ih n 4 tratite pesto neces pacsres areal planta ont SS Tees eee ii ne bali Ai tale ei ee a : hls ie ae tse eee Pee te ae oS a i i Eel tee ie i oe sf fick bang ue ast heap: 8 ie Hg sittet tat i= eects: reek Aw Sastass dite ahi ve ee Foketrl PUtLeCd amet Cornell University Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND THE BEQUEST OF Willard Fiske LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1868-1883 1905 RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. ‘ornell University Library ith their distribut TiN Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924003447368 RECORDS OF BIG GAME RECORDS OF BIG GAME WITH THEIR DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASUREMENTS OF HORNS ANTLERS. TUSKS, & SKINS THIRD EDITION By ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. AUTHOR OF ‘THE SPORTSMAN’S HANDBOOK,’ ETC. WITH ABOUT 217 [LLUSTRATIONS LONDON ROWLAND .WARD, LIMITED “THE JUNGLE,” 166 PICCADILLY, W. 1899 a i wv \ THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE SPORTSMEN OF THE WORLD WITHOUT WHOSE DETERMINED PLUCK AND LOVE OF TRAVEL THESE RECORDS COULD NOT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED, NOR COULD THE AUTHOR HAVE SPENT A LIFETIME IN THE ART HE HAS TRIED TO ADVANCE PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION In the present edition, the finest known specimens of antlers, horns, tusks, and skins are, so far as possible, recorded. It has been found impracticable in some instances to verify the measurements of trophies in distant parts of the world; and such records must accordingly be taken on the responsibility of their respective owners or other persons who have been good enough to measure them. It is much to be regretted that one pair of hands and a steel-tape are not responsible for the measurements of all the actual “records.” One of the many difficulties in connection with this compilation is due to the circumstance that different measurements of the same specimen are often sent me; this sometimes arising from the use of common tapes or string, which are absolutely unreliable unless checked at the time by a steel measure. In this connection I may mention that I shall at all times be pleased to cause such measurements to be carefully verified at my establishment in Piccadilly. With the horns of freshly killed hollow-horned ruminants an allowance for shrinkage should be made when comparing with older trophies. An average specimen of an Ovzs ammon horn, for instance, will frequently shrink half an inch in length and proportionately in girth after it has left the field. viii PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION With the Cervide many difficulties have arisen as to comparison; and I may point out that although length of antlers is invariably put at the top of the list, other particulars such as number of tines, general symmetry, spread, and weight of antler, are in many instances the making of a good trophy. Small specimens are frequently noted in order to include measurements from different localities, as well as to record horns of certain species, such as Ovis fold, etc., in which recently shot specimens do not approach those of the record example. I have to thank many sportsmen and naturalists all over the world for the help they have afforded me. To Mr. A. O. Hume, and Prince Henry of Liechtenstein, my special thanks are due. In the present volume great care has been taken with regard to the accuracy of the numbers ; and, considering that there are so many thousand measurements, it will be readily understood the task attempted has been one of no ordinary difficulty. The new illustrations, numbering over fifty in the present volume, are nearly all produced direct from photographs of notable examples. A new feature in this edition is the introduction of a short description of the leading characteristics and the exact geographical distribution of each species and race. This, it is hoped, will render the volume of additional value as a work of reference to the sportsman. ROWLAND WARD. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Since the publication of the first edition of this work under the title of “Horn Measurements,” I have been successful in collecting much new and valuable data bearing upon the measurements of horns and other statistics of Big Game. For this information I am to a considerable extent indebted to numerous sportsmen, and to the curators of some of the most important museums of the world, who have been kind enough to measure all the finest specimens in the collections under their charge. In addition to this valuable help, for which I desire to express my grateful acknowledgment, I have had a record carefully prepared of all the most remarkable specimens registered, as well as those that have from time to time passed through our hands. I am indebted to Mr. H. A. Bryden for much of the descriptive matter of the South African game. There will also be found embodied with all these new records numerous illustrations of typical heads, skulls, and horns drawn especially for this new edition. In addition to this supplementary information, the new edition will be found to contain more exact localities than have hitherto been recorded, and we continue in constant correspond- ence with sportsmen in almost every part of the world with a view of still further completing our records. R. W. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION My object in producing this book is to start a record of Horn Measurements of the Great Game of the World. I only regret that it was not commenced at an earlier date, as in that case it would have been more complete. In my earlier life ] had but little help, and often worked thirty hours at a stretch ; my work necessitated attention to specimens that demanded immediate treatment, and my love for reproducing life-like studies prevented me from keeping records. The measurements presented here have been taken prin- cipally by one hand, and, for that reason, I value them the more. The dimensions from acknowledged authorities J naturally am not responsible for. This work is not designed to be in any way a scientific treatise, but is prepared for sportsmen and scientific men who are interested to see comparable measure- ments at a glance. I think these have not been produced in like form before. These records can be added to, and I shall feel indebted to sportsmen who will contribute any authentic record measurements. It must be borne in mind that many trophies which have passed through my hands are now scattered all over the world, and the dimensions of them, for the time, are xii PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION not recorded here. Some that I give now are fine measure- ments, some are only ordinary statistics, many are of new species altogether; these last being mainly a result of the quite recent opening up of Africa. The advice noted as to the way to measure must be dealt with strictly, for many persons measuring by different methods produce untrustworthy record. We have tried to be fair in producing the statistics, taking them rather under than over the mark; and the tape has not been pressed into corrugations of horns, but carried outside, over all inequalities. R. W. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS — Owner’s measurements or other known authority. é Male. 9 Female. ... Unrecorded. R, Right horn or antler. L, Left horn or antler. Measurements are on the outside of the longest horn from base to tip; with Deer from the bottom edge of burr, or coronet, to the highest tip point, except where notified to the contrary. Circumference is at the base; with Deer above brow tine; in the Red Deer and Wapiti group between bez and trez. Length is expressed in inches, when not otherwise noted. Weights taken in the field should be accepted as approximate, and, unless mentioned, are of adult males. Heights are in most cases taken at the shoulder of adult males (see p. 480). P.Z.S. = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Abyssinian Buffalo Skull and Horns Addax Skull and Horns African Elephant Head 23 4 Tusks », Rhinoceros Head . rr i Skull and Horns American Bighorn Head rf Bison Skull and Horns . Anoa Head . Arabian Ibex Head » Tahr Skull and Harts Ama Head . : Arui Head Banting Head. >, and Gaur Skulls a Hoes Barasingh Head Bear Beira Antelope Skulls snd Horns . Beisa Head Bharal Head Blackbuck Head i Horns . Blue Duiker Head Boar Head » Tusk Bongo Horns Bontebok Head . Brindled Gnu Head ss »» Horns ‘ Bubaline Hartebeest Horns . Buffon’s Kob Horns Burchell’s Rhinoceros Horns. rr Skull and Horns . Basneee Banting Head Bushbuck Head Cape Buffalo Horns 448, 449 aie, 286 ” ” PAGE 395 | Cape Hartebeest Horns 278 | Caspian Réd Deer Antlers 446 »» Red Deer Head Chamois Horns . 434 | Chanler’s Reedbuck Head 433 | Chiru Head . 365 | Chital Head. 405 | Clarke’s Gazelle Head . 402 »”» Gaical 's Hartebeest Head ‘ 330 | Congo Buffalo Skull and Horns 398 | Cyprian Muflon Head . Dorcas Gazelle Head 416 | Duiker Horns East Caucasian Tur Head Eland Head (Bull) Se |. ae ay Caw) i Elk Antlers . ‘ 272 | |, Skull and Antlers Ste European Bison Skulls and Horns ae 5» Muflon Head ; ne Extinct Giant Fallow Deer Skull . 424 | Fallow Deer Flead , 422 | Four-horned Antelope Head 287 | Fringe-eared Beisa Head 139 | Gaur Head . F s 136 », Skull and Horns . 106 | Gayal Skull and Horns 183 | Gemsbuck Horns . 438 | Giraffe Skull 441 | Goa Head 416 | Grant’s Gazelle Tiiead . Gray Rhebok 391 | Gray’s Waterbuck Skull and Horns. Skull and Horns . 403 153 275 410 414 415 269 IoI 217 259 243 190 181 re LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Greater Kudu Head + 295 55 », Horns - 299 Grysbuck Head . 4 S167. Hangul Head Z 36 Himalayan Goral ‘ 317 3 Ibex Head . c 342 53 Serow Head 3 321 3 > Skull and Haws 320 %6 Tahr Head. ‘ 328 Hog-Deer Head . 70 Hunter’s Hartebeest Head . 124 Hybrid Hartebeest Skull and Hames . 120 Impala Head : 209 >, Skull and Fietie . 206 Indian Elephant Skull and Tish 442 », Gazelle Head . 228 », Rhinoceros Heads. » 430 Jackson’s Hartebeest Head . : 119 55 Skull and Hing 120 Japanese Sika Antlers . ‘ 51 Javan Rusa Skull and Antlers. 68 Johnston’s Gnu Head . : - 137 Kamschatkan Bighorn Skull and Horns 369 Kirk’s Dik-dik . ‘ 158 Klipspringer Head 170 5 Skull and Roms 170 Korrigum Hartebeest Head . . 126 Lesser Kudu Head : . 303 Loder’s Gazelle Head 236 Lichi or Lechwe Head . 184 3 Horns : . 186 Lichtenstein’ s Hartebeest Head . 121 Livingstone’s Antelope Skull and Flame 165 Malayan Sambar Antlers. 65 Marco Polo’s Sheep Head. =» 371 Markhor Horns (Astor) ; » 334 ” ” (Cabul) * . 338 03 »» (Pir Panjal). 333, 336, 337 fe », (Suleman) ‘ 338 $5 Head 55 + 340 Marsh-Deer Antlers 7 97, 98 Mesopotamian Fallow Deer Head . 58 Mongolian Gazelle Skulls and Horns 220 Mountain Reedbuck Head . . 198 Mule-Deer Head . 93, 95 Muntjac Antlers . 81 » Head . 83 Musk Ox Head . 389 PAGE Neumann’s Hartebeest Head. III 3 Skull and Hers III ileal Skull and Horns . 280 Nilgiri Tahr Head 331 Nyala Horns : - 288 Nyasaland Gnu Head . 137 Oribi Head . ‘ 160 Pekin Sika Head . : ‘ 54 Pelzeln’s Gazelle Head, male : 234 a », Skull and Horns, female 234 Pére David’s Deer Antlers . ‘ . 89 Persian Gazelle Skulls and Horns . . 220 Peters’s Gazelle Skulls and Horns. 246 Phillips’s Dik-dik Skull 156 Prong-horn Head. ‘ 104 Przewalski’s Gazelle Skull and Henne 219 Puku Head . ‘ 188 Red Deer Antlers (Caucasus) 32 a 3 (Exmoor) . : 2I i », in the Castle at Moritz- burg. 3 30 m 53 (Old English) 2 23 sg ws (Park) ‘ az 55 (Scotch) . 16 Reedbuck Head . é 192 Reindeer Antlers . T,.2):3 59 Head. . i 4 Roan Antelope Head . : . 265 Rocky Mountain Goat Head 327 Roe Deer Head (Siberian) . é . 86 a6 Skull and Antlers . : 88 Sable Antelope Head . 264 oh Skull and toms ‘ . 260 Saiga Head . ‘ ‘ ‘ « 21 >» Horns ‘i . 210 Salt’s Dik-dik Head : 155 Sambar Antlers. . O61 Sassaby Head. ‘ : 133 Schomburgk’s Deer Antlers . pee | Senegambian Buffalo Skull and Horns . 396 35 Eland Horns . eo ZT Shapu Head ‘ 380 Shou Skull and Antlers. ‘ 40, 55 Siberian Argali Skull and Horns . - 375 $5 Skulls and Horns 370 Sinaitic Ibex Head ; : a 348 Sind Ibex Skull and Horns . é 351 Sing-Sing Waterbuck Skull and Horns. 178 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii Situtunga Horns . Scemmerring’s Gazelle Head, Spanish Ibex Head Speke’s Gazelle Head, ¢ 0 Springbuck Head Steinbuck Head Swamp-Deer Antlers Swayne’s Dik-dik Head Hartebeest Head ” g Horns é$ Takin Frontlet and Horns, ? Skull and Horns, 6 Thameng Antlers Thomson’s Gazelle Head, $ »” », Horns, ¢ a? Tibetan Argali Head Tiger ”» Skin Topi Hartebeest Head Tora z] ” a” ” Horns PAGE Uganda Kob Skull and Horns 185 Urial Head ‘ 383 Virginian Deer Antlers or Waller’s Gazelle Head 255 Wapiti Head . 43 Wart-Hog Head . 429 5 Tusks 427 Waterbuck Head 2 Az pa Horns 173 West African Harnessed Antelope Horns 290 » Hartebeest Horns . 107 West Caucasian Tur Skull and Horns 356 White-bearded Gnu Head. . 141 a >> Skull and Horns 142 White-tailed Gnu Head ; 144 si >, Iforns 143 Yak Head . 409 »» Skulland Horns . : 407 Yarkand Stag Skull and Antlers 39 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Male Woodland Reindeer. From a specimen in the British Museum. REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus). DISTINGUISHED from all other deer by the presence of antlers in both sexes ; those of males being complex, with the brow tines palmated and often unsymmetrical, and the bez, or second tine, also generally expanded. The muzzle is entirely covered with hair, the ears and tail are short, the throat has a fringe of long hair, and the coat is very thick and of a nearly uniform clove-brown colour, with some white in the region of the tail, and on the under parts and legs. The false or lateral hoofs are unusually large and spreading; and there is a patch B to RECORDS OF BIG GAME of long white hair covering a gland on the hock, but none on the hind cannon-bone. Height at shoulder reaching to 4 feet 10 inches (New- foundland) ; weight of a full-grown Scandinavian stag 30 stone, clean (Abel Chapman) ; antlers average about 30 lbs. per pair. Reindeer inhabit the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, in Europe including Scandinavia, Lapland, and Northern Russia; their Antlers of Male Woodland Reindeer from Nova Scotia. From a specimen in the British Museum. southern limit varies from 52° to 54° N. latitude, while they extend to between 80° and 81° northwards. Six varieties, or local races, of reindeer are recognised : (1) the Scandinavian reindeer (R. ¢arandus typicus) of Northern Europe and Asia, which is a rather small animal with moderately expanded antlers ; (2) the Spitzbergen reindeer (2. tarandus spetsbergensts), characterised by the peculiar form of the nasal bones of the skull; (3) the woodland REINDEER OR CARIBOU 3 reindeer (A. zarandus caribou) of the forest districts of Arctic America, distinguished by its large bodily size and the short, much-palmated antlers; (4) the Newfoundland reindeer (R. tarandus terr@-nove), Side view of Antlers of Male Barren-Ground Reindeer. From a specimen in the British Museum. which is closely allied to the last, but with even more complex antlers and some differences in coloration; (5) the Greenland reindeer (R. tarandus grenlandicus), which is apparently very similar to the sixth variety ; and (6) the barren-ground reindeer (2. ¢arandus arcticus), from the open country north of the forests in America, a very distinct 4 RECORDS OF LIG GAME animal, characterised by its small bodily size, and the great length and simple form of the antlers, in which, except on the brow tine, there is scarcely any palmation. Reindeer heads are probably some of the most difficult to measure, owing to the different curves the top points frequently present. Females have smaller and lighter antlers than males. Head of Male Newfoundland Reindeer. From Dr. J. A. Allen. Abel Chapman, writing in the Field, says two or three year old bucks run between 16 and 20 stone; but one big stag he shot was made out (perhaps erroneously) to scale well over 30 stone, clean. The measurements of the antlers have been separated for the convenience of sportsmen. REINDEER OR CARIBOU 5 REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus)—continued. Length on out- Circum- Tip to side ference. curve, 62 54 578 St 57k St 54848 54 63 52h 54 5248 151848 49 48 *48 6k 47858 465 64 455 53 454 44 44853 44 5S 44 5% 432 58 -42h 74 ~42$ 42 63 42 5h 41 54 41 40 6 3958 396 397 Widest . Tip. inside, Points. 49} 20+17 I3+7 333 444 20+16 (outside) Il+13 2it 322 8 =12+11 26h =I7+12 28; 38 7+7 48317 +14 3287 +9 11g 255 17+15 I9+12 164 28 32 3 31 I5t+l 37 18} 30 18+ 13 264 17+14 41g I6+11 34 384 9 224+18 ieee) os 185 33 4 3904 20+12 203 28 15+9 33 2 314 354 19 +14 23} «17 +14 304 = =I5+10 3I 20+19 I Woodland Caribou. Locality. Canada . Arctic Region. Do. N. America ? N. Canada Do. Hudson Bay N. America Newfoundland N. America British Columbia Newfoundland N. Canada Newfoundland Do. . Alaska Newfoundland Do. . British Columbia Newfoundland Owner. Mrs. Macintosh. British Museum. Sylvester Browne. The late Captain Sir John Franklin, British Museum. Paris Museum. J. Talbot Clifton, David T. Hanbury. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. A. Murray, British Museum. J. Turner-Turner. F. C. Williamson. David T. Hanbury. C. H. Akroyd. Vice- Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Lieut. A. E. Allgood, R.N. St. George Littledale. R. Gordon Smith. General R. L. Dashwood. Earl of Lonsdale. Q. C. Colmore. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. Major C. C. Ellis, Vice- Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Captain C. E. Stracey. Vice- Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 2 Barren-ground. ong Chcun- Ti curve. 397 29 395 3948 26 -39 78333 385i 19 38 6 36 373 6k 23 378 5E 2 375 5B 374 58 37,0 53 2k 37 37. 44 142 36 54 = 28 36% 5% 19 363 6% 30 363 6 26% 36 5844 365 23 354 6f 184 353 54 49-324 334 540 23, -324 8h 12} 328 5h 328 -32 5k RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest inside. 31k 26% 318 21} 352 23 20 29 24. 25 40 (outside) 25 25 22 Points. 18+ 16 II+I1I I5+15 29+ 22 17+14 39 II+I10 14+12 Locality. ? British Columbia Newfoundland Do. British Columbia Newfoundland British Columbia Canada . ? Newfoundland British Columbia Newfoundland Do. British Columbia Newfoundland | Do. . British Columbia Do. Do. New Brunswick Newfoundland British Columbia Canada . ? British Columbia REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus)—continued. Owner. Duke of Westminster. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. D. F. Moir, R.N. Lord Thurlow. T. P. Kempson. » Lieut. F. C. Osborne, R.N. W. S. Power. J. W. Osborne. Otho Shaw. Dr. Wm. Tait. H. G. Walker. General R. L. Dashwood. Captain H. H. Grenfell, R.N. H. G. Walker. V. L, A. Campbell, R.N. A. Wilson, R.N. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. J. V. Colby. Captain F. Molyneux. P. N. Graham. G. C, W. Crispin, R.N. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. James J. Harrison. Major R. Hallowes. Theodore Roosevelt. Length on out- Circum- Tip to ference. side curve. 160 —59% REINDEER OR CARIBOU REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus)—condinued. 58 Tip. 388 38 423 304 38 334 22 29 24 20% 25 23 214 29 20} 26 264 29 254 214 18 24 34 31 23 Widest inside. 4ik 44 46 (outside) 37 438 29 (outside) 344 204 26 33% 20 Points. 22415 15+16 7+5 33 18+8 I9+13 16411 42 12+9 22+13 I2+9 12+12 11+8 745 15 +13 I5+11 I7+11 23 +20 33 19+18 1 Perished antlers. Locality. ts Norway . Do. Jotunheim, Norway . Sundal Fjelds, Nor- way Norway . Do. Rundane, Norway . Norway . ? Norway . Do. Jotunheim, Norway . Norway . Do. Spitzbergen Do. Norway . Do. Do. E. Spitzbergen Do. Lapland . Norway . Do. Owner. Sir V. Brooke’s Collection. J. Whitaker. Ii. J. Elwes. Ss. Ratcliff Capt. Gerard Ferrand. J. H. Thomas. Kenneth M‘Douall. Capt. John Marriott. Abel Chapman. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. H. J. Elwes. J. H. Barnard. Kenneth M‘Douall. Hon. Walter Rothschild. S. Ratcliff. Col. C. B. Harvey. R. Rankin. W. D. James. Sir W. Martin Conway. Lewis J. Cadell. British Museum. Do. Arnold Pike. Do. - ' Dublin Museum. Abel Chapman. J. Benett-Stanford. + A very old buck. lo 2) RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Male Elk. From an Alaskan specimen in the possession of the Duke of Westminster. ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis). The largest member of the deer tribe, distinguished by its ungainly form, long limbs, broad, produced, and flabby muzzle (all of which, except a small triangular patch below the nostrils, is covered with hair), the presence of a pendulous hairy organ (the so-called “ bell”) on the throat of the males, and the form and position of the antlers in that sex. These latter are set on the skull with their bases at right angles to the middle line of the face, the beams having neither brow nor bez tines, but expanding after a short distance into a broad palmation, carrying a number of snags on the outer border; in young elk each antler is divided in a fork-like manner into a small front and a larger hind portion. The main hoofs are long and pointed, and the lateral pair large: there is a gland and tuft of hair both on the hock and hind cannon-bone, the latter being situated high up. The tail is very short. From birth to old age elk are uniformly coloured ; the general tint of the hair, which is long, coarse, and somewhat brittle, varying ELK OR MOOSE 9 from yellowish gray to deep blackish brown, and being usually darker in American than in European examples. The height varies from 5 feet 9 inches at the shoulder in Scandinavian examples (Sir H. Pottinger) to as much as 6 feet 6 inches in American specimens (General R. L. Dashwood) ; the weight from 900 to 1400 lbs., that of the antlers being about 60 lbs. Elk inhabit the forests and marshy districts of Scandinavia, Eastern Russia, Siberia, Northern Russia, and thence eastwards through Siberia Antlers of Male Elk. north of about latitude 50° N. to Amurland ; while in America (where they are invariably known as moose) at the present time they are found in Alaska, Montana, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Although many sportsmen say they can be distinguished by the antlers and the colour of the skin, the European and American elk appear so similar that they do not seem worthy of being regarded as even distinct local varieties, but for convenience in comparing the European and American measurements are separated. An elk killed at Meswiez, Lithuania, by Count Scheibler measured Length tip of nose to tip of tail. 6 root. eS 6 yy oy yy Io RECORDS OF BIG GAME Crest to nose Height at withers 53 » quarters Girth quarters . Round thigh Below knee : Round neck near the ears Estimated weight 1500 Ibs. Poe oe cea Ge above ip. width. of Palm. Points. burr. 7% 7ot 29? 11? 37 69 21 21 784 18 40 10 69 15 32 94 37472 16} 20417 tof 49h = 66 14 I7+14 614 8§ 40 508 14h 14+13 94 22% 474 12 II+I1 10 35% = 56 134 12411 83 21% 27 544 12411 65 24 «14413 8 38 60 13 I1+10 8 35 55 13, I2+11 64 512 152 13412 83 395134 7 38 544 16 13+12 7i 37 563 134 I4+II 72 33% ©6498 114 12+10 78 «364518 of =8+7 8t 38 57 12k 1§+12 1 Height at shoulder, 8 ft. 2 in.?; Feet. Inches. 2 7 5 9 . 6 So 3 I 9g 7% 1 3 65 a 9 See antlers, 274, etc. Locality. Owner. Alaska W. W. Hart. Do. F. B. Tolhurst. Yukon W. F. Sheard. Do. Dall De Weese. Do. Duke of Westminster. Kenai Mts. Viscount Powerscourt. Canada General R. L. Dashwood. Manitoba. G. H. M. Banks. Canada Viscount Powerscourt. N. America T. W. Wood, Jun. Chesincook, M.E. Canada Manitoba . Canada Maine N. America Do. Canada British Columbia N. America E. slopes of the Rockies N. America 2 Height at shoulder stated to be 7 ft, 8 in.? Col. Hoselton. General R. L. Dashwood. Otho Shaw. Viscount Powerscourt. J. S. Braithwaite. British Museum. Otho Shaw. Sylvester Browne. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. J. C. L. Knight-Bruce. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bt. skull horns, 68 lbs. ; estimated weight, 2600 Ibs. Length to longest tine. 388 384 38t una Tip to Greatest Breadth po Tip. width. of Palm. 7 52§ —-10§ 67 9 44 66 14 6 34 494 of 78 30h «47 12 64 594 9f S 2th 57h 14 Ir 50 61 14 8 514 iif 83 494 oI 7s 3505088 7h 33h 0472‘ 84 4244 8 394 494 104 68 42 51% 9% 7 28 44 II 6 30 44 10 7 20t 44 8 7 Sik 124 53 40h 13 78 35004912 5§ 2842 6} 62 30 40 6 ELK OR MOOSE II ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis)—conztinued. Points. Ir+I0 22 II+II 6+7 6+6 Locality. N. America Yukon New Brunswick N. America British Columbia ? Manitoba . New Brunswick Canada ? New Brunswick Canada Do. New Brunswick Canada N. America Manitoba . N. America Do. ? Montana . New Brunswick Eastern slopes of the Rockies N. of Manitoba Owner. British Museum. J. H. Whitehouse. S. Decatur. ° Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. C. H. Akroyd. J. Bodkin. F. Ashby. Ernest Farquhar. Hon. Charles Ellis. James J. Harrison. Paris Museum. P. N. Graham. G. Marchetti. Dublin Museum. Major C. S. Cumberland. Charles Makin. A. Rogers. Earl of Lonsdale. Theodore Roosevelt. Hon. Charles Ellis. Hon. F. Thellusson. P. B. Vander-Byl. RECORDS OF BIG GAME ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis)—continued. Circum- Length to ference Tip to Greatest Breadth i of Palm. longest tine. above Tip. burr. 3738 358 33 9 34 328 72 33 32 6 32 Si 378 -32 7 7 35 -31 UA 28 gor S 27 30% 7h 298 29 6 30% 29 63, 315 29 74 28) 7% 248 width. 574 51s Antlers of Male Elk. 113 114+13 Norway I15{ Io+I10 Do. g+io. LE. Prussia 11h 10+10 Sweden 95 74+8 — Russia 11s 10+9 Nr. St. burg 9 9+9 Norway 9+7 Do. 17 Do. 10) 15 Do. 95 10+7 Do 10 9+8 Do 7h 11+9 Do 65 10+9 Do. 104 24 Do. 9s 10+9 Do. 1 Estimated weight, go stone. Points. Locality. Owner. Thomas Bate. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. Sir Edward Caley, British Museum. Prince Demidoff. } H. J. Elwes. S. Ratcliff. Abel Chapman. Lieut.-Col, G. D. FF, Sulivan. Sir Victor Collection. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Brooke’s Do. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Length to longest tine. ~284 28 28 Circum- ference Tipto Greatest Breadth Width. of Palm. above, burr. 6 6} 73 ELK OR MOOSE 13 ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis)—continued. Tip. 334 32 313 253 30 4o 204 284 25 274 29 27% 434 47 38 33 39 43% 38 4iz 38 398 424 37 352 36 II 9 $e) 83 n wm wn NSN Points. I2+10 8+8 I2+10 5+5 20 8+7 8+6 8+8 9+7 5+4 7+6 6+5 5+3 7+6 Locality. Lithuania Norway Sweden Lithuania Norway Do. Nr. St. burg Norway Peters- Russia S. Russia . Norway Do. Do. Sweden Owner. Prince Radziwill. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Viscount Powerscourt. Count Scheibler. S. Ratcliff. J. H. Barnard. Prince Demidoff. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. British Museum. Lord Delamere. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. E. N. Buxton. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. 14 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Caspian Red Deer. From a Hungarian specimen in the collection of Viscount Powerscourt. Counting from the skull upwards, the first tine is the brow, the second the bez, and the third the trez, above which come the surroyals, or crown. The main shaft is termed the beam. RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). The red deer of Western Europe is the typical representative of the genus Cervus, in which the antlers of the males are set on the skull at an oblique angle to the middle line of the forehead, and always have a brow tine, while they are generally more or less nearly cylindrical, although sometimes palmated. There is always a large bare portion on the muzzle, the face is long, the ears are generally large, and the tail is comparatively short, often extremely so. Although there is almost always a gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, usually situated high up, there is none on the hock itself. The coat may be spotted. In the red deer the antlers are subcylindrical and complex, generally with a bez tine, and always with a trez, the number of points exceeding five, and the crown frequently forming a cup. The tail is relatively long and pointed, and there is a distinct light-coloured patch on the buttocks, which includes the tail; the general colour of the adult summer coat being reddish brown, and that of the winter dress grayish brown, while the young are profusely spotted. RED DEER 15 Red deer, in the widest sense of the term, are inhabitants of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, and Northern Persia. In the typical red deer (C. elaphus typicus) of Western, Northern, and Central Europe, the antlers attain their maximum degree of complexity, sometimes having twenty or even more points, although in many Scotch examples the bez tine is wanting. In a park red deer killed at Spetchley Park the weight was 419 lbs. gross, and 216 when cleaned ; while in one shot at Knowsley many years ago the clean weight was no less than 424 lbs. The height at the shoulder now reaches about 4 feet. H.R.H. the Duke of Braganza saw a continental stag shot which scaled 41 stone 10 Ibs. two years ago, and last year H.R.H. shot a 10-pointer with a spread of 55 inches. The Corsican red deer (C. elaphus corsicanus), of Corsica and Sardinia, is a very small race, with the bez tine of the antlers wanting, and the general colour of the upper parts dark brown in summer and blackish in winter. Nearly allied is the North African red deer (C elaphus barbarus), which is of rather larger dimensions, with a grayish- brown streak down the middle of the back, and small irregular whitish spots on the flanks and sometimes on the back; traces of such spots being occasionally observable in the summer coat of does of the typical race. The bez tine seems to be very generally wanting. The Caspian red deer (C. elaphus maral) is a large variety, described on page 33. Lord Tweedmouth furnishes the following dimensions of his fine Scotch stag :— Widest span over all, 394 inches; span inside below cups, 34 inches ; span outside below cups, 37 inches. Right antler —Length, 39 inches ; length of brow, 10} inches ; of bez, 10 inches ; of trez, 13 inches. Length of tines in cup, 10, 7, 44 inches. Circumference at coronet, 84 inches; between bez and trez, 74 inches; above trez, 6 inches. Left antler —Length, 38 inches; of brow, 10 inches; of bez, 8 inches ; of trez, 11 inches. Length of tines in cup, 8, 6, and 4 inches. Circumference at coronet, 9 inches ; between bez and trez, 74 inches ; above tray, 64 inches. Shot, October 9, 1880. Weight, 21 stone 9 lbs.; clean, but stag was much run. 16 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Frouta Photograph by W ‘ityle. Antlers of Red Deer killed by Lord Burton, with fully developed cups. on out oe aint ant -4I 7 224 1_40 6 -39 74 -378 208 375 58144 B74 5 14} 1-365 365 5 34 365 Oy 31h 364 7 22] -36 36 5 16} Widest inside. a.—SCOTCH RED DEER. Spread. ve $ 41 42 Points. Weight. Locality. st. Ibs. pany, ae Inverness (1794) io 614.7. Glentilt 6+6 21.9 -Guisachan fa ? 6+ ae ? 6+5 ae fg Glenmoriston 5+6 ... Glenstrath- farrar G6 os, ? ery ates ? 13 ... Monymusk (1795) 7+7 ? 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais. Owner. W. H. Walker. Duke of Atholl. Lord Tweedmouth. Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. .R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Do. Col. W. Gordon-Cumming. Viscount Powerscourt (shot by the late Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming). Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. Do. The late Capt. Johnstone Grant. Duke of Portland. SCOTCH RED DEER 17 SCOTCH RED DEER—condinued. " y, -Circum- Length ‘¢ mn : satel perwest ap #0. pee an Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve, bez and st. Ibs. 36 44 21; 27 a. 6+6 .,.. Caenlochan . Henry Tate. 358 40 27k 34 3684 +3. Do. Do. 35454 aii 25h .. 6+6 176 Sutherland . Abel Chapman. 353 6 ig sin 29 12 19 ~~ Auchnashel- The late Lord Alexander lach Paget. 354 48 174 30 s. 5+6 176 Glenisla, For- Viscount Powerscourt. farshire -355 7 = 26h, 20 . Glenquoich . Lord Burton. (See illus- tration.) 354 3 4# 27k 34 368 4+3 «.. Caenlochan . Henry Tate. -35t «6480 3115350 wv = 646 0... Dene Ross- G. Percy V. Aylmer. shire 35 4} 22 28 ws 7+6 ... Talladh-a-Bhe- E. Weller-Poley. ithe, Rannoch -35 sais sta a 34 io 16 1t N. Morar . Capt. T. W. Gill. -35 sii a 29 4i1¢ 7+6~ ... 3 Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. 135 5 26 3340378 12 .., Guisachan . Lord Tweedmouth. 235 4h ba as 274 8 ... Cairn Thomais John Hargreave. Gaick -342 0... as ie 314 3+2 16 12 Cluanie . Hon. T. A. Brassey. 344 5 37k 34k. 12 .. Braemore . Sir John Fowler, Bart. 344 4t 18$ 27 .. 6+5 .. N. Morar . J. R. Hutchison. "34h 5 ie oe 344 12 167 Glentilt . Duke of Atholl. (clean) 34k = «6 17% 25 31 5+4 15 12 Caenlochan . Mrs. Henry Tate. 344 48 16-248. 325 +5 ~—. += Auchnasheen’ F. Devas. -34 53 ali as 30 Switch ... Letterewe . Won. T. A. Brassey. 34 43 174 262 «8290 «6©5+4 ~~... Caenlochan. W. A. L, Fletcher. 34 di an 30 ins ir 172 N. Morar Capt. T. W. Gill. 34 4 284 308 =... 3205 +4 ~~. «=~ Glenmuick =. ‘J. Ponsonby. 344d 12 2330 HQ ? C. A. Grenfell. 34 4 16g. $8 +4 ~~... ~~ Blair-Atholl Captain A. W. E. Count Gleichen. -34 42 19 28 oat 64+5 ... Rothiemurchus, A. Basil Brooke. Inverness 234 It ... Braemar Col. Gordon-Cumming. 34 43 oa eh 363 12 ha Glenbruar, Sir W. Ogilvie Dalgleish. , Perthshire 1 Above trez. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais. Cc 18 RECORDS OF BIG GAME SCOTCH RED DEER—continued. Circum- Length ference ara between Tie Widest ee Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. ones: trez. st. Ibs, 234 4g Bee aa 30 10 .. Morar . W. Stirling. 234 7 26 ae 26 14 .. Glenartney . Earl of Ancaster. 33 5k 0 IQR 25 SK ? H. S. O’Brien. 33 «5 wad 344 +5 «(20 Dalness . Jj. G. Millais. 33k 4 164 25 29 5+5 ~~... Caenlochan. H. C. Pilkington. -304 4h ia 27 sais 12 .. Kintail. é a oe G. Loder, 33 4% 8% 202 242 4+4 .. BenAlder . Julius Wernher. 33 44 24@ 284 334 544 15 12 Do. F. C. Selous. 33 42 214 282 33 4+4 ~~... ~~ Kintail. . RB, P. Page. -322 865 25¢ 20 ... 676 ... Ardverikie . W. H. Waiker. 322 «4k HG 28 rr Sy re ? Sir Charles Tennant, Bart. 324 = 4h 164 264 .. 5+5 ... Auchnashel- G. Webster. 324 «48 20 28 ioe GS ate Mosse ‘ . J. R. Hutchison. 32 4 ace 325 28 5+5 ... Invercauld . Otto Beit. 32 5 “a8 22h. = +4 «CQ Rannoch. Sir W. G. Pearce, Bart. +32 43 31 29 40 7+9 hes Rhidorrach . Viscount Powerscourt. 32 4 244 929 s 4+4 ... Braulen . J. K Fowler. -32 one a oie 34 10 tes Kintail . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, 31232 a 264 ... 4+4 ~~... Rhidorrach Ga F. Cookson. 31248 18 24 wwe +5 1G Inchgrundle. Countess of Dudley. 31348 16 21 23k 64+5 ... Shank . . R. K. Micklethwait. 31448 22 28% 314 3+3 ... Caenlochan. E. L. Fletcher. 315 4 w2e 0218s 254 644. Do. W. W. Gossage. 31k 5 264° aie 12 17 Auchnasheen J. F. Laycock. 3154 22 264 324 7+6 ... Kintail. . R. P. Page. 31k 4 244 29 «. 5+4 ... Braulen . J. Talbot Clifton. 313 44 21 255 «+ 4+4 15 3 Invermark . W.S.M. Burns. 314 48 20 258 2. 3=9 343 ~—.. +~39Dalnacardoch Hon. T. A. Brassey. Above trez. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais. SCOTCH RED DEER 19 SCOTCH RED DEER—continued, Circum- Do. . Do. 29h 43 248 29 es @35 x ? Marquis Camden. -29$ 64 sale 275 ak .. 16 11 Blackmount . Marquis of Breadalbane. -29 4 29 31 6+6 =... Inverness. H. Seton-Karr. 20 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 4 The widths of the six widest heads in the Duke of Fife’s collection are as follows :— 40 38 37 35 35 35 The six longest antlers of this celebrated collection are respectively— 37 36 353 35a 35 35 The antlers of one of the red deer in Mr. Lucas’s Park at Warnham Court, Sussex, in 1889, had 34 points; 1890, 34 points; 1891, 37 points ; 1891, 47 points and weighed 17 lbs. ; 1893, 45 points, 164 Ibs. For an interesting account of many fine specimens the reader is referred to British Deer and their Horns, by J. G. Millais. 6.—IRISH RED DEER. Widest . “ outside Lepaa P inuide. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. * trez. st. Ibs. 1_gak 12 22 7 Colebrooke . Sir Douglas Brooke, : Bart. ~4I 6 17; 23, 1O+Q 23 3 Do. Do. -40 5 28 293 8+8 25 5 Do. . Do. 308 St 4h 268747 26:11 Do . Do. 38 53 20 308 10+8 25 0 Do. ‘ Do. (clean) 35 42 30 9 Ireland Hon. A. Charteris. 35 58 198 «6262 6 +5 20 2 Powerscourt Park Viscount Powerscourt. ae re tite D D 35 5t aut 29 545 il 28st cleat m : oe 24 St. as dd 1 he fell Do. é Do. 342 5 Tah ety 5*5 | sien clean i 26 st. as 34. 4k 25h 28h 06464 he fell Do. ‘ Do. 2ost. clean 34 5 20h 26 6+6 20st.clean Do. : Do. 34 43 315 6+5 26 8 Muckross Ralph Sneyd. 34 4h 13k 25 5+5 Colebrooke °. Capt. J. M. Rogers. 33% 05 26 54+5 22 0 Muckross Hon. Mrs. Bourke. 31 42 II 20 7+7 Do. Ralph Sneyd. -31 42 185 22 5+7 ? Dublin Museum. 30 4 26h 895 +5 19 10 Muckross Geoffrey Carr-Glyn. 292 048 21,0 245 8=64+6 Colebrooke . Montrose Cloete. 1 See Millais’s British Deer and their Horns. G2 2 G2 Gd G2 G2 U2 to G2 G2 G2 Ga G2 Wo VEST OF ENGLAND RED DEER 21 Antlers of Exmoor Stag. ¢c.—WEST OF ENGLAND RED DEER. Go G2 Circum- ce Tip to Widest Points. Locality. Owner. egal ip. inside. bee i Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. ; I st 214 321 §+5 Exmoor . ° ; killed in 1897 with the Devon | and Somerset Stag-hounds. 9 52 15; 285 64+6 Do... ; « R.A. Sanders. 8 53 17g 314 646 Quantock Hills . Viscount Ebrington ; killedin 1885. wn OS 22+ «930 «=7+7 «Exmoor . ‘ . C. Nelder; killed in 1803. 6% 6 21, 28£ 647 Da « ‘ . Sir A. Acland-Hood, Bart. ; killed in 1893. 54 5 20 275 6+6 Do. : : . Earl Fortescue ; killed in 1812. 5 5 1st 27. 6+5 Do : . Com. G. F. Inglefield, R.N. 5 4g 255 32% 5+6 Dow 2 ‘ » Sir C. T. D. Acland, Bart. 5 killed in 1893. 46 58 234 31} «=64+6 Dor ; . Viscount Ebrington; killedin 1881. 3 64 29 6+6 Do. : : . The late Sir T. D. Acland, Bart. ; ; killed in 1788. 3 st it 294 9O+7 Do... ‘ ; 46 is. 1792: 3 58 39 32 «7 +7 Dow. ; ; ae oy. 1877. 3 52 13 25 S84+7 Do. ; : . Viscount Ebrington ; killed in 1881. 2 5k 308 308 7+4 Da: : . Earl Fortescue; killed in 1814. 2 44 1s 20 6+6 1Byornmeens : . Col. J. F. Hornby. of 5 245 204 6+6 Do: 4 , . Earl Fortescue. 1 Weight 333 lbs., clean. Length of brow-tine, 17 inches. 2 Weight, 17 stone 2 Ibs. 3 See Red Deer in Fur and Feather Series. 22 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Stoke Park Red Deer. @d.—ENGLISH PARK RED DEER. ee Circum- Length aenue on raat Tip to Widest ¢ aR = . ee outside between ‘ip. asides Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. cere bez and tre. -424 6} - 5 40 iz Alte 25 Voge 3) ve 7+6 Langley Park -40 aa : ee 41 7+7 2 B75 Ty 29 274 364 I10+9 .. Welbeck =37 Ti ah: Le 37 23 31st. Warmham (clean) 36 65 24 30 6+6 Vaynol, North Wales 30: 4 5% 19 283 Q+I11 Woburn 35 6 Iqgt 2 6+6 Vaynol, North Wales 34% ve 33 207 20+ 20 Warnham Sag 25h 18h 26 8+8 Woburn 34 44 23 6+6 Stowe 34 sh oe 28h uss PAF Dorset . 34 64 a 45 45 Warnham (about) 334 = ad 33 6+6 Stowe 335 54 21h 284 aa 9+9 Woburn 33 a 45% 44 Warnham above trez Owner. Melbury, Dorset Earl of Ilchester. J. G. Millais. Sir Greville Smyth, Bart. Duke of Portland. T. Lucas. G. W. D. Assheton- Smith. Duke of Bedford. G. W. OD. Assheton- Smith. W. H. Lucas. Duke of Bedford. H.R.H. la Comtesse de Paris. Earl of Ilchester. C. 'T. Leas. H.R.H. le Due @ Orléans. Duke of Bedford. C. T. Lucas. Some of the above measurements are recorded by J. G. Millais in British Deer and their Horns. ' White Stag. ANCIENT PRITISH RED DEER 23 Skull and Antlers of Old English Red Deer. (Found in cutting the Manchester Ship Canal.) ¢.—ANCIENT BRITISH RED DEER. Circum- ea ference |. Wides outside between Thee sear Spread. Points Where dug up. Owner. curve. a) trez. 474 8 35 si sae 5+S Manchester Ship Sir R. M. Brooke, Bart. Canal excavations 40 7h 224 284 43 12+9 Combermere . Duke of Westminster. 384 5 18 30 394 8+6 — Ireland ' . Viscount Powerscourt. 364 5 24 25 355 8$+8 Do. ; 4 Do. 36 53 23 eM) 374 10+9 Kerry, Ireland. Do. 1-36 5g ‘A ae 423 23 South Ireland =. — Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. 355 54 263 328 0=6— 42h 13411 Do. . Sir Victor Brooke’s Col- lection. 354 52 314 274 wi 12+10 Treland : . Viscount Powerscourt. -35 ¥ ay 22 24 9+11 England ‘ . CC. G. Burrow. 343 5 22) 30 ee 10+10 Treland : . Viscount Powerscourt. 33 4} 27 28k = 35 Soo +8 Do. 3 : Do. ' Recorded by J. G. Millais. 24 RECORDS OF BIG GAME J—NORWEGIAN RED DEER. “ Hitteren may still be considered the headquarters of the red deer in Norway. These animals (unlike the elk, which would appear to be diminishing) are increasing in numbers, and are now found in districts where they were previously unknown. Of 138 killed in the whole country last year fifteen were shot in South Bergenhus, twelve in Romsdal, and thirty-one in North Bergenhus Amt” (SNOWFLY, field, 11th December 1897). Length Civcum- outside between TT” imide: Spread. Points, Weight. Locality. Owner. curve: “yee 34 tat he the Si 7 ... Norway . . J. H. Thomas. 31% 4g a 25h .. OFS. Do . A, Brassey. 315 4k ete 24h +5. Do. ; H. Seton-Karr. 31448 ed 28 me, CARERY i: Do. E. M. Denny. 31 44 23 25 2905 6+6 .. Do. . J. H. Thomas. 30 5 ei 29 stat 12 208t, Do. . E. M. Denny. -30 4t is 28 33. 54+4 Cl... Do. F . Hi. Seton-Karr. 30 44 294 308 wa HG. Do. ‘ Do. 29h 48 wt 234 2... 5+5(.. Do. . J. H. Thomas. 29, 48 26 30“ HG Do. G. L. Denmar. 284 4 27 25 oe AG aes Do. ‘ H. F. Kemp. -28 54 Single Antler 5 on Do. H. Seton-Karr. Dyan ig 26 26 Ga GARG. sig: Do. . J. H. Thomas. 264 4} 1of 218 1.0 4t4q lw. Do. Do. 26 44 see 30 324 O+5 20st. Do. : . 4H. Seton-Karr. 248 = 34, 21 204... 2+2 ae Do. . A. Henderson. g.—SPANISH RED DEER. l_4o cine Hk 36h. 17 Sierra Morena, Spain Abel Chapman. -375— is 34h 15 Sierra Morena F Do. 36 5h 37 a ed 15 South Spain . . The late Lord Lilford. 324i ee mic oe 13 Plains of Andalucia. W. J. Buck. -29 5t aay 25 on 12 Andalucia s . 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From a specimen in the Castle at Moritzburg. After Dr. A. B. Meyer. 7.—ANCIENT CONTINENTAL RED DEER. Length = Circum- Tip to res eae eee a Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. 33 +29 ? II.M. the King of Saxony, Moritzburg. 148 at ne 6 ft. 3,55 I2+11 2 Do. 25+12 ? Do. 28 ? H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe - -46} S$fabove sft. 2}... 22 Alpine Stag? Count webch Erbach, a sgt i 28 Do. Do. 43 22 Switzerland Do. = a 5 16 22h 9+9 e Viscount Powerscourt. 39% 6! 22 a 6+6 Germany . Do. 39 outside 1 Weight, 414 Ibs. NEW ZEALAND RED DEER j.—NEW ZEALAND RED DEER (:x/roducea). Average height at shoulder, 47 inches. te ee ae side Rerand Type TRAGSt Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. 42 53 37k O+7 Otago W. Allen. -414 6 16 ee 28h 64+5 .. Do. Do. -4I 64 31k 645. Do. . J. S. Handyside. 41 54 37 7t+6 Do. C. R. Westmacott. -39 5h. 31 646... Do. H. McLean. -38 5 63. G46 5. Do. E. C. Studholm. 37h «sk tok 28 6+ of soit fe C. 3, Wresthhacott, mated -37 5 34 «6+5l Do. W. Telford. -364 68 325 9+9 Wairarapa J. S. Handyside. -36 42 334 545 Otago W. Telford. 31852 10h =18 6+7 North Island Rupert Wilkin. to Uo RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Caspian Red Deer shot in the Western Caucasus by St. George Littledale. CASPIAN RED DEER or MARAL (Cervus elaphus maral). In this variety of the red deer, which probably intergrades with the typical race in the western Carpathians, the height at the shoulder reaches to about 44 feet, and the build is stouter, the neck thicker, and the head longer and more pointed than in the true red deer. The reddish summer coat of immature animals is very generally marked with numerous yellowish spots; and the colour of the winter coat is dark slaty gray on the back, with the tail-patch of a very bright CASPIAN RED DEER 33 yellow, and a large amount of black on the shoulders, thighs, and under parts. The large and massive antlers are generally less complex than those of the typical race, the number of points being seldom more than eight on a side, and frequently only six ; while the bez tine, which may be wanting, is often shorter than the long and upwardly curved brow tine, and the fourth tine is generally more distinct from the crown. The average weight is given as about 40 stone. The typical locality of this race of red deer is the Caspian provinces of Northern Persia, whence it extends into the Crimea, and probably Asia Minor, and so on into Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, probably Circassia, and the Galician Carpathians. The exact limits between the range of this and the typical race are not yet determined ; and it is noteworthy that specimens from the Caucasus have shorter faces than those from Northern Persia, and thus approximate to the true red deer. In Asia the term “maral” is applied not only to this animal, but also to Bedford’s Deer and the Altai Wapiti. mae Tip to Widest Est on out- Circum- q 0 ides is 4 it e fi aie ce: Tp. inside, Spread. Points. Wat. Locality. Owner. st. Ibs. 484 6 300 gh sie 5+6 ... Ichater Dagh, H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Crimea Coburg and Gotha, 484 7} (single antler) ... 12 ... Asia Minor . Lord A. Hay, British Museum. 48 74 or ats ies ... Caucasus . St. George Littledale. 478 54 38 aaa vite 645 ie Do. . . Do. 47 74 360372 er 64+7 Sei Do. Z Do. 462 52 18 33 a 8+8 is Do. Do. British ‘ Museum, 452 73 25% 353 sets 8+8 eee Do. . St. George Littledale. -454 8s 654 ae saa 14 ea Do. Grand Duke Mikhaelo- vitch. 454 74 322 4ok 46 8+8 assy Do. . Prince Demidoff. 453 SE 42 358 ses 6+7 .. Ak Dagh, F.C. Selous. Asia Minor 45% 72 wi wien 02 9+6 .. Asia Minor . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -45 8 36 42 .. II+I0 53 4 Caucasus . Prince Demidoff. 442 = 64 332 354 a 7+5 st Do. . St. George Littledale. 444 6% (single antler) ... 9 ... Asia Minor . C. G. Danford, British Museum. 433 6 sine 40 ih 8+6 ... Asia Minor . M. Le C. Findlay. 43h 6% arf 35 sis 7+7 ... Caucasus. St. George Littledale. 43s 52 16 28 88 6+6 . Crimea. . Earl of Dunmore. 34 RECORDS OF BIG GAME CASPIAN RED DEER or MARAL (Cervus elaphus maral)—continued, Length Esti eae Sonne Tete baaen Spread. Points. mated Locality. Owner. curve. vas Weight. 64 2 ee 34. 1O+I1 .... Crimea (?) . H. J. Elwes. 7 2 318 344 8+7 .. Caucasus. Prince Demidoff. 6 2 ee 50 10+9 ... Crimea (?) . -H. J. Elwes. d 52 15s 2 hs 6+5 .. Caucasus . H.R.U. le Duc d’Orléans. 40558 224 3 6+6 .... Ak Dagh . H. O. Whittall. 40s 53 284 3 8+7 sie ? Duke of Bedford. 40 58 21, 2 6+6 .. Ak Dagh . H. O. Whittall. 302 395 23 3 S+7 ae Do. . F.C. Selous. ead of Caspian Red Deer shot in Asia Minor by F. C. Selous. BARBARY RED DEER—DUKE OF BEDFORD’S DEER 35 BARBARY RED DEER (Cervus elaphus barbarus). For characters, see under heading of Cervus elaphus. Circum- Lengtl ference . ; ee Denween Tet pies Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curv ten 38% = 58 ve B38 -» 6+5 North Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 364 gf 22h 28% we G4 Do. . British Museum. 368 4h 7h 258 oe 44 Do. : Do. DUKE OF BEDFORD’S DEER (Cervus xanthopygus). Apparently allied to the red deer, but the antlers probably with not more than seven points each, and the coat rather more wapiti-like. Tail comparatively short, and limbs relatively long, as is the face. In summer the head and neck are dark slaty, as are the inner sides of the limbs, while the rest of the upper parts is bright foxy red (occasionally browner), with the tail-patch sometimes totally wanting, or rather in- distinct, and little or no black on the under parts and inner surfaces of the thighs; in winter the upper parts brownish gray with a very large and conspicuous bright orange tail-patch and a blackish mane, the tips of the hairs showing a large amount of black. This deer inhabits Manchuria, and probably some of the other districts of North-Eastern Asia, but the western limits of its range are still undetermined. It is regarded by Monsieur E. de Pousargues as inseparable from the Manchurian wapiti; but this is not borne out by the specimens now living in England. If they survive, the question can be decided in a year or two. Length F . : on out- Circum- Tip to Widest Points Locality. Owner. side ference. Tip. inside. ‘ curve, -208 43 144 16 4+3 Manchuria. . Paris Museum (Type Specimen). Head of Hangul. From a specimen shot by J. G. Apcar in Kashmir. HANGUL or KASHMIR STAG (Cervus cashmirianus). In this very distinct species the first or brow tine arises at a con- siderable distance above the burr, or coronet, of the antlers, instead of close to it, as in the red deer; the bez tine is usually longer than the brow; the total number of points is generally only five aside, although a third tine may occasionally be added to the normal terminal pair, thus forming an imperfect cup; and the beam of each antler is much curved in towards the middle line of the head. The tail is short, and not included in the light patch on the buttocks, which, at least frequently, is very small; and the tuft on the hind cannon-bone is situated lower down than in the red deer. In winter the general colour of the coat is brown, brownish ash, or liver-colour, with the hairs speckled ; the light area on the inner side of the buttocks HANGUL OR KASHMIR STAG 37 being dirty white, with a blackish line on the inner sides of the thighs, the upper side of the tail black, and the lips, chin, and inner surface of the ears white or whitish. In the fawns the spotting is stated to remain much longer than in the red deer. In the pairing season the old stags squeal like a wapiti, instead of roaring in the red deer fashion. The typical hangul inhabits the forest districts of the north side of the vale of Kashmir and some of the neighbouring valleys, at elevations ranging from 9000 to 12,000 feet in summer, but descending to about 5000 feet in winter. In this race (C. cashmirianus typicus) the terminal or fifth tines of the antlers are so much bent inwards as to be separated by a comparatively small interval. In the forests of the Yarkand river the species is represented by a second local race (C. cashmirianus yarcandensis), in which the antlers are less spreading, with their terminal tines less inclined inwards, and therefore more widely separated. The trez tine in this race is typically larger and longer than either of the lower ones, the brow and bez, in this respect and in the closer proximity of the brow and bez tines more resembling the Caspian than the Kashmir Stag. The height at the shoulder varies from about 4 feet to 4 feet 4 inches; the average weight being about 450 lbs. This deer, although first discovered by the late Dr. H. Falconer in the Kashmir valley, was named by Dr..G. R. Gray of the British Museum. The finest pair of antlers of which Mr. A. O. Hume has any record were given by Raja Gulab Sing to Colonel King, then commanding the 14th Dragoons. On his death they passed to Captain, afterwards, I think, Colonel, Prettyjohn of the same regiment. What became of these antlers Mr. Hume was never able to ascertain, but he measured them at Meerut in 1852 or 1853, and the record stands, R. 52 L. 534, measured along the curve inside. Girth 10 inches at burr, and 7 half-way between bez and trez tines. They were a very wide-branching, symmetrical pair. Length Circum- to Widest ° aede. between “7 Tip. © ineide. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. “‘trez. -48 oe sie oe .. Kashmir j . The late Dr. Leith Adams. -47 78 2 36 -7+5 Do. ‘ Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. 47 63 21¢ 368 5+5 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 47 6} 30 354 8+8 Do. Duke of Wellington. ~47 aa 0 oa ate P Major A. E. Ward. 45g 8 35 41 6+6 Kashmir. : . Hume Collection, British Museum. 458 6 25 36 8+8 Do. : . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 45 62 19 34 +646 Do. 2 Col. R. Pole-Carew, C.B. RECORDS OF BIG GAME HANGUL or KASHMIR STAG (Cervus cashmirianus)—continued. 38 ere: Ee 447 6 448 64 445 6 44 «74 44 6E 44 6 438 58 438 65 43 6 43 54 4248 42 SE 41g 52 41g 58 414 6 41t 54 41 ~41 -41 6 40h 58 40s 64 4o¢ 78 39358 3954 3845 375 37458 37.58 37 5 37.5 Tip. 20 43 44 363 40g 363 36% 378 294 Tip to Widest points, inside. St) 5+5 5+5 5+5 545 5x5 S15 645 6+5 5+5 5+5 545 5+5 7+6 6+5 13 12 64+5 5+5 5+5 5+5 5+5 5+5 5+5 6+6 6+6 5+5 5+5 Locality. Lidar Valley Kishenganga Valley Do. Sind Valley Do. Kashmir . Do. Do. Sind Valley Kashmir . ? Kashmir . Do. Do. Tral Preserve . ? Tral Preserve | Do. ff Kashmir ? Rewa Nalla Kashmir . Owner. Officers’ Mess, Q.O. Corps of Guides. Do. The late Capt. E. W. Codrington. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Naval and Military Club. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Hon. Charles Ellis. Do. A. O. Hume, C.B. Martyn Kennard. Duke of Bedford. E. L. Phelps. Major Kingsley Foster. R. Lydekker, British Museum. P. W. Cobbold. C. H. Seely. The Maharaja of Travancore, G.C.S.1. The late Major W. D. B. Fenton. F. W. H. Walshe. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Capt. H. W. Codrington. Hi. Maude. Major A. Nugent. The late Major A. Burton. Reginald Beech. Major C. 5. Cumberland. W. R. Bindloss. H. Z. Darrah. J. G. Apcar (see Illustration). YARKAND STAG 39 Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag. From A. O. Hume’s specimen. YARKAND STAG (Cervus cashmirianus yarcandensis). For characters, see Hangul, p. 37. Length a s outside ore ‘tip. nagest Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. got 58 23% 31/5 +5)0~ Near Maralbashi «A. O. Hume, C.B. (See illustration. ) 40 5h 25 31 ae 6+5 Maralbashi. . LE. L. Phelps. 304 6 243 25 354 7+6 Do. ‘ . A. O. Hume, C.B. 390+ Si 163 28} ie 6+6 Do. David T. Hanbury. 40 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Shou. From A. O. Hume’s specimen. THE SHOU (Cervus affinis). A very large stag with antlers of the general type of those of the hangul, but larger, and with the beam bent suddenly forward at the trez tine, so that the upper half overhangs the face, the number of points being usually five; the brow tine is less constantly longer than the bez. General colour probably rufous brown, with a light tail-patch in winter. The habitat of this imperfectly known deer appears to be the districts immediately north of Bhutan, and probably the valley east- wards of Chumbi, which drains northwards into the Sangpo. An apparently allied, although smaller, deer is found in Russian Turkestan (Bokhara or Khiva). THE SHOU 41 Length A : 2a Lo Tee? woe Points. Locality. Owner. curve, 552 6% 17} 408 7+6 ? A. O. Hume, C.B. (See illustration. ) 548 68 21R 37k 545, ? Dr. Campbell, British Museum. 554 Of 26 44 5+5 ? The late B. H. Hodgson, (see illustration, p. 55) British Museum. 534 6g 30 45£ 4+5 ? Hume Collection, British Museum. -53 9 sige 40 5+5 2 The late Col. H. C. B. Tanner. 52 8 63 a zn ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. 49h 7h 38 454 5+5 YP Col. J. Biddulph. 48g 64 192 38h 7+5 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. ~48 62 30% «= 139 5+5 Tibetan Frontier . H. J. Elwes. -48 63 17 344 6+5 ? H.R.H. le Duc d’Orléans. 47858 308 404 5+5 ? British Museum. -43 wi vi 2a ae Chumbi Valley . The late Sir Ashley Eden, G.C.S.1., Indian Museum. 4225 238 314 5+5 ? British Museum. 41 6} ni wa 6+4 ? Duke of Bedford. 30% 53 20 314 5+5 ? Edward P. Tennant. 1 Spread. THOROLD’S DEER (Cervus albirostris). Thorold’s deer is of the same approximate dimensions as the hangul, from which it is readily distinguished by the more flattened antlers, which have no bez tine, and do not curve inwards, but are sud- denly bent backwards at the point of origin of the trez ; the total number of points being either five or four. Equally distinctive is the pure white muzzle and chin, the white inner surface of the ears, the reversal of the hair on the middle of the back, so as to form a kind of hump on the withers with the points of the hairs directed towards the neck, the low position and large size of the gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the shortness of the tail, which is included in the very large straw- coloured area of the buttocks. The general colour of the coat is uniformly dark brown, with the hairs, which are remarkable for their coarse and brittle nature, minutely speckled. The Tibetan plateau, with perhaps some of the neighbouring parts 42 RECORDS OF BIG GAME of Central Asia, is the home of this fine species of deer, which was originally described by the late Colonel Przewalski under the name given above. Subsequently two examples were obtained by Dr. W. G. Thorold, to the north-east of Lhasa, at an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet, which, under the impression that they indicated a new species, were named C. ¢horoldi by Mr. W. T. Blanford. Length a - Wid on out- Circum- Tip to idest . . : side ference. ‘Tip. inside. Points. Locality. Once curve. 385 48 37 27 5+4 Central Tibet . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 38 5t ii site 5+5 Do. . ‘ . British Museum. -36 4k 32 32 5+5 pul Indian Museum. 1 Bought at Darjiling, thither brought by Tibetans. TRUE WAPITI (Cervus canadensis). Wapiti are very large deer of the red deer group, easy of recogni- tion by the form of their antlers, which are of great size, carrying more than five tines, curving backwards, and much flattened in the upper half. They always have the bez tine developed, but their most charac- teristic feature is the great size of the fourth tine, which is larger than either of the others, and with the fifth, which is also long, forms a nearly straight fork ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated almost in the plane of the portion of the beam immediately below them, so that they more or less completely hide one another when viewed from the front aspect. The brow tine rises close to the burr, and is nearly as long as the bez. The tail is extremely short, the light tail-patch very large ; and the neck and under parts are blackish, the general colour of the summer coat being yellowish brown on the upper-parts. Wapiti (known in America as Elk) range from North America to North-Eastern and Central Asia; the typical form being the East American wapiti (C. canadensis typicus), in which the legs are com- paratively short, and the portion of the antlers above the fourth tine is fully developed, the height at the shoulder reaching to about 5 feet 4 inches, and the weight from 700 to 1000 lbs. On the other hand, the West American wapiti (C. canadenszs occidentalis) differs by the abortion of the upper part of the antlers, the darker colour, and lighter build. Ilead of Kast American or true Wapiti. Shot by W. Moncreiffe. for measurements see next page. 44 Length on outside curve. -70 57% 578 574 TRUE Circum- ference _Circum- between ference of bez and burr. trez. 14% above burr. 78 9 between brow and bez. RECORDS OF BIG GAME WAPITI (Cervus canadensis)—continued. Tip Widest Widest to Tip. 32 424 inside. outside. 68 60 40 52 55 44 50 513 Points. 6+6 6+6 PED 6+7 7+6 7+7 7+9 THT 6+6 6+6 8x8 6+6 7+6 6+6 9+7 8+8 6+6 7+6 10+7 6+6 6+6 7+6 9+8 6+6 6+6 6+6 7+7 Locality. Olympic Mts., Washington Wyoming Laramie Plains, Wyoming Wyoming ? N.W. Wyoming North Prong Snake River, Colorado Bighorn Mts., Wyoming Do. ? ? Wyoming Do. ? Wyoming S.E. Do.. ? ? Wyoming Do. ? Wyoming Do. ? Montana . Wyoming Do. 1 Measured by American Exhibition Committee. Owner. W. F. Sheard. J. Darley. Schoverling, Daly, and Gales. James J. Harrison. Viscount Powers- court. A. Rogers. Frank Cooper. Emest Farquhar. A 32 H. Seton-Karr, Viscount Powers- court. W. A. Baillie Groh- man. E. Grant. Major C. C. Ellis. Viscount Powers- court. The late Sir Samuel Baker. Lieut.- General B. Hankey. H. Seton-Karr. Viscount Powers- court. Hon. T. A. Brassey. J. D. Cobbold. F. B. Tolhurst. A. HL. Straker. W. Moncreiffe. (See illustration. ) Viscount Powers- court. Capt. Abdy. Hon. Charles Ellis. Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. TRUE WAPITI 45 TRUE WAPITI (Cervus canadensis)—continued. Circum- Length ference Circum- Tip Widest Widest outside Deraern ference of a. inside. outside: Points. Locality. Owner. % trez. 57 8b tat 354 34 43 6+6 Wyoming . Viscount Powers- court. -57 74 wii sis ct ifs 7+7 Do. . . Count F. Trautt- mansdorff. 57 7k Re 53 494 O61 8+9 Wyoming . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 57 7k at 35h 4th. 6+6 YellowstonePark British Museum. -565 6% was Ke 468 6+6 TwoQOcean Pass Theodore Roose- velt. 56 8 te 30% 40% 44 8+6 ? Viscount Powers- court. —56 7i ae sh ae ee 6+6 Wyoming Count F. Trautt- mansdorff. 56 74 vie 35 4gh aw 8+7 Saskatchewan Dis- Earl of Ava. trict, Canada 558 78 eas 434 484... 7+7 Wyoming . Hon. Charles Ellis. 558 «7 i 434 478 ~~~... 6+5 Saskatchewan Dis- Capt. G. Dalrymple trict, Canada White. -554 8 bi 38 43 si 6+6 Wyoming . James J. Harrison. 555 7s cn BE us 8+7 ? Otho Shaw. 554 64 wife 44 454 6+6 ? A. H. Pollen. 558 78 ar 46. ak 7+6 2 St. George Little- dale. 55 8} Ane wea, RAR ss 6+6 Wyoming . Major Maitland Kirwan. 55 8 hie waa GRRE sand 7+6 , Do . Do. 55 7k mee Lat “APB. cats 64+5 Do. . E.N. Buxton. —55 8} st 53. 54h we 17 ? Sir H. B. Meux, Bart. -55 84 ss iy ABER . A side ference. Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 314s 5k 278 4+4 Japan ; . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 258 4h 20. 4+4 &Do. i Do. 22 4 16 5+4 Bred in Ireland. : Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 212 «38 164 10+6 Island of Yezzo . Do. 185 33 a 9 Bred in Ireland . : Do. -185 34 Il 4+4 Kobe, Japan Dr. Percy Rendall. 162 34 Oe 4+3 Japan : : . British Museum. 168 3 98 4+3 Bred in Ireland. . Hon. John Ward. 15h 2 9 4+4 Bred in England . Duke of Bedford. ist 22 : 144 4+4 Bred in Ireland. . Marquis of Hamilton. "15h ve O45 Do. i Viscount Powerscourt. 15t 38 124 44+4 Do. i . Hon. R. A. Ward. 1 Weight 10 stones 3 Ibs. as it fell. This stag when killed was estimated to be fifteen or sixteen years old, and had no teeth left. The following specimens belong to the Manchurian race. Length a ‘eg on out- Circum- Tip to . s side ference. Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. -26 44 132 4+4 Manchuria . s ‘ . Paris Museum. 154 3 .. 4474 Woburn . : - Duke of Bedford. HYBRID JAPANESE and RED DEER. Length . on out- Circum- Tipto Widest side ference. Tip. inside. Points, Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. 294 4h 7G 21 5+4 = 148t. ? Viscount Powerscourt. 284 4} 144 18 5+4 = 14st. ? Do. clean 264 4 21k 21 444 ss 2 Do. FORMOSAN SIKA 53 FORMOSAN SIKA (Cervus taévanus), Nearly allied to the Japanese and Manchurian sikas, but distinctly spotted in winter, when the coat retains more or less of the rufous summer tinge. The dark line down the middle of the back is very strongly marked, there is a more distinct black bar above the white tail-patch, and the limbs are shorter, and the body proportionately longer. The height at the shoulder is about 2 feet 11 inches. This species is confined to the mountains of the island of Formosa. Ci - Tipt Widest 7 . Length. fence, i ade: Points. Locality. Owner. 198 38 13 163 4+4 Island of Formosa . . British Museum. 19 34 fie es 4+4 Do. ‘ . Duke of Bedford. 54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ITead of Pekin Sika, from a specimen in the Museum at Woburn Abbey. PEKIN or DYBOWSKIS SIKA (Cervus hortulorum). In addition to its larger size (at least 3 feet 7 inches at the shoulder), this species is distinguished from the Manchurian sika by the smaller size of the white tail-patch, which in fully adult individuals does not extend on to the sides of the buttocks, although it does so in younger animals. The head and neck are bluish gray, and in immature animals spots persist in the winter coat, although, except on the hind-quarters, they may disappear more or less completely at this season in fully adult bucks, whose coats become very long and shaggy, especially on the throat and neck. Hinds are more brightly coloured in winter than the stags, and retain more distinct spotting. This deer was first named by the late Consul Swinhoe from an immature buck and doe taken at the sack of the Summer Palace, Pekin, and was afterwards obtained in PEKIN OR DYBOIVSAT’S SITKA 55 the wild state in the Ussuri district of North-Eastern Manchuria, when it received the name of C. dybowskii. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest . ape side ference. Tip. inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve, 27 4k 234 20 4+4 Manchuria : . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26 33 18 15h 4+4 Do. . : . Edward P. Tennant. 24 4 224 19 4+4 Do. . ; . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 234 3h 18} 16}, 4+4 Dei; ; . Duke of Bedford. 153 3 20 " 4+4 Ussuri, South Man- British Museum. churia Skull and Antlers of Shou. From a specimen in the British Museum, 56 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Common Fallow Deer. FALLOW DEER (Cervus dama). Antlers normally without a bez, but with a trez tine, above which the beam is palmated, with numerous snags on the hinder edge. Coat spotted with white in summer (except in the black breed), with a black- bordered white area in the neighbourhood of the long tail. Height at shoulder about 3 feet; weight about 140 lbs. clean. The original distribution includes Greece, Spain, Portugal, Anatolia, Khodes, Sardinia, Asia Minor, Northern Palestine, and North-Western Africa, but the species has been introduced into Great Britain and some other countries. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Spread ai Width ae eee side ference. ‘Tip. inside. Points. of Palm. Locality. Owner. curve, 131 5 ; 4 30 7. ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. *-30 4} 235 265 10+9 4s Drummond Castle, J. G. Millais. Perth 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais (277tish Deer and their Horns). 2 Weight of antlers, § lbs. 1 oz. on skull, no lower jaw (Millais, British Deer). Length on out- Circum- Tip to Spread side ference. Tip. inside. curve. 30 43 22 37 outside -29h 5 17 284 1-284 4 144 26 °284 4 (Span 34) outside 528 4 (26) ‘278 5 = 20k 2th 278 4k 328 25 27k) 4 23 -27 26g 3% 12 17h -264 4 23h 204 -26 5 20 = 233 -26 5t 20 224 258 4t 26 -25 4 248 258 -25 4h 2th 24 23h 38 «01494 23. 4h IS 184 arg 48 FALLOW DEER 57 FALLOW DEER (Cervus dama)—condinued. 1 Weight dressed, 165 Ibs. - Points. 16+10 14+13 IO+II 19 18 I13+7 II+10 10+8 1o+7 9+7 I0+10 II+13 8+8 II+10 11+10 10+9 10+9 II+I0 Width of Palm. 74 5t Locality. Drummond Castle, Perth Petworth Sussex Woburn Park, Colebrooke . Do. Do. Woburn England Nr. Blair Castle . ? Perthshire Tasmania Ashton Park, Lan- cashire Ireland Tasmania England ? ? Colebrooke, — Ire- land Owner. J. G. Millais. Do. Duke of Bedford. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. Do. A. Basil Brooke. Duke of Bedford. J. Carr Saunders. Dowager Duchess of Atholl. British Museum. A. Basil Brooke. T. W. H. Clarke. J. Whitaker. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. T. W. H. Clarke. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. G. O. M. Herron. Dublin Museum. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. 2 Seven years old, as he fell 2374 Ibs., 198 Ibs. cleaned. 3 Seven years old, as he fell 224 Ibs. (Millais, British Deer). 4 Seven years old. 58 Head of Mesopotamian Fallow Deer, from a specimen in the British Museum. MESOPOTAMIAN FALLOW DEER (Cervus mesopotamicus). Larger and brighter coloured than the common fallow deer, with the spots near the middle of the back tending to form longitudinal stripes, and less black on the tail. Antlers of a totally different type, being somewhat expanded at the origin of the trez tine (which is large, and situated some distance above the short brow tine), but at the summit only moderately flattened, and breaking up on the hinder border into several snags. Distribution —The mountains of Luristan in Mesopotamian Persia. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Spread Width side ference. Tip. _ inside. Points. of Palm. Locality. Owner. curve. -29 4h 308, 244 10411 54 Asia Minor . . F. E. Whittall. -214 38 14) ne 9+7 Au Do. : . Paris Museum (Pere A. David). 20} 5 14 : O+5 ... Luristan Mountains Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. LXTINCT GIANT FALLOIW DEER 59 Skull and Antlers of extinct Giant Fallow Deer (Irish Elk). EXTINCT GIANT FALLOW DEER (Cervus giganteus). (Commonly called “ Irish Elk.) A huge deer, probably standing at least 6 feet at the shoulder, with the antlers enormously expanded, and carrying several large tines on the front border, of which the one above the trez is the longest; the brow tine being often flattened and forked. In its typical form this magnificent deer occurs in the prehistoric deposits of Ireland, England, and probably some of the western districts of the Continent. ant, ~ Length round Length of © Circum- 7 - Spread 3 'P inside of both antlers — ference aa of Points. Owner: Ore De antler. across skull. above burr. oe Rat ft: “ins ft. in. fit: “ins -II 3 7 54 124 19} 17 Mrs. Donaldson- Hudson. -10 44 6 9 13 10 12 20 ar Earl of Bessborough. 10 2 5 8k 5 9g 10} 19 British Museum. -I0 2 a we 3 F , Thomas Bate. 9 8 oe : 3 Hon. Walter Rothschild. 9 5 6 2 12 5 II 21} 1r+ir Viscount Powerscourt. 9 5 6 0 12. 10 134 ark 15+13 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 60 RECORDS OF BIG GAME EXTINCT GIANT FALLOW DEER (Cervus giganteus)—continued. Length round Lengthof Circum- Width of ‘pty Tee ees Ne, ean, ee ac 9 3 6 2 3, 5 10 24 12+10 Duke of Westminster. 9 2 ed 13 6 ae 153 ss Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -9 2 hy II 10 10} 22} 9+9 Dublin Museum. -9 2 es se et sis 20 Thomas Bate. Sif 6 12 ve 8} 172 10+13 Hon. Charles Ellis. 8 11 5 10 fis 1If 17 9+9 Viscount Powerscourt. 8 I0 5 9 Il 9% ot 17 12+11 Duke of Westminster. ~8 10 “io 12 10 sve 13$ es Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -8 9 s a oe 183 9+8 H. J. Elwes. 8-7 5 «Of 48 10 20 12+12 Viscount Powerscourt. 7 6 5 «(38 oe 83 so 1o+i1 Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. INDIAN SAMBAR 61 Antlers of Indian Sambar. From a specimen in the British Museum. INDIAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor). The typical representative of the Rusine group of deer, in which the antlers are rounded and three-tined, both the bez and trez being wanting, and the summit of the beam simply forked. Height reaching to 5 feet 4 inches at the shoulder. Antlers large and rough, with the brow tine given off at an acute angle to the beam, and the two terminal tines of nearly equal length. Hair coarse and shaggy, uniformly dark umber-brown, with some chestnut on the buttocks, at all ages. Face-glands very large, and capable of being turned inside out. Ears large, and the tail relatively long and bushy. Young uniformly coloured. Weight about 600 Ibs., when cleaned about 62 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 410 Ibs. The wooded hilly districts of India and Ceylon form the habitat of the true sambar, which probably extends into Assam. The largest, or rather longest, pair of antlers Mr. A. O. Hume ever met with were from the Central Provinces, and measured 48 inches along the curve inside (must have been nearly 50 inches on outside curve). Mr. R. Blewitt. Length Circum- fe Ti Wid e083 outside Stave Vp. inside: Points. curve. brow tine. 48 7 Single dropped 3 horn —46$ oo 49 343 463 68 24k 30-3 +3 -464 9 45 below brow tine 458 68 17% = =632k «343 45 78 223 332 343 45 74 44g 343 1-45 —45 9 ~45 8 Picked up by Dr. G. Jones 44578 448 454 «343 744 34 343 *-44 9 44 6 9f 248 343 cs 19t 31 343 438 58 Single horn 343 43% 54 17 28 343 435 OF 25t 340343 438 64 203 29h 343 -43} 10 343 -43 105 Locality. Khandesh . Cent. Provinces Gurhwal Mayoghur, Cent. Pro- vinces Western Ghats . Cent. Provinces . Orissa Cent. Provinces (?) Rangeer, Do. Central Do. Rewa Do. Do. Do. Do. Cent. Provinces Do. Do. Cuttack Both brow tines were broken off. They were sent him by Owner. R. H. Madan. hk. Wordsworth, A. O. Hume, C.B. R. M. Nash. Thelate Dr. H. Falconer, British Museum. Sir John Morris, K.C.S.I. Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. Bombay Natural Society’s Museum. H.H. The Maharaja of Tra- vancore, G.C.S.I. Heighway Jones. History Col. W. J. Morris. J. D. Inverarity. Major A. E, Ward. Capt. C. F. Pinney. II. E. M. Davies. Hume Collection, British Museun.. Sir E. P. Bates. Viscount Powerscourt. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Capt. C. Hutton Dowson. Indian Museum. 1 This is only the measurement of a portion of a Sambar antler, and was recorded in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, iii. p. 228. away minus this piece of his antler. 2 Height at shoulder, 354 inches. The animal was shot by Mr. R. Gilbert in the Central Provinces, but got INDIAN SAMBAR 63 INDIAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor)—continued. Length Circum- acide hee ie fate curve. brow tine. 43 7s 355 38 43 6 24h 30 -43 93 26 23 4258 26 = 324 424 64 15 278 -42 64 Single antler 42 6 26 358 41g 64 338 © 354 41 7 284 34 418 74 31f 36 41k 64 30h 364 41 68 18k 29 141 84 408 6 22 274 4oh 7h 244 qos 58 33.374 40} 64 284 32 -40 204 40 6 314-332 40 58 32t 36 -393 «= 8 264 394 6 164 204 -39 6 18 28 -39 284 304 383 6 26 315 -384 St 38 298 383 OF 234 288 383 68 308 35 Points, 34+3 3+3 3+3 343 4+4 343 343 343 443 4+4 343 343 343 3+3 343 343 343 4t+4 343 Locality. Gwalior Khandesh . Cent. Provinces . Do. Ghats of Simrol . ? Khandesh . Western Ghats ? Nepal Cent. Provinces . Do. N. Gujerat . ? ? ? Nilgiris Asirghvr Cent. Provinces . Ghats of Simrol . Nimar Nepal Satpura Range . Asirghur ? Girnar Hill, Kathiawar ? Nilgiris 1 Malformed. Owner. Sir Greville Smyth, Bart. A. Cumine. Capt. J. H. Gwynne. A. H. Pollen. Col. J. Evans, British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. A. Cumine. Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. Hon. Walter Rothschild. The late B. H. Hodgson, British Museum. P. Jay. Duke of Bedford. S. C. Law. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major James Grant. Hume Collection, British Museum. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. J. D. Inverarity. H. P. Whitney. Col. J. Evans, British Museum. Captain J. N. MacLeod. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Col. J. Biddulph. J. D. Inverarity. Viscount Powerscourt. Lieut.-Col. L. L. Fenton. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collec- tion. 64 RECORDS OF BIG GAME INDIAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor)—condinued. Length Circum- 1_38 328 Mandla District, Cent. Provinces -38 64 3+3 Cent. Provinces . 38 64 29 41% 3+3 Chanda District, Cent. Provinces 38 52 28 28 34+3° 3772 6 29t 312 «343 Cent. Provinces . 378 62 212 258 443 Do. 373 54 43 31 3+3 Chanda District, Cent. Provinces 3758 29 31k 343 Do. 37878 23 29.343 Do. 373 5f 23s 31 343 Do. 378 54 19 232 3+3 Nimar, Cent. Provinces 374 53 198 30% 34+3 Central Provinces 37 53 20 28$ 343 ? 37 63, 27$ 282 343 ? -37 6z5 21t- 24 #3+3 Mount Aboo 37 9 13 31. 3+3 Mounar Valley 364 64 235 22 3+3 Rajputana . 363 5 24f 0627 3+3 Benares 36h 5 232 244 343 ? 364 5? 29 34 3+3 Nimar, Cent. Provinces ~36 7 19 343 ? Ceylon Specimens. 324 64 24 264 3+3 Ceylon 31g 20, «17 «44+3 ~=©Do. -30 8? 214 198 343 Do. 29 48 25 224 343 & Do. 274 44 16 20 343 Do. -203 58 15 15 34+3 Do, 1 Height at shoulder, 52 inches, Owner. Capt. B. H. Boucher. H. Lennard. Sir John Morris, K.C.S.I. Capt. E. H. R. Hibbert. Lieut.-Col. M. Cust. Major C. S. Cumberland. L. Gisborne Smith. C. D. Twopeny. Col. M..M. Bowie. C. F. Egerton. Lieut.-Col. H. Wade-Dalton. Major C. S. Cumberland. M. Loam. H. C. V. Hunter. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. A. H. Sharp. Col. J. Biddulph. Sir Comer Petheram. A. M. Caccia. Lieut.-Col. H. Wade-Dalton. Count J. Potocki. A. R. Hay. Surgeon-Major G. E. Hale, D.S.O. J. Ryan. Earl Cairns. A. M. Naylor. Dr. Percy Rendall. MALAVAN SAMBAR OR EQUINE DEER 65 Frontlet and Antlers of Malayan Sambar. Drawn from a Burmese specimen in the British Museum. MALAYAN SAMBAR or EQUINE DEER (Cervus unicolor equinus). This local race is nearly as large as the Indian sambar, but the antlers are generally shorter and thicker, with the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front one, and arising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the front tine forms the direct continuation; the brow tine also generally longer. General colour of coat of adult darker, usually a light ring round the eyes, the ears smaller, often with a white margin, and the tail very bushy. Young spotted. The distributional area extends from Assam and Cachar through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Siam, Hainan, Borneo, and perhaps Sumatra. 66 RECORDS OF BIG GAME MALAYAN SAMBAR or EQUINE DEER (Cervus unicolor equinus)— continued. Length : 7 one aes T° bag Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 30g 364 17-198 7+7 Borneo Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -303 «958 272 130 3+3 Burma Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans. 30% «48 203 2} 34+3 Do. British Museum. 298 «6. 168 20} 3+3 Garro Hills, Assam. Hume Collection, British Museum. —29 54. 228 1234 3+3 Burma Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans. -285 0 5 264 4294 343 Do. Do. 263 6 12 13.3 3+3 Garro Hills, Assam. Hume _ Collection, British Museum. 264 62 II 3+3 Borneo Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -264 67 244 3+3 ~~ Perak Perak Museum. 234 7 153 3+3 Borneo H. B. Low, British Museum. 198 4} 163 16g 4+3 Assam Hume Collection, British Museum. 16, 44 58 3+2 Borneo W. B. Pryer, British Museum. 1 Outside. FORMOSAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor swinhoei). This race is very closely related to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by its shorter head, concave profile, longer limbs, and certain differences in colour; the lower part of the legs being brownish or whitish yellow, and the bushy tail black all round. It is confined to the island of Formosa. Length 3 cas Paes aoe Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 19f 9 3+3 Island of Formosa . British Museum. 164 38 16 343 Do. E : Do. 138 08643 134 4+4 Do. 5 ‘ ; ‘ Do. 5g 02S 64 3+2 Do. ‘ F . Do. LUZON AND SZECHUAN SAMBAR 67 LUZON SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor philippinus). Nearly allied to the two last, the height at the shoulder being about 28 inches, the build stout and massive, with the hind-quarters specially elevated, and the form that of a small Malayan sambar. On the head is a blackish streak starting from over each eye to form a line down the middle of the face separated by a band of pale fawn from a moustache-like dark mark in the muzzle. Distribution —The island of Luzon, in the Philippines ; introduced into the Marianne islands, and described as a separate species under the name of C. mariannus. Length : jute % um Tee Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 21 42 54 3+3 Island of Luzon : . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 198 3954 7% 44+4 Do. : . Capt. Belcher, British Museum. 18% 54 of 345 Do. : : Do. 188 54 14f 443 Do. ; F Do. 18 48 130 4+4 Do. 2 : Do. 16 4 10h 343 Do. : : . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 15s 053 rf 343 Do. 2 . Capt. Belcher, British Museum. BASILAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor nigricans). Length ei - on ircum- ip to . . outside ference. Tip. Points, Locality. Owner. curve, 13448 124 3+3 Basilan Island . 2 A. H. Everett, British Museum. 13h 0 4h 11g 343 Do. . Do. SZECHUAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor dejeani). Length a Ti ore on ircum- Tip to Widest p): ea Owner, outside ference. Tip. inside. Points, Locality curve, ae 308 54 15g 184 3+ 3 Ta-tsien-lou Szechuan Paris Museum (type specimen). 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Javan Rusa. From a specimen in the British Museum. JAVAN RUSA (Cervus hippelaphus). General form, coat, and colour sambar-like ; but the ears smaller the tail thin, the hairs on the back banded with coloured rings, and the under parts, chin, and inner sides of buttocks whitish. Antlers com- paratively slender and only moderately rough, with the brow tine medium or short, and making a large acute angle with the beam ; the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer than the front or outer one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the MOLUCCAN RUSA—BAVIAN DEER 69 front or front outer surface of which the front tine arises as an off- shoot ; the two antlers enclosing a lyrate space. Young, uniformly coloured. There are two races of this species—one the Javan rusa (C. hippelaphus typicus) of the approximate size of a red deer, and the other the Moluccan rusa (C. héppelaphus moluccensis), from Celebes and the Moluccas, said to be smaller, and without a distinct mane on the neck or tuft to the tail. Length ound fens, “Tipe feelge, Pofaow Locality. Owner. curve, -36 aie try... ~=— 343 )=©=Mauritius (introduced) V.-Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 354 48 22% 23... 343 Java . . Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 3444 17, «224 34+3 =~ ©«©Do. ‘ ; . Commander C. Keppel, C.B., R.N. 134 its dis ih .. Rodriguez(introduced) V.-Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 334 4 19s 25 3+3 Java ; ‘ . Commander C. Keppel, C.B., R.N. 33 44 254 .«. 343 Do. 7 . . Duke of Bedford. 32 44 19 164 3+3 Do. ? . The late H. J. H. Platt. 28 4h 114124 3+3 ~=—-dDo. ‘ . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 Weight 19 stone 3 Ibs. MOLUCCAN RUSA (Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis). See Javan rusa above. Length f ss auen de ce Ties Points. Locality. Owner. curve, 364 48 18} 343 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27k 42 14h 343 ? Duke of Bedford. 142 34 sia 3+3 _? Do. _ 83 4 54 Bi Batchian ‘ . A, R. Wallace, British Museum. 64 38 58 ae ? British Museum. BAVIAN DEER (Cervus kuhli). A small deer allied to the Javan rusa (C. Aeppelaphus), standing about 27 inches at the shoulder, of light build, and of a uniform brown colour, without a dark stripe down the back. Distrtbution—The Bavian Islands, between Borneo and Java. Widest Length on Circum- wi inside. : Points. Locality. Owner. outsidecurve. ference. Tip to Tip. of 2g 10g 10% 343 Bavian Islands British Museum. 70 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Hog-Deer. HOG-DEER or PARA (Cervus porcinus). Allied to the Bavian deer, but the antlers larger, the build longer and lower, and the summer coat of the adult, as well as that of the young, spotted with yellowish white. General colour in winter rufous or yellowish brown, somewhat speckled above, and much darker beneath ; in summer, upper parts paler and more or less spotted. Antlers on long pedicles, with the hinder tine of the terminal fork the shorter. Height at shoulder from about 25 to 29 inches. Weight about 90 to 100 lbs. The largest pair ever seen by Mr. A. O. Hume belonged to a specimen he shot in the Ganges Khadir, near Meerut. It measured 20 along the beam inside, and had a mid-beam girth of 3.5. It was destroyed in the Mutiny, the house in which it was hung, with several hundred others, having been burnt down. Distribution—India, throughout the Indo-Gangetic plain from Sind and the Punjab to Assam, thence through Sylhet to Burma and Tenasserim. Length on Circum- outside ference above ‘Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. curve. brow tine. 23} 38 122 Burma . 4 : . Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans. -21} 3h 74 Do. . : i f Do. -21 34 18} Do... ; ‘ : Do. Length on outside curve, -21 -20$ —208 HOG-DEER OR PARA 71 HOG-DEER or PARA (Cervus porcinus)—continued. Circum- ference above brow tine. 34 Tip to Tip. 154 124 174 94 16 138 103 145 Locality. Pegu .. Burma Nepal . ? N.W. Provinces . Burma Meerut, N.W.P.. Dudla Swamp, N.W. Provinces Nepal . . Ganges Khadir Do. Burma ? Upper Burma Do. Ganges Khadir ? Nepal . Ganges Khadir India . Naini Tal Terai . ? Nepal. India . Do Laos States, Cam- bodia 1 Ten points. Owner. Major-Gen. E. M. Norie. Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans, Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. J. Whitaker. J. Nugent. The late Capt. R. C. Beavan, Indian Museum. W. Q. Winwood. Capt. W. E. Stobart. Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. H. S. King. A. O. Hume, C.B. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. H. C. V. Hunter. C. W. A. Bruce. Do. Col. R. Pole-Carew, C.B. W. Gillman. The late B. H. Hodgson, British Museum. Major F. D. V. Wing. J. Carr Saunders. Major-General Alexander A. A. Kinloch. British Museum. A. E, Leatham. The late Gen. Hardwicke, British Museum. Sir Edmund G, Loder, Bart. A. Waley. RECORDS OF BIG GAME to NI Head of Chital, shot by Lieut.-Col. F. H. Whitby. CHITAL or AXIS (Cervus axis). This beautiful species is distinguished from all the other members of the Rusine group, except the Philippine spotted deer (C. alfred), by the body being profusely spotted with white at all seasons and all ages; the general colour of the upper parts being light rufous fawn, with a dark stripe from the nape to the tip of the tail and a black band on the muzzle. Height at shoulder from 36 to 38 inches ; live-weight estimated at about 250 lbs. Antlers supported on short pedicles, long, slender, and moderately rough; the brow tine making nearly a right angle with the beam, and the front tine of the terminal fork, which forms the continuation of the beam, much the longer. Distribution.—India and Ceylon. CHITAL OR AXIS 73 CHITAL or AXIS (Cervus axis)—continued. Circumfer- Length pide he a *Tipto Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. point. —38t 4i 194 3+3 Asirgarh Jungle, Lieut.-Col. M. Cust. Central Provinces 38 4f 18 3+3 East Berar Lieut.-Col. F. H. Whitby. See Illustration. -38 Narbada Valley The late Capt. J. Forsyth. 37k 32 19 3+3 Siwalik Hills . B. R. M. Glossop. 374 44 248 4+4 Bassim, C.P. . A. O. Hume, C.B. 378 4 244 3+3 Déhra Din Do. 374 4t 163 4+5 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. 362 4 193 4+4 ? The late W. C. Oswell. 363 43 25 4+3 Berar C. Ti. Seely. -363 44 158 4+3 Nepal A. E, Leatham. -364 52 192 3+3 Central Provinces Capt. M. McNeill. -364 16} 4+4 Do. Capt. J. H. Gwynne. 36 4h 254 3+4 ? British Museum. -36 5 15 4+3 Mysore Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans, —36 48 21 443 ? Major James Grant. 353 4t 184 4+4 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 354 4 r2} 5+5 ? G, W. Hatch. 354 4t 22% 3+3 Western Ghats Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. -354 4 21 4+4 ? James J. Harrison. -35 44 N. Kanara Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. 35 43 20} 4+3 Kota, Rajputana Major H. C. Morland. -35 164 Mandla, Central Capt. B. H. Boucher. Provinces 35 4 244 3+3 Nepal Capt. G. Roos Keppel. -35 33 18 e W. S. Murray. -~34¢ 52 128 4+4 N.W. Provinces Surgeon-Capt. E. M‘K. Williams. 342 43 172 ? H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. -344 Mirzapore Indian Museum, ~344 224 3+3 Tapti Valley . J. D. Inverarity. -34} 38 North Kanara Lieut.-Col. L. L. Fenton. 74 Length on outside curve. 34 Circumfer- ence above the first point. 42 RECORDS OF BIG GAME CHITAL or AXIS (Cervus axis)—continued. TiptoTip. Points. 164 343 29 3+3 24 4+3 164 343 238 0 4+5 198 343 18 3+3 18t 343 13 24+3 148 3+4 163 5+4 22 4+4 19f = 343 21k 34+3 14 3+3 238 = 5 +4 14h 5 +4 16} 9 4+4 17 343 toh 343 20 343 15 4+3 20} 3+3 ms 343 174 343 85 343 18 343 Locality. ? ? Narbada Valley ? Central Provinces Do. Ahree District, Central Provinces Central Provinces ? Yeddacurra 2 ? Déhra Din N.W. Provinces ? ? South India North Oudh Jabalpur . Ceylon Do. Owner. Col. R. Pole Carew, C.B. Otho Shaw. J. D. Inverarity. W. H. Cobb. H. Douglas Taylor. Major C. S. Cumberland. Colonel F. C. Lister-Kay. J. Carr Saunders. H. St. Lennard. Col. Scott Chisholme. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Sir James Anderson, Bart. Dublin Museum. Major-General Alexander A. A. Kinloch. Capt. Chambers Didham. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir James Anderson, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. Major J. W. M. Cotton. A. Leslie Renton. Count Scheibler. A. R. Hay. Washington Singer. Lieut.-Col. H. Wade-Dalton. , British Museum. Capt. G. O. Bigge. Surgeon-Major G. E. Hale, D.S.O. Capt. Lewis Jones. Dr. Percy Rendall. SIVAMP-DEER 7.5 Side view of Antlers of Swamp-Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. SWAMP-DEER (Cervus duvauceli). This species belongs to the Rucervine group, in which the antlers resemble those of the Rusine section in the absence of the bez and trez tines, but have the beam regularly forked, and each branch again dividing, so that there are at least four tines. In the swamp-deer the antlers are smooth and flattened, with a long brow tine rising almost at right angles to the beam, which is undivided for about half the total length of the antler, and then splits into a fork, each branch of which is usually simply forked, but sometimes divided in a more complicated manner. General colour bright rufous brown, often speckled near the back. Height at shoulder from 3 feet S inches to 3 feet 10 inches ; weight about 51 stone 3 Ibs. Destrtbution.—India, exclusive of Ceylon. 76 curve. 41 Circum- outside ference. RECORDS OF BIG GAME SWAMP-DEER (Cervus duvauceli)—continued. Tip to Widest Tip. inside. 354 38 (one antler) broken 35% 378 (shed antlers) 43 238 = 285 20 (outside) 29% 338 29 27-293" 22} 33 248 28% 102 28 285 324 228 268 334 35 27% 32 333 198 24% 29 19 313 28% 32 242 27 Points. 845 6+6 5+6 6+5 6+6 6+6 7+6 23 64+5 6+6 Locality. Central Provinces . Do. ? Mavella District Nepal Do. Chutia Nagpur ? Nepal Mymensing Nepal Mandla, Cent. Provinces N.W. Provinces Gowhatti, Assam ? Kuch Behar .- Central Provinces Nepal Herkapur Raipur, Central Provinces Central Provinces . ? Owner. Capt. W. W. Hancock. Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. C. F. Egerton. J. D. Inverarity. Capt. B. H. Boucher. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Measured by Major A. E, Ward. The late B. H. Hodgson, British Museum. J. D. Inverarity. Indian Museum. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. H. C. V. Hunter. F. B. Simson. A. E. Leatham. Major A. G, W. Malet. Capt. Chambers Didham. A. O. Hume, C.B. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Major Henry Streatfeild. Capt. E. D. White. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. Capt. J. H. Purvis. Capt. M. M‘Neill. H. Douglas Taylor. A. M. Caccia, SCHOMBURGKR’S DEER 77 Antlers of Schomburgk’s Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. SCHOMBURGK’S DEER (Cervus schomburgki). Allied to the preceding, but the antlers smooth, rounded, and more complex ; the brow tine very long, frequently forked, and arising nearly at right angles to the beam, which is very short, compressed, and regularly forked, with each of the main branches about equally developed and again forking in a similar manner to terminate in long cylindrical tines. General colour uniform dark brown. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 5 inches. Distribution —The northern districts of Siam. Length nm out- irc iE H rp. é w F onde Sled THe baa Points. Locality. Owner. curve. -324 4 — ae i2+11 Siam , ‘ . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 305 158 33 Io+I0 §=6Do. é i . British Museum. 29% & 238 20% 9+8 Do. ‘ : : Do. 29% 4} 288 318 I10+11 Do. : : : Do. 294 6 194 2 6+7 Do. ‘ . . J. Carr Saunders. 284 54 Il 298 I1+9 ? Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. -28.5 5.2 9.5 28.5 10+9 Siam ; ‘ . Indian Museum. 27h 58 14 244 9+8 Do. ‘ s . British Museum. 273 3 18} 245 8+7 Do. : : ; Do. 78 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Thameng. From a Burmese specimen, THAMENG or ELD’S DEER (Cervus eldi). Although belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, this deer is readily distinguished by the peculiar form of the antlers. These are rounded and rough, with a long curved brow tine, forming a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle; the beam unbranched for some distance, much curved, and finally forked, with the outer prong more subdivided than the inner. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches; weight from 210 lbs. to 245 lbs. There are two races of this species. First, the Burmese thameng (C. e/di typicus), ranging from Manipur through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, in which the antlers are rounded throughout, and the coat is uniformly umber-brown. And, secondly, the Siamese thameng (C. eldi platyceros), from Siam and Hainan, in which the tips of the antlers are flattened with a number of small snags, and the coat is redder, with yellowish spots. Length on outside @: - . Length ~~ Circum- Tip to Widest Soret 2 r curve, not arte Parana Points. of brow Locality. Owner. including ference. Tip. inside. tine: brow tine. 42 5 29 24 3+2 .. Burma. . 64 46 Lissadell, Ireland Sir Henry Gore Booth, Bart. 84 3 4$ Scotland . Cc. C. Branch. 84 3 44 France British Museum. 8} 2} ais Islay Capt. M. M‘Neill. -84 44 3 Scotland C. V. A. Peel. 8} 38 27% Lissadell J. Kenneth Foster. 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Siberian Roe. SIBERIAN ROE (Capreolus pygargus). Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder varying from 28 to 34 inches; the ears shorter and more hairy, the white rump-patch larger, and the antlers longer and more rugose with numerous nodose snags. Mr. St. George Littledale says the specimens he observed barked like a “barking deer.” Distribution —From the Altai and mountains of Turkestan to Siberia, and probably the Caspian provinces of Persia. Length on outside curve. -18)5 16 15h SIBERIAN ROE 87 SIBERIAN ROE (Capreolus pygargus)—condinued. Circum- ference, 163 4k Tip to Tip. 12 8} ise Locality. 2 > ? Siberia Do. Altai, Mongolia . Semirechensk Altai Asia ? ? Upper Yenisei Valley Semirechensk Altai Upper Yenisei Valley . Do. S. Siberia Siberia Do. _S. Manchuria? Upper Yenisei Valley . Do. Semirechensk Altai ? Caucasus ? Manchuria?. 1 Circumference of burr. Owner. Carl Hagenbeck. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Paris Museum. St. George Littledale. (See illustration. ) H. J. Elwes. British Museum. H.R.H. le Duc d’Orléans. H. J. Elwes. W. A. L. Fletcher. Paris Museum. Duke of Bedford. H. E. M. James, British Museum. H. J. Elwes. Do. Do. H.R.H. le Duc d’Orléans. H. J. Elwes. Duke of Bedford. British Museum. 2 These probably belong to the somewhat smaller Manchurian Roe. nN RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Siberian Roe shot by St. George Littledale. PERE DAVID'S MILOU DEER 89 Antlers of Pere David’s Milou Deer at Different Ages. From specimens at Woburn Abbey. PERE DAVID'S MILOU DEER (Elaphurus davidianus). This remarkable deer differs from all the preceding, except the roes, by the absence of a brow tine to the antlers, which are large and branching, the beam forking at a comparatively short distance above the burr, and the front prong of the fork again dividing, while the hind prong is long and straight. The bushy tail is longer than in any other deer, and the neck of the male is maned. There is a gland-tuft on the upper half of the hind cannon-bone, but none on the hock. In the adult the colour is uniformly tawny, but spotted in the young. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches. Distribution —Northern China; probably unknown in the wild state. go RECORDS OF BIG GAME PERE DAVID’S MILOU DEER (Elaphurus davidianus)—continued. Length on out- Circum- Tip to side ference. Tip. curve. Widest inside. 32g 68 138 18) -30f 5 3510 351s 28 58 263 a7 5g 20} 25 5 22 48 Points. 8+8 11+10 Imperial Park, Pekin 343 64+5 6+4 4+3 Locality. Near Pekin ? 2 Bred in England Do. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Paris Museum (Type Specimen), Pére A. David. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum. Duke of Bedford. Do. 1 Back point of this head measured 28 inches from beam of antler: COMMON AMERICAN OR VIRGINIAN DEER gt Pte Antlers of Virginian Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. COMMON AMERICAN or VIRGINIAN DEER (Mazama americana). With the exception of the wapiti and elk, all the deer of America are distinguished from those of the Old World, save the roe and milou deer, by the absence of a brow tine to the antlers, which are either regularly forked or spike-like, and quite different from those of cither the roe or milou deer. In the Virginian deer they are large and complex, with a long sub-basal snag, and the front prong of the main fork developed at the expense of the hinder, and carrying a number of snags on its upper surface. Tail long. A gland-tuft on the hock, and a small cylindrical white one with a black centre near the lower end of the hind cannon-bone. Colour of upper parts chestnut in summer and _ bluish gray in winter, with the under surface of the tail and the buttocks pure white. Typically from Eastern North America, where the height at the shoulder reaches to 3 feet 1 inch, but represented by numerous races in other parts of the Continent, which gradually decrease in size and complexity of antlers towards the south, where they extend to Peru, Bolivia, and Guiana. Weight, 12 st. 7 Ibs. (F.C. Selous). Commonly called white-tailed deer. RECORDS OF BIG GAME COMMON AMERICAN or VIRGINIAN DEER (Mazama americana)— continued. Length sees ce ee ae eae Locality Owner curve. 27% 5% Single 16 N. America British Museum. antler 27k 48 144 19 6+6 Do. Do. 265 4 9% 20 20 Do. Major James Grant. 252 48 9 19 11 Maine H. S. Wellcome. 258 48 Io =19 =I5+13 Texas Capt. F. Cookson. 254 43 wae 07k orr+g)~=)6N. America British Museum. 244 4k 12806185 6+ 6 Do. J. Carr Saunders. 244 4h 11g 19h +=9646 Do. British Museum. -24 48 l190h 18 Nebraska G. B. Grinnell. -237 66 12 162 5+4 Wyoming James J. Harrison. 23 5 5 16 6+6 B, Columbia . J. Turner-Turner. -22k 4 Lis? 12 Medora, N.D. Theodore Roosevelt. 21, 33 34 134 4+4 &#New York State Sir Edmund G. Loder, 21 5 18% =19 4+4 ? L. on. Messel. 19s = 4 12 15 5+5 Wyoming F. C. Selous. 19s 38 1240s) 0 55+5 ~—C&B. Columbia . T. P. Kempson. 17% = 43 27+25 Do. Moreton Frewen. lor2t 4 8 343 Do. J. Turner-Turner. 1 Spread. MEXICAN DEER (Mazama americana mexicana). One of the smaller races of the preceding, the height at the shoulder being about 2 feet 9 inches, and the antlers smaller and simpler. Length on out- Circum- Tipto Widest points side ference. ‘Tip. curve, inside. Distribution.—South Mexico. Locality. Owner. Mexico British Museum. 138 38 «= 6 IG 3 +3 84 3h 6 64 343 Do. 84 2g 4h 62 34+4 Do, Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke’s Collection. MULEI-DEER 93 Head of Mule-Deer. From a specimen in the possession of E. S. Cameron. MULE-DEER (Mazama hemionus). Antlers with a much shorter sub-basal snag than in the Virginian deer, beyond which the beam is directed outwards for a short distance, and then curves upwards to form a regular fork, both prongs of which are usually equal, and generally subdivide so as to form five points on each side. Ears very large and heavy ; tail moderate, terminating in a bush-like tuft. Gland-tufts on hock and cannon-bone coloured like the leg ; the latter of these elongated and situated in the upper half of the cannon-bone. General colour of upper parts reddish tawny in summer, brownish or rufous speckled gray in winter, with a brown 94 RECORDS OF BIG GAME horse-shoe mark on the forehead. Height at the shoulder, 3 feet 3 or 4 inches in the typical form. Weight, 17 stone 2 lbs. (F. C. Selous). Distribution.—The greater part of North America westward of the Missouri, extending from British Columbia to California. There are several local races, among which the South Californian (J/. hemtonus peninsula) is one of the smallest. Length one Cigar pte WEES Points, Lowy. Owner. curve. 30 57 41 17 White River, H. A. James. Colorado 282 = 4h 134 172 5+5 Wyoming Ford G. Barclay. 28h 5 183 2 6+4 — British Columbia J. McI. M‘Iver Campbell. 284 243 White River, Major Maitland Kirwan. Colorado 27 54 194 218 6+5 North America Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27 5} 19 224 5+5 British Columbia D. H. Crake. -26§ 5 35 North Dakota. Theodore Roosevelt. -262 26 ? W. A. Baillie-Grohman. 26¢ 42 198 20¢ 5+5 Wyoming Ernest Farquhar. 264 5 153 185 6+5 British Columbia T. P. Kempson. 264 sf 174 12 Wyoming Hon. F. Thellusson. 264 44 15¢ 22g 6+6 Do. Capt. F. Cookson. 26 44 20 213 74+5 Do. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. 26 5 154 19 4+4 British Columbia J. V. Colby. 258 5% 14% 28 11+8 Frazer River, B.C. A. E. Leatham. 254 5h 214 8 Do. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. -255 42 28 Montana. P. Liebinger. 255 43 18 244 5+5 Colorado E. T. Logan. 254 4} 27 29 5+5 Wyoming Capt. G, J. Fitzgerald. 258 4% 19 20 5+5 Do. A. H. Pollen. 25 5t 273 272 =16+13 Montana Moreton Frewen. 25 5 203 24 5+5 Wyoming J. L. Scarlett. 25 5 10 16} 5+4 Do. F. C. Selous. -25 52 173 214 7+5 Do. James J. Harrison. 244 53 234 10 Maine H. S. Wellcome. Length on out- side curve. MULE-DEER 95 MULE-DEER (Mazama hemionus)—condinied. Circum- Tip to Widest ference. ‘Tip. inside. Locality. 54 si 25 10 Wyoming 5 19 24 5+5 Do. 5 13} 17 10 British Columbia 44 20} 20 O+5 Do. 44 19} 25} 5+5 Wyoming 4h 158 = 19k «= +5 Do 7 18 21 26 British Columbia Owner. T. W. H. Clarke. I. C. Selous. T. P. Kempson. Rk. Rankin. Capt. J. M‘Call Maxwell. Count E, Hoyos. J. Turner-Turner. Head of Mule-Deer. From a specimen shot by J. McI. M‘Iver Campbell. 96 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BLACK-TAILED DEER (Mazama columbiana). Nearly allied to the mule-deer, but of inferior size, with relatively smaller ears and finer hair; but specially characterised by the shorter gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the larger amount of black on the tail, of which only the basal third of the lower surface is white. Distribution Western North America, from British Columbia ‘to California. Length é a ee or ae a Te bak Locality. Owner: curve, 272 66 15+ 19} 9+6 British Columbia . G. Wrey. -22 44 sis 122 es Vancouver . Clive Phillipps-Wolley. -20}. 5 17 17 5+7 Do. .