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THE

ENCYCLOP/EDIA
GARDENING.

A DICTIONARY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, Evc.,.
GIVING IN ALPHABETICAL SEQUENCE THE
CULTURE AND PROPAGATION OF HARDY
AND HALF-HARDY PLANTS, TREES ANI»
SHRUBS, ORCHIDS, FERNS, FRUIT, VEGE-
TABLES, HOTHOUSE AND GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, -Etc., INCLUDING THEIR SPECIFIC
» AND COMMON NAMES.

et

3 *
yi BY
Tw SANDERS, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

(Knight of First Class of the Royal Order of Wasa, Sweden),

Editor of ‘Amateur Gardening” and “Farm and Garden” ; Author of
“The Alphabet of Gardening,” ‘‘Amateur’s Greenhouse,” ‘‘ Vegetables
and their Cultivation,” ‘‘ The Flower Garden,” Etc.

THIRTEENTH EDITION.

LONDON :
W. H. & L. COLLINGRIDGE,.
148 & 149,° Aldersgate St.,.E.C.
an

W. H. & L. COLLINGRIDGE,
Printers,
ALDERSGATE STREET.
Lonpon, E.C.°

FOREWORDS.

In issuing this, a thoroughly revised edition of a work
which has previously passed: through twelve editions, und
thus abundantly testified its value as a work of reference
on the culture of all the genera of trees, shrubs, orchids,
ferns, hardy plants, hothouse and greenhouse plants, and
vegetables worthy of a place in British gardens, the
Author desires to express his gratitude to the many
persons who have written to him from time to time tc
point out errors or omissions in past editions, and to say
that he trusts every purchaser of this volume will find it
an acceptable, useful and valued guide to the successful
cultivation of plants grown in their gardens and green-
houses.

The Author begs to refer the Reader to the latter
portion of his introductory remarks for information as
to the general features of the work and the improve-
ments made therein. It is only needful to add here thut
the Reader will find the Author’s “ Alphabet of Garden-
ing” an excellent companion to the present volume.
Therein he will find the subjects of plant life, soils,
manures, propagation, pruning, planting, training, and
rotation of crops fully dealt with, and in all cases freely
illustrated with diagrams. Furnished with these two
volumes, the reader will, indeed, possess a concise library
on all that pertains to the growth of vegetation adapted
for the adornment of garden and greenhouse and for use
as food, at a comparatively small cost.

tT. W. 8.

Yo Yo
Bee ee YS

INTRODUCTION.

Tue art and craft of gardening is unquestionably the oldest
of all human occupations. Holy Writ tells us that when the
Great Architect of the universe created Adam, the progenitor
of our race, He placed him in that delightful earthly paradise,
the Garden of Eden, to dress and to keep it. We, therefore,
who have adopted the noble profession as a means of existence
have every reason to feel justly proud of belonging to so
ancient and honourable a craft, while those who have adopted
other professions, and who practise the art and craft as
a recreative pursuit, cannot but share a similarly grateful
appreciation of its virtues.

PRIMEVAL GARDENERS AND GARDENS.

In the long vista of time that has passed since the first
grand old gardener practised the art, first for pleasure, and
afterwards as a means of subsistence, gardening has never
failed to have a magic fascination for rich.and poor of all
ages. Noah, we are told, experienced delight in cultivating
the vine ; Jacob in growing the vine, fig, and almond ; Solomon
in making gardens, orchards, and vineyards; and the ancient
Egyptians, Assyrians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, in the
fashioning of gardens, or the cultivation of fruits and vege-
tables. In fact, throughout all ages and all time, the noble
art and craft has ever been a popular and fascinating pur-
suit.

King Solomon must have been an enthusiastic amateur
gardener, since he tells us in Ecclesiastes that, “I planted me
vineyards : I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted
trees in them of all kind of fruits: I made me pools of water,
to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees.”
The gardens of that period were enclosed by walls
or thick hedges te -protect the crops from prowling

viii INTRODUCTION.

4

beasts,, and the cn ps grown therein were the vine, fig, pome-
granate, walnut, pee medlar, and quince ; lettuce, endive,
cucumbers, onions, leeks, garlic, and melons; and roses
galore. In the hot, dry climate of Palestine watering was
an indispensable operation, and hence reservoirs and con-
duits for irrigating the land had always to be provided.

In ancient Persia and Assyria gardens were fashioned and
maintained on an elaborate style in the neighbourhood of alk
great cities. Not only were all the choicest of the native
flora utilised in their adornment, but others obtained fron»
far-off climes. The famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon
were the wonder of the then civilised world. These consisted
of no less than twenty plateaux, rising one above the other,
and resting on walls 22ft. in thickness, and each planted with
trees or other vegetation, kept in constant growth by artificial
watering. In Egypt, too, gardens were elaborately fashioned,
sculpture and masonry entering largely into their formation
and decoration. In these they grew every kind of fruit,
vegetables, and flowers, all of which had to be unceasingly
watered by irrigation from the Nile, or by the hand of the
slave.

MEDIAEVAL GARDENING.

The Grecians also were famous gardeners. They seem to
have taken special delight in having fine expanses of beautiful
greensward, studded with statuary and pavilions, and fur-
nished with shady groves. Fruit trees were lavishly culti-
vated, and lilies, narcissi, and roses grown in profusion im
these gardens. Not less magnificent and less regal in splen-
dour were the Roman gardens. The Romans, indeed, were
keen gardeners, and grew many of the popular vegetables of
the present day with great success. Moreover, they fully
understood the art of manuring and forcing, and may be said
to have brought the arts of horticulture and agriculture to
their highest perfection at that period of the world’s history.
In China, Mexico, and in India, too, gardening was a popular
pastime with rich and poor long before the Christian era.

So far as our own country is concerned, there is little doubt:
that we owe the early introduction of horticulture, and its
sister art agriculture, to the Romans. When they had finally
subjugated the ancient Britons, and peace prevailed, history
tells us that the Roman settlers planted vineyards and
orchards of apples, pears, figs, mulberries, etc., as well ag
grew corn, not only for home use, but also for exportation.

ij

INTRODUCTION. J ix

: i U
In the twelfth century it is recorded that vineyards flourished
in the vale of Gloucester, apple mae were plentiful in

the fertile county of Worcester, market gardens existed at
Fulham, and that gardens, attached to the homes of the
baron, yeoman, and hind were fairly common’ throughout
England. But these gardens were not of the neat and sym-
metrical order of those of the present day. They were simple:
patches or enclosures within walls, planted with fruits, vege-
tables, and herbs. The monks of the Middle Ages were great.
gardeners. Their superior education, peaceful calling, and.
general habits fitted them to undertake the culture of pro-
duce in the-curtilage of their monasteries. Moreover, they
were in the habit of travelling a great deal, and had the.
opportunity of securing new or improved forms-of produce to.
cultivate in their gardens. . a ~ V4

GENESIS OF ENGLISH GARDENING.

It was in the reign of Edward III. that the art of gardening.
began to be seriously taken in Hand. Britons then began to-
lay out their gardens on a more ornamental plan than before,,
and to cultivate plants for use and medicine more extensively.”
The first, book on gardening, entitled “De Yconomia de
Housbrandia,” by Walter de Henley, appeared in the 16th.
century, and others soon followed, including the quaint
Thomas Tusser, who detailed. the work of the garden and!
farm in pleasing rhyme. In Henry VIII.’s reign the gardens of:
Nonsuch. and Hampton Court were laid out with regal splen--
dour, and in Queen Bess’s time the potato, tobacco, tea, and a
number of other useful or ornamental plants and. trees were
introduced from foreign climes to enrich the gardens of the.
period. Evelyn, then a. great writer and traveller, did a.
great deal to popularise and extend the art of gardening ;
and Gerard, the famous surgeon and botanist, published his
esteemed Herbal, a work still highly valued at the present::
day. John Parkinson later on. published his “ Paradisi in-
sole Paradisus terestris,” a valuable work, which gave great:
impetus to furthering the art of gardening at the time..

In. the eighteenth century marvellous strides were made im
the progress of gardening. People of, wealth began to lay
out gardens. on..a- magnificent scale, form parks, and plant:
trees for: ornament.and use. Botanic gardens were formed .
at Chelsea, Cambridge, and Kew, and greenhouses glazed’
with glass and: artificially heated were first brought into

x INTRODUCTION.

practical use at that period. The professional gardener of
the 18th century was, however, woefully lacking in skill and
intelligence. He could cultivate ordinary crops, but failed
_to possess the art or initiative of growing the choicer vege-
tables and fruit, hence these had to be imported from Holland
and Flanders. Later, he seems to have improved, and to
have been able to understand the art of securing early crops
and ensuring successional supplies.

GARDENING IN THE LAST CENTURY.

It was in the last century that gardening in all its phases
made the most rapid strides, thanks to the efforts of such
eminent experts as Thomas Andrew Knight, who did so much
in the improvement of the varieties of our hardy fruits;
John Claudius Loudon, in the designing and planting of
gardens and in the publication of his remarkable Encyclo-
pedia of Gardening, and Trees and Shrubs, etc., both works
showing a unique mental capacity and an amount of per-
sonal industry unequalled to the present time; Sir Joseph
Paxton, the talented gardener and designer of the gardens of
Chatsworth and the Crystal Palace; Charles Darwin, who
rendered immeasurable service to botany and the improve-
ment of plants by his researches and studies as to the origin
of species; Dr. Lindley, who did so much for us in regard
to plant physiology and botany; and Dr. Maxwell Masters, in
regard to conifere—all men of noble character, high ideals,
and the widest scieutific and practical attainments, who have,
alas! gone to their well-earned rest, and left behind them
records of greatness that will never die out so long as horti-
culture exists.

It would, indeed, be an impossible task to mention even a
tithe of those, living or dead, who have, during the past
‘century, done so much for the art of horticulture, either
by pen or deed. The long period of peace which we have
enjoyed, the more widely diffused education which has pre-
vailed, the immense help which the plethora of societies has
rendered, and the marvellous increase of literature on the
subject, have all been conducive to extending a love of horti-
culture far and wide throughout the kingdom.

It may truly be said that there is hardly a house outside
our congested cities that does not possess a garden, and even
in towns where garden space does not exist, the love of
gardening often stimulates the citizen to form a miniature

INTRODUCTION. xi

garden on the roof, or to grow flowers on the window-sill.
Commercially, too, gardening has made rapid strides during
the last fifty years. Thousands of acres are devoted to grow-
ing produce for market, and hundreds of acres are covered
with glass houses to force early crops to feed the evei-
increasing population of this country. Commercial horticul-
ture is, indeed, a great industry, and is likely to become still
more so in years to come. The latest new phase of the
industry—the intensive system of growing early crops in
frames, as so successfully practised in France—is now being
tried in this country, and if it should prove a practical
and financial success, we shall in due course see this island
converted into a colony of gardens.

TASTE IN GARDENING.

As regards taste in gardening, a wonderful change has
taken place in this respect during the last half century.
Our own memories carry us back to forty years ago, and
since that time we have witnessed a remarkable revolution,
not only in the fashioning of gardens, but in the manner
of planting, and the kinds of plants grown. For example,
cur earliest experience of flower gardening was the strictly
geometrical in design, and the planting of beds in a similarly.
rigid fashion—known as carpet bedding. In those days the
flaring zonal, and the tricolored, bronze, golden, and _silver-
leaved pelargonium, the gaudy yellow calceolaria, and pyre-
thrum, and the brilliant blue lobelia, were the favoured
plants for bedding, and hardy herbaceous plants and annuals
were regarded as but of secondary importance. Every young
gardener in those days regarded a knowledge of geometry
as one of the essential accomplishments of his training, and
many an hour was spent in devising intricate designs of a
mosaic character for planting the beds the next season. Plants
with beautiful or richly-coloured foliage were much in demand
for filling in the designs, and no amount of labour and expense
was incurred in endeavouring to produce elaborate and ornate
designs in the way of carpet or mosaic bedding. This style
soon satiated the palate of the wealthy, and then followed the
even more costly rage of subtropical bedding, plants of noble
stature, richly-coloured foliage, or exquisite blossoms from
tropical climes, being used extensively for decorating the
flower garden. Eventually an apostle of Nature came upon
the scene, in the person of Mr. William Robinson, a true

xiv INTRODUCTION.

to see that every subject was presented in alphabetical
sequence, or as fully as we should otherwise have done.
However, a strong request was made by readers for the publica-
tion of the text in volume form, and we acceded to 1t, not
without misgivings that it was as perfect as we could wish.
Edition after edition being called for, the necessity eventually
arose for the entire work to be reset in new type, and then,
with the full concurrence of the publishers, we decided to
undertake the laborious task of thoroughly revising the details
and nomenclature, and remedying the one weak point in the
volume, namely, adding lists of the species belonging to each
genus.

This work we have happily finished, and we are sufficiently
self-conscious to believe that the work in its present form will
be considered as perfect as human foresight, diligence, and
care could possibly expect. We do not go so far as to say
it is absolutely free from error. Anyone who has had any
experience in the compilation of a dictionary—and there are
very few, indeed, who have—knows full well the immense
difficulties that have to be encountered in collecting and
arranging the data, and in the subsequent reading of the
proofs. Still, the task has been a pleasant one, as the Author
knows from past experience that his efforts will be appre-
ciated heartily by thousands .of enthusiastic amateur gar-
deners, not only in Great Britain, but beyond the seas.

It will be well, perhaps, to give a general idea of the
improvements that have been made in the present volume.
First of all, we have broken up the somewhat solid nature
of the text which existed in previous editions by dividing the
subject into several paragraphs, so as to make each cultural
feature distinct. Secondly, we have added considerably to
the cultural data, giving, in the case of vegetables and fruit,
more especially, the main points about the market culture
of these crops. Thirdly, we have added the species and
hybrids in general cultivation with their respective colours,
time of flowering, height, and native countries, these being
classified as hardy, half-hardy, annuals, biennials, perennials,
trees and shrubs, green-house or hot-house plants, so that
the reader may perceive at a glance the sections under which
a species is classified. Fourthly, we have thoroughly revised
the nomenclature of the genera, so as to bring them up-to-
date. Thus, modern botanists now class the azaleas with
the rhododendrons, the godetias with the cenotheras, the rho-

INTRODUCTION. xv

danthes with the helipterums, and so on. This arrangement
we have followed, so far as placing the species and cultural
details are concerned. By means of cross references, however,
we have placed the old familiar names in their proper
sequence, so that the reader can easily get a clue to the
facts he requires. Fifthly, cultural details are given under
the generic name only, as the apple and pear under Pyrus;
the plum and cherry under Prunus; the cabbage, broccoli,
etc., under Brassica ; carrot under Daucus; auricula «nd poly-
anthus under Primula, and so on. Lastly, we have included
in alphabetical order all the common names in general use.

As regards the gencra included in the present volume, they
are those in general cultivation in gardens. Those only of
botanical interest, or little grown, are excluded, because
we are desirous, in conjunction with the publishers, that the
volume shall be issued at a price within the means of all
classes of amateur gardeners.

It has been suggested by many readers that we should
give the pronunciation of the generic and specific names
included in the work. We certainly did entertain the idea,
but eventually found the task an insuperable one. Authorities
vary so much in their ideas as to the correct pronunciation,
that had we attempted the task, even with the aid of a good
friend and a distinguished classical scholar, we should have
laid ourselves open to severe criticism. Besides, the expense
involved in setting up: the-accentuations would have pre-
vented the work being issued at a popular price.

A LAST WORD TO THE READER.

Now we close this introduction, embracing a brief, genera)
survey of the progress of gardening from the earliest to the
present period, and of the general features of the volume,
with a sincere hope that the busy man, who requires a fund
of information in a small compass, will find this work—the
reflex of forty years’ practical and scientific study and experi-
ence, including twenty-one years’ special acquaintance with
the needs of amateur gardeners as Editor of “ Amateur Gar-
dening ”—a real friend, guide, and counsellor in all that
appertaing to the culture of vegetation in the garden and
greenhouse.

T. W.S.

‘Brevity is the soul of wit.— Shakespeare.
A short saying oft contains much wisdom. —Sophocles.

It is with words as with sunbeams; the more they
are condensed the deeper they burn.—Southey.:

tir

a a a a
ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Aaron’s Beard (Hypericum calycinum).—See Hypericum.

Aaron’s Rod (Verbascum Thapsus).—Sce Verbascum.

oo Hellebore (Helleborus abchasicus).—See Helle-
orus.

Abele Tree (Populus alba).—See Populus.

Abelia.—Ord. Caprifoliacew. Half-hardy flowering shrubs.
Evergreen and deciduous. First introduced 1842,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, sand. Position, warm,
sheltered walls outdoors. Plant, April or Oct. Prune slightly after
flowering. Propagate by layers in March, or cuttings of firm shoots
in cold frame in July.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-
mould & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny, cold house.
Pot in Oct. Store in cold frame till Jan. Water moderately at first,
freely when in full growth. Give little water during winter. Prune
straggly growths after flowering. Stand outdoors during summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. floribunda, rosy-purple, March, 3 ft., Mexico;
Chinensis (Syn. A. pupae i lehe pink, fragrant, Sept., 5 ft., China; triflora, white
and pink, Sept., 5 ft., Himalayas.

Abies (Deal; Silver Fir).—Ord. Conifere. Hardy coniferous ever-
green trees. First introduced 1603.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, high, dry, open from sea
coast. Plant, Oct. or April. A. pectinata (Common Silver Fir or Deal
Tree), a good species to plant in mixed woods as shelter for game.
Timber valuable for joists, rafters, and floor boards. Tree grows
rapidly after first few years. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
sandy loam in a temp. 55°, March, or outdoors in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. amabilis (Red Fir), 100 to 150 ft., British Columbia;
balsamea (Balsam Fir), 70 to 80 ft., N. America; brachyphylla, 120 ft., Japan;
bracteata, 150 to 200 ft., California; cephalonica, 80 to 100 ft., Greece; concolor,
100 to 150 ft., California; firma, 100 ft., Japan; Fraseri, 60 to 80 ft., Carolina;
grandis, 200 ft., California; lowiana (Low’s Silver Fir), 300ft.,Carolina; magnifica,
200 ft., N. California; Mariesi, 90 to 100 ft., Japan; nobilis, 200 ft., California;
nordmanniana (Nordman’s Fir), 80 to 100 ft., Caucasus; pectinata, 80 to 100 ft.,
S. Europe; Pinsapo, 60 to 80ft., Spain; religiosa, 60 to 70 ft., Mexico; sachalin-
ense, 130 ft., Isle of Sachalin; Veitchi, 120 to 140 ft., Japan; webbiana, 80 to
90 ft., Himalayas. See also Picea.

Abobra (Scarlet-fruited)—Ord. Cucurbitacez. Half-hardy climb-
ing, tuberous-rooted perennial. Deciduous. Fruit, egg-shaped, scar-
let; Sept. & Oct.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, south wall. Plant, June; lift
tubers Oct. & store in frost-proof place. Propagate by seeds sown in
leaf-mould, loam & sand, temp. 65°, March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. viridiflora, green, fragrant, summer, 6 ft., 8. America,

Abroma.—ord. Sterculiaceez. Stove-flowering plants. Ever-

reen. First introduced 1770.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, sand. Pot & prune,

1 B

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.

March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March
to Sept. 70° to 60°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep, or cuttings of firm shoots, in fine sandy soil, arch,
temp. 65° to 75°. . :

oF Cres CULTIVATED: A. angusta, purple, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Asia; orbicularis,
purple, June. - ‘

Abronia (Sand Verbena).—Ord. Nyctaginacee. Half-hardy trail-
ing plants. First introduced 1823. Flowers fragrant. i

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, exposed rockery or elevated
warm border. Plant, June. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
sandy soil, temp. 55° to 65°, March; perennials by cuttings of young
shoots in similar soil & temp. A. umbellata, good greenhouse plant.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. arenaria, lemon-yellow, July, 9 to 18 ins.; fragrans,
white, July, 1 to 2 ft.; umbellata, rosy-pink, June and July, 6 to 18 in. Natives
of California,

Abrus (Paternoster; Rosary Pea; Crab’s Eyes; Weather Plant).—
Ord. Leguminosae. Stove climber. Orn. foliage. Deciduous. First
introduced 1680. ;

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot &
prune March. Water freely spring & summer, moderately in autumn
& winter. Temp., March to Bere: 70° to 80; Sept. to March 60° to 63°.
Propagate by seeds sown 3 in, deep, or cuttings of firm shoots in sandy
loam, hee 75° to 8d°, Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. precatorius, pale purple, May, 9 to 12 ft., E. Indiea,
Seeds scarlet and black,

Abutilon (Indian Mallow)—Ord. Malvacee. Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs.

_CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. —_Posi-
tion, sunny greenhouse. Pot & prune March. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 50 to 55°. Water freely in spring & sum-
mer, moderately in autumn & winter. May be used for bedding in
summer. Propagaie by seeds sown } in. deep, or cuttings in light rich
soil, temp. 70°, March. ,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. surantiacum, orange, spring and summer, 8 to 6 ft.,
Brazil ; bedfordianum, red and yellow, autumn, 3 to 6ft., Brazil; esculentum, yellow,
summer, 3to 6 ft., Brazil; floritundum, orange-red, summer, 5 ft.; graveolens, orange-
red, Asia; insigne, white and carmine, Jan., 5ft., New Granada; megapotamicum
(Syn. vexillarium), yellow and scarlet, 4 to 8ft., summer, Brazil; pxoniflorum, pink,
Jan., 5ft., Brazil; pulchellum, white, May, 3 to 4ft., N.S. Wales; striatum, orange-
red, all year round, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil; sellovianum marmoratum, mottled foliage,
Brazil; Thompsoni, mottled leaves; venosum, orange-red, July, 3 to 4 ft.; viti-
folium, white, July, Chili, nearly hardy. Popular varieties: Boule de Neige, white;
Delicatum, Tose ; Louis Van Houtte, purple; Queen of Yellows, yellow.

Abyssinian Banana (Musa ensete).—See Musa.
Abyssinian Primrose (Primula verticillata)—See Primula.
Acacallis.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids. Cul-
ture and propagation as advised for Agansia.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cyanea, light blue, summer, 1 ft., Brazil.
Acacia (Wattle; Gum; Myrrh trees).—Ord. Leguminose. Green-
house flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1656.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, sand. Pot & prune,
Feb. or March. ater freely in spring & summer, moderately in
autumn & winter. vos March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept to March
50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown din, deep, or cuttings of firm
shoots, in sandy Beats well-drained pots, temp. 75° to 85°, March.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. armata, yellow, spring, 6 to 10 ft., Australia;
cordata, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 ins., Australia; dealbata (Mimosa), yellow,
spring, 10 ft., Australia; Drummondii, yellow, April, 10 ft., Australia; leprosa,
yellow, April, 6 to 10 ft., Australia; longifolia angustifolia, yellow, March, 10 ft.

2

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Australia; pubescens, yellow, April, 6 to 12 ft., Australia; pulchella, yellow,
March, 3 to 6 ft., Australia; riceana, yellow, May, 20 ft., Tasmania; verticillata,
yellow, March, 6 to 20 ft., Auetralia. See also the genus Albizzia and Robinia.

Aczena (New Zealand Bur).—Ord. Rosacex. Hardy herbaceous
trailing perennials. Evergreen. First introduced 1828.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, moist, open, or shady
rockery. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in March, temp, 65°; cuttings in cold frame in Aug.; division of roots
in April; all in sandy soil.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. adscendens, purple, summer, Patagonia; micro-
phylla, orimson spines, New Zealand; pulchella, bronzy foliage, New Zealand;
sericea, greenish, Ohili; splendens, hairy foliage, Chili.

Acalypha rage uc Mercury; Copper-leaf)—Ord. Euphor-
biacew. Stove plants. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. Jirst introduced
1866, Leaves, orange, red, green, crimson.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, peat, loam, sand. Pot
& prune, Feb. or March. Water freely in spring and summer,
moderately in autumn & winter. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°;
Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Suitable for summer or subtropical bed-
ding. Propagate by cuttings in sandy soil, temp. 80°, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. hispida, 6 to 10 ft., New Guinea; musaica,
6 to 10 ft., Polynesia; godseffiana, 1 to 3 ft., New Guinea; wilkesiana, 3 to 4 ft.,
Fiji; tricolor (see wilkesiana); Sanderi (see hispida).

Acantholimon (Prickly Thrift).—Ord. Plumbaginacee. Hardy
perennials. Evergreen. First introduced 1851.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny rockery or warm
border. Plant, Oct to April. Propagate by layering shoots in Aug.,
similar to carnations; cuttings in cold frame in Bent,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aceroseum, rose, July and Aug., 6 in., Asia Minor;
glumaceum, rose, July, 6 in., Armenia; Kotschyi, white, July, Asia.

Acanthopanax.—Ord. Araliaceez. Hardy ornamental-leaved
evergreen shrubs formerly included in the genus Aralia,

CULTURE: Soil, rich, well drained loam. Position, warm, sheltered
shrubberies, or corners of lawns. Plant in Sept. or April. Increased
by seeds sown in heat in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn;
suckers at any time. ,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. ricinifolium (Syn. Aralia Maximowiczii), leaves
castor-oil like, elegant, Japan; sessiliflorum, leaves wrinkled, large, Japan;
spinosum (Syn. Aralia pentaphylla), elegant foliage, Japan; spinosum variegata,
leaves edged with creamy-white.

Acanthopheoenix (Prickly Date Palm).—Ord. Palmacee. Stove

lants. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First introduced 1861.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand, Repot,
Feb. Water freely in summer, moderately other times. Temp.,
March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by
seeds sown lin. deep in light soil, temp. 80°, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. crinita, 6 to 10 ft., Seychelles; rubra, 6 to 12 ft.,
Madagascar.

Acanthorhiza.—oOrd. Palmacez. Stove palms. Orn, foliage.
Evergreen. First introduced, 1864,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Repot, Feb. Water moderately in summer, very little other times.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Pro-
pagate like Acanthophoenix.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aculeata, Central America,

Acanthus (Bear’s Breech; Bear’s Foot).—Ord. Acanthacee.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. Deciduous. First intro-
duced 1548.

3 B2

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered border.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seed sown } in. deep in light soil ;
division of roots in Oct. or March. .

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. longifolius, rosy-purple, June, 3 to 4 ft, Dalmatia;
candelabrum, purple, July, 3 ft.; hirsutus, rose, July, 2 to 3 ft., Orient; mollis,
white, rose, lilac, 3 to 4 ft., 8. Europe; mollis latifolius, a superior variety,
spinosus, purplish, July, 2 to 4 ft., Levant; spinosus spinosissimum, rosy-flesh, July,
3 ft., Dalmatia.

Acer (Maple).—Ord. Sapindacee. Hardy trees. Orn, foliage. De-
ciduous.

CULTURE: Soil, well-drained loam. Position, shrubberies or open
eet ; Japanese kinds in warm borders or in pots in cool greenhouse.

lant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in, deep in sheltered
position Oct.; grafting March; budding Aug. for choice Japanese and
variegated kinds; layering Oct.

USEFUL DATA: Common Maple (Acer campestris) will grow to an
altitude of 1,200ft., and the Sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus) to
1,500 ft. above sea level. Timber reaches maturity at 40 years of age.
Average life of trees, 500 to 700 years. Timber ot Sycamore, used for
making pattern moulds, stair rails, turnery, etc.; that of common
species and Sugar or Bird’s Eye Maple (A. saccharinum) for cabinet
work. Average weight of cubic foot of Sycamore wood, 411b.; number
of cubic feet in a ton. 54. Average weight of cubic foot of Maple
wood, 42lb.; number of cubic feet in a ton, 50. Average value of
Sycamore wood per cubic foot, 1s. to 1s. Gd.; Maple, 1s. to 1s. 9d.
Number of seeds in a pound, 5,000. Number of Maple seeds required to
plant an acre of ground, 141b.; Sycamore, 301b. Sycamore best tree
for hilly exposed positicns.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. argutum, Japan; campestre (Common Maple),
Britain; campestre variegatum, leaves white and yellow, Britain, 20 ft.; carpini-
folium, 50 ft., Japan; circinatum, leaves scarlet in autumn, 5 to 6 ft., N.W.
America; dasycarpum, 40 ft., N. America; dasycarpum aureo-marginatum, leaves
mottled yellow; japonicum, 20 ft. Japan; japonicum aureum, golden leaved;
japonioum laciniatum, finely cut leaves; japonicum rufinerve albo-lineatum, leaves
edged creamy white; Negundo (Box Elder), 20 to 40 ft., N. America; Negundo
crispum, curled leaves; Negundo laciniatum, finely cut leaves; Negundo variega-
tum, silvery leaves; palmatum, 10 to 20 ft., Japan; palmatum aureum, yellow and
scarlet-tinted foliage; palmatum albo-marginatum, leaves edged with white; pal-
matum atropurpureum, bronzy-purple leaves; palmatum rosea-marginatum, leaves
edged with rose; palmatum septemlobum atropurpureum, purple foliage; palma-
tum septomlobum bicolor, leaves carmine tinted; paliatum septemlobum elegans,
leaves finely cut, red and bronze tinted; palmatum septemlobum flavescens, leaves
yellow tinted; palmatum dissectum ornatum, leaves fern-like and bronzy purple
tinted; palmatum dissectum roseo-marginatum, leaves tinted with rose and white;
platanoides (Norway Maple), 50 ft., Europe; platanoides, aureo-variegatum, leaves
blotched with yellow; platanoides laciniatum, leaves finely cut; platanoides
variegatum, leaves blotched with white; pseudo-platanus (Sycamore) 30 to 60 ft.,
Central Europe; psuedo-platanus, albo-variegatum, leaves green and white; rubrum
(Scarlet Maple), 20 ft., Canada, scarlet flowered; saccharinum (Bird's Eye or Sugar
Maple), 40 ft., N. Amevica.

Aceras (Green-man Orchis)—Ord. Orchidacew. Hardy terres-
trial tuberous-rooted orchid. Deciduous. Nat. Britain.

CULTURE: Soil, chalky loam. Position, open and dry. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate by division of tubers Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Anthrophora, green, June, 6 to 10 ins.

Achillea (Milfoil; Yarrow; Sweet Maudlin'.—Ord. Composite.
Hardy herbaceous perennials.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dwarf species on rockery, tall
ones in open borders. Plant Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sawn
4

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

4 in. deep in warm position outdoors April; cuttings under handlights
or in cold frame pep: division of roots Nov. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. egyptica, yellow,’ summer, 12 to 18 ins., Greece;
Ageratum (Sweet Maudlin), white, summer, 6 ins., Greece; atrata, white, Aug.,
6 ins., Austria; Clavenne, white, summer, 6 ins., Austria; Eupatorium, yellow,
summer, 4 to 5 ft., Caucasus; millefolium roseum, rose, summer, 1 to 3 ft., Britain;
mongolioa, white, July, 18 ins., Mongolia; ptarmica, ‘The Pearl,” white, double,
2 ft., summer, Britain; rupestris, white, May, 3 in., Italy; serrata, white, summer,
1 ft., Switzerland; tanacetifolia, yellow, summer, 2 ft., Europe; tomentosa, yellow,
summer, 8 to 12 ins., Europe; umbellata, white, June, 4 ins., Greece.

Achimenes.—ord. Gesneracee. Stove tuberous-rooted peren-
nials. Deciduous. First introduced 1778.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & loam, one part leaf-mould,
sheep manure, & sand. Pot tubers in Feb., lin. apart, 2in. deep, in
pots, pans, or baskets. Water moderately at first, freely when in
growth. After flowering gradually withhold water from roots, & when
foliage dies place pots on their sides in greenhouse, letting them remain
till Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to 75°; Sept. to Feb, 50° to 55°.
Propagate by seeds sown }in, deep in light soil, temp. 70° to 80°,
March; cuttings of young shoots & leaves April; division of tubers Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. coccinea, scarlet, Aug., 1 ft., W. Indies; grandiflora,
crimson, Oct., 18in., Mexico; heterophylla, scarlet, July, 1 ft., Brazil; longifiora,
violet, longiflora alba, white, and longiflora major, violet, Aug., 1 ft., Mexico;
patens, winlet, June, 1 ft., Mexico. A numter of still prettier hybrids and varieties
will be‘found in trade lists. _ . 7

Acineta.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal or sub-terestrial
orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1837. Flowers fragrant. _

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sphagnum moss & peat. Position,
suspended baskets. Pot after flowering. Water freely when growing,
little when at rest. ‘Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 75°; Sept. to March
60° to 65°. Resting period, winter. Propagate by division of pseudo-
bulbs Feb. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Barkeri, yellow and crimson, May, 2 ft., Mexico;
chrysantha, yellow, May, 2 ft., Colombia; densa, yellow and red, Oct., 18 in.,
Central America; Humboldtii, crimson, May, 2 ft., Colombia; sulcata, yellow, May,
1 ft., Eucador. "

Aciphylla (Spear-grass or Bayonet Plant).—Ord. Umbellifera.
Hardy rock perennials. Evergreen. Nat. N, Zealand. First intro-
duced 1875,

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, open rockery. Plant, October
to April. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in pans in cold frame,
or warm position outdoors April; division of roots March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Colensoi, white, summer, 6 in.; Lyallii, 6 in.;
squarrosa, white, summer, 6 in.

Acis.—See Leucojum.

Acmena.—Ord. Myrtacew. Greenhouse flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little sand. Pot,
March. Water moderately spring & summer, little other times.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy peat under bell-glass,
temp. 55°, March. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. floribunda, white, April to Aug., 4 ft., New
Zealand; ovata, white. .

Acokanthera (Winter Sweet)—Ord. Apocynaces. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1787.

CULTURE: Compost. equal parts loam & leaf-mould with little
charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots in warm, moist stove.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately after-

6

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

wards. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Shade from sun. Apply weak
stimulants occasionally; May to Sept. Prune, Feb., shortening strag-
gling shoots only. ‘lemp., April to Oct., 60° to 70°; Oct. to April 50
to 55°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in light peaty soil under bell-
glass in temp. 55°, spring or summer. es '

SPECIES LTIVATED: A. spectabilis (Syn. Toxicophlea spectabilis), white,
fragrant, winter, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Africa.

Aconite (Aconitum Napellus).—See Aconitum.

Aconitum (Wolf’s-bane;_Monk’s-hood).—Ord, Ranunculaces.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Deciduous. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, partially shaded borders.
Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown }in, deep in warm
oe outdoors April, or in boxes of light soil in cold frame in

arch; division of flesh roots Nov. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. album, white, Aug., 4 to 5 ft., Levant; augusti-
folium, blue, June, 2 to 3ft., Siberia; Anthora, yellow, July, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees;
barbatum, yellow, July, 2 to 4 ft., Siberia; biflorum, blue, June, 6 in., Sikeria;
Fortunei (Syn. chinense), blue, July to Sept., 4 to 6 {t., China; eminens, blue, June,
2 to 4 ft., Europe; Fischeri geune autumnale), purple, July to Oct., Europe and
N. America; Halleri, violet, June, 4 to 6 ft., Switzerland; japonicum, flesh, July
to Sept., 3 to 6 ft., Japan; lycoctonum, creamy yellow, July and Aug., 4 to 6 ft.,
Europe; Napellus, blue, July to Sept., 3 to 4 ft., England; variegatum, blue and
white, July and Aug., 3 to 5 ft., Europe.

Acorus (Sweet Flag; Myrtle Grass). — Ord. Araceer. ~Hardy
aquatics. Evergreen. First introduced 1796. Leaves and roots
fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, muddy. Position, margins of ponds. Plant,
March. Fropa ate by division of roots March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Calamus, 3 ft., N. Hemisphere; Calamus variegatus,
leaves striped, golden yellow; gramineus, 2 ft., Japan; gramineus variegatus,
leaves variegated.

Acroclineum.—See Helipterum.

Acrophyllum.—oOrd. Saxifragacee. Greenhouse flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced, 1838.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little sand. Pot
and prune, Feb. Water freely spring & summer, moderately other
times. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept to March 45° to 50%.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy peat under bell-glass
in a cool house in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. venosum, pink, May, 6 ft., Australia.

Acrostichum (Elephant’s Ear)—Ord. Filices. Stove and
greenhouse fern. Evergreen. First introduced 1793.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & leaf-mould, sand &
charcoal. Pot, Feb. or March. ater freely spring & summer,
moderately other times. Temp., stove species, Worch to Sept. 70° to
85°, Sept. to March 60° to 65°; greenhouse species, March to Sept.
55° to 60°, Sept to March 45° to 50°. Propagate by division of roots
at potting time, or by spores in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: (Stove kinds)—A. acuminatum, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil;
apiifolium, 2 to 6 in., Philippine Islands; appendiculatum, 6 to 18 in.; Aubertu,
1 ft., Natal, Guatemala, etc.; aureum, 1 to 2 ft., Tropics; auritum, 1 to 2 tt.,
Malaya; cervinum, 2 to 4 ft., Tropical America; conformé, 6 in., ‘Tropics; crini-
tum (Hlephant’s Ear Fern), 4 to 18 in., West Indies; decoratum, 1 ff., W. Indies;
drynarioides, 1 to 2 ft., Penang; flagelliferum, 1 ft., Tropics; Hermineri, 1 to 2 ft.,
W. Indies; magnum, 1 to 2 ft., British Guiana; muscosum, 6 to 12 in., Tropical
America; nicotianefolium, 1 to 2 ft., Cuba; osmundaceum, 2 to 3 ft., Ecuador;
peltatum, 2 to 6 in., Tropical America; scandens, 1 to 3 ft., China, Ceylon, eto;
Potpends telians, 1 ft., Brazil; virens, 1 ft., Tropical Asia; viscosum, 6 to 12 in.,

UD.

6

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. blumeanum, 4 to 6 in., Assam; canaliculatum,
3 to 4 {t., climbing, Venezuela; Cenopteris, 2 to 3 ft., climbing, Mexico.

Actzea (Toad-root; Bane-berry; Herb Christopher)—Ord. Ranun-
culaces. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Berries, red, white, or black,
poisonous.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady border. Plant, Oct.
to March. Propagate by seeds sown in garden April; division of
roots March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alba, white, May, 12 to 18 in., N. America;
spicata, white, May, 1 ft., Britain; spicata rubra, red, N. America.

Actinella (Pigmy or Dwarf Suntlower), — -Ord. Composite.
Hardy herbaceous perennial.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, rockery or open sunny
ae Plant, Oct to March. Propagate by division of roots in
March.

i SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. grandiflora, yellow, summer, 6 in., Rocky Moun-
a1ns.

Actinidia.—Ord. Ternstremiacez. Hardy climbing shrubs.
Deciduous.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich loam. Position, south or south-west wall,
Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown in pots in cold frame
April; Taverne shoots in Nov.

PECIES CULTIVATED: A. polygama, white, fragrant, summer, Japan;
volubilis, white, June, Japan. A, polygama bears edible berries.

Actiniopteris. — Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse ferns.
Evergreen.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, charcoal, potsherds, &
silver sand. Pot, Feb. or \ are, Good drainage & clean pots essential.
Water moderately all seasons & keep atmosphere moist. Temp., March
to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 60° to 70° for A. radiata; and 60°
to 70° March to Sept., and 55° Sept. to March for P.. radiata australis.
Propagate by spores similar to Adiantum.

SEEGERS OOLTEVATED : A. radiata, 3 in., India, requires stove treatment;
radiata australis, 6 in., Mascarene Islands, greenhouse kind.

Actinomeris (North American Sunflower).—Ord. Composite.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soii, ordinary. Position, open border. Plant, Oct. to
April. Propagate by seeds sown Zin. deep outdoors April; division
of roots March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. squarrosa, yellow, July, 3 ft., N. America.

Actinotus (Flannel Flower).—Ord. Umbellifere. Greenhouse
or half-hardy herbaceous perennial.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, with a
liberal addition of silver sand. Position, sunny part of cool green-
house. Pot, March or April. Water freely March to Oct.; moderately
afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45
to 55°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. Sow seeds
in temp. of 65° in March or April. Harden off seedlings gradually,
and plant out at the end of May. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp.
of 65° in spring; or by division at the roots at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Helianthi, white, June, 2 ft., Australia.

Ada.—Ord. Orchidacew. Greenhouse orchid. Evergreen. First
introduced 1863.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & sphagnum moss. Position,
pots in shade. Repot when new growth begins. Water freely during
season of growth, moderately afterwards. Resting period, none.

q

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept to March 45° to 50°. Propa-
gate by dividing plant at potting time. ;

SPEOIES CULTIVATED : ‘A. aurantiaca, orange, Jan., 1 ft., Colombia;
Lehmanni, red, 1 ft., Colombia.

Adam’s Apple (Tabernemontana coronaria).—See Taberne-
mortana.

Adam’s Laburnum (Laburnum Adamii)—See Laburnum.

Adam’s Needle (Yucca gloriosa).—See Yucca.

Adder’s Fern (Polypodium vulgare).—See Poly porn:

Adder’s-tongue Fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum). — See
Ophioglossum.

Adder’s Violet (Goodyera pubescens).—See Goodyera.

Adenandra.—Ord. Rutacew. Greenhouse flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1720.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & sand. Pot, March.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. eae ee by cuttings
of young shvots in sandy peat under bell-glass, March; also by seeds
sowu in similar soil at any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. amena, red, June, 2 ft., fragrans, pink, June,
2 ft.; coriacea, pink, June, 18 in.; marginata, flesh, June, 18 in.; umbellata,
pink, June, 2 ft.; uniflora, white and pink, June, 18 in.

Adenanthera (Barbados Pride).—Ord. Leguminose. Stove
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, with a little silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, March.
Water freely in apring & summer, & moderately in autumn & winter.
Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate
by cuttings of side shoots removed with a base of old wood & inserted
in sand under bell-glass in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. bicolor, yellow, July, Ceylon; pavonina, yellow and
white, July, 5 ft., China.

Adenophora (Gland Bell-flower).—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy
perennials. First introduced 1783.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-drained border.
Plant, Oct. to Nov. Propagate by seeds sown in March, in pots or
pans.in cold frame; division in epee

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. coronopifolia, blue, July, 1 to 2 ft., Dahuria;
denticulata, blue, July, 18 in., Dahuria; Lamarckii, blue, June, 1 to 2 ft., Tran-
sylvania; latifolia, blue, July, 18 in., Dahuria; lilifolia, whitish blue, fragrant,

Aug., 18 in,, Siberia; stylosa, blue, May, 1 ft., E. Europe; verticillata, blue, June.
2 to 3 ft., Daburia. ; : ‘ *

Adiantum (Maidenhair Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove, green-
house, and hardy ferns. Evergreen and deciduous,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam, silver sand,
charcoal. Pot. March. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards. Position, shady at all times. Plant hard species in
April in equal parts vat & loam in shady position. ‘emp., stove
species, Sept. to March 60° to 70°, March to Sept. 70° to 80°; green-
house species, Sept. to March 50° to 55°, March to Sept. 55 to 65°
Propagate by spores sown on fine sandy peat kept moist & shaded
mnler hele Hees s

STOVE SPECIES: A. emulum, 8 to 12 in., Brazil; sthiopi i
Tropics; Bausei, 18 in, to 2 ft., hybrid; Birkenheadii, 18 a Dene a ie
6 to 15 in., Tropics; caudatum Edgeworthii, 6 to 15 in.; Collisii, ybrid; colpodes,
18 in., Tropical America; concinnum, 12 to 18 in,, Tropival America; concinnum-
latum, 18 in., E. Indies; cristatum, 18 in. to 3 ft., W. Indies; cuneatum, 9 to 18 in.
Tropical America, and its varieties deflexum, dissectum, elegans, gracillimum, gran-

8

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

dicops, lawsonianum, luddemannianum, mundulum; curvatum, 12 to 18 in., Brazil;
cyclosorum, Brazil; farleyense (see tenerum); Fergusoni, 2 to 3 ft., Ceylon; frag-
rantissima, hybrid; fulvum, 9 to 12 in., Fiji; Ghiesbreghtii, probably a hybrid;
henslovianum, 12 to 18 in., Peru; Lathomii {bee tenerum); lucidum, 12 in., W. Indies;
lumulatum, 12 in., Tropics; macrophyllum, 12 in., W. Indies; Moorei,12 in., Peru; pal-
matum, 10 in., Peru; peruvianum, 16 in., Peru; rhodophyllum, 6in., hybrid; rubellum,
6 in., Bolivia; Scemannii, 12 to 18 in., Brazil; tenerum, W. Indies; tenerum far-
leyense (Syn. farleyense), 12 to 15 in., Barbados; tenerum scutum, garden origin;
tenerum Lathomii (Syn. A. Lathomii); tenerum Victoria (Syn. A. Victorise) ;
tetra, hyllum, 12 to 18 in., W. Indies; tetraphyllum acuminatum ; tetraphyllum
gracilis; tinctum, 6 to 12 in., Peru; trapeziforme, 9 to 18 in., W. Indies; trapezi-
forme Sancta-Catherine, Brazil; véitchianum, 12 in., Peru; Weigandii, 6 to 10 in.,
garden origin; Williamsii, 12 in., Peru.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. semulum assimile, § in., Australia; emulum chilense,
8 in., Chili; smulum emarginatum, 6 in., California; semulum scabrum (Silver
Maidenhair), 6 in., Chili; smulum sulphureum (Golden Maidenhair), 6 in., Chili;
affine, 12 in., New Zealand; capillus-veneris (Common Maidenhair), 6 in. Temperate
Zone, and its varieties, daphnites, elegantissimum, grande, imbricatum, Maresii,
obrienianum, and semi-lunulatum; diaphanum, 6 in., Java; excisum, 3 to 6 in.,
Chili; excisum multifidum, garden form; formosum, 12 in., Australia; hispidulum
(Syn. A. pubescens), 12 in., New Zealand; reniforme, 6 in., Madeira.

HARDY SPECIES: A. pedatum, 1 to 3 ft., N. America.

Adlumia (Climbing Fumitory; Alleghany Vine). — Ord. Papa-
veracew Hardy biennial. Climber. First introduced 1788.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, warm border against south
wall, or trellis in open garden. Plant, May. Propagate by seeds sown
}in. deep in border in April, or in pots in temp. 55° to 65°, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cirrhosa, white, Aug., 10 to 15 ft., N. America.

Adonis (Pheasant’s Eye; Ox-eye).—Ord. Ranunculacer. Hardy
annuals and perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position, open border for annuals,
& rockeries for perennials. Plant, Oct. Propagate annuals by seeds
sown shallow in borders in March; perennials by division of roots in
Oct. & by seeds sown as directed for annuals.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. estivalis (Pheasant’s Eye), crimson, June, 1 ft.,
S. Europe (annual); amurensis, yellow, Jan., 1 ft., China (perennial); autumnalis
(Red Chamomile), scarlet, May to Sept., 1 ft., Britain (annual); distorta, yellow,
May, 12 in., Alps (perennial); pyrenaica, yellow, July, 1 ft., Pyrenees (perennial) ;
vernalis (Ox-eye), yellow, March to May, 18 in., 8. Europe (perennial),

Adonis Flower (Adonis autumnalis).—See Adonis.

A2chmea.—Ord. Bromeliacez. Evergreen stove-flowering plants,
First introduced 1824.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
mould. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good drainage essential.
Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate
by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Barbei, purple, Aug. 2 to 3 ft., British Honduras;
bracteata, yellow, July, 2 ft., W. Indies; ccelestis, blue, July, 18 in., Brazil;
fasciata, pink and blue, Aug., 18 in., Brazil; fulgens, scarlet, Aug. and Sept.,
18 in., French Guiana; fulgens, discolor, scarlet and purple, June, 2 ft., Brazil;
Lindenii, scarlet and purple, Aug., 2ft., Brazil; Mariz-Regina, violet and crimson,
Aug. to Dec., 2 ft., Costa Rica; rosea, rose, July, 18 in., Brazil; Veitchii, red,
July to Sept., 18 in., Colombia.

AZranthus.—see Angrecum.

AErides (Air-plant).—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove-flowering orchids.
Evergreen. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss, charcoal, broken potsherds.
Position, pots, hanging baskets, or pieces of wood. Pot, after flower-
ing. Water moderately in winter, freely at other times. Shade from
sun. Temp., Sept to March 65° to 75°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°.
Flowers appear in axil of third or fourth leaf from top of stem.

9

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Resting period, winter. Propagate by division of plant with roots
attached.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: At. crassifolium, purple, May and June, 2 ft., Burma;
crispum, white and rose, June and July, 4 ft., S. India; expansum, white and
purple, June, 2 ft., Burma; faleatum, white and rose, June, 3 ft., India; Feildingii,
white, brown and rose, May and June, 3 ft., Sikkim; houlletianum, Luff an
magenta, May, 2 ft., Cochin China; japonicum, green, white, and purple, July,
5 to 6 ft., Japan; Lawrence, green, yellow, and purple, Sept., 3 {t., Philippines ;
Lawrences sanderianum, yellow and purple; multiflorum Lobbii, white and purple,
July, 18 in., India; odoratum, white and lilac, July, 2 ft., Trop. Asia; quin-
quevulnerum, pink, July, 3 ft., Philippines; suavissimum, white and lilac, Aug.,
2 ft., Malacca. : _

Aschynanthus (Blush-wort).—Ord. Gesneriacee. Stove trail-
ing and flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, char-
coal. Position, hanging baskets, pots, or on blocks of wood or tree
fern stumps. Plant, March. Water freely in summer, moderately
in winter. Temp., Sept, to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to
80°. Propagate by cuttings 3in. long of firm shoots, inserted in pots
of above compost mixed with sand in temp. 85°, Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A‘. atrosanguinea, red, July, 1 ft., Guatemala;
bracteata, scarlet and yellow, Aug., 18 in., India; fulgens, scarlet and yellow,
June, 1 ft., E, Indies; grandiflora, scarlet, Aug., 5 ft., India; Hildebrandii, scarlet,
July, 10 in., Burma; lobbiana, scarlet, June, 1 ft., Java; Paxtonii, scarlet,
April, 2 ft., Khasea; purpurescens, purple and yellow, March, 1 ft., Java; tricolor,
red and yellow, July, 1 ft., Borneo.

AEsculus (Horse Chestnut; Buck-eye)Ord. Sapindacee.
Hardy deciduous flowering trees & shrubs. The genus Pavia
(Buck-eye) is now merged in the present one. First introduced 1629.
Timber not of much value. Used chiefly for making packing cases,
carving, etc. Deer are fond of the nuts.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, deep. Position, shrubberies, woods,
lawns, parks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune away dead wood in winter.
Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. pape open border, March; layering,
Feb.; patting choice varieties in March, or budding in July.

SPECIES CU! ‘PIVATED : Ai. californica (Syn. Pavia californica), white, July,
20 ft., California; carnea (Red Horse Chestnut), pink, June, 20 ft., hybrid (flori-
bunda, rubicunda, and spectabilis are synonyms); flava (Sweet Buck-eye), yellow,
May, 20 ft., Georgia; glabra, yellow, May, 12 ft., United States; Hippocastanum
(Horse Chestnut), white, May, 30 to 40 ft., S.E. Europe, and its varieties, crispum,
flore pleno, foliis aureis variegatis, laciniata and pyramidalis; parviflora (Syn.
Pavia alba), white, May, 8 ft., United States; Pavia (Red Buok-eye) (Syn. Pavia
rubra), red, June, 10 to 20 ft., United States.

AZthlonema (Candy Mustard ; Lebanon Candytuft.)—Ord. Cruci-
fere, Hardy perennials, biennials, and annuals. Perennials ever-

reen. First introduced 1778,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, light. Position, sunny rockery, well
drained. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate annuals and biennials by
seed sown 1-16 in. deep in boxes, temp. 65°, March, or in open border,
May; perennials by cuttings of shoots inserted in pots of sandy soil in
cold frame, July or Aug,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. cappadocicum (Syn. A. Buxbaumii , red
6 in., Orient (atinual); coridifolium (Lebanon candytuft); roso, ave in. eee
(perennial); gracile, red, June, 6 in., Carniola (annual); grandiflorum, rose, May.
1 ft., Persia (perennial); heterocarpum, purple, July, 6 in., Armenia (perennial);
monospermum, purple, July, 6 in., Spain (biennial); saxatile, flesh, June, 6 in.
8S. Europe (annual). A >

African Blue Lily (Agapanthus umbellatus).—See Agapanuthus,

African Corn Flag.—sSee Antholyza.

African Corn Lily.—See Ixia.

10

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

; African Cypress (Widdringtonia Whytei). — See Widdring-
onia.
African Hare-bell (Roella ciliata) —See Roella.
African Hemp (Sparmannia africana).—See Sparmannia.
African Lily.—See Agapanthus.
African Marigold (Tagetes erecta)_See Tagetes.
African Steel Bush (Diosma ericoides).—See Diosma.
African Tulip.—sSee the genus Hemanthus.
African Violet (Saintpaulia ionanthe).—See Saintpaulia.

Agalmyla (Scarlet Root-blossom).—Ord, Gesneriacea. Stove
trolling. plant. Evergreen. First introduced 1846.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, & char-
coal. Position, hanging baskets. Plant, March. Water freely March
to ng ie moderately Sept. to March. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to
70°; March to Sept 70° to 80°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots
under bell-glars. in temp. 80°, July or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. longistyla, crimson, July, 1 ft., Java; staminea,
scarlet, June, 6 in., Java.

Aganisia.—Ord, Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1836.

CULTURE: Compost, fibry peat, charcoal. Position, pots well
drained, blocks of wood. Require exposure to sun. Water freely
when growing, moderately when at rest. Resting period, winter.
Flowers eprent at base of new pseudo-bulb. Temp., Sept. to March
65° to 70°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate by division of pseudo-
bulbs when new Browth begins,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. graminea, yellow and red, Jan., 6 in., Guiana;
ionoptera, white and purple, July, 1 ft., Peru; pulchella, cream, June, 6 in., Deme-
rara; tricolor, blue and orange, 1 ft., Amazon.

Agapanthus (African Lily).—Ord. Liliaceez. Cool greenhouse
herbaceous plant. Hardy S. England, Ireland. Evergreen. Nat.
Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1692.

ULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, dried
cow manure, river sand, pots or tubs, greenhouse; sunny. Position,
well-drained border or rockery out-doors. Pot or plant, March.
Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., reen-
house, Sept. to March 32° to 40°; March to Sept. 45° to 55°. Propa-
gate by division of plant in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. umbellatus, blue, April, 3 ft., and ite varieties, alba,
white, Aug., 2 ft.; flore pleno, double; giganteus, blue summer, 3 ft.; Leitchlinii,
blue, June, 1 ft.; maximus, white, 3 ft.; minor, blue, 2 ft.; mooreanus, blue,
Sept., 18 in., hardy; variegatus, leaves variegated, blue, April, 2 ft.; elobosus, dwarf,

Agaricus (Mushroom).—Ord. Fungi. Hardy esculent vegetable.

CULTURE: Suitable manures: (1) Two-thirds fresh horse droppings,
one-third short, stained straw; remove long unstained straw. Place this
in a heap outdoors & turn over six days afterwards. Turn again on
four alternate days, then use. (2) Peat-moss litter, after use as bed-
ding for horses. Prepare as advised for horse manure. Suitable soil:

) Well-decayed turfy top-spit loam. (2) Old chrysanthemum mould.
3) Ordinary garden soil enriched with 141b. of bone meal or 1 oz. of
superphosphate of lime to every bushel. (4) Light sandy soil with 3 1b.
of common salt added to every bushel. Position for beds: In the open
or against walls facing south, sheltered from N. & E. winds;
sheds, cellars, stables, cupboards, greenhouses. Period for forming

11

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

beds: Outdoors, July, Aug., Oct., Dec., or Jan.; sheds, etc., July to
Feb. Temp. for indoor culture: Sept. to May, 55° to 65°. Dimensions of
beds: Outdoors, 24 ft. wide at base, 24ft. high, 6in. wide at apex;
indoors, 3 to 4 ft. wide, 9in. deep, no limit as to length. Tread or beat
manure quite firm in beds. Spawning: Insert portions of spawn nearly
level with surface, smooth side outwards and 9 in. apart. Temp. for
insertion of spawn: 80° lin. below surface. Quantities of spawn:
Divide each brick into eight portions. Size of bricks: 9 in. long, Gin.
wide, 2in, deep. Bushel of spawn consists of 16 bricks. Period for
covering -beds with soil: Three days after insertion of spawn. Depth
of soil: lin. if heavy; 14in. if medium; 2in. if light or sandy, Make
soil firm. Water previously if dry. Cover beds afterwards with 6in.
of straw or litter in summer or autumn; 12 to 18 in. of similar material
in winter. Complete darkness essential. Apply tepid water moderately
when surface is dry only. Suitable stimulants: 20z. of common salt
to 1 gallon; 402. nitrate of soda to 1 gallon; 40x. of nitrate of potash
to 1 gallon; 1 oz. of sulphate of ammonia to 4 gallons of water, each to
be applied in a tepid state occasionally after the beds commence bear-
ing. Bearing commences six weeks after spawning. Duration of
bearing: Two to three months. Gather mushrooms with whole of
stem attached; do not leave stump in bed. Average cost of forming
outdoor bed (23 ft. high, 24 ft. wide at base, 6in. wide at apex) 5s. per
lineal yard. Average value of produce per lineal yard, 15s. Average
yield of bed 25 yards long, 350 to 450 lb.

CuLtuRE IN Cotp Frames: Insert spawn lin. deep & 9 in. apart in
cucumber or melon bed in July. Jeep frame closed after cucumbers &
melons have ceased growth. Water occasionally. Apply one of above
stimulants when mushrooms appear.

CuLTuRE oN Sipes or Horsrps: Insert spawn 2 in. deep & 9 in. apart
in manure. Cover with 1 or 2in. of soil 10 days afterwards, & protect
with layer of straw or litter.

CunturE In Pots oR Boxes: Prepare manure as advised for beds.
Vill 10 in. pots or boxes (Qin. deep, 2 to 3 ft. wide & long) to within
lin. of top with manure. Beat this quite firm. Spawn & cover with
soil & litter as advised for beds. Place pots, etc., in cool cellar, cup-
board, or greenhouse; protect from light. Keep soil moderately moist
& cover with straw always. Temp. in winter 55° to 65°.

CULTURE IN Grass: Cut out pieces of turf 6 to 12in. square, lin.
thick, and 3ft. apart. Stir soil below and press into it three or four
Jumps of spawn, about the middle of June. Replace turf and water occa-
sionally if dry. Best results obtained where herbage is short, soil
loamy and dry, and position sunny.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. campestris, Europe (Britain).

Agathzea (Blue Marguerite; Cape Aster). — Ord. Composite.
‘Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1753.

CULTURE: Compost, sandy loam two parts, leaf-mould, & sand one
part. Position, pots, sunny greenhouse, or warm beds outdoors, May
‘to Sept. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately other
‘times. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots March or Aug., in sandy
‘soil, temp. 55° to 65°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. celestis, blue, June to Aug., 12 to 18 ins., S. Africa.

Agave dace. Aloe; Century-plant; Mexican Soap-plant).—

‘Ord. Amaryllidaces. Greenhouse plants. Ornamental foliage &
lowering, Evergreen. Nat. Mexico. First introduced 1640. Flowers,
. 12

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

yellowish green or red, borne on spikes 1 to 40 ft. high when plants
attain 10 to 60 years of age; plant dies after flowering.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part old mortar & river
sand. Position, pots or tubs in greenhouses; may be stood outside June
to Sept. Water moderately April to Aug., little afterwards. Pot,
every. five or six years; good drainage essential. Temp., winter 50°
to 55°; summer 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets inserted in small pots
at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. americana, 20 to 30 ft., and its varieties picta,
leaves yellow, edged with green; also variegata, leaves edged with yellow; albi-
cans, 5 ft.; atrovirens, 30 ft.; attenuata, 12 ft., dasyliroides, 10 ft.; filifera, 4 ft.;
filifera filamentosa, 4 ft.; Kerchovei, 1 ft.; horrida, 8 ft.; maculata; polycantha,
12 ft.; Scolymus, 14 ft.; Shawii, 12 {t.; Sartorii, 8 ft.; striata, 8 ft.; utahensis,
5 ft., Utah; vivipara, 20 ft.; Victorie-Regins, 10 ft.; yucceefolia, 20 ft. There are
many more species. We only give the most attractive ones. j

Ageratum (Bastard Agrimony; Floss-flower).—Ord. Composite.
Halt-hardy annuals. First introduced 1822.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant
G to 8in. apart in June. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp.
65° to 70° in March, or by cuttings of young shoots from plants stored
in temp. 55° during winter. Plants to produce cuttings keep in pots all
the year, and do not allow them to flower.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Mexicanum, blue, summer, 18 in, to 2 ft., Tropics.
Numerous dwarf forms of this species will be found in seed lists.

Agiaonema (Poison-dart).—Ord. Aroidee. Stove perennials.
First introduced 1863. Flowers, arum-shaped. Leaves, variegated,
green, blotched with grey.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds loam, one-third leaf-mould, river
sand. Position, well-drained pots, shady. Water freely when growing,
little afterwards. Syringe foliaus daily. Pot, March. Temp., Sept.
to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by division
of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. angustifolium, greenish white, July, 18 in., Straits
Settlements; commutatum, white, Suly, 1 ft., Manila; costatum, white, July, 6 in.,
Perak; Mannii, greenish white, July, 18 ins., Tropical Africa; oblongifolium,
crimson, July, 4 ft., and its variety Curtisii, greenish white, Malaya; pictum,
white, Aug., 18 in., Malaya; pumilum, greenish white, Aug., 6 in., Malaya; simplex,
white, July, 18 in., Java.

Agrostemma,.—See Lychnis.

Agrostis (Cloud-grass ; pbeet gteng) Ores Graminee. Hardy
annual-flowering grasses. Inflorescence light and graceful and valu-
able for cutting for mixing with flowers in summer; or drying for
winter decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Propagate by
seed sown 1-16 in. ee ag in open borders where plants are to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alba (Fine-top Grass), July, 2 ft., Europe;
nebulosa (Cloud Grass), July, 18-in., Spain; pulchella, July, 1 ft., Sicily.

Ailanthus (Tree of Heaven; Tree of the Gods).—Ord. Simaru-
bacezw. A handsome hardy deciduous tree. Ornamental foliage. First
introduced 1751.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, sheltered, moist. Plant,
Nov. Propagate by inserting portions of roots in pots of light soil
in warm greenhouse or window in March, planting them out following

ov,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. glandulosa, flowers white, leaves pinnate, 30 to
60 ft., China. Pendula is a variety with weeping branches. A grand tree for
town gardens. ‘ .

Air-plant (rides odorata).—See Mrides,

Ajuga (Bugle; Gout Ivy)—Ord. Labiatw. Hardy perennials,

13

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shady beds or
borders. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors in April; divisioa of roots
Oct. or March. — ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. genevensis, blue, rose, and white, June, 6 to 12 ins.,
Europe, and its variety pyramidalis, with denser spikes; orientalis, blue, June,
12 to 18 ins., E. Europe; reptans, blue, white, or rose, June, 6 in., Britain. Atro-
purpurea is a variety with purplish leaves. ?

Akebia.—Ord. Berberidacew. Half-hardy climbing flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1845. =)

CULTURE: Soil, loam, peat, & sand in equal parts. Position, south
wall in S. England & Ireland; cool greenhouse other parts. Plant,
Oct., Nov., in border. Prune straggling shoots after flowering. Pro-
pagate by division of roots in Oct.; cuttings, inserted in sandy soil
in cold frame in Sept

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. quinata, violet or purple, fragrant, May and June,
8 to 10 ft., China and Japan.

Alabama Snow Wreath (Neviusa albamiensis). — See
Neviusa.

Albizzia.—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrub. First introduced 1803. Formerly included in the genus
Acacia.

CULTURE: Compost equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots, or in a bed with shoots trained up wall or roof of green-
house; in beds outdoors during summer. Pot in March. Water
freely during spring and summer, moderately at other seasons. Prune
straggly growths in Feb. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to
Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy peat, leaf-mould &
sand in a temp. of 7o~ in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A, lophuutha (Syn. Acacia lophantha), 16 to 29 ft.,
yellow, spring, Australia, leaves tine, fern-like.

Albuca.—0Ord. Liliacez. Haltf-hardy bulbous plants. Nat. 8S.
Africa, First introduced 1774.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal
proportions of peat, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Position, cool green-
house. Pot in Nov., placing five bulbs 3 in, deep in a 44 in. pot. Cover
pot with cocoanut-fibre refuse until growth begins, then expose to light.
Water freely from time bulbs begin to grow until flowers fade, aiter
which keep dry until Nov.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light ordinary. Position, well-drained
border at base of south greenhouse or hothouse wall. Plant 6 in, deep
in Oct. Propagate by seeds or offsets in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aurea, yellow, June, 12 to 18 in., S. Africa;
Nelsonii, white and red, fragrant, June, 2 to 3 ft., Natal.

Alder (Alnus glutinosa).—See Alnus.

Alder-Buckthorn (Rhamnus Frangula).—See Rhamnus,

Alexanders (Smyrnium Olusatrum}.—See Smyrnium,

Alexandrian Laurel (Ruscus racemosus).—See Ruscus.

Algerian Iris (Iris stylosa).—Sce Ivis.

Algerian Wax-Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).—See Phaseolus.

Alisma (Water Plantain; Deil’s Spoons).—Ord. Alismacew. Hardy
aquatic perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, Position, margins of shallow lakes,
ponds, ditches. Plant, March. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in

March in a pan of sandy peat, plunged below the surface of the water,
or by division of roots in April.

14

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A, natans (now known as Elisma natans), white and
yellow, ae Britain; Plantago (Water Plantain), pink or rose, summer, Britain;
ranunculoides, purple, May to Sept., Britain.

Alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria).—See Anchusa.

Allamanda.—Ord. Apocynacex. Stove climbing plant. Ever-
green. First introduced 1785.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part leaf-mould,
charcoal, & coarse sand. Position, pot, tub, or planted in prepared
border; shoots to be trained close to roof. Pot, Feb. Water freely
April to Aug., then moderately. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°;

arch to Sept. 70° to 80°. Prune shoots, in Jan., to within one joint
of main branch. Propagate, in Jan., by cuttings of shoots of previous
year’s growth, 3 in. long, inserted in pots of sandy soil, temp. 80°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cathartica, yellow, July, 5 to 10 ft., Trop. America;
Chelsoni, yellow, summer, hybrid; grandiflora, yellow, June, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil;
Schottii, yellow, Sept., 8 to 10 ft., Brazil, and its varieties, Hendersoni and mag-
nifica; Williamsii, yellow, summer, hybrid.

Alleghany Vine (Adlumia cirrhosa)—See Adlumia.

Alligator Apple (Anona palustris)—See Anona.

Alligator Pear (Persea gratissima).—See Persea.

Allium (Chives; Leek; Onion; Shallot).—Ord. Liliaceer. A genus
of hardy and greenhouse bulbous-rooted perennials.

CULTUKE OF HARDY FLOWERING SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam.
Position, sunny borders or rockeries. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep and 4 in.
apart in Oct, or Nov. Mulch with rotten manure in summer. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in cold frame in spring; offsets after flowering.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould, and a little silver sand. Plant six bulbs in a
4} in. pot in Oct. ver pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse or ashes in
a cold frame till growth begins, then remove to a cool greenhouse. May
be flowered in a cold house, or forced into flower in a temp. of 55° to 65°,
Water freely whilst growing. After blooming gradually withhold water
and keep dry and cool till new growth begins. Repot annually in Oct.
Propagate by seeds in cold frame or cool house in spring; offsets at
potting time.

CULTURE OF ONION: Soil, light, rich, and deeply dug. Position,
sunny part of garden. Manures, fowl, pig, cow, or horse dung, well
decayed, and applied liberally in autumn; also 11b. kainit and 7 1b.
of basic slag per square rod, applied at same time; or, where above
manures cannot be liberally given, 31b, superphosphate, 1}1b. soda
per square rod, applied ten days before sowing and 13 1b. of nitrate
of soda per square rod when plants are 3in. high; or, 11b. nitrate
of soda, 1b. of guano, 30z. kainit, and 30z. of sulphate of iron,
half the above to be applied to a square rod when plants are 3 in. high,
and remainder a month afterwards. Sow spring onions in March or
April; autumn ones end of Aug. or early in Sept. Depth to sow, about
3in. Distances apart for drills, 8in. Spring onions may also be sown
in heat in Feb., hardening off seedlings cold frames in April, and
planting out in May. Rows best to run from N, to 8. Firm soil
essential. Transplant autumn-sown onions into rich soil following
March. Thin seedlings out early to 8in. apart. Bend over the stems
early in Aug. to promote ripening of the bulbs. Lift, dry thoroughly,
& store away in cool, airy place in Aug. or Sept. Crop takes 24 weeks
to reach maturity. Seeds retain their germinating powers for two

15

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

years only. Seeds germinate in 7 to 10 days. Quantity of seed re-
quired to sow a row 50 ft. long, 40z.; for a bed 9 square yards, 1 oz.

Market Cuuture: Soil, sandy, deeply dug or ploughed previous
autumn. Manures, 30 to 40 tons of farmyard manure per acre and
3cwt. of kainit per acre, applied in autumn. Just before sowing,
apply 3cwt. of superphosphate per acre, and when plants are 3in.
high, 14 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre. Sow spring onions in March
in drills 1 ft. apart; White Lisbon onions, for selling young, in Aug.
Keep crops well hoed. Thin out spring-sown crops to 61in, apart;
picklers to 2in. Lift spring crop in Aug, or Sept. Quantity of seed
to sow an acre, 9 to 101b.; White Lisbon variety, 30 to 401b. Average
yield per acre, 300 to 500 bushels. Average returns per acre, £40 to
£50. Cost of cultivation: Hoeing, 10s. per acre; hand-weeding, 26s.
per acre; pulling, beers & bunching autumn-sown onions, 3d. to 4d.
per dozen bunches. Market spring-sown bulbs in bags; autumn-sown
in bunches tied with withies.

CULTURE OF LEEK: Soil, light rich. Grow in trenches _15 in.
wide & 18in. deep, containing Gin. of decayed manure and 6in. of
soil on top; or in drills 6 in. dese and 1 ft. apart, without any manure,
except that previously dug into the soil; or on the fiat, holes 34 in, wide
at top & 4in. deep, & 9in, apart in rows 1ft. asunder, the leek roots
being pressed to bottom of hole and just covered with an inch of soil,
leaving upper space free of soil. Sow seeds in heat in Feb. for planting
out in June; outdoors in March or April for planting out in July or
Aug. Earth up gradually with soil, as plants grow, to blanch the
stems. Water freely in dry weather. Liquid manure shouid be fre-
quently given prior to earthing up. Suitable liquid manure: 1 oz. of
kainit, 1 oz. of superphosphate, and 1o0z. of nitrate of soda per gallon
of water. Crop reaches maturity 165 days from time of sowing seeds.
Seeds retain their germinating power for three years. Seeds germinate
in seven to ten days.

Marxer Cutture: Soil, light, rich. Manures: 12 tons of decayed
manure & 2cwt of kainit per acre, ploughed in in autumn; 4cwt. of
superphosphate per acre, applied before planting; & lcwt. of nitrate
of soda per acre a month after planting. Sow seeds in heat in Feb.,
and plant out the seedlings 6in. apart in rows 8in. asunder in April.
Sow outdoors in March and again in May for successional crops. Keep
well hoed and watered. Market the roots in flat bunches of eight,
wash clean, & trim off leaves. Sell by the dozen bunches. Quantity
of seed to sow an acre, 12 to 141b. Average yield per acre, 10,890
bunches of eight roots. Average returns (gross) per acre, £30 to £40.
Average price per doz, buuches, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d.

OULTURE OF SHALLOT: Soil, light, rich. Position, warm, sunny
spot. Manure as for onion crop. Plant bulbs (cloves) half their depth,
Qin. apart in rows, 1 ft. asunder, in Feb. or March. Draw soil away
from base of bulbs when fully grown. Lift, dry, & store in Aug. In-
creased by seeds sown in drills 8 ft. apart in March, thinning out seed-
lings to Sin, apart; also by division of the bulbs at planting time.

Margret Cutture: Soil as above. Manures: 10 tons of rotten
manure per acre, ploughed in in autumn; 3 cwt. of superphosphate per
acre, applied before planting; & lcwt. of nitrate of soda per acre, six
weeks after plantiug. Lift, dry, & store in July or Aug. Market in
pecks of 121b. Quantity of seeds to sow an acre, 8 to 10 1b. Average
yield per acre, 300 to 400 bushels.

16

HNOYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF GARLIC: Soil, light, rich. Position, sunny spot.
Plant bulbs (cloves) 2in. deep and Gin. apart in Feb. No manure
required, Lift & store July or Aug. Increase by division of bulbs Feb.
, CULTURE OF CHIVES: Soil, ordinary. Plant 6in. apart each way
in March. Lift, divide, & replant every third year. Used for salads
& seasoning.

CULTURE OF WELSH ONION OR CIBOULE: Soil, ordinary. Sow
seeds in March or April in drills in. deep & 1ft. apart. Thin seed-
lings to 6 or Sin. apart. May also be increased by division of plants
in March, but best grown from seed. Leaves used for seasoning. Ready
to use three months after sowing.

CULTURE OF POTATO ONION: Soil, ordinary. Plant bulbs half
their depth 10in. apart in rows 15 in. asunder in March. Lift & store
bulbs in Aug. Used like ordinary onions. Increased by offsets at
planting time.

CULTURE OF TRIE ONION: Soil, ordinary. Plant bulbs borne
on top of stems lin. deep and 4 in. apart, in rows 8in. asunder in
March; or root bulbs lin. deep and 12in. apart each way. Support
etems by stakes. Gather stem bulbs when fully grown & store in cool,
dry place. Used for pickling.

CULTURE OF ROCAMBOLE: Soil as for garlic. Plant cloves 6 in.
apart each way, & similar depth to shallots, in Feb., March, or April.
Lift & store in Aug. Bulbs in soil & on stem used for similar purpose
to garlic, but milder in flavour. Use soil bulbs only for planting.

HARDY FLOWERING SPECIES: A. acuminatum, rose, July, 9 in., N. America;
exruleum, blue, June, 2 ft., Siberia; Moly, yellow, May, 2 ft., Europe; oatrow-
skianum, rose, July, 1 ft., Turkestan; roseum, rose, June, 1 ft., 8. Europe;
triquetrum, white, June, 15 in., Europe; Schubertii, lilac, June, Orient.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. neapolitanum (Daffodil Garlic), white and green,
June, 1 ft., S. Europe.

EDIBLE BULBOUS-ROOTED SPECIES: A. ascalonicum (Shallot), Native habitat
not known; Cepa (Onion), Central_or Western Asia; Cepa aggregatum (Potato
Onion); Cepa proliferum (Tree or Egyptian Onion); fistulosum (Welsh or Ciboul
Onion), Siberia; Porrum (Leek), native country not known; Schoenoprasum
(Chives), N. Hemisphere; eativum (Garlic), S. Europe; Scorodoprasum (Rocambole;
Spanish Garlic; Sand Leek), flesh, July, Denmark.

Allosorus.—sSee Cryptogramme.

Allspice.—See Calycanthus and Pimenta.

Almond (Prunus Amygdalis).—See Prunus.

Almond-scented Orchid (Odoutoglossum madrense).—See
Odontoglossum. ; .

Almus (Aar; Alder).—Ord. Cupulifere. Hardy trees and shrubs.
Deciduous. Timber of little value, except for making charcoal for
gunpowder. he :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, damp places for A. glutinosa;
drier spots for the others. Plant, Nov. Propagate by seeds sown
lin. deep in damp soil in March, transplanting the seedlings when a

ear old; or by suckers springing from the roots in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. glutinosa, 30 to 40 ft., Britain, Europe, N. Africa
and Asia, and its varieties, aurea (golden-leaved), laciniata (cut-leaved), and querci-
folia, (o2k-leaved) ; incana, 10 to 20 ft., N. Temperate Zone, and its varieties aurea,
pendula nova and pinnatifida. There are others, but they are of no special
interest.

Alocasia.—Ord. Aroidex. Stove plants. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1854. :

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, fibry loam,
with a little silver sand & charcoal. ot, March, keeping base of plant
above rim of pot; good drainage essential. Position, pots, shady.

17

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by division
of rhizomes in March. ; : F

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alba, 18 in., Java; cuprea, 18 in., Borneo; illustris,
2 ft., India; longiloba, 1 ft., Malaya; Lindenii, 2 ft., New Guinea; Lowii, 2 ft.,
Borneo; sanderiana, 18 ins., Philippines; zebrina, 18 in., Manila.

Aloe (Medicinal <Aloes).—Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse succulent
plants. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. Leaves fleshy & more or less prickly
orspiny. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, old mortar,
river sand. Position, pots or tubs, sinny greenhouse. Water mode-
rately April to Aug., little afterwards. Pot, March; good drainage
indispensable. Temp., winter 50° to 55°; summer 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in well-drained pans of sandy soil. temp. 70°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. abyssinica, Abyssinia; albispina, S. Africa;
arborescens, S. Africa; humilis, and its varieties, echinata, incurva, and sub-
tuberculata, 8. Africa; mitreformis, and its varieties flavispina and spinulosa,
S. Africa; striata, 8. Africa; soccrotina, S. Africa; variegata, a favourite window
plant, S. Africa; vera, Mediterrancan Region. There are very many more species,
but the foregoing are the most attractive ones. The flowers are red or yellow, and
borne on slender spikes. ‘a

Alonsoa (Mask-flower)—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy
shrubby perennials. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand-
Position, pots, greenhouse, windows, or sunny beds outdoors, May to
Sept. Water moderately always. Pot, March. Plant, May. Temp.,
Sept. to May 50° to 55°. Propazate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep, March,
temp. 60°, in sandy soil; cuttings, in pots of sandy soil, Aus.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. albiflora, white and yellow, summer, 1 ft., Mexico;
incisifolia, scarlet, summer, 18 in., Chili; linearis, scarlet, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
Peru; linifolia, scarlet, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico; myrtifolia, scarlet, and its
variety, alba, white, 2 to 3 {t., Mexico; Warscewiczi, scarlet, summer, 18 in. to
2 ft., Chili, 5

Aloysia.—-See Lippia.

Alpine Azalea (Loiseleuria procumbens).—See Loisleuria.

Alpine Bell-flower (Campanula alpina).—Sce Campanula.

Alpine Bladder Fern (Cystopteris alpina)—See Cystopteris.

Alpine Catch-fly (Silene alpestris)—See Silene.

Alpine Eryngo (Eryngium alpinum).—Sce Eryngium.

Alpine Forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestris)—See Myosotis.

Alpine Pink (Dianthus alpinus).—See Dianthus.

Alpine Poppy (Papaver alpinum'.—See Papaver.

Alpine Rose (Rhododendron ferrugineum & R. hirsutum).—See
Rhododendron.

Alpine Toad-flax (Linaria alpina).—Sce Linaria.

Alpine Violet (Viola montana’.--See Viola.

Alpine Wallflower.—See Erysimum.

Alpine Wind-flower (Anemone alpina)—See Anemone.

Alpinia (Indian Shell-flower).—Ord. Scitaminacem. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. First introduced 1792.

_CULTURE: Compost, equal ae peat, leaf-mould & loam. Posi-
tion, large pots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 70° to 80°. Water freely March to Aug.,
moderately other times. Propagate by division of roots in March.

BEEC TSS tga arent Pa ira red, Feb., 2 ft., India; mutioa, whiis
red, and yellow, July an ug., ., Malaya; » pink -
Vip @ it inde: y 5 alaya; nutans, pink and yellow, May,

18

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

Alsophila (Grove Fern; Norfolk Island Fern).—Ord. Filices.
Stove and greenhouse tree ferns. First introduced 1833.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam, silver sand &
charcoal, Pot, March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Position, pots or tubs, shady. Temp., stove 60° to 70° Sept to
March, 70° to 80° March to Sept.; greenhouse 50° to 55° Sept. to March,
55° to 60° March to Sept. Propagate by spores, similar to Adiantum.

STOVE SPECIES: A, aspera, 6 to 8 in., W. Indies; atrovirens, Brazil; infesta
Van Gheortii, 3 to 4 ft., Trop. America.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. australis, 15 to 20 ft., Tasmania; Colensoi,
4 to 5 ft., New Zealand; Cooperi, 3 to 5 ft., Queensland; excelsa, 6 to 8 ft., Norfolk
Island; pruinata, 3 to 6 ft., W. Indies; Rebecce, 8 ft., Queensland.

Alstromeria (Herb Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidaceew. Hardy & half-
hardy tuberous--rooted perennials. First introduced 1754.

CULTURE: Compost, sandy loam, peat, leaf-mould, equal parts.
Plant, Oct. Position, sunny, well-drained border; or pots in cool
greenhouse. Water freely. in summer, moderately in winter. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in. deep, in sandy soil, in pans in cold frame,
March ; divigion of roots, April or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aurantiaca, orange, red, and carmine, summer,
2 to 3 ft., Ohili; brazilionsis, red, yellow, and brown, summer, 3 to 4 ft.,
Brazil; chilensis, orange red, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Chili; Errembaulti, white and
crimson, 2°ft., Hybrid; hemanthi, red, green, and purple, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
Chili; pelegrina (Lily of the Incas), lilac, red and purple, summer, 1 ft., Chili, and
its variety alba, pure white; pulchella, red, green and brown, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
Brazil; pulchra, purple, white, yellow and pink, summer, 2 ft., Chili; versicolor,
purple, maroon and green, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Peru.

Altaian Primrose (Primula altaica).—See Primula.
Altaian Viclet (Viola altaica).—See Viola.
Alternanthera.—See Telanthera.

Aithzea (Hollyhock).—Ord. Malvacex. Hardy perennials. Holly-
hock first introduced 1573.

CULTURE OF HOLLYHOCK: Soil, rich loam, or good ordinary
mould, not too light. Trench the soil three spits deep in Oct, & work
in plenty of decayed manure between second & third spits. Plant
singly 3 ft. apart each way, or in proups of three, 12in. from plant to
plant, 4ft. apart, in April. Mulch surface of soil to width of 18 in.
from stem to stem. Support the stems with stakes standing 6 ft. out
of ground. Water copiously in dry weather. Apply liquid manure
once a week from May until blooms expand. Remove flowers directly
they fade. Cut off tops of spikes where fine blooms are required for
exhibition as soon as lower blooms show signs of expanding. Offshoots
should be removed from base of plants in June if fine spikes are desired.
Young plants yield finest plants for exhibition. Cut flower stems down
to within 6 in: of soil after flowering. Manures, }0z. nitrate of soda,
402. each of superphosphate, kainit, & sulphate of ammonia to 2

allons of water, applied to the roots at intervals of a month from

ay to Sept.; or iquid drainings or solutions of animal manures,
applied in a diluted state occasionally during summer. Propagate by
seeds sown in drills lin, deep & 12in. apart on a south border in June,
Thin seedlings to 6in. apart in July. Lift in Sept., and place in pots
in a compost of two parts loam & one part peat & leaf-mould; put in
cold frame for the winter, or plant in similar soil in frame. On warm
soils seedlings may be transplanted direct into flowering positions in
Sept. Sow seeds in good soil in temp. 55° to 65° in Jan. or Feb.,
grow in pots, harden off in April, and plant out in May. Increased also
by cuttings of young shoots growing out of base of flower stems inserted

19

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

singly in small pots plunged in a gentle hotbed in spring. Likewise by
cuttings of young shoots consisting of two joints with lower leaves
removed, inserted in small pots placed in a close frame in Aug. Lastly,
by the division of the old plants after flowering. ee

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECILS: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Increased by seeds sown outdoors
in April. Fi

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. cannabina, rose, June, 6 ft., Furope, and _ita
variety narbonensis, red; ficifolia (Fig-leaved Hollyhock), yellow, June, 6 ft., bien-
nial species, Siberia; rosea (Hollyhock), rose, 5 to 6 ft., summer, China.

Althzea frutex.—See Hibiscus.

Alum-root.—See Heuchera.

Alyssum (Madwort; Gold-dust; Golden-tuft; Gold Basket;
Sweet Alysson)—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy annuals and perennials.
First introduced 1710. =

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open border or rockery.
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate annual & perennial species by seeds
sown }in. deep outdoors in April; perennial species by cuttings of
young shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame April & May.

ANNUAL SPECIES: A. maritimum, white, fragrant, summer, 6 to 10 ins.,

Britain and Europe. Compactum is a dwarf and variegatum a variegated variety.
Strictly this species is a perennial.
- PERENNIAL SPECIES: A. alpestre, yellow, June, 3 in., Europe; gemonense,
yellow, spring, 1 ft., Kurope; montanum, yellow, fragrant, summer, 2 to 4 ins.,
Europe; olympicum, yellow, suinmer, 2 to 3 in., Greece; orientale, yellow, May,
1 ft., Greece; pyrenaicum, white, summer, 8 to 10 ins.; Pyrenees; saxatile, yellow,
May, 1 ft., E. Europe, and its varieties compactum, variegatum, sulphureum, flore
pleno (double), serpyllifolium, yellow, June, 3 in., S. Europe; spinosum, white,
June, 4 to 6 in., S, Europe; Wiersbeckii, yellow, summer, 18 in., Asia Minor;
wulfeniana, golden yellow, summer, 3 in., E. Europe.

Amaranth Feathers (Humea elegans).—See Humea.

Amaranthus (Love-lies-Bleeding; Prince’s Feather; Velvet-
flower).—Ord. Amarantacew. Half-hardy annuals. First introduced
1596. Foliage, orange-red, crimson, green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny bed. Plant, June.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep, in temp. 65° to 75°, March; seed-
lings to be peed in cool greenhouse a few weeks before planting out.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. caudatus (Love-lies-Bleeding), crimson-purple, sum-
mer, 2 to 3 ft., Tropics; hypochondriacus (Prince’s Feather), crimson, summer,
4 to 5 ft., N. America; salicifolia, leaves, orange, crimson and purple and willow
shaped, 2 to 3 ft., Philippines; Henderi, leaves tinted with rosy-carmine, orange-
yellow, and green; sanguineus, leaves blood-red, flowers purple, 2 to 3 ft.,
E. Indies; tricolor, leaves carmine and yellow, India; melancholicus ruber, leaves
erimson, *

Amaryllis (Belladonna Lily; Daffodil Lily)—Ord. Amarylli-
dacee. Hardy bulbous plant. Deciduous. First introduced 1712.

CULTURE: Compost, sandy loam, enriched with leaf-mould & cow
manure. Position, well-drained border foot of south wall. Plant
bulbs 9in. deep & 12in. apart in June. Water freely in dry weather
whilst growing. Mulch with decayed manure in spring. ropagate
by offsets in June. For greenhouse amaryllis see Hippeastrum.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Belladonna, rose, fragrant, Aug. and Sept., 18 in.,
Cape Colony. Blanda, pale rose, and pallida, flesh, are varieties of it. The flowers
appear before the new leaves.

Amasonia.—Ord. Verbenacex. Stove evergreen flowering peren-

nial. Inflorescence, red bracts, red calyx, & yellow corolla; autumn.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould, little silver

sand. Pot, March. Position, in small pots near glass, well exposed

to light; shade in summer. Water freely in spring and summer,
20

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

moderately other times. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to

March 58° to 65°. Propagate by division of the plants in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. calycina (Syn. A. pumiges) yellow and red, Sept.,

12 to 18 ins., British Guiana; erecta, white and pink, July, 18 in., 8. America.
Amazon Lily (Eucharis grandiflora)—See Eucharis.
Ambyolepis.—See Helenium.

Amelanchier (Grape-pear; Snowy Mespilus; June-berry).—
Ord. Rosacew. Hardy spring-flowering trees & shrubs. Deciduous.
First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubbery. Plant, Nov.
Prune after flowering. Propagate by grafting in March on the quince
or hawthorn; also by seeds, layers, & cuttings.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alnifolia, white, April, 8 ft., N.W. America; cana-
densis (June-berry), white, April, 10 to 20 ft., N. America; vulgaris, white, April,
6 ft., Europe. The loaves of A. canadensis are prettily tinted in autumn.

American Aloe (Agave americana).—See Agave.

American Bell-bind (Ipomza pandurata).—See Ipomea.

American Blackberry (Rubus laciniatus).—See Rubus.

American Black Larch (Larix pendula)—See Larix.

American Carnation.—See Dianthus.

American Centaury (Sabbatia campestris) —See Sabbatia.
eenerican Cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). — See Dodeca-
theon.

American Cranberry (Oxycocus macrocarpus).—See Oxy-
cocus.

American Cress (Barbarea precox).—See Barbarea.

pmerican Cud-weed (Anaphalis margaritacea)—See Ana-

alis. ;
g American False Heath (Hudsonia ericoides).—See Hud-
sonia.

American Fox-grape (Vitis Labrusca).—See Vitis.

American Gooseberry (Pereskia aculeata).—See Pereskia.

American Ground Laurel (Epigza repens).—See Epigza.

American Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)—See Kalmia,

American Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum).—See
Adiantum.

American May Apple.—tThe genus Podophyllum.

American Meadow Sweet (Spirza salicifolia), — See
Spirza.

Pamerican Plane Tree (Platanus occidentalis), — See
Platanus.’ f

American Star Grass.—See Hypoxis.

American Swamp Laurel (Kalmia glauca‘.—See Kalmia.
American Witch Elder (Fothergilla Gardeni).—See Fother-

arene pe Wood Lily (Trillium grandiflorum),—See Trillium.
American Wych Hazel (Hamamelis virginica). — See
Hamamelis. :
Amethyst Hyacinth (Hyacinthus amethystinus)—See Hya-
srcie.
vAroihyst Speedwell (Veronica amethystinus). — See
Veronica.

Amethyst Squill (Scilla amethystina).—See Scilla.
Amm oni um q Cverlactiay Sand-flower) eee annual.
Ord, Composite. First introduced 1822. Flowers valuable for cutting

21

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

& drying for winter decoration. Gather when fully grown & hang
heads downwards to dry in a cool place.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, warm border. Plant, May,
Gin, apart. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in light soil, temp. 65°,
March; or outdoors early in May. ; :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: “A. alatum, white, summer, 2 ft., Australia. Grandi-
florum is a variety with larger flowers. P 3

Amorpha (Bastard Indigo).—Ord. Leguminosez. Hardy decidu-
ous-flowering shrubs. First introduced 1724.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in the mixed shrubbery. Plant,
Oct. to Feb. Prune after flowering, thinning shoots that have borne
blossoms. Propagate by cuttings in autumn; layering in summer;
suckers in winter; seeds sown in cold frame.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A, canescens (Lead Plant), blue, July, 3 ft., Missouri;
frutescens, bluish purple, July, 6 ft., Carolina.

Amorphophallus.—Ord. Aroidee. Stove tuberous-rooted

erennials. Flowers with purple or white spathes and brown spadices ;
ctid; appearing before leaves. Leaves more or less ornamental.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould, de-
cayed manure & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shade.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb.
to March, trausfer to larger pots in April or May. Water moderately
Feb. to April & Sept. to Nov.; freely April to Sept.; keep quite dry
Noy. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to Nov. 65° to 75°;
Nov. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Propagate by dividing the tubers in Feb, or

March,
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. campanulatus or virosus, purple spathe, India;
Rivieri, purple spathe, Cochin China; Titanum, purple spathe, Sumatra.

Ampelopsis.—See Vitis.

Amur Vine (Vitis amurensis).—See Vitis.

Amygdalis.—See Prunus.

Anacampseros.—Ord. Portulacacee. Greenhouse succulent-
leaved pene Nat. 8. Africa.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part of equal pro-
portions of old mortar, alk brick rubble & sand. Position, in not
too large pots on shelves near the glass; no shade. Water moderately
in spring & summer; keep nearly dry in autumn & winter. Dry atmo-
sphere needed. Repot in March. Temp., 45 to 50° in winter; 50° to
60° in summer. Propagate by seeds sown in a mixture of fine rubble
& ponds loam, in heat, in spring; by cuttings, exposed to the air for
a ns 8 ae removal from the plant, then inserted in fine sand in
a gentle heat.

EOE L D: A. i i ins. ;
pink, Sept, 1 ft; telephiastrim pinky eunimord Hav? 17 °° 78 ines Slementosa,

Anagaliis (Pimpernel).—Ord. Primulaceer. Hardy annuals &
perennials, Trailing.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, sunny, well-drained borders
for annuals; moist & boggy places for perennials. Propagate annuals by
seeds sown 3 in. deep in temp. 65° March, transplanting seedlings out-
doors in June; perennials by division of roots in March, or by seeds
SCINNUAL SPECIES. A. fruticosa, v

ANN E S: A. fruticosa, vermilion, i :
grandiflora, blue and red, May to Beptae pee @ ie. ote wie “ieee “tt.

India.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: A. collina alba, white and yellow, April to J i
Europe; linifolia, blue, July, 1 ft., Europe, and its varieting, Brewert’ ooh
lilacina (lilac), Parksi (red), and sanguinea (blood-red); tenella, rosy, July and
Aug., Britain; webbiana, blue, July, 4 in., Portugal.

22

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Ananas (Pine-apple)—Ord. Bromeliacex. Stove plants, bearing
the well-known fruit—pine apples. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First
introduced 1690,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts decomposed fibry loam, one part
well-decayed manure, another part 4 in. bones & pounded oyster shells.
Position, pots plunged in a tan hotbed in stove facing south. Temp.,
Sept. to March 65° to 75°; March to Sept. 75° to 90°. Full exposure
to sun essential. Water moderately in winter, freely in summer.
Moist atmosphere most, essential in spring and summer, and a slightly
dry one in winter. When fruit begins to ripen withhold water. Supply
-freely with liquid manure plants in fruiting pots. Plants come into
bearing when two years old. Propagate by suckers, or crowns of fruit
inserted in small pots in temp. 80°, spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. sativus, 3 ft., Trop. America; A. sativus variegatus,
leaves edged with yellow or red.

Anaphalis (Pearly Everlasting or Immortelle)—Ord. Composite.
Hardy perennial. Flowers, white, useful for cutting in August and
drying tor winter use.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant in Oct.
or March. Increased by division in autumn or spring; seeds sown
outdoors in apm

SPECIES CULTIVATED: <A. margaritacea, white, July and Aug., 1 ft.,
N. America.

Anastatica (Rose of Jericho; Resurrection Plant).—Ord. Cruci-
fere. Half-hardy annual. Possesses the peculiar property in its native
country of withering up in dry weather, and when rain comes of
spreading itself out again, as though alive.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds in a cold frame in spring
& plant in sunny border in May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Hierochuntica, white, summer, 1 ft., Orient.

Anchor Plant (Colletia cruciata).—See Colletia.

Anchusa (Alkanet; Sea Bugloss)—Ord. Boraginacee. Hardy
biennials & perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
or March. Propagate biennials by seeds sown jin. deep in March in
pans or boxes of sandy soil, temp. 55° to 65°, or outdoors in April;
perennials by division in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Barrelieri, blue and white, June, 2 ft., Europe,
perennial; capensis, blue, July, 12 to 18 in., 8S. Africa, biennial; italica, blue,
July, 3 to 4 ft., S. France, perennial; sempervirens, Llue, June, 2 it., Kurope,
perennial. . : .

Anderson’s Speedwell (Veronica Andersoni)—See Vero-
nica.

Andre’s Flamingo-plant (Anthurium andreanum).—See
Anthurium, : :

Andromeda (Marsh Rosemary; Wild Rosemary).—Ord. Erica-
cee. Hardy flowering shrub. Evergreen. :

CULTURE: Soil, boggy peat. Position, moist, shady borders or
beds. Plant, Oct. No pruning required except to cut away dead wood.
Propagate by layering shoots in Sept.; seeds sown in peaty soil in a
Gol: frame.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. polifolia, pink, June, 1 ft., North Temperate
Regions. Angustifolia, rosmarinifolia and major are varieties. See Pieris, Cas-
sandra, Leucothoé and Zenobia for other species formerly included in this genus.

Andropogon (Lemon Grass)—Ord. Graminex. Stove & hardy
ornamental flowering grasses. First introduced 1786.

23

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES (A. Schoenanthus) : Compost, two
parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in stove. Pot,
March. Water treely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Increased by
division in March. ,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, light, « dry.
Position, sunny border. Plant, Oct., March, & April. Apply liquid
manure occasionally in summer. Propagate by division. _

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Schonanthus (Syn. A. citratus), the
Lemon Grass, 2 ft., foliage lemon-scented, India. .

HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. furcatus, 18 in., N. America.

Androsace (Rock Jasmine).—Ord, Primulacee. Hardy peren-
nial alpine plants. First introduced 1755. : :

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat & loam, with small pieces of limestone.
Position, sunny rockeries, in fissures of stones or under ledges of rock.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep, in
sandy peat in cold frame; cuttings in pots of sandy soil in frames in
mene & Oct.; division of roots in April; seeds in pots in cold frame,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. carnea, pink, July, 3 in., Europe; foliosa, flesh,
June, 4 in., W. Himalayas; Laggeri, pink, March, 3 in., Transylvania; lanuginosa,
rose, July, 8 to 9 in., Himalayas; sarmentosa, rose, May, 3 in., Himalayas;
sempervivoides, purple, May, 3 in., Himalayas; villosa, rose, May, 3 in., Europe.

Anemia (Flower-fern; Ash-leaf Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove &
greenhouse ferns. First introduced 1793.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, sand, &
charcoal. Position, shady, moist; useful for wardian cases. Pot,
Feb., March. Water freely spring & summer, moderately other times.
Temp., stove, March to Sept. 70° to 85°, Sept. to March 60° to 65°;
greenhouse, March to Sept. 55° to 60°, Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Pro-
pagate b spores similar to Adiantum.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. adiantifolia, 12 to 18 in., Trop. America;
collina, 8 to 12 ins., Brazil; dregeana, 9 in., Natal; rotundifolia, 6 to 9 in., Brazil.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. Phillitidis, 1 ft., Cuba, Peru;
tomentosa (Syn. chelianthoides, deltoides and flexuosa), 1 to 2 ft., Mexico, etc.

Anemone (Wind-flower)—Ord. Ranunculaceer. Hardy herba-
ceous & tuberous-rooted perennials.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary, well
enriched with decayed manure. Position, sunny or partially’ shady
borders. Plant, autumn or spring. Increased by seeds sown in sandy
soil in cold frame in spring; division of roots in Oct. or March; root
cuttings in spring.

_CULTURE OF TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES: Soil, moderately
light, liberally mixed with leaf-mould & decayed manure. Position,
partially shaded beds or borders. Plant tubers 3in. deep & Gin.
apart in Oct. or Nov. ; or in Feb. & March. Lift tubers when foliage
dies, & store away in cool ea till planting time. Increased by seeds
sown in prepared beds of above soil in Jan. or Feb. or in July.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alpina, white, May, 1 ft., Europe;
angulosa (Syn. Hepatica angulosa), blue, March, 1 ft., E. Europe; apennina, blue,
rose, and white, Gin., March, Hurope; blanda, blue, Jan, to March, 6 in., Asia
Minor; Hepatica, blue, Feb. and March, 6 in., N. Hemisphere, and its varieties
alba (white), ceerulea (blue), cerulea plena (double blue), rubra (red), rubra plena
(double red), Barlowii (blue) and rosea (rose); japonica (Japanese Wind-flower),
red, Sept., 2 ft., Japan, and numerous varicties described in trade lists; nemerosa
(Wood Anemone), white, March, 6 in., Britain; nemerosa robinsoniana, blue;
Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower), blue, April, 1 ft., Britain; palmata, white, May,

9 in., S. France; rivularis, white, May, 2 to 3 {t., Himala: 5 tri
Anemone), white, April, 1 ft., Europe. ; fase Maleesizin Sabwateny

24

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. coronaria (Poppy Anemone),
various colours, spring, 1 ft., 8. Europe; hortensis, various colours, spring, 1 ft.,
S. Europe; hortensis fulgens (Scarlet Wind-flower), crimson, May, 1 ft., 8. Europe;
hortensis pavonina or stellata (Peacock Anemone), double-flowered, ranunculoides
(Yellow Wood Anemone), golden yellow, March, 1 ft., Britain, etc.

Anemonopsis (Yerba Mansa).—Ord. Ranunculacew. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1869.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich loam. Position, partially shaded border.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March. Propagate by division of roots in Oct. or
March ; seeds sown in heat in March, planting seedlings out in May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. macrophylla, lilac and purple, June and July,
2 to 3 ft., Japan.

Angel’s-Tears (Narcissus triandrus).—See Narcissus.

Angel’s Trumpet (Datura suavolens).—See Datura.

Angelica (Holy Ghost)—Ord. Umbellifere. Perennial herba-
ceous herb used for flavouring confectionery & liquors.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, deep, moist loam. osition, shady. Pro-
agate by seeds sown 4in. deep in March where plants are to remain.
When seedlings are 3in. high thin them to Gin. apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. officinalis, green, July, 4 to 5 ft., Europe.

Angelica Tree (Aralia spinosa).—See Aralia.

Angelonia.—Ord. Scrophularinez. Stove & greenhouse her-
baceous perennials, First introduced 1818.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of loam, peat, leaf-mould & a
little sand. Position, pots in sunny parts of stove or greenhouse. Pot,
March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. -Temp.,
March to Oct., 65° to 75°, afterwards 55° to 60° for stove species;
March to Oct. 55° to 65°, Oct. to March 45° to 55° for greenhouse kinds.
Propagate by division of roots in March; cuttings of young shoots
inserted in sand under bell-class, in temp. 75° in Apri ;

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cornigera, purple, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil;
floribunda, purple, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil; salicarisefolia, blue, Aug., 2 ft., S. America.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. angustifolia, violet. June, 1 ft.,
Mexico; Gardneri, purplish-white, May, 1 ft., Pernambuco; grandiflora, purple,
Sept., July, 1 ft., Pernambuco.

Angiopteris (Turnip-fern)—Ord. Filices. Stove tree fern.
Evergreen.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, sand &
charcoal. Pot, Feb., March. Position, pots or tubs, standing in 3 in.
of water in shade. Water freely in spring & summer, moderately other
times. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept to March 45° to 50°.
Propagate by offsets only.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. evecta, 10 to 15 ft., Tropics,

Angola Hemp.—See Sanseviera.

Angrzecum. — Stove epiphytal orchids. Ord. Orchidacen.
Flowers fragrant. First introduced 1815.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts broken potsherds, charcoal, &
sphagnum moss. Position, shady in suspended baskets or well-drained
pots. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Resting period, winter. Flower spikes appear in axils of top leaves
when growth is finished. Propagate by division of plant in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. articulatum, white, May and June, 8 to 12in.,
Madagascar; caudatum, white, Aug., 12 to 15 in., Trop. Africa; citratum, lemon-
yellow, spring, 6 to 8in., Madagascar; eburnum, white, spring, 1 to 2ft., Mas-
carene Islands; Ellisii, white, May, 1ft., Madagascar; falcatum, white, spring,
4 to 6 in., Japan; Humboldtii, white, spring, 8 to 10 in., Comoro Islands; fas-
tuosum, white, spring, Madagascar; scottianum, white, spring, 1 ft., Comoro

25

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Islands; sanderianum, white, spring, 1 ft., Comoro Islands; sesquipedale, white,
Jan. to June, 1 ft., Madagascar. :

Anguloa (Bull’s Head; Cradle Orchid). — Ord. Orchidacez.
Warm greenhouse orchids. Flowers fragrant. First introduced 1842.

CULTURE: Compost, fibrous peat & charcoal. Position, pots, shady
part of house. Pot when new growth begins. Water freely May to
Sept., very little afterwards. Temp., April to Sept. 60° to 65°; Sept.
to March 55° to G0°. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear at base
of new growth. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs when repotting.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Clowesii, yellow, May, 12 to 18in., Colombia;
Ruckeri, yellow and crimson, May, 18 in., Colombia; uniflora, cream, May, 2 to 3 ft.,
Colombia. Several varieties of each species will be found in trade lists.

Anhalonium.—ord. Cactacez. Greenhouse succulent-stemmed
perennials. Grown for the beauty of globose stems, Allied to Mam-
milarias.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar, &

ounded bricks. Position, sunny, airy greenhouse or window. Pot,

arch or April, in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
roots. Repot every third or fourth year only. Water moderately
March to Sept., once a fortnight Sept. to Dec., none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot water to
healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in temp.
75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of the tops
of the plants inserted in small pots of sandy, gritty compost in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Engelmanni, 4 to 6 in., Mexico; prismaticum, 6 in.,
Mexico; Williamsii, 3 to 4 in., Mexico.

Anigozanthos.—Ord. Hemodoracee. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennials. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1802.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, two parts peat, & one part
silver sand. Pot in March. Porition, pots in cool greenhouse fully
exposed to light. Water freely in spring & summer, moderately in
autumn & winter. Temp., 40° to 50° in winter; no heat at other times.
Propagate by division of the roots in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. bicolor, scarlet and green, May, 3 ft.; Manglesii,
green and red, July, 3 ft.; pulcherrima, yellow and white, May, 2 ft.; rufa,
purple, June, 2 ft.

Animated Oat (Avena sterilis)—See Avena.

Anise.—See Pimpinella.

Aniseed Tree (lIllicium floridanum).—See Illicium.

Anoectochilus (King-plant).—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove terres-
trial orchids. Orn. foliage. Ht. 3 to Gin. Leaves, bronze, olive,

olden, green.

CULTURE: Conipost, peat, sand, & sphagnum moss in equal parts.
Position, shady, well-drained pans under a bell-glass not fixed down

uite close. Water moderately at all times. Pot, Feb. or March.
femp., Sept. to Feb. 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 60° to 75°. Propagate
in Feb. by inserting portions of stems in same compost as advised
fospborES CULTIVATED: &. arg

8P : A. argyroneurus, olive, vei i Fi : i
olive, veins golden, Assam; Heriot, TaUiah, voles solten, adi. kere eae
green, veins silvery, Assam; Lansbergiw, velvety green, veins emerald-green,
Malaya; regalis, velvety green, veins golden, Ceylon; regalis. albo-marginatus,
edged with white; regalis cordatus, edged with gold; regalis grandifolius golden
veins; Veitchii, velvety green, netted with gold. Numerous other species may
be found in specialists’ catalogues.

Anomatheca.—See Lapeyrousia,
26

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Anona (Alligator Apple; Custard Apple; Sweet Sop).—Ord. Ano-
naces. Stove evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1690. Leaves fra-
grant. Fruit of A. muricata, A. reticulata, & A. squamosa edible.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & a little silver
sand. Pot, March or April. Position, light & sunny. Water freely
March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to Sept.
Shade from bright sunshine. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 85°; Oct. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds in spring, or by cuttings of
firm shoots in moist sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Cherimolia (Cherimoyer), brown, Aug., 12 to 18 ft.,

rop. America; muricata (Sour Sop), yellow, summer, 10 ft., Trop. America;
palustris (Alligator Apple), yellow, summer, 10ft., Trop. America; reticulata
(Custard Apple), yellow and brown, summer, 15 to 18 ft., Trop. America; squamosa
(Sweet Sop), white, summer, 15 to 20 ft., W. Indies. “

Anopterus (Tasmanian Laurel). — Ord. Saxifragace. Green-
house flowering shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot &
prune, March. Position, sunny greenhouse. Temp., Sept. to March
45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Water moderately in winter,
abundantly at other times. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 3 in.
long, in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65° in summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. glandulosus, white or pink, April, 2 to 3ft.,
Tasmania.

Antennaria (Cat’s-ear).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Leaves, silvery white; useful for carpet bedding or
edgings to borders, clothing dry spots.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or rockeries.
Plant, March or Oct. Propagate by division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. dioica, pink, June, 3 in., Britain; dioica tomentosa,

white, summer, lin., Britain. Last-named is a good carpet bedding plant. A
margaritacea is now known as Anaphalie margaritacea, which see. :

Anthemis (Chamomile).—Ord. Composite. Hardy perennials.
Flowers of the Common Chamomile ae nobilis), used for making
Chamomile Tea; those of other species for ordinary garden decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders for tall species ;
rockeries for dwarf ones. Plant, Oct. or March. Common Chamomile
to be planted 2 ft. apart in rows 30 in, asunder in April. Gather flowers
when fully expanded. Increased by division in March; seeds sown
outdoors in April. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. biebersteiniana, white, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Orient;
macedonica, white, June, 6 to 8 in., Macedonia; nobilis (Common Chamomile),
white, Aug., lft., Europe; tinctoria (Dyer’s or Ox-eye Chamomile), white, Aug.,
2ft., Europe. Kelwayi and Mrs. H. T. Brooks are pretty varieties of the latter
species. a

Anthericum (St. Bernard’s Lily).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. a :

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, partially shaded borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in light soil in
cold frame in Sept. or March; division of roots in Oct,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Liliago (St. Bernard's Lily), white, July and Aug.,
12 to 18in., S. Europe; Liliago major, a superior form; ramosum, white, June to
Aug., 2 ft., 8. Europe. See the genus Paradisea, Pulvinella, and Chlorophytum for
other species formerly included in this genus.

Antholyza (African Corn-flag).—Ord, Iridacee. Hardy bulbous
perennials. First introduced. 1756. a

CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, sunny border, well
drained; pots in cool greenhouse. Plant bulbs 6in. deep, 6in. apart
in border, or six in a Gin. pot, Oct. Bulbs to be lifted in Aug., dried,

27

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

& stored till Oct. in cool place. Propagate by offsets at planting time;
seeds in slight heat in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. gthiopica, red and yellow, June, 3 to 4ft.; A.
paniculata, yellow and red, July, 3 to'4 ft. Natives of S. Africa.

Anthony-nut (Staphylea pinnata).—See Staphylea, ;

Anthoxanthum (Sweet _ Vernal-grass;—Ord. Graminee.
Hardy perennial flowering grass. Inflorescence has the odour of newly
mown hay, and is useful for drying for winter bouquets. _

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Plant, Oct. or March. Position, open
border, Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep where plants are to grow
in April ; division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. odoratum, 1ft., Europe; Puelii, 6in., Europe.

Anthriscus (Chervil)—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy annual herb
used for garnishing & flavouring. First introduced 1656.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady in summer, south bor-
der in winter. Sow seeds broadcast } in, deep, or similar depth in drills
Gin. apart in March or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cerefolium (Chervil), 6in., Europe, Asia, etc.

Anthurium (Flamingo-plant ; Tail-flower)—Ord. Aroidezw. Stove
plants. Flowering and orn. foliage. Flowering period, March to Aug.
First introduced 1825.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum moss.
Position, pots, well drained, shady. Pot, March. Water freely March
to Nov., moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 65°;
March to Sept. 70° to 8U’. Propagate by division of roots in March;
seeds sown in a mixture of chopped sphagnum moss, charcoal, & sand
in temp. of 80° in spring.

SPECI CULTIVATED, Flowering: <A. andreanum, ecarlet and white,
Colombia; ornatum, white and purple, -Venezuela; scherzerianum, scarlet, Guate-
mala; Williamsii, white and cream. Ornamental-leaved: Brownii, green, Colom-
bia; ‘crystallinum, green, Peru; magnificum, green and white, Colombia; Veitchii,
green, Colombia; and warrocqueanum, green and white, Colombia. For varieties,
which are numerous, see trade lists.

Antnayilis (Kidney Vetch; Lady’s Fingers)—Ord. Leguminosa.
Hardy shrubs and perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or partially shaded
border. Plant, Oct. Propagate shrubby kinds by cuttings of young
shoots under bell-glass in cold frame in March; herbaceous species by
Stag nila 4in. deep in warm border in April or by division of root
in

SPECIES CULTIVATED (Sh PAs ~Jovi
epains Hermannlie, yellow, ape 2 ‘ea Piaget es Pe ee Dae

ana, pink, June, “5 $ i 2 * i
yellow! June to “Aug., 6 to 13 in] ee a noreny eras Fingers),

Antirrninum (Snapdragon). — Ord. Scrophulariacez. Hardy
herbaceous perennials,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm, dry borders, rockeries
or walls, Plant, April. Propagate by seeds sown in temp. 70° in
March or outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings in May ; cuttings
of young shoots in cold frame in Aug. Best treated as annuals or bien-
mide feth platy beng aed sry ya,

: A. Asarin i : *
Eda gamer pane ag Ll ve 2 fo Pin were reste: pene taalee
5 D i 4 +
field Silwpdrapon. fish, dog die grown in gardens; Orontium (Corn-

Aotus.—Ord. Leguminosw. Greenhouse flowering shrub. Ever-

green.

23

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

, CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, sand, charcoal. Pot
in March. Position, pots, well drained, in light & sunny greenhouse.
Water moderately in winter, freely summer. Prune shoots back after
flowering. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to

60°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in pots of sandy soil under
bell-glass, temp. 55°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. gracillima, yellow and crimson, May, 3ft., Aus.
tralia. Other species of little merit.

Apennine Wind-flower (Anemone apennina).—See Anemone,

Apera (Pheasant’s Tail Grass).— Ord. Graminee. Greenhouse
flowering grass. First introduced 1882. Inflorescence borne in grace-
ful panicles. Stem slender and drooping.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in hanging baskets in sunny green-
house. Pot or plant in spring. Water freely during spring & summer,
moderately autumn & winter. Pretty plant for front row of staging
in greenhouse. Propagate by seed sown in a temp. of 55° to 65° in
spring; or by division of the roots or tufts at potting time. Hardy in
mild districts.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. arundinacea, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand.

Aphanostephus. — Ord. Composite. Half-hardy annual.
First introduced 1838.

OULTURE: Soil, light, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-drained
borders. Sow seeds in a temp. of 55° to 65° in March. Transplant
seedlings 1 or 2in. apart in boxes. Gradually harden off, and plant
outdoors the end of May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. arkansanus, white, yellow, and rose,.summer, 1 to
2ft., Texas.

Aphelandra.—oOrd. Acanthacex. Stove flowering shrubs.
fivergreen. Flowers surrounded by lovely coloured bracts. First in-
troduced 1733.

CULTURE: Compost, ae parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots, moist atmosphere. Water freely in summer, moderately
in winter. Prune shoots to within inch of base in Feb. & repot in
March. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in bottom-
heat (80°) March or April. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aurantiaca, orange-scarlet, winter, 3 ft., Mexico;
aurantiaca Roezlii. scarlet, 9 to 12 in.; Fascinator, scarlet, Sept., 18 in., Colombia;
fulgens, autumn, 18 in.; macedoniana, leaves purple and green, Brazil; Margaritex,
orange, leaves green and rose, Brazil. There are others, but they possess no
striking merit. mts

Aphelexis.—Scee Helichrysum.

Apios (Ground Nut)—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy tuberous-rooted.
climbing perennial. Deciduous. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm border against south
wall or trellis. Plant tubers’ in March. Propagate by division of
ee Ne alin A. tuberosa, brown and pink, Aug., 6 to 10ft., N.
“A pium (Celery ; Celeriac ; Turnip-rooted Celery).—Ord. Umbelli-
fere. Hardy esctlent vegetable. Biennial. Blanched leaf-stalks used
as salad; leaves & roots for flavouring soups. :

CULTURE OF CELERY: Soil, ordinary, well enriched with cow,
pig, or horse manure, Position, moist, in trenches running north -&
south, 4ft, apart, 15 in. wide, & 9in. deep for single rows, or 18 in.

29

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

wide for double rows. Put 3in. manure in bottom & 2in. top soil on
this. Plant out first week in June for early crop; end of June for
main crop. Distance apart for plants, 8 in. for single row; 9in. apart
in row & 6 in. between rows for double rows. Earth up gradually from
Sept. to Noy. in fine weather only. Sow seeds 1-10in. deep in light
soil in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb. & March for early craps in March in
similar temp. for main crop, or in cold frame in April. Seedlings in
first two cases to be transplanted 2in. apart in light soil in boxes, kept
in temp. 55° to 65° for few weeks, then planted Gin. apart in shady
bed outdoors till required for planting in trenches. Water liberally
until earthed up to ensure crisp, solid hearts. Liquid manure apply
once a week from planting till earthing up. Guano at rate of 1 oz.
to gallon of water most suitable stimulant. Plants for seed bearing
not to be earthed up; protect them in severe weather; transplant
following spring; gather seed in Sept. Seeds germinate in 15 to 20
days, & retain their vitality from eight to ten years. Crop reaches
maturity in 24 weeks from date seeds are sown. 102. of seed will yield
1,000 plants.

Marzer Curture: Soil, deep, light, & rich. Manures: 30 to 40
tons of farmyard manure per acre, ploughed in in autumn; or 20 tons
of farmyard manure applied in autumn & 4cwt. superphosphate per
acre applied in spring. Plough out trenches Gin, deep, 1ft. wide, &
4ft. apart in May, & plant direct into these; or dig out trenches 1 ft.
wide & 18in. deep, put in 1ft. of manure, tread firmly, & cover with
4in. of soil, then plant. Sow for early crops in Feb., main crops in
March, aud late ones in April. Plant out early crops in May, main-
crops in June, late ones in July. Keep moist. Earth up when fully
grown. Do this in three operations. Market in bundles (rolls) con-
taining 8 washed or 12 unwashed sticks. Average yield per acre, 1,200
rolls. Average returns (gross) per acre, £40 to £60,

CULTURE OF TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY OR CELERIAC: Soil,
rich, light. Position, sunny level border. Plant in June 1 ft. apart in
rows 18in. asunder. Keep all side shoots removed. Draw little mould
around base of each in Aug. Water freely in dry weather. Lift roots
in Oct. & store them in sand in shed till required for use. Sow &
treat seedlings as advised for ordinary celery.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. graveolens (Celery), white, July, 3 ft., Britain;
graveolens rapaceum (Celeriac), white, July.

Aponogeton (Cape Pond-weed; Winter Hawthorn).—Ord. Naia-
dacew. Malf-hardy floating aquatic. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First
introduced 1788,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shallow ponds or lakes, 1 ft.
deep where there is a stream of water, or ina cole greenhouse tank or
aquaria. Plant in pots, sinking the latter in the water during March.
Not hardy in the north. Propagate by offsets.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. distachyon, white, fragrant, snmmer.

Apple.—See Pyrus.

Apple-bearing Rose (Rosa villosa pomifera)—See Rosa.

Apple of Peru (Nicandra physaloides).—See Nicandra.

Apricot.—See Prunus.

Aquilegia Be eae rag a Ranunculacew. Hardy peren-
nials, Graceful plants for border or rockery culture & for yielding
flowers for cutting.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam, enriched with leaf-mould. Position,
well-drained, partially shady rockeries & borders. Plant, Oct. or

30

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

March, Propagate by sceds sown } in. deep in sandy soil in cold frame
fe ANB or in open border in April; division of the roots in Oct, or
ril.
EpRorEs CULTIVATED: A. alpina, blue and white, May to July, 12 to 18in.,
Alps; canadensis, scarlet and yellow, April to June, 1 to 2ft., N. America;
orerules, blue and white, May, 12 to 18in., N.W. America; chrysantha, primrose-
yellow and purple, May to Aug., 3ft., New Mexico; formosa, red and yellow,
summer, 3 ft., N. America; glandulosa, blue and white, April to June, 8 to 12 in.,
Siberia; olympica, blue and white, April and May, 18 in., Orient; pyrenaica, lilac
blue, April to June, 9 to 12 in., Pyrenees; sibirica, lilac and white, June and
duly, Siberia; Skinneri, yellow and red, June to Aug., 2 to 3 ft., Mexico;
Stuartii, blue and white, June, 9in., hybrid; vulgaris (Common Columbine),
various colours, single and double, 3ft., Britain. A number of lovely hybrids
exist, which will be found in lists,

Arabian Jasmine (Jasminum Sambac).—See Jasminum,

Arabis (Wall Cress; Rock Cress!.—Ord, ‘Crucifere. Hardy an-
nual, perennial Alpine trailing plants.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to well-drained bor-
ders or massing on sunny rockeries; carpeting beds of spring-flowering
bulbs, etc. Plant, Oct. & Nov. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
outdoors in April; cuttings inserted in shady border in Aug.; division
of roots in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. albida, white, spring, 6 to 9in., Tauria, etc.;
albida flore-pleno; double-flowered; alkida variegata, leaves edged with white;
alpina, white, March, Gin., Europe; arenosa, rose, May; 6in., Europe; blepharo-
phylla, purple, Feb., 6 in., California; lucida, or berbidifolia, variegata, yellow-

edged leaves, Gin., Europe; verna, purple, May, 4in., S. Europe, an annual
species.

Arachis (Monkey Nut; Earth Nut; Ground Nut).—Ord. Legu-
minose. Stove annual. Flowers, yellow; May. After flowering the
aa pod is gradually forced into the soil to ripeu its seeds, which are
edible.

CULTURE: Compost, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Sow seeds in témp.
of 75° to 85° in spring; plant seedlings in small pots and grow in a
light position. Water moderately. Temp. 75° to 85°.

SPECINS CULTIVATED: A. hypogea, 1ft., West Indies.

Aralia (Angelica Tree).—Ord. Araliacer. Stove hardy plants &
shrubs. Orn. foliage. Evergreen & deciduous. First introduced
1658.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, peaty
leaf-mould, charcoal, & sand. Pot, Feb. to March. Water freely
March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to
80°; Sept..to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by grafting in heat in
spring; inserting portions of roots in light soil in temp. 80° in April.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, rich, well-drained loam.
Position, shady borders for herbaceous species, margins of lakes or
ponds, or moist, sheltered shrubberies for shrubby kinds. Plant, Sept.
& Oct. or in March & April. Increase by division in Oct. or March in
case of herbaceous species; suckers for shrubby species.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. elegantissima, Polynesia; kerchoveana,
Polynesian Iclands; Veitchii, New Caledonia; Veitchii gracillima: filicifolia,
Polynesia. See also Panax, Oreopanax, Acanthopanax, Pseudo-panax, Elseodendron,
and Fatsia for other species formerly known as Aralias.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS CULTIVATED: A. cachemirica, white,
summer, 6ft., Himalayas; cordata (syn. edulis), white, summer, 4:to 6ft., Japan;
nudicaulis, greenish, June, 3 to 4ft., N. America; racemosa, greenish white, June,

. America.

HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: A. chinensis (syn. Dimorphanthus mandschuri-
cus), 6 to 12ft., elegant foliage, China; chinensis folius aureus-variegatus, varie;
gated with yellow; spinosa (Angelica Tree), white, autumn, 8 to 12 ft., N. America.

31

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Araucaria (Monkey Puzzle; Chilian Pine; Moreton Bay Pine;
Norfolk Island Pine; Bunya-Bunya Pine).—Ord. Crucifers. Hardy &
half-hardy trees. Evergreen. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1796.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, deep rich loam. Position, high, dry,
& sheltered outdoors away from smoky districts. Plant, Sept. to Nov.
Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, temp. 65°, Feb., March,
April

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould, and one part silver sand. Position, pots or tubs
well drained in sunny house. Repot in March. Water freely during
spring and summer, moderately at other seasons. Avoid overcrowd-
ing; give plenty of room. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to
March 45° to 55°. Requires plenty of air in summer. Propagate by
means of cuttings of ends of young shoots inserted in sandy loam in a
warm greenhouse in autumn; tall, overgrown plants by stem-rooting
in spring. ia ii

HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. imbricata (Chili Pine), 50 to 100 ft., Chili;
imbricata aurea, golden-tinted foliage.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. Bidwillii_ (Bunya-Bunya Tree), 100
to 150 ft., Queensland; Cookii, 150 to 200 ft., New Caledonia; Cunninghamii
(Moreton Bay Pine), 70 to 100ft., Queensland; excelsa (Norfolk Island Pine),
100 to 120 ft., Norfolk Island; and its varieties glauca (goldieana and robusta) ;
Rulei, 50ft., New Caledonia. n

Araujia.—ord. Asclepiadacex. Stove flowering evergreen climbers.
Nat. Brazil. First introduced 1837. ae

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
pots or beds; shoots trained up roof or round wire trellis. Pot, Feb.
or March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Syringe twice daily March to Aug. PrunJ shoots moderately annually
in Jan. Apply liquid manure occasionally during May, June, & July.
Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct to March 55° to 65°. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots 4in. long inserted in sandy soil under
propagatin, plnss in temp. 75° to 80° in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. grandiflora (Syn. A. graveolens and Schubertia gran-
diflora), white, fragrant, Oct.; sericifera (Syn. Physianthus albens), white, Aug.

Arbor-vitze (Thuya occidentalis)—See Thuya.

Arbutus (Strawberry-tree)—Ord. Ericaceea. Hardy orn, foliage
& fruit-bearing trees. Evergreen. Fruit, globular, scarlet, straw-
berry-like; ripe in Oct., year after flowering.

CULTURE: Soil, san y peat. Position, sunny, sheltered. Plant,
Sept. to Dec. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in well-drained pans
of sandy peat in cold frame in March; budding in July or Aug.; or
inarching in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: A. Andrachne, greenish white, April, 12 to 14ft.,
Levant; hybrida, white. Sept.. 8 to 10ft., hybrid; Menziesii, white, Sept., 10 ft.,
N. America; Unedo, white, Sept., 10 to 20ft., S. Europe, including Ireland.

Archangel (Angelica officinalis).—See Angelica.

Arctic Bramble (Rubus arcticus).—See Rubus.

Arctotis.—Ord. Composit#. falf-hardy herbaceous perennials,
adapted for cool greenhouse and outdoor culture.

Ol STDOOR ‘OLTURE: Soil, loamy, enriched with leaf-mould.
Position, preferably sunny, but will do in shade. Plant in April or
May. Protect by handlights or frames in winter. Best raised from
seed or cuttings annually, & grown outside in summer only.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of loam & leaf-mould
with a little sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of green-
house. Water liberally from March to Oct., moderately at other

32

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

seasons. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp. of 55° to 65° in March.
Avoid a too damp atmosphere. Also by cuttings of side shoots inserted
in. pots of sandy soil in a cold frame in early summer.

ECIES CULTIVATED: A. acaulis, red and yellow, summer, 18in., 8. Africa;
aspera, yellow, July, 2 to 3ft., S. Afriva,

Ardisia (Spear-flower).—Ord, Myrsinacee. Stove-flowering &
berry-bearing plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1809,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
Pot, Feb. to March. Position, pots, in light, sunny part of stove.
Water eer A in summer, little in winter. Prune straggly shoots back
closely in March. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March
55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep in above compost in
some ae in spring; cuttings of side shoots in similar soil & temp.,

arch,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. crenata, flowers white, borne in June, followed by
pretty red berries, 3 to 4ft., China; crenata alba, a white-berried variety.

Areca (Betel-nut Palm).—Ord. Palmacez. Stove palms. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, shady, moist. Water freely at all times. Pot, Feb., March.
boast on March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate

seeds.

GPRCIES CULTIVATED: A. Catechu (Betel-nut Palm), 20 to 30 ft., Trop. Asia.
A. lutescens is now included in the genus Chrysalidocarpus, which see.

Arenaria (Sand-wort)—Ord. Caryophyllacee, Hardy herbaceous
perennials or rockery plants. First introduced 1731,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, moist. Position, partially shaded
rockeries. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in sandy soil in boxes in cold frame, March; cuttings under bell-
glass in open, April; division of plants in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A_balearica, white. 2 to 3 in., June, Balearic Isles;
gothica (Syn. A. ciliata), white, summer, 2in., Orkney and Shetland Isles;
grandiflora, white, sunrmer, 6in., Europe; montana, white, April, 3in., Spain;
Ppapuieanoensy purple, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; verna, white, June, 2 in., Britain,
ete.

Arethusa.—Ord, Orchidacee. Half-hardy terrestrial orchid.

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss, peat & well-decayed manure.
Position, damp, shady border. Plant, Oct. to Dec. Protect in winter
by covering of decayed leaves. Propagate by offsets in autumn. May
also be grown iu pots in cold frames or greenhouses.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A bulbosa, rosy purple, fragrant, May, 8in., Carolina.

Argemone (Mexican Poppy; Devil's Fig; Prickly Poppy).—Ord.
Papaveracee. Hardy annuals & perennials. First introduced 1592.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, sunny borders, well drained.
Plant in March. Propagate both annuals & perennials by seeds sown
2in. deep in sandy soil outdoors in April or in heat in March, planting
outdoors in May. Perennials will not flower till following year.

ANNUAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. albiflora, white, July and Aug., 1ft.,
Georgia; hirsuta, white, Sept., 2 ft., California; mexicana, yellow, June, 2 ft.,
Mexico; ochroleuca, yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Mexico.

PERENNIAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. grandiflora, white, summer, 2 to
3ft., Mexico. Best grown as a half-hardy annual.

Ariszema.—oOrd. Aroidex. Stove, greenhouse, & hardy tuberous-
rooted perennials. First introduced 1759. Flowers, arum-like in

shape.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Top-dress with decayed manure after
new growth begins. Apply liquid manure occasionally in summer,

33 Cc

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts peat, leat-mould, loam & sand. Position, pots in stove or
greenhouse. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct., keep dry after-
wards. Temp. 70° to 80° March to Oct. & 60° to 65°. Oct. to March
for stove species; 4U° to 50° Oct. to March & 55 to 60° March to Oct.
for greenhouse species. H rope ete by division of tubers.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. concinnum, white, June, 1 to 2ft., Hima-
ae ; galeatum, white, July, 1 ft., Himalayas; tortuosum, white, April, 4 ft.,

imalayas.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. speciosum, white, March, 1 to 2 ft.,
iilmee7eey triphyllum or atrorubens, green and purple, June, 1 to 2 ft., N.

merica.

HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Griffithii, brown, violet, and green, May,
12 to 18 in., Himalayas; ringens, white and green, April, 2 ft., Japan.

Aristea.—Ord. Iridacew. Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrub.
First introduced 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good peat, one part sandy loam &
little sand. Position, well- tained pots in light, airy greenhouse.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water copiously, April to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 50° to 60°.
An abundance of air required in summer, moderate amount other times.
Propagate by seeds sown in sandy loam & peat in temp. 55° to 65° in
spring; by offsets removed from parent plant March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. corymbosa (Syn. Witsenia corymbosa), purple,
summer, 3 ft., 8. Africa.

Aristolochia (Birth-wort; Dutchman’s Pipe).—Ord. Aristolo-
chiacew. Stove & hardy climbing or herbaceous plants. Evergreen &
deciduous. First introduced 1727.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
two-thirds loam, one-third leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots or bor-
ders; shoots trained close to roof of stove. Pot in March. Water
freely in summer, little in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°,
Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Prune stragg y shoots only. Propagate by
seeds sown in light, rich soil in temp. 75° in March; cuttings in similar
soil & temp., Feb.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary, well
drained. Position, sunny borders for herbaceous species; south, west,
or east walls, or pergolas, trellises, etc., for climbing kinds. Plant in
autumn or spring. Increased by cuttings of ripe shoots inserted in
sandy soil in slight heat in summer.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. braziliensis, purple, July, 15 to 20 ft.,
Brazil; Duchartrei, yellow ond brown, July, 2ft., Brazil; gigas, purple, June,
8 to 10 ft., Guatemala; goldieana, green and yellow, July, 10 ft., Old Calabar;
elegans, green, white, and red, 8 to 10ft., Brazil.

‘in ke SPECIES: A. Clematitis, yellow, June to Sept., 2 to

HARDY OLIMBING SPECIES: A. Sipho (Dutchman's Pipe), yellowish brown,
May and June, 15 to 30ft., N. America; tomentosa, purple, July and Aug., 10 to
15 ft.. N. America. =

Armeria (Thrift; Sea-pink; Lady’s Pincushion ; Cushion-pink).—
Ord. Plumbaginacee. Hardy perennial. :

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, edgings to or massing on
sunny borders or rcckeries. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy soil in pans in cold frame, April ;
division of pints in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. ceespitosa, rose, June, 2 in., Spain and Portucal;
latifolia (Syn. A. Cephalotes), crimson, June, 6 to 12in., Portugal; maritima (Syn.
A. vulgaris), pink, May and June, 4in., Europe (Britain): maritima alba (white);
maritima laucheana (crimson); mauritanica, rose, July, 18in. to 2ft.; and
plantaginea splendens, rose, June, 18in., Europe.

34

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Arnatto (Bixia orellano)—See Bixia.

Arnebia.—Ord. Boraginaces. Hardy annuals & perennials

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockery, well drained.
Sow seeds of annual species in light soil in gentle heat in March, &
plant out seedlings in May. Plant perennial species in Oct. or March
© INNUAL SoncuEn ee coeds.
to 2 ft., Turkestan; Griftth® yellow aun 9 Pott nae pecans atietn:

PERENNIAL SPECIES: A. macrothyrsa, yellow, summer, 1 ft., N. Kurdistan.
A. echioides (Prophet Flower) now included in genus Macrotomia, which see.

Arpophyllum.—0Ord. Orchidaces. Warm greenhouse terrestrial
orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.

CULTURE: Compost, good fibry peat & charcoal. Pot, Feb. or
March. Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of house. Temp.,
Oct. to Feb, 45° to 55°; other times 55° to 65°. Water moderately in
winter, freely in summer. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear at
base of new pseudo-bulb after resting. Propagate by division of plants
when repotting.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cardinale, rose, summer, 1 ft., New Grenada; gigan-
teum, purplish rose, April, 2ft., Mexico; spicatum, purple, April, 1ft., Mexico
and Guatemala.

Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica).—See Peltandra.
Arrow-head (Sacittaria sagittifolia).—See Sagittaria.
Arrow-reot Plant (Maranta arundinacea).—See Maranta.
Artemisia (Old Man; Old Woman; Lad’s Love; Wormwood;
Tarragon; Southernwood).—Ord. Composite. Hardy shrubs, herba-
ceous perennials and annuals, with hoary and fragrant foliage. Ever-
green & deciduous.
' CULTURE OF SHRUBBY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil.
ordinary. Position, sunny borders or rockeries: Plant, Oct. or March.
Increased by cuttings inserted in open ground in summer for shrubby
kinds; division in Oct. or March for herbaceous species; seeds sown
outdoors in April for annual & other species.

CULTURE OF TARRAGON: Soil, light, dryish, ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny border. Plant roots 2 to 3in. deep, 8in. apart in rows
18in. asunder, March or April. Replant annually. Cut foliage off
in Sept., & dry it for use in winter. Place a few roots in ordinary soil
in box or large pot, & put this in warm greenhouse in Oct. to supply
young shoots during winter. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted
in ordinary soil in temp. 55° in March or Apvil, or under hand-light
outdoors in July; division of the roots in March or April. .

SHRUBBY SPECIES: A. Abrotanum (Southernwood, Lad’s Love, or Old Man),
yellow, Aug., leaves fragrant, 2to 4ft., Europe; osrulescens, blue, Aug., leaves
silky white, 2ft., 8. Europe.

HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alpina, yellow, summer, 6in.,
Caucasus; argentea, yellow, July, 18 in.; Madeira; cana, yellow, Aug., 2 to 8 ft.,
N. America; lanata, silvery leaved, pretty, Gin., Europe; dranunculoides (Tarra-
gon), 2ft., N. America; pontica, grey foliage, 2ft., Austria; Absinthum (Worm-
wood), yellow, Aug., 18in., Europe.

ANNUAL SPECIES: A. annua, yellow, summer, 5 to 6it., E. Europe.

Arthropodium.—ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nials. First introduced 1800,

CULTURE: Compost, two fee sandy loam, one Abel peat, & a
liberal quantity of silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny
part of greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water freel, spring &
summer, moderately autumn & winter. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to
45°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown in a mixture

35 c2

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

. °
of equal parts sandy loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand, in a temp. of 55
to 65° in spring; also by off-sets or suckers removed in spring.

“SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. cirrhatum, white, May, 3 it., New Zealand; neo-
caledonicum, white, May, 18in., New Caledonia; paniculatum, white, May, 3 it.,
New South Wales.

Artichoke.—See Cynara, Helianthus, & Stachys.

Artillery Plant (Pilea muscosa).—See Pilea. :

Artocarpus (Bread-fruit or Jac! -tree).—Ord. Urticacer. Stove
evergreen trees. Orn, foliage. First introduced 1793. Leaves, large,
crimson or green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Pot, Feb., March. Position, shady & moist. Prune into shape, Feb.
Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Propagate by stem-
rooting firm shoots in Feb., March; suckers at any time. ; :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. incisa (Bread Fruit Tree), 50ft., Malaya; integri-
folia (Jack Tree), 50ft., India and Malaya. : 7

Arum (Cuckoo-pint; Lords & Ladies; Italian Arum).—Ord.
Aroidew. Hardy or half-hardy tuberous-rooted perennials. Grown
more for their curiously formed flowers and showy red, poisonous
berries than for their beauty. . ie

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil. ordinary. Position, par-
tially shady shrubbery borders or grassy spots. Plant, autumn or
spring. Increased by offsets in autumn.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part decayed manure, & one part sand. Position, well-drained
border at base of south wall, or pots in a cool greenhouse. Plant or
pot in autumn. Water freely whilst growing in pots; keep dry when
oliage dies. Protect those outdoors with a covering of leaves in winter.

HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. italicum (Italian Arum), creamy white,
spring, 12 to 18 in., 8. Europe; italicum marmoratum, leaves marbled with yellow;
maculatum (Cuckoo-pint), yellowish green, spotted purple, 6in., Britain.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. palastinum (Syn. A. sanctum),
yellow and purple, May, 2ft., Syria. For other species formerly known as
Arums see Arisoma, Helicodiceros, Dracunculus, and Richardia.

Arum Lily (Richardia africana).—See Richardia,

Arundinaria (Bamboo).—Ord. Graminee. Hardy Japanese
ee ueby plants with slender stems furnished with graceful grassy
oliage.

_ CULTURE: Soil, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Position, sheltered, in
isolated groups or masses on lawns or shrubberies; not hardy N. of
England. Plant, April. Propagate by division of roots in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. anceps, 6 to 8 ft., Japan; aristata, 6 to 10 ft.,
Himalayas; auricoma (Syn. A. Fortunei aurea), 3 to 4 ft., Janan: chrvysantha
(Syn. Bambusa chrysantha), 3 to 4ft., Japan; faleata (Syn. Bambusa falcata),
7 to 10ft., Himalayas; Falconeri, 7 to 8 ft., Himalayas; Fortunei, 2 to 4 ft., Japan;
Fortunei variegata, leaves striped with white; 12 to 18in.; Fortunei aurea, leaves
striped yellow; Hindsii (Syn. Bambusa erecta), 6 to 12ft., Japan; ja onica (Syn.
Bambusa “Metake), 10 to 15 ft., Japan; Laydeckeri (Syn. Bambusa Vaydeokeni)
3 ft., Japan; nitida, 6 to 12 ft., China; nobilis, 12 to 24 ft., China; palmata (Syn.
oo Lanne 6 eo 10 aes Japan ; Sule (Syn. Bambusa pumila), 13 to 18 in.
Japan; pygmexa (Syn. Bambusa pygmea), 3 to 4 in., J. > Si i (Syn. i
Simoni), 20 to 25 ft., China; Veitchii, 2 to 3ft., Japan. Set eye Beare

Arundo (Reed-grass). — Ord. Graminee. Hardy perennial
grasses. Flowering & orn. foliage.

CULTURE: Soil, well-drained sandy loam. Position, moist & shel-
tered in isolated groups on lawns; margins of water for A. Phragmites.
Plant, April. Protect crowns with covering of tree leaves in winter.
Propagate by division of roots in spring.

36

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Donax, reddish white, Aug., 12 ft., 8. Europe;
Donax versicolor or variegata, leaves striped with white, 3ft.; Phragmites com-
munis (Syn. Phragmites communis), purplish, Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Britain. Tho

ae formerly known as A. conspicua is now placed in the genus Cortadeira,
which see.

Asclepias (Swallow-wort)—Ord. Asclepiadiacex. Hardy her-
baceous perenniais. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, light peat. Position, sunny & moist borders.
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by division of roots in Oct. or April;
also by seeds sown in cold frames in spring. All require protection
in severe weather,

SreOIES CULTIVATED: A. acuminata, red and white, July, 2ft., New Jersey;
amena, purple, July, 2 to 3ft., New England; incarnata, red, 2ft., N. America;
phytolaccoides, purple and white, July, 3 to 4 ft., Virginia; obtusa (Syn. A. purpur-
ascens), purple, July, 2 to 3 ft., Virginia; quadrifolia, lilac-white, July, fragrant,
1 ft., America; speciosa (Syn. A. Douglasii),purple-lilac, fragrant, July, 2 to 3 ft., N.W.
America; rubra, purple-red, July, 1 to 2ft., Virginia; syriaca, purple, fragrant, July,
3 to 5 ft., N. America; tuberosa, orange, July to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
variegata, white and purple, July, 3 to 4 ft., Carolina; verticillata, yellow and
white, July, 1 to 2 ft., New Jersey. :

Ash (Fraxinus excelsior).—See Fraxinus.

Ash-leaf Fern.—See Marattia & Anemia.

- Asparagus.—oOrd. Liliacee. Greenhouse & hardy climbers,
including the popular edible Asparagus, Foliage of the greenhouse
species, fern-like, green, and extensively used as a substitute for fern
fronds in floral decorations.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
loam, one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould, peat & silver sand.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds, for climbers, shoots trained up roof or
back walls of greenhouse; dwarf kinds in pots suspended from roof.
Pot or plant in March. Water and syringe freely during the summer,
moderately at other seasons. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally
to established plants. Increased by seeds sown in above compost in
temp. 70° in spring; cuttings of shoots in propagating frame in March ;
division of roots in March. Temp., Sept to March 50° to 55°; March to
Sept. 55° to 60°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
sunny walls or arbours. Plant Oct, or March. Propagate by seeds
sown in cold frame in spring; division of roots in Oct. or March.

CULTURE OF EDIBLE ASPARAGUS: Soil, deep rich sandy loam.
Position, open & sunny preferably; will succeed, however, in partial
shade. Size of beds, 3ft. wide, 12in. high; alleys 2ft. wide. Pre-
paration of soil: In Oct. or Nov., trench two spits deep & break up
third spit with fork. Put a thick layer of manure over third spit &
work in a liberal quantity of old mortar, decayed vegetable matter,
& rotten manure among upper spots. In March, double dig the soil.
again and add layer of decayed manure between first and second spits.
In case of heavy wet soils put a thick layer of brick rubble under second
spit in Oct. Plant in April. Mark out two rows on each bed, each
row being 9in, from alley. Open a trench 12 in. deep on each side of
row thus A, and spread out roots on each side; plants to be 15 in.
apart. Fill up trenches with soil & make level. “Crowns” or points
of each plant to be 5in. below surface. Mulch with decayed manure.
Three-year-old plants best for planting. -Cutting: No shoots to be
removed first year, moderate quantity second year, freely afterwards.
Shoots should not be less than Gin. long when cut. Cease cutting
end of June. General treatment: Apply manures as advised below.

37

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Keep beds free of weeds. Cut down stems early in Nov. Top-dress
with decayed manure in Nov., previously lightly forking up surface,
& cover with sprinkling of soil. In March, lightly fork over surface,
rake off rough particles into alley, & leave smooth & neat. Solid
manures: Decayed horse manure for heavy soils; cow or pig manures
for light soils; seaweed mixed with above manures & applied as a
top-dressing in Nov.; common salt, loz. to a square yard, applied
once a month, May to Sept.; Peruvian guano 1oz. to a square yard,
applied once a month, April to Sept.; 3 1b. common salt, 14 1b. super-
phosphate, 141b, nitrate of soda, 1lb. kainit, mixed together, and
applied at rate of 2oz. per square yard in April and 2oz. in July.
Liquid manures: 20z. potash, 20z. superphosphate, & loz. sulphate
of ammonia to each walla of water, applied in June; common salt,
20z. to each gallon of water, applied in May and July; nitrate of soda,
4oz. to each gallon of water applied in May, July, & Aug.; drainings
from mauure heap applied frequently in April to Sept.

Forcrne 1n Boxes: Place strong shoots not less than three years old
in deep Loxes containing a few inches of mould. Cover crowns with
four inches of mould. Place boxes in temp. of 65° to 75° any time
between Nov. & March. Cover closely & Teen moist. When shoots
show, moisten with tepid water containing 2 0z. of salt to each gallon.

Forcine in Frames: Prepare hotbed of manure in usual way. Cover
with 3 in. of light soil. Place roots on this and cover to depth of 5in.
Keep soil moist & frame closed until shoots appear, when admit a little
air. Temp., 60° to 75°. Roots of no use after forcing.

Propagation or Episte Asparacus. — Propagate by seeds
sown in groups of three or four in holes lin. deep & 15in. apart
in rows formed as advised for planting; or in drills lin. deep & 12 in.
apart in ordinary svil—both in March or April. Thin seedlings raised
by the first method to one in each group in May; those by the second
method to a foot apart when 3in. high. Transplant latter into per-
manent beds when two or three years old. Seedlings ready to cut
fourth year after sowing. Seeds take 20 days to germinate. A quarter-
pint of seed will sow a row 50 ft. long. Five pounds of seed required
to sow an acre, or yield 14,000 plants.

Marker Cutrure or Eprpue Asparagus: Soil, rich loam or sandy
loam, deeply ploughed or trenched. Manures: 40 tons of farm-
yard manure and 3 cwt. of kainit per acre applied in autumn. Apply
annually in April 2cwt. of nitrate of soda or 1 cwt. Peruvian guano
pee acre to established beds; or 40 bushels of soot per acre applied in

arch. Nitrate of soda preferable to salt. Sow seeds in drills 2in.
deep and 12in. apart in March. Following March or April dig out
trenches 10 in. deep and 4 ft, apart, plant seedling crowns 2 ft, apart
in these, and cover with 2in. of soil. Leave remainder of trench
unfilled. Horse-hoe land between frequently; the trenches will
gradually fill up. Mow off foliage in autumn. In autumn of second
year apply 20 tons of manure per acre. Third year commence to
gather the shoots. Break, not cut, them off just beneath surface.
Gather when 6 to 7in. long. Grade into sizes, & marlet in bundles
4in. in diameter and 7in. long. Average yield per acre, 3 to 10 cwt.,
or 200 to 600 bundles of 100 shoots. Quantity of seed to sow an acre,
5 1b.; plants or crowns, 14,000. Prices for forced, 2s. 6d. to 10s.; out-
door, 1s, to 2s. 6d. per bundle.

33

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. ethiopicus, 10 ft., S. Africa; medeolioides (Syn.
Myrsiphyllum or Medeola asparagoides), commonly called ‘‘ Smilax,” 6 to 10 ft.,
8. Africa; plumosus, 4 to 10 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties, nanus and tenuissimus ;
scandens, S. Africa; Sprengeri, 1 to 3 ft., Natal: verticillatus, 10 ft., S. Africa.

HARDY SPECIES: A. Broussonettii, 10 ft., red berried, Canary Islands;
officinalis (Edible Asparagus), Europe. :

Aspen (Populus tremula)—See Populus.

Asperula (Woodruff; Squinancy-wort).—Ord. Rubiacew. Hardy
herbaceous perennials & annuals. Foliage fragrant when dry.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position under the shade of trees or
rockeries or in open borders. Plant, Oct., Nov. Propagate perennial
species by division of roots in March; perennials & annuals by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in open border in April.

PERENNIAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. arcadiensis, pink, April, 3 in.,
Greece; cyananchica (Squinancy-wort), white, June, 9 in., Europe (Britain);
odorata (Sweet Woodruff), Mey, 6 in., Europe (Britain).

ANNUAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. azurea, blue, summer, fragrant, 6 to
10 in., Syria.

Asphodel (Asphodelus luteus).—See Asphodelus.

Asphodeline (Yellow Asphodel —Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. Tirst introduced 1396.

CULIURE: Svil, ordinary, rich. Position, open or shady borders.
Plant, Oct. cr March. Propagate by division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. imperialis, pink, July and Aug., 6 to 8 in., Cilicia;
lutea, yellow, July and Aug., 3 to 4 ft., Mediterranean Region; lutea flore-pleno,
flowers double; taurica (Syn Asphodelus taurica), white July, 1 to 2 ft., Orient.

Asphodelus (Asphodel; King’s Spear; Silver Rod).—Ord.
Liliacee. Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1596.

_ CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady or open borders. Plant
in autumn or spring. Propagate by division of roots Oct. or April;
seeds sown in a cold frame in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. acanlis, pink, May, 12 to 18 in., N. Africa; albus,
white, May, 2 ft., Europe; ramosus, white, May, 4 to 5 ft., 8. Europe.

Aspidistra (Parlour Palm).—Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse or
dwelling-room plants. Evergreen. Orn. foliage. First introduced
1822. Leaves, feos, green, or variegated with white.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Repot in March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter.
Room plants best watered by immersing pot for quarter of an hour in
tepid water. Temp.. March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept. to March 50” to
55°. Propagate by division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. elatior, 1 to 2 ft., Japan, leaves green; elatior
variegata, leaves variegated; lurida, leaves green, 1 to 2 ft., China; lurida varie-
gata, leaves striped yellow. Last two those generally grown.

Aspidium (Buckler, Shield or Wood Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove,
greenhouse, & hardy ferns. Ht., 1 to 3 ft.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
two parts peat, one part loam, silver sand, & charcoal. Pot, March.
Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from sun.
Temp. for stove species, Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70°
to 80°; greenhouse, Sept. to March 50° to 55°, March to Sept. 55°
to 65°. Propagate by spores sown in sandy peat at any time; division
in March.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, peat,
leaf-mould & coarse silver sand. Position, shady or partially shady
spots. Plant in April. Water freely in dry weather. Propagate
by division of crowns in April, also by spores sown iu cold frame.

39

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. amabile, India and Japan; anomalum,
Ceylon; auriculatum, India; mucronatum, Jamaica; trifoliatum, West Indies;
viviparum, West Indies. F

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. capense, Cape of Good Hope, Tropical
America, etc.; falcatum (Syn. Cyrtomium falea tum), Japan, China, etc.; falcatum
caryotideum, Japan; falcatum Fortunei, Japan; falcinellum, Madeira; frondosum,
Madeira; laserpitii folium (Syn. Lastrea Standishii), Japan; lipidicaulon, Japan;
pungens, Cape Colony; triangularum ilicifolium, N. India; vestitum, New Zealand,
Uhili, etc. ;

“HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. acrostichoides (Syn. Polystichum acros-
tichoides), N. America, and its varieties grandiceps and incisum; aculeatum (Syn.
Polystichum aculeatum), the Prickly Shield Fern, Britain, etc., and its Yarieties,
proliferum angulare (Soft Shield Fern), lobatum, setosum, etc.; Lonchitis (Syn.
Polystichum Lonchitis), the Holly Fern, Britain, etc.; munitum (Syn. Polystichum
munitum), N. America. See hardy fern specialists’ lists for names of varieties.

Asplenium (Spleenwort ; Lady Fern; Bird’s-nest Fern; Wall-
rue Fern; Scale Fern, etc.)—Ord, Filices. Stove greenhouse & hardy

ferns. Ht. 6in. to 4 ft.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Pot, March. Water freely
in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., Stove species, Sept. to March
60° to 70°, March ‘to Sept. 70° to 80°; greenhouse, Sept. to March 50°
to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by spores sown in sandy
peat at any time.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES.—Compost, equal parts peat, loam,
leaf-mould, sand & old mortar rubbish. Position, old walls for Scale,
Wall-rue & Maidenhair Spleenworts; moist, shady borders for Lady
Fern; rockeries for other kinds. Plant in April. Increased by spores
when ripe & division in April.

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. attenuatum, N.S. Wales, etc.; Baptistii,
8. Sea Islands; Belangeri, Java, Borneo, etc.; caudatum, India, Brazil, etc.;
formosum, Trop. America; longissimum, Java, etc.; lunulatum, Tropics; Nidus
(Bird's-nest Fern), Tropics; and its varieties, australasicum and musefolium;
obtusilobum, New Hebrides; rutefolium prolongatum, S. India; viviparum,
Mauritius.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. bulbiferum, New Zealand and Aus-
tralia, and its varieties Fabianum and laxum; Colensoi, New Zealand; dimorphum,
Norfolk Island; ebenum, Cape Colony; flaccidum, Australia, ete.; Goringianum
pictum (Syn. Athyrium Goringianum tricolor), Japan, hardy in warm districts;
Hemionitis (Syn. A. palmatum), Madeira; incisum, Japan; obtusatum lucidum
(Syn. A. lucidum), New Zealand; monanthemum, Temperate Zone, premorsum,
West Indies, etc.; Sandersonii, Natal.

HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Adiantum nigrum (Black Maiden-hair Spleen-
wort or ‘‘ French Fern” of the markets), Northern and Southern Temperate Zones,
including Britain; Ceterach (Syn. Ceterach officinarium), the Scale Fern, a British
ahd European species; Filix-femina (Syn. Athyrium Filix-femina), . the
Lady ‘Fern, Britain, and its numerous _ varieties as Frizelliz,
cristatum, plumosum, Victorie, etc.; fontanum (Rock Spleenwort), Britain,
Europe; marinum (Sea Spleenwort), Europe, Britain; germanicum (Ger-
man Spleenwort), Europe, Britain; lanceolatum, Europe, Britain; Ruta-muraria
(Wall-ruo Fern), Britain; septrionale (Forked Spleenwort), Britain; Trichomanes
(Maidenhair Spleenwort), Europe, Britain; thelypteroides (Syn. Athyrium thely-
pterioides, N. America; viride (Green Splecnwort), Europe, Britain. Many varietal
forms of the foregoing species will be found in Jists in works on British ferns.

Aster (Starwort; Michaelmas Daisy; Perennial Aster).—Ord.
Composite. Hardy herbaceous perennials, flowering freely in autumn
and reiting. an abundance of flowers for cutting.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary, Position, sunny borders or wild
gardens for tall species; rockeries for dwarf ones. Plant in Oct. or.
spring. Lift, divide, & replant every third year. Propagate by seeds
sown in heat or in a cold frame in spring; cuttings of young shoots in
heat or cold frame in spring or summer; division of roots in autumn
or spring. See Callistephus for China Aster.

40

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aoris, lilac-purple, Aug., 3 ft., 8. Europe; alpinus,
purple, July, 6 in., Europe; Amellus (Italian Starwort), purple, Aug., 2 ft., Kurope,
and its variety bessarabicus; Bellidiastrum, white, July, 1 ft., Europe; cordifolius,
mauve, July, 2 ft., N. America; diffissus, white, Oct., 2 ft., N. America, and its
variety horizontalis; dumosus, mauve, Uct., 18 in., N. America; ericoides, white,
Oct., 2 to 3 ft., N. America; grandiflorus, violet, Nov. 2 to 3 ft.,, Virginia; levis,
blue, Sept., 2 ft., N. America; Linosyris (Syn. Chrysocoma Linosyris), the Goldi-
locks, yellow, Aug., 1 ft., Europe; Novex-Anglie, purple, Sept., 5 to 6 ft., N.
America, and its numerous varieties; Novi-Belgii, blue, Sept., 4 ft., North America,
and its numerous forms; ptarmicoides, white, Aug., 18 in., N. America; puniceus,
blue, Sept., 6 ft., N. America; Shortii, blush, 3 ft., Sept., United States; ‘Trades-
cantea, white, Oct., 4 ft. (‘rue Michaelmas Daisy), N. America; turbinellus,
mauve, Aug., 3 ft., N, America; versicolor, pink and white, Sept., 3 ft., N
America; vimineus, white, Sept., 3 ft., N. America. Scores of varieties of many
of the foregoing species will be found in trade lists.

Astilbe (False Goat’s-beard)—Ord. Saxifragacee. Hardy herba-
ceous and shrubby perennials. Used also for forcing for flowering
early in greenhouses.

CULTURE OUTDOORS: Soil, loamy. Position, moist, shady bor-
ders, or margins of lakes or ponds. Plant in Oct. or spring. Require
plenty of water in dry weather .

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part of well-
rotted manure or leaf-mould, & one of silver sand. Pot roots in Sept.
er Oct. Place pots in cold frame & cover with cocoanut-fibre refuse
till Dec.,*when introduce to a temp. of 45° for a week or so, then trans-
fer to temp. of 55° to Gu°. Water freely when growth begins. Apply
weak liquid manure when flower spikes show. After flowering harden
off in cold frame till May, then plant out in garden. Lift, divide, &
replant following April, & lift & repot in autumn. Retarded roots will
flower in six weeks from potting in cold house. Increased by division.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. astilboides (Syn. Spirea astilboides), white, May,
3 ft., Japan; and its variety floribunda; chinensis, white, July, 2 it., China and
Japan; japonica (Syn. Spirma japonica), white, May, 2 ft., Japan, and its varieties,
reticulata (variegated leaves) and foliis-purpureis (purple leaves and stems);
rivularis, white, July, Himalayas; Thunbergii, white, May, 1 to 2 ft., Japan a
shrubby species. A. astilboides and A. japonica and varieties are the kinds used
for forcing.

Astragalus (Milk Vetch).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy peren-
nial or shrubby herbs. Evergreen & deciduous. Siberia, Persia, N.
America, Levant. Introduced 1570.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open border for tall, &
rockery for dwarf species. Plant, Oct., Nov., March. Propagate by
seeds sown iin. deep in light soil in cold frame in March; shrubby
kinds by cuttings in a cold frame in summer; division of roots in
autumn or spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. adsurgens, purple, June, 1 ft., Siberia; alopecu-
roides, yellow, June, 3 to 5 ft., Siberia; danicus (Syn. A. hypoglottis), blue, June,
3 to 4 ft., Europe; danicus albus, white; maximus, ycllow, June, 2 to 3 ft.,
Armenia; monspessulanus, rosy lilac and white, June, trailing, 8. Europe;
onobrychioideg, purple, July, 9 to 12 in., Persia; Tragacantha, violet, June, 2 to
3 ft., an evergreen shrubby species, Levant; vimineus, purple, rose, and white,
June, 6 to 12 in., Siberia; vulpinus, pale yellow, June, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus,

Astrantia (Master Wort).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1596. _ : .

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady borders or margins of
woodland walks. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown in
sandy loam in cold frame in April; division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Biebersteinii, white, May, 2 ft., Caucasus; car-
niolica, white, May, 1 ft., E. Europe; holleborifolia, pink, July, 2 ft., Caucasus;
major, 2 ft., Europe.

41

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Athyrium.—See Aspidium.

Atriplex (Orache).—Ord. Chenopodiacew. Hardy annuals. A.
hortensis (Orache, or Mountain Spinach) occasionally grown as a sub-
stitute for Spinach. A. hortensis rubra (Red Orache) used for border
decoration. :

CULTURE OF ORACHE: Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds at intervals of a
few weeks from March onwards in drills an inch deep & 2 ft. apart.
When seedlings are 3in. high, thin them to 18in. apart. Gather
youngest and most succulent leaves for cooking as a er

CULTURE OF RED ORACHE: Soil, ordinary. osition, sunny
borders in wild garden. Sow seeds broadcast where required to grow
in March or April. Usually reproduces itself freely from seeds.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. hortensis, green, summer, 3 to 5 ft., Tartary;
hortensis rubra, foliage red.

Aubergine (Solanum melongana).—See Solanum. ;

Aubrietia (Purple Rock-cress).—Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy trail-
ing perennial. Evergreen. First introduced 1710.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockery or border.
Plant, Oct. or spring. Propagate by slips dibbled in shady border in
June, transplanting them in Nov.; seeds sown in shady border in April.
‘This plant may be grown on old walls if seeds are sown in mossy
chinks in Mares useful for edgings to borders & for spring bedding.
Stragegly plants best trimmed in closely after flowering.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. deltoidea, purple, spring, 2 to 3 ins., 8. Europe.
The following are varieties of the foregoing species: Bougainvillea, violet-purple;
Campbellii, violet; greca, purple; Eyrei, violet-purple; grandiflora, purple; Leitch-
linii, red; Leitchlinii rosea, rose; purpurea, purple; and violacea, violet-purple.

Aucuba (Spotted Laurel; Variegated Laurel)—Ord. Cornacee.
Hardy evergreen shrub. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1783.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or in shade; grand town
shrub. Plant, Oct., Nov., April. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep
in cold frame in Oct.; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in sheltered
border or cold frame in Sept., Oct., Nov. Female aucubus bear red
berries freely in winter if a male plant be planted close to them, or
if a.branch of male blossom be placed on female plant when in bloom.
Aucubas usetul for ee culture in cool greenhouses or windows in winter.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. japonica, 6 to 10 ft., Japan; and its varieties, albo-
variegata, aurea, fructo-alba, limbata, maculata, vera nana, viridis, ete.

Auricula (Primula auricula)—See Primula.

aoeeeen Bee-flower (Kennedya coccinea). — See Ken-
nedya,

‘ avoreaten Blue-bell Creeper (Sollya heterophylla).—See
ollya.

Australian Currant (Leucopogon Reichi).—See Leucopogon.

Australian Everlasting —Scee Helipterum.

Australian Feather-palm (Ptychosperma elegans). — See
Ptychosperma.

Australian Flea-bane (Erigeron mucronatus). — See
Erigeron.

Australian Fuchsia.—See Correa.

aoe Giant Lily (Doryanthes excelsa).—See Dory-
anthes.

Australian Heath.—See Epacris.

Australian Honeysuckle.—See Banksia.

‘Australian Hop (Daviesia alta)—See Daviesia.

Australian Ivy (Muhlenbeckia adpressa)—See Muhlenbeckia.

42

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Australian Lilac.—See Hardenbergia.

Australian Native Rose (Boronia beatae Time Boronia.

Australian Pitcher-plant (Cephalotus fo licularia).—See
Cephalotus.
pa \ustralian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica)—See Dick-

nia.

Austrian Briar (Rosa lutea).—See Rosa.

Austrian Leopard’s Bane (Doronicum austriacum).—See
Doronicum.

Austrian Pine (Pinus Laricio nigra).—See Pinus.

Autumn Catch-fly (Silene Schaftz).—See Silene.

Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale).—See Colchicum.

Autumn-flowering Squill (Scilla autumnalis).—See Scilla.

Autumn Sneeze-wort (Helenium autumnalis).—See Hele-
nium.

Avena (Animated Oat).—Ord. Graminea. Hardy orn. flowering
grass. Awns susceptible to change of weather and more or less
animated.

CULTURE: Sow seeds outdoors in April in ordinary soil in borders.
Gather when full developed and dry for winter decoration.

SPECIES CULTIVATED:. A. sterilis, 2 ft., Barbary.

Avens.—See the genus Geum.

Avocado Pear (Persea gratissima).—See Persea,

Ayrshire Rose (Rosa arvenis).—See Rosa..

Azalea.—See Rhododendron & Loiseluria.

Azara.—Ord. Bixinex. Hardy evergreen shrub. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1873. Flowers unattractive but very fragrant.
Foliage, dark green, finely divided, drooping, graceful.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, against south wall; or in
warm shrubberies in mild districts. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate
by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. dentata, yellow, June, 10 to 12 ft., Chili;
Gilliesii, yellow, May, 12 to 15 ft., Chili; microphylla, greenish-white, May, 10 to
12 ft., berries orange-red, Chili. : . :

Azolla.—Ord. Rhizocarpee. Hardy floating aquatic perennials
with delicate fern-like foliage, :

CULTURE: Grow in shallow ponds or in indoor aquaria. Requires
no soil, merely to float on stirface of water. Increased by division.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: A. caroliniana, Carolina.

Azorean Forget-me-not (Myosotis azorica).—See Myosotis.

Azorean Thyme (Thymus azoricus).—See Thymus.

Babiana (Baboon-root).—Ord. Ivridaceez. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1752. Flowers
fragrant.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, sunny, well-
drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep and
2in, apart. Lift and replant bulbs annually. .

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy soil & one part
leaf-mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44 in. in diameter, well
drained. Place five bulbs 3in. deep in each pot in Nov., & cover pots
with cocoanut-fibre refuse until growth begins. Water moderately
from time bulbs begin to grow until flowers fade, then gradually with-
hold it, keeping bulbs dry from Sept. to Jan. Temp., Sept. fo Feb.
40° to 50°; other times 50° to 60°. Propagate by offsets, treated as

advised for bulbs.

43

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. disticha, blue, June, 6 in.; plicata, blue, June,
6 in.; ringens, scarlet, June, 6 to 8 in.; stricta, white and blue, May, 6 to 8 in.
There are also a number of pretty varicties mentioned in trade lists.

, Babylonian Centaury (Centaurea babylonica).—See Cen-
aurea,

Bachelor’s Button.—See Silene & Ranunculus.

Bactris (Marajah Palm; Tobago Cane).—Ord. Palmacew. Stove
palms. Orn, foliage. First introduced 1825. Ht. 20 to 50 ft.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand. Pot,
Feb., March. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Position, shady & moist in summer. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to
70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by eet 3 young plants
from base of old one in March, & placing these in small pots; also by

seeds,
a aca CULTIVATED: B. caryotefolia, Brazil; Maraja, Brazil; pallidispina,
ulana.

Bzeria.—Ord. Composite. Hardy annual. First introduced 1835.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Propagate by
seeds sown 4 in. deep in April where plants are to flower.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. chrysostoma, yellow, May, 8 to 12 in., California.

Bahia (Woolly Bahia)—Ord. Composite. Huardy perennial herb.
Leaves grey.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, Oct. to
April. Propagate by ceeds sown } in. deep outdoors in April or division
of old plants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. lanata, yellow, May to Aug., 12 to 18 in., N.
America.

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum).—See Taxodium.

Baldmoney (Meum athamanticum).—See Meum.

Batearic Box Tree (Buxus balearica).—See Buxus.

Baim (Melissa officinalis)—See Melissa.

Balm of Gilead (Cedronella triphylla).—See Cedronclla.

Balsam.—See Impatiens.

Balsam Apple (Momordica balsaminea’.—See Momordica.

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea).—See Abies.

Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera).—See Populus.

Balsam-scented Geranium (Pelargonium radula). — See
Pelargonium.

Bamboo.—See Bambusa, Arundinaria & Phyllostachys.

Bambusa (Bamboo).—Ord. Graminex. Hardy evergreen plants
with slender, graceful stems and elegant grassy foliage. First intro-
duced 1730. Grown in groups in the garden, also in pots or tubs for
greenhouse decoration.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich loam. Position, warm,
sheltered nook or dell in garden. lant May or June. Protect in
winter with covering of leaves at base. Mulch with cow manure in
spring. Water freely in dry weather.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould &
sand. Position, large pots or tubs in cool greenhouse (winter temp.
40° ;to 45°). Water freely spring & summer, moderately other times.
Increased by seeds sown in sandy soil in heat in spring; cuttings of
rhizomes in heat in spring; division in April or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. arundinacea, 10 to 50 ft.; aurea, 6 to 10 ft.; dis-

ticha or nana, 6 to 8 ft.; marmorea, 3 tao 4 ft.; tessellata, 3 t
Aru fainaria and Phyllostachys for other species of Bamboos. od te, Bee alee

anana (Musa sapientum).—See Musa.
Baneberry (Actza spicata).—See Acta.

44

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Banksia (Australian Honeysuckle). — Ord. Protacew. Green-
house shrubs. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. Nat. Australia. First
introduced 1788. Leaves, large, dark green, downy beneath.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot in
March in well-drained pots. Water moderately in winter, freely in
summer. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
7 Fopagete by cuttings of firm shoots in well-drained pots of sandy soil
in July under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. collina, 6 ft.; roi 3 i
die seen Boe collina, 6 ; dryandroides, 6 ft.; grandis, 30 to

Banksian Rose (Rosa Banksia).—See Rosa.

Ban-Nut (Juglaus regia) —See Juglans.

Banyan Tree (Ficus indica).—See Ficus.

Baptisia (False-indigo)—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1724,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-drained border.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in sandy soil
in shallow boxes in cold frame in April, or in sunny border outdoors
in May; division of old pau in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. alba, white, June, 2 ft.. N. America; australis,

blue, June, 3 to 4 ft., N. America; australis minor, blue, 18 in.; tinctoria,
yellow, July, 2 ft., N. America.

Barbados Gooseberry (Pereskia aculeata).—See Pereskia.
Barbados Lily (Hippeastrum equestre)See Hippeastrum.
Barbados Pride.—See Adenanthera.

Barbarea (Winter or American Cress; Double Yellow Rocket).
—Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy perennial herbs and salad vegetables.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING SPECIES.—Soil, ordinary. Position,
open garden; edgings to beds or sunny rockeries for variegated kind.
Propagate Double Rocket by division of roots in March; Golden-leaved
variety by seed sown outdoors in March. z

CULTURE OF WINTER CRESS:*Soil, ordinary. Position, moist,
partially shaded border. Sow seeds in shallow drills Qin, apart in
Sept. for winter use; in March & June for summer use. Gather tops
or young leaves for salading.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. preecox (Winter.or Land Cress), Britain; B. vulgaria
flore-pleno (Double Yellow Rocket), yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.

Barberry.—See Berberis.

Barberton Daisy (Gerbera Jamesoni).—See Gerbera.

Barkeria.—See Epidendrum.

Barleria.—Ord. Acanthacee. Stove flowering shrubs. Ever-

reen. First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & loam, one part decayed
manure & sand. Pjant in March in well-drained pots. Temp., Sept.
to March 55 to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 85°. Water moderately in
winter, freely insummer. Prune shoots back after flowering. Syringe
daily during spring & summer. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots
inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 85°, March to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. cristata, purple, white, July, 2 ft., India; flava,
yellow, winter, 18 in., Trop. Africa; involucrata, blue, winter, 1 to 2 ft., Ceylon;
lupulina, yellow, Aug. 2 ft., Mauritius. i

Barnardia.—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous perennial. First
introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat & loam. Position, warm, sunny
rockery or border. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Depth to plant, 3 to 4in.
Leave bulbs undisturbed in ground. Mulch in well-decayed manure

45

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

in summer. Water occasionally in very dry weather. Propagate by
offsets removed in the autumn, & replant at same time. —

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. scilloides, blue, autumn, 6 in., China. Also known
as Scilla chinensis. ar

Barrelier’s Bellfiower (Campanula Barrelieri).—See Cam-

anula
Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia fragarioides).—See Wald-
steinia.

Barren-wort.—See Epimedium.

Bartonia.—See Mentzelia. ?

Barton’s Flower (Mentzelia aurea).—See Mentzelia.

Basil.—See Ocimum.

Basil Thyme (Calamintha Acinos).—See Calamintha.

Basket Fern (Nephrodium Filix-mas)—See Nephrodium.

Basket Fuchsia (Fuchsia procumbens).—See Fuchsia.

Bastard Agrimony (Ageratum mexicanum).—See Ageratum.

Bastard Balm (Melittis melissophyllum).—See Melittis.

Bastard Cedar (Cedrela sinensis).—See Cedrela.

Bastard Indigo.—See Amorpha.

Bastard Jasmine.—See Cestrum.

Batatas.—See Ipomea.

Batemannia.—oOrd. Orchidacee. Stove orchids. Evergreen.
First introduced 1834.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & sphagnum moss.
Position, shallow basket or on blocks of wood. Repot, March. Water
three times weekly April to Aug.; once a week other times. Temp.,
Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate by
division of old plants at potting time.
coe CULTIVATED: B. Colleyi, purple and green, Aug., 6 to 8 in., British

ulana,.

Bat Willow (Salix alba cerulea).—See Salix.

Bauhinia.—Ord. Leguminose. Stove flowering shrubs. LEver-
green. Shy bloomers of no great value. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: compere equal parts peat & loam, one-sixth sand. Pot
firmly in March. Position, light, sunny, moist in summer. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately other times. Temp., Sept. to March
60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in well-drained pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° in July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Galpinii, white, July, 6 ft., 8. Africa; grandiflora,
white, July, 6 ft., Peru; natalensis, white, Sept., Natal.

Bayonet Plant (Aciphylla squarrosa)—See Aciphylla.

Bay-tree (Laurus nobilis).—See Laurus.

Bead-tree (Melia Azedarach).—See Melia.

Beal’s Barberry (Berberis Beali)—See Berberis.

Beam Tree (Pyrus Aria).—See Pyrus.

Bean Tree (Ceratonia siliqua)—See Ceratonia.

Beard Tongue.—See Pentstemon.

Bear Grass (Camassia esculentea).—See Camassia.

Bear’s-breech (Acanthus mollis)—See Acanthus.

Bear’s Ear (Primula auricula)—See Primula.

Bear’s Foot.—See Acanthus.

Bear’s-foot Fern (Davallia Tyermannia).—See Davallia.

cela Paw Fern (Polypodium meyenianum). — See Poly-
podium.

Beaucarnea.—0Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse ornamental-leaved

46

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

plants. Evergreen. First introduced, 1845. Leaves, long, narrow:
reen.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part silver sand.
Pot, March, in well-drained peu Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately other times. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept.

55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy loam in temp. 65° in
Feb, or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. glauca, loaves glaucous or milky-white, 3 to 5 ft.;
glauca latifolia, leaves broader than those of the species: recurvata, leaves
recurved. Natives of Mexico. :

Beaufortia (Beaufort Myrtle).—Ord. Myrtacee. Greenhouse
flowering shrvks. Evergreen. First introduced 1803. Natives of
Australia.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loaf-mould, loam, & peat, one-
sixth sand. Pot & prune, March; make soil quite firm & drain pots
well. Water freely May to Aug., moderately at other times. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in
summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. decussata, scarlet, May, 3 ft.; carinata, scarlet,
June, 3 ft.; purpurea, purple, July, 2 to 3 ft.; sparsa, red, June, 2 to 3 ft.

Beaumontia (Nepaul Trumpet-flower). — Ord. Apocynacee.
Stove climber. Nat. E. Indies. First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam one-sixth sand.
Position, large tub or border, well deained. Shoots to climb roof. Pot
or plant, March. Water abundantly May to Aug., moderately after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in aD 75° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. grandiflora, white, July to Aug., 15 to 20 ft.

Bee Balm (Monarda didyma).—See Monarda.

Beech,.—See Fagus.

Beech-fern (Polypodium phegopteris).—See Polypodium.

Beef-suet Tree (Shepherdia argentea).—See Shepherdia.

Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera).—See Ophrys.

Beet.—See Beta.

Bee-tree (Tilia heterophylla) —Sce Tilia.

Begonia.—Ord. Begoniacee. Warm greenhouse fibrous and
tuberous-rooted perennials. Ornamental-leaved & flowering.

CULTURE OF TUBEROUS-ROOTED TYPE. — Compost, equal
parts loam & leaf-mould & one part of equal proportions of dried cow
manure & silver sand. Start tubers to grow in Feb, or March by
placing them in leaf-mould in shallow boxes in temp. 65° to 70°. When
rooted plant in small pots & afterwards transfer to large ones. Water
moderately at first, fully afterwards. Feed with weak liquid manure
when growth is active. Shade from sun. After flowering gradually
withheld water & keep dry till Feb. Store in pots on their sides in
temp. 50° to 55° in winter. For outdoor culture start tubers in March,
and when rooting begins transplant into boxes, grow in heat till May,
then plant out early in June in rich soil in partial shade. Lift tubers
in Sept., place in boxes to ripen off. then store as advised for pot
tubers. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of fine sandy compost in
temp. 65° to 75° in Feb. and grow seedlings on as advised for tubers;
also by cuttings of young shoots in spring.

CULTURE OF FIBROUS-ROOTED SPECIES: Compost, same as
advised for tuberous-rooted species. Sow seedg in Jan. or Feb, in

47

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

temp. of 65° to 75°, or insert cuttings in pots in a similar aE in
spring. Grow the seedlings or rooted cuttings on first in small & then
larger pots in temp. 55° to 65°. Water moderately. Syringe daily.
Shade from sun. Apply weak liquid manure when flowers form. Ven-
tilate freely when in flower. May be planted out in beds in garden
end of May. Fresh stock best reared annually from seed or cuttings.

CULTURE -OF WINTER-FLOWERING SPECIES: Compost, two
parts loam & one of equal proportions of leaf-mould, dried cow manure,
& silver sand. Insert cuttings in sandy compost in temp. 65° to 70
in Feb. or March. When rooted grow on in small pots, then gradually
transfer to larger ones. Nip off points of shoots occasionally to induce
sturdy growth. Water moderately. Keep moist during earlier stages
of growth. In autumn keep air drier & maintain temp. of 55°. Feed
occasionally with liquid manure. After flowering gradually withhold
water, & keep rather dry till March, when begin to give water &
repot to grow & make larger plants. Increased also by seeds.

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED KINDS: Compost as
advised in previous case. Pot in spring. Grow in shady position.
Water freely in spring & summer, moderately in winter. Winter temp.
45° to 55°; summer temp. 55° to 65°. Feed with weak liquid manure
in summer. Increased by leaf cuttings in spring or summer.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. bolivensis, scarlet, Bolivia;
Davisi1, red, Peru; Clarkii, red, Peru; Pearceii, red, Bolivia; roseflora, rose,
Teru; Veitchii, carmine, Peru. The foregoing were the original parents of the
present race of single and double-flowered tuberous-rooted begonias grown in
gardens. For names of varieties of latter see trade lists.

FIBROUS-ROOTED SPECIES CULTIVATHKD: B. ascoticnsis (hybrid), white,
Aug., 2 ft.; Dreigei, white, July, 2 ft., 8. Africa; Freebellii incomparabilis,
scarlet, July, 2 ft., Keuador; semperflorens and its varicties rosea and rubra, and
numerous other hybrids and varieties mentioned in trade lists.

WINTER-FLOWERING SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. albo-coccinea, scarlet and
white, winter, 18 in., India; coccinea, scarlet, April, 3 ft., Brazil; evansiana,
pink, Sept., China; fuchsioides, scarlet, winter, 4 to 6 ft., Mexico; incarnata,
pink, Sept., 2 ft., Mexico; haageana, rose, autumn, 4 ft., Brazil; manicata, pink,
April, 3 ft., Mexico; nitida, pink, Sept., 18 in., Jamaica; socotrana, rose, Nov.,
1 ft., Socotra; weltoniensis, pink, Dec., 18 in. (hybrid), and numerous other
hybrids and varieties as Gloire de Lorraine, etc.

ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Rex, a native of the
Himalayas, and a number of varietics to te found in trade lists.

Belamacanda (Leopard-flower)—Ord. Iridacew. Half-hardy
bulbous plant. First introduced 1823.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich, sandy. Position, sunny,
well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing tubers 4in. deep &
2in, apart. Lift & replant tubers annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March with cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
ee or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44in. in diameter, well drained.

lace five tubers 3 in. deep in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut.
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
begins. Water moderately from time growth begins until flowers
fade, then gradually cease, keeping dry till Jan. Temp., Sept. to
March 40° to 50°; other times 50° to 60°, Propagate by offsets treated
as advised for tubers.

SPECIE : B. P A as
fee oe ek B. punctata (Syn. Pardanthus sinensis), yellow and

Belladonna Lily (Amaryllis belladonna).—Se i

See Amaryllis,

Bellflower.—Sce Campanula. :

Bell Heather (Erica tetralix).—See Erica,

45

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Bellidastrum.—See Aster.

Bellis (Daisy; Hen & Chickens Daisy).—Ord. Composite. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Double-flowered varieties only cultivated
Neat & pretty spring-flowering plants.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady. Plant, Oct.
or March. Propagate by division of old plant in June, inserting divi-
sions 3 in. apart in shady border; seeds sown } in. deep in boxes of light
coll a cold frame in March, transplanting seedlings in open border
in July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. perennis flore-pleno, and its numerous varieties.
Native of Britain, etc.

Bellisle Cress (Barbarea precox).—See Barbarea.

Bellium (False Daisy)—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals &
perennials. First introduced 1772,

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, rockery or border sheltered
from north-east winds. Plant, April. Propagate by division of plants
in March; annuals by seeds sown similar to Bellis.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. bellidioides, white, July, 3 in., Mediterranean Region,
annual; crassifolium, yellow, June, 6 in., Sardinia, perennial; minutum, white,
Aug., 3 in., Greece, perennial.

Bellwort.—See Uvularia & Codonopsis.

Beloperone.—oOrd. Acanthaceez. Stove flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. Nat. New Grenada, Brazil. First introduced 1832.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam & sand. Pot,
March, moderately firm. Position, shady, moist. Temp., Sept. to
March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Water freely May to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Remove points of shoots occasionally
in summer to induce dwarf growth. Propagate by cuttings inserted
singly ie small pots of light sandy soil in temp. 75° in Feb., March,
or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. atropurpurea, purple, Scpt., 3 ft., Brazil; oblon-
gata, rosy purple, 3 ft., Aug., Brazil; violacea, violet, Aug., 3 ft., Brazil.

Bengal Rose (Rosa bengalensis).—Sce Rosa.

Benjamin Bush (Lindera Benzoin).—See Lindera.

Benthamia.—See Cornus.

Berberidopsis (Coral-berry)—Ord. Berberidacewm. Hardy
climbing shrub in S. of England; half-hardy only in Midlands and
North. Evergreen.. Flowering. Nat. Chili. First introduced 1862.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, against south or west wall;
protect in severe winter with straw or mats. Good wall shrub for cool
greenhouse. Plant, Oct. or April. Prune straggly shoots only in April.
Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil,
in temp. 55° in March; cuttings of young shoots in similar soil &
temp.; layering of shoots in the open in Sept., Oct., or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. corallina, crimson, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Chili.

Berberis (Barberry; Jaundice-berry; Jaundice-tree .—Ord. Ber-
beridacee. Hardy flowering & ornamental-leaved shrubs. Evergreen
& deciduous.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand for
choice species; ordinary soil for common ones. Position, sunny or
shady. Plant, Sept., Oct., March. April. No pruning required. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown lin. deep in sheltered border in Oct. or Nov.;
cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in Sept.; layering
shoots in Oct. Berries of Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) make
excellent preserves, candy, or pickle. Inner bark forms a yellow dye
for tanning leather.

49

ENCYCLOPHZDIA OF GARDENING.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: B. aristata, yellow, May, 6 ft., Himalayas; canadensis,
yellow, May, 5 ft., Canada; Thunbergii, yellow, April, 3 ft., Japan; vulgaris,
yellow, April, 1) to 12 ft., Europe (Britain), fruit, black, white, purple, or yellow;
vulgaris foliis purpureis, leaves purple. . dans 7

EVERGREEN SPECIES: B. aquifolium (Syn. Mahonia aquifolium), yellow, April,
5 to 6 ft., N. America; buxifolia, yellow, March, 6 to 8 ft., Chili; Darwinii,
orange, May, 8 to 10 ft., Chili; empetrifolia, yellow, May, 2 ft., Chili; Fortunei,
yellow, May, 3 to 4 ft., China; glumacea, yellow, May, 1 ft., N. America; ilicifolia,
yellow, July, 3 ft., Straits of Magellan; stenophylla, yellow, May, 3 ft., hybrid;
wallichiana, yellow, May, 6 ft., Himalayas; nepalensis (Syn. B. japonica), yellow
June, 3 ft., Kashmir.

Berchemia (Supple Jack)—Ord. Rhamnacex. Hardy and green-
house climbing shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1714, oe

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
against south wall, well-drained border. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune,
Feb., cutting off soft points of strong shoots & removing weak shoots
altogether. Propagate hardy species by cuttings of shoots 6in. long
inserted half their depth & 3in. apart in sheltered border in Oct.;
greenhouse species by cutting at any time.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam & peat, with a little sand. Position, pots or beds in cool green-
house, shoots trained up roof. Pot or plant in March. Water mode-
rately in winter, freely at other seasons. Prune straggly growths in
autumn. Temp. 45° to 55° Oct. to March; 55° to 65° afterwards.
se SPEOIES CULTIVATED: B. volubilis, white, July, 10 to 12 ft., United

ates.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. floribunda, white, July, 8 to 10 ft.,
Nepaul; lineata, green, June, 10 ft., China.

Bergamot (Monarda didyma).—See Monarda.

Bermuda Cedar (Juniperus bermudiana).—See Juniperus.

Bermuda Lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium).—See Lilium.

_Bermuda Satin-flower (Sisyrinchium bermudianum).—See
Sisyrinchium.

Bertolonia.—Ord. Melastomacez. Stove trailing plants. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1850. Leaves, upper sides dark green,
white, parle under sides pink, purple.

_CULTURE: Compost, equal oe peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pans covered with bell-glass in shade: Pot, Feb.
or March. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 75° to
85°. Water daily April to Sept., once or twice a week at other times.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in light soil in pots or pans under bell-
glass in temp. 75° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. houtteana, leaves green and carmine, 6 in.; macu-

lata, leaves pink and purple, 6 in., marmorata, leaves sil hit 1
Gin. Natives of Brasil” : , erates aa

Bessera (Coral Drops).—Ord, Liliacesw. Half-hardy bulbous
plant. First introduced 1850.

_CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & coarse
silver sand, Position, well-drained pots in cold greenhouse. Pot,
Oct, or Nov. Water freely during active growth. Keep more or less
dry after foliage dies down until new growth begins. Requires plenty
of sun. May be grown in well-drained border outdoors at foot of a
south wall. Propagate by offsets removed and treated as old bulbs at

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B, ol 1

ED: B. elegans, scarlet, summer, 18 in. to 2 ft., ico.
Beta (Beet-root; Sicilian Beet; Spinach-beet).—Ord. Chunopedin:
ces. Esculent vegetables & orn, foliage plants. First introduced
1548. Leaves, crimson, green, or white.

50

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF BEET-ROOT: Sow seeds 1} in. deep in drills 15 in.
apart in May. Thin seedlings in June to 8in. apart in row. Sandy
soil manured for previous crop best. Beet must not succeed spinach or
root crops; may follow cabbage tribe, potatoes, onions, beans, or peas.
Lift roots in Nov. & store in cool shed. Suitable artificial manure for
beet: Common salt, 3lb.; nitrate of soda, 141b.; superphosphate,
14 1b.; saltpetre, 1lb. Season for use, Oct. to April. Crop takes 18
weeks from time of sowing till ready for use. Seeds retain their
vitality up to 10 years old. Two ounces of seed will sow a row 50 ft.

ong.

Mis Cutture or Beet: Soil, etc., as above. Requires 12 1b.
seed to sow an acre. Average yield per acre, 300 to 400 bushels. Cost
of drilling seed, 1s, 6d.; thinning out, 14s.; and hoeing, 8s. to 10s.

er acre.

é CULTURE OF SPINACH-BEET: Sow seeds 1} in. deep in rows 18 in.
apart in April. Thin seedlings in May to 9in. apart in row. Use
leaves of this only, similar to spinach. Soil & manure as for beet-root.

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL BEET: Sow seeds } in. deep in boxes
of light soil in temp. 60° to 70° in March; transfer seedlings to cold
frame in April & plant in beds in flower garden in May.

SPECIES: B. Cicla (Silver Beet); B. vulgaris parent of edible beetroots; native
of S. Europe.

Betel-nut Palm (Areca catechu).—See Areca.

Betula (Birch-tree; Queen of the Woods)—Ord, Cupulifere.
Hardy ornamental trees & shrubs. Deciduous. Timber used for
veneering purposes; making fish casks, & bobbins. Bark used for
tanning fish nets.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered or exposed in valleys,
hills, or mountain slopes; good seaside & town trees. Plant, Oct.
to March. Propagate by seeds sown on the surface of sandy soil on
sheltered borders in March; seeds to be simply pressed in, not covered.
Transplant seedlings when one year old. Dwarf birches propagated
by layering shoots in Oct. One bushel of seed will produce 16,000
plants. Tree begins to seed when 25 years old. Number of seeds in
a pound, 800,000. Average life, 100 years.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. alba (Common LBirch), 50 to 60 ft., Northern
Hemisphere; alba pendula Youngii (Weeping Birch); alba laciniata pendula (Cut-
leaved Weeping Birch); alba foliis variegatis (Variegated Birch); alba purpurea
(Purple Birch); alba urticsefolia (Nettle-leaved Birch); lenta (Cherry Birch), 60
to 70 ft., N. America; nana (Dwarf Birch), 2 to 3 ft., Northern Hemisphere;
papyrifera (Paper Birch), 60 to 70 ft., N. America; populifolia (Gray Birch), 20 to
30 ft., N. America.

Bhotan Pine Tree (Pinus excelsa).—See Pinus.

Bidens (Bur Marigold).— Ord. Composite. Hardy annual &
perennial herbs. aM,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, Oct.
or April. Propagate perennials by division of old plants in April;
annuals by seed sown 4in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 70° in March,
transplanting seed/inis outdoors in May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. grandiflora, yellow, July, 3 ft., Mexico, annual;
humilis, yellow, July, 2 ft., Mexico, perennial.

Bignonia (Cross Vine; Trumpet-flower). — Ord. Bignoniacee.
Greenhouse & hardy climbing plants. Deciduous. First introduced
1710.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & silver sand.
Pot, Feb, or March. Position, Hens sunny for greenhouse species;

5

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

south wall for hardy kind. Bed or border must not be more than
3 ft, square for one plait & 18in. deep. Provide good drainage & make
soil firm. Prune away one-third of strong shoots & two-thirds of
weak shoots in Feb. Water freely April to Sept., very little at other
times. Shade must not be given to greenhouse kinds. Temp. for
greenhouse species, 45° to 55° Oct. to March; 55° to 65° March to Oct.
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 3 in. long, inserted in well-
drained pots of sandy soil in Lomas 65° to 70° in April.
HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. capreolata (Cross Vine), scarlet, summer,
12 to 15 ft., United States; capreolata atrosanguinea, red and purple.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. venusta, orange, autumn, 10 to
15 ft., §. America; tweediana, yellow, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Buenos Ayres.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).—See Vaccinium.
Billbergia.—Ord. Bromeliacew. Stove flowering plants. Ever-
reen. First introduced 1826. Flowering season, spring.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
mould & silver sand. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good
drainage essential. Temp., Sept. to March 65° to 75°; March to Sept.
70° to 80°. Propagate by large-sized offshoots inserted singly in small
ots of sandy peat in temp. 85° in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Bakeri, green and violet, 18 in., Brazil; iridifolia,
scarlet, yellow, and crimson, 18 in., Brazil; Lietzei, rosy-pink, 1 ft., Brazil;

Moreli, blue, pink, and rose, 1 ft., Brazil; vittata, red and violet, 18 in. to 2 ft.,
Brazil; zebrina, 1 ft., Brazil.

Bindweed.—See Calystegia.

Biota.—See Thuya.

Birch.—See Betula.

Bird Cherry (Prunus padus).—See Prunus.

Bird of Paradise Flower (Strelitzia Regine). — See
Strelitzia.

Bird’s Eye Maple (Acer saccharinum).—See Acer.

Bird’s Eye Primrose (Primula farinosa).—See Primula.

Bird’s-foot Fern (Pellea Ornithopus).—See Pellea.

Bird’s-foot Stonecrop (Sedum pulchellum).—See Sedum.

Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus).—See Lotus.

Bird’s-foot Viclet (Viola pedata).—See Viola.

Bird’s-nest Fern (Asplenium Nidus).—See Asplenium.

Bird’s-nest Orchis (Neottia Nidus-avis)—See Neottia.

Bird’s-nest Trefoil.—See Lotus.

Birth-wort (Aristolochia sipho).—See Aristolochia.

Bishop’s Cap (Mitella diphylla)—See Mitella.

Bishop’s Hat (Epimedium alpinum).—See Epimedium.

Bitter Almond Tree (Prunus Amygdalus amara). — See
Prunus.

Bitter Root (Lewisia rediviva).—See Lewisia.

Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus vernus)—See Lathyrus.

Bitter-wort (Gentiana acaulis).—See Gentiana.

Bixia (Arnatto).—Ord. Bixines. Stove flowering tree, Ever-
green. Nat. W. Indies. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & silver sand.
Pot, March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately other times.
Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of shoots six to 12 months old, inserted in small pots
Se rrgr prea ger eyes

SPECIE y iD: B, orellano, pink, summer, We: ies.

Blackberry.—Sce Rubus. Pavan

52

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Black Dahlia (Dahlia Zimipani)—See Dahlia.

Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger).—See Helleborus.

Blacking Plant (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).—Sce Hibiscus.

Black Iris pierrecie undulata).—See Ferraria.

Black Lily (Lilium Camtschatcense).—See Lilium.

Black Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris).—See
Adiantum.

Black Martagon Lily (Lilium dalmaticum).—See Lilium.

Black Pine (Pinus Laricio nigricans).—See Pinus.

Black Poplar (Populus nigra).—See Populus.

Black Spleenwort (Asplenium adiatum-nigrum). — See
Asplenium.

Black Spruce (Picea nigra).—See Picea.

Black Thorn (Prunus spinosa).—See Prunus.

Bladder Fern (Cystopteris fragilis) —See Cystopteris.

Bladder Herb (Physalis Alkekengi).—See Physalis.

Bladder Nut (Staphylea pinnata).—See Staphylea.

Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens).—See Colutea.

Bladder Wort (Utricularia montana).—See Utricularia.

Blzeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).—See Vaccinium.

Blandfordia.—Ord. Liliacee. Greenhouse bulbous plants.
Flowering. Evergreen. Deciduous. First introduced 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & silver or river sand.
Pot, Oct. Good drainage, firm potting & moderate size pots essential.
Water freely May to Aug., moderately Aug. to Oct. & Feb. to May,
none at other times. Temp., Oct. to feb. 40° to 50°; Feb. to April 50°
to 55°; April to Oct. 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets or division of old

lants at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. aurea, golden yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.; Australia;
Cunninghamii, crimson, July, 2 ft., Australia; flammea, yellow, June, 18 in.,
Australia; marginata, crimson, summer, 2 ft., Australia; nobilis, orange, July,
2 ft., Australia.

Blanket Flower (Gaillardia grandiflora).—See Gaillardia.

Blazing Star (Liatris elegans).—See Liatris.

Blechnum (Brazilian Tree Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove & green-
house ferns. Evergreen. First introduced 1691.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
Pot, Feb. or March. Position, shady. Water abundantly April to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Temp., stove species, Sept. to March 60 to 70°,
March to Sept. 70° to 80°; greenhouse, Sept. to March 50° to 55°, March
to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by spores sown on fine sandy peat in
well-drained pans, in temp. 80°, at any time,

STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. longifolium, 1 to 2 ft., West Indies;
occidentale, 1 to 2 ft., West Indies; unilaterale, 6 to 12 in., Trop. America.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: B.‘braziliense, 2 to 3 ft., Brazil and
Peru; braziliense corcovadense; cartilagineum, 1 to 2 ft., Australia; hastatum,
1 to 2 ft., S. America; Lanceola, 6 to 12 ins., Trop. America.

Bleeding Heart (Dicentra canadensis).—See Dicentra.

Bleeding Nun (Cyclamen europeum).—See Cyclamen.

Blessed Thistle.—Sce Carbenia & Silybum.

Bletia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove, hardy, terrestial, and epiphy-
tal orchids. Deciduous. First introduced 1733.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-
mould. Pot, March. Position, pots with 2in. of drainage in each.
Water freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to Oct., very little after-
wards. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°.

53

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Resting period, winter Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb.
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs after flowering.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould,
loam, & sand. Position, sunny, sheltered rockery in S. of England
only; in other parts in cool greenhouse (winter temp. 40° to 50°).
Plant or pot, March. Water freely whilst growing. Keep dry when
error SPECIES CULTIVATED: Sherrattiana, rosy red and purple and yellow,
spring, Colombia; verecunda, purple, March, West Indies. y r é

HARDY SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. hyacinthina, rosy crimson, April, 1 ft.;
Japan.

Biood Berry (Rivina humilis) —See Rivina.

Blood Elder (Sambucus ebulus).—See Sambucus.

Blood Flower (Hzmanthus coccineus).—_See Hemanthus.

Blood Root (Sanguinaria canadensis).—See Sanguinaria.

Bloomeria.—Ord. Liliacew. Half-hardy bulbous plant. First
introduced 1869. Ht., 12in. Flowers, golden-yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, warm border or rockery.
Plant bulbs 2 to 3in. deep, & 3 in. apart, Sept. to Nov. Propagate by

offsets planted as directed for bulbs.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: B. aurea (Syn. Nothoscordum aureum), yellow, July,
1 ft.; Clevelandii, yellow, July, 1 ft. Natives of California.

Blooming Sally (Epilobium angustifolium).—See Epilobium.
Blue African Lily (Agapanthus umbellatus).—See Agapanthus.
Blue Alpine Daisy (Aster alpinus).—See Aster.

Blue Amaryllis (Griffinia hyacinthina).—See Griffinia.

Blue Bell (Scilla festalis & Campanula rotundifolia). — See Scilla
and Campanula.

Blue Cowslip (Pulmonaria angustifolia)—See Pulmonaria.

Blue Cupidone (Catananche cerulea).—See Catananche.

Blue Daisy (Aster a poling ae Aster.

Blue-eyed Peacock Iris (Iris pavonia).—See Iris.

Biue-flowered Bindweed lage cxrulea).—See Ipomea.

Blue-fliowered Fleabane (Erigeron acris).—See Erigeron.

Biue-flowered Red-root (Ceanothus azureus). — See
Ceanothus.

Blue Gum-tree (Eucalyptus globulus).—See Eucalyptus.

Blue Marguerite (Agatha cowlestis)—See Agathma.

Blue Moonwort (Soldanella alpina).—See Soldanella.

Blue Rock Bindweed (Convolvulus mauritanicus).—See Con-
volvulus.

Blue Spider-wort (Commelina cclestis).—See Commelina.

Blue Spruce (Picea pungens).—See Picea.

Blue Throat-wort (Trachelium ceruleum).—See Trachelium.

Bluets (Houstonia cx#rulea).—See Houstonia.

Blumenbachia.—Ord. Loasacew. Half-hardy annual & peren-
nial twiners & trailers. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, south bed, border, or wall.
Plant perennials in April. Propagate annuals by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in shallow boxes of light soil in temp. 65° March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors in June; perennials by seed as advised for annuals,
or division of roots in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. insignia, white, July, trailing annual, Monte

Video; lateritia (Syn. Loasa lateritia), red, Ma erennial, T ; i
red, July, annual, Buenos Ayres. Ms : pees i a a
54

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Blush Wort.—See Aischynanthus.

Bobartia (Bobart’s Iris)—Ord. Iridaceex. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1810. Ht. 1 ft.

CULTURE: Position, south bed or border well drained, or on
rockery. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3in. apart in Oct. Lift bulbs after
flowering, dry & store away till planting time in cool place. Propagate
by offsets planted & treated as large bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. aphylla, white and purple, summer; filiformis,
purple, summer; gladiata, yellow, summer; spathacea, yellow, summer.

Bocconia (Plume Poppy; Tree Calandine).—Ord, Papaveracex.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. Tirst introduced 1795.
Leaves. finely cut, greyish.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loamy, well manured. Position, open, sunny,
sheltered from cold winds. Plant, April. Cut down flower stems after
blooming. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots growing out of
axils of leaves, inserted in small pots of sandy soil, temp. 55° under
bell-glass, June to Aug.; by suckers removed from root, placed in pots
in cold frame in July. Good plant for pot culture in cool greenhouse
or window. Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Pot, March. Water freely spring & summer, moderately other times.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. cordata, buff or whitish, July, 6 to 8 ft., China.

Bog Arum (Calla palustris).—See Calla.

Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata).—See Menyanthes.

Bog Berry (Vaccinium oxycoccus).—See Vaccinium.

Bog Myrtle (Myrica fo eee Myrica.

Bog Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella).—See Anagallis.

Bog Trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata)—See Menyanthes.

Bog Viclet (Pinguicula vulgaris)—See Pinguicula.

Boltonia (False Chamomile).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1758.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary moist loam. Position, sunny or shady
borders. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by division of roots in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. asteroides, white, pink, July, 4 to 5 ft.; asteroides
decurrens, violet, 4 ft.

Bomarea.—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Greenhcuse climbing peren-
nials. Flowering. First introduced 1806.

CULTURE: Compost, equal pele peat, leaf-mould, loam, & sand.
Pot or plant, March. Position, large pots, tubs, or beds, well drained.

Water freely April to Sept., moderately other times. Temp., Sept.
to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown iin. deep in pots of light sandy soil in temp. 65° in March; divi-
sion of roots in March. .

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. acutifolia, red, yellow, and green, autumn, 5 to
6 ft., Mexico; Carderi, rose, autumn, 6 to 8 ft., Colombia; edulis, crimson, July,
5 to 6 ft., Trop. America; patacoensis (Syn. B. conferta) carmine-rose, Aug.
6 to 8 ft., Colombia.

Bona-Nox (Ipomea Bona-nox).—See Ipomeza.

Bongardia. — Ord. Berberidaceez. Hardy tuberous-rooted
perennial. Flowering. Nat. Persia, Syria. First, introduced 1740.

CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, south bed or border, well
drained. Plant, Oct. or April. Protect in severe weather by covering
with handlight or thick layer of cinder ashes. Propagate by division
of tubers Oct. or April, or by seeds sown in shallow boxes of light soil,
temp. 55° to 65°, in March,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Rawolfii, yellow, spring, 6 to 12 in.

Borage.—See Borago.

55

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Borago (Borage).—Ord. Boraginacew. Hardy annual & peren-
nial plants. Common species (B. officinalis) used for flavouring claret-
cup and as a bee food. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries, dry banks,
Sow seeds of common borage aunually in March where required to
grow, afterwards thinning seedlings to 8in, apart. Propagate annuals
& biennials by seed sown as above; perennials by division of roots in
April.

PECIES CULTIVATED: B. laxiflora, blue, Aug., 6 in., Corsica, perennial;
officinalis (Common Borage), blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Britain, annual.

Borecole.—See Brassica.

Boronia (Australian Native Rose:.—Ord. Rutacee. Greenhouse
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Nat. W. Australia. First introduced
1794. Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part silver sand &
pounded charcoal. Pot directly after flowering. Drain the pots well
& make compost quite firm. Cut off points of young shoots when 3 in.
long to promote bushy growth. Water freely April to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Place plants in semi-shady position outdoors June
to Aug. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil, in
temp. 55°, June to Aug., under bell-glass.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B., elatior, rosy carmine, May, 3 to 4 ft., heterophylla,
rose, May, 2 to 3 ft.; megastigma, maroon and yellow, April, 18 in.; serrulata,
rose, June, 2 to 3 ft.

Boss Fern (Nephrodium molle).—See Nephrodium.

Botrychium (Moon Fern; Flowering YFern).—Ord. Filices.
Hardy ferns. Deciduous.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position,
moist, shady, rockery, or in grass. Plant, April. Water freely in dry
weather during summer. Propagate by division of roots in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Lunaria (Common Moonwort), 4 to 5 in., Britain;
ternatum, 6 to 12 in., New Zealand; virginianum, 16 to 18 in., North Temperate

Zo:

ne.

Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris).—See Lagenarta.
Bougainvillea.—Ord. Nyctaginer. Stove climbing plants.
Flowering. Deciduous. First introduced 1829. Coloured bracts chief
floral attraction; flowers small and unattractive.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds turfy loam, one-third leaf-mould
& sand. Pot or plant, Feb. Position: B. glabra in pots with shoots
trained round wire trellis; B. speciosa in bed 3 ft. wide & 18 in, deep,
branches & shoots being trained up roof. Prune shoots of previous
year’s growth to within lin. of base annually in Feb. Water abun-
dantly March to Sept., moderately Sept. to’ Nov., none afterwards.
Temp., Feb. to May 55° to 60°; May to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to Feb.
50° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 3 in, long, removed
with small portion of branch attached, inserted in 2in. pots of sandy
soil, under bell-glass in temp. 70° to 80°, March, April, or May.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. glabra, rose, summer, 5 to 8 ft., Brazil; glabra

sanderiana, rich rose; spectabilis, lilac-rose, summer, 15 ft., Brazil; spectabilis
superba, deep rose.

Bourbon Lily (Lilium candidum).—See Lilium.
Bourbon Palm (Livistonia sinensis).—See Livistonia,
Bourbon Rose (Rosa bourboniana).—See Rosa.
Boursault Rose (Rosa alpina) —See Rosa.

56

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Boussingaultia (Madeira Vine).—Ord Chenopodiacer. Half-
hardy tuberous-rooted climber. First introduced 1835. Flowers
fragrant. °

CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, back wall of greenhouse
or south wall or fence outdoors during summer. Plant tubers in small
fo in temp. 55° in March, for transplanting outdoors in June, or in

ed in Feb. for greenhouse culture. Lift outdoor tubers in Oct. and
store in sand pie winter; those in greenhouse bed leave undis-
turbed. Water freely in summer, none in winter. Propagate by in-
serting tubercles removed from the stems in sandy soil in temp. 55°
in spring or autumn,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. baselloides, white, autumn, 6 to 8 ft., Ecuador.

Bouvardia.—Ord. Rubiacewx. Greenhous2 flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. Flowers, fragrant. First introduced 1794.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, peat, &
silver sand. Pot, March. Prune, Feb., shortening shoots of previous
year’s growth to within lin. of their base. Water moderately Feb.
to May & Aug. to Nov., freely May to Aug., little Nov. to Feb. Temp.,
Feb. to Sept. 55° to 75°; Sept. to Feb. 55° to 60°. Place plants in
cold frame from June to Sept. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots
2in. long, inserted in pots of sandy compost in March in temp. 65°;
cuttings of roots inserted in similar soil in spring; division at potting

time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. angustifolia, red, Sept., 2 ft., Mexico; flava, yellow,
March, 18 in., Mexico; Humboldtii, white, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Humboldtii corymbiflora,
white; jasminifiora, white, winter, 2 ft., S. America; triphylla, scarlet, winter,
2ft., Mexico; and numerous hybrids as, Alfred Neuner, pink; Hogarth flore-pleno,
searlet; President Garfield, double pink; and Vriclandii, white.

Bowman ’s Root (Gillenia trifoliata)—See Gillenia.

Box Elder (Acer Negundo).—See Acer.

Box Holly (Ruscus aculeatus).—See Ruscus.

Box Thorn (Lycium barbarum).—See Lycium.

Box-tree (Buxus sempervirens).—See Buxus.

Boy’s Love (Artemisia abrotanum).—See Artemisia.

Brachycome (Swan River Daisy).—Ord. Composite, Half-
hardy annual. Flowering. Nat. W. Australia. First introduced
1843.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny bed-or border. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 4in. deep in shallow boxes of light soil in temp.
55° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; or outdoors
in April where plants are to flower.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. iberidifolia, blue or white, summer, 1 ft.

Brachypodium (False Brome Grass).—Ord. Gramineex. Hardy
annual flowering grass. Inflorescence, suitable for drying for winter
decorations.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow seeds
outdoors in April. Cut inflorescence when in full flower,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. distachyon, summer, 9 in., Europe.

Brachysema.—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse climbing plants.
Flowering. Evergreen. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Pot, Feb. Position, well-drained pots or tubs, or beds 3 ft.
wide & 18in. deep; shoots to be trained round wire trellis or up the
roof & fully exposed to sun. Water freely April to Aug., moderately
other times. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to
65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55°

57

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in March; cuttings of shoots inserted in similar ee « temp. under bell-
lass in June, July, or Aug.; layering shoots in Sept. ;

B SPECIES CULTIVadED: Beiatifohum, pe and scarlet, April, 8 to 10 ft.;

lanceolatum, scarlet, yellow and white, spring, 3 ft.; undulatum, violet, March,

3 to 6 ft.

Bracken (Pteris aquilina)—See Pteris. ;

Brahea. — Ord. Palmacez. Greenhouse palm. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1865.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot, Feb.
Water freely in summer, moderately other times. Temp., Sept to
March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown
fin. Hoos in light soil in temp. 85° in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. dulcis, 3 ft., Mexico.

Brake Fern (Pteris aquilina).—See Pteris.

Bramble (Rubus fruticosus),—See Rubus.

Bramble-leaved Rose (Rosa rubifolia).—See Rosa.

Bramble Rose (Rosa polyantha).—See Rosa.

Brassavola.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove, epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1837. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: eer al sphagnum moss. Position, blocks of wood,
suspended from roof. Water abundantly March to Sept., moderately
other times. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50° to 55°; Feb. to Oct. 60° to 70°.
Resting period, winter. Flowers top of new growth after resting.
Popa ate by division of plant at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. acaulis, creamy white and rose, spring, Central
America; cucullata, cream and red, spring, 8. America; lineata, white, spring,
fragrant, S. America; venosa, white, spring, Honduras.

Brassia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids. Ever-
green. First introduced, 1806.

CULTURE: Compost, rough fibrous peat & charcoal. Pot, Feb.
Position, well-drained pots in partial shade. Water freely April to
Aug., moderately other times. Temp. Oct. to Feb. 50° to 60°; Feb.
to Oct. 65° to 85°. Resting period, none. Flowers appear at base of
last growth when completed. Propagate by division of plants at
potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. antherotes, yellow, May and June, Colombia;
brachiata, yellow, white and orange, July to Sept., Guatemala; gireoudiana,
yellow and red, Aug., Costa Rica; lamceana, yellow, brown and red, Jan. to
Sept., Surinam; lawrenciana, yellow, cinnamon and green, spring, Brazil; macu-

lata, yellow, red and brown, May, Trop. America; verrucosa, white and purple,
May and June, Guatemala.

Brassica (Borecole; Broccoli; Brussels Sprouts; Cabbage;
Cauliflower; Colewort; Couve Tronchuda; Kale; Kohl Rabi; Mus-
tard; Rape; Savoy; Turnip).—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy biennials with
eemuleny necks or foliage. Nat. Europe (Britain). Flowers, yellow;

ay to Aug.

CULTURE OF BORECOLE OR KALE.—Sow seeds }in. deep in
drills Gin. apart in April or May. Transplant seedlings when third
leaf forms 4in. apart in nursery bed. Plant out permanently 18 in.
ghia 2 rows 2ft. asunder in June or July. Season of use, Nov.
o April.

CULTURE OF BROCCOLI.—For autumn use sow seeds } in. deep in
shallow boxes of light soil in temp. 65° in Feb., or in cold frame in
April; transplant seedlings 3in, apart in cold frame, light soil, in
April or May; plant out 2 ft. apart in rows 2 ft. asunder in June. For
winter use sow seeds 4in. deep in drills Gin. apart in open garden
iv April; transplant seedlings Gin. apart each way in June; plant

58

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

permanently 2 ft. apart all ways in July. For spring use sow seeds
end of April as for winter kinds; plant out in July. For summer use
sow seeds end of May; plant out in Aug.

CULTURE OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS: For early crop sow seeds in
temp. of 55° to 65° in March, transplant seedlings when third leaf
forms into boxes, keep in heat for a week or so, then harden off in cold
frame & plant 4in. apart on a sheltered border till May, when plant.
out in permanent position. Sow also outdoors early in April. Trans-
plant seedlings as advised for Broccoli, & plant out permanently 30 in.
apart in rows 3ft, asunder. Season of use, Nov. to April. Cut, not
break, off sprouts when gathering. Do not remove heads till sprouts
are finished.

CULTURE OF CABBAGE AND COLEWORT: For summer use sow
seeds 4 in. deep in boxes of light soil in temp. 65° in Feb.; transplant
seedlings 3 in. apart in boxes of light soil & put in cold frame for few
weeks; plant out 12in. apart in rows 18in. asunder in April. For
autumn use sow seeds } in. deep in drills 6in. apart in open position in
March ; transplant seedlings 6 in. apart in May; plant out 12 in. apart
in rows 18in. asunder in June. For spring use sow seeds tin. deep
in open garden middle of July; transplant seedlings Gin. apart in
Aug.; plant out 12in. apart in rows 18in, asunder in Sept. Sow
Colewort in July and plant out 12in. apart each way in Sept.

CULTURE OF CAULIFLOWER: For summer use sow seeds as
advised for early cabbage. For autumn use sow seeds }in. deep in
drills Gin. apart in April; transplant seedlings Gin. apart in May,
& plant out 18in. apart in rows 2ft. asunder in June. For spring
use sow, as in last case, outdoors in Aug.; transplant seedlings in cold
frame for the winter, & plant out in April. hen hearts begin to
form snap leaf over them to protect tender flowers from sun and frost.

OULTURE OF KOHL-RABI: Sow seeds thinly outdoors in March.
Thin seedlings to 3in. apart in May, and plant out permanently
2ft. apart in rows 3ft. asunder in June. Gather swollen stems for
use when the size of a turnip.

CULTURE OF SAVOY: Sow seeds outdoors in March for early crop
& at the end of April for maincrop. Treat seedlings as advised for
cabbage. Plant dwarf varieties 12in. apart in rows 15 in. asunder;
tall kinds 18in. apart in rows 2ft. asunder. Gather for use after
autumn frost.

CULTURE OF TURNIP: Sow seeds in Feb., March, April, May,
June, & July to furnish a continuous supply. Make drills 4in. deep
& 1ft, apart. Dust seedlings occasionally with lime or soot to keep
off Turnip Flea. Thin when rough leaf forms to 6in. apart. Turnips
may be easily forced on hotbed in Feb. or March. Sow seeds broadcast
& lightly cover with fine soil. Keep moist. Turnips ready to gather
eight weeks after sowing.

CULTURE OF MUSTARD: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders.
Sow seeds on surface of soil, water, & cover with mats or boards till
they germinate; or in drills }in. deep, and Gin. apart. Make first
sowing end of March, follow with successional sowings every five days
until Sept., then cease. Gather for salading when lin. high. Two
crops anticient off one piece of ground,

Inpoor CuttuRrE: Sow seed on surface of light soil in shallow boxes,
moisten with tepid water, cover with sheet of paper, slate or board, &
place in warm position in ereenapuee or room. Sow for succession

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

every three days. Two crops may be grown in same soil. Seeds may
be sown on flannel kept moist in a warm room, at any time of year.

Market Cunrurn: Prepare beds as follows on the ground or on the
staging under glass: Place 2in. of rough decayed manure on base, 2 in.
of sifted manure on top, and 1 in of fine soil or cocoanut-fibre refuse on
this. Soak the seeds for 12 hours in water before sowing. Sow thickly
on surface, do not cover with soil, but moisten thoroughly with tepid
water. Cover bed with mats till seedlings are l}in. high. Cut when
3in, high & market in punnets. Crop ready to cut about a week after
sowing. Average yield, two punnets per square foot. Average price
per doz. punnets, 1s. 6d. to 28. Temp. for early crops 65°. Will grow
in cold frames in summer. Rape seed (Brassica napus) used instead of
White Mustard (Brassica alba) by market growers because it is much
cheaper.

CULTURE OF COUVE TRONCHUDA: Soil, ordinary, rich. Posi-
tion, sunny. Sow seeds thinly outdoors in April. Transplant seed-
lings when 3in. high, 6in. apart in a nursery bed. Plant out finally
3 ft. apart each way in June. Gather outer leaves first for their mid-
ribs, and hearts last of all.

Miscettanrous Deraits: Soil to be deeply dug and well manured
for all foregoing crops. Fork in bone meal or tig! a ag for
turnip crop. Best artificial manure for cabbage tribe: Kainit, 2} 1b. ;
sulphate of ammonia, 21b.; sulphate of soda, 13 lb.; & superphosphate
of lime, 241b. Apply above quantity to each square rod a month
after planting. Turnips take eight weeks from time of sowing to
arrive at maturity; Brussels sprouts, 30 to 40 weeks; other crops, 18
to 20 weeks. Seeds take eight to ten days to germinate, and retain
their germinating powers for six to eight years. One ounce of seeds
will yield 2,000 plants.

Market Cutture: Soil, deep & rich. Manures: For Borecole,
3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre applied in spring, & 4 cwt. of nitrate
of soda per acre applied a month after planting; for Broccoli, 12 tons
of decayed manure & 4cwt. of superphosphate per acre applied before
planting, with 1cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre applied when hearts
are developing; for Brussels Sprouts, 20 tons of farmyard manure

er acre applied in winter, 4cwt. of superphosphate per‘acre applied
in spring, & 4cwt, of nitrate of soda per acre applied when sprouts
begin to form; for Cabbage, 30 to 40 tons of farmyard manure per
acre applied just before planting, and 2cwt. of nitrate of soda per
acre applied six weeks after planting; for Cauliflower, 30 to 40 tons
of rotten manure per acre applied in winter, 3 cwt, of kainit per acre
applied in winter, 3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre added in spring,
& ljewt. of nitrate of soda per acre applied six weeks after planting;
for Savoy, same as for Cabbage; for Turnips, 10 tons of rotten manure
per acre applied in winter, lcwt. of kainit per acre applied in winter,
5 ewt. of basic slag applied in winter or 3 cwt. of superphosphate per
acre applicd in spring, and lcwt. of nitrate of soda per acre applied
after crop is thinned. Sow seeds of Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels
Sprouts, Colewort, Cauliflowers, & Savoys in April outdoors; Cabbage
in March, April, & July; Turnip, in March, April, July, Aug., & Sept.
Plant in June or Jaly. Cabbage again in Sept. Distances for plant-
ing: Borecole, 30in. each way; Broccoli, 2ft, apart in rows 30in.
asunder; Brussels Sprouts, 30 in. apart in rows 3 ft. asunder; Cabbage,
18in. apait each way for early crops, & 2ft. apart for late or main
cO

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

ones ; Cauliflower, 3 ft. by 3 ft.; Colewort, 1 ft. apart each way; Savoy,
18 in. apart in rows 2ft. asunder. Thin Turnips to 9 in. apart; rows
18in. apart. Market Borecole in bushel baskets or bags; Broccoli
by the tally (5 doz. heads); Brussels Sprouts by the half-bushel or
sieve; Cabbage by the tally; Cauliflowers by the tally; Coleworts
by the bushel or bag; Savoys by the tally; Turnips by the bunch (20
to 25); Turnip Tops by the‘bushel. Number of plants required to plant
an acre: Borecole, 4,978; Broccoli, 6,969; Brussels Sprouts, 5,808;
rl 19,360; Cauliflowers, 4,840; Coleworts, 27,878 ; Savoys, 6,969.
Cost of planting ag acre, 6d. Cost of picking sprouts per half-bushel,
2d. to 23d. Yield per acre: Cabbage, 1,000 doz.; Broccoli, 10 tons;
Cauliflowers, 20 tons; Brussels Sprouts, 350 half-bushels; Coleworts,
250 doz.; Savoys, 12 to 17 tons; Turnips, 500 to 1,000 bushels. Average
returns Gros) per acre for Cabbage tribe, £30 to £40; Turnips, £30.

SPECIES: B. oleracea acephala (Borecole or Kale); oleracea botrytis ‘aspara-
goides (Broccoli); oleracea gemmifera (Brussels Sprouts); oleracea’ (Cabbage) ;
oleracea botrytis (Cauliflower) ; oleracea Caulo-rapa (Kohl Rabi); oleracea bullata
(Savoy); oleracea costata (Couve Tronchuda or Portugal Cabbage), Portugal; rapa
(furnip); napus (Rape); alba (Mustard) (Syn. Sinapus alba).

Bravoa (Scarlet Twin-flower).—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Half-hardy
bulbous plant. Deciduous. Nat. Mexico. First introduced 1841.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, well-drained
sunny border. Plant bulbs 4in. deep in Sept. Protect in winter with
a covering of cinder ashes.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Put four bulbs in a 5in. pot, well
drained, in Oct. Cover with ashes in cold frame until Jan., then
remove to greenhouse. Water moderately until foliage turns yellow.
then keep soil dry. Propagate by offsets treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. geminifiora, orange red, July, 2 ft., Mexico.

Brazilian Spider-flower (Tibouchina elegans).—See Tibou-
china. .

Brazilian Tree Fern (Blechnum braziliense).—See Blechnum.

Bread-fruit Tree (Artocarpus incisa)—See Artocarpus.

Breeches Flower (Dicentra cucullaria)—See Dicentra.

Brevoortia (Brodie’s Lily; Californian or Missouri Hyacinth;
Vegetable Fire-cracker)—Ord Liliacew. Hardy bulbous-rooted plant.
First introduced 1870. Formerly known as Brodiza coccinia.

CULTURE: Same as for Brodizas, which see.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Ida-Maia (Syn. Brodiwa coccinea), red and green,
June, 1 ft., California.

Briar Rose (Rosa canina).—See Rosa.

Bridal Wreath (Francoa ramosa).—See Francoa.

Bridgesia.—See Ercilla.

Brisbane Lily (Eurycles Cunninghami).—See Eurycles.

Bristle Fern (Trichomanes radicans)._See Trichomanes.

Brittle Bladder Fern (Cystopteris fragilis). — See Cysto-
pteris.

Briza (Quaking Grass; Pearl Grass)—Ord. Graminex. Hardy
ornamental flowering grasses, the inflorescence of which is valuable for
mixing with cut flowers, or drying for winter decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds, borders, or banks.
Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in April where plants are required
to flower. Flowers should be cut & dried for winter decoration when
fully developed.

61

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: B. geniculata, 1 ft., 8. Africa; maxima (Pearl Grass),
1 ft., Mediterranean Region; media (Quaking Grass), 1 ft., Britain; minor or
minima, 6 in., Europe; rotundata, 1 ft., Mexico; spicata, 9 in. Flowering in
June and July.

Broad Bean (Vicia faba).—See Vicia. ;

Broad-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula latifolia). — See
Campanula.

Broad-leaved Holly Spee latifolia)—See Tex.

Broad-leaved Spindle-tree (Euvonymus latifolius).—See
Euonymus. .

Broad Prickly-toothed Fern (Nephrodium dilatata)—See
Nephrodium.

roccoli.—See Brassica. — ee

Brodizea (Missouri Hyacinth)—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy bulbous
plants. Deciduous. Nat. California, N. America. First introduced
1806.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich, sandy loam. Position, warm,
well-drained border. Plant bulbs Sept. & Oct., 4 in. deep & 3 in. apart.
Lift & replant bulbs annually .

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost two parts sandy loam & one part
equal proportions of leaf-mould & sand. Grow in 4} in. pots, placing
bulbs 1 in apart & just below surface of mould. Pot, Oct. Cover
with ashes in cold frame till growth begins, then remove to a temp.
45° to 55° Water freely whilst growing. Keep dry when foliage fades,

“Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in sandy soil in cold frame in
March; by offsets treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVAPED: B. Bridgesii, purple, blue, June, 14 ft., California;
californica, rosy-purple, June, 1} ft., California; congesta, blue, June, 1 ft., N.W.
America; congesta alba, white; capitata, blue, May, 2 ft., N.W. America; capitata
alba, white; grandiflora, blue and purple, June, 1} ft., N.W. America; ixioides,
yellow, June, 9 in., California; Howellii, blue, July, 2 ft., Oregon; Howellii
lilacina, lilac; hyacinthina lactea, white, July, 2 ft., California; laxa, blue, June,
1} ft., California (Syn. Milla laxa); uniflora (Syn. Tritelia uniflora violacea, pale
blue. See Brevoortia for B. coccinea.) There are others, but above are the best.

Brodie’s Lily (Brevoortia Ida-Maia).—_See Brevoortia.

Brome Grass.—See Bromus.

Bromelia.—Ord. Bromeliacewx. Stove herbaceous perennials.
Flowering and ornamental leaved plants.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
mould, & silver sand. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good
drainage essential. Temp., Sept. to March 65° to 75°; March to Sept.
70° to 80°. Propagate by large-sized offshoots inserted singly in small
pots of sandy peat in temp. 85° in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B, fastuosa, purple, Aug., 4 ft., Brazil; Pinguin, red,
March, 3 ft., Trop. America; sylvestris, crimson, July, 3 ft., Trop. America.

Brompton Stock (Matthiola incana).—See Matthiola.

Bromus (Black Grass: Brome Grass).—Ord. Graminew. Hardy
ornamental grasses. Biennial. Inflorescence suitable for mixing with
cut flowers or drying for winter decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Propagate by
seeds sown in, deep in mt or April where plants are required to
grow. Flowers useful for drying for winter decoration; cut them

when fully developed.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. brizseformis, 2 ft., Caucasus.

Broom.—See Cytisus.
Broughtonia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove orchid. Evergreen.
First introduced 1793.
62

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

_ CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss. Position, blocks of wood,
in partial shade. Water freely April to Aug., moderately other times.
Temp., Oct.,to Feb. 50° to 60; Feb. to Oct. 65° to 85°. Growing period,
spring & summer. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear at apex
of new peondo-bulb after resting.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. lilacina, rosy lilac, summer, San Domingo; san-
guinea, crimson, Aug., 18 in., Jamaica.

Broussonetia (Paper Mulberry).—Ord. Urticacee. Hardy deci-
duous tree. Orn. foliage. Nat. China. First introduced 1751. Leaves,
large, lobed, mulberry-shaped.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loamy. Position, sheltered shrubberies in 8.
of England only. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by cuttings in-
serted in sandy soil in cold frame in Oct., or suckers in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. papyrifera, 12 ft., Japan.

Browallia.—Ord. Solanacee. Greenhouse anuuals. Flowering.
First introduced 1735.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould, with little
sand. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in fine light soil in March in temp. 55°
to 65°. When seedlings appear transplant three or four into each
5 in. pot, keep on a shelf in greenhouse, & water moderately. Apply
weak manure water in May & June. Will flower in coo] greenhouse.
Temp., March to June 55° to 60°. Seedlings may be planted outdoors
in June to flower during summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. demissa (Syn. B. elata), blue, July, 9 in., Peru;
Rerag puruls, July, 2 ft., Peru; speciosa major, blue; grandiflora, lilac, July,

Brownea.— Ord. Leguminose. Stove flowering shrubs. Ever-
green. First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little sand. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water moderately in summer, occasionally at other
times. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 85°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy peat, in temp.
80° under bell-glass, in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Ariza, red, June, 10 to 20 ft., Colombia; Birschellii,
rose, Aug., 10 ft., Venezuela; Crawfordii, scarlet, summer, 10 to 12 ft., hybrid;
grandiceps, red, June, 10 ft., Venezuela.

Brugmansia.—See Datura.

Brunfelsia.—Ord. Solanacex. Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Compost, four parts each fibrous peat & leaf-mould, one
part loam & sand. Position, pots in plant stove. Pot immediately
after flowering; good drainage & firm potting essential. Prune mode-
rately after flowering. Pinch off points of young shoots when latter
are 6in, long. Water moderately Oct, to March, freely afterwards.
Syringe freely March to Aug. Apply liquid manure to healthy plants
in summer. Temp., Oct. to March 50° to 55°; March to Oct. 60° to
70°, Propagate by cuttings 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sand under bell-
glass in temp. 60° to 70°, Feb, to Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. calycina (Syn. Franciscea calycina), purple, frag-
rant, summer, 2 ft., Brazil.

Brunsvigia (Candelabra-flower)—Ord. Amaryllidacex. Green-
house bulbous plants. Deciduous. Nat, Cape of Good Hope. First
introduced 1752. 7

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot., Sept.
Water only when new growth begins, then give moderate quantity;
cease to give any after leaves turn vellow. Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50°
to 55°; Nov. to March, 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Plants

63

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

must have full exposure to sun. Propagate by offsets inserted in small
pots & grown similar to large bulbs. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. gigantea, red, July, 1 ft.; Josephine, scarlet, July,
18 in.; minor, pink, July, 9 in.; Radula, red, June, 6 in. bs

Brussels Sprouts.—sSee Brassica. ;

Bryanthus.—Ord. Ericacew. Hardy trailing flowering shrubs.
Evergreen.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist rockery. Plant,
Oct. to April. Propagate by division of plants in April, or layering
in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Breweri, rosy-purple, June to Aug., 9 to 12 in.,
California; empetriformis, reddish purple, summer, 6 in., British Columbia; erectus,
red, summer, 1 ft., a hybrid between B. empetriformis and Rhodothamnus
Chamecistus.

Bryophyllum.—oOrd. Crassulaceex. Greenhouse succulent-
leaved plants. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part old mortar,
rubble, & sand. Position, well-drained pits in sunny, fairly dry green-
house. Pot in March. Water moderately in summer, keep rather dry
at other seasons. Temp., 45° to 55° in winter; 55° to 65° afterwards.
Propagate by leaves simply laid on the surface of moist sand.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. calycinum, green and purple, summer, 3 ft., Trop.
Africa; proliferam, green and purple, summer, 10 ft., 8. Africa,

Buck-eye (Aiésculus Pavia).—See Aisculus.

Buckler Fern (Nephrodium Filix-mas).—See Nephrodium.

Buckthorn (Rhamunuus catharticus).—See Rhamnus.

Buckwheat.—tcee Fagopyrum.

Buddleia (Orange-ball-tree) —Ord. Loganiacew. Hardy or green-
house flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Hardy kinds only worthy of
culture. First introduced 1774,

CULTURE: Soil, light rich. Position, border against south or
south-west wall, or in sheltered shrubberies. Plant, Oct. or April.
Prune away dead or straggly shoots only. Propagate by seeds sown
in light soil in a temp. of 60° in March; by cuttings of firm shoots
inserted in pee of sandy soil in cold frame in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. globosa, orange, May and June, 10 to 15 ft., Chili
and Peru; intermedia, purple, summer, 10 ft., a hybrid; japonica (Syn. B. curvi-
flora), purple, Aug., Japan; variabilis, rosy lilac, summer, 6 to 10 ft., China;
variabilis veitchiana, a superior variety.

Buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea).—See Shepherdia.

Buffalo Currant (Ribes aureum).—See Ribes.

Buff-coloured Lily (Lilium testaceum).—See Lilium.

Buffiehorn Wood (Burchellia capensis).—See Burchellia.

Bugbane (Cimicifuga americana).—See Cimicifuga.

Bugle Flower (Ajuga reptans).—See Ajuga.

Bugle Lily.—See Watsonia.

Bulb-bearing Lily (Lilium bulbiferum),—See Lilium.

Bulbinella.—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy herbaceous perennial. First
introduced 1848.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, well drained, containing plenty of leaf-
mould, Position, partially shaded warm border. Plant in spring.
Propagate by division in spring. =

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Hookeri (Syn. Chrysobactron Hookeri), white, sum-
mer, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand.

Bulbocodium (Spring Meadow Saffron).—Ord. Liliacesx. Hardy
bulbous plant. First introduced 1649. Flowers appear in March,
before leaves. :

64

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING. ;

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady beds or
borders. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3in. apart in Sept. Lift & replant
Leg every second year. Propagate by offsets obtained when lifting

e bulbs.

,SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. vernum, purple, March, 6 in., Alps; vernum ver-
sicolor, prettily tinted.

Bullace (Prunus institia).—See Prunus.

Bullirush (Typha latifolia).—See Typha.

Bull’s Head Orchid (Anguloa Clowesi).—See Anguloa.

Bunch Berry (Cornus canadensis).—See Cornus.

Bunya-Bunya Pine-tree (Araucaria Bidwelli)—See Arau-
caria,

Buphane.—0Ord. Amaryllidacew. Half-hardy or greenhouse
bulbous-rooted plants. First introduced 1795.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot, Sept.
Water only when new growth begins, then give moderate quantity;
cease to give any after leaves turn yellow. ‘Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50°
to 55°; Rov. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Plants
must have full exposure to sun. Propagate by offsets inserted in small
pots & grown similar to large bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. ciliaris, purple, summer, 1 ft.; disticha, purple,
summer, 1 ft., 8. Africa.

Bupleurum niga iera et ne Umbellifere. Hardy evergreen.
shrub and perennials. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,.
warm border. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by cuttings inserted.
in sandy peat in cold frame in Oct. or March; also by seeds.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,.
sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds:
sown outdoors in April; division in March.

SHRUBBY SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. fruticosum, yellow, July, 3 ft., Medi--
terranean Region.

PERENNIAL SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. petreum, yellow, June, 6 in., Europe;.
stellatum, yellow, June, 9 in., 8S. Europe.

Bupthalmum (Yellow Ox-eye).—Ord. Composite. Hardy her--
baceous perennials. First introduced, 1722.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny border. Plant.
Oct. or March. Propagate by division of old plants in Oct. or March ;.
seeds sown outdoors in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. salicifolium, yellow, June, 18 in., S. Europe; salici-
folium grandiflorum, large-flowered variety; speciosissimum (Syn. Telekia speciosis-
aa), pleat June, 2 ft., Hurope; speciosum (Syn. Telekia speciosa), yellow, June,

Burbidgea.—Ord. Scitaminacez. Stove herbaceous flowering’
perennial. First introduced 1879.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, and loam. Posi-
tion, large pots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March. Water freely March
e ee nenets moderately other times. Propagate by division of roots in

vil,

BPECIES CULTIVATED: B. nitida, orange red, summer, 3 ft., Borneo.

Burchellia (Buffichorn-wood).—Ord. Rubiacee. Stove flowering’
shrub. Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good Hope.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Pot, March. Water freely April to Sept., moderately other times.
Temp., Sept. to March. 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Pro--
pagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy peat under bel!--
glass in temp. 75° in March, April, or May.

65

D

ENCYCLOPZADIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. capensis, scarlet, March to May, 3 ft.

Bur Marigold.—See Bidens.

Burnet aan Sanguisorba).—See Poterium.

Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima).—See Rosa.

Burning Bush (Dictamnuus albus)._See Dictamnus.

Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa).—See Quercus. :

Burser’s Saxifrage (Saxifraga burseriana).—See Saxifraga,

Bush Basil (Ocimum minimum).—See Ocimum.

Bush Clover (Lespedeza capitata).—_See Lespedeza.

Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla rosea).—See Diervilla.

Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus aculeatus).—See Ruscus.

Butomus (Flowering Rush; Lily Grass)—Ord. Alismacee.
Hardy perennial. Pretty waterside plant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in shallow water on margins
of ponds, lakes, etc. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by division
of roots in March or April.

(atin OULTIVATED: B. umbellatus, rose, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Europe
Butter & Eggs (Narcissus incomparabilis plenus).—See Nar-
cissus.

Butter Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).—See Phaseolus.

Buttercup.—See Ranunculus.

Butterfly Flower.—See Schizanthus.

Butterfly Iris.—See Morza.

Butterfly Orchid (Oncidium Papilio)—See Oncidium.

Butterfly Orchis (Habenaria chlorantha & H. bifolia).—See
Habenaria.

Butterfly Pea.—See Clitoria.

Butterfly Plant (Phalenopsis amabilis)—See Phalenopsis.

Butterfly Tulip (Calochortus lilacinus).—See Calochortus.

Butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa).—See Asclepias.

Butter-weed (Erigeron canadensis).—See Erigeron.

Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris)—See Pinguicula.

Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).—See Cephalanthus.

Button Snake-root (Liatris pycnostachya).—See Liatris.

Buxus (Box-tree), — Ord. Euphorbiacew. Hardy evergreen,
ornamental-leaved shrubs. Nat, England, 8, Europe. Leaves, green,

olden, or silver variegated.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady, shrubberies or
banks; choice kinds on lawns. Plant, March, April, Sept., Oct.
ioe by cuttings of young shoots 3in. long inserted in shady
border in Aug. or Sept.; division of old plants in Oct. or March;
layering in Sept. or Oct.

CULTURE FOR EDGINGS: Dwarf Box (B. suffruticosa) used for
this purpose. Plant divisions with roots attached in shallow trench
6 in. deep in Oct., Nov., or March. Allow plants to nearly touch
each other, & to have their tips about 2 in. above soil. Press soil
firmly. Trim plants April or Aug. Nursery yard of box will make
three yards of edging. Cost, sixpence per lineal yard.

BOX HEDGES: Trench soil 3ft. deep & 3ft. wide, add decayed
manure, & plant ordinary green box 12 ins, high, 12 ins. apart in
Sept. or Oct. Trim annually in April or Aug. Cost of plants, per
100, 25s.; preparing site & planting, 9d. per lineal yard.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: B. balearica, 8 ft., Balearic Islands; japonioa, 8 ft.,
Japan; japonica aurea (golden leaved) sempervirens, 8 ft., Europe (Britain), eto.,

66 ;

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

and its numerous varieties, argentea (silver-leaved); aurea (golden-leaved); hands-

worthionsis, myrtifolia (myrtle-leaved), pyramidalis and suffruticosa (Dutch o1
edging box).

Byzantine Crocus (Crocus iridiflorus).—See Crocus.

Cabbage.—See Brassica.

Cabbage Lettuce.—Sce Lactuca.

Cabbage Palm (Sabal Palmetto).—Sce Sahbal.

Cabbage Rose (Rosa centifolia).—See Rosa.

Cacalia.—See Kleinia.

Cactus Dahlia (Dahlia Juarezi)—Sce Dahlia.

Czesalpinia.—Ord. Leguminosm. Hardy deciduous & stove
evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1739.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
warm, sheltered shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune merely to
keep in good shape. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in cold
frame at any time.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts peat or loam,
one part leaf-mould, half a part silver sand. Position, pots in light

art of stove or outdoors during July & Aug. Pot, Feb. or March.
Vater freely, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 80°; Oct to March 55 to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
in light sandy soil in temp. of 75° to 85° in spring; cuttitigs of short
young shoots inserted singly in small pots filled with pure sand under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in summer.

HARDY SPECIES: 0. sepiara (Syn. C. japonica), yellow, spring, 6 to 8 ft.,
Japan; Gilliesii (Syn. Poinciana Gilliesii), yellow, summer, 10 ft., S. America.

STOVE SPECIES: C. pulcherrima (Syn. Poinciana pulcherrima), yellow and red,

summer, 10 to 15 ft., Tropics.

Caffre Bread .—See Encephalartos.

Caffre Butter Shrub (Combretum purpureum).—See Com-
bretum.

Caffre Lily (Schizostylis coccinea).—See Schizostylis.

Cakile (Sea Rocket)—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy annual. Nat.
Europe, N. America.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, open borders. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep where piaats are to flower in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. maritima, lilac, June, 1 ft., Britain.

Caladium. — Ord. Aroidew. Stove deciduous perennials.
Tuberous-rooted. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1773. Leaves,
green, white, crimson, red, rose.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould,
decayed manure, & silver sand. Position, well drained pots in shade.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb.
or March; transfer to larger pots in April or May. Water mode-
rately Feb. to April & Sept. to Nov.; freely April to Sept.; keep quite
dry Nov. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to Nov. 65°
to 75°; Nov. to Feb. 55° to 65°. C. Humboldtii used as an edging to
subtropical beds in summer. Propagate by dividing the tubers in
Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. Hunboldtii (Syn. C. argyrites), 9 ins., Brazil;
bicolor, 18 in., S. America;. bicolor, Chantinii, 18 in., bicolor pictum, 18 in.;
marmoratum, 1 ft., Guayaquil; Schomburgkii, 18 in., Brazil; rutescens, Brazil;
venosum, Brazil. A host of beautiful varieties more generally grown than the
species will be found in trade lists.

Calamintha (Calamint; Basil Thyme).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy
annuals & herbaceous perennials. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries & borders.

67 D2

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep outdoors
in April; cuttings of side shoots in cold frame in spring; division of
roots in Oct. or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: O. Acinos (Basil Thyme), purple, July, 6 in., England.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. grandiflora, purple, June, 1 ft., Kurope.

Calamus.—Ord. Palmacew. Stove palms. Evergreen. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1819. Ht. 5 to 15 ft. Leaves, large, finely
divided.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
coarse sand. Position, well drained pots in shade. Pot firmly in
March. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to Mar. 60° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 85°. Propagate by
seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, in temp. 80° in March; by suckers

rowing from roots, inserted in small pots of light soil under bell-glass
in temp 80°.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. asperrimus, Java; australis, Australia; caryo-
tioides, Australia; ciliaris, Malaya; erectus, Himalayas; flagellum, Himalayas;
Muelleri, Australia; oblongus, Java; oxleyanus, Malaya; Regis, New Guinea;
rudentum, Cochin China; subangulatus, Sumatra; tenuis, India; trinervis, East
Indies; viminalis, India.

Calandrinia (Rock-Purslane). — Ord. Portulacer. Hardy
annuals, biennials, & perennials. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, a moderately rich. Position, sunny rockery
for dwarf species; borders for tall species. Plant perennials in April.
Propagate annuals by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow boxes of light
soil in temp. 55° to 60° in March, transplant seedlings into small pots
in April, & plant out in June, or sow seeds outdoors in April, where
plants are to flower; biennials by seeds sown in heat similar to
annuals: perennials by seeds or division of roots in April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. compressa, rose, Aug., 6 in., Chili; procumbens, rose,
Aug., 6 in., Peru; nitida, red, an, 6 in., Chili.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: O. umbellata, rose, July, 6 in., Peru.

PERENNIAL SPEOIES: O. grandiflora, rosy-red, summer, 1 ft., Chili; Menziesii,
crimson, summer, 1 ft., California; discolor, rose, summer, 18 in., Chili.

Calanthe.—Ord. Orchidacez. Warm greenhouse terrestrial
orchids. Deciduous & evergreen. First introduced 1819.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure, &
leaf-mould. Position, shady or partially shady, pots with a third of
drainage in each. Pot loosely in March. Cover drainage with layer
of moss & allow compost to be well elevated above the rim of pot.
Water deciduous kinds freely April to Sept., moderately Sept. to Jan.;
keep quite dry afterwards; evergreen kinds water freely at all times.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to Jan. 60° to 70°; Jan. to
March 55° to 65°. Resting Apter winter. Flowers appear in centre
of new growth, or at base of pseudo-bulb, when growth is nearly com-
pleted. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: O. curculigoides, orange, 2 ft., Oct., Malaya; Masuca,
violet, winter, 3 ft., India; vestita, white, winter, 24 ft., India.

HYBRIDS: Dominii, lilac-purple, 2 ft., Feb.; porphyrea, crimson, spring, 2 ft.;
Veitchii (Syn. Limatodes rosea), rose, winter, 3 ft., and numerous other rare or
little-grown forms

'Calathea (Zebra Plant).—Ord. Scitamines. Stove plants. Orn.
foliage. Leaves, green, rose, yellow, white, & olive on upper sides;
rosy purple beneath.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts coarse lumps of loam, peat, leaf-
mould, & sand. Position, well drained pots in shade. Pot, March,
moderately firm. Water freely April to Sept., moderately afterwards.

68

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 65° to 70°. Pro-
agate by division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. angustifolia, 2 to 3 ft., Trop. America; bachemiana,
9 in., Brazil; cyclophora, 2 ft., Guiana; eximia, 24 ft., Trop. America; flavescens,
18 in., Brazil; illustris, 1 ft., Brazil; lindeniana, 1 ft., Peru; leopardina, 2 ft.,
Brazil; ornata, 1 ft., Brazil; sanderiana, 24 ft., Brazil; veitchiana, 3 ft., Bolivia.

Calathian Violet (Gentiana pneumonanthe).—See Gentiana.

Calceolaria (Slipper-flower; Slipper-wort). — Ord. Scrophu-
lariacew. Half-hardy or greenhouse shrubs & herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1733.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS KINDS: Sow seeds on surface of
fine soil in well-drained pans or shallow boxes in July. Cover box or
zen with sheet of glass, & stand them under bell-glass or in cold frame.

hade from sun, & keep moderately moist. Transplant seedlings lin.
apart in fine soil in Aug., transfer them singly into 2in. pots in Sept.,
into 5in. in Oct., & 6 or 7in. in March. Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part leaf-mould, decayed manure & sand. Water mode-
rately until April, then apply freely. Apply liquid manure from April
till plants are in flower. . Meritt Aug. to March 45° to 50°; March to
May 50° to 55°. Discard plants after flowering.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY KINDS: Compost, same as for herbaceous
kinds. Position, pots in windows or greenhouses, or in sunny or shad
beds outdoors in summer. Pot in March; plant in May. Nip o
points of shoots in March to make bushy plants. Propagate by cut-
tings 3 in. long inserted in sandy soil in cool shady frame in Sept. or
Oct., or in pots or boxes in cool greenhouse or window in Sept. Cut-
tings to remain in frames, etc., till potting or planting time. Protect
from frost. Water moderately in autumn & winter, freely in summer.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: O. amplexicaulis, yellow, summer, 1 to. 2 ft., Peru;
arachnoides, purple, June, 1 ft., Chili; Burbidgei (hybrid), yellow, Sept., 2 to 3 ft.,
Chili; corymbosa, yellow, May, 1 ft., Chili; Fothergillii, yellow, summer, 6 in.,
Falklaiid Isles; Pavonii, yellow, July, 2 ft., Peru; purpurea, purple, July, 1 ft.,

Ail.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: C. alba, white, summer, 1 ft., Chili; fuchsiefolia, yellow,
spring, 1 to 2 ft., Peru; integrifolia (Syn. O. rugosa), yellow, summer, 18 in., Chili;
Kellyana (hybrid), yellow, orange and red, summer; violacea, violet, summer,

ft., Chili. The large-flowered herbaceous kinds are hybrids classified under the
name of Oalceolaria herbacea. :

Calendula (Pot Marigold)—Ord. Composit#. Hardy annuals.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady beds or
borders. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep outdoors in March or
April where plants are to flower. Reproduces itself freely from seed.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. officinalis, orange-yellow, summer, 12 in., 8. Europe.
Meteor and Orange King are superior varieties to the species.

Calico Bush (Kalmia latifolia)—See Kalmia.

Californian Bluebell (Nemophila insignis)—See Nemophila.

Californian Buck-eye (Pavia californica).—See Pavia.

Californian Cedar (Thuya plicata)—See Thuya.

Californian Chain Fern (Woodwardia radicans). — See
Woodwardia. ;
i Californian Columbine (Aquilegia californica)—See Aqui-
egia.

Californian Cone-flower (Rudbeckia californica).—See
Rudbeckia.

Californian Fuchsia (Zauschneria californica).—See Zausch-
neria.

Californian Hyacinth (Brodiza congesta).—See Brodiza.

69

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Californian Lace Fern (Cheilanthes gracillima). — See
Cheilanthes.

Californian Lilac (Ceanothus integerrimus).—See Ceanothus.

Californian May-bush (Photinia arbutifolia).—See Photinia.

Californian Mock Orange (Carpenteria Californica).—See
Carpenteria.

Californian Nutmeg (Torreya Californica)—See Torreya.

Californian Orange Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica
sa ar sat Eschscholtzia. :

Californian Pink Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica rosea).—
See Eschscholtzia.

Californian Pitcher-plant (Darlingtonia califérnica).—
See Darlingtonia,
tent Neal Poppy (Platystemon californicus)._See Platy-
stemon.

Californian Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).—See Sequoia.

Californian Silver Fir (Abies concolor).—See Abies.

Californian Soapwort (Leucocrinum montanum).—See Leu-
cocrinum,

Californian Vine (Vitis californica).—See Vitis.

Californian White Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica alba).
—See Eschscholtzia.

Calla (Bog Arum; Water Dragon; Marsh Calla)—Ord. Aroidez.
Hardy floating water perennial.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, boggy, or muddy. Position, moist bog or
shallow pond. Plant, March or April. Propagate by inserting por-
tions of stems in boggy or muddy soil where plants are required to

TOW.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. palustris, white, summer, 6 in., N. Hemisphere. See
also Richardia.

Calla Lily (Richardia africana).—See Richardia.

Callicarpa KP repels Mulberry; Purple Mulberry).—Ord. Ver-
benacew. Stove plant. Orn. fruit. First introduced 1822. Berries,
deep violet, borne abundantly in axils of leaves; Nov. to May.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, with little sand.
Position, pots,sunny. Pot, March. Prune straggly shoots into shape
before potting. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80° Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in 2in. pots of sandy soil
in March in temp. 80°. To ensure plenty of berries, keep the points of
ote frequently pinched off & all flowers removed until the end of

uly.

SPROIES CULTIVATED: OC. purpurea, 6 ft., China.

Callichroa,—sSee Layia.

Calliopsis.—See Coreopsis.

Calliphruria. — Ord. Amaryllidacew. Greenhouse, bulbous
rooted perennial. First introduced 1876.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould,
peat, & sand. Position, well-drained pots, sunny. Pot, March,
placing one bulb 3in. deep in a5 in. pot. Water moderately March to
Oct., very little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets placed in small pots
in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. hartungiana, white, June, 1 ft., Bogota.

70

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

Callirhoe (Poppy-Mallow).—Ord. Malvacew. Hardy annuals &
perennials. First introduced 1824,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Plant peren-
nials Oct. or March. Propagate annual species by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in pans of light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors in May, or where plants are to flower in April;
perennials by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep outdoors in April, or cuttings of
young shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in spring.

ANNUAL SPECIES: O. pedata, cherry-red, summer, 2 ft., Texas; pedata com-
pacta, crimson, white eye.

_PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. involocrata, crimson, July, 6 in., N. America;
lineariloba, striped, July, 6 in., N. America; alcxoides (Syn. C. macrorhiza),
white and rose, 2 ft., summer.

Callistemon (Bottle Brush Tree)—Ord. Myrtacew. Grecn-
house evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1788.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, in pots, or in well-drained beds at base of wall. Pot or plant
March or April. Prune shoots slightly after flowering. Water freely
April to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp. March to Sept. 55° to
65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots,
3in. long, inserted in sandy peat inter bell-glass, in temp. 55° to 65°
during summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. lanceolatus, crimson, June, 8 to 10 ft.; salinguus,
yellow, June, 6 ft.; speciosus (Syn. Metrosideros speciosa), crimson, spring, 8 to
10 ft. Natives of Australia.

Callistephus (China Aster).—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1731.

CULTURE: Soil, rich liberally manured. Position, open, sunny,
well drained. Sow seeds 4 in. deep in light soil in fom: 55° to 65° in
March, transplant seedlings in April 2in. apart in shallow boxes or in

of light soil in cold frame, plant out 6 to 12in. apart in outdoor
beds in May; or sow seeds same depth & soil in cold frame, or in pots
in window in April & plant outdoors in May. Apply weak liquid
manure twice a week during July & Aug. To secure exhibition blooms
pinch off all flower buds, except three or four on each plant directly
they form.

POT CULTURE: Sow seeds as advised above. Transplant three
seedlings into a 3in. pot in April, into 5in. in May, & 6in. in June.
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure, & sand.
Water freely, & apply liquid manure once a week when flower buds are
formed. Thin out latter to three on each plant. Plants may be lifted
from open ground in Aug. & placed in pots to flower if desired.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. hortensis, various colours, summer, 6 in. to 2 {t.,
China. Numerous varieties.

Calluna (Ling; Heather).—Ord. Ericacer. Hardy evergreen
flowering shrubs.

CULTURE: Soil, bog, or peat. Position, moist, open beds, borders,
or shrubbery margins. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propa-
gate by division of plant in Oct. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. vulgaris, purple, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain) ;
vulgaris alba, white; vulgaris Alporti, crimson; vulgaris argentea, silvery leaved;
vulgaris aurea, golden-leaved.

alochortus (Butterfly Tulip; Butterfly-weed; Star Tulip;
Mariposa Lily).—Ord, Liliaceex. Half-hardy bulbous plants. Nat.
California & N.W. America. First introduced 1826.

FRAME CULTURE: Prepare bed 12in. deep with compost of equal

parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Plant bulbs 3in, deep & 4in.

71

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

apart in Nov. Keep lights on in frosty weather; off night & day in
fair weather. Waterin dry weather. Lift & replant every three years.

POT CULTURE: Use same compost as advised for frame culture.
Place a dozen bulbs 2in, deep in a 5in. pot in Nov. Cover pots with
‘ashes in cold frame, & give no water. Remove pots from ashes in Jan.
& place in cool greenhouse near glass. Water moderately till after
flowering, then gradually withhold it. Repot annually in Nov.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Plant bulbs in similar soil & manner to that
advised for frames. Bed must be dry in winter, sunny, at foot of
south wall. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in pans of sandy soil
in temp. 45° to 55° in March, transplanting seedlings following year
into small pots & treating similar to old bulbs; by offsets planted like
bulbs in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. albus (Syn. Cyclobothra alba), white, July, 1 ft.;
Amoenus (Syn. Cyolobothra amcena), pink, July, 1 ft.; Benthamii, yellow, July,
8 in.; Cmruleus, lilac-blue, July, 6 in.; clavatus, yellow, July, 2} ft.; elegans,
white, June, 9 in.; Gunnisonii, white, July, 2 ft.; Howellii, white, July, 18 in.;
Kennedyi, orange-red, July, 2} ft.; lilacinus, lilac, July, 9 in.; lutens, yellow,
July, 1 ft.; Nuttallii (Syn. O. Leitchlinii), white, June, 6 in.; pulchellus (Syn.
Cyclobothra pulchella), yellow, July, 1 ft.; Purdyi, white, July, 1 ft.; splendens,
lilac, July, 1 ft.; venustus, white, July, 18 in. A number of varieties will be
found in specialists’ lists.

Calodendron (Cape Chestnut)—Ord. Rutacew. Greenhouse
flowering shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1789.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
tion, pots or tubs, sunny. Pot & prune, March. Water moderately
Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots 3 in. long
inserted in aaaty soil under bell-glass in temp. 60° in June or July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. capense, pink, summer, 10 ft., 8. Africa.

Calophaca.—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1786.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubbery. Plant, Oct.
to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in Nov. or March; by
grafting on common laburnum in March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: C. woolgarica, yellow, June, 3 ft., 8. Russia.

Calopogon (Grass Pink Orchis).—Ord. Orchidacew. Hardy her-
baceous orchid. First introduced 1791.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist, sheltered rockery. Plant,
March or April. May also be grown in equal parts peat & loam in pots
in cold frames or greenhouses. Propagate by offsets treated as old

ants.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. multiflorus, purple, summer, 1 ft.; pulchellus,
purple, July, 18 in., N. America.

alostemma.—ord. Amaryllidacew. Greenhouse flowering
bulbous perennials. First introduced 1819.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot, Aug.
Position, sunny greenhouse. Water freely March to July, moderately
July to Sept., very little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. album, white, May, 1 ft., N. Australia; luteum,

yellow, Nov., 1 ft., Australia; purpureum, purple, Nov., 1 ft., Australia; purpureum
carneum, pale purple.

Caltha (Marsh Marigold; Goldings; Water Gowan; Double Marsh
Marigold)—Ord. Ranunculacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, rich. Position, damp borders, or banks of ponds,
streams or lakes. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by division of
roots in March or July. ;

72

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. biflora, white, May, 1 ft., N. America; leptosepala,
yellow, May, 1 ft., N.W. America; palustris (Marsh Mari old), yellow, April,
1 ft., Britain; and its varieties, alba (white), flore pleno (double yellow), monstrosa
plena (yellow, double); and nana flore-pleno (dwarf).

Calvary Clover (Medicago echinus).—See Medicago.

Calycanthus (Carolina Allspice).—Ord. Calycanthacex. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrubs.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & leaf-mould.
Position, south or west walls, or sheltered aheakbeey: South of England.
Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep in light soil
in cold frame, March; by layers of shoots in July & Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ‘C. floridus, brownish purple, fragrant, June, 6 ft.,
8. United States; glaucus, brownish purple, May, 6 ft., United States; occi-
dentalis (Syn. O. macrophyllas), red, fragrant, Aug., 9 ft., california. Asplenifolius,
ovatus and variegata are forms of O. floridus.

Calypso (Calypso Orchis).—Ord. Orchidacex. Hardy terrestrial
orchid. First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts leaf-mould, one part fibry peat &
coarse sand. Position, shady margins of rockwork or bog. Plant, Oct.
or March. Etopagate by offsets treated as old plants at planting time.
+ SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. borealis, rose, brown and yellow, Jan., 1 ft.,
N. Temperate Zone.

Calystegia (Bind-weed).—Ord. Convolvulacew. Hardy herba-
ceous trailing & climbing perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border where the fleshy
roots can be confined and prevented spreading over the garden. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown }in, a in pots of sandy
soil in temp. 55° in March, or similar depth in April where plants are
to flower ; Ss division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. hederacea (Syn. O. pubescens fi. pl.), Double Chinese
Bindweed, rose, summer, 6 ft., China and Japan; sepium incarnata (American
Bindweed), rose, July, 6 ft.; sepium dahurica, rosy purple, July, 6 ft., Siberia;
sylvatica, white, July, 6 ft., Europe; Soldanella (Syn. Convolvulus Soldanella), red,
June, 3 ft., Temperate Zone.

Camassia (Bear Grass; Wild Hyacinth; Californian Quamash).
—Ord, Liliaces. Hardy bulbous plants. First introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & coarse sand.
Position, sheltered beds or borders. Plant bulbs 4in. deep & 4in.
apart in Oct. or Feb. Top-dress annually with decayed manure. Lift
& replant every four years. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
sunny position outdoors in March, or }in. deep in boxes of light soil
in temp. 55° in Nov.; by offsets in Oct. or Feb.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. esculentea (Quamash), blue, July, 2 ft., N.W. America;

Cusickii, blue, July, 23ft., California; Fraseri (Wild Hyacinth), blue, June, 2 ft.,
N. America.

Camellia (Japan Rose; Tea-plant)—Ord. Ternstremiaceer.
Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1739.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, & sand. Posi-
tion, pots or tubs in greenhouse, against south wall, or in sheltered
shrubberies outdoors in 8. of England. Pot, March or April. Plant
outdoors Oct. or March. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards. Prune at potting time. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Place plants outdoors on bed of cinder
ashes July to Sept. Apply stimulants once a week Aug. to March.
Suitable stimulants: Solution of sheep droppings & soot, clear soot
water, guano & water, or artificial manures. Cause of buds dropping,
dry atmosphere & insufficient water at roots. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep in sandy peat in temp. 75° in March; by cuttings of

73

ENOCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

firm shoots inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat in cool green-
house in Aug., transferring pots in March to temp. 55° & putting
cuttings in small pots following Sept.; by layers of shoots in Sept.;
grafting in March. p

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. japonica, parent of the numerous cultivated varie-
ties, red, spring, 15 to 20 {t., Japan; japonica anemonzeflora, red; reticulata, red,
spring, 8 to 10 ft., China; roseflora, rose, spring, 3 ft., China; Sasanqua, white,
Feb., 6 ft., China; theifera (China Tea Plant), white, May, 5 to 6 ft., China;
theifera assamica (Assam or Indian Tea plant).

Campanula (Bellflower; Harebell; Canterbury Bell; Garden
Rampion).—Ord. Campanulacee. Hardy annuals, biennials, & peren-

nials.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, trailing species on sunny rockeries; tall species beds & borders,
sunny or shady. Plant, Oct. to April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam, & sand.
Trailing kinds grow in small pots in hanging baskets. Repot them in
March. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Tall kinds
grow singly in 5in. pots or three in a 7in. pot. Sow seeds of these in
cold frame in Aug.; transplant seedlings singly in 3 in. pots in Oct.,
into 5in. in April, 7in, in May. Water moderately in winter, freely

in summer.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seeds in gentle heat in
March, transplant seedlings into boxes, harden off in cold frame in
May & plant out in sunny borders early in June.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds outdoors in April,
May, or June. TYansplant seedlings when 1 in. high, 6in. apart in
nursery bed, & pine out in borders in Oct. to flower following year.

CULTURE OF RAMPION: Sow seeds in shallow drills Gin. apart
in shady border of rich soilin May. Thin seedlings to 4 in. apart. ft
& store roots in frost-proof place in Nov. Uses: Young roots & leaves
for winter salads; large roots cook and eat like parsnips, :

Propagate perennials by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp.
55° in March or Aug.; by cuttings of young shoots in light soil in cold
frame in Aug. or March; division of roots in Oct. or April.

ANNUAL SPEOIES: ©. dichotoma, blue, July, 1 ft., Sioily; drabsfolia, blue,
July, 3 in., and drabsfolia alba, white, Greece; erinoides, blue, July, 1 ft., S.
Africa; Erinus, blue, July, 1 ft., 8. Europe; Loeflingii, blue, July, 1 ft., Portugal;
Loreyi, purple, June, 18 in., Italy; macrostyla, blue, July, 18 in., Asia Minor.

BIENNIAL SPEOIES: O. Medium (Canterbury Sale blue, July, 3 ft., S. Europe;
and several white, rose, and purple single and double varieties.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. abietiana, blue, July, 1 ft., Europe; alliariefolia,
yellow, June, 18 in., Caucasus; Allioni, blue, July, 3 in., France; alpina, blue,
July, 6 in., Europe; balchiniana, blue, July, 6 in., hybrid; barbata, blue, June,
1 ft., Europe; betonicefolia, blue, May, 18 in., Mt. Olympus; bononiensis, blue,
July, 24ft., Europe; csespitosa, blue, summer, 6 in., Europe; osspitosa alba, white;
carpatica, blue, summer, 12 in., E, Europe; carpatica alba, white; carpatica
turbinata, blue, 6 in.; collina, blue, July, 1 ft., Caucasus; Elatines, purple, sum-
mer, 3 in., Piedmont; elatinoides, purple, summer, 3 in., Piedmont; fragalis (Syn.
O. Barrelieri), lilac and purple, Aug., 6 in., Italy; ganganica, blue, June, 6 in.,
Italy; gipmarete, blue, summer, 18 in., Europe (Britain), and its varieties dahurica
(deep blue) and flore-pleno (double, blue); grandis, violet blue, June, 2 ft., Siberia,
and its variety alba (white); Hondersonii, mauve, July to Sept., 1 ft., hybrid;
isophylla, lilac blue, July, 3 to 6 in., Italy, and its varieties alba (white) and
Mayi (mauve); lactiflora, white and blue, July, 3 ft., Caucasus; latifolia, blue,
July, 4 to 6 ft., Britain, and its varieties alba (white), Burghalti (lilac), and Van
Houttei (violet-blue); nobilis, reddish violet, or creamy, July, 2 ft., China; persici-
folia, blue, June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe, and its varieties alba (white), albo coronata
(white, semi-double), alba flore-pleno (double white), etc.; portenschlagiana
blue, June, 6 in., 8, Europe; pulla, violet blue, June, 6 in., Austria; pusila, dark
blue, July 4 in., Alps; and its varieties alba (white) and pallida (pale blue);

74

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

pyramidalis (Chimney Bellflower), blue, July, 4 to 6 ft., Dalmatia and its
variety alba (white); Rainierii, blue, June, 3 in., Alps; rapunculoides, bluish
violet, June, 3 ft., Alps; Rapunculus (Rampion), purple, blue or white, June, 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain) ; rotundifolia (Harebell), blue, summer, 8 to 12 in., Britain, and
its varieties alba (white) and Hostii (blue); Trachelium, blue, July, 3 ft., Europe,
and its varieties alba (white), alba plena (double white) and flore pleno (double
blue); Warleyi, purple, July, 6 in., a hybrid.

Camperdown Weeping Elm (Ulmus montana var. pen-
dula).—See Ulmus.

Campernelle (Narcissus odorus).—See Narcissus.

Campion.—See Lychnis.

Canada Tea (Gaultheria procumbens).—See Gaultheria.

i Canadian Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).—See Aqui-
egia.

Canadian Flea-bane (Erigeron canadensis).—See Erigeron.

Canadian Golden Rod (Solidago canadensis).—See Solidago.

Canadian Lily (Lilium canadensis).—See Lilium.

Canadian Yew-tree (Taxus canadensis)—See Taxus.

Canarina (Canary Island Bellflower)—Ord, Campanulacez.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1696.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure
& silver sand. Position, pots. Pot, Feb.; good drainage very essen-
tial. Water liberally March to Aug., moderately Aug. to Nov., very
little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 55°
to 65°, Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 65° in March or April; division of roots in Feb.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OC. campanulata, orange, Jan., 4 ft., Oanary Islands.

Canary Creeper (Tropzolum aduncum).—See Tropezolum.

Canary Grass (Phalaris canariensis).—See Phalaris.

Canary Island Bell-flower (Canarina campanulata).—See
Canarina.

Candelabra-flower (Brunsvigia Josephine). — See Bruns-
vigia. :

Candie-berry Myrtle (Myrica Gale)—See Myrica.

Candlemas Bells (Galanthus nivalis).—See Galanthus.

Candle Plant (Kleinia articulata).—See Kleinia.

Candy Mustard (Athionema saxatile)—See Athionema.

Candytuft.—See Ihberis. : ;

Canna (indian Shot-plant).—Ord. Scitaminee. Stove herbaceous
plants. First introduced, 1570.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, decayed manure,
leaf-mould, & sand. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water freely March to Oct., very little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 65° to 85°, Apply weak liquid
manure once or twice a week to plants in healthy growth.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Place roots in pots in March in temp. 55°
to 60°. Remove pots ints temp. 55° end of April & plant outdoors
early in June. Lift roots in Sept., place them in boxes filled with
ordinary soil, keep latter nearly dry, & store in frost-proof position
till potting time. Propagate by seeds steeped for 24 hours in tepid
water, then sown 4 in. deep in light soil in temp. 85° in Feb,; division
of roots at potting time. tt will facilitate germination if a slight notch

be filed in the seed before sowing.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. indica, yellow and red, summer, 6 ft., W. Indies.
This species is the parent of the numerous beautiful varieties grown in gardens.
See trade lists for names.

75

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Cannabis (Indian or Giant Hemp).—Ord. Urticacew. Hardy
annuals. Orn. foliage. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Propagate b
seeds sown fin. deep outdoors, where plants are to grow, in April,
or in temp. 55° in March, fransplanting seedlings in June,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. sativa, green, June, 4 to 10 ft., India.

Canterbury Bells (Campanula medium).—See Campanula.

Cantua (Peruvian Magic-tree)—Ord. Polemoniacex. Greenhouse
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1846.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, pots, sunn eenhouse. Pot, March. Water mode-
rately Sept. to March, freely March to Sept. Temp., Sept. to March
40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots
inaerted fis pure silver sand under bell-glasses in temp. 50° to 55°,

ay to Au

SPECIES ULTIVATED : ©. bicolor, ycllow and red, May, 4 ft., Bolivia; buxi-
folia, rose, May, 5 ft., Peru.

Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox).—See Aloe.

Cape Aster (Agathza ccelestis).—See Agathza.

Cape Bladder Senna (Sutherlandia frutescens). — See
Sutherlandia.

Cape Chestnut (Calodendron capensis).—See Calodendron.

Cape Cowslip (Lachenalia tricolor).—See Lachenalia.

Cape Crocus (Gethyllis spiralis) See Gethyllis,

Cape Fig-wort (Phygelius capensis).—See Phygelius.

Cape Forget-me-not (Anchusa capensis).—See Anchusa.

Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).—_See Physalis.

Cape Honey-flower (Melianthus major).—See Melianthus.

Cape Honeysuckle (Tecoma capensis).—See Tecoma.

Cape Ivy (Senecio macroglossus).—See Senecio.

Cape Jasmine (Gardenia florida)—See Gardenia.

Cape Lead-wort (Plumbago capensis).—See Plumbago.

Cape Lily B esihes longifolium).—See Crinum.

Cape Pond-weed (Aponogeton distachyon).—_See Aponogeton.

Cape Primrose.—See Streptocarpus.

4 Cape Silver-tree (Leucadendron argenteum).—See Leucaden-
ron.

Cape Stock.—See Heliophila.

Cape Treasure-flower (Gazania pavonia).—See Gazania.

Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa).—See Capparis.

Caper Spurge (Euphorbia lathyris)—See Euphorbia.

Capparis (Caper-tree)—Ord. Capparidacew. Half-hardy ever-
green shrubs. First introduced 1596,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse, Pot, March; good drainage
essential. Plant outdoors Sept. to Nov. Water moderately in pots
Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65. May be grown outdoors in sheltered position
in S. of England. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in sail under
bell-glasses in temp. 65° to 75°, July or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. spinosa, white, June, 8 ft., S. Europe. This species
yields the capers of commerce.

Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper; Chilli; Red Pepper).—Ord. Solana-
cew. Hothouse arnual or shrubby plants, First introduced. 1548.
Fruit, round, long. red & yellow. a

76

HNCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse,
against south wall outdoors in summer.

POT CULTURE: Sow seeds fin. deep in temp. 80° in Feb. Place
seedlings singly in 3in. pots in March & in Gin. pots in May. Water
freely & grow throughout in temp. 75° to 85°, Gather fruit when full
red or yellow colour is attained.

_ OUTDOOR CULTURE: Sow seeds & grow seedlings in pots as advised
in previous case. Plant out in June. Train shoots thinly to wall as
viep row. Yields the chilli of commerce.

ECIES CULTIVATED: C. annuum (Red Pepper, Chillies and Capsicum), white,
June, 1 ft., India; minimum (Cayenne Pepper, Guinea Pepper and Bird Pepper),

white, May, 1 ft., E. Indies. The first species is on annual and the second one
an evergreen shrub.

Caragana (Siberian Pea-tree; Chinese Pea-tree)—Ord. Legu-
minose. Hardy flowering trees & shrubs. Deciduous. First intro-
duced 1751.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubbery. Plant, Oct.
to March. Propagate by seeds sown 2 in. deep in ordinary soil outdoors
in Nov, or March; cuttings of roots inserted 3 in. deep outdoors in Oct. ;
layers of strong shoots in Sept.; grafting choice species on C. arbores-
cens in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. arborescens, yellow, May, 15 ft., Siberia; arbores-

gene Redowskii, a superior form; frutescens, yellow, April, 3 ft., Russia and
apan,

Caraway (Carum Carvi).—See Carum.

Carbenia (Blessed Thistle)—Ord. Compositw. Hardy biennial.
Ornamental foliage.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Sow seeds
thinly in March, where plants are to grow, and afterwards thin out
to a foot or so apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. benedicta, leaves green and blotched with white,
3 to 4 ft., Mediterranean Region.

Cardamine (Cuckoo -flower ; Tooth Flower; Lady’s Smock ; Coral
Root). Ord. Cruciferw. Hardy perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist, shady border. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep out-
doors in April; division of roots in Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. asarifolia, white, May, 1 ft., Italy; pratensis
{Guelon Flower or Lady’s Smock), pale purple , May, 18 in., Britain; pratensis

lore pleno, double; diphylla (Syn. Dentaria bulbifera), the Coral Root, purple,
April, 18 in., Britain.

Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis)—See Lobelia.
Cardinal Monkey-flower (Mimulus cardinalis)—See Mimu-
lus.

Cardoon.—See Cynara.

Carex (Blue-grass; Sedge).—Ord. Cyperacer. Hardy herbaceous
perennial grasses. Orn, foliage. ,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of ponds. Plant
March. The variegated kinds may be grown in pots in ordinary good
soil in cool, greenhouses or in rooms. Propagate by seeds sown where
plants are to ay in March; division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. baccans, purple berried, 4 ft., Trop. Asia; brunnea
variogata, leaves striped with white, 2 ft., India; Pseudo-cyperus (Bastard
Cyperus), 3 ft., Temperate Zone; paniculata (Sedge), pale brown inflorescence,
summer, 3 to 4 ft., Britain; pendula, brown inflorescence, summer, 5 to 6 ft.,
Britain; tristachya (japonica of gardens), leaves striped with white, 1 ft., Japan.

Carlina (Carline Thistle)—Ord. Compositz. Hardy perennials.
First introduced 1640.

77

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open dryish border. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in April where
plants are required to grow. i re

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. acaulis, white, June, 9 in., Europe; acanthifolia,
white, June, 18 in., 8. Europe.

Carludovica.—Ord. Cyclanthaceez. Stove ornamental-leaved
perennials. First introduced 1818. Leaves, green, divided, palm-like.

CULTURE: Compost two parts peat, one part sandy loam. _Posi-
tion, moist, shady. Pot, March. Water moderately Nov. to March,
freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept.
65° to 75°. Propagate by division of plant at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ‘©, Drudei, 4 ft., Colombia; angustifolia (Syn. C,
Plumeri), 2 ft., Peru.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).—See Dianthus.

Carnation Poppy (Papaver somniferum).—See Papaver.

Carniola Lily (Lilium carniolicum).—See Lilium.

Carob Tree (Ceratonia Sa a acl Ceratonia,

Carolina Allspice.—See Calycanthus.

Carolina Pink (Spigelia marilandica).—See Spigelia.

Carolina Poplar (Populus monilifera).—See Populus.

Carpathian Bell-flower (Campanula carpatica).—See Cam-
panula.

Carpathian Snowflake (Leucojum carpaticum).—See Leu-
cojum.

Carpenteria (Californian Mock Orange).—Ord. Saxifragacer.
Hardy deciduous flowering shrub. _ First introduced 1880.

CULTURE: Soil, light loamy. Position, sheltered position in shrub-
bery or against south wall. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Prune away shoots
that have flowered directly blossoms fade. Propagate by cuttings of
young shoots inserted in cold frame in April; suckers removed from
roots in autumn; fayering shoots in Sept. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. californica, white, fragrant, June, 4 ft., California.

Carpenter’s-Leaf (Galax aphylla).—See Galax

Carpet Plant (Ionopsidium acaule).—See Ionopsidium.

Carpinus (Hornbeam), — Ord. Cupulifere. Hardy deciduous
trees. Orn. foliage.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary; not adapted for chalky soils. Position,
open, exposed. Plant, Oct. to March. Native species (C. Betulus)
makes good hedge. Plant three-year old seedlings 3 ft. apart for this
purpose, & prune shoots in closely every autumn. Cost of plants, 5s.
per 100; preparing site and planting per lineal yard, 9d.; trimming,
4d. per chain. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in autumn in
ordinary soil outdoors. Transplant seedlings when a year old 2 ft.
apart each way. Number of seeds in a pouae 14,000. Weights of a
bushel of seeds, 401lb. Quantity of seeds to sow an acre, 351b.
Timber reaches maturity at 40 years. Average price per cubic foot,
2s. Uses: Sawmill rollers and skittle pins.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: O. Betulua (Hornbeam), 80 ft., Europe (Britain), and
ita varieties asplenifolia, incisa (out-leaved), pendula (weeping), aureo-variegata
(golden-leaved) and variegata (variegated); caroliniana (Syn. 0. americana), Ameri-

can Hornbeam, 20 ft., N. America; japonica (Japanese Hornb: 15 ft., J :
orientalis, 10 ft., S. Europe. ei aie aie

Carrion Flower.—See Stapelia.

Carrot.—See Daucus.

Carthamus (Distaff Thistle; Safflower). — Ord. Composite.
Hardy annuals. First introduced 1551.

73

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Propagate
by seeds sown 4 in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° in March, transplant-
ing seedlings where they are to flower in May.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. lanatus, yellow, July, 2 ft.; Oxyacantha, yellow,
July, 2 ft.; tinctorius, orange, June, 3 ft. All natives of Europe.

Cartwheel Flower (Heracleum villosum).—See Heracleum.

Carum (Parsley; Caraway).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy biennial
culinary herbs & aromatic seed-bearing plants. Caraway seeds used
for confectionary purposes; Parsley for garnishing, etc. First intro-
duced 1548,

CULTURE OF PARSLEY: Soil, ordinary, deep, rich, moist.
Position, partially shady; as edgings to borders, or in rows. Sow in
Feb., May, and July in drills in. deep & 12in. apart. Thin seedlings
when lin. high to 3in, apart, & later on to 8in. apart. Thinnings
may be replanted to form a fresh bed if desired. When leaves become
coarse cut them all off to induce fresh growth. Renew beds every
second year. Suitable artificial manures, 240z. superphosphate per
square yard before sowing; 2} oz. nitrate of soda forked in when the

lants are thinned; 1oz. superphosphate, 40z. nitrate of soda, }0z.
iron sulphate, to a gallon of water, applied in summer. Seed retains
its vegetative power 3 years. Quantity required for a row 50 ft. long,
loz.

Market Cutture: Soil, sandy loam. Sow in April for a summer
crop, & in July for winter and spring. Drill in 1in. deep; rows 15 in.
asunder. Seeds to sow an acre, 121b. Keep well hoed, & thin to 6in.
apart. Cut over winter crop in Sept. to check flowering, & induce new
leaves to form. Market by the dozen bunches, each bunch being a
good handful. Average price per doz. bunches, 2s. to 3s.

CULTURE OF CARAWAY: Soil, deep loam, well manured the pre-
vious winter. Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills 18in. apart in April. Well
roll land after sowing. Keep well hoed. Have the growth eaten down
close by sheep in autumn. arvest crop in July, & thresh out seeds at
once. Market in sacks of three bushels. Average yield per acre,
15 to 20 cwt.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. Petroselinum (Parsley), yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
Sardinia; Carvi (Caraway), pinkish white, July, 30 in., Europe.

Carya (Hickory).—Ord. Juglandacex. Hardy deciduous trees.
First introduced 1629. Full grown trees bear edible nuts similar to
walnuts.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies, woods, or as
single specimens on lawns & in parks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune,
Nov., thinning out unsightly branches only. Propagate by nuts sown
2in. deep where trees are required to grow, in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. alba (Shell-bark Hickory), 30 ft., N. America;
amara (Bitter Nut), 30 to 40 ft., N. America.

Caryopteris (Moustache plant)—Ord. Verbenacee. Half-
hardy shrubby perennial. First introduced 1814.

CULTURE: Compost, two ee loam, one part leaf-mould & a little
sand. Position, pots in cool greenhouse, or in border at foot of a
warm, sheltered wall outdoors. Pot or plant April. Water freely
in spring & summer, moderately in winter. Propagate by seeds sown
in light soil in temp. 55° in spring ; cuttings of the young shoots or
division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. Mastacanthus, blue, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., China and
Japan.

79

ENCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Caryota (East Indian Wine Palm; Toddy Palm).—Ord. Palmacez.
Stove palms. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1788.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & coarse sand.
Position, pots, moist, shady. Pot, March. Water freely March to
Nov., moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°;
March to Sept. 65° to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in light
soil in temp. 85° in March; suckers removed from roots, inserted in
small pots, any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. elegans, 8 to 10 ft., Tropics; mitis, 20 to 25 ft.,
Malaya; urens, 30 to 40 ft., Trop. Asia.

Cashmere Larkspur (Delphinium cashmerianum).—See Del-
phinium.

Cashmere Primrose (Primula denticulata).—See Primula.

Cashmere Sage (Salvia hians).—See Salvia.

Cassandra.—oOrd. Ericacex. Hardy evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1748.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, or silver
sand. Position, open sheltered borders, rockeries, or bogs. Plant,
Sept. to Nov., or March. Prune straggling shoots only moderately
after flowering. Water freely in dry positions during summer.

POT CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & fine silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in ead greenhouse, Nov. to June; in
shady position outdoors, June to Nov. Pot, Oct. to Nov. Water
moderately, Nov. to March, freely afterwards. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, Nov. or March; layering
shoots in Sept.; division of plants, Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. calyculata (Syn. Andromeda calyculata), white,
spring, 3 ft., N. America.

Cassia (Senna plant).—Ord. Leguminosew. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs and hardy perennials. First introduced 1723.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part peat & sand. Position, pots in greenhouse, or well-drained
border against south wall. Pot, March. Plant outdoors April.
Water moderately Nov. to Feb., freely afterwards. Prune straggling
shoots to within 2in. of base in Dec. or Jan. Temp., Sept. to March
50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary well drained.
Position, sunny borders. Plant, March or April. Protect in winter
with covering of leaves or ashes. Propagate by seeds sown fin. deep
in light soil in temp. 75° in March; cuttings of previous year’s shoots
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 80° in March; herba-
ceous species by division in March.
ee HOUSE SPECIES: C. corymbosa, yellow, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Buenos

yres.

HARDY SPECIES: C. marylandica, yellow, Sept., 3 ft., N. America. There
are other species, but above are the only ones worth growing. 7

Cassinia (Golden Bush).—Ord. Composite. Hardy evergreen
flowering and ornamental-leaved shrub.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, dryish borders. Plant
in autumn. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy
soil in cold frame in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. fulvida, white, summer, 3 to 4 ft., leaves golden
es N. America. aaa ee
assiope.—oOrd. Ericacee. ardy evergreen flowering 5
First introduced 1798. if e as
CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist, shady beds or

80

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

borders. Plant, Sept. to April. Propagate by layering shoots in
*SPRGIES OULTIVATED: 0. €

af : ©. €astigia i a in., Himalayas; ©.
hypnoides, white and red, June, 9 in., Ths ae ete aka March,
9 to 12 in., Arotio Regions. Formerly knowa under generic name of Andromeda.

Castanea (Sweet or Spanish Chestnut).—Ord. Corylaceez. Hardy
deciduous trees. Bears edible nuts, which should be ‘separated from
the husks when latter fall in autumn, then be thoroughly dried in the
sun or warm oven, and stored in air-tight jars or boxes in a cool, dry
aces Young trees much grown as coppice wood for game shelter.

robably introduced to Britain by Romans.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich, dry, & sandy. Position, open, sunny.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by sowing nuts 3 in. deep & Gin. apart
in open garden in Nov. or Feb. Transplant seedlings when a year old.
Distance apart to plant, 25 ft. for avenues & 5 ft. apart for underwood.
Timber most valuable in a young state; brittle when old. One bushel
of seed will yield 3,000 plants. Number of seeds in a pound, 115.
Weight of bushel of seed, 581b. Quantity of seeds to sow an acre,
600lb. Average price of timber per cubic foot, 1s. 3d. Timber
reaches maturity at 50 years. Average life, 500 years. Uses: Rafters
in churches, cabinet work, post and rail fencing, rustic work.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. sativa, 50 to 60 ft., S. Europe, N. Africa, ets.;

a ely, varieties, aureo-marginatus (golden-edged), and heterophylla dissecta (cut-
aved).

Castanopsis (Golden-leaved Chestnut), — Ord. Cupulifere.
Hardy deciduous ornamental-leaved tree.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy or well-drained loam. Position, lawns or
mixed shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate as advised for
Sweet Chestnut.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. chrysophylla (Syn. Castanea chrysophylla), N.
America.

Castilleja (Painted Cup).—Ord. Scrophularinew. Half-hardy
perennials. Plants with showy bracts.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part of equal proportions
of loam, leaf-mould, & sand. cat a sunny sheltered borders. Plant
in April. Protect in winter. Propagate by seeds sown in temp. 55?
to 65° in March, hardening off seedlings in cold frame.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. coccinea, yellow and scarlet, July, 1 ft.; animata,
yellow, summer, 2 ft.; pallida, white, 1 ft., N. America.

Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis).—See Ricinus.

Catalpa (Indian Bean).—Ord. Bignoniacee. Hardy deciduous
flowering and ornamental-leaved trees. First introduced 1726.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, good. Position, sunny, sheltered lawns.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. bignonioides (Indian Bean), white, spotted purple
and yellow, July, 20 to 30 ft., United States, and its variety aurea (golden-leaved) ;
cordifolia, white, June, 20 to 30 ft., United States; Ksmpferi, yellow, spotted red,
July, 20 ft., Japan.

Gatananche (Blue Cupidone; Blue Succory).—Ord. Composite.
Hardy perennials and annuals. First introduced 1596. Flowers may
be cut and dried for winter decoration. Gather when fully developed.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm borders. Plant, April.
Propagate by seeds sown }1n. deep in light soil in temp. 55° in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. cerulea, blue, 2 ft., July and Aug., 8. Europe;
crrulea bicolor, white and blue; lutea, yellow, June, 1 ft., S. Europe. Last named
is an annual.

81

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Catasetum.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove deciduous orchids. First
introduced 1822. ee :

CULTURE: Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off, very little other times. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Resting period, winter. Flowers
appear. at base of new pseudo-bulb when growth is finishing. Propa-
gate by division of plant at potting time.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: O. atratum, yellow, white and purple, July, Brazil;
Bungerothii, white, spring, Venezuela; callosum, brown and yellow, June, Vene-
zuela; christyanum, red, beeen and green, spring, Trop. America; macrocarpum,
brown and purple, spring, Trop. America; maculatum, green and purple, Sept.,
Guatemala; saccatum, purple and yellow, March, Colombia; splendens, white and
yellow, spring, Venezuela. There are others, but above are the best.

Catch-fly (Silene pendula).—See Silene.

Cat Chop (Mesertbryartheritm felinum).—See Mesembryanthe-
mum.

Catesbzea (Lily Thorn). — Ord. Rubiacew. Stove evergreen
flowering shrubs.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, & alittle sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots & plenty of light. Pot in March. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., 55° to 65°
Oct. to March, 75° to 85° afterwards. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in sand under bell-glass in a temp. of 75° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED.—S. spinosa, yellow, May, 10 ft., W. Indies.

Cathcartia ae er Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracew. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. First akroaneed 1850.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, dryish. Position, sunny, well-drained
rockery. Propagate by seeds sown fin. deep in sandy soil in cold
frame in July, transplanting seedlings into small pots in Aug., keeping
them in cold frame till planting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. villosa, yellow, June, 1 ft., Himalayas,

Cat-Mint (Nepeta Glechoma).—See Nepeta.

Cat-Thyme (Teucrium marum).—See Teucrium.

Cat’s Ear (Antennaria tomentosa).—See Antennaria.

Cat’s Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)—See Valeriana.

Cattleya.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove orchids. Evergreen. First
introduced 1815,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts coarse fibry peat, one part chopped
living sphagnum moss, charcoal, & sand. Position, well-drained pots,
hanging baskets, blocks. Pot, Feb, or March. Keep plants well above
rim of pot. Water three times weekly March to Aug.; once weekly
Aug. to Nov, & Feb. to March; once a month other times. Syringe
freely in summer. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60°
to 70°. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear at top of new growth
directly [ada is completed. Propagate by Sick of pseudo-bulbs at

otting time. :

PGPEO ES OULTIVATED: ©. Aclandix, yellow, green and purple, May, 6 in.,
Brazil; bicolor, crimson and purple, summer, 2 ft., Brazil; bowringiana, rosy-
purple, Oct., 12 in., British Honduras; citrina, yellow, April, 4 in., Mexico;
guttata, yellow and purple, Nov., 2 ft., Brazil; intermedia, purple and white,
spring, 1 ft., Brazil; labiata, mauve, purple ond yellow, autumn, 1 ft. Brazil:
labiata aurea, yellow, crimson and gold, Oot., 1 ft., Colombia; labiats dowiana,
yellow, orimson and gold, Oct., 1 ft., Costa Rioa; labinta Eldorado, lilac, white
and yellow, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; labiata gaskelliana, purple and orange ‘yellow,
summer, 12 in., Venezuela; labiata luddemanniana, purple, rose, and yellow, sum-
mer, 1 ft., Venezuela; labiata Mendellii, white, rose and yellow, May 12 in.
Colombia; labiata Mossise, white, rose, purple and yellow, May, 1 it, Venezuela;

82

HNCYCLOPAIDIA OF GARDENING.

labiata Percivaliana, lilac, rose, purple and yellow, Jan., 1 ft., Venezuela; labiata
Schroders, lilac and orange, March, 1 ft., Colombia; labiata Trianz, white, rose,
purple, and yellow, Feb., 1 ft., Colombia; labiata Warneri, rose, purple and
yellow, June, 1 ft., Bahia; labiata Warscewiozii, crimson, purple and yellow,
duly, 1 ft., Colombia; lawrenciana, rosy purple, March, 10 in., British Guiana;
Loddigesii, rosy lilac and purple, Aug., 18 in., Brazil; maxima, rose and purple,
Nov., 1 ft., Peru; Rex, white, purple and gold, Aug., 1 ft.; schilleriana, yellow,
rose and purple, May, 6 in., Bahia; Skinneri, rose, purple, and white, May 10 in.,
Mexico; superba, rose, purple, crimson, and yellow, July, 10 in., Brazil; wal-
keriana, lilac, purple and white, Deo., Brazil. Also a number of Hybrids.

jaucasian Comfrey (Symphytum caucasicum).—See Sym-
phytum.

Caucasian Lily (Lilium monadelphum).—See Lilium,

Caucasian Primrose (Primula amcena).—See Primula.
peoecesian Scarlet Poppy (Papaver umbrosum). — See

apaver.

auliflower.—See Brassica.

Caulophyllum_ (Pappoose-root ; Squaw-root; Blue Cobosh).—
Ord. Berberidacee. Hardy tuberous-rooted perennial. First intro-
duced. 1755.

CULTURE: Soil, crdinary. Position, shady. Plant, Nov. Propa-

ate by division of roots March to Nov.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: O. thalictroides, yellow, April, succeeded by blue
berries in autumn, N. America.

Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum).—See Capsicum.

_Cayenne Pepper Piant (Capsicum minimum),—See Cap-
sicum.

Ceanothus (Mountain Sweet; Californian Lilac; New Jersey
Tea-plant)—Ord. Rhamnacee. Hardy & half-hardy flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1718. :

CULTURE: Soil, light, ordinary. Position, against south or west
walls or fences outdoors; in pots in cool greenhouse. Plant, Oct, to
March. Pot, Oct. Prune weak shoots away entirely in March. Water
moderately in pots in winter, freely in summer. Propagate by cuttings
3 in. long inserted in pots of sandy soil in cold frame, cool greenhouse
in Oct.; layering strong shoots in Sept., Oct., & Nov.; seeds sown in
heat in s ring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. americanus (New Jersey Tea), white, July, 5 ft.,
E. America; americanus variegatus, leaves edged yellow; azureus, blue, July, 8 to
10 ft., Mexico; dentatus, blue, May, 10 ft., California; divaricatus, blue, July, 4 {t.,
California; papillosus, blue, June, 3 ft., California; rigidus, blue, July, 4 ft.,

Oalifornia; ‘yeitchianus, blue, June, 10 ft., California; thyrsiflora (California
Lilac), blue, July, 9 ft., California.

Cedar.—See Cedrus.

Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libani).—See Cedrus.

Cedrela (Bastard Cedar).—Ord. Meliacee.—Hardy deciduous or-
namental-leaved tree. Handsome habit.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary, well drained. Position, sheltered
on lawns or in shrubberies. * Plant in autumn. Propagate by root
cuttings.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. sinensis (Syn. Ailanthus flavescens), white and
pink, June, 30 to 50 ft., China. -

Cedronella (Balm of Gilead).—Ord. Labiate. Half-hardy her-
baceous perennials & shrubs. First introduced 1697. Leaves fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Pot, March. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse. Temp., Sept.
to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Water moderately
in autumn & winter, freely other times. C. triphylla may be grown
at base of south wall in dryish soil in S. of England. Propagate peren-

83

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

nial species by division of roots in March; shrubby species by cuttings
of young shoots inserted in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75° in March,
April, or May. 2

PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. cana, crimson and blue, July, 3 ft., Mexico; cordata,
lilac, July, 1 ft., N. America; mexicana, purple, July, 24 ft., Mexico; pallida, rose,
Sept., 18 in., Mexico. ie :

SHRUBBY SPECIES: C. triphylla or canariensis (Balm of Gilead), purple, July,
3 ft., Canaries.

Cedrus (Mount Atlas & Silver Cedar; Cedar of Lebanon; Deodar;
Fast Indian Cedar; Fountain-tree).—Ord. Conifere. Hardy evergreen
trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1676. Wood of Cedar of Leba-
non used in ancient times as incense. Oldest cedar in England at
Brethby Park, Derbyshire; planted in 1676. Cones not produced by
Cedrus Libani until tree is 40 to 100 years old.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, deep, sandy. Position, well drained, ele-
vated. C. atlantica does well in seaside gardens; & all are suitable for
chalky soils. Plant, Sept. to Nov., or March to May. Propagate by
seeds sown din. deep in well-drained pans of light soil in cold frame
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors following spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C, atlantica (Mount Atlas Cedar), 80 to 100 ft., N.
Africa; atlantica aurea, foliage golden; atlantica argentea, foliage silvery;
deodara (Deodar Cedar), 200 to 250 ft., Himalayas; deodara argentea, silvery-
leaved; deodara aurea, golden-leaved; deodara crassifolia, thick leaved; deodara
viridis, green-leaved; Libani (Cedar of Lebanon), 80 ft., Syria; Libani glauca,
glaucous leaved.

‘Celandine (Chelidonium majus).—See Chelidonium.

oe Poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum). — See Stylo-
phorum.

Celastrus (Staff-tree; Climbing Bitter-sweet ; Staff-vine)—Ord.
Gelastracem. Greenhouse evergreen & hardy deciduous climbing
shrubs. First introduced 1722. t. 1 to 10 ft.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
peat, loam, & sand. Pot, March. Position, sunny greenhouse. Water
moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Increased by layers.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, walls,
fences, & arbours. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune away weak shoots &
tips of main shoots in Feb. Propagate by layers of young shoots in
Sept., Oct., & Nov.

REENHOUSE SPECIES: O. articulatus, green, June, 15 ft., China and Japan.

HARDY SPECIES: C. Orixa, green, summer, 6 ft., Japan; scandens, yellow,
summer, succeeded by orange berries, climbing, N. America.

Celeriac (Apium graveolens rapaceum).—See Apium.

Celery.—See Apium.

Celosia (Cockscomb).—Ord. Amarantacew. Greenhouse annuals.
First introduced 1570.

CULTURE OF CELOSIAS: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part
leaf-mould & well-decayed cow manure & pane. Position, warm green-
house, exposed to light. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in well-drained pans
of light soil in temp. 75° in March. Transplant seedlings 1 in, apart
when lin. high in light soil in well-drained pots & keep in temp. 60° to
75°. When seedlings have formed four leaves place them singly in 3-in.
pots, transferring them in June to 5in, pots. Keep plants near the
glass. Water roots moderately. Syringe foliage twice daily. Liquid
manure, apply when flowers appear. Summer temp., 55° to 65°. May
be used for summer bedding between May and Sept.

CULTURE OF COCKSCOMBS: Sow Boule as advised for

84,

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Celosias. When seedlings a pear place them close to glass & keep
moderately moist. Transplant, when seedlings have formed three
leaves, into 2in. pots in above compost. Place pots on shelf near glass
until “combs ” show themselves. Select plants with finest “combs” &
place them in 4in. pots; plunge these to rim on gentle hotbed (temp.
65° to 75°) & keep moderately moist at root. Syringe freely. Transfer
plants when pots are full of roots into 5 in. pots & treat as before. Give
iquid manure when “combs” are well advanced. Good spetimen of
“comb” should measure 9 to 12in. long, 3 to Gin. wide, & plant 6 to
9in. high.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. argentea, white, summer, 2 ft., China; cristata
(Cockscomb), red or crimson, summer, 2 ft., Tropics; cristata pyramidalis, red,

yellow, etc., summer, 2 to 3 ft., and its varieties plumosa, eto.; Huttoni, red,
summer, leaves crimson, 1 to 2 ft., Java.

Celsia (Cretan Mullein). — Ord. Scrophulariacew. Half-hardy
shrubs & biennials. First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in unheated greenhouse or in flower beds outdoors in summer.
Pot or plant March; water moderately in winter, freely at other times.
Propagate shrubby species by cuttings, 3in. long, of young shoots,
inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse
in April, May, or June, or by seeds sown 1-10 in. deep in light sandy
soil in similar position; biennial species by seed sown 1-16in. deep in
sunny place outdoors in April or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. Arcturus, yellow, July, 3 to 4 ft., Orete, shrubby;
cretica, yellow, July, 4 ft., 8. Europe, biennial. . c

Celtis (Nettle Tree; Hackberry).—Ord. Urticacew. Hardy deci-
duous ornamental-leaved trees. First introduced 1656.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny shrubberies. Plant,
Oct. to Feb. Prune, Nov. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors
in outer layering shoots in Oct.; cuttings of firm shoots in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. australis, green, May, 30 ft., 8S. Europe; occidentalis
(Hackberry), green, spring, 20 ft., N. America.

Centaurea (Cornflower; Sweet Sultan; Centaury).—Ord. Com-
positz. Hardy and tender perennials & annuals.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seeds outdoors in April
where plants are required to flower. Thin seedlings when an inch or
so high to 4 or 6in, apart. Ordinary rich soil & a sunny position.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary good. Posi-
tion, sunny borders. Plant autumn or spring. Lift, divide, & replant
every third or fourth year. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors in April,
or in heat in spring, also by division of roots in autumn or spring.

ULTURE OF TENDER SPECIES: Rear plants from seeds sown
in heat in spring or summer, & grow on in pots in greenhouse; or from
cuttings inserted in cold frame in July or August, lifting them when
rooted & placing in pots in greenhouse. Plant out in beds end of May.
Silvery foliage of these very striking for bedding out.

ANNUAL SPECIES: ©. cyamus (cornflower), blue, rose, white, etc., summer,
8 ft., Britain; moschata (Purple Sweet Sultan), purple, summer, 2 ft., Orient;
moschata alba (White Sweet Sultan), white; suavolens (Yellow Sweet Sultan),
yellow, fragrant, July, 18 in., Levant; suavolens margarita, white, fragrant.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. aurea, golden yellow, July to Sept., 2 ft., 8. Europe;
babylonica, yellow, July, 6 to 10 ft., Levant; dealbata, rose, summer, 18 in.,
Oaucasus; glassifolia, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Caucasus; macrocephala, yellow,
July, 3 to 5 ft., Caucasus; montana, blue, July, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus, Pyrenees;
montana alba, white; montana rosea, rose.

TENDER SPECIES: O. cineraria, 12 to 18 in., Italy; Olementei, 9 to 12 in.,
Spain; gymnocarpa, 2 ft., S. Europe; ragusina, 2 ft., S. Europe, all with elegant
silvery foliage.

‘85

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Centaury Ce cae centaurium).—See Erythrea.
Centaury, Yellow (Chlora perfoliata)—See Chlora.
Centradenia.—Ord. Melastomacew. Stove flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced 1840. :
CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
tion, sunny. Pot, Feb. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to
Sept. 65° to 75°. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Propagate by cuttings of side shoots 2 or 3in. long inserted in pots of
san x Bt under bell-glass in slate 85° in Feb. & March. ;
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. floribunda, red, July, 18 in., Mexico; grandiflora,
a Sept., 18 in., Mexico; inequalateralis (Syn. C. rosea), rose, April, 1 ft.,
@x1C0.
Centranthus (Red Valerian; Spur Valerian; German Lilac).—
Ord, Valerianacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials & annuals.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, old walls, sunny rockeries,
borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep
in light soil in temp. 55° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors
in May; or in sunny positions outdoors in April or June, transplanting
seedlings in May or Aug.; perennials also by division in autumn or

epring.
ANNUAL SPECIES: C. macrosiphon, red, July, 2 ft., Spain; macrosiphon albus,

white.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: ©. ruber (Red Valerian), red, July, 18 in., Europe
(Britain); ruber albus, white.

EOE SPOS Vac On Campanulacee. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & a little
sand. Pot, March. Position, stove Sept. to June; June to Sept. sunny
frame outdoors. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50° to 55°; Feb. to June 60° to
75°. Water moderate y Sept. to Feb., freely afterwards. Prune shoots
close to soil in Feb. when repotting. Propagate by cuttings of young
shoots 3in. long, removed with a portion of stem attached, & inserted
in light sandy soil in well-drained pots under bell-glass in temp. 60°

0 70°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. lucyanus, rose, autumn, 2 ft., a hybrid. Habitat
of the genus: Trop. America.

Centrosema.—Ord. Leguminose. Stove evergreen climbers.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Position, pots on staging, shoots trained up rafters or round a
trellis or sticks. Pot in March. Water freely in spring & summer;
moderately in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds in a temp. of 75° in March;
also by cuttings in sand in a temp. of 85° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. Plumieri (Syn. Clitoria Plumieri), red and white,
autumn, 6 ft., S. America,

Century Plant (Agave americana).—See Agave.

Cephalanthera (White Helleborine). — Ord. Orchidacee.
Hardy terrestrial orchids.

CULTURE: Soil, chalky loam. Position, open & well-drained border.
Plant, Sept. & Oct. Pepeeaty by division of roots in Sept.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: O. ensifolia, white, June, 2 ft.; pallons Syn. O. grandi
Sore), wire and yellow, June, 18 in.; rubra, purple and white, May, 18 in. Natives

Cephalanthus (Button bush).—Ord. Rubiaces. Hardy deci-
duous shrub. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1735,

CULTURE: Soil, sand ee Position, open shrubberies. Plant,
Oct. or Nov. Propagate by layers of shoots in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. occidentalis, white, July, 7 ft., N. America.

86

ENCYCLOPAIDIA OF GARDENING.

Cephalaria.—oOrd. Dipsacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubbery borders or woods.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown fin. deep in sunny

position outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings in May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. sipina: (ayn Seabiosa aibina), yallew; July, 5 ft.,

Europe; tartarioa, yellow, July, 5 ft., Siberia.

Cephalotaxus (Cluster-flowered Yew)—Ord. Coniferw. Hardy
conifers. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First ‘introduced 1837. Leaves
similar to those of Yew.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered shrubberies or
lawns. Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March to May. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in, deep in light soil in cold frame in Sept. or March, transplant-
ing seedlings outdoors a year after; cuttings of shoots 3 in. long in-
serted in sandy soil in shady cold frame, or under bell-glass or hand-
light outdoors. i

PECIES OULTIVATED: O. drupacea, 5 to 6 ft., Japan; Fortuni, 8 ft., N.
China; pedunculata, 8 ft., Japan.

Cephalotus (Australian Pitcher-plant).—Ord. Saxifragacez.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1822. Flowers,
white. Pitchers, 1 to 3in. long, dark green, purple, & pink.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sphagnum moss, fibry peat, & silver
sand. Position, poe or pans, well drained & covered with bell-glass;
shady cool greenhouse or window. Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°;
March to Oct. 50° to 55°. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely
afterwards. Propagate by division of roots in March,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. follicularis, Australia; 2 to 4 in.

Cerastium (Snow in Summer; Snow-plant). — Ord. Caryophyl-
lacew. Hardy perennials. Evergreen & deciduous.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish borders, rockeries &
edgings to flower beds, Plant, March or April. Propagate by division
of plants in March or April; cuttings of shoots 3in. long inserted in
exdinary soil in shady position outdoors in June or July; seeds sown
1-10in, deep in shady position outdoors in April, transplanting seed-
lings in June or July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. alpinum, white, June, 3 to 4 in, Britain;
Biebersteinii, white, June, 6 in., leaves silvery, Asia Minor; Boiserii, white, June,
8 to 9 in., leaves silvery; grandiflorum, white, July, 6 in.; tomentosum (Snow in
Summer), white, May, 6 in., leaves silvery, Europe.

Ceratiola (Sandhill Rosemary).—Ord. Empetraceew. Half-hardy
evergreen shrub. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, two parts sandy peat & loam. Position, moist,
shady, sheltered. Plant, April. ea gees by cuttings of shoots
3 in. long inserted in well drained pots of sandy peat, under bell-glass,
in cold frame in June, July, or Aug. Protection required in severe
weather.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. ericoides, brown, June, 2 ft., Carolina.

Ceratonia (Carob-bean).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy evergreen
tree. First introduced 1570.

CULTURE: Position, against south walls; suitable for 8. & W. of
England only. Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March to May. Propagate by
seeds sown 1 in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 85° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June; cuttings of firm shoots 4 in. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in cold frame or greenhouse
nee FEET TED O. Siliqua, yellow and red, Sept., 15 ft., 8. Europe.

87

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Ceratopteris (Pod Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove water floating
fern. Annual. ? sy .

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts lodm & leaf-mould. Position, in
ots or pans submerged to rim in tank of water. Temp., Sept. to

March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by spores sown
in Feb. on surface of compost in pan in water as above; pegging old
fronds to surface of soil from which young plants will grow.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: ©, thalictrioides, Trop. America. .

Ceratostigma (Lead-wort). — Ord. Plumbaginex. Hardy
perennial of dwarf, paced habit, and with creeping roots. :

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny rockery. Plant in
autumn or spring. Propagate by division in eprin f

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 0. plumbaginoides (Syn. Plumbago Larpentz), blue,
autumn, | ft., China, ,

Cercis (Judas-tree; Red-bud). — Ord. Leguminose. Hardy.
deciduous flowering trees. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, deep, sandy. Position, warm sheltered
shrubberies, or on lawns. N. of England against south wall. Plant,
Oct. to March. Prune away old branches in Feb. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in light sandy soil in np 55° to 65° in March, trans-
peed seedlings outdoors in June, or by layers of strong shoots in

ept. or Oct. ;
EOIES CULTIVATED: OC. canadensis (Red bud), red, May, 15 ft., N. America;
chinensis, pink, May, 10 ft., China and Japan; Siliquastrum (Judas Tree), purple
or rose, May, 20 to 25 ft., S. Europe. :

Cereus (Torch Thistle; Night-flowering Cereus).—Ord. Cactacee.
Greenhouse plants with fleshy, spiny stems, no leaves. First introduced
1690.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part coarse sand &
ounded brick rubbish. Position, well-drained pots in sunny green-
ouses or windows. Pot every three or four years, in March. Water

once a month Sept. to April, once a week afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 50° to 55°; March to Sept., 55° to 65° Propagate by seeds
sown 4in. deep in well-drained pans of sandy soil in temp. 75° in
March, keeping soil moderately moist; cuttings of stems inserted in
small pots of sandy soil kept barely moist in summer; grafting on com-
mon kind in April.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: C. aggregatus, scarlet, Sept., U. States; Berlandieri,
purple, Texas; Blanckii, rose, summer, Mexico; cerulescens, white, July, Mexico;
flagelliformis, pink, spring, S. America; *fulgidus, orange-scarlet, July; *grandi-
florus, white, July, W. Indies; cxspitosus, rose, summer, U. States; enneacanthus,
purple, July, Texas; Feudleri, purple, June, Mexico; giganteus, colour not known,
California; leeanus, red, Mexico; *Lemairii, yellow and white, June, *Macdonaldis,
white and red, July, Honduras; leptacanthus, purple lilac and white, May; Mal-
lisonii, red, summer, hybrid; multiplex, scarlet, summer, Brazil; pauoispinus,
red and orange, summer, New Mexico; *Napoleonis, yellow and white, autumn,
Mexico; ‘nyctacalis, white, autumn, Mexico; pentalophus, rose Mexico; peru-
vianus, red, August, Peru; pleiogonus, purple-red; polycanthus, blood-red, spring,
Mexico; procumbens, rosy purple, May, Mexico; reductus, white and rose, summer,
Mexico; repandus, white, summer, W. Indies; Royenii, rose, spring, New Grenada;
serpentinus, purple and white, Peru; *speciosissimus, crimson, July, S. America;
“triangularis, white, Aug., W. Indies; variabilis, green and red, July, S. America.
Those indicated by an asterisk are night blooming. .

Cerinthe (Honeywort; Wax-plant),—Ord. Bor:
annuals and perennials. First introduced 1570.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained beds or
borders. Plant perennial species Oct, or April. Propagate annuals
by seeds sown 1-1Gin. deep in April where plants are to flower, or in
boxes of light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting

88

aginaces, Hardy

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

seedlings outdoors in May; thin outdoor-sown seedlings to 2in. apart;

perennials by seeds similar to annuals & by division of roots in April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. aspera, yellow, July, 1 to 2 ft., 8, Europe; glabra,

yellow and violet, June, 1 ft., Alps; major, yellow and purple, July, 1 ft., Alps;

seed yellow, June, 12 to 18 in., 8. Lurope; retorta, yellow and violet, July, 18 in.,
rT 5

PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. maculata, yellow, June, 18 in., S. Europe.

Ceropegia. — Ord. Asclepiadee. Greenhouse trailing plants.
Ornamental-leaved.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Position, baskets or pots suspended from roof of greenhouse, or
in rockeries; sunny. Pot, March. Water moderately between March
& Sept., occasionally afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°,
afterwards 45° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings of slender shoots inserted
in silver sand, in well-drained pots, in a temp. of 65° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. elegans, white, brown, and purple, summer, 3 to

4 ft., India; Sandersonii, green, autumn, 3 ft., Natal; Woodii, white and purple,
summer, 2 to 8 ft., S. Africa.

Cestrum (Bastard Jasmine; Night-blooming Jasmine). — Ord.
Solanacew. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First intro-
duced 1787.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots or beds with shoots trained on wall, pillars, or roof of
greenhouse. Pot, March. Prune into shape, Feb. Temp., Sept. to
March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 60°. Water moderately in
winter, freely other times. Propagate by cuttings of side shoots
3 or 4in. long, removed with portion of old stem attached, inserted in
well-drained pots of sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in July, Aug., or
Sept.

aPECIES CULTIVATED: C. aurantiacum, orange-yellow, June, 5 ft., Guatemala;

elegans, carmine, spring, 10 ft., Mexico; Newellii, crimson, June, 10 ft. Formerly
known under the generio name of Habrothamnus.

Ceterach.—See Asplenium.

Chzenostoma. — Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy herbs &
shrubs. First introduced 1816. Ht. 4in. to 2 ft. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders out-
doors May to Oct., greenhouse or frame in winter. Plant outdoors in
May. Propagate by seeds sown 1-10in. deep in light soil in temp.
65° to 70° in March; cuttings inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in greenhouse or cold frame in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. cordata, white, June, 18 in.; fastigiata, rose, sum-
mer, 6 in.; fastigiata alba, white; hispida, lilac, July, 6 in.; linifolia, yellow,
Sept., 1 ft.; polyantha, lilac and yellow, summer, 4 in. Natives S. Africa.

Chzerophyllum (Bulbous-rooted Chervil)—Ord. Umbellifere.
Hardy esculent vegetable. First introduced 1726. Roots carrot-like,
yellowish white, sweet; cooked & served as carrots.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds outdoors. Propa-

‘ gate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in drills 1 ft. apart in Aug., Sept., & Oct.
Thin out seedlings to Sin. apart in May. Lift roots in Aug., & store
them in dry, dark places until required for use.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. bulbosum, white, June, 1 ft., S. Europe.
the genus Anthriscus.

Chain Fern (Woodwardia radicans)—See Woodwardia.

Chalice Flower (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus).—See Narcissus.

Chalk Plant (Gypsophila paniculata)—See Gypsophila.

Chameebatia.—Ord. Rosacex. Half-hardy evergreen flower-
ing shrub. _ First introduced 1859.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-

89

See also

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

tion, pots in cool greenhouse, or sunny rockeries outdoors 8. of England.
Pot, March. Plant, April. Water, moderately in winter, freely in
summer in pots. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold
frame in July or Aug. : ; : :

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 0. foliolosa (Syn. Spirea Millefolium), white, summer,
3 ft., California.

Chameecyparis.—See Cupressus. ,

Chamezedorea. — Ord. Palmacee. Stove palms. Ornamental
foliage. First introduced 1846.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
tion, shady part of stove in pots or tubs. Pot, March. Water mode-
rately Sept. to March, abundantly afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in.
deep in above compost in pots, in temp. 85° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. elatior, 9 in., Mexico; elegans, 8 to 10 ft., Mexico;
gracilis, 10 ft., Mexico.

Chamzepeuce.—See Cnicus.

Chameerops (Fan Palm; African Hair Palm; European Palm).
—Ord. Palmacee. Greenhouse & half-hardy palms. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1731. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
mould & sand. _ Position, welldsained pots in greenhouse or sheltered
well-drained beds outdoors in 8. of England. Pot, March. Plant,
April. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°.
Water moderately in winter, freely in summer. Propagate by seeds
sown lin. deep in light soil in temp. of 80° in Feb. or March; suckers
removed from parent plant in April or Aug:

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. humilis, 10 ft., S. Europe, N. Africa. See also the
genus Trachyecarpus.

Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)—See Anthemis.

Chandelier Flower (Brunsvigia Josephinz). — See Bruns-
vigia.

Chaplet Flower (Stephanotis floribunda).—See Stephanotis.

Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus-castus).—See Vitex.

Chatham Island Forget-me-not (Myosotidium nobile).
—See Myosotidium.

Cheddar Pink (Dianthus caxsius).—See Dianthus,

Cheilanthes Palperninn Lace Fern; Lip Fern).—Ord. Vilices.
Stove & greenhouse ferns. First introduced 1775.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & silver sand.
Position, pots in shade. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately Oct.
to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp., stove species, Sept. to March 55°
to 65°, March to Sept. 65° to 75°; greenhouse, Sept. to March 45° to
50°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by spores similar to
Adiantum.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. argentea, 6 to 8 in., N. Asia, eto.; californica
(Californian Lip Fern), 6 in., California (also known as Hypolepis californica) ;
Clevelandii (Cleveland’s Lip Fern), 12 in., N. America; Eatonii, 6 in., N. America;
fragrans, 2 to 4 ins., S, Europe; hirta, 4 to 8 in., Cape, Mexico, etc.; Lindhemeri,
3 to 6 in., Texas; microphylla (Plumier’s Lip Fern), 6 to 8 in., N. Amcrica; pul-
chella, 9 in., Madeira; viscida (Sticky Lip Fern), 6 in., N. America.

STOVE SPECIES: O. chlorophylla, 12 in., 8. America; farinosa, 6 to 8 in., Abys-
sinia, Java, etc.; myriophylla (Lace Fern), Syn. O. elegans, 4 to 8 in. Trop.
America 3 radiata, 9 to 12 in., Trop. America; tenuis, 1 ft., Mexico. :

Cheiranthus (Gilliflower; Wallflower)—Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy
perennials. Of biennial duration only on heavy soils. Flowers, single
& double, fragrant.

90

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF WALLFLOWERS: Soil, ordinary well-drained, not
too heavy ; add lime or old mortar. Position, sunny borders, beds or
old walls. Sow either broadcast or in drills Gin. apart & din. deep
in April. Transplant seedlings when third leaf has formed, 6 in. apart
each way, in a bed of firm soil limed as before, & plant out finally a
foot or so apart in Sept. or Oct. Make soil firm around plants to
ensure sturdy firm growth. Double-flowered varieties may be increased
by cuttings or slips of side-shoots removed with a slight heel attached,
& inserted in cold frame or shady border in Aug. Plant out in March.
To grow on old walls, sow a pinch of seed in crevices, adding a little
soil & cow manure to supply food to young plants; or plant young
seedlings in similar compost in spring. On heavy soils wallflowers are
best_ grown as biennials,

CULTURE OF DWARF SPECIES: C. alpinus, Marshallii, kewensis,
& mutabilis, should be grown on sunny rockeries in good loamy soil &
old mortar. Plant in spring. Top-dress annually in March with well-
rotted cow manure. Propagate as advised for Double Wallflowers.

POT CULTURE: Plant seedlings in good ordinary mould in six-inch
pots in Sept.; keep in sunny cold frame till flower buds form, then
transfer to greenhouse. Water moderately. Feed with liquid manure
when in flower. Throw away after blooming.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. alpinus, yellow, May, 6 in., Scandinavia, best
grown on a rockery; Cheiri (Wallflower), various colours, spring, 1 to 2 ft.,
Europe; Marshallii, orange, 1 ft., hybrid; kewensis, sulphur, orange, purple,
Nov. to May, 1 ft., hybrid; mutabilis, or Allionii, purple, spring, 1 ft

Chelidonium (Celandine; Swallow-wort).—Ord. Papaveracez.
Chenopodiaces. Hardy perennials & annuals. C. Bonus-Henricus &
C. Quinoa, grown sometimes as a substitute for spinach.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, damp shady borders. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in shade outdoors
in Spee division of roots in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. majus, yellow, May, 2 ft., Britain; majus flore
pleno, autumn.

Chelone (Turtle Head; Shell-flower). — Ord. Scrophulariacee.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, deep. Position, open borders. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, or similar depth in soil in cold frame
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May & June; cuttings
inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in June & July; division of plants
in Aug. & Sept

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. glabra, white, Aug., 4 ft.,.N. America; Lyoni,
purple, Aug., 4 ft., N. America; obliqua, purple, Aug., 4 ft., N. America.

Chenopodium (Good King Henry; Wild Spinach). — Ord.
Chenopodiaces. Hardy perennials & annuals, C. Bonus-Henricus &
C. Quinoa grown sometimes as a substitute for Spinach.

CULTURE OF GOOD KING HENRY: Soil, good, well trenched, &
liberally manured. Position, dryish, sunny. Sow seeds lin. deep in
drills 12in. apart in April. Thin seedlings out to 9in. apart in May.
Cover bed in October with thin layer of manure. Gather young shoots
in April as substitute for asparagus; leaves in May & June in lieu of
spinach. Renew beds every 3 or 4 years. ;

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds outdoors in April. Thin seedlings
to 18in. apart. Pinch out points of shoots to make bushy plants.

CULTURE OF C. QUINOA: Soil, ordinary. Position, open garden.

91

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Sow seeds in drills lin. deep & 2ft. apart from March onwards at in-
tervals of a few weeks. Gather leaves, cook, & eat like spinach.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. Bonus-Henricus (Good King Henry), 3 ft., Britain.
ANNUAL SPECIES: C. purpurascens (Syn. C. Atriplicis), reddish purple, Aug.,
3 ft., leaves and shoots rosy violet, China: O. Quinoa, 4 to 6 ft., Peru. me
: Chequered Daffodil (Fritillaria meleagris). — See Fritil-
aria.

Cherimoyer (Anona Cherimolia)—See Anona.

Cherokee Rose (Rosa levigata).—See Rosa.

Cherry.—See Prunus.

Cherry Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus).—See Prunus.
; Cherry Pie-flower (Heliotropium peruvianum).—See Helio-
ropium,

herry Plum-tree (Prunus cerasifera).—See Prunus.

Chervil.—See Anthriscus.

Chervil, Bulbous-rooted.—Scee Cherophyllum.

Chestnut.—See Castanea & Asculus.

Chicory.—See Cichorium.

Chignon Fern (Dicksonia regalis).—See Dicksonia.

Chilian Arbor-vitze (Libocedrus chiliensis)—See Libocedrus.

Chilian Bell-flower.—See Noiana.

Chilian Crocus (Tecophilea Cyanocrocus).—See Tecophilea.

Chilian Glory Flower (Eccremocarpus scaber).—See Eccre-
mocarpus,

Chilian Gum Box (Escallonia rubra).—See Escallonia.

Chilian Pine-tree (Araucaria imbricata)—See Araucaria.

emilee Pitcher-flower (Sarmienta repens). — See Sar-
mienta.

Chili Jasmine (Mandevilla suaveolens).—See Mandevilla.

Chili Nettle (Loasa laterita)—See Loasa.

Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum).—See Capsicum.

Chili Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis)—See Fragaria.

Chillies (Capsicum annuum).—See Capsicum.

Chimaphila (Spotted Winter Green; Ground Holly). — Ord.
eee Hardy dwarf herbaceous perennials. First introduced

CULTURE: Compost, two parts leaf-mould, one part sand. Posi-
tion, shady rockery outdoors. Plant, April. Propagate by division
of plants in April.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: C. maculata, pink and white, June, 6 in., N. America;
umbellata, white and pink, June, 6 in., N. America.

Chimney Plant eect pyramidalis).—See Campanula.

Chimonanthus (Japan Aiegice Ord, Calycanthacee. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrub. First introduced 1766.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich, sandy. Position, against south or west
walls. Plant, Feb. Prune in Feb., cutting away all shoots that have
flowered to within lin. of base, except those required to furnish plants

with branches. Propagate by layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. fragans, yellow and red, fragrant, Dec., 6 to 9 ft.,
China and Japan.

China Aster (Callistephus hortense).—See Callistephus.
China Creeper (Ipomza Quamoclit vulgaris).—See Ipomea.
China Creeper (Quamoclit vulgaris).—See Quamoclit.
Chinaman’s Breeches (Dicentra spectabilis). — See
Dicentra. = :
China Rose (Rosa indica).—See Rosa.
92

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

Chinese Apple (Pyrus spectabilis)—See Pyrus.
Chinese Arbor-vitze § uya orientalis).—See Thuya.
Chinese Artichoke (Stachys Sieboldii).—See Stachys.

eainess Bell-flower (Platycodon grandiflorum).—See Platy-
codon.

Chinese Crab (Pyrus spectabilis)—See Pyrus.
Chinese Hawthorn (Photinia serrulata).—See Photinia.

Chinese Honey-Locust-tree (Gleditschia sinensis) —See
Gleditschia.

Chinese Ivy (Trachelosperum jasminoides). — See Trachelos-
perum.

Chinese Jasmine (Trachelosperum jasminoides). — See
Trachelosperum.

Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis)—See Juniperus.
Chinese Lantern (Physalis Alkekengi)—See Physalis.
Chinese Lilac (Syringa chinensis).—See Syringa.

Chinese Medlar (Eriobotrya japonica).—See Eriobotrya.

Chinese Monk’s-hood (Aconitum chinensis).—See Aconitum.

Chinese Pagoda-tree (Sophora japonica).—See Sophora.

Chinese Pea-tree (Caragana frutescens).—See Caragana.

Chinese Pink (Dianthus chinensis) —See Dianthus.

Chinese Primrose (Primula sinensis).—See Primula.

Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinensis).—See Ligustrum.
ieee Rose Mallow (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)—See Hi-

iscus.

Chinese Sacred Lily (Narcissus tazetta).—See Narcissus.

Chinese Tree Pzeony (Pzonia moutan).—See Pzonia.

Chinese Tulip-tree (Magnolia fuscata).—See Magnolia.
oe Water Lily (Nelumbium speciosum).—See Nelum-

ium.

Chinese Wax Privet (Ligustrum lucidum).—See Ligustrum.

Chinese Yam (Dioscorea batata).—See Dioscorea.

Chionanthus (Fringe Tree; Virginian Snow-flower).—Ord.
Oleacew. Hardy flowering trees & shrubs. Deciduous. First intro-
duced 1796.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, moist sheltered shrubbery.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. C. virginica suitable for pot culture for spring
flowering in heated or cold greenhouses. Pot, Nov. Water moderately
Nov. to April, freely afterwards. Plunge pot to rim outdoors from
June to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in cold frame in
ae grafting on Ash in March; budding on Ash in July.

PECIES CULTIVATED: 0. retusus, white, May, 6 ft., China and Japan;
virginica, white, May, 10 to 20 ft., Florida.

Chionodoxa (Glory of the Snow).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy deci-
duous bulbous plants. First introduced 1877.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny rockeries,
well drained. Plant bulbs lin. apart & 3in. deep in Sept. Lift and
replant every three years.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, &
sand, Pot, Sept., planting 12 bulbs lin. deep in a 3in. pot, well
drained. Cover pot with ashes outdoors or in frame until Jan., then
remove to window or greenhouse. Water moderately Jan. to April,
freely April to June, none afterwards. Propagate by seeds sown }in.
deep in boxes of light soil in cold frame in Aug.; offsets as mature bulbs.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OC. cretica, blue and white, March, 6 in., Orete;

93

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Luciliz, blue and white, March, 6 in., Asia Minor, and its varieties gigantea
(Syn. Allenii) and grandiflora, violet, March, 6 in., sardensis, blue, March, 6 in.,
and Tmoli, blue and white, April, 6 in.; nana, white and lilac, April, Crete.

Chionographis.—Ord. Liliacew. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial. First introduved 1880.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & sand.
Position, warm, well-drained south border outdoors, or pot in cold
frame. Plant, Oct. or Feb. Pot, Feb. Propagate by seeds sown { in.
deep in above compost in a pot, pan, or box in March, in cold frame;
division of roots in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. japonica, white, May, 1 ft., Japan, i

Chirita.—Ord. Gesneriacew. Stove herbaceous perennial & ever-
green plants. First introduced 1840.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & leaf-mould, half a part
fibry loam, & half a part of silver sand & charcoal. Pot, Feb. Shake
away old soil from :oots & put in small pots first, shifting into larger
size when plants begin to grow. Water moderately at first, increasing
supply when plants grow freely; keep nearly dry Oct. to Feb. Posi-
tion, on shelf near glass. Liquid or artificial manure may be applied
when flower buds appear. Temp., Nov. to Feb. 55° to 65°; Feb. i Nov:
70° to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots of above
compost in March, Cover seeds with sprinkle of sand, place a square
of glass over each pot & put latter in temp. 75° to 85°. Keep soil mode-
rately moist. Transplant seedlings when three leaves are formed into
small pots & treat as advised for old plants. Can be propagated also
by large leaves, cutting their main ribs through & laying undersides
cn pas of sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. depressa, violet, July, 6 to 8 in., China; Horsefieldii,
white and purple, Sept., 18 in., Java; lilacina, white, blue, and yellow, summer,
18 in., Chiriqui; Moonii, blue and purple, June, 2 ft., Ceylon; sinensis, lilac,
July, 6 in., China; Walkeri, yellow, June, 18 in., Ceylon; zeylanica, purple, Junc,
18 in., Ceylon.

hives.—See Allium.

Chlidanthus.—Ord. Amaryllidacee. MHalf-hardy herbaceous
plant. First introduced 1820.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam,
& silver ‘sand. Position, warm, well-drained bed or border outdoors.
Plant bulbs 3in, deep in April. Lift bulbs in Oct. & store them in sand
in frost-proof place during winter.

POT CULTURE: Plant bulbs lin. apart & 2in. deep in above com-
post in 5in. pots in April. Water moderately first, freely when in
active growth. Grow in cold frame or cool greenhouse: Withhold
water fom roots after Sept. until repotting time. Propagate by offsets
in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OQ, fragrans, yellow, fragrant, June, 10 in., Peru.

Chiora (Yellow Centaury; Yellow-wort).—Ord. CGentianacex.
Hardy biennials. Suitable for large gardens only.

CULTURE: Soil, heavy loam. Position, moist borders. Propagate
by seeds sown 4 in. deep in shady beds outdoors in July, transplanting
seedlings into flowering positions in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. imperfoliata, yellow, June, 1 ft.; iata,
yellow, June, 1 ft., Britain, Oe ene peneelinrs

Chloris.—Ord. Graminew. Hardy annual flowering grasses. In-
florescence suitable for winter decorations. Cut and dry when fully
developed. .

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow seeds
outdoors in April.

94

ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. barbata, 1 ft., E. Indies; elegans, 1 ft., S. America.

Chiorogalum (Soap Plant)—Ord. Liliacee. ‘Hardy bulbous
plant. First introduced 1819.

CULTURE: Soil, light. Position, south border, well drained. Plant
bulbs 4 in. deep and 3 in, apart in Oct. or March. Replant every three
years. Propagate by offsets planted similarly to old bulbs; by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in March.

ieee CULTIVATED: C. pomeridianum, white and purple, June, 2 ft., Cali-

Chiorophytum.—ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse plants. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1751.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & sand.
Position, variegated & tall kinds in pots; drooping stemmed species in
pots or baskets suspended in window or greenhouse. Pot, March.
Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 50°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Water
moderately in winter, freely other times. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep in well-drained pots of light soil in pee 65° in March.; by
offshoots inserted singly in small pots under bell-glass in window or
greenhouse in April; by division of roots when sepatting.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©, elatum (Syn. Anthericum and Phalangium elatum),
white, summer, 12 to 18 in., S. Africa; elatum variegatum (Syn. Authericum
variegatum), leaves variegated with creamy white; orchidastrum, white, July,
18 in., Trop. Africa. |

Chocolate-tree (Theobroma cacoa).—See Theobroma.

Choisya (Mexican Orange-flower).—Ord. Rutacee. Hardy ever-
green flowering shrub. First introduced 1825.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould,
& sand. Position, sheltered shrubberies 8 & W. of England & Ireland,
against south walls N. of England. Plant, Oct. or March. Prune
after flowering, shortening straggling shoots only.

POT CULTURE: Compost as above. Pot, Sept. or Oct. Water
moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards. eep plants in cool
greenhouse Noy. to May, remainder of time outdoors. Propagate by
cuttings of shoots 3 in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil
under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, March to June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. ternata, white, summer, 6 ft., Mexico.

Chokeberry (Pyrus arbutifolia)—See Pyrus.

Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana).—See Prunus.

Chorizema.—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced 1803,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & loam, one-fourth sand.
Position, pots, or in well-drained beds in greenhouses. Pot, March or
June; firm potting essential. Prune straggling shoots slightly after
flowering. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Temp., March to Sept, 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Stand

Jants outdoors from July to heel to mature flowering shoots for fol-
lowing year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light sandy
compost in temp. 65° to 70° in March; by cuttings inserted in pots of
sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65° in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. cordatum, red and yellow, April, 1 ft., Australia;
diversifolium, orange-red, May, 2 ft.; Australia; Henchmanni, scarlet, May, 2 ft.,
Australia; illicifolium, yellow, May, 3 ft., Australia; varium (Syn. O, Chandlerii),
yellow and red, May, 4 ft., Australia.

Christmas Pride (Ruellia macrantha).—See Ruellia.

Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger).—See Helleborus.

Christ’s-Eye (Inula Oculus-Christi)—See Inula.

Chrysanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy; Marguerite; Pyrethrum;

95

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Corn Marigold; Shasta Daisy).—Ord. Composite. Greenhouse, hardy
annual, herbaceous perennial & shrubby plants. First introduced 1764.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position,
open, sunny. Plant seedlings out in May. Sow seeds Zin. deep in
boxes of light soil in temp. 65° to 70° in March, afterwards planting
seedlings out; or similar depth where plants are to flower. Thin seed-
lings to 3in. apart in June. Gather seed in Aug.

POT CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seed as above. Trans-
plant seedlings when 2in. high at rate of four in a 5 in. pot, or seven
in a Gin. pot. Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed manure & sand. Grow plants in cold frame or greenhouse.
Water moderately. Thin flower buds if fine blooms are wanted. Give
weak liquid manure when flower buds appear.

CULTURE OF MARGUERITES: Compost, equal parts loamy soil
and leaf-mould, fourth part silver sand. Propagate by cuttings in-
serted singly, or three in a 4in. pot, in April. Cover pot with bell-
glass or place in propagator. Pot cuttings when rooted in 3 in. pe
shifting them into 5in. in August. Stand plants in full sun from
July to Sept., place in cold frame from then to Nov., thence into green-
house heated to temp. 50° to 55°. Water moderately. Give liquid
manure when pot is full of roots. Throw plants away when a year old,
& raise fresh stock from cuttings.

CULTURE OF INDOOR CHRYSANTHEMUMS: Classes: In-
curved, petals curving inwards; reflexed, petals curving backwards;
Anemone-flowered, flowers with dense centres & petals fringing their
base; pompones, flowers small, petals reflexed, fringed or toothed;
Japanese, flowers large, petals loosely arranged, variously shaped. Com-
post, three-parts fibry loam, one horse manure, one decayed tree leaves,
one coarse silver sand, quarter part finely ground bones, same of dis-
solved bones, one part charcoal & wood ashes & little soot. Pot first
time in 3 in. pots, March; second, in 5 or Gin., middle of April; third,
in 8 or 10in., middle of June. Stop main stems 4in. from base in
March for ensuring bushy plants; those to produce blooms for exhibi-
tion leave untouched. Cut down plants intended for dwarfs to within
6in. of pot in May. Thin flower buds to one on each shoot when they
are size of radish seed. Stand plants in full sun May to Sept., then
remove to greenhouse. Water freely while outdoors, moderately in
greenhouse. arly, liquid manure when flower buds form & continue
till flowers open. Propagate by cuttings issuing from roots, inserting
these singly in 2in. pots in temp. 55° to 65° in Jan., Feb., or March,
or in cold frames in Dec. ; by seeds sown jin. deep in light soil in temp.
65° in March. After flowering cut stems down & place plants in cold’
frame to produce cuttings, after which plant out in garden or discard.
Temp. for plants whilst in flower, 45° to 50°. Suitable liquid manures:
Nitrate of soda, }0z. to gall. of water; sulphate of ammonia, } tea-
spoonful to gall.; guano, 402. to gall.—all three once a week; sheep
& cow dung, peck of each & } peck of soot to 36 galls. of water, to be
applied half diluted once weekly.

CULTURE OF OUTDOOR CHRYSANTHEMUMS: Soil, good ordi-
nary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant out 3 ft. apart in May.
Stop shoots when Gin. high, then allow plants to grow naturally. Do
not disbud. Water freely in summer. Give liquid manure J: uly to Sept.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary rich.
Postion, sunny borders. Plant, autumn or spring. Lift, divide, and

96

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

replant every third year. Increased by division in autumn or spring;
cuttings in cold frame in summer; seeds in heat in spring. ;

ANNUAL SPEOIES: C. carinatum, white and purple, summer, 2 ft., N. Africa;
coronarium, white, summer, 3 ft., 8. Europe; segetum (Corn Marigold), yellow,
summer, 18 in., Europe (Britain); segetum grandiflorum, yellow.

HARDY PERENNIAL SPEOIES: O. coccineum (Syn. Pyrethrum roseum), scarlet,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus, parent of the single and double race of pyrethrums
(Coloured Marguerites); Jacustre (Marsh Ox-eye), white, summer, 2 ft., S.W.
Europe; leucanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy), white, summer, 2 ft., Europe; maximum
(large Ox-eye or Shasta Daisy), white, summer, 3 ft.; nipponicum, white, 2 ft.,
summer, Japan; uliginosum (Grand Ox-oye), Syn. Pyrothrum uliginosum, white,

enbnin, 5 ft., Eastern Europe; Parthenicum (Feverfew), white, summer, 2 ft.,
urope,

TENDER SPECIES: C. indicum (Japanese Chrysanthemum), parent of ordinary
chrysanthemums, Ohina and Japan; frutescens (Marguerite or Paris Daisy), white
or yellow, 3 ft., summer, Canary Islands; pealtum (Syn. O. Pyrethrum partheni-
folium aureum), Golden Feather, white, summer, leaves yellow, Caucasus.

Chrysobactron.—See Bulbinella.

Chrysocoma.—o0Ord. Composita. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub, First introduced 1731.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & silver sand. Pos’-
tion, well-drained pots in sunny part of greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water freely in spring & summer, moderately other seasons. Temp.,
March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots in silver sand under bell-glass in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. Coma-aurea, yellow, July, 2 ft., 8. Africa. See also
the genus Aster.

Chrysogonum (Golden Knee).—Ord. Composite. Hardy her-
baceous perennial.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & leaf-mould. Posi-
tion, shady moist Ae Os Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by
division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. virginianum, yellow, May, 9 in., N. America.

Chrysoplenium (Golden Saxifrage)—Ord. Saxifragaceex.,
Hardy perennial herbs. Soil, boggy peat. Position, damp & shady
water-courses or ditches. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by division
of plants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. alternifolium, yellow, summer, 3 in., N. Hemi-
sphere (Britain); oppositifolium, yellow, 3 in., Europe (Britain).

husan Daisy (Chrysanthemum sinense).—See Chrysanthemum.

Chusan Palm (Chamzrops Fortunei).—_See Chamerops.

Chysis.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove deciduous epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1834.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat, moss, & potsherds.
Position, well-drained pots or blocks of wood in partial shade. Pot,
after flowering. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Resting

eriod, winter. Flowers appear on new growths directly after resting.

ropagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in Feb, or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. aurea, yellow, spring and summer, 1 ft., Colombia;
bractescens, white and yellow, spring, 1 ft., Mexico; Chelsoni, yellow and purple,
spring, 1 ft., hybrid; langleyensis, white and rose, May, hybrid; Limmingheii,
yellow and purple, spring, 1 ft. Mexico.

Cibotium.—See Dicksonia.

Ciboul Onion (Allium fistulosum).—See Allium.

Cichorium (Chicory; Witloof; Endive)—Ord. Composite.
Hardy esculent rooted and salad vegetables.

CULTURE OF CHICORY.— Roots used when dry for mixing with
coffce; leaves, when forced, for salad. Soil, rich light. Position, open,

97 E

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

away from trees. Sow seeds}in. deep in drills 15 in. asunder first week
in May. ‘Thin seedlings when an inch high to 8in. apart in row. No
liquid or artificial manures required. Lift roots in Nov. & store them
in dry soil or sand in outhouse. Force leaves for salad by placing roots
close together in large pots or deep box, using ordinary soil. Put pots
or boxes in temp. 55° to 65°, & keep quite dark. Gather blanched
leaves when three to six inches long.

Fretp CuLture or Cuicory: Soil, deep sandy loam, following
potatoes or wheat. Plough in 12 tons of manure per acre in autumn,
& 5cwt. of guano in spring before sowing. Sow in May in drills 18 in.
apact, afterwards thinning seedlings to 8in. apart. Quantity of seed
to sow an acre, 3lb. “Harvest crop in Oct. #xerepe yield per acre,
8 to 10 tons. Cost of cultivation: Seed, 2s. 6d. per lb.; ploughing and
harrowing, 20s, to 30s, per acre; manures, £4 to £5 per acre; hoeing,
£2 10s. per acre; seed & sowing per acre, 10s.; digging & washing roots,
£2 10s.; carting roots to factory, £1 10s. Average cost per acre after
wheat, £15; after potatoes, £11. Average value per ton, 34s. Average
returns per acre, £17.

CULTURE OF ENDIVE: Leaves when blanched used for salads.
Soil, light rich. Position, open garden or on south or west borders.
Sow seeds } in. deep in drills 4in. apart in June for early crop, July
for maincrop, Aug. for late crop. Transplant seedlings when they
have formed four leaves 12in. apart each way. Water freely in dry
weather. Blanch early crop in Aug., main crop in Sept., late crop in
Oct. by covering each plant by slate, tile, board, or inverted pot with
drainage hole e ugged. Lift remaining plants in Nov. & store close
together in cold frame, covering them with dry leaves to ensure blanch-
ing. Seed two or three years old yield the dwarfest plants.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. intybus (Chicory), blue, July, 2 ft., Britain;
endivia (endive), blue, July, 2 ft., Orient. Introduced 1548.

Cimicifuga (Snake-root ; ag pane Bugwort).—Ord, Ranuncu-
laces. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Introduced 1737.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Oct., Nov., or March Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in cold frame in Sept. ; civision of roots in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. americana, white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America; cordi-
folia, white, July, 3 ft., N. America; davurica, white, July, 4 ft., China; elata,
white, July, 3 ft., N. America; foetida, white, July, 2 ft., Europe; racemosa,
white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America.

Cincinalis.—See Nothochlena.

Cineraria.—See Senecio.

Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea).—See Osmunda.

Cinnamon Root (Inula Conyza).—See Inula.

Cinnamon Rose (Rosa cinnamomea).—See Rosa.

Cinque-foil.—See Potentilla.

Cirrhopetalum (Medusa’s Head Orchid).—Ord. Orchidacee.
Stove epiphytal evergreen orchids. First introduced 1839.

CULTUR : Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots, baskets, or blocks of wood, in partial shade.
Pot, March. Water freely when plants are proving: moderately other
times. Temp., Cet. to March 55° to 65°; March to Oct. 65° ‘to 75°.
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in March. Resting period, win-
ter. Flowers appear at base of pseudo-bulb of previous year’s growth
after reeling period.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. Oollettii, pps yellow, April, 8 in., Burma;
amesianum, yellow and purple, June, 6 in., Trop. Asia; Oummingii, red and purple,

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

autumn, 6 in., Philippines; elegantulum, maroon, May, 6 in., Madras; grandi-
florum, yellow and crimson, May, 8 in., Ceylon; ornatissimum, yellow and purple,
Ooct., 8 in., Himalayas; picturatum, green and red, 8 in., Malaya; robustum, red,

yellow, and purple, June, 1 ft., New Guinea; Thouarsii, yellow, July, 1 ft., Mas-
care Islands.

Cissus.—See Vitis.

-Cistus (Rock Rose; Gum Cistus).—Ord. Cistacew. Hardy & half-
hardy evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1548.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, pots in frame or cold
greenhouse, sunny rockeries or against south walls. Plant, March.
Protect in severe weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in boxes of sandy soil in cold frame or unheated greenhouse in March,
transplanting seedlings into small pots & ne outdoors in June;

i

by cuttings 4in. long in pots of sandy soil in Sept. in cold frame or

reenhouse.
. SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. albidus, white, 2 ft., S.W. Europe; crispus, purple,
2 ft., 8. Europe; cyprius, white, 4 ft., Uyprus; florentinus, white, 4 ft., 8. Europe;
ladaniferus, white, 4 ft., S.W. Europe; ladaniferus albiflorus, white; ladaniferus
maculatus, white and purple; laurifolius, white, 4 ft., S.W. Europe; longifolius

white, 8 ft., S5.W. Europe; purpureus, purple, 2 ft., Levant; monspeliensis, white,
2 ft., S. Europe.

Citron (Citrus medica var. cedra).—See Citrus.

Citron-scented Gardenia (Miriostigma axillaris). — See
Miriostigma.

Citron-scented Geranium (Pelargonium citriodorum).—
See Pelargonium.

Citron-scented Orchid (Odontoglossum citrosmum),—See

Odontoglossum. ;
. Citrus (Orange; Lemon; Shaddock; Adam’s Apple; Lime; Citron;
Forbidden Fruit)—Ord, Rutacee. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
First introduced 1595. Flowers, white, fragrant; May to July. Fruit:
Sweet Orange, golden rind, globular; Lemon, pale yellow, rind thin,
oblong; Citron, yellow, thick rind, long, egg-shaped, lump at tip;
Shaddock, greenish yellow, bitter rind, large, round; Lime, greenish
yellow, smooth rind, globular, with nipple at top; Mandarin, reddish
rind, dark red pulp, large; Tangerine, syn. with Mandarin; St.
Michael’s, red rind, globular, large.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts puede turfy loam, one part dry cow
dung, charcoal, crushed bones, & ba last. Pot, Feb., March, or April.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds, all to be well drained, in cool or slightly
heated greenhouses. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply liquid manure once a week to healthy plants from May
to Oct. Syringe trees daily during summer. Stand trees in pots or
tubs in sheltered position outdoors June to Sept. Repotting should
not be done oftener than is actually necessary. Prune straggling
shoots into shape in March. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 45° to 50°; Feb. to
Sept. 55° to 65°. Fruit formed one year will not ripen till next. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown Zin. deep in light soil in temp. 55° in March for
producing stocks for grafting choice kinds on; by cuttings inserted in
small pots of sandy soil in July; layering in Oct.; by budding in Aug. ;
by grafting in March. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. aurantium (Sweet Orange), 12 to 15 ft., Trop.
America; aurantium bergamia (Bergamot Orange); aurantium bigaradia (Seville
Orange); aurantium japonica (Kumquat); aurantium lusitanica (Portu-
guese Oran: eh aurantium melitensis (Blood Orange); aurantium- myrte-
folia (Myrtle: eaved Orange); aurantium variegata (Variegated Orange);
decumana (Shaddock), 15 ft., Tropics; media ‘(Vitron), 10 ft., Trop. Asia;
medica limetto (Sweet Lime), 10 ft.; ‘medica limonum (Lemon); nobilis

: 99 EQ

ENOCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

major (Mandarin Orange); nobilis tangerana (Tangerine Orange). C. trifoliata
is a hardy evergreen shrub which may be grown outdoors. |

Cladrastis (Yellow-wood Tree).—Ord, Leguminose. Hardy de-
ciduous flowering shrubs. First introduced 1812. i .

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubberies, or singly
on lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in
ordinary soil outdoors in March; cuttings of root inserted outdoors in
spring.

ESPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. amarensis, white, July, 6 ft., Amurland; tinctoria,
white, July, 15 ft., United States.

Clarkia.—Ord. Onagrariaew. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1826.
CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, sunny borders or beds. Sow
seeds gin, deep in April, May, or June in rows or masses where plants
are required to flower. Thin seedlings to 8 in. apart when 3 in. high.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: O. elegans, rosy purple, July, 2 ft.; pulchella, various
colours, single and double, 2 ft.; rhombodea, purple, June, 2 ft., all natives of
N.W. America. Numerous superior varieties described in trade lists.

Clary (Salvia sclarea).—See Salvia.

Claytonia.—Ord. Portulacacew. Hardy annuals & perennials.
First introduced 1768.

OULTURE: Soil, for annual species, ordinary; for perennials, damp
peat or bog. Position, rockery for annual species; moist & shady bor-
der for perennials. Plant perennials in Oct, or March. Propagate
annual species by seeds sown outdoors in April; perennials by seeds

similarly, or by offsets in Oct, or March.
ANNUAL SPECIES: O. perfoliata, white, June, 6 in., N. America; sibirica,

pink, March, 6 in., N. America, .
PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. caroliniana, pink, May, 6 in., N. America; virginica,

white, April, 6 in., N. America.

Clematis (Virgin’s Bower).—Ord. Ranunculacex. | Greenhouse
and hardy climbers and herbaceous perennials. All very showy plants.

CULTURE OF HARDY CLIMBING SPECIES: Soil, rich, deep, well-
drained loam containing plenty of old mortar and decayed manure.
Position, sunny trellises, arches, old tree stumps, arbours, etc.; also
in beds with shoots trained over surface. Plant in autumn or spring.
Prune in Feb. Pruning: Montana, Florida, Patens, and Lanuginosa
kinds only need to have weak shoots removed as they flower on the
old wood. Coccinea kinds require weak growths and tips of strong
ones removed. Viticella and Jackmanni groups require previous year’s
shoots to be cut back to six inches from their base. Feed healthy plants
occasionally in summer with weak liquid manure. Top-dress those

own in beds with decayed manure in autumn,

CULTURE IN POTS: Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal
proportions of leaf-mould, decayed manure, & sand. Plant in pots or
tubs in June. Train shoots up roof of cold or cool greenhouse, or
around wire trellis fixed in pots. Water freely March to Sept. Apply
weak liquid manure occasionally in summer. Keep soil nearly ary
in winter. Prune shoots to 3 or 4 in. from base early in the year.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost as for above.
Grow in pots or in well-drained bed, planting in spring. Water freely
during the summer, moderately in winter. Prune away weak growths
and shorten rampant ones a little in Feb. Train shoots near the roof.
Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Syringe
freely daily in summer.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich.
Position, sunny borders. Plant in autumn or spring. Top-dress an-

100

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

nually with decayed manure in autumn. Prune shoots close to soil
in autumn. Dwarf species best grown on sunny rockeries. Propagate
by seeds sown in sandy soil in cold frame in spring in case of hardy
kinds, or in heat in spring in case of seer species. Greenhouse
species also by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp. of 75° in spring ;
hardy climbers by grafting on roots of C. viticella or vitalba in heat in
spring, also by layering shoots in summer; herbaceous kinds by divi-
sion in autumn or cuttings of young shoots in frame in summer.

‘ GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 0. indivisa lobata, white, April, 15 to 20 ft., New

ealiand .

HARDY CLIMBERS: C. coccinea, scarlet, July, Texas; flammula, white, July
France; florida, white, summer, Japan; Jackmanii, purple, summer, hybrid; patena,
white, summer, Japan; lanuginosa, blue, June, China; montana grandiflora, white,
May, Nepaul; vitalba, white, July, Britain; viticella, blue, July, Spain. Lady Londes-
borough (mauve) and Miss Bateman (white) are examples of the patens group, and
flower in May and June. Duchess of Edinburgh (white) and John Gould Veitch
(lavender-blue) are typical forms of the Florida group flowering in summer;
Henryi (cream) and Lady Nevill (lavender) of the lanuginosa section; Lady Bovil
(blue) and Hendersoni (purple) of the viticella group; and Jackmanii (purple) of the
Jackmanii section.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: O. Fremonti, purple, summer, 1 ft., N. America;
fusca, reddish, summer, 6 to 8 ft., shoots woody, N. Asia; heraclesfolia, purple,
summer, 2 ft., China; heraclexfolia davidiana, lavender-blue, fragrant, Aug.;
integrifolia, blue, Aug., 2 ft., 8. Europe; ochroleuca, yellow and white, summer,

ft., N. America; recta, white, fragrant, Aug., 2 ft., 8. Europe.

Cleome (Spider-flower).—Ord. Capparidacee. Stove & hardy
annuals & perennials. First introduced 1817.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, & sand. Position, pots in sunny stove. Water moderately at
all times. Temp., 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in light soil in temp. 70° in March, transplanting seedlings into pots
when lin, high. "

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Plant perennial species in autumn or spring. Sow
seeds of annual species outdoors in April, Increase perennial species
by seeds sown in cold frame in spring; division in March.

STOVE SPECIES: O. heptaphylla, white, July, 18 in., Trop. America, annual.

HARDY SPECIES: ©. arabica, yellow, June, 2 ft., Arabia, annual; pubescens,
white, July, 2 ft., annual; lutea, yellow, July, 1 ft., N. America, perennial. —

Clerodendron (Glory-tree)._Ord. Verbenacew. Stove, climb-
i hardy flowering shrubs. First introduced 1790.

ULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, decayed
mauure, & silver sand. Pot, Feb. Prune shoots after flowering to
within 2 or 3 in. of their base. Water freely March to Sept., moderately
Sept. to Nov., after which keep dry. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 55° to 60°;
Feb. to Oct. 65° to 85°. Plant hardy species in ordinary soil in shel-
tered, warm corners outdoors in Oct. or Nov. Propagate by seeds sown
din. deep in sandy soil in temp. 75° in March; cuttings of stems or
shoots 3 in. long, inserted in sandy compost in temp. 70° to 75° in Jan.,
Feb., or March.

STOVE SPECIES: O. fallax, scarlet, Aug., 2 ft., Java; fragrans, white and red,
autumn, 6 ft., China; speciosum, scarlet, summer, 10 ft., hybrid; splendens, scarlet,
summer, 10 ft., ae, Africa; splendens speciosissimum, scarlet, summer, 10 ft.;
Thomsons (Syn. O. Balfourii), scarlet, summer, 6 ft., Trop. Africa.

HARDY SPECIES: ©. trichotomum, white and red, summer, 8 ft., Japan;
fotidum (0. Bungei), rose, Aug., 5 ft., China. ’

Clethra (White Alder-bush; Pepper Bush). — Ord. Ericacen.
Hardy evergreen and deciduous flowering shrubs. First introduced

1.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
101

ENOYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

tion, front of shrubberies. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Eeopaeale by seeds
sown 4in, deep outdoors in March, or in boxes of light soil in temp.
55° in Feb.; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in Oct.;
layering in Oct. C. alnifolia suitable for forcing to flower in winter.
“SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. alnifolia (Sweet Pepper Bush), white, Sept., 4 ft.,
Florida; alnifolia Michauxii, 4 ft.; alnifolia paniculata, 4 ft.; acuminata (White
Alder), white, Sept., 10 ft.; arborea, white, Sept., 8 ft., Madeira; canescens,
white, Aug., 8 ft., China. ,

Clianthus (Glory Pea; Parrot’s-bill; Sturt’s Desert Pea).—Ord.
Leguminose. Greenhouse climbing shrubs & herbaceous perennials,
Virst introduced 1832.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & silver
sand. Position, pots or beds in greenhouse. Pot or plant, March.
Prune in April, shortening young shoots to within 2in. of their base.
Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe foliage
daily April to Aug. Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 50°; March to Oct.
55° to 65°. C. puniceus succeeds outdoors against warm walls in
Devonshire. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in well-drained pot of
light soil in temp. 75° in March; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy
soil in temp. 75° to 85° in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C, Dampieri, scarlet, April, 3 ft,, Australia; puniceus
magnificus, crimson, May, 6 ft., New Zealand.

Cliff Brake Fern.—see Pellza.

Climbing Dahlia (Hidalgoa Wercklei).—See Hidalgoa.

Climbing Fern (Lygodium scandens).—See Lygodium.

Climbing Fumitory (Adlumia erebon he eee Adlumia.

Climbing Groundsel (Senecio mikanoides).—See Senecio.

Climbing Hydrangea (Schizophragma hydrangeoides).—See
Schizophragma.

Climbing Snake’s-tongue Fern (Lygodium scandens).—
See Lygodium.

Clintonia.—Ord. Liliacez. Hardy herbactous perennials. First
introduced 1788.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist shady border. Plant,
Oct. or March. Propagate by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. andrewsiana, rose, April, 2 ft., California; borealis,
yellow, May, 1 ft., N. America; umbellata (Syn. Smilacina umbellata), white,
Beye 2 ahs N. America; uniflora (Syn. Smilacina uniflora), white, July, 6 in.,

Clitoria (Butterfly Pea). — Ord. Leguminose. Stove evergreen
flowering climbers. First introduced 1739,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam, & silver
sand. Position, por tubs, or beds in light plant stove. Pot or plant,
March. Water freely April to Sept., moderately afterwards. ‘emp.,
Oct. to March 55° to 65°; March to Oct. 70° to 80°. Propagate by seeds
sown 3 in. deep in light soil in temp, 75° in March; cuttings of side
shoots inserted in sandy peak in temp. 80° af any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. ternatea, blue, July, 4 ft., E, Indies; ternatea alba,
white, May; ternatea cerulea, blue, May; ternatea major, brown, Aug.

Clivia (Caffre Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidaces. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering plants. Fleshy-rooted. Formerly known by the generic name
of br First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds good loam, one-third decayed
manure & sand. Position, sunny, close to glass in greenhouse. Pot,
Feb. Water freely March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds
vn in light soil im temp. 75° in March; division of roots at potting

102

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. oyrthaniflora, orange, spring, hybrid; Gardeni,
orange-yellow, May, 18 in., S. Afrion; miniata, scarlet and yellow, spring, Natal;
nobilis, red and yellow, July, S. Africa. There are numerous varieties of O.
miniata which are superior to the parent species.

Cloak Fern (Nothoclana distans)—See Nothloclena.
Cloud Grass (Agrostis nebulosa).—See Agrostis.

Clove Gillihower (Dianthus oaryephyling) See Dianthus.
Clove-Pink (Dianthus caryophyllus).—See Dianthus.

Club Lily.—See Kniphofia. ~

Club Moss (Lycopodium clavatum).—See Lycopodium.
Club Rush porns nodosus).—See Scirpus.

Nd hehehe ell-flower (Campanula glomerata)—See Cam-
panula.

Clustered Wax-flower (Stephanotis floribunda).—See Ste-
phanotis.

Cluster Pine-tree (Pinus pinaster).—See Pinus.

Cnicus (Fishbone Thistle).—Ord. Composita. Hardy & half-hardy
perennials. Orn. foliage.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
Ree Plant, autumn or spring. Increased by seeds sown outdoors
in April.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
ie in cool greenhouse, or ornamental beds outdoors in summer.

lant, May or June. Cut off flower heads directly they appear if hand-
some foliage be desired. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in light
soil in temp. of 60° to 70° in Feb., or in Sept. in similar temp., keeping
seedings in greenhouse during winter. All best grown as biennials.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: O. Casabone (Syn. Chamepeuce Casabone), purple,
summer, leaves spiny, veined with white, 2 to 3 ft., S. Europe; 0. Diacantha
(syn. Chamepeuce Diacantha), purple, summer, leaves green, veined white, ivory
spines, 2 to 3 ft., Syria.

HARDY SPECIES: O. spinosissima, yellow, summer, 3 ft., Europe.

Cobzea (Cup and Saucer-plant; Mexican Ivy).—Ord. Polemonia-
cee. Greenhouse & half-hardy climbing perennial. First introduced
1792.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand.
Position, pots or beds in greenhouse, or against south or south-west
walls, arches, or trellises outdoors in summer. Pot, March. Plant
outdoors in June. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept.
60° to 70°. Water freely in summer, moderately other times. Propa-
gate ordinary species by seeds sown } in. deep in light soil in temp. 75°
in March; variegated species by cuttings of young side shoots inserted
in sandy peat in temp. 75° in March or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: QO. scandens, purple, summer, 10 to 30 ft., Mexico;
scandens aurea marginata, leaves variegated with yellow.

Cob-nut (Corylus Avellana var. grandis)—See Corylus.

Cobweb House Leek (Sempervivum arachnoideum).—See
Sempervivum.

Cochineal Cactus.—See Opuntia.

Cochlearia (Horse-radish).—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy esculent-
rooted perennial.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, deep, rich. Position, open or shade.
Plant, Jan. or Feb., Sin. deep in rows 2ft. apart. Sets (roots) to be
Zin. long, with Lin. of crown pared off. Re-plant every third year.
Lift for use as wanted. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors in July;
cuttings of roots at planting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. armoracia, white, May, 3 ft., England.

103

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Cock’s-Comb (Celosia cristata).—See Celosia. '
Cock’s-foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata).—_See Dactylis.
Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera),—See Cocos.

Cocoa Tree (Theobroma cacao).—See Theobroma.

Cocos (Cocoanut Palm).—Ord. Palmacew. Stove palms. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1690. Leaves, feather-shape (pinnate).

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, equal parts peat & sand.
Position, pots in shady stove. Pot, March. Water freely March to
Oct. 70° to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in, deep in light soil in
temp. 85° at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. nucifera (Cocoa-nut Palm), 40 to 50 ft., Tropics;
plumosa, 40 to 50 ft., Brazil; romanzoffiana, 30 to 40 ft., Brazil; weddelliana,
2 to 4 ft., Brazil. ‘

Codizeum (Croton or South Sea Laurel). — Ord. Euphorbiacea.
Stove evergreen shrubs, Orn. foliage. First introduced 1804. Leaves
beautifully variegated with various colours,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part peat & sand.
Position, pots in stove close to the glass. Pot, March. ater freely
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., Oct. to March 55° to
65°; March to Oct. 70° to 85°. Propagate by cuttings of the ends of
shoots inserted singly in 2in. pots filled with sandy soil in temp. 75°
at any time, or in bottles of water in similar temp.; stem-rooting in
March or April.

Pree CULTIVATED: C. variegatum, leaves yellow and green, 3 to 10 ft.,
alaya.

PRINCIPAL HYBRIDS OR VARIETIES: C. aigburthiensis, leaves red and
green; angustifolium, yellow and green; Chelsoni, orange, red and crimson;
evansianum, green, yellow, crimson, and scarlet; Hawkeri, creamy white and
green; illustris, green and yellow; interruptum aureus, purple, green, and yellow;
Johannis, green and yellow; Laingii, green, red, and salmon; picturatum, green,
yellow and red; variegatum tricolor, green, golden yellow and cream; Warrenii,
green and orange carmine; Williamsii, green, crimson and magenta; Weismannii,
green, crimson, and magenta. 7 : ne

Codlins and Cream (Narcissus incomparabilis fl. pl.).—See
Narcissus. 2

Codonopsis (Bellwort)—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy perennial

herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary good. Position, sunny borders. Plant,
autumn or glk Propagate by seeds sown in cold frame in spring,
planting out seedlings in June; also by cuttings in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. olematidea (Syn. Glosocomia clematidea), white and
blue, summer, 3 ft.; ovata, blue, summer, 1 ft., Himalayas. .

Coelogyne.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1822.

CULTURE: Compost, equal Pipes fresh sphagnum moss & fibry peat.
Position, pots or pans half filled with potsherds, & placed close to glass.
Pot, Feb. or March; have base of plant well above rim of pot or pan.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to Nov. 65° to 75°; Nov. to
March 60° to 70°. ater freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to
Nov., very little Nov. to March. Growing season, March to Aug.
Resting period, Sept to Feb. Flowers appear from centre of new
growth aiter resting. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting

time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. cristata, white and yellow, Feb. to. April, 6 to 10 in.,
Himalayas; oristata alba, white; cristata lemonians, yellow, white and lemon;
dayana, yellow, June, 6 in., Borneo; fuscescens, red, brown, and green, Sept.,
9 in., Himalayas; massangeana, yellow and red, June, 1 ft., Assam; sanderiana,
white and yellow, July, 1 ft., Sunda Islands; speciosa, yellow and brown, autumn,
9 in., Malaya.

104

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Coffea (Coffee-tree)—Ord. Rubiacew. Stove evergreen shrubs.
First introduced, 1696. Fruit, a small reddish, fleshy berry, containing
two seeds enclosed in parchment-like shell. Bears the coftee berries of
commerce.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, pots in moist plant stove. Pot, March. Temp., March
to Sept. 75 to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Water freely in summer,
moderately other times. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in light
soil in temp. 85° in March; cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 85° in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. arabica (Arabian Coffee), white, fragrant, Sept.,
10 to 15 ft., Arabia.

Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica).—See Coffea.

Coix (Job’s Tears). — Ord. Graminee. Half-hardy ornamental
flowering annual erass. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, sunny border outdoors. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown }in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
March, Leelee! seedlings outdoors in May; or similar depth out-
doors in April where plants are to flower.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. Lachryma-Jobi, 2 to 3 ft., Trop. Asia. Grey pearly
seeds chief attraction.

_ Colchican Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus colchica). — See
runus.

Colchicum (Autumn Crocus; Meadow Saffron).—Ord, Liliacez.
Hardy bulbous flowering plants.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy loam, enriched with decayed manure
or leaf-mould. Position, moist beds or rockeries, shrubbery borders,
or lawns near shade of trees. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3 in. apart in
July or Aug. Foliage dies down in June & July, & does not reappear
until after plant has flowered. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in
bed of fine soil outdoors in Aug. or Sept., or in pans or boxes of similar
soil in cold frame at same time, transplanting seedlings 3 in. apart when
two years old; division of bulbs in Aug. Seedling bulbs do not flower
until dowr or five years old,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Autumnale, purple, Sept., 8 in., Europe (Britain) ;
byzantinum, rose and purple, Sept., 6 in., Greece; speciosum, lilac-purple, Sept.,
Caucasus; variegatum, white and purple, Sept., 6 in., 8. Europe. Also numerous
varieties of C. autumnale.

Coleus (Flame Nettle; Nettle Geranium).—Ord. Labiatez. Stove
perennials. Orn, foliage & flowering. First introduced 1764.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part well-decayed
manure, leaf-mould, & little sand. Position, pots in stove in winter,
greenhouse in summer. Pot, Feb. or March, pressing soil firmly in
pots. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to June 75° to 85°;
June to Sept. 65° to 75. Water very moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards. Ornamental-leaved kinds require to have points of their
‘shoots pinched off in early stage of their growth to ensure dwarf or
good shaped plants. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in temp. 475° in Feb., March or April; cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in light soil of cocoanut-fibre refuse at any time; grafting in
sTSPROIES CULTIVATED: 0. Blumei (Syn. O. Verschaffeltii), white and purple,
leaves bronze-red, Java, parent of the ornamental-leaved kinds; thrysoides
(Winter-flowering Coleus), blue, Jan.. to April, 3 ft., Trop. Africa.

Cole-wort.—See Brassica.

Colletia (Anchor-plant)—Ord. Rhamnacew. Half-hardy ever-
green shrubs. First introduced 1823. Branches armed with formid-
able spines, 105

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, loamy. Position, sheltered, well-drained borders
in S. of England. Plant in Oct. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots
6 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame in
Aug. or Sept.

SPEOIES GULTIVATED: C. cruciata, white, autumn, 4 to 10 ft., Uruguay.

Collinsia (Collins’s-Aower)—Ord. Scrophulariacez. Hardy an-
nuals. First introduced, 1826. ;

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds or borders. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown }in. deep outdoors in Sept., March, or April
nee ag are required to flower. Thin seedlings to 6in. apart when
2in. high.

SPROIES CULTIVATED: O. bartsiefolia, purple, June, 1 ft., California;
bicolor, purple and white, summer, 1 ft., California; bicolor alba, white; grandi-
flora, lilac, June, 18 in., N.W. America; verna, white and blue, May, 1 ft.,
N. America,

Collomia.—Ord. Polemoniacee. Hardy annuals. First intro-
duced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds or borders. Propa-
gate by seeds sown } in, deep outdoors in Sept., March or April where
ae are required to flower. Thin seedlings to 3 in. apart when 2 in.

igh.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. coccinea, red, June, 18 in., Ohili; grandiflora, red
and yellow, summer, 18 in., California.

Colocasia (West Indian Kale; Taro Root).—Ord. Aroidess. Stove
herbaceous plants with perennial tuberous roots. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1551. Leaves, shield-like, heart or egg-shaped, deep green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould, &
silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady plant stove. Pot
moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb. or
March; transfer to larger pots in April or May. Water moderately
Feb, to eal & Sept. to Nov., freely April to Sept.; keep quite dry
Nov. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70 to 80°; Sept. to Nov. 65° to 75°;
oe A Feb. 65° to 65°. Propagate by dividing the tubers in Feb. or

arch.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. Antiquorum esculentum, 2 to 4 ft., Tropics.

Colt’s-foot.—See Tussilago.

Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) —See Aquilegia.

Columnea.—Ord. Gesneriacew. Stove evergreen trailing shrubs.
First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss &
charcoal. Position, hanging baskets. Plant, Marck. Water freely
in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°;
March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 3 in.
Jong, inserted in pots of above compost mixed with sand, in temp.
85°, Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. aurantiaca, orange, June, New Grenada.

Colutea (Bladder Senna)—Ord. Leguminosw. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1568.

CULTURE: Soil, ge oa Position, open or shady shrubberies,
banks, etc. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, Nov., simply cutting away
weak shoots & shortening straggling ones. Propagate by seeds sown
lin. deep outdoors in Oct. or March; cuttings of fom shoots inserted
in sandy soil outdoors in Oct,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. arborescens, yello Aug. i
cruenta, red and yellow, July, 6 ft., Orient. situate Abus les

Combretum (Caffre Butter-shrub)—Ord. Combretaces. Stove
evergreen climbers. First introduced 1820.

106

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
tion, pots, tubs, or borders in plant stove, shoots trained to pillars or
roof. Pot, March. Prune side shoots to within 2in. of base after
flowering & cut away all weak ones. Water freely March to Sept.,
moderately aftorwards. Syringe daily March to Aug. Temp., March
to Sevt. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings
of side shoots 3 in. long, removed with slight portion of stem attached,
& inserted in well-drained pot of sandy soil in temp. 85° in summer.

- SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. coccineum, scarlet, autumn, 20 ft., Madagascar ;

grandiflorum, soarlet, May, 5 ft., Trop. Aftioa; purpureum, scarlet, Sept., 20 ft.,
Madagascar.

Comfrey.—See Symphytum.

Commelina (Blue Spider-wort; Day-flower)—Ord. Commelina-
Ben Greenhouse & hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
peat, loam, leaf-mould, .& sand. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse.
Pot, March. Water freely March to Sept., very little afterwards.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light, rich. _ Position,
warm, sheltered, well-drained bed or border. Plant fleshy roots in
April. Protect roots during winter on light soils with thick layer of
ashes or manure. Lift’ roots in cold districts in Sept. & store away
similarly to dahlias in frost-proof place, replanting in April. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-6in. deep in light soil in temp. 75° in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in May to flower in Aug.; division of
fleshy roots in April. :

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 0. africana, yellow, May, trailing, S. Africa;
elliptica, white, July, 2 ft., Mexico.

HARDY SPECIES: ©. ccelestis, blue, July, 18 in., Mexico; ccelestis alba, white;

virginica, blue, July, 1 ft., Virginia.
omparettia. — Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1836. ;

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss, fibry peat. Position, on
blocks of wood suspended from roof in plant stove. Re-block, March or
April. Water freely at all times, Temp., March to Sept, 65° to 85°;
Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Resting pees none. Flowers appear in
centre of new growth after resting. Propagate by division of plant in
March. ' ae ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. coccinea, scarlet, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil; cryptocera,
pink, 1 ft.; falcata, rose, May, 6 in., Mexico.

Compass Plant (Silphium laciniatum).—See Silphium.

Comptonia.—See Myrica.

Conandron.—Ord. Gesneriacew. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1879. -

CULTURE: Soil, peat & loam. Position, fissures of moist, sheltered
rockery. Plant, March or April. Protect in severe winters with cover-
ing of dry litter. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots of
sandy peat & just covered with fine mould, in cold frame or greenhouse
March or April; division of plant in March. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. ramondioides, pink, summer, 1 ft., Japan.

Cone-flower.—See Rudbeckia. : :

Cone-head.—See Strobilanthés.. _ eee

Constantinople Nut (Corylus ie Fee Corylus. —

Convallaria (Lily of the Valley; May Lily). — Ord. Liliacex.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. ‘

107

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, de-
cayed manure, & sharp sand. Position, beds or borders under shade of
trees, high walls, or fences for general culture; south border for early
flowering. Plant single crowns 2 or 3in. apart, with points just below
surface, in Sept. & Oct. Lift and replant every four years, always

lanting largest crowns by themselves, next size alone, & smallest simi-
arly. Mulch bed annually in Feb. with decayed manure. Apply liquid
mauure once a week, May to Sept., to beds more than a year old.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good soil & leaf-mould.
Plant one clump or a dozen single crowns in a 6 in. pot, well drained in
Oct. or Nov. Place inverted pot over crowns & stand pots in cold frame
or under greenhouse stage until Jan., then remove into heat, or allow
to bloom naturally in greenhouse or window. Water only when soil
needs moisture in winter, freely when growth begins.

Forcina: Place single crowns close together in shallow boxes, with
cocoanut-fibre refuse between roots, & put boxes in temp. 80° to 85°.
Cover points of crowns with inverted box or thick layer of moss until
flowers appear, then remove it. After forcing, crowns of no value for
flowering again, therefore discard them. Retarded roots flower quickly
without much forcing. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in light soil
outdoors in March; division of crowns Sept, or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. majalis, white, spring, 6 in., Europe (Britain),
ete.; majalis flore-pleno, double; majalis prolificans, tall variety; majalis rosea,
rose tinted; majalis variegata, leaves variegated.

Convolvulus.—Ord. Convolvulaceer. Hardy annual & perennial
climbing or trailing plants.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, dwarf kinds in open beds &
borders; tall kinds at base of arbours, trellises, walls, or trunks of
trees. Plant perennials in March. Sow annual species in April where
required to grow, and thin seedlings to 8in. apart when 2in, high.
Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep outdoors in March. where plants
are to flower, or in nursery bed, afterwards transplanting seedlings
to permanent position; division of fleshy roots in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: C. tricolor, various colours, summer, 1 ft., 8. Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: OC. mauritanicus, blue, July, trailing, S. Europe;
chinensis, purple and crimson, July, 6 ft. See also Calystegia and Ipomea.

Cooperia (Evening Star)—Ord. Amaryllidaces. Half-hardy
bulbous plants.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & leaf-mould. Posi-
tion, pots in cool greenhouse or cold frame. Pot, Jan. or Feb. Water
moderately until growth begins, then give freely; discontinue watering
after poe & gs soil dry during winter. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 40°
to 45°; Feb. to May, 50° to 55°; May to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate
by offsets in Feb. é

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: ©. Drummondii, white, Aug., 9 in., Texas; peduncu-
lata, white, Aug., 8 in., Toxas.

Copaim Balsam-tree (Liquidambar styraciflua). — See
Liquidambar.

opper-coloured Beech (Fagus sylvatica var. cuprea).—
See Fagus.

Copper-leaf (Acalypha musaica).—See Acalypha.

Coprosma (Tasmanian Currant).—Ord. Rubiacem. Half-hardy
evergreen shrub. Orn. sores Leaves, egg-shaped, green, blotched
or variegated with creamy yellow. Fruit, coral rei

ULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, pots in cool greenhouse. Repot, March. Prune

108

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

straggling shoots into shape in March. Water moderately in winter,
freely in summer, Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept.
55° to 65°. Se lolly by cuttings removed in March, with small por-
tion of old wood attached, & inserted in well-drained pots of sandy

soil in temp. 85° under bell-glass. Hardy in sheltered positions out-
doors S. of England.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OQ. Baueri, leaves green, 3 to 10 ft., Norfolk Islands;
Baueri variegata, leaves edged with yellow, 3 ft

Coptis (Gold Thread; Mouth Root)—Ord, Ranunculaces. Hardy
evergreen bog plants. First introduced 1782.

CULTURE: Soil, boggy peat. Position, moist, shady. Plant, Oct.
or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in pans of fine sandy
peat in aay sale frame in March; division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: O. occidentalis, white, May, 1 ft., N.W. America;
trifolia, white, April, 1 ft., N. Hemisphere.

Coral Barberry eer ne corals corallina).—See Berberidopsis.

Coral Creeper (Kennedya prostrata)—See Kennedya.

Coral Drops (Bessera elegans).—See Bessera.

Coral-head-plant (Abrus precatorius)—See Abrus.

Coral Root.—See Dentaria & Cardamine.

Coral Tree (Erythrina Crista-galli).—See Erythrina.

Cordyline.—Ord. Liliacex. reenhouse plants. Orn. foliage.
Allied to & often called Dracwnas. First introduced 1820.

_OULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in greenhouse. Repot, March. ater moderately Oct. to
March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to
March 45° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 1n. deep in pots of light
soil in temp. 85° in March; cuttings of main stems cut into lengths of
lin. and partially inserted horizontally in pots of sandy soil in March ;
cuttings of fleshy roots inserted lin. deep in pots of sandy soil, in
March or April in temp. 75° to 80°; stem rooting in March or April;
offsets inserted in 2in. pots of sandy soil at any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: ©. australis (Syn. O. Veitchii), leaves broad and green,
10 ft., New Zealand; australis argentea striata, leaves variegated; australis varie-
gata, leaves green and white; stricta congesta (Syn. Congesta), leaves green and
narrow, 6 to 10 ft., Australia; indivisa, green, narrow, New Zealand; indivisa
atropurpurea, leaves dark; indivisa lineata, leaves narrow.

Coreopsis (Tickseed). — Ord, Cornposite. Hardy annual &
perennial herbaceous plants. First introduced 1699.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-drained beds or
borders. Plant perennials in Oct. or March, annuals in May or June.
Propagate annuals by seed sown fin. deep in boxes of light soil in
temp. 65° to 70° in March, or outdoors in April where plants are to
flower; perennials by seed sown outdoors in April, transplanting seed-
lings when large enough to handle to permanent position; division of
roots in Oct, or March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: OC. atkinsoniana, yellow and purple, summer, 2 to 4 ft.,
N.W. America; Drummondii, yellow and crimson, summer, 2 ft., Texas; coronata,
orange and purple, summer, 2 ft., Texas; tinctoria (Syn. bicolor), yellow and
purple, summer, 2 ft., N. America; tinotoria atrosanguinea, purplish.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. auriculata, yellow and purple, summer, 2 ft.,

U. States; grandiflora, yellow, Aug., 3 ft., U. States; lanceolata, yellow, Aug.
3 ft., N. America; verticillata, yellow, Aug., 2 ft.

Corfu Lily (Funkia subcordata).—See Funkia.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum).—See Coriandrum.

Coriandrum (Coriander).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy annual.
Leaves used for flavouring soups & salads. Seed ripens in Aug., &
is largely employed in epntpekionety..

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE IN GARDENS: Soil, ordinary. Position, south border.
Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in drills 12 in. apart, March or Sept.

FELD CULTURE: Soil, deep, well-drained loam. Rotation, follow
wheat. Sow in Oct, in drills 18in. apart. Keep well hoed. Quantity
of seed required per acre,101b. Harvest in Aug. Yield per acre, 10 to
20cwt. Average price per cwt., 15s. to 18s.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. sativum, white, June, 18 in., 8. Europe.

Coris (Montpelier Coris).—Ord. Primulacee. Hardy biennial.
First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, well-drained beds on sunny
rockery. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
a 9 in Aug. or April where plants are to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. monspeliensis, lilac, May, 1 ft., 8. Europe.

Cork-barked Eim (Ulmus suberosa).—See- Ulmus.

Cork Oak (Quercus suber).—See Quercus.

Cornel (Cornus sanguinea).—See Cornus.

Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mascula).—See Cornus.

Corn Flag (Gladiolus communis).—See Gladiolus.

Corn-flower (Centaurea cyanus).—See Centaurea.

Cornish Elm (Ulmus campestris var. cornubiensis).—See Ulmus,

Cornish Money-worrt (Sibthorpia europxa).—See Sibthorpia.

Corn Marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). — See Chrysan-
themum.

Corn Salad (Valerianella olitaria)—See Valerianella.

Cornus (Bunch Berry; Dwarf Cornel; Cornelian Cherry; Cornel-
tree; Dogwood; Dogberry ; Skewerwood),—Ord. Cornacem. “Hardy de-
ciduous trees & shrubs & herbaceous perennials. Flowering & orn.
foliage. Leaves, green, or variegated with white & crimson.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat for dwarf
species, ordinary for others. Position, rocky for dwarf kinds; open or
shady shrubberies for tall species. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, Nov.
or Dec., simply cutting branches into shape.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, bog or peat. Position, moist bed
or rockery. Plant, March. Propagate shrubby kinds by cuttings of
firm shoots inserted in sandy soil outdoors in Nov.; layering shoots in
Oct. ; suckers, removed from plant in Nov. & replant at once; grafting
variegated kinds in March; seeds sown outdoors in March; ‘herbaceous
species by division in March.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: CO. alba, white, July, 8 to 10 ft., N. Asia; alba sibirica
variegata, variegated; alba Spaethii, leaves bronze and gold; oapitata (Syn.
Benthamia fragifera), white, Aug., 10 ft., N. India, hardy 8. of England only;
florida (Flowering Dogwood), white, April, 10 to 15 ft., N. America; mas (Cornelian
Cherry), yellow, Feb., 15 ft., Europe; mas aurea elegantissima, leaves creamy white
and red; mas variegata, leaves edged creamy white; sanguinea (Dogwood), green,
June, 8 ft., branches red.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: C. canadensis (Dwarf Cornel), purplish white, May,
6 in., N. America.

Corokia.—Ord. Cornacen. Half-hardy evergreen trailing shrub.
First introduced 1835.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered, south or west wall.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sand in well-
drained ee under bell-glass; layering shoots in Oct.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: 0. buddleiodes, yellow, su: v ;
Cotoneaster, yellow, 10 ft., New Zealand. * SNe ee ae Ely Mew Benieaty

Coronilla (Crown Vetch; Scorpion Senna).—Ord. Leguminose.
oe and hardy shrubs & hardy ncreunt ie First troduced

110

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part Wyo l sand. Position, pots in light greenhouse. Repot, March.
Prune off points of shoots in Spring to induce bushy growth. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
40° to 45°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Place plants outdoors in sunny
position June to Sept. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in light soil
im temp. 75° in March, or by cuttings inserted in well-drained pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° in March, April, or May.

CULTURE OF PERENNIALS: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
rockeries or borders. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep outdoors in April, or division of roots in ‘Oct.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBS: Soil, ordinary. Position shel-
tered, warm shrubberies, or south or west walls. Plant Oct. Prune
stragely shoots after flowering. Increased by cuttings in cold frame in
autumn.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: C. coronata, yellow, July, 2 ft., 8S. Europe; glauca,
yellow, May, 3 ft., France; glauca variegata, variegated; pentaphylla, yellow,
et Algiers; valentina, yellow, March, 3 ft.; viminalis, red, Aug., 3 ft.,

0} . $

PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. cappadocica, yellow, July, 6 in., Iberia; emeroides,
yellow, May, 6 in., Europe; minima, yellow, June, 6 in., 8. Europe; varia, pink
and white, June, trailer, Europe.

HARDY SHRUBS: ©. Emerus (Scorpion Senna), red and yellow, April, 3 to 6 ft.,
deciduous, Europe.

Correa (Australian Fuchsia).—Ord, Rutacerw. Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. First introduced 1793.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part fibrous loam & sand.
Position, pots, well drained, in light, airy greenhouse. Repot in July
when new growth begins. Prune directly after flowering. Water
moderately April to July & Oct. to April, freely July to Oct. Temp.,
Sept. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Place plants
outdoors in sunny position July to Sept. Propagate by cuttings in-
serted in well-drained pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65°
to 75° in April; grafting on Correa alba or Eriostemon buxifolia in
March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. alba, white, June, 5 to 6 ft.; cardinalis, scarlet,
March, 3 ft.; lawrenciana, green and white, April, 3 ft.; speciosa, scarlet, June,
8 ft, and its varieties bicolor, crimson and white, Havrrisii, crimson, pulchella,
scarlet. All natives of Australia.

Corsican Pine-tree (Pinus Laricio).—See Pinus.

Cortaderia (Pampas Grass)—Ord. Graminew. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial grass. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced
1843. Inflorescence (male & female borne on different plants), white,
purple, yellow; Sept. to Nov. gic :

CULTURE: Soil, rich, light, sandy. Position, sheltered shrubberies
or lawns. Plant, Oct., March, or April. Water freely in dry weather.
Gather plumes for winter decoration directly fully developed. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy ‘soil in well-drained pots or
pans under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in Feb., March or April.
Transplant seedlings outdoors in Aug. or Sept. Female plumes best
& most durable for winter decoration.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. argenteum (Pampas Grass), Syn. Gynerium argen-
teum, 5 to 7 ft., Brazil; argenteum argenteo-lineatum, leaves green and golden;
conspicua (Syn. Arundo conspicua), New Zealand Silvery Reod Grass, 3 to 12 ft.,
New Zealand; jubata, 4 to 6 ft., Ecuador.

Cortusa (Bear’s-ear Sanicle).—Ord. Primulacea. Hardy peren-
nial alpine plants. First introduced 1596.
CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, shady horder or rockery.
111

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in sandy
peat in cold frame in March or Aug.; division of plant in March, _

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. Matthiola, red, April, 1 ft., Europe; Matthiola
grandifiora, purple, April, 18 in.; pubens, magenta purple, May, 6 in., Transylvania.

Coryanthes (Helmet-orchid)Ord. Orchidacez. Stove epi-
phytal orchids. First introduced 1829. co

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & sphagnum moss. Position,
baskets suspended from roof of stove. Re-basket in March. Water
freely April to Sept., very little afterwards. Temp., April to Aug. 65°
to 85°; Aug. to April 50° to 65°. Growing season, April to Aug.
Resting period, Aug. to April. Flowers appear on new growth. Pro-
pagate by division of plant in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OC. macrantha, green, purple, yellow and crimson,
June, 1 ft., Venezuela; maculata, yellow and purple, June, 1 ft., Trop. America;
speciosa, yellow and green, March, 1 ft.

Corydalis (Fumitory)—Ord. Fumariacee. Hardy biennial &
perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, good. Position, well-drained sunny
borders, ledges of rockeries, fissures in old walls. Plant perennial &
biennial species in March. Propagate annual species by seeds sown
in April where plants are to flower; biennials by seed sown in boxes
of light soil in cold frame or outdoors in April; perennials by seed simi-
lar to biennials, transplanting seedlings to permanent positions when
large enough to handle; also by division of the plants after flowering;
bulbous species by offsets in March.

PERENNIAL SPEOIES: O. bulbosa (Syn. Solida), purple, April, 6 in., Europe;
lutea, yellow, May, 1 ft., Europe; lutea alba, white; nobilis, yellow, May, 1 ft.,
Siberia; tuberosa (Syn. Cava), purple, March, 6 in., Europe; ledebouriana, purple,
summer, 1 ft., Altai Mountains.
pre hae SPECIES: ©. glauca, scarlet, violet and orange, summer, 1 ft.,

‘au ~

Corylopsis.—Ord. Hamamelidacex. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrub. First introduced 1864.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, open, moist shrubbery in
8. England ; south walls in other parts of country. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by layering shoots in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. himalayana, yellow, March, 20 ft., Himalayas;
paucifiors, yellow, Feb., 6 ft., Japan; spicata, yellow, Feb., 6 ft., Japan.

Corylus (Hazel; Cob-nut; Filbert)—Ord. Corylacez. Hardy deci-
duous shrubs. Orn. foliage & nut-bearing. lowers, male—grey,
female—crimson; March, April. Nuts ripe in Oct.

, CULTURE: Soil, rich loam, well manured & deeply trenched. Posi-
tion, open, sunny. Plant cob & hazel nuts 10 ft. apart each way, &
filberts 15 ft. apart, in Oct. Prune end of March, cutting away shoots
not less than two years old & shortening those of previous year’s growth
about one-third. Train each tree to have six main branches only.
Gather nuts when husk becomes brown. Hang branches of hazel cat-
kins (male flowers) in filbert bushes in Feb., if filbert catkins are scarce,
to ensure fertilisation. Propagate by seeds (nuts) 2in. deep in Oct.
in open garden. trans eel seedlings two years afterwards: suckers
removed from base of old plants replanted in Oct.; layering strong
young shoots in Nov.; grafting on seedlings of Constantinople Nut
in March to form standards, half standards, & dwarf standards.

_Marxet Currure: Soil, deep loam, well-drained, stony. Posi-
tion, uplands. Plant 13 ft. apart each way. Trees to plant an acre,
243. Manures, shoddy, wool waste, or fish at rate of 2 to 3 tons per
acre. Apply in winter. Cost of manure, £3 per ton. Prune as above.

112

ENCYCLOP4#DIA OF GARDENING.

to ensure fertilisation. Propagate by seed (nuts) 2 in. deep in Oct.
Harvest ripe nuts in Sept., green ones in Aug. Market ripe nuts
in sieves of 401b.; green ones, 281b. Average yield per acre, 8 to
10cwt. Average price per Ib., 6d. to 10d. Average returns per acre,
£20 to £30. Average rental value of nut plantation, £6 te £7.

SPEOIES: C. avellana (Common Hazel), Europe (Britain); avellana aurea, golden
leaved; maxima atropurpurea, purple-leaved, 8. Europe; colurna (Constantinople
Nut), 8.E. Europe.

VARIETIES: Kentish Cob or Lambert’s Filbert, nuts large a good market kind;
Cosford, nuts round, shells thin, free bearer; Webb’s Prize Ceb, large, good market
sort; Prolific Frizzled Filbert, free bearer, ripens early.

Corypha.—See Livistonia.

Cos Lettuce.—See Lactuca.

Cosmos (Purple Mexican Aster).—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy
annuals. First introduced 1799.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm, dryish border. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in light soil in temp. of 65° to 70° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors 3 to 4 ft. apart in May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. bipinnatus, various colours, Aug., 3 ft.; Mexico;
diversifolius, lilac, Sept., 3 ft., N. America; diversifolius atrosanguineus, a superior
variety; hybridus, various colours, Sept., hybrids.

Costmary.—See Tanacetum.

Cotoneaster (Quince-leaved Medlar; Rose Box)—Ord. Rosa-
ae Hardy evergreen & deciduous shrubs, bearing scarlet fruits in
winter.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies, open, or in shade,
trailing species against walls or growing over tree roots & rocks, or
bare ground under trees. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown
lin, deep outdoors in March; cuttings inserted in sandy soil outdoors
in Oct.; layering shoots in Oct.; grafting on common species, quince,
or hawthorn in March.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: O. buxifolia (Syn. repens), white, April, 3 ft., Hima-
layas; horizontalis, rose, April, 2 ft., Himalayas; microphylla, white, April, 5 ft.,
Himalayas; microphylla glacialis (Syn. congesta); pannosa, white, April, 6 ft.,
Yunnan; thymifolia, white, April, 1 ft., Himalayas; uniflora, white, May, Siberia.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: C. affinis, pink, April, 4 ft., Himalayas; frigida, white,
April, 10 ft., Himalayas; Nummularia, white, April, 10 ft., Europe; integerrima
(Syn. vulgaris), pink, May, 10 ft., Europe; Simonsii, white, April, 6 ft., Himalayas.

Cotton-plant ((Gossypium herbaceum).—See Gossypium.

Cotton Thistle (Onopordon acanthium).—See Onopordon.

Cotton-wood (Populus deltoides).—See Populus.

Cotyledon.—Ord. Crassulacex. Greenhouse & hardy evergreen
succulent-leaved plants. Natives of Mexico, except when otherwise
mentioned.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one Pe. sand & fine brick rubbish. Position, pots well drained, close
to glass in window or greenhouse. Repot, March or April. Water
freely March to Sept., very little afterwards. Temp., Sept to March
50° to 55°; March to Sept. 60° to 70°. Can also be grown outdoors in
beds, June to Sept.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Grow in ordinary soil on sunny
rockeries, or as edgings to beds. Plant in May. Lift and plant in
boxes in a cold frame in Oct. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of
above soil in well-drained pan or Boe in temp. 55° to 65° in March;
cuttings of leaves with base inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil
in Aug., Sept., or Oct. in temp. 55° to 60°. Do not water leaves or cut-
tings until they begin to shrivel.

113

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. agavoides (Syn. Echeveria agavoides), orange, Sept.,
1 ft.; atropurpurea (Syn. Echeveria atropurpurea), red, Sept., 1 ft.; Californica
(Syn. Echeveria californica), yellow, summer, 1 ft., California; coccinea, scarlet
and yellow, Oct., 2 ft.; fulgens (Syn. Echeveria fulgens), red and yellow, summer,
1 ft.; gibbiflora (Syn. Echeveria gibbiflora), yellow and scarlet, autumn, 2 ft.;
gibbiflora motallica, leaves purplish glaucus; glauca (Syn. Echeveria glauca),
scarlet and yellow, autumn, 1 ft.; retusa (Syn. Echeveria retusa), crimson and
yellow, autumn, 1 ft.

HARDY SPECIES: 0. secunda glauca (Syn. Echeveria secunda glauca), red and

yellow, summer, 1 ft.; secunda glauca major, large-leaved variety; Sempervivum,
red, summer, 6 in.

Couve Tronchuda.—See Brassica.

Cow-berry (Vaccinum vitis-idwa)—See Vaccinum.

, Cow-horn Orchid (Schomburgkia Tibicinis). — See Schom-
urgkia.

Cow Parsnip (Heracleum villosum).—See Heracleum.

Cowslip-scented Orchid.—See Vanda.

Crab’s Claw (Stratiotes aloides).—See Stratiotes.

Crab’s Eyes (Abrus precatorius).—See Abrus.

Crack Willow (Salix fragalis)—See Salix.

Cradle Orchid.—See Anguloa

Crambe (Seakale)—Ord. Cruciferw. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials & esculent vegetables.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Posi-
tion, even borders. Plant roots 3 in. deep in groups of three or six in
March.

CULTURE OF SEAKALE: Soil, deep, rich, sandy. Position, open,
sunny. Trench soil 2ft. deep in autumn, burying in abundance of
manure. Plant roots 4 to 6in. long, 2in. deep, uprightly, 18in. apart
in rows 30in. asunder in Feb. or March. Pare off crown buds before
planting. Mulch beds with stable manure in April. Apply common
salt at the rate of 1lb, to a square rod, or 2lb, of nitrate of soda to
same area in June. Lift and replant every five years. Manure & di
between rows in Nov. Blanching: Cover roots in open ground with
inverted pots, dry tree leaves, or cinder ashes in Nov.

Forcine Ourpoors: Cover roots with inverted pots in Nov. & put
thick layers of fresh manure and leaves on these in Jan.

Forcine Inpoors: Lift roots in Nov., Dec., or Jan. & place them
close together in large pots or boxes, with ordinary soil between, in
See 50° to 60°. Keep roots moist & dark. Roots of no value after
orcing.

Market CuLTurE or Szraxare: Soil, sandy loam deeply dug.
Mauures: Stable dung 20 to 30 tons & kainit 3 cwt. per acre applied
before planting; superphosphate, 3 cwt. per acre, in spring. Plant
cuttings 18 in. apart each way in March; 20,000 cuttings required to
plant an acre. Force as above. Market from Nov. to April in 2b.
1 Average price per punnet, ls. to 1s. 9d. Best variety, Lily

ite.

Propagate seakale by seed sown lin. deep in rows 12in. apart
in March, thinning seedlings to 6in. apart in June & transplant-
ing them to permanent beds when a year old, or by cuttings of roots
as advised for planting; perennials by seeds sown in. deep outdoors
in March, transplanting seedlings in July ; cuttings of shoots or division
of roots in March. Seeds germinate in 18 to 20 days. Crop arrives at

spabuleity 2 years after sowing. Seeds retain germinating powers for
3 to

ears.
sPEOTkS CULTIVATED: ©. maritima (Seakale), white, May and June, Europa
114

ENOYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

(Britain); cordifolia (Flowering Seakale), white, May, 5 ft., Caucasus; orientalis,
white, fragrant, June, 4 ft., Orient. Last two hardy perennials.

Cranberry.—See Oxycoccus.

Crane’s-bill.—See Geranium.

Crape Fern.—See Todea. .

Crape Myrtle (Lagerstrémia indica).—See Lagerstrémia.

Crassula. — Ord. Crassulacee. Greenhouse evergreen plants.
First_introduced 1711.

.CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, brick rubble, dried
cow manure & river sand. Position, well-drained pots in light green-
house, close to glass. Pot, March. Water freely April to Aug., mode-
rately Aug to Nov., very little afterwards. l'emp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown in well-
drained pots or pans of sandy soil, just covering seeds with fine mould,
in temp. 60° to 70° in March or April, seedlings to be kept close to glass
& have little water; cuttings of shoots 2 to 3 in. long, exposed to sun
for few days, then inserted in June, July or Aug. in well-drained pots
of sandy soil, placed on greenhouse shelf & given very little water.
See also the penus Rochea,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. arborescens, pink, May, 2 ft., 8. Africa; columnaris,
white, summer, 6 in., 8. Africa; falcata (Syn. Rochea falcata), yellow and red,
summer, 6 in., 8. Africa; lactea, white, autumn, 9 in., 3. Africa.

Cratzegus (May; Hawthorn; Quick; Black ‘horn; White
Thorn; Glastonbury Thorn; Christ’s ‘Thorn; Evergreen Fire Thorn).—
Ord. Rosaceew. Hardy deciduous and evergreen trees & shrubs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position, trees & shrubs in woods,
shrubberies, lawns, & pleasure grounds; evergreen species against
east or north walls; common quick in hedges. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune Evergreen Fire Thorn in Feb., spurring back shoots that have
borne berries only; deciduous kinds in Nov., simply cutting tree or
shrub into shape where necessary. Hedges: Soil, ordinary, trenched
2ft, deep & 2ft, wide. Plant, Nov, to March. Distance apart, 4 in.
single row, 6in, double row 6in. asunder. Quantity of plants required
per yard for single row, 9; double row, 12. Cost ot plants per 100, 3s.
to 4s. Cost of preparing site and planting per lineal yard, 9d. Cost
of trimming per chain, 4d. Time to trim, July & Aug.

POT CULTURE: Double pink and white kinds adapted for pot
culture in cool greenhouse, or for forcing. Pot, Oct. or Nov., in good
soil. Water moderately Oct_ to March, freely afterwards, Keep
plants in cool structure til) Jan., then place in temp. 55° to 65° to
flower early or leave them in cool house to flower naturally. After
flowering, place plants outdoors to make new growth. Propagate by
seeds (berries) sown lin. deep in open garden in Nov., transplanting
largest seedlings following Oct., the remainder the next year; budding
choice varieties on common hawthorn in July; grafting in March.
Berries require to be stored in sand for a P heed before sowing.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: ©. Azarolus, white, fragrant, May, 15 ft., 8. Europe;
Carrieri, white, May, 12 to 15 ft., hybrid; coccinea (Scarlet Thorn), white, May,
20 ft., N. America; cordata, white June, 15 ft., United States; crus-galli (Cockspur
Thorn), white, June, 20 ft., N. America; and its varieties arbutifolia, Downingii,
fontanesiana, lineraris, ovalifolia, prunifolia and pyracanthifolia; Douglasii, white,
May, 15 ft., N.W. America; melanocarpa, white, May, 15 ft., Tauria; mollis, white
and red, May, 20 ft., United States; orientalis, white, May, 15 ft., Orient;
Oxycantha (Common Hawthorn), white, May, 15 ft., Europe; Oxycantha monagyna
precox (Glastonbury Thorn), white, Deo. to Murch; 15 ft.; Oxycanthus oxycan-
thoides flore-pleno albo (Double White Thorn), white, May and June; Oxycanthus
oxycanthoides flore-pleno coccineo (Double Scarlet Thorn), scarlet, May and June;

115

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

puniceo flore-pleno (Paul’s Double Scarlet), rich scarlet, May; pinnatifida, white,
May, 15 ft., Asia; tanacetifolia (Tansy-leaved Thorn), white, May, 15 ft., Levant.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: OC. Pyracantha (Firethorn), white, May, followed by
scarlet berries in autumn, S. Europe, 10 to 15 ft.; Pyracantha Lelandi, a superior
variety with richer coloured berries.

Creeping Fig-tree (Ficus pumila).—See Ficus.

; creeping Forget-me-not (Omphalodes verna)—See Ompha-
odes.

Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia).—See Lysimachia.

Creeping Phlox (Phlox reptans).—See Phlox.

Creeping Sailor (Saxifraga sarmentosa).—See Saxifraga.

Creeping Speedwell (Veronica re ba hd Veronica.

Creeping Willow (Salix repens).—See Salix.

Creeping Winter Green (Gaultheria procumbens). — See
Gaultheria.

Crepis (Hawk’s Beard).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous
perennials & annuals.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Position, sunny borders, banks,
or rockeries, Plant perennial species in March or April. Propagate
annual species by seeds sown }in. deep in April where pints are re-
quired to flower; perennial species by seeds sown }in, deep outdoors
in April, transplanting seedlings in July, or by division of roots in
March or April.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. aurea, orange, autumn, 12 in., Europe.
ANNUAL SPECIES: C. rubra, red, autumn, 1 ft., 8. Europe.

Cress.—See Lep'dium.

Cretan Mullein (Celsia Arcturus).—See Celsia.

Cretan Mullein (Celsia cretica).—See Celsia.

Cretan Rock Rose (Cistus creticus).—See Cistus.

Cretan Spikenard (Valeriana Phu).—See Valeriana.

Crimean Snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus).—See Galanthus.

Crimson Flag (Schizostylis coccinea).—See Schizostylis.

Crimson-flowered Flax (Linum grandiflorum).—See Linum.

Crimson Satin-flower (Brevoortia Ida-Maia). — See Bre-
voortia. :

Crimson Stonecrop (Sedum spurium).—See Sedum.

Crinum (Cape Lily; Cape Coast Lily). — Ord. Amaryllidacee.
ae greenhouse & hardy deciduous bulbous plants. First introduced
1732.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
two parts turfy loam, one part peat & silver sand. Position, pots in.
light plant stove or greenhouse. Pot, March, in large pots or tubs
well drained. Water freely March to Oct., very little afterwards.
Store pots containing bulbs on their sides in stove or greenhouse dur-
ing winter. Repot every 3 or 4 years. Apply liquid manure to estab-
lished bulbs in summer. Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85° for green-
house. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in a temp. of 65° to 75°
in spring; also by offsets at potting time. Seedling plants take several
years to flower.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, rich, deep. Position, south,
well-drained border. Plant bulbs 6in. deep in March. Increased as
above.

STOVE SPECIES: OC. amabile, red, fragrant, summer, 3 ft., Sumatra; Kirkii,
white and red, Oct., 2 ft., Zanzibar.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: ©. Macowanii, white and purple, autumn, 3 ft.,
Natal; Moorei, white and red, April to Oct., 2 ft., 8S. Africa; Moorei album,

116

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

white; Moorei variegatum, leaves variogated; Powelli, rose, summer, 3 ft., hybrid;
oo Sane fae - Powell rubrum, red,

. HS: ©. longifoliu: Syn. O. i z - 5.
Africa; longifolium album, hits, epee See ne Pave) ere ere

Crithmum (Samphire).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy perennial
herb. Leaves eel for pickling ie
_, CULTURE : Soil, sandy. Position, shady border. Sow seeds thinly
in bed of ordinary sandy soil in March. Not an easy plant to grow
away from the seashore.

Bt CULTIVATED: O. maritimum, white, summer, 1 ft., Seashores of

Crocosmia.—Ord. Iridacew. Hardy bulbous-rooted flowering
plants. First introduced 1846.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich, sandy. Position, well-
drained south border. Plant bulbs, Sept. or Oct., 6in. deep & 4in.
apart, surrounding each bulb with an inch of sand & protecting during
winter with a covering of dry leaves or ashes. Lift and replant every
three years,

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould
& silver sand. Position, cold frame or groenhouse. Pot, Oct., placing
six bulbs 1 in. deep in a 5 in. pot, well drained, with an inch of decayed
cow manure over drainage. Water when new growth commences, after-
wards keep moderately moist until foliage dies down, then keep dry.
Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in well-drained pans or boxes filled
with sandy soil in cold greenhouse in Sept. or Oct.; offsets in Oct.

_ SPEOIES CULTIVATED: C. aurea, orange red, summer, 2 ft., 8. Africa; aurea
imperialis, orange red, 4 ft.

Crocus.—Ord. Iridacew. Hardy bulbous flowering plants.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, margins of beds
or borders or in grass plots & lawns, open or in shade, for common
sorts; sunny, well-drained beds, or on rockeries, for rare & choice
kinds. Plant Pane towers species & varieties in Oct., Nov., or
Dec.; autumn-flowering species in Aug. & Sept. Depth & distance:
Common kinds, 3in.; choice & rare sorts, 2in. Leave corms undis-
turbed for four or five years, unless their place is wanted for other
plants. Lift when necessary in June or July, drying corms in sun &
storing in cool room till planting time. Foliage should not be removed
until it turns yellow.

CULTURE IN GRASS: Bore holes 3 in. deep and 2 in. apart, insert
a corm in bottom of each, then fill up with ordinary soil; or lift turf,
fork up soil below, add a little bonemeal, place bulbs thereon & replace
turf. Grass should not be cut till foliage turns yellow.

POT CULTURE: Compost, light, rich, sandy soil. Position, 3 or
5in. pot, or four in a 3 in. size, in Oct., Nov., or Dec. After potting,
place pots in cold frame or under a wall & cover with cinder ashes till
growth begins, then remove to greenhouse, etc. Water freely when

‘owth begins; give less as foliage fades. Corms of uo use for flower
ing second time in pots, but may be planted out in garden. To force,
place in temp. 55° to 65° in Dec. or Jan. .

Propaeate by seeds sown fin. deep & lin. apart in light sandy soil
in cold frame in Sept., Oct., or Nov., transplanting seedlings in Aug. of
second year ; offsets removed from old corms in July or Aug. & replanted
2in. deep & 2in. apart at same time. Seedling corms flower when three
& four years old.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 0. aureus, yellow, Feb., 8.E. Europe; alatavicus,
white, Feb., Siberia; asturicus, violet, autumn, Spain; Balansx, orange-yellow,
March, Asia Minor; banaticus, white and purple, March, Hungary; biflorus

117

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

(Scotch Orocus), lavender, Feb., Tuscany; cancellatus, yellow, white and purple,
autumn, Asia Minor; chrysanthus, orange-yellow, Jan. to March, 8.E. Europe;
Olusii, white and purple, autumn, Spain; dalmaticus, yellow and purple, Feb.
to March, Dalmatia; etruscus, lilac and yellow, March, Italy; Fleischeri, yellow
and purple, March, Asia Minor; Imperati, lilac-purple, fragrant, Jan to March,
Italy; iridiflorus, purple and lilac, autumn, BE. Europe; Korolkowi, yellow and
brown, Feb. to March, Central Asia; longiflorus, lilac, yellow and. purple, autumn,
Italy; Malyi, yellow, orange, and purple, Mareh, Dalmatia; medius, white and
purple, autumn, Italy; minimus, purple, March and April, Corsica; nudi-
florus, purple, autumn, Pyrenees; ochroleucus, white and orange, autumn, Asia
Minor; pulchellus, lavender, blue, or yellow, autumn, Turkey; reticulatus, white,
lilac and purple, March, E. Europe; sativus (Saffron Orocus), white, lilac, and
purple, autumn, Western Asia; Sieberi, lilac_and yellow, Feb. to March, Greece;
speciosus, lilac and purple, autumn, Central Europe; suavolens, orange, lilac, and
purple, March, Italy; susianus, orange and brown, Feb., Crimea; vernus, lilac,
violet and white Feb., to April, Europe; versicolor, white to purple, March, France
end Italy. The numerous Dutch forms in cultivation were originally derived from
. Vernus,

Crossandra.—Ord. Acanthacer. Stove evergreen flowering
shrub. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat & sand. Position, pots
in moist plant stove. Pot, March. Water moderately during winter,
freely other times. Temp., Oct. to March 55° to 65°; March to Oct.
75° to 85°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots 2 or 3 in. long, inserted in
sand under bell-glaas, in temp. of 85° at any time of year.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. guineensis, lilac, October, 6 in.; undulefolia,
orange-scarlet, March, 12 to 18 in., India.

Cross of Jerusalem (Lychnis chalcedonica) —See Lychnis.

Cross Vine Gignont capreolata).—See Bignonia.

Cross-wort (Crucinella stylosa).—See Crucinella.

Cross-wort (Gentiana cruciata).—See Gentiana.

Croton.—See Codizum.

Crowberry.—See Empetrum,

Crowea.—Ord. Rutacew. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. First
introduced 1700. mace mee

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one fibrous loam, & little sand.
Position, pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Prune
straggling shoots into shape in March. Water very little Oct. to
March, moderately March to Oct. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 45°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in ‘sand
under bell-glass in temp. of 65° to 75° in March or April; grafting on
Correa alba or Eriostemon buxifolia in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OC. angustifolia, red, summer, 1 to 3 ft., Australia;
saligna, pink, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Australia.

Crown Imperial Lily.—See Fritillaria.

Crown-.-of-Thorns (Medicago echinus).—See Medicago.

Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia).—See Coronilla. _

Crucianella (Cross-wort).—Ord. Rubiacew. Hardy herbaceous
perennial. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy or chalky. Position, dry banks, rockeries,
or borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors
in March, transplanting seedlings to permanent positions in July or
Aug.; division of roots in March, April, Oct. or Nov.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: C. stylosa, rose, summer, 9 to 12 in., Catoases; -stylosa
coccinea, scarlet; stylosa purpurea, purple.

Cryptanthus.—0Ord, Bromeliacesw. Stove & evergreen peret-
nials; flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Compost, equal Barts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
mould & silver sand. Pot, March. Water freely always; good drain-
118

HNOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

age essential. Temp., Sept. to March, 65° to 75°; March to Sept. 75°

to 85°. Propagate by large-sized offsets inserted singly in small pots
in temp. of 85° in A ay, i om :

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 0. Beuckeri, red and white, summer, 6 in., Brazil;

Ee white, Aug., 8 to 10 in., Trop. America; undulatus, white, August, 10 in.,

Cryptogramme (Parsley Fern; Rock Brake).—Ord. Filices.
Hardy deciduous ferns with Parsley-like fronds.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts loam & peat with a liberal supply of
broken bricks or stone, quite fice from lime. Position, cool, moist
rockery. Does well in the moist fissures of rocks. Plant in spring.
Propagate by division in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. crispa (Syn. Allosorus criapa), 3 to 6 in., Mountains
of Wales, Scotland, etc.; crispa acrostichoides, 6 to 8 in., N. America.

Cryptomeria (Japanese Cedar).—Ord. Conifere. Hardy ever-
green coniferous trees. Orn. foliage. Nat. Japan. First introduced
1844. Foliage bright green in spring & summer; bronzy crimson dur-
ing winter.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich, moist loam. Position, sheltered on
lawns. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in
sandy loam in temp. of 55° in March or outdoors in eae cuttings
of side shoots 2 or 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under hand-light, or
in cold frame, in Sept. or Oct.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: C. japonica, 70 to 100 ft. Varieties: araucarioides,

7 to 8 ft.; elegans, 70 to 100 ft.; elegans nana, 3 to 4 ft.; Lobbii, 60 to 80 ft.;
pungens and spiralis.

Cuban Lily (Scilla peruviana).—See Scilla.
Cuckoo-Flower (Cardumninid pratensis).—See Cardamine.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativa).—See Cucumis.

Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata).—_See Magnolia.

Cucumis (Cucumber; Melon; Gherkin).—Ord. Cucurbitacee.
Half-hardy trailing perennial fruiting plants.

CULTURE OF CUCUMBERS: Compost, two parts decayed turfy
loam, one part horse droppings or decomposed manure. Position, pots
or beds in heated or cold greenhouse & frames, or in sheltered corner
outdoors in summer. Sow seed in Feb. or March for heated greenhouse
or frame in summer, April for cold frames or outdoors, Sept. or Oct.
for winter use. Plant, March, April, Sept., or Oct. in heat; June
in cold frames or outdoors. Train main shoot up roof of greenhouse,
pinching out its point when 3 ft. high, also points of side (lateral)
shoots at first joint beyond the young fruit; or, when grown in frames,
along surface of bed, removing point of main shoot when a foot long
and points of side shoots at first joint beyond young fruit. Prune away
old shoots that cease to bear & train young ones in their stead. Water
moderately at first, freely afterwards. Syringe twice daily. Apply
liquid manure to plants bearing heavy crops only. Ventilate when
temp. reaches 90°, closing again wher it falls below this. Temp., Feb.
to Sept., for greenhouse & frame, 75° to 85°; Sept. to Feb. 65° to 75°.
Shade from hot sun. Fertilise first female blooms by divesting a male
-blooms of its petals and applying powdery parts to centre of former;
fertilisation not needful afterwards, except seed is wanted. Fumigate
occasionally to destroy insects.

CULTURE OF GHERKINS OR RIDGE CUCUMBERS: Dig a hole
in May 2 ft. deep & 3 ft. wide in a sunny position, pulang soil on north
side. “Fill hole with heated manure and cover with 3 in. of soil. Plant
at once. Train as advised above. Water moderately at first, freely

119

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

afterwards. Protect with hand-light until end of June. Sow seeds
in light soil in temp. 55° in April. Japanese climbing cucumber re-
quires to have its shoots trained up pea sticks.

CULTURE OF MELONS: Compost, three parts good turfy loam, one
part decayed manure. Position, beds in greenhouses, pits, or frames,
with shoots trained to roof or along surface of ground. Plant, March,
April, or May. Sow seeds singly in 2in. pits in temp. 75° in Feb. or

arch. Pinch out point of main shoot when 6 in. long, also of lateral
shoots when 1 ft. long, & further shoots at the first joint beyond the
young swelling fruit. Fertilise all the female blooms about 12 a.m.
as directed for cucumbers. Allow one fruit to each shoot, removing
any others gradually. Prune away any weak shoots not showing fruit.
Water moderately at first, freely afterwards, less when fruit changes
April or May. Sow seeds singly in 2in. pots in temp. 75° in Feb. or
shoots when 1ft. long, & further shoots at the first joint beyond the
colour. Syringe twice daily until fruit begins to ripen, then cease.
Shade from hot sun. Apply liquid manure when fruit begins to swell.
Temp., March to time fruit is ripe, 75° to 85°. Ventilate when temp.
reaches 85°, close when it falls below this.

Userut Dara: Longevity of Seeds — Cucumber, 10 years; gher-
kin, 6 years; melon, 6 years. Germinating period—6 to 10 days.
Melons usually ripen about 120 to 140 days after sowing seeds. Artifi-
cial manures for melons & cucumbers: 1 part nitrate of potash, 1 part
dried blood, 2 parts superphosphate, & 4 part sulphate of iron. Dose,
3 0z. per square eal once a week.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. Melo (Melon), intro. 1570; sativus (Cucumber), intro.
1573. Natives of Tropics,

Cucurbita (Gourd; Pumpkin; Squash; Vegetable Marrow).—
Ord. Cucurbitacew. Half-hardy trailing annual edible or orn. fruited
plants. First introduced 1570, Flowers, yellow, male & female dis-
tinct. Fruit globular, oval, or oblong.

CULTURE OF MARROWS AND PUMPKINS: Soil, ordinary, rich.
Position, beds in frames, on heaps of decayed manure or refuse, or on
banks, the shoots running down the slope, or, as in beds in open garden
formed by digging out soil 15 in. deep, filling holes with heated manure
and covering this with soil. Sow seeds in a temp. of 55° in April, or
where the plants are intended to grow in May. Plant, May, under
hand-light, or in June without protection. Pinch out points of main
shoots when 18in. long; no pinching required afterwards. Fertilise
first female blooms; not later ones. Water freely in dry weather.
Apply liquid manure frequently after fruit is set. Fruit for preservin
should be cut when yellow & then hung up in a dry room till wante
for use. Young shoots of marrows and gourds may be used as a
substitute for spinach.

CULTURE OF GOURDS: Soil, rich, ordinary, Position, beds at
base of low, sunny fences or walls, or on the summit of banks, shoots

rowing at will up & over the former or down the latter; sunny. Plant,

une. Water freely indry weather. Apply liquid manure occasionally
when plants are laden with fruit. Gather fruit when yellow, & hang
it up till wanted for use in dry room. No pinching of shoots required.
Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to 65°
in Aprils or where plants are to grow in May & June.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. maxima (Pumpkin), Trop. Asia; Pepo (Gourd),
Trop. Africa; Pepo ovifera (Vegetable Marrow). Numerous varieties, for which see
trade lista.

120

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

Cunonia (Red Alder).—Ord. Saxifragaceew. Greenhouse evergreen

flowering tree. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1816.
_ CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position, pots
in light airy greenhouse. Pot, March. Prune into shape in March.
Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to
Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings
of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. of 65°
to 75° in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. capensis, white, Aug., 10 to 20 ft., 8S. Africa.

Cup and Saucer Flower (Cobza scandens).—See Cobea.

Cupania. — Ord. Sapindacez. Stove orn. foliage evergreen
trees. First introduced 1818.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat. Position, pots in
moist plant stove. Pot, March. Water moderately in winter, freely
other times. Prune occasionally to maintain a dwarf habit. Temp.,
Oct. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp. of
85° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. anacardioides, 20 to 30 ft., Australia; elegantissime,
15 to 20 ft.; grandidens, 20 to 30 ft., Zanzibar.

Cup Fern (Cyathea arborea).—See Cyathea.

Cup-flower (Nierembergia rivularis)—See Nierembergia.

Cuphea (Mexican Cigar Flower).—Ord. Lythrariew. Greenhouse
evergreen and deciduous flowering plant. First introduced 1845.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand.
Position, 5 to Gin. pots in greenhouse, or in beds outdoors in summer.
Pot March or April. Plant outdoors in June. Water moderately Oct.
to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept.
to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp.
65° to 75° in March; cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 65° to 75° in March, April, or Aug.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. sequipetala, purple, June, 2 ft., Mexico; cyanea,
yellow and red, July, 2 ft., Peru; hookeriana, vermilion and orange, July, 2 to
3 ft., Mexico; ignea (Syn. Cuphea platycentra), scarlet, black and white, July,
1 ft., Mexico; ignea alba, white; lanceolata, blue, July, 18 in., annual, Mexico;
micropetala, scarlet, white and red, July, 1 ft., Mexico.

Cupidone (Catananche cerulea).—See Catananche.

Cupid’s-flower (Quamoclit vulgaris)—See Quamoclit.

Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum).—See Silphium.

Cupressus SP cee po Conifere. Hardy evergreen trees.
Orn. foliage. Leaves, small dark green or glaucous, or variegated with
white or yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich loam. Position, single specimens on
lawns or pleasure grounds, or in mixed shrubberies. Plant, Sept. to
Nov. Distance apart for planting in avenues, 20ft. .

HEDGE CULTURE: Trench soil 3 ft. wide and deep for site, adding
little well-roooted manure if poor, Plant shrubs 2 ft. high 2 ft. apart in
Sept. or Oct. Cost of plants per 100, 30s.; preparing and planting
per lineal yard, 9d. Trim sides in annually in April and Sept. Cu-
pressus macrocarpa good for seaside gardens. Cupressus lawsoniana &
macrocarpa suitable for peaty or chalky soils. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in pans of light soil in April, transplanting seedlings
singly into small pots following spring, and planting outdoors a year
afterwards; by cuttings of branchlets 2 in. long, inserted in sandy soil
in cold frame, or under hand-light, in Sept.

121

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. funebris (Funeral Oypress), weeping habit, 40 to
50 ft., China; goveniana, compact habit, 20 to 30 ft., California; lawsoniana (Law-
son’s Oypress), pyramidal habit, 100 to 150 ft., Oalifornia, and its varieties, albo-
spica, albo-variegata, argentea, argenteo-variegata, aureo-variegata, erecta viridis,
filiformis, gracilis pendula, lutea, nana, nana albo and nana glauca; macrocarpa
(Monterey Oypress), spreading habit, 60 to 90 ft., California; nookkatensis (Alaska
Cypress), pyramidal habit, 100 to 120 ft., Vancouver’s Island, and its varieties,
argenteo-variegata, aureo-variegata, compacta, glauca, pendula, variegata, and
viridis; obtusa (Syn. Retinospora obtusa), spreading habit, 50 to 70 ft., Japan, and
ita varieties, albo-picta, aurea, compacta, filicoides, gracilis aurea, lycopodoides,
nana, plumosa (Syn. Retinospora plumosa), plumosa argentea, plumosa aurea,
plumosa tetragonia aurea, and plumosa variegata; pisifera (Syn. Retinospora
pisifera), slender, graceful habit, 18 to 20 ft., Japan, and its varieties, filifers,
plumosa, and squarrosa; sempervirens, pyramidal habit, 40 to 60 ft., 8. Europe,
and its varieties horizontalis and orientalis; thyoides (Syn. Retinospora ericoides),
the White Cedar, 80 to 90 ft., United States, and its varieties, glauca (kewensis),
variegata and leptoclades.

Cups-and-Saucers (Cobzxa scandens).—See Cobea.

Curculigo tag nb erp Amaryllidacee. Stove orn.
evergreen foliage plants. First introduced 1805. Leaves, strap-like,
recurved, dark green, variegated with white.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts lumpy peat & loam & little silver
sand. Position, pots in moist plant stove. ‘ot, Feb. or March. Water
moderately in winter, freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55°
to 65°; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate iy suckers inserted in
small pots of sandy soil in temp. 85° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O, recurvata, 3 to 4 ft., Trop, Asia; recurvata varie-
gata, variegated foliage.

Currant.—See Ribes.

Cushion Pink (Silene acaulis & Armeria maritima).—See Silene
& Armeria.

Custard Apple (Anona reticulata)—See Anona.

Cyananthus.—0Ord. Campanulacex. Hardy alpine herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1844.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mould. Posi-
tion, sunny banks or crevices of rockeries. Plant, March or April.
Protect in severe weather with ashes or leaves. Propagate by cuttings
of shoots 2in. long inserted in sandy peat, in April, May, or June, &
kept under bell-glass; division of fleshy roots in March or April.

ECIES CULTIVATED: O. incanus, azure-blue, August, 83 to 4 in., Sikkim;
lobatus, purplish blue, August, 4 in., Himalayas.

Cyanella.—Ord. Hzmodoracee. MHalf-hardy bulbous plants.
Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1768. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure. Position, pots 44 in. in diameter, well drained,
in cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Oct., placing five bulbs 2 in. deep in
each pot, & covering pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse until growth be-
gins. Water moderately when bulbs begin to grow; keep bulbs dry
Sept. to Jan. Propagate by offsets in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. alba, white, Jnly, 1 ft.; is, blue, July, 1 ft.;
lutea, yellow, July, 1 ft. m Serer ery eae

Cyanophyllum.—See Miconia.

Cyathea (Tree Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse ever-
green tree ferns, First introduced 1793.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds peat & loam, & abundance of sand.
Position, large pots or tubs, well drained, in shady stove, greenhouse,
or conservatory. Repot, Feb. or March. Water moderately Oct. to
March, freely afterwards. Syringe trunks daily March to Sept.
Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 65° for stove, 45° to 65° for greenhouse;

122

ENOYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.
March to Sept. 65° to 75° for stove, 55° to 65° for greenhouse. Shade
in summer essential. Propagate by spores sown at any time on sur-
face of finely-sifted loam & peat in shallow well-drained pans; cover
with sheet of glass, & keep moist in shady position in temp. 75° to 85°.
Pee SPEOIES: ©. arborea, 15 ft., W. Indies; Dregei, 10 to 12 ft., Trop.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. dealbata, 10 ft., New Zealand; medullaris, 15 to
20 ft., New Zealand.

Cycas (Sago Palm).—Ord. Cycadacee. Stove ornamental-leaved
plants. Leaves feather-shaped, dark green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots in moist plant stove. Repot, Feb. & Mar.
Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 80°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. C. revoluta may be stood
outdoors in sheltered position from June to Sept. Propagate by seeds
sown lin. deep in light soil in temp. 85° to 90° in March or April;
suckers obtained from base of plants inserted in small pots in temp.
80° to 85° at any time.

al CULTIVATED: O. circinalis, 8 ft., E. Indies; revoluta, 6 to 8 ft.,

IDB.

Cyclamen (Sowbread). — Ord. Primulacee. Hardy & green-
house perennial flowering plants. Tuberous-rooted. Deciduous.
First introduced 1596. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in greenhouse.Sept. to
May; cold frame other times. Repot, July or Aug.; corm to be above
surface of soil. Water moderately until new growth begins, then
increase supply, decreasing it when plants have ceased to flower; keep-
ing roots nearly dry & cool May to July. Apply liquid manure when
in flower. Temp., Sept. to April 50° to 55°. Corms should not be
grown for more than two years. Best results obtained from seedling
plants one year old. Shade from sun essential.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, rich, friable loam containing
plenty of leaf-mould. Position, sheltered partially shady nooks of
rockery or in turf under trees. Plant, Aug. or Sept., 2 or 3 in. apart
& lin. deep. Top-dress with cow manure & rich soil annually after
leaves die down, first removing old soil as far as corms. May also be
grown in pots or pans in cold greenhouse or frame. : :

Propagate greenhouse kinds by seed sown 4 in. deep & lin. apart in
well-drained pans of light soil in temp. of 55° Aug. to Nov., or Jan. to
March; hardy species by seeds sown similarly in cold frame in Oct.
or Nov., transplanting seedlings following spring. Cover surface of
soil in seed pans with layer of moss to keep soil uniformly moist.
Seeds take several weeks to germinate. ; ;

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: C. latifolium (Syn. persicum), red, white, etc., winter,
6 to 8 in., Asia Minor. 3

HARDY SPECIES: C. africanum, red and white, autumn, 6 in., N. Africa;
Coum, red, Feb. and March, 4 in., Greece and Asia Minor; europsum, red,
autumn, 4 in., Europe; ibericum (Syn. C. vernum), red, Feb. and March, 3 in.,
Caucasus; neapolitanum, red, autumn, 4 in., Europe; neapolitanum album, white ;
repandum (Syn. hederxfolium), rosy red, March to May, 4 in., 8. Europe; Atkinsii,
purple and white, winter, 3 in., a bybrid. : : .

Cyclamen-flowered Daffodil (Narcissus cyclamineus).—
See Narcissus. : :

Cyclobothra.—See Calochortus.

Cycnoches (Swan’s-neck Orchid). — Ord. Orchidacew. Stove
deciduous orchids. First introduced 1830.

123

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off; very little other times. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Growing period, Feb. to Aug.
Resting period, Sept. to Feb. Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-
bulb. — Propagate by division of plants at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. aureum (Golden Swan Orchid), yellow, summer,
Central America; chlorochilum, yellow, June, Demerara; pentadactylon, yellow
and brown, various seasons, Brazil.

Cydonia.—See Pyrus.

Cymbidium.—oOrd. Orchidacew. Stove terrestrial orchids.
First introduced 1789. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough fibry peat, sphagnum moss,
&sand. Position, pots, well rained. Repot, Feb. or March. Water
freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 65°
to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Growing period, March to Aug.
Resting period, Sept. to Feb. Flowers appear at base of pseudo-bulb
last formed. Propagate by division of plant at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: OC. aloifolium, purple, sutumn, India and Ceylon;
dayanum, yellowish white, autumn, Assam; eburno-lowianum, creamy white and
crimson, spring, hybrid; eburnum, white ond yellow, Feb. and March, Khasya;
giganteum, yellow, purple and crimson, winter, Nepaul; grandiflorum, yellow,
crimson, and purple, winter, Sikkim; lowianum, yellow, cream, and maroon, Feb.
and March, Burma; Lowio-eburnum, white, Feb., hybrid; Parishii, white, orange,
and purple, summer, Moulmein; tigrinum, yellow, red, and crimson-purple, spring,
Burma; traceyanum, yellow and crimson, winter, Burma.

Cynara (Cardoon; Globe Artichoke)—Ord. Composite. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Immature flower heads of artichoke used as a
bee teeta ; blanched stalks and mid ribs of leaves of cardoon also
edible.

CULTURE OF CARDOON: Soil, light, deep rich ordinary.. _ Posi-
tion, open and sunny. Prepare trenches 12in. deep, 18in. wide, and
4ft. apart from centre to centre in Oct. Fork Gin. of rotten manure
into the soil in bottom of trench. The third week in April spread 2
to 3in. of light vegetable mould along the trench. Sow the seeds in
patches of three or four, lin. deep & 18in. apart, along the centre of
trench. Thin seedlings when 3in. high to one in each patch. Place
a stake to each plant when a foot high, & secure the leaves loosely to
this. In Aug. draw the leaves tightly together, carefully wind a small
hayband round each plant & cover with mould. Plants are sufficiently
blanched for cooking eight weeks after earthing up. Seeds may be
sown two in a 3in. fee filled with ordinary soil, placed in temp. 55°
to 65° in March, hardened off in April, & planted out in May.

Marker Cutrure: Same as above. Market and trim as advised
for celery; sell by the dozen roots.

CULTURE OF GLOBE ARTICHOKE: Soil, deep rich loam, liberally
manured and trenched three spits deep. Position, open & sunny.
Plant suckers, i.e., offshoots, 4in. deep in triangular groups 9 in. from
plant to plant, 2ft. apart in rows 4 ft. asunder, early in April. Keep
well watered first season. In Nov. surround each plant with dry
litter & in severe weather cover with similar material, uncovering in
mild weather. Fork surface over in March, & mulch with decayed
manure. Apply liquid manure freely to establish plants during
summer. Gather flower heads for use when fully developed. Seaweed
an excellent manure. Apply in spring. Replant bed every four years.
Propagate by offsets or suckers removed in April. Seeds do not ripen
in England. 104,

ENCYCLOPAIDIA OF GARDENING.

Marxer Cutrure: Same as above. Market heads with stalks about
3in. long, & sell by the dozen. Average price, 1s. 6d. to 2s. per doz.
Average yield per acre, 10,000 to 20,000 heads.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: ©. cardunculus (Cardoon), purple, Aug., 4 to 6 ft.,
8. Europe; scolymus (Globe Artichoke), purple, Sept., 3 to 6 ft., Europe.

Cynorchis.—Ord. Orchidacez. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1835. :

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum moss.
Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Pot in spring.
Water freely whilst growing; give little when at rest. Propagate by
division after flowering.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: O. elegans, white and rose, winter, 4 in., Madagascar;
grandiflora, green, rose, and purple, winter, 6 in., Madagascar; lowianum, whito,
green, and lilac, winter, Madagascar.

Cypella.—oOrd. Iridew. Half-hardy bulbs. Adapted for cool
greenhouse and outdoor culture. First introduced 1823.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep &
2in. apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March with cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs, 3in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frames or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to March 40° to 50°; other times 50° to 60°. Propagate by
offsets treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. Herbertii (Syn. Tigridia Herbertii), yellow, summer,
1 ft., 8. America; peruviana, yellow and brown, summer, 1 ft., Peru.

Cyperus (Umbrella plant; Galingale)—Ord. Cyperaceez. Green-
house & hardy perennials. Orn. foliage. Foliage, grass-like, dark
green, or variegated with white. ;

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
loam, one leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in shady greenhouse.
Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Repot, Feb. to
Margh. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, mud. Position, margins of
lakes, ponds, etc. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown in
shallow boxés or pans of light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or
April; division of roots in March or April.

-REENHOUSE SPECIES: ©. alternifolius, 2} ft., leaves green, Madagascar;
alternifolium variegatus, leaves striped with white; Papyrus (Syn. Papyrus Anti-
quorum), 8 to 10 ft., leaves green, Trop. Africa.

HARDY SPECIES: O. longus (Galingale), 4 ft., Europe.

Cyphomandra (Tree Tomato).—Ord. Solanacew. Greenhouse
evergreen orn. foliage & fruiting shrub. First introduced 1836.
Fruit, large, egg-shaped red & edible; ripe in Aug. & Sept.

_ CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots in light sunny greenhouse. Pot, March or April.
Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Oct. to
March 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Prune plants into shape
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in light soil in
temp. 75° to 85° in March or April; cuttings of side shoots 3in. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 80°.

a ene CULTIVATED: C. betacea, purple and green, spring, 6 to 10 ft.,

. America.

125

WNCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Cypress.—See Cupressus. :

Cypress Oak (Quercus pedunculata fastigiata).—See Quercus.

Cypress Sponge (Euphorbia Cyparissias)—See Euphorbia.

Cypress Vine pote. Quamoclit).—See Ipomeza. ;

Cypripedium (Lady’s Slipper; Mocassin-flower).—Ord. Orchi-
dacew. Stove, greenhouse, & hardy orchids. First introduced 1731,

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts rough fibry
peat, one part ephagnum moss & sand. Position, pots or pans drained
one-third of their depth. Repot, April. Temp., March to Sept. 65°
to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Water freely April to Aug.,
moderately afterwards. en:

CUL E OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost & position,
same as above. Repot, April. Water freely April to Aug., moderately
other times. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 65°; Sept. to March 50° to
55°. Resting period, none. Flowers appear when growth is finished.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, road grit & small stones. Position, partially shady sheltered
nooks on rockery. Plant, March or April. Water in dry weather.
Propagate all the species by division of the roots at potting or plant-
ing time.

STOVE SPECIES: C. Argus, rose, white, and purple, June, Philippines; her-
batum, white and purple, March and April, Malaya; bellatulum, white and purple,
May, Burma; Boxallii, green and purple, Dec. to Feb., Burma; callosum, white
and purple, Dec. to Feb., Cochin China; Charlesworthii, rose and white, autumn,
Burma; concolor, white, March to May, Burma; dayanum, white and purple, Feb.,
Borneo; laurencianum, white and purple, April, Borneo; niveum, white and rose,
spring, Malaya; rothschildianum, yellow, purple and brown, March, Borneo;
superbiens, white and purple, Nov.; venustum, green and red, Oct., Himalayas.

STOVE HYBRIDS: We can only find space for a very brief selection of these,
namely, calurium, green, red, and crimson; calypso, white and yellow; domini-
anum, yellow, green and brown; lJeeanum, white, mauve and red; Schroders, red,
purple, white, and crimson; Sedenii, white, crimson and purple; selligerum, white
and crimson.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. insigne, white, purple and brown, Dec. to Feb.,
Khasia: insigne Maulei, white and purple; insigne Sanders, yellow; insigne san-
derianum, yellow; spicerianum, white and purple, autumn, Assam; villosum, brown
and purple, winter, Moulmein.

HARDY SPECIES: 0. Calceolus (Lady’s Slipper), yellow, summer, Europe
(Britain); guttatum, white, rose, and purple, N. America and Siberia; macran-
thum, purple, June, Siberia; japonicum, green, white, and pink, summer, Japan;
parviflorum, yellow and red, June, N. America; pubescens, yellow and purple, June,
N. America; spectabile, rose and white, May, N. America. —

Cyrilla (Leatherwood).—Ord. Cyrillee. Hardy evergreen flower-
ing shrub. Flowers, borne in tufts on the ends of old wood. First

introduced 1765.

CULTURE: Soil, loam & peat. Position, warm, sheltered nooks.
Plant, Sept. or April. Propagate by cuttings in silver sand under bell-

lass in temp. 55° to 65°.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: C. racemiflora, white, summer, 6 ft., S.U. States.

Cyrtanthus. — Ord. Amaryllidacew. Greenhouse bulbous
plants. First introduced 1774. Flowers, fragrant. .

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part sand & peat. Posi
tion, well-drained pots on shelf in light greenhouse. Pot bulbs in
Oct. or Nov., 2in. deep. Water freely March to Oct., very little other
times. Temp., Nov. to April, 50° to 55°; April to Nov. 60° to 65°.
se topeaie by offsets in Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. carneus, red, summer, 1 ft., S. Africa; collinus,
red, Aug., 1 ft., 8. Africa; Mackenii, white, Dec, to March, 1 ft, Natal; san-
guineus, red, summer, 1 ft., 8. Africa.

Cyrtochilum.—See Oncidium.

126

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Cyrtomium.—See Aspidium.

Cyrtopodium.—ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1804.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich fibrous loam & decayed manure.
Position, large pots or pans, well drained, in plant stove. Pot, March
or April. Water freely Apel to Aug., moderately Aug. to Nov., after-
wards keep nearly dry. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to
March 60° to 70°. Growing period, March to Aug. Resting period,
Aug. to March. Flowers appear with new growth. Propagate by

division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES LTIVATED: 0. Alice, yellow and brown, autumn, Brazil; Ander-
soni, yellow and green, spring, West Indies; cardiochilum, yellow and green,
Bits to March, India; punotatum, yellow, red, and purple, April and May, West
indies.

acy Opeeris (Bladder Fern).—Ord. Filices. Hardy deciduous
erns.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, deep, sandy loam, freely mixed with pieces
of limestone or dried mortar. Position, well-drained shady sheltered
rockery. Plant, March or April. Water moderately in dry weather.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part leaf-soil
mixed with old mortar or sand. Position, well drained in cold frame
or cold greenhouse in shade. Repot, March or April. Water freely
April to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., keeping nearly dry after-
wards. Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy soil in
shallow boxes or pans, cover with sheet of glass, & place in cold frame
at any time; division of plant in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: OC. alpina, 4 to 6 in., Europe and Asia Minor; bulbi-

fera, G6 to 12 in., N. America; fragalis, 6 to 8 in., and its varieties angustata and
dickeana, Europe (Britain), etc.; montana, 6 to 8 in., Europe and N. America.

Cytisus (Broom).—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse & hardy deci-
duous evergreen flowering shrubs.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts turfy
loam, one part lumpy peat & sharp sand. Position, pots in green-
house. Pot, May or June. Prune shoots to within 2in. of base
directly after flowering, & place plants in temp. 50° to 55° to make new
growth before potting. Place plants in sunny position outdoors from
end of July to Oct. to ripen growth. Water freely March to May,
moderately during May & June, freely June to Nov., moderately after-
wards. Apply weak liquid or artificial manure to Plants during time
they are in flower. Temp., Nov. to Feb. 45° to 50°; Feb. to May 50°
to 55°; May to June 55° to 60°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
tockery for C. Ardoini; shrubbery borders for C. albus, kewensis,
C. purpureus, precox, scoparius andreanus, & choice kinds; rough
banks, eed latte. etc., for C. scoparius. Plant Oct. to Dec. Prune
directly after flowering, shortening old shoots to base of promising
young ones. tec get best when young. C. precox, C. purpureus,
& C. andreanus, make excellent pot plants for flowering early in cold
greenhouse. : .

Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings of young shoots 3in.
long, with small portions of branches attached, inserted in sandy soil
in well-drained pots under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 80° in March,
April, or May; seeds sown 3 in. deep in well-drained pots of light soil ix
temp. 65° to 70° in March ; hardy species by seeds sown 4 in. deep out-
doors in March or April; layers in Oct. or Nov.; grafting in March or

127

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

April. Seeds of Common Brown may be scattered broadcast on banks
or in woodlands; & the choice kinds increased by cuttings in cold
frame in Sept. This is the only way to rear brooms true to colour.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. filipes, white, March, 4 to 6 ft., Canaries; fragrans
(Syn. C. racemosa), yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Canaries; fragrans elegans, yellow,
4 ft.; fragrans everestianus, rich yellow.

HARDY SPECIES: ©. albus (White Spanish Broom), white, May, 6 to 8 ft.,
Spain; albus incarnatus, reddish; Ardoini, yellow, spring, 4 to 6 ft., Maritime
Alps; biflorus, yellow, May, 3 ft., E. Europe; kewensis, creamy white, May, pron:
trate, hybrid; nigricans, yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft., Europe; preccox, creamy yellow,
May, 4 to 6 ft., hybrid; purpureus, purple, May, prostrate, E. Europe; scoparis
(Common Broom), yellow, April to July, 5 to 10 ft., Kurope (Britain); scoparius sul-
phureus, sulphur yellow; scoparius andreanus (Syn. Genista andreanus), yellow
and crimson, hybrid.

Daboecia (Irish St. Dabeoc’s Heath).—Ord. Ericacee. Ever-
green flowering shrub.

CULTURE: Compost, sandy peat & loam. Position, sunny banks
or rockeries. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or Apri]. Propagate by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil in summer under hand-light; layers of
shoots in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. polifolia (Syn. Menziesia polifolia), purple, July,
2 ft., Europe (Ireland); polifolia alba, white.

Dactylis (Cock’s-foot Grass)—Ord. Graminew, Hardy orn.
grass. Leaves, variegated with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of flower beds or
borders in sun or shade, or mixed with bedding plants. Plant, Oct.
or April, 3 to 6in. apart. Propagate by division of plants in Oct. or
April.
sreetes CULTIVATED: D. glomerata variegata, leaves silvery, 6 to 8 in.,

Titan.

Dzemonorops.—Ord. Palmaceez. Stove ornamental-leaved
palms Useful for table decoration.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots in a young state; in beds or tubs with shoots trained
up pillars when large. Pot or plant in March. Water freely in
summer, moderately in winter. Syringe daily; moist dtmosphere
essential. Temp., March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 65°.
Propagate by seeds sown in above compost in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Draco, Malaya; grandis, Malaya; jenkinsianus,
India; lewisianus, Penang; palembicus, Sumatra.

Daffodil.—See Narcissus.

Daffodil Garlic (Allium neapolitanum).—See Allium.

Daffodil Lily (Amaryllis belladonna).—See Amaryllis.

Dahlia. — Ord. Composite. Half-hardy herbaceous tuberous-
rooted perennials. Nat. Central America, Mexico. First introduced
1789. Mepet Show: Flower large, circular; florets, quilled; colour,
all one tint. Fancy: Flower, large, circular; florets, quilled; colour,
florets tipped, striped or flaked different tint to ground colour.
Cactus: Flower, high in centre, circular; florets, long, narrow, pointed,
not. quilled or fluted, reflexed at edges. Pompon: Flower, small, cir-
cular, florets and colours like those of show and fancy types. Single:
Flower, circular; florets, broad, flat, eight in number, overlapping each
other, rounded, recurving at tips. Paony-floweved : Flower, semi-
double, outer florets, broad; inner ones, short and narrow. Tom
Thumb: Habit, dwarf, 1 to 2ft.; flowers, single. Decorative: Flower,
semi-double; florets, flat.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well enriched with manure.
Position, open sunny beds or borders. Plant tubers 3in. deep in

128

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF. GARDENING.

April, or start them to grow in pots in temp. 55° in March, planting
outdoors in May or June. Thin shoots to three on each plant in
July; flower buds to one on each shoot in Aug. Apply liquid manure
occasionally in July, Aug., & Sept. Lift & store tubers in frost-proof

lace in Oct., just covering them with soil or cocoanut-fibre refuse.

ut down stems to within 6in. of tubers before lifting. Tubers may
be left in the ground all the year round on dry soils, if surface is
covered with a layer of cinder-ashes,

CULTURE IN POTS: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part
decayed manure. Place tubers in well-drained 6in. pots in March, in
temp. 55°. Water moderately & keep close to glass. Transfer to 8 in.
pots in May. Stand plants outdoors in June. Apply liquid manure in
July. Thin shoots to three on each plant; flower buds to one on each
shoot in Aug. Withhold water after flowering & store away in frost-
proof place. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in light. soil in temp.
65° to 75° in March; cuttings of shoots 3in. long issuing from tubers,
inserted in 2in. pots of sandy soil, in temp. 65° to 70° in Feb., March,
or April; division of tubers in March or April; grafting shoots on
tubers in autumn or spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. coccinea, scarlet, autumn, 4 ft. (parent of Single
Dahlia); gracilis, orange-scarlet, autumn, 5 ft.; imperialis, white, lilac and red,
Oct., 10 to 12 ft.; Yuarezi (parent of Cactus Dahlias), scarlet, autumn, 3 ft.;
Mercki, lilac and yellow, Oct., 3 ft., variabilis (parent of Show, Fancy, and
Pompon Dahlias), scarlet, autumn, 4 ft.; Zinnpani (Black Dahlia), Syn. Bidens
atrosanguinea, black and crimson, July, 3 ft., Mexico. Latter requires to be
treated like ordinary species. For varieties see trade lists.

Daherin Bell-lower (Campanula dahurica). — See Cam-

anula,

Dahurian Bindweed (Calystegia dahurica).—See Calystegia.

Daisy (Bellis perennis).—See Bellis.

Daisy-bush (Olearia Haastii).—See Olearia.

Dalechampia.—Ord. Euphorbiaceez. Stove flowering ever-
green shrubs. First introduced 1867. Flowers, insignificant. Bracts,
rich carmine, rose, fragrant; summer.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, shady part of plant stove. Pot, March. Water moderately
Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°;
March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy
peat under bell-glass in March, April, or May, in temp. 85°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. roezliana, 12 in., Mexico.

Dalmatian Crocus (Crocus dalmaticus).—See Crocus.

Damask Rose (Rosa damascena).—See Rosa.

Dame’s Rocket (Hesperis matronalis).—See Hesperis.

Dame’s Violet (Hesperis matronalis).—See Hesperis.

Damson.—See Prunus.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis)—See Taraxacum.

Danebrog Poppy (Papaver somniferum).—See Papaver,

Dane’s-blood (Sambucus ebulus).—See Sambucus. .

Daphne (Garland flower; Spurge Laurel; Mezereon), — Ora.
Thymelacee. Greenhouse & hardy evergreen flowering shrubs.
Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part peat & sand. Position, airy greenhouse from Sept. to June,
outdoors June to Sept. Pot, Feb. Pinch out points of young shoots
in June. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by

. 129 F

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

cuttings of side shoots inserted, in Oct. or Nov., in well-drained pots
or pans of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 50° to 55°; layers in
March or April; grafting on D. laureola & D. pontica in spring.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat. Position,
drooping over front of rockeries for trailing species; summit of rockery
or open border for erect species. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.
Increased by layering shoots in autumn,

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: D. odora, purple, March, 2 to 3 ft., Japan.

HARDY SPECIES: D. alpina, white, May, 2 ft., 8. Europe; blagyana, white,
April, 10 in., Carniola; cneorum (Garland Flower), pink, April, 1 ft., 8. Europe;
mezereum (Mezereon), red or white, Feb., 3 ft., Europe (Britain); Laureola
eas ate, yellow, Jan., 3 ft., Europe (Britain); pontica, yellow, April,

Darling River Pea (Swainsoniana coronilliflora).—See Swain-
soniana,

Darling tonia (Californian Pitcher-plant).—Ord. Sarraceneacezx.
Hardy herbaceous orn. foliage plant. nsectivorous. _ First intro-
duced 1861. Pitchers, borne on summit of leaves, hood-like, bright
green, mottled with white & pink.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, chopped
sphagnum, sharp sand, & small pieces of limestone. Position, under
hand-light in shady greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely at
all times. Syringe daily March to Sept. Ventilate hand-light daily.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, spongy fibrous peat & chopped
sphagnum moss. Position, damp, by side oh stream, or in bog exposed
to sun, but sheltered from cold winds. Plant, March or April. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown on surface of mixture of fibrous peat, charcoal,
sphagnum & sand in a pan stood partly in water & covered with a
bell-glass in cool greenhouse in April or May; division of side shoots
inserted in small pots at any time of year.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. californica, white, April, 12 in., California.

Darwinia. — Ord. Myrtacew. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Compost, equal pants loam, peat, & sand. Position,
well-drained pots in airy greenhouse. Pot firmly in Feb. or March.
Water moderately Sept. to March, freely March to Sept. Prune, Feb.
or March. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to
60°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 2 or 3in. long, inserted
in sardy peat under bere in temp. 40° to 50° in April or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. fimbriata, rose, June, 5 ft., Australia; macros-
tegia (Syn. Genetyllis tulipifera), crimson, May, 3 ft., Australia.

Darwin’s Barberry (Berberis Darwinii).—See Berberis.

Dasylirion. — Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse evergreen plants.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1835. Leaves, glaucous green, with
spiny margins.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam & peat, one sand. Position,
pots or tubs in airy greenhouse, dwelling-rooms, or outdoors in beds
May to Sept. Pot firmly Feb. or March. Water very little Oct. to
March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March
to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy peat in well”
drained pans or pots under bell-glass in temp. 50° to 60° in March,
April, or Mays

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. acrotrichum, 6 to 8 ft., Mexico; glaucophyllum,
10 ft., Mexico; Hookeri, 3 ft., Mexico.

Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)—See Phoenix.

Date-Plum (Diospyros virginica).—See Diospyros.

130

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Datisca (False Hemp). — Ord. Datiscew. Hardy herbaceous

rennial. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1739. ale & female

owers borne on separate plants. Leaves, pinnate, green.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich, ordinary. Position, open & sunny
border. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, & April. Female plant most
effective. Propagate by seeds sown 1-1Gin. deep in fine soil outdoors
in March, April, or May, transplanting seedlings to permanent posi-
tions any time.

ie OULTIVATED: D. cannabina, greenish white, summer, 3 to 6 ft., W.
sia.

Datura (Thorn Apple; Trumpet Flower).—Ord. Solanacexw. Half-
hardy & greenhouse annuals, shrubs, & trees.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, light sandy. Position,
sunny borders outdoors. Plant, May. Propagate annuals by seed
sown fin. deep in light sandy soil in well-drained pots in temp. 55° to
65° in March or April, & transfer the seedlings to small pots until
planting time.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam,
. fibrous peat, well decomposed manure, & silver sand. Position, pots,
tubs, or borders well drained in sunny greenhouse. Pot or plant,
-March. Prune freely Sept. or Oct. | Water very little Oct. to March,
freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°, March to Sept.
55° to 65°. Place plants outdoors in sunny position June to Sept.
Apply liquid manure occasionally whilst plants are in flower. Propa-
gate shrubby species by cuttings of shoots 6 in. long inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in spring or autumn.

ANNUAL SPECIES: D. ceratocaula, white, July, 3 ft., Trop. America; fastuosa,
blue and white, summer, 2 ft., Tropics; fastuosa flore-pleno, double white;
fastuosa rubra, red; strammonium (Thorn Apple), white, July, 2 ft., Britain, eto.

SHRUBBY SPECIES.—D. arborea, white, Aug. 7 to 10 ft., Pern; cornigera
(Horn of Plenty), creamy white, summer, 10 ft., Organ Mountains; metzloides
(Syn. D. Wrightii), bluish violet, summer, 2 ft., Californid; sanguinea (Syn.
Brugmansia Sanguinea), orange yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Peru; suavyolens, white,
fragrant, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Mexico.

Daucus (Carrot).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy biennial. A well-
known edible rooted vegetable. Reputed to be first introduced into
England by the Flemings in time of Queen Bess. Types.—Short-horn:
Roots, short, conical. Stump-rooted: Roots, medium, blunt at ends.
Intermediate: Root, spindle-shaped, midway in length between a
Short-horn and Long-rooted carrot. Long-rooted: Roots, long and
tapering.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich, & sandy, well manured for previous
crop. Position, open spot for main crops, south border for early
ones. Time to sow Short-horn varieties, Feb. & Aug.; others in March
or April. Thin seedlings to Gin. & 9in. apart when 2 inches high.
Lift & store roots in frost-proof place in Oct. & Nov. Artificial
manures: Kainit, 3 lb., sulphate of ammonia, 11b., guano, 241b.;
apply this quantity to each square rod at time of sowing. Seeds ger-
minate in 12 to 18 days; retain germinating powers for 4 years. Crop
matures in 20 to 24 weeks from date of sowing. ;

Forcine on Hortseps: Sow seeds thinly on bed of light rich soil
over a hotbed of manure covered by a frame in Jan. or Feb. ‘ Water
moderately, ventilate by day when temp. reaches 75°. Thin seedlings
to 3in. apart, when an inch high. Short-horn varieties best for this
purpose. Woe, athe iin esa ais

Marxer Gagpen CutLrure: Soil, light. Manure’ previous

, 3100 : F2

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

autumn, ploughing in 15 tons of rotten dung and 3 cwts. of kainit
per acre. Before sowing apply 5 cwts. superphosphate per acre, &
4ewt. nitrate of soda per acre a month after sowing. Sow Horn
varieties in March, others in April & May. Thin Horn varieties to
6in. & others to 9in. apart. arket in bunches of fifteen to thirty
carrots, according to size; late crops in bags or bushel baskets. Roots
best washed. uantity of seed to sow an acre, 8lb.; row of 50 ft.,
loz. Average yield per acre, 600 bunches or 500 bushels. ‘Longevity
of seed, 4 to 5 years. Cost of thinning per acre, 5s.; digging, wash-
ing, & bunching, 7s. per doz. bunches; Witting & harvesting, 22s. to
26s. Germination of seed, 12 to 18 days. Carrots arrive at maturity
24 weeks after sowing the seed. Average prices of carrots per doz.
bunches, 2s. 6d. to 5s.; per bag or sack, 4s. to 5s.

SPECIES: D. carota, white, summer, Europe (Britain).

Davallia (Hare’s-foot Fern; Bear’s-foot Fern; Squirrel’s-foot
Fern).—Ord. Fuilices. Stove & greenhouse evergreen ferns. ~The
rhizomes of D. bullata are extensively used for training round various
fancy objects, as boats, monkeys, etc., also balls of peat & moss. First
introduced 1699.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
part leaf-mould, peat, pounded charcoal, & sand. Pot, Feb., March,
or April. Position, pots or hanging baskets in light part of plant
stove. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, same as for
stove species. Pot, March or April. Position, pots or baskets in

artial shade. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.

emp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of sandy peat in pans under bell-glass
In temp. 55° to 75° at any time; division of rhizomes in Feb. or March.

STOVE SPECIES: D. aculeata, habit climbing, 6 ft., W. Indies; affinis, habit
creeping, 9 to 12 ins., Ceylon, Java, etc.; alpina, habit trailing, dwarf, 6 in.,
Java, Borneo, etc.; dissecta, habit dwarf, Java; divaricata, habit robust, creeping,
N. India; elegans, habit very vigorous, Ceylon, Java, etc.; fijiensis, habit free,
evergreen, Fiji; heterophylla, habit dwarf, creeping, Malay Peninsula; hirta
cristata (Syn. Microlepia hirta cristata), habit spreading, S. Sea Islands; pallida,
pane achus (Syn. D. mooreana), Borneo; tenuifolia veitchiana, habit drooping,

a .

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: D. bullata (Squirrel’s-foot Fern), habit, dwarf and
creeping, Japan; canariensis (Hare’s-foot Fern), habit robust, Canaries; Mariesii,
habit dwarf, deciduous, Japan; Nove-Zelandis (Syn. Acrophorus hispida), habit,
slender creeping, New Zealand; Tyermanni (Bear’s-foot Fern), habit, creeping, West

David’s Clematis (Clematis davidiana).—See Clematis.

David’s Harp (Polygonatum multiflorum).—See Polygonatum.

David’s-root (Celastrus scandens).—See Celastrus.

Daviesia (Australian Bonk — Ord. Leguminosw. Greenhouse
evergreen flowering shrubs. First intrdduced 1805.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in airy greenhouse. Pot firmly March or
April. Water very little Oct. to March, moderately other times.
Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in sand under bell-
glass in temp. 50° to 55° in spring; seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy
peat in temp, 55° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. alta, yellow. summer, 3 ft., Australia; cordata,
yellow, summer, 3 ft., Australia; ulicina, yellow, summer, 2 ft., Australia.

Day-flower (Commelina ccelestis)—See Commelina.

132

HNCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Day-lily.—See Hemerocallis.

Dead-Nettle (Lamium maculatum).—See Lamium.

Deciduous Cypress (Taxodium distichum).—See Taxodium.

Decumaria.—oOrd. Saxifragacee. Hardy deciduous flowering
twiner. First introduced 1785, Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, against south or west walls,
arbours or trellis work. Plant, Oct., Nov., or Dec. Prune away weak
& head shoots in Feb. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in
ordinary soil under hand-light in shady position outdoors in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. barbara, white, June, 10 to 20 ft., United States,

Deer Berry (Mitchella repens)—See Mitchella.

Deer Fern (Lomaria Spicant).—See Lomaria.

Deer Grass (Rhexia virginica).—See Rhexia.

Delphinium (Larkspur).—Ord. Ranunculaceew. Hardy annuals
& herbaceous perennials. Showy plants for border culture.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position,
open beds or borders. Sow seeds } in. deep where plants are to flower
in April, or in light soil in shallow boxes in temp. 55° in April, trans-
planting seedlings in May.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep, rich. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Plant 3ft. apart in Oct., Nov., March, or
April. Cut down flower stems in Aug. or Sept. Feed liberally with
liquid manures in summer, and mulch with decayed manure in early
spring. Lift & replant every three years in Oct. or March. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 4in. deep outdoors in April, or in pans or boxes
of light soil in temp. 55° in April; cuttings of young shoots, 3in.
long, inserted in 2in. pots of sandy soil in cold frame in Sept. or
March; division of roots in Oct. or March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: D. Ajacis (Rocket Larkspur), blue, summer, 12 to 18 in.,
Europe; Consolida, blue, summer, 2 ft., Europe; cardinale, scarlet, Aug., 3 ft.,
California. Many beautiful strains of annual kinds to be found in trade lists.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: D. cashmirianum, blue, July, 18 in., Kashmir; formosum,
azure blue, summer, 2 to 8 ft., Armenia; grandiflorum, blue or white, June to
Sept., 3 ft., Siberia; nudicaule, red, Aug., 12 to 18 in., California; Zalil, yellow,
epee 6 ft., Syria. Latter best grown as a biennial. See trade lists for
varieties.

Dendrobium (Mouse-tail Orchid).—Ord. Orchidaceez. Stove
epiphytal evergreen & deciduous orchids. First introduced 1801.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, living oe moss, &
charcoal. Position, erect species in well-drained pots; drooping
species in baskets & on blocks or rafts of wood. Place in pots, etc.,
Feb. or March. Water freely April to Sept., very little afterwards.
Apply weak liquid manure occasionally during growing season.
Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to Feb. 60° to 65°; Feb. to
March 65° to 75°. Growing period, March to Aug. Resting period,
Oct. to Feb. Flowers appear before or after resting on old or new
pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by offsets or cuttings of pseudo-bulbs in-
serted in well-drained pots of peat & sphagnum moss under bell-glass,
in temp. 85 to 95° at any time. : ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. aduncum, white and pink, spring, 2 ft., Himalayas;
ageregatum, golden-yellow, March, 1 ft., N. India; aggregatum majus, large-
flowered; albo-sanguineum, creamy white and crimson, May, 1 ft., Moulmein;
amenum, white, magenta, fragrant, June, 1 ft., E. Indies; Aphrodite, white,
orange and red, spring, 1 ft., Moulmein; atro-violaceum, creamy white and
purple, spring, New Guinea; aureum, yellow and crimson, fragrant, spring, 18 in.,
India; barbatulum, white, March, 1 ft., India; Bensonix, creamy white, orange
and purple, May, 2 ft., Moulmein; bigibbum, purple, autumn, 18 in., N. Australia;
Boxallii, white, crimson and orange, Feb., 2 to 3 ft., Moulmein; brymerianum,

133

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

yellow and orange, fragrant, spring, 18 in., Burma; canaliculatum, yellow and
mauve, fragrant, spring, 1 ft., N.E. Australia; chrysanthum, yellow and purple,
winter, 4 to 6 ft., Nepaul; chrysotoxum, yellow and orange, March, 1 ft.,
Moulmein; crassinode, magenta-purple and white, Jan. and Feb., 2 ft., Siam;
Dearei, white, summer, 3 ft., Philippines; densiflorum, yellow and orange, spring,
18 in., India; devonianum, cream, purple and orange, spring, 3 ft., India;
Falconeri, white, purple and orange, May and June, 3 ft., N. India; Farmeri,
white, pink, and yellow, April and May, 18 in., India; fimbriatum oculatum,
orange-yellow and red, March and April, 4 ft., India; findlayanum, white, pink,
and yellow, Jan. and Feb., 18 in., Moulmein; formosum a agg white and
yellow, May, 18 in., Moulmein; infundibulum, white and yellow, summer, 2 ft.,
Moulmein; jamesianum, white and red, May, 18 in., Moulmein; nobile, white, rosy
purple and crimson, winter, 2 ft., India; Parishii, rose and purple, spring,
12 to 18 in., Moulmein; Phaleznopsis, autumn, 12 to 18 in., N. Australia; Pierardia,
blush, white, and purple, winter, 18 in., India; primulinum, rosy lilac and yellow,
winter, 12 to 18 in., Burma; pulchellum (Syn. D. dalhousianum), yellow, rose, and
crimson, spring, 4 to 5 ft., Burma; speciosum, creamy yellow and purple, spring,
12 in., Australia; superbiens, magenta rose and purple, apring, 3 to 4 ft., Philip-
pines; thyrsiflorum, white, pink, and orange, spring, 2 ft., Burma; wardianum,
white, purple and yellow, winter, 2 ft., Assam.

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: Ainsworthii, white and crimson purple, spring;
Ourtisii, white, purple, and yellow, fragrant, May; dominianum, rosy purple and
white, spring; nobile-wardianum, white, rose, purple and yellow, winter, and
many others to be found in lists.

Dendrochilum.—See Platyclinis.

Deodar (Cedrus Deodara).—See Cedrus.

Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria).—See Dianthus.

Desert Rod (Eremostachys laciniata)—See Eremostachys.

Desfontania.—Ord. Loganiacew. Hardy evergreen flowering
shrub. First introduced 1853. Leaves, oval, dark shiny green, with
spiny margins.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam. Posi-
tion, sheltered borders outdoors, or against south wall. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., or April.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, char-’
coal, & sand. Position, well-drained pots, tubs, or borders. Pot or
plant, March or April. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely after-
wards. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat & loam in well-
drained pots under bell-glass or hand-light in temp. 55° to 65° in

spring.
TSPROIES CULTIVATED: D, spinosa, scarlet and yellow, Aug., 2 to 4 ft., Chili.

Desmodium (Tick Trefoil; Telegraph Plant).—Ord. Legumi-
nose. Hardy & stove flowering shrubs. eaves of stove species (D.
gyrans) pinnate; leaflets move rapidly up and down, especially during
sunshine.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts peat, loam,.
& silver sand. Position, pots in plant stove. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Propagate stove species by seeds
sown in light sandy soil in temp. 75° to 80° in Feb. or March, or by
cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 80° in
March or April; hardy species by division of plants in autumn.

STOVE SPECIES: D. gyrans (Telegraph Plant), violet, July, 2 to 8 ft., India.
HARDY SPEOIES: D. canadense (Tick Trefoil), purple, July, 3 ft., N. America.

Deutzia (Japanese Snow-flower).—Ord. Saxifragacew. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrubs.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-
134

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

drained border. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, June, shortening shoots
that have flowered only.

POT CULTURE OF D. GRACILIS: Compost, two parts loam, one
-part decayed manure & sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Position, cold
frame Nov. to Feb.; greenhouse Feb. to May; outdoors afterwards.
Water very little Oct. to Feb., moderately Feb. to April, freely April
-to Oct. -Temp., Feb. to May 55° to 65°. Plants will flower in cold
greenhouse without heat if desired. Plant out deutzias that have
flowered in heat in open garden for a year, then lift & repot, to flower
again. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots, 3in. long, inserted in
sandy soil under bell-glass in cold frame in June or July, also of firm
shoots, 10 to 12in. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in Nov.,
Dec., or Jan.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. crenata, white, June, 6 ft., Japan; crenata flore-
pleno extus purpurea, white and roso; gracilis, white, April, 2 ft., Japan;
gracilis folius aureis, leaves variegated with yellow; Lemoinei, white, May, 2 ft.,
hybrid; scabra, white, June, 6 ft., Japan. :

Devil-in-a-Bush (Nigella lec praetor .—See Nigella.

Devonshire Myrtle (Myrica Gale).—See Myrica.
Devonshire Oak (Quercus Cerris var. Lucombeana). — See
Quercus.

Dew Berry (Ribes cxsius).—See Ribes.

Dianella (Flax Lily; Paroo Lily).—Ord. Liliacew. Half-hardy
fibrous-rooted perennials. Orn. foliage & fruiting plants. First in-
troduced 1731.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat. Posi-
pom sheltered borders; 8. of England only. Plant, Oct., March, or

ril.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-
mould, & sand. Position, well-drained pots in unheated greenhouse.
Pot, Feb., March, or April. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in
temp. 55° to 65° in spring; division of fibrous roots Oct. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. coerulea, blue, May, 2 ft., Australia; Imvis, blue,
spring, 2 ft., Australia.

Dianthus (Carnation; Pink; Picotee; Sweet William; Tree,
Perpetual, American Carnation; Malmaison Carnation; Indian and
Chinese Pink).—Ord. Caryophyllacew. Hardy perennials and biennials.

TYPES.—Florists’ Carnation: Flowers perfectly round. Bizarres:
Ground colour one shade, marked or striped with another colour.
Flakes: Ground colour of one shade, flaked with other colours. Selfs:
One shade of colour only. Picotee: Ground colour of one tint, edged
or margined with another. Border Carnation: Self-coloured, striped
or flaked, laced or fringed, free flowering, some clove-scented, & robust
growers. Margaret or Marguerite Carnation: A race of hybrid carna-
tions with fringed, fragrant flowers of all shades of colour. Jacks: A
race of coarse-growing, mostly single-flowered kinds, grown largely for
sale by costers. Pinks: Show or Laced, petals finely-fringed, broad
-ends white with a velvet eye, or a velvet eye with laced velvet edges, &
a white centre. Sweet Williams: Show type, smooth edged petals
with dark centres; Auricula-eyed, smooth-edged petals, white eye, sur-
rounded with crimson or other tints. Tree, Perpetual, or American
Carnation: Habit, tall; flowers, self, striped or flaked, appearing all
the year round. Malmaison: Habit, sturdy; flowers large, self-
coloured.

135

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES: Soil, three parts
decayed turfy loam, one part of equal proportions of well-decayed cow
manure & river sand for exhibition kinds; good, well-drained, rich,
ordinary soil for border kinds. Position, sunny beds or_ borders.
Plant 12in. apart in Oct. or March. Top-dress with decayed manure
in April. Thin flower buds to one on each shoot in June, & place india-
rubber band round calyx of flower to prevent bursting early in July.
Stake flower stems in May. Apply liquid manure once a week when
buds form. Suitable artificial manure: Sulphaté of ammonia, }0z., &
eae 30z. to 2 gallons of water. Shade exhibition blooms from

ot sun.

POT CULTURE: Compost, as advised for exhibition culture. Posi-
tion, cold frame, Oct. to Feb., cold greenhouse afterwards. Grow
singly in 3-inch pots from Oct. till March, freely afterwards. Apply
8in. pot. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Apply
liquid manure once a week from April to July. Thin buds and place
rings round calyces, as above advised. Give plenty of air.

CULTURE OF TREE OR PERPETUAL CARNATIONS: Insert
cuttings, i.e., ae of shoots, 3 in. long, pulled out, & with few lower
leaves removed, in well-drained pots of pure sand between Nov. &
March. Place in a box or propagator, keep moist, & shaded from sun
till rooted. No artificial heat required. When rooted, plant cuttings
singly in small pots in compost of two parts sandy loam & one part
equa proportions of leaf-mould & sand. Stand potted plants in temp.
45° to 55° till pots are filled with roots, then repot into larger pots in
compost of two-thirds loam, & one part equal proportions old manure,
wood ashes, & sand, & handful of bone-meal to each peck of soil. Stop
or piach shoots at the third or fourth joint after first potting; again
at intervals when shoots are a few inches long, ceasing to do so in
Sept. Feed with liquid manures when well rooted. Stand outdoors
May to Sept., then house. Winter temp. 45° to 55°. Ventilate freely
in fine weather. Syringe daily during spring & summer. May also be
grown outdoors like border carnations. .

CULTURE OF MALMAISON CARNATIONS: Propagate by layering
shoots in July. Plant rooted layers in small pots in Aug. or Sept.
Place in cold frame or greenhouse, and transfer to five or six-inch pot
in Oct. Water moderately during winter. Temp., 36° to 46°. Feed
with liquid manure when buds form. Shade in spring from sun. Admit
air freely on fine days.

CULTURE OF PINKS: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny bor-
ders. Plant 9in. apart in autumn or spring. Thin shoots to four on
each plant to ensure fine blooms. Feed with liquid manure in May
and June.

CULTURE OF SWEET WILLIAMS: Soil, ordinary, rich. Posi-
tion, sunny beds or borders. Plant 12in. apart each way in autumn.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds in gentle heat in
spring, harden off seedlings in cold frame, & plant out in beds &
borders in May to flower same season; or, sow in open border in April,
plant out in July to flower following year.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
sunny rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March.

Propagate carnations, pinks & picotees by seeds sown in sandy soil
in heat or in cold frames in spring; by cuttings or pipings in cold
frames in summer; layering in July or Aug. Sweet Williams by seeds

136

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.

sown outdoors in April or July; cuttings in cold frames in summer;
layering in July. Pinks and the species generally by cuttings, seeds,
& layering. .

BIENNIAL SPECIES: D. chinensis (Chinese or Indian Pink), various colours,
6 to 12 in., Central Asia. e

PERENNIAL SPECIES: D. alpinus, rose, crimson, summer, 3 to 4 in., Alps;
srenarius, white, purple, summer, 6 in, N. Europe; atrorubens, red, summer,
1 ft., 5. Europe; barbatus (Sweet William), various colours, 1 to 2 ft., 8. Europe;
cesius (Cheddar Pink), rose, fragrant, July, 3 to 6 in., Britain; Caryophyllus
(Carnation, Clove), various, 18 to 24 in., Europe; deltoides (Maiden Pink), rose and
white, Summer, 6 to 9 in., Britain; cruentus, scarlet, summer, 18 in., E. Europe;
glacialis (Glacier Pink), purple, summer, 4 in., S. Europe; neglectus, rose, sum-
mer, 2 in., Pyrenees; petreeus, rose, summer, 6 in., E. Hurope; plumosus (Pink),
Fanos 12 in., E. Europe; Superbus (Fringed Pink), rose, summer, 9 to 18 in.,
jurope.

HYBRID PINK: D. Semperfiorens, a new race of pinks, the result of a cross
between the Carnation and the Chinese Pink. Very free flowering, beautiful in
colour and fragrant.

Diapensia.—Ord. Diapensiacew. Hardy dwarf evergreen alpine
shrub. First introduced 1801. :

CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy peat mixed with stones. Position, ex-
Cat on sunny rockery. Water freely June, July & Aug. Plant,
arch or April. reepapete by division of plants in March or April.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. lapponica, white, July, 3 in., Northern Regions.

Diascia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy annual. First
introduced 1871.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam & one part
leaf-mould & sand. Sow seeds in a temp. of 60° in March or April.
Transplant seedlings when the third leat forms, four or five in a 44 in.
pot. Grow on shelf near the glass. Water freely when flower buds
form. Give weak liquid manure occasionally. Shoots may require to
be supported by twiggy sticks. :

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Sow seeds in temp. of 60° in March or April.
‘Transplant in pots or boxes when large enough to handle. Gradually
harden off in cold frame, & plant out in good ordinary soil in sunny
position at the end of May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Barbere, rosy pink, summer, 1 ft., 8. Africa.

Dicentra (Bleeding Heart; Lyre Flower; Dutchman’s Breeches).
—Ord. Fumariacer. Hardy herbaceous tuberous & fibrous-rooted
perennials. First introduced 1731.

CULTURE: Soil, deep light rich sandy. Position, warm sheltered
borders; dwarf species on rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or
April. Protect during winter by covering with layers of ashes or
manure. Top-dress with decayed manure in March.

POT CULTURE OF D. SPECTABILIS: Compost, equal parts loam,
leaf-mould & sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Position, cold frame Oct. to
Feb.; greenhouse Feb. to May; afterwards planting out in borders.
Water moderately when new growth begins, freely when in full growth.
Apply liquid manure once or twice weekly when flower buds appear.

Forcine D. Sprrcrasitis: Pot, Oct. Place in cold frame till
Jan. Transfer to temp. 55° to 65° in Jan. After forcing, plant out in
open border. Plants should only be forced in pots one year. Propa-
gate by dividing the crowns in Feb., March, or April ; cuttings of fleshy
roots 2in. long inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. canadensis (Bleeding Heart), white, May, 6 in.,
N. America; chrysantha, yellow, Aug. and Sept., 3 to'5 ft., California; Cucullaria
(Dutchman’s Breeches), white and yellow, spring, 6 in., United States; eximia,
reddish purple, April to Sept., 12 in., N. Carolina; formosa, red, May, 6 in., N.

137

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

America; spectablis (Syn. Dielytra spectabilis), the Chinaman’s Breeches, rosy
crimson, spring and summer, 2 ft., Siberia and Japan.

Dichzea.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchid. First in-
troduced 1870. :

CULTURE: Compost, fresh sphagnum moss. Position, blocks of
wood suspended from roof of stove. Water daily. Temp., March to
Aug. 65° to 85°; Aug. to March 50° to 60°. Propagate by division of
plants in Feb. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. picta, green and purple, winter, Trinidad.

Dichorisandra. — Ord. Commelinacez. Stove ornamental-
leaved and flowering perennials.

CULTURE: Compost, one-third each of peat, loam & leaf-mould & a
little silver sand. Position, pots in shady part of stove. Pot in March.
Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe daily
in spring and summer. Temp., March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to
March 55° to 65°. Etopaeate by seeds in spring; division in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: .D. mosaica, leaves green marked with white, 2 ft.,
Peru; pubescens teniensis, leaves striped with white, 2 ft., Brazil; thyrsiflora,
blue, autumn, 5 to 10 ft., Brazil.

Dicksonia (Tasmanian Tree Fern; New Zealand Tree Fern; Hay-
scented Tree Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse tree ferns.
First introduced 1786.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds peat & loam, & abundance of sand.
Position, large pots or tubs weil drained in shady stove, greenhouse
or conservatory. Repot, Feb., March. Water moderately Oct. to
March, freely afterwards. Syringe trunks daily March to Sept.
Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65° for stove, 45° to 55° for greenhouse ;
March to Sept, 65° to 75° for stove, 55° to 65° for greenhouse. Shade
in summer essential. Propagate by i sown at any time on surface
of finely sifted loam & peat in well-drained pots covered with a sheet
of glass, & bel moist.

STOVE SPECIES: D. Schiedei, 10 to 15 ft., Guatemala and Mexico; sellowiana,
10 ft., Brazil; Lathami, 10 to 15 ft., hybrid.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: D. antarctica (Tasmanian Tree Fern), 18 to 20 ft.,
Tasmania; Culcita (Cushion Fern), dwarf, Madeira; squarrosa (New Zealand Tree
Fern), 15 to 20 ft., New Zealand.

Dictamnus (Burning Bush; Dittany; Fraxinella; Gas plant).—
Ord. Rutacez. Hardy herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1596.
Foliage, fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, erainary dryish. . Position, sunny or partially
shady borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in light soil outdoors in Aug. or Sept. ; cuttings of fleshy
roots inserted 2 in. ina outdoors in March or April; division of roots
in Oct., Nov. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. albus (Syn D. Fraxinella), white, May, 3 ft:,
Europe; albus purpureus, purplish, May, 8 ft.

Dictyosperma. — Ord. Palmacesw. Stove Palms. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1842. Leaves, pinnate.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in shady moist plant stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
freely at all times. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March
60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in pots of sandy peat
in temp. 85° in Feb., March, or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. album, 15 to 20 ft., Mauritius;
Mauritius; fibrosum, 5 ft., Madagascar. mupettang: aaron, OEE

Didymocarpus.—Ord. Gesneracer. Sto i "
First introduced 1845, CR eauancrrs

138

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, one-fourth part cow
dung & sand. Position, well-drained pots in moist plant stove. Pot,
Feb., March, or April. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.
Propagate by cuttings of young side shoots inserted in sandy soil under
bell-glass in temp. 80° to 85° in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. humboldtiana, lilac, autumn, 3 to 4 in., Ceylon;
malayana, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 in., Malaya.

a a Od: Filices. Stove fern. First introduced

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one peat, pounded charcoal &
sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Position, well-drained pots in shady part
of greenhouse. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp.
70° to 80° at any time :

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. lunulata, tree-like habit, Tropics.

Dieffenbachia (Dumb Cane).—Ord. Aroidez. Stove ever-
green perennials. Orn, foliage. First introduced 1863. Leaves,
broad, deep green, variegated with white or yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, hae parts peat & loam, one-fourth part de-
cayed manure & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in moist plant
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately Sept. to Feb., freely
afterwards. Syringe daily, June, July & Aug. Shade in summer
essential. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 55° to 65°; Feb. to Sept. 65° to 85°.
Propagate by cuttings of stems 1 to 2in. long inserted in sandy soil
under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Carderi, leaves variegated, Colombia; Chelsoni,
leaves, green and yellow, Colombia; Leopoldii, leaves, green and white, 8S. America;
magnifica, leaves, green and white, Venezuela; nobilis, leaves, green and white,

Brazil; Regina, leaves, white and green, S. America; Rex, leaves, white and
green, S. America; piota, green and white, Brazil.

Dielytra.—See Dicentra.

Diervilla (Bush Honeysuckle).—Ord. Caprifoliacez. Hardy de-
ciduous shrubs. First introduced 1739. Formerly known by the
generic name of Weigela.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady shrubberies, or
against south, east, or west walls or fences. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune
directly after flowering, shortening shoots that have borne flowers. No
winter pruning required. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in cool greenhouse in
spring; cuttings of firm shoots Gin. long inserted 3in. deep & 2in.
apart in north border under hand-light in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. floribunda, purple, June, 3 ft., Japan; florida
(Syn. Weigela rosea), rose and white, May, 6 to 8 ft., China; grandiflora, pink,
June, 6 to 8 ft., Japan; japonica hortensis, white, summer, 4 ft., Japan; midden-

dorfiana, yellow, summer, 4 ft., Siberia. Abel Carritre, Eva Rathe, Van Houttei,
and variegata are popular varieties or hybrids.

Digitalis (Foxglove).—Ord. Scrophulariacex. Hardy biennial &
perennial herbs.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, rich ordinary. Posi-
tion, open shady border, or naturalising in woodlands and wild gardens.
Plant, Oct., Nov., or April.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in
shady border outdoors in April. Transplant seedlings 3in. apart in
shady bed in June. Transfer seedlings to flowering ‘position in Oct. or
Nov. Propagate perennials by seeds sown as directed for biennials;
division of plants in March. 139

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: D. ambigua (Syn. D. grandiflora and ochroleuca),
yellow, July and Aug., 3 ft., Europe.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: D. purpurea (Foxglove), purple, July to Sept., 3 to 5 ft.,
Europe (Britain). There are numerous varieties and strains of this species, the
gloxinia-flowered being the most beautiful.

Dill.—See Peucedanum.

Dillwynia.—Ord. Leguminosa. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1794.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & loam, one-fourth part
sand. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse. Pot, March or June; firm
poring nant Prune straggling shoots little after flowerin:

ater freely March to Sept., mmaderately afterwards. Temp., Marc
to Sept. 60° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Place plants outdoors
July to Sept. to mature growth. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in, ey
in light sandy compost in temp. 65° to 70° in March; cuttings inserte
in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. ericifolia, yellow and red, spring, 2 ft., Australia;
floribunda, yellow and red, spring, 18 in., Australia; hispida, orange and red,
spring, 1 ft., Australia.

Dimorphotheca.—Ord. Composita. Half-hardy annuals.
First introduced 1774.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould & a liberal addition of silver sani Pot, March or April. Grow
in cool sunny greenhouse. Water freely during BETnE, & summer,
moderately in autumn & winter. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Position, sunny,
warm border. Plant, May & June. Propagate by seeds sown in a
temp. of 55° to 65° in sandy soil in early spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Ecklonis, white and purple, summer, 2 ft.; pluvialis,
white and purple, summer, 18 in., pluvialis flore-pleno, double. Native of S. Africa.

Dionzea (Venus’ Fly-trap).—Ord. Droseracew. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennials, Insectivorous plants. Leaves, two-lobed, mar-
gined with teeth & sensitive.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & living sphagnum. Posi-
tion, pots or pans well drained & partly immersed in pans of water, &
laced. under glass in cool greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water
reely always. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept. 45°
to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown in mixture of sphagnum moss & peat,
kept aot ander bell-glass in March or April; division of plants in
March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. muscipula, white, July and Aug., 6 in., Carolina.

Dioscorea (Yam).—Ord. Dioscoreacew. Hardy tuberous-rooted
climbing perennials. Tubers, large, milky, edible, cooked like pota-

oes.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, open. Plant small
tubers 3in. deep & 12in. apart in March. Fix stakes or branches for
shoots to climb on. Lift & store tubers in frost-proof place in Oct.
Propagate by cuttings of stems lin. long with leaf attached, inserted
din. deep in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° in summer. __

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Batatus (Yam), white, summer, 12 ft., Philippines.

Diosma (African Steel-bush)—Ord, Rutacew. Greenhouse ever-
green flowering shrub. Leaves fragrant. ,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, & silver
sand. Pot, May, June. Pinch off points of vigorous shoots in July
& Aug. Water very little Oct. to March, moderately afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept. 50° to 55°. Propa-

140

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

gate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 55°
to 65° in March, April, or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. ericoides, white, spring, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa.
Diospyros Date Plum; Persimmon).—Ord. Ebenacew. Hard
deciduous trees. First introduced 1596. Fruit yellow, plum-shaped,

sweet flavour.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies for D, Lotus and
D. virginiana; south wall for D. Kaki, except in extreme S. of Eng-
land. Plant, Oct to Feb. Prune similarly to apple trees. Propagate
by seeds sown 1 in. deep outdoors in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Kaki (Date Palm), white and green, spring, 12 to
20 ft., China; Lotus (Common Date Palm), reddish white, July, 20 to 30 ft.,
8. Europe; virginiana (Persimmon), yellow, July, 20 to 30 ft., N. America.

Diphylleia (Umbrella-leaf)—Ord. Berberidacew. Hardy her-
baceous perennial. First introduced 1812.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate by division of plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. cymosa, white, May, 1 ft., N. America.

Diplacus.—See Mimulus.

Dipladenia.—Ord. Apocynacee. Stove flowering climbers.
Evergreen. First introduced 1841. . i

CULTURE: Compost, rough fibry peat & one-fourth silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots, with shoots trained to roof of stove or to
wire trellis. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune, Oct., cutting away shoots
that have flowered only. Water very little Oct. to Feb., moderately
Feb. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 55° to 60°; Feb.
to Oct. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings of young side shoots 3 in.
long inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 80° in Feb.,
March, or April

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. atropurpurea, purple, summer, 10 ft., Brazil;
belongs whale and yellow, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Bolivia; Sanderi, rose, summer,

VARIETIES CULTIVATED: D. amabilis, rosy crimson, summer, 10 to 12 ft.;
brearleyana, crimson, summer, 12 ft.; hybrida, crimson, summer, 10 ft.; profusa,
carmine, summer, 10 ft.

Diplopappus.—See Cassinia.

Disa (Flower of the Gods; Table Mountain Orchid).—Ord. Orchi-
dacew. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. First introduced 1825.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & living sphagnum moss.
‘Position, pots or pans, well drained, in shady cold greenhouse Sept. to
June; shady. corner outdoors June to Sept. Pot, Feb. keeping roots
well above rim. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
“Atmosphere airy, but not draughty. Resting period, autumn. Grow-
ing period, Dec. to June. Flowers appear in centre of new growth.
Propagate by seeds sown on living sphagnum moss under bell-glass
in cold greenhouse in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: PD. Barellii, orange, scarlet, and crimson, June,
8. Africa; Cooperi, carmine-rose, June, 1 to 2 ft., 8. Africa; cornuta, yellow,
carmine, and purple, winter, 10 in., S. Africa; crassiocornis, white and purple,
Sept., 1 to 2 ft., 8S. Africa; graminifolia, blue, June, 18 in., 8. Africa; grandi-
flora, crimson, July, 1 ft., S. Africa; incarnata, orange and red, June, 1 ft., Mada-
gascar; racemosa, rosy purple, summer, 18 in., S. Africa; Veitchii, rosy purple,
summer, hybrid.

Dittany (Dictamuus albus).—See Dictamnus,

Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus).—See Origanum.

Dodecatheon (American Cowslip)—Ord. Primulacex. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1744,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light loam enriched with plenty of

141

ENCYCLOPH#DIA OF GARDENING.

leaf-mould. Position, sheltered beds on rockeries, or in borders under
shade of trees. Plant, Jan. or Feb. Top-dress in Feb. with well-
decayed manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, pace! parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, Gin, pots, well drained, in cold frame Nov. to March, then
in unheated greenhouse till after flowering, when stand outdoors. Pot,
Nov. Water moderately when new growth appears, freely when in full
growth. Propagate by seeds sown in pots of light sandy soil in cold
frame in Sept. or March; division of crowns in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Clevelandii, violet-blue, May, 1 ft., Oalifornia;
Hendersoni, crimson and yellow, March, 6 in., Oregon; Jeffreyi, purple-rose, spring,
6 in., California; Meadia, rosy purple, white and lilac, April, 12 in., N. America;
Meadia album, white, Meadia lilacinum, lilac.

Dog-berry (Cornus sanguinea).—See Cornus.

Dog Rose (Kosa canina).—See Rosa.

Dog-wood.—See Cornus.

.Dog’s-Tooth Violet (Erythronium Dens-canis).—See Erythro-
nium.

Dolichos (Hyacinth Bean).—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse ever-
green twiner. First introduced 1776.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little sand. Position,
well-drained pots, shoots twining round trellis, posts or pillars. Pot,
Feb. Water moderately in winter, freely in summer. Temp., Sept.
to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate Te seeds
sown in light soil in temp. 65° in March; cuttings inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. Lablab, rosy purple, July, 1 to 2 ft., Troptos.

Doodia.—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen ferns. Nat. Aus-
tralia. First introduced 1808.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, charcoal
& sand. Pot, Feb., March or April. Position, pots in shady part of
greenhouse. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of sandy peat in pans under bell-glass
in temp. 65° to 75° at any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. aspera, 6 to 8 in., Australia, and its varieties

corymbifera and multifida; caudata, 6 to 12 in., Australia; media, 12 to 18 in.,
Australia and New Zealand.

Doronicum (Leopard’s-bane).—Ord. Composite. Hardy her-
baceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, open borders, banks, or
under shade of trees. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
by division of roots in Oct. or March. This genus also does well in pots
for early flowering in cold greenhouse,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D. austriacum, yellow, March, 18 in., Europe; caucasi-
cum, yellow, April, 1 ft., Europe; Pardialanches, yellow, May, 2 ft,, Europe
(Britain); plantagineum, yellow, March, 3 ft., Europe (Britain); plantagineum
excelsum, an improved form.

Doryanthes (Australian Giant Lily; Spear Lily)—Ord. Ama-
ryllidacew. Greenhouse flowering plants. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1800.

CULTURE: Equal parts loam & leaf-mould, little sand. Position,
well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb., March, or April.
Water very little Sept to April, moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept.
to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 65° to 70°. Propagate by suckers
removed from old plants & placed in small pots in temp. 55° to 65°
at any time.

142

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. excelsa, scarlet, summer, 8 to 12 ft., N.S. Wales;
Seen summer, 12 to 15 ft., Queensland; Palmeri, red, summer, 12 ft.,,

Double Arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittefolia fi-pl.). — See
Sagittaria. .

ieee Bindweed (Calystegia pubescens fi.-pl.).—See Caly-
stegia.

Double Cherry (Prunus Cerasus Rhexii fl.-pl.).—See Prunus.

Double Chinese Cherry (Prunus japonica fl.-pl.). — See:
prunus.

Double Chinese Plum (Prunus sinensis fl.-pl.).—See Prunus..

Double Dropwort (Spirza filipendula land Bee Spirea.

Double Furze (Ulex ee enus).—See Ulex.

Double Horse Chestnut (Zsculus hippocastanum f.-pl.).—
See Aisculus.

Double Jasminum (Jasminum officinale fl.-pl.)—See Jas~
minum.

Pe ada Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris f.-pl.).—See:
altha,
Double Mayweed (Matricaria inodora fi.-pl.).—See Matri-.
caria.
Wonee Myrtle (Myrtus communis var. belgica fl.-pl.).—See:
rtus.

ouble Peach (Prunus Persica flore-pleno).—See Prunus.

Double Persian Ranunculus (Ranunculus asiaticus:

fl.-pl.).—See Ranunculus.
ouble Red Campicen (Lychnis dioica fl.-pl.).—See Lychuis..

Double Red Daisy (Bellis perennis rubra plena).—See Bellis..

Double Rocket (Barbarea vulgaris).—See Barbarea.

Double Rose Campion (Lychnis coronaria f.-pl.). — See:
Lychuis.

Double Scarlet Avens (Geum coccineum fi.-pl.).—See Geum..
oe Seaside Catchfiy (Silene maritima fi.-pl.).—See:

ene.

Double Siberian Larkspur (Delphinium grandiflorum
fi.-pl.).—See Delphinium.

ouglasia. — Ord. Primulacewx. Hardy evergreen alpine
plants. First introduced 1827.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam. Position, sunny
rockery. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, or under hand-light in March
or April; division of vants in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D, levigata, rosy pink, March to Sept., 1 in., Oregon
Mountains; nivalis, pink, April, 1 in., Rocky Mountains; vitaliana (Syn. Androsace
vitaliana), yellow, May to July, 2 in., Alps.
co Yew Tree (Taxus baccata var. Dovastoni).—See

axus.

Dovedale Moss (Saxifraga hypnoides).—See Saxifraga.

Dove Orchid (Peristeria elata).—See Peristeria.

Dove’s-foot Geranium (Geranium molle)—See Geranium.

Downingia.—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy annuals. First in-
troduced 1827.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny beds or borders.
Sow seeds where plants are to flower in April. Thin seedlings to Gin.
apart in May or June.

143

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 5 or 6 in. pots placed in temp. 55°, or in cold
frame in April or May. Water moderately. Apply weak liquid manure
when plants are in flower. Place plants when in flower in cool green-
house or window. 2

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. elegans (Syn. Clintonia less). blue and white,
summer, 6 in., N.W. America; pulchella (Syn. Clintonia pulchella), blue, white, and
yellow, summer, 6 in., W. America.

Down Thistle (Onopordon acanthium).—See Onopordon.

Downton EIm (Ulmus glabra var. pendula).—See Ulmus.

Draba (Whitlow Grass)—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy perennials.
Pretty rockery plants,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, crevices in sunny rockeries,
or on old walls. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
where plonts are to grow in April; division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. aizoides, yellow, March, 3 in., Europe (Britain) ;
Aizoon, yellow, April, 3 in., W. Europe; alpina, yellow, April, 3 in., N. Europe;
Maevii, white, spring, 3 in., Spain; pyrenaica, lilac purple, fragrant, April, 3 m.,
S. Europe; rupestris, white, summer, 3 in., N. Europe. .

Draczena (Dragon-plant; Dragon Blood-tree).— Ord. Liliaces.
Stove evergreen plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1640. Leaves,
variegated with various colours.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in stove or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. to March.
Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March
to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1 in. deep in pots of light sandy soil in temp. 85° in March; cut-
tings of main stems cut into lengths of 1 in. & partially buried hori-
zontally in pots of sandy soil in March; cuttings of fleshy roots, inserted
lin. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75° to 80° in March or April;
stem-rooting March or April; offsets inserted 2in. deep at any time.
See also the genus Cordyline for so-called greenhouse dracenas.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. concinna, leaves green, margined with red, 4 to
6 ft., Mauritius; Draco (Dragon Tree), leaves glaucous, hardy in Cornwall and
Scilly Isles, 40 to 50 ft., Canary Islands; fragrans, leaves green, 6 ft., Trop.
Africa; fragrans Lindenii, leaves, yellow and green; fragrans massangeana, leaves,
white and green; godseffiana, leaves white and green, 3 ft., Trop. Africa; goldieana,
leaves, green and white, 4 to 6 ft., Trop. Africa; sanderiana, leaves, white and
green, 5 ft., Trop. Africa. See also trade lists for varieties.

Dracocephaium (Dragon’s-head; Moldavian Balm). — Ord.
Labiatzw. Hardy annual & perennial herbs. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, light ordinary. Position, cool partially shady
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate annual &
perennial species by seeds sown 4 in. deep in light sandy soil outdoors

u April; cuttings of young shoots inserted in light sandy soil under
hand-light or in cold frame in April or May; division of roots in Oct.,
Nov., or March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: D. canescens, lilac blue, Aug., 12 to 18 in., E. Europe;
Moldavica (Moldavian Balm), blue, July and Aug., 12 to 18 in., E. Siberia.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: D. austriacum, blue, summer, 12 to 18 in., Europe;
grandiflorum, blue, summer, 6 to 9 in., Siberia; ruyschianum, purplish blue, June,
12 to 18 in., Alps; speciosum, lilac, June, 18 in., Himalayas.

Dracunculus (Dragon; Snake-plant).—Ord. Aroidesw. Hardy
tuberous-rooted perennial. First introduced 1548. Leaves, flesh col-
our mottled with black, resembling skin of snake.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, well-drained sunny border.
Plant tubers 3 in. deep in Oct. or Nov. Propagate by division of tubers
in Oct. or March.

144

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. vulgari Z
july, 3 ft, 8 Eurery vulgaris (Syn. Arum dracunculus), chocolate-brown,

Dragon Arum.—See Dracunculus.

Dragon Tree (Draceena draco).—See Dracena.
aie s-head (Dracocephalum grandiflorum).—See Dracoce-

Dragon’s-mouth.—See Helicodiceros.

Dragon’s-mouth Orchid.—See Epidendrum.

Dropwort (Spirza filipendula).—See Spirza.

Drosera (Sundew; Youth-wort).—Ord. Droseracez. Greenhouse
and hardy perennial insectivorous plants.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts living sphagnum moss, peat, pot-
sherds. Position, well-drained pots partly immersed in pan of water
& covered with bell-glass in cool reenhouse. Water daily. Propa-
gate by seeds sown on surface of living sphagnum moss and peat in
well-drained pots under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° at any time;
division of the crowns in March or April; cuttings of roots 4 to lin.
one embedded in pan of moss & peat under bell-glass in temp. 65°

0 75°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. intermedia, white and red, July, 3 in., Europe;
longifolia (Syn. D. anglica), white, July, 3 in., Europe (Britain); rotundifolia,
white, July, 4 in., Europe (Britain).

Drosophyllum (Portuguese Sundew). — Ord. Droseracex.
Greenhouse shrubby insectivorous plants. First introduced 1869.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy loam. Position, well-drained pots
close to glass in light, airy greenhouse. Water once or twice Sept. to
April, very little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March
to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown on the surface of sandy
loam in well-drained pots in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. lusitanicum, yellow, May, 1 ft., Portugal.

Drumhead Cabbage.—See Brassica.

Drummond’s Side-saddle-flower (Sarracenia Drum-
mondi).—See Sarracenia.

Dryas (Mountain Avens)—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy evergreen trail-
ing plants.

CULTURE: So'l, moist peat. Position, sunny rockery or borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in sandy peat in shallow pans or boxes in cold frame April or May;
cuttings of shoots 2in. long inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in
autumn; division of plants in Oct., Nov. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. Drummondii, yellow, June, 3 in., N. America;
octopetala, white, June, 3 in., trailing, Purope. nae

Drymogiossum (ios Tongue Fern).—Ord, Filices. Stove
evergreen creeping fern. First introduced 1828.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, pounded
charcoal & sand. Pot or plant, Feb., March, or April. Position, well-
drained shallow pans or beds in Wardian case. Water moderately Oct.
to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March
to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by spores sown on surface of sandy
pest in temp. 65° to 75° at any time; division of rhizomes in Feb, or

an CULTIVATED: D. carnosum, Himalayas; filoselloides, India.

Drynaria.—See Polypodium.

Drypis.—Ord. Caryophyllaces. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1775. anf .

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or borders.

145

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

Plant, Oct., Nov., March, April. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil
in cold frame or under hand-light in March or April; cuttings inserted
in sandy soil under hand-light or in cold frame in Sept. or Oct,
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. spinosa, blue, summer, 9 in., Mediterranean Region.
Duck’s-foot (Podophyllum peltatum).—See Podophyllum.
i Duke of Argyll’s tea-plant (Lycium barbarum). — See
yeium.
Dumortier’s Day Lily (Hemerocallis Dumortieri). — See
Hemerocallis.
Dusty Miller (Primula auricula and Senecio cineraria). — See
Primula and Senecio,

Dutch Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum). — See Eupa-
torium.

Dutch Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum belgica).—See
Lonicera.

Dutchman’s Breeches (Dicentra cucullaria).—See Dicentra.
Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia Sipho).—See Aristolochia,
Dutch Myrtle (Myrica Gale)—See Myrica.

Dyckia.—Ord. Bromeliacew. Greenhouse succulent orn. foliage
plants. First introduced 1839,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & little
sand. Position, pots in light, airy greenhouse; outside June to Sept.
Water moderately April to Aug., little afterwards. Repot every five
or six years; good drainage essential. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to
55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets or suckers in-
serted in small pots in frocuhoure at any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: D, altissima, yellow, autumn, 2 ft., Brazil; brevifolia,
yellow, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil.

Dyer’s Tick-Seed (Coreopsis tinctoria).—See Coreopsis.

Ear Drops.—See Fuchsia.

Earth Nut (Arachis RpOg es). —Hee Arachis.

Easter Flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima).—See Euphorbia.

East Indian Cedar (Cedrus deodara).—See Cedrus.

East Indian Coral-tree (Erythrina indica).—See Erythrina.

East Indian Flax (Reinwardti trigynum).—See Reinwardti.

East Indian Guava-tree (Psidium indicum).—See Psidium.

East Indian Periwinkle (Vinca rosea).—See Vinca.

East Indian Pitcher-plant (Nepenthes sanguinea).—See
a ie

ast Indian Rose-bay (Tabernemontana coronaria).—See
Tabernemontana.

Eccremocarpus Pieter Glory-flower).—Ord. Bignoniacem.
Half-hardy evergreen climbing te First introduced 1825.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich. Position, against south or south-west
walls. Plant, June. Protect roots in Oct. by layer of cinder ashes on
sue of eons, Deane in fata weather by mats. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots of light san ili
65° to 75° in March oe April. 7 sia iatls iio ais
é PE ROERS OULTIVATED: E. soaber, scarlet and yellow, summer, 15 to 20 ft.,

Eccremocarpus Vine (Eccremocarpus scaber).—See Eccre-
mocarpus.

Lata ineces a Cotyledon.

chinacea (Purple Cone-flower).—Ord. Composite.
haceous perennials. First inde ee aati Hendy a

146

A oo FE eee le

CR Bren...

HNCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich light loam. Position, well-drained sunny
borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., or March. Propagate by
seeds sown 4 in. deep in boxes of light soil in temp. 50° to 55° in March,
or a in sunny position in April; division of roots in Oct., March,
or April.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: E. purpurea, purplish red, Aug., 3 ft., N. America.

Echinocactus (Hedge-hog Cactus).—Ord. Cactacew. Green-
house succulent plants. First introduced 1796. :

CULTURE: Oompost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, one part brick
rubble, old mortar & sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny green-
‘house or window. Repot every three or four years in March. Water
once a month Sept. to April, once a week afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep in well-drained pans of sandy soil in temp. 75° in March,
keeping soil moderately moist; cuttings of stems inserted in small pots
of sandy soil kept barely moist in summer; grafting on common kinds
in April.

SPHOTES OULTIVATED: E. brevihamatus, pink and rose, summer, 4 to 6 in.,
New Mexico; centeterius, yellow, summer, 6 in., Mexico; cinnabarinus, red, sum-
mer, 4 in., Bolivia; concinnus, yellow, summer, 4 in., Mexico; coptonogonus, white
and purple, May, 4 in., Mexico; cornigerus, purple, summer, Mexico; corynodes,
yellow, summer, 4 in., Argentina; crispatus, purple, summer, 8 in.; Cummingii,
yellow, summer, Bolivia; cylindraceus, yellow, summer, 4 ft., Colorado; Emoryi,
yellow and red, autumn, Colorado; gibbosus, white, June, 4 in., Mexico; Grusonii,
red and yellow, summer, 6 in., Mexico; leeanus, white and rose, May, Argentina;
multiflorus, white, summer, 5 in.,, Mexico; scopa, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in.,
Brazil; scopa crista, stem fasciated; Simpsoni, purple, summer, 4 in., Mexico,
a very hardy species. May be grown outdoors in 8. of England. ; .

Echinops (Globe Thistle)—Ord. Composite. Hardy biennials
and perennials. First introduced 1570.

CULTURE: Soil, crdinary. Position, well-drained sunny borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in
sunny position outdoors in April; division of roots in Oct., Nov. or

arch,

BIENNIAL SPECIES: E. bannaticus (Syn. E. ruthenicus), violet-blue, summer,
2 to 3 ft., Hungary.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: E. Ritro, blue, summer, 3 ft., 8. Europe; spheero-
cephalus, pale blue, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Europe.

Echinopsis ergo hog Cactus).—Ord. Cactacemw. Greenhouse
succulent plants. irst introduced 1835.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, one part brick
rubble, old mortar & sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny green-
house or window. Repot every three or four years in March. Water
once a month Sept. to April, once a week afterwards. ea He Sept.
to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate Ag
sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pans of sandy soil in temp. 75° in March,
keeping soil moderately moist; cuttings of stems inserted in small pots
of sani y soil, kept barely moist in summer; grafting on common kinds
in April.

SPROTES OULTIVATED: E. campylacantha, rose, summer, 1 ft., Ohili; cristata,
oreamy white, summer, 1 ft., Bolivia; decaisneana, white and yellow, July, 1 ft.;
Eyriesii, white, fragrant, July, 4 to 6 in., Mexico; Eyriesii flore-pleno, double;
oxygonus, rose, summer, 6 in., Brazil; Pentlandii, white and red, July, 6 in.,
Mexico; tubiflorus, white, summer, 4 in., Mexico. =

Echites.—Ord. Apocynacew. Stove evergreen flowering & climb-
ing shrubs. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, rough fibry peat & one-fourth silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots, with shoots trained to roof of stove or to
wire trellis. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune, Oct., cutting away shoots

147

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

that have flowered only. Water very little Oct. to Feb., moderately
Feb, to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 55° to 60°; Feb.
to Oct. 65° to 75°.. Propagate by cuttings of young side shoots 3 in.
long inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp, 80° in Feb.,
March, or pel

SPECIES OULTIVATED: E. paniculata, yellow, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil.

Echium (Viper’s Bugloss).—Ord. Boraginacee. Hardy annuals,
biennials & perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, well-drained borders
or wild garden. Plant, Aug. or April. Propagate by seeds sown } in.
deep in aed poston outdoors in April or .

BIENNIAL SPECIES: E. plantagineum, bluish purple, summer, 2 to 3 ft., 9.
Europe (Britain); vulgare, purple or blue, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Britain.

ANNUAL SPECIES: E. creticum, violet, July, 12 to 18 in., 8, Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: E. albicans, rose or violet, summer, 1 ft., Spain.

Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum).—See Leontopodium.

Eel-Grass (Vallisneria spiralis)—See Vallisneria.

Egg-plant (Solanum melongena).—See Solanum.

Eggs-and-Bacon Daffodil (Narcissus incomparabilis fl.-pl.
var. Orange Phoenix).—See Narcissus.

Eglantine (Rosa rubiginosa).—See Rosa.

Egyptian Bean (Nelumbium speciosum).—See Nelumbium.

Egyptian Kidney Bean (Dolichos Lab-lab).—See Dolichos.

Egyptian Lily (Richardia africana).—See Richardia.

Egyptian Lotus (Nymphea lotus)—See Nympheza.

Egyptian Onion (Allium Cepa proliferum).—See Allium.

Egyptian Rose (Scabiosa atropurpurea).—See Scabiosa.

Egyptian Water Lily (Nymphza lotus).—See Nymphza.

Elzeagnus (Oleaster; Wild Olive)—Ord. Elaagnacem. Hardy
deciduous & evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1633.
Leaves, green or variegated with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sheltered dryish borders,
or against south or west walls. Plant deciduous species in Oct., Nov.
or Dec.; evergreen in en or Sept. Propagate by seeds sown }in.
deep in boxes of light soil in temp. 55° in March; cuttings inserted in
sandy soil in cold frame in Sept.; layering in Oct.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: E. glabra, white, Aug., 4 to 6 ft., China and Japan;
macrophylla, yellow, Sept., 6 ft., Japan; pungens, yellow, autumn, 6 ft., China
gad aapens pungens aureo-maculata, golden leaved; pungens variegata, silver
leaved.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: E. argentea (Syn. Shepherdia argentea), yellow, July,
8 ft., N. America.

Elder (Sambucus nigra).—See Sambucus.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra).—See Sambucus.

Elder-scented Orchis (Orchis sambucina).—See Orchis.
_Elecampane (Inula helenium).—See Inula.

Elephant’s Ear (Begonia Rex).—See Begonia. °

ltd cae Ear Fern (Acrostichum crinulatum).—See Acro-
stichum.

Elephant’s Foot (Testudinaria elephantipes).—See Testudi-
naria.

Elephant’s-tooth Cactus (Mammillaria elephantidens).—
See Mammillaria.

Eleven o’Clock Lady (Ornithogalum umbellatum). — See
Ornithogalum.

Elisena.—Ord. Amaryllides. Warm greenhouse bulbous plant
First introduced 1837.

148

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts light sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould & one part of coarse sand. Position, well-drained pots in warm,
sunny greenhouse. Pot, autumn. Water freely during growing
period. Keep nearly dry when at rest. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to

65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by offsets removed & treated
as parent bulbs at potting time.

s ECIES CULTIVATED: KE. longipetala, white, spring, 3 ft., Peru.
Elizabeth’s Catchfily (Silene Elizabethe).—See Silene.
Elk’s-horn Fern Lat ich oi alcicorne).—See Platycerium.
Elk Tree (Andromeda arborea).—See Andromeda.

Elm (Ulmus campestris)—See Ulmus.

Elwes’s Crocus (Crocus sativus Elwesi).—See Crocus.

Elwes’s Snowdrop (Galanthus Elwesi).—See Galanthus.

Embothrium.—oOrd. Proteacex. Half-hardy evergreen shrub.
First introduced 1851.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: soil, sandy peat. Position, against south
walls outdoors S. of England, pots in cold greenhouse N. of England.
Protect with mats in severe weather. Plant, March or April.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part
loam, & one part sand. Pot, March. Prune, arch. Water mode-
rately Oct. to April, freely in summer. Place plants in sunny osition
outdoors May to Oct. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 55° in spring; also by cuttings of roots in-
serted in sandy peat in temp. 75° in spring; by grafting young shoots
on portions of its own roots in spring; also by sowing imported or home-
saved seeds in sandy peeks in temp. 75°, in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: BE. coccineum, scarlet, May to July, 10 to 15 ft., Chili.

Empetrum (Black-berried Heath; Crake-berry; Crow-berry).—
Ord. Empetracez. Hardy evergreen fruiting shrub. Berries, black,
edible; ripe in Sept.

CULTURE: Soil, boggy. Position, damp, moist, shady. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by cuttings inserted in June, J uly or Aug.
in sandy peat under bell-glass in shady position.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. nigrum, pink, May, 8 to 10 in., N. Hemisphere.
Nigrum scoticum and rubrum are varicties.

Encephalartos (Caffre Bread).—Ord. Cycadacew. Greenhouse
evergreen plants. First introduced 1835. Leaves, feather-shaped,
bluish green. j

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light part of greenhouse. Repot, March.
Water liberally April to Aug., very little afterwards. Growth occa-
sionally stationary for a few years. Temp., Sept. to April 55° to 60°;
April to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in light
soil in temp. 85° to 95° in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Altensteinii, 8 ft., S. Africa; Caffer, 8 to 10 ft.,
8. Africa. oy

Endive.—See Cichorium.
Endres’s Crane’s-bill (Geranium Endresi)—See Geranium.
English Elm (Ulmus campestris)—See Ulmus.
English Iris (Iris xiphiodes).—See Tris.
English Maiden-hair Fern (Asplenium trichomanes).—See
Asplenium. ;

nglish Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum).—See Sedum.
English Sundew (Drosera longifolia) —See Drosera.
Enkianthus.—Ord. Ericacesw. Hardy evergreen shrubs,

149

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary mixed with a little i and leaf-mould.
Position, warm, sheltered shrubberies or beds. Plant, Sept. or April.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil in heat in spring.

SPO ES 0 TIVATED : E. campanulatus, red, summer, 6 ft., Japan; japonicus,
white, Feb., 5 to 6 ft., Japan.

Eomecon.—Ord. Papaveracew. Hardy perennial. First intro-
duced _ 1889.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat & leaf-mould. Position, sunny, well-
drained border. Plant, Oct. to March. Water freely in very dr
weather. Propagate by division of the roots in March or early April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. chionantha, white, summer, 1 to 2 ft., China,

Epacris (Australian Heath; Tasmanian Heath)—Ord. Epacri-
dew. Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, three-fourths fibry peat, one-fourth silver
sand. Position, light airy greenhouse Sept. to July, sunny place out-
doors July to Sept. Repot, April, May, or June; good drainage essen-
tial. Prune shoots of erect kinds to within lin. of base directly after
nag ; pendulous kinds about half-way. Water moderately at all
times. ringe plants daily March to July. Temp., Sept. to March
45° to 50°; Sod to July, 55° to 60°. Stimulants not essential., Pro-
pagate en seeds sown immediately they ripen on surface of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 55°; cuttings of ends of shoots inserted in pots
of nendy peat covered with bell-glass placed in cool greenhouse in Aug.
or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: BE. hyacinthiflora, white to red, March, 2 to 3 ft.,
Australia; hyacinthiflora candidissima, white, hyacinthiflora carminata, carmine;
hyacinthiflora fulgens, pink; longiflora, crimson and white, May and June, 2 to
4 ft., Australia; longiflora splendens, red, tipped white; purpurascens, white and
red, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Australia. Numerous varieties and hybrids will be found
in trade lists.

Epi-Cattleya.—Ord. Orchidacew. Bigeneric orchids, the result
of hybridising two distinct genera—Epidendrum and Cattleya. Habit,
intermediate between the two parents. Flowers borne in terminal
spikes. Require similar culture to Epidendrums.

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: E. matutina (0. bowringiana x E. radicans),
velo and vermilion; radiata-bowringiana (E. radiatum x 0. bowringiana), rosy
purple.

Epidendrum (Dragon’s-mouth Orchid; Tree Orchid). — Ord.
Orchidacew. Stove & greenhouse epiphytal orchids. Flowers fragrant.
First introduced 1835.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry peat, one part chopped living
sphagnum moss, charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots, hanging
baskets, or on blocks of wood. Repot or block, Feb. or March; pots
must be well drained. Water three times weekly March to Aug.; once
a week Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to March; once a month Nov. to Feb.
Temp. for stove species, 65° to 75° March to Sept., 60° to 65° Sept. to
March; for greenhouse species, 45° to 55° Nov. to April, 55° to 65°
April to Nov. Resting ate March to Nov. Growing period, Nov. to
oh Propagate by division of plants, or by offsets when new growth

egins.

STOVE SPECIES: E. atropurpureum, brown, whi i
Trop. America; nemorale, Tee Gia white, Taly, Bh Mar ees ering, 2
creamy yellow, purple and rose, summer, 8 ft., Central America 3; Wallisii yellow,
crimson ond white, winter, 3 ft., Colombia. " *
‘ fo SPECIES: E. vitellinum, orange, scarlet, and yellow, autumn,

HYBRIDS: Clarissa, red and purple, April; Endresio-Wallisii, yellow, white, and
purple, spring; o’brienianum, yellow and carmine, July. Require stove treatment.

150

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Epigzea (American Ground Laurel; New England May-flower).—
a Ericacew. Hardy evergreen creeping shrub. First introduced
CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, shady borders or rockeries.
ae Sept., Oct. or April. Propagate by division of plant in Oct. or
ril.
EpEorEs CULTIVATED: E. repens, white, fragrant, May, trailing, N. America.
Epi-Lzelia.—Ord. Orchidacea. Bigeneric orchids, the result of
hybridising species of Epidendrum with those of Lelia. Habit, like
that of an Epidendrum. Flowers borne in erect scapes. Culture, same
as required by Epidendrums.

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: E. hardyana (L. anceps x Epidendrum ciliare),
white, rose, and crimson-purples; radico-purpurata (L. purpurata x E. radicans),
orange-scarlet, reddish purple, and lemon-yellow.

Epilobium (Willow Herb; Bay Willow; Rose Bay).—Ord. Ona-
ae Hardy perennial herbs. © Showy plants for wild or town
gardens,

CULTURE: Flowers, rose-pink, crimson; May to Aug. Soil, ordi-
‘nary. Position, shady or sunny borders, or side of water-courses.
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in
shady position outdoors in March, April or Aug.; division of roots in
Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. angustifolium (Rose Bay or French Willow), crim-
son, July, 3 to 5 ft., Europe (Britain); angustifolium album, white, hirsutum
(Codlins and Cream), pink or white, July, 4 ff., Britain; luteum, yellow, summer,
6 in., N. America; obcordatum, rosy purple, summer, 6 in., California; rosmarini-
folium, red, July, 2 ft., Europe.

Epimedium (Barren-wort; Bishop’s Hat).—Ord. Berberidacez.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1830. Leaves, green,
margined with coppery bronze.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam & peat. Position, cool shady border or
rockery; will do well under trees. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Propagate by division of roots in July or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. alpinum, crimson and yellow, May, 9 in., Europe;
concinnum, purple, March, 8 in., Japan; macranthum, white and blue, May, 10 in.,
Japan pinnatum, yellow, May, 12 in., Persia; rubrum, yellow and red, May, 8 in.,

apan.

Epipactus.—Ord. Orchidacee. Hardy terrestrial orchids.

CULTURE: Soil, peat & chalk. Position, moist shady borders or
near ponds or rivulets. Plant in early autumn. Collect wild speci-
mens directly after flowering. Propagate by division of plant in
March or ee

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. latifolia, purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain) ;
palustris, purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain). é ‘ : :

Epiphronitis.—Ord. Orchidacee. A bigeneric hybrid orchid
obtained by crossing Sophronitis grandiflora with Epidendrum radi-
cans. Habit similar to latter parent, but dwarfer. Flowers, large.
Culture, similar to that required by Epidendrums,

HYBRID CULTIVATED: E. Veitchii (8. grandiflora x Epidendrum radicans),
crimson and yellow. -

Epiphyllum (Leaf-flowering Cactus)—Ord. Cactacew. Succu-
lent greenhouse trailing plants. First introduced, 1810.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat & leaf-mould, one-
fourth silver sand. Position, light warm greenhouse Sept. to June,
sunny place outdoors or cold frame June to Sept. Water moderately
Sept. to April, little more freely other times. Temp., Nov. to March
50° to 60°; March to June 55° to 65°; Sept. to Nov. 40° to 45°. Propa-
gate by cuttings inserted singly in 2in. pots filled with sandy soil &

151

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

brick dust in March or April; grafting on Pereskia aculeata or P. Bleo
in temp. 65 to 75° in Feb., March or April. ; :
SPECIES CULTIVATED: EL. truncatum, rosy red, winter, Brazil; russellianum,
rose, May, Brazil. :
HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES: E. bicolor, purple and white; coccineum, scarlet;
Gertneri (hybrid), scarlet and violet; salmoneum, salmon; violaceum, carmine,
white and purple.

Epistephium.—oOrd, Orchidacee. Stove terrestrial orchid.
First introduced 1864.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part sand. Pot,
Feb.; good drainage essential; keep soil below rim of pot. Water
three times weekly March to Aug.; once weekly Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to
March. ; once a month other times. Syringe freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by
division of pecudo: bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Williamsii, mauve, rose, white, and yellow, summer,
12 in., Bahia.

Equisetum (Horsetail; Fox-tailed Asparagus). — Ord. Equise-
tacee. Hardy deciduous herbaceous perananee Orn. foliage. Leaves,
green, narrow, rush-like, elegant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, bogs, margins of ponds, moist
shady corners, or in pots in a cool shady greenhouse. Plant or pot,
April, Water plants in pots freely whilst prowing, moderately at other
times. Eropapate by division of rootstocks in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. maximum (Syn. E. Telmateia), 3 to 6 ft., Britain.

Eragrostis (Feather Grass; Love Grass).—Ord, Graminem.
Hardy annual flowering grasses. Nat. Temperate Regions. Inflores-
cence, light, feathery & graceful.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny beds or borders.
Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep where plants are to grow in April.
Gather inflorescence in July & dry for winter use.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. exgyptica, elegans, maxima and plumosa,

Eranthemum.—oOrd. Acanthacem. Stove flowering plants,
Orn, foliage. First introduced 1796.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light stove Sept. to June, sunny frame
June to Sept. Pot, March or April. Water moderately in’ winter,
freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to June,
65° to 75°. Prune shoots to within 1 in. of base after flowering. Apply
liquid or artificial manure occasionally to plants in flower. Propagate
by cuttings of sue shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 75° March to July.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: E. albiflorum, white, summer, 2 ft., Brazil; Andersonii,

white and purple, autumn, 1 ft., Malaya; cinnabarinum, scarlet, winter, 3 ft.,
Burma; Oooperi, white and purple, June, 2 ft., New Caledonia,

Eranthis (Winter Aconite).—Ord. Ranunculacew. Hardy tuber
ous-rooted perennial. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady borders, beds, lawns,
under trees or on rockeries, Plant 2in. deep & 2in. apart in Oct., Nov.
or Dec. Tubers should not be lifted, but left permanently in the soil.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam & sand.
Position, 3 in. pots or large pans in cool greenhouse or window. Plant
tubers } in. deep & close together in pots or pans in Oct. or Nov. Water
moderately. After flowering, plant tubers out in borders. Propagate
by division of tubers in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: EE. hyemalis, yellow, Jan. to March, 3 to 4 in.
Europe (Britain). : :

152

ENCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

_ Ercilla.—Ord. Phytolaccacem.’ Hardy evergreen creeper. First
introduced 1840, ;

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, south or south walls;
sunny. Plant, Sept. or April. Prune after flowering, cutting away
weak & shortening strong shoots one fourth. Shoots cling to wall like
those of aoe pao pane by cuttings or layers in autumn,

‘SPECIES CULTIVATED: HE. volubilis (Syn. Bridgesia spicata), purple, spring,
10 to 15 ft., Chili.

Eremostachys (Desert Rod).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy perennial.
First introduced 1731.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Plant, Oct. or April. Cut off spikes after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in sunny position outdoors in
April; ; division of roots in Oct, or April.

PECIES CULTIVATED: E. laciniata, rosy purple and yellow, summer, 2} ft.,
Asia Minor.

Eremurus.—0Ord. Liliacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Soil, light deep rich sandy, well-manured loam. Posi-
tion, sunny well-drained beds or borders. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Trans-
peas must not be done oftener than is really necessary. Mulch

reely with well-decayed manure in autumn. Water copiously in hot
weather. Protect’in winter by a covering of bracken or dry litter.
Propagate by division of roots in Oct. or March; seeds sown in heat in
pprine. growing seedlings on in cold frame for first three years.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Aitchinsonii, red, June and July, 3 to 5 ft.,
Afghanistan; aurantiacus, orange-yellow, May, 2 to 3 ft., Afghanistan; Bungei,
yellow, June and July, 1 to 3. ft., Persia; himalaicus, white, May and June, 8 ft.,
Himalayas; kaufmannianus, yellow, June, 4 ft., Turkestan; Olge, lilac-purple,
fragrant, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan; robustus, pink, May and June, 6 to 10 ft.,
Turkestan; spectabilis, yellow and orange, June, 2 to 4 ft., Siberia; turkestanicus,
maroon and white, June, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan.

Erianthus (Woolly Beard Grass; Ravenna Grass).—Ord. Grami-
nex. Hardy orn. foliage perennial grass. Inflorescence similar to
pampas plumes. Leaves, narrow, green.

CULTURE: Soil, deep loam. Position, sunny well-drained lawns
or borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate by division of roots in
March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Ravenne, 6 ft., Mcditerranean Region.

Erica (Heath)—Ord. Ericacew. Hardy & greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. oe.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat. Position,
sunny rockeries, or margins of borders; or massed on banks or in the
wild garden. Plant, Oct. or March. Prune straggly shoots in April.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two-thirds
fibrous peat, one-third silver sand. Position, well-drained pots, in
light airy greenhouse Oct. to July, sunny place outdoors July to Oct.
Repot autumn & winter-flowering kinds in March, summer-flowering
sorts in Sept. Press the compost firmly in pots. Water carefully
always, giving sufficient to keep soil uniformly moist; rain, not spring
water, essential. Prune shoots to within 1 or 2in. of base immediately
after flowering. Temp., Oct, to March 40° to 45°; March to July 45
to 55°. Soot-water best stimulant. Propagate greenhouse species by
cuttings of shoots 1in. long inserted in well-drained pot of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 60° to 70° in oe 5 hardy species by cuttings
inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass or hand-light outdoors in Sept.

153

ENCYCLOPZIDIA OF GARDENING.

or Oct.; division of plants in Oct.; layering shoots in Sept., Oct. or
Nov.

HARDY SPECIES: E. arborea, white, May, 5 to 10 ft., Mediterranean Region,
hardy only in 8. of England; carnea (Syn. E. herbacea), pink, Jan. to April,
6 in., Europe; carnea alba, white; ciliaris (Dorset Heath), red, summer, 8 to 12 in.,
Britain; cinerea iseoteh Heather), crimson-purple, July to Sept., 6 to 12 in.,
Britain and Ireland, and its varieties, alba (white), atropurpurea, (purple), coccinea
(scarlet), purpurea rosea, (purplish rose); Jusitanica (Syn. E. codonodes), pinkish
white, Jan. to April, 2 to 6 ft., Spain; Mackaii, red, July and Aug., 1 ft., Ireland;
mediterranea (Irish Heath)—Syn. E. hibernica—pink, April and May), 4 to 5 ft.,
Ireland, etc.; tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath, or Bell Heather), rosy red, July to
Sept., 6 to 12 in., Britain and Ireland; tetralix alba, white; tetralix rubra, red;
vagans (Cornish Heath), pink, July to Sept., 6 in. to 2 ft., England, France, and
Ireland; vagans alba, white; vagans rubra, red. 7

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: E. aitoniana, white and purple, Aug., 18 in., 8.
Africa; caffra, white, May, 18 in., 8. Africa; cavendishiana (hybrid), yellow, May,
4 ft.; coccinea, scarlet, June, 1 ft., 8. Africa; elegans, rose and green, Aug., 6 in.,
8. Africa; gracilis, reddish purple, 1 ft., 8. Africa; hyemalis (hybrid), pink, Deo.
to March; jasminiflora, pink, Aug., 2 ft., S. Africa; macnabiana (hybrid), pink
and white, June, 18 in.; marnockiana (hybrid), purple, crimson and white, July
and Aug., 18 in.; persoluta, purple, April, 16 in., 8. Africa; ventricosa, pink, June,
1 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties alba (white), carnea (flesh), and -coccinea
(scarlet); vestita, white, June, 3 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties alba (white),
carnea (flesh), coccinea (scarlet), incarnata (pink), lutea (yellow), purpurea
(purple), and rosea (rose); willmoreana, red, June, 12 in., a hybrid.

Erigeron (Flea-bane).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1628, __ :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny moist rockeries or
borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Cut down stems after flowering.
Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in light soil in shady position out-
doors in April, May or June; division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. alpinus grandiflorus, purple and yellow, Aug., 12 in.,
Northern Regions; aurantiacus (Orange Daisy), orange, summer, 12 in., Turkestan;
Mucronatus, white, pink and yellow, summer, 12 in., Australia; Roylei, bluish
purple and yellow, summer, 6 to 8 in., Himalayas. i

Erinus.—Ord. Scrophularines. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1739.

CULTURE: Soil, decayed vegetable mould & old mortar. Position,
crevices of old sunny walls ‘or dryish rockeries. Plant, March or April.
Propagate by seeds sown where plants are to grow in April; division of
plants in April.

SPEOIES LTIVATED: E. alpinus, violet purple, spring, 6 in., Pyrenees.

Eriobotrya (Loquat; Chinese Medlar)—Ord. Rosacew. _ Half-
hardy evergreen flowering shrub. Fruit bearing. Fruit of Loquat
about the size of green walnut, pale orange-red, downy, borne in
bunches. ran : .

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light deep loam. Position, against
south walls 8. & S.W. of England & Ireland only. Plant, Sept. to Nov.,
April or May. Prune, April. Protect in severe weather with mats
or straw hurdles, ;

INDOOR CULTURE: Soil, two parks sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould. Position, beds against back wall of cold or slightly heated
qunny reenhouse. Plant, Oct. or April. Water moderately Sept. to
April, freely afterwards. Syringe daily May to Sept. Prune strag-
gling shoots in April. Propagate by seeds sown tin. deep in pots of
ight soil in cold greenhouse or frame, spring or autumn; cuttings of
firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, Aug.;
layering in Oct.; grafting on common quince in March; budding on
hawthorn in J’ uly

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. japonica, white, summer, 10 to 30 ft., China and
Japan. Known also as Photinia japonica.

154

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Eriogonum.—Ord. Pol . Hard ials,
Gee edaeon aL ygonacez ardy herbaceous perennials.,
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Plant, Oct.

or March. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in light soil outdoors in
April; division of roots in March.

PEOIES OULTIVATED: E. umbellati ileri in.
Wo aoa mbellatum Sileri, golden yellow, summer, 12 in.,

Eriophorum (Cotton Grass)—Ord. Cyperacex. Hardy aquatic
perennials, Inflorescence borne in spikelets, with cottony tufts on
their extremities.

CULTURE: Soil ordinary. Position, margins of ponds. Plant,
March. Propagate by seeds sown where plants are to grow; division
of planks in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E, alpinum, 1 ft., N. Hemisphere; polystachion, 1 ft.,
Britain; vaginatum, 1 ft., Britain.

Eriopsis.—Ord. Orchidaceew. Stove evergreen epiphytal orchid.
First introduced 1845.

CULTURE: Compost, fibrous peat, little sphagnum moss. Repot,
March or April. Position, light sunny part of stove. Water three
times weekly March to Aug.; once aadtly Aug. to Nov & Feb. to
March; once a month other times. Syringe freely insummer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by
division of pecude-balbs at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: E. rutidobulbon, brown and yellow, summer, 2 ft.,
Colombia; Helens, orange, summer.

Eriostemon.—oOrd. Rutacee. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
First introduced 1822.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position,
well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Repot, March, pressing
soil down firmly. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards.
Prune straggly growths in Feb. Temp., Sept. to April 45° to 50°;
April to Sept. 50° to 60°. Ventilate greenhouse freely in summer.
Propagate by cuttings 2 in. long inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass
in temp. 60° in March ; grating on Correa alba in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. buxifolium, pink, May or June, 3 to 4 ft., Australia;
pulchellus, pink, May, 2 to 3 ft., hybrid; salicifolius, red, spring, 2 ft., Australia.

Eritrichium (Fairy Borage; Fairy Forget-me-not).—Ord. Boragi-
nace, Hardy perennial alpine plant. Nat. Alps. First introduced
1869.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts broken limestone, sandstone, fibry
loam, peat & sand. Position, sheltered crannies of exposed rockeries,
where foliage can be vrotected from excessive moisture in winter.
Plant, April. Protect by panes of glass in rainy weather. Propagate
by division of plants in April; seeds sown in gentle heat in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: E. nanum, sky blue and yellow, summer, 2 to 3 in.,
N. Temperate Regions. -

Erodium (Heron’s- bill)—Ord. Geraniaceez. Hardy perennial
herbs. First introduced 1640. :

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, dry sunny borders or rockeries.
Plant, March or April. Trans lant very seldom. Propagate by seeds
sown fin. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in June or July; division of roots in
April.

ee CULTIVATED: E. chamedryoides (Syn. E. Reichardi), white and pink,
April to Sept., 2 to 3 in., Balearic Islands; macradenium, violet, flesh an
purple, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; Manescavi, purplish red, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
Pyrenees; petreum, purple, July, 6 in., Pyrenees.

155

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Eryngium (Sea Holly).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy perennial
herbs. Orn. foliage. Flower heads surrounded by spiny coloured
bracts.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, dryish sunny borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in April or May; division of
plants in Oct. or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: E. alpinum, blue and white, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
Europe; amethystinum, purple, July and Aug., 12 to 18 in., Europe; Bourgatii, blue,
June to Aug., 1 to 2 ft., Spain; giganteum, blue, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Armenia;
maritimum, bluish white, July to Oct., 1 to 2 ft., Britain; oliverianum, blue, sum-
mer, 2 to 4 ft., Orient; pandanifolium, purplish, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Monte Video;
planum, blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Europe.

Eryngo (Eryngium amethystinum).—See Eryngium.

Erysimum (Alpine Wallflower; Hedge Mustard).—Ord. Cruci-
fere. Hardy annuals, biennials, & perennials. First introduced 1823.
Ht. 1 to 12 in.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish sunny beds or rockeries.
Plant, March or April. Propagate annual species by seeds sown where
plants are required to grow in April; biennials, by seeds sown in sunny
place outdoors in June, transplanting seedlings to flowering positions
in Aug.; perennials, by seeds sown as advised for biennials, also by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under hand-light or cold frame in Aug. ;
division of pleats in March or April,

é An Nvad ECIES: E. perofskianum, reddish orange, spring to autumn, 1 ft.,
“8ucasus.
i wee ae SPECIES: E. asperum arkansanum, yellow and white, July, 8 in.,

. America,

PERENNIAL SPECIES: B. ochroleucum, sulphur-yellow, fragrant, April to July,
Europe ;- rupestre (Syn. E. pulchellum), sulphur-yellow, fragrant, spring, 1 ft.,
Asia Minor.

Erythrzea (Blush-wort; Centaury)._Ord. Gentianacew. Hardy
annual or perennial alpine plants.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny rockeries. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in
cold frame in April; division of plants in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: E. centaurium, pink, June to Sept., 6 to 15 in., Britain;
Muhlenbergi, pink and white, summer, 6 to 8 in., California.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: Massoni, rose, summer, 4 to 6 in., Azores.

Erythrina (Coral-tree)—Ord. Leguminose. Half-hardy herba-
ceous perennials & greenhouse deciduous shrubs. Flowering & orn.
foliage. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam,
peat, well-decayed manure & sand. Position, pot in warm greenhouse,
or at base of south wall S. of England. Pot or plant, March. Prune
shoots away close to old wood in Oct. Water freely April to Sept. ;
keep almost dry remainder of time. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Store plants in pots on their sides in green-
house during winter.. Place in light part of structure March to June,
then stand in sunny position outdoors. Protect outdoor plants with
covering of ashes.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Compost, same as above.
Position, pot in warm sunny greenhouse. Pot, March. Cut down
flowering stems in autumn. Water freely April to Sept.; keep nearly
dry afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to Sept.
60° to 70°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots removed in sprin
with portion of old wood attached & inserted singly in well-draine

156

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

pots of sandy peat in temp. 75°; herbaceous species by division in
spring.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: E. Crista-galli ;
8 ft, Brovil rista-galli (Coral Tree), scarlet, June to Aug., 6 to

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: E. herbacea, scarlet, June to Sept., 3 to 4 ft., W.
Indies; Bidwelli, scarlet, hybrid.

Erythronium (Dog’s-tooth Violet; Yellow Adder’s-tongue).—
Ord. Liliacew. Hardy bulbous perennials. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat & leaf-mould. Position,
sheltered rockeries, beds, borders, or under shade of trees. Plant
bulbs 3in. deep & 2in. apart in Aug. Transplant very seldom. Top-
dress annually with decayed manure. Propagate by offsets in Aug.

POT CULTURE: Compost, same as above. Plant bulbs lin. deep
& in. apart in well-drained ie in Aug. Store pots in cold frame
during winter. Water very little until Feb., then give a moderate
supply Place plants in greenhouse or window to flower in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. albidum, white and yellow, April, 6 in., N. America;
americanum (Yellow Adder's Tongue), golden yellow and purple, May, 6 in., N.
America; citrinum, yellow, orange, and pink, spring, 6 in., Oregon; Dens-canis
(Dog’s Tooth Violet), rose, spring, 6 in., Iurope, and its varieties, album (white),
purpureum (purple), roseum (rose), violaceum (violet); grandiflorum, white and
orange, spring, N.W. America, and its variety giganteum large); Hartwegi,
creamy white, May, 6 in., N.W., America; Hendersoni, purple-rose, March, 6 in.,
Oregon; Howelli, yellow and orange, spring, 6 in., Oregon; Johnsoni, rosy pink,
spring, S. Oregon; purpurascens, yellow, purple and orange, spring, California;
purpurascens multiflorum, lilac.

Escallonia (Chilian Gum Box).—Ord. Saxifragacee. Half-hardy
evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1827.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich, well drained. Position, against
south walls in Midlands & in open garden 8. of England. May also be

lanted against back walls of cold greenhouses. Suitable for hedges
in mild districts. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Prune straggly
shoots only in April. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in.
deep, inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass Aug. or Sept.; layering
shoots in Oct.; suckers removed & replanted in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. langleyensis (hybrid), rosy purple, June; macrantha,
crimson-red, June, 6 ft., Chiloe; montevidensis (Syn. floribunda), white, July, 10 ft.,
Monte Video; philippinana, white, July, 5 ft., Valdivia; punctata, red, July, 4 ft.,
Chili; rubra, red, July to Sept., 6 ft., Chili.

Eschscholtzia (Californian Poppy). — Ord. Papaveracex.
Hardy annuals. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained beds or
borders. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in Aug. or April where
plants are to Hower. Thin seedlings out to 2in. apart when 1 in. high.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. californica, orange-yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Cali
fornia; californica crocea, orange. Numerous varieties will be found in trade lists.

Eucalyptus (Australian Gum; Blue Gum).—Ord. Myrtacee.
Greenhouse & half-hardy evergreen trees. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1810. Leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, fragrant. :

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part leaf-mould,:
charcoal & sand. Position, pots in greenhouse heated to temp. 45°
to 50° in winter, 55° to 60° other times; dwelling-rooms, sunny beds
outdoors in summer; sheltered places outdoors all the year S. of Eng-
land. Pot, March or April. Plant outdoors June; lift, Oct. Water
plants in pots moderately Oct. to April, freely afterwards. Pruning
not required. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in pots of sandy soil
in temp. 65° in Feb., March or April; young plants should be raised
aati nell for pot culture. _

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. citriodora (Citron-scented Gum), 15 to 20 ft.,
Australia; suitable for pot culture; globulus (Blue Gum), 15 to 20 ft., Australia,
pera or outdoors; Gunnii, 15 to 20 ft., suitable for outdoor culture; resinifera, 30 to

Eucharidium.—oOrd. Onagrariew. Hardy annuals. First in-
troduced 1787. ;

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained beds
or borders. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep where plants are to

row in Aug. or Sept. for early summer flowering, in March or April

or mid-summer flowering, & June for autumn flowering. Thin seed-
lings to 2in. apart when 1 in. high.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Breweri, white, lilac, and purple, summer, 8 in.,
California; concinnum, purple, summer, 1 ft., California.

Eucharis (Amazon Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacez. Stove bulbous
flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1851.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, decom-
posed sheep manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots on a bed or
stage heated beneath to temp. 85° in plant stove. Pot in June or July,
placing six bulbs in a 10in. pot. Press compost down firmly. Repot-
ting not needful oftener than once every three or four years. Water
moderately Oct. to April, freely afterwards. Syringe freely in sum-
mer. Liquid manure apply twice a week after flower stems appear.
Top-dress established plants annually in March with rich compost.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to Dec. 55° to 65°; Dec. to
March 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in sandy soil in
temp. 85° in Feb. or Maroh; offsets removed from old bulbs & placed
singly in 3 in. pots in June or July. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. candida, white, autumn, 1 ft., Colombia; grandi-
flora (Syn. E. amazonica), white, March to Dec., 1 to 2 ft., Colombia, and its
varieties, Lowii, Moorei and fragrans; Mastersii, white, spring, 12 to 18 in.,
Colombia; Sanderi, white and yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in., Colombia; Stevensii,
white and yellow, spring, 1 ft., hybrid.

Eucomis (Pine-apple Flower; King’s Flower).—Ord. Liliacez.
Half-hardy bulbous flowering plants. Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good
Hope. First introduced 1760.

OT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-
decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots in light, warm
greenhouse. Pot, Oct. or March, placing one bulb in a 5in. pot.
Water very little Sept. to March, moderately March to May, freely
afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to
65°. Apply liquid manure occasionally when flower spike shows.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, sunny,
well-drained border. Plant, Sept., Oct. or March, placing bulbs 3 in.
below surface & Gin. apart. Protect in winter by covering of ashes,
cocoanut-fibre refuse or manure. Propagate by offsets removed &
transplanted in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. punctata, green and brown, Aug., 18 in. to 2 ft.;
regia, green and purple, spring, 2 ft.; undulata, green, May, 2 ft.

cy ats cal aaa aes Rosacew. Half-hardy evergreen flowering
shrub.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, warm shrubberies;
against S. or 8.W. walls; or in cold greenhouse. Plant in autumn.
Propagate by layers in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED :E. pinnatifolia, white, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Chili.

Eugenia (Fruiting Myrtle)—Ord. Myrtacerw. Stove & green-
house flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1768. Fruit,
black, rose; globular, fragrant, edible; autumn.

158

ENCYOLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: ie ak two parts sandy loam, one leaf-mould or sand.
Pot, Feb. or March. Position, pots in stove or greenhouse. Water
moderately Oct. to April, freely afterwards. Syringe April to Aug.
Prune straggly shoots in March. Temp. for stove species, 55° to 65°:
Sept. to March; 65° to 75° March to Sept.; for greenhouse species, 40°
to 50° Oct. to March, 55° to 65° March to Oct. Propagate by cuttings
of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to:
75° inssummer. See also the genus Myrtus.

STOVE SPECIES: E. capyaphe late. white, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Moluccas;
Jambos (Rose Apple), white, summer, 20 ft., Trop. Asia; malaccensis (Malay
Apple), scarlet, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Malaya.
oR PeNBOURE SPECIES: E. myriophylla, leaves narrow and elegant, 6 ft.,

Eulalia.—See Miscanthus.

Euonymus (Spindle-tree; Japanese Spindle-tree).— Ord Cela-
straces. Hardy & half-hardy deciduous & evergreen shrubs. Orn.
re e. Leaves mostly oval-shaped, green, or variegated with white
¢ yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, deciduous species in shrub-
beries; evergreen species against south or west walls, edgings to beds,
window boxes, hedges & front of shrubberies. Plant deciduous species
in Sept., Oct. or Nov.; evergreen in Sept., Oct., March or April. Prune,
Oct. or April. Good seaside shrubs,

POT CULTURE OF EVERGREEN SPECIES: Compost, two parts
loam, one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in cool
greenhouse, corridors, balconies, windows. Pot, Sept., Oct. or March.
Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Syringe foliage fre-
quently in summer. Propagate by cuttings of shoots of previous year’s
growth, 3in. long, inserted in sandy soil in cool greenhouse, window
or frame, in Sept. or Oct.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: E. americanus, 2 ft., United States; atropurpureus,
10 ft., N. America; europzus, 10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain) and Siberia; latifolius,
8 ft., Europe and Asia.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: BE. japonicus, leaves green, 4 to 6 ft., China and Japan;
and its varieties albo-marginata (leaves margined with white), aureus (leaves
yellow), latifolius albo-variegatus (leaves broad and variegated with white), ovatus

purens (leaves golden); radicans, 1 ft., Japan, and its silvery and golden-leaved
orms.

Eupatorium (Hemp Agrimony).—Ord. Composite. Hardy her-
baceous and greenhouse shrubby plants.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
borders, shrubberies. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts loam & dried cow manure with a little sand. Position,

ots in light greenhouse Sept. to June; cold frame June to Sept. Pot,

arch to April. Prune immediately after flowering. Water mode-
rately Sept. to March, feely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 45°
to 50°; March to June 55° to 60°. Apply liquid manure frequently to
plants in flower. Both species may be planted out in the open garden
in June, have their shoots frequently pinched, & then be lifted & placed
in pots for flowering in greenhouse.

Propagate hardy species by division in Oct, or March; greenhouse
species by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. £5°
to 65° in March or April.

HARDY SPECIES: E. ageratoides, white, summer, 2 to 4 ft., N. Ameriea;
cannabium (Hemp Agrimony), reddish purple, July, 2 to 4 ft., Britain; purpureum
(Trumpet Weed), purplish, autumn, 3 to 6 ft., N. America.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: E. atrorubens (Syn. Hebeclinium atrorubens), red, Jan,

159

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

to March, 12 to 18 in., Mexico; ianthemum (Syn. Hebeclinium ianthinum), purple,
winter, 2 ft., Mexico;riparium, white, spring, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; weinmannianum
(Syn. E. odoratum), white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico

Euphorbia & urge; Caper Spurge; Poinsettia)—Ord. Euphor-
biaces. Stove an taciy flowering shrubs or herbs.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam
& peat with liberal amount of sand. Position, sunny dry part of stove,
with shoots trained up roof, wall, or on trellis. Pot, March or June.
Water moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep almost dry Jan. to May; freely
afterwards. Temp., Jan. to May 50° to 55°; May to Sept. 65° to 75°;
Sept, to Jan. 55° to 65°. Prune E. fulgens in June, cutting shoots back
to within 1 in. of base.

CULTURE OF POINSETTIA: Flowers, insignificant. Bracts, scar.
let, white; winter. Foliage, green or variegated with creamy white.
Compost, four parts fibrous loam, one part decayed cow manure, &
half a part silver sand. Position, pots or beds with shoots trained to
back wall of stove. Youne Puants: Place old plants in temp. 65° to
75° in May. Remove young shoots when 2 to 3 in. long, insert singly
in 2in. pots filled with sandy loam & peat, and plunge to the rims in
bottom heat of 85°, under a bell-glass or in propagator. When rooted,
place singly in 4 in, pots, plunge again in bottom heat for a few days,
then remove to shelf near glass. As soon as well rooted transfer to
6 or 8in. pots, keep near glass for week or so, then gradually harden,
place in cold sunny frame until Sept., when remove to temp, 55°.
Shade from mid-day sun when in cold frame. Water freely. Syringe
twice daily. Ventilate freely on fine days. Transfer plants into temp.
60° to 65° end of Sept. Water moderately. Apply stimulants twice
a week. After flowering remove to a temp. of 40° to 45°, keep roots

uite dry & store pots on their side under staging. Oup Puants: Prune
shoots, unless required for pe cuttings, to second latent bud or
eye from their base, end of April. When new shoots form 1 in. long,
turn plants out of their pots, remove old soil from roots, cut off the
straggling ends of latter, & repot in pots just large enough to take roots
& little compost. Place in temp. 65° to 75° from pruning time. Repot
into larger size when small pots are filled with roots. Place in cold
sunny frame or pits during July & rae Water & syringe freely. Re-
move to temp. 55° to 60°, Sept.; 60° to 70°, Oct. onwards. Apply stimu-
lants twice a week Oct., until bracts are fully developed, then cease.
After flowering, treat as advised for young plants. Beds: Compost, as
above. Plant, July. Train the shoots thinly to wall. Water freely
while growing; after flowering keep quite dry. Prune shoots to within
one latent bud of their base, end of Sept. Temp., April to Sept. 65°
to 75°; Sept. to April 55° to 60°. Average height of a well-grown
young plant 12 to 18 in. Average diameter of a well-grown head of
bracts 10 to 15 in, :

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, dry
borders, banks, sunny rockeries. Plant, March or April,

PropaGateE stove species by cuttings of young shoots 3in. long in-
serted in well-drained pots of sandy compost in temp. 70° in May, June
or July; hardy species by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
in summer, secds sown in diyish positions outdoors in April, division of
plants in Oct. or April.

STOVE SPECIES: E. fulgens (Syn. E. jacquineflora), scarlet, autumn and
winter, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; pulcherrima (Syn. Poinsettia pulcherrima), scarlet,
autumn, 3 to 6 ft., Mexico; punicea, scarlet, April, 6 ft., Jamaica; splendens,
red, summer, 4 ft., Madagascar.

160

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

HARDY SPECIES: E. Cyparissias (Cypress Spurge), yellow, June, 2 ft., Europe;
lathyris (Caper Spurge), yellow, June and July, 3’to 4 th, biennial, Europe;
Myrsinites, yellow, summer, trailing, S. Europe.

European Bex Thorn (Lycium europeum).—See Lycium.

European Cyclamen (Cyclamen europzum).—See Cyclamen.

European Palm (Chamerops humilis)—See Chamerops.

Eurya.—Ord. Ternstrémiacex. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Orn.
foliage. Nat, Japan. First introduced 1871. Leaves, ovate, green,
creamy white & yellow.

_OULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in cool greenhouses, dwelling-rooms or windows. Pot, March
or April. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. May be
grown against south wall outdoors in 8. of England & Ireland. Propa-

gate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 60°
to 65° in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. japonica variegata, leaves green and white, 5 ft.,

India, China, and Japan; latifolia variegata, leaves broad, green and creamy
white, 6 ft.

Eurycles (Brisbane Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Stove bulbous
plants. First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Compost, three parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, well-drained pots in light part of stove. Pot,
Feb. Water freely March to Sept., keep nearly dry remainder of
time. Temp. for stove species, Sept. to March 50° to 55°; March to

Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by offsets removed & placed singly in small
pots in Feb,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Cunninghami, white, July, 1 ft., Australia; cubensis,
white, Aug., 1 ft., Malaya and Australia.

Euterpe. — Ord. Palmacez. Stove ornamental-leaved plants.
First introduced 1656.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand.
Pot, Feb. to March. Position, pots in shady part of stove. Water
freely always. Shade from sun. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°;
Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in
above compost, in temp. 85° in sprin

g.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. edulis, 10 to 20 ft., Trop. America; oleracea, 10 to
20 ft., Brazil; speciosa, 10 to 20 ft.

Evening Flower.—See Hesperantha.

Evening Primrose (Cnothera bieunis)—See Cnothera.
Evening Star (Cooperia Drummondi).—See Cooperi.
Evergreen Alkanet (Anchusa sempervirens).—See Anchusa.
Evergreen Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens).—See Iberis.
Evergreen Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). — See

Cupressus.

Evergreen Fire-thorn (Crategus pyracantha).—See Crate-
us.

5 Evergreen Maple (Acer heterophyllum).—See Acer.
Evergreen Oak (Quercus Ilex).—See Quercus.
Evergreen Orpine (Sedum Anacampseros).—See Sedum.
Evergreen Privet (Ligustrum vulgare semperflorens).—Se

Ligustrum. =
Evergreen Rose (Rosa sempervirens).—See Rosa.
Everlasting Flowers.—See Helipterum, Helichrysum, Wait-

zia, & Xeranthemum.

Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus latifolius).—See Lathyrus.
Everlasting Sand-flower (Ammobium alatum). — See
Ammcbium. ial
G

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Eve’s-cushion (Saxifraga hypnoides).—See Saxifraga.

Ewer’s Stonecrop (Sedum Ewersi)._See Sedum.

Exacum.— 0rd. Gentianacex. Stove annuals amd perennials.
First introduced 1848.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, pots

in light part of plant stove. Water freely. Temp., 65° to 75°. Pro-
agate by seeds sown on surface of fine compost in temp. 75° to 80°

in April, transplanting seedlings when large enough to handle into

small pots & thence into a larger size later on; perennial species also by

cuttings.

_ PERENNIAL SPECIES: E. affine, bluish lilac, fragrant, June to Oct., 6 in.,
ocotra,

Gaene SPECIES: E. zelanicum macranthum, violet purple, autumn, 2 ft.,
eylon.

Exeter Elm (Ulmus montana var. fastigiata)—See Ulmus.

Exeter Oak (Quercus var. crispa).—See Quercus.

Exochorda (Pearl Bush)—Ord. Rosacex. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1854.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies. Plant, Oct.
to Feb. Prune after flowering. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy
soil in cold frame in spring or autumn; cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in summer; grafting on portions
of its own roots in temp. 60° in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: E. Alberti, white, May, 5 to 6 ft., Turkestan; grandi-
flora (Syn. Spirea grandiflora), white, May, 6 ft., China.

Fabiana (False Heath).—Ord. Solanacew. Hardy flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, against south or west walls;
cool greenhouses N. of England. Plant, Oct. or April. Water plants
in pots moderately in winter, freely in summer. Repot, March or
April. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass in cold greenhouse, or in cold frame in March or

April.

EPECIES OULTIVATED: F. imbricata, white, May, 3 ft., Chili.

Fagopyrum (Buckwheat).—Ord. Polygonaceery. Hardy annual.
Grown for yielding seed for pheasant and poultry feeding; also for
ploughing or digging in asa green manure. Good bee plant also.

CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy, or brashy; clay unsuitable. Sow in
May in shallow drills Gin. to 8in. apart. Harvest when greatest
amount of seed has matured, as seeds do not ripen all at once. Cut
early in morning when moist with dew. Plough or dig in as green
manure when flowering begins. Seed to sow an acre, 1 bushel.
Average yield per acre, 25 to 30 bushels. Weight of a bushel of seeds,

50 lb. rab press bushel, 5s. to 6s.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: F. esculenteum, pink and white, summer, 3 ft., Central

818.

Fagus (Beech).—Ord. Cupulifere. Hardy deciduous & evergreen
orn. foliage trees. Leaves, oblong, light green, silver striped, golden
striped, pe purple.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy or chalky, & gravelly loam. Position, open
dryish shrubberies, lawns, copses; also good seaside tree. Plant
deciduous species & varieties Oct. to Feb.; evergreen, Sept. or April.
Common species (F. sylvatica) good hedge shrub. Plant 9in. apart &
keep sides closely trimmed. Timber used for making joiners’ tools,
gun stocks, saddle trees, & wheel felloes. Average value per cubic foot
10d. to 1s. 7d, Propagate by seeds sown } in, deep in rows 15 in. apart

162

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in March or April, transplanting seedlings when two years old; varie-
gated kinds by grafting in March on common species.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Cunninghamii, evergreen, 20 to 30 ft., Terra del
Fuego; sylvatica (Common Beech), 70 to 80 ft., deciduous, Europe (Britain); and its

varieties, cuprea (Copper Beech), heterophylla, incisa and quercifolia (Out-leaved
Beeches), pendula ere. Beech), purpurea, (Purple Beech) and argenteo-varie-
gatis (Silver-leaved Beech).

Fair Maids of February (Galanthus nivalis). — See
Galanthus.

Fair Maids of France (Ranunculus aconitifolius, Saxifraga
granulata).—See Ranunculus, Saxifraga.

F air Maids of Kent (Ranuuculus aconitifolius)—See Ranun-
culus.

Fairy Borage (Eritrichium nanum).—See Erithrichium.

Fairy Fingers (Digitalis purpurea).—See Digitalis.

Fairy Floating Moss (Azolla caroliniana).—See Azolla.
alee Forget-me-not (Eritrichium nanum). — See Eritri-
chium.

Fairy Heron’s-bill (Erodium Reichardi).—See Erodium.

Fairy Rose (Rosa indica minima).—See Rosa.

Fairy Wallflower (Erysimum pumilum).—See Erysimum.

False Acacia.—See Robinia. — :

Fels Brome Grass (Brachypodium distachyon).—See Brachy-

um.
False Chamomile (Boltonia asteroides).—See Boltonia.

False Cherry (Prunus pseudo-cerasus).—See Prunus.

False Dragon’s Head (Physostegia virginiana). — See
Physostegia.

False Goat’s-beard (Astilbe japonica).—See Astilbe.

False Grape (Vitis quinquefolia).—See Vitis.

False Heath.—See Fabiana.

False Hellebore (Veratrum nigrum).—See Veratrum.

False Hemp (Datisca cannabina).—See Datisca.

False Honeysuckle (Rhododendron pontica)—See Rhodo-
dengron.

False Indigo (Baptisia australis)—See Baptisia.

False Mallow.—See Malvastrum.

False Mitre-wort (Tiarella cordifolia)—See Tiarella.

False Plantain.—See Heliconia.

False Starwort (Boltonia asteroides).—See Boltonia.

Fancy Pansy (Viola tricolor).—See Viola.

Fan Palm (Chamzrops humilis)—See Chamerops.

Fan Palm (Sabal blackburniana)—See Sabal.

Farfugium.—See Senecio.

Fatsia (Japanese Aralia; Rice Paper-plant; Fig-leaf Palm).—
Ord. Araliacew. Half-hardy orn. foliaged shrubs.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
part leaf-mould, decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots
in cool greenhouse, or dwelling-room. Pot, Feb., March, or April.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept to
April 40° to 50°; April to Sept. 55° to 65°. :

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well-drained. Position,
sheltered shrubberies in warm districts. Requires protection in severe
weather. Plant, May. Propagate by cuttings of roots inserted in
light soil in temp. 89° in March or April; variegated kinds by grafting

163 G2

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

on common species in temp. 75° in March or April; tall plants by stem-
sens in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. horrida, leaves palmate and spiny, 4 to 6 ft., Japan,

etc,; japonica (Syn. Aralia Sieboldii), the Japanese Aralia or Fig-leaf Palm,

leaves green, palmate, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, a popular room and greenhouse plant;
papyrifera (Chinese Rice Paper-plant), syn. Aralia papyrifera, 6 to 8 ft., China.
There are silver and golden variegated forms of F. japonica.

Feather-few (Chrysanthemum Parthenium).—See Chrysanthe-
mum.

Feather-foil (Hottonia palustris)—See Hottonia.

Feather Grass (Stipa pennata & Eragrostis elegans). — See
Stipa & Eragrostis.

Fedia eat of Plenty). — Ord. Valerianacee. Hardy annual.
First introduced 1796. y

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds, rockeries, or bor-
ders. Propagate by seeds sown in boxes or pots of light soil in temp.
55° in March, transplanting into borders in May; or outdoors in April
where plants are to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. Cornucopie, red, lilac, rose, and carmine, July,
6 in., S. Europe.

Feea.—See Trichomanes .

Felt-wort (Verbascum Thapsus).—See Verbascum.

Female Oak (Quercus pedunculata).—See Quercus.

Fennel (Feeniculum vulgare).—See Foeniculum.

Fennel Flower (Nigella damascena).—See Nigella.

Fennel-leaved Pzeony (Pzonia tenuifolia)—See Pzonia.

Fen Rue (Thalictrum flavum).—See Thalictrum.

Fenugreek (Trigonella fenum groseum).—See Trigonella.

Fenzlia.—See Gilia.

Fern-leaved Beech (Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia). — See
Fagus.

Fern-leaved Birch (Betula populifolia laciniata).—See Betula

Fern-leaved Chestnut (Centanen vesca asplenifolia)—See
Castanea.

Fern-leaved Sumach (Rhus glabra laciniata).—See Rhus.

Fern-leaved Weeping Birch (Betula populifolia pendula).
See Betula.

Fern Palm (Cycas revoluta).—See Cycas.

Ferraria (Black Iris)—Ord. Iridacer. Hardy & half-hardy
bulbous plants. Deciduous. First introduced 1755.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one peat. Position, eool greenhouse. Pot, Nov. Place bulbs
with point just below surface & 1 to 2in. apart. Water occasionally
Nov. to Feb.; moderately Feb. to June; keep quite dry July to Nov.
Temp., Nov. to Feb. 40° to 45°; Feb. to June, 50° to 60°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy. Position, sunny well-
drained border. Plant in March or April 2 to 3in. deep. Lift bulbs
in Nov. & store in cool, dry, frost-proof Hinge until planting time, or
protect in ground by covering of ashes, decayed leaves, or ianure in
winter. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in well-drained pots of
sandy soil in temp. 50° to 60° in March or April; by offsets at potting
or planting time. 3

SPECIES OLUTIVATED: F. undulata, brown and purple, March and April,
6 to 8 in., S. Africa.

Ferula (Giant Fennel).—Ord. Umbelliferea. Hardy herbaceous
164

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

plants. Orn. foliage. Tirst introduced 1596. Foliage, elegant, fern-
like, deep green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open, margins of shrubberies,
borders, ponds, isolated on lawns & summits of rockeries or banks.
Plant, Nov. to March. Propagate by seeds sown in Sept., Oct., or
Nov. in light soil outdoors, transplanting seedlings following summer ;
division of roots in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. communis (Giant Fennel), yellow, June, 8 to 12 ft.,

Mediterranean Region; glauca, yellow, June, 6 to 8 ft., &. Europe; tingitana,
yellow, June, 6 to 8 ft., N. Africa.

Fescue Grass (Festuca ovina).—_See Festuca.

Festuca (Fescue Grass)—Ord. Graminee. Hardy perennial
grasses. Orn. foliage.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings of flower
beds or borders. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, cold or warm greenhouses & windows. Pot, March
or April. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Propagate
by seeds sown outdoors in Apri!; division of tufts at potting or planting
time.

phe CULTIVATED: F. uvina glauca, leaves bristly, glaucous green, 6 in.,
ritalin.

Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium).—See Chrysanthemum.

Fever Tree (Eucalyptus globulus).—See Eucalyptus.

Ficus (Fig-tree; India Rubber-plant).—Ord. Urticacew. Stove,
greenhouse & hardy deciduous & evergreen trees & shrubs. Orn.
foliage & fruit-bearing. Flowers unisexual, borne inside the fruit.

CULTURE OF TENDER SPECIES :Compost, three parts loam, one
part peat & sand. Position, erect species (F. elasticus,-etc.) in pots
in stove, greenhouse, or dwelling-rooms; creeping species (F. pumila)
in beds with shoots clinging to walls, rockeries, etc. Pot or plant,
Feb., March, or April. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely after-
wards. Syringe stove species daily Feb. to Aug. Temp. for stove
species, 55° to 65° Oct. to Feb., 75° to 85° Feb. to Oct.; for greenhouse
species, 50° to 55° Sept. to March, 60° to 70° March to Sept.

CULTURE OF INDIA RUBBER-PLANT IN ROOMS: Compost, see
above. Position, light, near window, away from draughts. Pot,
March or April. Water once a week Nov. to March, twice & three
times weekly other times. Temp., Sept. to April 40° to 50°; April to
Sept. 55° to 60°. _ Sponge leaves weekly. ee

OUTDOOR CULTURE IN SUMMER: Plunge pots to rim in sunny
beds middle of June. Lift & place in greenhouse again in Sept.
Water freely daily. ' : ;

Propagate tender species by cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy
peat in a temp. of 75° in spring or summer ; cuttings of stem, 1 in. long,
and with one leaf attached, slightly burying stem portion in soil and
supporting leaf with a stake, aud placing in above temp. ; stem-rooting
in case of tall india-rubber plants in spring. Expose cuttings to air
for a short time to allow base to dry before inserting in soil.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF FIG: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one
part brick rubbish & old mortar. Position, against south or south-
west walls. Plant, April, in border 2 ft. deep & 3ft. wide, enclosed
with brick or concrete wall. Mode of bearing: Entire length of
previous year’s shoots; only one crop borne outdoors in England.
Prune, April or July, simply removing deformed, dead, or very weak

165

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

branches. Pinch point off vigorous young shoots in July. Apply
liquid manure once, in Aug. to trees bearing heavily. Figlets size of
filberts remove in Sept. or Oct. Protect branches in Dec. with straw
or mats, removing both in April. :

CULTURE OF FIG UNDER GLASS: Compost, position, border, time
of eee as above. Branches trained up roof or against wall.
Mode of bearing: On shoots of previous year’s growth for first crop;
those of current year for second crop. Prune & pinch as above.
Disbud young shoots when too many are forming. Water & syringe
freely in summer. Apply liquid manure occasionally in summer.
Temp. for forcing, 50° to 65°,

POT CULTURE OF FIG: Compost, turfy loam, little bonemeal.
Position, ordinary greenhouse, vinery or forcing house. Pot, Nov. to
April. Size of pots, 10 or 12in. Water freely when growing, very
little when not. Apply liquid manure twice weekly to trees bearing
fruit. Syringe daily when in growth. Pinch points off young shoots
when latter are 9in. long. Protect pots with covering of straw Nov.
to Jan. & partially expose branches to the air.

Propagate the fig by seeds sown in light soil in a temp. of 65° to
70° in Jan., afterwards growing seedlings on in pots until they bear fruit
and it can be seen if they are worth growing ; cuttings of previous year’s
shoots 6in. long and having a heel of older wood attached at base, in-
serted in a warm border outdoors or in pots in gentle heat between Oct.
and March; cuttings of young shoots, 3 or 4in. long, removed with a
heel of older wood, and inserted in pots of light sandy soil in a propa-
gating frame (temp. 70°) in June; layering shoots in summer; grafting
by approach just after tree comes into leaf; budding in July; suckers
removed in autumn.

TENDER SPECIES: F. elastica (India-rubber Plant), leaves green, India;
elastica variegata, leaves variegated; Parcelli, leaves green and white, Polynesia;
pumila (Syn. E. repens), leaves green, shoots creeping (a good plant for covering
walis), Japan; pumila minima, oa smaller variety; radicaus variegata, leaves

variegated with silver.
wee SPECIES: F. Carica (Fig), Mediterranean Region; introduced in

Figt.—See Ficus.

Fig Marigold (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum).—See Mesem-
bryanthemum.

ig Tree (Ficus carica).—See Ficus.

Filbert (Corylus Avellana).—See Corylus.

Filmy Ferns.—See Hymenophyllum, Todea, & Trichomanes,

Finger Fern (Asplenium ceterach).—See Asplenium.

Finger Flower (Digitalis purpurea).—See Digitalis.

Fir.—See Abies, Picea, & Pinus.

Fire Bush (Crategus pyracantha).—See Crategus.

Fire Cracker (Brevoortia Ida-Maia and Cuphea platycentra).—
See Brevoortia & Cuphea.

Fish-bone Thistle (Cnicus Casabonz).—See Cnicus.

Fittonia.—Ord. Acanthacem. Stove evergreen perennial trailing

lants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1869. Leaves, dark green or
right green, with red or pure white veins.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
shallow pans, pots, or surface of beds in shady part of plant stove, also
in Wardian cases. Water moderately Nov. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Temp., Oct. to March 55° to 60°; March to Oct. 65° to 75°, Propagate

166

ENOYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 75° to 85°

under bell-glass in Feb., March, or April; division of plants in Feb. or
March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: F. argyroneura, leaves green, veined with white, 6 in.,
Peru; gigantea, leaves green, veined with red, 12 to 15 in., Peru; Verschaffeltii,
leaves green, veined with red, 8 in., Peru.

Five-leaved Indian Cress (Tropzolum pextaphyllum).—See
Tropeolum,

ag (Iris germanica).—See Iris.

Flame Flower (Tropzolum speciosum).—See Tropzxolum.

Flamingo Piant (Anthurium Scherzerianum).—See Anthurium.

Flannel Flower (Actinotis Helianthi)._See Actinotis.

Flannel Plant (Verbascum Thapsus).—See Verbascum.

Flat Pea.—See Platylobium.

Flax.—See Linum.

Flax Lily (Phormium tenax).—See Phormium.

Fleabane.—See Inula and Erigeron.

Fiesh-coloured Speedwell (Veronica incarnata). — See
Veronica,

Fleur-de-Lis (Iris pseudo-acorus).—See Iris.

Florence Oil-plant (Olea europza).—See Olea.

Florentine Iris (Iris florentina).—See Iris.

Florentine Rock-rose (Cistus florentinus).—See Cistus.

Florida Water Lily (Nymphza flava)_See Nymphza.

Floss-flower (Ageratum mexicanum).—See Ageratum.

Flower-de-Luce (Iris pseudo-acorus).—See Iris.

Flower Fern.—See Anemia.

Flowering Ash (Fraxinus Ornus).—See Fraxinus.

Flowering Currant (Ribes sanguinea).—See Ribes.

Flowering Dogwood (om florida).—See Cornus.

Flowering Fern (Osmunda regalis).—See Osmunda.

Flowering: Grass (Lapeyrousia cruenta).—See Lapeyrousia.

ee acieilat Nutmesg-tree (Leycesteria formosa).—See Ley-
ceteria.

Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus).—See Butomus.

Flower-of-a-day (Tradescantia virginica)—See Tradescantia.

Flower-of-an-hour (Hibiscus Trionum).—See Hibiscus.

Flower-of-the-Dead (Oncidium tigrinum).—See Oncidium.

Flower of the Gods (Disa grandiflora)—See Disa.

Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera xylostemma).—See Lonicera.

Fly Orchis (Ophrys mucifera).—See Ophrys.

Fly-trap (Dionza muscipula).—See Dionza.

Foam Flower (Tiarella cordifolia) —See Tiarella.

Foeniculum (Fennel). — Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy perennial
herb. Leaves used for sauces & garnishing.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, March
or April, 12in. apart in rows 15in. asunder. Remove flower stems as
soon as seen, unless seed is wanted. Propagate by seeds sown jin.
deep in drills Gin. apart in March; division of roots in March.
Briton). OULTIVATED: F. vulgare (Fennel), yellow, autumn, 2 ft., Europe

ritain).

; Forbidden Fruit (Citrus decumana).—See Citrus.

Forget-me-not.—See Myosotis.

Forked Spleenwort (Asplenium septentrionale). — See
Asplenium.

167

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Forsythia (Japanese Golden Bell-tree)—Ord. Oleacew. Hardy
flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1845.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, against south or
west walls, or in sheltered parts of shrubbery. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune after flowering. :

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in cool or warm greenhouse Dec. to May,
outdoors remainder of year. Pot, Oct. to Dec. Water very little till
March, then apply freely. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass or hand-light; or in cold frame, Oct. or Nov.;
layering in Oct. or Nov.; grafting on the privet in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. intermedia, yellow, Feb. and March, 8 ft., hybrid;
page poten, March, 8 ft., China; viridissima, yellow, March, 10 ft., China

Fortune’s Bamboo (Arundinaria Fortunei)—See Arundi-
naria,

Fortune’s Plantain Lily (Funkia Fortunei).—See Funkia.

Fothergilla (American Witch Elder). — Ord. Hamamelidee.
Hardy flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1765.

CULTURE: Compost, well-drained soil, sandy peat. Position, bor-
ders. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in pans of moist sandy peat in temp. of 45° to
55° in March or April; layering shoots in Oct. or Nov. .

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. Gardeni (Syn. F. alnifolia), white, fragrant, May,
3 to 6 ft., United States,

Fountain Plant (Amaranthus salicifolius)—See Amaranthus.

Fountain Tree (Cedrus deodora).—See Cedrus.

Fox Chop (Mesembryanthemum vulpinum).—See Mesembryan-
themum.

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea).—See Digitalis.

Fox Rose (Rosa spinosissima).—See Rosa.

Fragaria (Strawberry).—Ord. Rosacee. Hardy & half-hardy
perennial fruit-bearing & orn. trailing plants. Virginian Strawberry
first introduced 1629. . :

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES (F. indica): Compost, two
pate loam, one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in hanging

askets in cool greenhouse or window, or on sunny mdlsicained rockery.
Pot or plant, March. Water moderately. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally in summer.

CULTURE OF STRAWBERRY: Soil, deep rich sandy loam; clay
unsuitable. Position, open plots or borders, trenched 2{ft. deep;
alpine kind under shade of trees or on banks. Plant, Aug., Sept., or
March 18 in. apart in rows 24 ft. asunder; alpines Gin. apart. Mulch
annually with manure in March, & a thin layer of straw in May.
Suitable artificial manure, 1 oz. sulphate of potash, 2.0z. superhosphate
applied in autumn, & loz. of nitrate of soda per square yard, applied
when fruit has set. Remove runners when they appear. No digging
between rows necessary. Renew beds every three or four years.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds calcareous loam, one-third
decayed manure, little bone dust. Position, on bed of cinder ashes
outdoors Aug. to Oct.; frames Oct. to Jan.; greenhouses or vineries
after Jan. Pot dngly in Gin. pots in Aug. Water moderately till
Oct., very little till Jan., freely afterwards. Fertilize blossoms by
means of camel-hair brush. hin fruit when set to a few on each
plant. Feed with liquid manure after fruit has set until it begins to

168

= ENOYOLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

ripen. Plant out in garden after fruiting. Temp. for forcing: Jan.
to March 45° to 55°; March to ripening period, 65° to 75°. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in light soil outdoors, or in boxes in green-
house in March or April; by runners on plants that fruit freely.
Pegged on surface of soil in 3 in. pots in June or July, or by removing
rooted runners in Aug. Runners rooted into pots best for pot culture.

Market CuirureE: Soil, loam overlying chal or gravel. Position,
open, not too dry or moist. Plant, Aug to Nov., 18in. apart
in rows 2ft. 6in. asunder. Number of plants per acre, 11,000.
Average cost per acre: Plants, £3; preparing land, £7; manure, £5;
planting, 10s.; trimming, 15s.; gathering fruit, £8; annual manuring,
£5; yield, 2 tons; gross returns, £42; net returns, £25, Manures:
Farmyard dung, 20 tons; bonemeal, 3cwt.; and kainit, 1} cwt. per

acre, applied in winter; soot, 40 bushels ber acre applied in spring.

SPEOL CULTIVATED: F. chiloensis (Chili Strawberry), white, May, 1 ft.,
fruit crimson, Chili, ornamental; elatior (Hautbois Strawberry), white, summer,
6 in., fruit red, aroma musky, edible, Murope (Britain); chiloensis grandiflora
(Pine Strawberry), white, May, 1 ft., fruit, pineapple flavoured, edible, Chili;
Collina (Green Pine Strawberry), white, May, 6 in., fruit green, pineapple
flavoured, edible, Europe; indica (Indian Strawberry), yellow, June, trailing,
India, an ornamental species suited for rockeries or hanging baskets; virginiana
(Scarlet Strawberry), white, May, fruit scarlet, edible, United States, parent of
the many forms of garden strawberries.

Fragile Bellflower iCempenela fragilis) See Campanula.

Fragrant Garland Flower (Hedychium coronarium).—See
Hedychium.

Francoa (Maiden’s Wreath; Wedding-flower).—Ord. Saxifra-
gacew. Hardy & half-hardy perennial plants. First introduced 1830.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light rich loam. Position, sunny shel-
tered borders, banks, or rockeries. Plant, March or April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in cool greenhouse, frame, or
window. Pot, March or April. Water moderately Oct. to April, freely
afterwards. Apply little liquid or artificial manure to plants in
flower. Temp., Oct. to April 40° to 50°; April to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Propagate by seeds sown on the surface of a well-drained pan of sandy
peat under bell-glass in temp. of 50° to 55° in February, March, or
April; division of plants at potting time.

PECIES CULTIVATED: F. appendiculata, red, July, 1 to 2 ft., Chili; ramosa,
white, July and August, 2 ft., Chili; sonchifolia, pink, summer, 2 ft., Chili.

Frankenia (Sea Heath).—Ord. Frankeniacew. Hardy flowering
plants. Evergreen. Habit, creeping.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, sunny dry rockeries or
borders. Plant, October or April. Propagate by division of plants in
Oct. or April; seeds in cold frame in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. levis, rose, July and Aug., Europe (Britain).

Frangipanni-plant (Plumiera acutifolia).—See Plumiera.

Frankincense (Mohria caffrorum).—See Mohria.

Fraser’s Balsam (Abies Fraseri).—See Abies.

Fraxinella (Dictamnus albus).—See Dictamnus.

Fraxinus (Ash; Flowering Ash; Manna Ash). — Ord. Oleacez.
Hardy deciduous trees. Orn. foliage & flowering. Flowers, white,
green, yellow; March to May. ;

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish, sheltered. Suitable
for seaside gardens, towns, chalky or gravelly situations. Plant, Oct.
to Feb. Prune, Oct. to March. Timber used. for tool handles, wooden
rakes, ploughs, hoops, dairy utensils, and agricultural implements;

169

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

also by cabinet makers for furniture making. Average value of timber
per cubic ft. 1s. 6d. to 2s. Average life, 300 years. Timber reaches
maturity at 70 years. Highest altitude at which it will thrive, 1,350 it.
Weight of a cubic foot of timber, 48lb. No. of cubic feet to a ton, 48.
Propagate by seeds, buried in dry sand for a year, then sown 1 in. deep
in light soil outdoors in Feb., transplanting seedlings when a year old;
grafting on common mponies in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. americana (White Ash), 30 to 40 ft., Canada;
excelsior (Common Ash), 40 to 80 ft., Europe (Britain), and its varieties, crispa
(Curl-leaved Ash), aurea (Golden Ash), pendula (Weeping Ash); Ornus (Flowering
or Manna Ash), 20 to 30 ft., S. Europe. a

Freesia.—oOrd. Iridacee. Greenhouse bulbous plants. Deci-
duous. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. Flowers, fragrant.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts decayed manure, loam,
leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in cool greenhouse, frame, or
window. Pot, Aug. to flower in Jan., Oct. for Feb., Nov. for March,
Dec. for April. Plant bulbs lin. deep & 2in. apart. Suitable sized
pot, 44in. diameter. Stand pots in cool position & give very little
water until growth commences. Water freely when growth well
advanced & until plants have flowered, then gradually decrease supply,
keeping soil quite dry till July. Temp. not lower than 40°. Apply
weak liquid or artificial manure to plants showing flower. Repot,
annually.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny well-
drained borders 9. of England only. Plant bulbs 2in. deep & 2in.
apart in Aug. or Sept. Protect in winter. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep in pots or pans of light sandy soil in cool greenhouse or frame
as soon as ripe, or in March or April; by offsets at potting time. Do
not transplant seedlings first year.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. refracta, white and orange, May to Aug., 1 ft.;
and its varieties, Leichtlinii (yellow, cream, and oranges, alba (white), odorata
(yellow and very fragrant). Sutton’s Pink is a variety with pink blossoms.

Fremontia (Slippery Elm).—Ord. Sterculiacew. Hardy deci-
duous flowering shrub. First introduced 1851.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. = Position, against west or north walls
or fences, or in shrubberies 8. of England. Plant, Oct. to March.
Prune after flowering. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in well-
drained pee of sandy soil under bell-glass or frame in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. californica, yellow, June, 6 to 10 ft., California.

French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).—See Phaseolus.

French Fern (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum).—See Asplenium.

French Honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium). — See
Hedysarum. :

French Lavender (Lavandula Stechas’.—See Lavandula.

French Marigold (Tagetes patula).—See Tagetes.

French May (Spirea arguta).—See Spirea.

French Mulberry (Callicarpa purpurea).—See Callicarpa.

French Rose (Rosa Fe cele osa.

French Willow (Epilobium angustifolium).—See Epilobium.

Fresh-water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides).—See Stratiotes.

Fringed Buck-bean (Limnanthemum peltatum)—Sce Lim-
nanthemum.

Fringed Pink (Dianthus superbus).—See Dianthus.

Fringed Water Lily (Limnanthemum peltatum).—See Limnan-
themum.

Fringe Flower (Schizanthus pinnatus).—See Schizanthus.

170

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginica)—See Chionanthus.

Fritillaria _(Fritillary, Crown Imperial; Chequered Daffodil ;
Snake’s-head Fritillary; Persian Lily).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy bulbous
plants. Deciduous,

OUTDOOR CULTURE : Soil, ordinary, nee rich. Position, shady
borders for Crown Imperial; Snake’s-head Fritillary, borders, or
naturalised in turf; well-drained open borders for other species.
Plant, 4 to 6in. ty & 6 to Sin. apart, Sept. to Nov. Top-dress
annually with decayed manure. Do not transplant bulbs oftener than
once in four years.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould,
decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold frame or
cold greenhouse. Pot, Sept. or Oct., placing one bulb in centre of
5, 6, or 8in. pot. Water very little till growth begins, then give mode-
rate supply. Apply liquid manure when plants show flower. After
flowering gradually withhold water, keeping soil quite dry after foliage
has died. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in pots or pans of sandy
soil in cold frame or greenhouse as soon as ripe, or in spring; by
offsets at planting time. Do not transplant seedlings first year. Seed-
lings do not flower until four to six years old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. armena, yellow, April, 6 in., Asia Minor; aurea,
yellow and brown, 6 in., May, Asia Minor; citrina, green and yellow, 8 in., May,
Asia Minor; coccinea, red, May, 8 in.; Elwesii, green and brown, May, 1 ft.;
Imperialis (Crown parents yellow, May, 2 to 3 ft., Orient, and its varieties
aurora (orange), lutea (yellow), rubra (red), and aureo-marginata (leaves edged
yellow); latifolia, red, etc., May, 1 ft., Caucasus; libanotica, lilac and yellow,
May, 18 in., Syria; Meleagris (Snake’s Head), purple, yellow and white, May,
12 to 18 in., Europe (Britain); Meleagris alba, white; pallidiflora, yellow, rose and
purple, May, 9 in., Siberia; persica, violet blue, May, 2 ft., Asia Minor; pudica,
golden yellow, April, 6 in., N.W. America; recurva, orange-scarlet, May, 2 ft.,
California; ruthenica, black, May, 1 ft., Caucasus.

Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris)—See Fritillaria.

Frog-bit (Hydrocharis Morsus-ranz).—See Hydrocharis.

Frog Orchis (Habenaria viridis)—See Habenaria.

Fuchsia (Ear Drops; Lady’s Ear Drops). — Ord. Onagrareex.
Greenhouse & hardy flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced
1788.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts good
fibrous loam, one part well-decayed manure & leaf-mould, with liberal
quantity of silver or river sand. Position, shady per of greenhouse
or window March to July; sunny place outdoors July to Oct.; cool
dry part of greenhouse or room remainder of year. Pot old plants in
Feb. or March, young ones when needed. Prune old plants in Feb.
Water moderately March to May, freely May to Oct., very little at
other times. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 40° to 45°; Feb. to Oct. 55° to 65°.
Apply liquid or artificial manure to healthy plants showing flower.
Pinch out points of shoots frequently in spring & early summer to
induce bushy growth. When repotting old plants, remove soil from
roots & place In small pots till growth begins, then shift into larger
size. Syringe foliage Feb. to May. ; :

SUMMER CULTURE IN BEDS: Plant out in June. Lift, pot &
store plants in greenhouse in Sept. ; : : ;

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, deep rich. Posi-
tion, well drained borders, base of south or west walls, or in- sheltered
position in the open S. of England. Plant, Oct. or April. Prune

171.

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

shoots off close to basein Nov. Protect in winter with layer of manure
or leaves. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots
of light sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April; cuttings of young
shoots inserted singly in small pots of sandy soil in temp. 70° to 80° in
Jan., Feb., or March, or in cool greenhouse or window in April, May, or
June.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: F. fulgens, scarlet, July, 8 to 4 ft., Mexico; procum-
bens, yellow and blue, summer, magenta-crimson berries, habit trailing, New
Zealand; - splendens, scarlet, summer, 6 ft., Mexico; triphylla, cinnabar red,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico. Numerous varieties in trade lists.

HARDY SPEOIES: F. corymbiflora, scarlet, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Peru; macro-
stemma, sparlet and purple, July, 8 ft., Ohili, and its varieties, comica (scarlet),
corallina (crimson and plum), globosa (purplish red), gracilis (scarlet and purple),
and Riccartonii (eoarlaty, . :

Fulham Oak (Quercus Cerris fulhamensis).—See Quercus.

Fulham Yew (Taxus baccata erecta).—See Taxus. ;

Fumaria (Fumitory).—Ord. Fumariacea. Hardy annual climber.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, against S.E. or W. walls, in
open borders with shoots running up sticks, or against arbours &
trellis-work. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep, in April, where
plants are to grow & flower.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. capreolata, white and purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

Fume-wort (Corydalis aurea).—See Corydalis.

Fumitory.—See Corydalis.

Funereal Cypress (Cupressus funebris).—See Cupressus.

Funkia (Plantain Lily; Japanese Day Lily; Corfu Lily).—Ord.
Liliacew. Hardy orn. foliaged and herbaceous flowering plants. De-
ciduous. First introduced 1790. Flowers, fragrant. Leaves, large,
deep green or variegated with white & yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well enriched with decayed manure.
Position, open sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct. or March.
Top-dress annually with decayed manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed
manure & river sand. Position, pots in cold frame Oct. to March,
greenhouse or window March to Oct. Pot, March or April. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely March to Oct. Apply liquid manure
to healthy plants in flower. Propagate by division of crowns in Oct.,
March, or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. Fortunei, lilac, July, 18 in., Japan; lancifolia, lilac,
Aug., 9in., Japan, and its varieties alba (white), albo-marginata (leaves edged silvery
white), undulata (leaves waved), and variegata (leaves blotched with white);
ovata (Syn. F. cerulea), bluish lilac, May to July, 1 ft., Japan, and its varieties
aurea (golden leaved), and marginata (leaves edged creamy white); sieboldiana
(Syn. F. cordata), white and lilac, summer, 1 ft.; subcordata (Corfu Lily), Syn. F.
grandiflora, white, Aug., 1 ft., Japan.

Furcrzea (Giant Mexican Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidaceer. Green-
house succulent plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1690. Leaves,
long, fleshy, & armed with spines.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part old mortar & river
sand. Position, pots or tubs in greenhouses; may be stood outside
June to Sept. Water moderately April to Aug., little afterwards. Pot
every five or six years; good drainage essential. Temp., winter, 50° to
55°; summer 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets inserted in small pots at

_apy time. | \
= TES ue ea F. Ce peers green, May to Nov., 6 ft., Mexico;
elegans, green. May to Nov., i) +» Mexico; Wrightii, ' i
May: to Nov., 6 to 10 ft., Mexico. Biss green: -ond, hits,
172

ENCYCLOPEDIA O# GARDENING.

Furze (Ulex europzus).—See Ulex.

,Gagea (Yellow Star of Bethlehem).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy de-
ciduous bulbous plants.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, sunny borders, or in turf.
Plant 3in. deep & 3in. apart, Aug. to Nov. Lift only-when bulbs

unhealthy. Froparale by offsets, treated as advised for bulbs.
Gutta OULTIVATED: “G. lutea, yellow, March to May, 6 in., Europe

Gaillardia (Blanket-flower)—Ord. Composite. Hardy annual &
perennial herbaceous plants. First introduced 1787. ,

CULTURE: Soil, moderately light rich. Position, sunny well-
drained beds or borders. Plant, March or April. Apply weak liquid
manure to plants in flower. Mulch beds with decayed manure in
summer. Propagate annual & perennial species by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in shallow boxes of light mould in temp. 55° to 65° in April, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June; perennials & annuals by cuttings
of shoots issuing from roots, aces in sandy soil under hand-light
or in cold frame, Aug. to Oct., perennials by division of plants Oct. or
March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: G. amblyodon, red, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., Texas; pulchella,
crimson and yellow, 2 to 3 ft., summer, N. America; pulchella picta lorenziana,
orange, red and yellow, double, 1 ft. ; ‘

PERENNIAL SPECIES: G. aristata, yellow, autumn, 18 in., N. America. Gran-
diflora and maxima are superior forms of the latter species. .

Galanthus (Snowdrop; Fair Maids of February).—Ord. Amaryl-
lidacee. Hardy bulbous flowering plants.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, margins of
beds; groups in open or shady borders; banks, rockeries, or in turf.
Plant bulbs 2in. deep & lin. apart, Sept. to Dec. Bulbs must not be
lifted annually, only when they show signs of deterioration.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts ordinary soil, one part leaf-
mould & sand. Position, cold or warm greenhouse, frame, or window.
Pot, Sept. to Nov., placing bulbs lin. deep & lin. apart in 4 or 5in.
pots or shallow pans. Place pots, etc., in cold frame or outdoors &
cover with cinder ashes until growth begins. Water moderately till
after flowering, then gradually cease. Plant bulbs outdoors following
autumn. Propagate by seeds sown as soon as ripe 4in. deep & 2in.
apart in shallow boxes filled with light sandy soil & placed at base of
north wall outdoors; by offsets treated as bulbs. Seedlings flower when
3 years old.

PECIES CULTIVATED: G. Alleni, white, Feb. and March, 6 to 9 in., Asia
Minor; caucasicus, white and green, March, 6 in., Caucasus; Elwesii, white,
Feb., 8 in., Asia Minor, and its varieties robustus, unguiculatus and Whittallii;
Fosterii, white, Feb., 6 in., Asia Minor; Ikarie, white, Feb., 8 in., Nikaria;
latifolius, white and green, Feb. and March, 6 in., Caucasus; nivalis (Common
Snowdrop), white, Jan. to March, 6 in., Europe; and its varieties Imperati,
oe and Melvillei; plicatus (Crimean Snowdrop), white, Jan. to Feb., 10 to
2 in.

Galax (Wand-plant; Carpenter’s Leaf)—Ord. Diapensiacee.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1756.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould & silver sand.
Position, ledges of moist rockery or margin of rhododendron beds.
Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by division of plants Oct. to March;
seeds sown in peaty soil in cold frame in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. aphylla, white, July, 3 to 6 in., N. America.

Galaxia.—oOrd. Iridacee. Greenhouse bulbous plants. Deci-
duous. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1795,

173

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy peat, one part light loam.
Position, well-drained pots in cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to
Nov., placing bulbs with apex just below surface, one in a 5-in., or
three in a 6-in. pot. Cover pots with ashes till growth begins. Water
moderately when growth commences, freely afterwards, cease after
flowering. Repot annually. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
well-drained pans or shallow boxes of sandy peat in cool greenhouse or
frame Aug. or Bere by offsets treated as bulbs Aug. to Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. graminea, yellow, July, in.; ovata, yellow,
autumn, 6 in.

Gale (Myrica Gale)—See Myrica.

Galeandra (Casque-wort)—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove terrestrial
orchids. Deciduous. First introduced 1840.

CULTURE: Compost, fibrous peat & charcoal. Position, well-
drained pots, pans, or baskets in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. to
March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe
plants daily March to Aug. Growing period, March to Sept. Resting
period, Sept. to March. Temp., March to June, 65° to 75°; June to
Aug. 70° to 80°; Aug. to Nov. 60° to 70°; Nov. to March 55° to 65°.
Propagate by division of qian at potting time.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: G. Baueri, brown, purple and white, June to Aug.,
_1 ft., Guiana; devoniana, purple, green, and white, June, 18 in., Trop. America;
nivalis, white and violet, March, 18 in., Trop. America.

Galega (Goat’s Rue). — Ord. Leguminosew. Hardy perennial
herbs. First introduced 1568. Flowers useful for cutting.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to March. Cut down flower stems in Oct. Replant every

two or three years. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in April in
ordinary soil in sunny position; division of roots in Oct. to March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. officinalis, blue, summer, 3 to 5 ft., S. Europe, and
it varieties, albiflora (white), carnea plena (rose double) and Hartlandii (blue);
"Galing a le (cy 2 to ft., ee G

erus longus).—See erus.

Galligasking (Primula end). — Gee Privald:

Galtonia (Spire Lily).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy bulbous flowering
plants. Deciduous. Nat. S. Africa.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich, well drained. Position,
open sunny borders. Plant, Oct. to March, placing bulbs Gin. deep
& Gin. apart. Lift & replant only when the bulbs show signs of
deterioration.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure
& silver sand. Position, cold or warm greenhouse. Pot, Oct. to Dec.
to flower in spring; Feb. to April to flower in autumn. Place one bulb
with apex just showing through surface of soil in a well-drained 6-in.
pot. Cover with ashes in cold frame until growth begins. Water
moderately when leaves appear; freely when in full growth; keep
nearly dry after flowering. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally
to plants in flower. Bulbs not adapted for flowering second time in
pots. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in shallow boxes of sandy
soil in cold frame Oct. or March; offsets treated as bulbs in autumn.
meetings flower when four or five years old.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: G. candicans, white, fragrant, summer, 2 to 8 ft.

Garcinia (Mangosteen-tree; Gamboge-tree). — Ord. Guttiferes.
Stove evergreen fruit-bearing tree. Orn. foliage. First introduced
1789. _ Fruit, size of an orange; chestnut-brown colour; edible.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-

174

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

tion, a or boxes in light part of plant stove. Pot & prune, Feb. to
March. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely other times. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3in. long inserted in silver sand under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in spring or summer.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: G. Mangostana, red, June, 6 to 10 ft., Molucca Islands.

Gardener’s Garters (Phalaris arundinacea variegata).—See
Phalaris.

Gardenia (Cape Jasmine)—Ord. Rubiaceez. Stove evergreen
flowering shrubs. irst introduced 1754.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well-
decayed manure & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, or beds in
plant stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. or
March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°
Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Syringe daily
exceye when in bloom) March to Sept. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally to healthy plants in flower. Plants one to two years old pro-
duce the best blooms. Propagate by cuttings of firm young side shoots
2 to 3in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat, under bell-
glass in temp. 75° to 85°, Jan. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. florida (Cape Jasmine), white, fragrant, summer,
China and Japan; florida flore-pleno, double white; florida radicans, white,
fragrant.

Garland Flower (Daphne cneorum).—See Daphne.

Garlic.—See Allium. '

Garrya.—oOrd. Cornacerx. Hardy evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage
& flowering. First introduced 1818. Flowers (pendulous catkins), male
& female borne on separate trees. Berries, black.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well drained. Position, against south or
west walls outdoors; sheltered shrubberies 8. of England. Plant, Oct.
to Nov. or March to May. Male plant only cultivated; female plant
very rare in gardens. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in well-
drained pans of sandy soil in cold frame Sept. or Oct.; cuttings of firm
shoots 3 to 4in. long inserted in sandy soil under hand-light ‘or cold
frame Aug. to Sept.; layering shoots in Sept. & Oct.

ellip

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. tica, greenish white, March to June, 5 to
10 ft., Oalifornia.

Gas Plant (Dictamnus albus).—See Dictamnus.

Gasteria. — Ord. Liliacee. Greenhouse evergreen succulent
plants. Orn. foliage. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced
1731. Leaves, thick, fleshy, prickly; green, spotted with white, or

urple.

F CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, old mortar &
river sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouse or
window. Pot, March or April. Water moderately April to Sept.
Temp. March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of sandy
soil temp. of 65° March to Aug. __ Me

“SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. brevifolia, red, July; Oroucheri, rose, Aug.;
disticha, scarlet, July; verrucosa, red, July, 3 to 4 in.

Gaultheria (Canada Tea; Creeping Winter-green; Partridge
Berry; Shallon).—Ord, Ericacee. Hardy evergreen shrubs. First
introduced 1762. Berries, red or purple; edible.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist rockeries or margins of
dpen or shady shrubberies & beds. Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March to

1%

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

May. Propagate by sceds sown 3 in. deep in bed of peaty soil outdoors
in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. nummularioides, white and pink, summer, trailing,
Himalayas; procumbens (Canada Tea or Partridge Berry), white, July, creeping,
N. America; shallon (Shallon), white and red, May, 4 ft., N.W. America.

Gaura.—0Ord. Onagracex. Hardy perennial, but usually grown
as an annual, First introduced 1850.

CULTURE: Position, sunny well-drained beds or borders. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-10 in. deep in light soil
outdoors April; transplanting seedlings when lin. high to flowering

osition.

e SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. Lindheimeri, white and rose, July to Oct., 3 to 4 ft.,
eXa8.

Gazania (Treasure-flower).—Ord. Compositz. Half-hardy peren-
nials. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1755.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam & one of peat &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of greenhouse.
Pot, March or April. Water very little Oct. to March, moderately
other times. Prune into shape, March. Temp., March to Sept. 55°
to 75°; Sept. to March, 45° to 55°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny; edgings ~
to beds, or trailing over ledges of rockery. Plant, June. Lift in
Oct. & place in pots in heated greenhouse for the winter. Propagate
by cuttings of side shoots removed from base of plant & inserted in
boxes of sandy soil or in a bed in cold frame July to Sept.; cuttings
may remain in cold frame if protected from frost.

SPECIES (ULTIVATED: G. Pavonia, yellow, brown and white, summer, 12 in.,
rigens, yellow and black, June, 1 ft.; splendens, orange, black and white, summer,
1 ft., hybrid.

Geissorhiza (Tile-root).—Ord. Iridacee. Half-hardy bulbous-
rooted plants. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1789.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy peat & one of light loam.
Position, well-drained pots in cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug.
to Nov., placing bulbs with apex just below surface, one in a 5-in., or
three in a 6-in. pot. Cover pots with ashes till growth begins. Water
moderately when leaves eed freely afterwards, withholding com-
pletely after flowering. epot annually. Propagate by seeds sown
din. deep in well-drained pans or shallow boxes of sandy peat placed
in cool greenhouse or frame Aug. or Sept.; offsets treated as bulbs,
Aug. to Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. excisa, white, May, 6 in.; hirta, white, May,
8 in.; humilis, rose and yellow, May, 6 in.; rochensis, violet-purple, May, 6 in.

Gelasine.—Ord. Iridex. Half-hardy bulbous plant.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny; shel-
tered nook of rockery. Plant, Aug. to Nov. 4in. deep and 4in. apart.
Protect from rain in winter by a hand-light.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam and
one part leaf-mould and silver sand. Position, cold, sunny green-
house. Pot in Aug., placing 3 to 4 bulbs in a 44-in. pot; bury bulbs
just below surface. Cover with ashes in cold frame till growth begins,
then remove to greenhouse. Water moderately when in growth;
keep dry after growth ceases. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy loam
in heat; by offsets at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: GQ. azurea, blue, May, 1 ft., S. America,

Genetyllis.—See Darwinia.

176

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Genista (Needle Furze ; Petty Whin).—Ord. Leguminosz. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrubs,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubbery for tall species;
rockery for dwarf kinds, Plant, Oct. to March. Prune after flower-
ing. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep outdoors in March or April;
by layering in Oct. or Nov.; grafting on laburnum in March; budding

on similar stocks in July. See also the genus Cytisus.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. ethnensis, yellow, June to Aug., 6 to 12 ft., Sicily;
anglica (Petty Whin), yellow, May and June, 1 to 2 ft., Britain; hispanica
(Spanish Gorse), yellow, May to July, fragrant, 6 to 12 ins., N.W. Europe;
hispanica flore-pleno, double; radiata, yellow, summer, 2 to 4 ft., 8. Europe;
tinctoria (Dyer’s Greenweed), yellow, July to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., Britain; tinctoria
flore-pleno, double.

Gentian (Gentiana acaulis)—See Gentiana.

Gentiana (Gentian; Gentianella)—Ord. Gentianacee. Hardy
perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part peat & one part
grit or broken limestone & coarse sand. Position, sunny borders for
G. acaulis & tall kinds, sunny rockeries for G. verna; both to be
fairly dry in winfer & moist in summer. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or
April. Top-dress in March with little decayed cow manure. Water
freely on dry soils in summer. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in well-drained pots or pans of sandy loam in cold frame, March;
division of plants March. Seeds take one to two years to germinate,
& soil must be kept moderately moist.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. acaulis (Gentianella), blue, March to May, 3 in.,
Europe; Andrewsii, blue, Aug., 1 to 2 ft., N. America; asclepiadea (Swallow-wort),
purple blue, July, 6 to 18 in., 8. Europe, and its variety alba (white); cruciata
(Oross-wort), blue, June, 1 ft., Europe; lutea (Bitter-wort), yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe; Pneumonanthe (Windflower), blue, August and Sept., 1 to 2 ft., Britain;
septemfida, blue, July, 1 ft., Caucasus; verna, blue, April and May, 3 in., Europe
(Britain and Ireland). @

Gentianella (Gentiana acaulis)—See Gentiana.

Gentian Gromwell (Lithospermum prostratum).—See Litho-
spermum.

Gentian Speedwell (Veronica gentianoides).—_See Veronica.

Geonoma.—oOrd. Palmacex. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1820. Leaves, feather-shaped; pale green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam, sand & char-
coal. Position, pots in moist mhaay part of plant stove. Pot, Feb-
ruary or March. Water freely Oct. to Feb., abundantly other times.
Syringe daily. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65°
to 70°. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in above compost in pots
in temp. 85° March; offshoots from base of plants in small pots in
temp. 80° to 85°, any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. gracilis, 6 ft., Costa Rica.

Georgian Fleabane (luula glandulosa).—See Inula.

Geranium (Crane’s-bill)—Ord. Geraniacez. Hardy herbaceous
perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, tall kinds in sunny
well-drained borders, dwarf kinds on sunny rockeries. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March, or April. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally to
established plants in flower. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
ordinary soil in sunny position outdoors, March or April, or in shallow
boxes of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse March; division of
roots, Oct., Nov., March, or April. For greenhouse “Geraniums” see

th Pelargonium.
e genus g 177

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. argenteum, rose, summer, 1 ft., Alps; armenum,
purple, June and July, 2 ft., Orient; cinereum, red, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees;
cinereum album, white; dahuricum, purple, June, 1 ft., Dahuria; Endressi, rose,
summer, 1 ft., Pyrenees; ibericum, blue, summer, 1 ft., Caucasus; macrohizon,
red or purple, May to July, 1 ft., E. Europe; pratense, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
Britain; and its double blue and double white varieties; sanguineum, crimson,
summer, 2 ft., and its varieties lancastriense (flesh), album Siete Britain;
lg alas blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Britain; tuberosum, purple, June, 9 in.,

. Europe.

Gerbera (Barberton or Transvaal Daisy). — Ord. Composite.
Greenhouse perennial herbs. First introduced 1888.

CULTURE: Grow in a compost of sandy loam and peat in a tem-
perature of 45 to 50° from Nov. to May; without artificial heat after-
wards. Water sparingly from Nov. to April; freely afterwards.
Repot annually in spring. No shade required. Propagate by seeds
sown in sandy peat in March in temperature 55°; by cuttings of side
shoots in spring. G. Jamesoni may be grown outdoors in warm nooks
in mild districts.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. asplenifolia, purple, summer, 1 ft.; Jamesoni (Bar-
berton Daisy), orange-scarlet, June to Oct., 18 in.

German Catchfly (Lychnis viscaria).—See Lychnis.
Germander (Teucrium scorodonia).—See Teucrium.
German Iris ee germanica).—See Iris.

German Ivy (Mikania scandens).—See Mikania.

German Lilac (Centranthus ruber).—See Centranthus.

German Spleenwort (Asplenium germanicum).—See Asple-
nium.

German Tamarisk (Myricaria germanica).—See Myricaria.

Gesnera.—Ord. Gesneriacezx. Stove tuberous-rooted & herba-
ceous perennials. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, one
part leaf-mould, with a little decayed mauure & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots or pans in shady part of plant stove. Pot, March
to flower in summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in
winter. Place tubers lin. deep singly in 5-in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart
in larger sizes. Water moderately from time growth begins until
plants are 3 or 4in. high, then freely. After flowering gradually
withhold water till foliage dies down, then keep dry till potting time.
Apply weak liquid manure once or twice a week when flower buds
show. Syringing not required. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°;
Sept. to March 55° to 75°. Store when foliage has died down on their
sides under stage till potting time in temp. of 50° to 55°. Propagate
by seeds sown on surface of well-drained pots of sandy peat, in temp.
75°, March or April; cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots «f
sandy in temp. 75° to 85° in spring; fully matured leaves pegged
on surface of pots in sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85°; stalk ends of leaves
inserted vertically in pans of sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. cardinalis, crimson and white, autumn, 12 to
18 in.; Donklarii, red and yellow, 2 ft., summer, Colombia; Douglassii, red and
yellow, autumn, 18 in., Brazil; exoniensis, orange, scarlet, and yellow, winter,
1 ft., hybrid; Leopoldii, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; Lindleyi, yellow and scarlet,

July, 1 ft., Brazil; naglioides rosy pink, autumn, 18 in.; refulgens, violet and
white, summer, 18 in., hybrid.

Gethyllis (Cape Crocus). — Ord. Amaryllidacew. Greenhouse
bulbous plants. Deciduous. First introduced 1780.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, well-
drained pots in cold greenhouse or ee Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing
178

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

bulbs singly in 5-in. pots, with points just below surface. Cover with
ashes in cold frame or greenhouse till growth begins. Water mode-
rately from time growth begins till flowers fade; keep quite dry after
foliage has died down until potting time. Repot annually. Propa-

ate by seeds sown }in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold
frame or gréenhouse, March or April; offsets treated as bulbs at pot-
ting time.

_SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. afra, red and white, summer, 6 ft., S. Africa;
ciliaris, white, summer, 6 in., 8. Africa; spiralis, white, autumn, 9 ft., 8. Africa.

Geum (Avens).—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy perennial flowering herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, tall species in sunny bor-
ders, dwarf species on sunny rockeries. Plant, Oct. to April. Cut
down flower stems in Sept. “Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
shallow boxes or well-drained pots of light soil in cold frame, April or
July, or in sunny positions (similar depth & soil) outdoors, April or
Aug.; division of plants, Oct. to April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. chiloense, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Chili; and its
varieties, grandiflorum plenum (double-flowered) and miniatum (orange); coccineum,
scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Asia Minor; Heldreichii, orange-red, July, 1 ft.; montanum,
yellow, May, 2 ft., Europe; reptans, yellow, summer, trailing, Europe.

Ghent Azalea (Rhododendron pontica).—See Rhododendron.

Gherkin.—See Cucumis.

Giant Cow-parsnip (Heracleum giganteum).—See Heracleum.

Giant Fennel.—See Ferula. ;

Giant Fern Palm (Macrozamia peroffskyana)—See Macro-
zamia.

Giant Ivy (Hedera Helix rewgneriana)—See Hede-a.

Giant Knot-weedé (Polygonium Sieboldi).—See Polygonium.

Giant Lily (Lilium giganteum).—See Lilium.

Giant White Californian Poppy (Romneya Coulteri).—
See Romneyi.

Gibraltar Mint (Mentha pulegium gibraltarica)—See Mentha.

Gilia.—Ord. Polemoniacee. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1826.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny; dwarf kinds as edgings
to beds or borders, tall kinds in groups in borders or beds. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in April, where plants are to flower,
thinning seedlings out in May 1 to 3in. apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. achillesefolia, purplish blue, Aug., 1 ft., California;
androsacea (Syn. Leptosiphon parviflorus), lilac, pink, and white, Aug., 1 ft.,
California; coronopifolia, scarlet, summer, 9 to 18 in., California; densiflora
(Syn. Leptosiphon densiflorus), lilac, June, 6 in.; densiflora alba, white; dianthoides
(Syn. Fenzlia dianthiflora), lilac and yellow, July, 4 in., California; micrantha
(Syn. Leptosiphon roseus), rose, summer, 9 in., California; liniflora, white, summer,
1 ft., California; tricolor, orange and purple, June, 1 ft., California, and its
varieties alba, atroviolacea, rosea, and splendens. .

Gillenia (Indian Physic). — Ord. Rosaceer. Hardy perennials.
First introduced 1713. :

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist shady bed or border.
Plant, Oct. to Dec., or March. Cut down flowering stems in Sept.
Propagate by division of roots in March or April.

SPRCLES OULTIVATED: G. stipulacea, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
trifoliata, red or white, July, 1 to 2 ft., N. America, i ox

Gillyflower (Dianthus caryophyllus & Cheiranthus Cheiri).—See
Dianthus & Cheiranthus. : Abe?

Ginger-plant (Zingiber officinale).—See Zingiber.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo-tree; Maidenhair-tree).—Ord. Coniferw. Hardy

179

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

deciduous coniferous tree. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1754.
Flowers, male & female borne on separate trees ; spring. Fruit, small,
globular; edible. Leaves, fan-shaped; green & variegated.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary well drained. Position, sheltered shrub-
beries or lawns S. of England, against south or west walls other parts.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in pans of
oy fee sandy soil in cold frame, Oct. or March.

PECIES ‘CULTIVATED: G. biloba (Syn. Salisburia adiantifolia), 60 to 80 ft.,
China and Japan.

Glacier Pink (Dianthus glacialis).—See Dianthus.

Gladiolus (Corn Flag; Sword Lily)—Ord. Iridacez. Hardy
bulbous flowering plants. Deciduous. First introduced 1596.

TYPES.—Childsii group: Habit tall, 4 to 5ft.; spikes, long, 2ft.,
branching; flowers, 6 to 8in. across. Gandavensis group: Habit,
medium, 2 to 3ft.; spikes, medium, 12 to 18in.; flowers, large, evenly
formed, beautiful & varied in colour. Lemoinei group: Habit, vigo-
rous, 4 to 5ft.; spikes, large; flowers, medium, golden-yellow centres,
margined with other colours. Nanceanus group: Habit, tall; spikes
long and branching; flowers, large, 4 to 5in. across, brilliant colours.
For names of varieties in each group see trade lists.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, deep rich, liberally manured. Posi-
tion, sunny, sheltered, well-drained beds or borders. Plant early-
flowering kinds Nov., Feb., or March, late kinds March, April, or May.
Place corms of early kinds 4in. deep & 6in. apart in groups of three,
six, or twelve; late kinds 3in. deep & 12in. apart in similar sized
groups; put a little silver sand under each corm. Protect early kinds
in winter with layer of manure. Apply liquid manure when flower
buds form. Fix sticks to spikes when 2 or 3in. high. Lift corms of
early kinds in Sept., late kinds in Oct. or Nov., & store in cool place
till planting time. P

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed
manure & river sand. Position, pots in cold frame, cool greenhouse or
window. Pot early kinds Oct. to March, placing five corms 1in. deep
in a 6-in. pot; late kinds March or April, one lin. deep in a 6-in. pot,
or three lin. deep in an 8-in. pot. Place pots in cold frame till flower
spikes show, then remove to greenhouse or window. Water moderately
at first, freely afterwards. Apply liquid manure when flower spikes
show. After flowering, gradually withhold water till foliage dies, then
keep quite dry till repotted. Forcing: Pot early kinds Oct. to Dec.
Temp., 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in pans of light
rich soil in Feb., in temp. 55° to 65°; by bulbils (spawn) growing at
base of corms, planted 2in. deep & Gin. apart in sunny border out-
doors, March. Seedlings flower when three years old; bulbils when
two years old.

CULTURE OF G. PRIMULINUS: Compost, equal parts loam and
leaf-mould with plenty of sand. Position, moist stove spring and sum-
mer. Potin autumn. Keep dry till growth begins, then water freely.
Moist atmosphere most essential during spring and summer. Withhold
water gradually after flowering. Temp. Oct. to March, 55°; March to
Oct. 60° to 70°. Increased by removing small corms, and growing these
on as advised for old ones,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. blandus, white, red, and yellow, June, 18 in,
§. Africa; byzantinas, red and purple, June, 2 ft., Asia Minor; cardinalis, scarlet,
July and Aug., 3 to 4 ft., 8. Africa; communis, rose, June to Aug., 1 to 2 ft.,
S. Europe; cruentus, scarlet and white, Sept., 12 to 18 in., Natal; floribundus,

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

white, flesh, and red, 1 ft., June and July, §. Africa, also numerous varieties and

ybrids; nanus, various colours, summer, 1 ft., many varieties; psittacinus, scarlet
and yellow, summer, 3 ft., S. Africa; purpureo-auratus, yellow and purple, Aug.,
8 to 4 ft, S. Africa ; ramosus, various colours, July to Oct., 3 ft., 8. Africa, many
varieties; Sandersii, crimson, pink and white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., 8. Africa;
tristis, red and yellow, July, 1 ft., Natal. Colvillei, crimson and white, summer,
2 ft., and its variety The Bride (white) are pretty hybrids, the latter being
valuable for pot culture and forcing; primulinus (Maid of the Mist), golden yellow,
fragrant, Aug., 3 to 4 ft., Trop. Africa.

Gladwyn (rris fcetidissima).—See Iris.

Gland Bellflower.—Sce Adenophora.

Glastonbury Thorn (Cratzgus oxycantha precox). — See
Crataegus.

Glaucium (Horn Poppy; Sea Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracesw. Hardy
biennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained beds
or borders. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in beds of light soil
outdoors in May, transplanting seedlings into flowering position in
July or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. corniculatum, crimson and black, summer, 9 in.,

Mediterranean Region, and its red variety rubrum; flavum (Syn. G. luteum),
yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Europe (Britain), etc.

Gleditschia (Honey Locust; Water Locust).—Ord. Leguminosae.
Hardy ornamental deciduous trees. First introduced 1700. Leaves,
feather-shaped, green. Shoots, spiny.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered borders or shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in
light soil outdoors, March, transplanting seedlings when two years old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. macrantha, green, July, 20 ft., China; aquatica
(Syn. G. monosperma and inermis), the Water Locust, green, July, 20 to 30 ft.,

uae States; triacanthos (Honey Locust), green, summer, 30 to 50 ft., United
ates.

Gleichenia (Umbrella Fern; Net Fern).—Ord. Filices. Orn.
evergreen stove & greenhouse ferns. _ First introduced 1823. Species
cultivated, 13; varieties, several. Fronds, feather-shaped. Stems,
creeping.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part fibrous loam,
charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pans in shady stove or green-
house. Pot, February or March. Water moderately in winter, freely
at other times. Syringing unnecessary. Temp., stove species, Sept. to
March 55° to 65°, March to Sept. 65° to 75°; greenhouse species, Sept.
to March 45° to 50°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by spores
sown on surface of sandy peat in well-drained pots under bell-glass
at any time of year; division of creeping stems with roots attached,
Feb. or March.

STOVE SPECIES: G. dichotoma, 6 ft., Tropics.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: G. circinata, 6 ft., Australia, New Zealand, and
Malaya, and its varieties Mendelii and semi-vestita; dicarpa, 6 ft., Australia and
New Zealand, and its varieties, alpina, glauca and longipinnata; flabellata, 5 ft.,
Australia and New Zealand, rupestris, 5 ft., Australia.

Globe Amaranth (Gomphrena globosa).—See Gomphrena.

Globe Daisy.—See Globularia.

Globe Flower (Trollius europzus).—See Trollius.

Globe Thistle (Echinops Ritro)—See Echinops.

Globularia (Globe Daisy)—Ord. Selaginacer. Hardy shrubs
and perennial herbs. First introduced 1629.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary moist. Position, sunny rockeries or
margins of borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. G. Alypum

181

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

may be grown in a greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown on surface
in boxes of light sandy soil in cold frame in March or April; division
of plants, Oct. or mae

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. Alypum, blue, August, 2 ft., shrub, 8. Europe;
cordifolia, blue, June, 6 in., shrub, 8. Europe; nudicaulis, blue, summer, 6 in.,
herbaceous, Europe; trichosantha, blue, summer, 6 to 8 in., herbaceous, Asia
Minor; vulgaris, blue, summer, 6 to 12 in., herbaceous, S. Europe.

Gloriosa (Malabar Glory Lily; Mozambique Lily). — Ord.
Liliacew. Stove flowering climbers. Deciduous & tuberous-rooted.
First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, decayed
manure & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots, with shoots trained
to roof or trellis. Pot, Feb., placing tubers 2in. deep, one in a 6-in.
pot, or several in an 8 or 12-in. pot. Water moderately till growth is
well advanced, then freely. After flowering, gradually withhold water
& keep soil quite dry till potting time. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to
85°; Sept. to Feb. 55° to 65° Propagate by seeds inserted singly }in.
deep in 3-in. pots filled with light soil in temp. 75° in Feb. or March;
offsets removed from large tubers at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. superba, orange and red, summer, 6 to 10 ft.,
Tropics; virescens Plantii, yellow and red, summer, 5 ft., Trop. Africa.

Glory Flower (Eccremocarpus scaber).—See Eccremocarpus.

Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba).—See Gloriosa.

Glory-of-the-Snow Cel oleae luciliz).—See Chionodoxa.

Glory Pea of New Zealand (Clianthus Dampieri). — See
Clianthus.

Glory Tree (Clerodendron fragrans).—See Clerodendron.

Gloxinia.—See Sinningia.

Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice-plant)._Ord. Leguminose. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. Orn. foliage & flowering. Edible rooted. Nat.
Europe. First introduced 1562. Ht. 3 to 5 ft.

CULTURE IN GARDENS: Soil, deep rich sandy. Position, open
sunny. Plant, Feb. or March, 18in. apart & 3in. deep in rows 3 ft.
asunder. Cut down foliage & remove creeping stems close to root in
Nov. Roots ready for use third year after planting. Propagate by
division of creeping stems, Feb. or March.

FIELD CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich sandy loam, trenched 3 ft. deep
& dressed with farmyard manure at rate of 40 tons per acre in autumn,
Plant root cuttings furnished with two eyes each, 3in. deep, 18in.
apart in rows 3ft. asunder in March. Following November cut off all
creeping roots close to main root, & do same again following Nov.
Third year after planting dig trench 4 to 5 ft. deep by side of rows &
pull out roots with a strong rope. Average yield per acre 4 to 5 tons.
Average value sas ewt., 45s.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. glabra (Spanish Liquorice), blue, May to Sept.,
Mediterranean Region.

Gnaphalium.—See Anaphalis & Leontopodium.

Gnidia. — Ord. Thymelacew. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrubs. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1768.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam & silver
sand. Position, well-drained ee near glass in airy greenhouse during
autumn, winter & spring, cold frame June to Sept. Pot, March.
Press compost firmly in pots. Prune straggling shoots into shape
directly after flowering. Water carefully always, giving sufficient to
keep soil uniformly moist; rain, not spring water, essential. Temp.,

182

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Oct. to March 40° to 45°; March to J uly, 45° to 55°. Propagate by
cuttings of young shoots 2in. long inserted in sandy peat in well-
eed pots under bell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° in March, April, or

ay.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. denudata, yellow, summer, 18 in.; pinifolia, white,
fragrant, spring, 2 ft.

Goat-root (Ononis Natrix).—See Ononis.

Goat’s Beard (Spirza Aruncus).—See Spirza.

Goat’s Rue (Galega officinalis)—See Galega.

Goat Willow (Salix caprea).—See Salix.

Godetia.—See nothera.

Gold Basket (Alyssum saxatile).—See Alyssum.

Gold Dust-plant (Alyssum saxatile)—See Alyssum.
creer Amaranth (Amaranthus salicifolius)—See Amaran-

us.

Golden Ash (Fraxinus excelsior aurea).—See Fraxinus.

Golden Bell-tree (Forsythia suspensa).—See Forsythia.

Golden Bush (Cassinia fulvida).—See Cassinia.

Golden Chain (Laburnum vulgare).—See Laburnum.

Golden Chestnut (Castanopsis chrysophylla). — See Cas-
tanopsis.

Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum).—See Orontium.

Golden Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia aurea).—
See Lysimachia.

Golden Cretan Spikenhard (Valeriana Phu aurea).—See
Valeriana.

Golden Dead Nettle (Lamium aureum).—See Lamium.

Golden Drop (Onosma echioides)—See Onosma.

Golden Elm (Ulmus campestris foliis aureis)—See Ulmus.

Golden Eim (Ulmus fastigiata aurea).—See Ulmus.

Golden Feather (Chrysanthemum Parthenium aureum).-—See
Chrysanthemum.

Golden-flowered Currant (Ribes aureum).—See Ribes.

Golden-flowered Garlic (Allium Moly).—See Allium.

Golden Hair (Chrysocoma Coma-aurea).—_See Chrysocoma.

Golden Knee Aer Peep virginianum).—See Chrysogonum.

Golden-leaved Chestnut (Castanea chrysophylla). — See
Castanea.

Golden-leaved Spindle-tree (Euonymus japonicus aureo-
variegatus).—See Euonymus.

Golden Lily (Lycoris aurea).—See Lycoris.

Golden Lime-tree (Tilia europza aurea).—See Tilia.

Golden Maiden-hair Fern (Nothochlena flavens). — See
Nothochlena.

Golden Oak (Quercus pedunculata Concordia).—See Quercus.

Golden Osier (Salix vitellina).—See Salix.

Golden Polypody (Polypodium aureum).—See Polypodium.

Golden Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium iaureum).—See Ligustrum,

Golden Rain (Laburnum vulgare).—See Laburnum.

Golden Red oe virgaurea).—See Solidago.

Golden Saxifrage (Chrysoplenium alternifolium).—See Chry-
soplenium. d 7

Golden Thistle (Scolymus hispanicus).—See Scolymus.

183

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Golden Urn-flower (Urceolina aurea).—See Urceolina.
Golden Vine (Stigmaphyllon ciliatum).—See Stigmaphyllon.
Gelden Wand (Bulbinella Hookeri).—See Bulbinella.

Gold Fern (Gymnogramma chrysophylla).—See Gymnogramma.

Goldfussia.—See Strobilanthes.

Goldilocks (Aster Linosyris)—See Aster.

Gold-netted Honeysuckle (Lonicera brachypoda aureo
reticulata).—See Lonicera.

Gold Thread (Coptis trifoliata)—See Coptis.

Gombo (Hibiscus esculenteus).—See Hibiscus.

Gomphia (South American Button-flower.—Ord. Ochnacew. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage & flowering. ©

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, little
silver sand. Position, pots in light part of plant stove. Pot, Feb. or
March. Press compost down firmly in pot. Prune into shape Feb. or
March. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Syringe
daily in summer. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March
50° to 60°. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long,
inserted in pots of silver sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° in spring.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: G. decora, yellow, spring, 10 to 15 ft., Brazil.

Gompholobium.—oOrd. Leguminose. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. Trailing & erect. Nat. Australia. First intro-
duced. 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rough peat, one part rough loam,
charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots in light part of green-
house. Fot, Feb. or March. Prune into shape after flowering.
Water carefully at all times. Temp., Sept. to April 45° to 50°; April to
Sept. 50° to 60°. Ventilate greenhouse freely in summer. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots 2in. long inserted in well-drained pots of
ane pest under bell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. grandiflorum, yellow, June, 2 ft.; polymorphum,
yellow, scarlet and purple, spring, 2 ft.; venustum, purple, spring, 3 ft.

Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth; Globe Everlasting).—Ord. Ama-
ranthaceew. Greenhouse flowering annual. Nat. India. First in‘ro-
duced 1714,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-mould,
well-decayed cow manure & sand. Position, warm greenhouse, exposed
to light. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in well-drained pots of light soil in
temp. 75° in March. Transplant seedlings lin. apart when lin. high
in light soil in well-drained pots & keep in temp. of 60° to 75°. When
seedlings have formed four leaves place singly in 4-in. pots. Transfer
them in June to 5-in. pots & keep near the glass. Water moderately.
Syringe foliage twice daily. Apply liquid manure when flowers appear.
Summer temp., 55° to 65°. Cut flowers immediately they are fully
developed tor drying for winter decoration.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. globosa, and its varieties, aurea superba (yellow),
carnea (flesh), purpurea (purple), and nana (dwarf), summer, 12 to 18 in.

Gongora.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove evergreen epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1824.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum moss &
lumps of charcoal. Position, hanging baskets in sunny part of stove.
Re-basket, Feb. or March. Water abundantly March to Sept., very
little other times. Growing period, March to Aug. Resting period,
Aug. to March. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in Feb.

184

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. i i ‘
galeata, brown, summor, fragrant, 1 fer Merwos gealulatena, yellow amd ned,
Pal ft., Siena maculata, yellow and red, summer, 1 ft., Trop. America.

Goad ci ebium.—See Polypodium.
ean King Henry (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus).—See Cheno-

Goodyera (Rattlesnake Plantain; Adder’s Violet).—Ord. Orchi-
dacez. Stove, greenhouse, & hardy terrestrial orchids. Flowering &
orn. foliage. Leaves, bronze, chocolate, olive-green, purplish-green,
reddish-crimson, variegated with white or yellow.

CULTURE OF STOVE & GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two
parts fibrous peat, one part loam & sand. Position, well-drained pots
or shallow pans in shady part of stove or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or
March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately other times.
Temp., stove species, 65° to 75° March to Sept., Sept. to March 55° to
is F pecenlionss species, March to Sept. 55° to 65°, 45° to 55° Sept. to

arch.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts peat, leaf-
mould & sand. Position, rockery or border, well drained. Plant,
March or April. Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by cuttings
of shoots removed with roots attached, inserted singly in small pots of
peaty compost under bell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° in spring.

STOVE SPECIES: G. cordata, yellow and brown, Sept., India; Veitchii, leaves
red, brown, and white, hybrid.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: G. macrantha, rosy pink and white, June, Japan;
Menziesii, white, summer, N. America.
mee oes SPECIES: G. pubescens, white, July, N. America; repens, white, sum-

, Europe. A

Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia).—See Ribes.

Gorse (Ulex europzus).—See Ulex.

Gossypium (Cotton-plant)—Ord. Malvacee. Stove perennial
herbs. First introduced 1594. Fruit (capsule) furnishes cotton of
commerce,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & little sand.
Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of stove. Pot, March or
April. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp.,
March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March 50° to 65°. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° to 75°, March or
April. Transplant seedlings when 1 in. high singly into 2-in. pots, &
thence into 5 or 6-in. pots.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. barbadense, yellow and purple, Sept., 5 ft., Bar-
bados; herbaceum, yellow and purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Kast Indies; Bahma
(Egyptian Cotton), a hybrid. ‘

Gourd (Cucurbita melopepo).—See Cucurbita.

Grammanthes.—Ord. Crassulacew. Half-hardy annual. First
introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, sunny rockeries. Propa-
gate by seeds sown on surface of sandy soil in well-drained pans in
temp. 60° to 65° in March. Transplant seedlings outdoors in May.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. chlorefolia, orange-yellow and red, summer, 3 to
4 in., 8. Africa.

Grammatocarpus (Cup Flower).—Ord. Loasaceew. Half-
hardy annual climber. . :

CULTURE: Sow seeds in gentle heat in March, harden seedlings off
later on, & plant in June. Ordinary soil. Suitable for low sunny

trellises, vases, etc,

185

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. volubilis (Syn. Scyphanthus elegans), yellow and
red, summer, 8 ft., Chili.

Grammatophyllum (Queen of the Orchids). — Ord. Orchid-
acew. Stove epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, fibrous peat & charcoal. Position, large well-
drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely
Feb. to bct., very little Oct. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Nov. 65° to 75°;
Nov. to Feb. 60° to 65°. Growing period, Feb. to Nov. Resting period,
Nov. to Feb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: G. fenzlianum, yellow‘and brown, summer, 4 ft.,
Amboyna; speciosum, yellow and purple, winter, 5 to 8 ft., Malaga.

Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis).—See Passiflora.

Grape Fern (Botrychium lunaria).—See Botrychium.

Grape Hyacinth.—See Muscari.

Grape Pear (Amelanchies vulgaris).—See Amelanchies.

Grape Vine (Vitis vinifera)—See Vitis.

Grass of Parnassus (Paruassia palustris).—See Parnassia.

Gray Birch (Betula populifolia).—See Betula.

Greek Valerian (Polemonium caruleum).—See Polemonium.

Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis)—See Helleborus.

Green Man Orchis (Aceras anthropophora).—See Aceras.

Green Spleen-weort (Asplenium viride).—See Asplenium.

Green-winged Orchis (Orchis morio).—See Orchis.

Greig’s Tulip (Tulipa Greigi)—See Tulipa.

Grevillea (Silk-bark Oak).—Ord. Proteacez. Greenhouse hardy
evergreen shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
fibrous peat & turfy loam, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in airy greenhouse, window, or dwelling-room. Pot, March or
April. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Prune off
points of shoots occasionally to induce bushy growth. Temp., March to
Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 55°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, peaty. Position, sheltered
shrubberies S. of England; against south walls other parts. Plant,
Oct. or April. Prune, April. Protect in severe weather.

PropaGateE greenhouse species by seeds sown } in. deep in well-drained
pots of light soil in temp. 65° to 70° in March; cuttings of young shoots
3in. long, with small portions of branches attached inserted in sandy
soil in well-drained pots under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 80° in March,
April, or May; hardy species by seeds sown 3 in. deep outdoors in March
or April; layers in Oct. or Nov.; grafting in March or April.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: G. robusta, orange, summer, 10 to 20 ft., Australia;
rosmarinifolia, red, summer, 6 ft., Australia.

HARDY SPEOIES: G. juniperiana sulphurea, yellow, summer, 10 ft., Australia.

Grey Poplar (Populus alba canescens).—See Populus.

Griffinia (Blue Amaryllis)—Ord. Amaryllidacer. Stove bulbous
flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1815.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, decom-
posed sheep manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots on a bed or
stage heated beneath to temp., 85° in plant stove. Pot, June or July.
Press compost down firmly. Repotting not needful oftener than once
every three or four years. Water moderately Oct. to April, freely
afterwards. Syringe freely in summer. Topdress established plants
annually in March with rich compost. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to
80°; Sept. to Dec. 55° to 65°; December to March 65° to 75°. Pro-

186

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

pagate by seeds sown jin. deep in sandy soil in temp. 85° in Feb. or
March ; offsets removed from old bulbs and placed singly in 3-in. pots
at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. Blumenavia, pink, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; hyacin-
thina (Blue Amaryllis), blue, summer, 18 in., Brazil.

Grim-the-Collier (Hieracium aurantiacum).—See Hieracium.

Griselinia (New Zealand Broad-leaf)—Ord. Cornacew. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. Nat. New Zealand. First introduced
1872. Leaves, egg-shaped; dark green.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loam. Position, shady, sheltered borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March & April. Prune into shape, April. Propa-
gate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in sheltered border or cold frame
Sept., Oct., or Nov.; layering shoots in Oct. or Nov.

ECIES OULTIVATED: G. littoralis, green, spring, 20 to 30 ft.; lucida macro-
phylla, green, spring, 10 to 12 ft. ;

Gromwell (Lithospermum prostratum).—See Lithospermum.

Ground Cistus (Rhodothamnus chamecistus). — See Rhodo-
thamnus.

Ground Holly.—See Chimaphila.

Ground Ivy (Nepeta Glechoma).—See Nepeta.

Ground Nut (Apios tuberosa and Arachis hypogea).—See Apios
and Arachis.

Grove Fern.—See Alsophila.

Guava-tree (Psidium Guava pyriferum).—See Psidium.

Guelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus).—See Virburnum.

Guernsey Lily (Nerine sarniensis).—See Nerine.

Guernsey Orchis (Orchis laxiflora) —See Orchis.

Guinea Pepper (Capsicum annuum).—See Capsicum.

Gum Box (Escallonia macrantha).—See Escallonia.

Gum Cistus (Cistus ladaniferus).—See Cistus.

Gunnera (Prickly Rhubarb).—Ord. Haloraginacee. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1849. Leaves,
large, 4 to 6 ft. in diameter; dark green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, damp, sunny sheltered
margins of ponds or bogs. Plant, March or April. Protect with leaves
in winter. Water abundantly in dry weather. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16in. deep in pans of light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March,
Ane seedlings outdoors in June; division of plants in March
or April. é

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. manicata, leaves 4 to 6 ft., in diamenter, 4 to 6 ft.,
Brazil; chilensis (Syn. G. scabra), leaves 4 to 6 ft. in diameter, 6 to 10 ft., Chili.

Guzmania.—0rd. Bromeliacew. Stove herbaceous perennials.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1820. Bracts, yellow,
green, purple, scarlet. Leaves, sword-shaped; bright green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat & leaf-
mould. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good drainage essential.
Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propa-

gate by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. tricolor, white, summer, 1 ft., bracts purplish red,

W. Indies.

Gymnocladus (Kentucky Coffee Tree; Soap Tree). — Ord.
Leguminosw. Hardy deciduous tree. Orn. foliage & flowering. First
introduced 1748. Leaves, feather-shaped, bluish green, 3 ft. long & 2 ft.
wide.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well drained. Position, shady shrub-
beries or lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune young trees, Jan. Pro-

187

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

pagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil in shady position outdoors
in Oct., Nov., April or March.; cuttings of roots inserted 21in. deep in
similar position in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. canadensis (Kentucky Coffee Tree), white, May to
July, 30 to 60 ft., N. America; chinensis (Soap Tree), white, June, 20 ft., China.

Gymnogramme (Gold Fern; Silver Fern). — Ord. Filices.
Stove & greenhouse evergreen ferns. First introduced 1790. Fronds
finely divided, upper sides green, under sides covered with white or
yellow powder.

CULTURE: Compost, one part fibrous peat, one part leaf-mould &
loam, one part silver sand, charcoal, & coarsely ground bones. Posi-
tion, erect species in well-drained pots; drooping species in hanging
baskets. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely
afterwards. Syringing or shading not necessary. Temp., stove
species, Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to Sept. 65° to 75°; green-
house species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat under bell-glass
in temp. 75° to 85° any time; division of plants at potting time; fronds
furnished with plantlets pegged on to surface of sandy peat under
bell-glass in temp. 70° to 80° at all times.

STOVE SPECIES: G. calomelanos, fronds dull green above, creamy white below,
W. Indies, and the following varieties, chrysophylla (Gold Fern), fronds golden
yellow, and peruviana areyrophylls (Silver Fern), fronds silvery; decomposita,
fronds yellow, hybrid; schizophylla, fronds silvery, pretty for baskets, Jamaica;

sulphurea, fronds golden, West Indies; tartarea (Syn. G. dealbata), fronds silvery,
Trop. America.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: G. japonica, fronds not powdered, Japan.

Gymnolomia.—Ord. Composite. Hardy annual. Useful plant
for cutting.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow seeds in
patches outdoors during April. Thin out seedlings later on to a tew
inches apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. multiflora, yellow, Aug., 18 in., Mexico.

Gymnothrix.—sSee Pennisetum.

Gynerium.—See Cortaderia.

Gynura.—oOrd. Composite. Stove perennials with ornamental
foliage. Leaves purple-tinted.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, pots in partial shade. Pot in March. Water freely March
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct., 70° to 80°;
Oct. to March, 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. aurantiaca, 2 ft., Java; bicolor, 3 ft., Mol
sarmentosa, 6 to 8 ft.

Gypsophila (Chalk-plant)—Ord. Caryophyllacew. Hardy peren-
nial & annual herbs. First introduced 1759. Flowers valuable for
cutting for floral decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, freely mixed with old mortar or brick
rubbish. Position, dryish well-drained borders for erect species; sunny
rockeries & margins of borders for dwarf species. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March or April. Cut down flower stems in Oct. Propagate annual
species by seeds sown in April on surface of soil where plants are to
flower, thinning seedlings out 3 to 6 in. apart when lin. high; perennial
species by seeds sown in sunny position outdoors in April, transplanting
seedlings to permanent position in June, July, or Aug.; division of

lants in Oct. or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: G. elegans, white, June to Oct., 12 to 18 in
viscosa, rose, fragrant, summer, 12 to 18 in., Asia Minor,

188

+» Caucasus;

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: G. glauca, white, summer, 18 in., Caucasus; paniculata,
white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Europe; paniculata flore-pleno, double white; repens,
white, summer, 6 in, Alps; Stevenii, white, summer, 2 ft., Caucasus.

Habenaria (Butterfly Orchis; Rein Orchis).—Ord. Orchidacex.
Hardy and stove terrestrial orchids. Deciduous. Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES. Compost, equal parts leaf-mould,
peat & sand. Position, moist, partially shaded borders. Plant, Oct.
or April. Mulch surface of bed in June with leaf-mould, cocoanut-fibre
refuse, or short grass. Water freely in summer in dryish positions.
Replanting necessary only when plants show signs of deterioration.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, one-half of equal propor-
tions of fibrous peat, loam & fresh-chopped sphagnum moss, & another
half of fine crocks & coarse silver sand. Pot when growth commences.
Position, shady. Water moderately till growth is well advanced, then
freely; very little when at rest. Resting period, directly after flower-
ing. Propagate by division at potting time. .

HARDY SPECIES: H. bifolia (Butterfly Orchid), white, June, 1 ft., Britain;
blepharoglottis, white, summer, 1 ft., N. America; ciliaris, orange, Aug., 18 in.,
N. America; conopsea, red or white, summer, 18 in., Hurope (Britain); fimbriata,
purple, June, 1 ft., N. America.

STOVE SPECIES: H. carnea, pink and white, summer, Penang; pusilla, green
and scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Cochin China; Suzanna, white, summer, India.

Haberlea.—ord. Gesneracew. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1880.

CULTURE: Soil, fibrous sandy peat. Position, moist fissures of
rockery in shade. Plant, Oct., March or April. Water freely in dry
weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or
pans of sandy peat in cold frame in March or April; by division of
plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED :eH. rhodopensis, lilac, May, 6 in., Greece.

Hablitzia.—Ord. Chenopodiacee,. Hardy herbaceous climber.
First introduced 1828.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, base of naked trunks of trees,
south or west trellises, arbours, walls, or fences. Plant, Oct. or March.
Cut down stems to the ground in Oct. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in sunny place outdoors in March or April, or similar depth in
boxes of light soil in greenhouse or cold frame in March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors in May or June; by division of roots Oct. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. tamnoides, green, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Caucasus.

Habranthus.—See Zephyranthes & Hippeastrum.

Habrothamnus.—See Cestrum.

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).—See Celtis.

Hacquetia.—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockery or margin of
border. Plantin March. Propagate by division of the roots in March.

Soap pate CULTIVATED: H. epipactis (Syn. Dondia epipactis), yellow, spring, 3 to
6 in., Europe.

Hzemanthus. (Blood-flower; Blood Lily; Red Cape Tulip).—
Ord. Amaryllidacee. Stove & greenhouse bulbous plants. Deciduous.
Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1722.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part peat, well-
decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots exposed to full sun
in stove or greenhouse whilst growing; under staging whilst at rest.
Pot early-flowering species Aug. to Nov.; late-flowering species, March
or April. Place bulbs half their depth in compost. Water very little
till growth begins, then moderately; gradually withhold it when

189

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

flowers fade, & keep soil quite dry from time foliage turns yellow till
repotting time. Apply weak liquid manure once or twice weekly to
plants in flower. Temp., greenhouse species, Sept. to March 45° to
55°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to
Sept. 65° to 75° tor stove species. Bulbs flower best when only repotted
every three or four years. Propagate by offsets removed at potting
time & placed in small pots in similar soil as for old bulbs.

STOVE SPECIES: H. cinnabarium, red, April, 1 ft.; coccineus, scarlet,
autumn, 1 ft.; multiflorus (Syn. Kalbreyeri), scarlet, April, 1 ft.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. Katharinm, red, spring, 1 ft.; natalensis, green,
purple and yellow, Feb., 1 ft.; puniceus, orange-scarlet, summer, 1 ft.

Halesia (Silver-bell; Snowdrop-tree)—Ord. Styracacee. Hardy
flowering trees. Deciduous, Tirst introduced 1756.

CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy loam. Position, sheltered borders,
shrubberies, or lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape after
flowering. Propagate by cuttings of rvots inserted in sandy soil out-
doors in March or Oct.; by layering shoots in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. tetraptera (Snowdrop Tree), white, May, 15 to
20 ft., N. America. :

Halimodendron (Salt-tree). — Ord. Leguminose. Hardy
flowering & orn. foliage shrub. Deciduous. First introduced 1779.
Leaves, feather-shaped, whitish & downy.

CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy. Position, shrubberies & open borders.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape, Nov. Propagate by seeds
sown ¢in. deep in sandy soil outdoors in March or April, cuttings of
firm shoots 4 to 6in. long inserted in sandy soil outdoors in Oct. &
Nov.; layering in Oct., & by grafting on common laburnum in March
to form standards.
hoe CULTIVATED: H. argenteum, purplish, May to July, 4 to 6 ft.,

S818. .

Hamamelis (Witch Hazel). — Ord. Hamamelidacew. Hardy
flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1736.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich loam. Position, damp borders or shrub-
beries & margins of lakes. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape
Feb. Propagate by layering branches in Oct. or Nov.; grafting rare
species on common kind in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. arborea, primrose yellow, Deo. to Feb., 15 ft.,
Japan; japonica, lemon yellow, Dec. to Feb., 12 ft., Japan; japonica zuccariniana,
pale yellow; mollis, yellow, Jan. and Feb., 10 ft., China; virginica, yellow, Deo. to
Feb., N. America.

Hamburgh Parsley (Carum Petroselinum).—See Carum.

Haplocarpha. — Ord. Composite. Half-hardy perennial.
First introduced 1883.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny, dry, and well-
drained border. Plant, April. Propagate by seeds sown in temp. 55°
in spring; also by cuttings inserted in temp. 55° in spring; or in cold
frame during summer.
ee OULTIVATED: H. Leitohlinii, yellow and purple, summer, 1 ft., S.

rica.

Hardenbergia (Australian Sarsaparilla-tree; Australian
Lilac).—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse flowering twining plants.
Evergreen. Nat. 8. Australia. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, pots, with shoots trained to trellis, or planted out in beds,
& shoots trained up rafters. Pot or plant, Feb. or May. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately at other times. Prune straggling
plants into shape in Feb. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to

190

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

healthy plants in flower. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to
March 40° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown }1n. deep in well-drained
pots of light sandy soil in temp. of 55° to 65° in March or April; cut-
tings of firm young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots
ot sandy peat under Dell-g lass in temp. 55° to 65°, March to July.

fie ee . comptoniana, purple, March, 10 ft.; monophylla,

Hard cid ona Spicant)—See Lomaria.
Hare-bell (Campanula rotundifolia)—See Campanula.
.Hare’s-ear.—See Bupleurium.
Hare’s-foot Fern (Davallia canariensis).—See Davallia.
Hare’s-tail Grass (Lagurus ovatus).—See Lagurus.
Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris —See Phaseolus.
Harlequin Flower (Sparaxis grandiflora).—See Sparaxis.
Harpalium.—See Helianthus.
: Harrison’s Musk (Mimulus moschatus Harrisoni).—See Mimu-
us.
Hart’s-tongue Fern (Scolopendrium vulgare).— See Scolo-
pendrium.
Hatchet Cactus (Pelecyphora asseliformis)—See Pelecyphora.
Hautbois Strawberry (Fragaria elatior).—See Fragaria,
Hawk’s Beard (Crepis aurea).—See Crepis.
Hawk Weed (Hieracium aurantiacum).—See Hieracium.
Hawerthia. — Ord. Liliacez. Greenhouse succulent-leaved
plants. Orn. foliage. Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1720. Flowers,
greenish. Leaves, fleshy, transparent, warty & variegated.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts light loam, broken bricks, mortar
rubbish & river sand. Position, well-drained pots in light greenhouse
shaded from sun. Pot, March or April. Water moderately April to
Sept., occasionally other times. Repotting necessary only when
plants show signs of ill-health. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 65°;
Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in
well-drained pots or pans in above compost in temp. 65°, March to
Aug.; by suckers placed in small pots & treated as advised for plants.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. albicans, 3 to 4 in.; arachnoides, 3 in.; atrovirens,
1in.; attenuata, 3 in.; margaritifera, 3 in.; Reinwardtii, 2 in.; tortuosa, 2 in.;
viscosa, 2 in.

Hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha).—See Crategus. ’

Hay-scented Fern (Nephrodium zmulum).—See Nephrodium,

Hazel (Corylus Avellana).—See Corylus.

Heath.—See Erica.

Heather (Calluna vulgaris)—See Calluna. ; .

Heath-leaved St. John’s-wort (Hypericum coris).—See
Hypericum. Ay.

Heath leaved Starwort (Aster ericoides)—See Aster.

Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica).—See Nandina.

Hebenstretia.—oOrd. Selaginacee. Half-hardy annual.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow
seeds in heat in March, harden seedlings off early in May, & plant
out late in May 12 to 18in. apart in groups. Seeds may also be sown
thinly where required to flower about the middle of April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. comosa, white and scarlet, summer, 18 in., 8.
Africa.

Hedera (Ivy). — Ord. Araliacew. Hardy evergreen climbing
shrubs. Orn. foliage. Flowers, green; Oct. to Nov. Leaves, green,

191

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

purplish, or variegated with yellow & white. Berries, purplish black,
reddish orange, golden; winter.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, green-leaved
kinds against walls of all aspects, railings, tree stumps, arbours,
trellises, on banks & under shade of trees; variegated kinds against
south or west walls or fences. Plant, Sept., Oct., Nov., Feb., March,
or April. _ Peg shoots to surface of soil when first planted in any
tee Prune April, cutting off old leaves & straggling shoots.
¥ < freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants if vigorous growth is

esired.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould or
decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots in unheated
greenhouse, balconies or windows. Pot, Oct. or March. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Prune into shape, April.
Apply stimulants to established plants in summer only.

HANGING BASKETS: Compost, same as above. Plant, Oct. or
March. Position, unheated greenhouses, balconies or windows. Water
moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards.

SCREENS IN ROOMS: Compost as above. Position, boxes, well-
drained, with shoots trained to wire or wood trellis. Plant, Oct. or
March. Water moderately March to Oct., occasionally other times.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 6 to 8in. long inserted in ordi-
nary soil at base of north wall or fence, Sept. to Nov., in well-drained
pots in cold frame in Oct., or in temp. 55° to 65°, Sept. to Nov.; tree
& variegated kinds by cleft grafting on common species in temp. 55° in
Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. Helix (ivy), green, Europe, N. Africa and N. Asia.

VARIETIES CULTIVATED: H. Helix algeriensis, green; arborescens (Tree Ivy),
green and variegated forms; canariensis (Irish Ivy), green chrysocarpa, green;
conglomerata, green; cuspidata minor, purplish green; deltoides, purple bronze;
digitata, dark green; donerailensis, purplish brown; gracilis, purplish bronze;
lobata major, deep green; lucida, green and yellow; marginata, white and reddish
pink; marginata rubra, green and rosy red; marmorata, creamy white; palmata,
green; purpurea, purplish; regneriana (Giant Ivy), deep green, large; rhombea,

green and white; saggittefolia, green and bronze; variegata, green and white;
maderensis variegata, silvery.

Hedge-hog Cactus.—See Echinocactus.

Hedgehog Holly (Ilex aquifolium ferox).—Sce Ilex.

Hedge Pink laser officinalis).—See Saponaria.

Hedychium (Fragrant Garland-fiower). — Ord. Scitaminaces»,
Stove & greenhouse herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1791.
Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one of loam & one of sand.
Position, well-drained pots, tubs or boxes, or planted in beds in stove
or warm greenhouse. Pot plants may be stood outdoors July to Aug.
Pot, March or April. Water freely April to Nov., occasionally other
times. Apply liquid manure twice a week to plants in flower. Temp.,
stove species, March to Nov. 60° to 70°, Nov. to March 50° to 55°;
greenhouse species, March to Nov. 63” to 75°, Nov. to March 45° to
50°. Cut down flower stems immediately after flowering. H.

ardnerianum adapted for outdoor culture in summer. Plant, May,
in rich soil. Water freely in dry weather. Apply liquid manure when
in flower. Lift roots in Oct. & store in frost-proof place till planting
poe Propagate by division of rhizomes (creeping stems) in ark or
April.

STOVE SPECIES: H. coronarium, white, summer, 5 ft., India; coronarium
flavum, yellow, summer, 3 ft,
192

ENCYCLOPHD14A OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. gardnerianum, lemon-yellow, summer, 4 ft.,
Himalayas.

Hedysarum (French Honeysuckle).—Ord Leguminose. Hardy
perennial herbs and shrubs. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries, banks, or
slopes for dwarf elena sunny well-drained borders for tall species.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Cut down flower stems in Oct. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep outdoors in April, transplanting seed-
lings in June to final position; division of roots, Oct. or April.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. coronarium (French Honeysuckle), red, summer,
3 to 4 ft., S. Europe; coronarium album, white; Mackenzi, rosy purple, June,
2 to 3 ft., N. America.

_ SHRUBBY_ SPECIES: H. micro-calyx, purple, June, 3 ft., Himalayas; multi-
jugum, red, June, 4 ft., Mongolia. :

Hedyscepe (Umbrella Palm).—Ord. Palmacez. Stove palm.
Orn. foliage. A good room plant. Leaves, feather-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots in shady plant stove. Pot, Fel., March, or
April. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe
twice daily March or Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to
March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, in
temp. 70° to 80°, in Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. canterburyana (Syn. Kentia canterburyana), Lord
Howe’s Island,

Helen-filower (Helenium autumnale)—See Helenium.

Helenium (Helen flower; Sneeze-wort ; Sneeze-weed).—Ord. Com-
ve Hardy herbaceous perennials and annuals. First introduced
1729.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES :Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Cut
down flower stems in Oct. Flowers exceedingly useful for cutting.
Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep outdoors in April, transplanting
seedlings in June or July; division of roots in Oct. or March.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds in patches in borders in March or April.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. autumnale, yellow, July to Oct., 3 to 5 ft., N.
America; autumnale pumilum, 1 ft., autumnale striatum (Syn. Grandicephalum
striatum), yellow and brown, 4 ft.; Bigelovii, yellow and brown, Aug. to Oct.,
4 ft., California; Bolanderi, yellow and brown, summer, 18 in., California;
Hoopesii, yellow, summer, 2 ft., N. America.

ANNUAL SPECIES: H. setigerum (Syn. Ambyolepis setigera), yellow, summer,
1 ft., Texas.

Helianthemum (Sun Rose; Rock Rose).—Ord. Cistinacex.
Hardy flowering shrubs. Evergreen.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy. Position, sunny banks or rockeries.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Prune into shape, March. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in bed of light soil outdoors in April;
cuttings of shoots, 1 to Zin. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in cold frame in Aug. or Sept.; division of plants in Oct. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. formosum, yellow, June 3 to 4 ft., Portugal;
ocymoides, yellow, June, 2 ft., 8. Europe; vulgare, yellow, June, trailing, and its
numerous double and single varieties.

Helianthus (Sunflower; Jerusalem Artichoke).—Ord. Composite.

Hardy annual or perennial herbs; tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke
edible.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders. Sow seeds jin. deep in April where plants are to flower, or

193 u

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in pots in temp: 55° to 65° in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors
in June. Apply stimulants occasionally when flower buds form.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., or April. Cut
down flower stems in Oct. Water in dry weather. Apply stimulants
occasionally when plants show flower buds, Replant every third year.

CULTURE OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE: Soil, ordinary rich.
Position, open or shady. Plant, Feb. or March, placing tubers Gin.
deep & 12in. apart in rows 3ft. asunder. Earth-up when stems are
6in. high. Lift tubers in Nov. & store in sand or dry soil in outhouse,
or leave in ground & dig as required.

Propagate annual & perennial species by seeds sown 3 in. deep in
sunny place outdoors in March or April; perennials by division of roots,
Oct., March, or April; Jerusalem artichoke, 4 tubers treated as above.

ANNUAL SPEOIES: H. annuus (Common Sunflower), yellow, summer, 6 to i0 ft.,

N. America; argophyllus, yellow, 6 ft., N. America; debilis cucumerifolius, yellow,

3 to 4 ft.
PERENNIAL SPEOIES: H. decapptalus, sulphur yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
Canada; multiflorus, yellow, July, 4 ft., N. America; multifiorus maximus, large-

flowered; multiflorus flore-pleno, double-flowered; orgyalis, yellow, Aug., 6 ft.,
N. America; rigidus (Syn. Harpalium rigidum), yellow, Aug., 5 ft., N. America;
tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke), yellow, 6 ft., N. America.

Helichrysum (Everlasting-flower; Immortelle-flower).—Ord.
a ca Half-hardy annuals, hardy perennials, and greenhouse
shrubs.

CULTURE OF ANNUALSPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
Sow seeds in gentle heat in March, & plant out in May; or sow outdoors
in eee Gather flowers for winter decoration directly they are fully
expanded.

SULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, rich loam. Position,
sunny well-drained borders. Plant, March or April. Cut down
flower stems in Oct. Gather flowers for winter decoration when fully
developed.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, rich loam.
Position, sunny well-drained borders on summit of rockery. Plant,
Sept. or Oct. Protect in very severe weather.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts peat,
& one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould, charcoal, & sand. Posi-
tion, sunny greenhouse. Pot firmly in Feb. or March. Water freely
in summer, moderately other seasons. Temp., 45° to 50° in winter;
55° to 60° other seasons. Propagate hardy species by seeds sown out-
doors in April or cuttings in cold frame in spring; greenhouse species
by cuttings in fine sand under bell-glass in spring.

‘ANNUAL SPECIES: H. bracteatum (Everlasting Flower), colours various, sum-
mer, 3 to 4 ft., Australia.

PERENNIAL SPEOIES: H. arenarium (Yellow Everlasting), yellow, summer,
6 to 12 in., Europe. =

HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. Stcechas, yellow, 1 ft., summer, Europe.

GREENHOUSE SHRUBBY SPEOIES: H. humile (Syn. Aphelexis humilis), pink,
summer, 3 ft., 8. Africa.

Heliconia (False Plantain).—Ord. Scitaminaces. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1786. Leaves,
green; stem striped with black, green, & yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-mould,
peat, & sand. Position, pots in shady part of plant stove. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately Sept. to

194

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.
Nov., none Nov. to March. Syringe daily March to Sept. Temp.,
Feb. to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to Nov. 60° to 70°; Nov. to Feb. 55°
to 65°. Prope ate by division of roots in Feb. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. aureo-striata, green and yellow leaves, 3 ft., New
Britain; illustris, green and red leaves, 3 ft.; Sanderi, variegated, 2 ft.

Heliophila (Cape Stock; Sun Cress).—Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy
annuals. Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Water in dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in pans
or boxes of light soil in temp. of 55° in March, transplanting Eeodl ane

aes end of May, or similar depth in April where plants are to
ower.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. amplexicaulis, white and purple, summer, 9 in.;
coronopifolia, bluish white, summer, 2 ft.; pilosa, blue, summer, 6 to 12 in.

Heliopsis (North American Ox-eye).—Ord. Composite. Hardy
herbaceous perennials and annuals. First introduced 1714.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Cut down flower stems
in Oct. Water in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally when

lants show flower buds. Propagate annual species by seeds sown in
eat in spring & planted out in sunny place outdoors in May; perennial
species by division of plants, Oct., March, or April.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: H. canescens (Syn. Helianthus cordatus), yellow, sum-
mer, 3 ft., Peru, annual; levis, yellow, autumn, 5 ft., N. America, perennial.

Heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum).—See Heliotropium.

Heliotropium (Heliotrope; Cherry Pie; Turnsole).—Ord. Bora-
ginacew. Greenhouse flowering shrub. First introduced 1757.
Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts light loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots or beds, with shoots growing loosely or trained to
trellis, walls, pillars or rafters in greenhouse; in sunny beds outdoors
June to Sept., or in pots in windows. Pot, Feb. to May. Plant out-
doors, June. Lift & repot, Sept. Water freely March to Oct.,
moderately afterwards. Apply liquid or artificial manure to healthy
plants in flower. Prune old plants in closely in Feb. Training: Nip
off points of main, also lateral shoots when 3in. long to form dwarf
plants; points of main shoots when 12in. long, & side shoots when
3 to Gin. long, to form pyramids; points of main shoots when 2 ft.
long, & of lateral shoots at apex when 3 to 6 in. long—all side shoots to
within 4in. of apex to be removed altogether—to form standards.
Temp., Feb. to Oct. 60° to 70°; Oct. to Feb. 50° to 55°. Pot plants do
best in cold frame or sunny position outdoors July & Aug. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of light soil in
temp. 65° to 75° in March; by cuttings of shoots 2 to 3 in. long inserted
in pots of sandy soil under bell-glass, or in propagator in temp. 65° to
75° in March, April, Aug., or Sept. ; ; ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. peruvianum, blue and white, spring to winter, 1 to
6 ft., Peru; numerous varieties.

ipterum (Australian Everlasting ; Immortelle-flower).—Ord.
teneenes arty annuals. Nat. W. Australia. First introduced
CULTURE OF H. HUMBOLDTIANUM: Soil, light rich. Position,
sunny well-drained borders. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in
well-drained pots of light soil, in temp. 55° in March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors end of May or early in June.

195 H2

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF H. MANGLESII AND ROSEUM: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds din. deep in light sandy
soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or April, harden off in May, & aap
out in June. Gather blooms when fully grown, & dry thoroughly in
summer for winter decorations.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy peat, leaf-mould,
loam, & decayed cow-manure. Sow seeds thinly in shallow pan or
box in temp. 55° to 65° in Sept. for spring flowering, & in March for
summer blooming. Transplant when three leaves have formed, several
lin. apart in a 5-in. pot. Grow on shelf near glass. Water mode-
rately at first; freely later on. Apply weak stimulants once 4 week
when seedlings are Gin. high. Support with neat stakes when 3 to
6in. high. No shade required. Winter temp., 45° to 55°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. humboldtianum (Syn. H. Sandfordi), yellow, sum-
mer, 1 ft., Australia; Manglesii (Syn. Rhodanthe Manglesii), rosy pink and yellow,
summer, 12 to 18 in., Australia; rcseum (Syn. Acroclineum roseum), rose, summer,
2 ft. Australia; roseum album, white.

Hellebore (Helleborus niger).—See Helleborus. ’

Helleborine (Cephalanthera grandiflora and Epipactus lati-
folia).—See Cephalanthera and Epipactus.

Helleborus (Hellebore; Christmas Rose; Lenten Rose).—Ord.
Ranunculaceex. ardy perennials. Evergreen & deciduous. Nat.
Europe (Britain), Asia. rd

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich loamy. Position, shady well-
drained east border. Plant, Oct., Nov., & March, 12 in. apart. Mulch
with well-decayed manure in April. Water freely in dry weather.
Apply liquid manure occasionally May to Sept. Litt & replant every
five or six years. Protect with hand-lights, cloches, or frames, or cover
surface of bed with moss when in bloom. Manure soil freely prior to
planting.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part decayed
manure. Position, cold frame, or greenhouse heated to temp. 40” to
50°. Pot, Oct. Lift fresh plants annually for pot culture, replanting
old ones outdoors in April or May. Water moderately. Size of pot
for single plants, G to 8in. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in
shallow boxes of sandy soil in cold frame Oct. or March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors when a year old; by division of roots in July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. abschasicus, purplish green, Jan. to March, 1 ft.,
Caucasus; atrorubens, purple, March and April, 18 in., 8. Europe, Caucasus;
vaucasicus punctatus, reddish purple; colchicus, deep purple, Jan. to March, 18in.,
Asia Minor; foetidus (Stinking Hellebore), green and purple, Feb., 2 to 3 ft.,
Britain; lividus, green, March, 18 in., Corsica; nee (Christmas Rose), white
winter, 6 to 15 in., Europe, and its varieties altifolius or maximus (white and
purple), augustifolius (white), and major (white); odorus (Fragrant ellebore),
green, March, 18 in., Hungary; olympicus, purple, Feb. to April, 1 to 2 ft.,
Greece; orientalis (Lenten Rose), rose, Feb. to May, 1 to 2 ft., Greece; and its
varieties, guttatus (white), and sub-punctatus (white and green), viridis (Green
Hellebore), green, March, 18 in., Europe. Many varieties will be found in trade

lists.
Helmet-flower.—See Aconitum and Scutellaria.

Helmet Orchid.—See Coryanthes.

Helonias (Stud-flower). — Ord. Liliaceew. Hardy herbaceous
perennial. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1758.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam & peat. Position, moist, shady bor-
ders or margins of lakes or ponds. Plant, Oct., March, or April.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in a well-drained pan of sandy
fen in cold shady ffame in March or April; division of roots, Oct. or

arch.

196

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. bullata, purplish rose, summer, 18 in.

Hemerocallis (Day Lily).—Ord. Liliacer. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1496

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary deep rich. Position, moist borders,
open or slightly shady. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April; singly
or in groups. Lift & replant only when they become unhealthy.
Mulch established clumps with decayed manure in April or May.
Propagate by division of roots, Oct., Nov., or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. aurantiaca major (Japanese Day Lily), apricot,
summer, 3 ft., Japan; Dumortierii, orange-yellow, July, 2 ft., Japan; flava, orange-
yellow, fragrant, July, 2 to 3 ft., 8. Europe; fulva, yellow, June, 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe and Japan; fulva angustifolia, narrow-leaved; fulva crocea, yellow; fulva
disticha, yellow and red; fulva kwanso fl. pl., double flowered; Middendorffia,
golden yellow, summer, 2 ft., Siberia ond Japan; minor (Syn. H. graminea),
ee fragrant, 8 in., Siberia and Japan; Thunbergii, yellow, July, fragrant,
2 ft, apan. .

Hemionites (Ivy-leaved Fern).—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse ever-
green ferns. First introduced 1793. Fronds, heart or hand shaped.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one of sand. Position, small
well-drained pots in shade. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately
March to Sept., occasionally other times. Syringing not required.
Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of pans of sandy peat under bell-glass
in temp. 65° to 75° at any time.

' ara ES CULTIVATED: H. cordata, 6 in., Ceylon, etc.; palmata, 8 in., West
ndies.

Hemitelia (Smith’s Tree Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove & green-
house evergreen tree ferns. First introduced 1824. Fronds, feather-
shaped, 1 to 10 ft. long.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Position, well-
drained pots or tubs in shade. Pot, March. Water freely March to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe trunks daily March to Sept.
Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to Sept. 65° to 75° for stove
species; Sept. to March 45° to 55°, March to Sept. 55° to 65° for green-
house species. Propagate by a sown at any time on surface of
finely sifted loam & peat in shallow well-drained pans under bell-glass
in moist, shady position in temp. 75° to 85°.

STOVE SPECIES: H. horrida, 6 to 10 ft., W. Indies; Walkere; 4 to 6 ft.

GREENHOUSE SPEOIES: H. capensis, 6 to 10 ft., 8. Africa; Smithii, 10 to 12 ft.,
New Zealand.

Hemlock Spruce Fir (Picea alba).—See Picea,

Hemp Agrimony.—see Eupatorium.

Hemp-seed (Cannabis sativa).—See Cannabis.

Hen and Chickens Daisy (Bellis perennis prolifera).—See
Bellis.

Hen-and-Chickens House-leek (Sempervivum globi
ferum).—See Sempervivum.

Hepatica.—sSee Anemone.

Heracleum (Giant Cow Parsnip; Cartwheel Flower) —Ord. Um-
bellifere. Hardy perennial herbs. Orn. foliage. Leaves, large,
feather-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or sheltered shrubberies,
borders, margins of ponds, lakes, etc. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Remove
flower stems immediately they appear early in June if fine, healthy
foliage is desired. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in ordinary soil
outdoors, March or ota division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATE. H. villosum (Syn, H. giganteum), white and yellow,
summer, 6 to 10 ft., Caucasus,

197

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Herb-Christopher (Actza spicata).—See Actza.
Herb.-Lily (Alstromeria aurea).—See Alstromeria.
Herb-Louisa (Lippia citriodora).—See Lippia.
Herb-of-Grace (Ruta graveolens).—See Ruta.
Herb-of-Repentance (Ruta graveolens).—Sce Ruta.

Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia).—See Paris.

Herb Patience (Rumex patienta).—See Rumex.

Herb-Twopence (Lysimachia nummularia).—See Lysimachia.

Herminium (Musk Orchis).—Ord. Orchidacee. Hardy terres-
trial orchid with musk-scented flowers.

CULTURE: Soil, light turfy loam with plenty of chalk or old mortar
and leaf-mould added. Position, sunny rockeries; or in pots in cold
frame. Plant wild roots directly flowers have faded; pot roots in
early spring. Propagate by division in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. monorchis, green and yellow, July, 6 in., Britain.

Herniaria (Rupture-wort)—Ord. Illicebracex. Hardy peren-
nial trailing herb. Ornamental-leaved.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady rockeries, or
as edgings to carpet-beds, or for carpeting surface of beds containing
choice bulbs. Plant, Oct., Nov., March to June. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16in. deep in light sandy soil outdoors, March or April; divi-
sion of -fleute, Oct., Nov., March, April or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. glabra, leaves dark green, 1 in., Europe (Britain);
glabra aurea, leaves golden.

Heron’s-bill (Erodium petrwum).—See Erodium.

Herring-bone Fern (Lomaria Spicant)—See Lomaria.

Herring-bone Thistle (Cnicus Casabonz).—See Cnicus,

Hesperantha (Evening-flower). — Ord. Iridacew. Greenhouse
bulbous flowering plants. Deciduous. Nat. 8. Africa. First intro-
duced 1787. Flowers fragant, opening in the evening.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure, & little sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold
frame, cool greenhouse or window till growth begins, then remove to
temp. 45° to 55°, Pot, Nov., placing five bulbs 3in. deep in a 5-in.
pot. Cover pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
begins. Water moderately from time growth commences till flowers
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quite dry from Sept. to
Jan. Repot annually. Propagate by offsets treated as advised for

ulbs.
POKES CULTIVATED: H. cinnamomea, white, April and May, 6 in.; falcata,

brown and white, May, 10 in.; pilosa, white and red, April, 6 in.; radiata, white
and red, May, 6 in.

Hesperis (Sweet Rocket; Dame’s Violet; Dame’s Rocket; Double
Rocket).—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy perennial herbs. First introduced
1597. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich moist.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Mulch with decayed manure in May. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally in summer to double varieties. but down flower stems in
Oct. Lift & replant double kinds every second year. Propagate
single kinds by seeds sown }in. deep in sunny position outdoors in
April, transplanting seedlings in June or July; double kinds by cut-
tings of young shoots 3 in. ons inserted in sandy soil in shady position
outdoors, July to Sept., or under hand-light or in cold frame, Sept. or
Oct., transplanting in March; also by division of roots, Oct. or March.

198

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. matrionalis (Sweet Rocket), white or lilac, May to
July, 2 to 3 ft., 8. Europe, and its double white and purple-flowered varieties;
violacea, purple, April to June, 2 ft., Asia Minor. Latter best grown a8 a biennial.

Hessea.—Ord. Amaryllidaces. Greenhouse bulbous flowering
plants. Deciduous. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure, & little sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold
frame, cool greetihouse, or window till growth begins, then remove to
temp. 45° to 55°. Pot, Nov., placing five bulbs 3in. deep in a 5-in.
pot. Cover pots with ccocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
begins. Water moderately from time growth commences till flowers
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quite dry from Sept. to
Jan. Repot annually. Propagate by offsets treated as bulbs.

oo ULTIVATED: H. crispa, pink, summer, 3 in.; gemmata, yellow, Aug.,

in.

Heuchera (Alum-root; American Sanicle).—Ord. Saxifragacea.
Hardy perennial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced
1656.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich or peaty; not suited for clay
soils. Position, open sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March, or April. Propagate by division of roots or crowns, March to
May; also by seeds sown in light soil in cold frames in spring, trans-
planting seedlings into small pots, and planting out following spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. americana, red, summer, 18 in., N. America;
brizoides, pink, summer, 1 ft., hybrid; micrantha, yellow, summer, 2 ft., N.
America; sanguinea, red, summer, 12 to 18 in., Mexico. There are several pretty
varieties of this species.

Hexacentris.—See Thunbergia. ;

Hibbertia.—Ord. Dilleniacew. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing climbers. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1816.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat & little sand. Posi-
tion, pots, tubs, or beds; shoots trained up 1afters. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Prune straggling shoots, Feb. Water abundantly
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp. March to Oct., 55°
to 75°; Oct. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of moderately
firm shoots to 3in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, April to ay

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: H.dentata, yellow, summer, 10 ft.; fasciculata, yellow,
summer, 3 ft.; Readii, yellow, summer, 1 ft.; volubilis, yellow, summer, 10 ft.

Hibiscus (Hemp Mallow; Musk Mallow; Rose Mallow; Malabar
Rose; Blacking Plant; Rose of Sharon; Althwa frutex).—Ord. Mal-
vaceew. Stove evergreen & ake deciduous shrubs, hardy annuals &
perennials. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts fibry peat
& loam, with charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds,
with shoots trained to wall. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into
shape, Feb. Water abundantly March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
well-drained sunny border. Plant, Oct. or March. Cut down stems
in Oct.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow seeds in. deep in April where plants are to
flower.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, rich, light loam.
Position, sheltered, sunny, well-drained border. Plant, Oct. Prune
after flowering, thinning out laa a dead wood only.

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Propagate stove species by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained
pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° in March, by cuttings
of firm shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp: 75° in
spring or summer, by grafting in March; perennial species by seeds
sown outdoors in April, or division of root in March; annual species
by seeds sown as directed above; shrubby species by cuttings inserted
in sandy peat in cold frame in summer, or grafting in March.

STOVE SPECIES: H. Cameroni, rose, July, 4 to 5 ft., Madagascar; cocoineus,
scarlet, summer, 6 ft., America; esculentus (Okra or Gombo), yellow, summer,
4 ft., annual, Tropics; marmoratus, white and rose, spring, 3 ft., Mexico; rosa-
sinensis (Blacking Plant), crimson, summer, 10 ft., Tropics.
ahh” SPEOIES (Hardy): H. Trionum, yellow and purple, summer, 2 ft.,

rica.

PERENNIAL SPECIES (Hardy): H. militaris, rose, summer, 3 to 4 ft., U. States;
Moscheutos, white and rose, summer, 3 to 5 ft., N. America; rosea, rose and
purple, summer, 4 to 6 ft., N. America.

HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. syriacus (Rose of Sharon or Althxa frutex),
various colours, late summer, 6 to 8 ft., deciduous, Syria. There are several
varieties of this species.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: H. Manihot, yellow and purple, summer, 6 to 8 ft.,
Tropics. Rear from seed in heat in spring and plant out in June in sunny borders.

Hickory (Carya alba).—See Carya. ;

Hidalgoa (Climbing Dahlia). — Ord. Compositw. Half-hardy

climbing perennial. First introduced 1898. . :
_ OUTDOOR CULTURE: Raise plants from seed or cuttings in heat
in spring, and plant out against a sunny trellis or arch late in May.
Water freely, and feed with liquid manure when plants begin to bloom.
Cut down shoots in Sept., lift roots, and place them in pots in a heated
house to furnish cuttings in spring. _

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Grow in equal parts loam and leaf-
mould, with plenty of sand. Water freely in spring and summer;
little at other seasons. Train shoots up roof. Propagate by cuttings
of young shoots in spring:

Ge me CULTIVATED: H. Wercklei, scarlet and yellow, summer, 12 to 15 ft.,

Osta hica,

Hieracium (Golden Mouse-ear; Hawk-weed).—Ord. Composite.
Hardy perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny banks or elevated
borders.: Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in.
decp outdoors in March or April; division of roots any time in spring.
aa aed CULTIVATED: H. aurantiaca, orange red, summer, 12 to 18 in., N.

urope.

Hierochloe (Holy Grass). — Ord. Graminex. Hardy orn.
perennial grasses. Inflorescence, chestnut-coloured, fragrant, borne
in panicles; May to July.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, damp, shady borders, or
margins of ponds. Plant, March or April, Propagate by seeds sown
in damp position outdoors in spring; division of plants in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. borealis, I to 2 ft., Europe (Britain).

Himalayan Honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa).—See Ley-
cesteria.

Himalayan Hound’s-tongue (Lindelofia spectabilis)—
See Lindelofia.

Himalayan Lung-wort (Lindelofia spectabilis)—See Lin-
delofia.

Himalayan May Apple (Podophyllum Emodi).—See Podo-

hyllum.

F Himalayan Poppy (Meconopsis. Wallichi).—See Meconopais.

200

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Himalayan Primrose (Primula sikkimensis)—See Primula.

Hindsia.—0Ord. Rubiacez. | Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1844.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough fibious peat, light loam,
silver sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots in light stove.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely April to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Prune into shape, Feb. Temp., Feb. to Aug. 65° to 75°;
Aug. to Nov. 60° to 70°; Nov. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Propagate by cut-
tings of firm shoots inserted in well-drained pots of pure silver sand
under bell-glass in peng 65° to 75° in March or June.

__ SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. longiflora, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Brazil; and
its varieties alba (white); violacea, violet blue, May, 3 ft., Brazil.

Hippeastrum (Barbados Lily; Knight’s Star Lily; Mexican
Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Stove bulbous plants, popularly known
as Amaryllises. Deciduous. First introduced 1677.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part river sand &
a few crushed bones. Position, well-drained pots in light part of
stove. Pot, Jan., burying bulb about two-thirds of its depth. Water
freely from time growth begins (about Feb.) until July, when keep
quite dry. Apply liquid manure when flower spike shows. Top-dress
large bulbs annually & repot every three or four years only. ‘emp.,
Feb. to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to Feb. 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy loam in temp. 65° to
70° in March, placing seedlings singly in 2-in. pots & keeping them
moderately moist all the year round for three years; by offsets treated
as old bulbs. Seedlings are three years or so before they flower.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. aulicum, crimson and orange, winter, 2 ft., Brazil;
equestre, red, summer, 18 in., Trop. America; Leopoldii, crimson and white, spring,
1 ft., Peru; pardinum, green, yellow and scarlet, spring, 2 ft., Peru; psittacinum,
orange and scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Brazil; Regine, red_and white, spring, 2 ft.,
8. America; reticulatum, rose or scarlet, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; vittatum, crimson
and white, spring, 2 ft., Peru. Numerous hybrids, more beautiful than the species,
will be found in trade lists.

Hippocrepis (Horse-shoe Vetch).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy
evergreen trailing herb.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or elevated
borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds-sown 1-16 in.
deep in fine soil in sunny position outdoors in March or April; division
of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. comosa, yellow, May to Aug., Europe, Africa, etc.

Hippophae (Sea Buckthorn; Sallow-thorn).—Ord. Eleagnacee.
Hardy deciduous berry-bearing shrub. Male & female flowers borne
on separate plants. Both must be grown to ensure a crop of berries.
Berries, orange; autumn & winter.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady shrubberies &
inland or seaside gardens. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds
sown +in. deez outdoors in Nov. or Dec.; by cuttings of roots inserted
in Feb. or March in ordinary soil outdoors; layering shoots in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. rhamnoides, yellow, May, 8 to 12 ft., Europe.

Hippuris (Mare’s-tail). — Ord. Haloragacer. Hardy aquatic
perennial. Orn. foliage. Leaves, narrow, strap-shaped; in circles
round the stem.

CULTURE: Soil, mud. Position, bogs, ponds, or damp places.
Plant, March to June. Propagate by division of roots, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. vulgaris, 8 to 12 in., Europe (Britain).

Hodgin’s Holly (Ilex Hodginsii)—See Tlex.

201

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Holboellia. — Ord. Berberidacew. Cool greenhouse flowering
climber. Evergreen. First introduced 1846,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal proportions
of leaf-mould & silver sand. Position, large pots or tubs, shoots
trained up roof. Prune away weak shoots in autumn. Water freely
during spring & summer, moderately in winter. Syringe freely when
not in flower. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in gentle
heat in Sprig.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: H. latifolia (Syn. Stauntonia latifolia), white, fragrant,
spring, 10 to 20 ft., Himalayas.

Holcus (Variegated Soft Grass)—Ord. Graminacee. Hardy orn.
peunial grass. Leaves, soft, woolly, green, variegated with silvery
white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to beds or borders,
or in clumps in borders. Plant, Oct., March, or April. Propagate
hy division of plants in Oct., March, or April. Variegated kind only
grown in gardens.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. lanatus albo-variegatus, 6 to 12 in., Britain.

Holly (Ilex aquifolium).—See Ilex.

Holly Fern rriseaae Lonchitis).—See Aspidium.

Hollyhock (Althza rosea).—See Althwa,
Hoily-leaved Barberry (Berberis aquifolium).—See Ber
eris.

Holly-leaved Olive (Osmanthus aquifolium illicifolius)—See
Osmanthus.

Holly Oak (Quercus be Quercus,

Holm Oak (Quercus ilex).—See Quercus.

Holy Ghost-fiower (Peristeria elata)—See Peristeria.

Holy Grass (Hierochloé borealis).—See Hierochloé.

Holy Rose (Andromeda polifolia)—See Andromeda.

Holy Thistle.—See Carbenia & Silybum.

Homeria.—oOrd. Iridew. Handsome greenhouse bulb. First in-
troduced 1793. :

POT CULTURE: Compost, loam, leaf-mould, & sand in equal parts.
Place bulbs lin. apart, & lin. deep in 5in. pots during Sept. & Oct.
Stand in a cold frame, & cover with a few inches of cocoanut-fibre
refuse till growth begins, then remove to greenhouse. Plant in pots
near the glass. Water freely during active growth. Keep nearly dry
after flowers fade to facilitate ripening of bulbs. Repot annually in
autumn.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Plant bulbs 3 to 4in. deep in light, rich,
well-drained soil in a south border between Oct. and Jan. Protect with
bracken litter or leaves to ward off heavy rains. Propagate by offsets
removed at i lanane time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. oollina (Syn. Morsa collina), red and yellow, spring,
1 ft. 9. Africa; collina aurantiaca, orange, red and yellow, spring, 1 ft.; elegans,
yellow, brown and orange, summer, 1 ft., S. Afrioa; lineata, red and yellow,
spring, 1 ft., 9. Africa; miniata, red, spring, 6 to 8 in., S. Africa.

Honesty (Lunaria biennis).—See Lunaria.

Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos),—See Gleditschia,

Honey-plant (Hoya carnosa)—See Hoya.

Honeysuckie.—See Lonicera.

Honey-wort.—See Cerinthe.

Hoodia. — Ord. Asclepiadew. Greenhouse succulent plants.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1874. Stems, cylindrical,
prickly, leafless. aie

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, old mortar, broken
bricks & dry cow manure. Position, well-drained pots, fully exposed
to sun in warm greenhouse. Repot every three or four years in Feb. or
March. Water moderately March to Oct., keep quite dry Oct. to
Mar. Temp., April to Sept. 65 to 75°; Sept. to April 45° to 55°. Pro-
pagate by portions of fleshy stems 3 in. long cut clean at base & laid on
sunny shelf to dry for several days, then insert in small well-drained
pots of sandy soil in tent, of 55° to 65°, April to Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Bainii, yellow, Aug., 1 ft., - Africa; Gordonii,
yellow and purple, July, 18 in., 8. Africa.

Hop (Humulus lupulus)—See Humulus.

Hop Hornbeami (Ostrya carpinifolia).—See Ostrya.

Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata).—_See Ptelea.

Hordeum (Squirrel-tail Grass), Ord, Graminea. Hardy
annual flowering grass. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1782.
Inflorescence, barley-like, borne in spikes; June to Sept.; very useful
for cutting.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open dryish borders. Propa-
gate by seeds sown jin. deep in March or April in borders where plants
are required to flower.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. jubatum, 2 ft.

Horehound.—See Marrubium.

Horminum (Pyrenean Dead-nettle)—Ord. Labiate. Hardy her-
baceous perennial. First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open well-drained borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep outdoors in March or April; by division of roots Oct. to March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. pyrenaicum, blue, summer, 1 ft., Pyrenees.

Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).—See Carpinus.

Horned Poppy (Glaucium luteum).—See Glaucium.

Horned Rampion (Phyteuma orbiculare).—See Phyteuma.

Horned Violet (Viola cornuta).—See Viola.

Horn of Plenty (Fedia Cornucopizwa).—See Fedia.

Horse Chestnut (#sculus hippocastanum).—See Aisculus.

Horse Radish (Cochlearia armoracia).—See Cochlearia.

Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa).—See Hippocrepis.

Horse-tail.—See Equisetum.

Hose-in-Hose Polyanthus (Primula elatior var.). — See

Primula.

Hottentot Fig (Mesembryanthemum edule).—See Mesembryan-
themum.

Hottentot’s Bread (Testudinaria elephantipes).—See Testu-
dinaria.

Hottonia (Water Violet)—Ord. Primulaces. Hardy aquatic
perennial herb. , :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of ponds & rivulets
or in bogs. Plant, March or A ril. Propagate by seeds sown in
muddy soil in shallow water in March or April; division of plants
March or April. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. palustris, lilac and yellow, June, 1 ft., Europe

il).
oulletia.—Oxd. Orchidaceew. Stove epiphytal orchids. Ever-
reen. First introduced 1841. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part sphagnum.
Position, baskets suspended from roof of stove, Re-basket, Feb. or

203

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

March. Water abundantly March to Sept., moderately Sept. to March.
Temp., May to Aug. 65° to 85°; Aug. to Nov. & March to May, 60° to
70°; Nov. to May, 55° to 65°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs
when growth commences.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. brockenhurstiana, brown and yellow, summer, 2 ft.,
Brazil; chrysantha, yellow, chocolate and crimson, summer, 2 ft., Colombia;
Jowiana, yellow and white, summer, | ft., Colombia; odoratissima, red, summer,
2 {t., Colombia.

House Leek (Sempervivum tectorum!.—See Sempervivum.

Houstonia (Bluets)—Ord. Rubiacew. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials, First introduced 1785.

CULTURE: Soil, leaf-mould & sand. Position, crevices, nooks, &
crannies of moist rockeries. Plant, March or April. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in pans of leaf-mould & sand in cold frame in
spring or autumn; division of roots in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. cerulea (Bluets), blue, May to July, 2 to 4 in,
Virginia; oerulea alba, white; longifolia, lilac, Aug., 6 in., N. America; serpyli-
folia, white, summer, 3 in., N. America.

Hovea.—ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Ever-
green. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1818.

CULTURE: Compost, three parts peat, one part loam & little silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb.
or March. Nip off points of young shoots in spring to induce bushy
growth. Water freely April to Sept., moderately Sept. to April.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°, Sept. to March 45° to 50°. Stand

lants outdoors from July to Sept. to mature flowering shoots for fol-
owing year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in well-drained
pots of sandy peat in temp. of 55° to 65° in March or pe ; cuttings
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° April to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. Celsi, bluc, spring, 3 ft., Australia; longifolia,
purple, spring, 5 ft., Australia.

Howea.—Ord. Palmacee. (ireenhouse palms. _ Elegant plant
for house decoration. Nat. Lord Howe’s Island. Leaves, feather-
shaped, graceful. ; ;

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots in greenhouse, or in dwelling rooms during
summer. Pot, Feb. or March. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Water moderately, Oct. to Feb.; freely
afterwards. Apply weak liquid manure to healthy plants once a week,
May to Sept. Syringe plants daily. Sponge leaves of those grown in
dwelling rooms once weekly. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in
light soil in be 80° Feb. or March.

PECIES CULTIVATED: H. belmoreana (Syn. Kentia belmoreana), 6 to 10 ft.,
forsteriana, 6 to 15 ft. ;

Hoya (Honey-plant, Wax-flower). — Ord. Asclepiadeew. Stove &
greenhouse climbing flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced
1802.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat and loam, little charcoal &
sand. Position, malledvained pots, beds, or hanging baskets, with
shoots trained round trellises, up rafters, or against walls, & fully
exposed to the light. Pot or plant Feb. or March. Water freely
March to Sept., modcrately Sept. to March. Temp., stove species, 65°
to 75° March to Oct., 55° to 65° Oct. to March; greenhouse species, 55°
to 65° March to Sept., 45° to 55° Sept. to March. Prune into shape,
Teb. Foot stalks of flowers should not be removed after blooming, as
these will produce a second crop of flowers. Propagate by cuttings of

204

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.
shoots of preceding year’s growth inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
pat under bell-glass in temp. of 75° to 85° in March, April, or May:
ayering shoots in pots of sandy peat in spring or summer; grafting on
H. carnosa in March or April.

STOVE SPECIES: H. bella, white and crimson, summer, 3 ft., Burma.

Pere alae SPECIES: H. carnosa, pink and white, summer, 10 to 12 ft.,
Huckle-berry (Vaccinium myrtillus‘.—See C. Vaccinium.
Hudsonia (American False Heath—Ord. Cistinex. Half-hardy

evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1805.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one of sand. Position, well-
drained pots in unheated greenhouse, or outdoors June to Sept. Pot,
Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. Water freely March to Oct.,
moderately afterwards. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 1 to
2in. long inserted in well-drained pots of silver sand under bell-glass
in greenhouse, April to Aug.; layering in Sept. & Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. ericoides, yellow, May to July, 1 ft., U. States;
tomentosa, yellow, June, 1 ft., N. America.

Humble-piant (Mimosa pudica).—See Mimosa.

Humea (Amaranth Feathers). — Ord. Composite. Half-hardy
biennial. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1800. Flowers borne in
graceful, feathery panicles, :

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, half
a part decayed manure, half a part charcoal & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots in cold frame during summer; airy greenhouse in
winter & when in flower. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct.,
very little afterwards. Syringing unnecessary. Temp., Oct. to April
45° to 55°; April to Oct. 55° to 65°. Discard plants after flowering.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-
drained beds or borders. Plant, June. Water freely in dry weather.
Propagate by seeds sown on surface of fine mould in well-drained pots
or pans, covering seeds slightly with fine soil, in July, in cold frame
or greenhouse.
wo CULTIVATED: H. elegans, red, pink, and crimson, June to Oct., 3 to

Humulus (Common Hop; Japanese Hop).—Ord. Urticacee.
Hardy annual & perennial twining climbers. Male blooms borne in
axillary panicles, & female blooms in cones in clusters on separate
plants; the latter form the hop of commerce, & are the most ornamental.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny or shady walls, fences, arbours, trellises, or tree stumps. Plant,
May or June. Water freely in dry weather. This species an excellent
plant for covering unsightly objects rapidly in summer.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep rich & well-
manured loam. Position, sunny walls, fences, arbours, trellises, tree
stumps, or in open ground with shoots trained round poles. Plant
singly in groups of three, or 6 or 12 in. apart in rows 4 to 5 ft. asunder,
February or March. Top-dress annually with decayed manure in Feb.
or March. Mulch with decayed manure in April. Water freely in dry
weather. Gather female flowers (hops in Sept. for drying. Cut down
plants in Oct. Young shoots 4 to 6 in. long form an excellent substitute
for asparagus if gathered in spring. Propagate annual species by
seeds sown } in. deep in pots of ordinary soil in cool or heated green-
house in April, or where plants are required to grow in May; perennial
species by seeds sown 3 in. deep in ordinary soil outdoors in March or

205

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

April; division of roots in March. Annual species invariably sows
itself after first year.

ANNUAL SPECIES: H. japonicus (Japanese Hop), 8 to 10 ft., Japan.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. lupulus (Hop), 10 to 15 ft., Europe.

Hungarian Lilac (Syringa Josikea).—See Syringa.

Hunnemannia.—Ord. Papaveracew. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial. First introduced 1827.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained bor-
der at base of south wall. Plant, March. Protect with cocoanut-fibre
refuse, tan, or leaves in winter. Propagate by seeds sown as soon as
ripe in a cold frame, planting out see lings following June.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: H. fumariefolia, yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Mexico.

Huntingdon Elm (Ulmus glabra vegeta).—See Ulmus.

Huntingdon Willow (Salix alba)—See Salix.

Huntsman’s Cup (Sarracenia purpurea)—See Sarracenia.

Huntsman’s Horn (Sarracenia flava).—See Sarracenia.

Huon Pine-tree (Dacrydium Franklini).—See Dacrydium.

Hutchinsia.—Ord. Cruciferew. Hardy annuals & perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy. Position, open sunny rockeries or margins
of borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate annual species by seeds
sown & slightly covered with fine soil where plants are required to
. grow in March or April; perennial species by seeds sown similarly,

or by division of plants in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES.—H. petra, white, spring, 3 in., Britain.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: 4H. alpina, white, spring, 1 in., Alps.

Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis)—See Hyacinthus.

Hyacinth Bean (Dolichos vulgaris)—See Dolichos.

Hyacinthus (Hyacinth).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous flower-
ing plants. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF COMMON HYACINTHS IN POTS: Compost, equal
parts fibrous loam and well-decayed manure, one-sixth river sand.
Position, under cinder ashes in cold frame or outdoors Nov. to Feb-,
afterwards in window or greenhouse. Pot, Nov. & Dec., placing one
bulb half its depth in a 6 in. pot or three in an 8 in. pot. Water only
when growth begins, and moderately afterwards. Apply liquid manure
occasionally when flower spikes form. After flowering, plant bulbs
outdoors.

CULTURE IN GLASSES: Place bulbs in glasses so that base just
touches water. Time, Nov. to Dec. Water, soft or rain, & little char-
coal; add fresh as required. Put in dark position until roots form,
then remove to light. No stimulant needful. Plant bulbs outdoors
after flowering.

CULTURE IN BEDS: Soil, ordinary, enriched with manure pre-
vious autumn- Position, open sunny. Plant bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep &
8 in, apart, Nov. Protect surface of bed by covering of cocoanut-fibre
refuse. Apply liquid manure once or twice when flower spikes appear.
Lift & dry bulbs in June, storing them in cool place till planting time.

CULTURE OF ROMAN HYACINTH: Compost, as advised above.
Position, pots under ashes in cold frame or outdoors till rooted, then
in heated greenhouse or window. Pot, Aug., Sept., & Oct., placing
one bulb in a 4in. pot or three in a 5 in. pot. Depea for planting, lin.
Water only when removed from the ashes, & moderately afterwards.
Temp. when in greenhouse or window, 55° to 65°. Bulbs of no use
after flowering.

CULTURE OF SPANISH HYACINTH: Soil, light rich. Position,

206

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

well-drained sunny borders. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Top-dress annually
with decayed cow manure in Feb. Lift & replant only when bulbs
show signs of deterioration. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in
light sandy soil in boxes in cold frame or outdoors in Sept.; by offsets
removed from old bulbs when lifted & planted 6 in. apart each way
outdoors in Oct. Seedling bulbs flower when three years old, and
attain full size when seven years old.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: H. amethystinus (Spanish Hyacinth), blue, spring, 1 ft.,
Pyrenees; amethystinus albus, white; orientalis (Common Hyacinth), various
colours, spring, Mediterranean Region; orientalis albulus (Roman Hyacinth), white.
. Hydrangea.—ord. Saxifragaces. Greenhouse & hardy flower-
ing shrubby plants. First introduced 1736. Leaves, egg-shaped, green
or variegated with yellow or white. j

CULTURE OF H. HORTENSIA AND VARIETIES: Compost, two
parts rich loam, one part well-decayed manure & river sand. Position,
cool greenhouse, frame, or room, Oct. to March; heated greenhouse
or warm window, March to Oct. Pot, Feb. to March. Water abun-
dantly March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Prune, Aug. or Sept.,
cutting out all weak shoots & such as have flowered. Flowers borne
on vigorous shoots of previous year’s growth. Best blooms obtained
on plants propagated by cuttings annually in Aug. Apply liquid or
artificial manure frequently to plants showing flower. Temp. for early
flowering (Jan. to May), 55° to 65°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, shady, well-
drained borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Prune strag-
gling or dead shoots in March. Top-dress annually with decayed cow
manure. Apply liquid manure when in flower. A good plant for sea-
side gardens in §. & W. of England.

CULTURE OF H. PANICULATA IN POTS: Compost as above.
Position, cold frames, unheated greenhouses, or windows. Pot, Feb.
or March. Prune previous year’s shoots to within 1 in. of base in
Jan. or Feb. Water freely March to Oct., keep nearly dry Oct. to
March. Apply liquid manure frequently when showing flower. After
flowering, place in sunny position outdoors until Nov.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF H, PANICULATA: Soil, two parts rich
turfy loam, one part decayed cow manure & river sand. Position, par-
tially shaded, well-drained bed or border. Plant, Oct., Nov., or March.
Top-dress annually with decayed manure in Feb. or March. Water
freely in dry weather. Apply liquid manure when flower buds appear.
Prune as advised for pot culture in March.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Plant H. petiolaris against a
south wall in well-drained border; it will grow like ivy. Other species
may be grown in a similar soil and position to H. Hortensia. Blue
flowers may be obtained by planting in yellow loam, bog peat,
or clay, or in a compost of five parts loam & one part iron
filings, or by applying one of the following solutions: Dissolve a table-
spoonful of alum in a gallon of soft water, and use 12 hours afterwards ;
one tablespoonful of saltpetre & half a tablespoonful of oxide of iron
in three gallons of water, and use 24 hours afterwards. Apply both
twice a week. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted singly
in 2 in. pots of light sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°
in March or April; cuttings of points of firm shoots 2 to 3 in. long
inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame in Aug.; by
grafting or rooted cuttings or pieces of the soft thick roots of common

ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.

species in a temp. of 65° to 70° in Feb., March, or April; division of
old plants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. arborescens, white, fragrant, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
U. States; aspera, white, summer, 4 ft., China; sinensis, white, summer, 2 to 6 ft.,
China; Hortensia, white or blue, spring and summer, 3 to 4 ft., and its varieties,
Lindleyi (japonica), white or blue, otaksa, flesh, stellata, pink, rose, or pale blue,
Thomas Hogg, white, and tricolor, leaves variegated; involucrata, rosy lilac or
pink, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Japan; paniculata, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Japan;
paniculata hortensis (Syn. floribunda and grandiflora), larger-flowered; petiolaris,
white, June, climbing, Japan; quercifolia, white, July, 4 to 6 ft., Florida; Thun-
bergii, rose or blue, summer, 3 ft., Japan.

Hydrocharis (Frog-bit)._Ord. Hydrocharidacewa. Hardy aqua-
tic perennial. Stems floating.

CULTURE: Soil, muddy. Position, shallow ponds, lakes, or rivu-
lets. Plant, March or April. Propagate by creeping shoots detached
from plant & inserted in mud under water in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. Morsus-Rane, green and white, summer, Europe
(Britain).

Hydrocleis.—Ord. Alismacew. Hardy aquatic perennial. First
introduced 1831,

CULTURE: Soil, two parts loam and one part leaf-mould. Position,
sunny, shallow ponds or tubs sunk in ground. Plant 6 in. below
surface of water in March. In cold districts plants best wintered in
frost-proof greenhouse. Propagate by seeds in pots of rich soil sunk
in water or division of roots 1n spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. Commersonii (Syn. Limnocharis Humboldtii), yellow,
July to Sept., Buenos Ayres.

Hymenocallis.—Ord. Amaryllidacew. Stove & greenhouse
bulbous plants. Evergreen & deciduous. First introduced 1758.
Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part decayed
manure and half a part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in
sunny part of stove & greenhouse. Pot, March. Repotting necessary
every three or four years only. Water abundantly April to Sept.,
moderately Sept. to Dec., keep quite dry Dec. to March. Apply liquid
manure once or twice a week May to Sept. Temp. for stove species,
70° to 80° March to Sept., 55° to 65° Sept. to March; greenhouse species,
55° to G5? April to Sept., 45° to 50° Sept. to April. Propagate by offsets
removed from old bulbs in March and treated as above.

STOVE SPECIUS: H. macrostephana, white, spring, 2 ft., hybrid; ovata, white,
autumn, 1 ft., W. Indies; speciosa, white, spring, 1 ft., W. Indies,

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. calathina, white, spring, 1 {t., Peru.

Hymenophylium Cio aedee Fern; Filmy Fern).—Ord.
Filices. Stove, greenhouse, half-hardy ferns. Fronds, feathery, deli-
cate, membraneous.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, charcoal, sandstone, & silver sand.
Position, moist, shady, in damp recesses of rockeries, under bell-glasses
or in cases. Plant, March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately
Oct. to March. Syringing unsuitable. Shade most essential. Temp.
for stove species, 65° to 75° March to Oct., 55° to 65° Oct. to March;
greenhouse species, 65° to 75° March to Oct., 55 to 65 Oct. to March;
prec anonee species, 55° to 60° March to Sept., 45° to 55° Sept. to

arch,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost as above. Position,
deep, moist, shady frames, pits, caverns, or tubs; away from direct

208

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

light & sunshine. Plant, March. Water freely in summer, moderately
other times. No syringing required. Protect in severe weather.

CULTURE IN CASES IN ROOMS: Compost as above. Position,
shady window, not exposed to sun. Plant, March. Top-dress with
fresh compost annually in March. Water freely April to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Ventilate case few minutes daily. Propagate by
spores sown on surface of sandy peat in shallow pan covered with bell-
8: ass in temp. 65° to 75° at any time; by division of plant at potting
ime,

STOVE SPECIES: H. caudiculatum, Chili; chiloensis, dwarf, Chili and Chiloe;
dichotomum, Chili; dilatatum fosterianum, Brazil.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. demissum, New Zealand, Malaya; flabellatum,
Australia; javanicum, Java; pulcherrimum, New Zealand.

HARDY SPECIES: H. tunbridgense, Britain; tunbridgense Wilsoni, Norway,
etc.; unilaterale, Britain.

Hyophorbe.—oOrd. Palmacez. Stove palm. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1866. Leaves, feather-shaped, deep green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, shady, moist. ‘ot, Feb. or March. Water abundantly
March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to
85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in
pots of light soil in temp. 85° in March.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: H. Verschaffeltii, 5 to 10 ft., Mascarene Islands.

Hypericum (Aaron’s Beard; Rose of Sharon; St, John’s-wort ;
Tutsan).—Ord. Hypericines. Hardy & half-hardy shrubs & herbaceous
perennials, Evergreen & deciduous.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position (H.
calycinum) on banks & under shade of trees; others in sunny borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb., March. Prune deciduous species into shape
Feb. ; evergreens in April.

_CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Posi-
tion, sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct. or April. Cut down
stems in Oct. Top-dress with decayed manure in April. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in sunny position outdoors in
March; shrubby species by cuttings of firm shoots 3 in. long inserted in
sandy soil outdoors, Aug. or Sept.; perennials by division of roots in
April or Oct.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. egyptiacum, yellow, summer, 6 to 18 in., Levant;
Androsemum (Sweet Amber or Tutsan), yellow, summer, 2 ft., Europe; Ascyron,
yellow, summer, 3 ft., Siberia; calycinum (St. John’s Wort, or Rose of Sharon),
yellow, summer, 1 ft., Orient and Britain; Coris, yellow, summer, 6 to 18 in.,
S. Europe; elatum, yellow, July, 5 ft., N. America; empetrifolium, yellow, summer,
6 to 12 in., Greece; hircinum (Goat-scented St. John’s Wort), yellow, summer, 4 ft.,
Europe; hookerianum, yellow, summer, 2 ft., Nepaul; moserianum, yellow, summer,
18 to 30 in., hybrid; moserianum tricolor, leaves white and rosy carmine; patulum,
yellow, summer, 6 ft., Japan; uralum, yellow, summer, 2 ft., Nepaul.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. elodes, yellow, creeping, Britain; nummularium,

yellow, summer, 3 to 6 in., Pyrenees; orientale, yellow, summer, 6 to 12 in,
Levant,

Hypolepis.—oOrd. Filices. Stove & greenhouse ferns. Ever-
green. First introduced 1824. Fronds, feather-shaped.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, & sand. Position, well-drained pots or hanging baskets in
shady part of stove. Pot, March. Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringing undesirable. Temp., March to Sept. 65°
to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: ae ae as above. Posi-
tion, well-drained pans or beds in shade. Pot, March. Water freely

209

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept, 55°
to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by spores sown on sur-
face of well-drained pans of sandy peat & leaf-mould under bell-glass
in temp. 65° to 75° at any time; division of creeping rhizomes in March.
STO SPECIES: H. repens, creeping rhizomes, Trop. America.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. bergiana, creeping rhizomes, 8. Africa.

Hypoxis (American Star Grass)—Ord. Amaryllidacerx. Green-
house bulbous-rooted plants. Nat.§. Africa. First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one of leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots, or beds in cold frame. Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
covering pots with cinder ashes in cold frame or greenhouse till growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until flowers
fade, then gradually withhold it, keeping bulbs dry until growth re-
commences. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 40° to 50°; 50° to 60° afterwards.
Propagate by offsets, removed at potting time, & treated as old bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. elegans, elegans, yollow and black, summer, 6 in.

hemerocallidea, yellow, spring, 8 in.; stellata, white and black, spring, 6 in;
villosa, yellow, spring, 6 in.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)—See Hyssopus.

Hyssopus (Hyssop).—Ord. Labiata. Hardy evergreen shrub.
First introduced 1548. Leaves, narrow, aromatic. Shoots & flowers,
infused in water, are largely used as an expectorant; also for distilling
for yielding oils for perfumery and flavouring liquors.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, light. Position, dry, warm borders.
Plant, March to May, 12 in. apart each way. Prune into shape April.
Gather shoots for medicinal purposes at any season; when flowers open
for distilling. Marketed by the dozen bunches. Average price per
dozen, 1s. 6d. to 2s-; for distilling, 30s. per cwt. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in deep outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings in June
or July; eevaings of shoots inserted in ordinary soil & shady position in
April or May; division of roots in Feb., March, Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. officinalis, blue, June to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., S.
Europe.

Iberian Crane’s-bill (Geranium ibericum).—See Geranium.
Iberian Cyclamen (Cyclamen ibericum).—See Cyclamen.
Iberian Iris (Iris iberica).—See Iris.

iberis (Candytuft)—Ord Cruciferr. Hardy annuals & evergreen
shrubs. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow seeds 3 in deep in patches or lines in March,
April, or May for flowering in summer, Aug. or Sept. for spring flower-
ing. Thin out seedlings to 2 in. apart in June.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part decayed
manure, leaf-mould, & sand- Size of pots, 5 in. in diameter. Sow seeds
4 in. deep in April or May. Place pots in cold frame till June, then
stand outdoors. Thin seedlings to aninch apart in June. Water mode-
rately. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally when flowers show.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, light sandy loam. Posi-
tion, fissures or ledges of sunny rockeries or margihs of well-drained
sunny borders. Plant, Oct., March, or April. Propagate annual
species by seeds sown as above; perennial species by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in shallow boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in April; cuttings
of partially formed shoots, from 1 to 2 in. long, inserted in well-drained
pots in cold frame or in beds under hand-light outdoors July to Oct.;
division of roots Oct. or March.

210

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

ANNUAL SPECIES: I.
amara hesperidifolia,
mer, 1 ft.; umbellat:
several varieties.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: I. correfolia, white, May and June, 1 ft., hybrid; gib-
raltarica, white or pink, May, 1 to 2 ft., Spain; Pruitii, white, May, 6 in., Sicily;
saxatilis (Rock Candytuft), white, spring, 3 to 6 in., S. Europe; semperflorens,
white, spring, 1 to 2 ft., 8. Europe; sempervirens (Evergreen Candytnft), white,
spring, 9 to 12 in., 8S. Europe; sempervirens flore-pleno, double flowered.

iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule).—See Papaver.

Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)—See Mesem-
bryanthemum.

Idesia.—Ord. Bixinew. Hardy flowering & orn. foliage tree.
Deciduous. Flowers in panicles; male & female borne on separate
trees; male flowers orange, female green. Berries, small, purplish
black. Leaves, heart-shaped.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Position, well-drained shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape after flowering. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
March; cuttings of firm shoots, 3 to 4in. long, inserted in well-drained
pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in March or Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. polyoarpa, 10 to 15 ft., Japan.

ilex (Holly; Paraguay Tea)—Ord. Aquifoliacee. Hardy & green-
house evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. Flowers, greenish; May &
June; male & female flowers usually borne on separate trees. Berries,
red; autumn & winter. Leaves, dark green or variegated with white
or yellow. Timber, white, used for cabinet making and turnery pur-
poses. Value, Is. to 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. Bark used for making bird
lime. Wood sometimes dyed black, and used as a substitute for ebony.
Average weight of wood per cubic foot, 4731b. One bushel of seeds
will yield 17,000 plants.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, well-
drained shrubberies, banks, exposed slopes, etc., or near the sea, Plant,
May or Sept. Prune, Sept, to April.

HEDGE CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, trenched two spits deep & 3 ft.
wide. Plant hollies (18 in. high), 18 in. apart, May or Sept. Trim into
shape April and Sept. One holly & six thorns; or one Berberis Dar-
winii & two hollies per lineal yard make splendid evergreen hedges.
Cost per lineal yard for plants & planting, 1s. 6d. to 2s.

POL CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, window boxes, cold corri-
dors, balconies, & greenhouses. Pot, Sept. Water freely March to
Oct., moderately afterwards. Heat unnecessary.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Soil, two parts loam, one
part peat & sand. Position, well-drained pots exposed to full light.
Pot, March. Prune, Feb- Water freely in summer, occasionally other
times. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.
Propagate common species by seed (berries) gathered in Nov., buried
in sand until following Oct., then sown 1 in, deep & 1 in, apart in
ordinary soil outdoors, transplanting seedlings when two years old;
variegated kinds by budding on common species in Aug.; grafting in
Men eiuai SPECIES: I. cassine, red berries, S. U. States; insignis, 15 to
20 ft., Malaya; paraguayensis (Paraguay Tea), 10 to 15 ft., Paraguay.

HARDY SPECIES: Aquifolium (Common Holly), 10 to 30 ft., berries red, Europe
(Britain); cornuta, berries red, 20 to 30 ft., China; crenata, 10 to 15 ft., Japan;
dipyrena, brown berries, 15 ft., Himalayas; glabra (Ink-berry), 2 to 3 ft.,
U, States; latifolia, large-leaved, 20 a aa opaca, 20 to 40 ft., U. States.

amara (Bitter Candytuft), white, summer, 6 in., Britain;
larger flowered; coronaria (Rocket Candytuft), white, sum-
a (Common Candytuft), purple, summer, 1 ft., 8. Europe;

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

GOLDEN-LEAVED HOLLIES: Aureo-marginata, aureo-picta, aureo-pumila, pen-
dula aureo-marginata, Golden Queen, tortuosa aureo-picta and webbiana.

SILVER-LEAVED HOLLIES: Argenteo-regina, argenteo-marginata, argenteo-
medio-picta, ferox argenteo-marginata, handsworthiensis argentea, Ingrami, lucida,
or Silver Queen, and pendula albo-picta. or

GREEN-LEAVKD HOLLIES: Altaclerensis, angustifolia, balearica, crassifolia,
donningtonensis, ferox (Hedgehog Holly), Foxii, handsworthiana, Hendersonii,
netenep ie te, Hocipinedt (Hodgin’s Holly), laurifolia, maderensis, myrtifolia, nobilis
and Sheperdii.

Hlicium (Aniseed-tree)—Ord, Magnoliacez. Half-hardy ever-
green shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1771.
Flowers fragrant. Leaves, oblong; emitting odour of aniseed.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position,
sheltered shrubberies or against south walls, S. of England in pots in
cold greenhouses or conservatories N. of England. Plant outdoors
April, Sept., or Oct. Pot, Oct. Water plants in pots freely in summer,
moderately in winter. Prune into shape April or May. Propagate by
cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in, long, inserted in well-drained
pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. of 55° to 65°, May to Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. floridanum, purple-red, summer, 8 ft., Florida;
religiosum, yellowish white, summer, 4 ft., China and Japan.

Imantophyllum.—See Clivia.

Immortelle-flower.—See Helichrysum, Xeranthemum, Wait-
zia, and Helipterum.

impatiens (Balsam)—Ord. Geraniacex. Stove, greenhouse, &
hardy annuals & perennials.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts peat, loam,
leaf-mould, & sand. Position, well-drained pots in light part of stove
Sept to May, greenhouse June to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
moderately March to Sept., occasionally afterwards. Temp., Oct. to
March 55° to 65°; March to June 65° to 75°. Prune into shape, Feb.

CULTURE OF BALSAM (I. Balsamina): Sow seeds } in. deep in light
soil in temp. 65° to 75° in March or April. Transplant seedlings singly
into 2in. pots when lin. high. Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould,
& sand. Position, near glass in greenhouse, not shaded. Transfer
from 2 in, into 5 in., & then into 6 & 8 in. pots. Apply liquid manure
daily to plants showing flower. Water freely. Temp., March to June,
55° to 65°. May be grown in flower garden during the summer. Plant
June. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Sow seeds 3 in. deep in April
where plants are to grow. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders.
Thin seedlings to 6 in. apart when 1 in. high. Propagate stove species
by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in light rich soil in temp. 65° in March; by
cuttings of side shoots inserted in small pots of light sandy soil in temp.
75° March to Aug.

STOVE SPECIES: I. auricoma, yellow, stmmer, 2 ft., Comoro Isles; Hawkeri,
carmine, summer, 2 ft.; Sultani, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Zanzibar. All perennials.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: I. Balsamina (Balsam), rose, scarlet, and white,
summer, 2 ft., Trop. Asia. Annual,

HARDY SPEOIES: I. amphorata, purple, Aug., 5 ft., Himalayas; biflora (Syn.

fulva), yellow and brown, summer, 3 ft., N. America; Roylei (Syn. glandulifera),
purple, summer, 6 ft., Himalayas.

Imperati’s Crocus (Crocus Imperati).—See Crocus.
,|mperael's Snowdrop (Galanthus Imperati)—See Galan-
thus.
Incarvillea.—oOrd. Bignoniacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials,
May be grown in pots in cool greenhouses, as well as outdoors.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich, & well drained. Position,
212

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.
sunny & sheltered borders. Plant in March or April. Protect crowns
of the plant in winter by a covering of ashes or manure; or lift roots
in Oct.; store like dahlias, replanting following spring. Apply weak
liquid manure occasionally in summer.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compcst, two parts loam, one part of equal
proneruons of leaf-mould, decayed manure, & silver sand. Position,
fairly large pots, well drained, in cool or cold greenhouse. Pot in Oct.
or March. Water freely in spring & summer; keep nearly dry in
autumn & winter; give weak liquid manure occasionally in summer.
Propagate by seeds sown in a temp. of 55° in March, or in cold frame
in April, & transplant seedlings outdoors in June. Sow also in Sept.
in cold frame, & plant out seedlings following April. Divide large
plants in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. Delavayi, rose, summer, 24 ft., China; Delavayi
grandiflora, rose, purple and white; Olge, purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Turkestan.

Incense Cedar (Librocedrus decurrens).—See Librocedrus.

Incense Juniper (Juniperus recurva)—Scee Juniperus,

Indian Azalea (Rhododendron indicum).—See Rhododendron.

indian Bean (Catalpa bignonioides)—See Catalpa.

Indian Corn (Zea Mays).—See Zea.

Indian Cress.—See Tropzolum,

Indian Crocus (Celogyne maculata) —See Coelogyne.

Indian Cups (Sarracenia purpurea).—See Sarracenia.

Indian Daphne (Daphne indica) —See Daphne.

Indian Date (Tamarindus indica).—See Tamarindus.

Indian Fig Cactus (Opuntia vulgaris)—See Opuntia.

Indian Forget-me-not (Ipomea Quamoclit).—See Ipomeza.

Indian Grass (Molinia cerulea).—See Molinia.

Indian Hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica).—See Raphiolepis,

indian Hemp (Cannabis sativa)._See Cannabis.

Indian Ivy (Monstera deliciosa).—See Monstera.

Indian Lilac (Lagerstreemia indica).—See Lagerstroemia.

Indian Mallow.—See Abutilon.

Indian Physic (Gillenia trifoliata)—See Gillenia.

Indian Pink (Dianthus sinensis) —See Dianthus.

Indian Poke lear decandra).—See Phytolacca.

Indian Reed (Canna indica).—See Canna.

Indian Shell-lower (Alpinia nutans).—See Alpinia.

Indian Shot (Canna indica‘.—See Canna.

Indian Strawberry (Fragaria indica)._See Fragaria.

india-rubber Plant (Ficus elastica‘.—See Ficus.

Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria).—See Indigofera,

Indigofera (Indigo)—Ord. Leguminose. Stove, greenhouse &
hardy flowering shrubs. Evergreen & deciduous. First introduced
1731.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES :Compost, equal parts turfy loam,
leaf-mould, & sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. or March. Water freely March
to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°;
Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost as above. Posi-
tion, large well-drained pots or in beds, with shoots trained up pillars
or against walls. Pot or plant, March. Prune into shape, March or

213

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

April. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
farch to Oct, 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 55°. Stand plants in
sunny place outdoors June to Sept.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, & peat. Position, well-drained bed or border, with shoots
trained against S. wall. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune moderately after
flowering, removing thcse shoots only that have flowered. Propagate
by seeds sown } in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in temp.
75° to 85° in Feb. or March; cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in.
long inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75°
May to Sept.

STOVE SPECIES: I. tinctoria (Indigo), red, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Tropics.

CESEABOURE SPECIES: I. australis, rose, spring, 4 ft., Australia; australis
a > 6 i

HARDY SPEOIES: I. gerardiana, red, summer, 6 ft., Himalayas.

Indigo-plant (Baptisia tinctoria)—See Baptisia.

Intermediate Stock (Matthiola annua).—See Matthiola.

Inula (Flea-bane; Elecampane).—-Ord- Composit. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, moist sunny beds or bor-
ders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Cut down flower stems in
Oct. 'Top-dress with well-decayed manure in April. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in, deep in partially shady border outdoors in April;
division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. ensifolia, yellow, Aug., 10 in., 8. Europe; glandulosa,
yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Caucasus; grandiflora, yellow, July to Sept., 2 ft., Himalayas;
Helenium (Elecampane), yellow, July to Sept., 3 ft., Europe; Hookeri, yellow,

Aug. and Sept., 2 ft., Himalayas; Oculus-Christi (Ohrist’s Eye), yellow, summer,
18 in., Europe.

lonopsidium (Carpet-plant; Violet-flowered Cress)—Ord. Cru-
cifere. Hardy annual. First introduced 1845.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, ledges of rockeries
or as edgings to flower beds. Sow seeds where plants are to grow in
April, just covering with fine mould.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, lcaf-mould, & sand.
Position, shady window, cold frame, or greenhouse. Sow seeds 1-16 in.
deep in 5 in. pot well drained & filled with above compost, in April or
Sept. Thin seedlings to 1 in. apart. Water moderately. Apply liquid
manure occasionally when flower buds show.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: I. acaule, lilac, white, and violet, summer, 3 in.,
Portugal.

lonopsis.—Ord. Orchidacex. Stove epiphytal orchid. First in-
troduced 1865.

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss. Position, attached to blocks
of wood suspended from roof; or in shallow pans. Re-block, Feb, or
March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately other times. Syringe
twice daily Feb. to Oct. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50° to 55°; Feb. to Oct.
60° to 70°. Propagate by division of plants at re-blocking time.

oo CULTIVATED: I. paniculata, white, purple, and yellow, winter, 6 in.,
razil.

Ipomezea (American Bell-bind ; Moon Creeper; Morning Glory).—
Ord. Convolvulaces. Stove, greenhouse & hardy perennial & annual
climbers. First introduced 1597.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, decayed manure, & silver sand. Position, pots, beds, or
borders in stove; shoots trained up roof, or on trellises. Pot or plant,
Feb., March, or April. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to

214

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

March 55° to 65°, Water freely April to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Prune straggly growths into shape, Feb- Sow three seeds of the annual
species } in. deep in a 24 in. pot in temp. 65° in March. Transfer
snes when 2 in, high into 5 in. pots. Train shoots to trellis or

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY ANNUALS: Soil, light rich. Sow
seeds 4 in. deep in pots in temp. 65° in March. Transfer seedlings to
cold frame in May. Plant, June. Position, sunny walls or borders,
shoots trained to trellis or to stocks.

_CULTURE OF HARDY ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny borders; shoots trained to trellis or sticks. Sow seed 4 in.
deep where plants are to grow, in April.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny walls, fences, or arbours. Plant, Oct, or Nov. Pro-
pagate annual species by seeds as above; perennials by cuttings of side
shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°,
March to Aug., or grafting in March.

CULTURE OF SWEET POTATO: Compost, two parts loam & one
part decayed manure. Plant tubers singly in 6 in. pots in Feb-, in
temp. 65°, or 6 in. deep & 8 in, apart in prepared border in greenhouse.
Water moderately Feb. to May; freely May to Sept., then give none,
keeping tubers dry. Tubers are edible. Propagate by division of
tubers in Feb.; cuttings of young shoots in April.

STOVE SPECIES : I. Bona-Nox, white, summer, 10 ft., Trop. America; Horsfallie,
rose, winter, 10 to 15 ft., W. Indies; Learii, blue, summer, 10 ft., Trop. America;
Quamoclit, red, summer, 6 ft., Tropics, annual; ternata (Syn. Thomsonii), white,
summer, 10 ft., W. Indies; rubra corulea, red, Mexico.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: I. batatus (Sweet Potato), white, summer, tubers
edible, 2 to 4 ft., Tropics.

HARDY AND HALF-HARDY ANNUAL SPECIES: I. hederacea and its varieties
grandiflora (blue), superba (blue and white), atro-violacea (violet and white), and

Huberi variegata (variegated leaved), 5 to 10 ft., Tropics, half-hardy; purpurea
(Syn. Convolvulus major), purple, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Tropical America; and its
varieties atropurpurea (purple), Burridgei (scarlet), Dicksonii quineds alba (white),
tricolor (red, white, and blue), and flore-pleno (double); versicolor (Syn. Mina

lobata), rosy crimson and yellow, summer, 6 to 8 ft., Trop. America.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: I. pandurata (Syn. Convolvulus pandurata), white and
purple, summer, climber, N. America.

Ipsea.—Ord. Orchidacez. Stove terrestrial orchid. Flowers fra-

rant. First introduced 1840.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, peat, sphagnum moss,
& small crocks. Position, light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March, in
well-drained pots. Water freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to
Oct., very little afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 65°; Sept:
to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs after
flowering. : . F

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. speciosa, yellow, spring, 1 ft., Ceylon.

Iresine (Blood-leaf).—Ord. Amarantaceew. Stove & half-hardy
orn, foliaged plants. First introduced 1864. Leaves, heart & lance-.
shaped ; dee lood-red, carmine, green, golden, crimson.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, &
sand. Position, sunny part of stove. Pot, Feb, or March. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately other times. Temp., March to Oct.
65° to 75°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. of .

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to sunny
beds or borders. Plant, June. Lift, repot, & remove to stove in Sept.
Pinch off points of shoots frequently to induce bushy growth. Propa-

215

ENCYCLOPA'DIA OF GARDENING.

gate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots or pans of light sandy
soil in temp. of 65° to 75°, Feb., March, April, Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. Herbstii, leaves maroon and crimson, 1 ft., Brazil;
Herbstii aureo-reticulata, leaves, green, gold, and red; Lindenii, leaves blood red,

1 ft.

{ris (Flag; Orrice Root; Fleur de Luce).—Ord. Iridacee. Hardy
evergreen rhizomatous and bulbous-rooted perennials, Sections: Tall
ria Dwarf Bearded, Beardless, Cushion, Japanese & Bulbous-
rooted.

CULTURE OF TALL BEARDED SECTION: Ordinary, not over-
moist soil. Position, sunny or partially shaded borders, or massed

wild or woodland garden, or on the margins of water. Plant in Oct.
or March, keeping rhizomes near surface. Top-dress with decayed
manure in autumn. Lift & replant every fourth year.

_ CULTURE OF DWARF BEARDED SECTION: Ordinary rich soil.
Position, sunny, well-drained borders. Plant and treat as advised for
foregoing section.

CULTURE OF BEARDLESS SECTION: Moist soil and margins of
ponds or streams for I. versicolor, and varieties, pseudo-acorus, Plant,
Oct. or March. Ordinary rich soil and sunny borders or rockeries for
aurea, graminea, missouriensis, monspur, orientalis, sibirica, spuria,
unguicularis. Plant in Oct. or March.

CULTURE OF JAPANESE SECTION: Rich loamy soil on the mar-
gins of ponds, or in a half-cask filled with loam and sunk in garden in
sunny spot. Plant in Oct. or March. Apply liquid manure in growing
season.

CULTURE OF CUSHION SECTION: Grow in sandy soil on elevated
bed, rockery, or border. Plant in June. Protect by a cold frame
or hand-light in winter.

CULTURE OF BULBOUS-ROOTED SECTION: Plant choice kinds
in a compost of equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, and well-decayed
cow manure. Place bulbs 3in, deep & 3 in. apart. Plant in Aug. or
Sept. Spanish & English kinds to be planted in ordinary soil in sunny
beds or borders in Sept. or Oct., placing bulbs 3 in. deep and 6 in.
apart. Lift and replant every third year.

POT CULTURE OF BULBOUS SPECIES: Compost, equal } arts
loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Place in cold frame till growth
begins, when remove to cold greenhouse or leave in frame to flower.
Pot in Oct., placing five bulbs in a 5 in. pot. Give water only when
growth has begun. Withhold water after leaves begin to decay.
Must not be placed in artificial heat. Propagate all the species by
seeds in sandy soil in cold frame; division of rhizomes in autumn or
spring; offsets in autumn.

TALL BEARDED IRISES: I. Bartoni, creamy white, purple and orange, June,
18 in., Afghanistan; Biloti, purple, white and yellow, June, 3 ft., Asia Minor;
bracteata, purple and white, June, 2 ft., Oregon; Cengialti, violet and orange,
May, 1 ft., Cengialto; florentina (Florentine Iris), white, lavender, and yellow,
violet scented, May, 3 ft., 8. Europe; gormanica (Flag Iris), purple and lilac,
fragrant, May, 3 ft., 8. Europe; Grant Duffii, sulphur yellow, May, 2 ft., Holy
Land; neglecta, lilac, purple, white and yellow, May, 2 ft.; pallida, lilac, purple
and white, May, fragrant, 3 ft., Mediterranean Region; squalens, lilac, purple, and
yellow, May, 3 ft., Kurope; variegata, claret and yellow, May, 18 in., E, Europe.
In trade lists a large number of lovely forms will be found described.

DWARF BEARDED IRISES: I. biflora, violet purple, April, 1 ft., 8. Europe;
Chameiris, violet, April, 4 to 6 in., S. Europe; pumila, lilao purple, April, 4 in.,
S. Europe; pumila cerulea, sky blue; pumila, primrose, brown and yellow; and
albida (Orimean Iris), greyish white. Many varieties of this section will also be
found in trade lists.

216

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

_BEARDLESS IRISES: I. aurea, golden yellow, June, 4 ft., Himalayas; foetidis-

sima (Gladwin Iris), purple, June, 3 ft., Britain; fulva, coppery maroon, June,
3 ft., U. States; graminea, blue and purple, June, 1 ft., 8, Europe; japonica,
lavender, June, 18 in., Japan; longipetala, blue, lilac, and gold, June, 2 ft.,
California; Milesii, purple blue, June, 2 ft., Himalayas; missouriensis, lilac and
yellow, May, 2 ft., N. America; Monneri, lemon yellow, fragrant, June, 3 ft.,
Crete; monspur, lilao blue, June, 4 ft., hybrid; orientalis (Syn. Ochroleuca), white
and yellow, June, 4 ft., Asia Minor; pseud-acorus (Yellow Water Flag), yellow, May
and June, 3 ft., Britain; sibirica, blue, May and June, 3 ft., 8. Europe and
Siberia; spuria, lilac blue, June, 3 ft., Europe; unguicularis (Syn. stylosa), blue,
Jan. and Feb., 9 ft., Algeria; verna, violet blue, fragrant, March, 3 in., N. America;
versicolor, purple, May, 2 ft., N. America. Hore also numerous varieties exist
which may be found in trade lists. ;

CUSHION IRISES: I. bismarckiana, purple, yellow, blue, and white, June, 9 in.,
Mt. Lebanon; Gatesii, grey, purple, and white, June, 2 ft., Armenia; iberica, lilac,
white and purple, May, 6 in., Caucasus; Korolkowii, white and red, May, 1 ft.,
Turkestan; Lortetii, creamy white and rose, 8. Lebanon, 1 ft.; paradoxa, white,
blue, and crimson, May, Persia; susiana (Mourning Iris), brown, black, and lilac,
May, 1 ft., Levant.

JAPANESE IRISES: I, levigata (Syn. Kempferi), white, lilac, magenta, purple,
and yellow, June, 2 ft., Japan. Numerous varieties will be found in trade lists.

BULBOUS-ROOTED IRISES: I. alata, lilac, purple and yellow, Oct., 1 f[t.,
S. Europe; bakeriana, white, violet, and blue, fragrant, Jan., 1 ft., Armenia;
Histrio, lilac, Feb., 1 ft., Palestine; orchioides, yellow, April, 9 in., Turkestan;
persica, yellow, lilac and green, Feb., 3 in., Persia; reticulata, violet, purple and
yellow, violet scented, Feb., 6 in., Caucasus; and its varieties, histrioides, Krelagei,
and major; tingitana, lilac-purple, March, 2 ft., Tangier; xiphioides (English
Iris), various colours, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees; and Xiphium (Spanish Iris), various
colours, June, 1 to 2 ft., S. Europe. ;

Irish Furze (Ulex europaus strictus)—See Ulex.

Irish Heath (Daboécia polifolia)—See Daboécia.

Irish Ivy (Hedera helix canariensis).—See Hedera. ;

Irish Juniper (Juniperus communis hibernica)—See Juniperus.

Irish Yew (Taxus baccata fastigiata)—See Taxus.

lron-weed.—See Vernonia.

Isle of Bourbon Tea-plant (Angraecum fragrans). — See
Angraecum, ,

Ismene.—See Hymenocallis,

tsolepis.—sSee Scirpus. ,

tsoloma.—Ord, Gesneracex. Stove flowering herbs. The plants
known as Tydzas are now merged in this genus.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, one part
leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure & silver sand. Position, well-
drained pots or pans in shady part of plant stove. Pot, March to flower
in summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in winter. Place
tubers 1 in. deep singly in 5 in. pots, or 1 to 2 in, apart in larger sizes.
Water moderately from time growth begins until plants are 3 or 4in.
high, then freely. After flowering gradually withhold water till foliage
dies down, then keep dry till potting time. Apply weak liquid manure
once or twice a week when flower buds show. Syringing not required.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 75°. Store
when foliage has died down on their sides under stage till potting time
in temp. of 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of well-
drained pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75°, March or April; cuttings of
young shoots inserted in pots of sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85° in
spring; fully matured leaves pegged on surface of pots of sandy peat
in temp. 75° to 85°. Ae,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. digitalifiorum, rose, purple, and white, winter, 1 ft.;
hondense (Syn. Gesnera hondense), yellow, red, winter, 1 ft., New Grenada; Lin-
deni (Syn. Tyda Lindeni), white and violet, winter, 1 ft., Ecuador. a

Isopyrum.—Ord. Ranunculacee. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

217

ENCYCLOP#DIA OF GARDENING.

Orn. foliage. First introduced 1759. Foliage finely divided like that
of maidenhair fern.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady rockery, bed
or border. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
ae outdoors in April or May; division of roots in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. thalictroides, white, spring, 8 in., Europe.
Italian Alkanet (Anchusa italica)—See Anchusa.

Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens).—See Cupressus.

Italian Pimpernel (Anagallis Monelli).—See Anagallis.

Italian Starwort (Aster Amellus).—See Aster.
ia callan Stone Pine-tree (Pinus Laricio palassiana).—See

inus.

Italian Yellow Jasmine (Jasminum humile)—See Jasmi-
num,

Itea (Virginian Willow).—Ord. Saxifragacew. Hardy deciduous
shrub. Orn. foliage & flowering. First introduced 1744,

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist sheltered shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune moderately after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown 4 in, deep in sandy soil outdoors in April; suckers removed
in Oct. or Nov.; layering shoots in July or Aug.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: I. virginica, white, July, 4 to 6 ft., N. America,
Ivory Thistle (Silybum eburneum).—See Silybum.

Ivy (Hedera helix).—_See Hedera.

iva teaver Campanula (Campanula hederacea).—See Cam-

anula.
ivy-leaved Cypress-vine (Ipomza hederacea coccinea).—See
Ipomea,

Pivy-leaved Fern (Hemionites cordata).—See Hemionites,
Ivy-leaved Groundsel (Senecio macroglossus).—See Senecio.
Ivy-leaved Harebell (Campanula hederacea).—See Campa-

nula.

Ivy-leaved Pelargonium (P. peltatum).—See Pelargonium.
ivy-leaved Toad-flax (Linaria cymbalaria).—See Linaria.
Ivy Saxifrage (Saxifraga cymbalaria).—See Saxifraga.

Ixia (African Corn Lily).—Ord. Iridacew. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. Nat. 8. Africa. First introduced 1744. Flowers fragrant.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny well-
drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep & 2 in.
apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in March
with cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44 in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until flowers
fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp., Sept.
to March 40° to 50°; other times 50° to . Propagate by offsets
treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. flexuosa, pink, spring, 1 ft.; maculata, brown and
white, spring, 1 ft.; paniculata, yellow and white, summer, 1 ft.; patens, purple,
spring, 1 ft.; speciosa (Syn. Penta ieee) purple and crimson, summer, 1 ft.
viridiflora, green, spring, 1 ft. See trade lists for numerous varieties.

Ixia Lily (Ixiolirion tartaricum).—See Ixiolirion,

Ixiolirion (Ixia Lily)—Ord, Amaryllidacee. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. First introduced 1844.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy loam. Position, well-drained sunny

218

i)

ENCYOLOPAIDIA OF GARDENING.

border at foot of S. wall. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep and 4 in. apart in
March. Mulch surface of bed with cow manure in April. After flower-
ing, cover with bell-glass or hand-light to ensure thorough ripening of
bulbs. Lift bulbs in Sept. & store in dry sand in cool, frost-proof place
till planting time. Propagate by offsets removed at any time, planted
& treated as advised for normal bulbs. May also be grown in pots as
advised for Ixias.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: I. montanum, blue, June, 1 ft., Europe.

Ixora (West Indian Jasmine)—Ord. Rubiacex. Stove flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1690. Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good fibrous peat, one part fibrous
loam & silver sand. Position, shady part of stove whilst growing, light
situation when at rest. Pot, Feb. or March; good drainage indispen-
sable. Prune into shape in Feb. Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe twice daily March to Aug. Apply liquid
manure once or twice a week to healthy plants in flower. ‘'emp., March
to Sept, 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings
of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in small pots in
cangy Ee under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°, March to May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. coccinea, orange-scarlet, summer, 3 to 4 ft., India.
Numerous varieties and hybrids will be found in trade lists.

Jaborosa.—Ord. Solanacew. Hardy herbaceous perennial. Virst
introduced 1831.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loamy. Position, well-drained border at base
of 8. wall. Plant, Oct. to March. Protect in winter with covering
of ashes or litter. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
sandy soil in well-drained pots in temp. 55° to 65° in March or April;
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass, hand-
light, or in cold frame, July to Sept.; division of creeping stems in
March or April,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. integrifolia, white, summer, 9 in., Buenos Ayres.

Jacaranda (Mimosa-leaved Ebony-tree; Green Ebony-tree;.—
Ord. Bignoniacew. Stove evergreen trees. Flowering & orn. foliage.
First introduced 1724. Leaves, fern-like, downy, very elegant.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, fibry loam & silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light part of plant stove Sept. to April,
sunny place outdoors July to Sept. Pot, Feb. to March. Prune into
shape, Feb. Water freely March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March.
Temp. Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to July 70° to 80°. Plants
form decorative specimens when 1-to 3 ft, high; flowering specimens
when grown as standards, 10 to 15 ft. high. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep in light sandy peat in well-drained pots under bell-glass in
temp. of 75° to 85°, Feb. to June; cuttings of firm shoots inserted in
sandy peat under bell-glass in temp of 75°, June to Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. cerulea, blue, summer, 10 ft., W. Indies; filicifolia,
blue, summer, 15 ft., Panama.

Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon (Ornithogalum’ umbellatum).—See
Ornithogalum

Jack-in-prison (Nigella damascena).—See Nigella.

Jack-in-the-green (Primula vulgaris var.).—See Primula.

Jackman’s Clematis (Clematis Jackmanii)—See Clematis

Jack-tree (Artocarpus integrifolia)—See Artocarpus.

Jacobeea.—(Senecio elegans).—See Senecio.

Jacobean Lily (Sprekelia formosissima).—See Sprekelia.

Jacobinia.—Ord. Acanthacee. Stove flowering plants. First
introduced 1770. 219

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light stove Sept. to June, sunny frame
June to Sept. Pot, March to April. Water moderately Sept. to March,
freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to June
65° to 75°. Prune shoots to 1 in. of base after flowering. Nip off points
of young shoots occasionally May to Aug., to induce bushy growth.
Apply liquid or artificial manure twice a week to plants in flower. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted singly in small pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75°, March to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. chrysostephana, yellow, winter, 3 ft., Mexico; ghies-
breghtiana (Syn. Sericographis ghiesbreghtiana), scarlet, Dec., 2 ft., Mexico; mag-
nifica carnea (Syn. Justicia carnea), rose, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Brazil.

Jacob’s-ladder (Polemonium cxruleum).—See Polemonium.

Jacob’s-rod (Asphodelus luteus).—See Asphodelns.

Jalap-plant (Mirabilis jalapa).—See Mirabilis.

Jamaica Allspice (Pimenta officinalis).—Pimenta.

Jamaica Sago-tree (Zamia purpuracea) —See Zamia,

Jamesia.—oOrd Saxifragacer. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrub. First introduced 1820.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or borders.
Plant Oct. to Feb. Prune directly after flowering. Propagate by cut-
tings inserted under hand-light or in cold frame in autumn.

oo CULTIVATED: J. americana, white, spring, 6 to 8 ft., Rocky Moun-
Japan Allspice (Chimonanthus fragrans).—See Chimonanthus.
Japan Clover (Lespedeza bicolor).—See Lespedeza.
Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica).—See Fatsia,
Japanese Barberry (Berberis japonica'’.—See Berberis.
Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica’.—See Cryptomeria.
Sapenere Climbing Fern (Lygodium scandens).—See Ly-

godium.

Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Torsythia.
Japanese
Japanese
Davallia.
Japanese
Japanese
ripedium.
apanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
tum,
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
mus,

c

Clover (Lespedeza bicolor).—See Lespedeza.
Cucumber a sativus).—See Cucumis.
Golden Bell Tree (Forsythia suspensa).—See

Groundsel (Senecio japonicus).—See Senecio.
Hare’s-foot Fern (Davallia Mariesi). — See

Hop (Humulus japonica).—See Humulus.
Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium japonicum).—See
Larch (Larix leptolepis)—See Larix. '
Lilac (Syringa japonica).—See Syringa.
Maple (Acer palmatum).—See Acer.
Monk’s-hood (Aconitum japonicum).—See Aconi-

Primrose (Primula japonica).—See Primula.
Privet (Ligustrum japonicum).—See Ligustrum.
Quince (Pyrus japonica).—See Pyrus,

Rose (Rosa rugosa).—See Rosa.

Snow-flower (Deutzia gracilis).—See Deutzia.
Speedwell (Veronica subsessilis)—See Veronica.
Spindle-tree (Euonymus japonicus).—See Euony-

Japanese Toad Lily (Tricyrtis hirta)—See Tricyrtis.

220

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Japanese Vine (Vitis Coignetia)—See Vitis.

Japanese Wind-flower (Anemone japonica).—See Anemone.

Japanese Wineberry (Rubus phericolosus).—See Rubus.

Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata).—See Taxus.

Japan Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).—See Lonicera.

Japan Laurel (Aucuba japonica).—See Aucuba.

Japan Lily (Lilium speciosum)—See Lilium.

Jasione (Sheep’s-bit Scabious)—Ord. Campanulacee. Hardy
annuals & herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, well:
drained sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in April or
eens where plants are to grow.

ULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good light loam. Posi-
tion, sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Cut down
flower stems Oct. Mulch with decayed manure in April. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in light soil outdoors, April to Sept.; divi-
sion of roots, Oct- or Marah,

ANNUAL SPEOIES: J. montana, lilac, blue, summer, 1 ft., Europe (Britain).

PERENNIAL SPEOIES: J. perennis, biue, June, 18 in., W. Europe.

Jasmine (Jasminum officinale)—See Jasminum.

Jasmine Box (Phillyrea angustifolia)—See Phillyrea,

Jasmine Nightshade (Solanum jasminoides).—See Solanum.

Jasminum (Jasmine; Jessaminc).—Ord. Oleacew. Stove, green-
house & hardy climbing & trailing flowering plants. Evergreen & deci-
duous. First introduced 1548.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, peat
& leaf-mould, with little sand. Position, well-drained pots, with shoots
trained to trellis or up rafters, or in beds or borders with shoots trained
up walls or rafters. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune moderately,
Feb. Water freely March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March. 55° to 65°. ‘Syringe daily
from March to Aug.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPICIES: Compost as above. Posi-
tion, beds or borders, with shoots trained up rafters or walls, or well-
drained pots in light part of greenhouse Sept. to June, sunny place
outdoors June to Sept. Pot or plant, Feb. to March. Prune slightly,
Feb. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to June 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES. Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
well-drained borders at base of S. or S.W- walls. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
Feb. or March. Prune moderately after flowering, removing shoots
that have flowered only. Propagate stove & greenhouse species by cut-
tings of firm shoots, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat under
bell-glass in temp. of 65° to 75°, March to Sept.; hardy species by cut-
tings of shoots 3 to 6in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in cold frame or in sheltered borders outdoors Sept. to Dec. ; layer-
ing shoots near base of plants summer; variegated kinds by budding
on common species July or Aug. ;

STOVE SPECIES: J. gracillimum, white, winter, 4 ft., Borneo; Sambac, white,
autumn, 6 ft., Trop. Asia. ; .

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: J. grandiflorum, white, autumn, 10 ft., Malaya;
primulinum, white, winter, 6 ft., China. ; ;

HARDY SPECIES: J. humile, yellow, summer, 3 ft., Trop. Asia; humile revolu-
tum, yellow, 15 ft.; floridum, yellow, summer, 10 ft., China; fruticans, yellow,
summer, 10 ft., Orient; nudiflorum, yellow, winter, 10 ft., China and Japan;
officinale (Jasmine), white, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Persia; officinale foliis-aureia,
variegated. 221

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Jaundice-berry (Berberis vulgaris).—See Berberis.

Javanese Rhododendron (Rhododendron javanicum). —
See Rhododendron.

Java Primrose (Primula imperialis)—See Primula.

Jeffersonia (Twin-leaf)—Ord. Berberidacex. Hardy perennial
herb. First introduced 1792.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, shady edges of rockery or borders.
Plant, Oct., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
sandy soil in cold frame J uN, to Sept.; division of roots Oct. or March.
a BI KOIES OULTIVATED: J. binnata (Syn. diphylla), white, spring, 6 in., N.

1ca.
eet Neaiom Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)—See Helian-
us.

Jerusalem Cherry (Solanum Pseudo-capsicum).—See Sola-
num.

Jerusalem Cowslip (Pulmonaria officinalis).—See Pulmo-
naria,

Jerusalem Cross (Lychuis chalcedonica).—See Lychnis.

Jerusalem Sage (Phlomis fruticosus).—See Phlomis.
Jessamine (Jasminum officinalis)—See Jasminum.

Jesuit’s Nut (Trapa natans).—See Trapa.

Jew-bush (Pedilanthus tithymaloides).—See Pedilanthus.

Jew’s Mallow (Kerria japonica).—See Kerria.

Job’s Tears (Cox leche) ee Coix.

Jonquil (Narcissus jonquilla).—See Narcissus.

Judas-tree ee siliquastrum).—See Cercis. :

Juglans (Walnut-tree; Butter-nut)—Ord. Juglandacee. Hardy
deciduous nut-hearing & orn. foliage trees. Walnut introduced in 1592.

CULTURE OF WALNUT: Soil, sandy & calcareous, or stiff loams on
gravelly subsoil. Position, 8. or 5-W., open, not shaded by trees or
buildings. Plant, Oct. or Nov., placing roots 3 to 4 in. below surface
of ground previously deeply trenched. Pruning unnecessary. Apply
liquid manure to established trees from June to Oct., or 11b. of super-
phosphate of lime to the square rod in June. Gather nuts for pickling
before shell gets too hard. Ripe nuts place in thin layers in dry posi-
tion till husks fall off, then pack in alternate layers with sand in
barrels, casks, or jars sprinkled with salt. Grafted or budded trees
bear earlier than seedlings. Culture of other species, same as above.

USEFUL DATA: Juglans regia & nigra good for town gardens.
Timber used for making gun stocks, furniture & veneering. Value of
timber, 1s. to 28. 6d. per cubic foot. One bushel of nuts will yield
5,000 seedlings. Average life of a walnut tree, 300 years. Average
weight of timber per cubic foot, 47 Ib. pe tats

Propagate by seed (nuts) sown 2 in. deep in light soil outdoors in
Nov., transplanting seedlings following Oct.; budding in Aug.; grafv

in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. cinerea (Butter-nut), 30 ft., N. America; nigra
(Black Walnut), 30 ft., N. America; regia (Walnut), 50 ft., Caucasus to Himalayas.

June-berry (Amelanchier canadensis)—See Amelanchier.

Juniper (Juniperus communis).—See Juniperus.

Juniperus (Juniper; Salat pee Conifere. Hardy evergreen
coniferous trees. Habit, pyramidal or bushy. Leaves, needle-shaped,
narrow, scale-like, green or variegated.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, open, well-drained shrub-

222

ENOCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

beries or lawns for erect species, rockeries or banks for dwarf species.
Plant, Sept., Oct., or Nov.

HEDGE CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, trenched two spits deep & 3 ft.
wide, Plant, Sept. to Nov., 18in. apart. Ht.1to3 ft. Junipers form
excellent screen trees- Propagate by seeds sown } in, deep in beds of
light soil in cold frame in April, transplanting seedlings singly into
small pots when 2 in. high & planting outdoors a year afterwards; cut-
tings of young branches inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or under
hand-light in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIKS CULTIVATED: J. bermudiana (Bermuda Cedar), 20 ft., Bermuda;
sinensis, 12 ft., China and Japan; sinensis aurea, leaves golden; communis
(Common Juniper), 5 ft., Europe; communis fastigiata Irish Juniper), 5 ft.; excelsa,
20 to 30 ft., Asia Minor; excelaa stricta (upright growing); occidentalis, 12 ft.,
N. America; macrocarpa, 12 ft., Orient; oxycedrus, 15 ft., S. Europe; sabina
(Savin), 4 ft., Europe and N. America; virginiana (Red Cedar), 30 ft., N. America;
and its varieties, argontea, aureo-variegata, glauca, pendula, and viridis.

Jupiter’s-flower (Lychnis Flos-Jovis).—See Lychnis.

eeeticles — Ord. Acanthaces. Stove flowering & orn. foliage

ants.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light stove Sept. to June, sunny frame
June to Sept. Pot, March or April. Water moderately Sept. to March,
freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to June,
65° to 75°. Prune shoots to 1 in. of base after flowering. Nip off points
of young shoots occasionally May to Aug. to induce bushy growth.
Apply liquid or artificial manure twice a week to plants in flower. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted Bingly in small pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75° March to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. calycotricha (Syn. flavicoma), yellow, winter, 2 ft.,
Brazil. See also the genus Jacobinia.

Kadsura.—Ord. Magnoliacew. Half-hardy trailing, flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1846. Flowers succeeded by
scarlet berries.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, well-drained borders against 8.
or W. walls. Plant, Sept. Oct., or April, Prune straggling shoots
moderately in April. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3 in.
long, inserted in silver sand under bell-glass in cold greenhouse or
frame, July to Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: K. chinensis, white, summer, 6 ft., Japan; chinensis
variegata, leaves variegated.

Kzempferia.—oOrd. Scitaminacee. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1728. Flowers fragrant.
Leaves, egg or lance-shaped, green bordered or flaked with white above
and purple beneath.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat with little
silver sand and charcoal. Position, well-drained pots in light part of
stove during growing period ; on their sides under staging in dry part of
house during resting period. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely,
March to Sept., keep almost dry afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Growing period, Feb. to Oct.
Resting period, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by division of root stocks in
eee OULTIVATED: K. Gilbertii, leaves variegated white’and green, 1 ft.,
Burma ; oa rosy purple, Aug., 6 in., Zanzibar; rotunda, white and violet, Aug.,
1 ft., India. ;

Keempfer’s Iris (Iris levigata).—Sce Iris.

223

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Kalanchoe.—0Ord. Crassulacee. Greenhouse perennial flower-
ing plants. T'irst introduced 1781. Flowers, fragrant. .

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, brick rubble, dried
cow manure & river sand. Position, well-drained pots in light green-
house, close to glass. Pot, March. Water freely April to Aug., mode-
rately Aug. to Nov., very little afterwards. Prune old plants after
flowering, shortening shoots to 1in., & repot when new shoots are lin.
long. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°.
Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans of sandy soil, just
covered with fine mould, in oe 60° to 70° in March or April, seedlings
to be kept close to glass & have little water; cuttings of shoots 2 to 3 in.
long, exposed to sun for few days, then inserted in June, July, or Aug.
in well-drained pots of sandy soil, placed on greenhouse shelf & given
very little water.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: K. carnea, flesh, summer, 18 in., 8. Africa; flammea,
orange-scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Somaliland; marmorata (Syn. grandiflora), white,
summer, 2 ft., Abyssinia,

Kale page cath Brassica.

Kalimia (Calico Bush; American Laurel; Swamp Laurel; Moun-
tain Laurel; Sheep Laurel).—Ord. Ericacee. Hardy evergreen flower-
ing shrubs. First introduced 1734

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat & leaf-mould free from lime or chalk.
Position, moist & cool, partially shaded. Plant Sept., Oct., April, or
pal Pruning unnecessary. Foliage of K. latifolia poisonous to
cattle.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts eet cael one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, well-drained pots in greenhouse onihs 45° to 55°)
from Nov. to May; sunny place outdoors afterwards. Water mode-
rately in winter, freely other times. Propagate by seed sown in April
or Oct., 1-16 in. deep, in well-drained shallow pans of sandy peat in
cold frame; cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots of sandy peat
under bell glass in shady cold frame April to Aug.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: K. angustifolia (Sheep Laurel), crimson, June, 3 ft.,
N. America, and its varieties glauca, lucida, rosea and rubra; glauca, lilao purple,
May, 2 ft., N. America; latifolia (Oalico Bush), rose, summer, 6 to 10 ft., N.
America, and its varieties myrtifolia and polypetal.

Kalosanthes,.—See Crassula & Rochea,

Kangaroo Vine (Vitis antarctica).—See Vitis.

Karatas.—Ord. Bromeliacez.—Stove flowering & orn. foliaged
plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1739. Bracts,: green, red, or
crimson. Leaves, strap-shaped, green above, purplish or whitish be-
neath, spiny.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
mould, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in light, moist part
of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately in winter, freely
at other times. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 65°
to 75°. Propagate by large-sized off-shoots inserted singly in small
pots of a peat, in temp, of 85°, Feb. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. acanthocrateo, blue, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; ampul-
lacea, blue and white, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; Caroline, blue and green, summer,
18 in., Brazil; fulgens, blue, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; humilis, purple, summer, 18 in.,
Mexico; Plumieri, purple, summer, 18 in., Brazil. 4

Kenilworth Ivy (Linaria cymbalaria).—See Linaria.

Kennedya (Coral Creeper; Australian Bean Flower).—Ord, Legu-
minosew. Greenhouse flowering & twining plants. Evergreen. Nat.
Australia. First introduced 1788.

224

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little silver sand.
Position, pots, with shoots trained to trellis, or planted out in beds,
& shoots trained up rafters. Pot or plant, Feb. or May. Water freely
March to Sept-, moderately at other times. Prune straggling plants
into shape in Feb. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to healthy
plants in flower. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March
40° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in, deep in well-drained pots
of light sandy soil in temp. of 55° to 65° in March or April; cuttings
of firm young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of
sandy pee under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, March to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. coccinea, scarlet, summer, 10 to 15 ft.; prostrata,
scarlet, spring, 3 ft. See also the genus Hardenbergia.

Kentia (Umbrella Palm).—Ord. Palmacee. Stove palms. Leaves,
feather-shaped, graceful.
__ CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, well-drained pota in stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Temp. 70°
to 85° March to Sept.; 60° to 65° Sept. to March. Water moderately
Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Apply weak liquid manure to healthy
as once a week, May to Sept. Synaes plants daily. Propagate

y seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil in temp. 80°, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. australis, 6 to 10 ft., Lord Howe's Island. See
also the genera Howea and Hedyscepe.

Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus canadensis). — See
Gymnocladus.

Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera).—See Quercus.

Kerria (Jew’s Mallow).—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy deciduous flower-
ing shrub. Nat. Japan. First introduced 1700.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, against S. or W. walls or
fences, or in mixed shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune in May
or June, cutting off old or weak shoots only.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Pot, Oct. Place in cold greenhouse & water moderately. After
flowering, place plants in sunny position outdoors till Oct. Forcing:
place plants in temp- 55° to 65° in Jan. Water moderately. Transfer
plants to sunny position outdoors after flowering. Propagate by cut-
tings of young shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under bell-
glass or hand-light or in cold frame in summer ; layering shoots in Oct.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: K. japonica (Syn. Cochorus japonica), yellow, May,

6 to 10 ft., China, and its varieties flore-pleno (double), foliis argenteis variegatis
(silver-leaved) and foliis aureis variegatis (golden-leaved).

Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).—See Phaseolus.

Kidney-bean-tree (Wistaria sinensis)—See Wistaria.

Kidney Fern (Trichomanes reniforme).—See Trichomanes.

Kidney Vetch.—See Anthyllis.

Killarney Fern (Trichomanes radicans).—_See Trichomanes.

Kilmarnock Willow (Salix Caprea pendula).—See Salix.

King Fern (Osmunda regalis)—See Osmunda.

King-plant.—See Anactoch ilus.

King’s Flower (Eucomis regia).—See Eucomis.

King’s Spear (Asphodelus lutea & A. ramosa).—See Asphodelus.

Kitaibelia.—Ord. Malvacez. Hardy perennial herb. Flower-
ing & orn. foliage. First introduced 1801. Foliage, vine-like.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open, large border or shrub-
bery. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by division of roots in Oct-
or April; seeds sown outdoors in April.

225 I

BNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

eee CULTIVATED: K. vitifolia, white and rose, summer, 6 to 8 ft., E.
Europe. .
Kleinia (Candle Plant).—Greenhouse perennials with fleshy cylin-
drical bluish grey leaves. K. articulata (Candle Plant), a curious and
interesting plant for culture in windows. K. repens used for carpet
bedding in summer. Nat. 8. Africa. First introduced, 1759.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, broken
crocks, and silver sand. Pot in spring. Position, sunny part of green-
house or near windows in rooms. Temp- Oct. to March 45° to 50%;
March to Oct. 55° to 60°. Water sparingly Oct. to March, freely in
summer. For outdoor culture, plant out late in May & lift again in
Oct. Propagate by cuttings of shoots dried for a few hours before
insertion and then inserted in gritty compost any time during summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED.—K. articulata (Syn. Cacalia articulata), Candle Plant,
yellow, 18 in., summer, 8. Africa; ficoides, white, summer, creeping, 8. Africa;
fulgens, orange and red, May, 2 ft., S. Africa; Galpini, orange, autumn, 1 ft.,
S. Africa; nerifolia, yellow, winter, 4 ft., Canaries; pendula, vermilion and orange,
autumn, Somaliland; repens, white, June, creeping, 8. Africa.

Knee Holly (Ruscus aculeatus).—See Ruscus.

‘ Knight’s Star Lily (Hippeastrum equestre)—See Hippeas-
rum.

Kniphofia (Red-hot Poker Plant; Torch Lily; Club Lily)—Ord.
Liliacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Plants of noble aspect and
with showy flowers borne in spikes on tall stems. Formerly known
under the generic name of Tritoma.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy, well enriched with manure. Position,
sunny, well-drained borders. Plant, Nov. or April. Top-dress an-
nually in April with well-decayed manure. Water freely in dry
weather during spring & summer. Apply liquid manure once a week
to established plants in summer. Protect in severe weather by covering
of dry leaves or straw. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in sandy
soil in shallow boxes in cold frame in March or April; transplanting
seedlings outdoors when large enough to handle; division of roots in
Nov. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. aloides (Syn. Tritoma uvaria), red and yellow,
autumn, 4 ft., 8. Africa; Burchellii, scarlet, yellow and green, autumn, 3 ft., 5.
Africa; carnosa, apricot yellow, Sept., 1 ft., Abyssinia; caulescens, reddish salmon,
July, 4 to 5 ft, 8. Africa; carnosa, yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Abyssinia; corallina,
soarlet, autumn, 3 ft., hybrid; Leitchlinii, red and yellow, Aug., 4 ft., Abyssinia ;
Macowanii, orange-red, Aug., 1 ft., S. Africa; Northie, yellow and red, July, 1 ft.,
8. Africa; pumila, orange-red, Aug., 18 in., 8. Africa; Rooperi, orange-red, summer,
2ft., Kaffraria; Tuckii, yellow and red, June, 4 ft., Cape Colony.

Knotted Marjoram (Origanum Marjoram).—See Origanum.

Knotweed.—See Polygonum.

Kochia (Summer or Mock Cypress).—Ord. Chenopodiacew. Hardy
orn.-leaved annual. Flowers, uninteresting. Leaves, narrow & green,
changing to a brilliant crimson-purple tint in early autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. osition, sunny borders. Sow seeds in
light soil in a temp. of 55° in March; transplant seedlings into pots
o boxes, harden off in a cold frame, & plant out 2 ft- apart each way in

une,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. scoparia, 2 to 3 ft., Europe

Koelreuteria.—Ord. Sapindacerw. Hardy deciduous flowering
tree. Nat. N. China. First introduced 1763, A graceful tree for
lawn or shrubbery.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open but sheltered. Plant,
Oct. to March. Pruning unnecessary. Propagate by cuttings of young

226

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

shoots, inserted in sandy soil under hand-light or in cold frame iu
April or May; layering branches in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. bipinnata, yellow, summer, 10 ft., China; paniculata,
yellow, July, 10 to 15 ft., China.

Kohl-Rabi.—See Brassica.

im Kolhakowaly’s Tulip (Tulipa kolpakowskyana). — Sec
ulipa.

Korolkow’s Tulip (Tulipa Korolkowi).—See Tulipa.

Kramer’s Lily (Lilium Krameri).—See Lilium.

Kum-quat (Citrus japonica).—See Citrus.

Labichea.—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse flowering shrub.
Nat, Australia. First introduced 1840.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Position,
well-drained pots in light, sunny greenhouse. Pot, March. Prune into
shape, Feb. Water moderately, Oct. to April; freely afterwards.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Requires
plenty of air, April to Oct. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in-
serted in sand, under bell-glass in cool greenhouse, June to Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. lanceolata, yellow, spring, 4 to 6 ft.

Labrador Tea-plant (Ledum latifolium).—_See Ledum.

Laburnum (Golden Chain)—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy deci-
duous flowering trees. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny shrubberies. Plant,
Oct. to March. Prune directly after flowering. May also be trained
over pergolas, arches, etc. Propagate by seeds sown 34 in. deep out-
doors in March or April; by layers, Oct. or Nov.; varieties by grafting
in March; or budding in July on common species. Seeds are poisonous.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Adami (Purple Laburnum), yellow or purple,
spring, 15 to 20 ft., a graft hybrid between Cytisus purpureus and Laburnum vul-
gare, often has its racemes of flowers half-yellow and half-purple; alpinum (Scotch
Laburnum), yellow, June, 15 to 20 ft., Europe, and its varieties Parksii and
Wateri. L. vulgare (Common Laburnum or Golden Chain), yellow, spring, 20 to
30 ft., Europe, and its varieties foliis-aureis or aureum (golden-leaved), quercifolium
(Oak-leaved), Carlieri (long racemes), serotinum (late flowering), monstrosum fasti-
giatum (erect growing).

Lace-bark Pine (Pinus burgeana)—Scee Pinus.

Lace Fern (Cheilanthes myriophylla elegans).—See Cheilanthes.

Lace-leaf Plant (Ouvirandra fenestralis)—See Ouvirandra.

Lachenalia (Cape Cowslip; Leopard Lily).—Ord. Liliacee.
Greenhouse bulbous flowering plants. Deciduous. Nat. S. Africa.
First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, half-part leaf-
mould, half-part decayed cow manure, & one part fiver or coarse silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots, pans, or baskets; light. Pot, Aug.,
plactng six bulbs tin. deep in a 5in, pot, or 1 to 2in. apart in pans
or baskets. After potting, water & place pots in cold frame until Nov.,
then remove to airy shelf in greenhouse. Temp., 45° to 55°. Water
moderately when growth begins; freely when well advanced. Apply
weak stimulants occasionally when flower spikes form; discontinue
when in bloom. After flowering gradually withhold water, place pots
in sunny position outdoors, & keep quite dry to ripen bulbs. Growing
period, Sept. to June; resting period, June to Sept- Forcing (L. tri-
color): Pot & treat as above until Nov., then remove into temp. of
55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets removed & placed in separate pots at

otting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. aurea, yellow, spring, 1 ft.; lilacina, lilac, spring,

227 12

ENCYCLOPAIDIA OF GARDENING.

6 in,; pendula, yellow, red, and purple, 6 in.; tricolor, red and yellow, spring,
- ft.; seleolots quadricolor, red, green, and yellow; violacea, violet and green,
pring, .

Lactuca (Flowering and Edible Lettuce)—Ord, Composite.
Hardy border perennials & salad vegetables. Edible lettuce intro-
duced 1562.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING LETTUCE: Soil, sandy loam. Posi-
tion, open, sunny, dryish border. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate
by seeds sown } in. deep outdoors in April; division of roots in March.

CULTURE OF EDIBLE LETTUCE: Soil, light, rich, deeply dug.
well manured. Position, south borders for spring & winter crops; opeu,
sunny for summer crops: Sow seeds } in. deep in light soil in temp.
65° in Jan., Feb., or March, for planting outdoors in March, April, &
May; in bed of rich soil in sunny spot outdoors in March, April, May,
& June, for planting out in April, May, June, & July; outdoors in Aug.
& Sept., for planting out in Sept. & Oct.; in cold frames in Oct., for
planting out in March. Plant, 10 in. apart in rows 12 in. asunder.
Blanch cos varieties by tying bast round outside a week before re-
required for use. Surround each newly planted seedling with a cordon
of soot or lime. Water freely when first planted, if weather dry.
Cabbage varieties best for poor dry soil; cos for heavy & rich soil. Suit-
able artificial manures: Superphosphate of lime applied before planting
at the rate of 14 1b. per square rod; nitrate of soda when plants begin to
grow freely, at rate of 1}1b. to square rod—apply latter in showery
weather. For producing seed, plant in poor soil in April or May. Seed
retains vegetative powers for four years; best heart produced by plants
grown from two-year-old seed. Winter lettuce ought to be grown in cold
frames during winter, & planted out in March. Crop reaches maturity
in 10 to 12 weeks. Seeds germinate in 8 days.

Marxet Cunture: Soil, deeply ploughed or dug & well manured
previous winter. Manures: 20 tons of stable dung and 3 cwt, super-
phosphate per acre ploughed in during winter. Apply 1 cwt. of nitrate
of soda per acre when crop is well up. Sow seeds under glass in Feb.
and plant out 9in. apart in April. Sow in March and onwards in open,
& winter crops in Aug. One pound of seed sufficient for an acre.
Blanch cos lettuce by tying with bast 10 days before cutting. Market
by dozen or score. Average yield per acre, 1,400 score. One ounce of
seed will yield 3,000 plants. Lettuce seeds retain vegetative powers for
5 years, and germinate in 8 days. Average price per doz., 1s. to 3s.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. alpina (Syn. Mulgedium alpinum), blue, Aug., 3 ft.,
N. Europe; macrohiza (Syn. Mulgedium macrohiza), purple, autumn, 3 ft., Hima-
layas; Plumieri (Syn. Mulgedium Plumieri), purple, summer, 8 ft., Pyrenees;
Scariola (Syn. Sativa), parent of the cultivated edible lettuce, Europe (Britain).

Ladder Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata)—See Nephrolepis.

Lad’s-love (Artemesia Abrotanum).—See Artemesia.

Lady Fern (Asplenium Filix-foemina).—See Asplenium.

Lady Grass (Phalaris arundinacea variegata).—See Phalaris.

Lady Orchis (Orchis purpurea).—See Orchis.

Lady-in-the-Bower (Nigella damascena).—See Nigella.

Lady’s Bower (Clematis vitalba).—See Clematis.

Lady’s Fingers (Anthyllis vulneria‘.—See Anthyllis.

Lady’s Garters (Phalaris arundinacea variegata). — See
Phalaris.

Lady’s Hair (Briza media).—See Briza.

Lady’s Pincushion (Armeria maritima).—See Armeria.

228

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Lady’s Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum).—See Polygonatum.

Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium calceolus).—See Cypripedium. |

Leelia.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stdve orchids. Evergreen. First in-
troduced 1831.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts coarse fibrous peat, one part living
sphagnum moss, charcoal, & sand. Position, pots, pans, or hanging
baskets, or on blocks with moss only. Pot or re-block, Feb. or March.
Fill pots two-thirds with broken crocks, & keep plants well above rim.
Secure plants and moss to blocks by means of copper wire. Water pot
& basket plants three times weekly, March to Aug.; once weekly, Aug.
to Nov. & Feb. to March; once a month other times. Plants on blocks
daily, March to Aug.; & twice a week, Aug. to Nov. & Feb. & March;
once a week other times. Syringe freely in summer. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Growing period, spring to
winter. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear top of new pseudo-
bulb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. albida, white ond rose, fragrant, winter, Mexico;
anceps, rose, crimson, purple, and yellow, winter, Mexico, and its varieties alba
(white), Amesiana (white and purple), percivaliana (rosy pink and mauve purple),
and sanderiana (white and crimson); autumnalis, rose, purple, white and yellow,
fragrant, autumn, Mexico; cinnabarina, red, spring, Brazil; crispa, white and
purple, autumn, Brazil; digbyana, yellow and white, summer, Honduras; dor-
maniana, brown and purple, spring, Brazil; purpuracea, purple, autumn, Mexico;
harpophylla, red, Apri] and May, Brazil; majalis, rose and purple, summer,
Mexico; monophylla, orange-scarlet and purple, autumn, Jamaica; Perrinii, rosy
purple, magenta, and yellow, autumn, Brazil; pumila, rosy purple, Sept. and Oct.,
Brazil, and its varieties dayana (purple), and preestans (deep purple); purpurata,
white, yellow, and rosy purple, spring, Brazil; superbiens, rose, lilac, purple, and

yellow, winter, Guatemala; tenelbrosa, coppery bronze and purple, spring, Bahia.
Numerous hybrids. See trade lists.

Lzelio-Cattleya. — A race of orchids obtained by the inter-
crossing of species of the genus Cattleya with those of the genus Lelia.
This new race of bigeneric hybrids require the same cultural conditions
as Cattleyas, which see. Upwards of 300 to 400 hybrids have been
obtained, and their names will be found in trade lists.

Lagenaria (Bottle Gourd; Trumpet Gourd).—Ord. Cucurbita-
cee. Hardy orn. fruiting annual. Nat. Trop. Asia & Africa. First
introduced 1597. Fruit, not edible, oblong, bottle-like, 1 to 6 ft. long.

CULTURE: Soil, rich ordinary. Position, beds at foot of low sunny
walls, fences, or arbours, or on the summit of sunny banks, shoots grow-
ing at will. Plant, June. Water freely, & apply stimulants when fruit
has formed. No pinching of shoots required. May also be grown in
pots in sunny greenhouses, training shoots up roof. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. vulgaris, white, summer, 10 ft.

Lagerstroemia (Indian Lilac; Queen’s Flower).—Ord. Lythra-
riew. Stove & greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs. First intro-
duced 1792.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little sand. Position,
well-drained pots in light part of greenhouse or stove. Pot. Feb. or
March. Prune, slightly in Oct. or Nov. Water freely, March to Oct. ;
very little Oct. to March. Syringe twice daily, March to Sept.
Temp., stove species, 55 to 60°, Oct. to March; 65° to 75°, March to
Oct.; greenhouse species, Oct. to March, 45° to 55°; March to Oct.,
60° to 70°. Propagate by cuttings of firm side shoots, inserted in
sandy peat, under bell-glass in temp. of 70° to 80° in March, April,
Aug., or Sept.

229

ENOYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.
STOVE SPECIES: L. Flos-Reginew (Queen’s Flower), rosy purple, summer, 10 to
20 ft., Trop. Asia. ;

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: L. indica (Indian Lilac), pink, summer, 6 to 10 ft.,
Trop. Asia; indica alba, white.

Lagurus (Hare’s-tail Grass)—Ord, Graminee. Hardy orn.
annual grass. Inflorescence borne in egg-shaped heads, white, downy ;
June to Sept. Very useful in dried state for winter decorations.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open dryish borders. Gather
inflorescence for drying in Aug. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep
outdoors in April, where plants are required to grow, or in well-drained
pans of light soil in cold frame in Oct., planting outdoors in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. ovatus, 1 ft., 8. Europe (Britain).

Lamarckia. — Ord. Graminee. Hardy orn. annual grass.
First introduced 1770. Inflorescence plume-like, silky & golden; June
to Sept. Useful in a dried state for winter decorations.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, patches in open sunny borders.
Gather inflorescence for winter use in Aug. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep outdoors in April where plants are required to grow, or in
well-drained pans of light soil in cold frame in Oct., planting outdoors
in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. aurea, 8 in., S. Europe.

Lamb Mint (Mentha viridis’—See Mentha.

Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella olitoria)—See Valerianella.

Lamb’s Tongue (Stachys lanata).—See Stachys.

Lamium (Dead-Nettle).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy perennial herbs.
Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, egg or heart-shaped, with serrated
margins, golden, bronze, green, & white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish, sunny borders. L.
aureum very effective dwarf edging plant for borders in summer.
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. maculatum aureum, leaves variegated with golden
yellow, 1 ft., Europe (Britain).

Land Cress (Barbarea precox).—See Barbarea.

Lantana (Jamaica Mountain Sage; Surinam Tea-plant).—Ord.
Verbenaces. reenhouse & half-hardy evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1690.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, leaf-mould,
or decayed manure, little sand, & charcoal. Position, well-drained
pots in light greenhouse. Pot, firmly, March. Water freely, April
to Oct.; moderately, Oct. to April. Prune into shape, Feb. Temp.,
Oct. to March, 45° to 55°; March to Oct., 55° to 65°. Apply weak
stimulants once or twice weekly, May to Sept.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy. Position, sunny dryish
beds or borders. Plant, June. Lift in Sept.; repot & replace in
greenhouse for winter. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-
drained pots or pans of sandy peat & leaf-mould, in temp. of 70° to 80°
in Feb., March, or April; by cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3in. long
inserted in small pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. of 55° to
65° in Aug. or Sept. ; or by cuttings of young side shoots 2in. long
inserted as above in hemp. 60° to 70°, March or aay

SPECIES CULTIVATED: lL. Camara, violet, summer, 6 to 8 ft., Trop. America;
nivea, white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Trop. America; trifolia, red, summer, 3 ft., Trop,
America, Numerous varieties superior to species in trade lists.

Lantern-flower eles Darwinii).—See Abutilon.

Lapageria.—Ord. Liliaces. Greenhouse & half-hardy flowering
climber. Evergreen. Nat. Chili. First introduced 1847. ,

230

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, three parts fibrous peat, one part
loam, one part equal proportions of sand & charcoal. Position, shady
in large well-drained pots, tubs, beds, or borders, with shoots trained
to trellises or up walls or rafters of greenhouse. Pot or plant, Feb.
or March. Good drainage very essential. Water freely, April to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily from March until flowers
develop. Prune away dead or sickly shoots only in March. Ven-
tilate freely, April to Oct. Temp., Oct. to March, 40° to 50°; March
to Oct., 55° to 65°. Foliage must be kept free from insects.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat & loam. Position,
west walls, sheltered, in S. of England only. Plant, Oct. or March,
in well-drained bed. Protect in severe weather. Water freely in dry
weather. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pots or
pans of sandy peat & leaf-mould in temp. of 55° to 65° in March or
Apel jb ey layering strong shoots in sandy peat in spring or autumn.

OULTIVATED: L. rosea, rose, summer, 15 to 20 ft.; and its varieties
albiflora (white), and superba, crimson.

Lapeyrousia. — Ord. Iridacew. Hardy bulbous flowering
plants. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1791,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam & leaf-mould. Position,
sunny well-drained borders or rockeries. Plant, bulbs 4in. deep &
3in. apart, Sept. to Oct.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, &
sand. Position, cold frame, Sept. to Feb.; cool or cold greenhouse
afterwards. Pot, Sept., placing six bulbs in a 6-in. pot, & cover with
cinder ashes till growth begins. Water moderately when new growth
commences; keep dry after flowering till potting time. Propagate by
offshoots removed at planting or potting time, & treated as old bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. cruenta (Syn. Anomatheca cruenta), crimson, sum-
mer, 1 ft., hardy; grandiflora, red and yellow, summer, 1 ft., tender, best grown in

pots.

Larch (Larix europxa).—See Larix.

Lardizabala.—Ord. Berberidacer. Hardy evergreen flowering
climber. Orn. foliage. Nat. Chili. First introduced 1848.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position, well-
drained border at base of S. or W. walls. Plant, Sept., Oct., March,
or April. Prune away dead or straggly shoots only in April. Suitable
also for growing against walls in cold greenhouses or conservatories.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 1 to 2in. long, inserted in sandy
loam & peat in well-drained pots under bell-glass, in temp. 45° to 5
spring or autumn. ®

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. biternata, purple, autumn, 15 to 20 ft.

Larix (Larch).—Ord. Coniferw. Hardy deciduous trees. Grown
largely for timber purposes. First introduced 1629.

CULTURE: Soil, gravelly, stony, or any except heavy clay. Posi-
tion, hill slopes or banks, sheltered from north; low, damp situations
not suitable. Plantin autumn. Distance for planting, 3 to 4 ft. each
way. Best age to plant, two years old. Land best trenched a good
spit deep before planting. Number of trees required to plant an im-
perial acre at 3ft., 4,840; at4ft., 2,722. Average cost of two-year-old
¢rees per 1,000, 12s. 6d. Cost of planting trees per acre, 20s. Thinning
chaallt soganents at five years old. Each imperial acre should contain
about 1,200 trees at tenth year; 900 at fifteenth year; 600, at twentieth
year; 450, at twenty-fifth year; and 300 in thirtieth year; latter num-
ber to be permanent crop. Trees attain maturity when 30 to 40 to 70

231

’

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

years old. Bears seed when 30 to 40 years old. Number of seeds in
a pound, 5,000. Weight of a bushel of seed, 141b. Average height,
130 ft. Weight of timber per cubic foot, 381b. Number of cubic feet
timber to a ton, 58. Average price per cubic foot, 9d. to 1s. Timber
used for fencing, pit wood, scaffold poles, and boat building. Quantity
of seeds to sow 100ft. square of bed. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in.
deep in beds 4 ft. wide with 1 ft, alleys between, in March. Transplant
seedlings when two years old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. davurica, 10 to 20 ft., Siberia; europea (Common
Larch), 60 to 120 ft., Europe; and its varieties glauca pendula, pendula and
sibirica (Siberian Larch); Griffithii (Sikkim Larch), 30 to 40 ft., Himalayas;
leptolepis (Japanese Larch), also known as japonica, 30 to 40 ft., Japan; occi-
dentalis (American Larch), 100 to 150 ft., N. America; -pendula (Black Larch),
70 to 80 ft., N. America.

Larkspur.—See Delphinium.

Lasiandra.—See Tibouchina.

Lasthenia.—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals. First intro-
duced 1834.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm, sheltered rockeries,
beds, or borders. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in April, where
plants are required to grow for summer flowering; in Sept. or Oct.,
similarly for spring flowering.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. glabrata (Syn. californica), yellow, summer, 1 ft.,
California; glabrata glaberrima, yellow, June, 1 ft.

Latania (Bourbon Palm).—Ord. Palmacew. Stove Palms. Orn.
foliage. Leaves, fan-shaped, bright green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & a little char-
coal & sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of stove. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
Syringe once daily in winter; twice other times. Temp., March to
Sept, 65° to 75°; Sept. to March, 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
Geee in rich light soil in temp. of 80° to 90°, Feb., March, or
April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L.Commereconii,7 ft., Mauritius and Bourbon; Verschaf-
feltii (Syn. L. aurea), 7 ft., Mauritius.

Lathyrus (Everlasting Pea; Sweet Pea). — Ord. Leguminosa.
Hardy annuals & herbaceous perennial climbers. Sweet Pea intro-
duced 1700.

CULTURE OF SWEET PEA: Soil, rich ordinary, well manured.
Position, groups in sunny borders, shoots aeietal by tree branches ;
against sunny walls or fences; in sunny window boxes; in rows in open
garden. Sow seeds three or four in a 3-in. pot in light soil in temp.
55 to 65° in March., transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; or 2ir.
deep, and 3 to Gin, apart in March or April, where plants are to grow.
Water liberally in dry weather. Apply liquid manure once or twice
weekly to Deen in flower, Remove seed pods as they form, to ensure
plenty of flowers. Grow other annual species thus.

POT CULTURE: Sow four seeds 1 in. deep in 3-in. pots in temp. 45°
to 55° in March. Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Transfer four seedlings, when 2in. high, to a 5in. pot. Sup-
port shoots with small tree branches. Water liberally. Apply liquid
ag when flowers show. Grow in cool greenhouse or window when
in flower.

EXHIBITION OR SPECIAL CULTURE: Grow in circular groups
2ft. wide and 3ft. apart, or in trenches 18in. wide and 2 ft. deep.
Dig out soil to depth of 2ft. Fork into subsoil 2in. of rotten manure,

232

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

then fill up hole or trench to within 2 in. of top. Adda handful each of
superphosphate and kainit to each hole, or lineal yard of trench, &
fork in. Sow seeds lin. deep & 3in. apart in March in groups or
trenches; or five seeds in a three-inch pot of good soil in cold frames
in March, & plant out seedlings 4 to 6in. apart in April. Stake early.
Feed with half-ounce of sulphate of ammonia to gallon of water. Give
3 gallons to each group or lineal yard of row once a week. Nip off
ponte of shoots when top of sticks is reached. Remove spent blooms
aily..

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary a4 rich.
Position, against sunny walls, fences, arbours, or tree stump or banks.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Apply liquid manure occasionally
in summer. Water freely in dry weather. Prune away stems close
to ground in Oct. Top-dress with decayed manure in March. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in May; or outdoors in April; by division
of roots in March or April.

ANNUAL SPEOIES: L. odoratus (Sweet Pea), various, 6 to 10 ft., Italy;
tingitanus (Tangier Pea), purple and red, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Tangier.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. grandiflorus, rosy crimson, summer, 5 ft., S. Europe;
latifolius or Sylvestris platyphyllus (Everlasting Pea), red, crimson and violet, 8 to
10 ft., Europe; latifolius albus, white; letifiorus, flesh, summer, 10 ft., California;
magellanicus (Lord Anson’s Pea), purple, June to Sept., 6 to 8 ft., Straits of
Magellan; rotundifolius, rosy pink, summer, 6 ft., Asia Minor; undulatus (Syn.
Sibthorpii), rosy purple, May and June, 2 to 3 ft., Dardanelles; splendens, carmine-

red, summer, California.
Lattice-leaf Plant (Ouvirandra fenestralis).--See Ouvirandra.
Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus).—See Prunus.

Laurus (Bay Tree; Sweet Bay; Victor’s Laurel; Poet’s Laurel).—
Ord. Laurinew. Hardy evergreen tree. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1562. Flowers, male & female born on separate trees, yellow,
insignificant. Berries, dark purple; ripe, Oct. Leaves, lance-shaped,
dark green, aromatic; used for flavouring purposes.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open, sunny lawns, sheltered
ye haa or borders. Plant, Sept., March, or April. Prune in

ril.

CULTURE IN TUBS: Compcst, two paits loam, one part leaf-mould
&sand. Position, well-drained in summer. Plant, Sept., Oct., March,
or April. Place outdoors, ge Oct., cool greenhouse or other frost-
proof place, Oct. to May. ater very little, Oct. to April; freely
afterwards. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 3 to 4in. long, inserted
in sandy soil under hand-lights in shady place outdoors, Aug., Sept.,
or Oct.; layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. nobilis, 20 to 40 ft., 8. Europe.

Laurustinus (Viburnum Tinus).—See Viburnum.

Lavandula (Lavender).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1568. Flowers, highly esteemed
for their fragrance in a dried state, and for distilling for perfumery
purposes.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light. Position, warm, dry, & sunny.
Plant, March or Sept., a foot apart in rows 2ft. asunder. Water
occasionally iz dry weather. Prune straggly plants into shape, March
or April. Gather blossoms for drying or distilling when they assume a
brown colour. Dry slowly in shade & store in dry place. Leaves of
all species fragrant. Propagate by small branches pulled off large

233

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

plants & inserted in ordinary soil in sunny position outdoors, April or
aoe also by seeds sown outdoors in April.

arxet Cunrurz: Soil, deep gravelly loam, well manured.
Position, southerly, sheltered from north and east. Plant offsets 1 ft.
apart each way in Oct. Following transplant 3ft. apart each way.
For first two or three years inter-crop with radishes, lettuces, etc.
Top-dress in autumn with 20 loads of decayed dung and 1 cwt. super-
phosphate per acre. Gather flowers early in Aug. in dry weather only.
Average returns per acre, £20 to £40. Average duration of planta-
tion, 10 years.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. vera, lilac or blue, fragrant, July and Aug., 3 {t.,
8. Europe.

Lavatera (Tree Mallow).—Ord. Malvacew. Half-hardy biennials
& annuals. Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, hand-shaped, green, or
variegated with white.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil; ordinary. Position,
warm, sheltered, dryish borders. Plant, June.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary light rich. Posi-
tion, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds }in. deep where plants are re-
quired to grow in Sept. or April. Propagate biennial species by seeds
sown in pots or boxes of light soil in temp. of 55° to 60° in March or
apn or in sunny position outdoors, April or May.

IENNIAL SPECIES: L. arborea (Tree Mallow), purple, autumn, 8 to 10 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

ANNUAL SPECIES: L. trimestris, rose, summer, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Europe; trimestris
alba, white.

Lavender (Lavandula vera).—See Lavandula.

j Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamacyparissus).—See Santo-
ina.

Lavender Grass (Molinia cw#rulea)—See Molinia.

Lawn Pearl-wort (Sagina subulata).—See Sagina.

Lawn Spurrey.—See Sagina.

Lawson’s Cypress (Cupressus lawsoniana).—See Cupressus.

Layia (Tidy-tips Flower).—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1834.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny bed or borders. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light mould in temp. 55° to 65°
in te transplanting seedlings outdoors end of May; or outdoors in
April, where PB ants are required to grow.

PECIES CULTIVATED: L. calliglossa (Syn. Oxyura chrysanthemoides), yellow,

summer, 1 ft., N. America; elegans, yellow and white, summer, 1 ft., California;
platyglossa (Syn. Callichroa platyglossa), yellow, summer, 1 ft., California.

Lead Plant (Amorpha canescens).—See Amorpha.

Lead-wort.—See Plumbago and Ceratostigma.

Leaf-flowering Cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum), — See
Epiphyllum.

Leather Flower (Clematis viorna).—See Clematis.

Leather-wood (Cyrilla racemiflora).—See Cyrilla.

Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus Libani).—See Cedrus.

Ledum (Labrador Tea; Marsh Rosemary).—Ord. Ericacee. Hardy
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1762.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Position,
open, well-drained beds or borders in company with azaleas, kalmias,
etc. Plant, Oct., Nov., or March, disturbing roots as little as possible.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep, in a well-drained pan of sandy

234

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

peat in a cold frame in March; by layering in Sept.; division of roots
in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. glandulosum, white, spring, 3 to 6 ft., California;
latifolium (Labrador Tea), white, April, 3 ft., N. America; palustre (Marsh Rose-
mary), white, May, 2 ft., N. Europe.

Leea.—Ord. Ampelidacee. Stove Shrub. Orn. foliage. Nat.
Borneo. . First introduced 1880. Leaves, Jeathorshaped. bronzy-
green, striped with white above, and dark-red below.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed manure
or leaf-mould & one part sharp silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in shade. Pot, Feb. or March. Temp., March to Sept., 65° to
75°; Sept. to March, 55° to 65°. Water freely, March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Aug. Propagate by
cuttings of side shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp.
75° to 85° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. amabilis, 3 ft.; amabilis splendens, superior form.

Leek.—See Allium.

Leiophyllum (Sand Myrtle)—Ord. Ericacee. Hardy flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1736.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Position,
open, margins of well-drained beds or borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., or
March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pan of
sandy peat in a cold frame in March; by layering in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. buxifolium (Syn. Ledum buxifolium), white, May,
1 ft., Carolina; buxifolium prostratum (Syn. Lyonii), prostrate growing.

Lemon Grass (Andropogon Schenanthus).—See Andropogon.

Lemon Oil-plant (Citrus Limonum).—See Citrus.

Lemon-scented Geranium (Pelargonium crispum).—See

Pelargonium. ‘

Lemon-scented Gum-tree (Eucalyptus citriodora). — See
Eucalyptus.

Lemon-scented Thyme (Lhymus citriodorus). — See
Thymus.

Lemon-scented Verbena (Lippia citriodora)—See Lippia.

Lemon-tree (Citrus Limonum).—See Citrus.

Lens (Lentils) —Ord. Leguminose. Hardy annual. First intro-
duced 1548. Leaves, feather-shaped. Pods, about Zin. long, fin.
broad, containing two seeds. Seeds, edible, used chiefly in soups, etc.

CULTURE: Soil, light, ordinary. Position, sunny borders, Sow
seeds 2in. deep & 2in. apart in drills 18in. asunder early in April.
Allow the plants to grow till quite yellow, then pull up, dry thoroughly
in the sun, gather pods & store in a dry place till required for use.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: IL. esculentea, blue, June to Aug., 1 ft., Orient.

Lenten Rose (Helleborus colchicus).—See Helleborus.

Lentils (Lens esculentea).—See Lens. :

Lent Lily (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus).—See Narcissus.

Leonotis (Lion’s Ear)—Ord. Labiate. Greenhouse and half-
hardy flowering shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1712.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part equal
proportions of leaf-mould, charcoal, & silver sand. Position, well-
drained pots in light airy part of greenhouse, Sept. to June; sunny
place outdoors, June to Sept. Pot, March or April. Prune into
shape after flowering. Water moderately, April to Sept., very spar-
ingly afterwards. ‘Temp., Sept. to April, 40° to 50°; April to June,
55° to 65°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, a8 loam. Position, warm sheltered

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

border in mild southern districts only. Plant, May. Protect in winter
with bracken or straw. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in
light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or April. Young plants
require tops of shoots to be removed occasionally to induce bushy
rowth.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Leonorus, orange-soarlet, summer, 3 to 5 ft., 5.

Africa.
‘ Leontice (Lion’s Leaf; Lion’s Turnip). — Ord. Berberidacez.

Hardy tuberous-rooted perennials. First introduced 1597.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
tion, sheltered sunny rockery. Plant tubers in Sept. or Oct.; base
only of tuber to be buried in the soil, leaving the upper part exposed.
Mulch with cocoanut-fibre refuse or decayed leaves in summer, & protect
tubers with covering of ashes in winter. Propagate by offsets removed
& planted in Sept. or Oct.

PECIES OULTIVATED: L. Alberti (Lion's Turnip), brown and yellow, spring,
6 to 8 in., Turkestan; Leontopetalum (Lion’s Leaf), yellow, spring, 1 ft., Caucasus.

Leontopodium (Edelweiss).—Ord. Composite. Hardy peren-
nial herb. Nat. Alps. First introduced 1776.

CULTURE: Soil, well-drained, sandy. Position, exposed sunny
rockeries. Plant, March or April. Protect from heavy rains in
autumn & winter by placing a square of glass, supported by sticks at
each corner, a few inches above the plants. Gather flowers in Aug.,
& dry for preserving. Best results are obtained by raising fresh
plants from seed annually, or by dividing old plants in spring. Pro-

agate by seeds sown in March in a well-drained pan of fine loam,
eaf-mould, & granite chips, placed under a hand-light, or in a cold
frame in a cool shady spot, transplanting seedlings outdoors in Aug.
or Sept.; by divigion of plants in April.

SPECIES OULT]VATED: L. alpinum (Edelweiss), yellow, May to July, sur-
rounded by star-shaped, white, cottony involucre, 6 in.

Leopard-flower (Belamacanda sinensis)—See Belamacanda.

Leopard Lily (Lachenalia tricolor).—See Lachenalia.

Leopard’s-bane (Doronicum Pardalianches).—See Doronicum.

Leopard’s-bane Groundsel (Senecio Doronicum). — See
Senecio.

Lepidium (Cress). — Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy annual. First
introduced 1548. Leaves, finely divided, agreeably flavoured & largely
used in conjunction with mustard for salads.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders.
Sow seeds on surface of soil, water, and cover with mats or boards
until they germinate; or in drills } in. deep, & 6in. apart. Make first
sowing end of March, follow with successional sowings every 10 days
until Sept., then cease. Gather for salading when lin. high. Two
crops sufficient off one pices of ground.

INDOOR CULTURE: Sow seed on surface of light soil in shallow
boxes, moisten with tepid water, cover with sheet of paper, slate, or
board, & place in warm eee in greenhouse or room. Sow for suc-
cession every 7 days. © crops may be grown in same soil. Seeds
may be sown on flannel kept moist in a warm room, at any time of

ear.

. Marxer Cuurure: Make up a bed on the staging or on the floor

of a heated glass-house or pit. Place 2in. of rough manure on bed,

then 2in. of sifted decayed manure, & one inch of fine soil on top.

Make level. Soak the seeds in water for 12 hours, then rub dry with
236

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

sand, sow thickly, give a good watering, & cover with mats till plants
are one-inch high, then expose to light. Crop ready to cut a week
after sowing. Market in punnets. Average price per doz. punnets,
1s. 8d. to 1s. 6d. Cress seed retains its germinating powers for three
years, & takes 5 to 6 ig in to germinate.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: sativum (Common Cress), white, 3 to 6 in., Persia
Two varieties—plain and curled.

Leptosiphon.—See Gillia.

Leptosyne.—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals & perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained beds or
borders. Plant, perennial species in Oct. or March; annual species,
May or June. Propagate both species by seeds sown fin. deep, in
light soil in temp. 65° to 75° in March; transplant seedlings when 1 in.
high, 2in. apart in boxes of light soil, & keep in cool greenhouse till
May or June, then plant outdoors.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. calliopsidea, yellow, Sept., 18 in., California;

Douglasii, yellow, autumn, 1 ft., California; maritima, yellow, autumn, 1 ft., Cali-
fornia; Stillmanii, yellow, autumn, 1 ft., California.

Leptotes.—See Tetranicra.

Leschenaultia.—Ord. Goodenoviex. Greenhouse flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1824.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat & one part silver sand.
Pot, March or April. Position, well-drained pots in light sunny
greenhouse. Temp., Sept. to March, 40° to 50°; March to Sept., 55°
to 65°. Water sparingly, Oct. to April, moderately afterwards; use
soft water only. Manures or stimulants not required. After flower-
ing, nip off the points of the shoots. Repotting only necessary every
second year. Firm potting essential. Ventilate freely in fine weather.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp.
50° to 55°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. biloba, blue, summer, 1 ft., Australia; biloba major,
large-flowered; formosa, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Australia.

Lespedeza (Bush Clover; Japanese Clover).—Ord. Leguminosz.
Hardy flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1789.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sheltered sunny borders.
Plant, Oct. or Nov., Feb., or March. Prune slightly after flowering.
Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in light soil in a sheltered position
outdoors in Feb. or March; cuttings inserted in heat in spring; layer-
ing Sept or Oct. : :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. bicolor, rosy purple, Sept., 3 ft., China and Japan;
bicolor alba, white; capitata (Bush Clover), yellow, white and purple, Aug.,
3 ft., Japan; Sieboldii, purple, autumn, 5 ft., China and Japan.

Letter-leaf (Grammatophyllum speciosum).—See Grammato-
phyllum.

Lettuce.—See Lactuca.

Leucadendron (Cape Silver Tree)—Ord. Proteacew. Green-
house evergreen trees with silvery silky leaves. In Cape Colony the
leaves are utilised for ornamental purposes, especially for painting local
scenes thereon. First introduced 1693.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat, with some
charcoal & sand. Position, light, airy greenhouse, free from damp
in winter. Pot in March. Water moderately in summer; very little
in winter. Temp., March to Oct., 60° to 65°; Sept. to March, 40° to
50°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy peat in a temp. of 55° to 65°
directly they are imported ; by cuttings of firm shoots, in sand in a
temp. of 55° in summer.

237

ENOYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. argenteum, yellow, Aug., 15 ft., 8. Africa.
Leucocrinum.—oOrd. Liliaces. Hardy bulbous-rooted peren-
nials.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny, sheltered nooks of
rockery; good drainage needed. Plant, Aug. to Nov. Protect from
rain in winter by a hand-glass. May also be grown in pots of sandy
soil in cold greenhouse. Pot in August. Water moderately when
growing; keep dry when at rest. Propagate by offsets in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. montanum (Californian Soapwort), white, fragrant,
spring, 3 in., Arizona. Ee

Leucojum (Snowflake; Summer Snowdrop).—Ord. Amarylli-
dacew. Hardy bulbous plants.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, Summer Snowflake a.
zstivum) in sunny or shady borders or woodlands; Spring Snowflake
(L. vernum) in shady borders or on rockeries. Both may also be
naturalised in grass. Plant, bulbs 4in. deep, & 3in. apart, Aug. to
Nov. Bulbs do not usually flower first year after planting, and only
require to be lifted & replanted every five to eight years. Propagate
by offsets, removed & replanted in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. estivum (Summer Snowflake), white and green,
May, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); hyemale (Syn. Acis autumnalis), white and green,
April, 9 in., Portugal; pulchellum, white and green, May, 1 ft., Balearic Isles;
vernum (Spring Snowflake), white and green, March, 1 ft., Europe; vernum car-
paticum, white and yellow.

Leucopogon (Australian Currant).—Ord. Epacridacerx. Green-
house flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Nat. Australia. First intro-
duced 1815.

CULTURE: Compost, three-fourths fibry peat, one-fourth silver
sand. Position, light airy greenhouse Sept. to July, sunny place out-
doors July to Sept. Repot, April, May, or June; good drainage essen-
tial. Prune shoots of erect kinds to within lin. of base directly after
flowering ; pendulous kinds about half-way. Water moderately at all
times. Syringe plants daily, March to July. Temp., Sept. to March,
40° to 50°; March to July, 55° to 60°. Stimulants not essential. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown immediately they ripen on surface of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 55°; cuttings of ends of shoots inserted in
pots of sandy peat covered with bell-glass placed in cool greenhouse in
Aug or April.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: L. lanceolatus, white, May, 8 to 10 ft.; Reichei,
white, May, 4 to 6 ft.

Leucothoe.—Ord. Ericacew. Hardy flowering shrubs. LEver-
green. First introduced 1763.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Position,
open sheltered borders. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Pruning
not necessary. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in
cold frame, Feb. or March; layering shoots in Sept.; division, Oct. or

Nov.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. axillaris (Syn. Andromeda axillaris white, May,
3 ft., N. States; Catesbei (Syn. Andromeda Oatesbei), white, May, y ft., Gevrelt:
Davisie, white, July, 1 ft., California; racemosa (Syn. Andromeda and Lyonia
racemosa), white, May, 4 to 6 ft., N. America.

Lewisia (Bitter-wort; Spatlum). — Ord. Portulacacew. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy loam, peat, & sand. Position,
crevices of moist sunny rockeries. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April.
Water occasionally in dry weather. Leaves wither at the time of
flowering, or may not be produced at all. Growing period above

238

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

ground, about six weeks. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained

pans of sandy loam & peat in a cool shady frame in March or April;
division of the roots in March or April.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: L. rediviva, rose, summer, 6 in., California; Tweedyi,
pink, summer, 4 in., California.

Leycesteria (Himalayan Honeysuckle; Flowering Nutmeg).—
Ord. Caprifoliacew. Hardy-flowering shrub. Deciduous. First in-
troduced 1824,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb., or March. Prune into shape after flowering.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 45° to 55°
in'March or April; cuttings of side shoots inserted in light soil and
similar temp. in April, also of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil under
Tana Ne tet in Sept. or Oct. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. formosa, white and purple, May to Aug., succeeded
by ‘purple berries, 4 to 6 ft., Himalayas; formosa variegata, leaves variegated.

Liatris (Button Snake-root).—Ord. Composite. Hardy perennial
herbs. First introduced 1732,

CULTURE: Soil, light, rich, ordinary. Position, open sunny beds
or borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. ut off decayed
stems in Oct. Mulch with decayed manure in April. Water freely in
dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
outdoors in Aug. or Sept., transplanting seedlings the following May ;
division of Plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. pycnostachya, purple, Aug., 3 to 4 ft., N. America;
ree as purple, Aug., 2 to 3 ft., N. America; spicata, purple, Aug., 4 to 5 ft., N.

MeéT10a,

Libertia.—0Ord. Iridaceex. Hardy evergreen perennials. Flowex-
ing & orn. foliage. First introduced 1823. Leaves, sword-shaped. or
grass-like, graceful, dark green.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Position, well-drained sunny borders, or preferably, rockeries. Plant,
Sept., Oct., March, or April. Protect, Nov. to April., by covering
with dry fern, tree leaves, or strawy manure. Propagate by seeds sown
hin. deep in sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, Aug. to Nov.;
division of creeping rhizomes, March or april, :

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. formosa, white, June, 1 ft., Chili; grandiflora,
white, June, 3 ft., New Zealand; tricolor, white, June, 1 ft., New Zealand.

Libocedrus (Incense Cedar).—Ord. Coniferey. Hardy evergreen
trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1847, Leaves, sca e-like, flat,
glossy, or milk-green. Habit, pyramidal or column-like. Cones,
small, oblong. es

CULTURE: Soil, rich loam; subsoil, gravelly. Position, warm,
sheltered; as single specimens on lawns in mild districts in 8. of Eng-
land only. Plant, Sept. to Nov. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep
in pans of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, Oct. to April ;
cuttings of firm shoots or branchlets inserted in sandy soil in cold
frame or under hand-light in Aug. or Sept

pt.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. chilensis, 60 to 80 ft., Chili; decurrens (Incense
Cedar), 100 ft., California; douiana, 70 ft., New Zealand,

Libonia. — Ord. Acanthaces. Greenhouse shrubby flowering
plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1864.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, leaf-mould, or decayed
manure & little sand. Position, light part of greenhouse, Sept. to
June; sunny cold frame, June to Sept. Pot, March or April in 5-in.
or 6-in. sizes, Prune shoots after flowering to within 11n. of base.

239

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.
Water moderately, Oct. to April; freely afterwards. Apply weak
stimulants once or twice weekly during flowering period. Syringe
foliage twice daily, March to Sept. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 60°;
March to June 60° to 70°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots lin.
to 2in. long, inserted in well-drained pots filled with sandy soil in
temp. 75° to 85°, Feb. to May. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. floribunda (properly Jacobinia pauociflora), yellow,
winter, 2 ft., Brazil; penrhosiensis, crimson, winter, 2 ft., hybrid.

Licuala.—Ord, Palmacew. Stove palms. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1802. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one of loam & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. to April.
Water moderately, Oct. to March; freely afterwards. Syringe twice
daily, March to Sept.; once daily, Sept. to March. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep in Hens rich soil in temp. 80° to 90°, Feb., March, or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. grandis, 10 ft., New Britain; Veitchii, 6 to 8 ft.

Ligularia.—See Senecio.

Ligurian Bell-flower (Campanula isophylla). — See Cam-
panula,

Ligustrum (Privet).—Ord. Oleacez. Hardy deciduous & ever-
green shrubs. Orn. foliage & flowering. Flowers, white, borne in
terminal pantaless fragrant. Berries round, shining, black or yellow.
Desves oblong, oval, & pointed, green, or variegated with white or
yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, loam or good ordinary. Position, common species
in shrubberies, under shade of trees, in open or as hedges; others in
open shrubberies. Plant, deciduous kinds, Oct. to Feb.; evergreen
pads Oct. to April. Prune deciduous kinds in autumn, evergreens in
April.

FIEDGE CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, trenched two spits deep & 3 ft.
wide. Plant, privet (1 to 3ft. high) 6 to 9in. apart, Oct. to April.
Trim into shape, June & July. Cost of plants per 100, 58. Cost of
planting & preparing the soil per lineal yard, 9d. Privet and hawthorn
planted alternately, makes a splendid hedge. Varieties suitable, Com-
mon Privet (L. vulgare), Oval-leaved Privet (L. ovalifolium), and
Golden Privet (Ovalifolium aureum). Also suitable shrubs for growing
in town gardens. Propagate by seeds (berries) sown lin. deep in open
ground in Nov., transplanting largest seedlings the following Oct.,
the remainder next year; cuttings of young shoots 2 to 4in. long, in-
serted in a shady position outdoors or under a hand-light, in summer;
also cuttings of firm shoots 8 to 12in. long, inserted in shady position
mm ordinary soil outdoors, Sept. to Nov.; layering shoots in Sept. or

ct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Ibota (Syn. amurensis), 3 ft., Japan; japonicum,
6 to 8 ft., evergreen, Japan; japonicum coriaceum, evergreen, 8 to 4 ft., Japan;
lucidum, 8 to 12 ft., evergreen, China; lucidum tricolor, variegated; ovalifolium
(Oval-leaved Priyet), 6 to 8 ft., Syery reer Japan; ovalifolium variegatum, leaves
blotched with yellow or white; ovalifolium aureum (Golden Privet), golden leaved,
much used for window boxes and hedges sinense, 10 to 20 ft., evergreen, China;
sinenso variegatum, leaves variegated; vulgare (Common Privet), 6 to 10 ft.,
Britain, deciduous.

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) —See Syringa.

Lilium (Lily)—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy and half-hardy bulbous
flowering plants. First introduced 1596.

CLASSIFICATION OF LILIUMS: Erect, cup-shaped flowers (Isoli-

740

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

rion group).—L, bulbiferum, L. concolor & vars., L. dauricum & vars.,
L, philadelphicum, L. elegans & vars. ‘Trumpet-shaped flowers (Buli-
rion group).—L. Browni, L. candidum & vars., L. cordifolium, L. gigan-
teum, L, Krameri, L. longiflorum & vars., L. Parryi, L, washing-
tonianum & var. Recurved flowers (Martagon group).—L. candadense,
LL. carniolicum, L, carolineum, L, chalcedonicum, L. Hansoni, L. Hum-
boldti, L. Leichtlini, L. martagon & vars., L. monadelphum & var.,
L. pomponum, L. pyrenaicum, L. superbum & vars., L, tenuifolium,
L. testaceum, Flowers drooping (Archelirion group).—L. auratum &
vars., L, speciosum & vars., L tigrinum & vars., & t, roseum,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, enriched with decayed
manure, for L. bulbiferum, L. candidum, L. chalcedonicum, L. croceum
& L. testaceum; rich loam for L. auratum, L. martagon, L. monadel-

hum, L. pomponum, L. tenuifolium, L. tigrinum, & L. pyrenaicum ;
oam, peat, and leaf-mould for L. Browni, L. giganteum, & L. dauri-
cum, L, Hansoni, L. longiflorum, L. Parryi, L. pardalinum, L. specio-
sum, L. superbum, L. Leichtlini. Peat, leaf-mould, & sand for L, cana-
dense, L. concolor, L. Humboldti, L. washingtonianum. Position, shady
beds or borders for L. Browni, L. canadense, L- Hansoni, L. pardalinum,
L. auratum, L. concolor, L. polyphyllum, L. superbum, L, washing-
tonianum, L. Leichtlini; others in sun or shade. Plant, Oct. to March,
in groups of 3, 6, or 12 bulbs. Plant stem-rooting lilies like auratum,
Batemannia, Brownii, croceum, Dalhousoni, elegans, Hansoni,
Henryi, Krameri, longiflorum, nepalense, speciosum, & tigrinum 6 in.
deep & Gin. apart; L. giganteum only just beneath the surface; all
others 4in, deep & 6in. apart. Place a handful of silver sand under
each bulb and a little around it.

Sprciran Beps: Remove soil to depth of 18in, and circumference
of 12in. for 3 bulbs, 24in. for 6 bulbs, 3 ft. for 12 bulbs. Place 6in.
of cow manure in bottom and compost on this. In case of heavy, wet
subsoils, allow surface of bed to rise 4 in. above ordinary level. Mulch
with decayed cow manure in April, first removing few inches of surface
soil. Protect choice kinds during winter with covering of cinder ashes
or strawy manure. Cut down flower stems when leaves turn yellow.
Water in very dry weather. Apply liquid manure once or twice weekly
when plants are in flower.

TREATMENT oF ImPoRTED ButBs: Remove injured scales & sur-
round bulbs with thin layer of cocoanut-fibre refuse in shallow box
in cool position until latter become plump, then plant out. Transplant
L. candidum in Aug. or Sept.; others in Oct. or Nov. Lilies should
only be transplanted when unhealthy.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, de-
cayed manure, & sand. Pot, Sept- to March, placing one bulb of L.
auratum, L. speciosum, or L, Harrisi, in a 5 or 6in. pot, or three in an
8 or 10iu. pot; and three of L. longiflorum, L. philippense, or L. neil-
gherense, in a 6 or 8 in, pot. Put 4 drainage, then half-fill with com-
post, place bulbs thereon, & cover with 4 in. of compost. . After potting,
place pots in cold frame, greenhouse, or shed, & cover with 2in. of
cinder ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse. Allow them to remain thus till
growth begins, then remove to light airy part of greenhouse or to a
window or cool room till they flower, or until June, then stand outdoors.
Water moderately when growth begins; freely when in full growth.
Top-dress with compost of, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & decayed
manure when shoots are 3 in. high, filling pots to within 4 in. of rim.

241

ENOCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

Apply liquid manure twice weekly to plants in full growth. Suitable
stimulants: Soot-water, guano-water (4 oz. to a gallon), liquid cow or
horse manure. Temp. for forcing L. Harrisi, L. neilgherense, & L.
philippense, 55° to 65°. Repot L. Harrisi annually in Sept.; others in
Oct. or Nov., & treat as advised for first potting. After flowering, place
plants in sunny position outdoors, gradually withhold water, & keep
quite dry from Oct. to Feb. L, Harrisi should, however, never be kept
quite dry, only moderately for six weeks, then watered as before. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained sae or boxes of
sandy soil in cold frame in autumn or spring, transplanting seedlings
when large enough to handle into similar soil in boxes, & in specially
prepared bed outdoors when two years old; offsets or bulbils, planted
an inch deep & 2 or 3 inches apart in boxes of sandy soil, or in
similar soil in sunny cold frame in autumn. Seedlings flower when
six to seven years old; offsets or bulbils when three to five years old.
“TENDER SPECIES: Those best grown under glass are—L. longiflorum Harrisi
or eximium (Bermuda Lily), white, winter to summer, 3 ft., Japan; nepalense,
yellow and purple, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., Nepaul; neilgherense, sulphur-yellow, autumn,
3 ft., Nilghiris; sulphureum (Syn. Wallichianum superbum), sulphur-yellow and
brown, summer, 6 ft., Burma; wallichianum, white, summer, 3 ft., Japan; philippin-
ense, white, Aug., 2 ft., Philippines.

HARDY SPEOIES: L. auratum, white, yellow, and purple, summer, 4 to 5 ft.,
Japan, and its numerous varieties, platyphyllum, virginale, Wittei, eto.; Browni,
white and brown, summer, 3 to 4 ft., China and Japan; Bolanderi, purple and red,
summer, 3 ft., California; canadense, yellow and red, summer, 3 ft., N. America;
bulbiferum, red, summer, 3 ft., Europe; candidum (Madonna or Bourbon Lily),
white, summer, 3 ft., S. Europe; carniolicum, red, summer, 3 ft., Carniolia; chal-
eedonicum (Turk’s Cap Lily), scarlet, summer, 3 ft., Greece; concolor, red, summer,
2 to 3 ft., Japan; cordifolium, white, Aug., 3 ft., Japan; croceum (Orange Lily),
orange, June, 3 ft., S. Europe; Dalhousoni, purple, summer, 5 ft., hybrid; dauricum
(Syn. davuricum), yellow, red, and black, June, 3 ft., Siberia; elegans (Syn. thun-
bergianum), scarlet, July, 1 to 2 ft., Japan, and its numerous varieties; giganteum
(Giant Lily), white, July, 10 to 12 ft., Himalayas; Hansoni, yellow, June, 3 to 4 ft.,
Japan; Henryi, orange-yellow, July, 6 to 10 ft., W. China; Humboldti, yellow and
purple, July, 5 ft., California; japonicum, rose, summer, 2} ft., Japan, and its
varieties Alexandre (white) and Colchesteri; longiflorum, white, June, 3 ft., Japan;
Leichtlini, yellow and purple, July, 3 ft., Japan; Lowii, white and violet, summer,
3 f{t., Burma; Martagon (Turk’s Cap Lily), purple, summer, 3 ft., Europe; Marta-
gon album, white; monadelphum szovitzianum, yellow, June, 4 ft., Caucasus;
pardalinum (Panther Lily), orange-crimson, July, 4 to 6 ft., California; Parryi,
yellow, summer, 3 ft., California; parvum, yellow, July, 4 ft., California; pom-
ponium (Scarlet Pompone Lily), red, summer, 3 ft., Lombardy; pyrenaicum, Slaw
summer, 3 ft., Pyrenees; roseum (Syn. thomsonianum), lilac, spring, 18 in., Hima-
layas; rubellum, pink, May, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; speciosum (Syn. lancifolium), white
and red, summer, 3 ft., Japan, and its varieties album Kraetzeri, cruentum, Mel-
pomene, macranthrum, roseum superbum and rubrum; testaceum (Nankeen Lily),
yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft.; superbum (Swamp Lily), orange and crimson, summer,
6 ft., U. States; tenuifolium, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Siberia; tigrinum (Tiger Lily),
orange, red, and black, summer, 3 to 5 ft., Japan, and its varieties flore pleno
(double), Fortunei, and splendens; umbellatum, red, June, 3 ft.; and washing-
tonianum, white, July, 4 ft., California. .

Lily.—See Lilium.
Lily of the Valley.—See Convallaria.

Lily Thorn (Catesbza spinosa).—See Catesbea.

Lily Tree (Magnolia conspicua).—See Magnolia.

Lime-fruit-tree (Citrus medica acida).—See Citrus.

Limestone Fern (Polypodium calcareum).—See Polypodium.

Lime Tree (Tilia europwa).—See Tilia.

Limnanthemum (Marsh-flower ; Fringed Buck-Bean ; Fringed
Water Lily).—Ord. Gentianacew. Hardy floating aquatics. Perennial.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Soil, loam & leaf-mould.

242

BENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Position, tub or tank of water in greenhouse. Temp., Oct: to March
45° to 55°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Plant in spring.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, ponds,
or shallow lakes. Plant in March. Propagate tender species by seeds
sown in pot of light soil immersed in water, or division: of the plants;
sae species by seeds sown in mud in spring or division of roots in

arch,
re Oe al SPECIES: L. humboldtianum, white and yellow, summer, S.

HARDY SPEOIES: L. peltatum (Syn. Villarsia nympheoides), yellow, summer,
iurope, the Fringed Buckbean or Fringed Water Jily.

Limnanthes.—Ord. Geraniacee. Hardy annual. Nat. Cali-
fornia. First introduced 1833. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in masses, edges to sunny
beds, or on rockeries, Sow for spring flowering in Sept-, for summer
flowering in April. Propagate by seeds sown where plants are required
to flower 1-16 in, deep in Sept. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: IL. alba, white, summer, 6 to 8 in.; Douglasii, yellow
and white, April to Sept., 1 ft., fragrant; rosea, rose, summer, 1 ft.

Limnocharis.—Ord. Alismacee. Stove aquatic perennials.
First introduced 1822.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, in shallow tubs, cisterns, or aquariums. Plant, 6
to 9 in. below surface of water, in March or April. Temp., March to
Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown
in soil below water in March or April; division of plants in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. emarginata (Syn. Plumeri), yellow, July, S. America.
See also the genus Hydrocleis.

Linaria (Toad-flax).—Ord, Scrophulariacer. Hardy shrubby or
trailing perennial herbs & annuals,

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, mixed with
grit or old mortar. Position, moist rockeries or margin of borders for
L. alpina, L. pilosa, L. crassifolia, & L. organifolia; sunny or shady
walls for L. cymbalaria; open sunny borders for L. dalmatica, L. pur-
purea, L. vulgaris, & L. triornithophora. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or
April.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches in April, for flower-
ing in summer; in Aug., for flowering in spring. L. tristis, a pretty
dwarf annual for beds or rockeries.

POT CULTURE OF L. CYMBALARIA: Compost, two parts loam,
one part of equal proportions of dried cow manure, old mortar, & sand.
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 3 or 5 in. pots in March or April. Place pots
in shady window or greenhouse until seedlings appear, then remove
to light & suspend in a basket. Water moderately at first, freely after-
wards; keep nearly dry during winter. This species is a perennial.
Propagate perennial species by seeds sown in ordinary soil in sunny
position outdoors in Sept., March, or April; division in Oct. or April-

ANNUAL SPECIES: L. aparinoides, yellow and black, summer, 18 in., Europe
and N. Africa; bipartita, red, violet, purple, rose and white, summer, 1 ft.,
Algeria; multipunctata, or Brousonetti, yellow and brown, summer, 6 in., Algiers;
reticulata, purple and yellow, summer, 2 to 4 ft., Portugal.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. alpina, blue, violet, and yellow, summer, 6 in.,
Alps; Cymbalaria Gag jeanne Toad-flax or Mother 0’ Millions), lilac, summer,
trailing, Britain; dalmatica, yellow, summer, 3 to 5 {t., Dalmatia; pallida, blue,
summer, 3 in., Italy; saxatilis, yellow and brown, summer, trailing, Spain;
triornithophora, purple and yellow, summer, 1 ft., Portugal; vulgaris (Common
Toad-flax), yellow, summer, 2 ft., Britain.

243

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Lindelofia (Himalayan Lung-wort).—Ord. Boraginacez. Hardy
perennial herb. First introduced 1839.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Cut off flower stems, Sept. Apply
weak liquid manure occasionally during flowering period or dig de-
cayed manure into surface of soil round base of plants in March or
April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in beast soil in sunny
position outdoors in April or May, transplanting see lings following
Aug. or Sept., for flowering the next year; division of roots in March-

SPECIES UULTIVATED: L. spectabilis, purple, July, 18 in., Himalayas.

Linden Tree (Tilia europxa).—See Tilia.

Lindera (Benxjamin Bush; Spice Bush)—Ord. Laurinez. Hardy
flowering tree. Deciduous. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1683.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny shrubberies or
borders. Plant, Oct, to Feb: Prune into shape when necessary after
flowering. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 6 to 8 in. long, inserted
in sandy soil in shady sheltered position outdoors, Oct. to Nov.; layer-
ing in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Benzoin, yellow, spring, 15 to 20 ft.

Lindsaya.—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen ferns. Tronds,
feather, kidney, or arrow-shaped. First introduced 1813.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part lumpy peat, &
one part equal proportions of broken crocks, charcoal, & sand. Posi-
tion, moist shady part of stove, in wardian case, or under bell-glasses.
Pot very firmly in well-drained pots, Feb. or March. Water abun-
dantly March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by spores sown on
fine sandy peat, in well-drained pans under bell-glass, in temp. 55° to
65°, at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. linearis, 6 in., New Zealand; trichomanoides, 6 in.,
New Zealand.

Ling (Calluna vulgaris).—See Calluna.

Linnzea (Twin-flower)—Ord. Caprifoliacew. Hardy trailing
flowering shrub. Evergreen.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist rockeries or banks,
or as edgings to beds of N, American shrubs. Plant, Oct. to March.
Water freely in dry weather.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one part leaf-mould &
little silver sand. Position, well-drained pots, with shoots trained to
trellises or stakes, or suspended in baskets in cool or unheated green-
house or frame. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely March to Oct.,
med tee afterwards. Propagate by division of plants in Oct. or

arch,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. borealis, white and pink, fragrant, May to July,
N. Europe (Scotland).

Linum (Flax; Linseed Oil Plant). — Ord. Linacee. Hardy
annuals, perennials & shrubs.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow seeds } in. deep in April, in lines or masses where
plants are required to flower.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary. Posi-
ge any rockeries, borders, or banks. Plant, Oct. to Dec. or Feb.
to April.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam,
leaf-mould, peat, & sand. Position, warm sheltered rockeries or bor-

244,

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

ders. Plant, Oct, or Nov. Prune straggly shoots into shape, March
or April. Protect in severe weather with covering of bracken, straw
or leaves.

CULTURE OF L. GRANDIFLORUM IN POTS: Soil, two parts good
mould, one part decayed manure & sand. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in
April in 6 in. pots, filled with above compost to within 4 in. of rim.
Place pots in cold frame or shady window till seedlings appear, then
remove to full light. Water moderately at first, freely afterwards.
Apply weak stimulants when in flower. Support shoots by inserting
small twiggy branches between them. Sow again in July, plunging

ots to rim in garden soil, and keep well supplied with water to flower
in autumn. Propagate perennial species by seeds sown 4 in. deep out-
doors in April, also by division in March or April; shrubby species by
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass outdoors
in summer. :

FIELD CULTURE OF FLAX: Soil, deep, well-tilled loam. Rota-
tion, follow potatoes or cereals; requires an interval of nine years be-
tween successive crops. Manures: Farmyard ploughed in previous
autumn. Time of sowing, end of March or early in April. Seed re-

uired to sow an acre, two bushels. Distance apart for drills, 8 in.
Harvest when the stems turn yellow. Pull up by hand, and let crop
lie on ground for a few days. Average yield of seed per acre, 16 to
20 bushels. Average yield of fibre per acre, 4 cwt. Average yield of
straw per acre, 2tons. Weight of seed per bushel, 52 to 56 lb.

ANNUAL SPEOIES: L, grandiflorum, rose, summer, 1 ft., Algeria, and its varie-
ties, coccineum (scarlet), splendens, rose, and rubrum, red; usitatissimum (Common
Flax), blue, June, 18 in., Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. alpinum, blue, summer, 6 in., Europe; flavum, yellow,
summer, 18 in., Austria; narbonense, blue, May to July, 2 ft., 8. Europe; perenne,
blue or white, summer, 18 in., Britain.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: L. arboreum, yellow, June, 1 ft., Crete; monogynum,
candidissimum, white, summer, 1 ft., New Zealand.

Lion’s-ear (Leonotis Leonurus).—See Leonotis.

Lion’s-foot (Leontopodium alpinum).—See Leontopodium.

Lion’s-leaf lial Leontopetalum).—See Leontice.

Lion’s-tail (Leonotis leonurus).—See Leonotis.

Lion’s-turnip (Leontice Albertii).—See Leontice.

Lip Fern (Cheilanthes californica).—See Cheilanthes.

Lippia (Sweet-scented Verbena; Herb Louisa).—Ord. Verben-
ace, Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Fragrant foliage. Introduced
1781.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one leaf-mould & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in windows or greenhouses; beds outdoors against south
walls 8. England & Ireland. Pot or plant March. Water freely March
to Sept., little afterwards. Prune shoots Feb. to within an inch of base.
Temp., 45° to 50° in winter; 50° to 55° other times. Propagate by
cuttings pulled off stem when 4 in. long & inserted in sandy soil under
bell-glass, temp. 65°, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. citriodora (Syn. Aloysia citriod i
2 to 5 ft., S. America. (Sy y tiodora), lilac, Aug.,

Liquidambar (Sweet Gum-tree). — Ord. Hamamelidaces.
Hardy deciduous trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1681. Flowers
greenish yellow, inconspicuous; spring. Leaves, hand-shaped, downy,
very fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, deep moist loam. Position, sheltered in shrub-
beries or on lawns. Plant, Oct. to Dec. Prune into shape when neces-

245

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

sary in Nov. Propagate by seeds sown } in. ie in sandy soil outdoors,

Oct., Nov., March or April, transplanting seedlings two to three years

afterwards; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov. ;
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: L. formosana (Syn. acerifolia), 20 ft., China and

Japan; orientalis, 15 to 20 ft., Asia Minor; styraciflua (Sweet Gum), 30 to 40 ft.,
U. States.

Liquorice-plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra)—See Glycyrrhiza.

Liriodendron (Tulip-tree).—Ord. Magnoliaceew. Hardy decidu-
ous tree. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1668. Flowers,
very fragrant. Leaves, saddle-shaped, bright green.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny, sheltered shrub-
leries or as specimen on lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune straggling
shoots only into shape, Nov. or Dec. Propagate by seeds sown }in.
deep, in moist sandy loam in sheltered position outdoors, Sept. to Nov.;
averting in Oct. to Nov.
ene 8 CULTIVATED: L. tulipifera, yellow, June to Aug., 50 to 100 ft., N.

merica,

Lissochilus.—Stove terrestrial orchids. First introduced 1818.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Position, shallow pans or well-drained pots in warm moist part
of stove during the growing period, & cool part when at rest. Pot,
Feb, or March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov.,
keeping quite dry Nov. to March. Apply weak liquid manure every 10
days during growth. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March
60° to 65°. Growing period, March to Oct-; resting period, Oct. to
March. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. giganteus, pink, yellow and purple, autumn, 10 to

16 ft., River Congo; Krebsii, brown, purple and yellow, May to Oct., 3 ft., Natal;
speciosus, yellow, June, 3 ft., Cape of Good Hope.

Lithospermum (Gromwell). — Ord. Boraginacee. Hardy
dwarf trailing evergreen flowering shrubs & perennials. :

CULTURE: Soil, sandy or loamy. Position, margins of sunny bor-
ders or on ledges of sunny rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or
April. IL. prostratum an excellent plant for draping stones on rock-
cries. Propagate seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in cold frame in March or April, transplanting seedlings when an
inch high singly in 2in. pots & grow in frame until following spring,
then pee out; cuttings of shoots of previous year’s growth, 2 to
3in- long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame in
Aug., Sen or Oct.; layering shoots in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: IL. canescens, yellow, July, 1 ft., N. America; Gastoni,
blue, summer, 1 ft., Pyrenees; graminifolium, bluc, June to Aug., 1 ft., Italy;

prostratum (Gromwell), blue, summer, trailing, S. Europe; purpureo-ceruleum
bluish purple, June and July, 1 ft., Europe.

Lithy-tree (Viburnum lantana).—See Viburnum.

Littonia.—Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial
climber. First introduced 1853.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part each of leaf-mould,
peat, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or bed in warm green-
house. Pot or plant, March. Train shoots up roof or wall. Water
freely during spring & summer, moderately autumn & winter. Syringe
moruing & evening during early period of growth. Plant likes plenty
of sunshine. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept- to March 50° to

60°. Propagate by division of the plant at potting time.
SPEOIES OULTIVATED: L. modesta, orange, April, 3 4 4 {t., S. Africa,
Live-long (Sedum telephium).--See Sedum, :

246

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Liver Leaf (Anemone Hepatica triloba).—See Anemone.

Livistona.—Ord. Palmacez. Warm greenhouse palm. Orn.
foliage. Leaves large, fan-shaped. -First introduced 1816.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, little sand.
Position, well-drained pots in warm greenhouse, Sept. to June; out-
doors or in cool greenhouse in summer. Pot, Feb- or March. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily
March to Oct.; once Oct. to March. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 70° ;
Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in rich
light soil in temp. 80° to 90° in Feb. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. sinensis (Syn. Latania borbonica), 5 to 10 ft.,
China and Japan.

Lizard Orchis (Orchis hircina).—See Orchis.

Lilavea.—Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen fern. First introduced
1853. Fronds, large, three times divided; upper portion contracted,
fertile; lower portion broad, barren.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat sand. Position, well-
drained pots in shady part of stove. Pot, March or April. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately Sept, to March. Temp., March to
Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by spores sown
on fine sandy peat, in well-drained pans under bell-glass in temp. 70°
to 80° at any time.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: L. cordifolia, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico.

Lloydia (Mountain Spider-wort).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous,
flowering plant.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. _ Position, sunny dryish borders or
rockeries. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Depth for bulbs, 3 to 4 in. Lift &
replant when unhealthy only. Propagate by offsets, removed & planted
in Sept. or Oct.
teal aiid CULTIVATED: L. alpina, white and green, June, 6 in., Britain

Loasa (Chili Nettle)—Ord. Loasacex. Greenhouse & half-hardy
annual climbing & twining plant. First introduced 1822.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light mould in
temp. 65° in Feb. or March. Transplant seedlings singly in 3 in. pots
when 1 in- high, & grow in temp. 55° till June, then plant outdoors.
Position, against sunny walls or fences. Soil, ordinary.

INDOOR CULTURE: Sow seeds as above. Transplant seedlings
singly into 3 in, pots, and when 6 in. high into 5 in. size, or place three
in an 8in. size. Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Train shoots round wire trellis or stakes inserted in the soil.
Water moderately at first, freely afterwards. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally to plants in bloom. Temp., 55° to 65°. All the species are
furnished with stinging hairs, & hence should not be touched by naked
hands.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. lateritas coral-red, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Chili. See
also Blumenbachia.

Lobelia (Cardinal Flower)—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy &
half-hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1629.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich.
Position, sunny moist borders. Plant, Oct., March or April. On cold,
damp soils all the species (except L. syphilitica) best lifted in Oct.,
placed in pots, stored in cold frame till March, then replanted.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Pot, Oct. or March. Position, cold frame, Oct. to March;

247

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

cool greenhouse, March till past flowering, then outdoors. Water very
little Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Apply stimulants, May to
Aug:
OULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
ots in greenhouse heated to temp. 55°, Oct. to June; as edgings to
ae etc., outdoors, June to Oct. Plant, June, 3 to 6 in. apart. Lift
plants in Sept., place in small pots, & store in greenhouse to furnish
cuttings in spring. Cut off flower stems a fortnight before lifting.
POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good soil, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, dwarf kinds in 4 or 5 in. pots, & trailing kinds in pots or
baskets, in shady or sunny greenhouse or window. Pot, March to July.
Water freely in summer, moderately other times. Apply stimulants to
plants in flower. Propagate hardy eae species by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in sandy loam & leaf-mould in cold frame in Sept. or Oct.,
or in temp. 55° in March; cuttings of shoots inserted in small pots in
temp. 55° in spring; division in March. Half-hardy species by seeds
sown in heat in Feb., transplanting seedlings 2in. apart in boxes,
hardening off in cold frame, & planting out in May; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in spring; division in
March or April.

HARDY PERENNIAL SPEOIES: UL. cardinalis (Cardinal Flower), scarlet, sum-
mer, 8 ft., N. America; fulgens, scarlet, May, 1 to 8 ft., Mexico; syphilitica, blue,
July, 2 to 3 ft., N. America; Gerardi, violet, July, 8 to 4 ft., hybrid; splendens,
scarlet, 2 to 3 ft., N. America.

HALF-HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Cavanillesii, red, July, 2 to 3 ft., Chili;
Erinus, blue, blue and white, summer, 6 in., parent of bedding varieties, 8. Africa;
Erinus ramosa, 6 to 12 in., stronger and more straggly growers than the type.

Lobster-flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima).—See Euphorbia.

Locks and Keys (Dicentra spectabilis)—See Dicentra.

Locust Tree (Robina pseudacacia).—See Robina.

Loganberry.—See Rubus.

Loiseleurea (Alpine Azalea; Trailing Azalea).—Ord. Ericacex.
Hardy trailing flowering shrub. Evergreen.

CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy pene Position, open moist rockeries.

Plant, Sept. to Nov. Propagate by layering shoots, Sept. to Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. procumbens, rose, July to Aug., N. Europe. Syn.
Azalea procumbens.

Lomaria (Deer Fern).—Ord. Filices. Tree & dwarf evergreen
ferns. Stove, greenhouse, & hardy.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, peat, & sand. Position, pots, beds, or rockeries in shady part
of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water abundantly April to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept.
to March 60° to 70° Syringe tree species twice daily, Feb. to Sept.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, as above. Pot,
March or April. Position, pots, beds, or rockery in shady part of
house. Water freely Mazel to Oct., moderately Oct. to March.
Syringe as advised for stove species. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°;
Sept. to March 50° to 55°,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, two parts sandy peat, one
part loam & pounded limestone. Position, shady rockeries. Plant,
Oct. to April. Water freely in dry weather. Protect L. alpina in
very severe weather. Propagate by spores sown on fine sandy peat in

well-drained pans in temp. 80° any time; dwarf species by division of
plants, Oct. or April.

248

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

STOVE SPECIES: L. attenuata, Tropics; gibba, New Caledonia, and its varieties,
Platyptera and rosea; L’Hermmieri, Tropical America. r

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: L. boryana, Tropics; discolor, Australia, and ita
varieties bipinnatifida and nuda; lanceolata, New Zealand; pumila, New Zealand.
_HARDY SPECIES: I.. alpina, New Zealand, eto.; Spicant (Hard Fern), Britain;
Spicant trinerva.

Lomatia.—Ord. Proteacew. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1792. Leaves, feather & egg-shaped, green
or glaucous. i

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. _ Position,
well-drained pots in sunny airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune
into shape when necessary, Feb. Water moderately Sept. to April,
freely afterwards. Ventilate freely April to Sept., moderately aiter-
wards, Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct, to March 45° to 55°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy
peat under bell-glass in temp. 60° to 70°, June to Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Bidwillii, 10 ft., N.S. Wales; elegantissima, 8 ft.,
New Zealand; longifolia, 8 to 10 ft., N.S. Wales.

Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra pyramidalis).—See Populus.

London Plane (Platanus acerifolia).—See Platanus.

London Pride (Saxifraga wmbrosa).—See Saxifraga.

Lonicera (Honeysuckle)—Ord. Caprifoliacee. Hardy & half-
hardy, erect & twining, deciduous & evergreen shrubs. Flowering &
orn. foliage. Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE OF TWINING SPECIES: Soil, rich ordinary. Position,
S. or W. walls or fences for evergreen kinds; fences, walls, or arbors in
any aspect for deciduous kinds. Plant, Oct. to April. Top-dress with
well-decayed manure in March or April. Prune L. fragrantissima
slightly after flowering; other kinds in Feb., shortening shoots of pre-
vious year’s growth to within 1 or 3 in. of base. Water freely in dry
weather. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally in summer, to
healthy plants.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or-well-decayed manure & sand. Pot, Oct. to Dec. Position,
cold frame or greenhouse, Nov. to Feb.; warm greenhouse, Feb. to
June; sunny place outdoors, June to Nov. Water freely, Feb. to Oct. ;
moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally when in flower.
Prune previous year’s shoots to within 1 or 2 in. of base in June.

CULTURE OF L. SEMPERVIRENS IN GREENHOUSE: Compost,
same as for pot culture. Plant, Oct. to March. Position, small well-
drained bed, or tub with shoots trained up rafter or trellis. Prune
slightly after flowering. Water freely March to Sept., moderately
afterwards- Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40°
to 50°.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
or shady shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune away weak
growths only, Dec. to Feb. Mulch with decayed manure, Feb. or
March. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 in. long, inserted in
sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors in Oct. & Nov.; or in cocoa-
nut-fibre refuse & silver sand in pots in cold frame or greenhouse; layer-
ing shoots, Aug. to Nov.

TWINING SPECIES: L. Caprifolium (Goat-leaf Honeysuckle), yellow, May and
June, 10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain); confusa, white or yellow, summer, 8 to 10 ft.,
Japan; etrusca, purple and yellow, May, 8 to 10 ft., Europe; flava, yellow, Sune,
10 ft., N. America; flexuosa, yellow or purplish, June, 10 ft., Japan; fragrantis-
sima, creamy white or yellow, Jan, and Feb., 10 to 12 ft., China; japonica, red
and white, July to Sept., 8 to 10 ft., Japan; japonica aureo-retioulata, leaves netted

249

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

with yellow; Periclymenum (Common Honeysuckle), red and yellow, June to Sept.,
6 to 10 ft., Britain; sempervirens (Evergreen Honeysuckle), scarlet and yellow,
May to Aug., 10 to 15 ft., N. America; hardy only in 8. of England; Standishii,
wee ane PurEle: spring, 8 to 10 ft., China; tartarica, rosy, April and May, 8 to

SHRUBBY SPECIES: L. alpigena, red, April and May, 6 ft., Europe; angusti-
folia, yellow, April and May, 4 to 6 ft., Himalayas; bella, rosy yellow, April and
May, 4 to 6 ft., hybrid; Morrowii, yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft., Japan; Xylosteum
(Flag Honeysuckle), yellow, May and June, 4 to 6 ft., Europe.

Loofah Gourd (Lufia zgyptica).—See Luffa.

Loosestrife.—See Lysimachia and Lythrum.

Lopezia.—Ord. Onagracew. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1804.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in April in patches or lines where plants are
required to flower, or in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, trans-
planting outdoors in May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. cordafa, purple, Aug., 18 in., Mexico; cornata, red,
Aug., 1 ft., Mexico; grandiflora, red, Aug., 1 ft., Mexico.

ophospermum.—See Maurandia and Rhodochiton,

Loquat (Eriobotrya japontoa) ee Eriobotrya.

Lord Anson’s Pea (Lathyrus magellanicus).—See Lathyrus.

Lord Harrington’s Yew (Cephalotaxus pedunculata).—See
Cephalotaxus. x,

oropetaium.—Ord. Hamamelidea. Hardy deciduous flower-
ing shrubs, Sp for outdoor and cold greenhouse culture.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, light, rich. Position, warm
sheltered borders. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune to maintain good shape
after flowering.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
part leaf-mould, & a liberal amount of sand. Position, pots in cold,
sunny greenhouse; must not be forced. Water freely between March
& Oct., moderately afterwards. Pot in Oct.; stand outdoors in full sun
from June to Oct. to ripen wood. Propagate by cuttings in sandy soil
in a cold frame in spring or summer; by seeds in similar soil in a cold
frame at any time.

Wie CULTIVATED: I. sinense, white, autumn to winter, 3 to 4 ft.,
ina.

Lotus (Bird’s-foot' Trefoil)—Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse &
hardy perennials.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES : Compost, two parts sand
loam, one part leaf-mould, half-part each pounded charcoal & sand.
Pot, Feb. or March. Position, pots in light airy part of sunny green-
house. Water moderately March to Sept., very little afterwards.
Apply weak stimulants to healthy plants in flower. Temp., March to
Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny rockeries or elevated beds. Plant, March’ or April. This
species makes a very pretty rock plant. Propagate greenhouse species
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in well-drained pot or pan in
temp. 55° to 65° in March or April; cuttings of shoots inserted in well-
drained pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in sum-
mer. Hardy species by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in April where plants
are required to grow; division of plants in March or April.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: L. Bertholetii (Syn. peliorynchus » scarlet, summer,
2 ft., Canaries.

, HARDY SPECIES: L. corniculatus (Bird’s-foot Trefoil), yellow, summer, creep-
ing, Britain.
250

BNOYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Lotus (Nymphaa lotus).—See Nympheza.

Lotus-tree (Diospyros lotus).—See Diospyros.

Love-apple (Lycopersicum esculentum).—See Lycopersicum.

Love Grass (Eragrostis elegans).—See Eragrostis.

Love-in-a-Mist a igella damascena).—See Nigella.
re Love-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus)—See Amaran-

us.

Love Pea (Abrus precatorius)—See Abrus.

Love-tree (Cercis siliquastrum),—-See Cercis.

_ Luculia.—Ord. Rubiacew. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flower-
ing & orn. foliage. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, peat, charcoal, &
sand. Position, in large well-drained pots, or preferably in beds 2 to
3 ft. wide & 18 in. deep. Put 6 in. of drainage into latter. Pot or
plant, Feb., March or April. Prune shoots moderately after flowering
to within 2 or 3 in- of base. Water freely April to Nov., withhold
entirely afterwards. Syringe foliage twice daily, April to Sept. Temp.,
April to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to Dec. 55° to 65°; Dec. to April 45°
to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in well-drained pans of
light sandy soil in temp. of 60 to 70° in Feb., March or April; cuttings
of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 70°
to 80° in June or July. Seedlings flower when 3 to 5 years old.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. gratissima, rose, autumn, 8 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
pinceana, rose, autumn, 10 ft., Himalayas.

Luffa (Loofah). — Ord. Cucurbitacew. Stove climbing annuals
bearing curious gourd-like fruits.

CULTURE: Sow seeds in a compost of equal parts leaf-mould & loam
in a temp. of 75° in Feb. Transfer seedlings when third leaf forms
singly into 3 in. pots, and later on to 8 or 10 in. pots, using three parts
of loam to one of leaf-mould. Train shoots up roof. Water freely.
Syringe any: Feed with weak liquid manure when fruit has formed.
cece ee neanamed L. xgyptica, yellow, spring; fruits long and club

Lunaria (Common Honesty; Money Flower; Satin Flower).—Ord.
Crucifere. Biennial & perennial flowering & orn. fruiting plants.
First introduced 1595. Seed pods flat, oval, containing a satiny parti-
tion; very useful for drying for winter decorations,

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary- Position, par-
tially shaded borders or margins of shrubberies. Plant, Aug. to Nov.,
singly or in groups of 3or6. Discard plants after flowering.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, light rich ordinary.
Position, partially shaded borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Propagate biennial species by seeds sown in shallow drills or patches
outdoors in sunny position in April, transplanting seedlings when third
leaf is formed 6 in. apart each way; perennial species by seeds simi-
larly, or by division of roots in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: L. annua (Syn. biennis), lilac, white, or purple, May and

June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe. Common Honesty.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. rediviva, purple, fragrant, June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe.

Lung-wort (Pulmonaria officinalis)—See Pulmonaria.

Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus).—See Lupinus.

Lupinus (Lupine or Lupin).—Ord, Leguminose. Hardy shrubby
& herbaceous perennials & annuals. Flowering and orn, foliage. First
introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY PERENNIALS: Soil, sandy loam. Posi-
tion, sunny rockeries or open oa ia borders. Plant, Oct. or April.

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Protect, Nov. to April, with layer of bracken or litter around base of

lant. A

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS: Soil, ordinary rich.
Position, open sunny or partially-shaded borders, Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March or April. Mulch with decayed manure in April. Cut down
flower stems in Oct. A

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seeds } in. deep & 1 in.
apart in April in patches where required to flower. Thin seedlings in
May to 2or 3 in. apart. Remove seed pods directly they form to ensure
continuous display of flowers. Apply stimulants when in flower.
Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep out-
doors in April, transplanting seedlings into flowering positions, June to
Aug.; division of plants in April.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: L. arboreus (Tree Lupine), yellow, fragrant, summer, 3 to
4 ft.; arboreus alba, white.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: L. Cruickshankii, blue, purple, and yellow, July, 4 ft.,
Peru; nootkatensis, blue, purple, and yellow, summer, 1 ft., N. America; poly-
phyllus (Perennial Lupin), blue, summer, 3 to 6 ft., California; polyphyllus albus,
white.

ANNUAL SPECIES.—L. atrococcineus hybridus, crimson, summer, 2 ft., hybrid;
Hartwegii, blue, white, and rose, Aug. to Sept., 2 ft., Mexico, really a perennial,
but best grown as an annual; densiflorus (Syn. Menziesii), yellow, fragrant, Aug.,
2 ft., California; mutabilis, white, blue, and yellow, fragrant, summer, 3 to 4 ft.,
Colombia; nanus, lilac and blue, summer, 1 ft., California; subcarnosus, blue and
yellow, summer, 1 ft., Texas; tricolor elegans, blue and white, summer, | ft.

Lycaste.—Ord. Orchidacez. arm greenhouse, evergreen, &
deciduous orchids. First introduced 1790.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,
or baskets, in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences: Water deciduous species freely from time new growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen species freely from March to
Noy., moderately Nov. to March. Syringe once or twice daily whilst
making growth. Ventilate freely May to Sept. Temp., April to Oct.
55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 55°. Growing period, Feb. to March;
resting period, Oct. to Feb. Plants may be grown in sitting-room or
cool conservatory when in flower. Flowers appear at base of new
pseudo-bulb when latter begins to form. Propagate by division of
pseudo-bulbs smumnedia ely after flowering.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. aromatica, yellow and orange, June, 1 ft., Mexico;
Deppei, green, purple, yellow, and crimson, March to July, 1 ft., Mexico; macro-
phylla, white and crimson, winter, Bolivia; macrophylla measuresiana, brown,
green, white, and, purple, winter; Skinneri, white, rose, and crimson, Oct. to
March, 1 ft., Guatemala; Skinneri alba, white; tetragona, green, white, purple,
and crimson, fragrant, summer, 1 ft., Brazil.

Lychnis (Campion; German Catchfly; Rose Campion). — Ord.
Caryophyllacesx. ardy annuals & perennials.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, light rich loam for L.
alpina & L. Lagasce; open dryish beds, borders, or banks for other
species. Plant, Oct. to Dec. & Feb. to May. Cut down flower stems
of L. chalcedonica & L. vespertina in Oct. or Nov. Top-dress border
species with well-decayed manure in March or April. Apply weak
liquid manure occasionally to border species when in flower. Lift &
replant border species every other year.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
beds or edgings to or masses in borders. Sow in March or April for
summer blooming; Sept. for spring flowering. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep in light soil in sunny position outdoors in March or

252

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
April, ne ears seedlings into flowering position, Aug, to Nov.;
division of plants, Sept. to Dec. & Feb. to April.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. alba (Syn. vespertina), White Campion, white, May
to Aug., 3 ft., Britain; alpina, rosy pink, summer, 6 in., Europe (Britain); chalce-
donica (Scarlet Lychnis or Jerusalem Cross), scarlet, summer, 3 ft., Russia, and its
varieties alba (white) and flore-pleno (double); coronaria (Syn. Agrostemma
coronaria), crimson, July and Aug., 2 to 3 ft., 8. Europe, and its varieties, atrosan-
guinea (orimson-red), alba (white), and flore-pleno (red); dioica (Red Campion),
purple, rose, summer, 3 ft., Britain; Flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin), rose, May and
June, 1 to 2 ft., Britain, and its double variety, flore-pleno; fulgens, vermilion,
May to Sept., 6 to 12 in., Siberia; haageana, scarlet, summer, 1 to 2 ft., hybrid;
Lagasom, rose and white, summer, 3 in., Pyrenees; viscaria (German Catchfly),
reddish purple, summer, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); viscaria splendens, red; viscaria
alba, white; viscaria flore-plena, rose, double.

ANNUAL SPECIES: L, Celi-rosa (Syn. Agrostemma Cceli-rosa), Rose of Heaven,
rose and purple, summer, 1 ft., Levant; oculata (Syn. Viscaria oculata), pinkish
purple, summer, 1 ft., also its varieties splendens (scarlet), cardinalis (crimson),
abe peatel, Dunnetti (rose). Oculata is said by some authorities to te a form
0 oe1i-rosa,

Lycium (Box-thorn; African Tea-tree; Duke of Argyll's ‘Tea-tree.
—Ord. Solanacex. Hardy erect & climbing flowering shrubs. Decidu-
ous. First introduced 1696. Branches more or less spiny.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, well-drained borders with
shoots trained to fences, arbours, porches, pergolas, verandas, trellises,
or walls in any aspect; also suitable for hedges. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune, Oct. to Feb., removing weak shoots entirely & shortening
vigorous ones a little.

Hupez Cunture: Trench ground 2 spits deep & 3ft, wide. Plant
12 in. apart in single rows, Oct. to Feb. Trim into shape, June & July.
L. europwum an excellent climber for positions near the sea. Propa-
gate by cuttings of firm shoots 6 to Sin. long, inserted in ordinary
soil in shady position in Sept, or Oct.; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov. ;
by removing suckers with roots attached, Oct. to Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. afrum, crimson and violet, June and July, 6 to 8 ft.,
S. Africa; sinense (Syn. L. barbarum), the Common Box-thorn or Duke of
Argyll’s Tea-tree, purple and yellow, summer, 10 to 12 ft., succeeded by scarlet
berries, China.

Lycopersicum (Love Apple; Tomato).—Ord. Solanacex. Ten-
der annual. Nat. S. America. First introduced 1596. Fruit, vari-
ously shaped, red or yellow; edible.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts decayed turfy loam, one part
well-decomposed manure. Position, warm light greenhouse, Feb. to
June; cold sunny greenhouse, June to Oct. Sow seeds in Jan. in temp.
75° for warm greenhouse; in March in temp. 65° for cold greenhouse.
Depth for sowing seeds, fin. Ordinary light mould suitable for sowing
seeds in. Transfer seedlings when 3 leaves have formed singly into 2 in,
pots, or 2in, apart in larger pots or boxes; into 6in. pots when 6 in.
high; into 8 or 10 in. pots when 12 in. high. Drain pots well & pot
firmly. Fill pots two-thirds full only with compost. Train plants
with one stem only. Rub off all side shoots. Water sparingly till
fruit forms. Syringe twice daily in fine weather, except when in
flower. Fertilise flowers at mid-day by tapping with a stick. Apply
liquid or artificial manures when fruit has set. Top-dress when bearing
freely with compost of two parts loam & one part decayed manure,
adding tablespoonful of superphosphate to every bushel. Ventilate
freely when in flower. Dry atmosphere essential to ensure good set.
Temp. for warm greenhouse, Feb. to June, 55° to 65°.

CULTURE IN BOXES: Size of boxes for single plants 10 in. square;

253

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

for two plants 12 in. wide, 9in. deep, 18in. long; for four plants 18 in.
wide, 2 ft long, 9 in. deep; for eight plants 18 in. wide, 36 in. long, 12 in.
deep. Half-fill with compost only, until fruit sets, then top-dress.
Cultural details same as for pots.

CULTURE IN BEDS: Compost, decayed turfy soil only; no manure.
Place compost in ridge 18 in. wide & 12 in. high in centre on staging
near front of house, or in beds on floor 2 ft, wide & 18 in. deep, enclosed
with dry bricks or turves. Plant 12in. apart for single stems; 3 ft.
apart for 3 or more stems. Remove all side shoots from single stem,
also any that issue from the side of the three-stemmed plants. Water
very little till fruit has set, then freely. Apply stimulants only when
fruit has formed. Fertilise as for pot plants. Ventilate freely when
temp. reaches 90°. Top-dress when several bunches of fruit have formed
with similar compost to that advised for pot plants. Temp., Feb. to
June., 55° to 65°.

CULTURE IN FRAMES: Compost, as above. Plant in heated frame
in Feb., March or April; in cold frame, June. Allow one plant to
cach light, and train to three stems, these resting on trellis or branches
near glass. Water moderately until fruit forms, then freely. Ven-
tilate freely during middle of day. Shade not required. Stimulants,
top-dressing and training as above. Temp. for heated frame, 55° to
65°. Syringing unnecessary.

WINTER CULTURE: Compost as above. Position, pots preferably
or beds. Sow seed in June. Plant or Beh Aug. or Sept. Water
sparingly. Apply stimulants only to plants bearing freely. Train
to one or three stems. Dry atmosphere necessary to ensure flowers
setting. Temp., 55° to 65°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, not recently manured. Posi-
tion, against S, or W. walls or fences, or in open. Plant, June, 12in.
apart against walls & 2 ft. apart each way in open. Train to one
stem, removing all side shoots. Place stout stakes to plants in open.
Apply stimulants when fruit has set. Plants should bear their first
fruit when 11 weeks old. Average yield of fruit: Single-stemmed
plant in 10 in. pot, 6 to 81b.; in beds, 7 to 10 1b.; outdoors, 4 to 6 Ib.
Triple-stemmed, 8 te 15 lb.

Market Cu.ture: Best type of house: Span-roof (15 to 26 ft.
wide). Distances to plant: 1 ft, apart in rows 2ft. asunder. Mode of
training: Single stem secured to a strand of twine or a bamboo stake.
Soil: Good loam. Manures: One barrow-load of dung, 12 oz. of super-
phosphate, & 6 oz. of kainit to each three square yards before planting.
Stop main stems of plants grown in pots after third truss has set;
others when they reach the roof. Plant firmly. Best results obtained.
from plants reared from seed. Soil should be removed after third
crop. Average prices: Oct. to Jan., 5s. to 6s.; Feb. to May, 6s, to
12s.; May to Sept., 3s. to 5s, per 12 1b.

SurrastzE Manures ror Tomarozs: 1. One part nitrate of potash,
two parts nitrate of soda, two parts double superphosphate
of lime. Use 1 oz. to a gallon of water, or apply dry at same rate to
six pots. 2. One part nitrate of soda, one part dried blood, one part
kainit, & two parts superphosphate of lime. Apply to plants in beds
at rate of 2 oz. per square yard when fruit has set. Apply above
quantities once a week.

USEFUL DATA: Seeds germinate in 10 to 12 days. One ounce of

254

HNCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

seed will yield 2,000 plants. Seeds will retain germinating powers
for six years. Propagate by seeds or cuttings.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. esculenteum.

Lycopodium (Fir Club Moss; Stag’s-horn Moss).—Ord. Lycopo-
diacew. Stove & hardy perennial mosses. Orn. foliage. Habit,
creeping or erect, stems clothed with scale-like, dark green leaves.
_OULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, peat,
limestone & silver sand. Position, well-drained shallow pans, under
bell-glass or in beds in wardian cases. Pot or plant, Feb. to April.
Water feel March to Sept.; moderately afterwards. Syringe once
or twice daily, April to Sept. Shade from direct rays of sun. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep, moist, sandy peat.
Position, low bed on open sunny rockery. Plant, March or April.
Water freely in dry weather.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES IN WARDIAN CASES: Compost,
two parts peat, one part leaf-mould, one part charcoal, & liberal
quantity of limestone chips or tufa. Bed to be well drained. Plant,
Feb. to April. Water once or twice a week April to Sept., once a
fortnight Sept. to Dec., once a month Dec. to April. Syringe or dew
over daily April to Oct. Shade from sun. Ventilate a little daily.
Propagate by division, Feb. to April.

STO SPECIES: L. squarrosum, 1 ft., India; taxifolium, W. Indies; verticilla-
tum, Tropics.

HARDY SPECIES: L. clavatum (Club or Stag’s-horn Moss), creeping, Britain;
Selago (Fir Olub Moss), 3 in., Britain. See also the genus Selaginella.

Lycoris (Golden Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacew. Greenhouse flower-
ing bulbs. Deciduous. First introduced 1758.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal_pro-
portions of leaf-mould & cow manure. Pot dry bulbs Sept. to Dec.,
afterwards repotting annually immediately after flowering. Bury
bulbs about two-thirds of their depth. Water moderately from time
flowers show till leaves appear, then freely ; keep quite dry after leaves
fade. Temp., Sept. to April 55° to 65°. Place pots from April to
Sept. in light sunny cool position. Propagate by offsets treated as
bebe: Sept. to Dec.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. aurea (Syn. Amaryllis aurea), yellow, Aug., 1 ft.,
China; radiata (Syn. Nerine japonica and Amaryllis radiata), scarlet, June, 18 in.,
China and Japan; and its varieties alba (white), and variegata (crimson and
white); squamigera, rosy lilac, fragrant, summer, 2 ft., Japan.

Lygodium (Climbing Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse
climbing ferns. Deciduous & evergreen. First introduced 1793.
Fronds, slender, twining; divisions tongue or hand-shaped.

CULTURE: Compost, equal pene ae loam, sand, & charcoal.
Position, well-drained pots or beds in shade with fronds twined round
sticks, pillars, string, or trellis. Plant or fee Feb. to April. Water
freely Feb. to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.: Stove species,
Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Greenhouse
species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 75° to 85° any time; division of plants at potting time.

STOVE SPECIES: L. dichotomum, Trop. Asia; reticulatum, Polynesia.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: L. japonicum (Syn. L. scandens), Japan, etc., palma-
tum, U. States. :

Lyonia.—o0rd. Ericacew. Hardy-flowering shrubs. Evergreen.
First introduced 1748.

255

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENINU.

CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Sept. to Nov. & Feb. to April. Pruning unnecessary. Propagate by
seeds sown on surface of sandy peat under bell-glass in shade in cold
frame or greenhouse in Oct. or April; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. ligustrina (Syn. L. paniculata), white, June, 4 to
8 ft., N. America.

Lyon’s Shell-flower (Chelone Lyoni).—See Chelone.

Lyre-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera)—See Liriodendron.

Lysimachia (Yellow Loose-strife; Creeping Jenny; Yellow Pim-
em Primulacew. Hardy erect or creeping herbaceous peren-
nials.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, moist shady borders, margins of ponds or streams. Plant, Oct.
to April. Cut down flower stems, Nov.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF CREEPING JENNY.— Soil, ordinary.
Position, moist shady rockeries or margins of beds, ponds, or streams.
Plant, March to June.

INDOOR CULTURE: oe two parts good ordinary soil or loam,
one part leaf-mould, decayed manure or cocoanut-fibre refuse, & one
part sand. Position, well-drained pots or baskets suspended in shady
window or cool greenhouse. Pot, March to May. Water freely April
to Sept., moderately Sept. to Dec., keep nearly ary Dec. to April.
Apply stimulants once or twice a week May to Aug. Propagate herba-
ceous species by division of plants Oct. to Dec., or March. Creeping
J pais gp crision March to May. .

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: L. atropurpurea, purple, summer, 2 ft., Greece;
clethroides, white, July to Sept., 3 ft., Japan; ephemerum, white, summer, 8 ft.,
8. Europe; lanceolata, yellow, summer, 18 in., N. America; punctata (Syn. verticil-
lata), yellow, summer, 1 ft., Europe; thyrsiflora, yellow, June and July, 8 ft.,
Europe; vulgaris (Yellow Loose-strife), yellow, July and August, 3 ft., Britain.

CREEPING SPECIES: L. nemorum (Yellow Pimpernel), yellow, May to July,
Britain; L. nummularia (Creeping Jenn, y yellow, June to Sept., Britain; nummu
laria aurea (Golden Creeping Tenns). Past en leaved.

Lythrum (Purple Loose-strife; Willow-weed).—Ord. Lythracesx.
Hardy herbaceous & shrubby perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady borders or mar-
gins of ponds or streams. Plant, Oct. to Dec. or Feb. to April. Cut
down flower stems in Nov. Water freely in dry weather. Top-dress
with well-decayed manure, March or April. Lift, divide, and replant
every third year. Propagate by division of Plants, Oct. or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. alatum, purple, July to Oct., 2 to 4 ft., N, America;
Salicaria (Common Loose-strife), reddish purple, July 3 to 4 ft., Britain, and its
varieties roseum and superbum; virgatum, purple, summer, 8 ft., Europe.

Macartney Rose (Rosa bracteata).—See Rosa.

Mace Reed (Typha latifolia) —See Typha.

Mackaya. — Ord. Acanthacer. Greenhouse flowering shrub.
Deciduous. _ First introduced 1869.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts decayed fibrous loam, one part dried
cow manure, half a part sharp silver sand. Position, light airy green-
house. Pot, March. Prune after flowering, shortening shoots to 2 or
3 in. Water freely March to ee moderately Sept. to Nov., kee
quite dry Nov. to March. Temp., April to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to Apri
45° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings inserted singly in 2in. pots filled
with sandy soil, June to Aug. ansfer to 5 in. pots when rooted;
prune closely in April and shift into 8 in. & 10 in. pots. Plants flower
when two to three years old.

PS CULTIVATED: M. bella, lilac and purple, April to June, 4 to 6 ft.,
atal.
256

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Mackerel Mint (Mentha viridis)—See Mentha. :

Macleania.—Ord. Vacciniacez. Greenhouse trailing flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1848. ‘
_CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots with shoots drooping over front of staging, or in
suspended baskets. Pot, March or April. Water freely March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Prune straggling shoots into shape March.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propa-
gate b onuiings inserted in fine sand in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. pulchra, yellow and scarlet, spring, 8 to 10 ft.,
Colombia; speciosissima, yellow and scarlet, spring, trailing, Colombia.

Maclura (Osage Orange)—Ord. Urticaceew. Hardy deciduous
tree. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1818. Flowers, yellowish green,
inconspicuous. Fruit, round, pela yellow, 3 to 5in. in diameter;
rarely borne in this country. Leaves, egg-shaped, bright green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in open sheltered shrub-
beries or hedges. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape when neces-
sary, Nov. to Feb.

HEDGE CULTURE: Plant 12 in. apart in single row. Soil to be
trenched two spits deep & 3ft. wide. Trim into shape, July & Nov.
Propagate by cuttings 6 to 8 in. long, inserted in ordinary soil, in
sha ay A aa Oct. to March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. aurantiaca, 10 to 15 ft., N. America.

Macrozamia (Swan River Fern Palm; Giant Fern Palm).—
Ord. Cycadacew. Greenhouse evergreen perennials. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1846. Leaves, feather-shaped, green; very graceful.

OULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, well-
drained pots, in light. greenhouse, shaded from sun. Pot, Feb. or
March. ater freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe
daily April to Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March
55° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy peat in temp. 75° in
March; division of plants in March; offsets in Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. Fraseri, W. Australia; Hopei, Australia; peroff-
skyana, Australia; tenuifolia, Australia.

Madagascar Jasmine (Stephanotis floribunda). — See
Stephanotis.

Madagascar Periwinkle (Vinca rosea).—See Vinca.

Madeira Orchis (Orchis foliosa)—See Orchis.

Madeira Vine (Boussingaultia basselloides). — See Boussin-

aultia.
. Madia (Madia Oil Plant).—Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1794.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady borders. Propagate
by seeds sown } in. deep in April in patches where required to flower,
any out seedlings when 2 in, high, to 3 in. apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. elegans, yellow, Aug., 1 ft., N.W. America; sativa,
yellow, Aug., 1 ft., N. America.

Madonna Lily (Lilium candidum).—See Lilium.

Mad-wort (Alyssum saxatile).—See Alyssum.

Magnolia (Cucumber Tree; Yulan)—Ord. Magnoliacew. Hardy
deciduous & evergreen trees & shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First -
introduced 1688.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
part peat or leaf-mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots or tubs,
or against walls in sunny greenhouse. Pot or plant, March. Water
freely in summer, moderately other times. Syringe daily March to

257 K

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Sept. Temp for forcing, 55° to 65°. Prune straggling shoots only into
shape, March or April. M. Campbellii, Lennei & Stellata, good kinds
for greenhouse culture. ee

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich, deep sandy loam. Position, shel-
tered parts of lawn or ea garden, or against S. or 8.W. walls;
against S. or W. walls for M. grandiflora & M, glauca. Plant, March
or April. Prune evergreen species March or April; deciduous species
after flowering. Protect evergreen species in very severe weather in
cold districts. Apply weak hquid manure to healthy specimens occa-
sionally. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in spring or autumn in
well-drained pots of sandy soil in a cold frame or greenhouse; layering
in summer or autumn; grafting in heat in July or mag

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: M. conspicua (Yulan), white, spring, to 25 ft., China
and Japan; acuminata (Cucumber Tree), green and yellow, May to July, 30 to
60 ft., N. America, and its variety cordata, yellow and purple, April; Camppellii,
rosy crimson, fragrant, April, 20 to 30 ft., Himalayas, does best in greenhouse;
Fraseri, creamy yellow, fragrant, May, 30 to 40 ft., S. United States; hypoleuca,
creamy white, fragrant, spring, 30 to 40 ft., Japan; Lennei, rosy purple, April and
May, 10 to 15 ft., hybrid; macrophylla, white and purple, fragrant, June, 20 to
30 ft., N. America; obovata, white and purple, fragrant, May, 5 ft., Japan;
obovata purpurea, deeper coloured; parviflora, white and rose, May, 8 ft., Japan;
stellata, white, fragrant, March to May, 6 ft., Japan; tripetala (Syn. M. Umbrella),
the Umbrella Tree, white, fragrant, April and May, 20 to 30 ft., 8. United States;
Watsoni, creamy white, fragrant, June, 4 ft., Japan; soulangeana, white and
purple, May, 20 ft., hybrid.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: M. grandiflora, white, fragrant, July and Aug., 15 to
20 ft., 8. United States; glauca (Sweet Bay), creamy white, fragrant, June, 20 ft.,
E. United States.

Mahaleb Cherry.—See Prunus.

Maianthemum (Twin leaved Lily-of-the-Valley). Ord. Liliacex.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Leaves & habit similar to the Lily-of-the-

alley.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, shady borders in the

open, or under shrubs. Plant, Sept. & Oct. Water freely in dry

weather, Propagate by division of creeping root-stocks in Sept. or
ril,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. convallaria (Syn. Smilacina bifolia), white, May,
6 in., N. Europe. _ .

Maiden-hair Fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris & A. cuneatum).
—See Adiantum.

Maiden-hair Grass (Briza media).—See Briza.

Maiden-hair Meadow-Rue (Thalictrum adiantifolia
minus).—See Thalictrum.

Maiden-hair Spleen-wort (Asplenium trichomanes).—See
Asplenium,

Maiden-hair Tree (Gingko biloba).—See Gingko.

Maiden Oak (Quercus sessiliflora).—See Quercus.

Maiden Pink (Dianthus deltoides)—See Dianthus.

Maiden’s Wreath.—See Francoa,

Maid’s Love (Artemesia Abrotanum).—See Artemesia.

Maize (Zea Mays).—See Zea.
poleber Sie Lily i Sar Super Da} eee Gloriosa.
alcomia (Virginian Stock)—Ord. Crucifera. Hardy annual.
First introduced 1713. ¥
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edging to sunny beds, masses
on sunny borders, or on banks or rockeries. Sow seeds for summer
flowering 1-16 in. deep in March, April, May or June, where plants
are required to grow, and similar depth in Sept. for flowering in spring.

258

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good ordinary soil, one part
leaf-mould, cocoanut-fibre refuse, decayed manure & sand. Position
in 5 in. pots, well drained, in cold sunny greenhouse or window. Sow
seeds 1-16 in. deep in above pots in March, April or May. Water mode-
rately when first sown, freely when in full growth. Thin seedlings to

Zin. apart when 1 in. high. Apply weak stimulants when flower
buds show.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. maritima (Virginian Stock), various colours, sum-
mer, 6 in., 8. Europe.

Male Dog-wood (Cornus Mas).—See Cornus.

Male Fern (Nephrodium Filix-mas).—See Nephrodium.

Mallow.—See Malva.

Mallow, False.—See Malvastrum.

Malimaison Carnation.—See Dianthus.

Malope (Large-flowered Mallow-wort).—Ord. Malvacew. Hardy
annuals. First introduced 1710.

CULTURE: Soil, rich ordinary. Position, sunny beds, or in masses
in borders. Sow seeds } in. deep & 4 to 6 in, apart, where required to
grow, in April or May. Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimu-
lants occasionally when plants show flower. Propagate also by seeds
sown % in. deep in pots or boxes of light soil in temp. 55° in March,
trans ambiae Tie owering positions in May or June.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: M. malacoides, rosy pink and purple, summer, 1 ft.,

S. Europe; trifida, purple, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Spain; trifiia alba, white, trifida
grandiflora, crimson.

Maltese Clover (Hedysarum coronarium).—See Hedysarum.

Malva (Musk Mallow).—Ord. Malvacew. Hardy annual & peren-
nial flowering plants.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny or partially shaded beds or borders. Plant, Oct. or March.
Mulch with manure in autumn.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny. Plant, May or June. Propagate annual species by seeds sown
din. deep in light, sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April; peren-
nial species by seeds sown similarly, or by cuttings inserted in cold
frame in July or ae

ANNUAL SPECIES: M. crispa, white and purple, summer, 3 to 6 ft., Europe;
mauritanica, purple, June, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: M. Alcea, rosy purple, summer, 4 ft., Europe, best
grown as an annual; moschata (Musk Mallow), rose, summer, 3 ft., Britain;
moschata alba, white.

Malvastrum (False Mallow).—Ord. Malvacew. Hardy peren-
nials. First introduced 1811. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rock-
eries for dwarf species; sunny well-drained borders for tall species.
Plant, Oct. or March. Protect in severe winters with a layer of cinder
ashes, manure or leaf-mould. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in
light, sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April; cuttings inserted in
cold frame in July or Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. coccineum, scarlet, July to Sept., 6 in., U. States;

Gilliesii (Syn. Modiola geranoides), red, summer, 6 in., 8. America; lateritum
(Syn. Malva laterita), salmon-pink, summer, 1 ft., Monte Video.

Mammillaria (Nipple Cactus; Elephant’s Tooth Cactus).—Ord.
Cactaces. Greenhouse succulent perennials. First introduced 1690.
Flowers, generally expanding about 11 a.m., and closing at 1 p.m.;
somewhat fugitive. tems leafless, cylindrical or globular, bearing at
even distance over their surface small tubercles or teats, crowned with
rosettes or stars of spines.

259 K2

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar &
oe bricks. osition, sunny, airy greenhouse or window. Pot,

arch or April, in well-drained pots just large exag to accommodate
roots. Repot every third or fourth year only. ater moderately,
March to Sept.; once a fortnight, Sept. to Dec., none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot water
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept., 60° to 70°; Sept. to March, 50° to 55°. bear eee by
seeds sown } in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in temp.
75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of the tops of
the plants inserted in small pots of sandy, gritty compost in spring ;
by grafting on Cereus speciossimus at any time.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. bicolor, purple, June, 6 to 12 in., Mexico;
chlorantha, greenish yellow, summer, 6 in., Mexico; cirrhifera, rose, summer, 4 in.,
Mexico; clava, green, red, and yellow, June, 1 ft., Mexico; compressa (Syn.
augularis), rosy purple, summer, 4 to 8 in., Mexico; dasycantha (Thimble Cactus),
red, summer, 3 in., Mexico; discolor, rosy red, 2 in., Mexico; dolichocentra, pale
purple, summer, 6 to 8 in., Mexico; echinata, rose, summer, 6 in., Mexico; echinus,
yellow, June, 2 to 3 in., Mexico; elegans, 2 in., Mexico, grown for its stem only;
elephantidens, violet-rose, autumn, 6 in., Paraguay; elongata, yellow, summer,
3 in., Mexico; fissurata, rose, 2 in., Mexico; floribunda, rose, summer, 5 in., Chili;
gracilis, yellow or white, summer, 2 in., Mexico; Grahami, rose, July, 3 in.,
Colorado; haageana, carmine-rose, June, 4 in., Mexico; longimamma, citron-yellow,
June, 4 in., Mexico; macromeris,, carmine, Aug., 4 in., Mexico; macrothele, yellow,
June, Mexico; micromeris, white or pink, Aug., 4 in., Mexico; multiceps, yellow
and red, summer, 1 ft., Mexico; ncumanniana, rose, summer, 6 in., Mexico; Ottonis,
white, May, 3 in., Mexico; phellosperma, 5 ft., Mexico; pulchra, rose, June, 4 in.,
Mexico; pusilla, yellowish white and red, May, 2 in., Mexico; pycnacantha, yellow,
July, 6 in., Mexico; sanguinea, crimson, June, 6 in., Mexico; Scheerii, yellow and
cream, summer, 7 in., Mexico; Schelhasii, white and rose, summer, 4 in., Mexico;
schiediana, white, summer, 3 in., Mexico; semperviva, 3 in., Mexico; senilis, scarlet,
summer; stella-aurata, white, summer, 2 in., Mexico; subpolyhedra, yellow and red,
summer, 8 in., Mexico; sulcolonata, yellow, summer, 4 in., Mexico; tetracantha,
rose, July, 9 in., Mexico; tuberculosa, pale purple, May, 6 in., Mexico; turbinata,
yellow, June, Mexico; uncinata, purple, May and June, 4 in., Mexico; vetula,
yellow, May and June, 3 in., Mexico; villifera, rose and purple, May, 3 in., Mexico;
viridis, yellow, May and June, 4 in., Mexico; vivipara, purple, May and June, 2 in.,

America; wildiana, rose, summer, 3 to 4 in., Mexico; Wrightii, purple, May,
Mexico; zuccariniana, purple, May and June, 3 in., Mexico.

Mammoth Tree of California (Sequoia gigantea).—See
Sequoia.

Mandarin Orange-tree (Citrus nobilis).—See Citrus.

Mandevilla (Chili Jasmine).—Ord. Apocynacew. Greenhouse
flowering climber. Deciduous. irst introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, half part each of
sand & pounded charcoal. Position, well-drained beds or borders;
shoots trained up trellis, pillars, or roof of sunny greenhouse. Plant,
Feb. Water freely, Feb. to Sept. ; moderately, Sept. to December; none
afterwards. Syringe twice daily, Feb. to July. Temp., Feb. to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to Dec. 45° to 55°; Dec. to Feb. 40° to 50°, Prune
shoots to within two buds of their base immediately after flowering.
sd he by seeds sown in pans or bed of sandy peat slightly covered
wie tne eu a : alis of 65° to 75°, Feb. to April; cuttings of firm
side shoots, o 3in. long, inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp.
of 70° to 85° in summer. & E

“ nee M. suavolens, white, fragrant, summer, 15 to 30 ft.,

Manettia.—Ord. Rubiacew. Greenh i
AP leg lebron ge os reenhouse evergreen climbers.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, pounded charcoal &
260

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds; shoots trained to
trellises, round pillars or up rafters. Plant, Feb. to March. Prune
slightly after flowering. Water freely, March to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Syringe daily, March to Sept. Temp., Feb. to Oct. 55°
to 65°; Oct. to Feb. 45° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown in shallow
pans of sandy soil, slightly covered with fine mould & placed in temp.
55° to 65°, Feb. or March; cuttings of young shoots 2 to 3in. long
inserted in small pots of sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. luteo-rubra (Syn. bicolor), scarlet, white, and
orange, March to Dec., 10 to 15 ft., 8S. America.

Mangosteen-tree (Garcinia mangostana).—See Garcinia.

Manna Ash (Fraxinus eb pe Sia Fraxinus.

Manna-plant (Tamarix anglica)—See Tamarix.

Man Orchis (Aceras anthropophora).—See Aceras.

Maple (Acer campestre).—See Acer.

Maple-leaved Plane-tree (Platanus acerifolia). — See
Platanus.

Maple Vine (eng em canadense).—See Menispermum.

Marajah Palm (Baciris caryotzfolia)—See Bactris.

Maranta (Arrowroot Plant).—Ord. Scitaminaceew. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1732. Leaves,
egg, lance or heart-shaped, roundish or oblong; greyish, purplish, or
rose below, upper sides green, blotched or streaked with white, yellow,
brown, purple, or rose.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part rich loam, one

art sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of stove. Pot,

eb. or March. Water abundantly, March to Sept.; moderately, Sept.
to Dec.; keep nearly dry afterwards. Syringe daily, March to Sept.
Apply weak stimulants occasionally during summer. Temp., Feb. to
Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Repot annually. Propa-
gate by division of tubers or rhizomes in Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. arundinacea variegata (Indian Arrowroot), leaves
green and white, 2 to 3 ft., 8. America; bicolor, leaves olive green, 1 ft., Brazil;

bicolor makoyana, leaves green, blotched dark colour; bicolor massangeana, leaves,
green and white; Chantrieri, leaves grey and dark green, 1 ft.

Marattia (Ash-leaf Fern).—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen
ferns. Ht., 3 to 5ft. Fronds, 5 to 12 ft. long, feather shaped ; leaflets
twice or three times divided.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, equal parts loam, leaf-mould
&sand. Position, large wellainained pots or moist beds. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Shade from sun essential. Water freely, March to
Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringing not required. Temp., Feb.
to Oct. 60° to 70°; Oct. to Feb. 50° to 60. Propagate by spores sown
on surface of sandy peat in shallow well-drained pans placed under bell-
glass in temp. 65° to 75° any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. alata, Central America; attenuata (Syn. Cooperi),
New Caledonia; fraxinea, Tropics.

Mare’s-tair (Hippuris vulgaris).—See Hippuris.

Marguerite (Chrysanthemum frutescens).—See Chrysanthemum.

Margyricarpus (Pearl Berry; Pearl Fruit)—Ord. Rosacezx.
Hardy evergreen trailing shrub. Orn. fruiting. First introduced

29,

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts leaf-mould, loam & sand. Position,
suuny rockery, with shoofs trailing over stones. Plant, Feb. to May.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in shallow boxes of light sandy
soil in cold frame in autumn or spring; cuttings of young shoots,

261

ENOCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

1 to 2in, long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in cold frame in
summer; layering branches in Sept. or Oct. ;
SE NeLNS CULTIVATED: M. setosus, green, summer, berries white, 2 to 3 it,

iil.

Marica (Toad-cup Lily).—Ord. Iridacew. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials. First introduced 1789.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould & sand. _Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light’ part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water freely, March to Oct.; keep dry, Nov. to Feb. Apply weak
stimulants occasionally when in flower. Temp., 65° to 75°, March to
Sept.; Sept. to March; 55° to 65°. Propagate by division of rhizoma-
toug roots, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. brachypus, yellow and red, summer, 18 in., Trini-
dad; cerulea, blue, yellow, brown, and orange, summer, 2 ft., Trop, America;
northiana, white, yellow, and red, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Trop. America,

Marigeld (Calendula officinalis).—See Calendula.

Mariposa-lily (Calochortus venustus).—See Calochortus.

Marjoram (Origanum vulgare).—See Origanum.

Marrubium (Horehound).—Ord, Labiate. Hardy perennial
eee herb. Leaves & young shoots used as a popular remedy for
coughs,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny dry borders. Plant,
March or April, 18in. apart. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in
shady position outdoors, March to May; cuttings inserted in shady
border in April; division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. vulgare, white, June to Sept., 1 ft., Britain.

Marsh Cistus (Ledum palustre)—See Ledum.,

Marsh Elder (Viburnum opulus).—See Viburnum.

Marsh Fel-wort (Swertia perennis\.—See Swertia.

Marsh Fern (Nephrodium Thelypteris).--See Nephrodium.

Marsh-flower.—See Limnanthemum.

Marsh Gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe).—See Gentiana.

Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris)—See Epipactis.

Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris),—See Caltha.

Marsh Orchis (Orchis latifolia)—See Orchis.

Marsh Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum lacustre).—See Chry-
santhemum.

Marsh Rosemary (Ledum palustre).—See Ledum.

Marsh Trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata)—See Menyanthes.

Marsh Violet (Viola palustris)—See Viola.

Martagon Lily (Lilium Martagon).—See Lilium.

Martynia (Elephant’s Trunk; Unicorn Plant)—Ord. Pedaliacee.
Half-hardy annual. First introduced 1731. Fruit edible & used for
making pickles.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed
manure & sand. Sow seeds lin. deep singly in 2-inch pots & place
in temp. of 60° to 70°, Feb. or March. Transfer to 5-in. pots in
April or May; to 6 or 7-in. pots in June. Pot firmly, Position, light
sunny greenhouse or window. Water moderately at first, freely when
in full growth. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to healthy plants
in flower. Temp., Feb. to May, 60° to 70°; afterwards, 55° to 65°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-
drained sheltered beds or borders. Sow seeds lin. deep singly in 3-in.

ots, or 3in. apart in shallow boxes of light soil in temp. of 60° to 70°
in Feb. or March, transplanting ‘seedlings 8 to 12in. apart early in

262

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

June. Mulch with cocoanut-fibre refuse or decayed manure after
planting. Water in dry weather.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. fragrans (Unicorn Plant), crimson-purple, summer,
2 ft., Mexico.

Marvel-of-Peru (Mirabilis Jalapa)—See Mirabilis.
Maryland Cassia (Cassia marilandica).—See Cassia.
Maryland Pink Root (Spigelia marilandica).—See Spigelia.
Masdevallia (Spectral-flowered Orchid). — Ord. Orchidaces.
Greenhouse epiphytal orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1842.

CULTURE: Compost, for robust species (M. Coccinea, etc.), two
parts fibrous peat, one part sphagnum moss & sand; for other species
(M. Chimera, etc.), equal parts peat, moss & lumps of charcoal, & a
little sand. Pot annually in Feb. or March. Position, well-drained
pots for M. Coccinea; teak-wood baskets, lined with moss, for M.
Chimera. Shade from sun essential. Water freely, April to Sept. ;
moderately afterwards, and keep atmosphere moist all the year round.
Syringe staging, floors & pots daily in summer. eed Nov. to March,
45° to 55°; March to Nov., 55° to 65°. Ventilate freely in summer.
Resting period, none. Flowers ee at base of last-made leaves.
Prep ate by division of plants in Feb.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. amabilis, rose, crimson, orange, and yellow, sum-
mer, 6 in., Colombia; bella, yellow, crimson, and white, spring, 6 in., Colombia;
caudata, yellow, purple and red, summer, 4 in., Colombia; estertonii, yellow,
purple and pink, spring, 6 in., Colombia; Chimera, yellow and purple, spring, 8 in.,
Colombia; coccinea, scarlet and crimson, spring, 6 to 8 in., Oolombia; Coccinea
harryana, a variety; Davisii, yellow and orange, Aug., 8 in., Peru; ignea, red,
orange and purple, spring, 6 in., Colombia; rosea, orange, red, and carmine, sum-
mer, 6 in., Peru; tovarensis, white, winter, 6 in., Venezuela; veitchiana, vermilion,
and purple, spring, 1 ft., Peru. There are also numerous hybrids.

Mask-flower (Alonsoa incisifolia).—See Alonsoa.

Matricaria (Double May Weed). — Ord. Composite. Hardy
perennial herb.

TURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny beds or borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in ordinary soil in shady position outdoors in spring; division of roots
in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. inodora plenissima (Double Mayweed), white, double,
summer, 1 ft., Britain.

Matthiola (Ten-week, Brompton, German, Night-scented, In-
termediate, Cape Giant, and Wallflower-leaved Stock)—Ord. Cruci-
fere. Half-hardy annuals & biennials. First introduced 1731.

CULTURE OF TEN-WEEK STOCK OUTDOORS: Soil, deep, rich,
well manured. Position, open sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds
1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors end of May; or in cold frame or outdoors in April,
transplanting seedlings in June. Plant, dwarf kinds 9in. & tall kinds
12 to 15in. apart each way. Mulch surface of soil after planting
with decayed manure. Remove seed pods as they form.

POT CULTURE OF TEN-WEEK STOCKS: Sow seeds as above
advised. Transplant three seedlings lin. high into a 3-in. pot, &
when 3 to 4in. high into a 5-in. pot. Compost, two parts good soil,
one part decayed manure & sand. Position, cold frame during May ;
afterwards outdoors. Water freely. Apply stimulants when flower
buds form.

CULTURE OF WALLFLOWER-LEAVED STOCK: Same as for ten-

week,
CULTURE OF NIGHT-SCENTED STOCK: Soil, ordinary. Posi-
263

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

tion, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds Zin. deep in April where
required to flower. ‘ t

CULTURE OF INTERMEDIATE STOCK: Sow seeds } in. ne in
light soil in well-drained pots or boxes in cold frame in Aug. or Sept.
Transplant seedlings when lin. high singly in a 2-in. pot or four in a
4-in. pot. Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould old mortar.
Plunge pots to rim in cinder ashes in sunny cold frame. Water spar-
ingly. Ventilate freely in fine weather. Plant out in rich soil in
March, or transfer single plants to a 5-in. or three plants to a 6-in. pot.
Water moderately. Apply stimulants when flowers show. Position,
when in flower, light, airy greenhouse. For autumn-flowering, sow
seeds in March or April, & plant out in June.

CULTURE OF BROMPTON & QUEEN STOCKS: Sow seeds }in.
deep in light soil in cold frame in June or July. Transplant seedlings
when lin. high 8 to 12in. apart where required to flower following
year, or place singly in 2-in. pots; keep in cold frame & plant out in
March. Seed-Saving: Largest percentage of double flowers obtained
from plants grown in poor soil, & of the dwarfest habit.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. annua (or incana annua), parent of the Ten-week
and Intermediate Stocks, 8. Europe, annual; bicornis, purplish-red, spring, fragrant
at night, Greece, perennial or shrub; fenestralis, scarlet or purple, summer, 1 ft.,
biennial, Crete; incana (Brompton, Queen, and Wallflower-leaved Stock), purple
or violet, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Levant, biennial; tricuspidata, lilac, summer, 1 ft.,
8. Europe, annual; tristis (Night-scented Stock), purple, fragrant at night, 1 ft.
E. Europe, biennial.

Maurandia. — Ord. Scrophulariacexw. Half-hardy climbing
perennials. First introduced 1796.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould &
little sand. Pot, March to May. Position, well-drained pots with
shoots draping over front of stage, or trained up trellis, walls, or
rafters, or suspended in baskets in sunny greenhouse. Water freely,
March to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov.; keep nearly dry after-
wards. Apply stimulants to healthy plants in flower only. Temp.,
March to t. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, against S.
walls or in sunny vases or window boxes. Plant, June. Lift, repot
& place in greenhouse in Sept. Water freely in dry weather. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in ordinary light soil in temp. of 60° to
70° in March, transplanting seedlings when lin. high singly into
2 or 3-in. pots; cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under
Penh ieee in temp. 55° to 65°, March to Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. barclayana, violet-purple, summer, trailing, Mexico;
erub (Syn. Lophospermum erub ), rose and white, summer, Mexico; scan
dens (Syn. Lophospermum scandens), purple and violet, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Mexico.

Maxillaria.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1832.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans
or baskets in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences. Water deciduous species freely from time new growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen species freely from March to
Nov.; moderately, Nov. to March. Syringe once or twice daily whilst
making growth. Ventilate freely, May to Sept. Temp. a ril to
Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 55°, Growing period ‘eb. to
March; resting period, Oct. to Feb. Plants may be grown in sitting
room or cool conservatory when in flower. Flowers appear at base of

264

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

new pseudo-bulb when latter begins to form. Propagate by division of
pseudo-bulbs qed ately after flowering.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. grandiflora, white ond yellow, fragrant, autumn,
Peru; luteo-alba, yellow, white, and purple, fragrant, various seasons, Colombia;
picta, yellow, purple and white, winter, Colombia; sanderiana, white and crimson,
spring, Peru; venusta, white and yellow, winter, Colombia.

Max Leichtlin’s Lily (Lilium Leichtlini).—See Lilium.
May (Crategus Oxyacantha).—See Crategus.
May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum).—See Podophyllum.
May Flower (Epigza repens).—See Epigza.
May Lily (Convallaria majalis).—See Convallaria.
Meadow Beauty (Rhexia virginica) —See Rhexia.
Meadow Crocus (Colchicum autumnale).—See Colchicum.
Meadow Geranium (Geranium pratense).—See Geranium.
Meadow Pink (Dianthus deltoides).—See Dianthus.
Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavum).—See Thalictrum.
Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale).—See Colchicum.
Meadow Saxifrage (Saxifraga granulata).—See Saxifraga.
Meadow-sweet (Spirza Ulmaria).—See Spirza.
Meconopsis (Welsh Poppy; Himalayan Poppy; Prickly Poppy ;
aepenk Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracez. Hardy Thema & erdnntal
erbs.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in
light sandy soil in temp. 60° to 70° in March or April. Transplant
seedlings in April into bed of loamy soil enriched with manure, &
cover with cold frame until June. Kemove following March or April
to where required to flower. Position, well-drained sunny rockery.
Water freely in summer; keep dry as possible in winter. Cover sur-
face of soil under leaves with small lumps of sandstone. Plants flower
when 2 to 4 years old, & afterwards die.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep, rich loam, mixed
freely with decayed manure & leaf-mould. Position, sunny sheltered
borders or rockeries. Plant, March or April. Water as above
advised. Propagate M. Wallichii by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light
sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or April; M. cambrica by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in moist soil.outdoors in March or April.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: M. cambrica (Welsh Poppy), yellow, summer, 1 ft.
Europe (Britain); cambrica flore-pleno, double flowered; aculeata, purple, summer,
2 ft., Himalayas; nepalensis (Nepaul Poppy), yellow, summer, 3 ft., Himalayas.
aoe SPECIES: M. Wallichii (Satin Poppy), blue, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,

imaiayas.

Medeola.—See Asparagus.

Medicago (Calvary Clover; Crown of Thorns).—Ord. Legumi-
nos#. Hardy annuals & perennials. Flowers succeeded by curiously
twisted legumes. ‘

CULTURE OF CALVARY CLOVER: Sow seeds }in. deep in ordi-
nary soil in sunny position outdoors, April or May. Thin seedlings
when lin. high to Gin. apart. Water freely in dry weather.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould,
half a part each of old mortar & sand. Sow seeds thinly in 5-in. pots
filled with above compost. When seedlings are lin. high, thin to 3
in each pot. Water moderately. Position, sunny window or green-
house.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
dryish sunny panks, borders, or rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March.

265

BNOYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. ed in ordinary soil outdoors in March;

division of roots in Oct. or Marc i
ANNUAL SPECIES: M. echinus (Oalvary Clover), yellow, summer, 6 in., 8.

Europe. r ¥, 2
: Peau SPECIES: M. faloata (Sickle-podded Mediok), yellow, summer, trail-
ng, a ‘

*Medinilla. — Ord. Melastomacew. Stove evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1845.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, half
part sand, half poe well-decayed manure. Position, sunny moist

art of stove, Feb. to Sept.; light & moderately dry part afterwards.
Pot, Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to Nov. 70° to
80°; Nov. to Feb. 65° to 75°. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe twice daily, March to Sept. Moist
atmosphere very essential. Apply stimulants when plants commence
flowering. Prune straggly shoots into shape, Jan. or Feb. Propagate
by cuttings of firm young side shoots, 3 to 4in. long, inserted in sandy
peat & leaf-mould, under bell-glass, in temp. 85° in spring or summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. magnifica, rosy pink, May, 4 f€., Philippines;
amabilis (Syn. Teysmannii), rosy pink, spring, 4 ft., Java. °

Mediterranean Heath (Erica mediterranea or E. carnea),—
See Erica,
pee akSrransan Lily (Pancratium maritimum).—See Pancra-

jum,

Mediterranean Stock (Hesperis maritima).—See Hesperis.

Mediar (Pyrus germanica).—See ee,

edusa’s Head (Euphorbia Caput-Meduse).—See ble a
edusa’s Head Orchid (Cirrhopetalum Caput-Meduse).—
See Cirrhopetalum.

Megasea.—See Saxifraga.

Melancholy Gentleman (Hesperis tristis)—See Hesperis.

Melia (Bead-tree; Indian Lilac).—Ord. Meliacew. Half-hardy
evergreen & deciduous trees. Flowering & orn. foliage. First intyo-
duced 1656. Leaves, graceful, feather-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, large well-drained pots in
cool greenhouse or conservatory, or sheltered shrubberies outdoors S.
of England. Pot or plant, Oct. to Feb. Water freely (in pots),
March to Oct.; little afterwards. Propagate by cuttings inserted in
sand under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, summer or autumn.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. Azedarach, lilac, summer, leaves fragrant, 10 to
20 ft., India and China.

Melianthus (Great Cape Honey-flower), — Ord. Sapindaces.
Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1688.
Leaves, graceful, feather-shaped, green.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or
April. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.,

arch to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny beds or
borders. — Plant, May or June. Lift roots in Sept. or Oct., & store
like dahlias in cool rost-proof shed or greenhouse until planting
time. May be grown entirely outdoors in warm sheltered parts of
England. Propa ate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
in temp. 65 to 75 in January, Feb., or March, or in similar soil in
temp. 55° to 65° in Aug. or ai 3, by cuttings inserted in light sandy

soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in spring or summer
- 5

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: M. major, brown, summer, 4 to 6 ft., 5. Africa.

Melissa (Common Balm), — Ord. Labiatw. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Aromatic foliage. Leaves, egg-shaped, dark green, or
variegated with yellow; fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light. Position, warm sunny beds or
borders. Plant, Oct. or March in groups or 12in. apart in rows.
Gather stems when flowers open for drying for winter use. Cut stems
off close to ground after dowerrue, Propagate by seeds sown in.
ee outdoors in March; division of roots in Oct. or March.

CIES OULTIVATED: M. officinalis (Balm), white or yellow, summer, 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain); officinalis variegata, leaves golden.

Melittis (Bastard Balm).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy perennial.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, partially shaded beds or
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by division
of roots directly after flowering.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. melissophyllum, creamy white and pink, May,
18 in., Europe (Britain).

Melocactus (Melon Cactus; Melon Thistle; Turk’s Cap Cactus;
Pope’s Head).—Ord. Cactaceez. Greenhouse succulent perennials.
First introduced 1788. Stems globular, ribbed, spiny, surmounted by
a cylindrical cap.

CULTURE: Cotipost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, one part brick
rubble, old mortar & sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny
greenhouse or window. Repot every three or four years in March.
Water once a month, Sept. or April, once a week afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 50 to 55°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by
seeds sown fin. deep in well-drained pans of sandy soil in temp. 75°
in March, keeping soil moderately moist; cuttings of stems inserted in
small pots of sandy soil kept barely moist in summer; grafting on com-
mon kinds in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. communis (Turk’s Head or Melon Cactus), rosy red,
summer, 12 to 18 in., W. Indies.

Melon (Cucumis melo).—See Cucumis.
Melon-cactus (Melocactus communis).—See Melocactus.
Melton Thistle (Melocactus communis).—See Melocactus.
Meniscium. — Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen rhizomatous
ferns. First introduced 1793. Fronds entire or once divided.
CULTURE: Composf, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand.
Position, well-drained pots or ledges of rockery in shady part of stove.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55°
to 65°, Propagate by spores sown on surface of pans of fine sandy
eat in temp. 75° to 80° any time; division of plants at potting time.
SPECIES LTIVATED: M. reticulatum, and its variety macrophyllum, W.
Indies; serratum, West Indies; simplex, Tropical Asia.
Menispermum (Moon Seed; Moon Creeper).—Ord. Menisper-
maces. Hardy deciduous flowering climber. First introduced 1691.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, moist shady borders with
shoots twined up walls, arbours, pergolas, or trellises. Plant, Oct. or
March. Prune away weak or unhealthy shoots, Nov. to Feb. Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in shady posi-
tion outdoors, or under hand-light in spring; division of roots, Oct.
March.
+0 SEOLES OULTIVATED: M. canadense, yellow, summer, 10 to 15 ft., N. America.
Mentha (Mint; Pennyroyal). — Ord. Labiate. Hardy peren-
nials. Aromatic foliage.

267

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF SPEARMINT: Soil, rich, moist, ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny or partially shady border. Plant roots 2in. deep in rows
Qin. apart in Feb. or March. Mulch with layer of decayed manure
in March. Water freely in dry weather. Cut off stems close to
ground in Sept. & cover bed with 2in. of soil. Lift & replant every
three years. Gather shoots for ne when flowers first open.
Forcing: Place roots close together (with ordinary soil between) in
large pot or box, & put in a temp. of 55° to 65°, Oct. to March. Keep
soil moist.

CULTURE OF PEPPERMINT: Same as advised for Spearmint.
Gather when in flower for distillation.

CULTURE OF PENNYROYAL: Soil, moist loamy. Position,
partially shaded border. Plant, Sept., March or April, 6 in. apart in
rows 12in. asunder. Water freely in dry weather. Mulch with de-
cayed manure in April.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, light rich. Position, par-
tially shady borders. Plant, March or April. M. Requienii an ex-
cellent creeping plant for covering surface of soil in moist places. M.
Pulegium gibraltarica should be wintered in a cold frame, & planted
out in April or May. Propagate Spearmint & Peppermint by divi-
sion of roots in Feb. or March; also cuttings of young shoots, 3 in. long
inserted in shady position outdoors in summer; Pennyroyal by off-
shoots or divisions in Oct. or March; ordinary species by division in
Oct. or Feb.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. aquatica (Bergamot Mint), purple, summer, 1 ft.,
Europe; piperita (Peppermint), purple, autumn, 1 ft., Europe; pulegium (Penny-
royal), purple, Aug., 4 to 6 in., Europe; pulegium gibraltarica (Gibraltar Mint),
2 in., used for carpet bedding; Requienii, purple, summer, creeping, Corsica;
viridis (Spearmint or Lamb Mint), purple, Aug., 2 ft., Europe.

Mentzelia.—Ord. Loasaceew. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1811.

CULTURE: Sow seeds jin. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to
65° till May; place in cold frame, & plant outdoors in June. Soil,
ordinary. Position, sunny well-dtained borders, or, sow outdoors in
sunny borders in April or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. bartonioides, yellow, summer, 1 ft., U. States;

Lindleyi (Syn. Bartonia aurea), golden yellow, summer, 1 ft., California; ornata,
white, fragrant, Aug., 1 ft., N. America.

Menyanthes (Buck-bean; Bog Bean; Bog Trefoil; Marsh Tre-
foil; Water Trefoil).—Ord. Gentianacee. Har ly perennial aquatic.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary mud or bog. Position, shallow streams,
Ler or ponds, marshes & bogs. Plant, Sept. to Nov. & March or
ril. Propagate by inserting pieces of creeping stems in the mud,
arch to Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. trifoliata, white, red and purple, fragrant, March
to June, Europe (Britain).

Menziesia.—See Dabiecia.

Menzies’ Spruce (Picea pungens).—See Picea.

Merendera (Pyrenean Meadow Saffron),—Hardy bulbous peren-
nials. First introduced 1820. Flowers fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, light sandy loam, enriched with decayed manure
or leaf-mould. Position, moist beds or rockeries, shrubbery borders,
or lawns near shade of trees. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3in. apart in
July or Aug. Foliage dies down in June & J uly, & does not reappear
until after plant has flowered. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in
bed of fine soil outdoors in Aug. or Sept., or in pans or boxes af

268

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

similar soil in cold frame at same time, transplanting seedlings 3 in.
apart when two years old; division of bulbs in Aug. Seedling bulbs
do not flower until four or five years old.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. bulbocodium, rosy lilac, autumn, 3 in., Spain;

bulbocodium bulbicoides, larger flowered; caucasica, rosy purple, spring, 3 in.,
Caucasus; persica, lilac, Nov., 3 in., Persia.

Mertensia (Virginian Cowslip). — Ord. Boraginacezw. Hardy
perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat & loam. Position, partially shady
rockeries or borders. Plant, Oct. & Nov., March & April.” Lift &
replant in fresh soil every four or five years. M. siberica will thrive
in ordinary soil in partial shade. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in sandy peat in cold frame in autumn; division of roots in Oct.
or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. pulmonarioides (Syn. M. virginica), the Virginian

Cowslip, purple and blue, May, 12 to 18 in., N. America; sibirica, purple and blue,
May, 18 in.; sibirica alba, white; sibirica atro-cerulea, blue.

Mesembryanthemum (Fig Marigold; Ice Plant).—Ord.
Ficoidacee. Greenhouse & hardy annuals & herbaceous & shrubby
perennials. Mostly evergreen & trailing. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SHRUBBY AND SUCCULENT-
LEAVED SPECIES: Compost, equal parts old mortar, pounded crocks,
sandy loam, well-decayed manure or leaf-mould & sand. Position,
well-drained pots in sunny greenhouse or window. Pot, March to
May. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately, March & Sept.; keep
nearly dry during the remainder of year. Temp., March to Oct.,
55° to 65°; Oct. to March, 40° to 50°.

SHRUBBY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES may be planted in sunny
pede or on rockeries in June; lifted, repotted, & placed in greenhouse-
in Sept.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES IN POTS: Sow seeds 1-16in.
deep in April in 4 or 5-in. pots filled with above compost in temp. 55°
to 65°. Thin seedlings to 4-in. apart. Treat otherwise as advised for
shrubby species.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES OUTDOORS: Soil, ordinary,
with liberal addition of old mortar. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in April,
where plants are required to grow. Thin to lin. apart. Position,
sunny well-drained rockery.

CULTURE OF M. CORDIFOLIUM VARIEGATUM: Propagate by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil in March, April, or Sept. in temp. 60°
to 70°. Grow in temp. 50° to 60°, Oct. to May; in cold frame until
June, then plant outdoors.

CULTURE OF ICE PLANT: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny bed,
border or rockery. Sow seeds jin. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55° to
65° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
well-drained borders in 8. of England. Plant, May. Propagate
annual species by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in spring in similar compost
to that advised for plants; shrubby & herbaceous species by seeds, also
by cuttings inserted in old mortar & sand in temp. 55° to 65°, March to
MEPL cine SHRUBBY SPECIES: M. aureum, yellow, June, 1 ft., 8. Africa;
pblandum, white, June, 18 in.; Bolusii, yellow and red, July, 1 ft.; Brownii,
orange-red, summer, 1 ft.; coccineum, scarlet, July, 18 in.; Cooperi, rosy purple,
summer, 1 ft.; cruciatum, yellow, 6 in., summer; deltoides, pink, May, 18 in.;

echinatum, yellow, Aug., 1 ft.; multiflorum, white, Aug., 3 ft.; tigrinum, yellow,
autumn, 6 in.; violaceum, purple, July, 1 ft.

269

ENCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SUCCULENT-LEAVED SPECIES.—M. densum, pink, June, 6 in.;
floribundum, pink, July, 6 in.; spectabile, red, May, 1 ft.; cordifolium variegatum,
leaves golden yellow. 5 sy

ANNUAL SPECIES: M. Crystallinum (Ice Plant), white, July; pomeridianum,
yellow, July, 1 ft.; pyropeum (Syn. M. tricolor), rose and white, June, 6 in.

pe SPECIES: M. edule (Hottentot Fig), yellow, July; uncinatum, red,
summer.

Mespilus.—See Pyrus.

Metake Bamboo (Bambusa Metake).—See Bambusa.

Metrosideros.—See Callistemon.

Meum (Baldmoney; Spignel).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy peren-
nial aromatic herb.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds, borders, banks
or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Cut down flower
stems, Sept. Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by division of
the roots, Oct., Nov., March, or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. athamanticum, white, May, 1 ft., Europe (Britain).

Mexican Cigar-flower.—See Cuphea,

Mexican Ivy (Cobza scandens).—See Cobea.

Mexican Lily.—See Furcreza.

Mexican Marigold (Tagetes mexicana).—See Tagetes.

Mexican Mock-orange (Philadelphus microphyllus).—See
Philadelphus.

Mexican Orange-flower (Choisya ternata).—See Choisya.

Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana).—See Argemone.

Mexican Soap-plant (Agave saponaria).—See Agave.

Mexican Tiger Flower (Tigridia pavonia).—See Tigridia.

Meyenia.—See Thunbergia.

Mezereon (Daphne mezereum).—See Daphne.

Michaelmas Dalsy.—Seo Aster,

Michauxia (Michaux’s Bell-flower).—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy
perennials. First introduced 1787.

CULTURE: Soil, moist sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered
sunny borders. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in sunny position
outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings into flowering position fol-
lowing July or Aug.; or by sowing seeds in April where plants are
required to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. campanuloides, white, July, Asia Minor. Best
grown as a biennial.

Michaux’s Bell-flower (Michauxia campanuloides).—See
Michauxia.

Miconia.—Ord. Melastomacew. Stove evergreen orn. foliage
plants. First introduced 1858. Leaves, broad, upper surface velvety
green, under side reddish purple.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & leaf-mould, fourth
part silver sand. Position, pots in moist shady plant stove. Pot, Feb.
or March. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Syringe
foliage March to Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to
March 60° to 70°. pag ea by seeds sown in fine light compost in
temp.-85° in March or April; cuttings of shoots of stems inserted in
light soil in temp. 80° to 90° in spring.

PEOIES OULTIVATED: O. flammea, leaves green, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil; hookeria-

Bunt, Jemtes green and white, 1 to 2 ft.; magnifica, leaves bronzy green, 2 to 3 ft.,

Microglossa (Shrubby Star-wort).—Ord. © i
shrubby pone irst introduced 1883, Ree Teeta
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, Position, sunny borders. Plant Oct.,
270

ENOCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

N ov., March, or April. se aa by seeds sown fin. deep in sunny
position outdoors, March or April, or in sandy soil in cold frame, April;
division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: M. albescons, blue and white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft.,
Himalayas.

Microlepia.—Sce Davallia.

Micromeria.—oOrd. Labiate. Half-hardy shrubby perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March, or April.” Propagate by cuttings inserted in ordi-
nary sandy soil under hand-light in cold frame, Sept. to Nov.

eee CULTIVATED: M. Piperella, purplish white, July to Oct., 3 in., 9.
jurope.

Miginonette (Reseda odorata).—See Reseda.

Mikania (German Ivy; Parlour Ivy).—Ord. Composite. Half-
hardy perennial flowering climber. First introduced 1823.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, against S.
or W. walls, sunny arbours or trellises. Plant, May. Lift in Oct.,
& store in pots in frost-proof greenhouse or frame.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-
mould or well-decayed manure & little sand. Position, well-drained
pots with shoots trained round trellises, or up rafters, or in suspended
baskets with shoots hanging down, in sunny greenhouse or window.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply stimulants occasionally, May to Sept. Temp., March
to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 40° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings
of shoots inserted in eons soil in temp. 55° to 65° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: . scandens, yellow and white, summer, 6 to 8 ft.,
Trop. America.

Milfoil.—See Achillea.

Military Orchis (Orchis militaris)—See Orchis.

Milk-Thistle (Silybum Marianum).—See Silybum.

Milk Vetch.—see Astragalus.

Milk-weed Gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea)—See CGentiana.

Milk-wort.—See Polygala.

Milla.—See Brodiza.

Miltonia.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1830.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with a few lumps of charcoal. Position, well-drained pots or

ans in shady part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely,
Marek to Sept., moderately afterwards. Shade from sun, & moist
atmosphere essential. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to
March 60° to 65°. Growing period, Feb. to Sept.; resting period,
Sept. to Feb. Flowers appear at base of last-made pseudo-bulb. Pro-
Pee by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. candida, red, brown, yellow, and white, autumn,
12 to 18 in., Brazil; Olowesii, yellow, brown, white, and purple, Sept. and Cct., 2 ft.,
Brazil; cuneata, brown, yellow, white, and rose, Feb., 12 to 18 in., Brazil; phale-
nopsis, white and purple, May, 1 ft., Colombia; Regnelli, rose, purple, and white,
autumn, 1 ft., Brazil; Roezlii, white, purple and green, autumn, 1 ft., Colombia;
schroederiana, yellow, brown, purple, and white, fragrant, 1 ft., Sept., Costa Rica;
spectabilis, rose and purple, summer, 8 to 10 in., Brazil; spectabilis moreliana,
purple, November, 1 ft.; spectabilis bicolor, white and rosy purple; spectabilis
rosea, rose; vexillaria, white, rose, yellow, and orange, spring, 18 in., Colombia;
Warscewiozii, brown, purple, white, and lilac, spring, 1 ft., Colombia. a

Mimosa (Sensitive Plant; Humble Plant).—Ord. Leguminosae.
Stove perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1638. Leaves,
feather-shaped, green, sensitive.

271

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
for sensitive plants (M. pudica & M. sensitiva), well-drained pots. in
light part of stove; for M. marginata similar, but with shoots trained
up roof. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° to 75°, Feb. or March;
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75°, at
any time. M. ange & M. sensitiva, though strictly perennials, are
generally treated as annuals.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. marginata, pink, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Mexico;
pudica (Sensitive or Humble Plant), rose, summer, 12 to 18 in., Brazil; sensitiva,
purple, summer, 3 to 6 ft., Brazil.

Mimutus (Cardinal Flower; Monkey Flower; Musk; Harrison’s
Musk). — Ord. Scrophularinacew. Greenhouse & hardy annual &
perennial herbs. First introduced 1826. Flowers, fragrant.

POT CULTURE OF MUSK: Compost, two parts loam, one part each
of leaf-mould & decayed cow manure & sand. Pot, Feb. to April.
Position, shady window or greenhouse. Water freely, March to Oct. ;
moderately, Oct. to Dec.; keep nearly dry afterwards. Apply stimu-
lants two or three times weekly, May to Sept. Suitable stimulants:
Soot water, liquid guano, nitrate of soda, cow & horse manure. Temp.
March to Oct. 50° to 65°; Oct. to March 40° to 50°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF MUSK: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
moist shady border. Plant, April or May.

CULTURE OF SPOTTED MIMULUS : Sow seeds on surface of light
soil; slightly cover with fine mould & place in temp. 55° to 65°, Feb.,
March, or April. Transplant seedlings when three leaves have formed
lin. apart in shallow boxes of light mould. Place in temp. 55° until
May, then transfer to cold frame. Plant, outdoors, 4in. apart, in
June. Position, shady bed or border. Soil, light, moist, well en-
riched with decayed manure. Mulch with cocoanut-fibre refuse or
decayed manure. Apply stimulants occasionally, July to Sept.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES (M. cardinalis, etc.): Soil,
ordinary rich. Position, moist, shady border. Plant, March to
June. Apply stimulants occasionally, June to Oct. Mulch with
decayed manure in Oct. May be grown in pots similar to common

musk.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
leaf-mould, decayed cow manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots
in light airy greenhouse; shoots trained on sticks or trellis. Pot,
March. Prune, Feb. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 50° to 60°.
Propagate by seeds sown, Feb. to May, on surface of light soil, &
covered with a little sand or fine mould, in temp. 55° to 60°; cuttings
of young shoots inserted in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° at any
time; division of roots, Feb. to May; by cuttings of shoots 2in. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in March,
or in cool greenhouse or window, in summer.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: M. cardinalis (Cardinal Flower), scarlet, summer, 1 to
2 ft., N. America; luteus (Syn. M. SuDeenehs orange and crimson, summer, 6 to
12 ins., N. America; luteus guttatus or maculosus (Spotted Mimulus), parent of the
large-flowered spotted kinds, various, 6 to 8 in., summer; moschatus (Musk),
yellow, summer, 6 in., N. America; moschatus Harrisonii, yellow, large-flowered.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: M. glutinosus (Syn. Diplacus glutinosus), orange, red to
scarlet, all the year, 4 to 6 ft., California; glutinosus punicens, orange-red.

Miniature Sun-flower (Heliopsis lavis).—See Heliopsis.

272

ENCYCLOPHZDIA OF GARDENING.

Minorca Box Tree (Buxus balearica).—See Buxus.

Minorca Holly (Ilex balearica).—See Clematis.

Mint (Mentha viridis).—See Mentha. ‘

Mirabilis (Marvel of Peru).—Ord. Nyctaginacew. Half-hardy
perennials. Tuberous rooted. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, good, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders.
Plant tuberous roots in April; seedlings in June. ‘Apply stimulants
occasionally when plants are flowering. Lift tubers in Oct., and store
in sand, cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes in frost-proof place until
April. Propagate by seeds sown in. deep in light soil in temp. 65°
to 75°, Feb. or March, transferring seedlings to cold frame in May &
planting out in June; division of tubers at planting time. Marvel of
Peru may be treated as an annual.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. hybrida, various colours, summer, 2 ft., hybrid;
Jalapa (Marvel of Peru), various colours, summer, fragrant, 2 to 3 ft., Trop.

America; longiflora, various colours, summer, fragrant, 3 ft., Mexico; multiflora,
purple, summer, 2 to 8 ft., N.W. America.

Miscanthus (Zebra-striped Rush)—Ord. Graminew. Hardy
orn. foliaged grass. Nat. Japan. Leaves, narrow, deep green,
creamy, yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, pots in cold, or heated,
greenhouse; in groups on lawns, or sunny borders. Pot or plant,
March or April. Water plants in pots moderately in winter, freely in
summer. Variegated kinds best adapted for pot culture. Propagate
by division of plants iu March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. japonica (Syn. Eulalia japonica), inflorescence red,
summer, and leaves green, 6 to 7 ft.; japonica folius-striatus, leaves striped white
and green, 3 to 4 ft.; japonica zebrina, leaves banded ce and yellow, 3 ft.;

sinensis (Syn. Eulalia gracillima), leaves, green, graceful, 3 to 5 ft., Ohina and
Japan; sinensis unvittata, leaves with yellow band down centre.

Missouri Currant (Ribes aureum).—See Ribes.

Missouri Evening-Primrose (Cnothera missouriensis
macrocarpa).—See (nothera.

Missouri Hyacinth.—See Brevoortia.

Mistletoe (Viscum album).—See Viscum.

Mistletoe Cactus.—See Rhipsalis.

Mitchella (Chequer-berry; Deer-berry; Partridge-berry).—Ord
Rubiacew. Hardy evergreen trailing herb. First introduced 1761,
Flowers succeeded by small scarlet berries.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat & leaf-mould. Position, shady
borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
by division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. repens, white and purple, fragrant, summer, 3 in.,
N. America.

Mitella (Mitre-wort; Bishop’s Cap).—Ord. Saxifragacee. Hardy
perennial herbs. First introduced 1731.
CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, partially shaded rockeries.

Plant, March or April. Propagate by division of the roots, March or
April.

PECIES CULTIVATED: M. diphylla (Mitre-wort), white, spring, 6 in.; N.
America.

Mitraria (Mitre Flower; Scarlet, Mitre-pod)—Ord. Gesneracezx.
Hardy evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1848.

CULTURE: Soil, two parts fibrous peat, one part sand. Position,
moist sheltered borders or rockeries. Plant, Sept. or April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy peat, one part leaf-
mould & sand. Pot, Sept. or Oct. Position, well-drained pots iu

273

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

shady cold greenhouse or fernery. Water freely, March to Oct.;
moderately afterwards. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in
light soil under bell-glass in cold shady frame or greenhouse, April to
ee ; division of roots in April.

ECIES CULTIVATED: M. coccinea, scarlet, May to Aug., trailing, Chiloe.

Mitre-pod (Mitraria coccinea).—See Mitraria.

Mitre-wort (Mitella diphylla).—See Mitella.

Mitriostigma (Citron-scented Gardenia). — Ord. Rubiacew.
Stove evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1856.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well-
decayed manure & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, or beds in
plant stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb.
or March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to
65°. Water moderately, Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Syringe
daily (except when in bloom), March to Sept. Apply liquid manure
occasionally to healthy plants in flower. Propagate by cuttings of fira
young side shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of
sandy , ood under bell-glass in met 75° to 85°, Jan. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. axillaris (Syn. Gardenia citriodora), white, fragrant,
spring, 3 to 5 ft., 8. Afrioa.

Mocassin Flower (Cypripedium spectabile).—See Cypripe-
dium.

Mock Cypress (Kochia scoparia).—See Kochia.

Mock-Orange (Philadelphus coronarius).—See Philadelphus.

Mock-Plane (Acer pseudo-platanus).—See Acer.

Mock-Privet (Phillyrea angustifolia).—See Phillyrea.

Modiola.—See Malvastrum.

Mohria (Frankincense).—Ord. Filices. | Greenhouse evergreen
ferns. First introduced 1842. Fronds, feather-shaped, green,
fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part small lumps of sand-
stone, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part
of greenhouse, or in beds in wardian cases in dwelling room. Pot or
plant, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to Feb., freely after-
wards. Temp. March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in pans &
placed in temp. 75° to 85° any time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. caffrorum, 8. Africa.

Moldavian Balm (Dracocephalum moldavicum).—See Draco-
cephalum.

olinia (Indian Grass; Lavender Grass).—Ord. Graminew, Hardy
perennial grass. Leaves, smooth, rigid, variegated with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady, as edgings to
beds or borders. Plant, Oct. or March to June. Propagate by divi-
sion of roots, autumn or spring.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: M. oxrulea variegata, i i i
cee He ariegata, leaves variegated with white,

Molopospermum.—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy perennial;
orn. foliage. Leaves, fern-like & graceful.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich. Position, sunny, fully exposed borders,
or naturalising in wild garden. Plant in Maren, Propagate by seeds
sown outdoors when ripe, or in cold frame in March; also by division
of roots in ae

dries GUE IVATED: M. oioutarium, yellow and white, May, 3 to 4 ft., Cen-

Momordica (Balsam Apple).—Ord Cucurbitacer. Half-hardy
274

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

annuals climbers. Orn, foliage. First introduced 1568, Fruit, round,
oblong, or cylindrical, reddish orange; Sept.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts decayed turfy soil, one
part horse droppings or decomposed manure. Position, pots or beds
with shoots trained up roof of sunny greenhouse. Pot or plant, April
or May. Size of pots, 8 or 10 in. Water freely. Syringe twice
daily. Moist atmosphere essential. Apply stimulants occasionally
when fruit forms. ip off point of shoot at first joint beyond fruit.
Shade from hot sun. emp., 65° to 75°,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position, against
sunny walls, trellises, arbours, or trailing over banks. Plant, June.
Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally when
fruit forms. Pruning of shoots not required. Propagate by seeds
sown singly in 2-in. pots filled with light soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. Balsamina eta Apple), yellow, June, 4 ft.,
Tropics; Charantia, yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft., Tropics.

Monarch of the East (Sauromatum guttatum).—See Sauro-
matum,

Monarda (Sweet Bergamot; Wild Bergamot; Bee Balm; Oswego
Mint)—Ord. Labiate. Hardy herbaceous perennials. First intro-
duced 1656. Leaves, mint, balm, or sage-scented.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, singly, or in masses in open
or partially shaded borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.
Top-dress with decayed manure in autumn or spring. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in partially-shaded position out-
doors, March or April, or in boxes of light soil in cold frame or green-
house in March; division of roots in Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. didyma (Oswego Tea or Sweet Bergamot), scarlet,

summer, 1 to 2 ft., N. America; fistulosa (Wild Bergamot), purple, summer, 3 to
4 ft., N. America.

Monardella.—0Ord. Labiatw. Hardy annual & perennial herbs.
First introduced 1877. Leaves, fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or partially shaded
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Sow annual species
outdoors, where required to grow, in March or April. Top-dress with
decayed manure in autumn or § ring. Propagate by seed sown
1-16in. deep in light soil in partially-shaded position outdoors, March
or April, or in boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March;
division of roots, Oct. or March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: M. candicans, white, summer, 1 ft., N. America.

Peo eee SPECIES: M. macrantha, scarlet, autumn, fragrant, 1 ft., N.
merica,

Money-flower (Luuaria biennis).—See Lunaria. :

Money-in-both-Pockets (Lunaria biennis),—See Lunaria.

Money-wort (Lysimachia nummularia).—See Lysimachia.

Monkey-flower.—See Mimulus. ,

Monkey Nut (Arachis hypoge#a).—See Arachis. :

Monkey-puzzle (Araucaria imbricata)—See Araucaria.

Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus).—See Aconitum.

Monochzetum.—Ord. Melastomacew. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. :

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part light loam,
one part leaf-mould & little sand. Position, well-drained pots in light
greenhouse, Sept. to June; cold sunny frames, June to Sept. Pot,
March. Prune shoots moderately close immediately after flowering.

275

BNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Water moderately, Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Syringing twice
daily, March to June. Apply stimulants occasionally, June to Oct.
Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to June 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in well-drained
ots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75°, March or April.
ip off points of shoots of young plants occasionally, April to Aug., to

induce bashy progte. :

SPECIES OULTIVATED: M. alpestre, red, winter, 2 ft., Mexico; hartwegianum,
rose, winter, 2 ft., Peru; humboldtianum, red and purple, winter, 2 ft., Caraccas;
lemoineanum, rose and violet, winter, 2 ft.; sericeum multiflorum, mauve, spring,
2 ft., New Grenada.

Monstera (Shingle Plant)—Ord. Aroidee. Stove evergreen
climbers. Orn. foliage & fruiting. Leaves, large, handsome, per-
forated, dark green. Stems, creeping, furnished with erial roots.
Fruit, cylindrical, fragrant, pine-apple flavoured; ripe in autumn.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould & loam, little
sand. Position, well-drained border against damp wall of stove or
warm fernery. Plant, Feb. to April. Water freely, March to Oct.,
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily, March to Sept., once
daily afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March
55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of the stems inserted in light soil
in temp. 70° to 80°, any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. acuminata (Syn. M. tenuis and Gravia paradoxa),
the Shingle Plant, yellow, summer, Trop. America; deliciosa, yellow, summer, fruit,
delicious, Mexico.

Montbretia.—See Tritonia.

Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa).—See Cupressus.

Monterey Pine-tree (Pinus insignis).—See Pinus.

Monthly Rose ree indica).—See Rosa.

Moon Creeper (Menispermum canadense).—See Menispermum.

Moon Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum).—See Chrysanthe-
mum.

Moon Fern (Botrychium lunaria).—See Botrychium.

Moon-seed (Menispermum canadense).—See Menispermum.

Moon-wort (Botrychium lunaria).—See Botrychium.

Morzea (Butterfly Iris; Wedding Flower).—Ord. Iridacex. Half-
hardy bulbous plants. First introduced 1597.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny well-drained
border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep & 2in. apart.
Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in March with
cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44 in. in diameter, well-drained.
Place five bulbs 3in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to March, 40° to 50°; other times, 50° to . Propagate by
offsets treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. bicolor, yellow and brown, summer, 2 ft., S.
Africa; robinsoniana (Syn. Iris robinsoniana), the Wedding Flower, white, summer,

ee Lae tg s Islands; unguiculata (Syn. Vieussexia unguicularis), white

Moreton Bay Lily (Eurycles Cunninghami).—See Eurycles.
Moreton Bay Pine-tree (Araucaria Cunninghami). — See
Araucaria.

276

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Moreton Bay Trumpet Jasmine (Tecoma jasminoides).

ee Tecoma.
orina (Whorl-flower). — Ord. Di ‘ Hard erennial

herbs. First introduced eas, ua ie

CULTURE: Soil, deep moist sandy loam. Position, partially
shaded sheltered borders. Plant, Sept. to Nov., March, or April.
Protect, Nov. to March, by covering of litter. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16in. deep in sandy peat & leaf-mould in cold frame in Sept.
or Oct., March or April; division of roots, Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. coulteriana, yellow, June, 18 in., Himalayas; longi-

folia, purple, July, 2 to 3 ft., Himalayas; persica, red and white, 1 to 2 ft.,
Himalayas.

Mormodes. — Ord, Orchidacew. Stove deciduous epiphyte’
orchids. First introduced 1837. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off; very little other times. _Temp., March to Sept.,
65° to 85°; Sept. to March, 60° to 70°. Resting period, winter.
Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb. Propagate by division
of plant at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. luxata, lemon yellow and brown, July, Mexico;
ae eburnea, creamy white; pardina, yellow and crimson, July and August,

Morning Glory (Ipomza purpurea).—_See Ipomza.

Morus (Mulberry).—Ord. Urticacew. Hardy deciduous trees.
Orn. foliage & fruit-bearing. First introduced 1548. One of the
oldest of cultivated fruits. Flowers, greenish white; May to July.
Fruit, oblong white, red, or black berries; ripe, Sept. & Oct.

CULTURE OF MULBERRY (M. nigra): Soil, light, deep moist
loam. Position, sunny, sheltered from north winds, in England;
against south walls in Scotland. Plant, Nov. to March. Depth of
roots below surface Gin. Prune in Feb., simply thinning over-crowded
branches & shortening straggling ones. Shorten young shoots grow-
ing out of front of branches of trees grown against walls to 6in. in
July. Top-dress surface of soil equal to spread of branches with
well-decayed manure in Oct. or Nov. Suitable artificial manure: two
parts nitrate of soda, one part superphosphate, one part kainit. Apply
in Feb. or March at the rate of 40z. per square yard. Gather fruit
when ready to drop. Spread layer of straw or lawn mowings for
fruit to fall upon.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny sheltered shrubberies or singly on lawns. Plant, Oct. to
March. Prune as advised for mulberry. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep in light sandy soil, in temp. 55° to 65° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June or July, or in similar soil &
depth outdoors in May; cuttings 6 to 8in. long, partly of current &
partly of two-year-old shoots removed from upper part of tree, &
inserted half their depth in light soil in sheltered position outdoors,
Sept., Oct., or March; layering shoots in Sept.; grafting in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. alba (White Mulberry), 20 to 30 ff., Asia, and its
varieties, heterophylla, laciniata, latifolia, macrophylla and pendula (Weeping
Mulberry); nigra (Black or Common Mulberry), 20 to 30 ft., Hast; rubra (Red
auibeea 50 to 60 ft., N. America, — : .

Moschosma.—ord. Labiatw. Greenhouse perennial flowering
plant with nettle-like foliage. ;

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & decayed manure, little

277

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

sand. — Position, greenhouse, Sept. to June; cold frame, June to
Sept. Pot, March. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply stimulants occasionally a month after repotting until
flowers expand, then cease. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°;
March to June 55° to 65°. Cut down shoots to within 3in. of their
base after flowering. Young plants: Insert cuttings 3in. long of
oung shoofs in light sandy soil in temp. 65° in Feb. or March.
When rooted, place singly in 3}in. pots. Nip off point of main
shoots, also of succeeding shoots when 3in. long. Shift into 5 or 6in.
pots when former pots are filled with roots. Water freely. Apply
stimulants occasionally. Place in cold frame, June to Sept. Pro-
pagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a temp. 65° in spring.
é aaa OULTIVATED: M. riparium, white and purple, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
Moss.—See Selaginella.
Moss Campion (Silene acaulis).—See Silene.
ariees Pink (Phlox subulata and Silene acaulis)—See Phlox and
ilene.
Moss Rose (Rosa centifolia muscosa).—See Rosa.
Mossy Phlox (Phlox subulata).—See Phlox.
Mossy Saxifrage (Saxifraga hypnoides).—See Saxifraga.
Mother oO’ Millions (Linaria Cymbalaria).—Sce Linaria.
Mother-of-Thousands (Linaria cymbalaria & Saxifraga
sarmentosa).—See Linaria & Saxifraga.
Moth-plant (Phalenopsis schilleriana)—See Fhalenopsis.
Mountain Ash (Pyrus aucuparia).—See Pyrus.
Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala)—See Dryas.

Mountain Bladder Fern (Cystopteris montana). — Sce
Cystopteris.

Mountain Buckler Fern (Nephrodium montanum).—See
Nephrodium.

Mountain Centaury (Centaurea montana).—See Centaurea.

Mountain Clematis (Clematis montana).—See Clematis.

Mountain Elim (Ulmus montana).—See Ulmus.

Mountain Flea-bane (Erigeron alpinus).—See Erigeron.

Mountain Forget-me-not (Myosotis rupicola)—See Myo-
sotis.

Mountain-Fringe (Adlumia cirrhosa)—See Adlumia.

Mountain Houseleek (Sempervivum montanum).—See Sem-
pervivum.

Mountain [xia-Lily (Ixiolirion montanum).—See Ixiolirion.

Mountain Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis montana). — S-e
Anthyllis.

Mountain Mad-wort (Alyssum montanum).—See Alyssum.

Mountain Mint (Monarda didyma).—See Monarda.

Mountain Parsley Fern (Cryptogramme crispa). — Sce
eee. :
Mountain Pink (Dianthus c&sius).—See Dianthus.

Mountain Sage.—See Lantana.

Mountain Sandwort (Arenaria montana).—See Arenaria.
Mountain Snow (Arabis albida)—See Arabis.
Mountain Spider-wort (Lloydia alpina).—Sce Lloydia,
Mountain Spinach (Atriplex hortensis).—See Atriplex.
Mountain Sweet (Ceanothus americanus).—See Ceanothus.

278

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

a Tea-plant (Gaultheria procumbens).—See Gaul-
eria.

Mountain Violet (Viola lutea).—See Viola.

Mount Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica).—See Cedrus.

Mournful Widow (Scabiosa atro-purpurea).—See Scabiosa.

Mourning Iris (Iris Susiana).—See Iris.

Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium tomentosum). — See
Cerastium.

: Moustache Plant (Caryopteris Mastacanthus).—See Caryop-
exis.

Mozambique Lily (Gloriosa virescens).—See Gloriosa.

Muhlenbeckia (Native Ivy of Australia)—Ord. Polygonacez.
Hardy trailing & climbing plants. Evergreen. Plants with fern-
like foliage. First introduced 1822,

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny rockery. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Protect, Nov. to April by covering of
dry litter or fern. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in
shady position outdoors, June to Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. adpressa, Australia; complexa, New Zealand; com-
plexa nana, dwarf variety; varians, New Zealand.

Mulberry.—See Morus.

Mule Fern (Hemionitis palmata)._See Hemionitis.

Mule Pink.—Hybrid varieties of Dianthus.

Mulgedium.—sSee Lactuca.

Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus).—See Verbascus.

Mummy Pea (Pisum elatius).—See Pisum.

Musa (Banana; Plantain).—Ord. Scitaminacee. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. Orn. foliage & edible fruiting. First introduced
1690. Inflorescence, yellow, scarlet, green ; Jan. to April; succeeded
by oblong pods borne in huge clusters. Leaves, very large, oblong,

reen.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part well-decayed
manure & one part sand. Position, pots, tubs or beds in lofty sunny
stove. Pot or plant, Jan. to April. Water copiously, Feb. to Oct. ;
about once fortnightly afterwards. Syringe twice daily, Feb. to
Sept.; once daily, Sept. to Feb. Moist atmosphere essential. Apply
stimulants twice or three times weekly, March to Oct. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 70°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF M. ENSETE: Position, sunny sheltered
borders or nooks. Place in position first or second week in June,
plunging pot or tub to its rim in the ground. Water copiously.
Apply stimulants once a week, Lift & replace in stove in Sept. May
also be planted in ordinary rich soil in June, freely watered, lifted in
Sept. & roots stored close together in temp. 45° to 55° until following
June. Propagate by suckers removed from parent plant & placed in

ots in temp. 75° to 85° any time of year. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. Cavendishii, 5 to 10 ft., China; Ensete, 10 to 20 ft.,
Abyssinia, kind used for garden decoration in summer; sapientum (Banana), 10 to
20 ft., Tropics; sapientum paradisiaca (Plantain),

Muscari (Grape Hyacinth).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous
flowering plants. Deciduous. .

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy loam. Position, sunny
beds, borders, or rockeries. Plant, Aug. to Nov. in lines or masses.
Depth for planting: mall bulbs 2in. deep & lin. apart; large bulbs

279

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

4in. deep & 3 to 4in. apart. Mulch with decayed manure, Nov.
Lift, divide, & replant every third year.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or well-decayed cow manure & one part river sand. Pot, Aug.
to Nov., placing 18 to 20 small bulbs, lin. apart, in a 5-in. pot; or
3 to 5 large-sized bulbs lin. deep in similar pots. Position, under
layer of cinder ashes from time of potting till growth commences,
then in cold frame, cool greenhouse or window till past flowering,
afterwards in sunny spot outdoors. Water moderately from time
growth commences till foliage fades, then keep dry. Repot annually.
Apply weak stimulants once or twice during flowering period. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light sandy soil in boxes or cold
frames, or outdoors in Sept.; offsets from old bulbs removed when
lifting & planted as advised for full-sized bulbs. Seedlings flower
when 3 to 4 yon old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. botryoides, blue, spring, 6 in., Europe; botryoides
album, white; comosum (Tassel Hyacinth), blue, April, 8 in., Europe; comosum
monstrosum (Feather Hyacinth), blue, April, 8 in.; conicum (Heavenly Blue variety),
blue, April, 8 in., Trebizond; Heldreichii, blue, May, 8 in., Greece; moschatum
(Musk Hyacinth), yellow and violet, April, 8 in., Asia Minor; racemosum (Starch
Hyacinth), blue, April, 6 in., Europe.

Mushroom.—See Agaricus.

Musk (Mimulus moschatus).—See Mimulus.

Musk Grape Hyacinth (Muscari moschatum).—See Muscari.

Musk Mallow Ee le moschata).—See Malva.

Musk Orchis (Herminium monorchis).—See Herminium.

Musk-scented Rose (Rosa moschata).—See Rosa.

Musszenda. — Ord. Rubiacee. Stove evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1805.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light moist stove. Pot, Feb.
to April. Prune moderately after flowering. Temp., Feb. to Oct.,
65° to 85°; Oct. to Feb., 55° to 65°. Water freely, April to Sept. ;
moderately, Sept. to Nov. & Feb. to April; keep somewhat dry, Nov.
to Feb. Syringe daily, Feb. to Oct. Propagate by cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 70° to 80°, May to July.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. erythrophylla, yellow, bracts crimson, winter, 1 ft.,

Trop. Africa; frondosa, yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft., India; macrophylla, orange, May,
4 to 6 ft., Nepaul.

Mustard (Salading).—See Brassica.

Mutisia. — Ord. Compositw. Greenhouse or hardy climbing
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould, half-part sand. Position, pots or beds; shoots
trained up rafters or round trellises. Pot or plant, Feb. or March.
Prune slightly after flowering. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally, May to Sept.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
well-drained border against sheltered, partially shaded wall. Plant,
Oct., March, or April. Water freely in dry weather. Protect from
slugs by placing layer of fine coke or cinders round base of stems.
Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in-
serted in sand under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, May or June;
hardy species by cuttings of similar shoots inserted in sand in shady
cold frame or greenhouse in April or May.

2:0

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: M. clematis, scarlet, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Peru.

HARDY SPECIES: M. decurrens, orange, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Ohili.

Myosotidium (Chatham Islands Forget-me-not).—Ord. Bora-
ginacew. Hardy herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1858.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, cool & damp sheltered bor-
der. Plant, Oct. or March. Water freely in dry weather. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in April where plants are required to
grow. This plant should be disturbed as little as possible.
io CULTIVATED: M. nobile, blue and white, spring, 12 to 18 in., Chatham

Myosotis (Forget-me-not; Scorpion Grass).—Ord. Boraginacea.
Hardy perennials.

CULTURE OF M. ALPESTRIS: Soil, moist gritty loam. Position,
partially shady rockery, surrounded by small pieces of sandstone.
Plant, March or April.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, as
edgings to, or in masses in partially shady beds or borders. Plant,
Oct., Nov., or March, 4 to Gin. apart. These are best treated as
biennials—namely, raised from seed sown outdoors in April, May or
June, transplanted into the beds or borders in Oct. to flower following
year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep outdoors in spring or
summer; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in June or
July; division of roots in March or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. alpestris (Syn. M. rupicola), blue and white,
fragrant, June and July, 8 in., Europe; alpestris elegantissima, white, rose, and
blue; alpestris stricta, erect growing, sky blue; alpestris victoria, sky-blue, 6 in.;
azorica, blue, summer, 6 to 10 in., Azores; azorica alba, white; azorica Imperatrice
Elisabeth, bluish purple: dissitiflora, sky blue, March to July, 8 to 10 in., Alps; dis-
sitiflora alba, white; palustris, sky blue, May to July, 6 to 12 in., Britain; palustris
semperflorens, long flowering; palustris Tom Thumb, sky blue, 3 to 6 in.; sylvatica,
blue and yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Britain; and its varieties, grandiflora and
elegantissima. 1

Myrica (Candle-berry Myrtle)—Ord. Myricacee. Hardy deci-
duous & evergreen shrubs. Leaves, lance-shaped, green, highly fra-

rant.

CULTURE: Soil, moist sandy peat. Position, open sheltered bor-
ders. Plant, Oct. to March. Prine deciduous species, Nov. to Feb.;
evergreen species, April. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
ordinary soil in sheltered position outdoors in autumn; cuttings in-
serted in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, Sept. or Oct.;
layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.; division of plants, Oct. to March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. asplenifolia ee Comptonia asplenifolia), brown,
April, 3 to 4 ft., N. America; cerifera (Candle-berry or Wax Myrtle), brown, May,
15 to 20 ft., America; Gale (Sweet Gale), brown, May, 4 ft., N. Europe (Britain).

Myricaria (German Tamarisk).—Ord. Tamaricacee. Hardy de-
ciduous flowering shrub. First introduced 1582.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Position, open sunny borders or
banks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune into shape, Nov. to Feb. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy soil in open sunny position
outdoors in March or April; cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in
sandy soil outdoors, Aug. to Nov. F

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. germanica (Syn. Tamarix germanica), pink, July,
6 to 8 ft., Europe.

Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera).—See Prunus.

Myrrhis (Sweet Cicely)—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy perennial
aromatic herb. Orn. foliage. Leaves finely divided, fern-like, fra-
grant. °

281

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny borders. Plant,
Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in ordinary soil
outdoors, cope or April; division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. odorata, white, May, 3 ft., Europe (Britain).

Myrsiphyllum.—See Asparagus.

Myrtle (Myrtus communis).—See Myrtus.

Myrtile-Flag peeone calamus).—See Acorus.

Myrtus (Myrtle)—Ord. Myrtacew. Greenhouse & half-hardy
evergreen shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage. Jirst introduced 1597,
Flowers, white, fragrant; ay to July. Fruit, oblong or round,
purplish black berries; fragrant & edible. Leaves, egg or lance-
shaped, green, fragrant.

CULTURE IN GREENHOUSES: Compost, two parts sandy loam,
one part leaf-mould, half a part sand. Position, well-drained pots
or tubs, or in beds with shoots trained to walls, in light sunny airy
greenhouses. Place pot plants in sunny position outdoors, June to
Sept. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. Water copiously,
March to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, March to
Oct. Apply stimulants once a week, May to Sept., to healthy plants
only. Temp., March to Sept., 55° to 65°; Sept. to March, 45° to 50°.
May be grown in dwelling rooms or windows under similar treatment.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary sandy. Position, well-
drained borders against sheltered 8. walls in 8. or 8.W. of England
only. Plant, Oct. or March. Protect, Oct. to March, in severe
winters, with mats or straw. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in
sandy soil in temp. 60° to 70° in autumn or spring; cuttings of young
shoots, 2in. long, inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65°
to 75°, spring and summer; cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3in. long,
inserted in sandy soil in cool greenhouse or window, June or July;
branches, 5 to Gin. long, inserted in bottles of water suspended in
sunny window or greenhouse, summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. bullata, 10 to 15 ft., New Zealand; communis
(Common Myrtle), 6 to 10 ft., S. Europe, hardy; communis flore-pleno, double-
flowered; communis variegata, variegated; Luma (Syn. Eugenia Luma), 3 ft., Chili;
Ugni (Syn. Eugenia Ugni), 4 to 6 ft., Chili, hardy; Ugni variogata, variegated.

Nezegelia.—Ord. Gesneriacex. Stove tuberous-rooted herbaceous
perennials, Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1840.
Leaves, heart-shaped, green or crimson, velvety.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, one
part leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots or pans in shady part of plant stove. Pot, March to
flower in summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in winter.
Place tubers lin. deep singly in 5 in. pots, or 1 to 2in. apart in larger
sizes. Water moderately from time growth begins until plants are
3 or 4in. high, then freely. After flowering, gradually withhold
water till foliage dies down, then keep dry till potting timé. Apply
weak liquid manure once or twice « week when flower buds show.
Syringing not required. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to
March 55° to 75°. Store when foliage has decayed on their sides
under stage till potting time in temp. of 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown on surface of well-drained pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75°,
March or April; cuttings of young shoots faperted in pots of sandy
peat in temp. 75° to 85° in spring, division of rhizomes at potting

time.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. cinnabarina, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Mexico; multi-
282

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

flora (Syn. Achimenes amabili hi ico ; i d
featlat, Det tte wee ilis), white, Aug., 2 ft., Mexico; zebrina, yellow and

Nail-wort.—See Paronychia.

Naked-flowered Azal i =
iaielseaeon alea (Rhododendron nndiflora).—See

Naked-flowered Crocus (Crocus nudiflorus).—See Crocus.

Nandina (Heavenly Bamboo).—Ord. Berberidaces. Half-hardy
evergreen flowering shrubs.

: CULTURE: Soil, peat & loam. Position, sheltered beds or borders
in mild districts only. Plant in May or Sept. Propagate by cuttings
inserted in sandy peat in a warm greenhouse in spring or summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. domestica, white, summer, 4 to 5 ft., leaves assume
reddish tint in autumn, Japan, ,

Nankeen Lily (Lilium testaceum)—See Lilium.

Nanodes.—See Epidendrum.

Narbonne Flax (Linum narbonense).—See Linum.

Narcissus (Daffodil; Jonquil; Chinese Sacred Lily; Chalice
Flower ; Lent Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacex. Hardy bulbous perennials.

Cuasstrication: Narcissi are divided into three main sections or
groups, viz.: I, Magni-Coronati (Trumpet Daffodils). II. Medio-Coro-
nati (Chalice-cupped Daffodils or Star Narcissi). III. Parvi-Coronati
(Dolly-cup or Poet’s Narcissi). Group I, have large trumpets; II.,
short trumpets or cups; III., very short cups or trumpets. To first
group belong the following types: Yellow, white & yellow (Bicolor), &
cream trumpet kinds, Johnstonii, cyclamineus, bulbocodium, Humei,
Backhousei, & tridymus; to second group, incomparabilis, Barrii,
Leedsii, montanus, Bernardi, Machai Nelsoni, triandrus, juncifolius,
& odorus; to third group, Burbidgei, Engleheartii, poeticus, poetaz,
tazetta or polyanthus, biflorus, and jonquilla, The name Daffodil
usually applies to kinds with long trumpets.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary for common kinds; sandy
loam for N. bulbocodium & vars.; peaty soil for N. cyclamineus. No
manure must be applied. Position, partially or quite shady beds or
borders facing N. or N.E. for robust kinds; rockeries sheltered from N.
or N.E. winds for choice or dwarf kinds. Plant, June to Oct. Depth
for planting, 3 to 4in. on heavy soils; 6in. on light soils. Distance
apart, 2 to 6in. Lift N. bulbocodium in July & replant in Oct.;
other kinds every three or four years in July. Do not remove foliage
until quite dead. Manures: 402. of basic slag or 4.0z. of bonemeal for
heavy soils; 40z. of sulphate of potash for sandy soils. Apply above
quantities per square avd before planting.

CULTURE IN TURF: Make holes 2 to 3in. wide, 3in. deep. Place
one bulb in each & cover with soil & turf. Plant, July to Oct. Grass
must not be cut until leaves turn yellow.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part
well-decayed manure or leaf-mould, one part sand. Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
placing 3 large, 6 medium-sized, or 12 small bulbs in a 5-in. pot.
Depth for planting: Allow apex to just appear above surface of soil.
Position, under cinder ashes outdoors or in frame until growth begins,
then remove to greenhouse or window. Water only when growth
commences; moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants when
flowers appear. Temp. for forcing, 55° to 65°. After flowering,
plaut bulbs, except those of N. bulbocodium & N. cyclamineus, out-
doors, Keep soil of the latter dry after flowering.

283

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING. .

CULTURE OF CHINESE SACRED LILY: Half fill a Japanese
bowl with shingle or gravel, & add sufficient water to just cover this.
Place bulb on the shingle & surround with pebbles. _ Put bowl in
dark cupboard until growth begins, then remove to light. Change
water once a week; use tepid water only. Bulbs usually flower 5 to 6
weeks after being placed in bowls; useless after flowering. Propa-
gate by seeds sown }in. deep in pans of sandy loam in cold frame in
autumn, transplanting seedlings following year 1in. apart in bed of
sandy soil in shady position outdoors; by offsets, removed from old
bulbs in July or Aug., & replanted at once as advised for parent bulbs.
eee ne, bulbs flower when three to six years old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N., biflorus, white and yellow, May, 1 ft., Europe;
Bulbocodium (Hoop-petticoat Daffodil), yellow, April, 6 in., 8. Europe, and its
varieties, citrinus (sulphur-yellow), conspicuus (yellow), Graellsii (sulphur-yellow),
and monophyllus (white); cernuus, white, spring, 1 ft., Pyrenees; cyclamineus
(Oyclamen-flowered Daffodil), lemon and yellow, spring, 1 ft., Portugal; gracilis,
yellow, April, 1 ft., France; incomparabilis (Chalice-cup Daffodil), yellow, April,1 ft.,
Europe; Johnstonii, pale sulphur, 1 ft., Portugal; jonquilla (Jonquil), yellow, April,
9 in., Spain; jonquilla flore-pleno, double; juncifolius (Rush-leaved Daffodil), yellow,
spring, 1 ft., S. Europe; MacLeayii, cream, March, 6 in., Pyrenees; major, yellow,
March, 1 ft., Europe; maximus, yellow, April, 1 ft., Europe; minor, yellow, March,
9 in., Europe; minor minimus, sulphur-yellow, 6 in.; moschatus (Musk Daffodil),
white, April, 1 ft., Pyrenees; odorus (Campernel), yellow, May, 1 ft., Spain;
poeticus (Poet’s Daffodil and Pheasant’s Eye Narcissus), white, May, 1 ft., Medi-
terranean Region; Pseudo-narcissus (Common Daffodil or Lent Lily), yellow, March,
1 ft., Europe (Britain); pseudo-narcissus bicolor, white and yellow; serotinus, white
and yellow, Sept., 1 ft., 8. Europe; Tazetta (Polyanthus Narcissus and Ohinese
Sacred Lily), white and yellow, March, 1 ft., Mediterranean Region; triandrus
(Angel’s Tears), white, April, 6 to 9 in., Spain; triandrus calathinus, sulphur-

yellow.

PRINOIPAL HYBRIDS: N. Backhousei, sulphur and yellow; Barrii, sulphur
and orange; Burbidgei, white, yellow and red; Humei, sulphur and lemon-yellow;
Leedsii, white and sulphur. Numerous varieties of each of above.

PRINCIPAL DOUBLE-FLOWERED DAFFODILS.—Capax plenus, lemon; cernuus
plenus, white; lobularis plenus, yellow; minor plenus, yellow; Telemonius plenus,
yellow; Butter and Eggs, yellow and orange; Eggs and Bacon, white and orange;
Codlins and Cream, white and sulphur; Queen Anne’s Jonquil (N. odorus plenus),
yellow; and Campernelli plenus, yellow.

Narthecium oan Bog Asphodel).—Ord. Liliacer. Hardy
herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist beds, borders or mar-
gins of ponds. Soil, ordinary, or boggy peat. Plant, Oct. or March.
Propagate by seeds sown in March or April, where plants are required
to grow; division of roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. ossifragum, yellow, July, 6 in., Europe (Britain).

Nasturtium.—A term commonly but erroneously applied to
Tropzolum majus.

Nasturtium (Water Cress)—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy perennial
herb. Aquatic. Leaves, green or brown; largely used for salads.

CULTURE IN BEDS IN WATER: Soil, ordinary. Position, open.
Dimensions of beds, 3 to 4ft. wide; 3 to Gin. deep; no limit as to
length. Depth of soil, 1} to 3in. Depth of water 14in. when first
planted; 3in. when growing freely; Gin. in winter. Water must flow
through beds, not be stagnant. Plant, May and June for gathering
in Aug. to Feb.; Sept. to Nov. for gathering Feb. to May. Replant
beds twice annually. Distance for planting, 6in. apart in rows, 2 ft.
between rows. Soil must be removed each planting. Gather the tops
once a week; cut, not break, them off.

CULTURE IN PANS: Soil, ordinary. Position, tubs or tanks of
water in open air or under glass. Sow seeds 1-16in, deep in March

284

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

or Sept., & partly immerse pan in water; wholly when seedlings
appear. Insert cuttings 2 to 3in. apart in spring or autumn, partly
immerse at first, wholly after.

CULTURE IN TRENCHES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
Dig trench 2ft. wide, 1ft. deep. Put 6in. decayed manure in & 3in.
of soil on this. Sow seeds thinly fin. deep in April & Aug. Keep
well watered. Cress sown in April gather June to Sept.; in Aug.,
Nov. to May. Propagate for beds by seeds sown on a shady border in
April, & kept moist; by division of the plants in May or Aug. Cress
marketed by the dozen bunches, each bunch containing as many shoots
as one hand will hold. Average price per doz. bunches, 6d., to Is.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. officinale, white, June, Britain. See Tropxolum for
garden nasturtiums.

Natal Lily (Clivia miniatum)—See Clivia.

Native Ivy of Australia (Mublenbeckia adpressa). — See
Muhlenbeckia.

Navel-wort (Cotyledon umbilicus).—See Cotyledon.

pee pelran Cyclamen (Cyclamen neapolitanum).—See Cy-
clamen.

Neapolitan Daphne (Daphne collina).—See Daphne.

Neapolitan Violet (Viola odorata pallida plena)—See Viola.

Necklace Poplar (Populus deltoidea)._See Populus,

Nectarine.—See Prunus.

Neilgherry Lily (Lilium neilgherrense).—See Lilium.

Neillia (Nine Bark).—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy evergreen shrubs.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny shrubberies or
banks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune flowering species moderately
after blooming; variegated variety in Feb. Propagate by seeds sown
Zin. deep in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, autumn or
spring; cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sand under
bell-glass any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. amurensis (Syn. Spirea amurensis), white, summer,

4 to 6 ft., Amur; opulifolia (Syn. Spirea opulifolia), white, June, 4 to 7 ft., N.
America; opulifolia lutea, leaves golden.

Nelson’s Phlox (Phlox Nelsoni).—See Phlox.

Nelumbium (Sacred Bean; Egyptian Bean; Chinese Water
Lily)—Ord. Nymphacee. Greenhouse aquatic rhizomatous-rooted
perennials. Orn. foliage & flowering. First introduced 1787. Flowers,
fragrant. Leaves, shield-shaped, 1 to 2ft. in diameter, bluish green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed manure.
Position, in tanks or tubs of water heated to a temp. of 60° to 65°.
Plant rhizomes 3 to 4in. below surface of water in Feb. or March.
Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 55°. Draw off
water from tank in Oct., & keep rhizomes dry till Feb. N. speciosum
may be grown in tank in sunny position outdoors, June to Sept. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in sandy soil, 2 to 3in. below surface of water,
heated to temp. of 60° to 70° any time of year; division of rhizomes
Me CULTIVATED: N. luteum, yellow, July, 8. United States; speciosum,
white and rose, July, Trop. Asia. The following are varieties of the latter species:
Album grandifiorum, white; album plenum, double white; album striatum, white
and carmine; roseum grandiflorum, rose; and roseum plenum, rose, double.

Nemastylis.—Ord. Iridacew. Half-hardy flowering bulbs. De-
ciduous. First introduced 1875.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny

285

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

well-drained border. Plant, Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep & 2in.
apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March with cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44-in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs 3in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
commences. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to Mar., 40° to 50°; other times, 50° to 60°. Propagate by offsets
treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. ccelestina, blue, summer, 6 in., Oalifornia; gemini-
flora, yellow and black, summer, 6 in., California.

Nemesia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy annuals. Nat.
8. Africa. First introduced 1774. Flowers, fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or rockeries.
Propagate by seeds sown in March 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or
pans, filled with light fibrous loam & little wood ashes. Place in temp.
55° to 65°, transplanting ee when they have formed three leaves
lin. apart in well-drained pots, placing in temp. of 55°, & planting into
flowering position outdoors in June; also seeds sown in May 1-16in.
deep in patches outdoors where plants are required to flower, after-
wards thinning seedlings to 2or 3in. apart.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. bicornis, purple, July, 2 ft.; strumosa Suttoni,
various colours, summer, 1 ft.

Nemophila (Californian Blue-bell). — Ord. Hydrophyllacee.
Hardy trailing annuals. First introduced 1822.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in masses or in
lines as edgings to sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in
March or April for flowering in summer; in Aug. or Sept. for flowering
in spring. in seedlings to 1 or 2in. apart when tin. high.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good ordinary soil, one part
leaf-mould or well-decayed manure. Size of pots 44in. diameter.
Place lin. of drainage in pots, cover with moss & fill up to within jin.
of rim with above compost pressed firmly. Sow seeds thinly, slightly
covering with fine mould, & place pots in cool shady frame or window.
Water moderately at first, freely when seedlings appear. Apply weak
stimulants once or twice weekly when plants begin to flower. Position
when in flower, cold sunny greenhouse, window or frame.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. aurita, purple and violet, summer, 1 ft., California:
insignis, blue and white, summer, 1 ft., California; insignis alba, white; insignis
grandiflora, white and blue; maculata, white and purple, summer, 6 in., Cali-
fornia; Menziesii, white or blue, summer, 6 in., California.

Nepaul Laburnum (Piptanthus nepalensis).—See Piptanthus.

Nepaul Poppy (Meconopsis nepalensis).—See Saxifraga.

Nepaul Trumpet-flower (Beaumontia grandiflora).—Sce
Beaumontia. :

Nepenthes (Pitcher- lant). — Ord. Nepenthacee. Stove ever
green sub-shrubby perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1789.
Flowers, greenish, dicecious, insignificant. Leaves, oblong or lance-
shaped, terminating in a pitcher-like appendage; green variously
mottled with red, brown & crimson.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good brown fibrous peat, one part
sphagnum moss, osition in baskets suspended from roof in shad
part of stove. Plant, or re-basket, Feb. or March. Temp., March

286

ANCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 65° to 75°. Water copiously,
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily all the
year round. Moist atmosphere very.essential. Shade from sun. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown on surface of mixture of fibrous peat & sphag-
num moss in well-drained pan covered with bell-glass & placed in a
moist frame heated to temp. of 80° to 85°; cuttings of one year old
ie inserted singly in small pots plunged in bottom heat of 85° any
ime.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. albo-marginata, green, red, and white, Singapore;
bicalcarata, green, Borneo; Curtisii, green, crimson, and purple, Borneo; northiana,
green and purple, Borneo; rafilesiana, green, red, and brown, India; sanguinea,
blood red, Malaya; Veitchii, green, Borneo; ventricosa, green, brown, and crimson,
Philippines. Numerous pretty hybrids.

Nepeta (Cat-mint; Ground Ivy)—Ord. Labiate. Hardy herba-
ceous trailing perennials. Leaves, heart-shaped, dark green or varie-
gated with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds, borders or
rockeries. Plant, Oct. to March. N. Glechoma variegata also makes
a pretty basket plant for a cool greenhouse or window; or for draping
staging in greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep where
ae are required to grow, March to May; division of roots, Oct. to

arch.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. Glechoma variegata (Variegated Ground Ivy), Syn.
Glechoma hederacea, leaves silvery, trailing, Europe (Britain); Mussinii, blue,
summer, 2 ft., Caucasia.

Nephrodium (Buckler Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove, greenhouse,
& hardy ferns.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand. Position, well-drained pots, borders or
rockeries, in shade. Pot or plant, Feb., March, or April. Water
moderately, Oct. to Feb.; freely afterwards. Temp., Oct. to March,
40° to 50°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, peat & sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of
stove. Pot, March. Water moderately, Oct. to March, freely after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.

_CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary light rich. Posi-
tion, shady borders or rockeries. Plant, April. Water freely in dry
weather, May to Sept. Top-dress annually with leaf-mould or well-
decayed manure. Protect in severe weather with bracken or litter.
Do not remove dead fronds until April. Propagate stove and green-
house species by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat, under bell-
glass, in temp. 75° to 85°, any time; division of plants at potting or
planting time; hardy species by spores sown on surface of sandy soil in
shady cold frame; division in April:

STOVE SPECIES: N. albo-punctatum, Mascarene Islands; dissectum, Tropics.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: N. cuspidatum, Ceylon; decompositum (Syn. Lasterea
decomposita), Australia, etc.; erythrosum (Syn. Lastrea erythrosa), Japan; hispi-
dum, New Zealand; lepidum, Polynesia; molle, and its varieties corymbiform
and grandiceps, Tropics; Otaria (Syn. Lastrea aristata), Japan; patens (Spread-
ing Wood gen Tropics; Richardsii multifidum, New Caledonia; Sieboldii (Syn.
Lastrea Sieboldii), and its variegated form, Japan.

HARDY SPECIES: N. emulum (Syn. Lastrea recurva), Hay-scented Buckler
Fern, Britain; cristatum (Syn. Aspidum cristatum and Lastrea cristata), Orested
Bucker Fern, Britain, and N. America; Filix-mas (Syn. Lastrea Filix-mas), Male
Fern, and its numerous varieties, Britain and the Temperate Zone; fragrans
(Fragrant Wood Fern), N. America; goldieanum, N. America; hirtipes (Syn.
Lastrea atrata), Trop. Asia; montanum (Syn, Lastrea Oreopteris), Mountain Buck-

287

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

ler Fern, and its varieties, Europe (Britain), and N. America; rigidum (Syn.
Lastrea rigidum), N. Temperate Zone; spinulosum (Syn. Lastrea dilatum), Prickly
Shield Fern, N. Temperate Zone (Britain); Thelypteris (Syn. Lastrea Thelypteris),
Female Buckler Fern, N. Temperate Zone (Britain).

Nephrolepis (Ladder Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen
ferns. First introduced 1793. Fronds, linear, narrow, once divided,
plain or crested.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand, two parts
lumpy peat. Position, in baskets suspended from roof, or in well-
drained pots or beds in shady part of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or
March. Water moderately, Oct. to March; freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by
spores sown on surface of pans of sandy peat under bell-glass, & placed
in temp. 75° to 85°, any time; division of plants, Feb., March, or
April; pegging down creeping stems bearing young plants & removing
when rooted.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. Bausei, 12 to 18 in., Garden origin; cordifolia, 1 to
2 ft., Tropics; davallioides, 1 ft., Java; Duffii, 1 ft., Australia; exaltata (Ladder
Fern), 2 to 3 ft., Tropics; Fluma, 1 ft., Madagascar; rufescens, 2 to 3 ft., Tropics;
tripinnatifida, 2 to 3 ft., Solomon Islands. Severa] varieties.

Nerine (Guernsey Lily; Scarlet Guernsey Lily).—Ord. Ama-
ryllidacew. Greenhouse bulbous plants. Deciduous. First introduced
1680.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-decayed
cow manure or leaf-mould, one part coarse sand. Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
placing one bulb half its depth in a 44-in. pot, or three in a 6-in. pot;
good drainage essential. osition, light cool greenhouse, Sept. to
May; cold frame or sunny spot outdoors, May to Sept. Water mode-
rately, Sept. to May, or as soon as flower spikes show; keep quite dry,
May to Sept. Apply stimulants occasionally during growth. Top-
dress annually with equal parts sandy loam, decayed cow manure &
sand in Aug. Repotting only necessary every three or four years.
Season of growth, Sept. to May; season of rest, May to Sept.

CULTURE OUTDOORS: Soil, light sandy, enriched with decayed
cow manure. Position, sunny well-drained borders at base of S. wall.
Plant, Aug. to Nov., 2 to 3in. deep. Protect, Nov. to April, with
covering of dry litter. Top-dress annually in Aug. with leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure. Lift & replant every four or five years. Pro-
pagate by offsets removed when repotting & treated as old bulbs.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. appendiculata, pink, autumn, 1 ft., Natal; curvi-
folia, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., S. Africa; curvifolia Fothergillii, deep scarlet; fili-
folia, red, autumn, 1 ft., S. Africa; flexuosa, pink, Sept., 2 ft., S. Africa;
flexuosa angustifolia, pink, Sept., 2 ft.; flexuosa pulchella, pink and red, Sept.,
2 ft.; sarniensis (Guernsey Lily), salmon, autumn, 2 ft., S. Africa; sarniensis
corusca, orange scarlet; sarniensis Plantii, crimson; sarniensis rosea, rose;
sarniensis venusta, scarlet; pudica, white and pink, autumn, 18 in., 8. Africa;
Moorei, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., 8S. Africa; undulata, pink, May, 1 ft., S. Africa.
Numerous hybrids.

Nerium (Oleander; Rose-Bay).—Ord. Apocynacez. Greenhouse
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1596. Flowers, fra-

rant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-decom-
posed manure, one part leaf-mould & one part sand. Position, pots,
tubs or well-drained beds in light sunny greenhouse or window; place
pot or tub plants outdoors, June to Sept. Pot or plant, Feb. or March.
Prune immediately after flowering, or in Oct., shortening shoots of
previous year’s growth to within 3 or 4in. of their base. Temp..

288

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to June 55° to 65°. Water
copiously, March to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov.; keep nearly
dry, Nov. to March. Apply stimulants once or twice weekly, May to
Sept. Remove young shoots that issue from base of flower trusses
as soon as they appear. No shade required. Syringe twice daily,
March to June. Propagate by cuttings of firm youug shoots, 3 to Gin.
long, inserted in bottles of rain water, suspended in sunny window or
greenhouse in summer; or singly in 2-in. pots in a compost of equal
parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand, placed under bell-glass in temp.
60° to 70, spring or summer.

SPEOIES LTIVATED: N. Oleander (Oleander or Rose Bay), red, summer,
6 to 12 ft., Orient; and its varieties, album plenum (double white); Henri Mares
(double rosy pink); Madonna grandiflorum (double cream); and splendens (double
red); variegatum ((leaves variegated).

Nertera (Fruiting Duckweed)—Ord. Rubiaceex. Greenhouse &
half-hardy creeping Pe herb. Orn. fruiting. First introduced
1868. Berries round, bright orange red or crimson.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould & sand. Position, small well-drained pots or pans in shady
part of greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 50° to 60°;
Oct. to March 40° to 50°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, moist
sheltered ledges of shady rockery. Plant, March or April. Water
in dry weather. Protect in severe weather with bell or hand-glass.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55°
to 65° March or April; division of plants in March or April.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: N. depressa, 1 to 2 in., flowers green, Australasia.

Net Fern.—See Gleichenia,
estes fowered Toad-flax (Linaria reticulata). — See

inaria.

Nettle Geranium (Coleus fruticosus).—See Coleus.

Nettle-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula Trachelium).—See
Campanula.

Nettle Tree (Celtis australis).—See Celtis.

Nevada Lily (Lilium washingtonianum).—See Lilium.

Neviusa (Alabama Snow Wreath).—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy deci-
duous flowering shrub.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered shrub-
bery. Plant in autumn. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in summer; also by layering in
autumn.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. alabamiensis, white, May, 6 ft., N. America.

New Caledonia Pine-tree (Araucaria Cookii & A. Ruleii).
—See Araucaria.

New England Mayflower (Epigza repens).—See Epigeza.

New England Star-wort (Aster Novw-Angliz).—See Aster.

New Jersey Tea-plant (Ceanothus americanus).—See Ceano-

thus,

Newman’s Cone-flower (Rudbeckia speciosa).—See Rud-
beckia.

New Zealand Broad-leaf (Grisellina macrophylla).—See
Grisellina,

New Zealand Bur (Aczna microphylla).—See Acena.
289 L

BNOYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

New Zealand Clematis (Clematis indivisa lobata).—See
Clematis. ,

— Zealand Crow-foot (Ranunculus Lyalli).—See Ranun-
culus.

New Zealand Daisy Bush (Olearia Haastii)—See Olearia.

New Zealand Dragon-plant (Cordyline australis).—See
Cordyline. E

New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax & P. Colensoi).—See
Phormium, P
Pichia Zealand Glory-Pea (Clianthus puniceus).—See Clian-
thus.

New Zealand Holly (Osmanthus ilicifolius)—See Osmanthus.
F New Zealand Laburnum.-tree (Sophora tetraptera).—See

ophora.

Now Zealand Palm (Rhopalostyle sapida)—See Rhopalo-
style.

New Zealand Reed (Cortadeira conspicua).—See Cortadeira.

New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia expansa).—see Tetra-
gonia.

New Zealand Tree-fern (Dicksonia squarrosa).—See
Dicksonia.

New Zealand Water-Lily (Ranunculus Lyallii)—See Ra-
nunculus,

Nicandra (Apple-of-Peru)—Ord., Solanacew. Hardy annual.
First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny open borders. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown } in. deep in pots or boxes of light soil in temp.
55° to 65° in March, transplanting seedlings 3ft. apart outdoors in
May; or by sowing seed in sunny position outdoors in April, transplant-
ing seedlings in June.

5 oe OULTIVATED: N. physaloides, blue and white, summer, 18 in. to

Nicotiana (Tobacco Plant). — Ord. Solanacex. Half-hardy
annuals. Flowering & orn. foliage. All the species best grown as
annuals. First introduced 1570.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould or
decayed manure, & one part sand. Position, sunny or shady greeu-
house or window. Water freely when in full growth; moderately at
other times. Apply stimulants once or twice a week when in flower.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or
borders. Plant in June in groups of three or six. Protect N. alba
in winter with covering of cinder ashes, tan or decayed manure. Will
only survive winter in well-drained soils.

CULTURE OF TOBACCO PLANT: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Plant, June. Gather leaves of N. tabacum
in Sept. for drying. Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by
seeds sown on the surface of fine light mould in a shallow box or pan
in shade, in a temp.of 65° to 75°, in March or April, also by cuttings
of the roots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in autumn or
spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. alba (Syn. Affinis), the Sweet-scented Tobacco,
white, fragrant, summer, 3 ft., strictly a perennial, Brazil; sylvestris white,
summer, 3 to 4 ft., Argentina; tabacum (Tobacco Plant), rose, summer, 4 ft., S.
America; tabaccum macrophyllum, red, rose, or purple, summer; tomentosa (Syn.

290

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

Colossea), pink and white, 10 to 12 ft., S. America; suavolens, white, summer, 2 ft.,
8. America; wigandiodes, yellow and white, summer, 8 ft., 8. America; Sandere,
red, pink, carmine, etc., summer, 2 to 3 ft., hybrid.

Nierembergia (Tall Cup-flower; Trailing Cup-flower).—Ord.
Solanacew. Hardy and half-hardy creeping perennial herbs. J'irst
introduced 1831.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, equal parts sandy loam &
leaf-mould. Position, sunny or moist border or ledges of rockery.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Water freely in dry weather. Top-
dress annually in March with decayed cow manure. Protect in very
severe weather with covering of litter.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part well-decomposed cow manure & one part sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots or pans in shady part of greenhouse or cold
frame all the year round, or outdoors in shady spot, May to Oct. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to
65°, Nov. to April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in
shady part of cool greenhouse in Aug., transferring when well rooted
sine ty into 2-in. pots, & placing in light airy position in greenhouse or
window.

HARDY SPECIES: N. rivularis (cup Sewer), white, summer, 6 in., S. America.
HALF-HARDY SPECIES: N. calycina, yellow, July, 6 in., S. America; frutes-
cens, blue, summer, 18 in., S. America; frutescens atroviolacea, violet, 1 ft.;

Veitchii, lilac, summer, 6 in., 8. America; gracilis, white and purple, summer,
6 to 9 in., 8. America.

Nigella (Fennel-flower; Devil-in-a-bush; Love-in-a-mist ; Love-in-
a-puzzle).—Ord. Ranunculacee. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1548. Flowers surrounded by a green mossy involucre. Foliage,
green, graceful, feathery.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny open beds or borders.
Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in lines, bands or masses in March
or April; thin seedlings out 6in. apart each way, May or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. damascena, blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Asia Minor;

damascena flore-pleno, double, blue; damascena alba, white; N. hispanica, blue,
summer, 1 to 2 ft., Spain.

Night-blooming Cactus (Cereus grandiflorus).—See Cereus.
Night-scented Stock (Hesperis tristis)—See Hesperis.
Nine Bark.—See Neillia.

Niphobolus.—See Polypodium.

Nipple Cactus (Mamumillaria bicolor).—See Mammillaria.

Noble Silver Fir (Abies nobilis)—See Abies. -

Noisette Rose (Rosa indica noisettiana).—See Rosa.

Nolana (Chilian Bell-flower). — Ord. Convolvulacer. Hardy
annuals. First introduced 1761. .

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny beds, borders or
rockeries. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in patches in March
or April where plants are required to grow, thinning seedlings to 2 or
3in. apart in May or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. atriplicifolia, blue and white, summer, trailing;
Peru; lanceolata, blue, white, and green, summer, 6 in., Peru; paradoxa, white,

summer, 12 to 18 in., Peru; prostrata, blue, summer, trailing, Chili; tenella, pale
blue, trailing, summer, Peru.

None:so-Pretty (Saxifraga umbrosa).—See Saxifraga.

Nootka Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii)—See Pseudotsuga.

Nootka Sound Arbor-vitze (Thuya plicata).—See Thuia.

Nootka Sound Cypress (Cupressus nootkatensis). — See
Cupressus.

291 ne

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Nordman’s Fir (Abies a sata a Abies.
Norfolk Island Palm (Rhopalostyle Baueri).—See Rhopalo-

style.

Norfolk Island Pine-tree (Araucaria excelsa).—See Arau-
carla.

ooo Island Tree-fern (Alsophila excelsa).—See Also-
phila.

North American Crab (Pyrus coronaria).—See Pyrus.

North American Ox-eye (Heliopsis levis).—See Heliopsis.

North American Sunflower (Actomeris squarrosa).—See
Actomeris,

Northern Fox Grape (Vitis Labrusca).—_See Vitis.

Northern Rock-cress ieee petrea).—See Arabis.

Northoscordium.—See Bloomeria.

Norway Maple (Acer platanoides).—See Acer.

Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa).—See Picea.

Nothochlizena (Cloak Fern; Gold & Silver Maiden-hair Ferns).
—Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse ferns. First introduced 1778.
Fronds, once or thrice divided, upper surface green, underneath
covered with white powder or scales. Ht. 3 to 18 in.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand,
with little charcoal & sandstone broken small. Position, pots in shady
part of house. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to
Feb., freely other times. Syringing not required. Temp., stove
species, Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°; green-
house species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in pans under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° any time; division at pobane time.

STOVE SPEOIES: N. flavens (Syn. Chrysophylla), Central America; nivea (Silver
Maiden-hair Fern), Mexico and Peru; sinuata, Trop. America; trichomanoides,
Jamaica and Cuba.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: N. dealbata (Syn. Cincinalis dealbata), N. America;
Hookeri (Syn. Cincinalis Hookeri), N. America; lanuginosa, 8. Europe and Aus-
tralia; Marante, 8. Europe, N. Africa, etc.; Newberryii, California.

Nuphar (Yellow Water-Lily; Brandy Bottle).—Ord. Nymphacem.
Hardy aquatic perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, two parts strong rich loam, one part well-decayed
manure. Position, sunny shallow streams, ponds or lakes. Depth of
water, 6 to 12in. Plant, March or Oct. Methods of planting:
(1) Fill a shallow wicker basket with compost, place the plant in it &
a few stones on the surface, then lower into the water. (S Place some
compost round the roots, then add a few stones & surround with can-
vas or matting & lower into the water. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in.
deep in rich soil in a shallow basket immersed in water, Oct. to April;
division gi ke pa an pacch.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: N. adrena, yellow, July, N. ica;
pee: oe Yellow Water-Lily), yellow, sons, N. i a A hema nt
July, Europe.

Nutmeg-scented Geranium (Pelargonium fragrans).—
See Pelargonium. =

Nuttallia (Oso-berry-tree).—Ord. Rosaces. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrub. First introduced 1848. Flowers, succeeded by
purplish ee fruit.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady or sunny shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune when necessary immediately after flower-
ing. Propagate by seeds sown din. deep in ordinary soil in shady

292

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

position outdoors in spring or autumn; stickers removed from parent
plant & planted Oct. or Nov.; cuttings of ripened shoots in cold frame
in autumn; layering in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. cerasiformis, white, spring, 6 to 10 ft., California.

Nycterinia.—See Zaluzianksia. ;

Nymphzea (Water-Lily).—Ord. Nymphacew. Stove & hardy
aquatic tuberous-rooted perennials. Evergreen & deciduous.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Two parts rich turfy loam & one
part well-decayed manure. Position, large pots or tubs immersed
8 to 12in. below surface of water in tanks fully exposed to light.
Plant, Feb. to April. Temp. of atmosphere, 65° to 75°, March to
Sept. ; 50° to 60°, Sept. to March. Temp. of water, 65° to 75°, March
ie a 55° to 65°, Sept. to March. Repot annually in Feb. or

arch,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts strong rich
loam, one part well-decayed manure. Position, open sunny ponds or
lakes. Depth of water, 2to 3ft. Plant, March to Oct. Methods of
planting: (1) Place plant in small wicker basket containing above com-
post, & lower to the bottom of pond or lake. (2) Inclose roots with soil
& large stone in piece of canvas or matting, tie securely & immerse as
above. (3) Place large hillock or mound of compost at bottom of pond
when dry plant tubers in centre, afterwards submerging with water.
Propagate stove species by seeds sown fin. deep in pots of rich soil
immersed in water heated to a temp. of 65° to 75°, March or April.
Hardy species by seeds sown 3 in. deep in rich soil in shallow basket &
immersed in ponds or lakes in spring; division of tubers or rhizomes,
March or April.

STOVE SPECIES: N. ampla, white, July, W. Indies; blanda, white, July, 8S.
America; gigantea, blue, summer, Australia; gracilis, white, summer, Mexico;
Lotus (Egyptian Lotus), red or white, summer, Trop. Asia and Africa; stellata,

lue, summer, Trop. Africa; ; stellata zanzibarensis, blue.

HARDY SPECIES: N. alba (Common White Water-Lily), white, summer, Europe
(Britain); alba candidissima, white; alba rosea, rose; odorata, white and red,
summer, N. America; odorata rosea, pink; odorata sulphurea, yellow; tetragona
(Syn. Pygmza), white, June, Himalayas; tetragona helveola, yellow; tuberosa,
white, July, N. America; tuberosa plena, double.

HARDY HYBRID WATER-LILIES: Marliacea albida, white; M. carnea, pink
or white; M. chromatella, primrose and rose; M. flammea, rose and carmine;
M. ignea, rose and orange-red; M. rosea, rosy pink; Laydekeri lilacea, pink and

crimson; L. fulgens, crimson-magenta; L. lucida, vermilion; L. purpurata, rosy
crimson; and L. rosea, carmine.

Nyssa (Tupelo Tree).—Ord. Cornacex. Hardy deciduous trees.
Grown for the beauty of their rich scarlet tinted foliage in August.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of streams, lakes,
etc. Plant in autumn. Propagate by layering in autumn.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: N. aquatica, white, May, 40 to 50 ft., U. States:
sylvatica, white, 30 to 40 ft., N. America.

Oak (Quercus robur).—See Quercus.

Oak Fern (Polypodium dryopteris).—See Polypodium.

Oak-leaved Geranium (Pelargonium quercifolium).—See
Pelargonium.

Ochna.—Ord. Ochnacex. Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1816. Flowers succeeded by black and crimson globu-
lar fruits.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, peat, and sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in sunny light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or
March. Prune into shape, Feb. Water freely March to Oct., mode-

293

ENOYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

rately afterwards. Syringe daily, Feb. to Oct. Temp., March to Sept.
70° to 75°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of firm
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp.
65° to 75° summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED.—O. atropurpurea, purple, spring, 4 ft., 8. Africa;
multiflora, yellow, summer, 6 ft., Trop. Africa.

Ocimum (Sweet Basil; Bush Basil)—Ord. Labiatw. Half-hardy
annual aromatic herbs. First introduced 1548. Leaves, egg-shaped,
aromatic; used for flavouring stews, soups & salads. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, sunny, well-drained
border. Plant, 6in, apart in rows 9 to 12in, asunder in May. Shade
from sun first few days after planting. Water freely in dry weather.
Gather leaves and tops when coming into flower, dry & reduce to
powder for winter use. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in shallow box in temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting seed-
lings when three leaves are formed an inch apart in similar soil, &
gradually harden off in cold frame.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. Basilicum (Sweet Basil), white, summer, 1 ft.,
Trop. Asia; minimum (Bush Basil), white, summer, 6 in., Trop. Asia.

Odontoglossum (Almond-scented Orchid; Violet-scented
Orchid).—Ord. Orchidacew. Greenhouse epiphytal & terrestrial
orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1835. Flower spikes produced
from base of pseudo-bulbs.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part of equal pro-
portions of sphagnum moss and charcoal. Position, teak-wood baskets
or pans suspended from roof, blocks of wood, well-drained pots; partial
shade in summer, exposed to full light at other times. Pot, Feb.,
March or April. Fill pots or pans two-thirds of their depth with pot-
sherds & charcoal. Place layer of moss on drainage, & fill remainder
of space with compost to lin. above rim. Secure pens on this by
means of fine copper wire, and top-dress with layer of sphagnum moss,
and secure firmly with copper wire. Water daily April to Sept., twice
a week Sept. to Nov. & Feb, to April; keep almost dry during remainder
of year. Syringe lightly daily in summer. Keep atmosphere uni-
formly moist in summer by damping stages, floor, etc., several times
daily. Ventilate freely in summer, moderately other times. Temp.,
May to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to Feb. 45° to 55°; Feb. to May 50° to
60°. Growing period, March to Nov.; resting period, Dec. to Feb.
ule ate by division of the pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. apertum, white and red, May, 1 ft., Mexico; Oer-
vantesii, white and brown, spring, 6 in., Mexico; cirrhosum, white and purple,
spring, 1 to 2 ft., Ecuador; citrosmum, white, rose, and yellow, fragrant, May,
6 to 8 in., Mexico; crispum (Syn. Alexandre), white, rose, crimson, etc., spring,
12 to 18 in., Colombia, many beautiful varieties; Edwardii, purple and yellow,
fragrant, spring, 2 to 3 ft., Ecuador; gloriosum, yellow and. brown, fragrant,
2ft., Colombia; grande, yellow and red, autumn, 1 ft., Guatemala; Hallii, yellow
and red, spring, 2 to 3 ft., Peru and Ecuador; harryanum, yellow, white, purple,
and brown, spring, 1 to 2 ft., Colombia; luteo-purpureum, yellow, white, and red,
spring, 1 to 2 ft., Colombia; maculatum, yellow, brown, and white, spring, 1 to
2 ft., Mexico; nobile (Syn. Pescatorei), white, purple, yellow and red, spring,
1 to 2 ft., Colombia; pulchellum, white and yellow, fragrant, s ring, 1 ft.
Satine. Rosell; white end Te reer, 6 in., Mexico; triump’ ans, yellow,

rown and white, spring, 0 -, Colombia; Uroski i i
rose, spring, 1 to 2 ft., Guatemala, Numerous iwhaae GE Exe, end

Cnothera (Evening Primrose; Sun-drops; Tree Primrose).—
Ord, Onagracem. : Hardy annuals, biennials, herbaceous & shrubby
perennials. First introduced 1629.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
294

ENOCYOCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

where plants are to flower, or in boxes of light soil in temp. 55° to 65°
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May. Thin seedlings
sown outdoors to 6 in. apart in June.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould,
well-decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained 6 in. pots in cold
frame, greenhouse or window. Thin seedlings when 1in. high to six
or eight in each pot.’ Water moderately at first, freely when in full
growth. Apply liquid manure twice a week when plants show flower.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in shady position out-
doors in April, transplanting seedlings when 1in. high, 3 in. apart each
way, in sunny border, again transplanting into flowering position fol-
lowing Sept. or March. t

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, light sandy loam.
Position, sunny, well-drained borders, beds, or rockeries. Plant, Oct.,
March or April. Water freely in dry weather. Mulch annually with
decayed cow manure. Lift and replant every three or four years.
Prune away puae Oe shoots of shrubby species after flowering. Pro-
pagate perennial species by seeds sown in light soil in shallow box
or well-drained pans in cold frame or under hand-light in March or
April, transplanting outdoors end of May or June; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in shade in spring or
summer; suckers removed with roots attached, spring or autumn;
division of roots, March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: CG. amena (Syn. Godetia rubicunda, rose and crimson,
summer, 1 to 2 ft., California; amoena rubicunda, lilac-purple; bistorta, yellow
and red, summer, 1 ft., California; tenella, purple, June, 6 in., Oalifornia;
Whitneyi (Syn. Godetia Whitneyi), red and crimson, summer, 12 to 18 in., Cali-
fornia, parent of the annuals known as Godetia Lady Albemarle, Duke of York,
Bridesmaid, etc.; tetraptera, white, summer, 1 ft., Mexico.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: G. biennis (Evening Primrose), yellow, fragrant, June
to Oct., N. America; Drummondii, yellow, June to Oct., 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
taraxacifolia, white, summer, 6 in., Chili.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: GS. californica, white and pink, fragrant, summer, 2 {t.,
California; cespitosa (Syn. eximia and marginata), white, fragrant, July, Cali-
fornia; fruticosa (Sun-drops), golden yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., U. States, and its
varieties, major and Youngii; glauca, yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
linearis, yellow, summer, 12 to 18 in., U. States; missouriensis, yellow and red,
summer, trailing, N. America; rosea, rose, summer, 1 ft., N. America; speciosa,
white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., N. America.

Okra (Hibiscus esculenteus)—See Hibiscus,

Old Man (Artemesia Abrotanum).—See Artemesia.

Old Man Cactus (Pilocereus senilis)—See Pilocereus,

Old Man’s Beard (Clematis vitalba)—See Clematis.

Old Woman oe argentea).—See Artemisia.

Olea (Olive; Oleaster). — Ord. Oleacew. Half-hardy evergreen
flowering shrub. First introduced 1570.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sheltered sunny borders or
against S. or W. walls, S. of England only. Plant, Sept., Oct. or
April. Prune when necessary, April. Protect in very severe weather
with litter or mats.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, and sand. Position, cool greenhouse, Sept. to May; outdoors,
June to Sept. Temp., Sept. to May, 40° to 50°. Water moderately in
winter, freely in summer. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy peat in greenhouse in spring or
autumn; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in shade in
greenhouse in summer, ‘oa

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. europea (Wild Olive), white, fragrant, summer,
6 to 10 ft., S. Europe.

Oleander (Nerium oleander)—See Nerium.

Oleander Fern (Oleandra articulata).—See Oleandra.

Oleandra (Oleander Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen ferns.
Stems rhizomatous & scandent. Fronds, strap-shaped, green. First
introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one of loam, leaf-mould &
sand. Position, hanging baskets, or against pillars and walls covered
with layer of peaty soil secured by wire netting. Plant, Feb. or March.
Water copiously March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe
plants or pillars & walls daily, March to Oct. Temp., March to Sept.,
65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by spores sown on
surface of fine sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°, any
time; division of precne rhizomes at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. articulata, Trop. Africa; nodosa, W. Indies.

Olearia (New Zealand Daisy Bush; Victorian Snow Bush).—Ord.
Composite. Hardy evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1793,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny borders
or rockeries for O. Haastii, S. or W. walls for O. dentata, O. gunniana
& O. Forsteri. Plant Sept. to Nov. or April. Protect those grown
against walls during very severe weather by covering of mats or straw.
Pruning not required, except to remove dead or unhealthy shoots in
April. Not adapted for outdoor culture in N. of England.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or peat, one part sand. Position, well-drained pots or in beds
with shoots trained up pillars or against walls in cold greenhouses or
conservatories. Pot or plant, Sept, to April. Water freely March to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe freely in summer, except when
in bloom. Place pot plants in sunny position outdoors until they
flower. Plunge pots to rim in cinder ashes. Propagate by cuttings
of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in cold shady frame or greenhouse in
summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. Haastii (New Zealand Daisy Bush), white, Ang.,
4 to 6 ft., New Zealand; macro-donta (Syn. dentata), white, summer, 6 ft., New
Zealand; stellulata (Victorian Snow Bush), Syn. gunniana, white, summer, 6 ft.,
Australia; Traversii, white, summer, 10 to 20 ft., New Zealand.

Oleaster (Olea europwa).—See Olea.

Olive-tree (Olea europeza).—See Olea.

Olympian Mullein (Verbascum olympicum).—See Verbascum.

Omphalodes (Venus’s Navel-wort; Rock Forget-me-not; Creep-
ing Forget-me-not).—Ord. Boraginacew. Hardy annual & perennial
herbs. First introduced 1633.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, par-
tially shaded borders. Sow seeds in masses where required to grow in
April to flower in June, June to flower in Sept., & Sept. to flower in

spring.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich, moist.
Position, partially shaded, well-drained borders or rockeries, or in
rhododendron beds. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Water copiously
in dry weather. Mulch with decayed cow manure annually in spring.
Propagate by secds sown fin. deep in light rich soil in semi-shaded
position in April, transplanting seedlings when lin. high; division of
roots in March or April.

296

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

ANNUAL SPECIES: 0, linifolia (Venus’s Navel-wort), white, June, 6 to 9 in.,
8. Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. Lucilim (Rock Navel-wort), blue, summer, 6 in.,
Agia wines verna (Creeping Forget-me-not), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe; verna
alba, white.

Oncidium (Butterfly Orchid).—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove & green-
house epiphytal orchids. Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb
wee latter is fully grown. First introduced 1791.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat one part of equal pro-
portions of sphagnum moss and charcoal. Position, pots, wood or
earthenware baskets, rafts or blocks. Pot, Feb. or March. Fill pots
or pans two thirds of their depth with potsherds. Place layer of moss
on this, then fill remainder of space with compost to lin. above rim.
Put plants on this, cover roots with compost & layer of moss, and secure
firmly with copper wire. Baskets: Line interior with moss, then fill
with compost and place plant on top, securing it firmly with copper
wire. Blocks: Place roots next wood, cover with peat and sphagnum
moss, and secure firmly with copper wire. Water plants on blocks twice
daily in summer, once a day other times; those in pots & baskets once
a day April to Sept., twice a week Sept. to Nov. and Feb. to April,
once a week afterwards. Syringe lightly daily in summer. Moist at-
mosphere highly essential. Shade from bright sunshine only. Ven-
tilate freely in summer. Temp. for stove species, Nov. to April 60° to
70°; April to Nov, 70° to 85°; for greenhouse species, May to Oct.
65° to 75°; Oct. to May 55° to 65°. Growing period, March to Sept. ;
resting period, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at
potting time,

STOVE SPECIES: O. ampliatum, yellow, red, and brown, March to May, 12
to 16 in., Central America; jonesianum, white, brown, and red, Oct. to Feb., 1 ft.,
Paraguay; kramerianum, red, brown, and yellow, March to Oct., 8 to 10 in.,
Ecuador; lanceanum, yellow, rose, purple, and brown, summer, 18 in., Guiana;
Fariie (Butterfly Orchid), red, crimson, and yellow, March to Oct., 8 to 10 in,
W. Indies.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. concolor, yellow, May, 6 in., Brazil; crispum, red,
brown, and yellow, June to Feb., 1 ft., Brazil; Forbesii, red, and yellow, autumn,
2 to 8 ft., Brazil; incurvum, white and yellow, fragrant, autumn, 1 ft., Mexico;
macranthum, yellow, brown, white, and purple, spring, 18 in., Trop. America;
marshallianum, yellow and brown, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; ornithorynchum, rose,
lilac, and yellow, 1 ft., Mexico; phalenopsis, white, purple and violet, spring, 1 to
2 ft., Ecuador; sarcodes, yellow and brown, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; sphacelatum,
brown and yellow, spring, 2 ft., Mexico; splendidum, yellow and brown, winter,
1 ft., Guatemala; superbiens, yellow, brown, and purple, spring, 1 ft., Colombia;
tigrinum, yellow and brown, violet scented, autumn and winter, 1 ft., Mexico;
Varieosum, yellow and brown, winter, 1 ft., Brazil; varicosum Rogersii, superior
varie Ye as

Onion.—See Allium.

Onion-plant (Ornithogalum longibracteatum).—See Ornithoga-
lum.

Onoclea (Seusitive Fern; Ostrich Fern).—Ord. Filices. Hardy
deciduous fern. First introduced 1799. Fronds, barren ones, broad,
once divided, green; fertile ones, narrow, contracted, once divided,
brown.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, two parts good loam, one part leaf-
mould. Position, semi-shaded cool moist border or margin of ponds.
Plant, April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-
mould, one part sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady cold frame
or greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water copiously, April to Sept. ;
moderately Sept. to Nov.; keep nearly dry Nov. to March. Repot

297 :

BNCYOLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

annually. Propagate by spores gathered just before the cases burst &

sown ci surface of wel Faeeued pan of sandy peat & leaf-mould with

square of glass, & kept moderately moist in shady position in cold
frame or greenhouse ; iyision of plants, March or April. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. germanica (Syn. Struthiopteris germanica), the
Ostrich Fern, 2 to 3 ft., N. Temperate Zone; sensibilis (Sensitive Fern), 2 to 3 ft.,
N. America and N. Asia.

Ononis (Rest-harrow).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy herbaceous
perennials & deciduous shrubs. First introduced 1570.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders, banks or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Cut down flower stems, Oct. Mulch with manure, March. Lift &
replant in fresh soil every four or five years.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders or banks. Plant, Oct, to Feb. Prune into shape, Jan.
to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in ordinary soil in
semi-shady position outdoors, March or April; or in shallow boxes or
pans in cold frame or greenhouse in March; perennials by division of
roots, Oct. to March.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. arvensis (Rest-harrow), rose and white, summer,
‘ ans Sunes (Britain); Natrix (Goat Root), yellow and red, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,

SHRUBBY SPECIES: O. fruticosa, purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe.

Onoporden (Cotton Thistle; Scotch Thistle)—Ord. Composite.
Hardy biennial & perennial herbs. Orn. foliage.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds }in. deep in ordi-
nary soil in sunny position outdoors, March or April. Transplant seed-
lings following Sept. to where required to flower.

CULTURE OF P RENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, well-drained sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or March, singly in
groups of three. Propagate by seeds sown 3 in. deep in ordinary soil
in sunny position outdoors March or April, transplanting seedlings
to flowering position Sept. or Oct.

5 es a PECIES: O. arabicum, 8 to-10 ft., S. Europe; illyricum, 6 ft.,
PERENNIAL SPECIES: O. Acanthium ae Thistle), 5 ft., Europe (Britain).
Onosma (Golden Drop)—Ord. Boraginacew. Hardy perennial

herbs. First introduced 1683.
CULTURE: Soil, two parts sandy loam, one part grit or small stones.

Position, sunny rockery, where roots can descend close to cool moist
stones and shoots trail over edge. Plant, March or April. Place a few
small stones on surface of soil around plant. Water occasionally in
dry weather. Mulch annually with decayed cow manure in March
or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy loam & grit in
shallow pans in shady cold frame or cool greenhouse in March, planting
outdoors in May ; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil in close shady
frame or under hand-light in July or Aug.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 0. albo-roseum, white and rose, summer, 6 in., Asia

Tr
Minor; Bourgsi, yellow, summer, 6 in., Armenia; echioid 1 )
May, 1 ft., Europe; stellulatum, yellow and white, May, Gin mews aes

Onychium.—Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhou
Fronds, four times divided, light and graceful, peecay. oe
_ CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat and loam, leaf-mould & sand
in equal parts. Position, well-drained pots, beds, or rockeries in shade.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water copiously March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Moist atmosphere essential. Temp. for stove

species, March to Sept. 65° to 75°, Sept. to March 55° to 65; for green-
298

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.
house species, March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in well-drained
pans in shade & temp. 70° to 80° any time; division of plants at
potting time.

STOVE SPECIES: O. auratum, 1 ft., Malaya.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. japonicum, I ft., Japan and Himalayas.

Ophioglossum (Adder’s Tongue Fern; Adder’s Spear).—Ord.
Filices. Hardy deciduous ferns. Fronds, barren, egg-shaped, pale
green; fertile, contracted, spike-like.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, moist loamy. Position, in tufts of
grass on partially shaded rockery. Plant, April to Aug. Lift plants
growing wild with large sod attached & plant in same. Water freely
in dry weather,

POT CULTURE: Compost, sandy loam & leaf-mould in equal parts.
Position, shallow pans, well drained, in cold, shady frame. Plant,
April to Aug. Wateg freely March to Sept., keep just moist after-
wards. Propagate by spores gathered when ripe in July, & sown on
surface of pans of above soil, covered with a sheet of glass & placed in
a cool, moist frame or greenhouse; division of plants in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. vulgatum, 4 to 6 in., Britain, in moist meadows.

Ophiopogon (Snake’s-beard). — Ord. Hemodoracez. Hardy

erennial herbs. Flowering & orn, foliage. First introduced 1784.

eaves, long, narrow, green & variegated with yellow or creamy white.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, edgings to or
groups in sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Lift, divide & replant
every four or five years.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed manure & one part sand. Position, well-drained
pots or in small beds in cold or heated greenhouses, conservatories,
ferneries or windows. Adapted for sun or shade. Pot or plant, Feb.
or March. Water copiously March to Oct.; moderately afterwards.
Apply stimulants once or twice weekly, April to Sept. Propagate by
division of plants in Feb. or March.

SPECIES LTIVATED: O. intermedius argenteo-marginatus, lilac, summer,
1 ft., leaves margined with white, Himalayas; Jaburan variegatus, white, July,
1 ft., leaves striped with green and white, Japan; japonicus variegatus, white,
summer, 1 ft., leaves striped with creamy white, Japan. See also Liriope spicata,

Ophrys (Bee Orchis; Fly Orchis; Spider Orchis).—Ord. Orchi-
dacew. Hardy terrestrial orchids. Deciduous.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam mixed with pieces of chalk
or broken limestone. Position, dry sunny rockeries. Plant, Aug. to
Nov. Cover surface of soil between plants with pieces of chalk or lime-
stone, or mulch with layer of cocoanut-fibre refuse.

POT CULTURE: ou t, two parts sandy loam, one part pieces of
broken limestone or chalk. Position, small, well-drained pots or pans
in cold sunny frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing tubers
lin. below surface & pressing soil firmly. Place five tubers in 6 in. pot.
Plunge pots to rims in cocoanut-fibre refuse or ashes during growing
period. Water freely from time growth begins till foliage dies down,
then keep nearly dry. Repot every two or three years. Propagate by
division of tuberous roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. apifera (Bee Orchis), purple, orange, and yellow,
April to June, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); aranifera (Spider Orchis), brown and yellow,
April to June, 6 in., Europe (Britain); muscifera (Fly Orchis), brown, blue, and
yellow, May, 6 in., Europe (Britain); insectifera, green, white, purple, and blue,
May and June, 8 in., Europe; tenthredinifera (Sawfly Orchis), green, brown, and
yellow, May and June, 1 ft., Europe.

299

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum).—See Papaver.

Oplismenus (Variegated Panicum).—Ord. Graminew. Green-
house perennial, trailing grass. Orn, foliage. First introduced 1867.
Flowers insignificant. Stems, small, wiry, trailing. Leaves, green,
variegated with white and pink.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, small pots with shoots draping front of staging, or in baskets
suspended from roof; sun or shade. Pot, March. Water freely March
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally in
summer. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°.
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in light sandy soil
in small pots under bell-glass or hand-light in temp. 65° to 75° at any
time.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: O. Burmannii variegatus (Syn. Panicum variegatum),
trailing, ‘lropics.

Opuntia (Indian Fig; Prickly Pear; Cochifieal Cactus; Barbary
Fig).—Ord, Cactacez. Greenhouse & hardy succulent plants. First
introduced 1596. Stems, fleshy, flat, bristly. Leaves, small, unim-
portant, fugacious.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part powdered brick rubbish & old mortar. Position, sunny
airy greenhouse or window. Pot, March or April in pots filled 3 of
depth with potsherds, & just large enough to accommodate roots. Re-
pot every three or four years only. Water moderately March to Sept. ;
once a fortnight Sept. to Nov.; none afterwards. Apply stimulants
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam, freely inter-
spersed with powdered brick or old mortar. Position, sunny, well-

rained rockeries. Plant, March or April. Cover surface of soil
between plants with small pieces of stone. Sprinkle soot freely between
plants occasionally to keep away slugs. Apply weak liquid manure
occasionally during summer to healthy plants only. Propagate by
seeds sown } in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of sandy soil in temp.
75° in March. Keep soil moderately moist; cuttings of portions of
stems exposed for a few days, then inserted in small, well-drained
ides of lime & brick dust in temp. 65° to 75° summer; delicate species

y grafting on robust kinds in April.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. arborescens, purple, June, 5 ft., U. States;
Bigelovii, flowers not known, 10 ft., California; brasiliensis, yellow, June, 10 to
15 ft., Brazil; cylindrica, scarlet, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Peru; and its orested variety
oristata; decumana, orange, summer, 10 to 15 ft., 8. America; echinocarpa, green,
summer, 18 in., U. States; Emoryi, yellow and purple, Aug. and Sept., 18 in.,
Mexioo; ficus-indica (Indian Fig), yellow, May, 2 ft., Trop. America; filipendula,
purple, May and June, 2 ft., Texas; leucotricha, yellow, June, Mexico; monacantha
variegata, variegated, 1 ft., 8. America; rosea, rose, June, Mexico; tuna, reddish
orange, July, 10 to 20 ft., 5. America; Whipplei, red, June, U. States.

HARDY SPEOIES: O. Engelmanni, yellow, May and June, 6 in., 8.U. States;
mesacantha (Syn. vulgaris), the Prickly Pear, yellow, June, 2 ft., U. States;
mescantha Raffinesquii, yellow and red, June, 1 ft.; missouriensis, yellow, May and
June, 6 in., N. America, etc.

Orach.—See Atriplex.

Orange (Citrus aurantium).—See Citrus.

Orange-ball Tree (Buddleia globosa).—See Buddleia.

Orange Daisy (Erigeron aurantiacus).-—See Erigeron.

Orange Lily (Lilium croceum).—See Lilium.

Orange Monkey-flower (Mimulus glutinosus).—_See Mimu-

lus. 300

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Orange Poppy (Papaver lateritium).—See Papaver.

Orange Stone-crop (Sedum kamtschaticum).—See Sedum.

Orchis.—Ord. Orchidacew. Hardy terrestrial orchids. Deciduous.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich loam. Position, sunny, deep,
well-drained borders or rockeries. Plant, Aug. to Nov., placing tubers
2in. below surface. Water freely during growing period. Mulch with
decayed manure annually in March or April. Lift and replant when
unhealthy only. Apply weak stimulants occasionally during summer.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good loam, sandy peat, leaf-
mould, charcoal, broken chalk & silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in cold, shady frame. Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing tubers 1 in.
below surface, & three to five in a 6in. pot. Make compost firm.
Plunge pots to rims in cinder ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse. Water
copiously from time growth begins till foliage fades; then keep nearly
dry. Apply weak stimulants from April till flowers fade. Remove
flower spikes when blooms fade. Repot very two or three years. Pro-
tect from Dec. to Feb. by covering of cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder
ashes. Erepa ate by division of tubers, Aug. to Nov.

SPEOIES TIVATED: O. foliosa (Madeira Orchis), purple, May, 2 ft.,
Madeira; latifolia (Marsh Orchis), purple, June, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); laxiflora
(Guernsey Orchis), purple, May and June, 1 ft., Europe (Channel Islands); macu-
lata (Spotted Orchis), purple and white, June, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); pyramidalis
(Pyramidal Orchis), rosy purple, summer, 1 ft., Britain; purpurea (Lady Orchis),
purple and rose, May, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); spectabilis (North American Orchis),
purple and white, May, 6 in., N. America.

Oregon Cypress (Cupressus lawsoniana).—See Cupressus.

Oregon White Cedar (Cupressus lawsoniana).—See Cupres-
sus.

Oriental Goat’s-Rue (Galega orientalis)—See Galega.

Oriental Hellebore (Helleborus orientalis).—See.Helleborus.

Oriental Plane-tree (Platanus orientalis)—See Platanus. *

Oriental Poppy (Papaver orientale‘ —See Papaver. :

Oriental Strawberry-tree (Arbutus Andrachne). — See
Arbutus.

Origanum (Sweet Marjoram; Pot Marjoram; Dittany of Crete).
—Ord. Labiatez. Hardy herbaceous shrubby plants & aromatic herbs.
First introduced 1573.

CULTURE OF COMMON POT AND WINTER MARJORAM: Soil,
ordinary rich. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Feb. or March, 10in.
apart in rows 15in. asunder. Top-dress annually in March with de-
cayed manure. Lift, divide & replant every three or four years.

CULTURE OF SWEET MARJORAM: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light soil in shallow boxes
in temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting seedlings when 2 in, high,
Gin. apart in rows 9in. asunder in April outdoors, thinning seedlings

“to one in.each group when 1 to 2in. high. Gather shoots when coming
into flower, dry in shade, and store away for winter use.

CULTURE OF DITTANY OF CRETE.—Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny
window or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely March to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Suitable for suspending in pots or
baskets. Apply stimulant occasionally during summer. Propagate
common pot or winter marjoram by seeds sown 3 in. deep in ordinary
soil in sunny position outdoors in March or April; ‘division of roots,
March or April; shrubby species by cuttings of young shoots inserted
in sandy soil under bell-glass in greenhouse or window in summer,

301

ENOYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. dictamnus (Dittany of Crete), pink, summer, 1 ft.,
Crete; Marjoran (Sweet Marjoram), purple or white, summer, 2 ft., N. Africa;
Onites (Pot Marjoram), white, summer, 1 ft., 8, Europe. Se

Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem; Onion Plant).—Ord. Lilia-
cee. Hardy and greenhouse bulbous plants. om.

OUTDOOR CULTURE.—Soil, rich ordinary, sandy. Position, sunny
borders, rockeries or turf. Plant, Aug. to Nov., placing small bulbs
3 in., & large bulbs 4 to 6 in, below surface, & 2 tc 3in. apart. Mulch
annually in March with decayed manure. Apply weak stimulants
occasionally in summer.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal
[ee Deed leaf-mould, pe & sand. Position, pots in sunny green-

ouse or window. Pot, Sept. to Feb., placing several small or one large
bulb in a 5 or Gin. pot. Good drainage essential. Water moderately
when growth begins, freely when in full growth, gradually withholding
when foliage turns yellow, & keeping dry till new growth begins. Apply
stimulants occasionally whilst in full growth. Repot annually.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.

CULTURE OF ONION PLANT: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
part leaf-mould & well-decayed manure & little sand. Position, sunny
window or outdoors June to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March. Good drainage
& firm potting essential. Water moderately Feb, to May, freely May
to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., keep quite dry Nov. to Feb. Apply
stimulants once a week May to Sept. Propagate by offsets removed
from old bulbs & repotted, Sept. to Feb.

GREENHOUSE SPEOIES: 0. ‘arabicum, white, fragrant, summer, 2 ft., 8.
Europe; biflorum, white, April, 1 ft., Chili and Peru; longibracteatum (Onion
Plant), white, May, 1 to 2 ft., 8. Africa; and its variety variegatum.

HARDY SPECIES: O. nutans, white, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); nutans,
boucheanum, a superior form; pyrenaicum, yellow and green, June, 2 ft., 8.
Europe; umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem), white, May, 1 ft., Europe, and its
varieties Leichtlinii and splendens.

Orobus.—See Vicia.

Orontium (Golden Club).—Ord. Aroidew. Hardy aquatic peren-
nial. First introduced 1775.

CULTURE: Soil, boggy. Position, margins of shallow ponds or
rivulets. Plant, Oct. tc March, placing roots 6 to 12in. below surface
of water. Propagate by division of root stock in Oct. or March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. aquaticum, green, May, 6 in., N. America,

Orris-root (Iris florentina).—See Iris.

Osage Orange (Maclura aurantiaca).—See Maclura.

Osier.—See Salix.

Osier Willow (Salix viminalis).—See Salix.

Osmanthus (Fragrant Olive; Holly-leaved Olive).—Hardy ever-
green flowering shrubs. First introduced 1771.

CULTURE: Soil, loamy. Position, sheltered sunny borders, or
on 8. W. walls. Plant, Sept., Oct. or April. Prune when neces-
sary, April. ;

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part. leaf-
mould, & sand. Position, cold sunny greenhouse, Sept. to June; out-
doors, June to Sept. Pot, Sept. or Oct. Water free y April to Oct.,
moderately other times. Temp., Sept. to May 40° to 50°. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in’ cold frame in ring or
autumn; by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil under
hand-light outdoors, or in frame in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. Aquifolium, white, Aug., 4 ft.,

302

Japan; and its

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

varieties illicifolius (small-leaved), Jatifolius (broad-leaved), latifolius variegatua
(variegated), purpureus (purple-leaved),and myrtifolius (myrtle-leaved); fragrans
(Syn. Olea fragrans), white, fragrant, June to Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Ohina and Japan.

Osmunda (Royal Fern; af ect Fern).—Ord. Filices. Green-
house and hardy evergreen & deciduous ferns. Fronds, feather-shaped,
plain or crested ; fertile portions contracted.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
turfy loam and peat, little sand. Position, pots or beds in moist shady
part of greenhouse or fernery. Pot or plant, March or April. Water
copiously April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., 55° to 65°
April to Sept., 45° to 55° Sept. to April.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, one part each loam, leaf
mould & sand, two parts peat. Position, bases of sheltered moist
rockeries or margins of ponds in shade or partial shade. Plant, April.
Top-dress annually in April with compost of peat, leaf-mould & loam.
Remove dead fronds in March. Water plants growing otherwise than
on the margins of ponds copiously in dry weather. Propagate by spores
sown on surface of sandy peat & leaf-mould in well-drained pans,
covered with sheet of glass or hand-light in shady part of cool green-
house at any time; offsets from established plants in April.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. bipinnata, 2 ft., Hong Kong; javanicum, 2 to 4 ft.,

ava.

HARDY SPECIES: O. cinnamomea, 2 to 4 ft., N. America, West Indies, eto.;
Claytoniana, 2 to 3 ft., N, America and Himalayas; regalis (Royal Fern), 3 to
6 ft., Britain, etc., and its varieties corymbifera, cristata, palustris, an pur-
purascens.

Oso-berry-tree (Nuttallia cerasiformis)—See Nuttallia.

Ostrich Fern (Onoclea germanica).—See Onoclea,

Ostrya (Hop Hornbeam).—Ord, Cupulifere. Hardy deciduous
trees. Flowers, greenish white, hop-like; May. Tirst introduced 1622.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary moist. Position, by the side of streams,
lakes, or in shrubberies in damp situations. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Pro-
pagate by seeds placed in a heap outdoors till spring, then sown in
sandy soil outdoors; by cuttings inserted outdoors in autumn; by
layering in summer; by grafting on the Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)
in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. carpinifolia (Hop Hornbeam), 20 ft., 8. Europe;
virginica (Ironwood), 20 ft., N. America.

Oswego Tea-plant (Monarda didyma).—_See Monarda.

Othonna (African Rag-wort).—Ord. Composite. Greenhouse
trailing herbs. First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould &
one part sand. Position, small well-drained pots or baskets suspended
from roof. Pot, March or April. Water steely April to Oct., mode-
rately afterwards. Apply stimulants to healthy plants occasionally
during summer. Full exposure to light & sun essential. Propagate
by cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil in cool greenhouse or frame
in summer; division of plants in April. _ en

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. crassifolia, yellow, summer, trailing, 9. Africa.

Ourisia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Hardy perennial creeping herbs.
First introduced 1862. a2 ;

CULTURE: Soil, moist loamy. Position, partially shaded rockery,
with its roots placed close to a lump of soft porous stone. Plant, March
or April. Water freely in dry weather. Must not be exposed to sun-
shine. Propagate by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES ou TIVATED: O. cespitosa, white, summer, 6 in., New Zealand;
coccinea, scarlet, summer, 8 in., Chiloe oe crimson, summer, 8 in.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Our Lady’s Thistle (Silybum Marianum).—See Silybum.

Ouvirandra (Lattice or Lace-leaf Plant’. — Ord. Naiadacee.
Stove aquatic perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1855.
Leaves, broad, oblong, lace-like. on

CULTURI3: Compost equal parts loam and leaf-mould. Position,
in small pot immersed in tub or tank of water 12 to 18in. deep. Pot,
Feb. or March. Temp. of water, 65° to 75°. Change water occa-
sionally. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°.
Propagate by seed sown fin. deep in above compost in small pot
immersed in water heated to temp. 75°, any time; division of roois,
Feb. to March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. fenestralis, white, Aug., Madagascar.

Oxalis (Wood Sorrel; French Sorrel).—Ord. Geraniacex. Green-
eae & hardy annuals, herbaceous perennials, and bulbous reoted

ants.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, as above. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouse or window. Pot autumn-
flowering kinds in Aug., winter-flowering kinds in Sept. or Oct., spring-
flowering kinds, Jan, or Feb., & summer-flowering kinds, March or
April. Put bulbs 4 in. deep and }in. apart in 5in. pots. After potting,

lace in warm part of greenhouse or window. Water moderately till

eaves appear, then freely. Apply stimulants occasionally when flowers
form. Gradually withhold water when flowers fade, & keep quite dry
& cool till growth begins. Repot annually.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
edgings to sunny borders or on rockeries. Plant bulbous species, Aug.
to Nov., placing bulbs 2 in. below surface, & 6 to 12 in. apart; herba-
ceous perennials in March or April. Lift bulbs of choice species in
Sept. or Oct. Store in sand in cool, frost-proof place till March, then

lant out. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
in temp. 55° to 65° in spring; division of roots or offsets at potting or
planting time.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. carnosa, yellow, autumn, 6 in., Chili; cernua
(Bermuda Butter-cup), yellow, spring, 6 in., S. Africa; cernua flore-pleno, double;
Deppei, red, March, 4 to 6 in., S. America; floribunda, rose, March, 1 ft., Brazil;
hirta, red, summer, 8 in., 8. Africa; pentaphylla, lilac and yellow, summer, 6 in.,
S. Africa; rosea, rose, spring, 6 to 8 in., Chili; tetraphylla, red, summer, 6 in.,
Mexico; variabilis, red, white, or crimson, autumn, 3 in., 8. Africa. The following
are bulbous-rooted: cernua, floribunda, Deppei, and tetraphylla.

HARDY SPECIES: O. Acetosella (Wood Sorrel), white, spring, 2 to 3 in.,
Britain; corniculata rubra, yellow, summer, 6 in., leaves purple, Britain; elegans,
purple, summer, 6 in., Peru; enneaphylla, rose, white, June, 4 in., Falkland Isles;
purpurata (Syn. doweana), purple, Oct., 3 in., S. Africa.

Oxeye.—See Bupthalmum and Adonis.

Ox-eye Chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria).—See Anthemis.

Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum).—See Chrysan-
themum.

Oxlip (Primula elatior).—See Primula.

Oxycocus (Common Cranberry; American Cranberry).—Ord.
Vacciniaces. Hardy evergreen trailing shrubs, Edible fruiting. Ber-
ries, globular, deep red; ripe summer.

CULTURE: Soil, peat or bog. Position, open moist beds near ponds
or streamlets. Excavate soil to depth of 6 in. below surrounding sur-
face, & place 9 in, of peat or bog soil & loose stones in, and allow water
to percolate to within 3in. of surface. Plant, Sept. or March, 2 ft.
apart each way.

304,

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE IN SMALL PONDS: Soil, peat or bog. Position, slightly
drained pots immersed in water to within 2 in. of rim. Pot, Sept. to
Oct. Syringe or sprinkle foliage every evening in summer. Propagate
by cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy moist peat under hand-light in
shade in summer; layering shoots in autumn; division of plants in
sept or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. macrocarpus (American Cranberry), pink, spring,
creeping, N. America; palustris (Common Cranberry), pink, May, creeping, Britain.

Oxypetalum.—oOrd. Asclepiadee. Stove and warm greenhouse
evergreen climbers. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, loam, & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots; shoots trained up roof. Pot, March or April.
Water freely in summer, moderately autumn & winter. Syringe morn-
ing & evening in spring time. Prune into shape Feb. Repot, March.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in sandy peat, in a temp. of 75° in spring, or by
cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glass over bottom heat in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. ceruleum (Syn. Tweedia cerulea), blue, summer,
fragrant, 3 ft., Argentina; solanoides, blue, rose, orange and purple, fragrant,
summer, 6 ft., Brazil.

. Savcnorrs (Oxytrope). — Ord. Leguminosw. Hardy perennial
erbs.

CULTGRE: Soil, dry, gravelly, or sandy loam. Position, open sunny
rockeries. Plant, March or April. Lift & replant only when un-
healthy. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in April or May where
required to grow; division of roots in March.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: O. cyanea, purple and blue, summer, 6 in., Caucasus;
Lambertii, white, blue and purple, summer, 1 ft., N. America; pyrenaica, purple
and lilac, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; uralensis, purple, summer, 4 in., Europe.

Ozothamnus.—Ord. Composite. Hardy evergreen flowering
shrub. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1827.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered borders or
against §. or W. walls, S. or W. of England only. Plant, Sept., Oct.
or April. Prune when necessary in April. Propagate by cuttings of
firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in shady
position in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. rosmarinifolius, white, July and Aug., 6 to 10 ft.,
leaves fragrant, Australia.

Pachystoma.
First introduced 1866. :

CULTURE: Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth com-
mences until leaves fall off, very little other times. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by division
of plant at othing time. ;

Pe LTIVATED: P. thomsonianum, white and purple, 6 in., Trop.

Pzeonia (Pzony; Peony; Piony).—Ord. Ranunculacew, Hardy
herbaceous & shrubby perennials. First introduced 1548.

CULTURE OF TREE PHIONIES OUTDOORS: Soil, two parts loam,
one part decomposed cow manure. Position, sheltered nooks & sunny
shrubberies or borders. Plant, Sept., Oct. or March., in beds of above
compost, 18 in. deep and 2 ft. wide, well drained. Bury point of union
between stock and scion 3in. below surface. Mulch in spring with
thick layer of cow manure. Protect in severe weather with covering
of litter. Plants flower three years after planting.

305

Ord. Orchidacee. Stove terrestrial orchids.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE IN POTS: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed
cow manure and sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Place in cold frame till
March, then remove to greenhouse. Stand in sunny position outdoors,
June to Oct. Water freely March to Sept., moderately in winter.
Apply weak manure water occasionally, March to Sept. Plants flower
once in three years only. Temp. for forcing, 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, moist loam well
enriched with cow manure & trenched 3 ft. deep. Position, sunny or
shady borders. Plant, Oct. to April, 4 ft. apart each way. Top-dress
annually with well-decayed manure lightly forked into surface in Oct.
or Nov. Mulch on dry soilgin April. Apply liquid or artificial manures
occasionally, April to Aug. Water copiously in dry weather. Shade
blooms required for exhibition from sun. Propagate herbaceous
species by seeds sown } in. deep in boxes, pots or pans of sandy soil
in cold frame in Sept. ; also by division of roots in March or April. Tree
species by grafting on the fleshy roots of P. albiflora & P. officinalis in
Aug.; layering in Sept. or Oct.; division of roots, March or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. albiflora, white and pink, May, 3 ft., Siberia;
Corallina, crimson, May, 3 ft., Europe (Britain); Moutan (Tree Peony), rose, May
3 ft., China; officinalis (Common Herbaceous Peony), crimson, May, 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe; tenuifolia, crimson, May, 2 ft., Europe; wittmanniana, yellow, May,
2 ft., Orient. Many garden varieties.

Pzeony pare officinalis).—See Peonia.

Pzeony Poppy (Papaver somniferum).—See Papaver.

Painted Cup.—see Castilleja.

Palaua.—oOrd. Malvacee. Half-hardy annuals. Virst introduced
1830. Formerly called Palava,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or rockeries.
Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in pots or boxes of light sandy soil in temp.
55° to 65° in March or April. Transplant seedlings outdoors in May
or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. dissecta, mauve, summer, 6 to 9 in., Peru.

Paliurus.—Ord. Rhamnacex. Hardy deciduous flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1596. Branches, spiny. Fruit, ornamental.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies or walls. Plant,
Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in ordinary soil out-
doors, Oct. to Nov.; cuttings of roots planted 3 in. deep & 6 in. apart,
Oct. to Feb.; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov.; removing suckers with
roots attached, Sept. to Dec.

SPECIES CULTIVATED.—P. australis, green and yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft. 8.
Europe.

Palma-Christi (Ricinus communis).—See Ricinus.

Palm Lily (Cordyline indivisa).—See Cordyline.

Pampas Grass (Cortaderia argentea).—_See Cortaderia.

Panax.—Ord. Araliacee. Stove evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1740. Leaves, coarsely & finely divided, green &
variegated with white. Pretty plants for table decoration.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peaty leaf-mould, charcoal
& sand. Pot, Feb. to March. ater freely March to Oct., moderately
afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 60° to
70°. Propagate by grafting in heat in spring; inserting portions of
roots in light soil in temp, 80° in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. fruticosum Guilfoylei, leaves green and oreamy

shia 4 to 6 ft, Trop. Asia; fruticosum Victorie, leaves green and white, 4 to
6 ft.

Pancratium (Mediterranean Lily ; Sea Daffodil)—Ord. Amaryl.
306

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

lidacew. Stove & hardy, evergreen & deciduous bulbous plants. First
introduced 1596,

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy loam,
one part decayed manure & half a part silver sand. Position, well-
drained pots in sunny part of stove. Pot, March. Repotting neces-
sary every three or four years only. Water abundantly, April to Sept. ;
moderately, Sept. to Dec.; keep quite dry, Dec. to March. Apply
liquid manure once a week, May to Sept. ‘Temp., 70° to 80° March to
Sept., 55° to 65° Sept to Maral,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, three parts sandy loam, one
per leaf-mould. Position, warm exposed well-drained borders. Plant

ulbs 3 to 4in. deep, Oct., Nov., or March. Protect in winter by
layer of decayed manure, cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes. Mulch
after growth commences with decayed cow manure. Apply weak
stimulants occasionally during summer. Lift, divide & transplant
every three years. Propagate greenhouse & stove species by offsets
removed from old bulbs in March; hardy kinds similarly when re-
planting. :

. ake SPECIES: P. canariense, white, Oct. and Nov., 18 in., fragrant, Canary
“HARDY SPECIES: P. illyricum, white, summer, 1 ft., 9. Europe; maritimum
(Mediterranean Lily or Sea Daffodil), white, June, 18 in., Mediterranean Region.

Pandanus (Screw Pine)—Ord, Pandanacen. Stove evergreen
shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1771. Leaves, narrow, strap-
like, serrated, green or variegated with white.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal propor-
tions leaf-mould, charcoal & sand. Pot, Jan.to April. Position, sunny
moist part of stove. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards,
Syringe twice daily, March to Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to
85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets, Feb. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Baptistii, leaves yellow and green, 4 to 6 ft., New
Caledonia; candelabrum, leaves green, 20 ft., Trop. Africa; javanicus variegatus,
leaves green and white, 2 to 3 ft.; Sanderi, leaves green, white, and yellow,
8 ft.; Veitchii, leaves green and white, 3 ft., Polynesia.

Panicum (Panick Grass)—Ord, Graminex. Hardy and half-
hardy annual & perennial grasses. Inflorescence, light, feathery,
graceful. Leaves, green,

CULTURE OF HARDY ANNUALS: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds jin. deep in patches where required to
flower in March or April. Thin seedlings when 1 in. high to 2 in. apart.
Gather inflorescence in July or Aug. & dry for winter use.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIALS: Soil, good ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or April. Lift, divide & replant
every two or three years. Propagate stove species by division; hardy
kinds of seeds sown outdoors in April or May, & by division of roots
in Oct. or March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: P. capillare, 2 ft., W. Hemisphere,

PERENNIAL SPEOIES: P, altissimum, 3 to 5 ft., Central America; bulbosum,
5 ft., Mexico; virgatum, 3 to 4 ft., N. America. See also the genus Oplismenus.

Pansy (Viola tricolor).—See Viola.

Pantaloons Polyanthus.—See Primula.

Panther Lily (Lilium pace) re Lilium.

Papaver (Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracew. Hardy annual & peren
nial herbs.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary. Position,
sunny beds or borders, Sow seeds 1-16in, deep in patches where re-

307

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

quired to grow; in April for flowering in summer; Sept. for flowering
in spring. Thin seedlings to 1 or 2in. apart when 4 in. high. .

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep sandy loam. Posi-
tion, sunny borders for tall species as P, orientalis; rockeries for dwarf
species as P. alpinum & P. nudicaule. Plant, Oct., March or April.

‘op-dress with decayed manure in March or April. P. nudicaule best
raised from seeds annually. Propagate annual species by seeds as
above; perennial species by seeds sown in sunny place outdoors in
March or foal ; division of roots in March or April,

ANNUAL SPECIES.—P. arenarium, crimson and black, summer, 9 in., Caucasus;
glaucum (Tulip Poppy), crimson, summer, 18 in., Syria; levigatum, scarlet, black
and white, summer, 2 ft., Greece; pavoninium (Peacock Poppy), scarlet and black,
18 in., Afghanistan; Rheas (Corn or Shirley Poppy), various colours, 18 in.,
Britain; somniferum (Opium Poppy), various colours, summer, 3 ft., China.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. nudicaule (Iceland Poppy), yellow, orange and white,
summer, 1 ft., Arctic Regions; alpinum (Alpine Poppy), yellow, orange, salmon,
and white, summer, 6 in., Europe; orientale (Oriental Poppy), orange-scarlet, June,
3 ft., Asia Minor; pilosum, orange, summer, 2 ft., Greece; rupifragum (Spanish
Poppy), terracotta, summer, 2 ft., Spain; rupiorens, cerise-scarlet, summer, 2 ft.,
hybrid. Alpinum and nudicaule best grown as biennials.

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)—See Betula.

Paper Mulberry Goren Gs papyrifera)—See Brousso-
nettia.

Pappoose-root (Caulophyllum thalictrioides).—See Caulophyl-
lum.

Paradisea (St. Bruno’s Lily).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary well enriched with leaf-mould and de-
cayed manure. Position, partially shady borders. Plant, Oct. or
March. Increased by division of roots in Oct. or March; seeds sown
in cold frame or Preenhatse in spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. Liliastrum, white, fragrant, May and June, 1 to
2 ft., Alps; Liliastrum major, 4 to 5 ft., larger flowers than the parent. Formerly
known as Anthericum Liliastrum.

Paradise Apple cou malus precox).—See Pyrus.

Paraguay Tea (Ilex paraguayensis).—See Ilex.

Parasol Fig-tree (Sciadopitys verticillata)—See Sciadopitys.

_Parchment Bark (Pittosporium crassifolium).—See Pittospo-
rium.

Pardanthus.—See Belamacanda.

Paris hae Paris).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, shady borders, woods, or
shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown in
moist pemitiog outdoors in autumn; division of roots, Oct. or March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: P. quadrifolia (Herb Paris), green and yellow, summer,
6 in., Britain.

Paris Daisy (Chrysanthemum frutescens).—See Chrysanthemum.

Parkinson’s Chequered Meadow-Saffron (Colchi-
cum Parkinsoni)—See Colchicum..

Parlour Ivy (Mikania scandens).—See Mikania.

Parlour Palm (Aspidistra lurida)—See Aspidistra.

Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus).—Ord. Saxifragacee. Hardy
perennial herbs. _

CULTURE: Soil, peaty or boggy. Position, moist shady borders,
bogs or margins of streams or ponds. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or
April, Propagate by seeds sown in moist boggy peat in shady position
outdoors in autumn or spring; division of roots in March or April.

308

ENUYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. caroliniana, white, summer, 6 in., N. America;
palustris (Grass of Parnassus), white and green, summer, 6 in., Britain.

Parochetus (Blue-flowered Shamrock; Shamrock Pea).—Ord.
rN Hardy trailing herbaceous perennial. First introduced

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of sunny borders or
on rockeries. Plant, Oct., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16in. deep in light sandy soil in cold frame in March; division of

ants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. communis, blue, March to June, 1 ft., Himalayas.

Paronychia (Nail-wort; Whitlow-wort)—Ord. Llecebracezx.
Dwarf-creeping perennial herbs. Jirst introduced 1879. Flowers,
white, surrounded by silvery bracts.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dry sunny banks or rockeries
or for carpeting surfaces of beds. Plant, March to June. Propagate
by seeds sown in sunny spot outdoors in March or April; division of
plants, Oct. or March.
haa CULTIVATED: P. argentea, 9 in., 8. Europe; capitata, 9 in., S.

Paroo Lily (Dianella ce#rulea).—See Dianella.

Parottia (Persian Iron-wood).—Ord. Hamamelidacew. Hardy
deciduous trees & shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1848.
Leaves, ovate, green in summer, rich crimson with shades of orange &
yellow in autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, warm sheltered shrub-
berries, S. cf England; against 8. walls in colder districts. Plant,
Oct. to Feb. Prune shoots of trees grown against walls to within an
inch of base annually in Feb. Propagate by seeds sown in, deep in
well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame in autumn or spring;
layering shoots in autumn.
ene CULTIVATED: P. jacquemontiana, 10 ft., Himalayas; persica, 15 ft.,

ersia.

Parrot-beak-plant (Clianthus puniceus)—See Clianthus.

Parrot Tulip (Tulipa gesneriana laciniata)—See Tulipa.

Parrot’s-bill of New Zealand (Clianthus puniceus).—See
Clianthus.

Parry’s Lily (Lilium Parryi).—See Lilium.

Parsley (Carum petroselinum).—See Carum.

Parsley Fern (Cryptogramme crispa).—See Cryptogramme.

‘ Parsley-leaved Elder (Sambucus nigra laciniata).—See Sam-
ucus

Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum).—See Peucedanum.

Partridge-berry.—See Gaultheria and Mitchellia.

Partridge-breast Aloe (Aloe variegata).—See Aloe.

Pasque-flower (Anemone pulsatilla)—See Anemone.

Passifiora (Passion-flower).—Ord. Passifloracew. Stove green-
house & hardy climbing plants. First introduced 1699.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam
& peat, one-fourth silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune, Feb.,
thinning out weak shoots & shortening strong ones one-third. Position,
well-drained tubs or pots, or beds 18in. deep & 2ft. wide; shoots
trained up rafters or walls; sunny. Water copiously March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily April to Sept. Apply
stimulants occasionally to healthy ae when in flower only. Temp.,
March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March 55° ta 65°,

309

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, as for stove
species. Position, grown in pots, tubs or beds & shoots trained up
rafters. Prune, pot, & water as advised for stove species. Temp.,
March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary, mixed with a
little decayed manure. Position, south or south-west walls. Plant,
Oct. or March. Prune in Feb., shortening small shoots to 3 & 6 in., and
strong ones to 2 & 3ft. Water freely in dry weather. Apply liquid
manure to healthy plants once a month in summer. Propagate stove
species by seeds sown 4 in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 65° to
75° at any time; by cuttings of young shoots 4 to 6 in. long inserted in
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65°, April to Sept. Hardy species,
by similar cuttings inserted in cold frame in summer; layering young

shoots in summer.

STOVE SPECIES: P. alata, crimson, white and purple, summer, 15 to 20 ft.,
Peru; edulis (Granadilla), white and purple, summer, 20 ft., Brazil; quadrangu-
laris, red, violet, and white, fragrant, summer, 20 ft., Trop. America; racemosa,
scarlet, summer, 20 ft., Brazil.
ee OUES SPECIES: P. incarnata, flesh, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Trop.

merica,

HARDY SPECIES: P. cerulea, white, blue and purple, summer, 20 to 25 ft.,
Brazil, and its white variety, Lady Constance Elliot.

Passion-flower.—See Passiflora and Tacsonia.

Paternoster Pea (Abrus precatorius).—_See Abrus.

Paullinia.—Ord. Sapindacew. Stove evergreen twining plants.
First cultivated 1816. Leaves, finely divided, green, downy.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, two parts leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots with shoots trained round wire trellis or
up rafters of roof. Pot, March. Prane slightly in Jan. & Feb. Water
ey uations Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Syringe twice daily, March
to Sept. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
in small pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Cupania, white, June, 15 to 20 ft., Venezuela;
thaliotrifolia, pink, Sept., 10 to 15 ft., 8. America.

Paulownia. — Ord. Scrophulariacew. Hardy deciduous tree.
ree foliage & flowering. First introduced 1840. Leaves, large, soft

owny. ;

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sunny sheltered shrubberies
or lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune shoots annually in Feb. to
within two or three inches of their base if only foliage is desired ; leave
unpruned for flowering. Propagate by seeds sown } in, deep in sandy
loam in cold frame in spring or autumn; by cuttings of tirm ycung
shoots inserted in sandy soil in frame in summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. imperialis, violet, June, 15 to 20 {t., Japan.

Pavetta (Wild Jasmine). — Ord. Rubiacew. Stove evergreen
shrubs. Orn. foliage. Leaves, oblong lance-shaped, dark olive-green,
spotted with white, salmon-red mid-ribs.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good fibrous peat, one part fibrous
loam & silver sand. Position, shady part of stove whilst growing, light
situation when at rest. Pot, Feb, or March; good drainage indispen-
sable. Prune into shape in Feb. Water freely from March to Sept. ;
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily, March to Aug. Apply
liquid manure once or twice a week to healthy plants in flower. Temp.,
March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3in. long, inserted singly in small
pots in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. Fo to 85°, March to May.

310

ENCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: P. borbonica, 3 to 4 ft., Bourbon.

Pavia.—See Asculus.

Pavonia.—Ord. Malvacex. Stove evergreen plants. First intro-
duced 1778.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot,
March. Position, pots in ate, Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe daily in summer. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in fine sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. coccinea, scarlet, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil; multi-
flora, purple, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil. :

Pea (Pisum sativum).—Sce Pisum.

Pea, Sweet.—See Lathyrus.

Peach (Prunus persica).—See Prunus. :

Peach-leaved Bell-lower (Campanula persicifolia).—See
Campanula.

P Peach Trumpet-flower (Solandra grandiflora).—See Solan-
ra.

Peacock Anemone (Anemone Pavonia).—See Anemone,

Peacock-flower (Casalpinia pulcherrima)—See Cesalpinia.

Peacock Iris (Iris Pavonia).—See Iris.

Peacock Treasure-flower (Gazania Pavonia)—See
Gazania.

Pear (Pyrus communis).—See Pyrus.

Pearl-berry (Margyricarpus setosus).—See Margyricarpus.

Pearl-bush (Exochorda grandiflora).—See Exochorda.

Pear! Cud-weed (Anaphalis margaritacea)—See Anaphalis.

Pearl-grass (Briza maxima).—See Briza.

Pearl-wort (Sagina glabra).—See Sagina.

Rt lll Everiasting (Anaphalis margaritacea)See Ana-
phalis.

Pedilanthus (Slipper Spurge; Jew-bush)—Ord. Euphorbiacez.
Stove succulent shrub. First introduced 1874.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part brick rubbish,
half a part decayed cow manure & silver sand. Pot, March or April.
Position, dry sunny part of stove. Temp., Sept to March 60° to 70°;
March to Sept. 60° to 80°. Water once in three weeks from Sept. to
March ; once a week afterwards. No syringing or stimulants required.
Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in. long, exposed to sun for one
or two days, then inserted singly in sand in 2in. pots, & placed on a
shelf near the glass, any time during summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. tithymaloides, stems fleshy, 6 ft., S. America.

Peerless Daffodil (Narcissus incomparabilis).—See Narcissus.

Pelargonium.—0Ord. Geraniacez. Greenhouse & hardy her-
baceous, evergreen, shrubby, & tuberous-rooted perennials. Flowering
& orn. foliage. Popularly known as “Geraniums.” P. grandiflorum
first introduced 1794; P. peltatum, 1701; P. zonale, 1710.

CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES: (1) Zonal.—Leaves roundish, cor-
date, lobed, pubescent, green, with or without horse-shoe mark near
margin of upper surface. Sub-classes: Bicolor—Leaves green, edged
with white, or white, edged with green. Tricolor—Leaves, green,
white, yellow, & crimson. Bronze.—Yellow with bronze zone. (2)
Show: eee palmately lobed, toothed margins, wrinkled, green;
flowers large, with smooth or wrinkled edges. Sub-class: Regal.—
Flowers semi-double. (3) Fancy: Leaves similar to show kinds; flowers

311

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

smaller, spotted or blotched. (4) Ivy-leaved: Leaves ivy-shaped, fleshy,
five-angled, green or variegated; stems tral Dy or climbing. (5)
Scented-leaved: Leaves variously shaped; scented. :
CULTURE OF HARDY HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, sandy
loam. Position, sunny well-drained rockery or border. Plant, March
or April. Protect in winter with covering of cocoanut-fibre refuse.
CULTURE OF ZONAL PELARGONIUMS: For Summer Flower-
ing: Insert cuttings in Aug. or Sept. singly in 2in. pots.
Place in temp. 45° till March, then transfer to 4 in. size.
Nip off point of main shoot in Feb. or March, also of side
shoots when 2 in. long. Transfer to 6 in. pots when roots
reach side of 5 in. sizes. Pot firmly. Compost for first potting,
two parts yellow fibrous loam, half a part well-decayed manure, half a
part leaf-mould, one part coarse sand & tablespoonful of superphos-
phate, or a quarter of a pint of bone-meal to each bushel; for final
potting, same proportion of loam, manure & leaf-mould, quarter part
each of coarse sand & charcoal, tablespoonful of superphosphate or
pint of bone-meal to each bushel. Remove flower buds until fortnight
after final potting. Water moderately first ten days after potting;
freely afterwards. Apply stimulants month after final potting. Shade
from sun when in bloom. Temp., Aug. to March 40° to 50°; March
to May 55° to 60°; ordinary cool greenhouse or window afterwards.
After flowering, shorten shoots & keep soil just moist, repotting follow-
ing spring to make large plants. For Winter Flowering: Insert
cuttings singly in 2in. pots in Feb. or March in temp. 55° to 65°.
Transfer when well rooted into 4 in. & again into Gin. in June. Nip off
point of main shoot in April, & of side shoots in May or June. Pinch
off flower buds appearing before oe Stand in sunny cold frame, or
pinnge to rim of pots in cinder ashes in open position, June to Sept.
emove into greenhouse in Sept. Water freely outdoors, moderately
indoors. Apply stimulants twice a week, June to Sept., once a week
afterwards. Compost, as above. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°.
Dry atmosphere essential to prevent damping of blooms. After flower-
ing, shorten shoots, keep smolecately moist, & repot. Zonals, Bicolors,
& Tricolors for Bedding: Insert cuttings in Aug. or Sept., several in
5 in, pots, or 2 in. apart in shallow boxes. Keep thus until Feb., then
transfer singly to 3 in. pots, place in temp. 55° until April, then
remove to cold frame, and plant outdoorsin June. Lift plants in Sept.,
placing bicolors, tricolors, and bronzes singly in 3 in. pots; zonals
singly in similar pots, three in a 4 or 5 in. pot, or a few inches apart
in shallow boxes, & storing in temp., 40° to 45°, in greenhouse, room
or cellar. Specimen Zonals: Insert cuttings in Aug. or Sept., growing
in 2 in, pots until March, then transfer to 4 in. sizes. Compost as
above : ~ off points of main shoot in March, also of side shoots
when 3 in. long. Tie these ae te wire fixed to rim of pot, & allow
young shoots to form in centre. Remove all blooms first year. Trans-
fer to 6 in. pot in May or June. Grow in greenhouse near glass.
Water freely during summer, moderately in winter. Apply stimulants,
June to Sept. Shorten shoots two thirds in Jan. When new shoots
form repot. Nip off points of shoots where necessary to ensure good
shape. Compost as above. Stimulants for Zonals: Liquid horse, cow,
sheep or deer dung, diluted with two-thirds water, & applied twice a
week in summer, once a week in winter; nitrate of soda, }0z. to a
gallon of water, applied once a week, when soil is moist only, for

312

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

three or four weeks, then cease; sulphate of ammonia, same as nitrate
of soda; soot-water (one peck each of sheep & cow dung, & 4 peck of
nent 0 36 gall. of water), diluted with half water, applied twice a
week,

CULTURE OF SHOW AND FANCY PELARGONIUMS: Insert
cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, in July or Aug. singly in 2 in.
pots in cold frame or greenhouse. Sandy soil: When rooted, transfer
to 4in, pots, and place on a shelf close to glass in temp. 45° to 50. Nip
off point of main shoot just before potting. When new shoots are 3 in.
long nip off points. Transfer to 5 in. pots in Jan. Keep near glass.
When flowers show apply liquid manure twice a week. Water mode-
rately until March, then freely until June, when give less. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to May 50° to 55°. After flowering
stand in sunny place outdoors. Prune shoots to within lin. of base
in July. When new shoots form turn plants out of pots, remove loose
soil, & repot in 4 or 5in. pots. Replace in greenhouse in Sept. Trans-
fer to 6 or 8in. pots in Dec. or, Jan. mpost, three parts good
fibrous loam, one part decayed horse or cow dung, half a part coarse
sand, & a tablespoonful of superphosphate to each bushel. Good
drainage and firm potting essential. Stimulants as above.

CULTURE OF IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS: Insert cuttings
singly in 2 in. pots, or three or four in a 4in. pot in Aug. or Sept.
Grow in greenhouse near glass until Feb. or March, then transfer to
4in. pots. Nip off points of main shoots in Feb, or March. Repot in
5in. pots in April or May. Train shoots to stakes or place plants
in suspended baskets, & let them droop over sides. Water moderately
Sept. to April, freely April to Sept. Apply stimulants, May to Sept.
Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Plant
outdoors, June. Prune old plants, Feb. or March. Compost & stimu-
lants same as for zonals.

CULTURE OF FRAGRANT-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS: Compost,
two parts loam, half a part each of decayed manure and leaf-mould,
quarter part sand. Pot and treat as advised for zonals.

Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in a well-drained pot or
pan, filled with light sandy soil, in temp. 55° to 65°, Feb. to April;
cuttings inserted as above directed in each section; grafting on
common kinds in close frame or under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°
in 8 Tang 3 tuberous-rooted kinds By division in spring.
aa as HERBACEOUS SPECIES: . endlicherianum, rose, summer, 2 ft.,

rien

FRAGRANT-LEAVED SPECIES: P. eapitatum (Rose-scented), rose and purple,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., 8. Africa; citriodorum (Citron-scented), white, summer, 2 to
3 ft., S. Africa; crispum (Lemon-scented), purple, Sept., 2 to 3 ft., 9. Africa; denti-
culatum filicifolium (Fern-leaved), purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; fragrans
(Nutmeg-scented), white and red, summer, 2 to 3 ft.; quercifolium (Oak-leaved),
pink, purple, May, 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; radula (Balsam-scented), purple, summer,
et ft., S. Africa; tomentosum (Peppermint-scented), white, summer, 3 ft.,

. Africa.

OTHER SPECIES: P. inquinans (parent of the Scarlet Geraniums), scarlet, rose,
and white, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa; peltatum (Syn. hederefolium), parent of the
Ivy-leaved Geraniums, white or red, summer, S. Africa; grandiflorum (parent of
the Show, Fancy, and Regal Pelargoniums), white and red, summer, 2 ft.,
Africa; zonale (Horseshoe or Zonal Geranium), parent of the zonal, bicolor and
tricolor geraniums, various colours, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa.

Pelecyphora (Hatchet Cactus).—Ord. Cactacee. Greenhouse
succulent A aa i First introduced 1843.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar &
pounded bricks. Position, sunny airy greenhouse or windows. Pot,

313

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

March or April in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
roots. Repot every third or fourth year only. Water moderately
March to Sept., once a fortnight Sept. to Dec., none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot-water
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.
March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown $in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in
temp, 75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of
the tops of the plants inserted in small pots of sandy gritty compost

n spring.

‘ SPROINS CULTIVATED: P. asseliformis, white and rose, June, 4 in., Mexico.

Pelexia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam & sand.
Position, well-drained pote or shallow pans in shady part of stove.
Temp., 65° to 75° March to Sept.; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of shoots removed with roots attached, inserted singly
in small pots of peaty compost under bell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° in
spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. maculata, green and pink, summer, 1 to 2 ft.;
roseo-alba, white, summer, 1 ft., Brazil.

Pellzea (Cliff Brake-Fern).—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen
& deciduous ferns. First introduced 1770. Fronds, hand-shaped or
once or twice divided; green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand,
with a little charcoal & sandstone. Pot or plant, March. Position.
well-drained pots in shady part of greenhouse or in beds or rockeries in
shade. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 60° to 65°. P. atropurpurea
is sufficiently hardy to grow outdoors in sheltered rockeries if pro-
tected with Litter or hand-light in winter. Propagate by spores sown
on surface of sandy peat in shallow pan in temp. 70° to 80°, any time;
division of plants in Feb.to April.

SPECIES UULTIVATED: P. adiantioides (Syn. Platyloma adianticides), W.
Indies; atropurpurea, N. America; Breweri, N. America; ocalomelanos, Cape
Oolony; cordata, Mexico; cordata flexuosa (Syn. Platyloma flexuosa), W.S.
America; falcata, Tropics, Australia, New Zealand; hastata (Syn. Fteris hastata),
8. Africa; mucronata, California; ternifolia, Trop. America.

Pellionia.—Ord. Urticaceaw. Stove creeping herb. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1880. Leaves, roundish, oval or heart-shaped ; olive-
green with violet & white markings.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Pot or plant, March or April. “Position, shallow pans or on
surface of beds or rockeries or under staging. Water moderately Oct.
to Feb.; freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to April 55° to 65°; April
to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings of creeping shoots inserted
in sandy soil in small pots under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in
spring; division of plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. daveauana, Cochin China; pulchra, Cochin China.

Peltandra (Arrow-Arum),—Ord. Aroidea. Hardy perennial
herb. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1759. Leaves, spear-head shaped,
broad, deep green.

CULTURE: Soil, rich boggy or muddy. Position, moist bog or
shallow pond. Plant, March or April, enc osing roots & small quantity
of soil in piece of canvas or sacking & drop the whole into the water.

314

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Propagate by inserting portions of creeping stems’ in muddy soil in
nds where required to grow.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. virginica, 1 ft., N. America,

Peltaria.—oOrd. Crucifere. Hardy herbaceous perennial herb.
First introduced 1601. Plant, garlic-scented.

CULTURE: Soil, ordiuary. Position, sunny borders, beds or
rockeries. Plant, Oct., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep outdoors, March or April, where plants are required to grow ;
division of cplonts in March or April.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: P. alliacea, white, summer, 1 ft., E. Europe.

Pennisetum.— Ord. Graminew. Hardy perennial grasses.
Flowering & orn. foliage. Inflorescence very graceful and useful for
cutting and drying for winter decoration.

CULTURE OF P. LATIFOLIUM: Soil, sandy loam. Position, shel-
tered, well-drained borders in warm parts of the kingdom only. Plant,
April. Protect in severe weather with covering of mats, or lift in
Nov., place in large pots or tubs & remove to greenhouse, replanting
outdoors in April or May.

CULTURE OF P. LONGISTYLUM: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in, deep in patches a foot or more in diameter
in March or April, where plants are to Hower. Gather inflorescence
for winter use, end of July. This species is best treated as an annual.
pr oeeate P. latifolium by seed sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in
shallow boxes or pans in temp. 60° to 65°, March or April. transplanting
seedlings outdoors in pay or June; division of root in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. latifolium (Syn. Gymnothrix latifolia), 5 to 8 ft.,
perennial, Argentina; longistylum, 12 to 18 in., annual, Abyssinia.

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium).—See Mentha.

Pentas. — Ord. Rubiaceez. Stove evergreen flowering shruba.
First introduced 1842.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & leaf-mould, halt-
part each light loam & sand. Pot, Feb. to April. Position, well-drained
pots in light part of stove. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely
at other times. Syringe daily April to Sept. Prune plants into shape
immediately after flowering. Nip off points of young shoots occa-
sionally during May, June & July to induce bushy habit of growth.
Temp., Sept to April 50° to 60°; April to Sept. 60° to 75°. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots, 2 to 3in, long, inserted singly in 2-in.
pots filled with sandy compost & placed under bell-glass in temp. of
75°, spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. carnea, pink, winter, 18 in., Trop, Africa; carnea
kermesina, rose and violet; carnea, quartiniana, pink.

Pentstemon (Beard Tongue).—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Hardy
perennials. First introduced 1794.

CULTURE: Soil, two parts rich loam, one part decayed manure or
leaf-mould. Plant, March or April. Position, sunny beds or borders,
well drained. Apply stimulants once or twice a week in summer, Suit-
able stimulants: Liquid cow or horse manure; superphosphate at the
rate of a tablespoonful to each plant forked into surface of soil in May;
niteate of soda 40z. to a gall. of water once a week; Peruvian guano
4oz. to gall. of water twice a week. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in a well-drained pot or pan of light soil in temp. 55° to 65°
in Feb. or March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; cuttings
of young shoots 3 in. lon inserted in sandy soil in boxes or a bed
under hand-light, or in cold frame in Aug., allowing them to remain
there until April; division in ace

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: P. azureus, blue, Aug., 1 ft., N. America; barbatus
(Syn. Ohelone barbata), scarlet, summer, 3 ft., U. States; OCobxa, purple and
white, Aug., 1 ft., U. States; confertus carulea-purpureus, purple and blue, 1 ft.,
summer, Rocky Mountains; glaber, purple, summer, 1 ft., U. States; gentianoides,
summer, 3 ft., Mexico} Hartwegii, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Mexico; Menziesii, lilac,
red and purple, June, 6 in., N.W. America. The kinds grown so largely in
gardens were originally derived from hybrids between P. Cobxa and P. Hart
wegii.

Peony (Peonia officinalis)—See Pzonia.

Peperomia (Pepper-Elder).—Ord. Piperacee. Stove herbaceous
co 3 ereeping & erect; orn. foliage. First introduced 1815.

eaves, roundish or egg-shaped; green, variegated with white.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat with half a

art sand. Pot, March or April. Position, small well-drained pots
for erect species, shallow pans or beds for creeping species. Shade from
sun. Water moderately in winter, freely in summer. Syringe daily,
April to Sept. Temp., April to Sept. 60° to 75°; Sept. to April 55°
to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots or single joints with leaf
attached inserted in sandy peat & plunged in bottom heat in temp.
65° to 75° in apart e

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. argyreia, leaves green and grey, 8. America; mar-
morata, leaves, green and white, Brazil; metallica, leaves green, Peru; nummu-
lariefolia, round green leaves; Sandersii, leaves, green and white.

Pepper Elder.—See Peperomia.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita).—See Mentha.

Peppermint-scented Geranium (Pelargonium tomen-
tosum).—See Pelargonium.

Pepper-plant.—See Piper.

Perennial Candytuft.—See Iberis.

Perennial Flax (Linum perenne).—See Linum.

Perennial Honesty (Lunaria rediviva)—See Lunaria.

Perennial Sun-flower (Helianthus multiflorus).—See Helian-
thus.

Pereskia (Barbados Gooseberry).—Ord. Cactacew. Stove succu-
lent perennials. First introduced 1696.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat & leaf-mould, one-
fourth sand. Pot, March. Position, small, well-drained pots in light,
dry part of stove, or in beds with shoots trained to dry wall. Water
moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
50° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. P. aculeata and P. Bleo grown
chiefly for stocks for grafting epiphyllums on. Propagate by cuttings
of stem inserted in 2-in. pots fil a with sandy soil & faved on a light,
dry shelf in temp. 65° to 75° in spring. Allow one slroat only to grow
for forming a stock, & train this to a stake fixed in soil until ed
enough, then pratt.

wi CULTIVATED: P. aculeata, 5 to 7 ft., W. Indies; Bleo, 8 to 10 ft.,
exico,

Perilla.—Ord. Labiate. Half-hardy orn.-foliaged annual. First
introduced 1770. Leaves, egg-shaped, pointed; green or dark bronzy
purple, with fimbriated edges.

CULTURE: Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in shallow boxes or pans faled
with ordinary light soil placed in temp. of 65° to 75° in Feb. or March.
Transplant seedlings when three leaves have formed singly into 2in.
pete. or 2in. apart in shallow boxes. Keep in temp. 55° to 65° till

ay, then transfer to cold frame; gradually harden off & plant out-
oe a June. Adapted for masses in borders or for lines in, or edgings
to, beds.

316

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: P. nankinensis, leaves bronzy purple, 1 to 3 ft., China;
nankinensis macrophylla crispa, leaves with crisped edges. :

Periploca (Silk-vine).—Ord. Asclepiadacee. Hardy deciduous
twiner. First introduced 1597.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, walls, arbours, summer-
house or trellises in any aspect. Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb. or March.
Prune away very weak or old distorted shoots only in March. Apply
liquid manure occasionally during the flowering season. Propagate by
cuttings inserted under bell-glass or hand-light outdoors, July to
Oct.; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.
corn CULTIVATED: P. greca, green and brown, July, 10 to 15 ft., S.E.

Peristeria (Dove-Flower; Dove-Orchid).—Ord. Orchidacez.
Stove evergreen orchids. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & fine crocks.
Pot, March or when new growth begins. Position, well-drained pots
or teak baskets. Water freely April to Sept.; keep nearly dry after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to April 60° to 65°; April to Oct. 65° to 75°.
Apply weak stimulants occasionally when plants are growing freely.
Growing period, March to Oct. Resting period, Oct. to March.
Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb after resting. Propagate
by division of pseudo-bulbs, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. cerina, yellow, fragrant, summer, Venezuela; elata
(Dove Orchid), white and purple, fragrant, summer, Central America; Lindenii,
areal ee purple, spring; pendula, yellow and white, fragrant, summer, British

Periwinkle.—See Vinca.

Pernettya (Prickly Heath)—Ord. Ericacew. Hardy evergreen
Berg heatmne shrubs. First introduced 1825. Berries, crimson, blue:
black, rose, cream; autumn.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist rockeries or
margins of open or shady shrubberies & beds. Plant, Sept. to Nov.,
or March to Way.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, cold or cool greenhouses, or dwelling-rooms. Pot,
Oct. or Nov. Water moderately. When berries shrivel or fall off,
plants no further use for pot culture; plant outdoors.

WINDOW BOXES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady.
Plant, Sept. to Jan. Remove when berries shrivel. Propagate by seeds
sown }in. deep in bed of peaty soil outdoors in autumn; layering
shoots in March or April. >
I EeULeS CULTIVATED: P. mucronata, white, spring, 3 to 6 ft., Magellan
slands.

Persea (Avocado or Alligator Pear)—Ord. Laurinee. Stove
evergreen shrub. Fruit, pear-shaped, purplish when ripe, & edible.
First introduced 1739.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, & a little sand.
Position, moist stove in pots. Potin March. Water freely in summer,
little in winter. Syringe daily in spring & summer. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
in above compost in a temp. of 85°; by cuttings in sand under bell-glass
in a similar temperature in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. gratissima, green, summer, 10 ft., W. Indies.

Persian Cycifamen (Cyclamen persicum).—See Cyclamen.

Persian Iron-wood (Parottia persica).—See Parottia.

Persian Lilac (Syringa persica).—See Syringa,

317

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Persian Lily (Fritillaria persica).—See Fritillaria.

Persian Tulip (Tulipa clusiana)—See Tulipa.

Peruvian Daffodil (Hymenocallis Amances). — See Hymenu
callis.

Peruvian Heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum). — See
Heliotropium.

Peruvian Nasturtium (Tropxzolum tuberosum).—See Tro-
peolum, :

Peruvian Swamp Lily (Zephyranthes candida).—_See Zephy-
ranthes.

Peruvian Trumpet-flower (Datura suavolens). — See
Datura.

Petasites (Winter Heliotrope)—Ord. Composite. Hardy peren-
nial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, kidney or heartshaped.
large, downy beneath, green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies or woodland, par-
tially shaded borders. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Propagate by division,
Oct. or Nov.

apres OULTIVATED: P. fragrans, white, fragrant, Feb., 6 in., Mediterranean
egion.

Petrea (Purple Wreath)—Ord. Verbenacex. Stove-flowering
climber; deciduous. First introduced 1733.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand;
little charcoal. Position, well-drained pot, bed, or border, with shoots
trained up rafters or trellis in shady part of stove. Pot or plant, Feb.
or March. Prune slightly, Feb. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe daily March to Sept. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Propagate by cuttings
of firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil in well-drained ‘pot under
bell-glass in temp. 65° fo 75°, epring & summer.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. arborea, violet, blue, summer, 12 ft., Colombia;
volubilis (Purple Wreath), purple, summer, 12 ft., Trop. America.

Petty Whin (Genista anglica).—See Genista.

Petunia.—Ord. Solanacew. Half-hardy herbaceous perennials
First introduced 1823.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts decayed turfy loam, one
part well-rotted manure, quarter part silver sand. Position, sunny
greenhouse or window. Shade only from bright sun. Pot, Feb. to
June, moderately firm. Size of pots, 3, 5 & 6in. Pinch out point
of young shoots occasionally in spring to induce bushy growth. Prune
shoéts of old plants moderately close in Feb. or March. Water mode-
rately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. No syringing required. Apply
stimulants to established plants when flower buds form. Train shoots
to stakes. Suitable liquid manures: 1 oz. nitrate of soda or sulphate
of ammonia to 1 gallon of water, applied three or four successive times
only; $02. ae to a gallon of water applied twice a week; one-fourth
liquid cow, horse, sheep, or deer dung to three-fourths water applied as
advised for guano. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March,
40° to 50°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny beds,
borders, vases, or trellises. Plant, June. Lift, Sept., & store in pots
in greenhouse to furnish cuttings in spring. Water freely in dry
weather. Place in cold frame in May to harden before planting out.
Apply stimulants as above. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of a
compost of equal parts good soil, leaf-mould & sand in a well-drained

318

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

pot or pan, in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb., March, or April; by cuttings
of young shoots inserted in light sandy soil in pots, pans, or boxes in
temp. 55° to 65° any time in spring.

_SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. nyotaginiflora, white, Aug., 2 ft., annual, Argen-
tina; violacea, purple, summer, perennial, Argentina. Last named parent of varie-
ties grown in gardens.

_Peucedanum (Parsnip; Dill) —Ord. Umbellifers. Hardy bien-
nial esculent-rooted vegetable.

CULTURE: Soil, rich ordinary previously trenched three spits deep,
& not recently manured. Position, open & sunny. First Method:
Draw drills lin. deep & 15in. apart. Sow seeds in groups of three
or four 12 in, apart, March or April. Thin seedlings when 2in. high
to one in each group. Second Method: Dig out a trench 30 in. wide,
18in. deep. Put 31in. decayed manure in bottom, then Gin. of soil
mixed with a little manure, & filled up with fine friable soil. Sow
two or three seeds in groups a foot apart down centre of the trench.
Reduce the seedlings when 2in. high to one in each group. Third
Method: Make holes 3ft. deep, 8in. in diameter at top & 15 in. apart
each way. Fill the lower six inches of the hole with a compost of fine
soil, decayed manure, & a pinch of superphosphate. The remaining
space fill with similar material, but with the addition of soot & a pinch
of salt. Sow the seeds in groups of three or four, & thin to one plant
when 2in, high. Suitable Artificial Manures: 231b. kainit, 11b. sul-
phate of ammonia, 2} 1b. guano per square rod, to be applied half before
sowing and remainder after crop is thinned. Lift & store roots only
in event of bad weather; they retain their flavour better lifted as
wanted from the ground. Seed retains its vegetative powers for one
year only. Quantity required for a row 50 ft. long, 10z. Crop reaches
maturity in 24 to 27 weeks. Seed take 15 to 20 days to germinate.

Market Cutrure: Soil, loam, deeply worked. Plough or trench
deeply in autumn, but add no stable manure. Harrow surface over in
Feb. Manures: 3cwt. kainit per acre applied in autumn, & 4 cwt.
superphosphate at sowing time. Sow in Feb. or March 1} in. deep in
rows 18in. asunder. Seed required per acre, 9lb. Thin seedlings to
9in, apart. Lift as required after November. Market by the tally
(60 roots). Cost of cultivation: “Singleing” or thinning, 5s. per acre;
lifting, 263. per acre, Average yield per acre, 500 to 600 bushels.
Average returns per acre, £50 to £80.

CULTURE OF DILL: Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills
9in. apart in March. Thin seedlings to 8in. apart. Gather leaves
as required for use.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. graveolens (Dill), yellow, July, 3 ft., India;
sativum (Parsnip), yellow, July and Aug., 1 ft., Europe.

hacelia.—Ord. Hydrophyllacee. Hardy annuals. Good bee
flowers. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny or partially shaded
beds or borders. Sow seeds in patches or lines where required to grow
in April. Thin seedlings 2 to 3in. apart in June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. campanularia, blue, summer, 8 in., California;
Parryi, violet, summer, 1 ft., California; tanacetifolia, blue and pink, July, 2 ft.,
California; Whitlavia (Syn. Whitlavia grandiflora), blue, Sept., 1 ft., California.

Phzedranassa (Queen Lily)—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Stove and
greenhouse flowering bulbous plants. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould &
half a part sand. Position, well-drained pots near the glass March to
Oct.; in dry place under stage pee to March. Pot, Feb. or March.

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Water moderately March to May; freely May to Oct.; keep nearly dry
Oct. to March. Apply stimulants, May to Aug. only. Temp. for stove
species, 60° to 70° March to Sept.; Sept. to March 50° to 55°; for green-
houge species, 55° to 65° March to Sept.; 40° to 50° Sept. to March.
Repot annually, removing old soil away from bulbs. Place in small
pots first, shift into larger sizes later on. No shade required. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of sandy soil
in temp. of 65° to 75° in spring; offsets removed & treated as old bulbs
at potting time.

STOVE SPECIES: P. Carmioli, red and green, summer, 2 ft., Costa Rica;
Lehmanni, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Colombia.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. chloracea, purple, rose, and green, summer, 18 in.,
Ecuador.

Phzenocoma.—Ord. Composits. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1789.

ULTURE: Compost, two parts good brown fibrous peat, one part
silver sand & little charcoal. Position, well-drained pots in light part
of greenhouse; no shade. Pot, March or April. Firm potting most
essential. Prune straggling shoots only, moderately in Feb. or March.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. No syringing
required. Admit air freely in summer. Shoots can be trained round
stakes or trellis. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, inserted
in well-drained pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. of 55°
to 65°, summer,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. prolifera, crimson, rose, and purple, May to Sept.,
8 to 4 ft., 8. Africa; prolifera Barnesii, superior form.

Phaius.—Ord, Orchidacex. Stove terrestrial orchids. First in-
troduced 1778.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam, & decayed cow
manure. Pot, March or April. Position, well-drained pots in warm,
moist part of stove during growing period; cool and dry part during
resting period. Cover drainage with layer of moss, & do not allow

. compost to be higher than half-an-inch below rim. Water freely April
to Sept.; moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep nearly dry Jan. to March.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to Jan. 60° to 70°; Jan. to
March 55° to 65°. Growing period: March to Oct. Resting period:
Oct. to March. Flowers appear at base of new bulb soon after growth
is completed. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs, March or April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. bicolor, red, white, rose, and yellow, summer, 18 in.,
Ceylon; Blumei, brown, white, crimson, and yellow, spring, 2 ft., Java; grandi-
florus, yellow, brown, rose, and purple, spring, 24 ft., Trop. Asia and Australia;
Humboldtii, rose, purple, brown, white, crimson, and yellow, summer, 18 in.,
Madagascar; maculatus, yellow and brown, spring, 24 ft., N. India; simulans,
white, rose, purple, yellow, and crimson, winter, 1 ft., Madagascar; tuberculosus,
yellow and purple, winter, 2 ft., Madagascar; Wallichii, white, orange, purple,
and yellow, winter, 2 ft., India.

Phalzenopsis (Moth Orchid; Indian Butterfly-plant). — Ord.
Orchidacew. Stove evergreen epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1836,

CULTURE: Compost, equal see sphagnum moss, fibrous peat with
fine particles removed, charcoal & clean potsherds. Position, shallow
pans, small teak baskets or fixed to blocks of wood, suspended from roof
of stove. Plant in pans or baskets or fix to blocks, Feb, to March.
In fastening plants to blocks, first place layer of moss, then roots of
eat then another layer of moss, & secure firmly with copper wire.

ans to be well drained. Water daily, March to April; Vacate or
hlocks by lal in tepid water, once or twice a week, Oct to March.
Moist atmosphere very essential in summer. Shade from sun. Temp.,

320

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.
65° to 80° March to Oct.; Oct. to March 60° to 65°. Growing period,
March to Oct.; resting period, Oct. to March. Flowers appear in axil
of leaf. Admit moderate amount of air in summer. Propagate by
division or by offsets removed from flowering stems when well rooted.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. amabilis, white and yellow, March to Oct., Malaya;
esmeralda, rosy purple, summer, 6 in., Cochin China; Lowii, white and purple,
summer, 4 in., Moulmem; lieddemanniana, white and purple, various periods, 8 in.,
Philippines; sanderiana, rose, purple, white, and yellow, winter, 8 in., Philip-
pines; schilleriana, mauve, white, yellow, and red, spring, 1 ft., Philippines;
speciosa, purple, orange and white, winter, $in., Andamans; stuartiana, white,
purple and yellow, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Philippines; violacea, violet, rose and purs“e,
summer, 8 in., Malaya. Numerous hybrids. 7

Phalaris (Gardener's Garters; Lady’s Garters; Ribbon Grass;
Silver Grass)—Ord. Graminee. Hardy annual & perennial flowering
& ornamental grasses. Flowers, white, green, purple, borne in pani-
cles; July. Leaves, green or variegated with white. _ : :

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seeds jin. deep in April
where required to grow. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. ae

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny or shady borders. Plant, Oct. to April. Lift, divide, & replant
every two or three years. Propagate perennials by seeds sown outdoors
in April, transplanting seedlings following Oct.; division of plants,
Oct. to April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: P. canariensis (Canary Grass), 18 in., S. Europe. —

PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. arundinacea variegata, leaves striped with silvery
white, 3 to 4 ft., N. Regions.

Phaseolus (Kiduey Bean; Scarlet Runner; Haricot Bean;
French Bean).—Ord. Leguminose. Stove and hardy perennials and
annuals. Kidney or French Bean first introduced 1509; Runner Bean
1663.

CULTURE OF SNAIL FLOWER: Compost, equal parts loam & peat,
little sand. Position, well-drained pots, shoots twining round trellis,
posts, or pillars. Pot, Feb. Water moderately in winter; freely in
summer. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to
65°. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp. 65° in March;
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° in April.

-CULTURE OF KIDNEY OR FRENCH BEAN: Soil, light, rich, well
manured & dryish. Position, open, sunny. Draw drills 3in. deep &
18in, apart. Sow seeds 4in. apart end of April, middle of May, be-
ginning of June & end of July. Thin seedlings when three leaves
appear to 12in. apart, replanting thinnings to form another row or
rows. Water the drills thoroughly if soil be dry before sowing the
seeds. Mulch with manure when seedlings appear. Water freely in
dry weather. Apply stimulants when pods form. Plants bear earlier
if sown along centre of early celery ridges than if sown in open garden.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part decayed
manure. Size of pots,8 in. Put 1in. of crocks in bottom, next a layer
of half-decayed tree leaves or fresh horse droppings, then enough com-
post to half fill the pot. Dibble seeds }in. deep, 2in. apart. Moisten
with tepid water. Water moderately when seeds sprout; freely when
lin, high. Top-dress with equal parts soil & manure when plants
reach rim of pot. Apply stimulants after top-dressing has been done
a fortnight. Temp., 55° to 65°. Support shoots with small twigs.
No shade required. Keep close to glass. _

CULTURE OF RUNNER BEANS: Soil, light, deep, well manured.
Position, sunny or partially shady garden, arbour, trellis, or fences;
former best: Sow seeds first ween May 4in. apart, and 3 in. deep

M

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in drills 6 ft. asunder; in double rows 9in. apart & 8 ft, asunder; in
trenches 9in. wide, 12in. deep, containing 3in. manure & 6 in. soil,
seeds being dibbled 2in. deep, 4in. apart in two rows 6 in, asunder.
Support plants with long stakes, or trellises, or strands of twine when
Gin. high, or nip off point of main shoot when 2 ft. high, and subsequent
shoots when 6 in. long to ensure dwarf habit. Mould up those sown in
drills. Mulch with manure. Water freely in dry weather, otherwise
flowers will fall off. Apply stimulants freely when pods form. Suit-
able artificial manures: (1) 31b. salt; 14 1b. each of nitrate of soda &
superphosphate; 1lb. kainit, half this to be applied to a square rod
before sowing, remainder in June. (2) 2lb. kainit; 51b. nitrate of
soda; 9lb. superphosphate; 11b. sulphate of iron per square rod, to
be applied when the eae are 3in, high. Liquid manures: } oz.
nitrate of soda to a gallon; loz. guano to a gallon; one-third horse or
cow manure diluted with two-thirds water, to be applied when pods
form. Quantity of seed required for a row 50 ft. long: 4 pint of kidney
beans; 1 pint of runner beans. Seeds retain their vegetative powers
for three years, and germinate in 10 to 12 days. French beans reach
maturity 14 weeks after sowing, and runner beans 16 weeks afterwards.

Market Cutture: Soil, light, rich loam, deeply dug or ploughed
and well manured the previous autumn. Position, sheltered fields.
Sow kidney beans in April & May, 2in. deep and 6in. apart in rows
24 ft, asunder; runner beans in May, 3 in. deep, 6in. apart, in rows
31 ft. asunder if to be grown dwarf; 5 ft. apart if to be staked. Quan-
tity of seed to sow an acre: ztdney beans, 1 peck; runner beans, 3
bushels at 3}ft., 2 bushels at 5 ft. anures (per acre): 30 tous of farm-
yard manure ploughed in in autumn; or 10 cwt. basic slag applied in
autumn, 5cwt, superphosphate applied in March, and lcwt. nitrate
of soda four weeks after sowing seeds. Average yield per acre: 300
bushels (40 1b.) Average returns per acre, £30 to £40. Average price

for picking per bushel, 5d. to 6d.

STOVE SPECIES: P. caracella (Snail Flower), lilac, summer, climbing perennial,
India.

HARDY SPECIES: P. multiflorus (Scarlet Runner Bean), scarlet and white, sum-
mer, 8 to 12 ft., Mexico, perennial; vulgaris (Kidney, French, and Haricot Bean),
white and lilac, summer, 2 to 3 ft., S. America, annual. :

Pheasant’s-eye (Adonis autumnalis).—See Adonis.

Pheasant’s-eye Narcissus (Narcissus pocticus).—See Nar-
cissus.

Pheasant’s eye Pink (Dianthus plumarius annulatus).—See
Dianthus.

Pheasant’s-tail Grass (Apera arundinacea),—See Apera.

Phegopteris.—See Polypodium.

Philadelphus (8yringa; Mock-orange). — Ord. Saxifragacez.
Hardy deciduous flowering shrubs. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary good. Position, sunny borders or fore-
courts. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune immediately after flowering,
thinning out shoots that have bloomed only. Apply soap suds or liquid
mauure occasionally to old-established shrubs in summer,

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, & sand. .Repot annually after flowering. Position, cold
greenhouse, Dec. to May, or warm greenhouse, Dec. to April; outdoors
afterwards in sunny spot; pots plunged to rim in coal ashes or soil.
Water moderately indoors, freely outside. Propagate by cuttings of

322

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° in April, or in close
cold frame outdoors in May; suckers or layers in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. coronarius (Mock Orange), white, June, 10 ft., S.
Europe; and its varieties, foliis aureis (golden-leaved), argenteo-variegatis (silver-
leaved), flore pleno (double), and nanus (dwarf); microphyllus, white, summer, 3 ft.,
Colorado; grandiflorus, white, June, 6 ft., U. States; gordonianus, white, June,
10 ft., N.W. America; Lemoinei, white, June, 3 ft., hybrid.

Philesia. — Ord. Liliacee. Half-hardy evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1853.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & coarse silver sand.
Position, against walls, or in pots, in cold or cool greenhouse ; against
walls or in sheltered nooks outdoors, S.W. of England or Ireland. Pot
or plant, Feb. to April. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately
afterwards. Syringe foliage daily in greenhouse, March to Oct.
Prune directly after blooming. Apply weak stimulants once a week,
May to Sept. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-
glass in greenhouse in summer; suckers in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. buxifolia, pink, June, 3 ft., Valdivia.

Phillyrea (Jasmine Box; Mock Privet).—Ord. Oleacee. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Flowering & ornamental foliage. First intro-
duced 1597. Leaves, lance or egg-shaped, dark green.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders; sheltered
corners N. England. Plant, Sept. to April. Prune straggly shoots
only in April. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy
soil in cold frame in Sept.; grafting on common privet in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. augustifolia, white, May, 8 to 10 ft., Mediterranean
Region; angustifolia rosmarinifolia, rosemary-leaved; decora, white, May, 8 to 10
ft., Lazistan; latifolia, white, May, 20 ft., Mediterranean Region; latifolia ilici-
folia, holly-leaved; latifolia rotundifolia, round leaved; media, white, May, 10 to
Ae it Mediterranean Region; media buxifolia, box-leaved; media olesfolia, olive-
eaved,

Philodenadron. — Ord. Aroidee. Stove evergreen dwarf or
climbing plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1759. Leaves, heart,
egg, or arrow-shaped, oblong; green.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam, & silver
sand. Pot or plant, Jan. to April. Position, dwarf kinds in pots;
tall ones in beds or borders, with shoots trained up walls or pillars
Water freely all the year round. Syringe daily. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings
of stems inserted in hght soil in temp. 75° at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. andreanum, climber, spathe black, purple, and

creamy white, Brazil; verrucosum (Syn. Lindenii), dwarf, Colombia. Many other
species of little interest.

Phlebodium.—-See Polypodium.

Phlomis (Jerusalem Sage).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy perennials &
evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny beds, borders, rockeries, or banks. Plant, Oct. to April. Lift,
divide, & replant every three years.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary or sandy
loam. Position, sunny well-drained borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct.
to April. Mulch with decayed manure in March. Propagate by seeds
sown in light soil in warm greenhouse in March, or sunny spot out-
doors in April; herbaceous kinds also by division, Oct. or March;
shrubs by cuttings inserted in cold frame in Aug.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. cashmeriana, lilac, July, 2 ft., Himalayas; Herba.
venti, purple and violet, summer, 12 to 18 in., S. Europe.

323 MY

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: P. fruticosa (Jerusalem Sage), yellow, June, 3 to 4 ft.,

8. Europe.

Phliox.—Ord. Polemoniacew. Hardy & half-hardy annual and
perennial herbs. First introduced 1725. _ Phloxes for garden cultiva-
tion are divided into four classes, viz., Alpines, Early-flowering or Tall,
Late-flowering (tall), and Annual.

CULTURE OF ALPINE SPECIES: Soil, deep, rich sandy loam, con-
taining a little leaf-mould or peat. Position, masses on, or as edgings
to, sunny borders, or on ledges of rockeries. Plant, March to May.
Lift & divide only when grown too large for the position they occupy;
March.

POT CULTURE OF ALPINES: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
part leaf-mould, & half @ part sand. Pot, March. Position, cold
frame or greenhouse. Water moderately, Oct. to April; freely other
times. Admit air freely always.

CULTURE OF EARLY AND LATE-FLOWERING KINDS: Soil,
deep rich moderately heavy loam; light soils not suitable. Position,
sunny or partially-shaded borders, former preferable. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., Feb., or March. Mulch liberally with decayed manure in
March or April. Apply liquid manure frequently, May to Sept.
Water freely in dry weather. Cut down stems in Oct. Lift, divide,
& replant in fresh rich soil triennially.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould
or rotten cow manure, & one part coarse sand. Position, cold par-
tially-shaded greenhouse in summer; cold frame in winter. Pot,
March. Water, freely, April to Oct., very little afterwards. Apply
stimulants once a week, May to Sept.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in box, pan, or pot, in temp. 55° to 65°, March. Transplant seed-
lings 2in. apart in boxes or pone, gradually harden off & plant out-
doors, Gin. apart, in rich soil, in sunny position, in June. Nip off

oint of main shoot after planting to induce bushy growth. Water
Frsely in dry weather. Mulch with manure or cocoanut-fibre refuse.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure
or leaf-mould & little sand. Plant four seedlings in 5-in. pot in April.
Keep in temp. 55° until June, then place in cold frame or on outside
window sill. Water freely. Apply stimulants when 3in. high. Nip
off points of shoots when 3in. high. No repotting required. Propa-
gate early & late kinds by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy soil in
temp. 55° in autumn or spring; by cuttings of shoots obtained from
base of old plants inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° in March; by
division of plants in Oct. or March; by cuttings of shoots covered }in.
of soil in temp. 55° in March or April. Alpines by cuttings of shoots
inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in July; division in March or
April.

ALPINE SPECIES: P. amcena, rose, Jan., 6 in., N. America; divaricata, blue,
May, 1 ft., N. America, and its varieties alba (white), canadensis (blue); ovata,
rose, 1 ft., May, N. America; procumbons, lilac-blue, June, 6 in., hybrid; reptans,
rosy purple, May, 3 in., N, America; Stellaria, white, June, 6 in., Illinois;
subulata (Moss Pink), purple or white, May, 6 in., U. States. Frondosa (pink),
Nelsonii (white), and setacea (rosy a, are varieties of the layt species.

TALL PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. glaberrima, red, July, 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
and its variety suffruticosa, rose, spring, 1 to 2 ft., U. States, parent of the early-
flowering phloxes; maculata (Wild Sweet William), purple, July, fragrant, 2 ft.,
N. America, oue of the parents of late flowering phloxes ; paniculata, purple and
white, August, fragrant, 3 to 4 ft., U. States, another parent of late-flowering

phloxes.
324

BNCYOLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

ANNUAL SPECIES: P. Drummondii, various volours, summer, 1 ft., Texas;
and its varieties cuspidata (pointed petals), fimbriata (fringed petals), flore pleno
(double), grandiflora (large flowered), and nana (dwarf).

Phoenix (Date Palm).—Ord. Palmacew. Stove palms. Orna-
mental foliage. First introduced 1597. Leaves, feather-shaped,

reen.

CULTURE: Compost, three parts good fibrous loam, one part old
cow manure, & a lttle coarse sand. Position, well-drained pots or
tubs in sunny part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately,
Oct. to March; copiously, March to Oct. Syringe foliage morning &
evening daily, April to Sept.; morning only, Sept. to April. Apply
weak stimulants occasionally, May to Sept. Place a lump of sulphate
of iron on surface of soil occasionally to keep foliage of a rich, healthy
green hue. . Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to
65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light sandy soil under bell-

lass or in propagator in temp. 75°; March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. acaulis, 8 to 12 ft., India; canariensis, 6 to 10 ft.,
Canary Isles; dactylifera (Date Palm), 80 to 100 ft., N. Africa; humilis, 3 to 6 ft.,
India; reclinata, 40 to 50ft., S. Africa; rupicola, 15 to 20 ft., Himalayas; sylvestris,
30 to 40 ft., India. i

Phormium (Common Flax Lily; New Zealand Flax). — Ord.
Liliaceew. Half-hardy evergreen perennial herbs. First introduced
1798. Leaves, green or variegated with purple, yellow, or white.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part each
of leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots, tubs, or beds in cold or warm
greenhouse, conservatory, balcony, or dwelling-room. Pot, Feb. to
April. _ Water copiously, April to Oct., moderately afterwards. May
be stood outdoors in sunny position, June to Sept.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, deep loam. Position, margins
of ponds or streams, isolated specimens on lawus, or in beds or borders
8S. & 8.W. of England & Ireland only. In other districts plants must
be put out in May, lifted in Oct., and stored in greenhouse until fol-
lowing May. Plant permanently in April or May. Water freely in
dry weather. Protect those left outdoors all winter with straw or
dried fern. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in pots of sandy soil in
-greenhouse or frame in March; by division of roots in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. cookianum (Syn. P. Colensoi), yellow and green,
summer, 4 to 6 ft., New Zealand; Hookeri, green, summer, 5 ft., New Zealand;
tenax, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., New Zealand; and its varieties purpureum
(leaves purple), variegatum (leaves yellow, green, and white), and Veitchii (leaves
creamy white).

Photinia (Chinese Hawthorn; Californian May Bush). — Ord.
Rosacew. Half-hardy evergreen flowering shrubs.

INDOOR CULTURE: Soil, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould. Position, beds against back wall of cold or slightly heated
sunny greenhouse. Plant, Oct. or April. Water moderately, Sept. to
April, freely afterwards. Syringe daily, May to Sept. Prune
straggling shoots in April. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in pots
of light soil in cold greenhouse or frame, spring or autumn; cuttings
of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, Aug. ;
layering in Oct.; grafting on common quince in March; budding on
hawthorn in July.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light deep loam. Position, against
south walls S. & S.W. of England & Ireland only. Plant, Sept. to
Nov., April, or May. Prune, April. Protect in severe weather with
mats or straw hurdles.

325

ENCYCLOPZ#DIA OF GARDENING. eee,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. arbutifolia (Californian Maybush), white, July, 10
to 20 ft., California; serrulata (Chinese Hawthorn), white, spring, 15 it., China.
See also the genus Eriobotrya.

Phrynium.—Ord. Scitaminacee. Stove & herbaceous perennials.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1807. Leaves, green or variegated.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part rich loam,
one part sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of stove.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water abundantly, March to Sept.; moderately,
Sept. to Dec.; keep nearly dry afterwards. Syringe daily, March to
Sept. Apply weak stimulants occasionally during summer. Temp.,
Feb. to Oct., 65° to 75°; Oct. to Feb., 55° to 65°. Repot annually.
Propagate by division of rhizomes in Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. capitatum, leaves green, 1 to 2 ft., India; Griffithii,
leaves green, 2 ft., Malacca. See also the genus Maranta.

Phygelius (Cape Fig-wort).—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy
herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1855.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained
border at base of south wall S. & W. of England & Ireland only. Plant,
March or April. Protect in winter by covering of ashes or dry fern
fronds placed around base of stem. Lift, divide, & replant every three or
four years. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow pans or
boxes filled with light rich soil & placed in a temp. of 55° to 65°, Feb. or
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors, May or June; by cuttings of
ripened shoots inserted in pots in propagator in greenhouse or cold
frame in July or Aug.; division of roots, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. capensis, scarlet, summer, 3 ft., S. Africa.

Phylanthus.—Ord Euphorbiacez. Stove orn, foliaged plants.
First introduced 1699. Leaves, oval or oblong, small, variegated with
purple, white, yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam & fibry peat, one part
equal proportions of charcoal, dried cow manure, powdered brick,
& coarse silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to March,
freely afterwards. Syringe morning & evening, April to Sept.
Prune into shape, Jan. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to
Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3in.
nes inserted singly in small pots of sandy soil under propagator or
bell-glass in te 75°, spring or summer.

A

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. atropurpureus, leaves purplish, Commoro Isles,
6 to § ft.; glaucescens, leaves pinnate and green; pulcher (Syn. Reidia glauces-
cens), leaves green, Malaya, 3 to 4 ft. Last-pamed a pretty table plant.

Phyllocactus.—Ord. Cactacezx. Greenhouse fleshy-stemmed
plants with no leaves. First introduced 1710.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts light fibrous loam, one part of
equal proportions of dried cow dung, leaf-mould, brick rubble, & silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots close to glass in warm greenhouse
or sunny window, Sept. to July; outdoors fully exposed to the sun,
July to Sept. Pot, April. ae every three years only. Firm
potting & good drainage essential. Water freely, May to Oct.; keep
nearly dry, Oct. to May. Apply weak stimulants to plants that have
been potted a year once a-week, May to Sept. Syringe plants daily,
May to Sept. Shade from sun for a few weeks after repotting, also
for a short time after removal to open air. Temp., Oct. to April,
50° to 55°; April to Oct. 60° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in light soil in pan or shallow box placed in temp. 65° to 75° in
spring; by cuttings of stems dricd in the sun for a day or two, then

326 :

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

inserted singly in 2-in. pots filled with light sandy soil, & placed
on sunny shelf in greenhouse, April to Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Ackermanni, crimson, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico;
anguliger, yellow, fragrant, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico; crenatus, white, fragrant,
summer, Honduras; grandis, white, fragrant, 2 to 3 ft., Honduras; Hookeri, white,
fragrant, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Brazil; latifrons, creamy white, summer, 6 to 8 it.,
Mexico; phyllanthioides, rose and white, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico. Also numcrous
hybrids and seedlings.

Phyllostachys (Whangee Cane)—Ord. Graminex. Half-hardy
orn.-foliaged grasses. Nat. China, Japan. Ht. 4 to 12ft. Inflores-
cence borne in panicles; summer. Joliage, narrow, lance-shaped,
green. Habit of growth, graceful. :

CULTURE: Soil, rich deep sandy loam. Position, moist sheltered
borders 8S. & W. of England & Ireland only. Protect in winter with
thick covering of dry fern fronds or litter in autumn. Plant, April
or May. Propagate by division of plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. aurea (Syn. Bambusa aurea), leaves yellow and
green; Castillonis (Syn. Bambusa Castillonis), leaves green and white; fastuosa
(Syn. Bambusa fastuosa), leaves green; marliacea (Syn. Bambusa marliacea), leaves
green; mitis (Syn. Bambusa mitis), leaves green; nigra (Syn. Bambusa nigra),
leaves green; viridi-glaucescens (Syn. Bambusa viridi-glaucescens), leaves green.

Phyliotzenium.—See Xanthosoma.

Phymatodes.—See Polypodium.

Physalis (Ground or Winter Cherry; Red Winter Cherry; Cape
Gooseberry; Peruvian Cape Gooseberry).—Ord. Solanaceez. Green-
house & hardy perennial beibe: Fruit of Cape Gooseberry edible, a
globular berry inclosed in an inflated calyx.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, rich. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, March or April. Lift, divide, & replant
in fresh soil every third year. Gather stems bearing fruits in Sept.,
& dry for winter decorations. .

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Soil, two parts loam, one
part well-decayed manure or leaf-mould & little sand. Position,
singly in 5 or 6-in. pots, with shoots trained to sticks & placed close
to front of sunny greenhouse, or planted in small beds, & shoots trained
up back wall. Pot or plant Feb. or March. Water freely, April to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants, once or twice
a week, May to Sept. Gather fruit when ripe & fully coloured. Pro-
pagate hardy species by seeds sown in sunny spot outdoors in April;
by division of roots in March or April. Greenhouse species by seeds
sown 1-16in. deep in shallow pots or pans of light soil & placed in
temp. 65° to 75°, Feb. or March; cuttings inserted singly in pots of
light sandy soil placed in propagator or under bell-glass in temp. 63°
to 75°, Jan. to April.

HARDY SPECIES: P. Alkekengi (Bladder Herb or Winter Cherry), white, sum-
mer, fruit scarlet, 1 ft., Europe; Franchettii, white, summer, fruit red, 18 in.,

Japan.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. peruviana (Cape Gooseberry), white, summer, fruit
purplish, 3 ft., Tropics; and its varieties edulis (fruit yellow), and violacea (fruit

violet). :

Physcstegia (False Dragon-head)—Ord. Labiate. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1683.

CULTURE: Soil, light ordinary. Position, cool partially-shaded
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds
sown } in. deep in light sandy soil outdoors in April; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in light sandy soil under hand-light or in cold frame,
April or May; division of roots, Oct., Nov., or May.

327

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. virginiana, purple or flesh, June to Sept., 1 to 4 ft.,
N. America,

Phyteuma (Horned Rampion).—Ord. Campanulacer. Hardy
perennial herbs. i .

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich loam mixed with limestone grit & old
mortar & leaf-mould or peat. Position, sunny rockeries for dwarf
species; sunny borders for tall kinds. Plant, March or April. Lift,
idivide, & replant only when overgrown. Top-dress dwarf species with
a mixture of peat, leaf-mould, lime, & a little old mortar annually in
Feb. or March. Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by seeds
sown in light sandy soil in shallow boxes in cold frame, Sept. or Oct. ;
transplanting seedlings in permanent positions, April or May; divi-
sion of plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. orbiculare (Horned Rampion), blue, July, 6 to 12 in.,
Europe (Britain); Michelii, blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Europe; Sieberi, blue,
summer, 6 to 8 in., Europe.

Phytolacca et ee ae Poke; Red-ink Plant; Pigeon-berry).—
Ord. Phytolaccacez. Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced
1768. Flowers succeeded by deep purple berries in autumn. Leaves,
broad, ovate, dark green, changing to rich purple in autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny or shady borders
in woodlands, banks, or ferneries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.
Propagate by seed sown fin. deep in sandy soil outdoors in spring or
autumn; division of plants in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. acinosa (Indian Poke), white, summer, 5 ft., Hima-
layas; decandra (Virginian Poke), white, summer, 5 ft., N. America,

Picea (Norway Spruce; Black Spruce).—Ord. Conifere. _ Hardy
evergreen trees. Orn. foliage. Leaves, needle-shaped, spirally scat-
tered. Cones, erect, cylindrical, thin-scaled. Timber, white, soft, fine-
grained, used for sleepers, pit wood, headings for barrels, packing
cases, etc. Average price per cubic foot, 6d. to 9d. Trees matured
for felling at 80 years of age.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich sandy loam. Position, high, dry, open
lawns or shrubberies away from sea coast; Norway Spruce as a shelter
hedge for fruit plantations, or as nurses to larch and forest trees.
Plant, Oct. to April. No pruning required. Propagate by seeds
sown tin. deep in sandy loam in temp. of 55° in March, or outdoors
in April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or in pots
under bell-glass or hand-ligkt outdoors, Aug. or Sept.; layering shoots
or branches in autumu; inarching or grafting in March. Quantity of
seeds to sow bed 100 ft. square, 340z, Average price of seedlings, 3s.
*.PEOIES CULTIVATED: P

SPECIES C ED: P. ajanensis, 70 to ey ; : i
alba and canadensis), 40 ft., NE. ne aeostinae oa Par Ferre
Engelmannii, 80 to 100 ft., British Columbia; excelsa (Syn. Abies excelsa), Nor-
way Spruce Fir, 80 to 100 ft., N. Europe; morinda (Syn. Abies smithiana), 80 to
100 ft., Himalayas; nigra (Black Spruce), 50 to 70 ft., N.E. America; orientalis)

(Syn. Abies orientalis), Caucasus; pungens (Syn. Abies Menziesii
70 to 80 ft., California. : . (Sy es Menziesii), Blue Spruce,

Pickerel-weed (Pontedeira cordata).—See Pontedeira.
Picotee (Dianthus caryophyllus).—See Dianthus.

Piedmont Garlic (Allium pedemontana).—See Allium.
Piedmont Primrose (Primula pedemontana).—See Primula,

Pieris.—Ord. Ericacew. Hardy evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1736.

OUTDOOR CULTURE; Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, or silver
328

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING. ;

sand. Position, dee sheltered borders, rockeries or bogs. Plant,
Sept. to Nov., or March. Prune straggling shoots only moderately
after flowering. Water freely in dry positions during summer.

POT CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & fine silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold greenhouse, Nov. to June;
in shady position outdoors, June to Nov. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Water
moderately, Nov. to March, freely afterwards. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, Nov. or March; layer-
ing shoots in sept division of plants, Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. floribunda, white, spring, 4 to 6 ft., Virginia; for-
mosa, white, spring, 3 to 6 ft., Himalayas and China; japonica, white, spring,
83 ft., Japan; japonica variegata, variegated. The species above mentioned formerly
belonged to the genera Andromeda and Zenobia.

Pigeon-berry (Phytolacca decandra).—See Phytolacca.
Pigmy Daffodii (Narcissus minimus).—See Narcissus.
Pigmy Laburnum-tree (Cytisus Ardoini).—See Cytisus.
Pigmy Sun-flower (Actinella grandiflora).—See Actinella.
Pigmy Water Lily (Nymphea pygmza).—See Nymphea.
Pilea (Artillery or Pistol Plant; Stingless Nettle)—Ord. Urti-
cacew. Stove perennial herbs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1793.
Flowers, insignificant; unexpanded buds burst when in contact with
moisture & discharge pollen. Leaves, minute. Habit, graceful, fern-

like.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand.
Position, small pots in partially-shaded part of stove. Pot, Feb. to
April. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate
by seeds sown on surface of light sandy soil, slightly covered with fine
mould & placed in temp. 65° to 75° in spring; cuttings inserted singly
in small well-drained pots of sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75°, Jan. to
May; division of- plants, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. muscosa, 4 to 6 in., W. Indices.

Pilumma.—see Tricophila.

Pimelea (Rice-flower).—Ord. Thymelacez. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1793,

CULTURE: Compost, three parts fibrous peat, one part turfy loam,
half a part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in light airy
greenhouse. Prune moderately close immediately aftcr flowering.
Pot soon as new growth commences. Firm potting essential. Nip
off points of shoots of young plants occasionally to induce bushy
growth. Water freely, April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Grow
in a moist atmosphere for a few weeks after potting, then gradually
harden off & place in an airy greenhouse. .Temp., Sept. to March,
40° to 50°; March to Sept., 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°,
Feb. to May; cuttings of young shoots, 2in. long, inserted in compost
of one part peat, two parts silver sand, under bell-glass in temp. 55°
to 65°, es or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. ferruginea (Syn. P. decussata), rose, May, 2 ft.,

Australia; rosea, pink, June, 3 ft., Australia; spectabilis, white and pink, May,
4 ft., Australia.

Pimenta (Allspice; Wild Clove; Pimento Bush). — Ord.
Myrtacexw. Stove evergreen flowering trees. First introduced 1759.
Leaves, eval, coriaceous, hairy, aromatic. Berries, aromatic.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, &

329

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

one part sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds with branches
trained to wall. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to
April, freely afterwards. Syringe, April to Aug. Prune straggling
shoots moderately in March. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°;
March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. acris (Wild Clove), white and pink, May, 20 to 30
ft., W. Indies; officinalis (Allspice), white, summer, 10 to 20 ft., W. Indies.

Pimento Eush (Pimento officinalis)—See Pimento.

Pimpernel.—Scee Anagallis.

Pinanga.—Ord. Palmacee. Stove palms. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1848. Leaves, feather-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, two parts peat, half a part
silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady lofty stove. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water copiously, March to Oct.; moderately after-
wards. Syringe twice daily, March to Sept.; once daily afterwards.
Place few crystals of sulphate of iron off surface of soil occasionally to
insure deep green foliage. Temp. March to Oct.. 75° to 85°; Oct. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep singly in 2-in.
pots of sandy loam & peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in
spring.

PSP ECIES CULTIVATED: P. coronata, 15 ft., Celebes; Dicksonii, 12 to 16 ft.,
India; disticha, 6 ft., Malaya; gracilis, 10 to 15 ft., India; maculata, 10 to 12 ft.,
Philippines; sanderiana, 10 ft.

Pincushion-flower (Scabiosa atropurpurea).—See Scabiosa,

Pine Apple (Ananas sativa).—See Ananas.

Pine Apple - flowers (Eucomis punctata).—See Eucomis.

Pine Apple-scented Sage (Salvia rutilans).—See Salvia.

Pine Barren Beauty (Pyxidanthera barbulata).—See Pyxi-
danthera.

Pine Strawberry (Fragaria chilensis).—See Fragaria.

Pine-tree.—See Pinus. ;

Pinguicula (Butter-wort; Bog Violet)—Ord. Lentibulariacee.
Greenhouse & hardy perennial herbs. Plants belonging to the insec-
tivorous class. .

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, & clean crocks. Position, well-drained
pots or shallow pans placed on inverted pots in saucer of water under
bell-glass or hand-light in shade. Pot, March or April. Water
freely, April to Sept., moderately afterwards. Admit air for a few
minutes daily every morning by tilting bell-glass or hand-light.
Temp. March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 38°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, rich loam for P. grandi-
flora; peat & rough gravel for P. alpina; moist peat or peaty loam
for P. vulgaris. Plant, March or April. Water freely in dry posi-
tions in summer. Mulch with thick layer of cocoanut-fibre refuse in
May. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of shallow pans filled with
equal parts of sphagnum moss, peat, & sand, placed under bell-glass &
kept moist in temp. of 55° to 65°, Feb., March, or April; division of
plants at potting or planting time.

GREENHOUSH SPECIES: P. caudata, carmine, autumn, 6 in., Mexico.

HARDY SPECIES: P. alpina, white and yellow. May, 4 in., Europe (Britain);

grandiflora, blue and violet, summer, 4 in., Europe (Britain) ; vulgaris (Bog Violzt,,
violot, summer, + to 6 in., Britain,

Pink (Dianthus plumarius),—See Dianthus,
330

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Pinus (Fir; Deal; Pine Tree).—Ord. Conifera. Hardy orn.-
leaved trees. Evergreen. Habit, free and picturesque. Leaves,
needle-like, two to five in a whor!. Cones, conical and erect.

CULTURE: Soil and position, P. austriaca, laricio, montana, &
Pinaster suitable for seaside gardens & ordinary soil: P. austriaca
a good town tree; P. austriaca, cembra, excelsa, Laricio, Pinaster,
strobus, & sylvestris suitable for chalky soils; P. austriaca, halepensis,
laricio, Pinaster, pumilo, & sylvestris adapted for gravelly or sandy
soils; others in good ordinary soil; P. austriaca good shelter tree.
P. sylvestris will grown in the poorest soils, and on rocky slopes.
Plant, Sept. to Nov. For shelter purposes plant 10 to 15 ft. apart.

Propagate by seeds sown din, deep in pots filled with sandy loam,
placed in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting seedlings
outdoors following spring; or din. deep outdoors in April in bed of
moist sandy soil, transplanting seedlings the next year; grafting on
common species in April.

USEFUL FACTS: Average age, 200 years. Timber reaches
maturity at 80 years. Average price per cubic foot, 6d. to 8d.
Weight per cubic ft., 30lb. Number of cubic ft. per ton, 74.
Average price of trees: Two-year old, 3s. 6d.; three-year old, 4s. to
5s.; four-year-old, 8s. to 10s. per 1,000. Timber, close-grained and
resinous, used in young state for props, staves, etc.; when matured
for deal flooring, ete. Seeds ripe in Nov. Number of seeds per
pound, 70,000. One pound of seed will yield 8,000 plants.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. bungeana (Lace Bark Pine), 70 ft., N. China;
cembra (Stone Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Central Europe; Coulteri, 50 to 70 ft., Cali-
fornia; excelsa (Bhotan Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Himalayas; halepensis (Jerusalem
Pine), 50 ft., Mediterranean Region; insignis (Monterey Pine), 80 to 100 ft.,
California; Laricio (Corsican Pine), 100 to 150 ft., S. Europe; Laricio nigricans
(Syn. P. austriaca), Black Pine, 70 to 100 ft., N. Europe; pinaster (Cluster Pine),
GO to 80 ft., Mediterranean Region; pinea (The Umbrella Pine), 40 to 60 ft., Medi-
terranean Region; ponderosa, 100 to 150 ft., British Columbia ; strotus (Weymouth
(aritsiny. to 150 ft., N. America; sylvestris (Scots Pine), 50 to 100 ft., N. Europe

Pinxter-flower (Rhododendron nudiflora)—See Rhododendron.

Piper (Pepper Plant).—Piperacew. Stove & greenhouse cver-
green shrubs. Orn. foliage. Jirst introduced 1748. Leaves, large,
‘green, or purple, marbled or blotched with white or bronze.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
part leaf-mould, half a part sand. Position, well-drained pots in
shade. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune slightly into shape, Feb. Water
freely, April to Oct.. moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily,
April to Sept.; once daily afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 75° to
85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost as for stove
species. Position, well-drained pots in partial shade. Pot, March
or April. Water moderately, Oct. to aa ie freely afterwards.
Temp. March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 50° to 55°. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots inserted in small pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. of 63° to 75°, March to July.

STOVE SPECIES: P. Betle (Betle Pepper), green, climber, India; nigrum (Black
Pepper), green, 4 to 6 ft., India. ;

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. excelsum aureo-pictum, leaves green and creamy
white, 4 to 6 {t., Australia.

Pipe-tree (Syr‘nga vulgaris).—See Syringa.
Pipe Vine (Aristolochia Sipho).—See Aristolochia.
331

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Piptanthus (Nepaul Laburnum).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy
evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1821.

CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered shrub-
beries, S. & S.W. 6f England; against S. walls, N.of London. Plant,
Sept., Oct., April, or May. Prune straggling shoots moderately after
flowering. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in cool greenhouse
or cold frame in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots inserted in small
ee of sandy soil under bell-glass or hand-light outdoors, Aug. or
Sept. ; ene shoots, Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. nepalensis, yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Himalayas.

Pistachio-nut (Pistacia vera).—See Pistacia.

Pistacia (Pistachio-nut Tree; Mastich Tree).—Ord. Anacar-
diacee. Hardy evergreen & deciduous trees. Flowering & orn.
foliage. First introduced 1656. Leaves, unequally feather-shaped,
green; reddish in young state.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich sandy loam. _ Position, sheltered shrub-
beries 8. & S.W. England; against 8. walls, N. of London. Plant
evergreen species, Sept., Oct., April, or May; deciduous species, Nov.
to Feb. Prune evergreen species, April; deciduous species, Nov. to
Feb. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or
under hand-light, Sept. or Oct.; layering in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. atlantica, leaves pinnate, evergreen, 40 ft., Canary
Isles; Lentiscus (Mastich Tree), leaves pinnate, 20 ft., S. Europe; Terebinthus
(Turpentine Tree), yellow, June, 30 ft., S. Europe; vera (Pistachio Nut Tree),
brown, April, 20 ft., Syria.

Pistia (Tropical Duck Weed; Water Lettuce).—Ord. Aroidex.
Stove aquatic perennial. First introduced 1843. Flowers, green,
borne on spadix at base of leaves. Leaves, wedge-shaped, notched,
pale green, hairy.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loam. Position, shallow tub or tank in
stove. Place 2-in. layer of soil on bottom of tub or tank & plant on
surface of water. Replenish with tepid water occasionally. Add
fresh soil annually. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March
60° to 70°. Propagate by offsets.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. stratiotes, 1 to 3 in., Jamaica.

Pisum (Garden Pea; Sugar Pea; Crown or Mummy Pea).—Ord.
Leguminose. Hardy annuals. Edible seeded & podded vegetables.

CULTURE OF GARDEN PEAS: Soil, deep, rich calcareous loam,
previously trenched three spits deep & containing a thick layer of
manure between first and second spit. Position, open sunny, pro-
tected from N. & N.E. & E. winds. Suitable Manures: Solid—Horse
dung or peat-moss litter for heavy soils; cow or pig dung for light or
sandy soils. Chemical—(1) Kainit 21b., nitrate of soda 5lb., super-
phosphate of lime 9lb., half of each to a square rod before sowing,
remainder when plants are 6in. high; (2) nitrate of soda 1}]b., kainit
131b., superphosphate 1;1b., salt 31b., applied same as No. 1;
(3) native guano 6]b. to a square rod applied before sowing, & 6 1b.
when plants are 3in. high; (4) Peruvian guano 11b. for square rod
before sowing, also 11b. when plants are 3in. high. Liquid—Horse
& cow urine diluted with two-thirds water; nitrate of soda }o0z. to
gallon, all to be applied when ground is moist only & when pods have
just formed. Direction of rows: E. to W. or S.E. to N.W. for early
sorts; N. to S. for main crops. Depth of drills, 2} to 3in.; width,
6 to 9in. Distance apart for sowing the seeds: lin. each way for
dwarf sorts; 2in. for medium kinds; 3in. for tall vars., arranged in

332

HNCYCLOPAHDIA OF GARDENING.

two rows, thus: -.*.*.: Distance between rows: 18in. for varie-
ties not exceeding 2it. in height; 3ft. for those not more than 4 ft.
high; 6 to 8ft. for those growing 5 to 6ft. high. Sow earliest sorts
on south border, Nov. & Jan., or in 4}in. pots in temp. 55° in Jan.,
hardening plants off when 3 in. high in cold frame & planting outdoors
in Feb. or March; second early sorts in open garden in Feb. & March;
main-crop, April & May; late crops, June & July. Draw mould up to
each side of row when plants are Gin. high & place supports to them.
Mulch to width of 151n. on each side of row with manure. Water
i aaa) in dry weather. Nip off points of shoots of tall kinds when
4ft. high, & again when 5ft. high. Early peas, seeds round, late
ditto, wrinkled (marrowfats). Quantity of seed required for a row
50 ft. long: 1 pint. Seeds retain their vegetative powers for 3 to 4
years, and seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days. Crop reaches maturity
in 18 to 24 weeks. Round-seeded sorts germinate more quickly than
wrinkled kinds. Protect seeds from mice and birds by soaking them
in paraffin oil for 4 hours before sowing.

Marker Curture: Soil, deeply worked and _ well -manured.
Manure and trench or plough deeply previous autumn. Position,
sheltered for early crops. _Manures: Basic slag, 8 to 10cwt. and
kainit 2cwt. per acre, applied in autumn. When plants appear, apply
3cwt. superphosphate per’ acre, & a few weeks later lcwt. nitrate of
soda per acre. On poor soils apply 10 tons of farmyard manure per
acre in autumn, and superphosphate & nitrate of soda in spring.
Sow early sorts, Nov. to Jan.; mid-season, Feb. & March; late, April.
Distances to sow: 3 in. deep, 2 to 3 in. apart in rows 23 to 3 ft. asunder.
Quantity to sow an acre: 3 bushels. Cost of cultivation per acre:
Hoeing, 3s.; brushing haulm, 3s. 6d.; picking per bushel (321b.), 4d.
to 6d. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average return per acre,
£20 to £30. Weight of seeds per bushel, 56 to 63 1b.

CULTURE OF SUGAR PEAS: Soil, same as for garden peas. Sow
in March or April, 2} in. deep in drills Gin. wide & 6ft. apart, & earth
up & stake in the usual way. Gather pods when fully developed &
cook like French beans. Rotation: Peas may follow potatoes, carrots,
parsnips, turnips, broccoli, or cabbage; & be succeeded by cabbage,
turnips, spinach, or celery.

CULTURE OF MUMMY PEA: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
sunny borders. Sow seeds }in. deep, three or four in a 3-in. pot
filled with light soil & placed in warm window or greenhouse in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; or 2}in. deep in open
ground in April. Support with stakes when 6in. high. Water
copiously in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally when flowers

appear.

EP RCIES CULTIVATED: P. sativum (Garden Pea), parent of cultivated varieties,
white or red, summer, Europe, etc.; sativum saccharatum (Sugar Pea), white or
red, summer, Europe; elatius (Mummy or Crown Pea), blush, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
Mediterranean Region. The statement that seeds of latter were originally found
in an Egyptian mummy is a purely legendary one.

Pitcairnia.—Ord. Bromeliacee. Stove perennial herbs. First
introduced 1777. Leaves, narrow or sword-shaped; margins prickly.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, & leaf-
mould. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good drainage essen-
tial. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Propagate by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. andreana, yellow and red, summer, 1 ft., Vene-

333

BENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.

235)

zuela and Colombia; aphelandraflora, red, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; fulgens, red,
May, 1 to 2 ft., Guadeloupe; muscosa, red, winter, 1 ft., Brazil; violacea, violet,
summer, 1 ft., Brazil. There are 40 or more other species of little merit.

Pitcher-plants (Sarracenias and Nepenthes), which see.

Pittosporum (Parchment-bark).—Ord Pittosporiacee. Green-
house evergreen & half-hardy flowering shrubs. First introduced 1783,

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE ‘SPECIES: Compost, two parts
fibrous loam, one part fibrous peat, half a part silver sand. Position,
pots or tubs in light airy sunny greenhouse. Pot, March or April.
Prune straggling shoots moderately immediately after flowering.
Water moderately, Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Syringe occa-
sionally, except when in flower, during summer. Temp., Oct. to April,
40° to 50°; Apuil to Oct. 60° to 70°.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep sandy loam.
Position, well-drained border against 8. walls 8. & S.W. England;
pots in cold greenhouse, Oct. to May; sunny border outdoors, May to
Oct., N. of London. Plant, March or April. Propagate by cuttings
of moderately firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in small pots
of sandy soil under bell-glass in shade in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. eriocarpum, yellow, fragrant, summer, 6 to 10 ft.;
viridiflorum, greenish yellow, June, 6 ft.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: PL. crassifolium (Parchment-bark), purple, spring, 10 ft.,
New Zealand; tobira, white, fragrant, summer, 10 to 12 ft., Japan and China.

Placea.—Ord. Amaryllidaceex. Greenhouse bulbs. Deciduous.
First introduced 1840.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-decayed
cow manure or leaf-muuld, & one part coarse sand. Pot, Aug. or
Sept., placing point of bulb just below surface of soil in a 44-in. pot
or three in a 6-in. pot. Good drainage essential. Plunge pots to rim
in coal ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold frame, & protect from
frost until Dec., then remove to greenhouse. Water moderately from
time growth begins until leaves decay, then keep quite dry. Repot
annually in Aug. Season of growth, Jan. to Aug.; season of rest, Aug.
to Jan. Temp., Dec. to April 50° to 55°; Ap. to Aug. 60° to 70°;
Aug. to Dec. 35° to 40°. Propagate by offsets in Aug.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Arzz, yellow and purple, summer, 1 ft.; grandi-

flora, white and crimson, summer, 1 ft.; ornata, white and red, 1 ft. All nattves
of Chili.

Plane-tree.—See Platanus.

Plantain (Mura sapientum paradisiaca).—See Musa,

Plantain Lily.—Sce Funkia.

Piantain-tree (Musa sapientum paradisiaca).—See Musa.

Platanus (Plane-tree). — Ord. Platanacew. Hardy deciduous
trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1518. Leaves more or less
deeply lobed, coriaceous, pubescent; green or variegated.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich moist loam. Position, parks, avenues,
etc., for Oriental Plane; streets, squares in towns, or in open gardens
or shrubberies in country for London Plane. Plant, Oct. to March.
Prune into shape when desirable, Oct. to Feb. Plenty of moisture at
roots essential; dry soil not suitable. Propagate by seeds simply
pressed into surface of soil in moist position outdoors in autumn:
cuttings of shoots 6 to Sin. long inserted in moist soil in sheltered
position in Nov. ; peyering shoots in autumn or spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. acorifolia (London Plane), 50 to 70 ft., Orient:

occidentalis (Western Vlane), 70 ft., N. America; orientalis (Oriental Plane), 6)
to 7U {t., Orient.

334

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Platycerium (Elk’s-horn Fern; Stag’s-horn Fern). — Ord.
Filices. Stove & greenhouse evergreen ferns. First introduced 1808.
Fronds more or less broad, divided; resembles stag’s horn.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum moss.
Position, blocks of wood suspended from roof or sides of greenhouse or
stove. Place plant on block of wood, cover roots with layer of moss
& peat, & secure in position by means of copper wire. Top-dress
annually with fresh peat & moss in Feb. or March. Water copiously,
April to Sept. ; moderately Sept. to March. Shade from sun. Temp.
for stove species, 55° to 65°, Oct. to March; 70° to 80°, March to Oct. ;
greenhouse species, 45° to 55°, Oct. to March; 60° to 70°, March to
Oct. Propagate by offsets in Feb. or March; also by spores sown in

sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85°.
STOVE SPECIES: P. grande, Tropical Asia; Wallichii, Malaya; Willinckii,

Java.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. alcicorne (Common Elk’s-horn Fern), Australia;
alicorne Hillii, fronds much forked.

Platyclinis. — Ord. Orchidaceez. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1836.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum. _ Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in plant stove. Water mcderately Sept. to
April, freely afterwards. Temp., Oct. to March 60° to 65°; March to
Oct. 70° to 85°. Flowers appear in centre of new growth. Resting
period, winter. Propagate by dividing pseudo-bulbs & plants when
beginning to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. filiformis (Syn. Dendrochilum filiformis), yellow,
fragrant, June to Aug., Philippines; glumacea (Syn. Dendrochilum glumaceum),
greenish white, fragrant, spring, Philippines.

Platyceodon (Chinese Bell-flower).—Ord. Campanulacee. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1782.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained bor-
ders or rockeries. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55°, March or Aug.; cuttings, 3 in.
long, of young shoots, inserted singly in small pots of light sandy soil
in temp. 55° in March or April; division of plants in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. grandiflorum, blue, July, 1 ft., China and Japan;
and its varieties alba (white), and Mariesii (white and dwarf).

Platyiobium (Flat Pea). — Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Nat. Australia. First introduced
1790.

CULTURE: Compost, three parts peat, one part loam & little silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot,
Feb. or March. Nip off points of young shoots in spring to induce
bushy growth. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to
April. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°,
Stand plants outdoors from July to Sept. to mature flowering shoots
for following year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in well-
drained pots of sandy peat in temp. of 55° to 65° in March or April;
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55°, April to
July. :

SPRCTES CULTIVATED: P. formosum, yellow, summer, 3 to 4 ft.; gracile,
yellow, June, 3 ft.; obtusangulum, yellow and red, May, 1 ft.

Platyloma.—see Pellea.

Platystemon (Californian Poppy; Cream Cups).—Ord. Papa-
veracem. Hardy annnal. First introduced 1833.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny beds, borders, or

335

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

rockeries. Sow seed fin. deep in patches where required to grow
in April. Thin seedlings 1 to 2in. apart when }1n. high. Water
freely in dry weather. Mulch with decayed manure or cocoanut-fibre

refuse in June. Semel

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. californicus, yellow, July, 1 ft., California.

Pleione.—See Cologyne.

Pleroma.—See Tibouchina.

Pleurisy-root (Asclepias tuberosa).—See Asclepias.

Pleurothallus.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1826

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss only. Position, small blocks
of wood suspended from roof. Place layer of moss on block, then roots
of plant, then another layer of moss, & secure with copper wire. Water
abundantly, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Shade from
sun. Syringe blocks 2 or 3 times daily in summer; once daily in
winter & autumn. Temp., Nov. to March 45° to 55°; March to Nov.
55° to 60°. Propagate by division, Feb. to March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. barberiana, yellow, purple and white, spring, 4 to
6 ft., S. America; ornata, yellow, purple and white, April, Trop. America;
punctulata, yellow, purple and brown, spring, Colombia; Roezlii, blood purple,
spring, Colombia.

Plum.—See Prunus.

Plumbago (Leadwort; Cape Leadwort).—Ord. Plumbaginacea.
Stove & greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced
1596.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat
& leaf-mould, half a part each loam & sand. Position, pots, shoots
trained to stakes or balloon trellis, or in borders, shoots trained to
wall in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune shoots mode-
rately in Jau. Water freely, April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily, March to Sept. Shade from sun. Temp., March to
Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
fibrous loam, half a part each of silver sand. Position, pots, shoots
trained to stakes or trellis; borders with shoots trained up rafters,

illars, or walls in light part of house. Pot or plant, Feb. or March.
Gaus shoots to within lin. of base immediately after flowering;
flowers borne on points of shoots of current year’s growth. Water
copiously, March to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov.; very little
afterwards. Syringe daily until flowering begins. Apply weak stimu-
lants twice a week during flowering period. Shade only from very
bright sun. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 40°
to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of sandy peat & slightly
covered with fine sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb. or March;
cuttings of side shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted singly in 2-in. pots of
sandy pout in temp. 60° to 70°, Feb. to Aug.

STOVE SPECIES: P. rosea, rose, winter, 2 ft., India,

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. capensis, blue, summer, 10 to 15 ft., S. Africa;
capensis alba, white.

HARDY SPECIES: See Ceratostigma.

Plume Poppy (Bocconia cordata).—See Bocconia.

Plum Fir (Prumnopitys elegans).—See Prumnopitys.

Plumiera (Frangipanni Plant).—Ord. Apocynacesw. Stove ever-
green flowering shrubs. First introduced 1690.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part fibry peat,
half a part silver sand. Position, well-draihed pots in light stove,

336

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Pot, Feb. to April. Prune straggling shoots moderately close imme-
diately after flowering. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately
afterwards. Syringe daily, March, & ‘until flowers appear. Temp.,
March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 65° to 75°. Propagate
cuttings of ripe shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in small pots filled with
sand under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75” in Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. acutifolia, pink and white, fragrant, July, 15 to
20 ft., Mexico; bicolor, white, and yellow, July, 10 to 15 ft., 8. America; rubra
(Frangipanni Plant), red, July, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. America.

Plumy Bleeding Heart (Dicentra eximia .—Sce Dicentra.

Poa (Variegated Meadow Grass).—Ord. Gramines. Hardy peren-
nial flowering & orn.-foliaged grass.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to sunny beds ot
borders, or in clumps in borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good ordinary soil, one part
leaf-mould, half a part sand, Position in 4 or 5-in. pots in cold cs
cool greenhouse or window. Pot, March or April. Water moderately,
Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Repot & divide annually. Prope
gate by division of plants, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. trivalis albo-vittata, leaves edged with white, 6 in.,
Europe (Britain).

Pod Fern (Ceratopteris thalictroides).—See Ceratopteris.

Podocarpus (Totara Pine).—Ord. Conifere. Hardy & half-
hardy evergreen trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good, deep loam, well-
drained. Position, sunny sheltered lawns. Plant, Oct., Nov., March,
or April.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould. Position, pots or tubs in light airy greenhouse.
Pot or plant, March or April. Water freely, May to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Temp., Sept. to April 45° to 55°; April to Sept. 55° to
65°. Propagate by cuttings of frm young shoots inserted in small pots
of sandy loam under bell-glass in temp. 60° to 70°, summer.

HARDY SPECIES: P. alpina, 10 ft., Tasmania.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: P. pectinata, 12 ft., New Caledonia; totara (Totara
Pine), New Zealand.

Podolepis. — Ord. Composite. Hardy annuals & half-hardy
perennials. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1803.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny well-drained beds or borders or rockeries. Sow seeds
1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots of light soil in temp. of 55° to 65° in
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in flowering position, end of
May; or sow outdoors in sunny position end of April where required
to grow & flower, thinning seedlings to 3in. apart when fin. high.

POT CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
sandy loam, loaf-mould, & sand. Fill 5-in. pots to within }in. of rim
moderately firm with above compost; sow seeds thinly in March, &
cover with sprinkling of fine soil. Place pots in temp. of 55° till
seedlings have formed three or four leaves, when remove to cool green-
house or cold frame. Thin seedlings to lin. apart. Water mode-
rately until plants are 3 in. high, then freely.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, sandy
loam. Position, sunny rockery or borders, May to Sept. Lift & repot in
Sept.. & store away in greenhouse unti] following May. May be

287

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

successfully treated as an annual also. Propagate half-hardy perennial
species by division of plants in spring.
ANNUAL SPECIES: P. acuminata, yeliow, summer, 1 ft.; aristata, yellow and

pink, summer, 1 ft. es
PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. gracilis, purple, lilac, and white, summer, Aug., 3 ft.

Podophyllum (Duck Foot; May Apple).—Ord. Berberidacez.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1664.
Leaves, large, shield-shaped; divided, ornamental.

CULTURE: Soil, moist peat. Position, partially-shaded borders,
woods, marshes, or bog gardens. Plant, March or April. Propagate
by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Emodi (Himalayan May Apple), white, May, 1 ft.,
Himalayas; peltatum (May Apple), white, May, 6 in., N. America. :

Poet’s Daffodil (Narcissus poeticus).—See Narcissus.

Poet’s Laurel (Laurus nobilis)—See Laurus.

Poet’s Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus)—See Narcissus.

Poinciana.—Ord. Leguminose. Stove evergreen trees. Flower-
ing as foliage. First introduced 1691. Leaves, fern-like, green,
graceful.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat or loam, one part leaf-mould,
half a part silver sand. Position, pots in light part of stove or out-
doors during July & Aug. Pot Feb. or March. Water freely, March
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°;
Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy
soil in temp. of 75° to 85° in spring; cuttings of short young shoots
inserted singly in small pots filled with pure sand under bell-glass in
temp. 75° to 85° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. elata, yellow, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. Africa;
regia, crimson, summer, 20 to 30 ft., Madagascar.

Poinsettia.—see Euphorbia.

Poison Ash (Chionanthus virginica)—See Chionanthus.

Poison Bay Tree (Illicium Floridanum).—See Ilicium.

Poison-dart.—See Aglaonema.

Poison Oak (Rhus toxicondendron).—See Rhus,

Poivrea.—sSee Combretum.

Poke (Phytolacca decandra).—See Phytolacca.

Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder; Greek Valerian).—Ord. Pole-
moniacee. Hardy herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary or deep rich well-drained loam.
Position, open sunny borders for P. ceruleum & vars.; sunny well-
drained rockeries for other species. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or
April. Cut off flower stems immediately after flowering. Top-dress
annually in spring with well-decayed manure or leaf-soil. Propagate
P. cernuleum by division of plants in Oct. or Nov.; other species by
division in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. exruleum (Jacob’s Ladder or Greek Valerian),
blue, June, 2 ft., Europe (Britain); cxruleum album, white; confertum, blue,
stmmer, 16 in., N.W. America; flavum, yellow, summer, 3 ft., New Mexico;
humile, blue, July, 6 in., N. America; reptans, blue, spring, 6 in., N. America:
Richardsoni,. blue, summer, 1 ft.

‘Polianthes (The Tuberose).—Ord. Amaryllidaceew. Talf-hardy
bulbous plant. Flowers fragrant. First introduced 1629.

-CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part of equal pro-
portions of leaf-mould, decayed manure & coarse silver sand. Pot,
African kinds in Oct., Nov., & Dec., to flower following autumn;
American or Pearl varieties in Jan., Feh., March & April, to flower

338

ENCYCLOP.MDLA OF GARDENING.

following winter & spring. Plant bulbs about two-thirds of their
depth singly in a 5-in. pot, or three in a 6-in. size. Pot firmly. After
treatment : (a) Plunge pots to their rims in bottom heat, 75° to 85°, &
give one application of water only until growth begins, then remove
to a shelf near the glass in temp. 55° to 65°, & remove to temp. 50° to
55° when in bloom. (b) Place pots on hed of coal ashes in cold frame,
cover with 4in. cocoanut-fibre refuse, & give no water until growth
begins. After this, remove the fibre refuse, water moderately, &
transfer most forward plants to the greenhouse. (c) Pot bulbs in
April, plunge pots just above rim in a sunny spot in garden, keep
moderately moist, lift pots in Sept. or Oct., & place in greenhouse to
flower. Water freely when in full growth. Syringe foliage fre-
quently. Apply stimulants (}0z. guano or Clay’s fertiliser) once a
week when growing freely. After flowering, bulbs of no further
use.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, warm stnny
border. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & Gin. apart, March to April, to flower
in Aug. & Sept. Plant fresh bulbs annually. Propagate by offsets.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. tuberosa (Tuberose), white, fragrant, autumn and
winter, 3 ft., Mexico.

VARIETIES: Double African, American, Italian, and The Pearl.
Polyantha Rose (Rosa multiflora).—See Rosa,
Polyanthus (Primula elatior)—See Primula.

Polyanthus Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta).—See Narcissus.

Polybotrya.—sSee Acrostichium.

Polygala (Milk-wort)—Ord. Polygalacee. Hardy herbaceous
perennials, greenhouse & hardy evergreen flowering shrubs. First
introduced 1658. i ;

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat. Posi-
tion, sunny border or rockery. Plant, Oct., Nov., or April. No prun-
ing required. -

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
fibrous peat, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in cool,
airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune straggly shoots only
into shape, Feb. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately afterwards.
No stimulants required. Shade unnecessary. Temp., March to
Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Propagate hardy species
by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under hand-light or in cold frame
in autumn; or by suckers removed in Sept. ; greenhouse species by
cuttings of young shoots inserted in small pots of sandy peat under
pell-glass in aot 55° to 65° in spring. __ ; ;

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. myrtifolia grandiflora, purple, spring, 4 to 6 {t.,
8. Africa; oppositifolia, purple and yellow, June, 2 to 3 ft., 8. Africa, |

HARDY SPECIES: P. Chamxbuxus, yellow and purple, summer, 6 in., Alps.

Polygonatum (Solomon's Seal).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy her-

erennials. :
oSULTURE: Soil, ordinary light mould. Position, partially-shaded
beds, borders, or woodlands. Plant, Oct., Nov. or March. Top-dress
annually with decayed manure in March. Apply stimulants occa-

i in summer.

a eOY CULTURE OF P. MULTIFLORUM: Pot roots in ordinary
light soil in 6 or 8-in. pots in Nov. Cover with cocoanut-fibre refuse
outdoors or in frame until growth begins, then remove to heated or
cold greenhouse to flower. Water freely. Propagate by division
of roots in Oct., Nov., or March.

339

BNOYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING:

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. biflorum, green and white, May, 1 to 3 ft., N.
America; latifolium, white, July, 2 to 3 ft., Europe; multiflorum (David 8 Harp),
white, June, 3 ft., Europe; officinale (Common Solomon's Seal), white, May, 1 ft.,
Europe (Britain); oppositifolium, white and green, April, 3 ft., Himalayas. There
are double-flowered forms of P. multiflorum and officinale.

Polygonum (Knot Weed).—Ord. Polygonacex. Hardy annuals,
herbaceous perennials, & shrubby climbers. __ -

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
well-drained borders. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in light soil in temp.
65° in March, planting seedlings outdoors in June; or sow in open
border in April. Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants
during flowering period. . : .

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good rich ordinary.
Position of P, cuspidatum & P. sachalinense in large sunny or shady
moist borders, as isolated specimens on lawns, or on margins of ponds;
& P, baldschuanicum for covering arbours, pergolas, or tree trunks.
P. vaccinifolium in ordinary sunny borders or on rockeries. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Mulch with decayed manure annually in
March. Apply stimulants occasionally during July & Aug. Water
copiously in dry weather. Prune away the dead points of shoots of
P. baldschuanicum in early spring. Propagate perennials by seeds, as
advised for annuals, or by division of roots in Oct. or March; green-
house species by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 60° to 75° in spring.

ANNUAL SPECIES: P. orientale, rosy purple, Aug., 4 to 8 ft., Tropics.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: P. affine, rose, autumn, 5 to 8 ft., Himalayas; alpinum,
white, Aug., 4 ft., S. Europe; amplexicaule, rose, autumn, 3 ft., Himalayas;
baldschuanicum, white, autumn, 10 to 15 ft., climber, Bokhara; compactum, white,
autumn, 2 ft., Japan; cuspidatum, white, July and Aug., 6 to 8 ft., Japan;
sachalinense, white, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Sachalin Isles; vaccinifolium, rose,
autumn, 6 in., Himalayas. Latter to te grown on a rockery.

Polypodium (Common Polypody; Oak Fern; Beech Fern).—Ord.
Filices. Stove, greenhouse & hardy ferns. Evergreen & deciduous.

CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Pot, Feb. to April.
Position, pots, baskets, or rock beds. Shade from sun essential.
Moist atmosphere, Feb. to Sept.; moderately moist afterwards. No
syringing required. Water freely, March to Sept.; moderately, Sept.
to March. No stimulants. Temp. for greenhouse species, March to
Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 40° to 50°; stove species, March to
Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, equal parts fibry peat,
decayed turfy loam, leaf-mould, & coarse silver sand for P. vulgare &
vars.; equal parts peat, loam, coarse sand & small lumps of sandstone
for P. dryopteris (Oak Fern) & P. phegopteris (Beech Fern); two-
thirds sandy fibry loam, one-third pounded limestone for P. dryopteris
robertianum. osition, shady fernery, bank, or rockery for P. vul-
gare; partially-shaded dryish rockery for P. dryopteris & P. phegop-
teris, dry partially-shady rockery for Robertianum; other species any-
where in shade in ordinary soil. Plant, April. Water in dry
eevee Top-dress annually in April with the special soils described
above.

POT CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Composts as above. Pot,
March. Position, shady, airy cold greenhouse, pit or frame. Water
evergreen kinds freely in summer, moderately at other times;
deciduous kinds freely whilst growing; occasionally after foliage dies

340

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING:

down. Repot annually, Propagate by spores sown on surface of
shallow pan or box filled with tne sandy peat, covered with pane of
glass & placed in temp. 65° to 75°; division of roots in March or April.
Hoe SPECIES: P. albo-squamatum (Syn. Phymatodes albo-squamatum),
Da aya; chnoodes (Syn. Goniophlebium chnoodes), W. Indies; heracleum (Syn.
rynaria Heracleum), Java; Lingua jen. Nipholobus Lingua), Manchuria; loriceum
latipes (Syn. P. Catherine), W. Indies; Meyenianum (Bear's Paw Fern), Philip-
pines; musefolium, Malaya; pectinatum, W. Indies; persicxfolium, Malaya;
Tefractrum, Brazil; sub-auriculatum, Malaya; verrucosum, Philippines.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. aureum (Syn. Phlebodium aureum), W. Indies;
Billiardieri (Syn. Phymatodes Billiardieri), Australia; drepanum (Syn. Phegopteris
drepanum), Madeira; pustulatum (Syn. Phymatodes pustulata), Scented Polypody,
Australia and New Zealand; P. Schneiderii, a hybrid.

HARDY SPECIES: P. alpestre (Alpine Polypody), Europe (Britain); Dryo-
pteris (Oak Fern), Britain, etc.; Dryopteris robertianum (Geranium-scented Poly-
pody); Phegopteris (Beech Fern), britain, etc.; Phegopteris multitidum, fronds
finely cut; vulgare (Common Polypody), Britain, ete.; vulgare cambricum (Welsh
Polypody), and several other varieties as cristatum, multindo-cristatum, etc.

Polypody (Polypodium vulgare).—See Polypodium,

Polystichum.—See Aspidium.

Pomegranate tree (Punica Granatum).—See Punica,

Pontederia (Pickerel Weed). — Ord. Pontederiacexr. Hardy
aquatic perennials. First introduced 1579. 3

CULTURE: Soil, rich:loam. Position, shallow ponds or tanks, con-
taining water, 6 to 12in.indepth. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.
Propagate by division of roots any time in spring.
Pest a CULTIVATED: P. cordata, blue, white and green, summer, 2 ft., N.

Pontic Daphne (Daphne pontica).—See Daphne.
Pope’s-head (Melocactus communis).—See Melocactus,
Poplar.—See Populus.

Poppy.—See Papaver.

Poppy Anemone (Anemone coronaria).—See Anemone,

Poppy Mallow.—See Callichroé.

Populus (Aspen-tree; Abele-tree; Poplar). — Ord. Salicacea.
Hardy deciduous trees. Orn. foliage. Flowers, catkin-shaped; March
& April. Leaves, roundish, lobed, toothed, green, whitish beneath.
Wood, soft, yellow, or white; used for toy-making, spade handles, etc.
Average price per cubic foot, 6d, to 8d. Weight of timber per cubic
foot, 30 lb.; number of cubic feet per ton, 74.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary moist. Position, margins of ponds,
lakes, rivers, moist shrubberies or woods. P. deltoidea and N. nigra

yramidalis, good trees for forming screens in town or suburban gar-
ie. Plant, Oct. to Feb. For screens, ee 4to6ft. apart. Prune,
Nov. to Feb. Dry soils not suitable. verage price per 100 of one-
year-old trees 3s.; two-year-old 10s. to 15s. Propagate by seeds sown
} in. deep in ordinary soil in moist border in autumn; cuttings of firm
shoots, 8in. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in Oct. or Nov.;
layering shoots in Oct.; suckers, Oct. to Feb.; weeping kinds by graft-
ing on comonm poplars in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. alba ((White Poplar or Abele), 60 to 100 ft., Europa
(Britain), N. Asia, etc.; balsamifera (Balsam Poplar), 60 to 70 ft., N. America;
canescens (Gray Poplar), 70 to 80 ft., Britain; deltoidea (Syn. Canadensis),
Cotton Wood, 80 to 100 ft., N. America; deltoidea erecta (Necklace Poplar), 80 to
100 ft.; nigra (Black Poplar), 50 to 60 ft., Europe; nigra pyramidalis (Lombardy
Poplar), 60 to 80 ft.; tremula (Aspen), 50 to 80 ft., Europe (Britain), N. Asia.

Portlandia. — Ord. Rubiaceex. Stove evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1775.

341

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & leaf-mould & half a
part silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Position, well-drained pots in
partially-shaded part of stove. Prune into shape immediately after
towering. Water copiously, April to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Syringe twice daily, March to Oct., once afterwards. Temp., March to
Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by cuttings ot
firm shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp.
75° to 85° in summer.

i eae CULTIVATED: P. grandiflora, white, June, fragrant, 8 to 10 ft., W.
ndies.

Portugal Broom (Cytisus albus).—See Cytisus.

Portugal Laurei (Prunus lusitanica)—See Prunus. :

Portulaca (Purslane; Sun Plant)—Ord. Portulacacee. Hardy
& half-hardy annual flowering & edible-leaved plants. _ Leaves of Purs-
lane form an excellent summer salading. First introduced 1582.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, good
ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries, raised beds or borders. Sow
seeds thinly on surface of light sandy soil in well-drained pot, box,
or pan, lightly cover with fine soil & place in temp. 65 in March.
Transplant seedlings when three leaves formed singly into 2-in. pots,
gradually harden off, & plant outdoors end of May. Water in dry
weather. Plant 3in. apart each way.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & coarse
silver sand. Raise plants from seeds as advised above. Transplant
seedlings lin. apart in 5-in. pots, well-drained & filled with above com-
post. Grow near glass in temp. 55° to 65°. Water freely. Apply
weak stimulants when in flower.

CULTURE OF PURSLANE: Soil, light, rich ordinary. Position,
sunny well-drained borders. Sow seeds thinly broadcast, middle of
April, lightly rake in and keep well watered. To ensure a succession,
sow at intervals of a month up to Aug. Gather shoots when 2 to 3in.
long, cutting them off close to the ground.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. grandiflora (Sun Plant), yellow and purple, 6 in.,
Brazil; grandiflora compacta, various colours; oleracea (Purslane), June, 6 in.,
Tropical Regions; Thellusonii, scarlet, June, 8 to 12 in., Tropics.

Posoqueria. — Ord. Rubiacew. Stove evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1815.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well-
decayed manure & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, or beds in
plant stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. | Prune into shape, Feb.
or March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to
65°. Water moderately, Oct. to Feb., frecly afterwards. Syringe
daily (except when in bloom) March to Sept. Apply liquid manure
occasionally to healthy plants in flower. Plants one to two years old
produce the best blooms. Propagate by cuttings of firm young side
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°, Jan. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. formosa, white, fragrant, summer, 10 ft., Venezuela;
fragrantissima, white, fragrant, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Brazil; latifolia, white,
Oct., 6 ft., Trop. America.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum).—See Solanum.

Potato Onion (Allium cepa ageregalum).—See Allium.

Potato-tree (Solanum crispum).—See Solanum.

Potato Vine (Ipomea pandurata).—See Ipomeza.

Potentilla (Cinquefoil), — Ord. Rosacea. Hardy herbaceous

342

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

perennials. Double potentillas are hybrids between P. insignia &
P. argyrophylla atrosanguinea.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary deep rich sandy. Position, sunny
rockeries for dwarf species (P. alba, P. alpestris, P. ambigua, P. cala-
bria, P. nitida, & P. pyrenaica); sunny borders for tall kinds (P.
argyrophylla atrosanguinea & vars., P. fruticosa, etc.). Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March or April. Mulch tall kinds with decayed manure aunually
in-March. Water copiously in dry weather. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally during flowering period. ‘Lift, divide, & replant border kinds
in fresh soil every three or four years. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep, in shallow pans or boxes of light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65°,
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or June; or similar
depth in partially-shaded border outdoors in April; division of roots,
Oct., Nov., March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. alba, white, spring, 6 in., Europe; alchemellioides,
white, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; ambigua, yellow, summer, 6 in., Himalayas;
argyrophylla, yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Eliwalayas; argyrophylla atrosanguinea,
crimson; fruticosa, yellow, summer, 3 to 4 tt., Britain; hopwoodiana, yellow and
rose, summer, 18 in., hybrid; nepalensis, cs:mson, summer, 18 in., Himalayas;
nitida, rose, summer, 6 in.; Europe; nitida alba, white; nitida grandiflora, pink;
nitida atrorubens, rose; nitida rosea, rose. Many beautiful hybrids for which
see trade lists.

-Poterium (Burnet). — Ord. Rosacee. Hardy perennial herb.
Leaves used for flavouring soups, salads, & wines.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light. Position, sunny dryish bed or
border. Plant, 6in. apart in rows Sin. asunder, Feb. Water freely
in dry weather. Remove flower stems directly they appear. Roots
to be lifted & replanted annually. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep
in drills 8in. apart, March, April, or Sept., thinning seedlings when
2in. high, 6in. apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. officinalis (Syn. Sanguisorba officinale), green and
purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe (Britain).

Pothos.—Ord. Aroidex. Stove evergreen climbing shrubs. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1821. Leaves, roundish or lance-shaped,
green, or variegated with creamy yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum moss, char-
coal, & coarse sand. Position, pots with shoots trained to old tree
stems, trunks of tree ferns or walls. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
copiously, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe freely all
the year round. Temp., Sept. to March, 60° to 65°; March to Sept.,
80° to 85°. Shade from sun essential. Propagate by division of roots,
Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. argenteus, leaves silvery grey, Borneo; aureus,
leaves variegated with yellow, Borneo; celatocaulis, stems clinging, Borneo;
scandens, stems climbing, India.

Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis)—See Calendula.

Pot Marjoram (Origanum Onites)—See Origanum.

Prairie Rose (Rosa setigera).—See Rosa.

Prairie Sun-flower (Helianthus rigidus)—See Helianthus.

Pratia. — Ord. Campanulacee. Hardy herbaceous perennial
trailing plants. First introduced 1879. ;

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, two parts peat, one part leaf-mould &
little sand. Position, sunny well-drained rockeries. Plant, March or
April. Water freely in dry weather.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, half a part each
leaf-mould & silver sand. Pot, March. Positior, cool or cold green-

343

’

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

house, frame, or window. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally when flowering.
Shade from midday sun. Propagate by seeds sown 1-l6in. deep in
equal parts loam, leaf-mould, « sand in temp. 85°, March; cuttings
of young shoots inserted in well-drained pots, July to Sept., & stored
in cold trame or greenhouse until March, then planted outdoors.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. angulata (Syn. Lobelia littoralis), white, summer,
tometer Zealand; begonixfulia (Syn. Lobelia begoniafolia), blue, summer,

1ma. 6

Prickly Cedar (Juniperus oxycedrus).--See Juniperus.

Prickly Date Palm .—See Acanthophenix.

Prickly Heath.—See Pernettya.

Prickly Ivy (Smilax aspera).—See Smilax.

Prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris).—See Opuntia.

Prickly Poppy (Argemone mexicana).—see Argemone.

Prickly Rhubarb (Gunnera scabra).—See Gunnera.

Prickly-seeded Spinach (Spinacia oleracea spinosa).—See
Spinacia.

tPrickly Shield Fern (Aspidium aculeatum).—See Aspidium.,

Prickly Thrift (Acantholimon glumaceum).—See Acantholimon,

Pride-of-Barbados (Casalpinia pulcherrima)—See Cesal-
pinia.

Primrose (Primula vulgaris)—See Primula.

Primula (Auricula; Ox-lip; Primrose; Polyanthus).—Ord. Primu-
lacew. Greenhouse & hardy perennial herbs. " First introduced 1596.

CULTURE OF AURICULA: Alpine type have blooms one colour,
white or yellow eye, stems smooth & free from powder. J lorists’ type,
stems & blooms covered with mealy powder; blooms with more than
one colour, & white, grey, or green-edged petals. Properties of
florists’ auricula: Stem erect, elastic, carrying truss well above foliage;
stalk proportionately long to size of petals; pips (blooms) seven to each
truss, round; anthers, bold; eye, white, smooth & round; colours,
well defined, rich; edges, distinct. Compost, two parts turfy loam,
one part cow manure, leaf-mould, half a part silver sand. Position,
choice kinds in 3in. pots in airy frame or cool greenhouse; others in
vich soil in shady borders. Pot & plant, Teb. or March. Water
those in pots moderately in winter; freely other times. Top-dress
with rich soil in March plants that were not repotted. Apply liquid
manure in a weak state to plants in flower. Propagate by seeds sown
in pans of light rich soil, just covered with fine soil, in March, in cold
frame or greenhouse; by offsets in Feb.

CULTURE OF CHINESE PRIMULA: First introduced 1820. Com-
post, one part fibrous loam, half a part each of leaf-mould & decayed
cow manure, half a part silver sand. Sow seeds in May on surface
of a compost of two parts leaf-mould & one part loam, half a part sand,
pressed moderately firm in a shallow pan or 6-in. pot, half filled with

drainage. Cover seeds thinly with similar soil. lace pane of glass
over pot or pan & put in temp. 55° to 65°. Shade from sun. Keep
soil just moist. ransplant seedlings when three leaves form lin.

apart in 3-in. pots, well drained & filled with compost advised for seeds.
Still keep in temp. 55° to 65°. When leaves of seedlings meet each
other, place singly in 2-in. pots, keep in same temp. for a week, then
transfer to cold frame. Shade from sun. Admit air freely, Sprinkle
foliage in evening. Transfer to 5-in. pots when well rooted, Depiacs

344

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in frame, shade from sun, water moderately, & sprinkle foliage as
before. Apply liquid soot & cow or sheep manure—1 bushel of latter
& 1 peck of former to 36 gallons of water—diluted with two-thirds water
twice a week when well rooted. Water freely. Remove to temp. 50°
to 55° in Sept. Admit air freely on fine days. Nip off first truss
of bloom if not required to flower before Nov. Temp. for flowering 50°
to 55°. When potting, allow base of leaves to just touch the compost.
Pot moderately firm. Suitable artificial manures: }0z. each sulphate
of ammonia & kainit to 2 gall. of water. To be applied twice a week
to plants established in flowering pots. Single-flowered kinds. best
raised from seed annually, rejecting old plants after flowering. Sow
in June for spring flowering. Double varieties require to be propa-
gated annually by cuttings inserted singly in small pots filled with
equal parts leaf-mould, loam, & sand, placed in temp. 65° to 70°, after
flowering; or by division of plants in April. Culture same as advised
for seedlings. Temp. for flowering 55° to 60°. Semi-double varieties
raised from seed as advised for singles.

CULTURE OF P. OBCONICA: Compost & mode of raising from seed
and general treatment same as advised for P. sinensis. Temp. for
flowering 45° to 55°. Top-dress old plants with decayed cow manure
in Feb. to promote spring flowering. Repot old plants in March to
flower in summer. Old plants may also be divided in March.

CULTURE OF PRIMROSE: Hardy herbaceous perennial. Soil,
ordinary rich moist. Position, partially or wholly shaded beds &
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb. & March. Mulch surface of beds
containing choice sorts with decayed manure in Feb, Lift those grown
in flower beds directly after flowering, divide & replant 6 in. apart each
way in shady border until Oct., then replant in beds. Pot culture, as
advised for Polyanthus.

CULTURE OF POLYANTHUS: Hardy herbaceous perennial. Sup-
posed to be a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip. Flowers,
various; spring. CuassrricaTion: Gold-laced, having centre and edges
of bloom golden; Fancy, blooms of various hues; Hose-in-Hose, semi-
double, one bloom growing out of another; Jack-in-the-Green, bloom
surrounded by a collar-like calyx; Pantaloons, small, curiously-coloured
blooms. Properties of Gold-laced Polyanthus: Pip (bloom) perfectly
fiat and round, slightly scalloped on edge, and divided into five or six
lobes or segments; Tube or throat, thrum-eyed, that is, not showing
the pistil; Edging and centre of lobes or florets to be even in width,
and of same shade of sulphur, lemon or yellow as the eyes, and one
shade of yellow only in centre; Ground or body colour, black or red;
Flower-stem, stiff, strong, erect. Ourpcor CuLturE: Same as for
Primrose. Por CutrurE: Compost, two parts good yellow fibrous
loam, one part of equal proportions of thoroughly decayed manure,
leaf-mould & silver sand. Potin Aug. Place in shady cold frame in
a north aspect after potting until Oct., then transfer to frame in
south aspect. Give just enough water to keep soil moist between
Aug. & March, afterwards water freely. Admit air freely always,
except in severe weather. Top-dress in Feb. with compost of equal
parts loam & decayed cow manure. " Apply weak stimulants once-a
week March to July. Transfer to cold frame or greenhouse with north
aspect when in flower. Repot annually.

ROPAGATION: Miscellaneous species by seeds sown on surface of
equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & loam in shallow pans or boxes in shady

345

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

cold frame in March or April, or by division in spring; P. verticillata
& P. floribunda by seeds sown as advised for P. sinensis, also by division
after flowering; primrose & polyanthus by seeds sown on surface of
light sandy soil, slightly covered in could frame in March or April; or
outdoors in shady position in April, likewise by division after flowering.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. floribunda, yellow, spring, 6 in., Himalayas;
kewensis, yellow, spring, 6 to 12 in., hybrid; obconica, lilac, spring, 6 to 8 in.,
China; sinensis (Chinese Primrose), various colours, winter and spring, 6 to 9 in.,
China; verticillata, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in., Arabia. 7 .
HARDY SPECIES: P. auricula (Aunicula) various colours, 6 in., Europe;
variabilis (Polyanthus), various, spring, 6 in., hybrid; vulgaris (Primrose), various,
spring, G in., Europe (Britain); elatior (Oxlip), yellow, 6 to 8 in., Britain;
Allionii, mauve, April, rockery, sandy soil, Mentone; alpina, hybrid, violet-purple,
May, rockery, sandy soil; altaica, Altai Mountains, mauve with yellow eye,
rockery, sandy loam; capitata, Himalayan species, wrinkled foliage, violet-purple
or blue flowers, autumn, partially shaded rockery, moist loam; clusiana, Tyrol,
rose, April and May, 6 to 9 in., rockery, loamy soil; cortusoides, Siberia, 6 to
10 in., rose, June, sunny rockery or border, light, rich loam; denticulata, Hima-
layas; 8 to 12 in., bright lilac, May to June, sunny rockery or border, rich, well-
manured loam; cashmeriana, violet-purple, April and May; alba, white, and
pulcherrima, dark lilac, are pretty varieties of it; elwesiana, Sikkim, purple,
June, partially shaded rockery, loam and leaf-mould; farinosa (Bird’s Eye Prim-
rose), British species, lilac with yellow eye, June and July, 6 in., rockery, loam
and peat, moist; floribunda, Himalayan species, golden-yellow, summer, 4 to 8 in.,
rockery, ordinary soil; Forbesii, China, rosy purple with orange-white eye, March
to June, warm rockery, sandy loam and leaf-mould, hardy in mild districts only;
glutinosa, Tyrol, bluish purple, June, rockery, sandy loam and peat, moist; grandis,
Caucasus, yellow, summer, 9 in., rockery, loam and leaf-mould; involucrata,
Himalayas, creamy white, yellow centre, March to June, 6 in., moist border, loam
and peat; integrifolia, Pyrenees, rose, April to June, rockery, moist loam;
japonica, Japan, crimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., partially shady moist borders, deep,
rich loam (alba a pretty white variety); latifolia, Pyrenees, violet, fragrant, June,
4 to 6 in., sunny rockery, sandy peat and loam; marginata, Switzerland, lilac,
April and May, 2 to 4 in., rockery, moist sandy loam; minima, S. Europe, rose
or white, June, 2 in., rockery, moist sandy loam; Parryi, Rocky Mountains, purple,
yellow centre, spring, 6 to 12 in., shady rockery or bed, moist sandy loam and
peat; pubescens, a Eypria, rosy crimson, April, 3 to 6 in., rockery, moist loam;
(alba, Syn. P. nivalis, is a rare and pretty white variety of the latter); purpurea,
Nepaul, purple, March to June, 6 to 8 in., sunny rockery or border, sandy loam
and leaf-mould; rosea, Kashmir, rosy carmine, yellow centre, spring, 4 to 6 in.,
partially shady rockery or bed, moist loam and leaf-mould; Sieboldi (Syn. P.
ameena), Japan, rose with white cye, April and May, 6 to 12 in., partially shady
bed, well-manured sandy loam and leaf-mould; sikkimensis, Sikkim, pale yellow,
drooping, fragrant, May and June, 18 in. to 2 ft., shady beds or margin of water,
deep, moist peat and leaf-mould; spectabilis, Eastern Alps, rosy purple, July,
3 in., sunny rockery, sandy loam and leaf-mould; Stuarti, N. India, golden-yellow,
summer, 9 to 15 in., shady rockery or bed, moist sandy loam and leaf-mould;
viscosa (Syn. P. villosa), a Pyrenean species, rosy purple with white eye, spring,
4 in., shady rockery, sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Prince’s-Feather (Amaranthus hypochondriacus).—See Ama-

ranthus.

Pritchardia.—Ord. Palmacee. Stove palms. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1870. Leaves more or less fan-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & one part of loam & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. to April.
Water moderately, Oct. to March; freely afterwards. Syringe twice
daily, March to Sept.; once daily, Sept. to March. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
ae xin. deep in light rich soil in temp. 80° to 90°, Feb., March or

pril.

SPECIES CULTIVATED : P. aurea, 4 to 10 ft., Fiji; Martii, 4 to 10 ft., Sand-
Walt Llanes Thurstoni, 4 to 10 ft., Fiji; Vuylstekiana, 4 to 10 ft., Potomon

Privet (Ligustrum vulgare’.—See Ligustrum,
346

LNCYCULOPAHDIA OF GARDENING.

Prophet’s-flower (Macrotoma echioides).—See Macrctoma,

Protea.—ord, Proteace. Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts light well-decayed turfy loam, one
part equal proportions silver sand, charcoal, broken pots, freestone, &
peat. Position, light airy greenhouse fully exposed to sunshine. Pot,
March. Drain pots one-third of depth with broken potsherds. Pot
firmly. Water moderately, March to Sept., occasionally afterwards,
keeping soil just moist. No syringing or stimulants required. Stand
plants in sunny position outdoors during June, July, & Aug. Temp.,
cept. to March 40° to 50°; March to June 55° to 65°. Propagate
by cuttings of firm shoots cut off close to a joint, pared quite smooth,
inserted thinly in small pots half-filled with drainage, & remainder
with pure sand, placed under bell-glass in cool part of greenhouse in
summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. cordata, purple, spring, 18 in., 8. Africa; grandi-
flora, white, May, 6 to 8 ft., S. Africa.

Provence Rose (Rosa gallica provincialis).—See Rosa.

Prumnopitys.—Ord. Conifere. Hardy and half-hardy ever-
green trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1863.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good, deep loam, well-
sume: Position, sunny sheltered lawns. Plant, Oct., Nov., March
or April.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould. Position, pots or tubs in light airy greenhouse.
Pot or plant, March or April. Water freely, May to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Temp., Sept. to April 45° to 55°; April to Sept. 55° to
65°, Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in small
pots of sandy loam under bell-glass in temp. 60° to 70°, summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. elegans (Plum Fir), Syn. Podocarpus andina, 40 to

50 ft., Chili, hardy; spicata (Black Pine), Syn. Podocarpus spicata, 50 to 70 ft.,
New Zealand.

Prunella (Selfheal).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, moist shady border
or rockery. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Lift, divide, &
replant every 2 or 3 years. Water in dry weather. Mulch with
decayed manure in March. Apply stimulants during flowering season.
Propagate by division of roots, Oct., Nov. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. grandiflora, purple, July and Aug., 6 in., Europe;
and its varieties alba (white) and rubra, or webbiana (red); vulgaris laciniata,
purple, July, leaves finely cut, 1 ft., Britain.

Prunus (Plum; Damson; Myrobalan Plum; Double Chinese
Plum).—Ord. Rosacee. Hardy deciduous and evergreen trees &
shrubs. Edible fruit-bearing, flowering & orn. foliage. First intro-
duced: Peach and nectarine, 1562; Almond, 1548; Apricot, 1548; Com-
mon Laurel, 1629; Portugal Laurel 1648,

CULTURE OF PEACH AND NECTARINE: Soil, deep, but not
over-rich sandy loam, well drained, & free from manure. Position,
south or south-west walls, fully exposed to sun. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Distances for planting: Cordons, 18in.; dwarf fan-trained, 15 ft.;
standard fan-trained, 15 ft. Depth of soil above roots, 4 to 6in.
Approximate cost of trees, each: Cordons, 1s. 6d.; dwarf fan, 3s. 6d.;
half & full standard fans, 7s. 6d. Prune, Jan. or Feb. Fruit borne
on old spurs & shoots of previous years’ growth. Do not shorten tie

347

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

latter unless very strong. Always cut back if possible to a triple
bud. ‘Train previous year’s shoots 2 to 3in. apart all over tree.
Remove a small proportion of shoots that have borne fruit annually
to make room for new ones. Fruit buds, conical, downy. Wood
buds, pointed, narrow. Disbud, i.e., rub off young shoots, April,
May, & June, removing those growing out of front of branches, &
reducing those issuing trom the sides of previous year’s shoots to 6in.
apart each side. Train young shoots when 3 to 61n. long to the wall.
Protect blossoms from frost by covering of tiffany or fish netting in
Feb. & March. Thin fruit when size of a hazel nut to 3 or 4in.
apart; again when size of a walnut to 10 & 12in. apart. Average
number of fruit for a full-grown tree to carry, about 240. Mulch
with decayed manure in March or April. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally, April to Aug. Suitable artificial manures: (1) l}oz. salt &
30z. soot per square yard, applied in March; (2) 1 part (by weight)
crude magnesium sulphate, 6 parts muriate of potash, 18 parts bone
superphosphate forked into the soil at the rate of 71b. per tree after
pruning; (3) $]b. kainit, 31b. each of superphosphate & nitrate of
soda, 14 1b. salt, applied as advised for No. 2. iquid manure: Nitrate
of soda 40z. to gallon; guano loz. to gallon; horse & cow manure
diluted one-third—all applied in spring & summer. UNDER Guass:
Soil, planting, pruning, manuring, same as for outdoors. Temp. for
forcing: Jan. 40° to 50°; Feb. 45° to 55°; March & onwards, 55° to
65°. Disbud when shoots are an inch or so long. Syringe twice daily
until blossoms open, then cease; commencing again when fruit forms,
& discontinuing when it begins to ripen. Ventilate freely in summer.
Thin the fruit when the size of a hazel nut to 3 or 4in. apart; &
again when as large as a walnut to a foot apart. Water border
thoroughly in Jan. or Feb., again in March, May, July, & Sept.
Apply stimulants, March, May, July, & Sept. Trees 1n Pors: Com-
post, two parts decayed turfy loam, one part well-decayed manure, a
quarter part crushed bones, & a tablespoonful of superphosphate to
each bushel. Pot, Nov. Stand the trees in a sheltered corner till
Jan., when remove to greenhouse. Water moderately at first, freely
in spring & summer, none in winter. Pruning, manuring, etc., as
advised above.

CULTURE OF CHERRY: Soil, rich, sandy; stiff or gravelly unsuit-
able. Position, standards, pyramids, & bushes open & sunny;
May Duke & early kinds on S. & W. walls or fences;
Bigarreau & Morello on E. or N. walls. Plant standards 25 ft.
apart; pyramids, 15ft.; horizontal or fan-trained, 15ft.; bush-
trained, 5 to 8ft.; cordons, 18in. Cost of trees, each: Cordons,
2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.; pyramids, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d.; fan-trained, 2s. 6d. to
3s. 6d.; standards, 1s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. Time to plant, Oct. to Feb.
Depth for roots, 6in. Stocks for standard trees, seedling Duke or
Morello; for dwarf trees, Mahaleb Cherry. Mode of bearing: Morello
bears fruit along full length of shoot of previous year’s growth; other
kinds at base of shoots only, called “spurs.” Pruning: Standards,
simply remove branches when too thick; pyramids & bushes, cut back
all shoots to 3in. in July, except those required to form branches,
which leave 6 or 8in.; cordons, cut all shoots except leading one
similarly; horizontal & fan-trained, cut back side shoots to 3in.,
leading ones to Gin, in July; Morello, remove old or weak shoots
only in Dec. Winter pruning consists of removal of dead or over-

343

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

crowded shoots & cutting back those omitted in summer. Protect early
cherries by nets or tiffany. Por Cutrurz: Plant in 10 or 12in.
pots in Oct. Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part decayed
manure. Place trees in sheltered position outdoors till Jan., then
remove them to greenhouse or vinery. Temp., Jan. to March, 45° to
60°; March to June 55° to 65°. - Water moderately. Ventilate
moderately before & after flowering, freely when in flower.

Margzr Currurs or Cumrrr: Soil, loam overlying chalk or gravel.
Position, sheltered away from low valleys. Plant, autumn. Dis-
tances for planting standards, 30ft.; bushes, 12ft. Number of
trees per acre: Standards, 48; bushes, 302. Cost of trees per acre:
Standards, £5; bushes, £15. Cost of planting per acre: Preparing
sites, £7; manure, £5; planting and staking, 16s. to 203s.; total per
acre—bushes, £27; standards, £16. Cost of cultivation per acre:
Pruning, £1; gathering fruit, £9; annual manuring, £5. Average
yield per acre, 4 tons. Average return per acre (gross), £100; net,
£80 to £83. Manures (per acre), steamed bone-meal, 3 cwts.; sulphate
of potash, licwt.; chloride of soda, $cwt.; sulphate of magnesia,
Zewt.; sulphate of lime, 5 cwt., to be applied in Feb.; nitrate of soda,
1jcwt., applied when fruit has set.

CULTURE OF PLUM: Soil, shallow, moderately moist sandy loam,
or good ordinary, intermixed freely with old mortar. Subsoil, gravelly
or chalky. Position, open, sunny, sheltered gardens, orchards, walls,
or fences. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Distance for planting: Standards,
21 to 24 ft. each way; pyramids, 9 to 10ft.; fan-trained, 15 ft.; bush-
trained, 6 to 9ft.; cordons, 18in. Distance from paths: Pyramids,
5ft.; bush-trained, 2ft. Gin. Cost of single trees: Standards,
2s. 6d. to 7s. 6d.; pyramids, 2s. 6d. to 5s.; fan-trained, 3s. 6d. to
7s. 6d.; bush-trained, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.; cordons, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d.
Mode of bearing: On spurs formed at base of shoots of previous year’s
growth, 4 on older branches. Prune, summer, July & Aug.; winter,
Dec. to Feb. Simply thin out branches of standards, & keep centres
open. Shorten leading shoots of pyramids & bushes at sixth leaf from
base in July; remainder 2in. from their base, a week or so later.
Shorten leading shoots of fan-trained trees in Dec.; also side or front
shoots not required to forward new branches to within 2in. of base,
July or Aug. Leading shoots of cordons to grow unpruned until full
height is attained; side shoots to be shortened to within lin. of base,
June or July. Thin fruit of greengages to 3in. apart; large kinds
to 4 or Gin. apart, when size of hazel nut. Mulch newly-planted trees
with thick layer of cow manure. Root-prune vigorous & unfruitful
trees in Sept. Lift, root-prune, & repot pyramids, bush, & cordon
trees every third year. Chemical manures: Kainit (sulphate of
potash), 5 parts; (ry weight), magnesium sulphate, 2 parts; super-
phosphate, 2 parts. Apply at rate of 7 lbs. per tree immediately after
pruning to area of soil equal to circumference of branches, & 22 lbs.
more in March, forking it in. Stocks used for budding and grafting:
Mussle for standards & pyramids; common plum for dwarfs.

Marxer Curture oF Prum: Soil, sandy loam overlying chalk or
clay. Position, sheltered. Plant, autumn. Distances to plant:
Standards, 20ft.; dwarfs, 12ft. Trees per acre: Standards, 108;
dwarfs, 302. Cost of trees per acre: Standards, £7; dwarfs, £15.
Cost of planting per acre: Preparing sites, £7; manures, £5; plant-

349

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

ing and staking, standards, 32s. 6d.; dwarfs, 7s. 6d.; total, £20 to
£27. Cost of cultivation per acre: Pruning, 20s.; annual manuring,
£5; gathering fruit, £7. Average yield per acre, 7 tons. Average
returns per acre (gross), £100; net, £85. Manures (per acre):
Steamed bone-meal, 3cwt.; kainit, 1}cwt., after pruning; nitrate of
soda, 2icwt. after fruit has set.

CULTURE OF DAMSON: Soil, moderately rich deep loam. Posi-
tion, south aspect, well-drained site. Shape of trees, standard,
pyramidal, or bush. Plant bush-trained trees 5 ft. apart; pyramidal,
15 ft.; standards, 24ft., in Nov., Dec., or Jan. Depth for roots, 6in.
Prune in Dec., simply cutting away old branches or weak shoots &
moderately shortening strong ones. Manures, cost of trees, etc.,
same as for plums.

CULTURE OF APRICOT: Soil, light well-drained loam, containing

lenty of old mortar rubbish. Position, 8. walls in Midlands &
Months E. & W. walls in the South. May be grown as bushes or
standards in sheltered gardens in S. of England. Plant, Sept. to
Nov., 2ft. apart for cordons, & 18ft. for fan-trained trees. Fruit
borne on spurs, 1, 2, & 3 years old. Prune in Jan., shortening shoots
not required to form new branches to within an inch of their base.
Summer prune in July, pinching back side shoots not required for
future branches to two leaves. Disbud, in June, i.e., rub off all young
shoots growing out of front,of branches. Protect when in flower with
tiffany or fish-netting. Mulch roots with decayed manure in hot, dry
seasons. Water copiously in summer. Feed with manures advised for
peaches. Thin fruit out early to 1ft. apart. Por CutturE: Same as
tor Peaches.

CULTURE OF MYROBALAN PLUM: Used chiefly for hedges;
occasionally as a stock for plums. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Distance apart tu plant, 6in. Size of plants,
two-year-old. Trim into shape, June or July. Cost per 100, 5s. to
7s.; per 1,000, 35s. to 40s. Cost of planting and preparing soil per
Hoe yard, 9d.; trimming per chain, 4d. Makes an impenetrable

edge.

CULTURE OF CHERRY AND PORTUGAL LAURELS: Soil, good
ordinary. Position, mixed shrubberies or hedges for Cherry Laurel;
lawns or shrubberies for Portugal Laurel. Plant, Sept. to Oct., or in
May. Prune in April, merely shortening straggly growths.
Hepes CuLrure or CHERRY Laure: Trench site 3 ft. wide & 2 ft. deep,
mixing plenty of rotten manure with soil. Plant, 12in. to 24in.
apart. Cost of plants per 100, 15s. Cost of preparing and planting
per lineal yard, 9d. Prune in April.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
well-drained sunny borders or shrubberies; Almond good town tree.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune only to cut away dead wood ; or to
shorten straggly growths after flowering. Por CuLrurE or P. TRILOBA:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, half a part silver
sand. Position, cold greenhouse, Jan. to June; outdoors, pots plunged
to rim in garden soil, June to Nov.; sheltered corner or pit, Nov. to
Jan. Pot, Nov. Repot annually. Water freely, March to Oct.,
moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally, April to Sept.
Temp. for forcing 55° to 65°.

Proragation: Peach and nectarine by budding in July or Aug.

350

BNOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

ou Seedling Almonds or Plums; Cherry by budding in July or Aug.
on the Mahaleb Cherry for dwarfs, or seedling cherry for standards;
Plums by budding in July or Aug., on the seedling Damson or St.
Julien Plum, or Myrobalan Plum reared from cuttings; Damsons by
seed; Almonds by budding on seedling Plums; other species by bud-
ding on the Myrobalan Plum; Laurels and Myrobalan Plum by. cut-
tings inserted in sheltered border or cold frame in autumn; all kinds
by seeds to produce new varieties.

FRUIT-BEARING SPECIES: P. Persica (Peach), rose, April, 15 to 25 ft., China;
Persica levis (Nectarine); communis (Plum), white, spring, 20 ft., native habitat
unknown; Cerasus (Cherry), white, April, 15 to 20 ft., Europe (Britain), etc.;
Armeniaca (Apricot), blush, Feb. and March, 15 to 25 ft., N. China; insititia
(Bullace), white, April, 10 to 20 ft., Europe (Britain); spinosa (Sloe), white, March,
if 30. 15 ft., Europe (Britain); spinosa var. (Damson), white, spring, 20 ft.,

ritain,

FLOWERING SPECIES: P. Amygdalus (Almond), rose, March and April, £0 to
30 ft., 8. Europe; Amygdalus flore-pleno, double; Amygdalus amara (Bitter
Almond); Amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond); davidiana, rose, Jan. to March,
10 ft., China; nana (Dwarf Almond), rose, March, 3 ft., S. Russia; Persica flore
roseo plena (Double Peach), rose, double, March, 10 to 20 ft.; Persica flore albo
plena, white, double; Persica foliis rubris, leaves purple; Avium flore pleno
(Double Gean Cherry), white, double, spring, 30 ft., Europe (Britain); Cerasus
Rhexii flore pleno (Double Cherry), white, double, April, 20 ft., Europe; Japonica
flore pleno albo (Double Chinese Cherry), pink, April, 3 it., Japan; pseudo-cerasus
(Syn. Watereri), white, semi-double, May, 12 ft., Japan; triloba flore pleno, silvery
rose, double, and May, 5 to 10 ft., China; Padus (Bird Cherry), white, May, 20 to
30 ft., Europe (Britain); virginiana (Virginian Bird Cherry), white, May, 30 to
40 ft., N. America.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: P. Laurocerasus (Common or Cherry Laurel), white,
spring, 8 to 20 ft., E. Europe, Orient, etc.; and its varieties, caucasica. colchica,
latifolia, etc.; lusitanica (Portugal Laurel), white, June, 10 to 15 ft., Portugal.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: P. cerasifera (Myrobalan or Cherry Plum), white,
March, 15 to 20 ft., Caucasus; cerasifera atropurpurea (Purple-leaved Plum), Syn.
Prunus Pissardii, leaves, purple; communis juliana (St. Julien Plum), white, March,
10 ft.; Mahaleb (Mahaleb or St. Lucie Cherry), white, May, 10 ft., Europe. Last
two species used as stocks.

Pseudopanax. — Ord. Araliacee. Greenhouse evergreea
shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1846. Leaves, hand-shaped,
shining.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peaty leaf-mould, charcoal,
& sand. Pot, Feb. to March. Water freely, March to Oct., mode-
rately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept. to
March 45° to 55°. Propagate by grafting in heat in spring; insert-
ing portions of roots in light soil in temp. 80° in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. crassifolium, 5 to 10 ft., New Zealand.

Psidium (Guava Tree).—Ord. Myrtaceer. Stove evergreen
shrubs. Flowering & edible fruit-bearing. First introduced 1692.
Fruit (berries) yellow or claret-coloured, round or pear-shaped,
aromatic, edible.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, one part equal
proportions dry cow manure & silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots, tubs, or beds with shoots trained to back walls of stove, warm
greenhouse, or vinery. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into
shape annually, Feb. Water freely, April to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Syringe freely, March, until fruit begins to ripen, then keep
foliage dry. Apply weak stimulants occasionally after berries form
until fruit ripens. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March
45° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3in.
long, inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 80°, spring or
summer.

351

ENOYCLOPZDIA Of GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. cattleianum, white, June, fruits fig-like, 10 to 15 ft.,
Brazil; Guava pomiferum (Red Guava), white, June, fruits apple-like, 10 ft.; and
Guava pyriferum (Common Guava), white, fruits pear-like, Trop. America.

Psoralea (Scurvy Pea).—Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse ever-
green flowering shrubs. First introduced 1690. 2

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, peat, & silver sand.
Position, pots in sunny airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune
into shape, Feb. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Good drainage essential. No stimulants or shade required.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in pots
halt filled with drainage, remainder layer of moss & pure sand, placed
under bell-glass in shady part of greenhouse, May or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. aculeata, blue and white, summer, 3 ft., S. Africa;
pinnata, blue, summer, 4 ft., S. Africa; arborea, blue, June, 6 ft., S. Africa.

Ptelea (Hop Tree)—Ord, Rutacew. Hardy deciduous trees.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1704. Leaves, trifoliate,
green, or variegated with yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubberies, plantations,
or woods. Plant, Nov. to eb. Prune into shape, Dec. to Feb. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown }in. deep in sunny position outdoors in March”
or April; layering shoots any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. trifoliata, green, May, 4 to 8 ft., N. America;
trifoliata aurea, young leaves golden.

Pteris (Bracken; Brake-fern; Spider Fern).—Ord. Filices, Stove,
greenhouse, & hardy ferns. Evergreen and deciduous. Young shoots
of bracken, gathered when 6in. long, may be cooked and eaten like
Asparagus,

CULLURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordizary. Position, shady
borders or woods. Plant, April.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
mould, peat, & sand. Position, pots, beds, or rockeries in shady part
of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water abundantly, April to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°;
Sept. to March 60° to 70°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, as above. Pot,
March or April. Position, pots, beds, or rockery in shady part of
house, Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately Oct. to March.
Temp., March to Sept., 55° to 65°; Sept. to March, 50° to 55°. Pro-
pagate by spores sown on fine sandy peat in well-drained pans in temp.
x0° any time; dwarf species by division of plants, Oct. or April.

HARDY SPECIES: P. aquilina (Brake or Bracken Fern), 2 to 4 ft., Britain, etc.
Several varicties.

STOVE SPECIES: P. aspericaulis, 6 to 8 in., India; aspericaulis tricolor,
fronds green, white and red; palmata nobilis, 1 ft., Brazil; quadriaurata argyrea,
fronds with white centres, 1 ft., Tropics.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. Bausei, hybrid; cretica and its varieties albo-lincata,
Mayi, major and Wimsettii, Tropics; ensiformis, and its varieties cristata, Regina
and Victoriw, Tropics; longifolia, Japan; scaberula, New Zealand; serrulato
(Spider Fern), and its variety cristata, China, Japan, etc.; tremula (Trembling
ined and its varieties Smithieana, elegans and variegata, Australia. See also

Ptychosperma (Australian Feather Palm).—Ord, Palmacee.
Stove palms. Orn. foliage. Leaves, feather-shaped, green, very
graceful. First introduced 1868.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould, half a part
silver sand. Position, shady part of stove, warm greenhouse, or con-
servatory; pots or tubs. Pot, Feb. or March. Water copiously,

352

UNCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe freely daily, March
to Oct. Shade from sun. Top-dress large plants occasionally with
layer of cow: manure. Apply stimulants occasionally, April to Sept.
Temp., March to Oct., 60° to 75°; Oct. to March, &5° to 60°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown +in. deep in light rich soil in temp. 80° to 90°,
Feb., March, or April.

“ceo CULTIVATED: P., elegans, 10 to 20 ft., Australia; sanderiana, 10 to

Pulmonaria (Lung-wort; Blue Cowslip; Sage of Bethlehem).—
Ord. Boraginacew. Hardy herbaceous herbs. Orn. foliage. Leaves,
lance shaped, green, spotted with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, partially-shaded rockeries or
borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Lift & replant in fresh
soil every 4 or 5 years. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in
ordinary soil in shady position outdoors, March or April; division of
roots, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. angustifolia (Blue Cowslip), blue and pink, spring,
1 ft., Europe; angustifolia azurca, blue; officinalis (Sage of Bethlehem or Lung-

wort), red and violet, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); saccharata, pink, June,
1 ft., Europe.

Pultenzea.—Ord. Leguminose. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1792.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part equal propor-
tions silver sand & pounded charcoal. Position, light, airy green-
house. Pot, Feb. or March. Well-drained pots & firm potting essen-
tial. Water freely, April to Sept., miodenately. other times. Use soft
water only. No stimulants required. Shade unnecessary. Stand
plants in sunny position outdoors during July & Aug. Temp., Sept.
to March 40° to 50°; March to July 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown on surface of shallow well-drained pans, filled with sandy peat,
slightl covered with fine peat, placed under bell-glass in temp. 55° to
63”, March or April; cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted
in sandy peat under bell-glass in shade in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. obcordata, yellow, April, 3 ft.; rosea, pink, spring,

1 ft.; stricta, yellow, spring, 3 ft.; villosa, yellow, spring, 3 ft. All natives of
Australia.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo)—See Cucurbita.

Punica (Pomegranate). — Ord. Lythracew. Hardy deciduous
fruit-bearing trees. Fruits, roundish, golden red. First introduced
1548.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich fibrous loam, one part
thoroughly decayed cow manure. _ Position, well-drained borders
against S. & S.W. walls, 8. & 8.W. England; in tubs, pots, or borders,
with shoots trained against back wall of cool or cold houses or con-
servatories in other parts of the country. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Train
branches thinly to walls. Prune weak shoots only. Blossom & fruit
borne on extremities of shoots of previous year’s growth. Water out-
door trees copiously in dry weather; indoor trees frequently in sum-
mer; moderately in autumn & spring; give none in winter. Mulch
surface of soil annually with cow manure in March or April. Propa-
gate by seeds sown }in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in
temp. 55° to 65° in spring, transplanting seedlings singly into small
pots & keeping in greenhouse until following spring, then plant out-
doors or continue to grow in pots. Double-flowered sorts by cuttings
of firm shoots, 6 to 8in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in cold frame or greenhouse any time; suckers removed from roots

303 i

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

& transplanted in Oct. or Nov.; layering shoots Oct. or Nov. ; grafting
on single-flowered species in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Granatum, red, June, 15 to 20 ft., Persin; Granatum
flore pleno, double; Granatum nana, dwarf.

Purple Beech (Fagus sylvatica purpurea).—See Fagus.

Purple Birch (Betula alba purpurea).—See Betula. ‘

Purple Clover (Trifolium repens purpureum).—See Trifolium.

Purple Cone flower (Echinacea purpurea).—See Echinacea,

Purple Crocus (Colchicum autumnale).—See Colchicum.

Purple-leaved Elm (Ulmus campestris purpurea).—See Ulmus,

Purple-leaved Filbert (Corylus Avellana purpurea), — See
Corylus.

Purple Mexican Aster (Cosmos bipinnatus).—See Cosmos.

Purple Orchis (Orchis mascula).—See Orchis.

Purple Osier (Salix purpurea).—See Salix.

Purple Rock-cress (Aubrictia purpurea).—See Aubrietia.

Purpie Sand Verbena (Abronia umbellata).—See Abronia.

Purple Side-saddle flower (Sarracenia purpurea), — See
Sarracenia.

Purple Tassels (Muscari comosum).—See Muscari.

Purple Toad-flax (Linaria purpurea).—See Linaria.

Purple Willow (Salix purpurea).—See Salix.

Purple Wreath (Petrza volubilis).—See Petrea.

Purslane (Portulacca ole1acea).—See Portulacca.

Puschkinia (Striped Squill).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous
flowering plants. First introduced 1819.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light sandy. Position, sunny well-
drained border or rockery. Plant bulbs 41in. deep, lin. apart, Oct. or
Nov. Protect immediately after planting with covering lin. deep of
cocoanut-fibre refuse or decayed manure. After flowering remove
protective material, fully exposing surface to sun to ripen bulbs. Lift
& replant every 2 or 3 years. Propagate by seeds sown din. deep in
shallow well-drained pans filled with light sandy soil in Aug. or Sept.,
placed in cold frame; offsets removed & planted as advised for old
bulbs, Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. scilloides (Syn. libanotica), white, striped with
blue, spring, 4 in., Asia Minor; scilloides compacta, dwarf.

Pyrenean Adonis (Adonis pyrenaica).—See Adonis.

Pyrenean Lily (Lilium pyrenaicum).—See Lilium,

Pyrenean Meadow Saffron (Merendera bulbocodium).—
See Merendera.

Pyrenean Violet (Viola cornuta).—See Viola.

Pyrethrum.—sSee Chrysanthemum.

" Eyeple (Winter Green). — Ord. Ericacee, Hardy perennial
erbs.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sandy loam. Posi-
tion, moist partially-shady borders or rockeries. Plant, March or
April. Water freely in dry weather. Lift, divide, & replant only
when overgrown. Propagate by seeds sown thinly & slightly covered
with very fine sandy peat in position where intended to grow, March
or April; division of roots March or April. ms

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. olliptica, white, fragrant, summer, 6 in., N.
Aworica ; media, white and red, summer, 4 in., Britain; minor, whito and red
summer, 8 in., Europe (Britain); rotundifolia, white, fragrant, summer, 6 in.,
Britain. : : > ,

354

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Pyrus (Apple; Pear; Crab; Medlar; Quince; Mountain Ash;
Rowan Tree; White Beam Tree) —Ord. Rosacew. Hardy deciduous
fruit-bearing & flowering trees & shrubs.

CULTURE OF APPLE: Soil, deep loam. Position, open, sheltered
gardens, N.W. or E. walls. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Distance for plant-
ing: Cordons, 18in.; bush-trained trees, 12ft.; pyramids, 12ft.; fan-
trained trees, 15 ft.; espaliers, 18 ft.; standards, 21 to 24 ft. Distance
from paths: Pyramids, 5ft.; bush-trained, 2ft. Gin. Mode of bear
ing: On spurs formed on older branches & base of shoots of previous
year’s growth. Fruit buds may be distinguished from growth buds
by having four leaves growing in a cluster. Summer pruning: Shorten
all side shoots on cordon trees to the second latent bud—about 1in.—
from their base in June; leave the leader unpruned. Remove the
points of the strongest young shoots on pyramids & bushes in July;
leave the weak ones untouched. Secure to the wall suitably-placed
young shoots of fan-trained trees to form future branches, & shorten
remaining ones to two leaves in July. Allow the extremity of each
espalier branch to grow unchecked & shorten side growths to two or
three leaves in July. Standards require no summer pruning.
Autumn & winter pruning: Shorten secondary shoots of cordons to
within lin. of their base in Sept.; no further pruning required.
Shorten all shoots, except leading ones, of bushes & pyramids to
within 2 in. of their base in Sept.; leading shoots to 6 or 8 in. in Nov.
Prune to within 2in. of base all side shoots on fan-trained trees;
leading shoots, intended to form new branches, to 6, 9, or 12 in. in Nov.
Espalier side shoots shorten to 2in. in Aug. or Sept.; leaders at end of
branches to 6, 9, or 12in. in Nov. Simply thin out branches of stan-
dards, keep centre quite open, & shorten any extra vigorous shoots.
Mulch newly-planted trees with thick layer of manure. Root prune
vigorous unfruitful trees in Sept. Lift & replant every third year
cordon, bush, & pyramid trees to keep them fruitful. Gather fruit
when, on lifting it by the hand, from a vertical to a horizontal posi-
tion, it readily parts from the tree. Store in dark, cool, frost-proof
room (temp. 40° to 45°). Chemical manures: (1) Superphosphate of
lime 12 parts (by weight); nitrate of potash, 10 parts; common salt,
4 parts; sulphate of magnesia, 2 parts; sulphate of iron, 1 part; sul-
phate of lime, 8 parts. To be applied at the rate of 41b. per square
yard in March or April. (2) Equal parts (by weight) kainit, sulphate
of soda, & superphosphate of lime. To be applied at the rate of 6 lbs.
per tree after pruning. Natural manures: (3) Decayed cow manure
spread on surface of soil over roots in Nov. or Dec. (4) Poultry dung
applied in a similar manner. (5) Soapsuds applied liberally in autumn
& winter. (6) Liquid horse or cow manure & urine applied at any
time. Stocks ased for budding or grafting: Crab & seedling apple for
standards; English Paradise for pyramids & bushes; French Paradise
for cordons & very dwarf trees. Propagate for new sorts by seeds sown
3 in. deep outdoors in March; grafting in March, or budding in July &
Aug., to perpetuate existing varieties.

Market anp OrcHarp Cuture: Soil, loam overlying clay sub-
soil: Position, land sloping to S.E. or §8.W., just above a valley.
Plant, Oct. to March. Distances for planting: Standards, 20ft.;
dwarfs, 12ft. Trees to plant a statute acre: Standards, 108; dwarfs,
302. Cost of planting a statute acre: Standard trees, £9; dwarf
trees, £8; preparing land, £8; manure, £8; planting and staking

355 N2

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

standard trees, 32s. 6d.; dwarf trees, 7s. 6d.; total cost, £20 tc £22,
Cost of cultivation: Pruning per acre, 20s.; annual manuring, #s%
gathering fruit, £7. Average yield per acre: 6 tons; average return
(gross), £60; ditto (net), £45. Manures: Superphosphate, 3 cwt., and
kainit, 1Lcwt. per acre, applied after pruning; nitrate of soda, lewt.,
applied when fruit has set; or 20 tons of farmyard manure per acre
applied in winter.

CULTURE OF PEARS: Soil, deep rich loam; clay soil unsuitable.
Position, S., W. or E. walls, fences, or arches, for cordons, fan, or
espalier-trained trees; open sheltered garden for pyramids or bushes;
N. walls for early sorts. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Cultural details,
except chemical manures & stocks, as advised for the apple. Chemical
manures: Kainit, 4 parts (by weight); superphosphate, 1 part. Apply
at rate of 41bs. per tree in Feb. or March. Apply also nitrate of
soda at the rate of }0z. per gallon of water in liberal quantities once
a week, July to Sept. Stocks: Common Pear for standards; quince
for pyramids, bushes, & cordons.

Market anp OrcHarp CuttuRE: Soil, light loam over clay
soil. Position and other details as advised for apples. Average yield

er acre, 5 tons; average return (gross), £50; ditto (net), £35.
anures: Bonemeal, 3cwt., & kainif, 1}. cwt. per acre applied after

pruning; nitrate of soda, 24cwt., when fruit Vas set; or 20 tons of

farmyard manure in winter. Propagate as advised for the apple.

CULTURE OF MEDLAN: Soil, light, moist loam. Position, shel-
tered garden or orchards; or grown as espaliers on walls or fences.
Plant in autumn. Prune espaliers as advised for apples. Gather
fruit in Nov. after one or two sharp frosts. Store in any light, warm
place till semi-rotten, then eat. Fruit makes excellent jelly. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in light soil in gentle heat as soon as fruit is
Tne budding in July or grafting in April, on Quince or Hawthorn
stocks.

CULTURE OF QUINCE: Soil, light, rich moist loam. Position, as
standards in orchards or low-lying gardens, margins of water. May
also be grown fan-trained against walls. Plant in autumn. Prune
as advised for apples and pears. Gather fruit in November. Store
away from other fruits. Makes a nice jelly. Propagate by seeds
sown outdoors when ripe; budding in July, or grafting in March on
seedling Quinces, Pears, or Whitethorn; layering in summer.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING SPECIES: Hardy deciduous trees and
shrubs. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies for
tall species; S., S.W., or W. walls for P. Maulei. Fruit of latter
species edible. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Prune, Dec. to Feb., shorten
ing previous year’s side shoots of P. spectabilis to within 2in. of
base, leading shoots to 6, 8, or ]2in. Other species require no
pruning beyond thinning out branches. Propagate by seeds sown
3 in. deep in sandy soil in sunny position outdoors in March; cuttings of
shoots 8 to 12in. long inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn;
layering in autumn; budding on common pear or quince in July ;
grafting in March.

CULTURE OF MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: Hardy deciduous
trees & shrubs. Orn. foliage; also berry and fruit-bearing. Soil,
ordinary. Position, sunny shrubberies or woodlands. Plant, Nov.
to Feb. Prune, Dec. to Feb., simply tninning out branches. Pro-
pagate P. aucuparia by seeds sown $in. deep, & lin. apart in ordinary

356

ENOYOCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

soil outdoors in Oct. or Nov.; also by other methods advised for
flowering species.

FRUIT BEARING SPECIES: P. communis (Pear), white, April to May, 40 ft.,
Europe (Britain) and Asia; germanica (Medlar), white, June and July, 20 to 25 ft.,
Europe, Asia; malus (Apple; Crab), pink, white, May, 20 to 30 ft., Europe
(Britain); vulgaris (Quince), white or pink, June, 12 to 20 ft., native habitat
unknown; baccata (Siberian Crab), white, April and May, fruit cherry-like,
yellow and red, good for jelly making, 15 to 20 ft., Himalayas, Japan, ete

FLOWERING SPECIES: P. chamemespilus (Bastard Medlar), red, May and
June, 6 ft., Europe; communis flore pleno (Double-flowered Pear), white, doukie,
May, 20 to 40 ft.; coronaria (Sweet-scented Crab), rose, May, 20 ft., U. States;
coronaria flore-pleno, double; floribunda, rose, May, 8 ft., Japan; floribunda
flore-pleno, double; floribunda Scheideckeri, semi-double; japonica (Japanese
Quince), Syn. Cydonia japonica, scarlet, March to July, 6 ft., Japan; japonica
flore-pleno, crimson, double; japonica nivalis, white; Maulei, scarlet, April, 3 to
4 ft., Japan; Maulei alba, white; Maulei atrosanguinea, crimson; nivalis (Snow
Tree), rhite, May, 6 ft., Levant; nivalis variegata, variegated; sinensis (Snow or
Sand Pear), white, April, China; sinensis flore pleno, double; prunifolia, white,
April, 20 to 30 ft., Siberia; spectabilis, red, April and May, 20 to 30 ft., China and
Japan; spectabilis flore albo, white; spectabilis flore pleno, double.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: P. arbvutifolia (Chokeberry), white or purple, May,
2 to 4 ft., N..America, fruit pear-shaped; Aria (White Beam Tree), white, May and
June, 20 to 30 ft., ornamentel leaved, N. Temperate Zone; aucuparia (Mountain
Ash; Rowan Tree), creamy white, May, 10 to 20 ft., berries scarlet, leaves finely
cut, N. Hemisphere; Sorbus (Service are creamy white, May, 20 to 30 ft.,
berries red, Europe; Toringo (Toringo Crab), white, May, Japan; Toringo flore
pleno, double. : Z

Pyxidanthera (Pine-Barren Beauty).—Ord. Diapensiacee.
Hardy evergreeri creeping shrub. First introduced 1851.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy oe & leaf-mould. Position,
sunny rockeries. Plant, Sept., -Oct., March or April. Propagate by
seeds sown where required to grow, lightly covering with ‘fine sandy
peat, Sept., Oct., or March; divison of plants, Oct. or March.

4 SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. barbulata, white, rose, summer, 2 in., N.
merica.

Quaking Grass (Briza media).—See Briza.

Quamash (Camassia esculenta).—See Camassia.

Quamoclit (Ipomxa Quamoclit).—See Ipomea.

Queen Lily.—See Phedranassa.

Queen of the Orchids.—See Grammatophyllum.

Queen of the Prairie (Spirza iphataie ses Spirea.

Queen of the Woods Sedags alba).—See Betula.

Queen’s Cushion (Saxifraga hypnoides).—See Saxifraga.

Queen’s-flower (Lagerstremia Flos-regine). — See Lager-
stremia.

Queen’s Gilliflower (Hesperis matronalis).—See Hesperis.

Queensland EIk’s-horn Fern (Platycerium grande).—See
Platycerium.

Queensland Spear-Lily (Doryanthes Palmeri).—See Dory-
anthes.

Queen’s Stock (Matthiola incana)—See Matthiola.

Quercus (Oak).—Ord. Cupulifera. Hardy deciduous & evergreen
trees & shrubs. Orn foliage. Flowers, greenish; male & female organs
borne in different flowers on the same plant; April. Male blooms in
long pendulous catkins; females, short, solitary, or clustered. Fruit
or seeds (acorns), more or less bullet shaped. Autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, clay, gravelly, sandy, ironstone, or reclaimed
boggy ground for Common Oak & varieties; chalky or clay ground for
Evergreen Oak (Q. Ilex); gravelly sandy fur Cork Oak (Q. suber);
chalky for Q. Mirbeckii and rubra; pamny for remainder. Position,

36

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

open, well-drained shrubberies, fields, & woods. Q. Ilex & Q. Cerris
well adapted for planting near the sea. Plant evergreen kinds, Sept.
to Nov., or April; deciduous ones, Oct, to Feb. Depth for planting
in heavy soils, 6in.; light soils, 9in. Distance apart for deciduous
oaks, 20 to 25ft.; evergreen oaks, used for shelter, 6 to 10 ft.; for
hedges, 4 to 6ft. Prune deciduous oaks in Dec.; evergreen kinds in
April. Propagate by acorns gathered in autumn, stored in sand until
March, then sown 2in. deep & 3in. apart each way. Transplant when
one year old 12in. apart each way, & plant in permanent position when
three or four years old. Also choice kinds by grafting in March on
common oak,

USEFUL DATA: Average age of oak tree, 2,000 years. Average dia-
meter of largest trees, 180 ft. Supposed oldest oak in England, the
Cowthorpe; its assumed age 1,800 years. Timber used for building,
cabinet work, cartwheel spokes, fencing, barge building, etc.; very
durable. Average value per cubic foot, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. Weight of
oak per cubic ft., 531b. Number of cubic ft, per ton, 42. One bushel
of acorns will yield 7,000 trees. Avoid oak trees during thunderstorms.
Average price of oak bark per ton, £4 10s. Average cost of felling and
harvesting bark per ton, £110s. Average profit per ton, £2. Average
number of cubic ft. of bark per ton, 150. Average prices for seedling
trees: One-year old, 10s. to 12s.; two-year old, 18s. to 20s.; older, 25s.
to 30s. per 1,000. Average cost of felling oak trees, 3s. per ton (42
cubic ft.).

EVERGREEN SPECIES: Q. Ilex (Evergreen Holm or Holly Oak), 60 ft., Medi-
terranean Region; suber (Cork Oak), 25 ft., S. Europe.

DECIDUOUS SPECIES: Q. Cerris (Turkey Oak), 50 to 70 ft., S. Europe, and its
varietics fulhamensis, laciniata and variegata; coccinea (Scarlet Oak), 50 to 70 ft.,
N. America; macrocarpa (Burr Oak), 30 to 40 ft., N. America; Mirbeckii, 50 to
70 ft., Spain, and N. Africa; pedunculata (Syn. Q. Robus), the Common Oak, 100 to
120 ft., Europe (Britain), Asia; and its varieties fastigiata (Cypress Oak), filicifolia
(Fern-leaved Oak), and pendula (Weeping Oak); rubra (Red Oak), 50 to €0 ft.;
sessiliflora, 100 to 120 ft., Europe (Britain) and Asia.

Quick (Crategus oxyacantha)—See Crategus.

Quick-set Thern (Crategus oxyacantha).—Xee Crategus.

Quince-tree (Pyrus cydonia).—See Pyrus.

Quinoa.—See Chenopodium.

Quisqualis (Rangoon Creeper). — Ord. Combretacee. Stove
climbing flowering shrub. Deciduous. First introduced 1815.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & a little sand.
Position, well-drained pot or tub, or in a bed with shoots trained up
rafters. Pot, Feb. Prune shoots moderately close after flowering.
-Water freely, April to Oct.; keep nearly dry remainder of year.
Syringe daily, April to Sept. Shade from mid-day sun only. Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots taken off with a small portion of old
stem attached, & inserted in sandy soil in small pots under a bell-glass
in a temp. of 75° to 85° in spring.

" ese CULTIVATED: Q. indica, orange-red, fragrant, summer, 10 to 15 ft.,

att .

Rabbit-berry (Shepherdia argentea).—See Shepherdia.

Radish (Raphanus sativus).—See Raphanus.

Rzeginer’s Ivy (Hedera helix regneriana).—Sce Hedera.

Ramondia (Rosette Mullein).—Ord. Gesneracem. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial. Flowering. YVirst introduced 1731.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Two parts sandy peat, one part leaf-mould.
Position, fisures or recesses of moist, well-drained shady rockeries, or

358

ENCY@LOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

in partially shady peaty beds or borders. Plant, March or April.
Water occasionally in dry weather. Should not be disturbed oftener
than is absolutely necessary.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part equal propor-
tions of leaf-mould & silver sand. Position, shady, well-ventilated
frames. Pot, March or April in 3 or 4} in. pots. Water moderately
April to Sept., moderately afterwards. Repot annually. No stimu-
lants required. Propagate by seeds sown on the surface of sandy peat
in well-drained pots or pans under bell-glass in cold, shady frame
or greenhouse, March to May; division of plants, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Heldreichii, violet, summer, 3 in., Thessaly;
pyrenaica (Rosette Mullein), violet, summer, 4 to 6 in., Pyrenees.

Rampion (Campanula rapunculus).—See Campanula.

Randia.—Ord. Rubiacee. Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
Climbing. First introduced 1733.

CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well-
decayed manure & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, or beds in
plant stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb.
or March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to
65°. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Syringe daily
eet when in bloom), March to Sept. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally to healthy plants in flower. Plants one to two years old
produce the best blooms. Propagate by cuttings of firm young side
shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°, Jan. to April.

ee CULTIVATED: R. macrantha, yellow, summer, 10 to 20 ft., Trop.
rica.

Rangoon Creeper (Quisqualis indica).—See Quisqualis.

Ranunculus (Crow-foot; Fair Maids of France; Fair Maids of
Kent; Butter-cup).—Ord. Ranunculacee. Hardy & half-hardy an-
nuals; herbaceous, tuberous-rooted, and aquatic perennials.

CULTURE OF TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES (Turban, Persian,
Dutch, & Scotch Ranunculus): Soil, two parts good sandy loam & one
part decayed cow manure for fine blooms; good ordinary soil, enriched
with rotten manure & leaf-mould for general culture. Position, open,
sunny beds or borders. Plant Turban, Scotch, & Dutch varieties in
Oct. or Nov., in warm sheltered districts; end of Feb. otherwise; Per-
sian kinds, end of Feb. Place tubers claw-side downwards 2in, deep
& 3in. apart if to be grown in beds; 2in. deep & 4 in. apart in rows
5 in. asunder if to be grown in lines in border. Press tubers firmly in
soil & cover with fine soil. Protect autumn-planted tubers with mulch
of manure or leaves. Mulch in April with rotten manure or cocoanut
fibre refuse. Water copiously in dry weather. Sprinkle Peruvian
guano on the bed at the rate of loz. per square yard when leaves
appear. Apply liquid manures—j oz. each of nitrate of soda, super-
phosphate, & sulphate of iron to 1-gall. of water—once a week from
time leaves appear until flower buds open. Lift tubers when flowers
fade & leaves turn yellow—generally early in July—dry them in the
sun, & store away in sand in cool place till planting time.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
or partially shady. border. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Lift,
divide, & replant in fresh soil triennially. Mulch annually in March
with decayed manure.

CULTURE OF TENDER SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat. Position,
shady border at base of wall or fence; or in pots standing in shallow

359

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

ans of water in cool frame or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March.
Plant in March. Water freely outdoors in dry weather, also at all
times when grown in pots. Repot annually. Propagate by seeds sown
as soon as ripe in autumn 1-16 in, deep in boxes or pans filled with equal

arts loam, leaf-mould, & sand, & placed in a cold frame or cool green-

ouse; herbaceous kinds by division in Oct. or March. :

TENDER SPECIES: R. cortusefolius, yellow, spring, 3 ft., Canaries.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES: R. asiaticus (Turban, Persian, French, Dutch,
and Scotch Ranununculus), various colours, summer, 6 to 12 in., Orient. an

HARDY SPECIES: R. aconitifolius, white, May, 12 to 18 in., Europe; aconiti-
folius flore pleno (Fair Maids of France), double; acris flore pleno (Double Butter-
cup or Bachelor’s Buttons), yellow, spring 1 to 2 ft., Europe (Britain) ; alpestris,
white, summer, 4 in., Europe; amplexicaulis, white, May, 6 to 12 in., 8S. Europe;
bulbous flore pleno, yellow, double, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); bullatus, orange
yellow, May, 1 ft., rather tender, Mediterranean Itegion; glacialis, white and
rose, summer, 6 in., Arctic Regions; gramincus flore pleno, yellow, spring, 6 to
8 in., Europe; lingua (Spearwort), yellow, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Europe (Britain);
Lyallii (Rockwood Lily), white, spring, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand; monspeliacue,
yellow, spring, 1 ft., Mediterranean Region; parnassifolius, white, June, 6 in.,
Europe.

Rape (Brassica napus).—See Brassica.

Raphanus (Radish).—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy annual. Used
extensively for salads. First introduced 1548. Flowers, white and
purple; May. Roots, long, round or oval, crimson and white shades.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF COMMON RADISH: Soil, light, ordi-
nary. Position, warm south border for first & last sowing; cool,
partially shady ones for intermediate crops. Sow for first crop in
Feb., either broadcast or in drills lin. deep and 6in. apart; succes-
sional crops in similar manner at intervals of a month until Oct. Long-
rooted kinds best for spring sowing; round & oval ones for summer.
Thin when three leaves form to lin. apart. Water copiously in dry
weather Seed required, 3 oz. for square yard, or 4 0z. for a row 50 ft.
long. Manures: (1) $ oz. kainit, 1 0z. sulphate of ammonia, 2 0z. super-
phosphate, 4 oz. iron sulphate to 1 gall. of water; to be applied once a
week from time seedlings are lin. high. (2) }0z. Peruvian guano to
1 gall. of water applied as No. 1. (3) 40z. nitrate of soda to 1 gall.
of water applied as No. 1. (4) $1b. of native guano per square yard,
forked in before sowing. Forcing: Make a hotbed of manure, cover
with 4 in. of fine mould, & place a frame over it. Sow seeds thinly,
lightly cover with mould, moisten with tepid water, & keep close until
seedlings appear, then admit air daily. Thin early to ensure good
roots. First sowing should be made in Dec., second in Jan., third in
Feb., and fourth in March. Apply stimulants as advised for outdoor
kinds. Long-rooted varieties best for forcing. Seeds germinate in
3 to 5 days and retain vegetative powers for 5 to 10 years. Crop
reaches maturity in 5 to 6 weeks.

CULTURE OF SPANISH RADISH: Sow seeds in drills lin. deep
& 6in. apart in July or Aug. Thin seedlings when lin. high to 6 in.
apart. Water freely in dry weather, & apply stimulants as directed
for ordinary kinds. Lift roots in Nov. & store in sand in a cool shed
to use as required,

CULTURE OF RAT-TAILED RADISH (R. candatus’: Nat. Java.
Introduced 1815. Sow seeds in drills lin. deep & 6in. apart in April,
May, or June. Thin to Gin. apart when lin. high. Gather seed pods
when grown for pickling, mixing with salads, or cooking & eating, like
asparagus.

aRKET CuLturE: Soil, light rich. Plough or dig in previous

860

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

autumn 5 tons of stable dung and 2cwt. of kainit per acre. Before
sowing harrow in 3cwt, of superphosphate per acre. When crop is
half grown apply lcwt. nitrate of soda per acre. Sow in drills 1 in.
ges and 1ft. apart in Feb, March & April for early crops; May, June
& July for late crops. Roll light soil before sowing. Sow also on hot-
beds in Jan. for very early crops. Long rooted kinds best for outdoor
early crop ; turnip-rooted for later ones. Thin crops early to 2 in.
apart. Early crops ready to gather 4 to 5 weeks after sowing; late
ones, 6 weeks. Market in small bunches (6 to 12 roots, according to
size and season), and sell by the dozen bunches. Average price per
dozen bunches, 3d. to 1s. Average yield per acre,, 1,200 bunches.
Quantity of seed to sow an acre, 4 to 5 pecks. Number of seeds in an
ounce, 1,000. Time to germinate, 4 to 6 days.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. sativus (Common Radish), Europe; caudatus (Rat-
tail Radish), Java.

Raphiolepis (Indian Hawthorn).—Ord. Rosacee. Half-hardy
& hardy evergreen flowering shrubs. T'irst introduced 1806.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, loam & silver sand. Position, 8.
& S.W. walls, well-drained borders for half-hardy species; sunny
rockeries or sheltered borders for hardy species. Plant, Sept., Oct.
or April. Prune straggling shoots into shape, April. Protect halt-
hardy species in severe weather with mats or straw hurdles.

POT CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, as above.
Position, well-drained pots in cold greenhouse or pit, Sept. to May;
sunny pte outdoors, May to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
copiously April to Oct., moderately afterwards. No stimulants re-
quired. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
in compost of equal parts sand, peat, & loam, under bell-glass or hand-
light in cold frame, Aug. to Nov.

HARDY SPECIES: R. japonica, white, fragrant, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Japan.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: R. indica (Indian Hawthorn), white, summer, 4 to
8 ft., China.

Raspberry (Rubus ideus).—See Rubus.

Raspberry-Blackberry.—See Rubus.

Rat’s-tail Cactus (Cereus flagelliformis).—See Cereus.

Rat-tailed Radish (Raphanus caudatus).—See Raphanus.

Rattle-root (Cimicifuga racemosa).—See Cimicifuga.

Rattie-snake Fern (Botrychium virginianum).—See Botry-
chium.

Rattle-snake Plant (Goodyera pubescens).—See Goodyera.

Ravenala (Traveller's Tree).—Ord. Scitaminacez. Stove ever-
green perennials. Orn. foliage. Leaves, very large, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part well-decayed
manure, & one part sand. Position, pots, tubs, or beds in lofty sunny
stove. Pof or plant, Jan. to April, Water copiously Feb. to Oct,
about once fortnightly afterwards. Syringe twice daily Feb. to Sept.,
once daily Sept, to Feb. Moist atmosphere essential. Apply stimu-
lants twice or three times weekly, March to Oct. Temp., March to
Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 70. Propagate by suckers removed
from parent plank & placed in pots in temp. 75° to 85° any time of year.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. guianensis, 10 to 15 ft., S. America; madagascarensis
(Traveller’s Tree), 10 to 15 ft., Madagascar.

Ravenea.—Ord. Paimacee. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. Leaves,
feather-shaped, green. First introduced 1878,
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, shady, moist. Pot, Feb. suena, Water abundantly March:
36

ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.

to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°;
Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in pots
of light soil in temp. 85° in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: QR. Hildebrandtii, 5 to 10 ft., Comoro Islands.

Ravenna Grass (Erianthus Ravenne).—See Erianthus.

Red Alder (Cunonia capensis).—See Cunonia.

Red Buckeye (ésculus Pavia).—See Asculus.

Red-bud (Cercis canadensis).—See Cercis.

Red Californian Cedaz (Libocedrus decurrens).—See Libo-
cedrus.

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana).—See Juniperus.

Red Currant.—See Ribes.

Red Fir ae amabilis).—See Abies.

Red Helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra).—See Cephalanthera.

Red-hot-poker-plant (Kniphotia aloides).—See Kniphofia.

Red-ink-plant (Phytolacca decandra).—See Phytolacca.

Red Maple (Acer rubrum).—See Acer.

Red Oak (Quercus rubra).—See Quercus.

Red Osiez (Salix rubra).—See Salix.

Red-roct (Ceanothus americanus).—Sce Ceanothus.

Red Side-saddle-flower (Sarracenia rubra). — See Sar-
racenia.

Red Star Lily (Lilium concolor).—Sce Lilium.

Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber).—See Centranthus.

Red-veined Rhubarb (Rheum Emodi).—See Rheum.

Reed Grass (Cortadeira conspicua).—See Cortadeira.

Reed Mace (Typha latifolia).—See Typha.

Rehmannia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy perennial
herb. First introduced 1835.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, moist sandy peat. Position, partially
shady borders or at base of walls running E. & W. Plant, March or
April. Water freely in dry weather. Mulch liberally with cocoanut-
fibre refuse or decayed manure in April. In cold districts it is best to
lift plants in Oct.; place in pots & store in cold frame or pit until
following March, then plant out.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy peat, one part leaf-
mould. Position, well-drained pots in cold frame, pit, or greenhouse.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water liberally April to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply weak stimulants once a week during flowering period.
Shade from bright sun essential. Propagate by cuttings of stout,
healthy shoots, 2 to 3in. long, in sandy soil under bell-glass or hand-
light, in cold frame or greenhouse, July to Oct.

2 SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. sinensis, purple, April, 1 to 2 ft., China and
apan.

Reineckea.—0Ord. Liliaceez. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1792. Leaves green,
or striped with creamy yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary good. Position, sunny rockeries or bor-
ders; variegated variety as edgings to borders. Plant, March or April.
Lift, divide & replant every three or four years. Water copiously in dry
weather. Propagate by division of creeping rhizomes in March or April.

SPECLES CULTIVATED: LR. carnea, pink, fragrant, April, 6 in., China and
Japan; carnea varicgata, variegated,

Rein Orchis (Uabenaria ciliaris) —See Habenaria.

362

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Reinwardtia (East Indian Flax; Winter Flax).—Ord. Linacee.
Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1779.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little sand. Pot,
March or April. Prune previous year’s shoots to within lin, of their
base in Feb. or March. Position, warm greenhouse Sept. to June, cold
sunny frame June to Sept. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely
other times. Syringe twice daily Feb. to Sept. Apply weak stimulants
occasionally when in flower. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 55° to 65°; Feb. to
June 65° to 70°. Nip off points of young shoots in June to induce
bushy growth. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in. long, in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in April or May.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. tetragyna, yellow, winter, 3 ft.; trigyna (Syn.
Linum trigynum), yellow, autumn, 2 tt. -Both natives of India.

Renanthera.— Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids. A
shy-blooming plant. First introduced 1816,

CULTURE: Fix plant to blocks of wood or stems of dead tree ferns
by means of copper wire. Syringe roots twice daily March to Oct.,
about once a week afterwards. Shade from mid-day sun; expose fully
to light other times. Growing period, March to Oct.; resting period,
Oct. to March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60°
to 70°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. coccinea, orange, red, and crimson, summer, 4 to
8 ft., Burma,

Reseda (Mignonette).—Ord. Resedacew. A perennial, but usually
grown as an annual. First introduced 1752.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, containing old mortar or
slaked lime. Position, sunny beds, borders, or rockeries. Sow seeds
3 in. deep in masses or rows in March or April. Thin seedlings when
lin. high to 2 or 3in. apart. Water freely in summer. Apply stimu-
lants occasionally when in flower. In warm, dry positions plants will
survive the winter outdoors for several years.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, dried
manure, old mortar & silver sand. Sow March or April for summer
flowering, July or Aug. for winter & spring. Fill 3in. pots to within
iin. of rim, sow 5 or 6 seeds in each, cover with 1-16 in. of soil, & place
in temp. 55° to 65°. When seedlings are 1 to 2 in. high, transfer bodily
to flowering pots (5in.). Pot firmly & disturb roots as little as possible.
Water moderately at first, freely afterwards. Pinch off points of main
shoots when 3in. high if abundance of bloom is required. Apply
stimulants—1 oz. ammonia to 1 gall. of water—once a week from time
flower spike forms till blooms expand. ;

TREE MIGNONETTE: Insert cuttings singly in 2-in. pots in spring
in temp. 55° to 65°. Transfer to larger pots when well-rooted. Nip
off all shoots & allow main stem to grow one or more feet high, then
remove point, & let side shoots form at apex. Shorten these from time
to time, until bushy head is obtained, then allow blooms to form. Water
freely in summer, moderately in winter. Apply stimulants when in
bloom. Repot annually. ;

SPECIES LTIVATED: R. odorata (Mignonette), yellow and white, summer,
1 to 2 ft., N. Africa, Egypt. .

Rest Harrow.—See Ononis.

Restrepia.—Ord. Orchidacez. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
‘ntroduced_ 1837. Lo

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss only. Position, small blocks
of wood suspended .rom roof. Place layer of moss on block, then roots
of plant, then another layer of a secure with copper wire. Water

3

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

abundantly March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Shade from sun.
Syringe blocks two or three times daily in summer, once daily in
winter & autumn, Temp., Nov. to March 45° to 55°; March to Nov.
55° to 60°. Propagate by division, Feb. to March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. elegans, white, purple and yellow, Jan., Venezuela;
maculata, yellow, purple and crimson, Nov. to Feb., Colombia; pandurata, white
and crimson, winter, Colombia. : :

Resurrection Plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica).—See Anas-
tatica.

Retinospora.—See Cupressus.

Rhamnus (Buckthorn) Ord. Rhamnacee. Hardy evergreen &
deciduous trees & shrubs. 5

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady shrubberies;
good seaside shrubs. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune, Feb. Propagate
by seeds sown outdoors in autumn; cuttings inserted outdcors in
ordinary soil in Sept.; by layering in Sept. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Alaternus angustifolius variegatus, leaves green
and white, 10 to 20 ft., evergreen, S.W. Europe; catharticus (Buckthorn), 5 to
10 ft., deciduous, Europe (Britain); frangula, 5 to 10 ft., deciduous, Europe
(Britain); libanoticus, 4 to 6 ft., pretty autumnal foliage, deciduous, Asia Minor.

Rhapis (Ground Rattan Cane).—Ord. Palmacee. Greenhouse
palms. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1774. Leaves, fan-shaped,

reen; variety, green striped with white.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in greenhouse or dwelling-
room, during sunmer. Pot, Feb. or March. Water copiously April
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally
during summer. Place small lumps of sulphate of iron on surface
of soil to ensure deep healthy green foliage. Shade from sun essential.
Syringe twice daily in summer, once other times. Temp., March to
Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown
lin. deep in light soil in temp. of 80° in Feb. or March; suckers re-
moved in April or August.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: QR, flabelliformis, 3 to 4 ft., China and Japan, and its
variety, variegata, leuves variegated; humilis, 3 ft., China.

heum (Rhubarb).—Ord. Polygonacee. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Edible stalked & orn. foliage plants. Leaves, large, hand-
shaped, green. Roots, large, fleshy. First introduced 1573.

CULTURE OF EDIBLE RHUBARB.—Soil, light, deep, rich. Posi-
tion, sunny, open. Plant single roots with crowns 2in. below surface,
3 ft. apart in rows 3ft. asunder, in Nov., Feb., or March. Top-dress
with manure in Nov. or Feb., forking it into surface of soil. Lift,
divide, & replant every four years. No stalks should be gathered the
first year. Remove flower stems directly they appear. Forcrne:
Cover two or more year old crowns with pots or je casks or tubs,
& place fresh maaure & tree leaves over these in Jan. or Feb., or lift
strong roots & place them close together in deep boxes underneath
staging in warm greenhouse, or in corners of dark cellars, in the
mushroom houses, with a little soil between. Keep moist and dark.
Temp., 55° to 75°. Forcing season, Nov. to Feb. oots, two to five
years old best for forcing. Reject roots after forcing. Chemical
Manures: 202. kainit, 20z. superphosphate, 40z. iron sulphate to
lgall. of water applied at intervals of a fortnight during growth
Griffiths). Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in ordinary soil out-

oors in March or April; by division of roots with crowns or buds
attached, Nov. to Feb.

364

BNCYCLOPHEDIA OF GARDENING.

_ Marxer Currure: Soil, deep, rich loam. Plough or dig in
in autumn 40 tons of stable manure per acre. Before planting apply
3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre. Plant in Feb. Distances for plant-
ing, 24 ft. each way for Champagne variety; for larger sorts 34 ft.
Bury crowns 2in. below surface. Top-dress annually with 20 tons
of stable manure and 3 cwt. superphosphate per acre in winter. Re-
move flower stems. Market in bundles of six to eight stems, according
to size, and sell by the dozen bundles. Average price per dozen
bundles, 2s. to 3s. 6d. Average yield per acre, 20 to 30 tons. Quantity
of roots to plant an acre, 7,000 at 2 ft. Gin.; 5,000 at 3}ft. Averago
returns per acre, £60 to £70. Forcing as above.

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES: Soil, deep,
rich ordinary. Position, isolated specimens on lawns, wild gardens,
islands; sunny. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Water copiously in dry seasons.
Apply stimulants occasionally in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Emodi, 6 to 8 ft., Himalayas; officinale (Medicinal
Rhubarb), 8 to 10 ft., Thibet; palmatum, 5 to 6 ft., China; rhaponticum (Gardep
or Edible Rhubarb), 4 ft., Siberia.

Rheumatism-root (Jeffersonia diphylla).—See Jeffersonia.

Rhexia (Deer Grass; Meadow Beauty). — Ord. Melastomacee.
Hardy perennial herbs. First introduced 1759.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat or bog earth. Position, open sunny
bog, swamp, or moist border. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or Apyril.
Propagate by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. virginica, purple, summer, 6 to 12 in., N. America.

Rhipsalis (Mistletoe Cactus’\.—Ord. Cactacee. Greenhouse suc-
culent shrubs. First introduced 1758.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, brick
rubbish, & coarse silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in light
greenhouse. Pot, April or May; pots to be drained 1-6 depth for large
plants, 1-3 for small plants. Press compost in firmly. Water mode
rately April to Aug., keep almost dry Aug. to April. Shade from
bright sunshine. Temp., Marcn to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March
50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in well-drained sandy
soil & placed in temp. 75° March; keep soil moderately moist. By
cuttings of stems inserted in small pots of sandy soil in summer;
grafting on Cereus speciosissimus.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: BR. Cassytha, yellow, Sept., 1 ft., W. Indies; orispata,
white, Dec. 1 ft.; funalis (Syn. R. grandiflora), white, Feb., 3 ft., Central
America; Houlletii, yellow, winter, Brazil; mesembryanthemoides, white, spring,
6 in., S. America; pachyptera, white, Feb., Trop. America; Saglionis, yellow,

March, 1 ft., Buenos Ayres; sarmentacea, white, spring, Brazil; swartziana, white,
June, Brazil.

Rhodanthe.—See Helipterum.
Rhodochiton.—Ord. Scrophulariaceer. Greenhouse climbing
herb. Evergreen. Nat. Mexico. First introduced 1833.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould & half a part
silver sand. Position, well-drained pots, boxes, beds or borders with
shoots trained up trellis, walls, or rafters of sunny greenhouse. Pot,
March to May. Water freely March to Sept., moderately Sept. to
March. Apply stimulants occasionally during flowering period. Shade
from bright ‘sun. Thin out & shorten shoots moderately in Feb.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°, Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16 in, deep in ordinary light soil in temp 50° to
60° March, transplanting seedlings when an inch high singly in
365

ENCYCLOPZIDIA OF GARDENING.

2 or 3in. pots; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-
glass, in temp. 45° March to Aug. ‘

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. volubile (Syn. Lophospermum atrosanguineum),
reddish purple, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Mexico.

Rhododendron.— 0rd. Ericacee. Greenhouse, & hardy ever-
green and deciduous flowering shrubs. The genus Azalea is now in-
cluded with the Rhododendron. R. ponticum, parent of hardy kinds,
first introduced 1763; R. indica (Indian Azalea) 1808.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE RHODODENDRONS: Compost, two
parts turfy peat, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or
tubs indoors all the year round for stove kinds; pots indoors from Sept.
to June; outdoors on bed of cinder ashes in sunny position; June to
Sept. for greenhouse kinds. Pot, April or May, directly after flower-
ing. Water freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Rain water
preferable; water containing lime injurious. Apply a little artificial
manure to surface of soil when buds show. Repotting only necessary
every three or four years. Temp., for stove species, 55° to 65° Sept.
to March; 70 to 80° March to Sept.; for greenhouse species, 45° to 55°
Sept. to March; 55° to 65° March to Sept.

ULTURE OF HARDY RHODODENDRONS: Soil, peat or loam
free from lime, or ordinary soil mixed with peat. Position, open
sunny borders & shrubberies for tall kinds; sunny rockeries for dwarf
kinds like R. hirsutum, R. chamecistus, R. ferrugineum, etc. Plant,
Sept. to Feb. or April, 3 to 6 ft. apart. Prune, April. Romove seed
pods directly flowers fade. Water copiously in dry weather. Mulch
choice kinds with 2 to 3in. of decayed manure in May. To ensure
flowers annually thin ont flower buds freely in April. Apply liquid
cow manure occasionally during summer.

CULTURE OF THE INDIAN AZALEA: Compost, three parts peat,
one part loam & one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould &
silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouses from
Oct. to June; in partial shade outdoors June to Sept. Repot directly
after flowering. Firm potting essential. Prune only to shorten
straggly growths. Syringe daily after flowering till plants are stood
outdoors. Water moderately Oct. to March, afterwards freely, never
allowing roots to get dry. Apply weak liquid manure when flower
buds form. Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°; March to June 65°.
Remove seed pods directly they form.

CULTURE OF AZALEA PONTICA, Etc.: Soil, sandy peat &
leaf-mould. Position, beds on lawn; or in groups in front of
shrubberies. Plant in autumn. No pruning required. Remove
seed pods directly they form. Mulch aunually in winter with decayed
manure. Supply freely with water in dry weather. May also be
grown in pots in cool greenhouses, or forced into flower early in temp.
65° to 75° in winter. Plants grown in pots should be kept under glass
till July, then be stood outdoors till November, when remove to cold
house or frame. Syringe foliage after flowering till placed outdoors.
Repot every second year directly after flowering.

ROPAGATION OF RHODODENDRONS, Erc.: Propagate rhododendrons
by seeds sown on surface of sandy peat, slightly covered with
fine sand, placed under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° if stove or
oo kinds, in cold frame if hardy. Cover with bell-glass &

eep moderately moist. Also by cuttings of firm shoots, 3 in. long,
inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° at first,

366

ENCYCLOPH#DIA OF GARDENING.

then 10° higher. By layering in Sept. or March. By grafting on
common species in a close frame or propagator in March. Indian
azaleas by seeds as advised for rhododendrons; cuttings of halt-
ripened shoots with a heel inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-
glass in temp. 65° to 75° in spring; also by grafting. Hardy deciduous
azaleas by seeds sown as advised for rhododendrons; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots inserted in sandy peat in a cold frame in August; layer-
ing shoots in spring; grafting in spring.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SPECIES: R. balsaminseflorum, various colours,
winter, 4 ft., hybrid; brookianum, orange yellow, spring, 3 to 4 ft.; Dalhousie,
yellow and green, spring, 6 ft., Himalayas; Edgeworthii, white and yellow,
fragrant, June, 6 ft., Himalayas; Falconeri, white or yellow, May, 8 to 10 ft.,
Himalayas; formosum, white and rose, fragrant, spring, 6 ft., Himalayas; grande,
white, spring, 10 to 15 ft., Himalayas; indicum (Syn. Azalea indica), various,
winter and spring, 6 to 10 ft., China; indicum amenum (Syn. Azalea amcena),
pink, 3 to 6 ft., spring; indicum roseflorum, pink, double; griffithiana (Syn. R.
Aucklandii), white, yellow, and rose, May, 6 ft., Himalayas; jasminiflorum, pink,
summer, 3 ft., Java; javanicum, orange, summer, 4 ft., Java; Maddeni, blush,
summer, 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas; multicolor, yellow, autumn, 2 ft., Sumatra;
Nuttallii, sulphur, May, 10 to 15 ft., Himalayas; veitchianum, white, fragrant,
spring, 6 ft., Burma; Wightii, yellow and crimson, June, 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
Taylori, pink, summer, 4 ft., hybrid. See also trade lists.

HARDY EVERGREEN SPECIES: BR. arboreum, white, rose, and red, spring,
20 to 30 ft., India; campanulatum, lilac, rose, April, 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
cataubiense, lilac, purple, July, 6 to 10 ft., Virginia; caucasicum, purple, Aug.,
1 ft., Caucasus; ferrugineum (Alpine Rose), scarlet, June, 18 in., Alps; ponticum,
parent of hardy race, purple, May, 10 to 15 ft., Spain, Asia, etc.; racemosum,
white and pink, April, 3 ft., N. China. See also trade lists.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SPECIES: R. calendulaceum (Syn. Azalea calendulacea),
yellow and red, May, 6 ft., U. States; flavum (Syn. Azalea pontica), yellow, June,
6 ft., Caucasus; nudiflorum (Syn. Azalea nudiflora), yellow, white, pink and orange,
June, 3 ft., Canada, Florida, etc.; sinense (Syn. Azalea mollis), white, orange, etc.,
June, 4 ft., China and Japan; viscosum (Syn. Azalea viscosa), Swamp Honeysuckle,
white, fragrant, summer, 4 ft., N. America. See also trade lists.

Rhodothamnus (Ground Cistus’—Ord. Ericacew, Hardy
evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1786,

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, fissures
between pieces of limestone on rockeries. Plant, March or April.
Water freely in dry weather. Propagate by seeds, cuttings & layering
as advised for rhododendron.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. chamecistus (Syn. Rhododendron Chamecistus),
pink, spring, 6 in., Austrian Alps.

Rhodotypos (White Kerria).—Ord. Rosacex. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrub. First introduced 1866.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, against 8. or W. walls
or fences. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune in May or June, cutting off
old or weak shoots only.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Pot, Oct. Place in cold greenhouse & water moderately. After
flowering, place plants in sunny position outdoors till Oct. Forcine:
Place plants in temp. 55° to 65° in Jan. Water moderately. Transfer
plants to sunny position outdoors after flowering. Propagate by
cuttings of young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under
hell-glass or hand-light or in cold frame in summer; layering shoots
in Oct,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. kerrioides, white, April, 10 to 15 ft., Japan.

Rhopalostylis.—Ord, Palmacew. Stove palms. Orn, foliage.
Leaves, feather-shaped, green. First introduced 1827.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots or tubs in moist shady greenhouse or conservatory. Pot,

367 :
7O

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Feb. or March. Water Sa ie ae to Oct.; moderately afterwards.
Apply stimulants occasionally May to Sept. Keep piece of sulphate
of iron on surface of soil to insure deep green foliage. Syringe twice
daily April to Sept., once daily afterwards. ig March to Sept.
70° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1in.
deep in light sandy soil in well-drained pot in temp. 75° under bell-glass
or in propagator, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Baueri (Syn. Areca Baueri), 10 to 20 ft., Norfolk
Island; sapida (Syn. Areca or Kentia sapida), 10 to 20 ft., New Zealand.

Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum).—See Rheum.

Rhus (Sumach; Smoke Plant; Wig Tree; Stag’s-horn Sumach).—
Ord. Anacardiacee. Hardy deciduous trees. Flowering & orn. foliage.
Foliage nicely tinted in autumn, First introduced 1629. Leaves,
entire, or once divided, green. 5

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune flowering species moderately after bloom-
ing; others in Nov. or Dec. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots,
6 to Sin. long, inserted in ordinary soil in cold frame or under hand-
light, Oct. to Nov.; cuttings of roots, 2 to 3in. long, planted 3 in. deep
in sandy soil, Oct. or Nov.; layering shoots in autwmn,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. canadensis, yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft., N. America;
eotinoides (American Smoke Tree), yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft., leaves assume rich
tints in autumn, S.U. States; cotinus (Smoke Plant, or Wig Tree, or Venetian
Sumach), purple, June, 6 ft., inflorescence and foliage richly tinted in autumn,
Europe; cotinus atropurpurea, foliage purplish; glabra (Smooth Sumach), yellow,
June, 10 to 15 ft., U. States; glabra laciniata, leaves finely cut, scarlet tinted in
autumn; typhina (Stag’s-horn Sumach), yellow, June, 10 to 20 ft., U. States.

Rhyncospermum.—See Trachelospermum.

Ribbon-fern (Pteris serrulata).—See Pteris.

Ribbon-grass (Phalaris arundinacea variegata).—See Phalaris.

Ribes (White, Red & Black Currant; Gooseberry)—Ord. Saxifra-
gacee, Hardy deciduous fruit-bearing & flowering shrubs. Berries,
black, red, white.

CULTURE OF BLACK CURRANT (R. nigrum): Soil, good ordinary.
Position, sunny. Plant, 5 ft. apart each way, Nov. to Feb. Prune, Nov,
to Feb., thinning out old shoots only. Fruit borne on shoots of pre-
vious growth & on older ones.

CULTURE OF RED AND WHITE CURRANT: R. rubrum & R.r.
album). Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny for early crops; against
N. walls or fences for late ones. Plant, Nov. to Feb., 5 to 6 ft. apart
each way. Pruning: Allow as many current year's shoots as are re-
quired to form branches to remain, & shorten remainder to within 1 in.
of their base in June or July. Shorteu the selected shoots to 4, 6, or
8in., according to shape of tree, between Nov. & Feb. Cut out old
or distorted branches at same time. Keep centres of trees well open.
Fruit borne on base of previous years & older shoots only.

CULTURE OF GOOSEBERRY (R. grossularia): Soil, good ordinary.
Position, sunny for early crops; against N. or E. walls for late crops.
Plant, Nov. to Feb., 5 to 6 ft. apart each way. Pruning: Shorten all
weak shoots of current year’s growth to within lin. of base in June
or July. Thin out remaining shoots in winter; shortening those left
to ae 6 in. Shorten side shoots of trees grown against walls to 1 in.
in July.

MANURES FOR CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES: (1) Decayed
cow, horse, or pig dung applied liberally in antumn, & aed lightly
into surface of ground. (2) 1}0z. each of superphosphate of lime &

368

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

kainit per square yard applied in autumn, & 1 oz. of nitrate of soda
per square yard, applied in spring. (3) 1 oz. nitrate of soda, 402. each
of sulphate of iron & superphosphate, to 1 gall. of water applied occa-
sionally during summer.

Market Cutrurz: Soil, moist loam for black currants; loam
over gravel or chalk for red currants and gooseberries. Position,
valleys for black currants; higher land for others. Usually grown as
an under a in mixed plantations. Distance to plant, 6ft. Number
of trees to plant an acre, 1,210, Cost of trees per acre, £12; prepar-
ing sites, £7; manure, £5; planting, 14s.; total, £24 10s. Cost of
cultivation per acre per annum: Digging & hocing, 32s.; pruning, 22s. ;
gathering fruit, £6; manures, £5. Average yield per acre, two to
three tons; returns (gross), £25 to £30; ditto (net), £12 to £16.
Manures: 20 tons of stable manure per acre in autumn or winter; or
34 cwt. bone-meal and 14 cwt. kainit per acre in winter, and 1} cwt.
nitrate of soda when fruit has set.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING CURRANTS: Soil, ordinary. Posi
tion, sunny. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune directly after flowering only.
Top-dress with decayed manure in autumn, Propagate by seeds sown
$in. deep in ordinary fine soil outdoors in Sept. or Oct.; by cuttings
6 to Sin. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors, Oct. to Feb.; by
layering in autumn; suckers, Nov. to Feb.

FRUITING SPECIES: R. grossularia (Gooseberry), N. Hemisphere; nigrum
(Black Currant), N. Europe; rubrum (Red Currant), N. Hemisphere; rubrum
album (White Currant).

FLOWERING SPECIES: R. aureum (Buffalo Currant), yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft.,
N. America; ule aes yellow and red, April and May, 6 to 8 ft., hybrid;
sanguineum (Flowering Currant), rose, May, 6 to 8 ft., California; and its varieties,
album (White), atrorubens (red), atrosanguinea (dark red), carneum (rose), and
carneum flore pleno (double).

Riccarton’s Fuchsia (Fuchsia Riccartoni)—See Fuchsia.

Rice-flower (Pimelea elegans)—See Pimelea.

Rice-paper Plant (Fatsia papyrifera).—See Fatsia.

Rice’s Acacia (Acacia ricsunal;—Sea Acacia,

Richardia (Arum or Calla Lily; Lily of the Nile). -Ord. Aroidez.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials,

CULTURE OF R. AFRICANA (Arum Lily): Compost, equal parts
loam, cow manure, & coarse silver sand. Position, greenhouse or
dwelling-room, Oct. to May; outdoors remainder of year. Repot an-
nually in Aug or Sept. Water moderately Sept to March, freely March
to May. Apply stimulants once a week during flowering period. Plant
15in. apart in ordinary rich soil in sunny position outdoors in May,
lift and repot in Aug. or Sept., singly in 5 or 6 in. yee Supply freely
with water in dry weather when outdoors. Suitable stimulants, 4 oz.
of Peruvian guano, 1 teaspoonful of Albert’s or Clay’s manures, 4 oz.
nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia to 1 gall. of water. Temp.,
Sept. to March 40° to 55°; March to May 50° to 60°.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Compost, same as for R. afri-
cana. Position, greenhouse, Oct. to June; cold frame remainder of
year. Repot annually in Feb. Water moderately Feb. to April &
Aug. to Oct., freely April to Aug.; keep nearly dry Oct. to Feb. Apply
stimulants during Hoperiag uerled, Temp., Oct. to March 55° to 65°;
March to Oct. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown } in. deep in loam,
leaf-mould & saad, in temp. 65° to 75° in spring; division of plants
when planting outdoors or repotting; suckers removed at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. cee Me Calla sethiopica), white, winter and

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

spring, 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; ofricana nana compacta, dwarf; albo-maculata,
white, summer, 2 ft., leaves spotted white, S. Africa; elliotiana, yellow, Aug.,
3 ft., S. Africa; melanoleuca, yellow and purple, summer, 18 in., 8. Africa;
Pentlandii, rich yellow and purple, summer, 2 {ft., 8. Africa; Rehmannii, rosy
purple, summer, 2 ft., Natal. 7 .

Richazvdson’s Jaceb’s Ladder (Polemonium Richard-
sonl).—See Polemonium.

Ricinus (Castor Oil Plant)—Ord. Euphorbiacerx. Half-hardy
annual herb. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1548. Flowers, insigui-
ficant. Leaves, hand-shaped, large, green, purplish.

INDOOR CULTURE: Sow seeds, previously steeped for a few hours
in tepid water, }in. deep in pots of light sandy soil in temp. of 70°
to 75° in March, transplanting seedlings when three leaves form
singly into 2-in. pots, & keep in similar temp. until well rooted, then
transfer to 5 or 6 in. pots, after which remove to cool greenhouse or
dwelling-room. Water moderately. Shade from sun.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Sow sceds & transplant into small pots as
above. Transfer to cold frame or pit in May to harden. Plant out,
June. Position, sunny beds or borders.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. communis, 3 to 6 ft., Trop. Africa, and its several
varieties, Gibsonii, zanzibarensis, etc.

Rigid Shield Fern (Nephrodium rigidum).—See Nephrodium.

River-side Windflower Novena rivularis).—See Anemone.

Rivina (Blood Berry; Rouge Berry; Rouge Plant).—Ord. Phyto-
laccacew. Stove evergreen berry-bearing plants. Pretty for table
decoration. First introduced 1699. Flowers succeeded by scariet
berries.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould & sandy loam, half
a part silver sand. Position, small, well-drained pots in light part
of stove, Sept. to June; cold sunny frames, June to Sept. Pot, Feb.
or March. ater freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Apply
weak stimulants occasionally Oct, to Feb. Shade from sun. Best
results obtained by raising plants from seed or cuttings annually.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or shallow
pans of good light soil placed in temp. 55° to 65°, spring; cuttings of
young shoots inserted in Feb., March or April in small pots of light
sandy soil in temp. of 65° to 75°, spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. humilis, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., Caribbean Islands.

Roast-beef-plant (Iris fctidissima).—See Iris.

Robinia (False Acacia; Locust Tree).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy
deciduous flowering trees & shrubs. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders
& shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, Nov. to Feb. Rose
Acacia (R. hispida) may be grown against 8. or W. walls, side shoots
being pruned annually to lin. of base, Nov. or Dec. Propagate
choice varieties by grafting on common species (R. pseudacacia) in
March; other kinds by seeds sown } in. deep in or inary soil outdoors,
Nov. or March; cuttings of shoots, 6 to 8in. long, inserted in ordinary
soil in sheltered position outdoors in autumn; suckers removed from
parent tree & planted Oct. or Nov.; layering, Sept. or Nov.

SPECIES CUL' PIVATED: R. hispida (Rose Acacia), rose, May, 6 to 8 ft.
S.U, States; hispida inermis, without prickles; pseudacacia (Locust Tree; False
Acacia), white, April, 30 to 50 ft., W.U, States; and its varieties, aurea (golden-
leaved) and bessoniana (round headed); decaisneana (pink-flowered), ete.

Robinson's Iris (Moraa robinsoniqna)—See Morea.

Rocambol.—Sce Allium,

370

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Rochea. — Ord. Crassulacee. Greenhouse succulent plants.
First introduced 1795.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, brick rubble, dried
cow manure & river sand. Position, well-drained pots in light green-
house, close to glass. Pot, March. Water freely, April to Aug.;
moderately, Aug. to Nov.; very little afterwards. Prune old plants
after flowering, shortening shoots to lin., & repot when new shoots
are lin. long. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March
45° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans of
sandy soil, just covering seeds with fine mould, in temp. 60° to 70°
in March or April; seedlings to be kept close to glass & have little
water; cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in. long, exposed to sun for few days,
then inserted in June, July, or Aug. in well-drained pots of sandy soil,
placed on greenhouse shelf & given very little water.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. coccinea, scarlet, July, 1 ft., S. Africa; jasminea,
white, spring, 6 to 9 in., S. Africa; versicolor, white, spring, 2 ft., S. Africa.
See also the genus Crassula.

Rock Brake-fern (Cryptogramme crispa).—See Cryptogramme.

Rock Broom (Genista tinctoria).—See Genista.

Rock Candytuft (Iberis saxatilis)—See Iberis.

Rock Cress (Arabis albida and Aubrietia deltoidea).—See Arabis
and Aubrietia.

Rock Daphne (Daphne rupestris)—See Daphne.

Rockfoil.—See Saxifraga.

i foo Forget-me-not (Omphalodes Luciliz)—See Ompha-
odes.

Rock Gromwell (Lithosperum petraum).—See Lithospermum.

Rock Jasmine.—see Androsace.

Reck Knot-weed (Polygonum vaccinifolium).—See Polygonum.

Rock Larkspur (Delphinium ajacis).—See Delphinium.

Rock Lychnis (Lychnis Lagasca).—See Lychunis.

Rock Mad-wort (Alyssum saxatile).—See Alyssum.

Rock Navel-wort (Omphalodes Luciliz).—See Omphalodes.

Rock Pink (Dianthus petrzus).—See Dianthus.

Rock Purslane (Calandrinia umbellata).—See Calandrinia.

Rock Rose.—See Cistus.

Rock Soap-wort (Saponaria ocymoides).—See Saponaria.

Rock Speedwell (Cerontea saxatilis & V. rupestris).—See
Veronica.

Rock Spleenwort (Asplenium fontanum).—See Asplenium.

Rock Stonecrop (Sedum rupestre).—See Sedum.

Reck Wallflower (Erysimum pulchellum).—See Erysimum.

Rock Woocd-Lily (Ranunculus Lyalli).—See Ranunculus.

Rock Yarrow (Achillea rupestris)—See Achillea.

Rocky Mountain Columbine (Aquilegia cerulea). — See
Aquilegia.

Rodgers’ Bronze-leaf (Rodgersia podophylla). — See
Rodgersia.

Rodgersia (Rodgers’ Bronze-leaf).—Ord. Saxifragacee. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1880. Leaves,
very large, bronzy green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam. Position,
partially-shaded_border. Plant, March or April. Water freely in
dry weather. Protect in severe weather with covering of fern fronds
or litter. Propagate by ae of rhizomes, March or April.

371

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. pinnata, yellowish white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., China;
podophylla, yellowish white, summer, 3 ft., Japan. . .

Rodriguezia. — Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1829. aS

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss only. Position, blocks of
wood or baskets suspended from roof. Place on blocks or in baskets,
Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept.; moderately other
times. Shade from sun. Moist atmosphere very essential in summer.
Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50° to 60°; Feb. to Oct. 60° to 70°. Propagate
by division of pecud pulps at potting time. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. candida, white and yellow, April and May, 1 ft.,
Brazil; decora, rose, red, and white, May and June, 1 ft., Brazil; fragrans, white
and yellow, April and May, fragrant, Brazil; venusta, white, pink and yellow,
various periods, Brazil.

Roella (South African Harebell).—Ord. Campanulacee. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1774. ;

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of peat & loam & a fair quantity of
sand. Position, pots in light & dry part of greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water very carefully during spring & summer, & give very little in
autumn and winter. Syringing or wetting the foliage must be
avoided at all seasons. Ventilate freely in summer & moderately at
other times. Dry atmosphere essential in autumn & winter. Remove
flowers directly they fadé; also all blooms that form in autumn &
winter. Temp., Sept. to April 40° to 45°; April to Sept. 50° to 60°.
Propagate by cuttings of strong shoots 2in. long, inserted in moist
sand in a temp. 58° in spring. Shade from sun.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: QR. ciliata, white and purple, summer, 1 ft., S. Africa;
elegans, blue, spring, 8 in., S. Africa.

Roman Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis albulus). — See
Hyacinthus.

Romanzoffia (Sitcha Water-leaf). — Ord. Hydrophyllacex.
Hardy perennial herb. First introduced 1873.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny ledges of sunny rockery.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by division, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. sitchensis, white, spring, 3 to 4 in., Sitcha.

Romneya (‘Vhite Bush or Tree Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracce.
Half-hardy perennial. First introduced 1875.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts, peat, leaf-mould, &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light cold greenhouse. Pot,
March or April. Water moderately, April to Oct.; keep nearly dry
afterwards. No stimulants required. Repot annually. Propagate
by seeds sown on compost of fine sandy peat in well-drained pots or
pans under bell-glass in temp. 55° in spring.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, well-drained
elevated border at base of 8. wall, or sheltered sunny rockery. Plant,
ree or May. Protect in severe weather with covering of fern or
itter.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Coulteri, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft., California.

Romulea.—Ord. Iridacew. Greenhouse or half-hardy bulbous
plants. First introduced 1739.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light rich sandy. Position,
sunny well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing tubers 4in.
deep & 2in. apart. Lift & replant tubers annually. Mulch surface
of bed in March with cow manure.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part leaf-mould or decayed cow-manure. Pots, 4$-in. in

372

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

diameter, well-drained. Place five tubers 3in. deep, in each pot in
Nov., & cover with cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool
greenhouse stage until growth begins. Water moderately from time
plants begin to grow until flowers fade, then gradually withhold it,
keeping dry till Jan. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; other times
50° to 60°. Erepegere by offsets treated as advised for tubers.
HARDY SPECIES: R. bulbocodium, yellow and violet, June, 4 to 6 in., Europe;
Columne, white and purple, May, 6 in., Europe and Azores; ramifiora, yellow and

lilac, May, 6 to 8 in., Mediterranean Region.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: R. rosea, rose and yellow, summer, 6 in., S. Africa.

Rondeletia.—Ord. Rubiacew. Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1752.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts rough fibrous peat & loam, one
part equal proportions charcoal lumps, & coarse silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots in light part of stove with shoots trained to sticks cr
trellis. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune moderately after flowering.
Water freely, April to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily,
March to Sept. Shade from bright sunshine. Temp., March to Sept.,
65° to 75°; Sept. to March, 50° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of
firm shoots inserted in pure sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°
spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. amena, pink, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico; Back-
housei, pink, summer, 3 ft., Trop. America; gratissima, pink, fragrant, summer,
3 to 4 ft., Mexico; odorata (Syn. R. splendens and speciosa), scarlet, fragrant,
summer, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico.

Rosa (Rose).—Ord. Rosaceew. Hardy and half-hardy evergreen
& deciduous shrubs. Cuassirication. — Summer blooming types:
Provence, Pompon, Moss, Damask, Hybrid China, Hybrid Bourbon,
Hybrid Noisette, Alba, Austrian Briar, Scotch, Sweet Briar, Ayrshire,
Boursault, Banksian, Evergreen, Polyantha. Summer and Autumn-
blooming: Hybrid Perpetual, Hybrid Tea, Tea, Noisette, China,
Bourbon, Dwarf Polyantha, Japanese, Perpetual Moss, Wichuriana,
& Perpetual Scotch.

CULTURE OF DWARF ROSES: Soil, deep rich loam, well-enriched
with decayed manure. If light, add clay and cowdung. If heavy,
road grit, leaf-mould, burnt refuse, horse dung, & lime. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Plant in Oct. or Nov., or Feb. to April. Dis-
tance apart to plant, 18in. Depth of soil over roots, 4 to Gin. on
heavy, & 7 to 8in. on light soils. Pruning: Time, end of March &
early in April. Hybrid Perpetuals: Thin out weak shoots, & shorten
others to dormant bud three to twelve inches from base, accordin
to strength. Hybrid Teas: Treat as for last section. Teas an
Noisettes: Thin out all weak wood, & shorten remaining shoots one-
half or one-third according to strength. Bourbons: Treat as for
Hybrid Perpetuals. _ Provence, Damask, Moss, Chinas, & Pompons:
Treat as advised for Teas. Austrian & Scotch Briars: Thin out weak
or dead growths only. Hybrid Sweet Briars: Thin out older shoots
only after flowering. Japanese Roses: Thin out old wood only. Pro-
tect Tea, China, & tender roses in winter by drawing soil to a height
of six inches around the base of each plant, & put bracken or dry
litter among the shoots.

CULTURE OF STANDARD ROSES: Soil, position, and planting as
for Dwarfs. Distance apart to plant, 3ft. Pruning: Hybrid Per-
petuals, Hybrid Teas, & Bourbons: Thin out weak shoots in centre
of tree, & shorten remaining shoots to three or six inches, according to

373

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

vigour. Teas & Noisettes: Thin out weak shoots freely, & shorten
remaining ones to a foot or so, according to strength.

CULTURE OF CLIMBING ROSES: Soil as advised for dwarfs.
Position, against walls, fences, arbours, pergolas, arches, tree trunks,
trellises, pillars, etc. Distance apart to plant, 5 to 6 ft. Plant in
Oct. or Nov., or in March. Pruning: Rambler Type: Cut away old
flowering shoots after blooming, & thin out dead or weakly growths
in April; no further pruning required. Banksian type: Thin out the.
strong young shoots only not required to add to size cf plant directly
after flowering. Do not remove older or small shoots. Teas,
Noisettes, Hybrid Teas, Singles, etc., grown as climbers, to have old
flowering shoots thinned out after blooming, dead or weak growths
removed in April, & the soft, unripened tips of shoots cut off at same
time. Ayrshire, Boursault, & Evergreen types only require to have
weak growths thinned out in March.

CULTURE OF WEEPING ROSES: Soil & planting as advised for
dwarfs. Distance to plant, 10ft. Pruning: Thin out weak & old
growths in March, & remove soft, unripened ends of shoots only.

MANURES FOR ROSES: Cow or pig dung for light soils; horse
manure for heavy ones. Top-dress with above directly after pruning,
& lightly fork in. Suitable artificial manures: (1) Superphosphate of
lime, 48lb.; potash, 40]1b.; sulphate of magnesia, 8lb.; sulphate of
iron, 41b.; sulphate of lime (gypsum), 321b.; total, 1321b. Mix
thoroughly together, & apply at the rate of 41b. per square yard
directly after pruning. One dose per annum sufficient. (2) Dissolve
40z. superphosphate of lime; 40z. sulphate of ammonia; and 4 oz. sul-
phate of iron in 2 gall. of water. Apply above quantity to each tree
once a week from time buds form till flowers develop. Liquid soot-
water, cow & sheep dung also good for roses outdoors or in pots.

STOCKS FOR ROSES: For standards, the wild dog rose of the
hedgerow; for dwarfs and climbers, the seedling & cutting wild dog
rose, the Manetti, de la Griffere, & the Polyantha rose. Manetti &
de la Griffere stocks generally do best on light soils, & the others on
heavy ones.

CULTURE OF ROSES IN POTS: Classes of roses suitable for pot
culture.—Hybrid Perpetual, Hybrid Tea, Tea-scented, Polyantha, &
Lawrenciana. Compost, two parts turfy loam, two parts decomposed
cow or hotbed manure; one part of equal proportions of charred earth
& sand. Pot, Oct. Repot annually in Aug. or Sept. Prune newly-
lifted & potted plants in Nov., shortening shoots to 3, 2, & 1 “eyes,”
according to size; established plants of Sted perpetuals, & Hybrid
Teas to 6, 3, & 2 “eyes”; also tea-scented, Chinese, fairy, & poly-
antha kinds to 8, 6, & 4 “eyes” in Nov. for early flowering; Dee. or
Jan. for late flowering. Position, sheltered corner outdoors, with pots

rotected from frost by straw, or in cold frame, Oct. to Jan.; green-

ouse, Jan. to May; sunny place outdoors afterwards. Water mode-
rately, Jan, to April; freely, April to Oct. _ Keep nearly dry, Oct. to
Jan. Apply stimulants once or twice a week during flowering period.
Syringe freely in greenhouse. Temp. for forcing, Jan., 40° by night
45° by day; Feb., 45° at night & 55° by day; March & onwards, 55°
by night & 60° to 65° by day. Plants for forcing require to be estab-
lished in pots one year.

CULTURE OF CLIMBERS IN GREENHOUSE: Compost, same as
for pots. Beds or tubs for each plant, 18 in, deep & 2ft. wide. Each

374

BNOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

bed or tub to be provided with 3in. of drainage. Plant, Sept. to
Nov. or March. Prune shoots first year to within 8in. of base at
time of planting; second & future years to 6 or 8 in. immediately after
flowering. Water freely, March to Nov.; keep nearly dry afterwards.
apply stimulants weekly, April to Sept. to established plants. Syringe
daily in spring. Admit air freely in summer & autumn to ripen
shoots.

PropaGation: Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in light sandy
soil in cold frame in March or April, or }in. deep in ordinary soil
outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings when a year old; cuttings,
6 to 8in. long, inserted in pots of sandy soil in cold frame in Oct., or
in sheltered position outdoors, Sept. to Nov.; or by small side shoots of
tea-scented & other kinds removed with a little of old stem attached,
& inserted in small pots of light sandy soil in summer under a bell-
glass or in a propagator; by budding in July; grafting in Feb. or
March in a temp. 55° to 65°; layering in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. acicularis, blush, June, 6 to 8 ft., Siberia; alba,
white, June, 6 ft., Europe; alpina (Syn. R. inermis), pink, June, 8 ft.. Europe,
one of the parents of the Boursault Rose), Banksie (Banksian Rose), white, Junc,
15 to 20 ft., China, and its varieties flore pleno (double) and lutea (yellow);
arvensis (Ayrshire Rose), white or rose, 10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain); blanda
(Syn. I. lucida), rose, June, 3 ft., N. America; bourboniana (Bourbon Rose), one
of the parents—the other indica—of the Bourbon class of roses; bracteata
(Macartney Rose), white, July, 2 ft., China; canina (Dog Rose), pink, June, 6 ft.,
Britain; cinnamomea (Cinnamon Rose), red, May, 4 to 6 ft., N. Temp. Zone, and its
variety flore pleno (double); damascena (Damask Rose), white and red, June,
4 ft.; gallica centifolia (Cabbage Rose), rosy purple, June, 6 ft., Europe; gallica
muscosa (Moss Rose), rose, June, 4 to 6 ft.; gallica provincialis (Provence Rose),
white, fragrant, June, 4 to 6 ft.; gigantea, white and yellow, June, climber,
Burma; Hardii, yellow, June, hybrid; indica (China or Monthly Rose), red, June,
6 to 10 ft., China; indica fragrans (Syn. R. odorata) Tea rose, various colours;
indica minima (Fairy Rose), Syn. R. lawrenciana, pink, etc., June, 1 to 2 ft.,
indica sanguinea (Crimson China Rose), crimson, summer, 6 to 10 ft.; lutea
(Austrian Briar), yellow, June, 3 ft., Orient; laevigata (Cherokee Rose), white,
June, 6 to 10 ft., China; macrantha, red, June, 4 ft., Europe; moschata (Musk
Rose), yellow and white, summer, 10 to 12 ft., S. Europe; multiflora (Polyantha
Rose), white, pink, etc., June, 10 to 12 ft., China and Japan; noisettiana (Noisette
Rose), a hybrid and parent of Noisette type; rubiginosa (Sweet Briar), pink, June,
5 ft., Europe; pomifera (Apple Rose), pink, June, Europe; rugosa (Japanese Rose),
red, June, 6 ft., Japan; sempervirens (Evergreen Rose), white, June, S. Europe;
spinosissima (Scotch or Burnet Rose), white, May, 2 ft., Europe (Britain);
wichuriana, white, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Japan, parent of the trailing type, such as
Dorothy Perkins. The old rose grown in gardens under the name of ‘‘ Seven
Sieters*’ is a form of R. multiflora (called Grevillei), colour, purplish.

Rosary-plant (Abrus precatorius).—See Abrus.

Rose.—See Rosa. Seer oe a

Rose Acacia (Robinia hispida) —See Robinia.

Rose Apple (Eugenia Jambos).—See Eugenia.

Rose Bay (Nerium oleander).—See Nerium. .

Rose-bay Willow-herb (Epilobium angustifolium). — See
Epilobium.

Rose Box (Cotoneaster microphylla)—See Cotoneaster.

Rose Campion (Lychnis coronaria).—See Lychnis.

Rose Mallow.—See Hibiscus. _ ;

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)—See Rosmarinus.

Rose of Heaven (Lychnis Ceeli-rosa).—See Lychnis.

Rose of Jericho (Anastatica Hierochuntica).—See Anastatica.

Rose of Sharon (Hypericum calycinum).—See Hypericum.

Rose Pink (Sabbatia campestris)—See Sabbatia.

3875

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium capitatum).—See
Pelargonium. m

Rosette Mullein (Ramondia pyrenaica).—See Ramondia.

Rosin-weed (Silphium laciniatum).—See Silphium.

Rosmarinus (Rosemary).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy evergreen
shrub. First introduced 1548. Leaves, highly fragrant.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, freely mixed with old mortar. Posi-
tion, dryish border at base of a south or west wall; rarely does well
in open garden. Plant, April. Water freely in summer. _Propa-
gate green-leaved kind by seeds sown }in. deep in sunny border out-
doors in April; green & variegated sorts by cuttings Gin. long,
removing leaves from lower halt, inserted in shady border in spring or
summer; also b eyoring strong shoots in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. officinalis, purple, Feb.. 7 to 4 ft., 8. Europe.

Rosy-flowered Bramble (Rubus spectabilis)—See Rubus.

Rouen Lilac (Syringa sinensis).—See Syringa.

Rouen Violet (Viola rothamagensis).—_See Viola.

Roupala.—Ord. Protacez. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Orn.
foliage & flowering. First introduced 1802. Leaves, simple or feather-
shaped, covered with brownish wool.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, peat, &
little sand. Position, large pots or tubs in lofty sunny greenhouse
or conservatory. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Sept. ;
moderately afterwards. No syringing required. Temp., Sept. to
March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. May be stood outdoors
in sup i position, June to Sept. Propagate by cuttings of frm shoots,
inserted in pure silver sand, in well-drained pots, under bell-glass in
temp. 55° to 65°, summer.

Ph el OULTIVATED: R. elegans, 6 to 10 ft., and Pohlii, 6 to 15 ft.,
raz.

Rowan-tree (Pyrus aucuparia).—See Pyrus.

Royal Brunswick Lily (Brunsvigia Josephinx).—See Bruns-
vigia.

Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis).—See Osmunda.

Royal Water-Lily (Victoria regia) —See Victoria.

Royle’s Flea-bane (Erigeron Roylei).—See Erigeron.

Rubus (Raspberry; Blackberry; Dewberry; Loganberry; Wine-
berry).—Ord. Rosacee. Hardy fruit-bearing & flowering shrubs &
perennials.

CULTURE OF RASPBERRIES: Soil, deep, rich moist loam, light
ordinary or peaty; clay soils unsuitable. PP ocitiot, open sunny, or
partially shady one. Plant, Oct. to March. Distances for planting:
Singly, 2ft. apart in the row, & 5ft. between the rows for training
to wire trellis; in groups of three canes, 3ft. apart in row, & 5 ft.
between cows; singly 1ft. apart in rows 4 ft. asunder for field culture.
Pruning: Cut canes off to within Gin. of ground first year; succeed-
ing years, cut off old canes immediately after fruiting close to ground,
& reduce number of young canes at each root or stool to three or four
of the strongest. Remove tips of latter in Nov. or Dec. Apply
decayed manure annually in Nov., forking it in 3in. deep only. Mulch
with littery manure in April on dry soil. Water copiously with liquid
manure during bearing period. Remove suckers appeariug away from
base ef “stools.” Avoid deep digging. Chemical manures (1) 1} 02.
each of superphosphate of lime & kainit per square yard forked in 2in.

376

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

deep in Nov., & loz. of nitrate of soda per square yard applied in
March. (2) 1}1b. superphosphate of lime, 141b. of nitrate of soda,
1lb. of kainit, 3lb. common salt per square rod, half applied in
March, remainder in June. (3) Two parts by weight of nitrate of soda,
1 part superphosphate, 1 part kainit, to be applied at the rate of 2 1b.
per 100 canes in Oct. or Nov. (Griffiths.) Propagate by seeds sown
outdoors in a shady border as soon as ripe; by division of roots in
autumn. j

Marxer Cunture: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, not too
dry. Manures: Farmyard dung at rate of 20 tons per acre, ploughed
in before planting. Top-dress annually in winter with 3 cwt. of super-
phosphate & lewt. of kainit per acre in winter, & 2cwt. of nitrate of
soda in April. Distance to plant, 1 ft. apart in rows 4 ft. asunder.
Number of plants to the acre, 6,987. Cost of trees per acre, £10;
preparing land for planting, £7; manure, £5; planting, 20s.; total,
£16. Cost of cultivation per acre: Digging & hoeing, 32s; pruning,
12s.; gathering fruit, £10; annual manuring, £5. Average yield per
acre: 2 tons. Average returns per acre (gross), £46. Average returns
(net), £28.

CULTURE OF BLACKBERRIES: Soil, deep rich loam, liberally
dressed with old mortar. Position, trained to sunny fences, or in
rows in open garden, with shoots trained to a rough trellis. Plant in
autumn, 1 ft. apart in rows 4ft. asunder. Prune in autumn, cutting
away shoots that have borne fruit directly after fruiting, & remov-
ing tips off remaining shoots in Dec. Top-dress annually in winter
Prepabate by layering shoots in summer, or dividing the roots in
summer.

CULTURE OF LOGANBERRY: Soil as for raspberries. Plant,
4ft. apart each way in autumn. Shorten shoots well back first season.
Place four stakes around each plant, at a distance of 3ft. from the
base, & train growths spirally around these. Prune after fruiting,
cutting away shoots that have borne fruit, & removing soft tips of
remaining shoots in Dec. Top-dress with decayed manure in winter.
Propagate by layering shoots in summer, or dividing the roots in
autumn.

CULTURE OF HARDY HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat.
Position, shady rockery. Plant, autumn or spring. Water freely in
dry weather. Propagate by division in spring.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary.
Position, sunny or shady borders. Plant in Oct. Prune after flower-
ing, cutting away old flowering shoots. Propagate by division in
autumn.

FRUIT-BEARING SPECIES: R. Ideus (Raspberry), white, May, berries red or
yellow, 6 to 8 ft., Europe; Ideus Loganii (Loganberry), a cross between the Rasp-
berry and Blackkerry, berries purple, 8 to 12 ft., America; laciniatus (American
Blackberry), white, summer, berries black, 8 to 12 ft.; phcenicolasius (Wineberry),
pink, summer, berries crimson, 10 to 20 ft., Japan; roseflorus flore simplici (Straw-
berry-raspberry), a plant of no value in this country.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: R. cesia (Dewberry), white, summer, 4 to 6 in.,
Britain; arcturus, pink, June, 6 in., N. Europe.

HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: R. biflorus, white, May, 8 ft., Himalayas;
deliciosus, white, May, 6 ft., Rocky Mountains; nutkanus (Nootka Sound Bramble).
white, summer, 6 ft., N. America; odoratus (Virginian Raspberry), purple and
red, summer, 6 ft., N. America; spectabilis (Salmon Berry), rosy red, May, 6 ft.,
California; ulmifolia flore pleno (Daisy-flowered Bramble), pink, double, summer,

8 to 12 ft., Europe,
377

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Rudbeckia (Cone-flower)—Ord. Composit#, Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1793. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Mulch with decayed manure
annually, eb. or March. Lift, divide, & replant in fresh position
triennially. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep outdoors in ordinary
soil & sunny position, March or April, transplanting seedlings into
flowering positions following autumu; by division of roots, Oct., Nov.,
March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. californica, yellow and brown, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
California; grandiflora, yellow and purple, autumn, 3 ft., N. America; laciniata,
Golden Glow, yellow, double, summer, 3 +o 6 ft., N. America; speciosa (Syn.
Newmannii), orange-yellow, summer, 3 ft., N. America.

Rue (Ruta graveolens).—See Ruta.

Rue-anemoene (Thalictrum anemonoides).—See Thalictrum.

Rue-leaved Spleen-wert (Asplenium Ruta-muraria).—See
Asplenium.

uellia (Christmas Pride)—Ord. Acanthacee. Stove perennial
herbs or shrubs. First introduced 1768.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, peat, &
silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Position, pots in shady part of
stove. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe
twice daily, March to Sept.; once daily other times. Apply weak
stimulants during flowering period to perennial species. Temp., Sept.
to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cut-
tings inserted in above compost in well-drained pots under bell-glass,
or in propagator in temp. 75° to 85°, spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. macrantha, rosy purple, winter, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil.

Rumex (Herb Patience; Sorrel). — Ord. Polygonacee. Hardy
perennial herbs.

_.. CULTURE OF HERB PATIENCE: Soil, ordinary moist. Remove
flower stems directly they appear, & gather leaves frequently. Pro-

pagate by seeds sown in March, lin. deep in drills 18in. apart, thin-

ming pectinzs to 1ft. apart in row in April; division of roots in
arch,

CULTURE OF SORREL: Soil, ordinary rich moist. Position, open
borders. Plant, 1ft. apart in rows 15in. asunder in March. Gather
leaves frequently. Remove flower stems. Water freely in dry weather.
Propagate by seeds }in. deep in drills 15 in. apart in March, thinning
seedlings to 12in. apart in April; division of roots in March.

CULTURE OF AQUATIC SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
margins of water. Plant in spring. Increased by division in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. acetosa (Garden Sorrel), green, summer, 18 in.,
loaves edible, Europe (Britain); hydrolapathum (Water Dock), 4 to 6 ft., Europe
aches patienta (Herb Patience), 4 ft., leaves used as substitute for spinach,

Runner Bean (Phaseolus multiflorus).—See Phaseolus.

Rupture-wort (Herniaria glabra).—See Herniaria.

Ruscus (Butcher’s Broom; Knee Holly).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Orn. leaved & berry-bearing. Male & female
flowers borne on separate plants. Leaves (cladodes), oval, dark green.
Berries, round, red; winter.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady or sunny shrubberies,
borders, or woods. Plant, Sept., Oct., or April. Prune, April. Pro-
pagate by suckers removed from parent plants in Sept, or Oct.;
diyision of roots in Oct.

378

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Oe ge CULTIVATED: R. aculeatus (Butcher's Broom), green, May, 3 ft.,

Rush Broom (Spartium junceum).—See Spartium.
Rush-leaved Daffedil (Narcissus juncifolius).—See Nar-

cissus.
Rush-Lily (Sisyrinchium grandiflorum).—See Sisyrinchium.
Russellia. — Ord. Scrophulariacew. Stove evergreen shrubs.

Blows rine: First introduced 1812. Pretty plants for hanging
askets.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Position, in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
freely, April to Sept. ; moderately afterwards. Prune, Feb. Apply
weak stimulants when in flower only. Syringe twice daily, April to
Oct., except when in flower. Temp., Sept. to March, 55° to 65°;
March to Sept., 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in silver
sand in temp. 75° in spring; layering shoots at any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. juncea, red, July, 3 to 4 ft.; Mexico;
red, July, 4 ft., Trop. America, : sip dei areal dic

Russian Knap-weed (Centaurea ruthenicus). — See Cen-
taurea,

_ Ruta (Rue).—Ord. Rutacee. Hardy evergreen shrub. First
introduced 1562. Leaves, finely divided, bluish green; used for
medicinal purposes.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, March,
8in. apart in rows 18in. asunder. Prune the plants closely in April.
Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep in drills outdoors in April; cut-
tings or slips inserted in shady border in summer.
eo ULTIVATED: R,. graveolens, yellowish green, summer, 3 ft., S.

Sabal (Fan or Thatch Palm; Cabbage Palm).—Ord. Palmacez.
Greenhouse orn.-leaved palms. First introduced 1810. Leaves, fan-
shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in greenhouse or sheltered
well-drained beds outdoors in 8. of England. Pot, March. Plant,
April. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Water moderately in winter; freely in summer. Propagate by seeds
sown lin. deep in light soil in temp. of 80° in Feb. or March; suckers
removed from paren plant in April or ae

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Adamsoni, 3 ft., S.U. States; blackburniana (Fan
Palm), 20 ft., Bermuda; Palmetto (Cabbage Palm), 30 ft., S.U. States.

Sabbatia (American Centaury; Rose Pink).—Ord. Gentianacee.
Hardy biennial flowering herbs. First introduced 1812. ;

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts good fibrous loam & finely-sifted leaf-
mould & little sand. Position, moist partially-shaded borders or bogs.
Sow seeds thinly in April where required to grow, lightly cover with
soil, thin to 3 or 4in. apart when an inch high, to flower following
summer; or sow seed 1-16in. deep in well-drained pots or shallow pans
filled with equal parts sandy vat & leaf-mould; place in a pan par-
tially filled with water & placed in cold frame or greenhouse. Trans-
plant seedlings when an inch high, three in a 2-in. pot, in similar com-
post, keep in cold frame till following March, then plant out.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. campestris, rose, summer, 6 to 12 in., N. America.

Saccharum (Sugar Cane).—Ord. Graminee. Stove & hardy
perennial grasses, flowering, & orn. foliage. Inflorescence, silky, borne

379

ENCYCLOPHZDIA OF GARDENING.

in pyramidal panicles, July. Leaves, ribbon-like, green, covered with
silky hairs.

CULTURE OF SUGAR CANE: Two parts rich loam, one part
leaf-mould or rotten manure & little sand. Position, large pots or
tubs in lofty stoves. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, April to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily during spring &
summer. Shade from mid-day sun essential. Temp., March to Oct.
70° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF 8. SPONTANEUM: Soil, good ordinary. Position,
margins of beds or lakes, sheltered. Plant, May or June.

PropacaTe Sugar Cane by cuttings of stems inserted in light soil in
temp. of 70° to 80° in spring, or by suckers removed in Feb. or March, &
pe singly in above compost. S. spontaneum by division of roots in

arch or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. officinarum (Sugar Cane), white, summer, 10 to 15

ft., E. Indies; officinarum violaceum, stems vivlet tinted; spontaneum (Syn. 8.
egypticum), white, summer, 10 ft., Algeria.

Saccolabium.—Ord. Orchidacew. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1837. Ht., 1 to 4ft.

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss, charcoal, & broken potsherds.
Position, hanging baskets or attached to pieces of wood, or in pots
filled to rim with charcoal & potsherds & remainder living sphagnum
moss. Grow near glass always. Pot, or fix to blocks in Jan. or
Feb. Water plants grown on blocks copiously twice daily, March to
Sept.; once daily afterwards; those in baskets, copiously April to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Shade from mid-day sun. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 70°. Avoid allowing moisture
to fall on leaves in winter. Moist atmosphere essential. Growing
period, March to Nov.; resting period, Nov. to March. Flowers appear
in axils of leaves near the top, after resting period. Propagate by
offsets any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. ampullaceum, magenta rose, June, India; bellinum,
green, brown, white, and yellow, Jan to March, Burma; curvifolium, orange-scarlet,
May and June, N. India; giganteum, cream and purple, fragrant, Dec. to March,
Burma; hendersonianum, rosy red and white, spring, Borneo; miniatum,
orange-red, spring, Java; violaceum, white and mauve, Jan. and Feb., Philippines.

Sacred Bean (Nelumbium luteum).—See Nelumbium.

Saddle-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera)—See Liriodendron.

Sadleria.—Ord. Filices. Stove tree fern. First introduced 1877.
Fronds, feather-shaped.

CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds peat & loam, & abundance of sand.
Position, large pots or tubs, well-drained, in shady stove or warm con-
servatory. Repot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to March;
freely afterwards. Syringe trunks daily, March to Sept. Temp., Sept.
to March: 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Shade in summer
essential. Propagate by spores sown at any time on surface of finely-
sifted loam & peat in shallow well-drained pans; cover with sheet of
glass, & keep moist in shady position in temp. 75° to 85°.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: S. cyatheoides, 5 to 8 ft., Sandwich Islands,

Safflower (Carthamus tinctoria).—See Carthamus.

Saffron Crocus (Crocus sativus).—See Crocus.

Saffron Thistle (Carthamus tinctorius).—See Carthamus.

Sage (Salvia officinalis)—Sce Salvia.

Sagina (Pcarl-weed; Pearl-wort)—Ord. Caryophyllacew, Tardy
perennial herbs. Orn. foliage & flowering; evergreen. Leaves,

380

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

narrow, green, or golden-yellow. Stems, creeping. S. glabra used
as a substitute for grass for forming lawns on sandy soils; golden-
leaved variety used for carpet bedding.

CULTURE OF S. GLABRA ON LAWNS: Soil, sandy. Position,
sunny. Plant small tufts 3in. apart each way in March or April.
Keep free from weeds & roll frequently. Requires frequent renewal.

CULTURE OF GOLDEN-LEAVED VARIETY: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny beds, borders, or rockeries, Plant small tufts in
March, 2in. apart, in lines, designs, or masses. Propagate by seeds
sown in sandy soil in sunny position outdoors in March; by division in
March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. glabra, white, summer, 2 in., Europe; glabra,
pilifera aurea, leaves golden yellow.

Sagittaria (Arrow-head).—Ord. Alismacee. Hardy perennial
aquatic herbs.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts strong rich loam, one part well-
decayed manure. Position, open sunny ponds or lakes. Depth of
water, 2to 3ft. Plant, March to Oct. Methods of planting: (1) Place
plant in small wicker basket containing above compost, & lower to
the bottom of pond or lake. (2) Inclose roots with soil & large stone
in piece of canvas or matting, tie securely & immerse as above.
(3) Place large hillock or mound of compost at bottom of pond when
dry & plant roots in centre, afterwards submerging with water. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown jin. deep in rich soil in shallow basket &
immersed in ponds or lakes in spring; division of plants, March oy
April.

EPROIES CULTIVATED: 8. sagittifolia, white, summer, 2 ft., Europe (Britain),

Sago Palm (Cycas circinalis).—See Cycas.

St. Anthony’s Nut (Staphylea pinnata)—See Staphylea.

St. Bernard’s Lily (Anthericum Liliago).—See Anthericum.

St. Bruno’s Lily (Paradisea Liliastrum).—See Paradisea.

St. Dabeoc’s Heath (Dabiecia polifolia)—See Dabéecia.

St. John’s Wort (Hypericum calycinum).—See Hypericum.

St. Julian’s Cherry (Prunus juliana).—See Prunus.

Saintpaulia (African Violet), — Ord. Gesneriaceez. Warm
greenhouse perennial. First introduced 1894.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of loam, leaf-mould, peat & sand.
Pot, Feb. to May. Size of pots, 3in. for small & 44 in. for large
plants. Pots to be well drained. Water freely from April to Sept. ;
moderately afterwards. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally dur-
ing flowering season. Temp., Oct. to April 53° to 60°; April to Oct.
65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown thinly on surface of a compost
of equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam & sand in well-drained pots or
shallow boxes. Cover seeds with a sprinkle of fine sand; shade from
sun & place in temp. of 65° to 75° in spring. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. ionanthe, violet, June to Oct., 3 to 4 in., Central
sleek and its varieties albescens (white), purpurea (purple), and violescens (deep
violet).

Salisburia.—See Gingko. ; =

Salix (Willow; Sallow; Osier; Withy)—Ord. Salicinesw. Hardy
deciduous trees & shrubs. Orn. foliage. Male & female flowers
borne on separate trees in spring. Bark, yellow, purple, red, whitish,
or orange-coloured. Shoots more or less drooping.

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary heavy or

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

moderately heavy; light soils not suitable. Position, damp, near mar-
gins of ponds, etc., for all species. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune,
Nov. to Feb.

OSIER CULTURE: Soil, alluvial or sandy. Position, moist, low-
lying land or margins of water. Trench soil deeply & add 30 tons of
manure per acre. Plant cuttings 18 in. long, 15 in. apart in rows 18 in.
asunder in Oct. Insert cuttings slantwise & 1ft. deep. Number of
cuttings to plant an acre, 23,000. Cut shoots for first time three years
after planting. Time to cut, spring. Tie in bundles & immerse
upright in water till bark readily peels off. Market peeled osiers in
bundles of 501b. each. Average price, 4d. to 5d. per lb. Average
yield per acre, 1,800 to 2,0001b. Soil should be cultivated annually
between plants, & give a dressing of 10 to 15 tons of manure per acre.
Osiers of one year’s growth used for making hampers & baskets; those
of two year’s growth for ribs of hampers; older wood for butter kegs.

TIMBER CULTURE: 8. Caprea (Goat Willow) suitable for damp
coppices, its wood being valuable for hoops, poles, crates, etc. 9%. alba
(White or Huntingdon Willow) also suitable for damp soils, coppices,
etc. Branches used for making scythe & rake handles; timber for
lining carts & barrows. Wood of the Bat Willow (Salix alba cerulea)
used for making cricket bats. Plant in autumn. Time to pollard
willows, Feb. Average value of willow timber, per cubic ft., 1s. to 5s.
Weight of timber, cubic ft., 33lbs. Number of cubic teet per ton, 68.
Propagate by cuttings of shoots or stems of any age or size, inserted in
moist soil, Oct. to March; choice kinds by budding on the Goat
Willow (S. caprea) in July, bandaging the bud with damp moss, or by
grafting on a similar stock in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. alba (White or Huntingdon Willow), 50 to 60 ft.,
Europe, Asia, and N. Africa; alba argentea, silvery foliage; alba cerulea (Bat
Willow), kind used for cricket bat making; alba vitellina (Syn. 8. vitellina),
shoots yellow and red; alba vitellina pendula, weeping variety; babylonica
(Weeping Willow), 30 ft., Japan; Pee ee Willow), 15 to 20 ft., Europe
(Britain); Caprea pendula (Kilmarnock Willow); fragalis (Crack Willow), 60 to
70 ft., shoots, yellow~and brown, Europe and N. Asia; fragalis blashfordiana, shoots
orange-red; lanata, 8 to 10 ft., N. Europe; phylicifolia (Tea-leaved Willow), 8 to
10 ft., N. Europe; purpurea (Purple Osier), shoots, reddish purple, 8 to 10 ft.,
Europe; purpurea pendula, weeping; viminalis (Osier Willow), the species grown
to yield osiers, Russia and N. Asia,

Sallow.—See Salix.

Salmon-berry (Rubus spectabilis & R. nutkanus).—See Rubus.

Salpiglossis (Scalloped Tube-tongue).—Ord. Solanaceae. Half-
hardy annual. First introduced 1820.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam or good ordinary rich.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds in well-drained pots, pans,
or shallow boxes filled with compost of equal parts loam, leaf-mould &
sand placed in temp. of 65° to 75°, Feb. or March, Cover seeds with
thin sprinkling of fine soil. Transplant seedlings when three leaves
have formed }in. apart in well-drained pots or shallow boxes of above
compost. Keep in temp. of 55° to 65° till May, then place in cold
frame to harden, & plant out in June. Water freely in dry weather.
Apply weak stimulants occasionally to plants in flower.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, half a part
each of leaf-mould & decayed cow mauure & silver sand. Sow seeds as
advised above for summer flowering; in Aug. or Sept. for spring
flowering. Transplant seedlings when three leaves have formed, 3 in

382

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

a 24-in. pot, & place on shelf close to glass in temp. 55° to 65°. When
well rooted in small pots, shift into 5-in. size. Water moderately until
plants are well established. Apply stimulants—} oz. of kainit, super-
phosphate of lime, & nitrate of soda to 2 galls. of water—once a week
during flowering period. Nip off points of main shoots when 6in. high
to induce bushy growth. Place in cool greenhouse or window whilst in
bloom.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. sinuata, various colours, 2 ft., Chili, parent of the
beautiful strains grown in gardens.

Salsafy (Tragopogon porrifolius).—See Tragopogon.

Salt-tree (Halimodendron argenteum).—See Halimodendron.

Salvia (Sage; Clary). — Ord. Labiate. Greenhouse & hardy
annuals & herbaceous perennials & evergreen shrubs.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds } in. deep in April where required to flower,
& thin to 4 or 6in. apart when 2in. high.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam & decayed manure, little sand. Position, greenhouse, Sept. to
June; cold frame, June to Sept. Pot, March. Water freely, March to
Oct.; moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally a month
after repotting until flowers expand, then cease. Temp., Sept. to
March 45° to 55°; March to June 55° to 65°, Cut down shoots to
within 3 in. of their base after flowering. Young plants: Insert cut-
tings 3 in. long of young shoots in light sandy soil in temp. 65° in Feb.
or March. When rooted, place singly in 3}-1n. pots. Nip off point of
main shoots, also of succeeding shoots when 3in. long. Shift into 5 or
6in. pots when former pots are filled with roots. Water freely. Apply
stimulants occasionally. Place in cold frame, June to Sept.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich ordinary. Position, sunny shel-
tered beds or borders. Plant, June. Lift in Sept., place in pots to
flower in greenhouse in autumn. Water freely in dry weather. Apply
stimulants once a week. Lift tuberous roots of 8. patens in Oct., &
store in sand in frost-proof place. Start in heat in March, & plant
out in May.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.. Mulch annually
with decayed manure in March. Cut down stems close to ground in
Oct. Lift, divide, & replant every third year.

CULTURE OF CLARY: Hardy biennial. Leaves used for flavour-
ing soups. Pretty border plant also. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
Sow seeds lin. deep in drills 18 in. apart in April. Thin seedlings when
Qin. high to 12in. apart in row. Gather leaves in summer and dry
for use following year. : . ’ a

CULTURE OF SAGE: Soil, ordinary rich, light, dryish. Position,
sunny. Plant, March or April, 12in. apart in rows 18 in. asunder.
Nip off points of shoots first year to induce bushy growth. Water
freely in dry weather first year after planting. Renew plantation
every four years. : : :

PRoPAGATION: Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings 2 to-3 in.
long of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65° in spring; sage
by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in light soil in temp. 55 to 65° in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in. May or June, also by slips, i.e.,
young shoots pulled off the old plants in April, & inserted in a shady

383

BNCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

border or under a hand-light, or in a cold frame, & kept moist until
rooted.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 8. azurea, blue, winter, 6 ft., N. America; coccinea,
scarlet, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., N. America; fulgens, scarlet, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
Mexico; Grahami, scarlet, Sept., 1 ft., Mexico; Heeri, scarlet, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
Peru; involucrata Bethelli, crimson, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico; patens, blue,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; patens alba, white, splendens, scarlet, autumn, 2 to
3 ft., Brazil; splendens Bruantii, rich scarlet; splendens grandiflora, salmon-red;
rutilans, red, winter, 2 to 3 ft.

HARDY SPECIES: S. argentea (Silver Clary), white, summer, 3 ft., foliage
silvery, Mediterranean Region; azurea grandiflora, sky blue, summer, 3 ft., Mexico;
hians (Cashmere Sage), blue, summer, 2 ft., Himalayas; officinalis (Sage), blue,
summer, 3 ft., S. Kurope; pratensis (Meadow Sage) violet, May, 3 to 4 ft.,
Britain; sclarea (Clary), bluish white, summer, 2 ft., Mediterranean Region.

ANNUAL SPECIES: 8, Horminum (Horminum Clary), purple, summer, 18 in.,
8. Europe; Horminum purpurea, rosy carmine bracts, very pretty. Hardy.

Sambucus (Elder; Dane-wort).—Ord. Caprifoliacer. Hardy
deciduous shrubs & herbaceous perennials. Berries, black or scarlet.
Leaves, feather-shaped, green, golden or white.

CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
dry banks or shrubberies in sun or shade. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Cut
down stems in Noy.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
open shrubbery, hedgerows for common species; moist sunny borders
for variegated kinds. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune into shape, Nov.
to Jan. Nip off points of young shoots of golden & silver elders during
summer; also cut shoots closely back in March to insure dwarf growth
& rich colouring in foliage. Propagate herbaceous species by divi-
sion, Oct. to March; shrubby species by cuttings of branches or shoots
inserted in moist soil in any position outdoors, Oct. to March.

HERBACEOUS SPECIES: S. Ebulus (Dane-wort), white and pink, summer, 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

SHRUBBY SPECIES: 8S. nigra (Common Elder), white, June, 20 ft., Britain;
nigra foliis-aureis, leaves golden (Golden Elder); nigra laciniata, leaves finely cut
(Cut-leaved Elder); racemosa (Scarlet Berried Elder), white, June, 10 to 15 ft.,
Europe, berries scarlet. : :

Samolus (Tasmanian Water Pimpernel). — Ord. Primulacee.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist bog or rockery.
Plant, March or April. Water freely in dry weather in summer. Pro-
pagate by division of the roots in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. repens, white, August, 6 in., Australia.

Samphire (Crithmum maritimum).—See Crithmum.

Sanchezia.—Ord. Acanthacew. Stove perennial flowering & orn.
foliaged plants. First introduced 1866. Leaves, large, oval,
glaucous ’ reen, or striped with white or yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat & loam, one part decayed
manure & sand. Position, light part of stove in winter; shady part
in spring & summer. Pot, March. Syringe twice daily, April to
Oct.; once daily afterwards. Water freely, March to Oct.; mode-
rately other times. Apply weak stimulants occasionally during sum-
mer. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to Sept. 75° to 85°.
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted under bell-glass in
fine soil, March to July.
moe CULTIVATED: 8S. nobilis, yellow and red, March to Oct., 1 to 2 ft.,

cuador.

Sandersonia. — Ord. Liliacew. Stove tuberous-rooted herb.
First introduced 1852. :

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, decayed

384

ENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

manure, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots, with shoots
trained to roof or trellis. Pot, Feb., placing tubers 2in. deep, one
in a 6-in. pot, or several in an 8 or 12-in. pot. Water moderately
till growth is well advanced, then freely. After flowering, gradually
withhold water & keep soil quite dry till potting time. Temp., Feb.
to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
inserted singly 4in. deep in 3-in. pots filled with ligne soil in temp.
75° in Feb. or March; offsets removed from large tubers at potting

ime.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. aurantiaca, orange yellow, July and Aug., 12 to
18 in., Natal.

Sandhill Rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides).—See Ceratiola.

Sand Myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium).—See Leiophyllum.

Sand Pear (Pyrus sinensis).—See Pyrus.

Sand Pink (Dianthus arenarius).—See Dianthus.

Sand Verbena (Abronia umbellata).—See Abronia.

Sand-wort (Arenaria balearica).—See Arenaria.

Sanguinazvia (Blood-root).—Ord. Papaveracew. Hardy peren-
nial herb. _ First introduced 1680.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam or peat. Position, sunny borders or
rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Water freely in dry
weather. Top-dress annually with decayed cow manure in Feb. or
March. Should be interfered with as little as possible. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in equal parts Test -mieeld, peat, & sand in cold
frame or cool greenhouse in early autumn or spring, transplanting
seedlings outdoors when large enough to handle; by division of roots
in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. canadensis, white, April, 6 in., N. America.

Sanseviera (Bow-string Hemp; Angola Hemp).—Hemodoracee.
Stove herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1690.
Flowers, white, green, yellowish; insignificant. Leaves, narrow,
ridged, green, long, margined or spotted with white.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in shady part of stove. Pot, Feb. to April. Water copi-
ously, March to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe freely in
summer. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to
65°. Propagate by division of plants, Feb. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. cylindrica, Trop. Africa; guineensis, Trop. Africa;
zeylanica, Trop. Africa. :

Santolina (Lavender Cotton)—Ord. Compositw. Hardy ever-
green shrubby plants. First introduced 1573. Leaves & shoots
covered with cottony down.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary sandy. Position, margins of sunny
borders or rockeries for S. Chamecyparissus incana; backs of sunny
borders or large rockeries for 8. Chamecyparissus & S. rosmarim-
folia. Plant, Sept., Oct., March or April. Distance apart for form-
ing edging of S. incana, 6in. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to
3in. long, pulled off with portion of stem attached & inserted in pots
of sandy soil in cold frame, Sept. or Oct., or in sheltered position out-
doors, same time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Chamecyparissus, yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., 3.
Europe; Chamecyparissus incana, dwarf variety; rosmarinifolia, yellow, July,
2 ft., Spain and Portugal.

Sanvitalia.—Ord. Composite. Hardy annual. First intro-
duced 1798. ;

385 °

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of sunny borders
or rockeries. Sow seeds 1-16in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to 65°
in March. MHarden off seedlings in cold frame in April & plant out-
doors in May; or in lines or patches in open ground end of April,
thinning seedlings when lin. high to 2or 3in. apart. Water freely
in dry weather, & apply weak stimulants occasionally during flower-
ing period.

§p ‘CIES CULTIVATED: 8. procumbens, yellow and purple, July, 1 ft., Mexico;
procumbens flore pleno, flowers double.

Saponaria (Soap-wort; Fuller's Herb; Hedge Pink). — Ord.
Caryophyllacee. ardy annuals & perennials.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
margins of sunny borders or in beds. Sow seeds in lines or patches
% in. deep in April for summer flowering; in Sept. for spring flowering.
Thin seedlings when lin. high 2 or 3in. apart. Water freely in dry
weather & apply stimulants occasionally.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep rich loam. Posi-
tion, sunny rockeries or borders for S. ocymoides; large sunny or shady
shrubbery borders or wild garden for 8. officinalis. Plant, Oct. to
April. Top-dress annually in Feb. with decayed manure. Water
freely in dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown in shallow boxes of
sandy soil in temp. of 55° to 65° in March, hardening seedlings in a
cold frame in April, & planting out in May or June; or outdoors in
April, transplanting seedlings in June & July; by cuttings inserted in
aed soil in cold frame, Sept. to Oct.; division of roots, Oct. to
March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: S. calabrica, rose, July to Sept., 6 to 12 in., Italy.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: §S. ocymoides (Rock Soap-wort), rosy purple, summer,
trailing, Europe; officinalis flore pleno (Double Soapwort), pink, Aug., 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

Sardinian Iris (Iris olbiensis).—See Iris.

Sarmienta (Chilian Pitcher-flower).—Ord. Gesneracex. Green-
house herbaceous creeper. First introduced 1862.

CULTURE: Compost, soft peat, charcoal, & chopped sphagnum
moss. Position, teak baskets or pans, suspended from roof, or in pots
with shoots growing up stems of dead tree ferns. Pot or plant, March.
Water copiously, April to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe
freely daily, March to Oct. Shade from sun. Temp., March to Sept.
60° to 70°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by division of
plants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. repens, scarlet, summer, creeping, Chili.

Sarracenia (Huntsman’s Horn; Indian Cup; N. American
Pitcher Plant; Side-saddle Flower). — Ord. Sarraceniacem. Half-
hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1752. Leaves, tubu-
lar, pitcher-shaped, recticulated.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped
sphagnum moss. Position, cool moist corner of greenhouse or fernery,
cold frame, or Wardian case in dwelling room. Pot, March. Pots to
be two-thirds full of drainage. Place pot containing plant inside
another pot two sizes larger, & fill space between with sphagnum moss.
Water freely, April to Oct.; very little in winter. ene se foliage
gently daily in summer. Shade from bright sun. © Top-dress in
summer with a little decayed manure.

OUTDOOR CULTURE OF 8. PURPUREA: Compost, equal parts
peat & sphagnum moss. Position, fully exposed bog garden or moist

386

ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.

rockery. Plant, March or April. Keep surface of soil covered with
layer of moss. Water freely in summer. Propagate all the’ species
& hybrids by division in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Drummondii, flowers purple, June, leaves white,
green, and purple, 2 ft., N. America; Claytoni, leaves purple, 1 ft., hybrid; flava
(Trumpet went yellow, June, 2 ft., N. America; flava atrosanguinea, lid of pitcher
cream and yellow; flava Catesbeei, wings of pitcher veined with red; flava limbata,
lid of pitcher margined crimson and brown; psittacina, tlowers purple, leaves
veined red or purple, N. America; purpurea, flowers purple, spring, leaves veined
purple, N. America; rubra, flowers reddish, leaves veined purple, N. America;
variolaris, flowers yellow, leaves spotted with white, N. America.

Sarsaparilla (Smilax glauca).—See Smilax.

Satin-flower.—See Sisyrinchium.

Satin Poppy (Meconopsis Wallichii)—See Meconopsis.

Satureia (Summer & Winter Savory).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy
annual & perennial evergreen herbs. First introduced 1562. Aromatic
pests used for flavouring soups & salads, & for boiling with peas &

eas.

CULTURE OF SUMMER SAVORY: Hardy annual. Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny. Sow seeds }in. deep in drills 12in. apart. Thin
seedlings when 2in. high to Gin. apart. Water freely in dry weather.
Pull plants up when in flower, & dry for winter use.

CULTURE OF WINTER SAVORY: Hardy evergreen shrub. Soil,
ordinary. Position, sunny. Plant, March or April 12in. apart in
rows 15in. asunder. Prune in closely in Oct., & top-dress with manure.
Renew plantations every fourth year. Propagate by seeds sown as
advised for annual species, also by cuttings of young shoots inserted iu
shady border in April, division of roots in March.

ANNUAL SPECIES: S. hortensis (Summer Savory), lilac, July, 6 to 8 in,
Mediterranean Region.
ie PERENNIAL SPECIES: S. montana (Winter Savory), purple, June, 6 to 12 in.,

urope. ‘

Satyrium.—oOrd. Orchidacee. Half-hardy terrestrial tuberous-
rooted orchids. First introduced 1842.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good turfy loam, sandy peat,
leaf-mould, nisocend & coarse silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in cold shady frame. Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing tubers lin.
below surface, & 3 to 5 in a 6-in. pot. Make compost firm. Plunge
pots to rims in cinder ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse. Water copiously
from time growth begins till foliage fades; then keep nearly dry.
Apply weak stimulants from April till flowers fade. Remove flower
spikes when blooms fade. Repot every 2 or 3 years. Protect from
Dec. to Feb. by covering of cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes.
Propagate by division of tubers, Aug. to Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. candidum, white, fragrant, Aug. and Sept., 1 ft.,
S. Africa; carneum, white and pink, June, 1 ft., S. Africa.

Sauromatum (Monarch of the East).—Ord. Aroidew. Half-
hardy perennial, with tuberous roots & arum-like flower spathes.

CULTURE: Purchase tubers in autumn, place them in a dry saucer
in a warm room, & in a few weeks the flower spathe will appear. No
soil or water needed. After flowering, plant the tuber in a moist
place outdoors to make its leaf growth. Lift in Aug., keep in a cool
place, & again place in a saucer indoors. Repeat the operation year

by year.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. guttatum, purple, yellow and green, winter or
spring, 1 ft., Central Asia.
Saussurea (Saw-wort). — Ord. Composite. Hardy perennial
herbs. First introduced 1816.
387 02

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries for 8. alpina;
sunny borders for S. pulchella, S. pgymea, etc. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in ordinary soil
in sunny position outdoors, April, transplanting seedlings when three
or four leaves have formed. :

. ee ee S. japonica (Syn. Seratula japonica), purple, summer,

Savin-tree (Juniperus sabina).—See Juniperus. .

Savory (Satureia hortensis & montana).—Sece Satureia.

Savoy.—See Brassica.

Sawfly Orchis (Ophrys tenthredinera).—See Ophrys.

Saw-wort (Saussurea pe Saussurea. :

Saxifraga (Rockfoil; London Pride). — Ord. Saxifragacen.
Hardy & tender perennials. Interesting plants for rockeries and
borders. Classes: (1) Encrusted Saxifrages, leaves silvery, borne in
rosettes; (2) Moss Saxifrages, leaves green & moss-like; (3) Megasea
Saxifrages, leaves, large & leathery; (4) Miscellaneous type, leaves
varied in form.

CULTURE OF ENCRUSTED SECTION: Soil, gritty loam. Posi-
tion, ledges or fissues of sunny rockeries or old walls. Plant in
spring. Mix a little fresh cow dung with loam to fix plants in vertical
rocks. S. Cotyledon pyramidalis a good plant for cool greenhouse.
Grow in compost of two parts loam & one part of equal proportions
of old mortar, leaf-mould, & sand. Five-inch pots suitable. Place
in cold frame till March, then remove into greenhouse. Water
moderately in winter. Propagate by seeds sown in gritty loam in well-
drained pans in cold frame in spring; by offsets directly after flower-

ing.

CULTURE OF MOSSY SECTION: Soil, ordinary moist loam.
Position, ledges of rockeries for choice kinds, edgings to borders for
commoner ones; or carpeting surface of beds of choice bulbs. Plant
in autumn or spring. Propagate by seeds sown in pans of gritty
soil in cold frame in spring; cuttings of shoots in cold frame in
summer; division in spring. :

CULTURE OF MEGASEA SECTION: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny or shady borders. Plant in autumn or spring. Good town &
suburban garden plants. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil in cold
frame in spring; division in autumn or spring.

CULTURE OF MISCELLANEOUS SECTION: Soil, ordinary for S.
umbrosa, & Geum; moist loam for other species. Position, shady
borders for 8. umbrosa, Geum & Granulata fl.-pl.; moist shady rockery
for Andrewsii, cunefolia, oppositifolia, & rotundifolia; sunny rockery
for apiculata, burseriana & sancta; margins of water-courses or
damp borders for peltata; damp walls or rockeries for Sibthorpii;
sunny walls for sarmentosa. Plant in autumn or spring. Propagate
by seeds sown in gritty soil in pans in cold frame in spring; division
in spring.

CULTURE OF TENDER SPECIES: Soil, equal parts loam, peat,
leaf-mould & silver sand. Position, pots or baskets suspended near
roof of greenhouse, or close to sunny window. Pot in spring. Water
very moderately in autumn & winter. Temp., Oct. to March 55° to
60°; March to Oct. 65° to 70°. Propagate by offsets in spring.

ENCRUSTED SPECIES: S. Aizoon, creamy white, June, 3 to 6 in., Arctio
Regions, and its varieties balearica (white and crimson), carinthiaca (white),
Griesbachii (rose), intacta (white), la graveana (snowy white), marginata (white

388

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

and yellow); azoides, yellow and red, summer, 3 to 6 in., Britain; crustata,
white and purple, summer, 1 ft., Alps; Hostii, white and purple, May, 6 to 12 in.,
Europe; cxsia, white, June, 1 in., Alps; cotyledon, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., Europe,
and its variety pyramidalis (white); lingulata superba, white and rose, June,
18 in., S. Europe; longifolia, white, July, 12 to 18 in., Pyrenees; macnabiana, white
and crimson, May and June, 4 in., hybrid; rocheliana, white, May, 3 in., Austria;
valdensis, white, May, 3 in., 8. France.

MOSSY SPECIES: S. cespitosa, white, summer, 3 in., Britain; hypnoides (Dove-
dale Moss), white, summer, 3 in., Europe (Britain); muscoides, yellow or purple,
May, 3 in., Europe, and its varieties atropurpurea (red), moschata (white) and
Rhei superba (rose); tenella, white, summer, Algeria; trifurcata (Stag’s-horn Rock-
foil), Syn. 8. ceratophylla, white, summer, 6 in., N. Spain; Wallacei (Syn. 8.
Camposi), white, June, 4 to 6 in., garden origin. :

MEGASEA SPECIES: 8. cordifolia (Syn. Megasca cordifolia), pink, spring,
1 ft., Siberia, and its variety purpurea (crimson); crassifolia (Syn. Megasea
crassifolia), red, spring, 1 ft., Siberia; and its varieties, gigantea (purple), Progress
(rosy pink), and Milesii (white). a

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: 8. ajugifolia, white, July, Pyrenees; Andrewsii,
white and purple, summer, 6 in., hybrid; burseriana, white and yellow, spring,
2 in., E. Europe; and its variety major (large-flowered); cuneifolia, white and
yellow, May, 6 in., Europe; granulata fl. pl. (Double Meadow Saxifrage), white,
double, May, 6 to 10 in., Europe (Britain); oppositifolia, purple, May, 3 in.,
Britain; and its varieties, alba (white) and splendens (rosy crimson); peltata
(Umbrella Plant), white or pink, April, 2 to 3 ft., California; rotundifolia, whito
and scarlet, spring, 1 ft., Austria; sancta, yellow, spring, 3 in., Greece; Sibthorpii
(Syn. Cynbalaria), yellow, March to Aug., Caucasus, annual; sarmentosa (Mother
of Thousands), yellow, white and scarlet, summer, Japan; umbrosa (London Pride),
white, pink, and red, summer, W. Europe.

TENDER SPECIES : Ss. sarmentosa tricolor, leaves creamy white and red.

Scabiosa (Scabious; Pincushion Flower; Mournful Widow;
Sweet ian areca Dipsacee. Hardy biennial & perennial herbs.
Flowers, useful for cutting.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good rich | ordinary.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light sandy
soil in temp. of 60° to 70° in Feb. or March, & plant out in May to
insure plants flowering same year, or outdoors in June or July, trans-
penne again following March to flowering position. In cold districts
ift the seedlings in Aug., & place in small pots; winter in cold frame
& plant out in April. . .

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary deep rich.
Position, sunny well-drained borders for 8. caucasica; sunny rockeries
for S. graminifolia; ordinary borders for S. columbaria, etc. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March or April. Top-dress annually in Feb. or March with
decayed manure. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years.

Propagate by division of roots, Oct. or March.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: S. atropurpureum (Sweet Scabious or Mournful Widow),
various colours, single and double, July, 1 to 3 ft., 8. Europe.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: S. caucasica (Caucasian Scabious), blue, June, 1 ft.,
Caucasus; caucasica alba, white; ochroleuca webbiana, yellow, July, 6 in., Europe;
pterocephala, purple, July, 3 to 4 ft., Greece. .

Scale Fern (Asplenium Ceterach).—See Asplenium.

Scallion (Allium ascalonicum majus).—See Allium.

Scarborough Lily (Vallota purpurea).—See Vallota.

Scarlet Avens (Geum coccineum).—See Geum.

Scarlet Bindweed (Ipomza coccinea).—See Ipomea.

Scarlet Clematis (Clematis cardinalis)—See Clematis.

Scarlet Fritillary (Ffritillaria recurva).—See Fritillaria.

Scarlet-fruited Thorn (Crategus coccinea).—See Crategus.

Scarlet Fuchsia (Fuchsia coccinea).—See Fuchsia.

Scarlet Hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha coccinea).—See

Crataegus.
339

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Scarlet Lobelia. pos cardinalis).—See Lobelia. —
Scarlet Lychnis (Lychnis chalcedonica).—See Lychnis.
Scarlet Maple (Acer rubrum).—See Acer. ;

aoe Martagon Lily (Lilium chalcedonicum).—See
ilium.

Scarlet Mexican Sage (Salvia fulgens’.—See Salvia.

Scarlet Mitre-ped (Mitraria coccinea).—See Mitraria.

Scarlet Monkey-flower (Mimulus _ cardinalis). — See
Mimulus.

Scarlet Mus (Mimulus cardinalis)—See Mimulus.

Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea).—See Quercus.

Scarlet Runner Bean (Phaseolus multiflorus). — Sce
Phaseolus.

Scarlet Sage (Salvia coccinea & S. splendens).—See Salvia.

Scarlet Skull-cap (Scutellaria mocciniana).—See Scutellaria.

Scarlet Twin-flower (Bravoa geminiflora).—See Bravoa.

Scarlet Wind-flower resend! fulgens).—_See Anemone.

Scarlet Wound-wort (Stachys coccinea).—See Stachys.

Schismatoglottis.—Ord. Aroidex. Stove perennial herbs.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1862. Leaves, oblong or heart-shaped,
green or striped with silver-grey, purple or yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, fibrous peat, leaf-
mould, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water copious] , April to Sept.; mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Apply stimulants
occasionally during summer. ‘Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°;
March to Xe t. 75° to 85°. Propagate by division, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. crispata, leaves banded with silvery grey, Borneo;
Lavallei, leaves mottled with grey, Malaya; longispatha, leaves banded with silvery
grey, Borneo; neoguinensis, leaves blotched with yellow, New Guinea; pulchra,
eee spotted with silvery white, Borneo; siamensis, leaves spotted with white,
lam.

Schizandra.—Ord. Magnoliacee. Hardy evergreen climbing
shrubs. First introduced 1806. Leaves, large & handsome. Berries,
scarlet.

CULTURE: Soil, loam & peat. Position, sunny walls or arbours.
Plant, Sept. & Oct. or April. Prune straggly shoots, April. Propa-
gate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass
in cold frame, July to Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. sinensis, rose, summer, 1 5to 20 ft., China.

Schizanthus (Butterfly or Fringe Flower).—Ord. Solanacee.
Half-hardy annual herbs. First introduced 1822.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary rich. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow seeds thinly in pots, pans, or boxes filled with
light soil, & place in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb. or March. _ Cover slightly
with fine mould. Transplant seedlings when lin. high, 4 in a 3-in.
pot, harden off in frame, & plant out in May. Sow also similarly
in Aug., transplant 3 in a 3-in. pot, & place on shelf in light airy
greenhouse until following May, then plant out. Sow likewise outdoors
end of April where required to grow.

POT CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, half a part each of decayed
manure & leaf-mould, little sand. Sow seeds thinly in above compost
in cool greenhouse or frame in Aug. Transplant scedlings singly in
3-in. pots, & grow on shelf in greenhouse (temp. 45° to 55°) until Jan.,
then transfer to 6-in. pots, & grow in light position. Water mode-

390

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

rately in winter; freely other times. Apply weak stimulants occa-
sionally whilst flowering. Support plants with stakes. For summer
flowering, sow seeds in temp. 55° to 65° in Feb. or March, transplant-
ing when lin. high to 3-in. pots, then into 5-in. pots.

SPEOIES CULTIVATED: S, Grahami, lilac and orango, summer, 12 to 18 in.,
and its varieties, carmineus (carmine) and lilacineus (lilac and yellow); pinnatus,
rose, purple and yellow, summer, 12 to 18 in., and its varieties, atropurpureus and
papilionaceus, roseus and violaceus; retusus, rose, crimson and orange, summer,
18 in., and its variety alba; wisetonensis, pink, white, and brown, summer, 1 ft.
Natives of Chili and Peru.

Schizocodon. — Ord. Diapensiacex. Hardy perennial herb
suitable for rockery culture.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mould. Position,
partially shady border, rhododendron bed, or cold frame. Plant,
April. Water freely in dry weather. Protect with thick layer of
pospanin tains refuse & dry bracken. Propagate by division of roots
in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. soldanelloides, rose, March, 4 in., Japan.

Schizopetalon.—Ord. Crucifere. Half-hardy annual. First
introduced 1821.

CULTURE: Sow seeds in light warm rich soil in open border, April
or May. Cover seeds lightly with fine soil. Thin seedlings when 1 to
2in. high to 3 or 4in. apart. Support plants when 6 to 12in. high
with small bushy twigs. Water freely in dry weather. Sow also thinly
in well-drained pans filled with compost of loam, peat, & sand placed
in temp. of 55° to 65°, Feb. or April; transplanting seedlings 3 or 4 in
3-in. pots filled with above compost; harden off in cold frame & plant
out in May.

BEneLES CULTIVATED: 8S. Walkeri, white, almond scented, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,

Al. ‘

Schizophragma (Climbing Hydrangea).—Ord. Saxifragaceex.
Hardy evergreen self-clinging climbing flowering shrub. First
introduced 1879.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny wall in warm districts
only. Plant, Oct. or April. Prune straggly shoots into shape, April.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sand under a bell-glass in temp.
55° in spring.
re SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. hydrangeoides, white or pink, autumn, 10 to 15 ft.,
apan.

Schizostylis (Caffre Lily; Crimson Flag). — Ord. Iridacee.
Hardy bulbous or rhizomatous-rooted perennial. First introduced
1864,

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, moist loamy. Position, warm sunny
border. Plant, Oct. to March. Protect in severe weather by cover-
ing of dry litter. Water freely in dry weather in summer & apply
stimulants occasionally.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure,
little sand. Pot, Nov. to March. Position, cold frame, Dec. to April;
plunged to the rim of pots in sunny border, April to Sept.; cold
greenhouse, Sept. to Dec. Water copiously summer; moderately other
times. Apply stimulants occasionally in summer. Repot annually.
Propagate by division of rhizomes or roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. coccinea, crimson, Oct. and Nov., 1 to 3 ft., S.
Africa.

Schomburgkia.—Ord. Orchidacezw. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1834.

CULTURE: Compost, sphagnum moss & fibrous peat. Position on

391

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

blocks suspended from roof or in well-drained pots or pans. Pot or
re-block, Feb. or March. Water freely during growing period. Keep
dry after growth has completed until flowers appear. Shade from sun.
Moist atmosphere essential during growing period. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°, Resting period, winter.
Growing period, March to Oct. Flowers appear at apex of new
pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by division.

SPECIES OULTIVATE 8. Lyonsii, white, brown, yellow, and purple, 1 ft.,
Jamaica; thomsoniana, sulphur yellow, purple, and white, summer, W. Indies;
Tibicinis (Cow-horn Orchid), crimson, purple, orange, and white, summer, 1 ft.,
Honduras.

Schubertia.—See Araujia.

Sciadoplitys (Parasol Fir Tree; Umbrella Pine).—Ord. Conifere.
Hardy evergreen conifer. First introduced 1861. Leaves, long,
tapering, borne in tufts at the end of shoots, parasol-like; green or
variegated with pale yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, rich moist loam. Position, sheltered from pierc-
ing winds. Plant, Sept., Oct., March or April. Propagate by im-
ported seeds sown }in. deep in pots filled with moist sandy loam, &

laced in cold frame or greenhouse, transplanting seedlings outdoors
ollowing spring ; or 4 in. deep outdoors in April in moist bed of sandy
loam, DE Ta seedlings next year.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. verticillata, 80 to 120 ft., Japan.

Scilla (Squill; Blue Bell).—Ord. Liliacew. Greenhouse & hardy
bulbous plants.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part decayed cow manure & sand. Position, well-drained
pots in light cool greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Dec., large bulbs singly, or
small ones in threes in 5-in. pots. Water freely when growth begins;
keep dry after flowering ceases & leaves begin to decay. Temp., Oct.
to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Stand pots in cold
sunny frame, June to Sept.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep sandy loam. Position,
sunny beds, borders, in grass on lawns, or rockeries. Plant, Aug.
to Nov. in lines or masses. Depth for planting: Small bulbs 2in.
deep & 2in. apart; large bulbs 4in. deep & 3 to 4in. apart Mulch
wrth. decayed manure, Nov. Lift, divide, & replant every third year.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or well-decayed cow manure, one part river sand. Pot, Aug. to
Nov., placing small bulbs, lin. apart, in a 5-in. pot; or 3 to 5 large-
sized bulbs lin. deep in similar pots. Position, under layer of cinder
ashes from time of potting till growth commences, then in cold frame,
cool greenhouse or window till past flowering, afterwards in sunny spot
outdoors. Water moderately from time growth commences till
foliage fades, then keep dry. Repot annually. Apply weak stimulants
once or twice during flowering period. panty mee by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil in boxes or cold frame, or outdoors in
Sept.; offsets from old bulbs removed when lifting & planted, as
advised for full-sized bulbs. Seedlings flower when 3 to 4 years old.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: S. peruviana, lilac, May, 6 to 12 in., Algeria; peru-
viana alba, white.

HARDY SPEOIES: 8. bifolia, blue, March, 6 in., Europe; bifolia alba, white;
bifolia rosea, rose; festalis (Syn. S. nutans), the Bluebell, blue, April, 8 to 15 in.,
W. Europe; festalis alba, white; festalis rosea, rose; festalis cernua, blue;
hispanica (Spanish Squill), blue, May, 1 ft., Europe; hispanica alba, ‘white;
hispanica carnea, flosh; hispanica rosea, rose; hispanica rubra, red; sibirica
(Siberian Squill), blue, Fob., 3 to 6 in., Asia Minor; sibirion alba, white,

392

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Scirpus (Club Grass; Rush).—Ord. Cyperacew. Greenhouse &
hardy perennial marsh or water plants.

.CUL URE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, mar-
gins of lakes, streams, & ponds. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by
division, Oct. to April.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam, leaf-mould, & little sand. Position, small pots arranged along
front of staging, or in hanging baskets. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
abundantly March to Oct., moderately other times. Temp., March
to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by division
of plants in March.

HARDY SPECIES: S. lacustris Tabernemontani zebrina (Variegated Porcupine
Rush), stems ringed with yellow, intlorescence reddish, 4 to 5 ft., Britain.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. nodosus (Syn. Isolepis gracilis), the Club Rush,
3 to 6 in., leaves round, slender and drooping, Tropics.

Scolopendrium (Hart’s-tongue Fern).—Ord. Filices. Hardy
evergreen fern. Fronds, strap-shaped, crested, or contorted.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, one part each of fibrous peat & loam,
& one of sand, broken oyster shells, & limestone or mortar rubbish.
Position, shady borders, rockeries, chinks of old stone or brick walls, or
banks. Plant, April. Water copiously in dry weather.

INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, as above. Position, pots in cold
frame, greenhouse or dwelling-room. Shade from sun essential. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans,
placed in temp. of 75° any time; division of plants, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. vulgare, 6 to 18 in., Europe (Britain), etc., and its
numerous varieties, as crispum, cristatum, grandiceps, Kelwayi, marginatum,

omnilacerum, ramosum, undulatum, variegatum, etc. See trade lists for other
forms.

Scolymus (Spanish Oyster Plant; Golden Thistle)—Ord. Com-
posite. Hardy annual, biennial, & perennial herbs. First introduced
1630.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders, Plant peren-
nial species (S. grandittorus), Oct. to April. Sow seeds of annual species
(S. maculatus) & of biennial species (8. hispanicus) 4in. deep where
required to grow in March or April. Thin seedlings to 8 or 12 in. apart
when 2in. high. Propagate perennial species by seeds sown as above,

or by division of roots in April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 8. maculatus, yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., Europe.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: S. hispanicus (Spanish Oyster or Golden Thistle), yellow,
Aug., 2 to 3 ft., roots edible, Europe.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: 8. grandiflorus, yellow, May, 3 ft., N. Africa.

Scorpion Grass (Myosotis dissitiflora)—See Myosotis.

Scorpion Iris (Iris alata).—See Iris.

Scorpion Senna (Coronilla Emerus).—See Coronilla.

Scorzonera (Vipers’ Grass).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial with edible roots. First introduced 1576. Roots,
carrot-shaped, white with dark skin, sweet-flavoured.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free from
stones. Position, sunny, open. Sow seeds in groups of three or four,
12 in. apart, in drills }in. deep, & 18in. apart in April. Thin seedlings
when 3in. high to one in each group. Remove flower heads as soon
as seen. Lift the roots in Oct., twist off their leaves, & store in layers
with sand or soil between in cellar or outhouse until required for
cooking. Artificial manures for: 2} lb. kainit, 11b. sulphate of am-

393

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

monia, 24 1b. of guano, mixed, per square rod (303 sq. yards), applied
before sowing in spring. Requires to be raised from seed annually for
producing roots for culinary purposes. Seeds germinate in 7 to 12
days, and retain their vegetative powers for two to three years. Crop
reaches maturity in 18 weeks,

Marxet Cuutture: Soil, deep, sandy; poor, shallow soils unsuit-
able. Manures: No farmyard dung, but 3 cwt. of kainit per acre,
ploughed in during winter; 5 cwt. of superphosphate just before sowing,
and lewt, nitrate of soda six weeks after sowing. Sow in April,
sowing seed thinly in drills 18in. apart. Thin seedlings early to 9 in.
apart. Lift roots in November and store in clumps outdoors. Market
in bundles of 8 to 12 even straight roots. Quantity of seed to sow an
acre: 8 to 12lb. Average yield per acre, 200 to 300 bushels. Average
life of seeds, 2 years. Average price per doz. bundles, 4s. to 4s. 6d.
Pia CULTIVATED: S. hispanica, yellow, June to Sept., 2 to 3 ft. S.

Scotch Crocus (Crocus biflorus).—See Crocus.

Scotch Elm (Ulmus montana).—See Ulmus.

Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris)—See Pinus.

Scotch Heather (Erica cinerea).—See Erica.

Scotch Kale.—See Brassica.

Scotch Laburnum (Laburnum alpinus).—See Laburnum.

Scotch Primrose (Primula scotia).—See Primula.

Scotch Rose (Rosa spinosissima).—See Rosa.

i Scotch Shamrock (Trifolium repens purpureum).—Sce Trifo-
ium.

Scotch Thistle (Onopordon acanthium).—See Onopordon.

Screw Pine (Pandanus odoratissimus).—See Pandanus.

Scurvy Pea.—See Psoralea.

Scutellaria (Helmet Flower; Skull Cap).—Ord. Scrophulariacez.
Stove and herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one part
of equal proportions of leaf-mould, decayed manure, & sand. Position,
light part of stove, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame remainder of year.
Pot, Feb, or March. Prune shoots directly after flowering (Feb.) to
within 3 in. of base. Good drainage essential. Nip off points of main
shoots when 3 in. long, also of lateral shoots when of similar length,
to induce bushy growth. Water freely April to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Syringe daily April to Sept. Apply stimulants once a
week May to Dec. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to June
70° to 80°,

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, March or April. Lift, divide &
replant only when overgrown. Propagate stove species by cuttings
of firm shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in light sandy soil under bell-
glass in temp. 75° to 85° in spring; hardy species by seeds sown out-
doors in April; division of roots in March or April.

STOVE SPECIES: S. coccinea, scarlet, summer, 12 to 18 in., Colombia; moc-
ciniana, scarlet and yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico.

HARDY SPECIES: S. alpina, purple, Aug., 6 to 8 in., S.E. Europe; Iaterifolia,
blue, July, 1 ft., N. America.

Scuticaria.—Ord. Orchidacem. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1834.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,

394

ENCYULOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

or baskets in light aa of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences. Water freely from March to Nov., moderately Nov. to March.
Syringe once or twice daily whilst making growth. Ventilate freely
May to Sept. Temp., April to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 55°.
Growing period, Feb. to March; resting period, Oct. to Feb. Propagate
by division of pseudo-bulbs immediately after flowering.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Hadweni, greenish yellow, white, and rose, summer,
9 to 18 in., Brazil; Steelii, yellow, chocolate, creamy white and purple, various
periods of the year, British Guiana.

Scyphanthus.—See Grammatocarpus.

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophe rhamnoides).—See Hippophe.

Sea Bugioss.—See Anchusa.

Sea Daffodil (Pancratium maritimum).—See Pancratium.

Sea Eryngo (Eryngium maritimum).—See Eryngium.

Seaforthia.—See Archontophenix.

Sea Heath (Frankenia levis)—See Fraukenia.

Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum).—See Erygium.

Seakale.—sSee Crambe.

Seakale Beet (Beta Cicla).—See Beta.

Sea Lavender (Statice Limonium).—See Statice.

Seal Flower (Dicentra spectabilis)—See Dicentra.

Sea Oat (Uniola latifolia) —See Uniola.

Sea Pink (Armeria maritima).—See Armeria.

Sea-shore Daffodil (Narcissus odorus).—-See Narcissus.

Sea-side Poppy (Glaucium luteum).—See Glaucium,

Sea-side Rocket (Cakile maritima).—See Cakile.

Sea-side Spleenwort (Asplenium marinum).—Sce Asple-
nium.

Sea-side Stock (Matthiola sinuata)—See Matthiola.

Sea Starwort (Aster tripolium).—See Aster.

Sedge.—See Carex.

Sedum (Stonecrop).—Ord, Crassulaceew. Greenhouse & hardy ever-
green & herbaceous perennials, biennials, & annuals. Flowering & orn,
foliage.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part brick rubbish, one part of equal proportions of dried
cow dung & sand. Position, pots or pans in sunny greenhouse. Pot,
Feb. to April. Water freely April to Oct., very little afterwards.
Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 45° to 55°.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary or
sandy loam. Position, sunny or shady dryish rockeries & borders.
Plant Nov. to April. Lift, divide & replant triennially. fee

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
dryish banks, rockeries, or borders. © Sow seeds thinly in April where
required to grow, aud lightly cover with fine soil. Thin 3 to 6 in. apart
when 2in. high. Propagate greenhouse species named below by
seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans filled with fine compost
of equal parts brick rubble, sandy loam & sand, & placed in temp. of
55° Feb. to May; also by cuttings of shoots inserted in brick rubble,
loam, & sand, in temp. 45° to 55° in summer; division of roots at pot-
ting time. Hardy species by seeds sown outdoors in April, or division
of the roots in March or April. :

ANNUAL SPECIES: S. cruleum, blue, July, 3 in., S. Europe.

ERENNIAL SPECIES: S. acre (Stonecrop), yellow, June, 3 in., Bri-
ae ee golden foliage; Aizoon, yellow, summer, 1 ft., Siberia; album

395

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

(Worm Grass), white, summer, 4 in., Europe (Britain); brevifolium, white, June,
3 in., Mediterranean Region; Ewersii, pink, Aug., 4 to 6 in., Siberia; hispanicum
(Syn. S. glaucum), pink and white, July, 3 in., 8. Europe; dasyphyllum, pink,
July, 3 in., Europe; kamtschaticum, yellow, autumn, 6 in., Kamtschatka; ty jum,
pink, summer, 3 in., pink, Aug., 2 in., Asia Minor; maximum, white and red,
Aug., 1 to 2 ft., Europe; Maximowicszii, yellow, summer, 1ft., Japan; oppositifolia,
white, July, 6 in., Caucasus; populifolium, pink, Aug., 8 to 10 in., Siberia; pul-
chellum, rosy purple, summer, 4 to 6 in., N. America; reflexum, yellow, summer,
8 to 10 in., Europe; roseum (Rose Root), reddish purple, summer, 6 to 10 in.,
N. Temperate Zone; spectabile, pink, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; stoloniferum
(Syn. S. spurium), pink, summer, 6 in., Caucasus, and its varieties album (white)
and splendens (red); telephium (Orpine or Live-long), pink, summer, 1 ft.,
yrenees.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 8S. Sieboldii medio-pictum, pink, summer, leaves
blotched with white, 9 in., Japan; sarmentosum variegatum (Syn. S. carneum
variegatum), leaves green striped with white, stems pink, China.

Selaginella (Creeping Moss; Tree Club Moss).—Ord. Lycopo-
diacew. Stove & greenhouse orn. foliage plants. Evergreen. First
introduced 1860. Fronds, creeping or erect; branched; green or
variegated.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & chopped sphagnum
moss. Position, pots, pans, or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant Feb.
or March. Water copiously April to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily April to Sept. Shade from sun. Temp., Sept. to March
55° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80° for stove species; Sept. to March
40° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65° for greenhouse species. Propagate
by cuttings about 3in. long inserted in above compost in well-drained
pots, & plunged in cocoanut-fibre refuse in a temp. of 80° at all seasons.

STOVE SPECIES: S. canaliculata, creeping, Trop. Asia; cuspidata, W. Indies;
erythropus, W. Indies; Galeolottii, O. America; grandis, Borneo; hematodes,
W. Indies; Wildenovi, climbing, Trop. Asia,

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. apus (Syn. S. apoda or senna N. America;
Braunii, 12 to 18 in., China; kraussiana (Syn. Lycopodium denticulatum), creeping
or trailing, 8S. Africa; kraussiana aurea, foliage golden; Martensii, 6 to 12 in.,
Mexico; Martensii variegata, varicgated; uncinata (Syn. 8. cesia), trailing, China.

Selenipedium.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove terrestrial orchids
allied to Cypripediums, but differing from the latter in their long,
narrow green leaves, and bearing several flowers on a stem. The
sepals, moreover, are mostly long and twisted.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rough fibry peat, one part sphagnum
moss & sand. Position, pots or pans drained one-third of their depth.
Repot, March or April. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°.
Shade desirable. Resting period, none. Flowers appear in centre of
last made growths after growth has finished. Propagate all the species
by division of the roots at potting or planting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. boisserianum, yellow, green and white, autumn,
Peru; caricinum, white, rose, yellow and green, various seasons, Bolivia; caudatum,
creamy white, crimson, bronze and green, spring, Central America; lindleyanum,
green and red, winter, British Guiana; longifolium, green, rose, yellow, and
white, various seasons, Costa Rica; Schlimii, white, rose, and yellow, all the
year, Colombia. Also many hybrids for which see trade lists.

Sempervivum (House-leek).—Ord. Crassulaceez. Greenhouse &
hardy succulent-leaved perennials. Leaves, fleshy, green or variegated.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary light, sandy, con-
taining a little old mortar. Position, open & sunny; chinks, crevices,
or ledges of rockeries; edgings to borders. Plant, March to June. If
used for edgings, plant close together in single or double rows. Top-
dress annually in March with old & dried cow dung. Common House-

396

ENOYCLOPE#DIA OF GARDENING.

leek (S. Tectorium) adapted for growing on sunny roofs or in crevices
of old walls. Plant in a mixture of cow dung & clay in March or April.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECI“uS: Compost, equal parts
sandy loam, leaf-mould, & brick rubbish. Position, well-drained pots
or pans in sunny part of greenhouse or window. Pot, March. Water
moderately April to Oct.; keep nearly dry remainder of year. No
stimulants, shading, or syringing needed. ‘Temp., March to Oct. 55°
to 75°; Oct. to March 40° to 50%. Propagate by seeds sown in spring
in a compost of equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, & old mortar, in
well-drained shallow pans, slightly covered with fine mould, & placed in
temp. 55° to 65°; cuttings of shoots or leaves dried for a day or so
after removal from the plant & inserted in above compost in summer ;
division of offsets in March.

HARDY SPECIES: S. arachnoideum (Cobweb Houseleek), red, June, 3 to 4 in.,
Europe; and its varieties, Laggeri, 6 in., and webbianum, 6 in.; globiferum (Hen
and Chickens Houseleek), yellow, summer, 4 in., Europe; montanum, purple, June,
6 in., Alps; calcarem (Syn. S. californicum), red, summer, 8 to 10 in., Dauphiny;
Tectorum (Houseleek), red, July, 1 ft., Europe.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 8. arboreum, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Mediterranean
Region; arboreum variegatuni, leaves variegated; tabuleforme, 1 ft., Madeira;
tabuleforme variegatum, variegated. Last species used fcr carpet bedding.

Senecio (Jacobea; Cineraria; Ragwort).—Ord. Composite.
Greenhouse & hardy annuals, evergreen herbs or climbers, & herba-
ceous perennials.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds in April 3 in. deep in patches or
lines we required to grow. Thin seedlings 3 to 6 in. apart when
1 in. high.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, or well-decayed manure, & one part sand. Place in 6-in. pots,
well drained, press firmly, & sow seeds thinly in April, covering with
fine mould. Stand pots in cold greenhouse, window, or frame. Thin
seedlings when 1 in. high to 2 in. apart. Water moderately & apply
stimulants when flowers show.

CULTURE OF CLIMBING SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part well-decayed manure or leaf-mould, and one part sand.
Position, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouse or window; dwarf
kinds on staging or inside window sills; tall kinds trained up roof of
greenhouse or round window frames. Pot, March or April. Water
freely, April to Oct., very little afterwards. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally in summer. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 60°; Oct. to March
40° to 50°.

CULTURE OF FLOWERING CINERARIAS (S. cruentus): Com-
post, two parts yellow loam, one part leaf-mould and coarse silver
sand. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of above
finely sifted compost. Cover top of pot with square of glass, keep
soil moist, & shade from sun. Transplant seedlings when three leaves
are formed singly in small pots, keep in cold frame and shaded. Shift
into 44-in. pots in J uly, 6-in. size in August. Remove to greenhouse
in Oct., near glass. Apply weak liquid manure twice weekly trom Sept.
onwards. Liquid cow manure best for cinerarias. Fumigate fre-
quently to destroy aphis. gle Oct. to time plants have ceased
flowering, 45° to 50°. Sow in May for winter-flowering; June for
spring flowering. Double-flowered or choice single sorts may be in-
creased by cuttings.

397

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULYURE OF 8S. CINERARIA: Compost, same as above. Pot,
March. Plant outdoors in June. Lift in Sept. Water moderately
if grown in pots. Propagate by cuttings of side shoots inserted in
pots of sandy soil in temp. 65° in March ; seeds sown $ in. deep same
time and soil, transplanting seedlings into small pots and growing in
greenhouse till June. ae

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep rich loam. Position,
partially shady moist border. Plant, March or April. Mulch with
decayed manure annually in March. Water freely in dry weather.
Propagate greenhouse species by seeds sown in April 1-16 in. deep in a
compost of equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand, in well-drained pots
or pans in temp. 65° to 75°; by cuttings inserted in similar soil &
temp. in spring or summer. Hardy species by seeds sown 4 in. deep
outdoors in April ; division of the roots in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: 8. elegans (Syn. Jacobrea elegans), varicus colours, single
and double, summer, 1 to 2 ft., S. Africa.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 8. cineraria (Syn. Cineraria maritima), the ‘‘ Dusty
Miller,” yellow, summer, leaves silvery, 1 to 2 ft., used also for carpet bedding,
Mediterranean Region; cruentus (Syn. Cineraria cruenta), parent of the well-known
cinerarias, purple, summer, 1 to 2 ft., perennial, but grown as an annual, Canaries;
macroglossus (Capo Ivy), yellow, summer, climber, 8. Africa; mikanioides (German
Ivy), yellow, winter, climber, 8. Africa.

HARDY SPECIES: S. doronicum (Leopard's Bane), yellow, summer, 1 ft.,
Europe; argenteus, foliage silvery, 1 ft., Chili; japonicus (Syn. Ligularia japonica),
orange, yellow, autumn, 4 to 5 ft., Japan; K»mpferi_sureo-maculatue (syn, Far-
fugium grande), leaves blotched with yellow, white and rose, 1 ft., Japan; macro-
phyllus (Syn. Ligularia macrophylla), golden yellow, summer, 4 to 5 ft., Caucasus.

Senna Plant.—s*ce Cassia.

Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis).—See Onoclea.

Sensitive Plant (Mimosa sensitiva).—See Mimosa.

Sequoia (Mammoth Tree; Californian Red-wood'.—Ord. Coni-
fere. Hardy evergreen coniferous trees. First introduced 1853.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam or reclaimed bog. Position, sunny
sheltered. Plant, Sept. Oct., April, or May. Propagate by seeds
sown } in. deep in well-drained pans of sandy loam placed in cold
frames in spring; transplanting seedlings when large enough to
handle, 6 in. apart in nursery rows 6 in. asunder; by cuttings of
shoots inserted in sandy loam under bell-glass, hand-light, or cold
frame, Sept. & Oct.; variegated kinds by grafting on common species
in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. gigantea (Syn. Wellingtonia gigantea), Mammoth

Treo of California, 200 ft., California; sempervirens (California Redwood), 200 to
250 ft., California.

Serapias (Tongue-flowered Orchid).—Ord. Orchidaceer. Hardy
terrestrial orchids. First introduced 1786.

_CULTURE: Compost, calcareous loam or clay mixed with pieces of
limestone. Position, sunny deep well-drained borders. Plant, August
to Nov., placing tubers 2 in. below surface. Water freely during
growing period. Mulch with decayed manure annually in March or

April. Lift & replant when unhealthy only. Propagate by division of
tubers, Aug. to Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S8. cordigera, Invender and brown, summer, 1 ft.,
Europe; lingua, red and brown, spring, 1 ft., Europe.

Seratula.—Sce Saussurca,.

Sericographis.—See Jacobinia.

Serpent Gourd (Trichosanthes Anguina).—See Trichosanthes.

Serpent’s Beard (Ophiopogon japonicus).—Sce Ophiopogon.
398

ENCYCLOV.EDIA OF GARDENING.

Serpent’s-tongue (Erythronium americanum).—Sce Ery-
thronium.

Service-berry (Amelanchier canadensis).—See Amelanchier.

Service-tree (Pyrus Sorbus).—See Pyrus.

Seven Sisters Rose (Rosa multiflora Grevillea).—See Rosa.

Seville Orange-tree (Citrus aurantium amara).—See Citrus.

Shaddock-tree (Citrus decumana).—See Citrus.

Shaggy-fruited Rose (Rosa villosa).—See Rose.

Shaggy-leaved Primrose (Primula villosa).—See Primula.

Shaggy Lychnis (Lychnis haageana).—See Lychnis.

Shaggy Windflower (Ancmone vernalis).—See Anemone.

Shallon-Shrub (Gaultheria Shallon).—Sce Gaultheria.

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum’.—See Onion.

Shamrock Pea (Parochetus communis).—See Parochetus.

Shanghai Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides!.—See
Trachelospecmum.

Shasta Daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum).—See Chrysanthe-
mum.

Sheep’s-bit Scabious (Jasione montana).—See Jasione.

Sheep’s-poison Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) —See Kalmia.

Shell-flower (Chelone obliqua).—See Chelone.

Shepherdia (Beef Suet Tree; Rabbit Berry; Buffalo Berry).—
Ord. Eleagnaceew. Hardy deciduous shrub. Orn. foliage & fruiting.
~be introduced 1759. Fruit, scarlet & yellow. Leaves, ovate &
silvery.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady shrubberies &
inland or seaside gardens. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds
sown 4 in. deep outdoors in Nov. or Dec.; by cuttings of roots in-
serted in Feb. or March in ordinary soil outdoors; layering shoots in
autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. argentea (Beef Suet Tree, Rabbit Berry, Buffalo
Berry), yellow, spring, 8 to 10 ft., N. America; canadensis, yellow, spring, 3 to
6 ft., N. America.

Shield Fern (Aspidium aculeatum angulare).—See Aspidium.

Shield-leaved Saxifrage (Saxifraga peltata)—See Saxi-
fraga.

Shingle-plant (Monstera deliciosa)—See Monstera.

Shirley Poppy.—See Papaver.

Shoe-black-plant (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).—See Hibiscus.

Shooting Stars (Dodecatheon Meadia).—See Dodecatheon.

Shortia.—Ord. Diapensiacex. Hardy perennial herb. First in-
troduced 1888.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mculd. Position,
partially shady border, rhododendron bed, or cold frame. Plant,
April. Water freely in dry weather. Protect with thick layer of
cocoanut-fibre refuse & dry bracken. Propagate by division of roots
es Bie CULTIVATED: 8. galacifolia, white, spring, 3 to 6 in., N. Carolina;
uniflora, pink, spring, 6 in., Japan.

Shrubby Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa).—See Potentilla.

Shrubby Meadow-sweet (Spirza ariefclia).—See Spirxa.

Siberian Iris (Iris sibirica).—See Iris.

Siberian Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium macranthum).—See
Cypripedium.

399

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Siberian Larkspur (Delphinium grandiflorum).—See Delphi-
nium.

Siberian Orange Lily (Lilium dauricum).—See Lilium.

Siberian Squill (Scilla sibirica)—See Scilla.

Sibthorpia (Cornish Money-wort).—Ord. Scrophulariacee.
Greenhouse & hardy creeping perennial herb. A pretty plant for
hanging baskets. Leaves, small, round, variegated with white.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & little sand.
Position, moist partially shady borders or rockeries outdoors, or in
pots or pans in cold frame, or cool shady indoor fernery or greenhouse
under bell-glass. Pot or plant, March or April. Water copiously in
dry weather outdoors; also indoors, April to Sept.; moderately other
times. Moist atmosphere essential for indoor culture. Propagate by
cuttings inserted in pots of light soil placed under bell-glass in cold
greenhouse or frame in summer; division of plants in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. europea variegata, pink, July, N. Europe (Britain).

Sidalcea.—Ord. Malvacee. Hardy perennial herbs. First in-
troduced 1838.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
to April. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years. Propagate
by seeds sown } in. deep in light soil in April, transplanting seedlings
when 1 in. high; division of roots, Oct. to April. #

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. candida, white, summer, 3 ft., New Mexico; malve-
flora, lilac, summer, 3 ft., N.W. America, and its varieties, atropurpureum
(purple) and Listeri (pink).

Side-saddle-flower (Sarracenia purpurea).—See Sarracenia.

Sieber’s Crocus (Crocus Sieberi).—See Crocus.

Siebold’s Plantain Lily (Funkia Sieboldi)—See Funkia.

Siebold’s Primrose (Primula Sieboldi).—See Primula.

Sieboid’s Stonecrop (Sedum Sieboldi).—See Sedum.

Sikkim Cowslip (Primula sikkimensis).—See Primula.

Sikkim Rhubarb (Rheum nobile).—_See Rheum.

Silene (Campion; atchfly)—Ord. Caryophyllacee. Hardy
annuals & herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary
light or sandy. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds in August
or Sept., in. deep in a bed of light rich soil; transplanting seedlings
when lin. high, 2 to 3in. apart; & plant 6in. apart in flowering posi-
tion in March for spring blooming. Sow also in similar depth & position
in April, transplant when 1 in. high to flowering positions for summer
blooming. Or sow where required to grow & flower in April, thinning
out seedlings in May or June to 6 in apart.

CULILURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam, enriched
with decayed cow dung; }4 loam, } peat, 4 stones for S. Elisabethe,
acaulis, and rupestris; ordinary soil for other kinds. Position, sunny
crevices or ledges of rockeries for S. acaulis, 8. alpestris, S. rupes-
tris, S. virginica, S. pennsylvanica, & S. Elisabethe; open borders for
S. maritima fl. pl. Plant, March or April. Top-dress annually in
March with decayed cow dung & sandy loam. Lift & replant only
when absolutely necessary. pag ae Pee by seeds sown in
pans or boxes of sandy loam & leat-mou d, lightly covered with fine
mould, & placed in cold frame in March or April; by cuttings of
young shoots inserted in sandy loam in cold frame in summer; by
division in March or April.

ANNUAL SPECIES: 8. pendula, pink, spring, 6 in., Mediterranean Region;
many varietics; armeria (Sweet William Catchfly), pink, July, 1 ft., Europe.

400

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: S. compacta, pink, summer, 18 in., Asia Minor.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: S. acaulis (Cushion Pink; Moss Pink), pink, June, 2 in.,
N. Temperate Zone; acaulis alba, white; acaulis grandiflora, crimson; alpestris
(Alpine Catchfly), white, May, 6 in., Alps; S. Blisabethe, rose, summer, 6 to 9 in.,
Tyrol; maritima flore pleno (Witch’s Thimble); white, double, summer, trailing,
Europe; pennsylvanica (American Wild Pink), pink, spring, 6 to 8 in., U. States;
rupestris, white, May, 4 to 6 in.,; Schafta, purple, summer, 4 to 6 in., Caucasus;
virginica (Fire Pink), crimson, June, 12 to 18 in., N. America.

Silk-bark Oak (Grevillea robusta).—See Grevillea.

Silk-vine (Periploca greca).—See Periploca.

Silk-weed (Asclepias tuberosa).—See Asclepias

Silphium (Compass Plant; Cup Plant).—Ord. Composite. Hardy
perennial herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
to April. Lift, divide, & replant every two or three years. Propagate
by division of roots, Oct. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8, laciniatum (Compass Plant), yellow, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
N. America; perfoliatum (Cup Plant), yellow, July, 6 to 8 ft., N. America,

Silver Bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera).—_See Halesia.
Silver-edged Primrose (Primula margitiata).—_Sce Primula.
Silver Fir (Abies pectinata).—See Abies.

Silver Grass (Phalaris arundinacea variegata).—See Phalaris.

Silver-leaved Beech (Fagus sylvatica argentea-variegatis).
—See Fagus.

en Maiden-hair Fern (Nothochlena nivea)—See Notho-
chlena.

Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum).—See Acer.

Silver Rod (Asphodelus ramosus).—See Asphodelus.

Silver Thatch-palm (Thrinax argentea).—See Thrinax.

Silver-tree (Elzagnus argentea).—See Eleagnus.

Silver-variegated Yew (Taxus baccata argentea).—See
Taxus.

Silver Vine ees argentea).—See Pothos.

Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbata’.—See Acacia.

Silvery Cedar oo altantica).—See Cedrus.

Silvery Clary (Salvia argentea).—See Salvia. — .

Silvery-leaved Cineraria (Senecio Cineraria).—See Senecio.

Silvery-leaved Oleaster (Elezagnus argentea).—See Eleag-
nus.

Silvery-leaved Sage (Salvia argentea).—See Salvia.

Silvery-leaved Salt-tree (Halimodendron argenteum),—
See Halimodendron. : ; j

Silvery Reed (Cortadeira conspicua)—See Cortadeira.

Silvery Tree Fern (Cyathea dealbata).—See Cyathea.

Silybum (Malic Thistle).—Ord. Composite. Hardy perennial herb.
Orn. foliage. Leaves, large, variegated with broad white veins.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Propagate by
seeds sown 4 in. deep in March where plants are to grow.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Marianum (Blessed, Holy or Milk Thistle), 3 to 5 ft.,
“Simpson's Hardy Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocactus
Simpsoni).—See Echinocactus. ;

Sinningia (Gloxinia).—Ord. Gesneriacee. Stove tuberous-rooted
flowering plants. Deciduous. First introduced in 1739. Plants
better known under the name of Gloxinia.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, well-decayed manure, & a little silver sand. Position, well-

40

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

drained pots close to glass in plant stove while growing; greenhouse
or conservatory when in flower. Pot, Jan., Feb., or March. Place
tubers singly, & just below surface, in 3 or 4-in. pots, shifting into
5 or 6-in. pots when tubers have started growth. ater moderately
till growth is well advanced, then freely. Apply weak liquid manure
when flowers show. After flowering, gradually withhold water till
foliage dies down, then keep quite dry till potting time. _ Temp.,
Jan. to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to Jan. 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds
sown on surface of fine sandy peat & leaf-mould, in well-drained pots
or pans in temp. 65° to 75° in March; ee of shoots 1 to 2 in. long
inserted in small pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. of 65°
to 75°; young leaves with stalk inserted in small pots of sandy soil
treated as cuttings; matured leaves with mid-ribs cut & laid on sur-
face of sandy peat in temp. 55° to 75°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. speciosa (Gloxinia), violet, autumn, 6 to 12 in.,
Brazil. Latter species parent of the lovely strain of Gloxinias grown in gardens of
present day.

Sisyrinchium (Satin-flower; Rush til Spring Bell).—Ord.
Iridacew. Hardy & half-hardy perennials. First introduced 1693.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, two parts sandy loam, one
part peat. Position, sunny rockery. Plant, Oct. or May.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
sandy loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Position, sunny cold frame or green-
house all the year round. Pot, Oct. to March. Water freely, March
to Sept.; keep nearly dry afterwards. Repot annually. Propagate by
offsets, removed & potted in March.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: S&S. angustifolium, blue, summer, 6 to 8 in., N. America;
see aa (Spring Bell), purple, spring, 1 ft., N.W. America; grandiflorum

Sitcha Water-leaf (Romanzoffia sitchensis)—See Romanzoffia.

Sium (Skirret).—Ord. Umbellifere. Hardy esculent-rooted peren-
nial. First introduced 1548. Roots, cylindrical, clustered, white,
sweet-flavoured.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free from
stones. Position, sunny, open. Sow seeds in groups of three or four,
12 in. apart, in drills } in. deep & 18 in. apart in April. Thin seed-
lings when 3 in. high to one in each group. Remove flower heads
as soon as seen. Lift the roots in Oct., twist off their leaves, & store
in layers with sand or soil ‘between in cellar or outhouse until required
for cooking. Artificial manures: 241b. kainit, 11b. sulphate of am-
monia, 24lb. of guano mixed per square rod (304 sq. yards), applied
before sowing in spring. Requires to be raised from seed annually
for rodueing roots for culinary purposes.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. Sisarum, white, Aug., 1 ft., E. Asia.

Skimmia.—Ord. Rutacew. Hardy evergreen berry-bearing &
orn. foliage shrubs. First introduced 1845. Flowers fragrant. Male
& female fowers form on separate plants. Berries scarlet; autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, stiff loam or loam & peat. Position, partially
shady or open sheltered borderg. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April.
Propagate by seeds sown when ripe in sandy loam & peat in cold
frame; by cuttings of firm shoots inserted under bell-glass in temp.
55° to 65° in spring or summer; laycring shoots in autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Fortunci, white, spring, 3 ft., China; japonica,
white, spring, 4 ft., Japan; japonica, variegata, variegated.

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ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

Skinner’s Columbine (Aquilegia Skinneri).—See Aquilegia.

Skirret (Sium Sisarum).—See Sium.

Slipper Flower.—See Calceolaria.

Slipper Sponge (Pedilanthus tithymaloides) —See Pedilanthes.

Slippery Elm (Fremontia californica) —See Fremontia.

Sloe (Prunus spinosa).—See Prunus.

Sloe-tree (Prunus spinosa).—See Prunus.

Smilacina (False Spikenard).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy perennials.
Nat. N. America, Sikkim. First introduced 1633.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light deep, rich. Position, partially
shady, moist shrubberies, woodlands, banks or borders. Plant, Oct.

to March. Pro Beas by division of roots, Oct. to March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. racemosa (False Spikenard), white, May, 3 ft., N.

America; stellata (Star-flowered Lily of the Valley), white, May, 2 ft., N. America,
See also the genus Maianthemum.

Smilax (Sarsaparilla Plant; Prickly Ivy) —Ord. Liliacew. Hardy
evergreen climbers. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1648.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny walls, arbours, trellises,
or banks. Plant, Sept. or Oct.; March or April. Propagaté by divi-
sion of roots at Mant time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. aspera (Prickly Ivy), white, insignificant, July, 10 to
15 ft., Mediterranean Region; aspera mauritanica, improved variety; China (China
Root), 20 to 30 ft., China and Japan; glauca (Sarsaparilla), 3 ft., N. America;

rotundifolia, 10 to 15 ft., N. America. For greenhouse Smilax see the genus
Asparagus.

Smoke-tree (Rhus cotinus).—See Rhus.

Snail-flower (Phaseolus oder aR Phaseolus.

Snake Fern (Lomaria Spicant).—See Lomaria.

Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes anguina).—See Trichosanthes.

Snake-root (Cimicifuga racemosa),—See Cimicifuga.

Snake’s-beard (Ophiopogon poms) ere Ophiopogon.

Snake’s-head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris).—Sce
Fritillaria.

Snake’s-tongue Fern (Lygodium japonicum’.—fce Lygo-
dium.

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus).—See Antirrhinum.

Snow-ball-tree (Viburnum Opulus).—See Viburnum.

Snow-berry-tree (Symphoricarpus racemosus).—See Symphori-
carpus.

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)—See Galanthus.

Snowdrop Anemone (Anemone sylvestris).—See Anemone.

Snowdrop-tree (Halesia tetraptera)._See Halesia.

Snowdrop Windflower (Anemone sylvestris).—See Ane-
mone.

Snowflake (Leucojum vernum).—See Leucojum.

Snowflower (Chionanthus virginica).See Chionanthus.

Snow-glory (Chioncdoxa Luciliz).—See Chionodoxa. ;

Snow-in-Summer (Cerastium tomentosum).—See Cerastium.

Snow Pear-tree (Pyrus sinensis)—See Pyrus.

Snow-tree (Pyrus nivalis)—See Pyrus. — ;

Snow-white Primrese (Primula nivalis).—See Primula.

Snowy Mespilus (Amelanchier canadensis).—See Amelanchier.

Soap Plant (Chlorogalum pomeridium).—See Chlorogalum.

Boap-tece tae chinensis).—See Gymnocladus.

Soap-wocd (Clethra alnifolia).—See Clethra.

403

HNCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Soap-wort (Saponaria officinalis).—See Saponaria.

Sobralia.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1836,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts strong turfy loam; one part of
&qual proportions of coarse sand & broken charcoal. Position, light
part of house at all seasons. Pot, Feb. or March, filling pot } of its
depth with coarse crocks, then add a layer of sphagnum moss & suffi-
cient compost to fill pot to within 1 in of its rim. Press soil mode-
rately firm. Water copiously, April to Sept.; moderately other times.
Apply weak stimulants to established plants in summer. Shade from
sun unnecessary. Repot only when soil is overcrowded with roots.
Temp., Oct. to April 55° to 65°; April to Oct. 65° to 75°. Growing
period all the year round. Flowers appear at apex of new growths.
Propagate by division at potting time.

SPRCIES CULTIVATED : S. leucocantha, white and golden yellow, summer, 1} to
2 ft., Costa Rica; Lowii, purple, summer, 12 to 18 in., Colombia; macrantha,
purple and yellow, May to July, 4 to 7 ft., Mexico; sessilis, yellow and rose pink,
Oct. to Jan., 1 to 2 ft., British Guiana.

4 ee ayee Azalea (Rhododendron sinensis).—See Rhodo-
endron.

Soft Prickly Shield Fern (Aspidium aculeatum angulare).
—See Aspidium.

Solandra.—Ord. Solanacew. Stove climbing flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1781.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal propor-
tions fibrous peat & dry cow manure, & little sand. Position, pots or
beds with shoots trained up rafters or round trellises. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Oct. Keep almost dry re-
mainder of time. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Prune weak shoots
in moderately close & remove tips of stronger ones in Feb. Temp.,
Oct. to March 50° to 55°; March to Oct. 65° to 85°. Propagate by
cuttings inserted in light soil or cocoanut-fibre refuse in temp. of
65° to 75° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. grandiflora (Peach Trumpet Flower), cream and
purple, spring, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. America; longiflora, white and purple, autumn,
4 to 6 ft., W. Indies.

Solanum (Potato; Egg Plant, etc.).—Ord. Solanacew. Green-
house & half-hardy flowering, berry-bearing, and ornamental-leaved
plants or shrubs, including the Potato. Potato first introduced in
1597; Egg Plant in 1597.

CULTURE OF THE POTATO: Classification: Kidney—oblong,
white or coloured; round—roundish, white or coloured ; pebble-shaped
—flattish oblong, white or coloured. TVirst carlies: varieties maturing
in June; second earlies: varieties maturing in July & August; late or
main-crop; varieties maturing in Sept. & Oct. Soil, deep, rich loam
or any kind except very heavy clay or bog land. Light soils best for
very early crops. Position, sloping borders facing south for earlies, &
open garden for second early & main crops. Manures: (1) 14 ewt.
farmyard dung & 1 lb. of muriate of potash per square rod (303 sq.
yards) applied in autumn ; 3 lb. of superphosphate per sq. rod applied
at planting time; & 1 lb. of nitrate of soda Epnhel. er sq. rod when
shoots are 6 in. high. (2) No farmyard manure. 1 lb. of kainit per
sq. rod applied in autumn; 14 1b. of superphosphate per sq. rod at
planting time; & 1 1b. of nitrate of soda & 6 oz. of sulphate of iron
per sq. rod applied when shoots are Gin. high. (3) 31b. of superphos-

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ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

phate & 14 1b. of sulphate of potash per sq. rod applied at planting
time; & 11b. of nitrate of soda per sq. rod applied when
shoots are 6in. high. (4) Special for heavy damp soils: 9 1b.
of basic slag & 4 lb. of kainit per sq. rod applied in autumn; & 1 lb.
of sulphate of ammonia per sq. rod applied when shoots are 6 in. high.
Sour or old garden soils should also be dressed with 3 bushels of
fresh lime per sq. rod in Feb. Never plant sets direct on farmyard
manure in drills. If applied in spring cover slightly with soil. Sea-
weed an excellent manure if dug in in autumn. “Sets” for planting:
Best average size, 1} to 2 in. wide & 3 in. long; weight, 2 to 3 oz.
Larger tubers to be divided into three or four parts, each furnished
with one good “eye.” Rub cut surfaces of sets in lime and expose
a few hours before planting. Treatment of sets: Place tubers close
together on their narrow ends in shallow boxes in a cool, light spot
early in the year, & allow each tuber to develop two strong shoots
only, rubbing off all others. Plant early sorts in Feb.; second earlies
in March; late ones in April. Draw drills Gin. deep on heavy
& 7 in. deep on light soils. Rows to run N. and §&. if possible, & be
15 in. apart for first earlies; 2 ft. 6 in. for second earlies; & 3 ft. 6 in.
for late kinds. Distances apart for early kinds, 6 to 8 in.; 12 in.
for medium growers; & 18 in. for robust kinds. Never plant with a
dibble; a bad practice. Fork or stir up soil between rows when shoots
are 6 in. high; mould up when 6 to 8 in. high. Lift crop when haulm
assumes a yellowish tinge. Avoid exposing tubers for eating too long
to the light. Store in clamps in the open air or in cool cellars or
dark sheds. Tubers for seed store in boxes as above advised in light,
frost-proof position. Quantities of seed required: } peck for a row
50 ft. long; 1 bushel for row 250 ft. long.

CuLruRE 1n Ports: Compost, two parts loam and one part leaf-
mould. Place one large crock over drainage hole, then add 2in.
of turf and enough compost to half fill a 10-in. pot. Place one tuber in
centre and fill pot to rim with soil pressed down moderately firm.
Place pots in temp. of 55°. Water carefully till shoots appear, then
keep soil uniformly moist. When shoots are 6in. high fill up remain-
ing space in pot with compost. Increase temp. to 65°, and feed twice a
week with liquid manure. Expose plants fully to light. Time to
plant, Jan. Crop ready for use in April or May.

CuLTURE IN Framers: Early crops may be grown in frames on hot-
beds, or without heat. Compost, good loam two parts, well-rotted
manure or leaf-mould one part, with a little wood ashes and bonemeal
added. Depth of compost, 1ft. Surface of soil from glass, 1 ft.
Plant sets 1ft. apart in rows 15in. asunder; tubers 4in. deep. Time
to plant, Feb. Earth up when 6in. high. Give air when sun
is shining. Keep soil uniformly moist, using tepid water. Protect
frames at night in cold weather by means of mats or litter. Crop
ready for use in May. . ;

Marxer Cuiture: Soil as for ordinary culture. Manures: 10
tons of farmyard manure per acre applied in autumn; and 4 ewt. of
superphosphate, 3 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, & 2 cwt. of sulphate
of potash per acre applied at planting time. Plant early sorts in
Feb., second earlies in March, & late ones in April. Distances for
planting: 12 in. apart in rows 20 in. asunder for early sorts, & later
sorts 18 in. apart in rows 27 to 30 in. asunder. Hoe or scuffle be-
tween the rows when the shoots are through the soil, & mould up

405

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

when 6 in. high. Spray late crops just after earthing up with Bor-
deaux Mixture, & again ten days later. Sets to plant an acre: 14 to
16 cwt. Average yield per acre: 6 to 12 tons. Average returns per
acre (gross): £26 to £30. Average cost of cultivation per acre, includ-
ing seeds, rates, taxes, etc.: £18 to £20. Useful data: Early crops
reach maturity 16 weeks after planting; late sorts, 14 to 24 weeks.
Peck of tubers weighs 20 lb.; hundredweight, 112 lb. if clean, but
1201b. if unclean; sack of potatoes, 168lb.; bag, 112lb.; ton, 49
bushels. Propagate potatoes by seeds sown in heat in early spring,
planting seedlings out end of May; cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in light soil in heat in spring, & planting out late in May;
division of the tubers in spring.

CULTURE OF THE EGG PLANT: Soil, light rich. Position, in
pots in sunny greenhouses (temp. 65° to 75°). Sow seeds in light soil
in temp. 75° to 85° in Feb. or March. Transplant seedlings to 3-in.
when third leaf forms, & into 6-in. pots in May. Syringe foliage
twice daily, & water freely. When fruit forms give weak liquid
manure occasionally. Fruit ready to gather when fully coloured.

CULTURE OF BERRY-BEARING SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe daily,
water freely, & grow in temp. of 55° to 65°. Pinch off points of shoots
when 3 in. long. Transfer to cold frame in June, syringe morning &
evening & keep well watered. When berries set give liquid manure
twice a week. Admit air freely after first week. Remove to green-
house middle of Sept., & grow in a temp. of 55°. Prune shoots back
to 2 in. in Feb., & when new growth begins ae & grow as before.
May also be planted outdoors in rich soil early in June, points of
shoots removed early in July, & plants carefully lifted, placed in
pots, & stood in shady cold frame for a fortnight, then removed to
greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp. of 65° to 75° in
Feb., transplanting seedlings into small pots, removing points of
shoots when 3 in. high, & later transferring to 5-in. pots. When shoots
are 3 in. long remove their points, then allow them to grow naturally.
From June onwards treat as advised for plants. Also increased by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp. of 65° in spring, afterwards
treating rooted cuttings as advised for seedlings.

CULTURE OF CLIMBING SPECIES: Compost, equal parts peat,
loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Position, pots, beds, or tubs, shoots
trained up rafters of greenhouse. Plant or pot in March. Prune
away weak growths & shorten soft points of other shoots in Feb.
Water freely in spring & summer; moderately in autumn & winter.
Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat in heat in spring. §.
jasminoides may be grown against S. or 8.W. wall outdoors in warm
districts.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam &
peat. Position, sunny wall in Midlands & cold districts; shrubberies
in mild districts. Requires protection from cold winds. Plant, Oct.
or March. Prune previous year’s growth fairly close in Feb. when
‘grown against walls; thin out weak growths & cut off dead ends
of shoots when grown otherwise. Propagate by cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in summer.

CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant out. in June. Sow seeds

406

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

annually in light soil in temp. of 75° in spring, grow seedlings on
in pots in heat till May, then harden for planting out in Junc.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES: §. tuberosum (Potato), white, violet, etc., sum-
mer, S. America. First intro. 1597. Perennial.

FRUIT-BEARING SPECIES: 8. Melongena (Aubergine or Egg Plant), flowers
blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft., fruit egg-shaped, white, yellow, or purple, Tropics. Annual.

BERRY-BEARING SPECIES: 8. capsicastrum (Star Capsicum; Jerusalem or
Winter Cherry), flowers white, summer, berries scarlet, winter, 1 to 2 ft.,
Brazil ; capsicastrum (or pseudo-capsicum) Weatherillii, berries oval, and orange-
coloured. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.

CLIMBING SPECIES: S. jasminoides (Jasmine Nightshade), blue and white,
summer, 15 to-20 ft., Brazil; jasminoides floribundum, free-flowering form; Wend-
landii, lilac and blue, summer, 10 ft., Costa Rica. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: S. crispum (Potato Tree), blue and purple, summer, 10 to
15 ft., Chili. Hardy deciduous shrub.

ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES: S. atropurpureum, stems purplish, midriks
white, leaves prickly, Brazil; marginatum, stems woolly and prickly, leaves prickly,
white beneath, green above and margined with white; robustum, stems woolly,
leaves velvety above, woolly beneath and spiny, Brazil; Warscewiczii, stems red,
hairy and prickly, leaves green, midribs prickly, 8. America. Perennials, but best
grown as half-hardy annuals.

Soldanella (Blue Moon-wort).—Ord. Primulaceew. Hardy perecn-
nial herbs. First introduced 1656.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam & sharp sand. Posi-
tion, sheltered open moist rockery. Plant, March or April. Mulch
surface of soil in dry weather with layer of cocoanut-fibre refuse.
Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pans filled with equal parts
sandy loam, peat, & sand, & lightly covered with fine soil placed in a
joe) frame, March or April; division of plants in March or
April.

EPROIES CULTIVATED: S. alpina, blue, April and May, 3 in., Alps; alpina
‘alba, white; alpina pyrolafolia, flowers more freely than the species; hybrida,
blue, April, 2 in., hybrid; minima, lilac and purple, April, 2 in., Europe; montana,
purple, April, 3 in., E. Europe; pusilla, blue, April, 2 in., Alps.

Solidago (Golden Rod).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous
perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady borders or
banks or margins of water. Plant Oct. to April. Lift, divide, &
replant every 3 or 4 years. eee by division of roots, Oct. to
April; seeds sown outdoors in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. canadensis, yellow, Aug., 4 to 6 ft., N. America;
Drummondii, yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., N. America; lanceolata, yellow, Sept.,
4 to 6 ft., N. America; virgaurea (Common Golden Rod), yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

Sollya (Australian Bluebell Creeper). — Ord. Pittosporacee.
Greenhouse evergreen twining shrubs. First introduced 1830,

CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part turfy loam & half a
part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds with shoots’
trained to wire trellis or up rafters or pillars. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily,
April to Aug. Shade not necessary. Temp., March to Sept. 55°
to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots
inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in spring or
summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. heterophylla, blue, July, 4 to 6 ft., Australia.

Solomon’s Seal! (Polygonatum officinalis).—See Polygonatum.

Sonerila.—Ord. Melastomacee. Stove perennials. Flowering
& orn. foliage. First introduced 1848. Leaves, ovate or lanceolute,
green, or spotted with silvery white.

Compost, equal parts fibry peat, chopped sphagnum, charcoal, J

407

BNCYCLOPEHDIA OF GARDENING.

sand. Position, well-drained pots or pans fully exposed to light.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately after-
wards. Shade from sun & moist atmosphere highly essential. Temp.,
March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
seeds sown in above compost, & lightly covered with fine mould, Jan. to
April in a temp. of 75° to 85°; cuttings inserted in small pots under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85°, Jan. to May.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: 8. maculata, rosy purple, summer, 6 to 12 in., leaves
crimson and white, Himalayas; margaritacea, rose, summer, leaves white and
green above, purplish beneath, Burma; margaritacea argentea, leaves silvery grey;
Hendersonii, lilac rose, summer, 1 ft., leaves green and white; speciosa (Syn. 8.
orbiculata), mauve, Nov., 9 to 12 in., leaves green, E, Indies.

Sophorsa (Chinese Pagoda Tree; New Zealand Laburnum).—Ord.
Leguminosa. Half-hardy evergreen & deciduous trees & shrubs.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1739.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one of leaf-mould, & little sand. Pot, Oct. to Feb. Position, in pots
or tubs in light airy part of greenhouse, Oct. to May; or against 8.
walls outdoors in warm districts. Protect in cold weather with mats.
Water freely, April to Oct.; very little afterwards. Prune, Feb. or
March. Temp., Oct. to April 40° to 45°; April to May 50° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep rich loam. Position,
open sheltered lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape, Jan.
or Feb. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. decp in light soil in temp. of
55° in April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp. of 55° in March.
S. japonica pendula & S. j. p. variegata by grafting on common species
in March.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: S. tetraptera (New Zealand Laburnum), Syn
Edwardsia grandiflora, yellow, May, 6 to 10 ft., New Zealand; and its varieties
grandiflora (large flowered) and microphylla (narrow leaved). Evergreen.

HARDY SPECIES: 8. japonica (Chinese Pagoda Tree), white, Aug., 30 ft., China;
japonica pendula, branches weeping, very graceful. Deciduous.

Sophro-Cattleya.—Ord. Orchidacew. A race of bigeneric
hybrid orchids, the result of a cross between Sophronitis grandiflora &
several species of Cattleyas. Habit, dwarf. Flowering in winter.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts coarse fibry peat, one part chopped
living sphagnum moss, charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots,
hanging baskets, blocks. Pot, Feb. or March. Keep plants well
above rim of pot. Partial shade desirable. Water three times
weekly March to Aug.; once weekly Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to March;
once a month other times. Syringe freely in summer. Temp., March
to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Growing period,
March to Sept.; resting period, winter. Flowers appear at top of new
growth. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: S. batemanniana, rose, scarlet, crimson, and white;
Calypso, rosy purple and yellow; Chamberlainii triumphans, rosy purple and

yellow; hardyana, red, purple, and yellow; eximia, purple, rose and yellow;
Queen Empress, rose, crimson, and purple.

Sophro-Lzelia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Another race of bigeneric
hybrid orchids, the result of crossing Sophronitis grandiflora with
several species of Lelias. Habit, dwarf.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts coarse fibrous peat, one part living
sphagnum moss, charcoal, & sand. Position, pots, pans, or hanging
baskets, or on blocks with moss only. Pot or re-block, Feb. or March.
Fill pots two-thirds with broken crocks, & keep plants well above rim
of pot. Secure plants & moss to blocks by means of copper wire.
Water pot & basket plants three times weekly, March to Aug.; once

408

ENCYCLOPHIDIA OF GARDENING.

weekly, Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to March; once a month other times.
Plants on blocks daily, March to Aug.; & twice a week, Aug. to Nov.
& Feb. & March; once a week other times. Syringe freely in summer.
Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Rest-
ing period, none. Flowers appear at top of new pseudo-bulb. Pro-
pagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: §S. Leta, pink, rosy purple and yellow, Marriottii,
orange, yellow, and scarlet; Veitchii, rosy carmine, magenta and yellow.

Sophronitis (Scarlet-flowered Orchid), — Ord. Orchidacee.
Dwarf evergreen epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, & charcoal.
Position, shallow small pans or baskets suspended from roof. Pot,
Feb. or March. Shade from sun most essential. Water freely, April
to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Temp., Oct. to April 55° to 65°;
April to Oct. 65° to 75°. Growing period, May to Feb. Resting
: ee March to May. Flowers appear at apex of new pseudo-bulb.

ropagate by division of pseudo-bulbs, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. cernua, rosy red and yellow, winter, 3 in., Brazil;
grandiflora, scarlet, winter, 3 to 6 in., Brazil; violacea, violet, winter, 3 in., Brazil.

Sorrel.—See Rumex.

Sour Sop (Anona muricata)—See Anona.

South African Hare-bell (Roella ciliata)—See Roella.

Sow-bread (Cyclamen europeum).—See Cyclamen.

Spanish Bayonet (Yucca aloifolia)—See Yucca.

Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum).—See Spartium.

Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vesca).—See Castanea.

Spanish Fennel-flower (Nigella hispanica).—Sce Nigella.

Spanish Furze (Genista hispanica).—See Genista.

Spanish Gorse (Genista hispanica).—See Genista.

Spanish Hyacinth (Hyacinthus amethystinus)—See Hyacin-
thus.

Spanish Iris (Iris Xiphium).—See Iris.

Spanish Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum).—See Jasminum.

Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides).—See Tillandsia. |

Spanish Oyster-plant (Scolymus hispanicus).—See Scoly-
mus.

Spanish Potato (Ipomea batatus).—_See Ipomeza.

Spanish Silver Fir (Abies pinsapo).—See Abies.

Spanish Squill (Scilla hispanica)—See Scilla.

Spanish Traveller’s Joy (Clematis cirrhosa).—See Cle-
matis.

Spanish-tuft (Thalictrum aquilegifolium).—See Thalictrum.

Sparaxis (African Harlequin Flower)—Ord. Iridacew. Half-
hardy bulbous plants. First introduced 1758. .

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich sandy. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep &
2in. apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March with cow manure. ;

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 43in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs, 3in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoa-
nut-fibre refuse in cold frame or under: cool greenhouse stage until
growth begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow
until flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan.

409

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; other times 50° to 60°. Propa-
gate by offsets treated as advised for bulbs. : :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. grandiflora, purple and white, spring, 1 to 2 ft.,
8. Africa; tricolor (Syn. Ixia tricolor), orange, yellow, and black, May, 1 to 2 ft.,
8. Africa. For varieties see trade lists. Bee also the genus Dierama.

Sparmannia (African Hemp).—Ord. Tiliacee. Greenhouse
evergreen shrub. First introduced 1790. :

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & little sand.
Position, pots in light airy greenhouse, Sept. to June; sunny spot out-
doors remainder of time. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune moderately
close, Nov. to Dec. Water copiously, April to Oct.; moderately after-
wards. Apply stimulants, April to Sept. No shade or syringing re-
quired. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.
Propagate by cuttings inserted singly in small pots filled with sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, spring or summer. ;

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. africana, white, summer, 10 to 15 ft., 5. Africa;
africana flore pleno, double flowered. :

Spartium (Spanish Broom).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy deci-
duous flowering shrub. First introduced 1548.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny open borders or dry
banks. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown 4in. deep in
drills in fine soil in sunny position outdoors, autumn or spring; cut-
tings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass or in
cold frame in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. junceum (Yellow Spanish Broom), yellow, summer,
6 to 10 ft., S. Europe; junceum flore pleno, double flowered.

Spathoglottis.—Ord. Orchidacez. Stove terrestrial orchids.
First introduced 1837.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould & fibrous loam, or
equal parts of leaf-mould, peat, sphagnum moss & silver sand. Repot
in spring. Grow in partial shade. Water freely April to Oct, modc-
rately afterwards. Growing period, spring & summer; resting period,
winter. Flowers appear at top of last-made pseudo-bulb. Temp.,
March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
division in mn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. aurea, yellow and red, autumn, Malacca; Fortunei,
yellow and red, autumn, Hong Kong; gracilis, golden, yellow, and red, winter,
Borneo; kimballiana, golden, yellow, and red, summer, Borneo; Lobbii, sulphur
yellow and red, autumn, Burma; plicata, rosy purple, summer, Malaya; Viellardii,
white, rose, and red, autumn, New Caledonia.

Spatium (Lewisia rediviva).—See Lewisia.

Spear-flower (Ardisia crenulata)—See Ardisia.

Spear Grass (Aciphylla squarrosa).—See Aciphylla.

Spear Lily (Doryanthes Palmeri).—See Doryanthes.

Spear Mint (Mentha viridis).—See Mentha.

Spear-wort (Ranunculus lingua).—Sce Ranunculus.

Specularia (Venus’s Looking Glass), — Ord. Campanulacee.
Hardy annuals.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds in April thinly 1-16 in. deep in patches or lines where required to
grow. Thin seedlings when 1 or 2in. high to 3 to Gin. apart. Sup-

port plants with small twigs when 3 to Gin. high.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. hybrida (Syn. Campanula hybrida), the Corn Violet,
bluo and lilac, July, 1 ft., Europe; pentagonia (Syn. Campanula pentagonia), blue,
summer, 1 ft., Asia Minor; perfoliata, blue, June, 12 to 18 in., N. America;
eee (Syn. Campanula Speculum), Venus’s Looking Glass, purple, summer, 1 ft.,
Surope,

410

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Speedwell.—See Veronica.

Spergula.—Sce Sagina.

Spice-bush (Lindera Benzoin).—See Lindera.

Spider Fern (Pteris serrulata!,—See Pteris.

Spider-flower.—See Cleome.

Spider Orchis (Orchis arachnites).—See Orchis.

Spiderwort (Tradescantea virginiana).—See Tradescantea.

Spigelia Carolina Pink; Maryland Pink-root), — Ord. Lo-
ganiacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1694.
CULTURE: Soil, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & sand. Posi-
tion, partially shady border containing 2ft. in depth of above com- .
post. Plant, March or April. _ Water copiously during summer.
Propagate by division of roots, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. marilandica, red and yellow, summer, 1 ft., N.
America.

Spignel (Meum athamanticum).—See Meum.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea).—See Spinacia.

Spinacia (Spinach). — Ord. Chenopodiacee. Hardy annual.
Esculent-leaved vegetable. First introduced 1568.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich moist ordinary for summer spinach;
rich, moderately dry for winter kind. Position, sunny. Sow seeds
of summer spinach at intervals of a fortnight, Feb. to Aug., in drills
lin. deep & 12in. apart; winter spinach, Aug. & Sept. in drills lin.
deep & 15in. asunder. Thin winter spinach to 6in. apart when three
leaves form. Manures: 131b. kainit, 14]b. sulphate of soda; 14]b.
sulphate of ammonia; 21b. superphosphate per sq. rod, applied when
plants are 2in. high. Seeds germinate in 10 to 15 days; retain their
germinating powers for 5 years. Crop reaches maturity 11 weeks after
sowing.

Wie eae Cuitrure: Soil, deep, moist & cool; light soils unsuit-
able. Manures: Well-rotted dung at rate of 12 tons & superphos-
phate 3 tons per acre applied just before sowing. When plants appear
apply lcwt. of nitrate of soda per acre. Sow seeds lin. deep in drills
lit. apart. Sow summer spinach in Feb., & successional batches at
intervals of a fortnight; winter spinach in Aug. Quantity of seed
required per acre, 3lb. Market large leaves only in bushel baskets.
Average yield per acre, 500 bushels. Average prices per bushel, 1s. to
5s

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. oleracea glabra (Summer Spinach), 2 ft., S.E.
Europe; oleracea spinosa (Prickly or Winter Spinach).

Spindle-tree (Euonymus europzus).—See Euonymus.

Spirzea (Meadow Sweet).—Ord. Rosacew. Hardy deciduous &
evergreen flowering shrubs & herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF HARDY HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, ordinary
rich, well manured. Position, moist, partially shady or sunny
borders; margins of streams, etc., for S. Ulmaria, astilboides, palmata,
kamtschatica, and Aruncus. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Top-
dress annually in April with decayed manure. Water copiously in
dry weather. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years,

CULTURE OF DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SPECIES: Soil,
good ordinary or loamy.. Position, open sunny borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Sept. to March. Prune straggly shoots moderately close
directly after flowering.

CULTURE OF 8S. ASTILBOIDES IN POTS: Compost, equal parts
loam & leaf-mould. Pot roots, Oct. or Nov., singly in 5 or Gin. pots.

411

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Place in cold frame until required for forcing, or remove to ordinary
heated greenhouse in Jan., cold house in Feb. Temp. for forcing
55° to 65°. Water moderately when first brought into forcing or
greenhouse; freely when growth begins. Apply weak stimulants—} oz.
of guano to gall. of water—when fiower spikes show. Remove to cold
frame after flowering & plant out in sunny position in June. Let
plants remain thus tor two years, then lift, place in pots, & use for
forcing. Plants will not flower freely two years in succession when
grown in pots. Propagate herbaceous kinds by division of the roots,
Czt, to March; shrubby ones by cuttings of young shoots inserted in
sandy soil under hand-light or in frame in shade, summer; also by
offsets removed & planted in autumn.

HARDY HERBACEOUS SPECIES: 8S. aruncus (Goat’s Beard), white, summer,
4 to 6 ft., N. Temperate Regions; astilboides (Syn. Astilbe astilboides), white, June,
2ft., Japan; and its varieties floribunda (free flowering), and Lemoinei (a hybrid) ;
kamtschatica (Syn. S. gigantea), white, June, 6 to 8 ft., Kamtschatka; and its
hybrid, hybrida, pink; Filipendula flore pleno (Double Dropwort), white, double,
summer, 1 ft., Britain; lobata (Queen of the Prairies), pink, June, 2 ft., N.
America; palmata, crimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; and its varieties alba (white),
elegans (white and red), and purpurea (purple-leaved); Ulmaria (Meadow Sweet),
white, June, 3 ft., Britain; Ulmaria fl. pl., double flowered; Ulmaria aurco-varie-
gata, variegated.

HARDY EVERGREEN SPECIES: 8. japonica, rose, June, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, and
its varieties, alba (white), Bumaldi (crimson). Shrub. The plant commonly called
S. japonica is really Astilbe japonica; see Astilbe.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SPECIES: 8. arguta, white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., hybrid;
bella, red, July, 3 ft., Himalayas; discolor (Syn. S. arizfolia), white, June, 6 to
8 ft., N.W. America; Douglassii, rose, Aug., 3 to 6 ft., N.W. America; lindleyana,
white, Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas; prunifolis flore pleno, white, double, spring,
3 ft., China and Japan; Thunbergi, white, spring, 3 ft., China and Japan; salici-
folia, pink, July, 4 ft., E. Europe and Japan; Van Houttei, white, May, 4 ft.

Spire Lily (Galtonia candicans).—See Galtonia.

Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes).—See Asplenium.

Spotted Dead-Nettle (Lamium maculatum).—See Lamium.

Spotted Laurel.—Sce Aucuba.

Spraguea.—oOrd. Portulacacew. Half-hardy perennial herb.
First introduced 1858.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edges of surfny well-drained
borders or rockeries. Plant, April or May. prapogate by seeds,
sown Feb. or March, in well-drained pots or pans in above compost, in
temp. of 55° to 60°; transplanting seedlings an inch apart in 3-in.
pots when large enough to handle, afterwards hardening off in cold
frame & planting out in May; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy
peat under bell-glass in temp. of 55° to 65° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. umbellata, white and purple, summer, 1 to 2 in.,
New Mexico. .

Sprekelia (Jacobean Lily).—Ord. Amaryllidacem. Stove deci-
duous bulbs. First introduced 1658.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part river sand, & a
few crushed bones. Position, well-drained ots in light part of stove.
Pot, Feb., burying bulb about two-thirds of its depth. ater freely
from time growth begins (about Feb.) until Sept., when keep quite
dry. Apply liquid manure when flower spike shows. Top-dress large
bulbs annually & repot every three or four years only. Temp., Feb.
to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to Feb. 50° to°55°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy loam in temp. 65° to
70° in March, placing seedlings singly in 2-in. pots, & keeping them
moderately moist all the year round for three years; by offsets treated
as old bulbs. Seedlings are six to seven years before they flower.

412

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. formosissima (Syn. Amaryllis formosissima), crim-
son, June, 2 ft., Mexico and Guatemala.

Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica).—See Claytonia.
Spring Bell (Sisyrinchium grandiflorum).—See Sisyrinchium.
Spring Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus vernus).—See Lathyrus.
Spring Crocus (Crocus vernus).—See Crocus.

Spring Cyclamen (Cyclamen vernum).—See Cyclamen.
Spring-flowering Squill (Scilla verna).—See Scilla.
Spring Gentian (Gentiana verna).—See Gentian.

Spring Meadow-Saffron (Bulbocodium vernum).—See Bul-

bocodium.

Spring Satin-flower (Sisyrinchium grandiflorum). — See
Sisyrinchium.

Spring Snowflake (Leucojum vernum).—See Leucojum.

Spring Star-flower (Brodiza uniflora).—_See Brodiza.

Spring Vetch (Vicia lathyroides)—See Vicia.

Spruce (Picea excelsa).—See Picea.

Spurge Flax ete mezereum).—See Daphne.

Spurge Laurel (Daphne laureola).—See Daphne.

Spur Valerian (Centranthus rubes).—See Centranthus.

Squash.—See Cucurbita.

Squaw-,root (Caulophyllum thalictrioides).—See Caulophyllum.

Squill.—See Scilla.

Squinancy-wort (Asperula cyananchica).—See Asperula.

Squirrel’s-foot Fern (Davallia bullata).—See Davallia.

Squirrel-tail-Grass (Hordeum jubatum).—See Hordeum.

Stachys (Woundwort; Chinese Articheke). — Ord. Labiate.
Hardy perennials & tuberous-rooted vegetables.

CULTURE OF CHINESE ARTICHOKE: Soil, ordinary, deeply dug.
Position, sunny. Plant tubers 9in. apart, 4in. to 6in. deep, in rows
18in. asunder in March or April. Stir surface of soil between rows
frequently. No earthing up required. Lift tubers in autumn as re-
quired for use. Cover surface of ground in severe weather with litter.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIALS: Soil, ordinary. Position,
shady border for 8. coccinea; edgings to borders or beds for 8. lanata.
Plant autumn or spring. Propagate by division in autumn or spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: §S. coccinea, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Mexico; lanata
(Lamb's Ear), leaves, white and woolly, 1 ft., Caucasus; Sieboldii (Syn. S. tuberi-
fera), pink, summer, 1 ft., roots white, spiral in shape and edible, Japan (Chinese
Artichoke).

Staff-tree (Celastrus scandens).—See Celastrus.

Stag’s-horn Fern (Platycerium alcicorne).—See Platycerium.

Stag’s-horn Moss (Lycopodium Clavatum).—See Lycopodium,

Stag’s-horn Saxifrage (Saxifraga ceratophylla). — See
Saxifraga.

Stag’s-horn Sumach (Rhus typhina).—See Rhus.

Stanhopea.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1824.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fresh sphagnum moss, one part
lumps of turfy peat & charcoal. Position, teak baskets suspended
from roof. Plant, Feb., March or April. Water copiously, March to
Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov.; keep almost dry remainder of year.
Syringe foliage daily, summer. Shade from sun. Temp., May to
Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to May 60° to 70°. Growing period, spring
& summer. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear at base of

413

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

matured pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in
spring.

SrLCIES CULTIVATED: S. bucephalus, yellow and crimson, very fragrant, Aug.,
1 to 2 ft., Peru_and Mexico; devoniensis, cream, yellow, purple, and crimson,
fragrant, July, Peru; eburnea, white and purple, June, Trinidad; grandiflora,
white and crimson, summer, Central America; insignis, yellow and purple,
fragrant, August, S. America; oculata, yellow, lilac, purple, white, and crimson,
summer, Mexico; tigrina, orange, yellow, and purple, fragrant, summer, Mexico;
Wardii, yellow, orange and crimson, fragrant, summer, Guatemala. ; A

Stanleya.—Ord. Crucifere. Hardy perennial herb. First in-
troduced 1816.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, Oct.
or April. Propagate by seeds sown in gentle heat in spring, planting
out in May or June; also by division of the roots in Oct. or March.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED: 8S. pinnatifida, yellow, summer, 4 ft., California.

Stapelia (Carrion Flower; Toad Flower ; Star-fish Flower).—Ord.
Asclepiadacew. Greenhouse evergreen succulent-stemmed p'euts.
First introduced 1790. Flowers, disagreeably scented.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part broken rubbish
or old mortar, & one part sand. Position, well-drained pots close to
glass in light sunny greenhouse. No shade required. Pot, March or
April. Water moderately, April to Oct.; keep nearly dry remainder
of year. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 55° to 75°.
Repot only when absolutely necessary. _Top-dress annually in March
with compost of two parts well-decayed cow dung & one 1art sevdy
loam. Propagate by cuttings of stems exposed to air on shelf in
greenhouse for two or three days, then inserted singly in 2in. pots
half filled with drainage, remainder with sand & brick rubbish; spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED? S. Asterias (Star-fish sewer violet, yellow and purple,
summer, 6 in.; gigantea, yellow, red, brown, and purple, summer, 6 in.; grandi-

flora, purple, autumn, 1 ft.; variegata, various colours, Aug., 1 ft. All natives of
8. Africa.

Staphylea (Bladder Nut)—Ord. Sapindacew. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune straggling shoots moderately close irime-
diately after flowering.

CULTURE OF 8. COLCHICA FOR FORCING : Compost, two parts
sandy loam, one part leaf-mould. Pot, Oct. to Jan. Place in shel-
tered position outdoors, or in cold frame until Jan., then remove into
forcing house, or end of Jan. into cold greenhouse. Temp., 65° to 75°.
Water moderately when first placed in heat, afterwards more freely.
Syringe daily until leaves expand. Transfer to cold frame after flower-
ing. Harden & stand outdoors, May to Oct. Propagate by seeds
sown in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors in Sept. or Oct.;
cuttings of firm shoots, 6 to 8in. long, inserted in sandy soil in cold
frame or in sheltered corner outdoors in Sept.; layering shoots, Sept. or
Oct.; suckers removed & peas Oct. to Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. colchica, white, summer, 5 ft., Caucasus; pinnata
(Job’s Tears; St. Anthony’s Nut), white, May, 8 to 10 ft., S. Europe. .

Star Aniseed-tree (Illicium anisatum).—Sce Ilicium.

Star Capsicum Nightshade (Solanum capsicastrum).—
See Solanum.

Starch Hyacinth (Muscari racemosum).—See Muscari,

Star-fish Flower (Stapelia Asterias).—See Stapelia.

Star-flower (Tricntalis europea).—Sce Trientalis.

Star Glory (Ipomea coccinea).—See Ipomea.

414

ENCYCLOD.EDIA OF GARDENING.

Star Grass (Hypoxis erecta) —Sce Hypoxis.

Star Hyacinth (Scilla amoona).—Sce Scilla.

Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum).—Sce Orni-
thogalum.

Star Pine (Pinus Pinaster).—See Pinus.

Star Tulip.—sSee Calochortus.

Star Windflower (Anemone hortensis).—See Anemone.

Star-wort.—See Aster.

Statice (Sea Lavender; Sea Pink). — Ord. Plumbaginacee.
Greenhouse evergreens & half-hardy & hardy herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts sandy
fibrous loam, one part fibrous peat, & one part sand. Pot, March or
April. Position, light airy sunny greenhouse, Sept. to May; cold
frame, May to Sept. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately after-
wards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally in summer to healthy
established plants. Temp., Sept. to April 40° to 50°; April to May
55° to 65°. Good drainage in pots indispensable.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
sunny rockeries or borders. Plant, March or April. Top-dress
annually with decayed manure & loam in April.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary sandy. Position,
sunny borders or rockeries. Sow seeds in well-drained pots filled with
sandy loam, cover slightly with fine soil, & place in temp. of 55° to 65°,
Feb. or March. Transplant when large enough to handle; harden off
& plant outdoors in May. Propagate by seeds sown as above; cuttings
inserted singly in 2-in. pots well drained & filled with sandy soil, &
placed in temp. 55° to 65° in spring; division of roots, March or April.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. profusa, blue, Aug., 1 to 2 ft., hybrid; fruticans,
pine, summer, Canaries; macrophylla (Syn. 8S. Halfordii), blue, June, 1 to 2 ft.,

anaries.

HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: S. Bonduelli. yellow, June, 1 to 2 ft., Algeria;
Gmelini, blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Caucasus; incana, pink, summer, 6 to 9 in.,
Tauria; latifolia, blue, June, 1 ft., Bulgaria; Limonium (Common Sea Lavender),
purple, summer, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); tartarica, red and blue, summer, 1 ft.,

Cuucasus.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 8S. Suworowi, lilac and pink, summer, 18 in., C. Asia.

Stauntonia.—Ord. Berberidacee. Hardy evergreen climbing
shrub. First introduced 1876.

CULTURE: Soil, deep sandy loam. Position, 8. wall or trellis.
Plant, Sept., Oct., March or April. Prune trailing shoots, not re-
quired to produce flowers following season, back to two-thirds of their
length in autumn. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in shady position outdoors in
summer,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: §S. hexaphylla, white, fragrant, spring, 10 to 20 ft.,
China and Japan. See also the genus Holbeellia.

Steeple Bells (Campanula pyramidalis).—See Campanula.

Stenotaphrum (Variegated Grass).—Ord. Graminee. Green-
house orn.-leaved grass. First introduced 1822. Leaves, narrow,
grass-like, striped with yellow.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand or
Jadoo fibre. Position, warm & moist part of greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water copiously March to Sept., fairly freely Sept. to March. Temp.,
Sept. to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by
cuttings of shoots, or by division of roots in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. glabrum variegatum, 1 ft., Carolina.

415

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Stephanotis (Clustered Wax-flower; Madagascar Chaplet
Flower; Madagascar Jasmine).—Ord. Asclepiadacee. Stove evergreen
twining shrubs. First introduced 1839.

CULLURE: Compost, equal parts good light fibrous loam or peat, &
one part equal proportions leat-mould, well-decayed manure, & coarse
silver sand. Position, pots, tubs, or beds, well drained, with shoots
trained to wire trellis, or up rafters of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or
March. Shade from sun. Water copiously, March to Oct.; mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe daily, March to Oct., except when in
bloom. Apply stimulants once a week to healthy established plants
between May & Sept. Prune straggling shoots in moderately close, &
thin out weak shoots freely, Jan. or Feb. Temp., March to Oct. 70°
to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of the
shoots of the previous year’s growth, inserted singly in 2-in. pots, filled
with equal parts sand, peat, & loam, placed under bell-glass in temp.
65° to 75° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: §. floribunda, white, fragrant, Feb. to Dec., 20 to
30 {t., Madagascar; and its variety Elvastoni, a dwarfer and more free-flowering
form.

Sternbergia (Winter Daffodil; Yellow Star-flower).—Ord.
Amaryllidacee. First introduced 1596. Leaves produced usually late
in autumn or early in spring after flowering.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, fairly dry, good ordinary. Position, sunny
sheltered border. Plant bulbs, Oct. or Nov., 4in. deep, & 2 or 3in.
apart. Plant surface of soil over bulbs with Saxifraga hypnoides or
Sedum acre to form green carpet & afford protection. Lift & replant
when bulbs show signs of deterioration. May also be grown in pots
in cold greenhouses as advised for Amaryllis belladonna. Propagate
by offsets removed & planted, Oct. or Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. lutea (Syn. Amaryllis lutea), yellow, Oct., 6 to 8 in.,
Central Europe.

Stevensonia.—Ord. Palmacez. Stove orn foliage palm.
First introduced 1865. Leaves, once divided, wedge-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part equal pro-
portions charcoal, turfy loam, & sand. Position, moist shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe freely twice daily, Feb. to Oct.;
once daily afterwards. Water freely at all times. Shade & moist
atmosphere essential. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March
65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in peat & loam in
small Pee in temp. 75° to 85°, spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. grandifolia, 10 to 20 ft., Seychelles.

Stigmaphyllon (Golden Vine).—Ord. Malpighiacex. Stove
evergreen climbing shrubs. First introduced 1796.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand.
Position, well-drained pots with shoots trained up roof or round trellis.
Pot, Feb. or March. Prune away weak growths & shorten strong
ones moderately, Jan. Water freely, March to Sept.; moderately
afterwards. Syringe daily in summer. Temp., March to Sept. 70°
to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of firm
shoots inserted singly in small pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in
temp. 65° to 75°, spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. ciliatum, yellow, June, 8 to 10 ft., Brazil.

Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia)—See Torreya.

Stinking Gladwyn (Iris fotidissima).—See Iris.

416

ENCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Stipa (Feather Grass)—Ord. Graminacew. Hardy perennial
flowering grasses. Inflorescence borne in feathery panicles; summer.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish sunny borders. Plant,
March or April. Gather inflorescence for drying for winter decora-
tion in July. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in shallow boxes
or pots filled with light soil placed in temp. of 55° to 65°, Feb. or
March, hardening off seedlings and planting outdoors, May or June;
or by sowing similar depth in ordinary soil in sunny position outdoors
in April; also by division of roots in March or April. e

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. pennata, 2 ft., Europe.

Stock Gilliflower (Matthiola incana).—See Matthiola.

Stokesia (Stokes’ Aster)—Ord. Composite. Hardy perennial
herb. First introduced 1766.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Plant, April. Protect in winter by covering with hand-light. Plants
may be lifted in Sept., placed in pots, & removed to greenhouse for
flowering during autumn and winter, afterwards planting outdoors
following April. Propagate by division of roots, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. cyanea, blue, August, 18 in., N. America.

Stonecrop (Sedum acre).—See Sedum.

Stone Fern (Asplenium Ceterach).—See Asplenium.

Stone Pine (Pinus cembra).—See Pinus.

Storax-plant (Styrax officinalis’—See Styrax.

Stratiotes (Water Soldier; Crab’s Claw).—Ord. Hydrochari-
dace. Hardy aquatic perennial. ‘

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shallow lakes or ponds.
Plant, March or April; enclosing roots & small quantity of mould in
pieces of old sacking tied securely round base of stem and dropped
into water where required to prow, Propagate by division in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. aloides, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., Britain.

Strawberry.—See Fragaria.

Strawberry-raspberry (Rubus roseflorus flore simplici).—
See Rubus.

Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo).—See Arbutus.

Strelitzia (Bird of Paradise Flower; Bird’s Tongue Flower).—
Ord. Scitaminacew. Greenhouse orn. foliage & flowering perennials.
First introduced 1791.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & half a part
silver sand. Position, pots or bed in sunny part of warm greenhouse.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water copiously, April to Sept.; mode-
rately, Sept. to Nov.; keep nearly dry afterwards. No shade required.
Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March, 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in compost of leaf-mould, peat, & loam, in temp.
of 65° to 75°, spring; offsets or division of old agi Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Regine, orange and blue, spring, 3 to 4 ft., S.
Africa; Regine citrina, yellow and blue. .

Streptocarpus (Cape Primrose).—Ord. Gesneriacee. Green-
house herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1824. '

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal proportions
of leaf-mould, decayed manure, & silver sand. Position, pots in light
greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Temp, 40° to 50°, Oct. to April;
25° to 65°, April to Oct. Shade from sun. Water freely, April to
Oct.; keep nearly dry afterwards. Apply weak stimulants when plants
are in flower. Admit air freely in summer. Cold shady frame good
position for young plants during summer. Propagate by seeds sown

417 P

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

in well-drained pots, pans, or boxes, with equal parts of finely-sifted
loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand. Cover the seeds thinly with a
sprinkle of fine silver sand. Moisten the soil by holding the pot, pan,
or box nearly to its rim or edge in tepid water. Place a pane of glass
over top of pot, pan, or ‘box, & put in a temp. 55° to 65°. Transplant
seedlings as soon as large enough to handle lin. apart in above com-
post, in pans or pots, & when seedlings touch each other place them
singly in 3-in. pots, & ultimately into 5 or 6-in. pots. Seeds sown in
Feb. will produce plants for flowering following July; in March or
April, following August or September.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: §S. Dunnii, rose, summer, 12 to 18 in.; Galpini, white
and mauve, summer; Rexii, blue, summer, 6 in.; Sandersii, blue, summer, 1 ft.;
Wendlandii, blue, spring, 18 to 30 in. All natives of 8. Africa. Many beautiful
hybrid and strains, for which see trade lists.

Streptosolen.—0Ord. Solanacew. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1847.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, &
half a part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots close to glass in
light sunny greenhouse. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune shoots moderately
close after flowering. Water freely, April to Oct.; moderately after-
wards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally during summer. Shade
only from bright sunshine. Temp., March to Oct., 60° to 70°; Oct.
to March, 50° to 60°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in light sandy
soil under bell-glass, in temp. 55° to 65°, spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Jamesoni, orange, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Colombia.

Striped Squill (Puschkinia scilloides)—See Puschkinia.

Strobilanthes (Cone-head)—Ord. Acanthacee. Stove ever-
green flowering shrubs. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould, with a little
silver sand. Pot, March or April. Position, well-drained pots in moist
part of stove, March to June; sunny cold frame, June to Sept.; light
stove, Sept. to March. Prune shoots in closely, Feb. Water mode-
rately, Sept. to April; freely other times. Apply liquid manure twice
a week to plants in flower. Propagate by cuttings of moderately firm
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in hght sandy compost under bell-glass
in temp. 75°, Feb., March, or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. anisophyllus (Syn. Goldfussia anisophvlla), laven-
der, blue, Oct. to March, 1 to 3 ft., Himalayas; dyerianus, violet and blue, autumn,
2 ft, Burma; isophylla (Syn. Goldiussia isophylla), lavender, blue, winter, 1 to
2 ft., India.

Struthiopteris.—See Onoclea.

Stuartia.—Ord. Ternstrémiacew. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1743.

CULTURE: Soil, two parts moist sandy loam, one part peat. Posi-
tion, open sunny borders sheltered on N. & E. by walls, trees, or
shrubs. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots
inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in shaltened position outdoors
in autumn; layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. pentagyna, cream, summer, 6 to 10 ft., N. America;

pseudo-camellia, ereamy white, July, 6 to 10 ft., Japan; virginica, white, June,
6 to 8 ft., N. America.

Stud-flower (Hellonias bullata).—See Helonias.
Sturt’s Desert Pea (Clianthus Dampieri).—Sce Clianthus.
Stylophorum (Celandine Poppy).—Ord. Papaveracem. Hardy
perennial herb. First introduced 1854.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light. Position, sunny beds or borders.
AIS

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep in ordinary

ao in sunny position outdoors, March or April; division of roots,
arch,

SPECIES OULTIVATED: S. diphyllum, yellow, June, 9 in., N.W. America.

Styrax (Storax).—Ord. Styracacew. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1597.

CULTURE: Soil, light ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrub-
beries, or against S. walls. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by layer-
ing shoots in BprRE or autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. obassia, white, June, 15 ft., Japan; japonica, white,
summer, 8 to 10 ft., Japan.

Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum).—See Saccharum.

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinum).—See Acer.

Sugar Pea (Pisum sativum saccharatum).—See Pisum.

Sumach.—See Rhus.

Summer Cypress (Kochia scoparia).—See Kochia.

Summer Heliotrope .—See Tournefortia.

Summer Pheasant’s-eye (Adonis zstivalis).—See Adonis.

Summer Savory (Satureia hortensis).—See Satureia.

Summer Snowdrop (Leucojum estivum).—See Leucojum.

Summer Snowflake (Leucojum axstivum).—See Leucojum.

Sun Cress.—See Heliophila.

Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia).—Sce Drosera.

Sun-drops (Enothera fruticosa).—See Cnothera.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus).—Sce Helianthus.

Sun-plant (Portulacca grandiflora}.—See Portulacca.

Sun-rose.—See Helianthemum.

Supple Jack (Berchemia volubilis).—See Berchemia.

Surinam Tea-plant (Lantana hybrida)—See Lantana.

Sutherlandia (Cape Bladder Senna).—Ord. Leguminosae. Half-
hardy evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1683.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, against S. walls outdoors, 8. & S.W. England only, or in pots
in cold greenhouse any part of kingdom. Plant, Sept., Oct., or April.
Pot, March. Water plants in pots freely, April to Sept.; moderately
afterwards. Prune, April, shortening straggling shoots ouly. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in compost of equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould,
& sand, lightly cover with fine soil, & place in temp. of 45° to 55° in
spring; by cuttings of young shoots in May under bell-glass or hand-
light.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. frutescens, scarlet, June, 4 ft., 8. Africa.

Swainsonia (Darling River Pea).—Ord. Leguminose. Green-
house evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, & half
a part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in light sunny green-
house. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately
afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally in summer. Remove
to cold frame or pit, June; replace in greenhouse, Sept. Temp., Sept.
to March 35° to 45°; March to June 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
soaked for about an hour in tepid water, then sown }in. deep in
light soil in tempt. 55° to 65°, March or April; cuttings of young
shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in silver sand under bell-glass in cool
shady part of greenhouse in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. coronillifolia, rosy purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft.,

419 P2

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Australia; coronillifolia galegeefolia, reddish purple, summer, 4 to 6 ft.; coronilli-
folia alba, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft.

Swainson’s Pea.—*ce Swainsonia.

Swallow-wort (Chelidonium majus & Asclepias tuberosa).—See
Chelidonium & Asclepias.

Swamp Dogwood (Ptelea trifoliata)._See Ptelea.

Swamp Globe-flower (Cephalanthus occidentalis). — See
Cephalanthus.

Swamp Hellebore (Veratrum viride).—See Veratrum.

Swamp Honeysuckle (Rhododendron viscosum).—See Rho-
dodendron.

Swamp Laurel.—See Kalmia.

Swamp Lily (Lilium superbum).—See Lilium.

Swamp Sunflower (Helcnium autumnale).—See Helenium.

Swan Orchid.—See Cycnoches.

Swan River Daisy (Brachycome iberidifolia)—See Brachy-

come.
Swan River Everlasting (Helipterum Manglesii). — See
Helipterum. Tae:
Swan River Fern Palm (Macrozamia Fraseri).—See Macro-
zamia.

Swan’s Neck Orchid (Cycnoches aurea).—See Cycnoches.

Sweet Alyssum (Alyssum maritima).—See Alyssum.

Sweet Amber (Hypericum Androsemum).—See Hypericum.

Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilium).—See Ocimum.

Sweet Bay-tree (Laurus noblis).—See Laurus.

Sweet Briar (Rosa rubiginosa).—See Rosa.

Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata).—See Myrrhis.

Sweet Cumin (Pimpinella anisum’.—See Pimpinella.

Sweet Fennel (Feeniculum officinale).—See Foeniculum.

Sweet Fern (Myrrhis odorata).—See Myrrhis.

Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus).—See Acorus.

Sweet Gale (Myrica Gale).—See Myrica.

Sweet Gum-tree (Liquidambar styracifiua).—See Liquidam-
bar.

Sweet John (Dianthus barbatus).—See Dianthus.

Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana).—See Origanum.

Sweet Maudlin (Achillea Ageratum).—See Achillea.

Sweet Orange-tree (Citrus aurantium).—See Citrus.

Sweet Pea.—See Lathyrus.

Sweet Pepper Bush (Clethra alnifolia).—See Clethra.

Sweet Potato (Ipomeza batatus)._See Ipomea.

Sweet Rocket (Hesperis matrionalis).—See Hesperis.

Sweet Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea).—See Scabiosa.

Sweet-scented Bramble (Rubus odoratus).—See Rubus.

Sweet-scented Clematis (Clematis flammula).—See Cle-
matis.

Sweet-scented Crab (Pyrus coronaria).—Sce Pyrus.

Sweet-scented Daphne (Daphne odora).—See Daphne.

Sweet-scented Hellebore (Helleborus odorus). — See
Helleborus.

Sweet-scented Olive-tree (Olea fragrans).—Sce Olea.

Sweet-scented Tulip (Tulipa fragrans).—See Tulipa.

420

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Sweet-scented Verbena (Lippia citriodora).—See Lippia.

Sweet-scented Water Lily (Nymphxa odorata’.—Sce
Nymphea. ;

Sweet Sedge (Acorus calamus).—Nee Acorus.

Sweet-sop (Anona squamosa).—See Anona.

Sweet Sultan (Centaurea moschata & U. suaveolens’.—See
Centaurea.

Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). — See
Anthoxanthum. ‘

Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus).—See Dianthus.

Sweet William Catch filly (Silene armeria).—See Silene.

Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata).—See Asperula.

‘ tealllcn (Marsh Fel-wort).—Ord. Gentianacee. Hardy perennial
erbs.

CULTURE: Soil, equal parts peat & leaf-mould. Position, moist
rockeries or damp places. Plant, March or April. Water copiously in
dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pans filled
with moist peat, placed in shady cold frame, March or April, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June, & division of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. perennis, blue, July, 9 in., N. Turope.

Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus Cembra).—See Pinus.

Sword Lily.—See Gladiolus.

Sycamore Tree (Acer pseudo-platanus).—See Acer.

Symphoricarpus (Snow-berry Tree).—Ord. Caprifoliacex.
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Flowering & berry-bearing. First intro-
duced 1730. Flowers much sought after by bees. Berries, white, red;
autumn.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Yosition, sunny or shady borders, copses
or woodlands. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, Oct. to Feb., simply thin-
ning out old or decayed wood. Propagate by cuttings, 6 to 8in. long,
of firm wood inserted in ordinary soil in shady position outdoors, Oct.
to Feb.; suckers removed & planted, Oct. to Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: §&. occidentalis (Wolf Berry), pink, July, berries white,

4 to 6 ft., N. America; racemosus (Snow-berry), pink or rose, July, berries white,
4 to 6 ft., N. America.

Symphyandra (Pendulous Bell-flower).—Ord. Campanulacee.
Hardy perennials. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained
borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
by sceds sown 1-16 in. deep in ordinary light sandy soil outdoors, Apri!
to May; cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame,
March or April; division of roots, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. pendula, white, summer, trailing, Orient.

Symphytum (Comfrey).—Ord. Boraginacer. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Common Comfrey (8. otticinale) not adapted for
garden culture.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady moist borders
or margins of water-courses or streams. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or
April. Lift, divide, or replant every three or four years. Propagate
by division of roots in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. asperrimum aureo-variegatum, leaves variegated
with yellow and green, 4 ft., Caucasus; officinale bohemicum, crimson, June, 3 ft.,
Europe; officinale luteo-marginatum, leaves bordered with yellow.

Syrian Silk-plant (Periploca greca).—See Periploca.

Syringa (Lilac)—Ord. Oleacee. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1597.

421

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary good. Position, sunny borders or shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb.’ Prune, moderately after flowering (June),
removing or shortening shoots that have flowered only. Allow nu
suckers to grow from roots, Apply house slops or liquid manure in
summer to plants growing in poor soils.

POT CULTURE FOR FORCING: Compost, two parts good sandy
loam, one part leaf-mould, & little sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Place
plants after potting in sheltered corner outdoors, protecting pots from
frost with litter until required for forcing. Transfer to temp of 55°,
Nov. to Feb. Syringe daily. Water moderately. Directly buds burst
place in temp. of 60° to 65°, when expanded replace in temp. of 55°.
Prune shoots that have flowered to within 2in. of base directly ‘after
blooming. Keep plants in heat until May, then gradually harden and
plaut outdoors. Plants must not be forced two years in succession.
Lilacs may be grown in cold greenhouse for flowering in April and
May. Place in greenhouse in Nov. Propagate by seeds sown in sunny
position outdoors in autumn or spring; suckers removed & planted
from Oct. to Feb.; layering shoots in Sept.; choice varieties by bud-
ding on common species in July, or by grafting on common species on
the ash in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8S. sinensis (Rouen Lilac), violet, May and June,
4 to G ft., hybrid; Emodi (Indian Lilac), purplish or white, May, 6 to 9 ft.,
Himalayas; japonica (Japanese Lilac), crimson, July, 15 to 2U ft., Japan; Josikwa
(Hungarian Lilac), bluish purple, May, 8 ft., Hungary; persica (Persian Lilac),
bluish purple, May, 4 to 6 tt., Afghanistan; persica alba, white; vulgars
(Common Lilac), lilac, May, 8 to 12 ft., EK. Europe. Also many charming varieties,
for which see trade lists.

Syringa (Philadelphus coronarius).—Sce Philadelphus.

Tabernzmontana (Adam’s Apple; East Indian Rose Bay).—
Ord. Apocynaces. Stove evergreen flowcring shrubs. First introduced
1770. :

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part fibry peat, half
a part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in light stove. Pot,
Feb. to April. Prune straggling shoots moderately close immediately
alter flowering. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily, March, & until flowers appear. Temp., March to Sept.
7° to 80°; Sept. to March 65° to 75°. ropagate by cuttings of ripe
shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in small’ pots filled with sand under
bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. coronaria, white, summer, 4 to 8 ft., India; and
its varicties crispa (Crisp petalled) and flore pleno (double),

Table Mountain Orchid (Disa graudiltoray—See Disa.

Table-shaped Houseleek (Sempervivum tabuleforme).—
See Sempervivum.

Tacsonia (Blood-red Passion-flower; Van Volxem’s Passion-
flower).—Ord. DPassiflore. Greenhouse evergreen flowering climbers.
First introduced 1828.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat, one fourth
silver sand. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Position, well-drained tubs
or pots, or beds 18in. deep & 2ft. wide; shoots to be trained up
rafters or walls; sunny. Prune, Feb., thinning out weak shoots &
shortening stroug ones one-third. Water copiously, March to Sept. ;
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily, April to Sept. Apply
stimulants occasionally to healthy plants when in flower only. Temp.,
March to Oct. GO° to 70°; Oct. to March 40° to 50°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T, cxoniensis, rosc or pink, summer, 20 to 30 ft.,

422

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING,

hybrid; insignis, crimson, autumn, 20 to 30 ft., 8. America; manicata, scarlet,
autumn, 30 ft., Peru; Van-Volxemii, crimson, autumn, 30 ft., Colombia.

Tagetes (African Marigold; Wrench Marigold; Mexican Mari-
gold).—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy annuals. First introduced 1596.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well-enriched with decayed manure.
Position, sunny borders for African Marigold; sunny beds or borders
for French and Mexican Marigold; edgings to beds or borders for 'I’.
signata pumila. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light soii in temp. 55° to
65° in March, or in unheated greenhouse in April. ‘Transvlant seed-
lings when three leaves form, 31n. apart, in light soil in shallow boxes,
or in bed of rich soil in cold frame, gradually harden off in May, and
plant out in June. Plant African Marigolds in groups of three or
six, or 16in. apart in rows; French Marigolds singly, or in groups in
borders, or 121n. apart in rows; Dwarf Marigolds (I. signata pumila)
Gin. apart in rows. African Marigold for exhibition to carry four
blooms only. ‘Thin shoots to four on each plant, each carrying one
bloom. Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally
to plants in flower. Suitable stimulants: (1) 1 oz. of Peruvian guano to

a gallon of water. (2) 40z. sulphate of ammonia to a gallon of water.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. erecta (African Marigold), yellow, summer, 2 ft.,
Mexico; lucida (Mexican Marigold), yellow, summer, 1 ft., Mexico; patula (French
Marigold), orange, red and brown, summer, 1 ft., Mexico; signata, yellow, summer,
1 ft., Mexico; signata pumila, yellow, 6 in.

Tail Flower.—Sec Anthurium.
Tamarind-tree (Tamarindus indica).—See Tamarindus.

Tamarindus (Tamarind Tree; Indian Date)—Ord. Legu-
minose. Stove evergreen flowering tree. First introduced 1633.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part sand. Posi-
tion, large well-drained pots or tubs in lofty stove. Pot or plant, Feb.
Water copiously, April to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe
daily, April to Sept. Shade from sun. Temp., April to Oct. 7U° to
85°; Oct. to April 60° to 70°. Propagate by seeds steeped for a few
hours in tepid water, and then sown in. deep in light soil in temp.
75° to 85° in spring; cuttings of shoots inserted singly in small well-
drained pots placed under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75°, March to
August.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. indica, yellow and red, summer, 20 to 40 ft.,
Tropics.

Tamarisk (Tamarisk gallica).—See Tamarix.

Tamarix (Tamarisk; Manna Plant).—Ord. Tamaricacer. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary or sandy. Position, shrubberies or hedges
in seaside gardens, 8. & S.W. England; sunny banks or sheltered shrub-
beries in inland gardens south of the Trent. Plant, Sept. to April.
Prune, Oct. to March, shortening straggling shoots only. Propagate
by cuttings of shoots, 4 to Gin. long, inserted in sandy soil in sheltered
position unde~ hand-light or in cold frame, Sept, or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. sinensis (Chinese Tamarisk), pink, summer, 8 to
10 ft., China; gallica, pink, summer, 6 to 8 ft., 5. Europe; anglica (Common
Tamarisk), pink, summer, 8 to 10 ft., W. Europe.

Tanacetum (Tansy; Alecost).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. Plant, 12in. apart
in rows 18 in. asunder in March or Oct. Remove flower stems as they
form. Replant every three or four years. Leaves aromatic, used for

4.23

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

flavouring puddings, etc., & for garnishing. Propagate by seeds sown
outdoors in Peng | division of the roots in Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. vulgare crispum, yellow, summer, 3 ft., Britain.

Tangerine Orange-tree (Citrus nobilis).—See Citrus.

Tangier Iris (Iris Tingitana).—See Iris.

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare).—See Tanacetum.

Tansy-leaved Hawthorn (Crategus tanacetifolia)—See
Crategus.

Tape Grass (Vallisneria spiralis) —See Vallisneria.

Taraxacum (Dandelion).—Ord. Composite. Hardy perennial
herb. Cultivated solely for its blanched leaves for saladings.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary deep, free from recent manure. Position,
~ sunny. Sow seeds lin. deep in drills 12in. apart in April. Thin
seedlings to 6 in. apart in rows in May. Remove flower stems directly
they form. Lift roots in Nov., & store in sand in cool place. Plant
roots almost close together in boxes or large pots in ordinary soil.
Cover pots, etc., to exclude light. Place in warm greenhouse between
Nov. & April. Keep soil moist & cut leaves when 3 to 6in. long. for
salads. Destroy roots afterwards. Make a fresh sowing annually.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. officinale, ycllow, spring, Britain.

Taro-root.—see Colocasia.

Tarragon (Artemisia dranunculoides)._See Artemisia.

Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera_ tartarica). — See
Lonicera.

Tartarian Ixia-lily (Ixiolirion tartaricum).—See Acer.

Tasmanian Currant (Coprosma Baueri).—See Coprosma.

Tasmanian Laurel eae glandulosa).—See Anopterus.

Tasmanian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica). — See
Dicksonia.

Tasmanian Water Pimpernel (Samolus repens).—See
Samolus.

Tassel Cotton-grass (Eriophorum polystachyon). — See
Eriophorum.

Tassel Hyacinth (Muscari comosum).—See Muscari.
Tawny Day-lily (Hemerocallis fulva).—See Hemerocallis.
Taxodium (Deciduous Cypress)—Ord. Conifere. Hardy deci-
duous coniferous trees; orn. foliage. First introduced 1640. Leaves,
feather-shaped, deciduous, bright green, changing to dull red in
autumn. Habit, pyramidal when young; broad, cedar-like when full
rown.

CULTURE: Soil, moist loam. Position, margins of ponds & rivers
or in damp places. Dry position quite unsuitable. Plant, Oct. to
Feb. Propagate by seeds sown }in. deep in pans of light soil in
cold frame in April, transplanting seedlings singly into small pots
following spring, & planting outdoors the year after; cuttings of shoots
inserted in water in cold greenhouse or frame in spring or summer ;
layering branches in Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. distichum, 70 to 100 ft., S.W. States; distichum
pendula, pendulous branches.

Taxus (Yew Iree).—Ord. Coniferm. Hardy evergreen trees. Orn.
foliage. Timber used for cabinet making, but too slow in growth to
cultivate for that purpose. Leaves poisonous to cattle. | Estimated
average age, 1,000 to 2,000 years. Average rate of growth, 2 to 3in.
per year.

CULTURE: Soil, good deep ordinary, moist. Position, sunny or

424,

PNCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

shady shrubberies for common kinds; sunny shrubberies, lawns, or
borders for variegated & Irish yews. Plant, Sept. to Nov., Feb. to
-May. Prune April.

WINTER BEDDING: Sort best adapted for the purpose—T. baccata
ee Plant, Oct. or Nov. Lift & replant in reserve border
in May.

POT CULTURE: Most suitable kind—T. baccata elegantissima. Pot,
Oct. or Nov. Compost, two parts good ordinary mould, one part leaf-
mould. Water moderately, Nov. to April; freely afterwards. Keep
in cold greenhouse, balcony, or corridor Oct. to May; outdoors after-
wards, pots plunged to rims in cinders or soil.

HEDGE COLTURE: Suitable kinds—Common, gold & silver striped,
upright English & Irish yews. Position, sunny. Soil, good moist
ordinary, previously trenched 3 spits deep & 3 ft. wide. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March, or April. Distance for planting: 12in. for trees 18 in.
high; 18in. for trees 3ft. high; 2ft. for trees 3 ft. Gin. to 5 ft. high.
Average cost of plants per 100, 21s. to 30s. Cost of preparing soil
and planting hedge, per lineal yard, 9d. to 1s. Prune, trim, or clip
in April or Sept. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in
light soil outdoors in March, or 4in. deep in pans or boxes of light
soil, in cold frame or greenhouse, in March, transplanting seedling in
uursery bed when large enough to handle; by cuttings of shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under hand-light, or in cold frame in September ;
grafting variegated kinds on common upright yew in March; layering
in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. baccata (Common Yew), 50 ft., Europe and N.
Asia. Also the following varieties: adpressa, 8 ft.; albo variegata, leaves edged
with silver; argentea, leaves striped with silver; aurea, leaves golden (Golden
Yew); Dovastoni aurea pendula, leaves edged with yellow; elegantissima, leaves
edged with creamy white; erecta (Fulham Yew), erect habit; fastigiata (Irish
Yew), columnar habit; fastigiata variegata, leaves edged and striped with white;
fastigiata aureo-variegata, leaves, green and yellow; T. canadensis (Canadian Yew),
3 ft., Canada; cuspidata (Japanese Yew), 20 ft., Japan.

Tea-berry (Gaultheria procumbens).—See Gaultheria.
Tea-plant (Camellia theifera).—See Camellia.
Tea-scented Rose (Rosa indica).—See Rosa.

Tea Tree (Lycium barbarum).—See Lycium.

Tecoma (Trumpet Flower; Moreton Bay Trumpet Jasmine).—
Ord. Bignoniacez. Stove greenhouse & hardy evergreen climbing
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1640.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one part
peat & silver sand. Position, pots or beds with shoots trained up roof.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune, Feb., shortening strong shoots
3, and weak shoots 3. Water freely, April to Sept.; keep nearly dry
afterwards. Expose shoots fully to sun during August & Sept. in
order to ripen them thoroughly for flowering next season. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to Nov. 60° to 70°; afterwards 55°
to 65°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part peat & silver sand. Position, large well-drained pots, or
beds 3 ft. square, 18 in. deep, for one plant, in light sunny greenhouse ;
shoots trained up roof. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Good drainage
absolutely necessary. Prune away } of strong shoots, 3 of weak shoots,
in Feb. Water copiously, April to Oct. Keep nearly dry, Oct. to
April. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to healthy established

425

BNOYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

plants in summer. No shade required at any time. Admit air freely
during summer & early autumn to thoroughly ripen wood for insur-
ing abundance of flowers. Temp., April to Oct, 55° to 65°; Oct. to
April 40° to 50°. ;

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, two pei loam, one part
peat & silver sand. Position, well-drained border against S. wall.
Plant, Sept. to March. Prune as for greenhouse species in March.
Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, 3in. long, inserted in
well-drained pots of sandy soil placed under bell-glass in temp. of
55° to 65° in summer ; cuttings of roots, 1 to 2 in. long, planted an inch
deep in sandy soil in temp. of 55° to 65°, spring; layering shoots in
March, April, Sept., or Oct.

STOVE SPECIES: T. amboinensis, orange-red, summer, 10 to 20 ft., Amboina.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: T. australis Manglesii, white, purple and red, summer,
10 to 20 ft., Australia; capensis, orange-scarlet, summer, 10 to 20 ft., S. Africa;
jasminoides, white and red, Aug., 10 to 20 ft., Australia; Smithii, orange, autumn,
2 to 3 ft.

HARDY SPECIES: T. grandiflora (Syn. Bignonia grandiflora), scarlet, summer,
10 to 20 ft., China and Japan; radicans (Syn. Bignonia radicans), scarlet, summer,
10 to 20 ft., N. America,

Tecophilzea (Chilian Crocus).—Ord. Hemodoraceez. Green-
house bulbous plants. First introduced 1872.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part decayed cow
manure. Position, well-drained bed in cold frame or pots in cool
greenhouse. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 6in. apart in frame, Aug. to Nov.
Pot, singly in 3}-in. pots or three in a 5-in. pot & 2in. deep. Cover
pot with ashes or fibre refuse till growth begins. Water moderately;
keep dry after foliage turns yellow until growth recommences. No
artificial heat required. Admit air freely to plants in pots & frames

after February. Propagate by offsets removed at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. Cyanocrocus, blue and white, fragrant, spring, 6 in.,
Chili, and its variety Leichtlinii, blue.

Telanthera (Joy-weed).—Ord. Amarantacee. Half-hardy
perennials. Orn. foliage. Better known under the generic name of
Alternanthera. Used for carpet bedding. Foliage, crimson, red.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds outdoors, May to
Sept. Plant, May, 2in. apart. Lift in Sept., store in pots or boxes in
Temp. 55° to 65° during winter. Propagate by cuttings inserted in
sandy soil, temp. 75°, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 'T. ficoidea (Syn. Alternanthera amabilis), leaves,
orange scarlet, 3 in., Trop. America, and its varieties, amcena (leaves orange, red,
bronze, and green), and tricolor (leaves green, rose, purple and yellow); bettzi-
chiana (Syn. Alternanthcra paronychoides), leaves brown and scarlet, and its
varieties major (larger leaves) and major aurea (red and yellow foliage).

Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans).—See Desmodium.

Tenore’s Candytuft (Iberis Tenoreana).—See Iheris.

Ten-week Stock (Matthiola annua).—See Matthiola.

Testudinaria (Hottentot’s Bread; Elephant's Foot).—Ord.
Dioscoreacem. Greenhouse deciduous climber. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, turfy peat, & sand.
Position, well-drained in sunny greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water moderately, April to Sept.; keep nearly dry afterwards. No
shade required. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to
March 40° to 50° Propagate by cuttings of firm side shoots inserted
in ‘sandy loam under hell-glass in temp. 45° to 55° in spring, or cut-
tings of young shoots when 1 to 2in. long inserted in sandy loam under
bell-glasa in similar temp., spring or summer.

426

HNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. elephantipes, yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., 8. Africa.

Tetragonia (New Zealand Spinach)—Ord. Ficoidew. Hardy
annual. Cultivated in gardens as a substitute for summer spinach—
especially on light dry soils. First introduced 1772. Leaves, large,
thick, succulent.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. Sow seeds, previously
soaked for 24 hours in tepid water, singly lin. deep in 2-in. puts filled
with light soil in March. Place pots in temp. 55° to 65° & keep soil
moist. Transfer seedlings to 5-in. pots when seedlings form four
leaves, harden off in cold frame, & plant out 3ft. apart in rows 4 ft.
asunder. Gather the leaves only for cooking. Water freely in dry

weather. Seeds may be sown in open ground in May it unable to
sow them in heat.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. expansa, yellow, summer, 3 in., New Zealand.

Tetramicra. — Ord. Orchidacew, Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1831.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, &
charcoal. Position, light, fastened by copper wire to small blocks of
teak, & roots covered with sphagnum moss; or in small well-drained
pots or teak baskets. Place on blocks, or in pots or baskets in March.
'Temp., Nov. to Feb. 45° to 55°; March to May 50° to 60°; May to
Nov. 55° to 65°. Water once a week, Nov. to Feb.; twice Feb. to
April; daily April to Nov. Propagate by division of plants in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. bicolor (Syn. Leptotes bicolor), white and purple,
winter, 2 in., Brazil; rigida, rosy purple, spring, 1 ft., W. Indies.

Tetratheca.—0Ord. ‘Tremandracee. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1803.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part turfy loam,
one part equal proportions charcoal, broken pots, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water moderately at all seasons; rain water only to be used. Shade
from sun, June to Sept. Temp., Oct. to April, 40° to 50°; April to
Oct. 50° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of side shoots inserted in
sand under bell-glass in shade in temp. 55° to 65°, summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. ericefolia, rose, summer, 1 ft.; glandulosa, purple,
summer, 1 ft.; hirsuta, pink, spring, 2 ft.; juncea, purple, summer, 2 ft. All
natives of Australia.

Teucrium (Germander; Cat Thyme).—Ord. Labiate. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. :

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders; sunny dryish
rockeries or old walls for ‘I’. marum, etc. Plant, March or April.
Propagate by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. marum (Cat Thyme), purple, summer, 1 ft., S.
Europe; Scorodonia variegatum, variegated foliage, 1 ft., Britain.

Thalia.—Ord. Scitaminee. Hardy and half-hardy perentitals.
First introduced 1791.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position, tub
or shallow pond of water. Plant in March, Requires a warm, shel-
tered spot. In N. of England best grown in greenhouse.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light, rich loam.
Position, pots in moist shady part of greenhouse. Pot in March.
Water freely in spring and summer. Temp., Oct. to March, 45° to
55°; March to Sept., 55° to 65°. Propagate by division in spring.

HARDY SPECIES: T. dealbata, blue, July, 6 ft., S. California.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: T. geniculata, blue, summer, 2 ft., W. Indies.

Thalictrum (Meadow Rue; Tufted Columbine).—Ord. Ranur-
427

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

culacee. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Leaves, finely divided, green ;
excellent substitute for maiden-hair fern.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders for tall species,
T. aquilegifolium, etc.; sunny rockeries for dwarf species, T. ane-
monoides & T. minus. Plant, Oct. to March. Top-dress annually in
Feb. or March with decayed manure. Lift, divide, & replant only
when absolutely necessary. Propagate by division of roots in March or
April.

RPECIRS CULTIVATED: T. anemonoides (Rue Anemone), yellow, spring, 2 to
3 ft., N. America; angustifolium, yellow, summer, 3 ft., Europe; aquilegifolium,
purple, summer, 3 ft., Europe; minus, yellow, summer, 1 ft., Europe; minus
adiantifolia, Maiden-hair-like foliage.

Theobroma (Cocoa Tree; Chocolate Tree).—Ord. Sterculiacee.
Stove evergreen trees. First introduced 1739. Fruit, oval, yellow, or
reddish.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & sand. Position,
well-drained pots in moist warm stove. Pot, Feb. Water treely,
March to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Sept.
Shade from sun. Prune into shape, Feb. Temp., Oct. to March 55°
to 65°; March to Oct. 70° to 85°. Propagate by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots inserted in sand under bell-glass in temp. of 75° to
85°, April to August.

Patera CULTIVATED: T. cacao, rose and yellow, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Trop.
merica.

Thermopsis.— Ord. Leguminose. Hardy herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1799.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny borders. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown din. deep in light rich
soil in sunny position outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings when
large enough to handle.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. caroliniana, golden yellow, summer, 4 to 5 ft.,
N. America; montana, golden yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., N. America.

' Thimble Cactus (Mammillaria dasycarpa). — See Mammil-
aria.

Thistle Oil-plant (Argemone mexicana).—See Argemone.

Thiadiantha.—Ord. Cucurbitacee. Half-hardy annual climber.
First introduced 1864. Fruit, green, oblong, netted, & ribbed.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, well-drained border against
sunny wall. Sow seeds in light soil in temp. 55° to 65°, March or
April, transplanting seedlings singly mto small pots when three leaves
oo harden in cold frame or greenhouse, & plant outdoors, May
or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. dubia, golden yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., China.

Thong Lily (Clivia miniatum).—See Clivia.

Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium).—See Datura.

Thrift (Armeria vulgaris).—See Armeria.

Thrinax (Silver Thatch Palm).—Ord. Palmacee. Stove orn.
foliage plant. First introduced 1778. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & little sand.
Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Water copiously,
April to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Sept.
Moist atmosphere highly essential. Shade from sun. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
soaked for a few hours in tepid water & then sown Jin. deep in sandy
loam in temp. of 75° to 85° any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. argentea (Broom or Silver Thatch Palm), 10 to

428

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

15 ft., W. Indies; excelsa, 6 to 8 ft., Jamaica; multiflora, 6 to 10 ft., Dominica;

parviflora (Royal Palmetto Palm), 8 to 12 ft., W. Indies; radiata, 6 to 8 ft.,
W. Indies.

Thunbergia.—Ord. Acanthacex. Stove and greenhouse ever-
green flowering shrubs and perennials, mostly of climbing habit. First
introduced 1796.

CULTURE OF T. ALATA: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-
mouid or decayed manure, & one part sand. Sow seeds thinly in
light compost in a well-drained pot, pan, or box, in temp. 65° to 75°,
in Feb. or March. Transplant seedlings when three leaves form singly
in 33-in. pots, & later on into 5-in. size. Place pots afterwards along-
side of staging, & let shoots hang down; or in baskets suspended from
roof. May also be planted outdoors in June against sunny walls, in
window boxes, or in vases. Water freely. Apply weak stimulants
occasionally when in flower.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould
or well-decayed manure, peat, fibrous loam, & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots in shady part of stove during growing period;
light part during the resting period for T. erecta; well-drained beds
with shoots trained up roof for T. mysorensis, ete. Pot, Feb. or
March. Prune moderately, Feb. Water freely, March to Sept.;
moderately, Sept. to Nov.; keep nearly dry, Nov. to March. Syringe
daily, March to Sept. Apply stimulants occasionally, May to Sept.
Temp., Feb. to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in sandy peat & leaf-mould in temp. 75°
to 85°, Jan. to May; cuttings of firm young shoots, 2 to 3in. long,
inserted in leaf-mould, peat, & sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° to
85°, Feb. to June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. alata, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Trop. Africa;
alata alba, white; alata aurantiaca, orange; coccinea, scarlet, summer, 4 to G ft.,
India; erecta (Syn. Meyenia erecta), blue and orange, summer, 6 ft., Trop. Africa;
erecta alba, white and yellow; fragrans, white, fragrant, summer, 5 ft., Trop.
Asia; mysorensis (Syn. Hexacentris mysorensis), yellow and purple, spring, & to
10 ft., S. India.

Thunberg’s Lily (Lilium elegans).—Sce Lilium.

Thunia.—See Phaius.

Thuya (Arbor-vite).—Ord. Conifere. Hardy evergreen trees &
shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1596. Leaves, small, scale-
like. Habit, pyramidal.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, moist loam. Position, open sunny shrub-
beries, lawns, banks, or margins of water. Plant, Sept. to Nov., &
Feb. to April. Prune, April or Sept. Depth for planting roots, 6 to
Sin.

IN POTS: Compost, two parts loam & one part leaf-mould. Pot,
Sept. or Oct. Position, cold frame, window sill, or cold greenhouse,
Nov. to May; plunged to rim of pots in ashes or fibre refuse in sunny
spot outdoors afterwards. Water freely, April to Oct.; moderately
afterwards.

HEDGE CULTURE: Suitable kinds—T. plicat:, T. occidentalis, &
T. orientalis. Soil, ordinary moist, previously trenched 3 spits deep &
3ft. wide. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Distance apart for
planting: 15 to 18in. Height of trees: 181n. to 4ft. Prune, trim,
or clip, April or Sept. Average cost of trees per 100, 35s. to 50s.
Average cost of preparing & planting, per lineal yard, 9d. to 1s.
Propagate by seeds sown fin. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55° in

429

ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING.

spring, transplanting seedlings in open ground when large enough
to handle; by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in. long, inserted in sandy soil
under bell-glass or in cold frame in Sept.; grafting in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. dolobrata (Syn. Thuyopsis dolobrata), 30 to 50 ft.,
Japan; dolobrata letevirens, dwarf form; dolobrata variegata, variegated form;
japonica (Syn. Thuya Standishii), Japanese Arbor-vitee, 20 to 30 ft., Japan; occi-
dentalis (American Arbor-vitez), 50 to G0 ft., N.E. America; and its varieties
argenteo-variegata (variegated white); aureo-variegata (yellow), ellwangeriana
(dwarf form), ericoides (dwarf habit), lutea (ends of branches yellow tinted),
_ pendula (branches drooping), Spithii (branchlets clustered), verveeneana (branchlets
tinged with yellow or brown), and wareana (dwarf. dense growing); orientalis
(Chinese arbor-vite), Syn. Biota orientalis, 20 to 25 ft., China and Japan; and its
. varieties argenteo-variegata (variegated with white), aurea (golden), aureo-variegata
(variegated with yellow), decussata (dwarf form), clegantissima (dwarf, graceful
habit), pendula (branches drooping), and pygmaxa (dwarf form); plicata (Syn. T.
gigantea and T. Lobbii), Red or Canoe Cedar, 100 to 150 ft., N.W. America, a very
handsome tree.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris).—Sce Thymus.
Thyme-leaved Fuchsia (Fuchsia thymifolia)—See Fuchsia.

Thyme-leaved Rhododendron (Rhododendron chame-
cistus).—See Rhododendron.

Thymus (Garden & Lemon-scented Thyme).—Ord. Labiatw. Hardy
aromatic shrubby perennial.

CULTURE OF GARDEN THYME: Shoots used largely for culinary
purposes. Soil, light, rich ordinary. Position, sunny warm border.
Plant, 4in. apart in rows 8 in. asunder, March or April. Replant every
three or four years. Gather shoots when blossoms appear, & dry for
winter use.

CULTORE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March. Excellent plants for carpeting bare
spots over spring bulbs. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep in lines
Sin, apart in April, thinning seedlings to 4in. apart in May or June;
by division of the plant in March or April, each portion being furnished
with a few roots; gold & silver kinds by cuttings in cold frames in
summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. azoricus, purple, summer, 3 in., Azores; serphyllum
citriodorus (Lemon Thyme), rosy purple, June, 6 to 9 in., Europe; serphyllum lanu-
ginosus (Woolly-leaved Thyme); serphyllum citriodorus aureum (Golden-leaved
Thyme); serphyllum citriodorus argenteus (Fraser's Silver-leaved Thyme); and
Serphyllum coccineus (Crimson-flowered Thyme); vulgaris (Garden Thyme), purple,
June, 6 in., S. Europe.

Thyrsacanthus (Thyrse Flower).—Ord. Acanthacee. Stove
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1823.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light stove, Sept. to June; sunny frame,
June to Sept. Pot, March or April. Water moderately, Sept. to
March; freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March
to June 65° to 75°. Prune shoots to lin. of base after flowering.
Nip off points of young shoots occasionally, May to August, to induce
bushy growth. Apply liquid or artificial manure twice a week to
plants in flower. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted
ro in small pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75°, March
to July.

SPECLES CULTIVATED: T. rutilans, crimson, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Colombia.

Tiarella (False Mitre-wort; Foam Flower).—Ord. Sayitragaces.
Hardy perennial herb. First introduced 1731.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or flower

430

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING.

borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate by division of roots in
March or aes

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. cordifolia, white, April, 6 in., N. America.

Tibouchina (Brazilian Spider-flower).—Ord. Melastomacem.
Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1864.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part peat, & one
part charcoal & sand. Position, well-drained pots, tubs, or beds, with
shoots trained to trellis, or up pillars, rafters, or walls. Pot, or
plant, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. Water freely, April to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants once a week, May
to Sept. Temp., March or Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to
60°. Propagate by cuttings of firm side shoots 3in. long inserted
singly in small pots of sandy soil, under bell-glass or in propagator,
in temp. of 70° to 80°; Feb. to Sept. ~

SPECIES CULTIVATED: '. elegans, purple, June, 6 ft., Brazil; semi-decandra
(Syn. Lasiandra or Pleroma macranthum), purple, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Brazil.
~ Tick-seed (Coreopsis tinctoria).—See Coreopsis.

Tidy-tips (Layia platyglossa)—See Layia.

Tiger-chep (Mesembryanthemum tigrinum).—Sce Mesempryan-
themum.

Tiger Flower (Tigrida Pavonia).—Sce Tigridia.

Tiger Iris.—Sce Tigridia.

Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum).—Scee Lilium.

Tigridia (Tiger Flower; Tiger Iris).—Ord. Ividacew. Half-hardy
or greenhouse bulbs. First introduced 1796. Blooms last in perfection
but one day only.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, equal parts rich loam & leaf-mould
with little sand, in partially shaded bed prepared by digging out soil
to depth of 24in.; place Gin. of brickbats or clinkers in bottom &
remainder compost; or for ordinary culture an open sunny border
& any good soil. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep, 5 to 6 in. apart, placing little
sand under & around each in April. Mulch with decayed manure &
cocoanut-fibre refuse when 3in. high. Water freely in dry weather.
Lift bulbs in Oct., tie in small bundles, & suspend in cool, airy, frost-
proof place until following April. ~

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part peat, &
one part sand. Pot the bulbs singly in 4}-in. pots in March or April.
Cover pots with cinder ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold frame
or under stage in cold greenhouse until growth begins, then remove
to light. Water moderately after growth oe freely when well
advanced. Apply weak stimulants occasionally when flower stems
show. Position when in flower, light airy greenhouse or cold sunny
frame. After flowering, gradually withhold water until foliage turns
yellow, then keep quite dry. Remove bulbs from soil, tie into bundles,
& suspend in cool place until potting time the following April. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown fin. deep in light compost in temp. 55° to 65°,
spring ; by offsets removed & treated as advised for old bulbs in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: 'T. Pavonia, orange-red, summer, 1 ft., Mexico; Pavonia
alba, white; Pavonia aurea, yellow; Pavonia conchiflora, rich yellaw; Pringlei,
acarlet, orange, and crimson, summer, 18 in., Mexico; violacea, rose, purple and
white, May, 1 ft., Mexico.

Tile-root.—Sce Geissorhiza.

Tilia (Lime Tree; Linden Tree; Bass Wood).—Ord. Tiliacee.
Hardy deciquoug trees. Orn. foliage. Flowers, white, yellow; fra-

431

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Piptanthus (Nepaul Laburnum).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy
evergreen flowering shrub. J irst introduced 1821.

CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered shrub-
beries, 8. & S.W. 6f England; against S. walls, N. of London. Plant,
Sept., Oct., April, or May. Prune straggling shoots moderately after
flowering. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in cool greenhouse
or cold frame in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots inserted in small
Tone of sandy soil under bell-glass or hand-light outdoors, Aug. or
Sept.; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: P. nepalensis, yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Himalayas.

Pirstachio-nut (Pistacia vera).—See Pistacia.

Pistacia (Pistachio-nut Tree; Mastich Tree)—Ord. Anacar-
diacee. Hardy evergreen & deciduous trees. Flowering & orn.
foliage. First introduced 1656. Leaves, unequally feather-shaped,
green; reddish in young state.

CULTURE: Soil, deep rich sandy loam. Position, sheltered shrub-
beries S. & S.W. England; against S. walls, N. of London. Plant
evergreen species, Sept., Oct., April, or May; deciduous species, Nov.
to Feb. Prune evergreen species, April; deciduous species, Nov. to
Feb. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or
under hand-light, Sept. or Oct.; layering in Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. atlantica, leaves pinnate, evergreen, 40 ft., Canary
Isles; Lentiscus (Mastich Tree), leaves pinnate, 20 ft., S. Europe; Terebinthus
(Turpentine Tree), yellow, June, 30 ft., 8. Europe; vera (Pistachio Nut Tree),
brown, April, 20 ft., Syria.

Pistia (Tropical Duck Weed; Water Lettuce).—Ord. Aroides.
Stove aquatic perennial. First introduced 1843. Flowers, green,
borne on spadix at base of leaves. Leaves, wedge-shaped, notched,
pale green, hairy.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loam. Position, shallow tub or tank in
stove. Place 2-in. layer of soil on bottom of tub or tank & plant on
surface of water. Replenish with tepid water occasionally. Add
fresh soil annually. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March
60° to 70°. Propagate by offsets.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. stratiotes, 1 to 3 in., Jamaica.

Pisum (Garden Pea; Sugar Pea; Crown or Mummy Pea).—Ord.
Leguminose. Hardy annuals. Edible seeded & pedied vegetables.

CULTURE OF GARDEN PEAS: Soil, deep, rich calcareous loam,
previously trenched three spits deep & containing a thick layer of
manure between first and second spit. Position, open sunny, pro-
tected from N. & N.E. & E. winds. Suitable Manures: Solid—Horse
dung or peat-moss litter for heavy soils; cow or pig dung for light or
sandy soils. Chemical—(1) Kainit 2lb., nitrate of soda 5l1b., super-
phosphate of lime 91b., half of each to a square rod before sowing,
remainder when plants are 6in. high; (2) nitrate of soda 1}1b., kainit
1}1b., superphosphate 1}1b., salt 3]b., applied same as No. 1;
(3) native guano 6lb. to a square rod applied before sowing, & 6 1b.
when plants are 3in. high; (4) Peruvian guano 11b. for square rod
before sowing, also 11b. when plants are 3in. high. Liquid—Horse
& cow urine diluted with two-thirds water; nitrate of soda }oz. to
gallon, all to be applied when ground is moist only & when pods have
just formed. Direction of rows: E. to W. or S.E. to N.W. for early
sorts; N. to 8. for main crops. Depth of drills, 2} to 3in.; width,
6 to Yin. Distance apart for sowing the seeds: lin. each way for
dwarf sorts; 2in. for medium kinds; 3in. for tall vars., arranged in

332

os ENCYCLOPHDIA Of GARDENING.

two rows, thus: -.:.°.: Distance between rows: 18in. for varie-
ties not exceeding 2{t. in height; 3 ft. for those not more than 4 ft.
high; 6 to 8ft. for those growing 5 to 6ft. high. Sow earliest sorts
on south border, Nov. & Jan., or in 4}in. pots in temp. 55° in Jan.,
hardening plants off when 3 in. high in cold trame & planting outdoors
in Feb. or March; second early sorts in open garden in Feb. & March;
main-crop, April & May; late crops, June & July. Draw mould up to
each side of row when plants are Gin. high & place supports to them.
Mulch to width of 151n. on each side of row with manure. Water
copiously in dry weather. Nip off points of shoots of:tall kinds when
4ft. high, & again when 5ft. high. Early ‘peas, seeds round, late
ditto, wrinkled (marrowfats). Quantity of seed reqyired for a row
50ft. long: 1 pint. Seeds retain their vegetative powers for 3 to 4
years, and seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days. Crop reaches maturity
in 18 to 24 weeks. Round-seeded sorts germinate more quickly than
wrinkled kinds. Protect seeds from mice and birds by soaking them
in paraffin oil for 4 hours before sowing.

Marxer Cutture: Soil, deeply worked and _ well -manured,
Manure and trench or plough deeply previous autumn. Position,
sheltered for early crops. Manures: Basic slag, 8 to 10cwt. and
kainit 2cwt. per acre, applied in autumn. When plants appear, apply
3 cwt. superphosphate per’ acre, & a few weeks later lewt. nitrate of
soda per acre. On poor soils apply 10 tons of farmyard manure per
acre in autumn, and superphosphate & nitrate of soda in spring.
Sow early sorts, Nov. to Jan.; mid-season, Feb. & March; late, April.
Distances to sow: 3in. deep, 2 to 3 in. apart in rows 2% to 3 ft. asunder.
Quantity to sow an acre: 3 bushels. Cost of cultivation per acre:
Hoeing, 3s.; brushing haulm, 3s. 6d.; picking per bushel (321b.), 4d.
to 6d. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average return per acre,
£20 to £30. Weight of seeds per bushel, 56 to 63 1b.

CULTURE OF SUGAR PEAS: Soil, same as for garden peas. Sow
in March or April, 2} in. deep in drills Gin. wide & 6ft. apart, & earth
up & stake in the usual way. Gather pods when fully developed &
cook like French beans. Rotation: Peas may follow potatoes, carrots,
parsnips, turnips, broccoli, or cabbage; & be succeeded by cabbage,
turnips, spinach, or celery.

CULTURE OF MUMMY PEA: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
sunny borders. Sow seeds 4in. deep, three or four in a 3-in. pot
filled with light soil & placed in warm window or greenhouse in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; or 2}in. deep in open
ground in April. Support with stakes when 6in. high. Water
copiously in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally when flowers
a

ppear. ‘
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. sativum (Garden Pea), parent of cultivated varieties,
white or red, summer, Europe, etc.; sativum saccharatum (Sugar Pea), white or
red, summer, Europe; elatius (Mummy or Crown Pea), blush, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
Mediterranean Region. The statement that seeds of latter were originally found
in an Egyptian mummy is a purely legendary one.
Pitcairnia.—Ord. Bromeliaceew. Stove perennial herbs. First
introduced 1777. Leaves, narrow or sword-shaped; margins prickly.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, & leaf-
mould. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good drainage essen-
tial. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 70; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Propagate by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. andreana, yellow and red, summer, 1 ft., Vene-

333

ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING,
Touch-me-not (Impaticns noli-me-tangere).—See Impatiens.
Tournefortia (Summer Heliotrope).— Ord. Boraginacee.

Greenhouse flowering shrubs. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts light loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots or beds, with shoots growing loosely or trained to trellis,
walls, pillars, or rafters in greenhouse; in sunny beds outdoors, June
to Sept., or in pots in windows. Pot Feb. to May. Plant outdoors, June.
Lift & repot, Sept. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply liquid or artificial manure to healthy plants in flower.
Prune old plants in closely in Feb. Training: Nip off points of main,
also lateral shoots when 3in. long, to form dwarf plants; points of
main shoots when 12in. long, & side shoots when 3 to Gin. long, to
form pyramids; points of main shoots when 2ft. long, & of lateral
shoots at apex when 3 to 6in, long—all side shoots to within 4 in. of
apex to be removed altogether—to form standards. Temp., Feb. to
Oct. 60° to 70°; Oct to Feb. 50° to 55°. Pot plants do best in cold
frame or sunny position outdoors, July & Aug. Propagate by seeds
scwn 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of light soil in temp.
65° to 75° in March; by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3in long, inserted in
pots of sandy soil underbell-glass, or in propagator in temp. 65° to 75°
in March, April, Aug, or Sept.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. cordifolia, white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Colombia;
levigata, lilac, summer, 2 ft., Trop. America.

Trachelium pee Throat-wort).—Ord. Campanulacew. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Fitst introduced 1640.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould.
Position, sunny rockeries. Plant, March or April. Protect in severe
weather by covering of dry fern fronds. Propagate by seeds sown in
above compost, lightly covered with fine light mould, place in temp.
of 55° to 65°, spring, transplant secdlings when large enough to handle,
harden in cold frame & plant out, May or June; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in April or Sept.

EEO LES, CULTIVATED: T. csxruleum, blue, Aug., 2 ft., Italy; creruleum album,
white.

Trachelospermum (Chinese Jasmine; Chinese Ivy).—Ord.
Apocynaces. Greenhouse evergreen climbing shrub. Flowering.
First introduced 1846.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, pots with shoots trained to wire trellis, or well-drained beds or
borders with shoots trained up pillars, rafters, or walls. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Water freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily except when flowering. Prune moderately after flower-
ing. Shade from sun essential. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°;
Sept. to March, 45° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of firm young
shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in Well deainsd pots of sandy peat placed
uation Balle tas an Lemp, 65° to 75°, spring or summer.

PECIE cD: T. j inoi js Y j inoi
ght fragrant, summer, 10 to 15 cag ts oa Angie Seager sa Ane tenes

Tradescantia (Spider-wort; Flower-of-a~-Day).—Ord. Comme-
linacew. Hardy herbaceous perennials,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, partially shady or sunny
borders or beds. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Lift, divide, &
replant every three or four years. Excellent plants for town gardens.
Propagate by division of roots, March or en

SPECIES CULTIVATED: TT. virginiana, violet blue, spring, 1 to 3 ft., N.

434,

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

America; virginiana alba, white; virginiana flore pleno, double. For indoor species
see the genus Zebrina.

Tragacanth Gum-plant (Astragalus tragacantha). — See
Astragalus.

Tragopogon (Salsafy; Vegetable Oyster).—Ord. Composite.
Hardy biennial esculent-rooted vegetable. Roots long, tapering, white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free from
stones. Position, sunny, open. Sow seeds in groups of three or four,
12 in, apart, in drills }in. deep, & 18in. apart, in April. Thin seed-
lings when 3 in, high to one in each group. Remove flower heads as
soon as seen. Lift the roots in Oct., twist off their leaves, & store in
layers with sand or soil between in cellar or outhouse until required
for cooking. Artificial manures for: 241b, kainit, 11b. sulphate of
ammonia, 21 1b. of guano, mixed, per square rod (304 square yards ,
applied between sowing in spring. Requires to be raised from seed
annually for producing roots for culinary purposes. See Scorzonera
for market culture, etc.
aoe CULTIVATED: TT. porrifolius, purple, May and June, 2 to 3 ft.,

T .

Trailing Fuchsia (Fuchsia procumbens).—See Fuchsia.

Trapa (Water Caltrops; Water Chestnut; Jesuit’s Nut).—Ord.
Onagracee. Hardy aquatic floating herbs.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loamy. Position, sunny; shallow pots or tubs
in cool greenhouse. Plant, April or May. Propagate by seeds sown
in loamy soil in water in temp. of 65° to 75° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. natans (Syn. T. bicornis), Europe.

Traveller’s Joy (Clematis vitalba).—See Clematis.

Traveller’s Tree (Ravenala madagascarensis).—See Ravenala.

Treasure-flower (Gazania Pavonia).—See Gazania.

Tree Carnation.—Ssce Dianthus.

Tree Celandine (Bocconia cordata).—See Bocconia.

Tree Cinquefoil (Potentilla frutescens).—See Potentilla.

Tree Ferns.—See Cyathea & Dicksonia.

Tree Heath (Erica arborea).—See Erica.

Tree Lupin (Lupinus arboreus)—See Lupinus.

Tree Mallow (Lavatera aborea).—See Lavatera.

Tree Mignonette.—See Reseda.

Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus)—See Ailanthus.

Tree Onion (Allium cepa proliterum).—See Allium.

Tree Pzeony (Pxonia moutan).—See Pzonia.

Tree Poppy (Romneya Coulteri)—See Romneya.

Tree Rhododendron (Rhododendron arboreum). — See
Rhododendron.

Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea).—See Cyphomandra.

Tremandra.—oOrd. Tremandrex. Greenhouse evergreen flowcr-
ing shrub.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part turfy loam,
one part equal proportions charcoal, broken pots & silver sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water moderately at all seasons; rain water only to be used. Shade
from sun, June to Sept. Temp., Oct. to April 40° to 50°; April to Oct.
50° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of side shoots inserted in sand under
bell-glass in shade in temp. of 55° to 65° in summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. stelligera, purple, summer, 2 ft., Australia.

Trembling-fern (Ptcris tremula).—See Ptcris.

435

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Trichomanes (Killarney Fern; Bristle Fern). — Ord. Filices.
Greenhouse filmy ferns. Fronds more or less divided, semi-transparent.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, charcoal,
sandstone, & silver sand. Position, moist, shady, in damp recesses of
rockeries, under bell-glasses or in cases. Plant, March. Water freely
March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Syringing unsuitable.
Damp atmosphere & shade most essential. Temp., 55° to, 65° March to
Sept.; 45° to 55° Sept. to March. The Killarney Fern is best grown
in a cool house or frame in complete shade. Provide plenty of sand-
stone for rhizomes to cling to. Constant moisture most essential.

Cutture In Caszs in Rooms: Compost, as above. Position,
shady window, not exposed to sun. Plant, March. Top-dress with
fresh compost annually in March. Water freely April to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Ventilate case few minutes daily. Species most
suitable, T. radicans. Propagate by spores sown on surface of sandy
peat in shallow pan covered with bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° at any
time; by division of plant at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. alatum, W. Indies; auriculatum, Trop. Asia;
Colensoi, New Zealand; exsectum, Chili; parvulum, Tropics; radicans (Killarney
Fern), Tropical and Temperate Regions; trichoideum, W. Indies.

Trichopilia.—Ord. Orchidacew. Greenhouse evergreen epiphy-
tal orchids. First introduced 1821.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, fresh sphagnum moss,
charcoal, & clean crocks. Position, well-drained pots with base of
plant slightly elevated above rim, or in basket suspended from roof
of light greenhouse close to glass. Pot, Feb. or March, or immediately
new growth begins. Water moderately March to Sept., very little
afterwards. Moist atmosphere essential in summer. Shade from sun.
Growing period, March to Sept.; resting period, Sept. to March.
Temp., May to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to Feb. 45° to 55°; Feb. to May
50° to 60°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. coccinea, crimson and white, May and June, 6 in.,
Central America; fragrans, greenish white and yellow, almond scented, summer,
Colombia; galeottiana, greenish yellow and crimson, summer, Mexico; suavis,

white, red, and yellow, hawthorn scented, May and June, Central America; tortilis,
brown, yellow, white, and crimson, summer, Mexico.

Trichosanthes (Snake Gourd; Serpent Cucumber; Viper
Gourd).—Ord. Cucurbitacee. Greenhouse annual climbers. First in-
troduced 1735. Fruit, very long, cucumber-like, twisted.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, & fibrous
peat. Position, well-drained pots with shoots trained up roof of sunny
greenhouse. Sow seeds singly lin. deep in 2-in. pots filled with above
compost, placed in temp. 65° to 75° Feb, or March. Transplant seed-
lings when three leaves form into 44-in. pots, & when well rooted into
8-in. size. Water freely; use tepid water only. Syringe daily, May to
Sept. Shade trom mid-day sun. Apply weak stimulants twice a week
May to Sept. Temp., 60° to 70°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. Anguina, white, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. Asia.

Trichosma.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchid. First
introduced 1840,

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fresh sphagnum moss & fibry peat.
Position, pots or pans half filled with potsherds, & placed close to glass.
Pot, Feb. or March; keep base of plant well above rim of pot or pan.
Temp., March to es 70° to 85°; Sept. to Nov. 65° to 75°; Nov. to
March 60° to 70°. ater freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to
Nov., very little Nov. to March. Growing period, March to Aug. ; rest-

436

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

fie period, Sept to Feb. Propagate by division of bulbs at potting
ime.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. suavis, creamy white, yellow and crimson, fragrant,
October and November, Sikkim and Khasya. :

Tricyrtis (Japanese Toad Lily). — Ord. Liliacew. Half-hardy
perennials. First introduced 1851.

GREENHOUSE CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of sandy loam,
peat, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in cool greenhouse or
cold frame. Pot, Oct. to March. Plunge pots to rim in cocoanut-fibre
refuse or cinder ashes in cool greenhouse or cold frame, & give no water
till growth commences, then apply moderately. When stems are 3 in.
high, place plants in light airy position in greenhouse. No shade
required. Apply weak stimulants once a week during flowering period.
After flowering gradually withhold water till foliage turns yellow, then
keep dry, & store pots away in cold frame or under staging in cool
greenhouse until Feb. or March.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, partially shady,
sheltered, moist border. Plant rhizomes 2in, below surface, Oct. to
March. Profect in severe weather with covering of litter. Plants
grown outdoors do not flower until autumn. Propagate by offsets re-
moved at planting or potting time.

7 SEECIBE CULTIVATED: T. hirta, white and purple, autumn, 2 to 3 ft.,
apan.

Trientalis (Chickweed Winter Green; Star Flower). — Ord.
Primulaceez. Hardy herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, shady borders, mar-
gins of rhododendron beds, rockeries or woodlands. Plant, Nov. to
April. Propagate by seeds sown in light rich soil, lightly covered with
fine mould under hand-light in shady position outdoors in April; divi-
sion of roots, Nov. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. americana (Star-flower), white, May, 6 to 9 in.,
N. America; europea (Chickweed Winter-green), white, summer, 6 to 8 in., N.
Hemisphere.

Trifolium (Purple Clover).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy peren-
nial. Grown only for the sake of the purple-tinted foliage.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
to April. Propagate by division of plants, Oct. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. repens purpureum (Scotch Shamrock), leaves spotted
with purple, creeping, Britain.

Trigonella (Fenugreek).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1562. Leaves, feather-shaped,

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow seeds in
April in patches lightly covered with fine mould. Thin seedlings when
three leaves form to 6 in. apart.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. cerulea, blue, summer, 2 ft., E. Europe; Fonum-
grecum (Fenugreek), white, summer, 18 in., S. Europe.

Trillium (American Wood Lily).—Ord. Lilacew. Hardy tuberous-
rooted perennials. First introduced 1700.

CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, shady, moist, well-drained
border. Plant, Aug. to Nov. Top-dress annually in March with layer
of decayed leaves. Lift & replant only when absolutely necessary.
Propagate by seeds sown in shallow, well-drained boxes or pans filled
with sandy peat, cover seeds lightly with fine mould & place in shady
cold frame; division of tuberous roots, Aug. to Nov.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. cernuum, white, April, 1 ft., N. America; erectum
(Birth-root), purple, April, 1 ft., N. America; erythrocarpum (Painted Wood
lily), red and white, May, 6 in., N. America; grandiflorum (Wake Robin), white,

437

ENCYCLOPH#DIA OF GARDENING.

May, N. America; grandiflorum roseum, rose; ovatum, red, April, 6 in., N.W.
America; sessile, purple, March, 6 in., N. America. :

Triplet Lily (Brodiza uniflora).—See Brodiza.

Triteleia.—See Brodiza. .

Trithrinax.—Ord. Palmacex. Stove orn. foliage plants. First
introduced 1875. Leaves, roundish oval; green. ;

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & little sand.
Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Water copiously
April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Sept.
Moist atmosphere highly essential. Shade from sun. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds soaked
for a few hours in tepid water & then sown } in. deep in sandy loam in
temp. of 75° to 85°, any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. acanthocoma, 10 to 15 ft., Brazil; brasiliensis,
10 to 15 ft., Brasil.

Tritoma.—sSee Kniphofia.

Tritonia.—Ord. Ividacew. Hardy deciduous bulbous plants.
First introduced 1758.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, &
decayed manure. Position, sunny, well-drained borders. Plant 3 in.
deep & 2in. apart in masses, Oct. to March. Protect, Nov. to March,
by covering of dry litter. Mulch in March with layer of decayed
manure, first removing litter. Water occasionally in very dry weather.
Apply stimulants occasionally during flowering period. Lift & replant
bulbs annually.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 44in. in diameter, well-drained.
Place five bulbs 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame, or under cool greenhouse stage until flowers
fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp., Sept.
to March 40° to 50°; other times, 50° to 60°. Propagate by offsets
treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. crocata (Syn. Ixia crocata), orange, summer, 2 ft.;
crocosmiflora, orange-scarlet, summer, 2 to 3 ft., hybrid; Pottsii, orange yellow,
Aug., 3 ft. Natives of S. Africa, and formerly known as Montbretias.

Trollius (Globe Flower)—Ord. Ranunculaceae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials.

CULTURE: Soil, deep, moist ordinary or preferably loam. Posi-
tion, partially shady borders or margins of ponds or streams. Plant,
Oct. to April. Water freely in dry weather. Lift, divide, & replant
every three or four years. Propagate by seeds sown in moist, loamy
ee shady position outdoors in Sept. or April; division of roots, Oct.

o April.

SPROTES CULTIVATED: T. asiaticus, yellow, May, 18 in., Siberia; europeus
flore pleno, double.

Tropzeolum (Nasturtium; Indian Cress; Flame Flower; Canary
Creeper).—Ord. Geraniacee. Greenhouse or hardy annual or peren-
nial dwarf or climbing herbs,

CULTURE OF CANARY CREEPER: Soil, good ordinary mould or
sandy loam, Position, against sunny or shady wall, fence, arbour, or
trellis; does well on a north aspect. Sow seeds } in. deep in light soil
in temp. 55° in March, harden off seedlings in cold frame in April &
plant outdoors in May; or } in. deep outdoors in April where required
to grow. Water freely in dry weather.

CULTURE OF NASTURTIUM: Climbing kinds: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny or shady walls, fences, arbours, or window boxes, Sow

438

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

seed lin. deep in April where plants are required to grow. Remove
seed pods as they form to ensure free flowering. Dwart kinds: Soil,
ordiuary, not over rich. Position, sunny or shady borders or beds.
Sow seeds lin. deep & 3in. apart in lines or masses in April. Thin
seedlings to 6, 9, or 12in. apart when 3 in high if fine plants are desired.
Remove seed pods unless seed is required.

POT CULTURE: Sow sceds }in. deep & 2in. apart in 5-in. pots
filled with a compost of two parts good mould & one part decayed
manure in April. Place pots in window or cold frame. Water modc-
rately at first, freely when in full growth. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally when in flower. Double varieties propagated by cuttings in
temp. 55° in spring. Plant outdoors in May or June. May be grown
in pots in a compost of two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, & little
sand. Pot in March or Ape. Water freely in summer, moderately
ae times. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to June 55° to
65°.

CULTURE OF T, LOBBIANUM: Sow seeds in light soil in temp. 55°
in March, harden seedlings off in cold frame in April, & plant out in
June in sunny position against walls, fences, arbours, or in borders,
placing tree branches to support the shoots; or outdoors }in. deep in
April where required to grow.

Inpoor CutturE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed manure & half a part sand. Position, well-drained
pots or beds, training shoots up rafters, Water moderately Sept. to
April, freely afterwards. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in.
long, inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in spring. Temp., Sept.
to March 50° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS-ROOTED SPECIES:
Compost, equal parts turfy loam, leaf-mould, peat, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light, airy greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Nov.
Place one tuber only in » pot and bury this about lin. Water very
little till plants grow freely, then give an abundant supply. Withhold
water entirely when foliage turns yellow & until growth recommences.
Apply stimulants occasionally when plants are in flower. Train shoots
to wire trellis fixed in pots or up ratters. Temp., Nov. to Feb. 40° to
50°; Feb. to June 55° to 65°. After growth ceases, store pots in cool
place till potting time. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy soil
in temp. 55° to 65° in spring; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 55° to 65° in spring or summer.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light sandy loam for T.
pentaphyllum ; ordinary mould for T. polyphyllum; equal parts loam,
peat, leaf-mould, & sand for T. speciosum ; poorish mould for T. tubero-
sum. Position, south wall or fence for T, pentaphyllum; sunny bank
for T. polyphyllum; shaded wall or hedge facing north for T, specio-
sum; sunny border for T. tuberosum. Plant T. tuberosum in March
or April; T. polyphyllum, Aug. to Nov.; T. speciosum & T. pentaphyl-
lum, Oct. or March. Water freely in dry weather. Mulch with de-
cayed manure in Oct. Lift tubers of T. tuberosum in Oct., store in
sand in frost-proof place till March; leave others undisturbed. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in loam, leaf-mould, & sand in cold frame in
April; division of roots at planting time.

ANNUAL SPECIES: T. aduncum (Syn. T. canariense) ,Canary Creeper, yellow,
summer, 3 to 10 ft., Peru. Strictly a perennial, hut best grown as an annual;
Majus (Tall Nasturtium), orange and brown, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Peru; minus
(Dwarf Nasturtium), yellow, red, summer, 1 ft., Peru.

439

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: T. azureum, blue, green, and white, Oct., 3 ft.,
tuberous-rooted, Chili; Jarrattii, orange, scarlet, and brown, June, 12 ft., tuberous-
rooted, Santiago; lobbianum, orange scarlet, summer and winter, 6 to 10 ft.,
Colombia; pentaphyllum, vermilion and purple, summer, 4 ft., tuberous-rooted,
Buenos Ayres; tricolorum, orange scarlet, summer, 5 to 10 ft., Chili.

HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: T. Leichtlinii, orange, yellow and red, summer,
trailing, hybrid; polyphyllum (Yellow Rock Indian Cress), yellow, June, trailing,
Chili; tuberosum, yellow and red, Sept., trailing, tuberous-rooted, Peru; speciosum
(Flame Flower), crimson, summer, 10 ft., Chili. 4 ?

Trumpet-flower.—sSee Tecoma & Bignonia. _

Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens). — See
Lonicera. :

Trumpet Leaf (Sarracenia purpurea).—See Sarracenia.

Trumpet Lily (Lilium longiflorum & Richardia africana).—See
Lilium & Richardia. r i

Tsuga.—oOrd. Conifer. Hardy evergreen coniferous trees. Habit
of growth handsome and elegant. First introduced 1736. :

CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich loam. Position, elevated, well-drained
sites in parks or pleasure grounds. Plant in autumn. Propagate by
seeds sown in sandy soil outdoors in April, or in pans in gentle warmth
in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. canadensis (Syn. Abies canadensis), Hemlock
Spruce, 60 to 80 ft., N.E. America; caroliniana, 50 to 60 ft., 8. Alleghanies; mer-
tensiana (Syn. Abies albertiana), 100 to 140 ft., N.W. America; pattoniana (Cali-
fornian Hemlock Spruce), 100 to 150 ft., California; Sieboldii (Japanese Hemlock
Spruce), 80 to 100 ft., Japan.

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa).—See Polianthus.
Tube-tongue (Salpiglossis sinuata).—See Salpigtossis.
Tufted Pansy.—See Viola.

Tulip.—See Tulipa.

Tulipa (Tulip).—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous-rooted plants.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLORISTS’ TULIPS: Seedlings: Bulbs that
have not flowered. Breeders or Selfs: Seedlings or offsets from bulbs
that have flowered & promise to develop into a good strain of one of
the following classes. Broken: Breeder tulips developing stripes of
another colour. Feathered: Having a light, heavy, or irregular dark-
coloured edge to the petals. Flamed: having a dark candle-flame-
like spot in the centre of each petal. Bizarres: Yellow petals marked
with another colour. Byblomens: White, marked with shades of
black, violet, or purple. Roses: White, marked with red.

CLASSIFICATION OF ORDINARY TULIPS: Early: Flowering in
March. Example, Due Van Thol. Late or Cottage: Flowering in
May & June. Example, T. vitellina. Mother: Same as Breeders,
self-coloured. _ Darwin: A superior strain of self-coloured tulips.
Rembrandt: Same as Darwins, but striped. Parrot: Curiously-
coloured blooms with large, feathery-edged petals.

CULTURE OF ORDINARY TULIPS: Soil, light, ordinary, pre-
viously liberally enriched with well-decayed manure. Position, sunny
well-drained beds or borders. Plant bulbs 4in. deep & Gin. apart,
Oct. to Dec. Mulch surface of bed with decayed manure or cocoanut-
fibre refuse. Lift bulbs directly after flowering & replant them in
sunny reserve border to finish their growth; or leave until July,
then lift, dry, & store away in cool place till planting time. Bulbs
may be left in ground altogether if desired, lifting, dividing, & re-
planting every three years. Mother, Darwin, Rembrandt, & Parrot
tulips grown in the same way.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed

440

LNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDHNING.

manur i > 7
ea — ee Bs ae Sept. to Nov., placing three bulbs in a
Pot firmly, C n. pot, & burying bulbs just below the surface.
fate “f . over pots with cinders or cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold
Haein aaa ile to window, frame, or greenhouse when growth begins

i mn Enel ys Temp. for forcing, 55% to 65°.
= peta nee Exurzition: Compost, four parts good turfy loam,

eee ch -mould, one part decayed cow manure, & one part
yee mixed together & allowed to remain in « heap for one year.

osition, well-drained sunny bed, containing about 18in. of above
compost. Plant bulbs 3 to 4in. deep & 61n. apart end of Oct. or
beginning of Nov. Surround each bulb w‘th sand. Protect- blooms
with canvas awning. Lift bulbs when leaves turn brown. Store in
cool shed to dry, after which remove loose skins & place in drawers
till planting time.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light rich ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny borders, rockeries, or naturalised, in grass. In latter
case plant permanently; no lifting required. Plant, Sept. to Nov.,
3in. deep & Gin. apart. Lift, divide, & replant every four years.
Propagate by seeds sown in Feb. in light sandy soil in a cold frame;
transplanting following year in bed of rich soil outdoors; by offsets
removed from parent bulb & planted 3in. deep in a bed of light rich
soil in a sunny position outdoors in Nov. Seedling bulbs flower when
four to six years old; offsets when three to four years old.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. acuminata (Turkish Tulip), yellow and red, 17 in.,
May; australis (Syn. T. celsiana), yellow and red, April, 1 ft., S.W. Europe;
biebersteiniana, yellow, April, 1 ft., Caucasus; Batalinii, yellow, April, 6 to 8 in.,
Asia Minor; biflora, white and yellow, April, Caucasus; biblietiana, yellow, May,
2 ft., Europe; clusiana, white, red and black, June, 8 in., S. Europe; elegans,
red and yellow, May, 1 ft.; elegans alba, white; fragrans, yellow, April, 8 in.,
Algiers; gesneriana, scarlet and black, fragrant, May, 2 ft., S. Russia and Asia
Minor, parent of florists’ tulips; Greigi, scarlet, yellow, and black, April, 6 to
9 in., Turkestan; kaufmanniana, white, red, and yellow, 6 in., Turkestan; kolpa-
kowskyana, yellow and rose, 8 in., April, 2 ft., Central Asia; Leichtlinii, pink and
white, May, 1 ft., Kashmir; macrospila, crimson and black, fragrant, May, 2 ft.;
orphanidea, yellow, May, 18 in., Greece; platystigma, magenta, blue, and white,
May, 1 ft., parent of the Parrot Tulips, S. Europe; oculis-solis, red, yellow, and
black, April, 18 in.; precox, red and black, April, 2 ft., S. Europe; primulina,
yellow and red, spring, 6 in., Algiers; retroflexa, yellow, May, 1 ft.; spathulata,
red and black, May, 2 ft., Italy; suavolens, scarlet and yellow, fragrant, May,
6 in., Crimea; sylvestris, yellow, May, 18 in., Europe; undulatifolia, crimson,
yellow and black, 9 in., ‘Asia Minor; violacea, mauve, spring, 6 in., N. Persia;
yViridiflora, yellow and green, June, 1 ft.; vitellina, yellow, May, 18 in.

Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera).—See Liriodendron.

Tunbridge Filmy Fern (Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense).—

See Hymenophyllum.
Tupelo tree Osis aquatica).—See Nyssa.
Turban Bellflower (Campanula turbinata).—See Campanula.
Turban Lily (Lilium pomponium).—See Lilium.
Turfing Daisy (Pyrethrum Tchihatchewi)._See Pyrethrum.
Turkestan Tulip (Tulipa Greigi)._See Tulipa.
Turkey Oak (Quercus Cerris).—See Quercus.
Turkey Rhubarb (Rheum almatum).—See Rheum.
Turkey’s-beard (Xerophyllum asphodeloides). — See Xero-
phyllum. ;
Turk’s-cap Cactus (Melocactus communis).—See Melocactus.
Turk’s-cap Lily (Lilium Martagon).—See Lilium.
Turk’s-head Grass (Lagurus ovatus).—See Lagurus.
Turnip.—sSee Brassica. 441

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Turnip Fern (Angiopteris erecta).—Sec Angiopteris.

Turnip-rooted Celery.—Sce Apium.

Turnsole (Heliotropium peruvianum).—Sec Heliotropium.

poole’ perried Vine (Vitis heterophylla humulifolia).
—See Vitis.

Turtle-head.—See Chelone.

Yussilago (Varicgated Coltsfoot)—Ord. Composite. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Orn. foliage. Leaves, roundish heart-shaped,
margined or spotted with creamy white.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Pot, March. Position, cold greenhouse, frame, or window. Water
freely, April to Oct.; kecp nearly dry afterwards. May be grown
outdoors in damp shady borders and ordinary soil. Plant, March.
Propagate by division, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. Farfara variegata, 6 in., Britain.

Tutsan (Hypericum Androseum).—See Hypericum.

Tweedia.—See Oxypetalum.

Twin-flower (Linnea borealis).—See Linnza.

Twin-leaf (Jeffersonia binnata).—See Jeffersonia.

Twin-leaved Lily of the Valley (Maianthemum conval-
laria).—See Maianthemum.

Tyerman’s Groundsel (Senecio pulcher).—See Senecio.

Typha (Reed Mace).—Ord. Typhaceew. Hardy aquatic perennials.
Inflorescence, ‘brown; July.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shallow rivers or
ponds. Plant, Oct. or March, by division.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. angustifolia, 4 to 5 ft., and T. latifolia, 4 to 6 ft.,
both natives of Britain.

Ulex (Furze; Gorse; Whin).—Ord. Leguminosee. Hardy ever-
green shrubs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny banks, rockeries, or
woodlands. Plant, Sept. to April.

HEDGE CULTURE: Plant 18 in. apart in single row. Trim sides
in moderately close in April. Propagate by seeds sown tin. deep in
light soil outdoors in April; cuttings inserted in ordinary soil in
shady position outdoors, spring or autumn.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. europzus flore pleno, yellow, double, 6 ft., spring,
Europe (Britain).

UiImus (Elm; Wych Elm).—Ord. Urticacee. Hardy deciduous
trees. Flowers, insignificant. Leaves, green or variegated.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary for common species (U. campestris); deep
rich loamy with gravelly subsoil for Wych Elm (U. montana); moist
loamy for American Elm (U. americana). Position, open & sunny
woodlands, parks, or shrubberies for all species & varieties. Plant,
Oct. to Feb.

CULTURE FOR TIMBER PURPOSES: Soil, clay, loam, chalk,
or gravel. Position, hedge rows or avenues. Plant autumn, 20 to
25 ft. apart. Timber fine, hard grain, & brown in colour. Used for
coffin making, cart & wagon making, furniture, etc. Average price
per cubic ft., 7d. to 1s. 6d. Average weight of timber per cubic ft.,
431b.; number of cubic ft. per ton, 52. Average life of tree, 400 to
500 years. Altitude to which Elm will thrive, 1,500 ft. Number of
seeds’ to a pound, 70,000. Average height of trees, 150 ft.
Average price of trees per 1,000: 2 years oid, 5s.; 2 to 3 years, trans-
planted, 20s, to 25s.

442

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Provaaarion : Propagate by suckers removed & planted Oct.
to Nov.; layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.; budding choice kinds on
common species, & choice variegated kinds on U. montana in July,
or by grafting similarly in March; seeds gathered as soon as ripe &
sown in light soil in shady position outdoors.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. alata (Winged Elm), 30 to 40 ft., S.U. States;
americana (American Elm), 50 to 100 ft., N. America; campestris (Common Elm),
70 to 120 ft., Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, ete.; campestris suberosa (Cork-barked
Elm) ; campestris pendula, weeping variety; campestris variegata, variegated ;
glabra (Wych Elm), 50 to 70 ft., Kurope; glabra cornubiensis (Cornish Elm); glabra
pendula, weeping form; montana (Scotch Elm), 60 to 100 ft., Europe, N. Asia, etc.;
montana vegeta (Huntingdon Elm),

Umbilicus.—See Cotyledon.

Umbrella Fern.—See Gleichenia.

Umbrella Fir (Sciadopitys verticillata).—See Sciadopitys.

Umbrella Leaf (Diphylleia Cymosa).—See Diphylleia.

Umbrella Palm (Hedyscepe canterburyana).—See Hedyscepc.

Umbrella Pine (Pinus pinea).—See Pinus.

Umbrella Plant.—Sce Saxifraga & Cyperus.

Umbrella Tree (Magnolia tripetala)—See Magnolia.

Ungernia.—Ord. Amaryllidex. Greenhouse bulbous-rooted plant.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal pro-
portions of leaf-mould & cow manure. Pot dry bulbs, Sept. to Dec. ;
afterwards repotting annually immediately after flowering. Bury
bulbs about two-thirds of their depth. Water moderately from time
flowers show till leaves appear, then freely; keep quite dry after leaves
fade. Temp., Sept. to April 55° to 65°. Place pots from April to
Sept. in light sunny position. Propagate by offsets treated as bulbs,
Sept. to Dec.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. trisphxra (Syn. Lycoris Semerzowii), red, summer,
8 in., N. India.

Unicorn-plant.—See Martynia.

Unicorn-root (Veltheimia viridifclia)—See Veltheimia.

Uniola (Sea Oat).—Ord. Graminaceex. Hardy perennial grasses.
Orn. flowering. Inflorescence borne in large loose panicles, July &
Aug.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Plant, March or April. Position, open
sunny borders. Gather inflorescence & dry for winter use in Aug.
Propagate by seeds sown in light rich soil outdoors in April; by divi-
sion of roots in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. latifolia, 4 ft.; paniculata, 6 to 8 ft., N. America.

Urceolina (Golden Urn-flower; Drooping Urn-flower).—Ord.
Amaryllidacee. Greenhouse deciduous bulbous plants. First intro-
duced 1836. :

CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part river sand, &
a few crushed bones. Position, well-drained pots in light part of
house. Pot, Feb., burying bulb about two-thirds of its depth. Water
freely from time growth begins (about Feb.) until Sept., when keep
quite dry. Apply liquid manure when flower spike shows. ‘Top-
dress annually & repot every three or four years only. Temp., Feb.
to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to Feb. 40° to 50°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy loam in temp. 6°
to 70° in March, placing scedlings singly in 2-in. pots & keeping
them moderately moist all the year round for three years; by offsets
treated as old bulbs.

443

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

1 Ee CULTIVATED: U. pendula (Syn. U. aurea), yellow and green, summer,
» Peru.

Ursinia.—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy annual. First intro-
duced 1836.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds, Feb. or March in ordinary light mould in pots, pans, or boxes
in temp. 55° to 65°, & transplant seedlings when an inch high to
3in. apart in shallow boxes; place in cold frame in April; harden off
& plant outdoors, May or June. Also sow seeds in open ground in
April where required to grow, & thin seedlings to 4 or 6 in. apart when
1 to Gin. high.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. pulchra (Syn. Sphenogyne speciosa), yellow and
brown, summer, 1 ft., 8. Africa.

Utricularia (Bladderwort)—Ord. Lentibulariacee. Stove
aquatic herbs. First introduced 1871.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, &
crocks. Position, well-drained pots or shallow pans placed on inverted
pots in saucer of water under Fell-glase or hand-light in shade. Pot,
March or April. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
Admit air for a few minutes daily every morning by tilting bell-glass"
or hand-light. Temp. Oct. to March 55° to 65°; March to Oct. 70°
to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of shallow pans filled
with equal parts of sphagnum moss, peat, & sand, placed under bell-
glass & kept moist in temp. of 55° to 65°, Feb., March, or April;
division of plants at potting or planting time.

SPECIMS CULTIVATED: U. Endriesii, green, lilac and yellow, spring, 4 in.,
Costa Rica; montana, white and yellow, summer, 6 in., Trop. America.

Uvularia (Bell-wort)—Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy bulbous plants.
First introduced 1710.

CULTURE: Soil, moist peat. Position, partially shaded border.
Plant, Oct. & Nov. Propagate by division of roots in Oct.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: U. grandiflora, yellow, May, 1 ft., N. America; per-
folinta, yellow, May, 1 ft., N. America.

Vaccinium (Whortleberry; Bilberry; Huckleberry). — Ord.
Vacciniacee. Hardy deciduous & evergreen flowering or berry-bear-
ing shrubs. Berries, red, bluish black; edible; Aug. to Oct.

CULTURE: Soil, boggy peat. Position, moist rockeries for V.
vitus-idew & V. myrtillus. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. No
pruning required. Propagate by seeds sown in_ shallow boxes or
pans filled with moist sandy peat in temp. of 55° to 65° in spring,
transplanting seedlings outdoors in summer; cuttings of shoots in-
serted in sandy moist peat under hand-light in shade in summer;
layering shoots in autumn; division of vlants, Sept. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. myrtillus (Bilberry or Whortleberry), rose and
erecn, spring, berries dark blue, 18 in., N. Hemisphere (Britain); vitus-idwa (Cow-
berry or Flowering Box), pink, spring, trailing, evergreen, N. Hemisphere (Britain).

Valerian (Centranthus ruber).—See Centranthus.

Valeriana (Cretan Spikenard).—Ord. Valerianaceer. Hardy
perennial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, golden yellow.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Sept.
to April. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years. Top-
dress annually with decayed manure in April. Cut down flowering
stems in Oct. Flower buds should be picked off as they form. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16in. deep in_light soil in sunny position
outdoors in April ; division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. phu aurea, white, Aug., 2 ft., Caucasus.

444,

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

see ee ae Sct a Lamb’s Lettuce).—Ord. Valerian-
we. He nnual salad ve ; in wi
sprig fox Pea. getable. Leaves, largely used in winter &
URE: Soil ordinary. Position, sunny dryi
I E ld, to i yish border. Sow
seeds in drills, lin. deep & Gin. apart fortiehily during Aug. &
Sept. Thin seedlings when three leaves torm to 6in. apart in the

ae Gather leaves either separately or by cutting off the entire

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. olitoria, blue, April, 6 in., Europe (Britain),

Vallisneria (Eel Grass; Tape Grass).—Ord. Hydrocharidacez.
Half-hardy aquatic herb. First introduced 1818. Flowers, white;
minute; July. Leaves, long, narrow.

CULTURE: Soil, rich loam. Position, deep tubs, cisterns, or aqua-
riums filled with water. Plant in small pot or in heap of compost
in bottom of tank, ete., March or April. emp., Sept. to March 45°
to 50°; March to Sept. 60° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown in moist
loam in water; spring; division, March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. spiralis, S. Europe.

Vallota (Scarborough Lily)—Ord. Amaryllidacerw. Greenhouse
evergreen bulbous plants. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good fibrous loam, leaf-mould, &
sand. Position, well-drained pots in light sunny greenhouse or win-
dow. Pot imported bulbs, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Repot es-
tablished plants in June or July. Place bulbs with points just below
the surface; pot firmly. Water moderately, Sept. to March; freely,
March to June; keep nearly dry, June to Sept. Apply stimulants
once or twice a week, March to June. Established plants do best
placed in sunny cold frame, or on layer of cinder ashes or slate, tile,
or board in open air, May till flowering period. Repotting necessary
every three or four years only. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°;
March to June 55° to 65°.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light sandy loam. Position, warm
well-drained border at foot of S. wall. Plant bulbs, Oct., Nov., March,
or April, Gin. deep & surround with sand. Press soil firmly round
bulbs. Protect in winter with a covering of dry litter or fern fronds.
Propagate by offsets removed at potting or planting time. al

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. purpurea, red, August, 2 to 3 ft.; purpurea eximia,
white and crimson; purpurea magnifica, large flowered; purpurea major, scarlet;
purpurea minor, red, dwarf. Hybrida is a hybrid between V. purpurea and
Cyrtanthus sanguineus and bears vermilion-coloured flowers. .

Vanda (Cowslip-scented Orchid)—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove epi-
phytal orchids. First introduced 1810.

CULTURE: Compost, clean potsherds & fresh sphagnum moss only.
Position, teak baskets suspended from roof, or pots filled three parts
of their depth with potsherds, remainder sphagnum moss; or on
rafts of teak wood. V. teres does best with its stems secured to a
branch of apple or oak fixed firmly in a pot. Pot, place in baskets
or on rafts in March. In potting or basketing insert the roots care-
fully among the potsherds, & finish off with a layer of fresh sphagnum
moss. Water copiously daily, March to Oct.; moderately afterwards.
Plants on rafts require to be dipped for a few moments daily in water.
Expose plants fully to the sun all the year rcund. Moist atmosphere
highly essential, March to Oct. Growing period, | March to Oct.
Temp., Oct. to March 60° to 70°; March to Oct. 75° to 85°. Propa-
gate by cutting tops, furnished we one or two roots, off tall plants,

ENUYCULOVPEDIA OF GARDENING.

or by removing young growths with roots attached from base of plant»
in Feb. or March, & potting or placing in baskets as advised for old
plants.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. amesiana, white, rose, and magenta, various seasons,
fragrant, India; Bensoni, white, violet, and pink, various seasons, Burma; cerulea,
lavender blue, autumn, N. India; caerulescens, purplish blue, summer, Burma;
denisoniana, white, summer, Burma; hookeriana, white, rose, and magenta-purple,
autumn, Malaya; insignis, brown, chocolate, yellow, white, and rose, winter,
Timor; kimballiana, white, rosy purple, yellow, and brown, autumn, Burma;
Parishii, yellow, brown, magenta, and violet, fragrant, summer, Burma; Roxburghi1,
green, brown, purple, and white, summer, India; sanderiana, pink, yellow, and
crimson, summer, Philippines; suavis, white, purple, and rose, fragrant, Java;
teres, white, rose, orange, and magenta, spring, India; tricolor, yellow, white,
magenta and purple, various seasons, Java.

Vanilla.—Ord. Orchidacee. Stove climbing orchid. First intro-
duced 1800. Seed pods form the vanilla of commerce.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, & clean
potsherds, Position, well-drained pots, pans, or narrow bed with
shoots trained up wall or rafter, or logs of wood. Pot or plant, Feb.
or March. Water copiously, March to October; moderately after-
wards. Shade from sun. Syringe foliage daily in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
cuttings of climbing stems cut into 2 or 3in. lengths & imbedded in
sphagnum moss & peat in temp. of 75° to 85° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Y. planifolia (Vanilla Plant), white, summer, 10 to
20 ft., Central America.

Vanilla Orchid (Vanilla planifolia).—See Vanilla.

Vegetable Marrow.—See Cucurbita.

Vegetable Oyster (Tragopogon porrifolius). — See Trago-
pogon.

Veltheimia.—oOrd. Liliacew. Greenhouse bulbous plants.
First introduced 1768.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-decayed
cow manure, & little sand. Position, light sunny greenhouse or win-
dow, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame remainder of year. Pot bulbs
of V. viridifolia, Aug. to Nov.; those of V. glauca & intermedia, Oct.
to March. Place bulbs with point just below surface of compost.
Press compost firmly in pots. Water moderately when new growth
commences; freely when in full growth; keep nearly dry when leaves
die of. Apply stimulants occasionally when the plants are growing
freely. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March to June 55° to 65°
Propagate by offsets removed from parent bulbs, placed in small pots
& treated as advised for large bulbs; by leaves removed close to bulbs
& inserted singly in pots of sandy soil in spring or summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. glauca, flesh, March, 18 in, to 2 ft.; intermedia,
flesh, April, 12 to 18 in.; viridifolia, flush, Aug., 2 ft. All natives of S. Africa.

Venetian Sumach (Rhus Cotinus).—See Rhus.

Venidium.—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy annuals.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Propagate
by seeds sown in light soil in temp. 55° to 65°, March or April; trans-

lanting seedlings outdoors, May or June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. fugax (Syn. V. calendulaceum), orange and black,
summer, 18 in., S. Africa. :

Venus’s Fly Trap (Dionza muscipula).—See Dionea.

Venus’s Looking-glass (Specularia speculum).—See Specu-
laria.

446

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Venus’s Navel-wort (Omplialodes linifolia)—See Ompha-

lodes.
Veratrum (false Hellebore).—Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1548. Leaves, large, much ribbed,

green. Roots, creeping ; highly poisonous.
CULTURE: Soil, light ordinary or peaty. Position, partially shady
moist borders. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by sceds sown in

oe peaty soil outdoors, March or April; division ‘of roots, Oct. or
pril.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. album (White Hellebore), white, July, 3 to 4 ft.,
Europe; nigrum (Black Hellebore), purple, summer, 3 ft., Europe; viride (Green
Hellebore or Indian Poke), green, July, 3 ft., N. America.

Verbascum (Mullein; Aaron’s Rod).—Ord. Scrophulariacex.
Hardy biennial & perennial herbs.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds in light rich soil in sunny position out-
doors in April, transplanting seedlings when three or four leaves form,
6in. apart in sunny position until tollowing April; then plant where
required to flower.

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, deep light rich ordi-
nary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Pro-
pagate by seeds as advised for biennial species; by division of roots
in March or April.

BIENNIAL SPLECIES.—V. olympicum (Olympian Mullein), yellow, summer, 6 ft.,
Bithynia.

PERRENIAL SPECIES: V. Chaixii (Nettle-leaved Mullein), yellow, summer, 3 ft.,
8.W. Europe; nigrum (Dark Mullein), yellow, summer, 3 ft., Europe; phoeniceum
(Purple Mullein), violet and red, summer, 3 ft., Europe.

Verbena (Vervain).—Ord. Verbenacee. Hardy biennials &
greenhouse shrubby & hardy herbaceous perennials. Present race of
bedding verbenas originally derived from V. teucrioides and other
species not now cultivated. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE OF BEDDING VERBENAS: Compost, two parts good
turfy loam. & one part of equal proportions of decayed mauure, lcaf-
mould, & sharp silver sand. Position, pots in light greenhouse; or
cold frames in summer. Pot, Feb. to May. Water freely, April to
Oct.; moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants two or three times
weekly to plants in flower. Nip off points of shoots during spring to
induce bushy growth. Discontinue nipping off points of shoots six
weeks before plants are required to flower. Young plants struck
from cuttings or raised from seed best adapted for pot culture.
Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to June 55° to 65°. Shade
from sun.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary liberally enriched with
decayed manure. Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant 12in. apart
each way in June. Water freely in dry weather. Peg shoots to sur-
face of bed as they grow, & when they meet each other nip off their

oints.

CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Sow seeds in light soil in temp. 55° in Feb., harden
off seedlings in cold frame in April, & plant out 12in. apart in May:
or where required to grow in April.

CULTURE OF V. VENOSA: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny
beds or borders. Plant, May. Lift roots in Oct., store in ordinary
soil in boxes in frost-proof place until March, then place in temp.

447

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

55°, & when new shoots form remove these with portion of old roots.
place in small pots, harden off & plant out 12in. apart in May; or
plant old roots, dividing them, if necessary, direct into beds in April.
Peg shoots down as they grow. May be grown outdoors altogether
in well-drained soils in sheltered districts.

PROPAGATION OF VERBENAS: Propagate garden verbenas by
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in pots, pans, or boxes filled with a com-
post of equal parts loam & leaf-mould & little sand, placed in a temp.
65° to 75° in Jan., Feb., or March, transplanting seedlings when
third leaf forms in boxes or pans, placing these on shelf near glass
in temp. 55°, transferring when fairly strong singly to 2}-in. pots, &
later on to a larger size; by cuttings inserted in a bed of sandy soil
in cold frame in Aug., lifting cuttings when rooted & planting 2 in.
apart in boxes or pans & storing on shelf in greenhouse until March,
then potting off singly in small pots; or young shoots taken off in
Feb. or March, & inserted in damp sand under bell-glass in temp. 63°;
V. venosa, by division of the roots in spring, or cuttings of shoots
inserted in cold frame in Aug.

BIENNIAL SPECIES: V. Aubletia (Rose Vervain), purple or lilac, summer, 1 ft.,
N. America, hardy.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: V. venosa, lilac, summer, 2 ft., Argentine.

Vernonia (Ironweed).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous
flowering plants. First introduced 1710.

CULTURE: Soil, rich, sandy loam. Position, sunny borders.
Plant, March or April. Top-dress with decayed manure in spring.
Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in a cold frame in March or
April, or outdoors in a sunny border in April; also by division of the
roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. altissima, purple and violet, autumn, 4 ft., T.

States; arkansana, purple, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., N. America; noveboracensis,

purple, summer, 4 to 5 ft., U. States.

Veronica (Speedwell).—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy &
hardy evergreen flowering shrubs & hardy herbaceous perennials.

CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary or loam & peat.
Position, sunny rockeries, borders, or beds near the sea coast, or in
inland sheltered districts south of the Trent. Plant, Sept. or April.
Protect in very severe weather. Prune straggly plants into shape in
April. :

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & little
sand. Position, sunny greenhouse, windows, corridors, porches, or
balconies. Pot, Sept. or March. Water freely, April to Oct.; mode-
rately other times. Apply stimulants occasionally to healthy plants
during summer. Plants put out in rich soil in sunny position in
May, kept well watered, lifted, & placed in pots in Sept., will usually
flower freely in the greenhouse during autumn.

CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary
rich. Position, sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, Sept. to Nov.,
Feb. to May. Lift, divide, & replant triennially. Water freely in
dry weather. Mulch annually in April with decayed manure. Pro-
pagate shrubby species by cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-
glass in spring; under hand-light or in cold frame in summer; peren-
nials by division of roots in autumn or spring; seeds sown in light
soil in shade outdoors in April.

SHRUBBY SPECIES: V. Andersoni, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft.; Andersoni varie-
gata, varicgated; Bidwellii, white and violet, summer, 6 to 12 in., New Zealand;

448

4

EHNCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

cupressoides, violet, summer, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand; chathamica, purple, summer,
1 ft., New Zealand; elliptica (Syn. V. decussata)), white, summer, 3 to 8 ft., New
Zealand; Lowisii, white and blue, summer, 4 to 6 ft., New Zealand; Lyallii, white,
summer, 1 ft., New Zealand; salicifolia, white, summer, 3 to 6 ft., New Zealand;

speciosa, blue, May, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand; Traversii, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
New Zealand.

PERENNIAL SPECIES: Y, corymbosa, blue, Sept. and Oct., 8 in., Alps; gen-
tianoides, blue, _ June, 8 to 12 in, S.K. Europe; gentianoides alba, white;
gentianoides variegata, variegated; incana, blue, summer, 18 in., S. Europe; longi-
folia, lilac blue, Aug., 18 in, to 2 ft., Europo; longifolia subsessilis, blue, 3 to 4 ft.;
orientalis, fleshy pink, summer, 1 ft., Asia Minor; repens, white, summer, 2 to 3 in.,
Corsica, ; saxatilis, blue, July, 6 in., Europe; spicata, blue, July, 12 to 18 in.,
Europe; spicata alba, white; spicata corymbiflora, blue; Teucrium dubia (Syn. v.

rupestris), blue, summer, 3 to 6 in., Eu 3 virgini i
eae n., rope; virginica, white, July, 4 to 6 ft.,

Verschaffeltia.—Ord. Palmacew. Stove palm. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1864. Leaves, roundish, divided at tips; bright green.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part equal propor-
tions charcoal, turfy loam, & sand. Position, moist shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe freely twice daily, Feb. to Oct. ;
once daily afterwards. _ Water freely at all times. " Shade & moist
atmosphere essential. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to
March 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown lin. deep in peat & loam
in small pots in temp. 75° to 85°, spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. splendida; 12 to 80 ft., Seychelles.

Vervain.—See Verbena.

Vetch, Kidney.—See Anthyllis.

Vetch, Spring (Vicia lathyroides).—See Vicia.

Viburnum (Guelder Rose; Laurustinus; Wayfaring Tree;
Snowball Tree).—Ord. Caprifoliacee. Hardy deciduous and evergreen
flowering shrubs.

CULTURE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, open sunny shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to March. Thin out weak growths in winter, but other-
wise prune.

CULTURE OF LAURUSTINUS: Soil, deep sandy loam. Position,
warm sheltered shrubberies, etc. Plant, Sept., Oct., or April. Prune,
April. This species also suitable for pot culture for flowering in cold
greenhouses in winter. Pot, spring. Position, outdoors in semi-shady
position, May till Oct.; in cold greenhouse, Oct. to May. Water
freely while outdoors; moderately in winter. Propagate by cuttings
of half-ripened shoots inserted in sandy loam under bell-glass in cold
shady frame or hand-light outdoors in Sept. or Oct.; or by layering
shoots in Sept. or Oct.

DECIDUOUs SPECIES: V. macrocephalum, white, June, 15 to 20 ft., China;
opulus (Wild Guelder Rose), white, June, 8 ft., Europe (Britain); opulus sterile,
sterile-flowered (the Garden Guelder Rose or Snowball ‘Tree); tomentosum plicatum
(Syn. V. plicatum), white, May, sterile-flowered, 6 ft., Japan.

EVERGREEN SPECIES: V. Tinus (Laurustinus), white and pink, winter, 8 to
10 ft., Mediterranean Region.

Vicia (Vetch; Broad Bean).—Ord. Leguminose. Hardy annual
& perennial herbs, including the well-known vegetable called the
Broad Bean.

CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders, with shoots trained up tree branches, walls, or trellises. Sow
seeds }in. deep in groups of 8 or 12 in April. Water freely in dry
weather. :

CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Plant, Oct. to March. Mulch annually with decayed

449 Q

ENOYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

manure. Lift, divide, and replant every four or five years. Cut
down flower stems, Oct. or Nov. Propagate by seeds sown 4 in. deep
in ordinary soil in sunny position outdoors, March or April; division
of roots, Oct. or March. é

CULTURE OF BROAD BEANS: Soil, rich, well-manured, moist
loam, for main crops; lighter, rich soil for early ones. Position, south
borders for early crops; open garden for main or late ones. Sow
early longpod varieties in Jan. & Feb., main crop sorts in March &
April. Distances: Drills 3in. deep & 2}ft. apart for early ; 3 in.
deep & 3ft. for main crops. Seeds to be 4 to 6 in. apart in drills.
Soak seeds in water for 4 few hours before sowing. Nip off points of
plants when first flowers open. Mulch late crops with decayed manure,
especially on light soils. _Manures: Kainit, 2 lb,; superphosphate,
51b.; sulphate of iron, 1lb. Apply these quantities per square rod
before sowing. Crop ready for use 18 weeks after sowing. Seeds
take 12 to 14 days to germinate. Seeds retain their germinating
powers one year. Quantity of seeds to sow a row 50 ft. long, 1 pint.

Marker Currure: Soil, rich, strong, moist lam. Manures,
15 to 20 tons of farmyard manure applied per acre in autumn to poor
soils; none on rich soils. In latter case apply 3 cwt. of superphos-
phate & 3cwt. kainit per acre before sowing, and 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda when plants are 3in. high. On heavy soils 6cwt. basic slag
per acre in autumn in place of superphosphate. Sow early Long-pod
varieties 6 to 10in. apart in drills 2in. deep and 2ft. apart in Feb.;
main crop kinds 8 to 10 in. apart in drills 2in. deep, and 3 ft. apart
in March. Roll land afterwards. Quantity of seed required to sow
an acre, 2 or 3 bushels. Hoe between crops occasionally. Market by
the bushel. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average returns
(gross) per acre, £18 to £23.

ANNUAL SPECIES: V. atropurpurea, purple, June, 3 ft., S. Europe; faba
(Broad Bean), white, June and July, 3 ft., Kast; lathyroides (Spring Vetch), lilac,

May, 6 to 8 in., Europe; narbonensis, purple, June, 3 it., S. Europe; onobrychioides,
purple, June, 2 ft

PERENNIAL SPECIES: V. orobioides (Syn. Orobus lathyroides), blue, June, 2 ft.,
Europe (Britain).

Victoria (Royal Water Lily; Queen Victoria's Water Lily).—
Ord. Nymphacew. Stove aquatic plant. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1838. Leaves, roundish, flat, with turned-up edges; bronzy

reen; 4 to 6ft. diameter; floating.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts good rich turfy loam, one part
decayed cow manure. Position, large tank 6ft. deep & 20 to 25 ft.
wide filled with running water. Plant, May. Temp. of water, 80° to
85°, Temp. of atmosphere, 75° to 85°, March to Sept.; Sept. to
March 65° to 70°. No shade required. Propagate by seeds sown in
pot of sandy loam submerged in water heated to temp. of 85°, &
placed near glass in light position, Jan. When seedlings appear above
surface, transplant singly in small pots & place in water again until
May, then plant out as above advised. The Victoria Regia is strictly
a perennial, but thrives best treated as an annual in this country.”

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. regia, white, rose and purple, summer, Trop.
America,

Victoria Water Lily (Victoria regia) —See Victoria,
Victor’s Laurel (Laurus nobilis).—See Laurus.
Vieussexia.—See Morea.

Villarsia.—See Limnanthemum.

450

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Vinca (Periwinkle; Band Plant; Cut Finger; Madagascar Peri-
winkle).—Ord. Apocynacea. Hardy herbaceous perennials & stove
overgreen shrubs.

CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES: Compost, two parts fibrous loam,
one part decayed manure, & little silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in stove, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame or greenhouse re-
mainder of year. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune shoots of old plants to
within 1 or 2in. of their base in Jan. or Feb. Water freely, April
to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally
during summer & autumn. Nip off points of shoots in young or old
plants once or twice during July & Aug. to insure bushy habit.
Temp., March to June 65° to 75°; Sept. fo March 55° to 65°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
borders, rockeries, or shrubberies under trees. Plant, Oct. to April.
Lift, divide, & replant only when absolutely necessary.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, & little sand. Pot, Oct. to March. Position, pots suspended
in wire baskets in cold or cool greenhouses, balconies, or windows.
Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards. Repot an-
nually. Propagate V. rosea by cuttings of young shoots removed
when 2 or 3 in. long in spring, & inserted in sandy soil under bell-
glass in temp. 65° to 75°. Hardy species by division in March or
April.

STOVE SPECIES: V. rosea (Madagascar Periwinkle), rose, May, 1 ft., Tropics;
rosea alba, white.

HARDY SPECIES: V. difformis (Syn. Media), blue, summer, 1 ft., S.W. Europe;
major (Large Periwinkle), purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe (Britain); major variegata,
variegated; minor (Lesser Periwinkle), blue, summer, 1 ft., Europe (Britain);
minor flore pleno, double, blue; minor flore albo, white, double; minor foliis-
argenteis, variegated with white; minor foliis-aureis, variegated with yellow.

Vine.—See Vitis.

Viola (Violet; Tufted Pansy; Pansy; Heartsease).—Ord. Violacez.
Hardy perennial herbs.

CLASSIFICATION: Pansies in General.—Any free-growing or free-
flowering strain, self-coloured, or variegated. Show Pansy.—Blooms
circular, flat, & smooth, without wavy or crinkled edges; petals thick,
velvety, & lying closely over each other; principal or ground colour
of three lower petals pure white or yellow; dark circular blotch in
centre of blooms, orange eye; dark narrow belt to three lower petals;
same colour as upper petals; diameter i4in. Fancy Pansy.—Blooms
circular, flat, & smooth, with wavy or crinkled edges; petals thick
and velvety, lying closely over each other; solid, bright orange eye;
large blotches of colour, with narrow belt or margin of another colour
on three lower petals; top petals same colour as blotches or margins;
colour, sometimes suffused; size lin. to 2in. in diameter. Tufted
Pansy.—A name applied to a class of pansies, commonly called
“violas,” hybrids of the ordinary pansy and the Horned Violet (V.
cornuta). Blooms smaller than those of ordinary pansies. Colours
varied, “chaste, & delicate. Habit, dwarf. not spreading as in the
pansy. Trimardeau Pansy.—A strain of French origin, noteworthy
for coarseness of blooms & gaudiness of colour. Violetta.—A strain of
very dwarf pansies, the result of a cross between a pansy & Viola
cornuta. Flowers, small, rayless, & fragrant. ;

CULTURE OF SHOW, FANCY, AND TUFTED PANSIES: Soil
(a) deep, rich, moist loam, enriched with well-decayed cow manure;

451 Q2

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

(b) two parts loam, one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould &
sand; (c) ordinary light mould, enriched with cow manure; (d) clayey
or heavy soils, with decayed horse or cow manure. Soil best manured
& dug previous autumn. Position, open, light, sheltered, away from
roots & branches of trees, & shaded from midday sun. Plant pansies
in Sept., Oct., or April, 12in. apart each way; tufted pansies, March
or April, 10in. apart each way. Mulch with cow manure & leaf-
mould in May or June. Stir the surface frequently. Water copiously
in dry weather, applying it in the evening. Remove all flower buds
until plants are established. If exhibition blooms are desired, allow
only one bloom to grow on each shoot. Manures: (1) loz. guano
to a gall. of water; (2) 3.0z. sulphate of ammonia, }0z. superphosphate
of lime, 3 0z. sulphate of iron tp 2 gall. of water (Griffiths); (3) liquid
soot, prepared by enclosing a peck of soot & a heavy stone in a canvas
bag, and immersing this with a few crystals of sulphate of iron in
30 gall. of water, used undiluted; (4) liquid cow or sheep dung,
prepared by placing a peck of dung in 40 gall. of water, keeping
mixture stirred at intervals for a week, then applying liquid in a
clear state undiluted. All the foregoing may be applied every ten
days or so during growing & flowering season. Violettas best grown
as edgings to beds or in patches on rockeries. Plant in May.

CULTURE OF VIOLET: Soil, ordinary, previously well-enriched
with well-decayed manure. Clay soils require plenty of grit, decayed
vegetable refuse & manure incorporated with them. Light & gravelly
soils need a liberal amount of cow manure & loam or clay mixed with
them. Position, border or bed on north or north-east side of hedge,
or under the shade of fruit trees. Full exposure to hot summer sun
undesirable. Plant ‘“‘crowns” Qin. apart in rows 12in. asunder,
April. “Crowns” are portions separated from parent plant, each
furnished with roots. Water when first planted « shade trom sun.
Apply manures recommended for pansies at intervals of three weeks
during summer. Remove runners, i.e. shoots that issue from the
“crowns,” as they form during summer, & keep plants free from
weeds. Lift plants for winter blooming in Sept., & replant, 6 to
8in. apart, in equal parts good soil & leaf-mould in a cold sunny
frame. Water freely in fine weather. Protect from frost. In case
of deep frames decayed manure may be used to fill up space to
within 12in. of light, putting 6in. of above soil on this. Replant
annually.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould,
& one part sand. Pot, April, placing six “crowns” in a 6-in. pot.
Place in a shady frame, & water moderately. Plunge pots to their
rims outdoors in shade in May, & let them remain till Sept., when
remove to greenhouse. Water freely outdoors; moderately in winter.
Winter temp., 40° to 50°.

CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position,
moist, partially-shaded rockeries, beds, or borders. Plant, March or
April, 3 to Gin. apart. Tponneate by seeds sown in light sandy soil
in boxes or pans in cold shady frame in July or Aug., transplanting
seedlings into flowering positions in Sept. or Oct.; by cuttings in-
serted in cold shady frames in Aug. or Sept.; divisions in Sept. or Oct.;
violets by runners in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. alpina, purple, June, 3 in., E. Europe; altaica
(Altaian Violet), purple, May, 6 in., Siberia; biflora (Twin-flowered Violet), yellow,

452

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

June, 3 in., Murope; calcarata (Spurred Violet), blue, May, 6 in., Europe; calcarata
pallida plena, lavender, double; canina (Dog Violet), blue or white, May, 3 to 4 in.,
Europe; cornuta (Horned Violet), blue, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees, one of the parents
of the Garden Viola or Tufted Pansy; cornuta alba, white; cucullata (Hollow-
leaved violet), violet, spring, 3 to 4 in., N. America; gracilis (Olympian Violet),
purple, June, 3 in., Greece; lutea (Mountain Violet), yellow, June, 3 in., Europe
(Britain); munbyana (Munby’s Violet), violet, spring, 4 in., Spain; odorata
(Sweet Violet), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe (Britain); odorata alba, white; odorata
pallida plena (Neapolitan Violet), lavender, double; palustris (Marsh Violet), white,
May, 3 to 4 in., N. Europe (Britain); pedata (Bird’s-foot Violet), blue, May, 6 in.,
N. America; pedata alba, white; rothamagensis (Kouen Violet), blue, summer,
6 in., Europe; sylvestris (Wood Violet), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe; tricolor
(Pansy), yellow, purple and white, summer, 6 in., Europe (Britain).
Violet.—See Violet,
Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare)—See Echium.
Virginian Bird Cherry (Prunus virginiana).—See Prunus.
Virginian Cowslip (Mertensia virginica) —See Mertensia,
Virginian Creeper.—See Vitis.
Virginian Poke (Phytolacca decandra).—See Phytolacca.
Virginian Raspberry (Rubus odoratus).—See Rubus.

Virginian Snow-flower (Chionanthus virginica). — See
Chionanthus.

Virginian Spiderwort (Tradescantea virginica). — See
Tradescantea.

Virginian Stock (Malcolmia maritima).—See Malcolmia.

Virginian. Willow (Itea virginica).—See Itea.

Virgin’s Bower.—See Clematis. :

Viscum (Mistletoe) —Ord. Loranthaceer. Hardy evergreen para-
sitical plant. Fruit, white, roundish, viscid; winter.

CULTURE: Cut a notch in bark on underside of branch & press
ripe berry gently thereinto. Time for insertion, March. ‘Trees
adapted for mistletoe culture: Apple, hawthorn, poplar, lime, maple,
mountain ash, cedar, larch, & oak; two first most suitable.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. album, green, March, Europe (Britain).

Vitex (Chaste Tree; Tree of Chastity).—Ord. Verbenacex. Hardy
evergreen flowering shrubs.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered warm border or
against S. wall. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape moderately
atter flowering. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in ordinary
light sandy soil under bell-glass in cool greenhouse or cold frame,
Sept. or Oct. :

SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. Agnus-castus, lilac or white, Aug., 6 ft., 8. Europe.

Vitis (Grape-vine; Virginian Creeper:.—Ord. Ampelideew. Hardy &
stove deciduous & evergreen climbing shrubs. The genera Ampelopsis
and Cissus are now included in the present genus.

CULTURE OF GRAPE VINE: Compost, five parts of top spit turfy
loam from an old pasture chopped into small pieces, one part old
lime rubbish, one part equal proportions of charcoal & wood ashes, &
one part half-inch bones. Position, sunny, fairly dry _ subsoil.
Borders: Inside for early forcing; outside for late or ordinary cul-
ture. Width, 10 to 16 ft.—that is equalling width of house. Depth,
3ft. On cold clayey soils, surface of border best raised 18in. above
ordinary ground level, & bottom covered with layer of concrete.
Place brick rubbish & old mortar 2 ft. deep at back, sloping to 18in.
in front, in bottom of border. On this put a layer of turves, grass
side downwards, then fill the remaining space with above compost.
A drain along the bottom of border is advisable. Plant, end of Jan,

453

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

or beginning of Feb.; or_in the case of young plants raised from
eyes in spring, June or July. Distance tor planting: 5 ft. apart.

Pruning: Shorten the stem of vine planted in Jan. or Feb. to
within 3in. of ground if inside; to within 2in. of where it enters
house if outside, directly after planting. Allow one strong shoot
only to grow & form tuture stem; rub all others off when they
first form. Prune this following Dec. halfway back if strong; two-
thirds if weak. Second year: Allow side shoots to form & one young
shoot to grow up roof 18in. apart; rub off remainder in a young
state. Nip off points of side shoots at first joint beyond bunch, if
any, otherwise at third or fourth joints. Prune side shoots following
Dec. close to last bud or eye near main stem to form spurs, & third
portion of main stem same as advised for second portion. Third
year: Allow side shoots to form at spurs, also on third portion of
main stem. If more than one shoot forms at a spur, select strongest
& rub off (disbud) remainder. Nip off points of shoots as before
advised. Following Dec. shorten shoots issuing from spurs, also from
third portion of main stem, to last eye or bud; also fourth portion
of main stem to length of rafters. Fourth and subsequent years:
Future pruning to consist of rubbing off (disbudding) all side shoots
except one at each spur, nipping off (stopping) points at first joint
beyond bunch or fourth from base, cutting back, Dec. or Jan., side
shoots to last bud or eye from their base.

Starting TemPeraTuRE AND Warerina: Time for starting Vines:
Nov. to ripen first in April; Dec. for May; Jan. for June; March
for July. Vines started in March without artificial heat will ripen in
Aug. or Sept. Temp. by night: 35° to 40° until buds break; 40° to
50° from then until flowers expand; 50° to 55° during flowering
period; 60° to 70° from then until berries are ripe. Temp. by day:
60° on cold & 70° to 75° on sunny days until buds break; 65° on cold
& 75° to 80° on sunny days until vines flower; 75° on cold & 85°
to 90° on sunny days onwards till grapes are ripe. Watering Inside
Borders: Apply water heated to temp. 60° at the rate of 4 to 5 gall.
per square foot when vines are started; again wheu shoots are 6in.
long; also just before flowers expand; lastly, when berries begin to
swell for second time. Watering Outside Borders: Apply “water
similar temp. & quantity just before flowering & when berries begin
to swell second time. Syringe morning & afternoon daily until vines
flower, then cease. Moistén floors, staging, walls, & borders several
times daily from start until berries colour, then discontinue. Ven-
tilation: Open the ventilators tentatively on fine days when the sun
rises, & close again early in afternoon or when sun disappears. Ven-
tilate freely night & day during ripening period.

Manurrs For Grabe Vines: ODrainings from stable or
manure heap, diluted with one-third water. Apply when berries
first form, & again when they commence to colour. Special
manures for various soils—(a) Sandy soils not containing much
humus: 21b. of guano, 31b. kainit, mixed together, & latter crushed
fine; apply at the rate of 20z. to a square yard once a week from
time berries form until they change colour. (b) Sandy soils containin
much humus: 11]b. nitrate of soda, 21b. superphos ete. 3 1b. kainit,
applied at the rate of 1}o0z. per square yard as advised for (a). (c)
Caleareous soils: 1]lb. dried blood, 2 1b. superphosphate, 11b. sulphate

454

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

of potash, applied at the rate of 1 oz. to a square yard as recommended

for (a). (d) Peaty soils: 11b. nitrate of soda, 31b. basic slag, 21b.
sulphate of potash; apply loz. to a square yard once a fortnight.
Potash & soda to be crushed fine; mixture to be well washed in by
a copious watering (Dyke). Top-dressing: Apply 2in. of horse or cow
manure to surface of border when vines commence to grow. Also
compost of two parts loam, one part of equal proportions of wood
ashes & bone shavings or ground bones applied in autumn, frst re-
moving loose inert soil from surface. Cropping: Average weight of
fruit per foot run of rod,11b. Average weight of a fair-sized bunch,
}lb. Average number of bunches bone by a rod 12 ft. long, about 12.
Allow one bunch only to each spur, for heavy crop; one to every
alternate spur for moderate crop. Thin berries when size of radish
seeds, and again later on, finally allowing a space of lin. between.
berries to enable them to fully develop. Avoid touching berries with
hand or head. Temp. for grapes when ripe: 40° to 45°.

Por Cunture: Two-year-old plants established in 10 or 12in.
pots best adapted for fruit in pots. No repotting required. Place
in temp., 60°, Nov. to Feb. Give little water till buds break, then
apply freely. Increase temp. to 65° after buds break, & to 75° when
in flower; lower to 68° afterwards until stoning is completed, when
again raise to 70°. Allow above temp. to be increased 5° to 10° by
sun-heat. Syringe daily until vines flower. Thin berries when size of
radish seeds. Apply one of above liquid stimulants three times
weekly after berries form & until they are ripe. Top-dress with Stan-
den’s manure at the rate of a tablespoonful to each pot; or with
two parts loam & one part Thomson’s vine manure when berries form.
Allow each vine to carry 6 to 8 bunches—8 to 101b. altogether.

Ourpoor CuLtrurEe: Soil, two parts sandy loam, one part of
equal proportions of wood ashes, old mortar, half-inch bones, & rotten
manure. Position, against a south sunny wall. Plant, 2ft. apart,
Nov. or March. Prune, Jan, or Feb., precisely as advised for indoor:
culture. Disbud also in a similar manner. Manures advised for in-
door vines equally applicable for outdoor ones.

Usrrut Dara: Supposed date of introduction to England, 280 a.p.
Heaviest bunch grown, 26lb. 40z. Average yield in a house 200 ft.
by 27ft., 2,500 to 3,000lb. Average returns at 1s. per lb., £150; at
2s. 6d., £375. Months in which best prices (2s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per lb.):
are obtained, Feb., March, April, & May; worst months (9d. to 2s.),
Nov., Dec., & Jan. ae .

Propagation: By seeds sown in light mould in temp. 55° to 65°
in spring; by “eyes” inserted in light sandy soil in temp. 65° to
75° in Jan., Feb., or March; by cuttings of shoots 6 in. long & having
a slice of older branch attached at base, inserted in shady position
outdoors in Oct. or Nov.; layering shoots in summer or autumn; in-
arching in spring; grafting when the vines are in flower. ;

CULTURE OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL VINES: Soil, good ordi-
nary, enriched with decayed manure. Position, walls or fences for
Virginian Creepers; arbours, trellises, poles, pergolas, etc., for others.’
Plant in autumn. Prune away straggling shoots of Virginian creepers
in winter; shorten previous year’s shoots of other kinds not required
to form new branches, to lin. from base in Feb. Propagate by seeds
sown in heat in spring; cuttings of shoots, 6to8in. long, inserted

455

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

in pots of sandy soil in cold frame in Sept. & Oct.; layering the
shoots in autumn.

CULTURE OF KANGAROO VINE: Compost, two parts peat, one
part leaf-mould, & one loam & sand. Pot, Feb. of March. Position,
pots, or in well-drained beds, shoots trained up roof or on_ wire
trellis. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by
cuttings, 2in. long, of young shoots, removed with portion of stem
attached, & inserted in 2-in. pot filled with sandy peat in temp. 85°
in April.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: V. mstivalis (American Summer Vine), climber, U.
States; antarctica (Kangaroo Vine), Syn. Cissus antayctica, greenhouse climber,
Australia; californica (Californian Vine), climber, leaves crimson tinted in
autumn, California; Coignetix (Japanese Vine), climber, leaves crimson tinted in
autumn, Japan; Engelmanni, climber, stems selt-clinging; flexuosa major, climber,
leaves richly tinted in autumn, China and Japan; heterophylla humulifolia (Tur-
quoise Berry Vine), dwarf climber, blue berries, China and Japan; heterophylla
humulifolia variegata, leaves variegated; inconstans (Syn. Ampelopsis Veitchii),
Veitch’s Virginian Creeper, climber, stems self-clinging, Japan and China; Labrusca
(American Fox Grape), climber, N. America; quinquefolia (Syn. Ampelopsis
hederacea), the Virginian Creeper, climber, stems self-clinging, N. America;
pimrers, parent of the cultivated Grape Vines, Orient; vinifera purpurea, purple-
eaved.

Vriesia.—Sce Tillandsia.

Wachendorfia.—Ord. Hemoradacee. Half-hardy tuberous-
rooted plants. First introduced 1637.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, light, rich sandy. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4in. deep
& 2in. apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed
in March with cow manure.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pot, 44in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs ae till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to March 40° to 50°; other times, 50° to 60°. Propagate by off-
sets treated as advised for bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. paniculata, yellow, April, 3 ft.; thrysiflora, yellow,
May, 2 ft.; natives of S. Africa.

Wahlenbergia (Bell-flower).—Ord. Campanulacez. Green-
house & hardy perennial herbs.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
peut and loam with a little silver sand. Position, pots in sunny green-

ouse. Pot, March. Water freely, April to Oct.; moderately after-
wards. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
rockeries. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp.
of 55° in March or April ; cuttings in summer; division in spring.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: W. saxicola (New Zealand Bellflower), lilac, June,
6 in., New Zealand; tuberosa, white and rose, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Juan Fernandez.

HARDY SPECIES: W. hederacea (Syn. Campanula hederacea), Creeping Hare-
bell, blue, summer, trailing, Britain; Kitabelii, blue and purple, summer, 6 in.,
Transylvania; tenuifolia, blue, violet and white, summer, 6 in., Dalmatia.

Waitzia (Everlasting Flowers).—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy
annuals. First introduced 1835.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds fin. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or

456

.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

April, harden off in May, & plant out in June. Gather blooms when
fully grown, & dry thoroughly in summer for winter decoration.

POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy peat, leaf-mould,
loam, & decayed cow manure. Sow seeds thinly in shallow pan or
box in temp. 55° to 65° in Sept. for spring flowering, & in March
for summer blooming. Transplant when three leaves have formed
lin. apart in a 5-in. pot. Grow on shelf near glass. Water mode-
rately at first; freely later on. Apply weak stimulants once a week
when seedlings are Gin. high. Support with neat stakes when 3 to
6in. high. No shade required. Winter temp., 45° to 55°.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. aurea, yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.; grandiflora,
yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.; natives of Australia.

Waldsteinia (Barren Strawberry).—Ord. Rosacer. Hardy
perennial herbs. First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position on sunny rockeries.
Plant, Oct. to April. Cut away flower stems in Sept. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow boxes or well-drained pots of light
soil in cold frame, April or July, or in sunny positions (similar depth
& soil) outdoors, April or Aug.; division ore ants, Oct. to April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. fragarioides, yellow, June, 6 in., N. America.

Wall Cress (Arabis albida).—See Arabis.

Wallflower.—See Cheiranthus.

Wallichia.—oOrd. Palmacee. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. Leaves
feather-shaped.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part leaf-mould,
little sand. Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Pot,
Feb. Water copiously, Feb. to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe
daily, summer. Shade from sun. Temp., March to Oct. 75° to 85°;
Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by suckers removed with roots
attached, Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. caryotoides, 6 to 12 ft., India.

Wall Pepper (Sedum acre).—See Sedum.

Wall Rue Fern (Asplenium Ruta-muraria).—See Asplenium.

Walnut (Juglans regia).—See Juglans.

Waluewa.,.—oOrd. Orchidacew. Dwarf stove epiphytal orchids.
Seldom grown.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum
moss and a little charcoal. Position, well-drained pots in shady part
of stove. Repot, Feb. or March. Water freely March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct., 65° to 75°; Oct. to
March, 60° to 65°. Growing period, March to Sept.; resting period,
Sept to Feb. Flowers appear at base of last-made pseudo-bulb. Pro-
pagate by division of pseudo-bulbs.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. pulchella, yellow and purple, Feb., Brazil.

Wandering Jew (Saxifraga sarmentosa).—See Saxifraga.

Wand Plant eee aphylla).—See Galax.

Warcewiczella.—See Zygopetalum.

Warrea.—oOrd. Orchidaceez. Stove terrestrial orchids. First in-
troduced 1843.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam, & decayed cow
manure. Pot, March or April. Position, well-drained pots in warm
moist part of stove during growing poe cool and dry part during
resting period. Cover drainage with layer of moss, & do not allow
compost to be higher than half an inch below rim. Water freely,
April to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Jan.; keep nearly dry, Jan. to

457

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

March. 'Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to Jan. 60° to 70°;
Jan. to March 55° to 65°. Growing period, March to Oct.; resting
period, Oct. to March. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs, March
or April.

1, SPHCIBS CULTIVATED: W. tricolor, white, yellow and purple, summer, 6 in.,
razil,

Washingtonia.—Ord. Palmex. A genus of ornamental warm
greenhouse plants or palms. Leaves roundish and fringed with fila-
ments.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, and silver sand. Posi-
tion, pots in partial shade. Kepot, Feb. Water moderately Oct. to
April, freely afterwards. Temp. Sept. to March, 55° to 65°; March to
Sept., 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown in above compost in temp.
85° in spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. filifera (Syn. Brahea or Pritchardia filamentosa),
10 to 20 ft., S. America.

Water Arum (Calla palustris).—See Calla.

Water Caltrops (Trapa nutans).—See Trapa.

Water Chestnut (Trapa nutans).—See Trapa.

Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale)—See Nasturtium.

Water Daffodil (Sternbergia lutea).—See Sternbergia.

Water Elm (Zelkowa acuminata.)—See Zelkowa.

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes).—See Pistia.

Water Locust (Gleditschia monosperma).—See Gleditschia.

Water Oat (Zizania aquatica. )—See Zizania.

Water Plantain (Alisma Plantago).—See Alisma.

Water Rice (Zizania aquatica).—See Zizania.

Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides).—See Stratiotes.

Water Violet (Hottonia palustris).—See Hottonia.

Watsonia (Bugle Lily)—Ord. Iridacee. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. First introduced 1750.

OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, deep rich, liberally manured. Posi-
tion, sunny, sheltered, well-drained beds or borders. Plant, Nov.,
Feb., or March. Place corms 4in. deep & Gin. apart in groups of
three, six, or twelve; put a little silver sand under each corm. Pro-
tect in winter with layer of manure. Apply liquid manure when
flower buds form. Fix stakes to spikes when 2 or 3in. high. Lift
corms in Sept., & store in cool place till planting time.

POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed
manure & river sand. Position, pots in cold frame, cool greenhouse,
or window. Pot, Oct. to March, placing five corms lin. deep in a
6-in. pot. Place pots in cold frame till flower spikes show, then re-
move to greenhouse or window. Water moderately at first; freely
afterwards. Apply liquid manure when flower spikes show. After
flowering, gradually withhold water till foliage dies, then keep quite
dry till repotted. Propagate by seeds sown jin. deep in pans of
light rich soil in Feb., in temp. 55° to 65°; by bulbils planted 3 in.
deep & Gin. apart in sunny border outdoors, March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. coccinea, scarlet, May, 1 ft.; densiflora, rosy red,
June, 1 ft.; Moriana O’Brieni (Syn. W. Arderni), white, summer, 3 ft.; rosea
(Syn. Gladiolus pyramidatus), rose, July, 2 ft. Natives of S. Africa.

Wax Flower (Hoya carnosa).—See Hoya.

Weather Plant (Abrus precatorius).—See Abrus.

Wedding Flower (Morea robinsoniana).—See Morea.

Weeping Ash (Fraxinus excclsior pendula).—See Fraxinus.

458

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

Weeping Beech (Fagus sylvaticus pendula).—See Fagus
Weeping Birch aus alba pondule Youupt), sea Betula.
Weeping Elim (Uimus glabra pendula).—See Ulmus.
Weeping Oak (Quercus pedunculata pendula).—See Quercus.
Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica).—See Salix.
Weigela.—See Diervilla.

Welfia.—Ord. Palmacez. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. First in-
troduced 1869. Leaves, partially feather-shaped ; bronzy green.

CULTURE: Compost, rich loam one part, equal proportions leaf-
mould, decayed cow manure, & little sard. Position, well-drained
pote In moist part of stove. Pot, Feb. Shade from sun. Syringe

aily, March to Oct. Moist atmosphere essential. Water copiously,
March to Oct.; moderately other times. Temp., March to Oct. 65°
to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds previously
soaked in tepid water, then sown an inch deep in turfy loam & leat-
mould in temp. 65° to 75°, spring.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. regia, 10 to 30 ft., New Grenada.

Welling tonia.—See Sequoia.

Welsh Onion.—See Allium.

ein Polypody (Polypodium vulgare cambricum).—See Poly-
podium. :

Welsh Poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).—See Meconopsis. ;

Welwitschia.—Ord. Gnetacew. A curious hothouse plant of
mushroom-like habit of growth with leaves fringed with ribbon-like
filaments. A difficult plant to grow.

CULTURE: Equal parts brick rubble and coarse sand. Position, a
well-drained bed in a hot, dry corner. Scarcely any water required.
Full exposure to sun essential, Temp. 55° in winter; 75° in summec,
Propagation, exceedingly difficult.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. mirabilis, Trop. Africa. .

Western Plane (Platanus occidentalis)—See Platanus.

West Indian Jasmine (Ixora coccinea).—See Ixora.

West Indian Kale (Colocasia antiquorum esculentum).—See
Colocasia.

Weymouth Pine (Pinus Strobus'.—See Pinus.

Whangee Cane (Phyllostachys nigra).—See Phyllostachys.

White Beam-tree (Pyrus Aria)—See Pyrus.

Whitlavia.—See Phacelia.

Whitlow Grass.—See Draba,

Whorl-flower.—See Morina.

Whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)—See Vaccinium.

Widdringtonia (African or Milanji Cypress).—Ord. Conifere.
Tender evergreen coniferous trees, suitable only for greenhouse cul-
tivation in this country. Habit, elegant & graceful.

CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam & one part leaf-mould,
with a liberal amount of silver sand. Position, pots in light, sunny
greenhouse. Pot in March. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately
afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to
55°. Propagate by seeds sown in gentle heat in spring, transferring
seedlings singly to small pens as soon as large enough to handle.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: . Whytei, leaves glaucous and graceful, Central
Africa,

Wigandia.—Ord. Hydrophyllacee. Stove orn. foliage plants.
First introduced 1836. Height, 3 to 10 ft. Leaves, large, very.
wrinkled, more or less downy. ae

459

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered beds out-
doors, May to Oct.; warm greenhouse remainder of year. | Plant,
May or June. Lift, Sept. or Oct. Propagate by seeds sown in light
soil in temp. 65° to 76° in Feb.; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under
bell-glass in temp. 75° in spring. Usually treated as an annual ;
seldom preserved during the winter.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. carcassana (Syn. W. macrophylla), 8 to 10 ft.,
Mexico; Vigieri, 4 to 6 ft., lilac, autumn.

Wig Tree (Rhus Cotinus).—See Rhus.

Wild Rosemary.—See Andromeda.

Willow.—See Salix.

Willow Herb.—See Epilobium.

Wind flower.—See Anemone.

Wine-berry (Rubus phenicolasius).—See Rubus.

Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis).—See Eranthis,

Winter Cherry.—See Physalis and Solanum.

Winter Cress (Barbarea precox).—See Barbarea.

Winter Flax (Reinwardtia trigyna).—See Reinwardtia.

Winter Green (Pyrola minor).—See Pyrola.

Winter Hawthorn (Aponogeton distachyon).—See Apono-

eton.

: Winter Heath (Erica carnea).—See Erica.

Winter Heliotrope (Tussilago fragrans)—See Tussilago.

Winter Savory (Satureia montana)—See Satureia.

Winter Sweet (Acokanthera spectabilis)—See Acokanthera.

Wistaria (Grape-flower Vine; Kidney-bean Tree).—Ord. Legu-
minose. Hardy deciduous climbing flowering shrubs. First intro-
duced 1724.

CULTURE: Soil, ‘deep rich sandy loam. Fosition, well-drained
borders against S. or S.W. walls; or on sunny pergolas; or as stan-
dards in shrubbery or on lawns in sheltered districts. Plant, March
or April. Prune, Jan. or Feb., shortening shoots not required for ex-
tending branches to within lin. of base. Propagate by layering
young shoots during summer.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. sinensis (Chinese Kidney-bean Tree), mauve,
May, China; sinensis alba, white; sinensis flore pleno, double; sinensis
macrobotrys, white, blue, and purple; frutescens (American Kidney-bean Tree),
mauve, April, 10 ft., U. States; frutescens alba, white; multijuga, lilac-purple,
summer, Ohina,

Witch’s Thimble (Silene maritima).—See Silene.

Witloof.—See Cichorium.

Witsenia.—See Aristea.

Wolf’s-bane (Aconitum lycoctonum).—See Aconitum,

Wood Anemone (Anemone nemerosa).—See Anemone.

Woodbine (Lonicera periclymenum).—See Lonicera.

Wood Lily.—See Trillium.

Woodruff (Asperula odorata).—See Asperula.

Woodsia.—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse & hardy ferns. Deciduous
& evergreen. Fronds, feather-shaped.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
peat & loam, with little silver sand, & charcoal. Position, well-drained
pole or beds in shady greenhouse. Pot or plant, Feb. or March.

ater freely, March to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Syringing not

460

ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING.

required. Shade from sun. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March
to Sept. 50° to 60°.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts peat &
loam. Position, shady borders or banks. Plant, April. Water
copiously in dry weather. All the hardy species are suitable for green-
house culture. Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine peat in
well-drained pans placed in temp. of 75° at any time; division of
plants, March or April.

GKEENHOUSE SPECIES: W. obtusa, 1 ft., N. America; polystichioides, 6 to
9in., Japan; p. Veitchii, China. .

HARDY SPECIES: W. glabella, 6 in., N. America; ilvensis, 4 in., Arctic and
N. Temperate Zone (Britain); hyperborea (Syn. W. alpina), 6 in., N. Temperate
Zone; scopulina, 8 in., N. America,

Wood Sorrel.—See Oxalis.

Wood Tongue Fern (Drymoglossum carnosum).—See Drymo-
glossum.

Woodwardia (Chain Fern).—Ord. Filices. Greenhouse ever-
green ferns. First introduced 1774.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould or peat. Posi-
tion in well-drained pots, or on rockeries in cool greenhouse or fernery.
Water freely in summer; moderately other times. Syringe daily in
summer. W. radicans & W. rc. cristata suitable for suspending in
baskets. Greenhouse species will also grow outdoors in sheltered
positions, & with the protection of litter in winter. Propagate by
spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans placed in
temp. of 75° any time; division of plants, March or April; by bulbils
removed from fronds & placed in small pots in temp. of 65° to 70° until
roots form.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. areolata, 12 to 18 in., U. States; japonica, 18 in.,
to 2 ft., China and Japan; Harlandii, 18 in., Hong Kong; orientalis, 4 to 8 ft.,

Japan; radicans, 3 to 8 ft., N. Temperate Zone; radicans Brownii (Syn. Radicans
cristata), fronds crested.

Worm Grass (Sedum album).—See Sedum.

Wormweoecd (Artemisia Absinthum).—See Artemisia.

Wulfenia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Hardy perennial herbs.
First introduced 1817.

CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy loam. Position, partially shady
rockeries. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown in light
sandy soil in shallow boxes in cold frame in March or April, trans-
planting seedlings when large enough to handle on to rockery; by
division of plants in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. amherstiana, blue, summer, 6 to 10 in., Himalayas;
carinthiaca, blue, July, 2 ft., Carinthia.

Wych Elm (Ulmus montana).—See Ulmus.

Wych Hazel (Hamamelis virginica)—See Hamamelis.

Xanthisma.—Ord. Composite. Hardy anuual.

CULTURE: Sow seeds in gentle heat in spring, harden off seed-
lings in May, & plant out in June, a foot apart, in bold groups in
sunny borders. os

SPECIES CULTIVATED: X. texanum (Syn. Centauridium Drummondi), yellow,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Texas. :

Xanthoceras.—Ord. Sapindacew. Hardy deciduous flowering
tree. First introduced 1870. eaves, feather-shaped.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil outdoors
in autumn or spring.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: X. sorbifolia, white and red, summer, 15 ft., China.

461

HNCYCLOPZDIA OF GARDENING.

Xanthosoma. — Ord, Aroidew Stove perennial herbs. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1710. Leaves, arrow-head shaped, green or
variegated.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould, de-
cayed manure, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in shade.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb.
or March; transfer to larger pots in April or May. Water moderately,
Feb. to April & Sept. to Nov.; freely, April to Sept.; keep quite dry,
Nov. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to 80°; Re t. to Nov. 65° to

75°; Nov. to Feb. 55° to 65°. Propagate by dividing the tubers in
Feb. or March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: X. Barilletii, Trop. America; Lindenii (Syn. Phyllote-
nium Lindenii), Colombia; violaceum, W. Indies.

Xeranthemum (Immortelle; Annual Everlasting).—Ord.
Composite. Hardy annuals. First introduced 1570. Flowers, single
& double; suitable for winter decoration.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds in light soil in March, in temp. 55° to 65°, planting out in
June, or in open ground end of April. Gather flowers for winter
decoration directly they are fully expanded.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: X. annuum, purple, ete., summer, 2 ft., S. Europe.

xXerophyllum (Turkey’s Beard).—Ord. Liliacew. Hardy peren-
nial aquatic herb. First introduced 1765.

CULTURE: Soil, moist sandy peat. Position, boggy gardens or
margins of ponds or lakes. Plant, March or April. Propagate by
seeds sown in moist peaty soil in April where required to grow, or
by division of roots in March or April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: X. asphodeloides, white, May, 1 ft., N, America.

Xylobium.—Ord. Orchidacez. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1826.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,
or baskets in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences. Water deciduous species freely from time new growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen species freely from March to
Nov.; moderately, Nov. to March. Syringe once or twice daily whilst
making growth. Ventilate freely, May to Sept. Temp., April to
Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 50°. Growing period, Feb.
to March; resting period, Oct. to Feb. Plants may be grown in sit-
ting-room or cool conservatory when in flower. Propagate by division
of pseudo-bulbs immediately after flowering.

SPECIES OULTIVATED: X. discolor, yellow and white, spring, W. Indies;

elongatum, yellow, white, and brown, spring, W. Indies; squalens, yellow, white,
and purple, spring, Brazil.

Yam (Dioscorea sativa)—See Dioscorea.

Yarrow.—See Achillea,

Yellow Asphodel (Asphodeline lutea).—See Asphodeline.

Yellow Ox-Eye.—See Bupthalmum.

Yellow Star of Bethlehem (Gagea lutea).—See Gagea.

Yellow Water-Lily (Nuphar advena).—See Nuphar.

Yellow Wood Anemone (Anemone ranunculoides). — See
Anemone.

Yerba Mansa (Anemonopsis macrophylla).—See Anemonopsis.

Yew.—See Taxus,

Yucca (Adam's Needle; Mound Lily; Spanish Bayonet).—Ord,

462

HENCYCLOPHADIA OF GARDENING.

Liliacew. Greenhouse & hardy evergreen perennials. First intro-
duced 1526.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary light well-
drained. Position, sunny banks, mounds, rockeries, raised borders,
or singly lawns. Plant, Oct. or April. Protect in severe weather
with mats.

CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
sandy loam, one part leaf-mould & little sand. Position, light green-
house, Sept. to June; sunny position outdoors, pots plunged to rims
in soil, June to Sept.; or may be grown entirely in greenhouse.
Pot, March. Water freely, April to Sept.; very little afterwards.
Repotting only necessary when root-bound. Temp., Sept. to March,
40° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by division in
March, offsets or suckers in March or April; cuttings of roots in-
serted in sand in temp. 55° in spring.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Y. aloifolia, white, summer, 15 ft., S. U. States and
W. Indies; and its varieties Draconis (leaves drooping), purpurea (leaves purplish),
quadricolor (leaves reddish), tenuifolia (leaves slender), tricolor leaves varie-
gated with white, green, and yellow), variegata (leaves striped with white).

HARDY SPECIES: Y. angustifolia, white, July, S. U. States; filamentosa, white,
June, S. U. States; filamentosa variegata, variegated; glauca, white, July, S. U

States; gloriosa (Adam’s Needle), white, July, 6 to 9 ft., S. U. States; recurvifolia,
leaves recurving, white, summer, S. U. States.

Yulan (Magnolia conspicua’.—See Magnolia.

Zaluzianskia.—Ord. Scrophulariacee. MHalf-hardy annuals.
First introduced 1824.

CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, warm sunny borders
or rockeries. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of fine light mould
& slightly covered with silver sand & placed in temp. 55° to 65° in
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June, or sow seeds ]-16 in
deep outdoors in May where plants are required to flower. ater
freely in dry weather. Mulch with layer of cocoanut-fibve refuse in-
June.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. capensis (Syn. Nycterinia capensis), white, spring,

and summer, fragrant, 1 ft., S. Africa; selaginoides (Syn. Nycterinia selaginoides),
pink and yellow, May, 6 in., S. Africa.

Zamia (Jamaica Sago Tree).—Ord. Cycadacee. Stove or green-
house orn. foliage plants. First introduced 1691. Leaves, feather-
shaped.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots in shady part of stove. Pot, Feb. or
March. Water copiously, March to Oct. Syringe daily, April to
Sept. Moist atmosphere essential. Shade from sun. Temp., March
to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by seeds
sown in light soil in temp. 75° to 85°, spring; by offsets removed &
placed in small pots under bell-glass in propagator in spring; by

division, Feb. or March. ; ;
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. purpuracca (Jamaica Sago Tree), 3 ft., W. Indies;
Lindenii, 8 ft., Ecuador; Wallsii, Colombia.

Zanzibar Balsam (Impatiens Sultani).—See Impatiens.

Zauschneria (Californian Fuchsia)—Ord. Onagracee. Half-
hardy shrubby perennial. First introduced 1847, ;

CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, well-drained rockery or
old wall. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown in light
sandy soil, lightly covering with fine mould, place in temp. 55° to 65°,
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors end of May or beginning of

463

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

June; by cuttings of young side shoots inserted in pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass or hand-light in shady position outdoors
in Sept., protecting cuttings in heated greenhouse until following
April, then planting out; by division of old plants in April.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. californica, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., California; cali-
fornica grandiflora, large flowered.

Zea (Maize; Indian Corn).—Ord. Gramineex. MHalf-hardy an-
nual. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1562. Leaves, narrow, grass-
like; green or variegated with white.

CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds fin. deep & lin. apart in
light rich soil in well-drained pots or boxes in temp. 55° to Gov, Feb.
or March; ,transfer seedlings when 2in. high singly into »2-in, pots,
then into 44-in. pots. Place in cold frame to harden in May & plant
outdoors in June. May also be grown in pots in compost of equal
parts good loamy soil & leaf-mould, & little sand. Water freely.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. Mays, 3 to 4 ft., Paraguay; Mays variegata,
variegated.

Zebra Plant.—See Calathea.

Zebrina.—Ord. Commelinacee. Greenhouse herbaceous trailing
perennial. Orn foliage. First introduced 1849. Leaves, oval oblong;
dark green, striped white above, purplish beneath. Stems creeping.

CULTURE: Ses aed equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
tion, in pots or baskets suspended from roof, or in beds under stage
or on rockeries. Pot or plant, Jan. to April. Water freely, March
to Oct.; moderately afterwards. Shade from strong sunshine. Temp.,
40° to 50° Oct. to April; 55° to 65° April to Oct. May be growa
in windows as a pot or basket plant. Protect from frost in winter.
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in light soil under
a bell-glass in above temp., March to Oct

SPEQIES OULTIVATED: Z. pendula (Syn. Tradescantea zebrina), purple, sum-
mer, Mexico; pendula tricolor, leaves variegated with white, green, and red.

Zelkowa (Water Elm; Siberian Elm).—Ord Urticacee. Hardy

~ deciduous trees of no special merit. Closely allied to the clms.

CULTURE: Soil, deep loam. Position, mixed shrubberies or side of
water-courses. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown out-
doors in autumn or spring; grafting in March.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. acuminata (Syn. Ulmus Keaki), 30 to 40 ft.;
crenata (Syn. Ulmnus polygana), Siberian Elm, Siberia, 40 ft.; Vesebaffeltii (Syn.
Ulmus Verschaffeltii), 30 ft.

Zenobia.—Ord. Ericacee. Hardy evergreen flowering shrub.
First introduced 1800.

CULTURE: Soil, peat or sandy loam. Position, moist sheltered
borders. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propagate by layering
in Sept. or Oct.

SPEOIES OULTIVATED.—Z. speciosa, white, summer, 3 to 4 ft., N. America;
speciosa pulverulentea, leaves whitish.

Zephyranthes (Zephyr Flower; Atamasco Lily; Peruvian
Swamp Lily; Flower of the West Wind).—Ord. Amaryllidacee. Hardy
deciduous bulbous flowering plants. First introduced 1629.

CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ight sandy loam.
Position, well-drained sunny beds, borders, or rockeries. Plant, Aug.
to Nov., placing bulbs 3 to 4in. deep & 4 in. apart. Protect in winter
by « layer of cinder ashes. Lift & replant only when bulbs show
signs of deterioration.

CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
part peat, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in

464

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

coid frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing one bulb 2in.
deep in a 5 or Gin. pot. Water very little till growth begins, then
freely. Withhold water when flowers fade & keep soil quite dry till
potting time. Propagate by offsets planted & treated as advised for
large bulbs, Aug. to Nov.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Z, Andersoni, golden yellow, May, 6 in., Monte Video;

Atamasco (Atamasco Lily), pink, Ma N ica ; i i
as ele y), pink, May, 1 ft., N. America; carinata, pink, May,

HARDY SPECIES: Z. candida (Peruvian Swamp Lily), white, Sept., 6 in., Peru

Zephyr Flower (Zephyranthes candida).—See Zephyranthes.

Zingiber (Ginger).—Ord. Scitaminacee. Stove perennial. Roots
furnishing the ginger of commerce. First introduced 16U5.

CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & sand. Position,
pots in shady moist part of stove. Pot, Feb. Water copiously, March
to Oct.; keep nearly dry, Oct. to March. Temp., March to Oct. 73°
to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Stems die down in autumn. Pro-
pagate by division of the rhizomes in Feb.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. officinale, red, July, 2 ft., E. Indies.

Zinnia (Youth-and-old-age).—Ord. Composite. Half-hardy an-
nuals. First introduced 1770.

CULTURE: Soil, deep loamy, liberally enriched with decayed
manure. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep
in light soil in temp. 55° early in April. Transplant seedlings when
third leaf forms 2in. apart in shallow boxes filled with light mould.
Place box near the glass in temp. 55° until seedlings are established,
then remove to a cooler house, and if possible plant out 4in. apart
in good rich soil in cold frame early in May. Shade from sun, keep
moist, & gradually expose to air, end of month. Plant out 8 to 12in.
apart second week in June. Sow also outdoors middle of May. Pre-
pare bed of rich soil in sunny position, sow three or four seeds at
intervals of 12in., & thin seedlings to one at each place when third
leaf forms. Mulch all zinnias with decayed manure after planting.
Water liberally in dry weather. Apply stimulants when the plants
commence to flower. On dry soils take out mould to depth of 12in.,

ut 3in. of decayed manure in, then replace former.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. elegans, various colours, summer, 2 ft., Mexico;
haageana, orange-yellow, summer, 1 ft., Trop. America; multiflora, scarlet, summer,
2 ft.; tenuiflora, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Mexico.

Zizania (Water Rice; Water Oats; Canadian Rice; Indian Rice).
—Ord. Gramineex. Hardy aquatic perennial grasscs.

CULTURE.—Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shallow ponds or
lakes. Plant, April or May. Propagate by seeds sown in heat in
spring, growing seedlings on under glass until May, then hardening
off in cold frame,

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. aquatica, green and brown, summer, 6 ft., N.
America,

Zonal-Geranium (Pelargonium zonale).—See Pelargonium.

Zygadenus.—Ord. Liliacee. Hardy bulbous-rooted plants.

CULTURE: Soil, peat, leaf-mould, and sand. Position, partially
shady moist border or bed. Plant, autumn. Lift and replant trienni-
ally. Propagate by division of offsets in autumn; seeds sown in sandy
soil in a cold frame in spring.

SPEUIES CULTIVATED: Z. angustifolins (Syn. H»lonias angus'ifelia’, white
and purple; June, 18 in., N. America; elegans, green and white, July, 2 ft., N.
America; Fremontii, cream, June, 18 in., N. America; glaberrima, white, July,
1 ft., N. America; Muscitoxicum, green, July, 2 ft., N. America; Nuttallii, white,
June, 18 in., N. America.

465

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.

Zygo-Batemannia. — Ord. Orchidacez. _A new race of
orchids, the result of hybridising Zygopetalum crinitum with Bate-
mannia Colleyi. The product is termed a bigeneric orchid. Habit
intermediate between the two genera. Flowers of medium size.
Require similar culture to Zygopetalums.

Hy BRD CULTIVATED: Z. Mastersii, green, chocolate, creamy white and
purple, ‘ : 3 :

Zygo-Colax.—Ord. Orchidacew. A race of bigeneric hybrid
orchids obtained by crossing species of Zygopetalum with those of
Colax. Habit, intermediate between the two genera. Flowers, large.
Require similar culture to Zygopetalums. x

HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: Z. amesiana (2. brachypetalum x Colax jugosus),
green, purple, violet, and white; leopardinus (Z. Gauterii x C. jugosus), white,
purple and blue; Veitchii (Z. crinitum x C. jugosus), yellow, purple, violet, and
whites wiganiana (Z. intermedium x OC. jugosus), green, purple, white, and
violet.

Zyzopetalum.—oOrd. Orchidacee. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1825.

CULTURE: rg equal parts rough fibrous peat & sphagnum
moss & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots or on blocks of wood
(roots being covered with sphagnum moss), or in baskets suspended
from roof. Pot, etc., Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Sept. ;
moderately, Sept. to Dec. Give very little, Dec. to April. Shade
from sun in summer. Moist atmosphere essential. Temp., March to
June 58° to 65°; Dec. to March 53° to 60°. Growing period: All the
year round. Resting period: None. Flowers appear at base of new

rowth. Propagate by division, any time.

SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. Burkei, green, chocolate-brown, white, and purple,
winter, 12 to 18 in., Demerara; Burtii, white, yellow, brown, crimson, and purple,
summer, 1 ft., Costa Rica; cerinum, straw and yellow, various seasons, 1 ft.,
Chiriqui; cceleste, blue, mauve, white, and violet, summer, Colombia: crinitum,
green, white, and purple, spring, 18 in. to 2 ft., Brazil; dayanum, white, green,
and purple, autumn, 1 ft., Colombia; Gautieri, green, brown, yellow, and purple,
various seasons, 12 to 15 in., Brazil; gramineum, yellow, green, red, and brown,
various seasons, 9 in., Brazil; intermedium, green, brown, white, and violet-purple,
autumn, Brazil; Klabocorum, white, purple, yellow, and crimson, various seasons,
1 ft., Ecuador; Lalindei, rose and yellow, various seasons, 1 ft., Colombia:
Lehmannii, white, purple, and mauve, various seasons, 15 in., Ecuador; Mackaii,
green, yellow, brown, and violet, winter, 18 in. to 2 ft., Brazil; maxillare, green,
brown, violet, and blue, winter, 1 ft., Brazil; meleagris, white, yellow, and brown,
summer, 10 in., Brazil; Rollisonii, yellow and purple, autumn, 3 in., Brazil;
rostratum, white and rosy purple, May and June, 8 in., British Guiana;
stapelioides, green, yellow, brown, and purple, summer, 3 in., Brazil; Wendlandii
(Syn. Warscewiczella Weidlandii), white and purple, Sept., 9 in., Costa Rica;
xanthinum yellow, red, and crimson, summer, 3 in., Brazil.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A POPULAR WORK ON GARDENING.
THE CULTURE OF

VEGETABLES « FLOWERS

FROM SEEDS AND ROOTS.
(THIRTEENTH EDITION.)
The Volume contains:
Cultural Articles on Vegetables:
A Year’s Work in the Vegetable Garden,

Consisting of Montuty Notes on the several crops, ahd reminders for
securing a continuous supply of Vegetables throughout the year.

The Rotation of Crops in the Vegetable Garden.
The Chemistry of Garden Crops.

Cultural Articles on Flowers from Seeds and Roots,

And Montuiy Notes for ensuring a successive display of the most
beautiful varieties.

LAWNS AND TENNIS GROUNDS FROM SEEDS.

THE PESTS OF GARDEN PLANTS (Zlustrated).

THE FUNGUS PESTS OF GARDEN PLANTS (Z//ustrated).
The FUNGUS PESTS of CERTAIN FLOWERS (J/ustrated).

The ee says: —‘* The work is one of the best on English garden manage-

The DA! LY TELEGRAPH says:—‘‘A practical and scientific handbook to

garden cultivation.”

The Ree E. Baste, Sclerder, says:—‘‘ I am delighted with your Book. I find
in one page the information for ia I had to consult many other works
and take copious notes with a great waste of time.’”

Mr. S. W. Tucker, gardener to the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Radnor, says :—‘‘ I beg
to acknowledge the arrival of five books on ‘ The Culture of Vegetables and
Flowers’ for the young men. I consider it the most useful and instructive
book on all matters pertaining to a gentleman’s garden.”

PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS,
Direct from SUTTON and SONS, READING, and through
all Booksellers from
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT and CO., Limited,
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ADVERTISEMENTS.

ROSES reine

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H. MERRYWEATHER & SONS, Ltd.

THE NURSERIES,
SOUTHWELL, NOTTS.

EsTaBLISHED 1881.

CHARLES TOOPE, F.r.H.s,, & SON,

HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS,
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Telegrams: ‘‘Toores, Lonpon.” Telephone $497E.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. iii

SPECIAL NOTICE.
AUST

1F YOU WANT

REALLY GOOD SEEDS AND BULBS

AT MODERATE PRICES,
SEND TO

RoBERT SYDENHAM, LIMITED,
TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM,

No one will serve you better.

THEIR UNIQUE LISTS

Are acknowledged by all to be the Best, Oheapest, and most Reliable ever
published. They contain only the Best

VEGETABLES, FLOWERS & BULBS
WORTH GROWING.

Being the Selections of the Largest Seed Growers, Market Gardeners, and the
most celebrated Professional Gardeners and Amatears in the Kingdom.

They also contain very useful cultural instructions.

Messrs. SYDENHAM’S Bulbs and Seeds were represented and gained
First Prizes at London, Birmingham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Shrewsbury,
Edinburgh, Hanley, Taunton, Cardiff, Wolverhampton, and many other
Exhibitions all over the Kingdom, for the last twelve years,

SWEET PEAS A SPECIALITY.

No flowers give so much cut bloom at so little cost and trouble if treated as
instructions sent with each Collection. Their Sweet Peas have gained more Prizes
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12 useful varieties, 50 seeds of each, 98. Gd. 3 12 good varieties, 50 seeds of each,
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ADVERTISEMENTS. =

BARRS yf yA SLEDS

ok FLOWER & SKITCHEN GARDEN

BARR’ S SEEDZGUIDE (free) contains a Select List of the best Seeds for securing a

supply of Vegetables “‘The Year Round,” and a full Descriptive List of the most
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gay. It is full of practical Hints on the culture of Vegetables and Flowers, valuable to
Gardeners, Amateurs and Exhibitors.

Barr's Collections ef Vegetable Seeds,
5/6, 7/6, 12/6, 21/-, 42/-, 63/- to 105/-.
Barr’s Collections of Ghoice Flower Seeds,

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Full varticulars on ertioations :

Barr’s Daffodils were awarded the only Gold Medal at the Royal Norticultural
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Barr’s 21/- Amateur’s Collection of Daffodils contains 6 Bulbs each of 26 high-class

Daffodils, suitable for the Greenhouse or Select Flower Border.

Barr’s 21/- ‘‘Woodland’’ Collection of Daffodils contains 500 Bulbs in 20 fine
showy varieties, suitable for naturalising in Grass, Shrubberies, etc.

Barr’s Collections of Bulbs,
For Indoors and Outdoors,

Barr’s 21/- ‘Greenhouse ’’ Collection contains 300 Spring-flowering Bulbs, of finest
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Bulbs, all decorative.

Barr’s 21/- ‘‘Woodland’’ Collection contains 800 Bulbs suitable to naturalise in
Woodlands, Orchards, Wild Gardens, ctc.

For full particulars of the above and other Collections, see Burr's Bulb Catalogue.

BARR & SONS, * *2,® 19.5ING ST. LONDON.

COVENT GARDEN,
Nurseries: SURBITON, SURREY. Visitors invited.

vi ADVERTISEMENTS.

ECKFORD’S GIANT SWEET PEAS

Only Genuine Direct from Headquarters.

Do not fail to send for ECKFORD’S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of all the
BEST SWEET PEAS with THE LATEST NOVELTIES.

The Illustrated Catalogue is Free for the asking.

H E N RY EC KFOR D, F.R. H.S., odie
WEM, SHROPSHIRE.

Established in 1833.

a

fy ea TT

(GARDENERS

MAGAZINE:

TWOPENCE. WEEKLY.

C <<.

pees

A High-class HIustrated Journal dealing with every

phase of Horticulture under Glass and in the Open

Air. Orchids—Roses—Landscape Gardening — Fruit—
Hardy Flowers—Stove and Greenhouse, &c.

Illustrations of New and Beautiful Flowers, Fruits, Trees, Picturesque
Gardens, &c.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
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OFFices :—148 & 149, ALDERSGATE STREET, LONDON.

ONE PENNY, WEEKLY.
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most profitable Cows for Milk Production, &e.
POULTRY . . How to manage for Egg and Table Purposes.

CATTLE . . . Horses, Pigs, Sheep, &c., and their Ailments.
RABBITS,
COATS, etc. } How to Breed, Rear and Manage.

SMALL . .) How to Lay Out, Plant, and Manage to best
HOLDINGS . advantage.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
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Orrices:—148 & 149, ALDERSGATE STREET, LONDON.

ADVERTISEMENTS. vii

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FRUIT TREES TRUE TO NAME.

IN 800 KINDS. EXTRA FINE VINES AND PEACHES.

The Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue, 6 Stamps.
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LIBERAL TERMS, FREE CARRIAGE and CASH DISCOUNTS.

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.,

LIMITED,

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Also 60 Acres Forest Trees, Roses, Shrubs and Conifers in Splendid
Order for Removal. Lists Free.

CHAMPION EXHIBITORS FOR PAST 20 YEARS.

WILLCOX
GARDEN

\ POM PS

A” for SPRAYING _SEMI-
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Our GARDEN
ENGINE

and

SWING o,

WATERING.
FRAME They LIFT
panes and FORCE.

ALSO PATENT WIRE-
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Contains NO Rubber.

WE MOUNT THEM ON —
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GARDEN TANKS, &c., &e.

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23, 32, 34, & 36, SOUTHWARK STREET, LONDON.

viii ADVERTISEMENTS.

PRACTICAL GARDENING WORKS.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth, 480 pages, 64 plates and 40 explanatory
diagrams. Price 7/6 net: by Post, packed in box, 8/-

The Flower Garden.—a Practical Up-to-date Work on the
Formation, Design, Planting and Management of the Flower

Garden, with Description and Cultivation of Flowers and Plants
adapted for Outdoor Culture. By T. W. Sanvers, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth, 464 pages, 140 Illustrations, 8 Photo Plates,
and 5 Coloured Plates of Insect Pests. Price 5/- net: by Post,
packed in box, 5/6.

Vegetables and their Cultivation.—An Up-to-Date
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Saladings, and Herbs for Home Use and Exhibition; the Forma-
tion of the Vegetable Garden; Manures and their Uses; Pests
and Diseases, aud their Eradication, etc., etc. By T. W. Sanpgrs,
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Crown $vo, bound in cloth,. 416 pages, 154 Illustrations, 16 Plates
printed on art paper, 2 Coloured Plates and Coloured Frontispiece.
Price 5/- net: by Post, packed in box, 5/6.

The Amateur’s Greenhouse.—a Complete Guide to the
Construction, Heating and Management of Greenhouses, and the

Cultivation of Greenhouse Plants. By T. W. Sanpers, F.L.S.,
V.R.H.S.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth, 476 pages, Illustrated by 255 reproductions
of Photographs, Price 5/- net: by Post, packed in box, 5/6.

Easily Grown Hardy Perennials.—Directions for the
Culture and zy popageuien of Hardy Perennials, notes on Habit and

Uses, Derivation, Order, Genera, Species, English Names, etc. By
GroreE H. Vos, B.A. Lditorially supervised by T. W. SanpErs.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth. Price 3/6 net: by Post, packed in
box, 3/10.

Encyclopedia of Gardening. — A Concise Dictionary
giving in alphabetical sequence the Cultivation and Propaga-
tion of Plants, Flowers, lruit, Vegetables, Trees, and Shrubs,
with Descriptions, Popular and Technical Names, Order,
Native Country, Date of Introduction, Species in Cultivation,
Time of Planting, Position, Suitable Soil, Treatment, Proper
Yemperature, &. By T. W. Sanvers, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

PUBLISHED BY
w. H. & L. COLLINCRIDCE, 148 & 149, Aldersgate Street, London.

ADVERTISEMENTS. ix

PRACTICAL GARDENING WORKS.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth, 180 pages, Coloured Frontispiece, 16 Photo
Plates, and 50 Illustrations. Price 2/6 net: by Post, in box, 2/10.
Roses and their Cultivation.—a Practical Guide to the
Cultivation of the Rose, Outdoors and Under Glass; Schedule of

all the Varieties Worthy of Culture; Pests and Diseases, and How
to Eradicate Them. By T. W. Sanpurs, F.L.8.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 120 pages, numerous Illustrations and 8 plates.
: Price 2/6 net: by Post, packed in box, 2/10.
Carnations, Picotees and Pinks.—A Thoroughly
Practical Guide to the Successful Culture and Propagation of
Carnations: A List of Varieties worth Growing: Calendar of
Management month by month, etc. By H. W. Wecue.in, F.R.H.S.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 212 pages, 42 Illustrations and Frontispiece.
Price 2/6 net: by Post, packed in box, 2/10.

Chrysanthemums for Garden and Greenhouse.
—A Practical Treatise on the Culture of Early-flowering, Decora-
tive, Mid-season and Late Chrysanthemums, with a complete List of
Garden Varieties, Description, Colour, Habit, Time of Flowering,
etc. By D. B. Crang, F.R.H.S. Edited by T. W. Sanpsrs, F.L.S.

Crown 8vo, 212 pages, fully Illustrated, bound in cloth.
Price 2/6 net: by Post, packed in box, 2/10.

Bulbs and their Cultivation. A Practical Guide to the
Cultivation and Propagation of Hardy, Hothouse and Greenhouse
and Tuberous-rooted Plants, including Lists of all the Genera,
Species and Varieties worth Growing in the British Isles. By
T, W. Sanpers, F.L.S. i

Crown 8vo, bound in Cloth, numerous Illustrations.
Price 2/6 net: by Post, packed in box, 2/10.

The Book of the Potato.—a Practical Treatise on the
History, Propagation and Cultivation in Garden and Field for
Home Consumption, Market and Exhibition; Raising New
Varieties ; Diseases and Pests, etc.; also a descriptive list of all
the Varieties in Cultivation. By T. W. Sanpers, F.L.S.

Crown 8vo. Illustrated.
Price 1/- net: by Post, 1/2: cloth, 1/6; by Post, 1/8.
Pansies and Violets.—A Guide to the Cultivation of the
Show, Fancy and Tufted Pansy or Viola for Garden Decoration

and Exhibition; Violets; Selections of Varieties, &¢., &c.
By D. B. Orang, F.R.H.S.

PUBLISHED BY
W. H. & L. COLLINCGRIDCE, 148 & 149, Aldersgate Street, London.

xX ADVERTISEMENTS.

PRACTICAL GARDENING WORKS.

Crown 8vo, 202 pages, and 85 explanatory Diagrams
Price 1/6 net: by Post, 1/9; bound in Cloth, 2]-; by Post, 2/3.
Alphabet of Gardening.—aA full and Practical Guide to the
Principles of Horticulture for Amateur and Professional Gardeners.
Budding, Grafting, Pruning, Hybridising, Forcing, etc. By T. W.
Sanpers, F.L.S., ¥.R.H.S.

Crown 8vo, 118 pages. Illustrated.
Price 1/- net: by Post, 1/3 ; bound in cloth, 1/6 ; by Post 1/9
Grapes and How to Grow Them.—a practical
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gation of Vines in Vineries, Greenhouses and in the Open airs
Insect and Fungoid Pests, etc. By J. Lanspett, F.R.H.S.

Crown 8vo. Illustrated.
Price 1/- net: by Post, 1/2; cloth, 1/6; by Post, 1/8.
Sweet Peas and Their Cultivation.—For Home and
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Culture of Sweet Peas; History and Development; Raising
New Varieties; Exhibiting, etc. By C. H. Curtis, F.R.HLS.

Crown 8vo. Illustrated.
Price 1/- net: by Post, 1/2: cloth, 1/6; by Post, 1/8.
Dahlias and their Cultivation._-a Treatise on the
Propagation, Culture and History of the Show, Fancy, Cactus,

Pompon and Single Dahlias for Garden Decoration and Exhiti-
tion; Selection of Varieties, etc.,etc. By J. B. Wrog.

Crown 8vo. Illustrated.
Price 1/- net: by Post, 1/2; cloth, 1/6; by Post, 1/8.
Chrysanthemums and How to Grow Them for Exhibition.
—A Complete Guide to Growing for Exhibition, with Instrue-
tions for Timing and Stopping, for Northern, Southern, and
Midland Growers—Taking the Buds—Selections of the Best
Varieties, etc. By J. B. Wrox.

Crown 8vo, bound in cloth. Price 2/- net: by Post, 2/3.

Special Manures for Garden Crops.—Aa Complete
Guide as to the most Suitable Soils and Manures for the successful
culture of—Greenhouse Plants—Hardy Annuals—Half-Hardy
Annuals and Biennials—Perennials— Vegetables —Herbs—F lower-
any Plants—Shrubs—Fruits — Salads—Giass for Lawns—Mush-
rocms. By A. B Grigritus, Ph.D., ete.

PUBLISHED BY
W. H. & L. COLLINGRIDCE, 148 & 149, Aldersgate Street, London.

USEFUL HANDBOOKS ON
LIVE STOCK, MARKET GARDENING,

ETC., ETC.

ADVERTISEMENTS. xi

Price 1/= net each; by post 1/2. Bound in cloth 1/6 ; by post 1/9.

Edited by T. W. SANDERS, F.L.S.,

Editor of *' Farm and Garden,” &e,

No. 1.

Green Crops—Broccoli, Cabbage, Herbs, etc.
A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of Green Crops and Herbs
for Market, Packing.and Marketing, etc. By T. W. Sanpers.
F.L.S,

No. 2.

Root Crops—Potatoes, Onions, Carrots, Turnips,
ete. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of Roots, Bulbs,
and Tubers, with a full description of the various Insect, Fun-

goid and other Pests, and Remedies, etc. By T. W. Sanpgrs,
F.L.S.

No. 3.

Asparagus, Beans, Peas, Rhubarb, Marrows,
etc. A Practical Treatise on the Culture of Peas, Beans, Rhubarb,
Celery, Asparagus, Marrows, etc. ; Soils; Pickling and Preserv-
ing the Crops; Pests, Diseases, etc. By T. W. Sanpers, I.L.S.

No. 4.

Mushrooms, Cucumbers, Salads, Tomatoes, etc.
A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of Cucumbers, Mush-
rooms, Watercress, Salads, etc.; Preparing and Packing for
Market; Pests and Diseases. By T. W. Sanvens, F.L.S,

No. 5.

Fowls for Profit. A Practical Treatise on Poultry Farm-
ing; Selection of the Best Breeds for Eggs and the Table;
Management, Feeding, and Ailments; Fattening, Killing, Truss-
ing, and Marketing, etc. By A. Tysi~1o Jounson.

W.H. & L. COLLINGRIDCE, 148 & 149, Aldersgate Strest, London,

xii ADVERTISEMENTS.

USEFUL HANDBOOKS— Continued.

Price 1/- net each; by post 1/2. Bound in cloth 1/6 ; by post 1/9.

No. 6.

Rabbits for Pleasure and Profit. The Rearing and
Management of Rabbits, with a Description of the Best Breeds,
Suitable Foods, Ailments, Marketing, ete. By J. T. Biko.

No, 7.

Ducks, Geese and Turkeys for Profit. 4 Guide
to the Proper Management of Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, Guinea
Fowls and Swans; Feeding, Fattening, Killing, Plucking and
Trussing for Market; Chief Ailments, etc. By A. T. Jonson.

No. 8.

Dairy Cows and the Dairy. A Practical Treatise
on the Best Breeds of Dairy Cows and their Management: Con-
struction and Management of the Dairy: Butter and Cheese
Making: Milk and the Law, etc., etc. By Joon WALKER.

No. 9.

The Horse: Its Care and Management. 4 Prac.
tical Treatise on Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Ailments, Diseases,
and General Treatment; Breaking in, Buying; Stable Construc-
tion; Management of the Donkey, etc., etc. By H. E. Fawcos.

No. 10.

Pigs for P rofit. A complete Guide to the Breeding, Rearing,
and Management of Pigs; Killing, Dressing the Carcase, Bacon
Curing, Ailments of Pigs, Stye Building, etc., ete. By J. WaLker.

No. 11.

Chicken Rearing and the Management of

Incubators. A Treatise describing the Structure of an Egg:
Selection and Management of Incubators and Brovders, and the
Rearing of Chickens by natural and artificial means. By A. ‘I.
JOHNSON,

W.H.& L. COLLINCRIDCE, 148 & 149, Aldersgate Street, London,

ADVERTISEMENTS. xili

Premier Honours at the Great Quinquennial Show.
ESTABLISHED 1832. Successors to the late Baron Van Pallandt.

ANT. ROOZEN AND SON’S

SPLENDID DUTCH, CAPE, AND EXOTIC

BULBS,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS,

AND

SEEDS.

Famed for Sterling Worth.

Our Descriptive CATALOGUES of the above, containing full cultural directions, are
published in JANUARY and JUNE, and will be sent FREE on application to our Offices
at OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND, or to our General Agents,

MERTENS & CO.,
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, LONDON, E.C.
NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM OFA SIMILAR NAME.

J. NESS & Co.,

FISHING BOAT STORES,
12, SANDSIDE, SCARBORO’,
Garden and Lawn Tennis Boundary Net Makers, &c.

Good, strong, thoroughly repaired and retanned, weatherproof small
mesh Garden Netting, for protecting seed beds, young plants, wall and
other fruit trees, strawberry beds, also for lawn tennis, boundary or fence
nets, any length and width to order.

Our New Netting, made on square mesh for garden, tennis, boundary
or fence nets, are thoroughly well dressed and weatherproof, and corded
top and bottom.

N.B.—The Square Mesh Nets are the only ones that cover in full both length
and width.

We can also supply Rabbit, Stack, Pea, Pheasant, Cricket,
Football, Golf, Trammel, Drag and other Nets.

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

HL $30

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