
They are slow in its growth and require at least 3 years from
seed to reach graftable size.

Loquats propagated by grafting in which Kiritsugi,
splice-grafting and cleft-grafting are commonly used. Besides,
cuttings and layerings are familiar methods. Loquats and
Quince are used as stocks. By April 10th. we graft them.
They may be grafted at once after cutting scions,

Citrous fruits commonly propagate by grafting. Amongst
them fingered citrons only propagate by cutting in the open
air. Trifoliate orange and Yuzu (Citrus Medica var. Acida)
are used as stocks. The former has a dwarfing effect on the
scion, while the latter has no such influence. By the late
April, just before sprouting they are grafted. Trifoliate
oranges are necessary to graft on them after they have begun
to bleed. As to other kind of stocks, this rule does not apply.

Peaches and nectarines are commonly propagated by
grafting. Lately, growers and nurserymen have adopted
budding. Besides, cuttings, layering, inarching are seldom
used. By grafting the results are very unstable, while by
budding it has high striking percentage. Wild peaches, peach
seedings, dwarf peaches (Amento) and Japanese plums are used

C92 )

as stocks, Amongst them, the two former have been widely
used.g They are grafted in March. Scions may be cut in
January or in February, Tate cut scions do not strike well.
Stocks are raised exclusively by seeds, Japanese plums are
propagated mainly by grafting, while cuttings, division and
suckering are often used. They strike well on their seedlings,
peaches, ume and apricots. Graft them in the same season
as peaches. Scions may be cut before grafting as peach
stocks are raised from cuttings or by seeds. Japanese apricots
propagate by grafting, Other means are seldom used. Seed-
ling apricots and Japanese prunes are best stocks, Besides,
umes are often used. Graft them in March and treat the
scions as in peaches. .

Ume trees are commonly grafted on wild species called
“ Yabai ”, Bungo-ume and Naniwa, and another wild variety.
The latter roots freely by cuttings. Besides grafting, cuttings
and division are used. They are best grafted in the middle of
March and afterwards till the end of the month, Graft at once
on cutting scions, Cherries are grown by grafts. Other
means are rarely used. Wild flowering cherry (Prunus Pseudo-
cerasus var. Spontanea), Yoshino (P. Pseudo-cerasus var.
Sieboldi), Higanzakura (P. Miqueliana) and Fujizakura (P.
Incisa) are common stocks. Among them, the last one has a
markedly dwarfing effect upon cherries as your mahalebs.
Late February or early March are the best season to graft.
Care as regards scions are similar to peaches. All sorts of
cherries are easy to strike. Stocks are readily grown by
cuttings.

Yusura (P. Tomentosa) is an ornamental shrub. Also its
fruit being palatable like cherries, it is much admired by the
people.

They are easy to propagate by division, cutting and layer-
ing. Grafting is rarely used. They unite well upon peaches. :

Niwa-ume (P. Japonica) has a similar habit as above and
is similarly propagated.

( 93 )

Jujube propagates by seeds, layering, division and cuttings.

Myricas are grown from seeds, root cuttings, layering,
division and grafting. The same species are used as stocks,

Chestnuts propagate by seeds, inarching, side-grafting,
cutting-grafting and other means. Wild chestnuts and
common seedlings are used as stocks. Graft in March. ‘Scions
have to be cut and stored for about three to five weeks before
grafting.

Japanese walnuts are propagated by seeds. In the case
of grafting, walnuts are used as stocks. Ginkgos are propagat-
ed by seeds. Grafting is seldom used. They are grafted on
Ginkgo by Kiritsugi and splice grafting.

Torreya are grafted by inarching on its wild species.
Seeds are often used to grow them.

White Pines (Pinus Koraiensis) are grafted by inarching
or cleft grafting upon wild-grown black pine (P. Thumbergii).

Vines have long been propagated by layering in its
growing centers of Kai. Cuttings, division and grafting are
also familiar methods, Eye-cuttings have lately been intro-
duced from Europe. They are grafted on other grape cuttings
oron the wild grape (vilis -Coignetiae). Cuttings are best
done trom November to May. But late February to March
is best to make them root. Graftings are best performed in
March. .

Mulberries are grown by division, layering, cuttings and
grafting. They are very easy to strike. Divide in May,
when shoots have grown 1 foot or more. Cutting is done
in February. Graft at the same time.

Goumi are easy to divide while cuttings are also easy.
Work in spring before sprouting.

Japanese gooseberries will propagate by suckering, cut-
tings, layering and division. Insert cuttings in beds in February.
Mound in May around the shoots, and then divide.

Brambles readily propagate by suckering and cuttings
Begin the work before’ sprouting.

CHAPTER VII:

Modes of Pruning and Training Fruit Trees.
in Japan.

Favored by natural facilities our fruit growing has long
been neglected in every side of its management. Of our
leading fruits, those readily bear have always been left alone
to its growth without Jegitimate practice of prunning and train-
ing. Such examples are citrous fruits, loquats, plums, apricots
and apples. On the other hand, fruit trees of late fruiting
quickly degenerate without those treatments, for instance,
pears, peaches and vines have long been cultivated with more
or less pruning and training. Date plums have often received
pruning but the large part remains in their natural shape
and stature.

Our modes of training differ,widely from those adopted by
the western nations. The prevalent. forms of training fruit
trees are restricted to “ Tanazukuri” (similar to your “ table
cordons ’’) for such kinds of fruit trees as bear on spurs as well
as for vines. Itisa mode of training on support and mainly
carried on for pears and vines. Apples and plums are often
trained by this system. Besides these, peaches are grown
nowadays after regular modes of training, while they require
no support and stand firmly asa dwarf.bush, They receive
some pruning every year to be trained after the so-called
open-centre system.

Thus, a few kinds of fruit trees alone receive more or less
pruning in a regular manner, whilst others grow quite un-
touched. Citrous fruit trees, loquats, date plums, cherries,
apricots, Ume trees, plums, quinces, chestnuts, walnuts and

( 95 )

moreover, pears, and apples in some localities are left quite
untrained. §

So, itis not uncommon in our orchards that pears, date
plums, chestnuts and citrous fruit trees have acquired the de-
fective habit of fruiting in alternate years. Such a state of
things, the majority of our growers believe due to Nature and’
irreparable by man.

Even if quite abandoned, some kinds of fruit trees as
loquats, mandarins and chestnuts make rather handsome trees,.
being regular in their modes of branching. But they bear in
alternate years ; uniformity of size and quality of fruits, it is
clear, are impaired in such an unpruned tree. So long as
growers remain indifferent to modern methods fruit growing in
a strict sense is nowhere seen in this country.

Of most irregular shape, are date plums, ume trees,
apricots and plums, They have crooked stems straggling in a;
most curious manner. Trunks are often decayed and hollow,
in the centre. It has long been admired as an ornament by
some people. Such a diseased condition of trees is not only.
worthless but rather injurious to the welfare of fruit’ trees.
Indeed, our gardeners always turn their attention to the
pruning and training of ornamentals while quite neglecting.
the care of our fruit trees.

Training trees for ornaments or the pruning of flowering
plants have advanced through a long period among our gar-
deners. Topiary works on ornamental evergreens and pot-
grown plants have already had a wide reputation in the world.
Our people admire some fruit trees for flowers rather than for
fruits. Gardeners always devote care to novelties to meet their
demands, while neglecting attention as to their pomolozical
value. For example, our peaches, ume trees and quinces flourish
in flowering varieties but are markedly poor in those for fruits.

Such a circumstance would have induced our fruit grow:
ing to remain in its infancy and has at least partly checked the
progress of our orchard work.

( 96 )

«.” As above stated, pears and vines are trained on the hori-
zontal trellis made of bamboo canes and supported on wooden
posts.’ Recently .they have been replaced with wire trellis in
some localities. It is called “tana” and such a mode of train-
ing is called ‘‘tana-zukuri.” Its height differs in localities and
by. the kind of fruit, but generally it measures 5-5. 5 {t., equal
to the average height of our adult man. Women and children
can work on the trellis by the aid of ladders or high wooden
shoes, very popular in this country.

The training on supports, being restricted to the tana-train-
ing, our growers, especially those near cities have always
be skillful. In a pear growing centre in the vicinity of
Tokio there are trees over a century old, grown by this system.
The present system of training is recorded to have been prac-
ticed by our fore-fathers, It has spread among our growers
throughout this country in favour of easiness to get the material
of construction as well as the simplicity of its own method.
Bamboo canes, the principal material can be got anywhere by
every farmer and grower, It has long been the custom to
grow it for the purpose of cropping young shoots as spring
. Vegetables and for windbreaks or the protection of river em-
bankments. Thinned canes are used as materials. Even the
small farmers can get them cheap.

Tana is constructed with long bamboo canes set about
1-2 ft. apart crosswise, and fixed unmovably with straw twine.
It requires for the construction rather large amount of labour,
while it does not much trouble our growers since it is usual to
make the trellis in winter.

Young trees from the nursery being planted in a regular
manner, are manured and subject to their own growth as such
for three or four years to make them root well. When the trees
are fully established with strong a root system, they undergo
their first training. Among those shoots, growing erect on
thetop, those emerging about 5 ft. above ground are bent and
fixed in position with straw twine on the trellis. Afterwards,

( o7 )

these shoots form the arms. Several shoots thus. trained are
fixed almost equidistant from each other. On each armmspurs,
or the like growths readily start, while any effort to encourage
their growth is quite unnecessary. ;

By this means, the arms being equal in condition, are easier
to bring them into equilibrium. of growth and thus fruiting
condition than other systems, such as palmates, cordons, etc.
Moreover, the symmetry of the tree can be easily restored. eyen.
when the arms are lost by some accident, as in the fan-training.

Canes are durable for some five years, whilst straw twines
have to be renewed every year during winter,

Arms, shoots and fruit spurs undergo renewal pruning at
times in’ winter. In some parts, where trees are planted on
rich, deep alluvial deposits, they are shifted and transplanted
at intervals. of 4 or § years, to check and moderate their
luxuriance and to turn them prolific. ——

Besides repairing and tying new shoots on the eitia: light:
winter pruning is performed, No summer pruning is done by
many growers. Fruit thinning, bagging and destroying.
insects are rigorously practiced by them. Of late years, poul-
try and sometimes swine are driven beneath the trees to make
them feed on insects and vermin. In such a case, strong,
protection around the trees is of course necessary.

As regards the bamboo trellis there are two ways of con-
struction. In the pear centres in the vicinity of Tokio, the trellis
covers the whole plantation, whilst in orchards near Kyoto and.
Nara it has the shape of long rectangles which run parallel to
each other. Between consecutive tanas, long narrow spaces,
are léft and used for paddy fields, In the growing season of rice
plants, water stands close to. the pear roots, the difference of
height between the tree crown and the water level being only:
one foot. Also the soil is markedly clayey, and pear. roots
remain markedly shallow. :Consequently, they come to show
signs-of bearing while quite young, but they dwindle away:
some ten to fifteen years after the planting. ae

( 98 )

‘ "4 That is, trees begin to bear in the second year from plant-
ing. Growers let them fruit at such an early period. They
are impatient, indeed, to get some return from them as soon as
possible. Shoots emerging beneath the trellis are all retained
to cause a large yield as soon as possible. Thus, the outlines of
trained pear trees differ widely in two districts in the east and
the west. Thé relative merits of these two systems of tana are
still open to discussion and dispute among growers. Besides
pears, plums and vines can be well trained by this system.
Plums are grown lately by this method in Terada-mura near
Kyoto. All those fruit trees which bear on fruit spurs can be
Similarly trainable. By this mode of training, it is clear, that
éarly and profuse bearing can be brought out only with light
pruning.

In some parts of west Japan where pears are grown on
steep hillsides tana being made along the slope so as to cover
the hillside and the leafy canopy covering the trellis protects
the crop growing beneath it against heavy winds. [In this case,

.the fruiting portion mainly seats under the trellis. Grapes until
recently have exclusively been tana-trained. Its remarkable
scenes are visible in growing centres of Katsunuma, Iwai and
other villages in the Province of Kai and Katashita vineyard not
far from Osaka. In the former, vines are widely planted at
the ‘rate of 40 trees per acre, while in the latter it numbers 120
vines per acre. In such a wide planting vines run freely on
the trellis. Winter pruning, stopping, suckering, pinching or
rubbing of” surplus ‘shoots,’ thinning and other treatments are
regularly performed, Owing to the vigorous habit of the vine
wide space is given to its free growth. Long pruning answers
‘vell, ‘nus, keeping moderate its growth makes it enter soon
into a bearing condition.

Lately, foreign modes of training are being adopted among
our vineyardists who grow foreign varieties for the purpose of
wine-making or dessert. Their comparative merit, however,
is quite open to future discussions,

( 99 )

The system of Tana-training has widely spread in this
country, except those districts with heavy snowfall. In north-
west Japan where heavy snowfalls occur, trees are trained to
the irregular standard, branching its arms above the normal
depth of snow. In some parts, twigs are bundled together
before winter comes. :

Grape vines in these territories are always mulched in the
Jate autunin to prevent breakage of canes, By the above
statements, tana-training seems to have sprung into wide-spread
favor in virtue of the following merits :

1. The convenience of management, harvesting and
control of enemies.

The simplicity and durability of the construction.

The easiness to induce trees to the fruiting condition.

The easiness and cheapness of getting material,

. The prevention of damages by the storms prevalent
in our country during late summer or when approach-
ing harvest. 7

6. To secure the maximum suriace in order to enjoy
the full sunshine on the tree. ;
7. To protect against heavy rainfall during the flowering
: period. _

Situated in the usual course of storms which attack our
islands several times a year, our fruit growers have to protect
.themseves against serious damages. The heaviest one usually
‘attacks about late August or early September. Fruit trees, par-
ticularly those without support suffer from the attack not only by
. losing their crop, but followed by injuries on the next years
‘crop. Pears and apples near the seashore are covered with
salt upon the foliage. It becomes brown and drops down
prematurely, while the roots are still acting. Buds for the next
year are forced to expand and flower in consequence. Fruit
-sets but can not grow, thus rendering the crop quite worthless,

wb wh

‘Thus it is not an uncommon event to our growers to lose their

expected crop for the following year.

( 100 )

' Peaches and nectarines have long been cultivated with a
little care as regards pruning and training, but during past
twenty years modes of treatment became improved and careful.
Trees are mostly ‘of dwarf bush form with an open centre.
Still no summer pruning has been carried on.

The yearling trees are planted on stocks previously
planted and grafted or budded. On planting, tap roots are
removed. Watersprouts and suckers remain unpruned in the
first winter pruning, whilst such strong growths are trained in
position bending them down with straw lines, to keep the
center spreading and open. Bending of shoots is adjusted
according as the vigor of the shoot. Thus, the growth of
the shoots being regulated, an equilibrium of growth can be
‘acquired with ease. These modes of training which mainly
aim at thé early fruiting though simple and imperfect from the
ornamental point of view, seem to answer well fort he: purposes
of our cottage farmers or small growers.

Citrous fruit trees and loquats are also left alone. They
feceive only manuring, mulching, cultivation and seldom
spraying. But they produce an immense crop in alternate
‘years, Lately, our veteran growers have become acquainted
with the necessity of pruning for the well-being of the tree and
come to practice the work in some parts.

Kaki has until recently taken ieadership among our
orchard fruits. They have been a most popular and wide-
Spread fruit for a long time. But their culture under rational
treatment is of quite recent origin. Sweet varieties serve
directly as dessert, but astringent ones become eatable as

sweetened by curing or other processes. Cured products still
have a large demand in our market. To cure, each fruit is
peeled and sun-dried, suspended on straw twine. To
facilitate this process, a bit of shoot remains attached to each
fruit stall like the letter T, and by this method the fruiting
shoots are broken with the fruits. This process of breaking
shoots has become by chance a mode of pruning. A far better

( tor )

results have always been obtained than when the fruit alone
is gathered. In the meantime, some growers became well
acquainted of this fact and came to adopt this process. In
Tomo-o-mura, a date plum region between Kyoto and Nara,
an expert called Tajuro Yoshioka has independently brought
about the same process and succeeded in renovating worn-out
trees in his village. Afterwards his method has been improved.
A medal was awarded his work at the Industrial Exhibition in
1895. His first method has nothing different from the process
already practised in other localities. By his method, every
fruiting shoot is broken at its own base, while the sterile or
non-fruiting ones are left unpruned. By. this treatment, new
vigorous shoots start from buds of the remaining part, the
next spring. They do not fruit in the same year, whilst they
grow vigorously and develop plump and well-matured buds
on the apex as well as the leaf-axiles of them. These buds,
especially a few near the apex are always entitled to
start fruiting shoots in the next year. On the contrary, as
the fruiting shoots are left unpruned after harvest they being
exhausted would start weak, slender sterile shoots in the next
spring. Sometimes they would perish, worn-out by the
overwork of fruiting. Next year again, if these weak shoots
are left unpruned, worse results would follow. In such a
manner, when no pruning is done, weak shoots grow in turn
near the apex of the preceding ones until at last the tree
abounds in weak and valueless shoots. Fruit borne on such a
shoot is worthless or liable to drop down prematurely. In
some varieties, for example, Zenji-maru, the pistillate flower
always appears on the stronger shoots, whilst the staminate
ones are always borne in clusters on weak, slender. shoots.
Thus, it is necessary to get the strong shoots by means of
pruning (breaking) worn-out shoots to increase the yield, and
make its growing profitable. Trees represent in this case a
typical weeping appearance and quite differ in this respect
from those grown under regular pruning. Yoshioka’s first

( 102 )

thethod of pruning (breaking) shoots is nothing sort of the
spur pruning of the fruiting shoots and quite similar to those
commonly practised on the fruiting canes of vines grown under
glass.

As you are aware, the Kaki tree has a similarity as to the
habit of fruiting to the vines, It bears on the leaf-axiles of
rather stronger shoots of the current year growth, which start
from a few well-matured, plump buds near the apex of the
mother shoot. That is, flowers are borne at most on the four
nodes, from third to sixth from the base of the shoot. Weak,
spur-like shoots are always sterile, while extravagant shoots
of excessive vigor also have no fruit. Generally speaking,
well-matured shoots of moderate length which have been
sterile in the current year alone, are privileged to start fruit-
ing shoots in the following year. Thus, we have to depend
only upon the well-matured shoots and aim to produce such
kinds of shoots as much as possible, .

By this reason, renewed pruning or at least the breaking
of shoots is of significance in the successful growing of Kaki
trees.

Of late years, Mr. Yoshioka has brought out his second
method of pruning by which better results have always been
obtained. It consists of breaking the mother twig from which
several fruiting shoots start. It differs from his first method
only in severing the system of those shoots, not every fruiting
shoot. By this process, shoots starting from the remaining
parts grow more vigorously and improved results are always
obtained by such a severe process rather than the former method,

By such means, the habit of alternate year fruiting is not
corrected. Thinning fruits, in this case, answers well to cor-
rect this defective habit and let them bear uniformly every year.

In the vicinity of Tokio, are found its growing centres.
Among them, two villages, Komae and Noborito, have long
since co-operated in a curious manner to lessen and regulate
the yield in order to avoid glut in the market. Owing to the

( 103 )

over-supply of fruit in the fruiting year no one can sell the
produce at a paying price. To overcome this difficulty one
of those villages ventured to practice the removal of flowers
while young in the fruiting year and thus bring forth a crop in
an off year by such an ingenious method, In sucha way, Kaki
trees in both villages come to bear in alternate years. Two
villages do not agree in.the season of bearing. Thus, the fruit
market in the market being well regulated a glut in the
market could be avoided.

Such a procedure seems to have been derived only from
considerations of individual economy of the grower; but have
not sprung from the co-operative idea of both villages.

It has long been said among our people that Kaki trees
dislike pruning by knife or iron tools. This erroneous idea
has spread and it is still maintained by our growers. The
idea seems to have sprung from the fact of dull healing of
wounds in the root, as wel! as the brittleness of shoots, They
are indeed liable to suffer from severing of the roots in
particular.

T have, however, had opportunity to practise knife pruning
and succeeded in getting more handsome trees than in break-
ing shoots.

CHAPTER VIIL

Some Routine Operations in Japanese Orchards.

Of the ordinary processes in our orchards, irrigation
and drainage, “bagging,’’ manuring, cultivation, hoeing,
protection against enemies are rather peculiar and noteworthy.
Above all, the process of bagging has been extensively
adopted, by our growers as a preventive measure against
insects and. fungi. In this method, all fruit left after the
final thinning is covered with small paper bags made of old
newspapers or of “mino-gami,” a strong Japanese paper,
The bags are provided with fine holes in the corners to let out
rain-water freely, and to prevent breaking.

Bags without bottoms are preferred by some. In South
Japan, where peaches, pears and grape-vines are largely grown,
bottomless bags made of newspaper are widely used. Near
Tokio, growers use another kind of bag, made with native
paper treated with ‘“ Kaki-shibu,” a juice expressed from Kaki
fruits. This juice make the paper water-tight, and from its
antiseptic quality is extensively used for many purposes, The
growing of date plums for the express purpose of obtaining
the juice is extensively carried on in some parts of this country.*
When newspapers are used, new bags are annually supplied,
while in other cases they are only partially renewed, the same
bags being used for three years or more until they are worn
out.

An immense number of these bags being prepared, growers
are always ready to use them at the right time. The time of
bagging varies for different fruits. Lately, bagging has come
to be done very early, to minimize insect and fungas injuries,

* Bull, of Our College, Tsukamoto:—On the “ Kaki-
shibu”,

{ 105 )

For instance, it is a good time to bag peaches by the end of the
stoning period, whilst we are accustomed to begin the work of
bagging much earlier, just as they reach the size of a ripe cherry.

The primary aim of bagging was to protect the fruits
from injuries. It is recorded in our old writings used a
long timé ago by our forefathers. But it is now known that
by this process, the growth of the fruit is favored and the
ripening is accelerated by several days.

Morever, the skin remains very thin and delicate, and the
fruits are larger in size, and above all they are more uniform,
whether exposed or in shade, a point of high importance in the
market.

There are still many other advantages derived from
bagging.

Many kind of enemies increase rapidly in our favorable
ci:mate, and have to be contended with to insure success.
These operations become sometimes very troublesome, and
consume much time and labour beside entailing additional
expenses. Moreover, they have to be performed over and
above the primary occupation of our farmers and cultivators,
which is rice culture. It is therefore too much to expect them
to devote a large amount of labour to orchards or invest much
capital in spraying and like operations. The wide-spread
adoption of the process of bagging is to be attributed to these
circumstances, as the simplest, most economical and most
effective means for the protection of fruit.

The paper bags are removed at the harvest. In the
large centre of orchard fruits between Tokio and Yokohama,
the work is done several days prior to the harvest, in order
to bring out the full colours of the fruits.

The work of bagging is exclusively done by women. A
skillful hand can work 1500-2000 bags aday. Even unskilled
hands can bag 500-700 peaches or pears ina day. The mouth
of the bag is closed on covering, so as to keep out the enemies,
and tied with twine, such as that of “ Riusiu”’ (Scirpus triqueter,

( 106 )

L.), or young leaves of “Shuro” ( Trachycarpus excelca,
Wendl.) or with fine zinc or copper wires.

Bagging is mainly practised on peaches, pears and apples,
while early varieties and those with hard flesh and less sugary
contents are always grown uncovered. Recently, the vine
growers of Kawachi and Kai have begun to adopt this method
as a preventive against the so-called Oidium fungus. In this
case, long bottomless bags covered inside with light sulphur
paste are used.

The results have been fairly good but the superiority of
spraying with Bordeaux mixture is also known.

Trials made with the Kaki fruits have proved that bagging
is effective against premature dropping of the fruits due
to insects and fungi. Morever as stated above, thin skin,
smoothness, large size and unifoi mity of quality can be seeur-
ed,

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE.

Our damp climate greatly reduces the neccessity of
irrigation in summer. Though abundant water is one of the
essential conditions for rice plants in their growing stage, there
is very little need of it for orchards. The extensive irrigation
system of the orchards of such a region as California, is a
wonder for our home growers and is beyond their imagination,

Only those pear orchards which are located on sandy
soils in river beds and seashores require some irrigation in
midsummer. Even plantations on steep hillsides do not require
much of a water supply in summer, while a light mulchis seldom
necessary in this case. Cultivation and light mulch answer
well in this case. Heavy mulch often injures the plants, the
exclusion of the heat and light only favoring the work of fungi
and vermin. Covering the ground to protect them from drying,
such as is done in America is wholly unnecessary in our coun-
try. The essential point is to keep orchards clean and bare
in most seasons, except during some short periods of severe

.

( roy )

summer drought. We have to make use of the energy of the
sun as much as possible and to take advantage, in every pos-
sible case, of its benefits.

Aeration of soil should be encouraged by every means,
Drainage is the first thing to be considered for the welfare of
fruit trees, Our orchards generally have excellent open drain-
age. Gutters run regularly beneath the horizontal trellis of
our pear orchards. On stiff loamy soil, good results are obtain-
ed by planting trees on mounds or on ridges, so as to secure
good drainage and active aeration. Underground drainage
also answers well in this case. All these processes are impor-
tant in regions with heavy precipitations, as in the south, and
in the cold regions of the north in particular.

CULTIVATION AND HOEING.

These operations are done only by hand with small tools,
Horse power and targe implements such as are seen on the
Continent, are never used in fruit plantations in this country,

‘The frequent rain and hot summer increase the trouble
of weeding more than on the Continent. A large amount of
labour is necessary to keep down the weeds in summer, espe-
cially in the rainy season. Farmers therefore strive to finish
hoeing before the rain season sets in. The cultivation of or-
chards is also carried on by hand. It is performed in order to
loosen the surface soil and assist in its aeration, and not to
lessen the evaporation and prevent drought. Frequent rains
are indeed apt to harden and cement together the surface soil,
which is harmful to the well-being of fruit trees,

MANURING.

The application of manures to fruit trees has been long neg-
lected, although manuring has been an important item in rice
growing. Only recently, with the rapid progress of our fruit
industry, experts have begun to pay attention to this subject

( 108 )

and are studying the effects of different manures on the quality.
and yield of fruits.

Chemical fertilizers have become familiar among growers,
and phosphates have proved effective on some kinds of fruits,
while other kinds of fertilizers have not been much used.

Night soil, stable manures, litter and weeds from the
roadsides or meadows were almost exclusively used. Until
recently there have been meadows reserved for the common
use of each village. In some parts large quantities of weeds
and under-growth are put thickly beneath the trees to serve
as manure. The insufficiency of these manures has come to
be acknowledged, and improvements are being introduced:
Sea weeds are also often employed.

The application of potash, lime and other mineral
ingredients as fertilizers is of great importance in this country,
especially for fruit growing. But the majority of our growers
and farmers still seem to be ignorant of it. Beside the customary
use of night soil and stable manures, wood and straw ashes,
rape seed cake, soy bean cakes, fish oil cakes are used more
orless. Fish manures can now be supplied rather cheap. Fish
manures have also been imported from America in recent years.
Bone manures are seidom used in our farms and orchards, since
cattle raising is hardly developed in this country.

Generally speaking, the majority of our farmers and
growers are still ignorant of the use of manures for fruit raising,
and no serious attention is paid to it, as in the case of rice
culture. 1

Some experts have, however, made exper:ments on the
relative value of different commercial fertilizers on orchards
and other crops.

Particular kinds of manures, the nature of which is kept
secret are also used by some. For citrous fruits, for example,
an expert grower in the Province of Kii is said to use common
salt to promote the keeping quality of oranges and mandarins.
The first results were strikingly good, and since that time he:

( 109 )

has continued its use. Besides, it is an established fact that
the application of potash in reasonable quantities improves
citrous fruits in many respects. Oranges and mandarins treat-
ed in this way improve in flavor, appearance and keeping
quality. They also become much sweeter and agreeable to
the taste ; the rind becomes of a deeper color, thinner, more
smooth and better attached to the pulp. The improved keep-
ing quality is, however, the most important point.

I have heard also from the communications in an English

Journal* that lemons improve in quality when soap-water is
applied as manure. From these facts, it probably follows that
the application of alkali in reasonable quantities improves
markedly the quality of citrous fruits.
The above results have been verified in the Experiment
Stations at Okitsu, and similar results have also been arrived
at by others. This fact is well known to our growers in
citrous centres, who use ashes and other potash manures. .

Besides, our farmers are accustomed to use salt to date
plums as a: remedy against the premature dropping o: the
fruits. They bury empty salt packages, made of straw, near
the roots or tie the package on the stems. Saline water is
said to be often poured around the trees.

Though accurate experiments have never been made to
prove this fact, I can say that the dropping is caused by the
rapid growth of the shoots and roots as well as by the want
of some nutriments. According to Dr. Yamada, chemist to
Fukui Experiment Station, Kaki trees in off years are marked-
ly poor in phosphoric acid and magnesia, and also deficient in
soluble carbohydrates, proteids and amides. Particularly, the
amides and magnesia show remarkably low percentage in off
years.t From this fact the importance of magnesia salts for
the bearing of date plums is clear. Thus, it is necessary to give
such salts to exhausted trees in off years to improve fruiting in

* Journal of the RH.S. Vol. Part 1905.
{ Report of the Station, No. 1, 1903.

( 110 )

the following year. Our custom of burying salt packages near
the roots are justifiable from this point of view, because a mixture
of sodium and magnesium salt is present in them. Further-
more, the dropping occurs when the shoots have grown with
rapidity. It always happens in the rainy season, from the
middle of June to July, when the roots are in great activity.
In this case an abundance of soluble salts in the soil would
retard the absorption by the roots. ‘‘ Mixture of salts impedes
absorption more than pure salts, and certain kinds, for example,
sodium chloride, act more energetically than others, for ex-
ample saltpeter,” says Prof. Schimper.* “ Sodium chloride
acts on the vegetable organism in part physically, since like
other saline solutions it impedes the osmotic absorption of
water through the roots, and in part chetnically, as after its
entrance into the cells it affects metabolism.” ‘Hansteen has
made it probable that sodium chloride, as well as potassium
chloride, stands in a certain relation to the manufacture of
proteids from amides and carbohydrates.”

From these results, it appears highly probable that Kaki
trees are much impeded in absorption by the application of
salt to the roots, thereby causing physiological drought to the
roots, even if the soil be saturated with water. The growth of
the shoots are consequently retarded or inhibited and the pre-
mature dropping of the fruits can be prevented.

Premature dropping of the fruit can also be secured by
another means. , In some parts oblique cuts are made on the
stems to lessen the flow of sap to some extent.

* Plant Geography Upon a Physiogical Basis,” Eng. Translation

1903.

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