for rf 7: igap et uh git Cornell University Library Bthaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE ‘ SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 atalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the TTT Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http :/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924003875592 CATALOGUE OF THE MESOZOIC PLANTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. PART III. CATALOGUE OF THE MESOZOIC: PLANTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). THE JURASSIC FLORA. I.—THE YORKSHIRE COAST. PLATES I-XXI. A. ©. SEWARD, WA, FRS, F.GS., UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN BOTANY AND FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS AND CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW. B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY. DULAU AND CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. KEGAN PAUL AND CO., CHARING CROSS ROAD, W.C. AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. (All rights reserved.) 1900. HERTFORD PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. PREFACE. THE principal source of the fine series of Jurassic plants from the Yorkshire Coast, now preserved in the British Museum, was the collection of the late Mr. William Bean, of Scarborough, acquired by purchase in 1859. Only a portion of this collection, however, is in the British Museum, the remainder being in the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society’s Museum at York. Mr. Bean was an enthusiastic collector, and by means of his vast store of duplicate fossil plants he was able to make exchanges with many foreign museums. Specimens bearing labels in his well-known handwriting also exist in museums and private collections all over Britain. A former resident of Scarborough, Dr. Murray, also gave many specimens to the British Museum in the early days, from Gristhorpe Bay and elsewhere along the Yorkshire coast. The plant-bearing Oolitic shales of Yorkshire are much more friable than those of the Coal-measures. This may possibly explain the difficulty experienced in some instances in identifying ‘types,’ many of the specimens having been broken up and their parts separated, or even destroyed, by time and frequent removals. The Oolitic plant-remains of Yorkshire are of peculiar interest, many of them having been carefully studied by vi PREFACE. Brongniart, Lindley, Hutton, Saporta, and other Palzo- botanists of note, and it is very gratifying to find that so accomplished a botanist as Mr. A. C. Seward has now undertaken to Catalogue the Collection in the Geological Department which has remained for so long a time without a historian. HENRY WOODWARD. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, British Museum (NaturaL History), CRoMWELL Roan, S.W. November 20, 1900. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Specimens of Jurassic plants from Gristhorpe Bay and other famous localities on the Yorkshire coast are met with in nearly every Museum in Britain, as well as in several continental collections. I have endeavoured to supplement the data afforded by the specimens in the British Museum by examining collections in other places: frequent allusion will be found in the descriptive part of this Catalogue to important types in provincial or continental museums. The Museums of Cambridge, Oxford, York, Scarborough, Whitby, Manchester, Newcastle, and Leeds are rich in Yorkshire Coast plants, and good collections have been examined also in Paris, Stockholm, Lund, and elsewhere. The British Museum series and the Leckenby Collection in the Geological Museum, Cambridge, are probably the richest in large and well-preserved specimens, but the other museums, especially those of Scarborough, Whitby, York, and Manchester, contain much material of considerable value. The identification of type-specimens has often been a difficult task: some of the specimens are probably lost; many have suffered considerably, partly through insufficient care having been exercised in their preservation and, to some extent, as the result of the natural breaking up of the shale in which the fossils occur. My search for type-specimens, which has often been vill AUTHOR’S PREFACE. fruitless, has afforded a practical demonstration of the need of some system for the centralization and cataloguing of all specimens, which have served for the diagnosis or illustration of new species. I desire to convey my hearty thanks to those in charge of the museums I have visited for their kindness in affording me every facility in the examination of collections, and for their willingness to assist my work in various ways. Among continental friends who have aided me I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Nathorst, who generously placed: at my disposal some unpublished drawings of specimens collected by himself; also to Dr. Renault and Professor Zeiller, of Paris, who enabled me to obtain access to the Jurassic plants under their charge. My thanks are due to Miss Woodward for the care with which she has executed the drawings published in this volume; to my wife I am also indebted for some of the drawings reproduced in the text, which were made from specimens in the museums of Whitby, Scarborough, and York. The photograph reproduced in Text-figure 34 was kindly taken for me by Mr. Gepp, of the Botanical Department. The Councils of the Royal Society and the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester have allowed me to borrow process-blocks originally used in their publications, and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press generously gave me permission to use several blocks in their possession. A. ©. SEWARD. EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. November 20, 1900. NOTE. THE numbers in brackets after the Authors’ names in the footnotes refer to the year of publication of the work quoted. A bibliography at the end of the volume includes the books and papers cited in the text. LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT. w= NPB ow — = © 6 a Nw wnnd WV WS WW PR Be Se ew ee es SNPRAk eH ASSMAN AGRE HN Geological Sketch-map of part of East Yorkshire . Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.) Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. . Lquisetites columnaris, Brongn. . Lquisetites Beant (Bunb.) Equisetites Beant (Bunb.) Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.) Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn. ) . ? Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn. ) Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn. ) PAGE 17 50 57 62 64 66 76 80 81 83 Laccopteris Woodwardi alia and z oly pnts (Brongn.) Todites Williamsoni Bemis ‘ Dicksonia Bertervana, Hook. Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill.) . Coniopteris quingueloba (Phill.) . Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.) Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.) . Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.) . Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.) . Cladophlebis lobifolva ( Phill.) Cladophlebis lobrfolia ( Phill.) Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill. ) Cladophlehis lobifolia (Phill ) Sagenopteris Phillipst (Brongn.) Sagenopteris Phillipst (Brongn. ) Sagenopteris Phillips: (Brongn.), var. major Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. 85 94 104 113 114 117 125 127 128 147 147 148 149 166 168 169 173 174 xii Fre, 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 387, 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. LIST OF FIGURES. Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.) Cycadean stem . ‘ Pterophyllum rigidum,’ La ‘ Ptilophyllum cutchense,’ Morr. . Williamsonia pecten (Phill.) Williamsonia pecten (Phill.) Williamsonia peeten ( Phill.) Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.) . Otozamites, sp. ? Otozamites, sp. Nilssonia compta (Phill. . Milssonia compta (Phill.) . Milssonia tenuinervis, Nath. . Ctenis, sp. Ctents, sp. Podozamites Innecolics (L. & H. y Pollen-sacs (? Ginkgo digitata) . Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.) Baiera Phaillipsi, Nath. Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H. ) Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.) Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.) Nageiopsis anglica, sp. nov. Pagiophyllum Williamsoni (Brongn. ). Cheirolepis setosus (Phill. ) PAGE 188 194 195 195 198 199 201 205 210 211 225 227 230 232 234 245 260 268 270 278 281 283 289 293 296 INTRODUCTION. ENGLAND. Tue Jurassic plant-bearing strata exposed in the cliff sections of the Yorkshire coast, between Whitby and a few miles south of Scarborough, have afforded unusually rich data towards a restoration of the characteristics and composition of a certain facies of Mesozoic vegetation. The abundance of specimens in European museums and the descriptions of several British species in the works of Brongniart, Sternberg, Zigno, and other Continental palezobotanists, bear testimony to the wealth of material obtained from these Inferior Oolite rocks. The following passage from the first volume of Schimper’s Zraité de paléontologie végétale illustrates the importance, which this eminent paleobotanist attached to the investigation of the English Jurassic flora :—‘‘ On ne saurait assez recommander aux paléontologistes anglais l'étude approfondie de la flore fossile de l’oolithe de Yorkshire. C’est une des flores les plus intéressantes, 4 cause de sa grande ressemblance avec la flore de la formation rhétique et du lias inférieur et a cause de son rapport avec la flore crétacée. Les descriptions et les figures que nous en possédons sont insuffisantes pour arriver 4 une délimitation rigoureuse des genres et des espéces. Aussi ai-je di passer sous silence un certain nombre de ces derniéres faute de données exactes.’’! In the present volume an attempt is made to describe in detail the several elements composing the Jurassic flora of East Yorkshire, and to furnish a general sketch of the geographical distribution and botanical affinities of the vegetation represented by the Lower Oolite plants of this area. 1 Schimper (69), vol. i. p. 485. 2 INTRODUCTION. Hisrortcat SKetcH. We may begin! this brief historical survey of our knowledge of the Jurassic plants of Yorkshire with a reference to the well- known memoir by Young & Bird— A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast,? published at Whitby in 1822. Mr. John Bird was Curator of the Whitby Museum, and the Rev. G. Young acted as one of the Secretaries of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society. The first part of this work deals with the geological structure of the strata which are described under various heads, such as the upper shales, oolitic limestone, second shale, ironstone and sandstone, blue limestone, sandstone, shale and coal, and Dogger; but most of these descriptive terms have not been adhered to by later geologists. In the second part a brief description is attempted of the organic remains, a few fossil plants being represented by crude coloured drawings; the type-specimens are preserved in the Whitby Museum, and a recent examination of the collection enabled me to identify most of the originals of Bird’s figures. The second edition of the Geologiral Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, which appeared in 1828, contains various additional drawings of fossil plants. The plants are compared with several recent genera such as Asplenium, Scolopendrium, Hippuris, Cynaria, Gnaphalium, and others, or they are merely spoken of as fragments of ferns or leaves. Reference is made to the figures of Young & Bird in the description of several species dealt with in the following pages. It has been truly said that ‘‘ Young & Bird’s work did much to arouse the desire for geological pursuits, which eventually led to the establishment of the Museums at Whitby and Scarborough, and to the formation of such collections of fossils as were made by Bean, Williamson, and others.”’* The enthusiasm of these and other local naturalists resulted in the accumulation of rich col- lections, and, indeed, nearly the whole of the material at present 1 For a more complete history of our knowledge of the Jurassic rocks of East Yorkshire vide Fox-Strangways (921), and for bibliographies of Jurassic literature vide also Phillips (75), Fox-Strangways (88), etc. 2 Young & Bird (22). 3 Young & Bird (28). * Fox-Strangways (92'), p. 12. INTRODUCTION. 3 available for the study of the fossil flora of East Yorkshire was obtained by their means. It is to be regretted that very little serious collecting has been undertaken during the last half-century ; some of the famous localities which afforded so rich a harvest sixty or seventy years ago are probably almost worked out, but there is undoubtedly much valuable material to be found if local enthusiasm Were again aroused. William Bean and his nephew John Williamson rendered excellent service in the early days of the geological exploration of the Yorkshire coast: the characteristic handwriting of the former is met with in most of our Museums on the labels of Yorkshire fossil plants; the latter began life as a gardener at Scarborough,! and afterwards became Curator of the Scarborough Museum, which owes many of its treasures to his skill as a scientific collector. John Williamson in later life was assisted in his natural- history work by his son William Crawford Williamson, whose brilliant paleobotanical researches date from his boyish days, when his father’s zeal led him to take a share in interpreting the records of Jurassic life. The elder Williamson was acquainted with William Smith, whose name will always be prominently associated with Jurassic geology,? and with Smith’s nephew, John Phillips, whose work on the Yorkshire Coast is one of the English classics. Adolphe Brongniart*® was at this period engaged on his famous work on the history of fossil plants, and as the recognized authority received various Yorkshire specimens for identification, some of which he figured and described. The following list includes the East Yorkshire species described by Brongniart in 1828 :-— Equisetum columnare = Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Pachypteris lanceolata P. ovata Sphenopteris Williamsonis = S. Williamsoni, Brongn. S. crenulata = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.).* S. denticulata =? S. Williamsoni, Brongn. S. hymenophylloides = Coniopteris hymenophylloides. Cyclopteris digitata = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). } = Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. 1 Williamson, W. C. (96), p. 3. 2 Vide Phillips (44), p. 110, and Judd (98), p. 103. 3 Brongniart (28' and 28°). 4 The parentheses enclosing an author’s name indicate that the generic name has been altered since the institution of the species [vide Seward (98), p. 111]. 4 INTRODUCTION. Glossopteris Phillipsii = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). Teniopteris vittata = T. vittata, Brongn. Pecopteris denticulata = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. Phillipsi = ? C. denticulata. P. whitbiensis P. tenuis = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). P. Williamsonis P. Murrayana = Contopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.) and Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). P. athyroides = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.) or Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). Phlebopteris polypodioides P. propinqua P. Schouwii = Laceopteris, sp. P. undans = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. Phillipsii = Dietyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. \ = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Phillips’ Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire was published in 1829, dedicated by an ‘‘ affectionate nephew and grateful pupil” to William Smith. Phillips’ book marked an important advance on that of Young & Bird, and placed the geology of East Yorkshire on a sound scientific basis; he included the plant- bearing strata in the “Bath Oolite formation,” the term Oolite having been first applied to these rocks by Smith. The strata are classified by Phillips as follows :— Cornbrash limestone. Upper sandstone, shale and coal, with plants. Barta Oo.rre ~ Impure limestone. Lower sandstone, shale and coal, with plants. Ferruginous beds—Dogger Series. In the first edition of Phillips’ work the respective positions of the grey limestone and millepore bed are confused, so that the Gristhorpe plant -bed,’ which is now included in the middle estuarine series, was placed in the upper division.2 This mistake was first pointed out by the late Professor Williamson,’ and corrected in the later edition of Phillips’ book. Phillips speaks of the fossil 1 John Williamson is usually credited with the discovery of the famous Gristhorpe plant-bed. In a letter written to Lindley in 1832, William Bean asserts that he was ‘‘the first discoverer’? of this bed. (I am indebted to Professor Lebour for an opportunity of reading Bean’s letter.) 2 Phillips, (29) p. 33. 3 Williamson (37). INTRODUCTION. 5 plants as belonging chiefly to “the natural monocotyledonous Orders, Filices, Lycopodiacex, Equisetacer, and Cycadacee,” with associated fragments of dicotyledonous species. The plant-bearing sediments he describes as principally such as might be deposited by rivers varying in force, and subject to intervals of feebler action. The drawings of the plants are in many cases far from accurate, and it is not an easy matter to recognize the original specimens. Some of Phillips’ type-specimens appear to have been lost, but others have been identified in the York Museum and elsewhere. In 1875 a third and much enlarged edition of Phillips’ memoir was published under the editorship of Mr. Robert Etheridge. Professor Phillips did not live to see the publication of the third edition of his work; the concluding paragraph of the preface, written in 1874, the year of his death, is worthy of repetition. “The Yorkshire coast has ever been my delight: to sketch its romantic promontories, to climb and measure its cliffs, to investigate its numerous fossils and its rich variety of marine life, may be recommended to every lover of natural beauty and to every student of natural history. To them I bequeath what has been to me a labour of love, a life-long enjoyment—the study of the great Mesozoic section here so plainly cut,—not doubting that kindly thoughts will accompany the corrections and additions which time has brought, and still must bring, to the work which I now consign to their use.” The following list includes the species enumerated in the last edition, together with the names used in the first edition and their modern equivalents adopted in the present Catalogue. I have also added the name of the museum where the figured specimens may be seen, but there are still several species of which the originals have not been discovered.’ Fucoides arcuatus, L. & H. = Marchantites.erectus (Leck.). F. diffusus, Phill. = ? UM. erectus. F. erectus, Leck. (Type in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge.) = WM. erectus. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. = Equisetites columnaris. E. lateralis, Phill. = E. columnaris. Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. = Lycopodites falcatus. 1 For a biographical notice of Phillips vide Geological Magazine, vol. vii. p. 301, 1870. 2 Some of Phillips’ type-specimens are referred to by Platnauer (91) as being in the York Museum. 6 INTRODUCTION. Solenites Murrayanus, L. & H. (=Flabellaria viminea, Phill., 1829; type in the ? Whitby Museum, No. 2493) = Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.). 8. fureatus, L. & H. = Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Baiera gracilis, Bunb. = B. gracilis. B. microphylla, Phill. (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge.) = B. Lindleyana (Schimp.). Cyclopteris longifolia, Phill. (= Sphenopteris longifolia, Phill., 1829; type- specimen in the York Museum) = Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. C. digitata, Brongn. (= Sphenopteris latifolia, Phill., 1829; figured specimen in the York Museum) = Ginkgo digitata. Dichopteris lanceolata (= Neuropteris lanceolata, Phill., 1829 ; figured specimen in the York Museum) = Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. D. levigata, Lign. (= Neuropteris levigata, Phill., 1829) = Pachypteris lanceolata. Phlebopteris polypodioides, Brongn. = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. contigua, L. & H. = L. polypodioides. P. crenifolia, Phill. = L. polypodioides. P. Woodwardii, Leck. = L. Woodwardi. P. Lindleyi, Gopp. = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. Phillipsii, Brongn. (= Phyllites nervulosa, Phill., 1829; type of Phillips in the York Museum) = Dzetyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. P. Leckenbyi, Zign. = D. rugosum. P. undans, Brongn. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) (Fertile frond.) Glossopteris Phillipsii, Brongn. (= Pecopteris paucifolia, Phill., 1829; figured specimen in the York Museum) = Sagenopteris Phillipsi. Marzaria Simpsoni, Phill. (Type-specimen in the Whitby Museum.) = ?Lac- copteris polypodioides. Teniopteris major, L. & H. (= Aspleniopteris Nilssoni, Phill., 1829; figured specimen in the York Museum) = Teniopteris major. [The specimen figured by Phillips is an example of Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.).] T. ovalis, Sternb. =? T. major,.L. & H. T. vittata, Brongn. (= Scolopendrium solitarium, Phill., 1829) = 7. vittata. ~Pecopteris insignis, L. & H. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. denticulata, Brongn. = C. denticulata. P. ligata, Phill. = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. Phillipsii, Brongn. = C. denticulata. P. polydactyla, Leck. = Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). P. cespitosa, Phill. (Type-specimen in the York Museum.) = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. whitbiensis, Brongn. (= P. hastata, Phill., 1829) = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). P. dentata, L. & H. = Todites Williamsoni. [The specimen figured by Phillips is no doubt an example of Cladophlebis denticulata.] P. Imndleyana, Presl = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). P. curtata, Phill. = Todites Williiamsoni (Brongn.). P. Williamsonis, Brongn. [ = P. curtata (pars), Phill., 1829] = Todites Williamsoni. A ne a \ = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). P. exilis, Phill. = Klukia exilis (Phill.), INTRODUCTION. 7 oo \ = Cladophtebis tobifotia (L. & H.). P. Haiburnensis, L. & H. = C. haiburnensis. P, recentior, Phill. = Todites Wiiliamsoni (Brongn.). Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.) = §. Murrayana. . athyroides (Brongn.) = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). . modesta, Leck. = S. princeps, Presl. . afinis, Phill. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). . socialis, Phill. = C. hymenophylloides. . dissocialis, Phill. = C. hymenophylloides. . guingueloba, Phill. = C. quingueloba. . hymenophylloides, Brongn. = C. hymenophylloides. . erenulata, Brongn. = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides. . arbuscula, Phill. = Sphenopteris Murrayana (pars), Brongn. . arbuscula, var. = Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill.). . denticulata, Brongn. = ? Sphenopteris Williamsoni, Brongn. . Willkiamsoni, Brongn. (= 8. digitata, Phill., 1829; figured specimen in the York Museum) = S. Williamsoni. S. muscoides, Phill. (Type-specimen in the York Museum.) = Coniopteris hymenophylloides. S. Juglert, Leck. (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Ruffordia Goeppertt (Dunk.). “A skeletonized fern-branch.’? — Phillips, 1829, pl. viii. fig. 18. = Inde- terminable fern. (Figured specimen in the York Museum.) , Ctenis falcata, L. & H. (= Cycadites sulcicaulis, Phill., 1829; type-specimen Pin the York Museum) = Ctenis faleata. Odontopteris Leckenbyi, Leck., ex Bean MS. (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Ptilozamites Leckenbyi. Tympanophora + iad, T. simplex, L. & H. Tree-fern stem = ? tree-fern stem. Otozamites Beanit (L. & H.). (Figured specimen in the Leckenby Ooll., Cambridge.) = Otozamites Beani. O. tenuatus (Bean MS.) = O. Bunburyanus, Zign. O. parallelus, Phill. = O. parallelus (Phill.). O. obtusus (L. & H.) = O. obtusus, var. ooliticus. [The type-specimen of O. obtusus (L. & H.), from the Lias of Axminster, which is in the Oxford Museum, is not specifically identical with the Yorkshire plant.] . graphicus, Leck., ex Bean MS. (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = 0. graphicus. . acuminatus (L. & H.) = O. acuminatus. . gramineus, Phill. (The original of Zigno’s figure is in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) ARRARARRARARARAYN = Coniopteris hymenophylloides. Ss O90 O. lanceolatus, Phill. (= Cycadites lanceolatus, Phill., 1829) = Otozamites acuminatus O. latifolius (Phill.) ( = Cycadites latifolius, Phill., (L. & H.). 1829; type-specimen in the York Museum) . gracilis (Leck., ex Bean MS.). (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Wiilliamsonia pecten (Phill.). S 8 INTRODUCTION. Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). (Figured specimens in the Whitby Museum.) = W. gigas. Zamites lanceolatus, L. & H. = Pod ites I latus. Pterophyllum pectinoideum (Phill.). (-= Cycadites pectinoides, Phill., 1829.) = Williamsonia pecten. P. medianum, Leck., ex Bean MS. = Nilssonia mediana. P. pecten (Phill.) (= Cyeadites pecten, Phill., 1829) = Williamsonia pecten. P. comptum, Phill. (= Cycadites comptus, Vhill., 1829) = Nilssonia compta. P. angustifolium, Leck., ex Bean MS. (Type-specimen , in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) | = NV. mediana (Leck., P. tenuicaule, Phill. (= Cycadites tenuicaulis, Phill., ) ex Bean MS.). 1829) ’ P. Nilssoni, L. & H. ? P. minus, L. & H. P. rigidum, Phill. Cycadites zamioides, Leck. (Type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Taxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Araucarites Phillipsti, Carr. = Araucarites Phillipsi. Brachyphylium mamillare, Brongn. = Brachyphyllum mamillare. B. setusum, Phill. = Cheirolepis setosus. Thuytes expansus, Sternb. = B. mamillare. Walchia Wiiliamsonis (Brongn.) (= Lycopodites wneifolius, Phill., 1829, and ‘“‘spike of Lycopodites’’ ; original of latter, which is in the York Museum, = male flower} = Pagiophyllum Williamsoni. Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. a i Cryptomerites divaricatus, C. rigidus, Phill. (A specimen very similar to Bunb. the type is in the Manchester Museum.) Taxites lacus, Phill. = Zaxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Sphereda paradoxa, L. & H. (and ‘ winged seed,’ Phillips, 1829) = Beania gracilis, Carr. “¢ Unknown leaves,’’ Phillips, 1829, pl. vii. fig. 28. (Figured specimen in the York Museum.) = ? Ginkgo digitata (pollen-sacs of male flower). “Small vegetable bodies in groups,’’ Phillips, 1829, pl. vii. fig. 25. (Figured specimen in the York Museum.) = ? small seeds. } = Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.). In 1829 there also appeared an important paper by Murchison On the Coalfield of Brora, in Sutherlandshire, and some of the stratified deposits in the North of Scotland.! Murchison’s attention was first called to this district by Buckland & Lyell, who visited Brora in 1824, and were led to express the opinion that the Sutherlandshire Coalfield should be included in the Oolite division of the Jurassic system. Konig contributed some notes on an equisetaceous plant, which he named Oncylogonatum carbonarium 1 Murchison (29). INTRODUCTION. 9 (no doubt identical with Hguisetites columnaris, Brongn.), and on some ‘subtriangular or inversely cordate carbonaceous plates,” which are probably the scales of a female Araucarian cone. In referring to the Brora plants, Murchison makes the following observation: — ‘‘If the mode of distribution and the generic characters of these fossil plants be ever reduced under general laws, they will no longer be regarded as anomalies, but will form an important addition to the natural history of the beds with which they are associated.’’! The Fosse Flora of Great Britain, by Lindley & Hutton, which appeared in parts between the years 1831 and 1837,* contains drawings and descriptive notes of several species of Jurassic plants; several of these were communicated by the younger Williamson, and others by Bean, Murray, Dunn, and Phillips. There is an interesting reference in Williamson’s autobiography to his share in the production of the Possil Flora. He speaks of Mr. Dunn, Secretary to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Scarborough, as having urged him to undertake the drawings, which were made “at one end of Mr. Weddell’s kitchen-table, whilst the housekeeper was occupied at the other end with the several processes of providing the day’s dinner.’ Williamson was at this time a medical student living in the house of Mr. Thomas Weddell, a practitioner in Scarborough. The following list includes such plants from Yorkshire as are figured by Lindley & Hutton. I have added the modern names, and mentioned the museums in which I-have seen some of the figured specimens. The date of publication is appended in each case. * Cyclopteris Beani. Pl. 44,1832. (Type-specimen in the Scarborough Museum.) = Otozamites Beani (L. & H.). Pecopteris polypodioides. Pl. 60, 1882. = Laccopteris polypodicides (Brongn.). Lycopodites faleatus. Pl. 61,1832. (Type in the British Museum, No. 39,314.) = Lycopodites faleatus. Teniopteris vittata. Pl. 62, 1833. = TZ. vittata, Brongn. Glossopteris Phillipsii. Pl. 63, 1833. (Figured specimens in the British Museum, Nos. 39,221 and 39,222.) = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). ‘ Murchison (29), p. 317. 2 Lindley & Hutton (31-37). 3 Williamson (96), p. 36. 4 Bolton (92) does not include any of the Yorkshire Coast plants in his list of figured specimens in the Manchester Museum.. 10 INTRODUCTION. Cyclopteris digitata. Pl. 64, 1833. = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). Pterophyllum comptum. Pl, 66, 1838. = Nilssonia compta (Phill.). ? P. minus. Pl. 67, fig. 1, 1833. P. Nilssoni. Pl. 67, fig. 2, 1833. Neuropteris recentior. Pl. 68, 1833. = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). NV. ligata. Pl. 69, 1833. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). NV. undulata. Pl. 83, 1833. = Cladophledis lodifolia (Phill.). Teniopteris major. Pl. 92,1833. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = T. major, L. & H. Lycopodites Williamsonis. Pl. 93, 1833. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = Pagiophyllum Williamsoni (Brongn.). Pterophyllum pecten. Pl. 102, 1834. = Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Ctenis falcata. Pl. 108, 1834. = Ctenis faleata, L. & H. Dietyophyllum rugosum. Pl. 108, 1834. = Dietyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Neuropteris arguta. Pl. 105, 1834. = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). ~Pecopteris insignis. Pl. 106, 1884. (Counterpart of type-specimen in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Cladophiebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. propingua. Pl. 119, 1834. (Type in the Scarborough Museum.) = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. undans. Pl. 120, 1834. (Type in the Scarborough Museum.) = Clado- phlebis denticulata (Brongn.) (fertile frond). Solenites Murrayana. Pl. 121, 1884. (Type in the British Museum, No. V. 3685.) = Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.). Pecopteris Williamsonis. Pl. 126, 1834. = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Sphenopteris Williamsonis., Pl. 131, 1834. (Typein the Scarborough Museum.) = 8. Williamsoni (Brongn.). Otopteris acuminata. Pl. 132, 1834, (Type in the Scarborough Museum ; upper part of figure.) = Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Pecopteris whitbiensis. Pl, 184, 1834. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Phiebopteris contigua. Pl. 144, 1835. (Typein the York Museum.) = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Sphenopteris serrata. Pl. 148, 1835. = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Otopteris cuneata. Pl. 155, 1835. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). Pecopteris acutifolia. Pl. 157, 1835. = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). P. obtusifolia. Pl. 158, 1835. = Klukia exilis (Phill.). Sphereda paradova. Pl. 159, 1835. = Beania gracilis, Carr. Zamia gigas. Pl. 165, 1835. = Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Thuites expansus. Pl. 167, 1835. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. Sphenopteris arguta. Pl. 168, 1835. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Pecopteris dentata, Pl. 169, 1835. (Type in the Manchester Museum.) = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Tympanophora simplex. Pl. 170a, 1835. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Pecopteris lobifolia, Pl. 179, 1836. = Cladophiebis lobifolia (Phill.). Fucoides arcuatus. Pl. 185, 1836. = Marchantites erectus (Leck.). Equisetum laterale. Pl. 186, 1886, = Eguisetites columnaris (Brongn.). } = Anomozamites Nilssoni. INTRODUCTION. 11 Peeopteris haiburnensis. Pl. 187, 1836, (Type in the Newcastle Museum.') = Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. & H.). Brachyphyllum mamillare, Pls. 188 and 219, 1836 and 1837. = B. mamiillare (Brongn.). Zamia lanceolata. Pl. 194, 1836. (Typein the Manchester Museum.) = Podo- zamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). ? Otopteris acuminata, var. brevifolia. Pl. 208,1837. = Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). ? Solenites furcata. Pl. 209, 1837. = Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). ? Otopteris ovalis. Pl. 210a, 1837, (Type in the Scarborough Museum.) = ? Teniopteris major, L. & H. ? Filicites scolopendrioides, Brongn. Pl. 229, 1837. The volume of Lilustrations of Fossil Plants edited by Professor Lebour, consisting of autotype reproductions of drawings prepared for Lindley & Hutton, contains two plates of Lower Oolite plants :—? Sphenopteris quinqueloba, var. arbuscula, Phill. Pl. 38. = Coniopteris quingueloba (Phill.). Cryptomerites divaricatus. Pl. 57. = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. In Williamson’s papers read before the Geological Society in 1834 and 1836,? a list is given of Oolitic plants, but one of the most important additions to the geology of the plant-bearing strata in these contributions is the correction of Phillips’ mistake as to the horizon of the Gristhorpe plant-bed. An important paper was read before the Geological Society of London in 1851 by Bunbury,* On some Fossil Plants from the Jurassic Strata of the Yorkshire Coast, in which several species are critically discussed, and illustrated by accurate drawings; the species specially referred to include the following :— Sphenopteris nephrocarpa, Bunb. (Type in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge.) = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Baiera gracilis, Bunb. (Type in the Bunbury Collection, Botanical Museum, Cambridge.) = Baiera gracilis. Sagenopteris cuneata (L. & H.) = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). Pecopieris cespitosa, Phill. = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Acrostichites Williamsoni (Brongn.) = Todites Wiiliamsoni (Brongn.). Pecopteris exilis, Phill. [Bunbury’s figured specimen is in the Botanical Museum, Cambridge; refigured, Seward (94), p. 197.] = Klukia exilis (Phill.). 1 On the authority of Professor Lebour (78), p. 115. 2 Lebour (77). 3 Williamson (37), p. 238. 4 Bunbury (51); Seward (94°). 12 INTRODUCTION. Asterophyllites? lateralis (Phill.) = Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Calamites Beani, Bunb. [Type in the Manchester Museum; figured by Gardner (86), pl. ix. fig. 2; vide also Seward (98), fig. 60.] = Hgwisetites Beant (Bunb.). Cryptomerites? divaricatus, Bunb. (Type in the Leckenby Coll., Cambridge.) = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. Palissya? Williamsonis = Pagiophyllum Williamsoni (Brongn.). The two folio volumes by Zigno entitled Flora Fossilis Formationis Oolithice, published between 1856 and 1885,' contain numerous references to British Jurassic plants; these are quoted in the lists of synonyms of the various species dealt with in the Catalogue. In Hugh Miller’s Testimony of the Rocks,? reference is made to the occurrence of several plants in the Helmsdale deposits of Sutherlandshire* identical with Lower Oolite species from the Yorkshire coast. The Mesozoic flora of Scotland is in need of further investigation, and it is proposed to deal elsewhere with the botany and geology of these northern species. In 1864 Leckenby* described and figured ‘‘some new or imperfectly known species”? of East Yorkshire plants; most of the specimens dealt with are included in the Leckenby Collection, which Professor Adam Sedgwick purchased in 1872 for the ‘Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge :—® Cycadites zamioides, Leck. (Type in the Leckenby Coll., Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.) = Taxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Paleozamia pecten = Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Pterophylium comptum = Nilssonia compta (Phill.). P. medianum, Leck., ex Bean MS. a . P. angustifolium, Leck., ex Bean MS. } = Mementona (eos, ex Bean. MB); ? P. minus, L. & H. = Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.). Ctents Leckenbyi, Leck., ex Bean MS. = Ptilozamites Leckenbyi. Otopteris mediana, Leck. (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = Otozamites Beant (L. & H.). O. lanceolata, Leck., ex Bean MS. = Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). 0. graphica, Leck., ex Bean MS. (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = Otozamites graphicus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). O. tenuata, Leck., ex Bean MS. (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = 0. Bun- buryanus, Zign. 1 Zieno (56-85). 2 Miller (67), pp. 477 et seq. 3 Vide also Judd (78). 4 Leckenby (64). 5 Clark, J. W. & Hughes, T. McKenny (90), vol. ii. p. 465. INTRODUCTION. 13 Tympanophora simplex, L. & H. T. racemosa, L. & H. Sphenopteris modesta, Leck., ex Bean MS, (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = Sphenopteris princeps, Pres. S. Jugleri, Ett. (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = Ruffordia Goeppertt (Dunk.). Neuropteris arguta, L. & H. (Figured specimen in the Leckenby Coll.) = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Pecopteris polydactyla, Gépp. (Figured specimen in the Leckenby Coll.) =Hatonidium Goepperti (Ett.). Phiebopteris propinqua (L. & H.). = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Phlebopteris Woodwardii, Leck. (Type in the Leckenby Coll.) = Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Fucoides erectus, Leck.,ex Bean MS. (Type in the Leckenby Coll. ; refigured, Seward (98), p. 233.) = Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). } = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). The writings of Morris,’ Carruthers,? Starkie Gardner,’ and others contain scattered references to descriptions of Lower Oolite plants; several species of the British Jurassic flora are dealt with also by Saporta* in his Monograph on the plants of this period. The most important of the more modern contributions to our knowledge of the Jurassic plants of England is unfortunately written in the Swedish language, and is not accompanied by any illustrations. In 1880 Nathorst® published a series of notes on his visits to various English Museums, together with observations made in the field at some of the principal plant localities on the Yorkshire coast. The same author discovered a new plant-bed between White Nab and Scarborough, which enabled him to add some new species to the Lower Oolite flora. Nathorst’s notes have proved of considerable value in the examination of the Yorkshire plants, and his opinions on the several species are frequently referred to in the descriptive part of this Catalogue. The following new species are mentioned or briefly described, but in some cases I have been led to identify them with species previously recorded. Whether or not Nathorst’s supposed new species should be retained, there can be no question as to the great value of his critical notes. i Anthrophyopsis, n.sp. = Ctenis, sp. Nilssonia tenuinervis, n.sp. = Nilssonia tenuinervis, Nath. 1 Morris (41). 2 Carruthers (66) (67) (691) (69°) (70). 3 Gardner (86). 4 Saporta (73) (75) (84) (91). 5 Nathorst (80). 14 INTRODUCTION. Ginkgo whitbiensis, n.sp. (Type in the British Museum, No. 39,331.) = Ginkgo whitbiensis, Nath. Otozamites distans, n.sp. Czekanowskia Heeri, n.sp. Taxites brevifolius, n.sp. Among the works dealing more especially with the stratigraphy of the Lower Oolite rocks of Yorkshire, reference may be made to the Geological Survey Memoirs by Messrs. Fox-Strangways, Barrow,! and H. B. Woodward,? and to a series of valuable papers by Hudleston,? published in the Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, also to Etheridge’s Presidential Address of 1882.4 The second volume of the Geological Survey Memoirs on the Jurassic rocks of Britain, contains a long list of fossils by Fox-Strangways, who acknowledges assistance in the revision of the plants by Clement Reid.® As this is the most recent list of plants hitherto published, and is largely founded on the notes by Nathorst to which reference has already been made, I have enumerated those species from Fox-Strangways’ list which are referred to as ‘‘species now recognized,” adding in each case the names employed in the present Catalogue. A change of nomen- clature has been adopted in several instances, the reasons for the changes being stated in the description of each species :— Equisetum columnare, Brongn. = Equisetites columnaris Brongn. prea & H. } = Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. = Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. Phyllotheca lateralis, Phill. = Equisetites colwmnaris, Brongn. Sagenopteris cuneata, L. & H. S. Phillipsii, Brongn. Schizoneura Beanii, Bunb. = Equisetites Beant (Bunb.). Acrostichites princeps, Presl = Sphenopteris princeps, Presl. 5 imams tee \ = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Anthrophyopsis, n.sp. = Ctenis, sp. Asplenium argutulum, Heer = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). A. Petruschiense, Heer = ? C. denticulata. A. whitbiense, Brongn. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). \ = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). 1 Fox-Strangways & Barrow (82) ; Fox-Strangways (88) (92") (927). 2 Woodward, H. B. (95). 3 Hudleston (74) (76) (78). “ Etheridge (82). 5 Fox-Strangways (927). INTRODUCTION. 15 Clathropteris Whitbiensis, Brongn. MS. = Dictyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Dicksonia hymenophylloides, Brongn. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). D. nephrocarpa, Bunb. = C. hymenophylloides. Dietyophyllum Leckenbyi, Zigno D. Nilssoni, Brongn. = Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.). D. rugosum, L. & H. Marzaria Simpsoni, Phill. = ? Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. = Pachypteris lanceolata (Brongn.). Pecopteris acutifolia, L. & H. = Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). . arguta, L. & H. = C. arguta. . cespitosa, Phill. = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). . curtata, Phill. = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). . dentata, L. & H. = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). . denticulata, Brongn. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). exilis, Phill. = Klukia exilis (Phill.). haiburnensis, L, & H. = Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. & H.). pee, Sal, \ = Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). P. polydactyla, Gopp. = Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). P. undans, L. & H. = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. undulata, L. & H. = Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). Phlebopteris contigua, L. & H. P. polypodioides, Brongn. P. Woodwardii, Leck. = Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Sphenopteris afinis, Phill. = Coniopteris hymenophyliocdes (Brongn.). . arbuscula, Phill. = ? Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). . arguta, L. & H. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). . athyroides, Brongn. = C. hymenophyllotdes or S. Murrayana. . erenulata, Brongn. . dissocialis, Phill. . Jugleri, Ett. = Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunk.). . muscoides, Phill. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). . guingueloba, Phill. = Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill.). . socialis, Phill. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). S. Williamsonis, Brongn. = Sphenopteris Williamsoni, Brongn. Teniopteris major, L. & H. = Teniopteris major, L. & H. T. ovalis, Sternb. = ? Temopteris major, L. & H. T. vittata, Brongn. = Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. Thyrsopteris Maakiana, Heer = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). T. Murrayana, Brongn. = Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). A ites Lindley , Schimp. = Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.). Araucaria Phillipsii, Carr. = Araucarites Phillipsi, Carr. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. = Baiera gracilis, Bunb. B. longifolia, Phill. = Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. B. microphylla, Phill, = Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Beania gracilis, Carr. = Beania gracilis, Carr. Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. = Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. B. setosum, Phill. = Chetrolepis setosus (Phill.). Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. shhh hhh \ = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). \ = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). RARRARARA 16 INTRODUCTION. Cryptomerites rigidus, Phill. = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. Ctenis falcata, L. & H. = Ctenis fuleata, L. & H. Cycadites zamioides, Leck. = Taxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Czekanowskia Heeri, Nath. C. rigida, Heer = Czekanowskia Murrayana (lu. & H.). C. setacea, Heer. Ginkgo digitata, Brongn. = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). G. Huttoni, Sternb. = G. digitata (Brongn.), var. Huttoni. G. whitbiensis, Nath. = G. whitbiensis, Nath. Nilssonia angustifolia, Bean MS. = Nilssonia mediana (Leck., ex Bean. MS.). N. compta, Phill. = WN. compta (Phill.}. N. mediana, Bean MS.) _ ; N. tenuicaulis, Phill. } Snes NV. tenuinervis, Nath. = WV. tenuinervis, Nath. Otozamites acuminatus, L. & H. = Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). O. Beanii, L. & H. = O. Beani (L. & H.). O. distans, Nath. O. gracilis, Phill. = Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). 0. gramineus, Phill. : 0. graphicus, Bean MS. = 0. graphicus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). 7 hadiopeanaltr \ = 0. acuminatus (L. & H.). 0. mediannus, Leck. = 0. Beani (L. & H.). O. obtusus, L. & H. = O. obtusus, var. ooliticus. O. parallelus, Phill. O. tenuatus, Bean, sp. = 0. Bunburyanus, Zign. Podozamites distans, Pres. P. lanceolatus, L. & H. { = Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). P. lanceolatus, var. minor, Schenk Pterophyllum rigidum, Phill. Ptilozamites Leckenbyi, Bean, sp. = Ptilozamites Leckenbyi (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Schizolepis, sp. Solenites furcata, L. & H. = Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). S. Murrayana, L. & H. = Czekanowskia Murrayana, Sphereda paradoxa, L. & H. = Beania gracilis, Carr. ? Sphenozamites undulatus, Sternb. = Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Taxites brevifolius, Nath. T. laxus, Phill. = Taxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Thuytes expansus, Sternb. = Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. Walchia Williamsonis, Brongn. = Pagiophyllum Willkamsoni (Brongn.). Williamsonia gigas, L. & H. = Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). W. hastula, Bean MS.) _ é W7 potton, Tl, | = W. pecten (Phill. A glance at a geological map of England reveals the existence of a band of Jurassic rocks stretching diagonally across England from the coast of Yorkshire to Dorsetshire in the south-west. Between the Yorkshire strata and those of corresponding age in the midland INTRODUCTION. 17 and south-west districts there is a striking difference as regards petrological characters, thickness, and fossil contents. The sedi- mentary rocks in the north-eastern area consist of a considerable thickness of estuarine or freshwater deposits, with here and there Scale of Mules (1 Inch to6Miles) 3 Li 2 3 te 10 Chalk [E* ]itmeni dge a [2 ]eoratthan Beds [___]Estuarine Series fe x > x ? x x rte £ , 4 wD i: ex x “x a Z K hy 4 i * zi La ae ee a x eae of Pa, x Gristhorpey ‘ < Podge Og ROR OE yg yt OM « ,OFILEY Aye * x Paes z fit & a * 0 «t Danie * x Sa 2 Be a AL NN ge ty hf a .* eee tO 5p OS aN 7 . ue xx x x « « w v = < * x xe Poe z + 9 tt => eg re < xy "a i x * vy K yt eek T r y Ne ’ sg cg: I q an st D L 1 Fig. 1.—Geological Sketch-map of part of East Yorkshire. a thin marine band, whereas in the other districts the Lower Oolite rocks are almost exclusively of marine origin. The country between Whitby and a few miles south of Scarborough is occupied by Middle and Lower Oolite and Liassic strata; the accompanying c 18 INTRODUCTION. map shows the position of the most important localities in this part of the coast from which Lower Oolite plants have been obtained. The sketch-map shown in Fig. 1 is a simplified form of part of the larger map published in the volume of the International Geological Congress of 1888. While illustrating the relation of the Estuarine Series of the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian) to the Middle and Upper Oolite and to the Cretaceous rocks, it marks the position of the chief localities from which the fossil plants dealt with in the following pages have been obtained. The moorlands and bold headlands of North-East Yorkshire constitute an elevated region which is bounded on the west by the low-lying Triassic plain of Central Yorkshire. Geologically this district is marked off from the other Jurassic areas by well- defined characters; the rocks composing it are chiefly arenaceous, with some Oolitic limestones and ironstones and a few thin seams of coal. The occurrence of some subordinate marine beds affords evidence of the frequent oscillations of level in this part of England during the Jurassic period. Broadly speaking, the East Yorkshire rocks of Lower Oolite age consist of three important Estuarine Series separated from one another by thin bands con- taining marine fossils. The following classification illustrates the relative positions of these two types of sediments :— Cornbrash. Upper Estuarine Series. Scarborough or Grey Limestone Series. Lower Ootirsz. < Middle Estuarine Series. Millepore Series. Lower Estuarine Series. The Dogger and Blea Wyke beds. These Lower Oolite rocks of England are correlated with part of the Middle or Brown Jura of Germany (L. von Buch and Quenstedt ;- = Dogger of Oppel), and with the Bathonian and Bajocian of French geologists.’ The Yorkshire Dogger, exposed in the cliff sections of Blea Wyke, High Whitby, Saltwick, and elsewhere, forms the lowest member of the Lower Oolite rocks; it is a littoral formation, 1 Fox-Strangways (88), p. 182; Kayser (95), p. 238. INTRODUCTION. 19 consisting largely of rounded blocks (the so-called doggers) of sandstone and ironstone. The Lower Estuarine Series, exposed at various localities on the coast between Robin Hood Bay and Huntcliff (the latter is situated a few miles further north than the coastline shown in the map), consists of a considerable thickness of arenaceous and argillaceous sediments, associated with beds of oolitic ironstone, thin coal-seams, and an abundance of carbonaceous matter. This succession of estuarine sediments containing plant remains is capped by a thin marine band known as the Eller Beck bed. This is succeeded by the Millepore bed, so called from the occurrence of the Polyzoan Haploccia straminea? (Phill.) ( = Millepora and Cricopora straminea), which consists of ferruginous sandstone and limestone, and is exposed at Cloughton Wyke in its arenaceous facies, and at Gris- thorpe Bay and Cayton Bay as a limestone. Above the Millepore bed we pass up into the second series of freshwater or estuarine beds, known as the Jfeddle Estuarine Series. These deposits constitute the principal coal-bearing series in the Inferior Oolite, and include the famous plant-bed of Gristhorpe Bay. From the Middle Estuarine rocks a certain amount of jet has been obtained ; but most of the well-known Whitby jet is of Upper Liassic age. Another marine intercalation, the Scarborough or Grey Limestone Series, rests on the Middle Estuarine beds; these blue and grey limestones, exposed in the cliffs at Cloughton Wyke, form the most important marine development in the Yorkshire Oolites. Resting on the Scarborough limestones there is a third succession of fresh- water strata, known as the Upper Estuarine Series, consisting of hard siliceous rocks, sandstones, shales, and ironstones, including much carbonaceous matter. Some species of plants have been obtained from sandstone strata in the lower part of this third Estuarine Series, which occupies nearly the whole of the moorlands of the East Yorkshire area. At the summit of the Inferior Oolite we have the Corndrash, so named by William Smith, which is made up of calcareous beds containing abundant marine fossils, and is exposed in the Cayton and Gristhorpe Bay sections. * Gregory (96), p. 159. 20 INTRODUCTION. The conditions under which the estuarine sediments of the Yorkshire area were laid down are briefly dealt with in the con- cluding pages of the Catalogue. As the present volume deals only with the Inferior Oolite plants of East Yorkshire, the consideration of the Stonesfield flora and of other Oolitic plants recorded from various British localities is reserved for the second volume of the Jurassic Flora Catalogue. JURASSIC PLANT-BEARING STRATA OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AND OTHER COUNTRIES. The following incomplete account of extra-British Jurassic plant- bearing strata is intended to draw attention to the principal floras, which present a more or less close resemblance to that facies of Jurassic vegetation represented by the plants from the Yorkshire coast. In the following lists of plants the right-hand column is intended to illustrate the resemblance or possible identity of British species with species described from other countries ; a more detailed comparison may be found in the descriptive part of the Catalogue. FRANCE. One of the earliest notices of French Jurassic plants occurs in a memoir by Desnoyers‘ on the Oolite rocks of Mamers in the department of Sarthe in the north-west of France, containing a few notes by Brongniart on some species of fossil plants. Some years later Pomel? published a series of notes on Jurassic plants from several localities and horizons, and proposed a large number of new generic names, most of which have not been retained. A small number of species is enumerated also by Brongniart in his Prodrome* of 1828, and in the Yableau* published in 1849; but it is in the well-known volumes by Saporta® that we find 1 Brongniart, in Desnoyers (24). 2 Pomel (49). 5 Brongniart (28!), p. 198, 4 Ibid, (49), p. 105. 5 Saporta (78) (75) (84) (91). INTRODUCTION. 21 the fullest account of the Jurassic plants of France. Some of the figures in Saporta’s monograph are reproduced from drawings originally prepared for Brongniart, and these enable us to recognize certain species which are mentioned but not described in the Prodrome and the Tableau. Several of the specimens figured in Saporta’s volumes are in the Museum of Natural History and in the School of Mines, Paris; an examination of some of the type-specimens impressed upon me the need of considerable caution in drawing conclusions from the figures alone, many of which are far from accurate. In the following list only such plants are included as present a close resemblance to East Yorkshire species, or agree approximately in age with the British species. Several species of Sphenopteris, Scleropteris, Cladophlebis, and other ferns have been omitted, as they are often founded on fragmentary and insufficient material. Most of the strata from which the Jurassic plants of France have been obtained are of marine origin. Among the most important localities from the point of view of a comparison of the French and English species are Mamers (Bathonian), D’Etrochey (Cornbrash), and Chateauroux (Corallian), in the departments of Sarthe, Cote d’Or, and Indre respectively. The numerous fossils referred by Saporta to Alge need not be considered; they have no representatives in the Yorkshire beds, and most of them have in all probability no claim to be included in the plant kingdom. Vol. I. 1873. Equisetum Duvalit, Sap., p. 248, pl. 30, figs. 1-4 (Bathonian) ; cf. Eguisetites columnaris, Brongn. Sphenopteris Pellati, Sap., p. 278, pl. 31, fig. 1 (Kimmeridgian) ; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). : Coniopteris conferta, Sap., p. 289, pl. 31, fig. 3 (Corallian) ; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Nicrodictyon rutenicum, Sap., p. 309, pl. 33, figs. 2-4, and pl. 44 (Bathonian) ; cf. Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). NM. Woodwardianum, Sap., p. 315, pl. 33, figs. 5-7 (Bathonian) ; = Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Stachypteris litophylla, Sap., p. 387, pl. 50 (Corallian) ; cf. (pars) Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill.). Lomatopteris Moretiana, Sap., p. 396, pl. 51, figs. 4-6; pl. 52, figs. 1-5 (Bathonian). (Also other species of Lomatopteris, which do not appear to be represented in the East Yorkshire flora.) Teniopteris vittata, Brongn., p. 444, pl. 64, figs. 1-5 (Rhwtic); = ? T, vittata. 92 INTRODUCTION. Jeanpaulia longifolia (Pomel), p. 464, pl. 67, fig. 1 (Corallian); cf. Baiera gracilis. J. obtusa, Sap., p. 466, pl. 67, fig. 2 (Corallian) ; cf. B. gracilis. J. laciniata (Pom.), p. 467, pl. 67, fig. 3 (Corallian) £. Baiera Lindl : J. fabelliformis (Pom.), p. 468, pl. 67, fig. 4 (Corallian) } ROE ert Vol. II. 1875. Cycadites Delessei, Sap., p. 73, pl. 83, figs. 5-7 (Great Oolite). Zamites Moreaui, Sap., ex Brongn. MS., p. 92, pl. 84, figs. 1-8, and pl. 85, pp- 1 and 2 (Corallian) ; cf. Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.) and Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Z. acerosus, Sap., p. 97, pl. 86 (Corallian); cf. Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Z. Feneonis, Brongn., p. 99, pls. 87-92 (Corallian and Kimeridgian) ; = (pars) Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Z. Claravailensis, Sap., p. 108, pl. 98, fig. 1 (Kimeridgian); cf. Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Z. Renevieri, Heer, p. 112, pl. 93, fig. 2; ef. W. gigas. Z. distractus, Sap., p. 115, pl. 98, pp. 4 and & (Kimeridgian) ; cf. Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Otozamites recurrens, Sap., p. 146, pl. 101, figs. 2, 8 (Bathonian) ; = ? Otozamites graphicus (Leck.). O. graphieus (Leck.), p. 153, pl. 102, pp. 2, 3 (Bathonian); = 0. graphicus (Leck.). O. Brongniartii, Schimp., p. 155, pl. 103, fig. 4 (Bathonian). O. pterophylloides, Schimp., ex Brongn. MS., p. 157, pls. 104-108 (Bathonian) ; cf. O. obtusus, var. ooliticus. 0. microphyllus, Brongn., p. 166, pl. 108, fig. 2 (Bathonian). O. marginatus, Sap., p. 168, pl. 109, fig. 1 (? Bathonian); = Otozamites Beant (L. & H.). O. Regie: (Brongn.), p. 170, pl. 109, figs. 2-7 (Bathonian). O. decorus, Sap., p. 177, pls. 110, 111 (Cornbrash); cf. O. acuminatus (L. & H.). O. lagotis, Brongn., p. 179, pl. 110, fig. 2 (Bathonian). Sphenozamites Brongniartii, Sap., p. 186, pl. 112, figs. 2-4 (Bathonian) ; cf. Sewardia armata (Sap.).! S. Rossii, Zign., p. 191, pl. 114, figs. 1, 2 (Kimmeridgian); cf. Otozamites Beani (L. & H.). Vol. III. 1884. Trichopitys laciniata, Sap., p. 266, pl. 155, figs. 3-9 (Corallian) ; cf. Baiera Lindleyana. Baiera longifolia (Pom.), p. 279, pl. 159, figs. 1, 2 (Corallian) ; cf. B. gracilis, Bunb. ; Brachyphyllum Desnoyersii (Brongn.), p. 331, pls. 168, 164 (Cornbrash) ; cf. Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. 1 A Wealden species ; vide Zeiller (97), p. 58, and Seward (95), p. 173. INTRODUCTION. 23 Brachyphyllwum Moreauanum, Brongn., p. 341, pls. 165-168 (Corallian) ; ef. B. mamillare, B. Jauberti, Sap., p. 349, pl. 165, figs. 1-4 (Corallian) ; ef. B. mamillare. Pachyphyllum rigidum (Pom.), p. 391, pls. 177-179 (Corallian); ef. Pagio- phyllum Williamsoni (Brongn.). Araucarites Moreauana (Pom.), p. 425, pls. 184, 185 (Corallian); cf. Araucarites Phillipsi, Carr. Vol. IV. 1891. Laccopteris Fabrei, Sap., p. 384, pl. 285, fig. 3 (Bathonian) ; =? Laccopteris. (The veins do not show any anastomoses ; cf. L. Daintreei.) Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign., p. 460, pl. 298, fig. 1 (Bathonian); —= Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign. A few species of Inferior Oolite plants have been recorded by Fliche & Bleicher’ from strata in the neighbourhood of Nancy, but the fragments figured are too small to admit of accurate determination. : Additions have been made to the plants from French Jurassic strata by Crié, who records some new species from Mamers .and other localities. This author has also published brief notes on the comparison of French Jurassic plants with species from England, Portugal, and the Southern Hemisphere? A fern described by Zeiller as Acrostichides rhombifolius, var. rarinervis, Font., from the Grés bigarré of Saint-Germain bears a close resemblance to Lodites Williamsoni from the English Uolitic rocks. GERMANY. The chief developments of Jurassic rocks in Germany are referred by Kayser ‘ to three principal areas : 1. Franko-Swabian area, forming a large curve, ‘‘one arm of which extends with a south-easterly strike from the region of Coburg to Regensburg, whilst the other stretches thence in a south-westerly direction to the foot of the Black Forest.”” The passage-beds between the Keuper and 1 Fliche & Bleicher (82). 2 Crié (86) (87) (88). 3 Zeiller (88). 4 Kayser (95), p. 239. 24 INTRODUCTION. Liassic rocks of the north arm of this area have afforded a particularly rich flora, which has been described in detail by Schenk?; this flora is referred to later. 2. North-West Germany; from Helmstedt and Quedlinburg to the Teutoberger Wald. Several Wealden species have been described from this region.” 3. Upper Silesian Jura. A belt thirty miles long, from Cracow to Kalisch. Kurr? has described a few species of plants from the Swabian Jura, which suggest a Liassic horizon; a few of these may be compared with East Yorkshire species: Zamites Mandelslohi, Kurr ; cf. Otozamites parallelus (Phill.). Zamites gracilis, Kurr; ef. small forms of Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). From the Solenhofen beds in Franconia,‘ which are classed with the Upper or White Jura, several plants have been recorded, especially species of conifers. The fossil flora of Bamberg, Bayreuth, and other localities in the Franconian area is one of the richest in Europe. Plants from these localities have been described by Sternberg, Goppert, Braun, and others, hut it is to Schenk ® that we owe the most complete account of this Rhetic-Lias flora. Attention has been called by Braun,*® and more recently by Nathorst, to the close agreement or even identity of many of the Franconian plants with species of Lower Oolite age from East Yorkshire. The following list includes such species as illustrate most clearly the marked Lower Oolitic facies of the Keuper and Lias flora. Equisetites Muensteri, Sternb.; cf. E. columnaris, Brongn. Baiera teniata, Braun; cf. Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. (Some of the examples of B. teniata figured by Schenk are identical with Yorkshire specimens; e.g., ef. pl. ix. fig. 4 of the present volume, and Schenk’s pl. v. fig. 2.) Jeanpaulia Muensteriana (Presl) ; cf. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. (cf. pl. ix. fig. 8, and Schenk, pl. ix. figs. 7 and 10). 1 Schenk (67). 2 Vide Seward (94), pp. xviii. et seq. 3 Kurr (45). 4 Unger (52) ; Thiselton-Dyer (721) (727), etc. 5 Schenk (67). § Braun (48)., INTRODUCTION, 25 Alcrostichites Goeppertianus (Miinst.) ; ef. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). A. princeps (Presl) = Sphenopteris princeps, Presl. Asplenites Roesserti (Presl) ; cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). A. Ottonis (Gopp.) ; cf. C. denticulata (fertile pine). Sagenopteris rhoifolia, Presl; cf. Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). (Cf. Text-figs. 24-26, and Schenk, pl. xii. fig.1; also pl. xviii. fig. 2, and Schenk, pl. xiii. fig. 4.) Phiebopteris afinis, Schenk ; cf. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Thaumatopteris Miinsteri, Gépp. Dietyophyllum obtusilobum, Sohn | cf. Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.). D. acutilobum, Schenk Clathropteris platyphylla, Brongn. ; cf. D. rugoswm. Laccopteris elegans, Presl; cf. Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). rig nes cae sehen \ ef. L. polypodioides (Brongn.). Teniopteris tenuinervis, Brauns T. erie Schenk yet. T, vittata, Brongn. Nilssonia polymorpha, Schenk ; cf. Nilssonia compta (Phill.). (Cf. pl. ix. fig. 5; and Schenk, pl. xxix. fig. 11, and pl. xxx. fig. 4.) Zamites distans, Presl; cf. Podozamites lanceolatus. Pterophyllum Carnallianum, Gopp. P. Braunianum, Gopp. P. inconstans, Gopp.; ef. Anomozamites Nilssoni (L. & H.). Brachyphyllum Muensteri, Schenk ; cf. Cheirolepis setosus (Phill.). cf. Dioonites. AUSTRIA. Jurassic plants are poorly represented in the Austrian Empire. The well-known floras of Lunz in Lower Austria and Raibl in Carinthia belong to an earlier epoch, and present but few points of contact with the Lower Oolite flora of England. From Steierdorf in Banat in the south-eastern part of Hungary, Ettingshausen' described a few plants in 1852; but this flora has been more fully dealt with by Andrae,” who recognized nine species as identical with Lower Oolite types from the Yorkshire coast. As a few only of Andrae’s plants are figured it is impossible to express any opinion as to the identity of some of the species with Lower Oolite types. Equisetites lateralis, Phill. = ? E. columnaris, Brongn. Cyclopteris digitata = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). Sphenopteris obtusifolia, And. ; cf. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). 1 Ettingshausen (52). 2 Andrae (55). 26 INTRODUCTION. Alethopteris Phillipsit (Brongn.) — Cladophlebis denti A. dentate ( & HY = ? Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Cyatheites decurrens, And.; cf. Klukia exilis (Phill.) and Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Polypodites crenifolius (Phill.) = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Camptopteris Nilssoni (Brongn.) ; cf. Dictyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Pecopteris Murrayana, Brongn. = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Andriania baruthina, Braun; ef. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. Zamites Schmiedelii (Sternb.) = Wiilliamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Z. gracilis, Kurr : Pterophylium rigidum, Gépp. \ ck. W. pecten (Phill.). Protorhipis Buchii, And. In 1888 Stur? described several species of Jurassic plants from Grojec in Galicia, and more recently Raciborski*® has published an important memoir on the fossil flora of the Cracow district obtained from the mines of Grojec and other localities. Many of Raciborski’s species are undoubtedly identical with East Yorkshire plants; and the flora as a whole presents a closer agreement with that of the Inferior Oolite than with any other period. Raciborski recognizes the correspondence between the Cracow plants and those from the Yorkshire coast, but from the presence of Thinnfeldia and some other Rhetic types he concludes that the flora he describes is slightly older than the English flora. The following list, which does not include all the species, illustrates the striking Lower Oolite facies of the Cracow flora :— Danaea microphylla, Rac. Todea Williamsonis (Brongn.) = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). T. princeps (Presl). (Raciborski’s figures do not afford satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of this species.) Klukia exilis (Phill.) K. acutifolia, Rac. ie exilis (Phill.). K. Phillipsii, Rac. Dicksonia Heerii, Rac. = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). D. lobifolia (Phill.) = Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). Thyrsopteris ? Murrayana (Brongn.) = Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Laccopteris Phillipsii, Zign. = ? Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). Microdictyon Woodwardii (Leck.) = Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Hymenophyllites? Zeilleri, Rac. ; ef. Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunk.). 1 Vide also Zeiller (97), pl. xxi. p. 51. 2 Stur (882). * Raciborski (94), INTRODUCTION. 27 Ctenis asplenioides (Ett.) C. Potockii, Stur ef. Ctenis, sp. C. Zeuschneri, Rac. Thinnfeldia haiburnensis (L. & H.); cf. Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. & H.). Teniopteris cf. stenonewron, Schenk T. cf. vittata, Brongn. Sagenopteris Phillipsii (Brongn.) S. Goeppertiana, Zign. ao A ita Bronga) \ Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). C. insignis (L. & H.) = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Pecopteris decurrens (Andrae) ; cf. Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). \ cf. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. \ cf. Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). Two species of coniferous wood have been described by Felix from Galicia, which he names Cormocedroxylon jurense and Cladocedroxylon Auerbach, from the Braun Jura and Lower Kimeridgian respectively. ITALY. By far the most important contribution to the Mesozoic Botany of Italy is that by Zigno, published in parts between 1856 and 1885.2. In a preliminary paper published in 1853, Zigno® drew attention to the close similarity of the recently discovered Lower Oolite (Bathonian) plants of the Venetian Alps with those from East Yorkshire. Among the Italian plants the following may be mentioned as nearly allied to or identical with British Inferior Oolite species; the Venetian flora is rich in Cycads, the genus Otozamites being especially well represented. Phyllotheca Brongniartiana, Zign. \ Not represented in the English flora. P. equisetiformis, Zign. Equisetites Bunburyanus, Zign. E. Veronensis, Zign. Hymenophyliites Leckenbyi, Zign. Some of the figures resemble fertile pinne of the Tympanophora racemosa type (Coniopteris hymenophylloides) . Dichopteris Visianica, Zign.; cf. Pachypteris lanceolata. D. microphylla, Zign. = ? Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Cycadopteris (four species). Polypodites undans (L. & H.) = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) (fertile frond). \ cf. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. 1 Felix (82), p. 265, pl. ii. fig. 5. 2 Zigno (56-85). 3 Tbid. (53). 28 INTRODUCTION. Marzaria Paroliniana, Zign. = ? Laceopteris (young frond). Phlebopteris polypodioides P. contigua Sagenopteris cuneata, L. & H. = Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.), var. cuneata. S. reniformis, Zign.; ef. 8. Phillipsi, var. cuneata. S. Goeppertiana, Zign.; cf. S. Phillipsi, var. major. Laccopteris Rotzana, Zign.; cf. Laccopteris polypodioides. Danaeites Heerii, Zign.; cf. large examples of Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Zamites Rotzoanus, Zign.; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Ptilophylium grandifolium, Zign. Otozamites Mathellianus, Zign. cf. Otozamites parallelus, Phill. O. Nathorsti, Zign. O. Vicetinus, Zign.; cf. O. graphicus (Leck.). O. Massalongianus, Zign. O. Feistmantelii, Zign. O. Molinianus, Zign. 0. 0. i = Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). } = 0. Feistmanteli, Zign. Canosse, Zign. Trevisani, Zign. Sphenozamites (three species) Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign. =O. Bunburyanus, Zign. Blastolepis otozamites, Zign. B. acuminata, Zign. = Williamsonia, sp. B. falcata, Zign. Cf. O. Beani (L. & H.). SWITZERLAND. The species which Heer refers to a Jurassic horizon in his Flora Fossilis Helvetie' are few in number, and in several instances too fragmentary to admit of determination. The numerous specimens classed among the Alge are practically valueless for our present purpose. Sagenopteris Charpentier, Heer (Lias) ; cf. Sagenopteris Phillipsi. Zamites formosus, Heer = Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Z. Feneonis, Brongn. (Kimeridgian) = ? W. gigas. Phlebopteris afinis, Schenk (Lias) ; cf. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). PORTUGAL. Most of the Mesozoic plants recorded from Portugal may be identified or compared with Wealden species, or with plants from higher horizons in the Cretaceous system. Both Heer? and 1 Heer (76), vide also Heer (65). 2 Heer (81). INTRODUCTION. 29 Saporta' have described several species of plants from strata of Jurassic age, some of which are probably identical with English species. Several of the ‘species’ founded by Saporta on extremely small fragments possess but little value as definite specific types, and it is impossible to form any accurate estimate of the number of East Yorkshire types which may be represented in the Portuguese flora of Jurassic age. Equisetum lusitanicwum, Heer, figured by Heer and Saporta, may be identical with Hguisetites columnaris, and Otoxzamites angusti- folius, Heer, agrees fairly closely with some of the English examples of Williamsonia pecten (Phill.); among the fragments referred by Saporta to Sphenopteris there are some which recall Conzopteris hymenophylloides and C. quinqueloba; but it is useless to attempt to base any detailed comparisons on such imperfect data. SCANDINAVIA. The Rheetic flora of Scania, in Southern Sweden, contains several species which are closely allied to Lower Oolite types. Nathorst’s memoirs on the plants from Palsjé, Bjuf, Helsingborg, and other localities in Scania, are among the most important contributions to our knowledge of Lower Mesozoic floras, and they enable us to obtain a fairly comprehensive view of the characteristics of Rhetic vegetation. Nathorst has himself drawn attention to the numerous points of contact between the Rheetic flora of Sweden and the later flora of East Yorkshire.? The following list includes such species from Nathorst’s lists as best illustrate the existence of a Lower Oolite facies in the Swedish flora; for further information regarding the Scanian plants reference must be made to Nathorst’s memoirs, from which the following species have been selected :—* Rhizomopteris Schenki, Nath. Not represented in the British flora, but worthy of note as possibly the rhizome of Dictyophyllum, Cladophlebis nebbensis (Brongn.) ) C. Heeri, Nath. cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Asplenites, sp. ) 1 Saporta (94), vide also Sharpe (50). 2 Nathorst (80), p. 62. 3 Nathorst (78') (78°) (78-86). 30 INTRODUCTION, Dictyophyllum Nilssoni (Brongn.) D. Muensteri (Gopp.) Sagenopteris alata, Nath. \ ef. Dietyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. ef. Sagenopteris Phillipsi 8. rhoifolia, Presl (Brongn.). S. undulata, Nath. (Possibly not a distinct species.) Nilssonia polymorpha, Schenk; cf. Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Anomozamites gracilis, Nath.; cf. Anomozamites Nilssoni. Podozamites distans (Presl) ; cf. Podozamites lanceolatus. P. lanceolatus (L. & H.) = P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). : Baiera Geinitzi, Nath.; cf. Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) and G. whitbiensis, Nath. Palissya Braunii, Endl. ; ef. Taxites zamioides (Leck.), Lepidopteris Ottonis (Gépp.) (=-Asplenites Ottonis, Schenk); cf. Cladophiebis denticulata (fertile pinna). Ctenis fallax, Nath. (= Anthrophyopsis Nilssoni, Nath.) ; cf. Ctenis, sp. Ptilozamites Nilssoni, Nath. ; cf. Ptilozamites Leckenbyi. Acrostichites Goeppertianus (Miinst.) ; cf. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Teniopteris obtusa, Nath. T. tenuinervis, Braun Ginkgo minuta, Nath. Baieru paucipartita, Nath. ; cf. Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. Czekanowskia rigida (Heer) ; cf. Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.). ; cf. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. Some of the Rhetic plants from Scania comparable with Jurassic species are figured by Nathorstin his Geology of Sweden.' BORNHOLM. Jurassic plants from Bornholm have long been known through the description of a few species by Pingel, Brongniart, Forchhammer, and Nathorst, but it is only recently that any complete account of the fossil flora of this island has been attempted. Bartholin’s investigations? clearly demonstrate the occurrence of several Inferior Oolite species in the Bornholm fossil flora; he concludes that rather less than half of the species are identical with or closely allied to Rhetic plants, while about one-third agree with Inferior Oolite types. The species enumerated below afford strong evidence in favour of the existence of a well-marked Oolitic facies in the Bornholm flora; in fact, I am disposed to consider that the Inferior Oolite types predominate over the Rhetic and Wealden species. Sagenopteris Phillipsii (Brongn.) = S. Phillipsi. Dicksonia Pingelii (Brongn.) ; cf. (pars) Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Aspleniwum Roesserti (Presl) ; cf. Cladophiebis denticulasa (Brongn.). 1 Nathorst (92). 2 Bartholin (92) (94). INTRODUCTION, 31 Asplenium lobifolium (Phill.) = Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). Laccopteris elegans, Presl; cf. Laccopteris polypodiotdes (Brongn.). Teniopteris tenuinervis, Braun; cf. T. vittata, Brongn. Microdietyon Woodwardianum, Sap. = Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Dietyophyllum Nilssoni (Brongn.) = ? D. rugosum (L. & H.). Anthrophyopsis Nilssoni, Nath. ; cf. Ctenis, sp. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) = P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). Nilssonia polymorpha, Schenk (pars) = P NV. tenuinervis, Nath, Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.). O. Regilet (Brongn.). Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) G. Huttoni, Heer Czekanowskia rigida, Heer ; cf. Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Pagiophyllum faleatum, Barth. ; ef. P. Williamsoni (Brongn.). } = G. digitata (Brongn.). DENMARK. Bartholin’ has recently figured and described some plant fragments found in an erratic block of ferruginous sandstone from the glacial deposits near Copenhagen. The specimens are for the most part very imperfect, and their determination is a matter of some uncertainty, but one or two of the species are represented by more satisfactory examples :— Ginkgo Huttoni = G. digitata, Brongn. Pod ites latus intermedius, Heer \ = ? Podozamites lanceolatus P. angustifolius (Kich.) (L. & H.). Oleandridium vittatum = Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. ARCTIC REGIONS AND RUSSIA. 1. Sprrzpercen. In 1872 Nordenskicld and Oberg obtained a collection of Jurassic plants from Cape Boheman (lat. 78° 22’ N.), which have been described by Heer* and lately revised by Nathorst.? This flora, consisting of a small number of species, is no doubt approximately of the same age as that from the East Yorkshire strata. Sphenopteris thulensis, Heer ; cf. Contopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Pecopteris exitis, Phill. (fragment too small to determine) = ? K?wkia exilis (Phill.). Teniopteris, sp.; cf. T. vittata, Brongn. 1 Bartholin (97). ? Heer (771), p. 26. 3 Nathorst (97). 32 INTRODUCTION. Anomozamttes bifida (Heer) = ? Nilssonia tenuinervis, Nath. Equisetites, sp.; cf. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) = ? Podozamites lanceolatus. Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) ) G. Huttoni (Sternberg) = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). G. integriuscula, Heer J Pinus prodromus, Heer ; cf. Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H.). Stenorrachis striolatus (Heer); cf. Ginkgo, sp. (male flower). A few plants which suggest the same geological horizon as that of the Cape Boheman beds have been described also from Sassen Bay ; the specimens referred by Nathorst to Milssonia cf. orientalis, Heer, may be compared with the English species WV. tenucnervis, Nath. The Mesozoic plants obtained from Advent Bay and Cape Staratschin in Spitzbergen belong to a somewhat higher horizon, and bear a close resemblance to Wealden types; they are probably of uppermost Jurassic age. In a paper published in 1890 Schenk? describes a species of Araucartoxylon and two species of Cedroxylon from the plant-beds of Green Harbour; the specimens were originally described by Cramer under the generic name Prnites.$ 2. Srperta. Among the Mesozoic floras of the far North the most important, from the point of view of the distribution of Lower Oolite species, is that which Heer has described from material collected by Czekanowski, Hartung, and others. The principal localities at which these Jurassic plants were discovered are Ust-Balei, in latitude 51° N., about forty miles north of Irkutsk, the Upper Amoor River, the Lena district, and elsewhere.* Thyrsopteris Murrayana (Brongn.) T. Maakiana, Heer =P Coniopteris hymenophylloides Dicksonia clavipes, Heer (Brongn.), D. arctica, Heer Asplenium whitbiense (Brongn.) = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.) and (pars) ? Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). 1 Vide Heer and Nathorst, loc. cit. 2 Schenk (90). 3 Cramer, in Heer (68). 4 Heer (77%) (78) (83!). INTRODUCTION. 33 A. argutulum, Heer ) A. distans, Heer ef. C. denticulata (Brongn.). A. Petruschinense, Heer j Phyllotheca Sibirica, Heer ; cf. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Podozamites (several species founded on small fragments) ; cf. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). pe ri See } cf. Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. B. Czekanowskiana, Heer; cf. B. gracilis, Bunb. Several forms of Ginkgo leaves, including numerous examples of G. digitata referred by Heer to various species ; a few specimens resemble G. whitbiensis, Nath. Trichopitys setacea, Heer ; cf. Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Cee sea = (pars) Czek kia Murrayana (L. & H.). Anomozamites angulatus, Heer; cf. Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Anomozamites Lindleyanus, Schimp. = Anomozamites Nilssoni. In 1879 and 1881 Schmalhausen! published a memoir on the Jura-Flora of Russia, in which he described plants from the coal- basin of Kusnezk in the Altai Mountains, in West Siberia, from the valley of the Petschora River in North-East European Russia, and from the lower Tunguska River in Northern Siberia. From these regions he recorded certain species of plants indicative of a Jurassic age, such as Ginkgo digitata, Czekanowshia rigida, Thyrsopteris prisca, Heer, and other ferns. It is, however, very probable, as Zeiller* has shown, that these plant-beds should be referred to a Permian horizon. The reasons for this conclusion and the correctness of Schmalhausen’s determinations are discussed at length in Zeiller’s paper. Eichwald* has recorded a few Jurassic plants from Kamenka and other localities in Southern Russia :— Alethopteris insignis = ? Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Teniopteris vittata = T. vittata, Brongn. Zamites lanceolatus = Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). Cyclopteris incisa, Eich. = ? Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). Sphenopteris prisca, Hich.; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). From Disco Island and from Kome on the north-west coast of Greenland, Heer* has described numerous species, which indicate 1 Schmalhausen (79) (81). 2 Zeiller (96). 3 Hichwald (68), p. 15. 4 Heer (75) (837). 84 INTRODUCTION. on the whole a Cretaceous rather than a Jurassic flora; some types, however, are identical with or closely allied to East Yorkshire species. Zamites speciosus, Heer ; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Nilssonia Johnstrupi, Heer ; cf. Teniopteris major, L. & H. Ginkgo multinervis, Heer ; cf. G. digitata (Brongn.). Pteris frigida, Heer = Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). In 1896 Dr. Hartz,! of Copenhagen, published a description of eighteen species of fossil plants from Cape Stewart on the east coast of Greenland; he considers the flora to be of Rhetic or Rheetic-Lias age, but he expresses his opinion cautiously, and points out that the evidence is hardly sufficient to admit of accurate determination of the geological horizon. Some of Hartz’ plants are no doubt identical with Inferior Oolite species. Cladophlebis Roesserti Groendlandica ; ef. C. denticulata (Brongn.). C. Stewartiana, Hartz we : Asplenites, sp. (fertile pinna) shied Todea Williamsonis (Brongn.) = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Pterophyllum subequale, Hartz ; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) P. Schenkii, Hartz Czekanowskia rigida, iar = Cook kia Murr (L. & H.) C. setacea, Heer. ss ¥ si } = P. lanceolatus. 8. Franz Joser Lawn. A few somewhat fragmentary plants have been collected by Nansen? and by the members of the Jackson - Harmsworth expedition? on the north side of Cape Flora, which suggest a comparison with members of the Inferior Oolite flora of England ; but the specimens are hardly numerous enough and sufficiently well preserved to afford certain evidence of geological age. The plants obtained by Nansen were examined by Nathorst,4 and compared by him with the Upper Jurassic flora of Spitzbergen. Among the specimens mentioned by Nathorst the most interesting is a leaf of Ginkgo, very similar to some of the smaller examples 1 Hartz (96). 2 Nansen (97), p. 484. 3 Newton & Teall (97), p. 493, pl. xxxviii. * Nathorst, in Nansen (97), vol. ii. p. 484, INTRODUCTION. 85 of G. digitata (Brongn.), from the Yorkshire coast, which is referred to a new species, G. polaris, Nath.; this might perhaps be designated G. digitata, var. polaris. Some of the Jackson- Harmsworth plants have been figured in a recent paper by Newton & Teall! The specimens described by the latter authors are referred to the genera Ginkgo, Thyrsopteris, Baiera?, Fieldenia ?, Podozamites?; but the material is insufficient to enable us to do more than express the opinion that the Cape Flora beds may be best compared with Oolitic or Wealden strata of other regions. Messrs. Newton & Teall have also described some plant remains from Cape Stephen, about twenty miles west of Cape Flora, which they compare with Schmalhausen’s’ species from Petschora and Tunguska. It is very probable that these Franz Josef plants may, like Schmalhausen’s, be referred to a Permian horizon. NORTH AMERICA. 1. Unirep States. Fontaine’s monograph on the older Mesozoic flora of Virginia contains several illustrations which forcibly recall Lower Oolite plants. It is to be regretted that the drawings of the fossils have not been executed in more detail; they are often too sketchy, and presumably somewhat inaccurate, to enable one to feel much confidence in the nature of the plants represented. Fontaine thus concludes the discussion on the age and affinities of the flora :— «European authors, and especially Schimper, often call attention to the strong resemblance between the Rhetic and Lower Jurassic floras, the likeness to the Lower Oolite of England being especially striking. In accordance with this fact, the presence of a marked Jurassic element in the flora of these Mesozoic beds, both in Carolina and Virginia, is of itself an evidence that they cannot be older than Rhetic. We are, then, I think, entitled to consider that the older Mesozoic flora of North Carolina and Virginia is most probably Rhetic in age, and certainly not older.’ * 1 Newton & Teall, loc. cit. p. 503, pl. xli. 2 Fontaine (83), p. 128, 36 INTRODUCTION. Stur' has pointed out the close similarity between the Lunz flora of Austria and the Rhetic flora of Virginia. Perhaps the most striking example of a type identical with, or at least very nearly allied to, a Lower Oolite species is afforded by some fronds referred by Fontaine to the genus Aerostichites. In his description of plants from Virginia, Bunbury? expressed the view that as regards the evidence afforded by the fossil plants the strata might be referred with almost equal plausibility to either the Triassic or Jurassic series. Equisetites Rogersi, Schimp. (considered by Rogers identical with B. columnaris from Brora in Sutherlandshire) ; cf. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Macroteniopteris magnifolia, Rog.; cf. Teniopteris major, L. & H. Aecrostichites linneefolia, Rog. A. rhombifolius, Font. , A. densifolius, Font. Cladophlebis microphylla, Font. Podozamites Emmonsi, Font.; cf. P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). Ctenophyllum Braunianum, Gopp.; ef. Dioonites sp. Asterocarpus virginiensis, Font. (fertile fragment); cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn. ). ; cf. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). The numerous plants described by Fontaine in a later monograph on the Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora‘ consist for the most part of Wealden and other Lower Cretaceous species, but Jurassic forms are also represented.® The ‘Potomac flora’ of Virginia and Maryland is in reality made up of floras varying in age from Upper Jurassic to the upper members of the Lower Cretaceous, and does not represent a single flora marking one definite geological horizon. It is unnecessary to attempt a detailed analysis of the! species described by Fontaine. Several of the plants agree with European Wealden types, others point to a higher horizon, and there are a certain number which may be compared with Lower Oolite species. It is very difficult to institute any exact comparison between the Virginian and the East Yorkshire plants without access to the specimens themselves; the illustrations in Fontaine’s monograph hardly do justice to the rich material, and the excessive 1 Stur (88). 2 Bunbury (47), p. 288. 3 Fontaine (83), p. 12. 4 Fontaine (89). 5 Vide also Ward (95) (96) (97), and Marsh (98). INTRODUCTION. 37 number of new specific names tends to confusion and misleading conclusions. The two species Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) and Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.) are, I believe, represented among the Potomac ferns. cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.) (fertile pinne). This species is probably represented by some of the fronds referred by Fontaine, on insufficient evidence, to Thyrsopteris. Scleropteris elliptica, Font.; cf. Pachypteris lanceolata. Platypterigium densinerve, Font.; cf. Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Ctenopteris insignis, Font. ; cf. Ptilozamites. Nageiopsis microphylla; cf. N. anglica. Cephalotaxopsis (several species) ; cf. Taxites zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Williamsonia virginiensis, Font. ; ef. Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Cladophlebis virginiensis, Font. C. denticulata, Font. C. falcata, Font. (and other species) Asplemopteris adiantifolia, Font. Aspidium macrocarpum, Font. In 1896 Fontaine! published a list of fossil plants from Cali- fornia which he identified as probably Lower Oolite species; these include species of the genera Cladophiebis and Thyrsopteris, also ? Sagenopteris rhoifolia, Pachyphyllum Williamsonis, Podosamites lanceolatus, species of Ctenophyllum and Ctenis. One or two species, comparable with Lower Oolite forms, have also been described by Newberry? from Triassic rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley. 2. Canaba. The plant-bearing strata of Canada have afforded but few species which may be considered identical with European Jurassic forms ; but some of the plants obtained from the strata in the Rocky Mountains, named by Dr. G. M. Dawson the Kootanie Series, appear to be very closely allied to Lower Oolite species. Sir William Dawson has drawn attention to the presence of certain types in the Kootanie flora, which recall species described by Heer from Jurassic rocks of Siberia.* Cladophlebis faleata, Font. ; cf. C. denticulata (Brongn.). Leptostrobus longifolius, Font. \ = ? Cxek kia Murr (L. & H.) Pinus suskwaensis, Daws. ‘ : oe 1 Fontaine (96). ? Newberry (88). 3 Dawson (85) (92). 38 INTRODUCTION, Salisburia sibirica, Beet cf. Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) and Baiera Phillipst, S. lepida, Heer Nath. Podozamites lanceolatus = ? P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). PERSIA. Several species of plants have been described by Goppert, Eichwald, Schenk, and Krasser from various localities in Persia; the flora is considered by Schenk to point to a Rhetic age;1 but the general facies of the vegetation bears a distinct resemblance to the Lower Oolite? flora of East Yorkshire. It is not an easy matter to decide between a Rhetic and Inferior Oolite age when we have but a few fossil plant species as evidence; the close agreement between many of the elements of these two floras renders their separation a matter of difficulty when the material is not very abundant. Whether or not the Persian plant-beds belong to a Rhetic horizon, there are at least certain species in close agreement with Lower Oolite types. Asplenium Roesserti; cf. Cladophiebis denticulata (Brongn.). There is an especially close resemblance between some of the large pinnules figured by Schenk and those of similar form from East Yorkshire. Ctenozamites cycadea, Nath.; cf. Ptilozamites Leckenbyi. Dietyophylium acutilobum, Schenk ; cf. Dictyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Oleandridium tenuinerve; cf. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. hin a bade Braunianum, Gopp.; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). PB ites latus =? P. 1 latus (L. & H.) lab i a } ef. Nilssonia compta (Phill. " NN. compta Ginkgo Muensteriana; cf. Baiera gracilis, Bunb., and B. Phiillipsi, Nath. Acrostichites Williamsonis® = Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Zamites approximatus, Kich.3; cf. Otozamites. SOUTH AMERICA. Among the Rhetic plants described from South America by Szajnocha* (Argentine Republic) and by GZeiller® and Solms- Laubach® (Chili), there are some species comparable with British 1 Schenk (87), Krasser (91). 2 Kichwald (68), p. 18. 3 Eichwald (68), pl. ii. figs. 3, 8. 4 Szajnocha (88). 5 Zeiller (75). ° Solms-Laubach (99). INTRODUCTION. 39 Lower Oolite types; these are referred to later under the genera Baiera and Podozamites. CHINA. Among the Mesozoic plants recorded from China there are some species which appear to be identical with Lower Oolite forms. Our knowledge of the fossil flora of China is based chiefly on the work of Newberry,’ Brongniart,? and Schenk. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) =? P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). Pterozamites sinensis, Newb.; cf. Williamsonia pecten (L. & H.). Sphenopteris orientalis, Newb. Hymenophyllites tenellus, Newb. Pecopteris whitbiensis, Brongn. ; cf. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). Asplenium argutulum, Heer ; cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Czekanowskia rigida, Heer. (Fragments too small to determine.) Dicksonia coriacea, Schenk ; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Baiera angustiloba, Heer ; cf. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. Oleandridium eurychoron, Schenk ; cf. Tentopteris vittata. Lycopodites Williamsoni = ? Pagiophyllum Williamsoni (Brongn.). Anomozamites Léczyi, Schenk ; cf. Anomozamites Nilssoni, Schimp. Dictyophylium acutilobum ;* ef. D. rugosum, L. & H. } = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). JAPAN. Geyler,’ Nathorst,® and Yokoyama’ have described several species of Mesozoic plants from Japan, some of which appear to be of Wealden age,* while others from Central Japan indicate an Inferior Oolite flora similar to that of East Yorkshire. Dicksonia nephrocarpa, Bunb. (small fragments) = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Pecopteris exilis, Phill. ; ci. Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.) and Kiukia exilis (Phill.).9 Aspiordinnn eabstotense (Bronem.) \ ef. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). A, distans, Heer 1 Newberry (67). 2 Brongniart, in David (74). 3 Schenk (83) (85). 4 Vide Schenk (85), p. 165; determined by M. Zeiller. 5 Geyler (77). ® Nathorst (907). 7 Yokoyama (89) (94). 8 Cf. also Cladophlebis Dunkeri (Schimp.). S Seward (947), p. 101. 40 INTRODUCTION. Podozamites lanceolatus (L..& H.) = ? Podozamztes lanceolatus (L. & H.). Nilssonia nipponensis, Yok.; ef. N. compta (Phill.). Sagenopteris, sp.; cf. 8. Phillipsi (Brongn.). Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). G. cf. lepida, Heer; cf. Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. Nilssonia orientalis, Heer; cf. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. INDIA. It has long been recognized that some of the Upper Gondwana floras of India present several features in common with European Jurassic floras. Feistmantel and others have identified various plants of the Kach and other Indian floras with Lower Oolite species from East Yorkshire, but it is very probable that the correspondence between these widely separated floras has been rather underestimated than exaggerated. Fossil plants of the Kach (Umia) flora were first described by Morris! in Captain Grant’s Geology of Cutch, published in 1840, and in more recent years numerous species have been described by Feistmantel? and others. The Jabalpur flora, so called from the town of Jabalpur, also contains several elements of a marked Lower Oolite facies. Both the Jabalpur and the Umia floras appear to be approximately of the same age; in the recent edition of the Geology of India * the latter is compared with the Middle and the former with the Upper Oolite. Several species of the Rajmahal flora also bear a striking resemblance to East Yorkshire types; this flora has been referred to the Liassic period. In the following list are included such species as appear to be identical with or at least closely allied to British Inferior Oolite types; a more detailed comparison is made in several instances in the descriptive part of the Catalogue :— Macroteniopteris ovata, Schimp. ( = Teniopteris ovalis, L. & H., as identified by Oldham & Morris) = ? Teniopteris major, L. & H. Teniopteris lata, O. & M.; cf. the smaller forms with 7. major, Oleandridium vittatum (Brongn.) = ? Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. 1 Morris (40). 2 Feistmantel (76) (77) (79) (80) (81). 3 Oldham & Morris (63). * Oldham, R. D. (93) ; vide also Blanford (75). INTRODUCTION. 41 Angiopteridium spathulatum (McOlell.) ; cf. 7. vittata. Pterophyllum princeps, O. & M.; cf. the larger forms of Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Paleozamia bengalensis, O. & M. Otozamites contiguus, Feist. Ptilophyllum acutifolium, Morr. P. tenerrimum, Feist. P. cutchense, Morr. Otozamites Hislopi, Old. cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Otozamites distans, Feist. O. gracilis ? O. angustatus, Feist. Otozamites Bunburyanus = ? Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign. “« Inflorescence of Cycad”” Williamsonia cf. gigas Pecopteris indica, O. & M.1 Asplenites macrocarpus (0. & M. Pecopteris lobata, O. & M. ; cf. (pars) Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Sphenopteris Bunburyanus, 0. & M.; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Alethopteris lobifolia (Phill.) = ? Cladophiebis lobifolia. Pachypteris brevipinnata, Feist. Dichopteris ellorensis, Feist. Araucarites (?) gracilis, O. & M.; cf. Lycopodites falcatus, L. & H. Pterophylium Footeanum, Feist. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) = ? P. lanceolatus. Arawarites cutchensis, Feist. A. macropterus, Feist. cf. Araucarites Phiilipsi, Carr. A, kachensis, Feist. Echinostrobus (Thuytes) expansus (Sternb.) ) =? Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brachyphylium mamillare, Brongn. } Brongn. Taxites planus, Feist. =? Taxctes zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Pachypteris (Cryptomerites) divaricatus (Bunb.) = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. \ cf. Otozamites Feistmanteli, Zign. \ cf. Williamsonia pecten and W. gigas. ) \ cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). \ cf. Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. AUSTRALIA. A valuable summary and critical review of the ‘‘ Fossil Flora of Australia,” by Dr. Feistmantel, was published in 1890 by the Department of Mines, New South Wales.? This work, which was based on a memoir previously published in the Paleontographica (1878-79), contains a comprehensive historical sketch of paleo- botanical literature relating to Australia, and a revised list of fossil plants from various geological horizons. 1 Identified by Schenk (83), p. 253, as Asplenium whitbiense. 2 Feistmantel (90). 42 INTRODUCTION, In the following list a few species are enumerated for comparison with British Lower Oolite forms. Alethopteris australis, Morr. (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania); cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Equisetum rotiferum, Ten.-Woods; cf. Equisetites colwmnaris, Brongn. (smaller form). Sphenopteris hastata, McCoy S. germana, McOoy Sagenopteris rhotfolia, Presl; cf. S. Phillipsi (Brongn.). Podozamites lanceolatus = ? P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). Ptilophyllum oligoneurum, Ten.-Woods; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Otozamites Mandelslohi, Kurr. Jeanpaulia bidens, Ten.-Woods; cf. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. Phlebopteris alethopteroides, Eth. ;? cf. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). \ cf. Contopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Since the publication of Feistmantel’s work several species of Queensland plants have been recorded by Jack & Etheridge * in their Geology of Queensland and New Guinea. More recently specimens have been collected by the staff of the Geological Survey, and some of these are described by Shirley* in a paper contained in Bulletin No. 7 of the Queensland Geological Survey. Some of the species of Ginkgo and Baiera instituted by this author are founded on imperfect specimens hardly worthy of being raised to the rank of type-specimens. Among the leaves referred to these two genera there are some examples which bear a fairly close resemblance to Baiera gracilis, Bunb., e.g. Ginkgo bidens (Ten.-Woods) and Bavera ipsviciensis, Shir. A fragment named Dictyophyllum Bremerense may be compared with D. rugosum, L. & H., and a leaf figured as Sagenopteris rhoifolia recalls S. Phillipst (Brongn.). The specimens described as Beania geminata afford little or no evidence of generic identity with Carruthers’ genus. Some of the fossils figured by these authors are referred to in the descriptive part of the Catalogue. ' For figures, vide Feistmantel (90), McCoy (47) (74), Tenison- Woods (838). ° Etheridge (88). 3 Jack & Etheridge (92). 4 Shirley (98). DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. In the descriptive part of this Catalogue the species are grouped, as far as possible, in accordance with their natural affinities. Some of the genera are discussed at length, but in the majority of cases reference must be made to the two volumes on the Weal@y Fire : for an account of the history and application of generic 88, a8 also for definitions of Families and Classes. Several of the specimens are from the collection of William Bean, and these usually bear a label with his determination. Bean’s names are often quoted in the description of the specimens as occasionally throwing light on the current use in his day of various specific names; but, on the other hand, it is necessary to exercise considerable caution in attaching importance to the determinations of this enthusiastic collector. The localities are, in many cases, too vague to serve as guides to the exact horizon from which the plants were obtained ; we frequently find nothing more than ‘‘near Scarborough,” “near Whitby,” ‘‘Scarborough,” etc., indicating that, as a rule, the necessity of giving accurate information as to the position of the beds had not been realized. In several instances the difficulty of determination has been considerable, owing to the constantly recurring question as to the advisability of uniting a series of specimens under one specific name or of emphasizing the existence of slight differences by the use of distinct names. It frequently happens that the examination of the material in a single collection leads to the view that certain forms are specifically distinct; but the abundance of specimens in several museums often supplies transitional forms which render 1 Seward (94!) (94). 44 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. specific separation too artificial, In cases where we have a large number of forms constituting a series, and the extreme types exhibit marked distinctive features, it has been found convenient to use a specific term in a comprehensive sense, and to append a second name as indicative of a ‘form’ or variety. The species Sagenopteris Philhpsi (Brongn.), as used in this sense, includes leaves or leaflets differing considerably from one another in size and shape; but from the analogy of recent plants, and from the occurrence of more or less connecting links between the extreme types, it seems preferable to include all under one term, and to refer to the more distinct forms by varietal names, which in some cases may have been previously used as specific designations. The small form of Sagenopteris named by Lindley & Hutton 8S. cuneata may be spoken of as S. Phillipsi, var. cuneata, while a few examples of unusually large leaves are referred to as S. Phallipst, var. major. My tendency has been to diminish the number of specific names in cases where the data afford insufficient evidence of important differences. It would reduce specific distinctions to an absurdity to designate by a special name the various forms of cycadean or fern leaves which may be grouped around a well-marked type. At best the material is insufficient for accurate diagnosis and deter- mination; and while drawing attention to such forms as afford valuable evidence in the recognition of geological horizons, our chief aim should be to deal with the fossil specimens on the same principles as are applied to recent plants, and to interpret the botanical records in a manner best calculated to render them useful as indices of plant development and distribution. In a letter to Lyell in 1860, Darwin wrote: ‘‘ How far to lump and split species is, indeed, a hopeless problem. It must in the end, I think, be determined by mere convenience.” ! In the description of each species a definition is given after the list of synonyms, and where possible the Jocale of the type-specimen has been mentioned. Comparisons of the fossil types with recent plants are, for the sake of uniformity, usually discussed at the end of the remarks on the synonymy or history of each species. 1 T am indebted to my friend Mr. Francis Darwin for permission to quote this passage from an unpublished letter. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. 45 The majority of the British Museum specimens are included in the following collections, while some were presented by Dr. Murray, Mr. J. Leckenby, Mr. J. Williamson, Mr. S. P. Pratt, and others :— Bean Collection. Egerton Collection. Beckles Collection. Mantell Collection. Bowerbank Collection. Morris Collection. The principal localities are Gristhorpe Bay, Scarborough (often used in a wide sense and in some cases including localities nearer Gristhorpe Bay than Scarborough), Cloughton Wyke, Haiburn Wyke, Whitby, and Saltwick. (Vide Text-fig. 1, p. 17.) LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME. Group BRYOPHYTA. Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Group PTERIDOPHYTA. Liquisetites columnaris, Brongn. Lquisetites Beant (Bunb.). Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.),-Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunk.). Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. and H.). Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). Contopteris arguta (L. & H.). Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill.). Dictyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Klukia extlis (Phill.). Laccopteris polypodiordes (Brongn. ). Sagenopteris Phillips’ (Brongn.). Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). Sphenopteris princeps, Presl. Sphenopteris Williamsont, Brongn. Tenvopteris major, L. & H. Temopteris vittata, Brongn. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). GYMNOSPERM. Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill. ). Araucarites Phillipss, Carr. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Batera Phillipsi, Nath. Beania gracilis, Carr. Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. Cheirolepis setosus (Phill.). Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. GYMNOSPERM&. 47 Ctents falcata, L. & H. Csekanowskia Murrayana (L. and H.). Dioonttes, sp. Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). Ginkgo whatbiensis, Nath. Nagevopsis angliea, sp. nov. Nilssonia compta (Phill.). Nilssonia mediana (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Nilssonia tenuinervis, Nath. Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Otozamites Beant (L. & H.). Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign. Otozamites Feistmanteli, Zign. Otozsamites graphicus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Otozsamites obtusus (L. & H.), var. ooliticus. Otozamites parallelus (Phill.). Pagiophyllum Wrilliamsoni (Brongn.). Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). Ptilozamites Leckenbyi (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Taxites zamioides (Leck.). Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). 48 ALGE. Group THALLOPHYTA. Class ALGA. The few specimens described as Alge from the Inferior Oolite rocks of Yorkshire are either too imperfect to determine, or in all probability may be more correctly regarded as impressions of thalloid Liverworts. Lindley & Hutton? described a fossil from Gristhorpe under the name Fucoides arcuatus, and the same species is figured in the third edition of Phillips’ Geology of the Yorkshire Coast? ; there is little doubt, however, that the type-specimen of Lindley & Hutton is an imperfect example of Leckenby’s Fucoides erectus,® a species now placed in the genus Marchantites. A still more imperfect fossil from Gristhorpe, named by Phillips Fucoides deffusus,’ may also be doubtfully referred to Leckenby’s species. (RrePre-MaRKS SIMULATING A Pian. 40,565. Pl. XIX. Fig. 6. The specimen represented in Pl. XTX. Fig. 6 was labelled by Bean ‘‘ Lepidodendron? from the Upper Shale of Scarborough,” and in the Museum Register the same piece of shale is described as a fern stem. On one side of the rock there is a series of irregularly parallel ridges; and on the other face, as shown in Fig. 6, two sets of ridges intersect, dividing the surface into a number of depressed areas, which present a slight resemblance to a partially decorticated Lepidodendroid stem. The ridges are no doubt ripple-marks produced on the surface of an argillaceous sand; the specimen is of some interest as illustrating a possible source of error, and agrees very closely with a photograph of intersecting ripple-marks figured by Williamson * in 1885. Upper Shale: Scarborough. Bean Coll.) 1 Lindley & Hutton (86), pl. 185. ? Phillips (75), p. 195, lign. 1. 3 Leckenby (64), pl. xi. fig. 3. 4 Phillips (75), p. 196, lign. 2. 5 Williamson (86), pl. iii. fig. 14. MARCHANTITES, 49 Group BRYOPHYTA (MUSCINEA). Class HEPATIC. The vegetative plant-body possesses a different organization on the ventral and dorsal sides; it has the form of a thalloid creeping plant (thalloid Liverworts), or of a delicate stem with thin appendages or leaves without a midrib (foliose Liverworts). Order MARCHANTIEA. Genus MARCHANTITES, Brongniart. [Tableau vég. foss. p. 12, 1849.] Vegetative body of laminar form, with apparently dichotomous branches, agreeing in habit with the recent thalloid Hepatice, as represented by such a genus as Marchantia. Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). [Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76, 1864.] (Pl. XIX. Fig. 2; Text-fig. 2.) 1837. Fucoides arcuatus, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol, iii. pl. 185. 1838. Spherococcites arcuatus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 104. 1850. Spherococcites arcuatus, Unger, Gen. spec. plant. foss. p. 26. 1864. Fucoides arcuatus, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76. 1864. Fucoides erectus, ibid. p. 81, pl. xi. figs. 3a, &. 1869. Haliseris erecta, Schimper, Pal. Vég. vol. i. p. 185. 1875. Fucoides arcuatus, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 195, Lign. 1. ? Fucoides diffisus, ibid. p. 106, Lign. 2. ; Fucoides erectus, ibid. p. 196, Lign. 3. 1898. Marchantites erectus, Seward, Fossil Plants, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 49. Type-specimen. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (Leckenby Collection, No. 1). Text-fig. 2. Thalloid body, divided into spreading, dichotomously branched segments, obtusely pointed apically. The slightly wrinkled surface E 50 MARCHANTITES, shows a distinct and comparatively broad darker median band, with lighter-coloured and thinner margins. The specific name erectus proposed by Leckenby in 1864 is adopted in preference to the older term arcuatus, because the specimen to which Lindley & Hutton applied the latter name was much more imperfect than Leckenby’s type, and it is not certain, although highly probable, that the two are specifically identical. Leckenby’s type-specimen presents a striking re- semblance to some recent members of the Marchantiex, and, as Fie. 2.—Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (Leck. Coll., No. 1). Nat. size. Nathorst also suggested, it would seem to be more fitly referred to the Liverworts than to the Alge. lLeckenby, in defining the species, speaks of the occurrence of ‘‘fructification in one or more rows of ovate vesicles immersed in the frond,” + but an examination of the type-specimen does not reveal any characters suggestive of organs of fructification. The best examples of this plant are those in the Leckenby Collection; in the York Museum there are a few specimens of I. erectus labelled Spherococcites arcuatus. The present species of Marchantites bears a close resemblance to MU. Zeilleri, Sew.,? from the Wealden rocks of Sussex; the two may be identical, but the habit of the older form appears to be more spreading and open than in the Wealden species. A small and imperfect fragment has been described by MM. Fliche & Bleicher* from the Lower Oolite rocks of Nancy, under the name of Marchantites oolithicus, but the material on 1 Leckenby (64), p. 81. 2 Seward (94), p. 18, pl. i. fig. 3. 3 Fliche & Bleicher (82), p. 67, fig. 1. MARCHANTITES. 51 which the determination is based is too fragmentary to admit of accurate identification. A more recently described Jurassic Liverwort, Paleohepatica Rostafinskii,! from the neighbourhood of Cracow, differs from the English species in the broader divisions of the thallus and in its generally larger form. Pl. XIX. Fig. 2. V. 3652. A repeatedly forked specimen, with the habit of a dichotomously branched thallose Liverwort, similar to Marchantia and other genera. The impression on the sandstone is not very clearly preserved, but there is a distinct indication of a thicker median portion or broad midrib in each branch of the thallus, and a thinner lateral margin, which appears as a light-brown stain on the surface of the rock. Gristhorpe Bay. : Presented by Dr. Murray. V. 2526. This specimen is labelled in Bean’s writing Fucoides arcuatus. The lobes of the thallus have a breadth of 3 mm., the midrib being 1mm. wide. The specimen figured by Lindley and Hutton as Fucoides arcuatus has precisely the same habit of branching, but the drawing suggests a stiffer and less delicate plant. In all probability, however, /. arcuatus is merely an imperfect example of Marchantites erectus. 39,328. Examples with narrower thalloid branches. On the same piece of shale there is an unusually good specimen of Teniopteris major, L. & H.; also fragments of Nilssonia compta (Phill.), Zencopteris vittata, Brongn., etc. Upper Shale: Gristhorpe. Bean Coll. 39,329. Several fragments with narrow branches; labelled by Bean Fucotdes erectus. The present form of the impressions is probably, to a large extent, due to the partial destruction of the delicate lateral portions of the thallus. Upper Shale : Scarborough. Bean Coll. 40,571. An imperfect specimen, labelled Spherococcites arcuatus and Fucoides erectus. Gristhorpe Bay. Bean Coil. 1 Raciborski (94), p. 10, pl. vii. figs. 1-8. 52 EQUISETALES. Group PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS). Class EQUISETALES. Perennial plants with underground branched rhizomes, from which are given off roots and erect branched or unbranched aerial shoots. The shoots are characterized by the small verticillate sheathing leaves borne on the slightly swollen nodal regions; the nodes are separated by longer or shorter internodes. The sporangia occur on specially modified sporophylls or sporangiophores, aggre- gated to form a definite strobilus or spore-bearing cone. The Equisetales include the single recent genus Lguisetwm and the fossil genera Hquisetites, Phyllotheca, Schizoneura, Calamites, and of Rhetic age, the same type which Brongniart had described as Clathropteris meniscovdes. The main distinction between Clathropteris and Dictyophyllum is the more regular and rectangular form of the meshes formed by the secondary and tertiary veins of the former, but in some fronds * portions of the lamina exhibit the less regular meshes characteristic of Dictophyllum. It would perhaps more 1 Schenk, in Zittel (90), p. 138. 2 Brongniart (28), p. 62. 3 Brongniart (25), p. 207, pl. xi. 4 E.g. Schenk (67), pl. xvii. 120 DICIYOPHYLLUM. accurately express the affinity of the plants referred to these genera if they were regarded as generically identical, but it may be more convenient to retain the genus Clathropteris, as representing a fairly well defined type. Presl instituted the genus Camptopteris) for certain ferns named by Brongniart Phlebopteris, The figure given by Presl of his type-specimen, OC. Muensteriana—a plant subsequently referred to the species Clathropteris platyphylla—represents a small piece of frond with the venation characters of Brongniart’s genus Clathropteris. Another plant, named by Brongniart Phlebopteris Nilssoni, and included by Presl in his genus Camptopteris, should undoubtedly be referred to Dictyophyllum. While there are, I believe, no good reasons for retaining Presl’s genus as originally applied, it may be convenient to retain it in the modified sense in which Nathorst has applied it to some remarkable specimens of Rhetic age from Scania.? who received an unusually fine collection of English Williamsonias from the late Mr. Yates. These specimens are now in the Natural History Museum, Paris, and many of them were drawn for Brongniart with a view to publication, but the work was unfortunately never completed. The drawings were afterwards made use of by Saporta in his comprehensive work on Jurassic plants. In describing the Yates specimens, Saporta expresses himself strongly against the generally accepted view as to the union of Williamsonia and Zamites. He does not hesitate to separate the Zamites fronds from any conncction with the Williamsonias. There is, he admits, “une certaine conformité apparente entre les appareils floraux auxquels on peut laisser le nom de Williamsonia et le Zamites gigas, tel que le fait voir le remarquable empreinte de la collection du Muséum de Paris (voy. pl. Ixxxi. fig.1). Nous avons tout bien de considérer les Williamsonia comme représentant l’inflorescence dune monocotylédone primitive, révélant un type de Pandanées plus ou moins analogue aux Yuceites, aux Podocarya, aux LEolirion de Andrae, etc.’ 4 A recent examination of the Yates Collection in Paris, and a comparison of the numerous specimens in the Museums of London, Cambridge, Whitby, Scarborough, Leeds, and other towns, have led me without hesitation to regard the pinnate Cycadean 1 Williamson (37), p. 230. 2 Williamson (70), p. 663. 3 Brongniart (49), p. 62. 4 Saporta (75), p. 55. 182 WILLIAMSONIA, fronds of Zamites gigas as the leaves of the plant which bore a Williamsonian inflorescence. One not infrequently finds a small bud or young Williamsonia borne on the end of a peduncle about 20 or 30cm. long and 3-to 5cm. broad. The peduncle is covered with linear lanceolate scale- leaves spirally disposed and often clothed with delicate hair-like ramenta, such as occur on the scale-leaves of Dioon and other recent Cycads. A peduncle of this kind is figured by Saporta in pl. xv. of vol. iv... The original is in the Paris Museum; the scale- leaves are less prominent and not so thick as those shown in the drawing, and in this and other specimens one sees traces of the ramental appendages. The best example of a peduncle is included in the series of specimens of Williamsonia now in the possession of Mrs. Crawford Williamson, to whom my thanks are due for an opportunity afforded me of examining the fossils figured in Professor Williamson’s valuable memoir. Saporta alludes to the resemblance of the peduncle which he figures to the stem of Zamites gigas,” represented in his volume on Cycads (pl. xi. fig. 1), but he does not regard the similarity as evidence of relationship or identity. This specimen of Zamuites referred to in the above quotation, from the second volume of the Plantes Jurassiques, is of exceptional interest and furnishes the most important link in the argument in favour of the connection between Williamsonia and Zamites gigas. Saporta’s figure is very imperfect, and conveys but a poor and erroneous idea of the actual specimen. In the lower part of the figure is shown a stem about 5 cm. broad, with the surface features indistinctly preserved, but showing a number of imperfect scale-leaves. ‘To one side of the stem, 5 cm. from the bottom of the specimen, are attached the petioles of two clearly preserved fronds of Zamites gigas, and above these occurs. part of a third frond apparently in its natural position but without the petiolar attachment. The stem is prolonged obliquely upwards. to the left in the form of a branch about 38cm. broad and 14 cm. long. This branch is thickly clothed with hairy leaf-scales, and terminates in numerous spreading leaf-scales of a narrow linear lanceolate form. The position and surface features of this branch “a Saporta (91). * Saporta (75), p. 5d. WILLIAMSONIA. 183 are very inadequately and ‘incorrectly reproduced in Saporta’s figure. If we now turn to the specimen figured by the same author as a peduncle of Williamsonia,! and which terminates in what appears to be a closed Williamsonian inflorescence, we find the characters are identical with those of the branch of the stem which bears the Zamites fronds. Specimens of peduncles in the British Museum, and others in the collections of Whitby, Scarborough, and Leeds, afford similar proof of the identity of the detached peduncles and the obliquely placed branch of the leaf-bearing stem. There can be little doubt that the terminal bud-like structure on these peduncles is a young and unexpanded Williamsonia, but even if this be disputed, there can be no question as to the identity of the typical scale-leaves of Williamsonia and those of the terminal bud on the peduncles. A specimen in the Whitby Museum shows a stem bearing two diverging peduncles, and evidence of the same habit of growth is afforded by an example in the British Museum. In all probability the stem figured by Saporta? bore another peduncle in addition to that shown in the figure; this is suggested not only by the examination of other specimens but also by the oblique position of the peduncle, which is not brought out in the figure. The restoration of Zamites given by Williamson in his well-known paper * accurately represents what I believe to have been the manner of attachment of the inflorescence and foliage-leaves to the main stem. * The whole subject of the Bennettiteze and other fossil Cycadales will be more fully dealt with in a forthcoming monograph on British Cycads to be published by the Paleontographical Society. Specimens of both the fronds and flowers of Williamsonia gigas are abundantly represented in the British Museum, and in the Natural History Museum, Paris. Examples of fronds in the Newcastle and Paris Museums suggest that the segments had an imbricated arrangement in the young condition. Specimens of peduncles are by no means common; the best are those in the Museums of Paris, Cambridge, Scarborough, Whitby, and Leeds. No undoubted 1 Saporta (91), pl. xv. 2 Saporta (75), pl. xi. fig. 1. 3 Williamson (70), pl. liii. * Seward (97), pp. 274-7. 184 WILLIAMSONTA. examples of seeds have been discovered in connection with the reproductive organs, but in a transverse section cut through a small flower at the apex of a peduncle (Scarborough Museum) one or two oval depressions were noticed, which may be due to the presence of small seeds. The best examples of Williamsonia flowers are those in the Yates Collection, Paris, and the specimens figured by the late Professor Williamson, which are now in the possession of Mrs. Crawford Williamson. a. Fronps and STEM. V. 2723a. Pl. V. (and Pl. VII. Fig. 2). This is a good example of a small frond of Williamsonia gigas ; it measures 23cm. in length, and illustrates the characteristic habit of the leaf and the form and manner of attachment of the pinne. The rachis is comparatively slender, and bears on its upper surface numerous alternately disposed linear lanceolate pinne with rounded bases and acuminately pointed tips; the basal portion of some of the pinne is slightly hollowed out in the centre and suggests the original presence of a callus. At the apex of the frond the pinne are narrow and linear, and at the actual tip they are almost parallel to the rachis; in the lower portion of the frond the pinne are shorter and broader, and approximately at right angles to the rachis, while in the middle of the frond they are more crowded, longer, and given off at a different angle. This frond should be compared with Saporta’s figures of Zamites Feneonis, Brongn.,' which I regard as specifically identical with Williamsonia gigas, and with Andrae’s figures of Zamites Schmiedelii, Sternb.? V. 27220. Pl. VII. Fig. 4. This figure shows the swollen base of a petiole of a frond more than 60cm. in length, of which the apical portion has not been preserved ; when complete, it must have been about 80cm. long. The petiole has a length of 1lcm., and terminates below in a thick, irregularly oval base. Yorkshire. Beckles Coll. 1 Saporta (75), pls. lxxxvii.—xei, ? Andrae (53), pl. ix. JVILLIAMSONIA. 185 11,020. Pl. VII. Fig. 6. Part of a frond 21cm. in length. The small picce shown in the figure illustrates the rounded form of the pinna base and the median concavity, indicating the existence of a callus or basal thickening at the point of attachment to the rachis. It shows also the slightly spreading veins, which throughout the greater part of each pinna follow a course approximately parallel to the long axis of the pinna. Oolitic Shale, Gristhorpe Bay. Mantel Coll. V. 2609«. Pl. VI. Fig. 2. Well-preserved examples of the stem of Williamsonia gigas are rarely met with; the figure represents the only specimen in the British Museum Collection in which any surface-features are shown. A similar specimen may be seen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (Leckenby Coll., No. 208). The persistent leaf- bases are shown as spirally disposed projecting areas recalling the appearance of recent Cycadean stems; the concave termination at the top of the specimen probably represents the position of .a flowering axis such as we know were borne by the stems of Williamsonia. The stem measures 9cm. in length and 5°5 in breadth. Fragments of fronds and flowers are associated with this piece of stem, and on the reverse side of the specimen there is a good example of a disc like that of 38,785 (Pl. VIII. Fig. 1). Yorkshire. Beckles Coll. V. 3514, Pl. VII. Fig. 5. A part only of the specimen is represented in the figure; there is not enough of the frond preserved to enable one to be quite sure as to its identity with Wolliamsonia gigas or Otozamites acuminatus ; but the rounded edges of the pinne bases and the absence of any definite Otozamites ‘ear’ point to Zamites as the generic type rather than to Otozamites. Cf. Otozamites Kiipsteini (Dunk.) as figured in pl. vii. of the Wealden Flora. V. 2722. Good examples of long fronds, which illustrate the 1 Seward (95), pl. vii. 186 WILLIAMSONIA. difference in form and manner of attachment of the apical, median, and basal pinne. The longer central pinne have a length of 7'5 cm., those at the base are about 3°5cm. long, while the apical pinne are longer, more linear, and less pointed. V. 2723.