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iii

NOTES

ON

SIAMESE TIMBER

SUITABLE FOR BUILDING PURPOSES
BY

R. GOTTE
Assistant of Works R.R.D.

BANGKOK.

1908.

PREFACE.

Siam owes its richness of woody plants to the
beneficial influence of moisture and high temperature.
In Europe and the Northern part of Asia the forests may
be named after certain kinds of trees growing socially
to-gether in large groups or forming extensive forests
for many miles. Though this fact can be met with also
in Siam, the most forests consist of hundreds of species,
the names of which are almost impossible to be kept in
ones memory. I have counted in the museum at Bangkok

not less than 600 specimens of wood, half of which differ

in kind.

In the present work I am indeavouring to furnish
some information regarding Siamese timber. I have

quoted from and referred to the following authorities :—

W. Roxburgh : Flora Indica.
J. S. Gamble: A Manual on Indian Timbers.

Chow Phya Montri : Specimens of trees growing in the forests of the
Siracha Co. ( p.p. 35-62 ).

Statistic of Import and Export by H. M. Customs.

The descriptions are partly derived from the above

works and partly from my own research.

To obtain the vernacular names of the different trees
many of which are different in another part of the
country, I secured the aid of reliable natives, whose

information is more or less regarded as authentic.

The remarks on durability were made after carefull
investigation. The weights and coefficients of transverse
strength I found out in taking the average of several

results obtained in experimenting with wood specimens.

It was not my intention to have ventured so far into
the Botanical part, as this requires many years of quiet
study, but merely to assist all interested in the building
trade to whom a certain knowledge of the most

important timbers for building purposes is essential.

RUDOLPH GOTTE.

ee Se aS

——S=V—=—

Paaegs.
Teak i.
Sappan 2.
Rosewood 9.
Ironwood 11,
Mai Teng 14,
» Rang 15,
Comparison between Mai Teng and Mai Rang 17,
Mai Pradoo 18,
» Takien 20
» Maka 23.
» Pluang 24,
» Yvang 25.
» Kwao 27.
» Tabek 20.
» Ngiu 33.
Scientific names of some Siamese Trees 34.

Enumeration of Timber trees growing in the
Siracha Co’s. forests 35.

List of timber Timber trees in alphabetical
order, classified according to durability 63.

List showing timber suitable for various build-
ing purposes 68.
Weights and coefficients of transverse strength 69.
Hand-Sawing Work 70.
Value of Timber exported and imported “1.
Prices of Timber 73,
Prices of firewood 79.
Calculating Prices of Teak 76.
Standard Pikat Rates ee
Tariff on Duty for Teak 78.
Duty rates on other wood 79.
Measuring Timber 80.
Table for calculating contents in cbm 81.
Cubicmeter rate in Ticals per Pikat 82.

TEAK. 1

MAI SAK (Teak tree, Zectona grandis.) The teak
tree isa tree of the order Verbenaceae. It is. a beautiful
tree and cannot be mistaken from any of a thousand
others in the forests of Siam. The teak tree can attain a
height of 40-60 m.-anda circumference of more than 4
m. when the conditions for its growth are favourable.

The numerous white flowers are in great terminal
and cross-armed panicles and have 5 -6 cleft corolla, The
germ is round, hairy, four celled with one ovulum in each
cell attached to the axis. The corky drupes are about the
size of a hazelnut. The flowers may be used medicin-
ally to cure retention of urine.

The leaves are opposite-petioled 25-30 cm long
and covered with rough points. They are used to dye
vellow or purple silk and cotton, fer plates, ypacking,
rough umbrellas and as a thatch for temporary huts.

The bark is thin, ash-coloured and scaly, with
numerous spreading branches. The wood is moderately
hard, of a light brown colour and sometimes tinged with
yellow, which makes it resemble coarse mahogany. The

annual rings are marked by one or more lines of regularly

2 TEAK.

arranged pores. The medullary rays are moderately
broad, giving a conspicuous handsome silver green of
elongated plates. The wood has anagreeable smell ina
dry state, being scented with an oil which is perceptible
to the touch. Further, Teak contains silicic and tannic
acids, which properties are to a great extent the cause of
its durability as they do not corrode iron and prevent rot.
The pith is large and quadrangular. The specific gravity
is 0.7-0.85. Other good qualities which make this wood so
valuable are its nonliability to swell and its absence of
knots. The wood being also soft, strong and com-
paratively light, it can easily be worked and is considered
as the best wood for building purposes. It polishes .
well. In durability it even exceeds the oaix.

Teak trees grow up to 800 m. in elevation into
groups and thus form forests by themselves, that is to say
in the so-called teak forests they preponderate over
other trees and plants. These forests are situated in
the dry regions of the Monthon Bayap (Chiengmai) and
in some parts of the Pitsnuloke and Nakonsawan to

Monthon (Raheng, Kampeng). These regions are hilly and

TEA<. 3

have numerous waterways by which the timber may be
floated out to the Menam river. The trees grow on
various soils, doing best on sandstone and metaphoric
rocks and also on other tracts but are poor on limestone
and laterite. They require good drainage and therefore
grow better on hills. In Siam they are rarely met with
in flat country.

The Siamese distinguish three kinds of teak, Sak
On, Sak Tong, Sak Hin. The first isa soft and inferior
teak, of a light colour, grown on unsuitable soil. Sak
Tong is a better quality, somewhat heavier andof a dark
yellow colour. Sak Hin is the heaviest teak, grown un-
der favourable conditions. The average weight of Sak
On is 720 kg. per cbm., Sak Tong 780 kg; Sak Hin 830
kg. per cbm. P8553 for good heavy ieak.

Teak may be used for all building purposes, es-
pecially for ships and houses, furniture, planks, bridges
and carriages. It does hot shrink much. It is not heavy
enough for Railway sleepers, besides that, an enormous
outlay is required on long lines, along which suitable

hardwood timber can be obtained; however it is more

TEAK.
4

economical at the end to use teakwood sleepers on narrow-
guage light Railways, especially when it is difficult to
obtain hardwood.

The teak forests are now under the control of the
Royal Forest Department. After 1896 several Royal De-
crees were promulgated providing for the better protec-
tion and contro! of the teak trade. The trees selected
are girdled, or in other words, rings are cut through their
bark, preventing the sap from rising,and they are left stan-
ding toseason. After thatthey can be felled. The
selection and girdling is done under the supervision
of a Forest Officer, by cutting aring around the tree
about four feet above ground 12 cm. deep and 25
cm. broad. The elephants drag the jogs together
to suitable placesand from there to the next stream
where they will be marked with the “hammer-marks”
of the owners. - The logs are measured anda proper dc-
count is kept of the logs drawn together. If the rainy
season sets in and the streams are full of water, the logs
are dragged into the stream by elephants and they will

keep them moving and follow them downwards till thev

TEAK. 5

reach deep water without rapids and here they are made
into rafts.

A raft consists of some 150 or more logs, fastened
with rattan into several rows. The first, second and last
row consist of asmaller number than the intermediate.
Guard logs are placed at the side of the rafts. These logs
will prevent the raft from breaking up on touching the
banks, etc. On the rafts the logs are again numbered and
marked with a hammer-mark and a careful account of
them is kept. The raftsmen make little huts on the rafts
to sleep in at night and a high stand from where a man
can be on look-out and give directions to the men on the
water who will puli the rafts into the direction of the
current by means of long rattan ropes. This is done in
the Me Ping river, which is shallow. All rafts have big
oars at head and stern to help to steer them. In other
rivers no stand is necessary as the water is deep enough
and no man could follow the current. The raftsmen are
engaged by contract for 2 Ticals per log (from Raheng to
Paknampho.) The duty is paid at Paknampoh (See Pikat
table for calculation of the Duty on Teak). The Royalty

6 TEAK.

must be paid in the forests, at the rate of tcs 6 for small
logs and tes 10 for large logs. The large log is one of 2
Pikat and over. After the Duty has been paid the rafts
can proceed to Bangkok; generally the raftsmen are
changed at Paknampoh. Some 100,000 logs arrive every
year at Paknampoh.

At Bangkok the logs are sawn into sundry sizes
according to the demand of the European market and the
major part of the teak is exported to Europe.

The export of Teak was as follows:—

Value Tons
During 1903. Tes. 8,276,405 58,140
zs 1904. », 10,051,725 77,031
Ke 1905. », 140,75,3829 101,397
‘9 1906. » 12,800,428 96, 843

The price of teak logs at Bangkok changes accord-
ing to the market, it is at present at 10-22 -pikat (See
Standard Table of Pikat Rates.) The chief trade is done
by the following firms: the Bombay Burmah Trading Co:,
Borneo Co., Denny Mott & Dickson, East Asiatic Co:, Ltd:;

Siam Forest Co.

TEAK. 7

SAPPAN.

MAI FANG.—(Sappan tree, Caesalprnia Sappan/.
is a tree of the natural order Caesalpinieae, a small tree
9-12 m. high or a straggling shrub.

Calyx base permanent, border five-parted and
deciduous, corol irregular five petalled, the upper one
smaller. Filaments woolly. Anthers all ten fertile and
open on their sides. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae from ten
to twelve pair, leaflets from 10-12 pair, somewhat
dolabriform. Panicles terminal. Legumes ligneous
sub-trapeziform from 8-4 seeded. The wood is
hard and of a light red colour, the young trees
newly split of yellowish brown colour, will however
tinge saliva quite red when chewn. Pores are small and
the medullary rays are fine, wavy and very numerous.
Sappan trees grow near Ratburi, they may be met wild in
the Shan States.

In former times when colours were not manufac-
tured by chemical means, this wood was used to obtain
colours for dyeing and printing cloth and also to make

red ink, varnish, etc. Sappan wood contains a substance

8 TEAK.

called Brasilin. Cop Hee O7, Indian furniture and
boxes are made out of it and the Siamese use it for
medical purposes. MAI FANG isa very pretty wood and
takes polish well. It does not come into question as build-
ing timber, as it is hard to obtain good pieces for the sizes
required. It must however be named as it isan interesting
timber in a commercial es It is generally exported
in short pieces and branches without bark. Bishop
Pallegoix gives the value of the revenue derived from
Sappan wood as Ticals 200,000. If this statement is taken
as correct, the export of Sappan has gone considerably
back. The total value of Sappan wood exported in 1903
was Ticals 36,730.

ROSEWOOD 9

MAI PAYOONG.— (Rosewood, Blackwood tree
Dalbergia latifolza ) is a tree, of the natural order of Papili-
onaceae. Leaflets from 3-7, subalternate, roundish, emar-
Binibe: Panicle axillary, filaments 10, coalesced into one
body. Legume, one-seeded. = Trunk erect, though rarely
straight, often very thick and rising to a very great
height. Branches spreading, very numerous, forming a
large shady heaa. Leaves alternate, pinnate with an odd
one, from 15-20 cm long, leaflets from 3--7, generally
five, aitnaats, the exterior ones largest, roundish, emargi-
nate, a little waved above, .smooth, covered with a little
whitish down underneath, generally about 5 cm
each way. Petioles, axillary small erect. Flowers small
and white. Catyx,hoary, five toothed. Filaments, ten,
united into one, open above. Anthers twin singly
globular. Germ pedicelled, smooth, stigma simple. Seed
of the size of a small French bean. The wood is of
a dark purple colour with small black streaks. The
sapwood is small and yellow. Payoong wood is very
hard. The annual rings are not distinct. The numerous

medullary rays are uniform, fine and stout. The tree is

10 ROSEWOOD

very slow in growing, but may reach after 100 yearsa
height of 20 m. and a diameter of 60cm. There are about
2--3 rings per cm. radius. The value of P may, be taken
at 622. The meighi is about 900 kg. per cbm. in a perfectly

dry state. .
After the wood is dry and long exposed to the air

it becomes quite black, therefore it is sometimes called

blackwood.
The name Rosewood has been wrongly given, pro-

bably on account of a striking rose like odour which the
wood is said to have when freshly cut. This is a mistake
as there is no such odour.

Payoong trees grow in the large forests in the
areas of Korat and Pachim provinces. There was for-
merly asmall export of this wood, but since the Korat
Railway was opened, considerable quantities have been
brought down to Bangkok owing to its being easily trans-
ported. There isa large demand for Mai Payoong. It
is elaborately carved by the Chinese for furnitures and is

even exported to Europe. The price in London is £10
per ton.

The value of the export in 1903 was Ticals 168,154.

IRON WOOD 11

MAI DENG (Ironwood tree, Xylia dolabriformis.)

This tree has red flowers in February and March at
which time it is nearly destitute of foliage. The bark is
then grey and red-brown. Not much sapwood. The heart-
wood is of a red-brown colour, very hard and cross-grained.
The annual rings are distinct. The pores are of a
moderate size and mixed with resin, which makes the
wood very durable. The numerous medullary rays are
fine and undulating. The wood is very heavy, the average
weight is 1020 kg. per cbm. in a perfectly dry state. Spe-
cimens have been examined with a weight of 1090 kg.
per cbm. P-608. The trees are very often twisted and
knotty. the inside unsound. Some Engineers prefer
Mai Teng or Mai Maka for posts and bridge timber. It
is however a much superior wood if procured from well
matured trees and not exposed to the heat of the sun after
newly cut or sawn. The higher coefficient of transverse
strength is one of the reasons of its being superior. The
presence of resinous substances and tannic acid make the
wood valuable. The resin is partially soluble in hot water

to which it impartsa reddish colour. The Mai Deng

12 IRON WOOD

which grows in an open forest on laterite far from streams
is superior tothat near rivers. Itis easily found in mixed
forests but it is difficult to extract. The rate of growth
is fast, about one ring on acm. radius.

Mai Deng has been chiefly used in Siam for bridge
timber. It is good for tool handles, boat building, slee-
pers, Telegraph poles and Railway pegs. With the excep-
tion of Takien, Mai Deng is easier to saw and can easier
be worked than other hardwoods as Maka, Pradoo, Teng,
Rang. [Uf once well seasoned, which is however a slow pro-
cess, it may last almost ’n indefinite period. An inexpe-
rienced eye may mistake Mai Deng from Mai Sahk and
Mai Maka on first sight. In Bangkok mills very little is
sawn. Formerly there used fis te a large export of Mai
Deng from Bangkok. Last year some Mai Deng was rafted
to Bangkok after having been adzed to sizes required.
Rafting Mai Deng (with bamboos) is expensive, therefore
the price at Bangkok is high. Much Mai Deng can be
found in the Korat provinces.

Calyx five toothed. Corollets one diadelphous

IRON WOOD 13

legume. The leaves are conjugate pinnate, leafiets from
2 to 4 pair with a single on each side below the pairs.
Stipules lanceolate. Spikes axillary, round, long peduncled,
corrollets deciduous. Legumes faleate, Lgneous, many

seeded.

14 MAI TENG

MAT TENG ( Shorea obtusa) a tree of the natural
order of Dipterocarpeae. Calyx five-leaved, permanent,
enlarging into five long wings; Corol five petalled. Germ
superior, 3 celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Nut
one-seeded. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. This tree
has small white flowers of a very agreeable odour, with
oval leaves 15-20 cm. long and half as broad. The bark is 3em.
thick, grey with deep longitudinal fissures. Heartwood ‘is
very hard, even in grain. It has a brown colour and is
pale when newly sawn. The sapwood is small on large
trees, it does not last long, the pores are moderate sized,
each pore surrounded by a narrow white ring. The
medullary rays are numerous and brown, joined by short
irregular transverse lines of lighter-coloured tissue. The
wood is very durable, is not attacked by insects and
stands well all influences of climate, heat and moisture.
The Teng trees grow together with Mai Pluang and
Mai Rang or form large groups or extensive forests
on elevated ground mostly laterite but not beyond
800 m. above sea level. There are enormous

tracts of Mai Teng all over

MAI RANG 15

such parts where no streams and rivers run and means
of communicaticn are wanting. The trees grow very straight
and are admirably suited for building, for Railway.
sleepers, Telegraph poles, Bridge-timber, Tool-handles
and Canoes. Straight trees for Bridge poles 14 m. in
length have occasionally been met, but are rare. They
can attain a height of 30 m.

Mai Teng is rather hard to saw. If perfectly dry
the wood weighs 950 kg. per cbm. P=374.

The resin is white and is used with the oil of the
Yang tree for overhauling boats and painting all sorts of
vessels, roofs of boats, etc., to prevent leakage. The resin
issuperior to Mai Rang resin which is generally mixed
with the same.

Resin (vernacular “Chan” ) is collected during the
dry season in February and March.

MAI RANG (Pentacme Siamensis) is a tree of the
Dipterocarpeae. The flowers, which appear in March, are
white or red witha fine odour; the bark is somewhat
thicker than Mai Teng, and is a little darker but with

vertical fissures. It is also more broken and irregular

16 MAI RANG

than that of Mai Teng. The wood resembles Mai Teng
in colour, but is cross-grained. The pores are surrounded
by narrow white rings and jcined by fine wavy concen-
tric lines. The medullary rays are fine and at equal dis-
tance. Mai Rang is hard and durable, but if compared
with Mai Teng it is a little inferior in quality. It will
grow where Teng trees can grow and is used for the same
purposes. The wood is rather hard to saw and difficult to
smooth with a plane. because it has on the vertical section
alternate belts in which the grain changes. The weight
is 920 kg. per cbm. P=565

The resin is reddish, it sells well and is collected by
the natives, for the same purpose as the Teng resin. It is

also sold to Bangkok and exported as gamboge.

MAI RANG,

17

Comparison between Mai Teng and Mai Rang.

Both woods are called and generally sold under one name,

viz. Mai Tengrang.

In reality there is a difference

which may be explained by the following:

TENG RANG
Leaves 15-20 cm. long | 20--25 cm long
Bark ii em. thick |Thicker with vertical
with longitudin- | fissures.
al fissures.
Colour of wood, pale to | Similar

brown
Pores Surrounded by nar-

row pale rings

Medullary rays Numerous,
brown joined by

irregular trans- |
verse lines of light
coloured _ tissue.

Resin white

Weight 950

2 574

Surrounded by narrow

white rings and joined by
fine, wavy concentric lines.
Fine and at equal distance.

Red
920
565

18 MAI PRADOO

MA] PRADOO is the name given to different kinds
of Pterocarpi. Four kinds are to be found in Siam. Calyx
campanulate, five-toothed. Legume nearly round, leafy
margined, varicose one or more celled; cells one-seeded.

Flowers pure yellow or white and fragrant, leaves alternate.

The largest trees are some 6 m.in girth. The bark
is of an olive grey colour. The wood is very hard, the
sapwood is small. The heartwood hasa dark-red colour
The pores variable, small and large with patches of pale
tissue joined by irregular, pale, wavy interrupted bands
of varying breadth. The medullary rays are fine, very
numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Pterocarpus Dalbergiodes is a large tree. .The
wood is moderately hard, the sapwood grey and small
but very large in young trees, the heartwood bright red,
streaked with black and brown. The pores are mode-
rate sized, filled with resin which gives an agreeable
scent. The pores are surrounded by pale rings and
joined by narrow wavy concentric lines, prominent on a

vertical scale. The medullary rays are extremely fine,

MAI PRADOO. 19

very numerous and equidistant; when first cut it is of
a bright colour but fades when dry.

The wood is very difficult to saw owing to the
amount of resin it contains but it works and polishes
well. Pradoo is an excellent wood for pavement of floors
and Railway carriages as it does not shrink. Further it
may be used for door panels, furnitures and interior de-
corations. It is very good for bridge timber and sleepers.

In America it is largely used for building Pullman cars.

The weight is 880 kg. per cbm. P. = 571. The
value of the export of Pradoo in Bangkok during 1903
amounted to Ticals 66,932. It has always been largely

exported to China.

20 MAi TAKIEN.

MAI TAKIEN, (Hopea Odorata) is a tree
of the natural order of Dipterocarpeae. Mai Takien is a
handsome and beautiful evergreen tree of the siamese
jungle. Calyx five-leaved two of them increasing with
the capsule into wings. Corol one petalled, contorted.
Filaments ten, inserted on the tube of the corol, alter-
nately two cleft. Anthers fifteen. Germ superior, three
celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Capsule one
celled, one valved. Seed solitary. Embryo inverse,
without perisperm. Leaves ovate-oblong, a hollow gland

on the axills of the large veins, alternate, short-petioled.

The largest specimen found is 7m. in girth and 80 m.
high. According to Siamese folklore, very big specimens
are inhabited by ghosts who can cause the death of any
one felling the tree. This tree has white flowers in March.
The seed ripens in May and June. The bark is dark, it
has deep, long furrows and is 24-4cm. thick. The wood is
hard of yellowish brown colour but is lighter in tone
when newly sawn. The pores are of a moderate size and

ringed. The medullary rays are prominent on a radial

MAI TAKIEN. 21

section, short and broad, joined by numerous faint trans-
verse lines.

This tree grows mostly along streams all over Siam,
especially East of Srimaharacha chiefly in damp forests.
The wood is valuable on account of its durability. It is
much used for boat building, ships’ blocks, capstan bars,
carriages and oars. It can be used as bridge timber. It
‘is very elastic and is moderately hard to saw. Some natives
are too superstitious to use the wood for house building,
they make, however boats out of it, especially hull boats,
Fishing boats have been seen which have been 60 yeurs
in use. At Ayuthia a delapidated house has been found,
the Mai Takien parts of which are not rotten. The royal
barges are mostly built of Takien. Some of them are
more than hundred years old. The resin can be used for
the manufacture of varnish. The Siamese make medicine
out of it. The fruits are chewn by them together with
betel. An analysis of the heartwood by R. Romanis has
_ given the following result.- Potash 29.64 Soda 0.37 , Lime
44.30, Magnesia 18.49, Oxide of iron 2.23, Phosphoric acid
1.97, Sulphuric acid 0.80, Silicic acid 2.20.

22 MAI TAKIEN.

The weight is 830 kg. per cbm.in the dry state.
Value of P=478.

There is another species of Hopea (vernacular Mai
Payawm) also an useful timber very similar to Mai Takien.
but somewhat lighter in colour and not much inferior.
It is found in the upper districts of Klong Ta Law and
Klong Ta Luang, Muang Pitsnuloke and Pichit. It is
more difficult to saw than Takien as it is more resinous.

The white flowers have an agreeable odour.

MAI MAKA 23

MAI MAKA (probably Stndora-Siamensis, Laos
Ka ta ) is a first-class hard wood, when cut fresh, it is of
a yellow green colour, later it becomes dark red. The
pores are scanty and of a moderate size. The medullary
rays are fine and very numerous. The bark is thin. After
the wood has been exposed to the sun for a long time it
turns quite black. The sapwood is whitish and rots
quickly. The wood is extremely difficult to saw and to
work,

The largest trees to be found are 2.60 m.in girth
and logs or parts which may be cut are 8 m. long. Posts
of Maka are said to last a hundred years or more.

Maka wood has been used in Siam for bridge-
building below Paknampoh and is considered afirst class
wood by the Engineer who was in charge of that section.
The wood may be recommended for Sleepers.

‘The weight is 1000 kg. per cbm.P=630 The Siamese

consider another species, Maka Yai, a little inferior in

quality.

24: MAI PLUANG.

Mai Pluang ( Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ) is a
very large tree aud grows straight. The characteristics
are Calyx one- leaved, permanent, two of the five divisions
of its border large and growing with the pericarp on two
very long, scariose wings. Corol five-petalled, germ sup-
erior, three celled, cells two seeded, attachment inferior,
Nut ovate one celled, and one seeded. Embryo inverse,
no perisperm. The body of the calyx of D. tuberculatus
is spherical with knobs under its five fissures on the out-
side. The leaves are about 5 cm. long. The bark is
thick and grey. The wood is of a red brown colour. The
pores are large and round, filled with resin, the medullary
rays are prominent and moderately broad witha number
of fine rays between each pair of broad ones. Immense
tracts of Pluang forests exist in Siam, but the wood being
brittle is inferior than the other hardwoods described in
this work. The wood is good for planks aud interior
parts of permanent buildings but should not be dso for
bridge building. It is mentioned because it could be
mistaken for Mai Teng, at first sight. The weight is 830
kg. per cbm.P=518.

MAI YANG. 25

MAT YANG.—(Dipterocarpus turiinatus ) is an
evergreen magnificent tree, 50-60 m. high. The characte-
ristics of the Dipterocarpi are described in the foregoing
account of the Mai Pluang and refer also to the Mai Yang
Characteristics of the Mai Yang are further: Spikes
axillary, drooping, leaves ovate oblong, glossy and ribbed.
Body of the catyx without w.ngs, or angles. Anthers
thirty, bristle- pointed.

These trees grow along river banks and are con-
spicuous in large groups between mixed jungle, ascending
to a height of 1,000 m. abeve sea level. The heartwood is
rough and of a red brown colour, the sapwood white.
Medullary rays are of 2 kinds,broad and fine, a large number
of the latter between each pair of the former, prominent
and shining on aradial section. The wood is used by
the natives for long dug-out canoes! (rua chala) and for
house building, but does not resist the attacks of white
ants. The average weight is 750 kg. per chin. ina dry
state. P=527.

The moderately hard wood is very resinous and

floats well in a dry state. Long posts for the staging in

26 MAI YANG.

erecting iron bridges may be obtained by taking Mai
Yang. Planks from this wood are superior to planks
from softwood trees such as Tabek and Mai Kwao. It is
also an excellent firewood. The natives along the Korat
line supplied it as firewood till an order from the Govern-
ment stopped it. For cremation pyres of Royal perso-
nages, posts of Mai Yang have been used for generations
and no trouble has been spared to bring these giant logs

down to Bangkok.

The resinous oil may be taken out of the tree about
20 times a year, after it has reached a certain size, about
1.60 in girth. At an age of about 30 years, a hole is cut
into the stem 1 m.-1.50 m. above ground and and a fire is
kept burning with dried leaves in that hole. After 3 days
the oil starts running into it and it is then taken away to
be refined and sold. The price of a: kerosine oil tin of
good wood-oil is locally 1.50-2.50 tes. 20-30 tins give 150-
200 Ibs. of oil capable of making 2,000-3,000 torches (Bur-
ma Forest Report 1881-1882). 80-90 torches in bundles
of 10 pieces cost locally only 1 tical.

MAI KWAO. (Nauclea cordzfolia), a very useful
soft-wood tree. The flowers are aggregate, ona globular
receptacle, axillary from 1-3 sunalita funnel shaped.
Germs inferior, two-celled, cells many-s2cded; attachment
interior. Capsules two-celled. Seeds many, imbricated,
and winged. Embryo invert, and furnished with a pe-
risperm. Leaves opposite, round cordate, downy under-
neath. Segments of the calyx clavate; seeds membrane-
winged, not imbricated.

The bark is rough ofa grey colour, 1} cm. thick.
This tree has no heartwood, the softwood itself is yellow
and moderately hard. The annual rings are indistinct,
the medullary rays very fine and short. The pores are
fine and small.

The wood is liable to crack if exposed to heat and
it shrinks considerably, it is easy to saw and much used
as it lasts long in the shade, when exposed to moisture
it rots. It should be well seasoned before use and painted
in time. The tree grows on good ground above high
flood level, trees above an altitude of 800 m. are rare. Mai

Kwao is rafted down in great quantities. Besides planks

28 MAI KWAO.

it may be used for furniture and boxes. If polished the
wood has a fine appearance. It can be worked and turned

well. It weighs only 680 kg. per cbin. P=459.

MAI TABEK. 29

MAI TABEK,. (Lagerstroemia _flos reginac/is one
of the the most useful and very common trees of Siam.

talvx six-toothed. Petals six, inserted by claws,
and curled. Germ from 3-6 celled; cells many-seecded,
attachment cential. Capsule superior, from 38-6 celled,
from 3-6 valved. Seeds several winged. Embryo, with
centripetal radical and little or no perisperm.

The bark is very thin showing white spots along
the whole stem. It can be peeled off easilv. In August
and September the tree has lilac flowers.

The wood is light red to yellow, has small and
large pores the large ones are joined bv narrow and wavy
concentric bands of larger wocdcells which contain the
smaller pores, prominent on a vertical scale, the medullary
rays are indistinct, the annual rings show an average of
36 per em. radius, they are marked by a ring of large
pores. The average weight is 680 kg. per chm. P.=450.

Tabek erows generally in groups in soft wood or
mixed forests. but forms under good conditions extensive
forests without allowing too many other genera to grow

amongst them. It can easily be extiacted and floated, is

30 MAI TABEK

therefore cheap and in considerable demand.

Excellent planks may be sawn from Mai Tabek,
even for permanent buildings, but it does not stand mois-
ture or the extreme heat of the sun and is liable to attacks
by insects. If used for permanent work it should be
seasoned and painted intime. Then it will last 20 years

or longer provided that some attention is paid to the
attacks of insects. Unless the wood is perfectly dry the
amount of shrinkage will be considerable. It seasons well.

Tabek logs are being rafted down to Bangkok in
large quantities, much is sawn in native sawing sheds
along the Menam. Extensive forestsare on the east coast,
in the district of Saraburi, along the MePing. As fuel it
can hardly be surpassed. Thousands of these trees along the
Korat Railway have been felled and split into firewood.
It is easy to split, has a high heating quality and leaves
little ash when burnt.

Tabek is, amongst some other woods, very sui-
table to replace the so-called “Singapore wood.” There is

stillan import of foreign woods into Siam, chiefly Singa-

MAI TABEK. 31

pore wood. Tabek is much superior to Singapore wood.
If it can be obtained cheap enough, the preference should
be given to Tabek.

There are still other species of this genus, Tabek
Lueat and Tabek Pluey, both timbers are useful and fairly

uniform in structure and quality.

2. RRO AAR EEA

32 MAI NGIU.

MAI NGIU. (Cottonwood tree (Bombac mala-
baricum) Leaves digitate, leaflets cuspidate, Calyx simple,
from 3-5-toothed, corol five-petalled. Stamina numerous
in two series of fascicles. Capsule five celled, five valved:
Seeds woolly.

The flowers are big, inside dark red and outside
pink. The 5 celled drupes are big and woody. The bark
is grey and covered with sharp conical prickles, with.
corky base. When old these prickles disappear. The
leaves are long-petioled.

The wood is white when fresh cut, turning dark
on exposure, it is very light, soft and perishable. :t has
no annual rings. Pores very scanty, very large, often
oval or divided into compartments. Medullary rays fine
to broad, numerous, not prominent.

In order to avoid the wood turning dark the log
should be sawn up fresh and the planks dried separately.
Cheap planks can be sawn out of it. Ifthey aie painted
in time they may last several years.

Under water it lasts fairly long. It may be used

in making boxes for packing and planks for temporary

MA! NGIU 33

buildings otherwise it is of no use. The rate of growth
is fast, about 3 annual rings on 2 cm. radius.

The seeds are surrounded by cotton which is
good for filling pillows and mattresses. Gum is obtained
from the tree. The weight is about 400 kg. per cbm. in a
dry state. P=360.

The trees are very straight about 30 m. high,
they grow under all conditions, however they prefer
grassy plains. The may be seen along the river banks

between Paknampoh and Utaradit.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SOME SIAMESE TREES.

i hie i

Artocarpus integrifolia Roxb.
Bombax malabaricum D. C.
Caesalpinia sappan Linn.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dyer.
Ficus glomerata Willd.

Ficus religiosa Willd.

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Hopea odorata Roxb.
Lagerstroemia flos reginae Retz.
Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg.
Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.
Michelia Champaca Willd.
Nauclea cordifolia Roxb.
Pentacme Siamensis Kurz.
Psidium guava Raddi.
Pterocarpus Indicus Willd.
Shorea obtusa Wall.

Sterculia villosa Roxb.
Tamarindicus Indica Linn.
Tectona grandis Linn.

Xylia dolabriformis Benth.
Ziziphus jujuba Willd.

——_ > +@>-_—__-

Kanun
Ngiu
Fang

Payung
Yang
Madua
Ton Poh
Takien noo
Takien
Tabek
Mohkman
Mamuang Pha
Champa
Kwao
Rang
Farang
-Pracdoo
Teng

Paw
Makahm
Sak

Deng
Putsa

35.

ENUMERATION OF TIMBER TREES

GrRowise In THE Siracia Company’s Forests, Siracwa.

1. MAI TAKIEN TONG, TAKIEN HIN. {iypy

uu naa mz itu Yu Largest size 35 kam, greatest
suitable length 25 wah. Takien Hin of light yellow
colour, Takien Tong dark yellow, flowers white. This tree
can attain an age of many hundred years. The Govern-
ment has permitted (to the Siracha Co.) to cut trees above
3kam. Useful for boards and boatbuilding. It is very
good for furniture. Excellent for building.

2. MAI PAYAWM ‘yrwenw Largest. size
30 kam, greatest useful length 8 wah, of yellow colour,
flowers white and fragrant. It is used for many purposes
and is considered by the Siamese as good timber.

3. MAI YANG.— ‘yng Largest size 35 kam,

greatest useful length 15 wah, the wood is softer than
Takien, colour light red, flowers white, timber very last-
ing if protected from the influences of heat and moisture,
The government has permitted to cut trees above 8 kam,
and collects a tax twice as much as from other woods.
This tree gives the wood oil; only trees from which no
more wood oil can be obtained may be.cut. The wood is
good for internal work, but should be well seasoned.

4. MAI KRABAK— ‘yfnrziunn Largest size 35

kam, greatest useful length 15 wah, a timber of white
colour, flowers white.

36.

The value of timber increases the older it is. The
Siamese use it for housebuilding. Fishing boats from
Mai Krabak are said to exist which are twent ty years old.
It is good for internal work.

5.. MAI YATI BOO. ly any y Largest size 20
P|)
kam greatest length 10 wah, timber of white colour,

flowers white, wood scented, timber used by the natives
for flooring and furniture.

6. MAI PRADOO LAY or PRADOO DENG CHIN
ay ute hi ane “ra Mon au Largest size 16 kam, greatest useful
v
length 5 wah, hardwood red, very hard of very ted
colour, flowers white fragrant. Hardwood and over 2 kam
is an object of trade. Big timber fetches high prices.

7. MAI PRADOO SOM, = {yalgady Largest
size 30 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, hardwood
very hard of red colour, flowers white net quite as good
as the preceeding, is also exported to China, can be ex-
posed to rain and the sun over 100 years.

8. MAI PRADOO SEN, ‘yyalseaigy Largest
size 30 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, hardwood
hard, darker than Pradoo Som. This wood is much
valued by the Chinese. For the last 2 kinds the eovern-
ment collects taxes twice as high than from ordinary
trees.

9. PRADOO NAM, 4jfajepqq Largest size
gv

30 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, hardwood hard

37.

colour red streaked with black. This timber is used by
the natives for housebuilding and attains a great age.

10. MAI DENGROAT, ‘yy ymozan Largest
size 30 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood
hard, of dark red colour, white fragrant flowers, may be
used for houseposts.

ll. MAI PRADOO CHING CHAN, ‘yy ass do du
gv

Largest size 30 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah,
heartwood extremely hard, colour dark red and streaked
black, flowers white, it is useful for toolhandles.

12. MAIGET, ‘byinm Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, wood very hard of red
colour, streaked with yellow, flowers white. Fruits are
sweet and can be eaten. The wood is fairly good but
rare, it is used for posts, sugar presses and furniture. At
Siracha the posts of a rice shed are said to be more than
80 vears old.

13. MAI RAK Int Largest size + kam, greatest
useful length 2 wah, colour red like blood, flowers
white, it is good for furniture.

14. MAI KLENG = {yr ang Largest size 16

kam, greatest useful length 8 wah, wood very hard, of
pink colour, flowers white, fruits can be eaten, toolhandles
are made of the wood, also it is exported to China where
the rudders of lorchas are made of it.

38.

15. MAI GANGRAO, = ‘iy nyinz1 Largest size
12 kam, greatest useful length 9 wah, wood very hard

of yellowish colour, flowers fragrant, may be used for
houseposts. :

16. MAI KOHNSMAW ‘yy Yn dun Largest
size 10 kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, heartwood

hard, of light green colour, flowers yellow, the wood may
be used for houseposts.

17. MAI PANCHAM ‘I wu a) Largest size
15 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard
of yellow colour streaked with black, flowers white and

fragrant, the wood may be used for houseposts ; it is
good for building.

18. MAI MAHAT ‘yy yewin _— Largest size
8 kam, greatest useful length 9 wah, heartwood hard,

of dark yellow colour, flowers white, fruits can be eaten,
the wood may be used for houseposts.

19. MAI MAKALING yemag Largest size 16 kam,
greatest useful length 4 wah, heartwood hard, colour yel-
low streaked with green, flowers blue, wood excellent for
internal and outside fittings.

20. MAI GATIT ‘ay nena Largest size 13 kam,
greatest useful length 5 wah, heartwood hard, colour
light yellow streaked green, flowers white, the wood
is excellent and can be used for house building.

21. MAI KAESAI ‘NW uenrat Largest size

14 kam, greatest useful length 4 wah, heartwood very

39.

hard, colour light yellow ‘streaked green, flowers white,
wood very heavy. It may be used for posts but should

be used for works of secondary importance, as the quality
is still doubtful.

29. MAl MAKA MONG ‘i nemlyg Largest

size 16 kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, wood hard
of yellow colour, flowers blue, used for houseposts.

23. MAI MAKLUA einan Ebony. Largest size

7 kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, very hard, colour
ink black, flowers blue, fruits used for deying cloth black.
The wood is used in Siam for handles or weapons etc., it is

largely exported to Europe. The government has impo-
sed an export tax of 1 tical per picul.

24. MAI DAMDONG yy ppg Largest size 6 kam,

greatest useful length 5 wah, heartwood as hard as Ebony,
of black colour, flowers yellow itis used in Siam for
furniture and boxes and is largely exported.

23. MAISMAESAN' sy u@udi Largest size 5 kam,

greatest useful length 3 wah, heartwood very hard, of
black colour streaked white, flowers yellow. Itis used
in Siam for wooden nails in boat building. It is an ex-
pensive wood

. ww &
296. MAl KAPI KAO KWAI — WWoaswim an

Largest size 5 kam, vreatest useful length 3 wah, heart-
wood hard of black colour streaked white, flowers blue.
The wood is used for furniture, toolhandles and boxes,

40.

27. MAI MAMUANG PAH, ‘hy yeigaun Largest

size 15 kam, greatest useful length 7 wah, heart- wood
hard, of black colour streaked red, flowers white,
fragrant, fruits can be eaten. This wood is used for
boxes.

28. MAI CHAMOT ‘yy qe, Largest size 3 kam,

greatest useful length 3 kam, heartwood hard, wood
black and white streaked, flowers blue, fruits can be
eaten, it is used for walking sticks and fancy boxes.

299. MAL PAWADAM = ‘yy weqim Largest size

16 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard
of yellow colour, beautifully streaked black and red, it
may be used for posts, planks and furniture. The flowers
are yellow.

30. MAI PAWAKAO § ‘yfysq1mq Largest size

15 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard,
of white colour, flowers white, fruits eatable ; the wood
may be used for planks and posts.

31. MAIKANUN BAN ‘yy auyimy Largest size -
10 kam, greatest useful length 4 wah, wood hard of yellow
colour, yellow flowers, fruits can be eaten. The wood is
used for deying priests garments.

32. MAI INTANIN ‘yyfunuy Largest size

16 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard of
yellowish red icolour, flowers pink. lt is an excellent
wood, good for building and can be exposed to heat and
moisture.

41.

33. MAI POO CHAO ees Largest
size 15 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood
hard, of yellow colour, flowers white, may be used for
planks in flooring.

34. MAI TANHOK ‘ay au vn Largest
size 15 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood soft
like teak, colour light yellow, flowers white, it is a good
timber and can be exposed to heat and moisture.

vA.
35. MAI PUTYIPUN ‘y watt Largest size 6
kam, greatest useful length 2 wah, wood hard of white
colour, it is exported to Japan.

36. MAI MAKAHM ‘rue an Largest
size 20 kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, colour black
and white, flowers yellow, fruits can be eaten. The wood
is good for inside fittings in houses, but is difficult to
work.

37. MAI SISIET Wig gun Largest
size- 12 kam, greatest useful length 9 wah, heartwocd
hard, it is a good wood for building, and is used for floor-
ing, boat building and furniture, the bark is eaten with
betel. The flowers are white.

38. MAI PAYUNG Tay weld Largest size
25 kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, the colour of the
wood is red, flowers white, it is very durable and can be
highly recommended.

42.

39. MAI MANAO PAH ‘Gyqewoin Largest
size 4 kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, has no heartwood,
wood light yellow, flowers white. The size of the wood is
too small to come in question for building.

40. MAI GAEO Tsuna Largest size 4 kam, great-
est useful length 2 wah, wood yellow and hard. It is a
beautiful wood and is used for fancy boxes.

41. MAI MA PAEN ‘ay Neuwy Largest size 15
kam. Greatest useful length 5 wah, wood hard of red
colour, flowers red, it may be used for internal work.

42, MAILUEANG'g ivang Largest size 3 kam,
greatest useful length 3 wah, flowers yellow, the wood is
used for dyeing yarn and silk ; the price is locally 6 tes.
per picul.

43. MAI YANG DENG ‘Wy enquny Largest size
30 kam, greatest useful length 12 wah, colour red, flowers
red. The wood has a resinous oil, it may be used in
building for internal work.

44. MAI CHAN ‘hy dy Largest size 30 kam,greatest
useful length 13 wah, wood is red,it is used for boat build-
ing; flowers are white.

45. MAI BUNNAK ‘wWuywin Largest size 10
kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, has no heartwood,
wood red, white fragrant flowers, good for internal
fittings.

43,

46. MAI CHOOMPRAEK yy duunmn Largest
size 20 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood
hard of red colour, it is a wood of doubtful quality. The

flowers are white.

47. MAI OYCHANG a Agta Largest size 15
kam, greatest suitable length 5 wah, heartwood hard, co-
lour bright red, it is not good for permanent work.

48. MAI KANG KAO ‘yyaagain Largest size 4
kam, greatest length 3 wah, no heartwood, wood red, it is
elastic, but is not good for building; the flowers are pink,
fruits are eatable.

49. MAI SANMAN ‘a easy Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard, the flowers
are white, the fruits eatable ; the wood can be recommend-
ed for internal parts.

50. MAISONG GRADONG ‘hy dna nrepa9 Largest
size 5 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah. The wood is of
black colour streaked white, it is not a building timber,
the small heartwood is good for walking sticks. The
flowers are white,

51. MAI MASANG ‘yy yenria Largest size 20 kam,
greatest useful length 7 wah, heartwood hard, wood light
red, fruits eatable, it is a good wood, the posts of the pier
at Bangplasoi are more than 60 years old, the wood is not
attacked by boreworms.

44.

52. MAIMAGLAM TA CHANG ‘yy yeng may
Largest size 20 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heart-
wood hard of a light red colour, flowers light yellow, fruits
eatable, it may be used for internal fittings.

53. MAI HIENG 4y ina Largest size 25 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard of a light
red colour, it is a good timber and is not attacked by
boreworms. The flowers are white.

54. MAIMOHKMAN ‘yy \yniy Largest size 4 kam,
greatest useful length 2 wah, wood soft, yellow mixed with
other colours. It is too small and useless for building, it
is however elastic and therefore good for small oars.

55. MAI TAEO ‘ay Lad Largest size 20 kam, great-
est useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard of light yellow
colour, flowers white. It is good for internal fittings.

56. MAI SAMRONG ‘aéilra Largest size 30
kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, wood soft of bright
red colour, flowers red, fruits can be eaten, oi! for the hair
is made from the wood; it can be used for internal fittings.

57. MAISMAW TIN RAENG ‘y\ dua auura Larg-
est size 15 kam, greatest suitable length 5 wah, heartwood
hard of black colour streaked with green, flowers blue.
It may be good for internal fittings only.

58. MAI RACHAPRUK PAH LW rawqnwin Larg-
est size 10 kam, greatest suitable length 5 wah, heartwood

45.

hard of dark’ black colour, used in Siam fer houseposts
and flooring, pink flowers.

59. MAT RACHAPRUK LWnawane Largest size
10 kam, greatest useful length 7 wah, heartwood hard,
colour black, used for posts and flooring, flowers yellow,
fruits can be eaten.

60. MAI MANGUA Tad ne qq Largest size 5 kam,
greatest useful length 4 kam, no heartwood, no building
timber, wood used to make combs, gunshafts ; flowers
white, fruits can be eaten.

61. MAI CHIENG PRAH-NANG AE {yf ana wrt

‘unug Largest size 15 kam, greatest useful length 7 wah,
heartwood hard, of yellow and red colour, beautifully
marked, used internally for planks and walls, flowers
white:

62. MAI KANUN PAH ‘Wauuan Largest size
20 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard of
yellow colour, no building timber, good for furniture ;
flowers veilow.

63. MAI XRABOK ‘nes un Largest size 20 kam,
greatest suitable length 7 wah, little heartwood, wood of

white colour, good to burn charcoal, flowers blue ; fruits
can be eaten.

64. MAI TABEK ay mewun 2 kinds, one streaked

yellow, and one not streaked. Largest size 25 kam, greatest

46.

suitable length 8 wah, wood white, flowers lilac. Very
good timber for flooring and walls if }rotected from
moisture.

65. MAI GRACHO ‘nrziqw Largest size 16
kam, greatest suitable length 7 wah, no heartwood, wood
of yellow colour, good for internal fittings, flowers blue.

66. MAI KWAO(WYS 1am) Largest size 15 kam, great-
est suitable length 6 wah, no heartwood, yellow colour,
flowers white, good for internal fittings. Much shrinkage.

67. MAI PAYAYAH ‘yy wertn Largest size 4 kam,
greatest suitable length 3 wah, no heartwood, wood hard
of light yellow colour, no building timber, good for boxes,
flowers white.

68. MAI KRADOHN ‘yy nzz lpy Largest size 10
kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, heartwood hard dark
red, no building timber, flowers white.

69. MAI PRIK ‘yy aifp Largest size 6 kam, greatest
useful length 2 wah, softwood of yellow colour, suitable
only for furniture and gunshafts. Flowers white.

70. MAI KACHIEN ‘ying (aay Largest size 10 kam,
greatest useful length 10 wah, softwood of yellow colour,
yellow and fragrant flowers, excellent planks for flooring,
walling and internal fittings.

71. MAI POTALE ‘yy lwnziq Largest size 4 kam,
greatest suitable length 2 wah, heartwood hard of black
colour streaked red. Pink flowers. The wood is good

for toolhandles, but too small to be used in building.

72. MAI GATANGHAN ty nsnavy Largest size
10 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard of
red colour, flowers white. The wood is good for high
posts and masts.

73. MAI SADAO ‘yy é1m Largest size 12 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard of dark black
colour, flowers white and fragrant. The wood can be
used for permanent work and can be exposed to sun and
moisture.

74. MAI KRADUK GAT LW nean,[n Largest size 6
kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white. This wood may be used for internal
fittings only.

75. MAIMOHKLUEANG ‘yy lyn inans Largest size
3 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, softwood of yellow
colour, flowers yellow; not used in building.

76. MAI TABOON ty mzuy Largest size 10 kam,
greatest useful length 8 wah, heartwood hard of red colour,
flowers white ; not used in building.

77. MAI MAPLAP ‘fyeway Largest size 4
kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers blue, fruits eatable. The wood is used for

fishing stakes.
78. MAI MAKAHM KRAY ‘Gf yeaq army Lare-
ast size 10 kam, greatest useful length, 10 wah, softwood

of yellowish white colour. The wood lasts fairly long in
water, but is useless for building.

Sill Ae einstein apiaiiinlinatiantaainiiiitat

48.

79. MAI SMET DENG |W iduauns Largest size 10
kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, heartwood hard, colour
red, flowers white, fruits eatable. Timber not used for
building.

80. MAI WAH YAI 4m ‘lug Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, no heartwood, softwood
compact, colour light yellow, flowers white, fruits can be
eaten, the wood may be used for internal parts of buildings
if seasoned and painted in time.

81. MAI KANGKO ‘yy a na Largest size 4 kam,
greatest suitable length 3 wah, softwood of light yellow
colour, flowers white, fruits can be eaten. Very elastic,
but too small to be used for building.

82. MAITASUBAW m én Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 4 wah, heartwood of red colour
flowers white, may be used for outside fittings, if season-
ed and painted in time.

83. MAI MOONTRI ‘hi wurd Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 7 wah, softwood of red colour, may
be used for planks inside.

gi. MAICHAMUANG ly qzung Largest size 10
kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable, may be used for
outside fittings if painted in time.

gs. MAI LUBAT KWAI Wi igen nny Largest size
10 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, no heartwood,
softwood compact, flowers white. The wood may be

49.

used with care, it has an vily substance like blood.

LY .
86. MAL KLAT Wy nai Largest size 10 kam,
greatest useful leneth 10 wah, no heartwood, softwood
yellow and compact, the wood cannot be recommended.

Si. MAL KOLAEN ‘yy anuay Largest size 10 kam,
greatest useful length 6 wah, compact softwood of white
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood may be
used also for outside parts if seasoned and painted in time.

88. MAI PLONG ‘a wane Largest size oO kam,
greatest usefal lenath 3 wah, compact softwood of white
colour, too small to be used for building. Flowers white,
fruits eatable.

89. MAL KAMTCHAT ‘ynnaa Largest size 15
kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, softwood of white
colour, shoul:l not be used for bailding.

90. MAI KAWK KLUEAN ly han een Largest
size 15 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood
soft of red colour, flowers white and fragrant, fruits
entable ; timber may be used for planks.

91, MAI LAMDUA™ ‘ay qinoqy Largest size 4 kam,
greatest useful length 2 wah, softwood of white colour
flowers white and fragrant, fruits can be eaten. The
wood does not come into question for building owing to
its small size.

92. MAI LALAWK ‘yy gz aan Largest size 15 kam,
greatest length 5 wah, softwood of yellow colour, flowers
white. The wood may be used for planks and walling
not exposed to rain.

93. MAI GONG GANG ‘a \nanig Largest size
15 kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers white. The timber may be used for planks
and inside fittings.

94. MAI POOTSA TALE ‘yy wasingig Largest
size 3 kam, greatest useful length 2 ‘wah, heartwood of
red colour, flowers white, fruits can be eaten. Timber
cannot be used in building.

95. MAI SAMPAO ly dium Largest size 4 kam,
greatest useful length 3 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white ; the timber is lasting in the shade and in
water, but cannot be alternately exposed to sun and
moisture.

96. MAI MOHK KAO ‘Wy Jun ang Largest size 3
kam, greatest useful length 7 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers white, useless for building.

: wv &
97. MAI ROY RIN y TouTy Largest size 5 kam,
greatest useful length 3 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white. Not used in building.

98. MAI MAPRANG PAH {Wqearain Largest
size 5 kam, greatest uscful length 4 wah, softwood of red

51.

colour streaked white, fruits eatable. Wood good for
planks which are not to be exposed to heat and moisture.

99. MAI LAM YAI PAH {yf oo lyin Largest
size 15 kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, heartwood hard
of dark red colour, used in building, lasting in shade.
Flowers white, fruits can be eaten.

100. MAI MAFAI PAH A we Win Largest size 6
kam, greatest length 1 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white. Not to be used in building.

101. MAI PUNG TALE ‘wwe neia Largest size 15
kam, greatest useful length 9 wah, leartwood of red co-
lour, flowers red, fruits eatable. The timber is used for
planks in shade and inside fittings.

102. MAIL CHAN IN ‘yy qyfy Largest size 8 kam,
greatest useful length 5 wah, heartwood hard of pink
colour, ilowers yellow and fragrant, fruits eatable; timber
good for inside fittings.

108. MAI KATAWN PAH ‘yf ne navin Largestsize
20 kam, greatest useful length 7 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood is suitable
for planks in flooring and walling } rotected from mois-
ture. ,

104. MAI KASENG ‘yy uaugg Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length, 4 wah, no heartwood, wood soft of
yellow colour flowers white. Very good for planks and

inside fittings.

105. MAI HAMCHANG lie m1 413 Largest size 15
kam, greatest useful length 8 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white. The wood is good and lasting when used
for inside fittings.

106. MAI PLOENG YAT ‘yy wwoa luqy Largest size
16 kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, softwood of yellow
colour, flowers white. The wood is not used for building.

107. MAI PLGING NOT ‘y) waaday Largest size
5 kam, greatest useful length 3 wah, very soft wood of
yellow colour, flowers white no building tiinber.

108. MAI SMAW PIPEHK ‘ay ana Winn Largest

size 15 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood of
white colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood
may be used for planks in shade.

109. MAI CHLOOT TON {yy qqnpy Largest size
10 kam, greatest useful length 5 wah, softwood of white
colour, flowers yellow. May be used for planks and
inside fittings..

110. MAT MAFAT RABY ‘yy ye was Largest size
3 kam, greatest useful length 2 wah, softwood of white
‘colour. This wood does not come into question for build-
ing purposes.

PEL MAI SATUE a ae Atl Largest size 15 kam,
greatest uscful length 12 wah, softwood of white colour,

53.

flowers blue, fruits can be eaten the wood is not used for
building.

LT. MAI SATAW ‘a @zrn Largest size 15 kam,
greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard of red
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood may be
used for ten.porary work.

113. MAI PRACHAO HA PRAONG ‘y{wosimtanre

c :
aan Largest size 20 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah,
softwood of white colour. The wood is not lasting, but
may be used for boxes,

14. MAI LAMBIT lyon Largest size 5 kam,
greatest useful length 7 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white. Not used for building.

115. MAI KAPONG ‘yy nswa Largest size 35 kam,
greatest length 50 wah, softwood of white colour. The
wood is useless for building.

“

116. MAI CHANUEN ‘3 qyny Largest size 15
kam, greatest length 5 wah, heartwood of white colour.
The wood cannot be recommended.

.

. 7 vd .

117, MAT TIN PET ‘yy my iaia Largest size 30 kam

greatest length 10 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white. It cannot be recommended for building.

118. MAISAMINGKAMRAM ly ésiia pr mw Largest
size 30 kam. greatest length 10 wah, soft wood of white

54.

colour, flowers red. The wood is not used for building,

119. MAI PAWDENG ‘yy ainung Largest size 15
kam, greatest useful length 6 wah, softwood of white co-
lour, flowers red. The wood is useless for building, but
the bark is used for making ropes.

120. MAI PAW POET ‘yy aig iin Largest size 5
kam, greatest length 4 wah, heartwood soft of white colour,
flowers yellow. The timber is not used for building.
Natives make ropes from the fibres of the bark.

121. MAI PAWFALT ‘yy uachy Largest size 5 kam,
greatest length 3 wah, softwood very light of white colour,
flowers yellow. The bark is used for the manufacture of
ropes. The wood is useless.

122. MAI CHUMSENG ‘3/4 1d) Largest size 3
kam, greatest length 2 wah, softwood of white colour. It
is useless for building.

123. MAI KAH TON aan mu Largest size + kam,
greatest length 3 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white. The wood cannot be used for building.

124. MAIGAM CHAT ly many Largest size 10 kam,
greatest length 8 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white, fruits eatable. The wood cannot be recommended
for building.

125. MAI PLAPDONG ‘yy waijna Largest size 10

55.

kam, greatest Jength 7 wah, softwood of white colour. It
is not used for building.

126. MAI PLAO ay wen Largest size 3 kam, great-
est length 3 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers white;
the wood is too small and useless for building.

127. MAI MANGAN ‘yy yeti Largest size 6 kam,
greatest length 2 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white. The wood does not come in question for building.

128. MAIMAKAWRE Wy qe nan Largest size 10 kam,
greatest Iength 6 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white, fruits eatable. The wood is useless for building.

129. MAI SAI ‘oy wr Largest size 10 kam, greatest
length 5 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers red. The
wood is not used for building purposes.

130. MAI GRANG fy nr. Largest size 10 kam,
greatest length 6 wah, softwood very light of white colour,
flowers yellow. It is not used for building.

131. MAI SATBAN ‘yy gaijy Largest size 15 kam,
greatest length 8 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white. The wood cannot be recommended for any pur-
pose.

132. MAITINNOK yy auyn Largest size 10 kam,
greatest length 5 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white. The wood is not used for building.

56.

133. MAI PIKOON PAH ‘'yffnqin Largest size
10 kam, greatest length 10 wah, softwood compact of
white colour, flowers white. The wood is ‘not used for
building.

134. MAT TONG |yjma Largest size 5 kam, greatest
length 10 wah, no heartwood, softwood hard of white
colour. The wood is not used for building.

135. MAI MONG ‘yy lg Largest size 5 kam, great-
est length 10 wah, no heartwood, softwood of yellow
colour, flowers white, the juice from the bark is used by
native builders for a mixtere which is added to lime
mortar.

136. MAI MOI MAH ‘yy yuasvin Largest size 3
kam, greatest length 3 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white, fruits eatable. It is too small for building
timber.

137. MAI KAI NAO ‘yy 4 WI Largest size 10 kam,
greatest length 3 wah, softwood of green colonr, flowers
white, fruits can be eaten. The wood is useless for
building.

138. MAI SMAW NA ‘yy dua wi Largest size 15
kam, greatest length 3 wah, softwood of white colour,
flowers white, fruits eatabie. It cannot be recommended

for building.

57.

139. MAISMAW DLNGU ‘iy/gyeag Largest size
15 kam, greatest length 10 wah, no heartwood, softwood
compact of light yellow colour, flowers white, fruits can
be eaten.

140. MAI HUH KWANG Wy noiq Largest size
15 kam, greatest length 6 wah, fine shade tree, wood hard
of red colour, flowers white, fruits can be eaten. The
wood is not used.

141. MAI KOI ‘y{q94 Largest size 6 kam, greatest
length 2 wah, softwood of yellow colour streaked white,
flowers white, fruits can be eaten. lt is not used for
building.

142. MAICHIK NAH ‘yfany Largest size 15
kam, greatest length 3 wah, wood hard of light red
colour, it is not used for building.

143. MAITIN TAO ‘yay ym Largestsize 10 kam,
greatest length 6 wah, softwood of red colour, flowers
white. The wood is not used.

144. MAITAKONAH ‘yyps)py1 Largest size 15
kam, greatest length 3 wah, softwood compact of white
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood is not
used for building.

145. MAIKRA CHAO ‘ylpreyq 7 Largest size 30

kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard of
pink colour, flowers white. The wood is good for planks
and internal fittings.

146. MAI KRAPET TON ‘g\nrsuia my Largest size
15 kam, greatest useful length 10 wah, heartwood hard
of light yellow colour, flowers white, fruits chn be eaten.
The wood is good for planks and internal fittings.

147. MAIMAKAW ‘yyqeqq Largest size 10 kam,
greatest length 6.wah, heartwood hard of light yellow
colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. The wood may he
used for posts and flooring.

148. MAIKAYAO ‘yrpzin Largest size 10 kam,
greatest useful length 4 wah, softwood compact of vellow-
ish white colour, flowers white. The wood may be used
for posts.

149. MAI MAFUBANG PAH ‘afyewagin Largest
size 3 kam, greatest length 3 wah, softwood compact of
light yellow colour, flowers white, fruits eatable. It is
too small in size to be used in building.

150. MAI -PEKAH ‘yfiwoi Largest size 3 kam,
greatest length 2 wah, softwood of white colour, flowers
white, fruits eatable. Itis not used for building pur-
poses.

CHOOSING TIMBER AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT.

—_ www

I N choosing timber for building purposesit is always
difficult to find something suitable. This depends in the
first instance on the technical conditions which the build-
ing in question requires and on the local conditions
which influence the price of the timber, namely the dis-
tance to the place from where the timber can be procured
and the quality of the timber available, further the means
of transport, either by rafts or by dragging it out by
elephants or buffaloes or conveying it in buffalee or bullock
carts. The technical conditions to be observed are
strength, elasticity and weight of the wood. For bridges
a very hard timber with a high co-efficient of transverse

strength is used; for example Mai Deng, Teng, Rang. Maka.

For temporary building a soft wood such as Mai Yang,

Tabek or Kwao is taken, whereas for sleepers good heavy

60.

timber which can be adzed easily should be selected.

The Choosing in Bangkok is not difficult, as Teng
Rang, Pradoo and other hard woods cannot always be
procured and Teak is applied generally for all permanent
work. In the Interior near hills and forests, it is however
quite a different matter. In some parts of the Interior
where no teak is growing it cannot be bought or is much
more expensive than it is in Bangkok. The reason may
be found in the fact that teak dealers send their logs direct
to Bangkok and take no troubles to meet the small
demand for teak in other places. Therefore one has
to look for an equal substitute. For all purposes for
which teak is used in Bangkok, hardwood timber is
chosen which serves its purposes just as well and has the

advantage of lower cost.

The transport conditions influence naturally the
price of the wood more than everything else. Timber,
growing near streams, is easy to transport. Soft woods can

be brought together in rafts without much trouble, but in

61.

rafting hardwood arrangements have to be made to
prevent the logs from sinking. For this purpose bundles
of bamboo, each bundle consisting of from 30 to 50 is
firmly tied alongside the timber raft to act as buoys,
these bundles are further again securely bound together
by cross pieces to prevent the possibility of their parting
during transit. The timber is suspended from them by
means of rattans. On the thickness and fresh quality of
the bamboos depends the carrying capacity of such a raft.
In order to transport heavy timber overland for a long
distance it is best to use elephants but for smaller timber
buffaloes and bullocks may be used to convey it in carts.
Should the distance not be too great and large quantities
of timber be found, the best means may be a light railway,
however, even in this case elephants or buffaloes can
hardly be dispensed with to bring the timber to the
small line. Bullocks are used chiefly to transport timber
in the higher parts, especially in those with little water in
the dry season and buffaloes are preferred for this work

. by the natives in the Menam Valley. The bullocks

work well and are enduring. In transporting wood with
buffaloes much patience is required, the animals are really
strong but are slow and want to feed and bathe frequently
during the day. Their owners look well after them and
object to them being used for too hard work,
The following lists will be of a help in choosing
suitable timber.
(1). List of timber trees classified according to
durability.
(2). Anaccount showing how some timber treated.
of in the foregoing pages may be used.
(3). A list of weights and co-efficients of transverse
strength.
(4). An account showing the difficulties in sawing
some timber of different hardness compared with

teak.

63.

LIST OF TIMBER TREES

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO DURABILITY. THE NUMBER DENOTES CLASS
OF DURABILITY.

ee

Class 1 is most durable. Trees of this class will last: at least 10 years under
bad conditions. Class 4 is most perishable. Trees of this class will not last 2 years

under bad conditions.

m Co Oo dD DO — DO OO DO DO

Bunnak 3 | Dam Dong 1
Deng 1

Chaht 2 | Dengroat 2

Chalieng 4; Durian 2b 4

Chamot 2

Chamuang ae 3 | Fang J

Chan 3

Chan In 3 | Gamchai

Chanuen 4 | Gammapruek

Chayapruek 2) Gangrao

Chet Kon Prarnvang 4] Ganglueang

Chieng Prah Nang Ac 3 | Gatanghan

Chik (Siamese) 4] Gatit (Tatit)

Chik (.aos)=Teng 1 | Geo

Chin Chan 1 | Get

Chloot Ton 3 | Glay

Choompraek 3} Gongang

Chumseng 41 Goom

64.

Gop
Grang
Gracho

Haen
Hamchang
Hieng

Hom

Huh Kwang

Intanin

Kabao

Kabek=Tabek ...

Kabien
Kachien
Kae bahn
Kae nang
Kae sai
Kae seng
Kah Ton
Kainao
Kampi
Kamtchat
Kanan
Kang
Kangkao:
Kangko
Kanun

oo oO Oo

Rm eb &

bo

oo OG OF Go Hm DD RB OF OO PO DD & OD

Kanun pah

Kao lam Dong ...

Kapangha
Kapong
Kapi

Kapi Kao Kwai...

Katawn
Katae
Katoom
Katoom luang
Kawk kluen
Kayao

Kee lek
Klai

Klang
Kleng
Klotng kwai
Kolaen
Koon

Kohn smaw
Koy

Kraat
Krabak
Krabok
Krachao
Kradohn
Kradukgai
Krai
KrapetTon

oo G2 DD OS G9 G GO DO G2 DO DO GO HR DD bd bo G9 C9 GO DD HR ie

65.

Lalawk
Lambit
Lamdtan
Lamyai
Lien

Lieng
Liengman
Linchi
Lueat kwai
Lueang

Madan
Madua Chumipon,..
Madua Plong
Mafai

Mafaw

Matit

Mafueang
Magawk

Maglam Tah Penne
Mahat rr
Mahuat

Makahm

Makahim gray
Makahm pom
Makahm tet

Maka mong

bo OO bo BE bo OO DD OD HE Ww WD tO PR RTD

ee

Oo C2 DO ee bo bo ts oo Oo

Makaling
Makatae
Makaw
Makawk
Makayai
Makluea

Man

Mangua
Manao pah
Mamuang ban

Mamuang pah

Mapaen
Mapawp
Mapet
Maplob
Maplap
Maprang
Maput
Masang
Matoom
Moimah
Mohklueang
Mohkkao
Mohkman
Mong
Moontri

Ngiu
Noonsi

Wolke Ww Oe le Ro OR

Ww

we

66.

Pancham
Pawadam
Pawakao

Paw deng

Paw poet

Paw Fai
Payawm
Payayah
Payoong

Pekah

Pi koon

Plao

Plong

Plap dong

Plong

Ploeng

Pluang

Po Tale

Poo chao
Pootyipun
Pootsah

Pra chao ha praong
Pradoo vee
Promachat (Tong
Pung tale

Rachapruek pah...
Rak oe
Rang

2
3
3
4
4
4
2
3
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
3
2
3
4
1
3
3

be DO OO

Royrin

Sadao
Sahk
Sai
Sak
Sakae
Sakam
Salao
Salieng

Saming kam ram

Sampao
Samrong
San

San man
Sanuan
Sataw
Satawn

Sat ban
Satue
Sawong hin
Sawong on
Si fan dang
Sisiet
Smae

Smae san
Smae tale
Smaw

Smaw di ngoo

i

Re HB Rt OS DD HR lS Oo RH OH DD O68 Oo RP OO DDR eR eb

67.

Smaw pipehk

Smaw tinraeng ...

Smetdeng
Somhit

Son

Song kradong

Sueak (laos )= Yok Fah

Tabek=Kabek
Taboon
Taeo
Takien
Takien noo
Takonah
Takraw
Takuh
Tang lang
Tanhok
Tapoo
Tapta

bo ee OO OO OR

HK bD ND HB OO Oo HB DF Ge SO OO

Tasuea

Tat

Tawn

Teng

Teng nam :
Tengrang= oe or Rang
Tinnok

Tinpet

Tin tao

Tong

Ton hok

Wha yai

Yai Boo
Yang
Yang deng
Yohm
Yok fah

bD Go RR IR Go Hb 09 dO

bo

bo CoN & OO

68.

LIST SHOWING TIMBER SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS
BUILDING PURPOSES.

é 6]:
al PAEE
Railway Sleepers dice ce] BI | Se cee |
Bridge Timber de ee |
Yelegraph Poles A oll ll iad al as hall od fa oa
|
Honuseposts, for flooring and walls ...[*)*|*|*)*|-|-|-|-|*
Planks exposed to sun and moisture..| *|*)*|*)-]-j)-|-|-|*
Z |
Planks exposed to moisture ee oe oe eer ee ee
Planks not exposed ele lela p ae) ill pa taey ae] ilo fe
\
Boats Sigs Teed col ET al cel ell | eel
Window and Door frames cea | | PL ee eo hae

NOTE.—The timber in the column corresponding with an asteric may be
recommended.

For other timber refer to the list of woods arranged on pages 63-67
in alphabetical order according to their durability.

Hardwood timber should not be sawn into planks unless it is properly
seasoned, as it is liatle to crack. Planks of softwood trees will nut
crack but should not be used before they are perfectly dry as the amount of
shrinkage is considerable.

69.

WEIGHTS& COEFFICIENTSOFT RANSVERSESTRENGTH.

WEIGHT
per cbm. P,
in perfectly dry state.

Sappan ... Bt 1030 1065
Payoong S41 900 622
Deng... oa 1020 608
Maka... aa 1000 630
Teng... ies 950 » 3T4
Pradoo ... eke 900 | 371
Teak (Sak ) the 770 1 503
Rang ss ‘gin 920) | 569
Takien ... we 830 478
Pluang ... wid 830 d18
Yang... 5s 790 527
Kwao... eal 680 459
Tabek =... ee 680 450
Ngiu oes as 400 360

For other timber see List of Timber trees arranged
in alphabetical order and classified according to durability.

The coefficients of transverse strength are calculated
from the formula :

wx th

P= Bx D

W = Weight in kg when placed on a bar which will
cause it to break.

L = _ Jength of bar in cm.
B and D= breadth and depth in cm.

70.

HAND-SAWING WORK.

The timber treated on the foregoing pages being of
different hardness it is evident that one kind is easier
to saw than another. Teak is easy to saw. If 9 Tes,
per Yok is a fair price to pay for one Yok (—16 qm.)
of teak to sawyers much more must be paid for Mai Maka
and Pradoo.

The following prices may be paid to sawyers for
sawing planks by hand.

Maka 18 Ticals per Yok

Pradoo 15 as 5
Teng 15 4 is
Payawm 14 5 -
Rang 13 3 ‘5
Deng 13 * %
Takien 12 5
Kabek 11 ie
Kwao 10 3 4
Teak 9 ss ts

For scantlings and big timber 2 tes. in addition to
the above prices may be paid.

The above prices have been paid at Pichit, at
Bangkok they are 2 tes. per Yok higher.

VALUE OF TIMBER EXPORTED.

71.

1902. | 1903. | 1904. 1905. 1906.

Teak 6.726.633 8,276,405 (10,051,725 | 14,075,329 | 12,800,428
Rosewood 168,154 | ¢ c 114,403
Pradoo 66,932 54,585

513,713
Agilla 68,961 4 294,216 832,585 | 41,659
|

Ebony 19,384 26,588
Sappan 86.730 | lL 86.330
360,11] 273,000

Value of Timber Sawn or Unsawn Imported.

Ticals.
1903 562,343
1904 689,678
1905... 6 .. 680,573
1906 725,124

From the above figures it can be seen that the Import
of Timber from Singapore is increasing. Very likely the
quantities required in future years will increase con-
siderably more and it is believed that the demand must
be supplied from other countries as it seems that it can-
not be done vet in Siam. The forests of Siam are much
better than at the Southern end of the Peninsula.

72.

The cost of transport from the forest to Bangkok is
rather too high to allow a big profit to speculators. At
present the Sriracha Co. supplies soft wood timber at low
rates which is sawn at the Company's Saw Mill at Sriracha
on the East coast. There are also suitable forests in other
parts of Siam where it will pay to start Saw Mills for
scantlings and planks for sale in Bangkok.

The prices for Singapore wood are sure to go up
much higher within the next few vears: Then is the
time when competition with Singapore timber will set.
in with success and will cause the import to become less
again.

73.

PRICES OF TIMBER.

A. Art BanexKor.

Teak logs— 12-22 pikat according quality and
market rate.
» sawn, — Assorted according measurements on
timber list and delivered by suppliers
Tes. 3.12-4.25 per cbf.

» scantlings,— Mixed supplied to R. R. D. Tes. 120-
145 per ton.

» boards,— Tes. 140-160 per ton, delivered.
’ Tabek logs,— 7-9 kam, 8m long average per log
15 Tes.

Banglam wood,— Planks and scantlings of Mai Yang
sold at Wang Na, Tcs. 1.50 per cbf.
delivered.

Siracha wood,— Yai Boo, Tes. 1.00-1.25 per cbf.
Krabak, ,, 1.13-1.38 ,, ,,

Yang, » 118-1.50 ,, ,,
different hard-woods 1.20-2.00 per cbf.
delivered to buyers.

Intanin wood,— Sawnat the West coast by the East
Asiatic Co., sold at Wat Phya Krai per
cbf. Te. 1.-1.50.

74.

Singapore wood,—Planks m. 5.00 x .01 x 0.17 per 100
Tes. 20-26.
» m.5.00 x .02 x 0.17 per 100
Tes. 56-70,
The market price varies according to
quality and demand.
Posts of hardwood, adzed posts are sold at about Tcs. 2.—
per running meter.
B. Ar Sawyarp Noye Nam Koon, Korat Line.
Prices charged to railway construction
Hard-wood sawn, For buildings per cbm. Tes. 75.—
as » Porbridge. « », 60.—
Posts of hard-wood, Per r.m. ,, 0.60,
C. Ar Perriv.
Teak delivered to R. R. D. per ebm, ‘Tes. 120.—
Yang
Teng
D. Ar Picnit & PirsaxuLoke.

Planks of softwood, 1” tes. 20.— 14" tes. 25 per yok.
3 per }

bo
SS

3.)

4.)

“1
ao

PRICES OF FIREWOOD.

BLocK FIREWOOD _... ae per ton Tes. 3,—
LAUNCH FIREWOOD at Pichit » 1,000 , 9—
at Pitsanuloke » 1,000 ,, 10.—

at Paknampo ,, 1,000 ,, 15.—

—
| ‘

ENGINE FIREWooD delivered to the railway
line per chm.) 5 25

at Lopburi, white Tes. 2.—
ae % red » 2.90
on Pitsanuloke line 6 ee

on Petchaburi line red = ,,— 2.87
on » White, 1.50
to Paknam Rwy.p.chm. _,,

KILN FrrEwoop at Ban Dara 5-6 m. long
per 1,000 4,0 0.—

RotnpD FrRewoop 1m long stacked in =
jungle per cbm. ,, 0.73

bag . hao
Mai Smae at Bangkok per 100) ” a
Mai Gongkang Fe » per 109 » 2m

76.

CALCULATING PRICES OF TEAK.

In Siam the teak dealers have adopted a basis of
calculation, the so-called Pikat Standard. The Pikat is
not a cubic measure nor a measurement in length. The
Pikat is an individual value assigned to logs and
graduating according to the length and girth of the log.
The Pikat Standard places a comparative higher price -a
sort of a premium-upon long logs of timber. Therefore,
the price per cubic measure of a long log is higher than
of a short one. In order to find the value of a log the
appended table headed “Standard Pikat Rates” may be
used. The current Pikat rates may be multiplied by the
figure on the table corresponding to the wah and kam to
the log.

EXAMPLE :—(a.) A bargain has been made of 1
log 5 wah and 6 kam, at 13 pikat; in the Pikat list the
value 3 Tes. is found in the column corresponding to 5
wah and 6 kams. This is the price at 1 pikat at 13 pikat
3 x 138 =39 Tes,

(b.) A contractor offers to drag with his elephants
a number of logs from a certain place in the forest to
the stream at 3 pikat. There are:

10 logs 3 Wah 10 Kam.

20 4 oO a 8 9
40 ry] 6 ” 6 ”

SOLUTION :—Find the rate of one Pikat.
3 Wah 10 Kam= 5 Tes. 10 Logs = 50 Tes,

5 ” 8 3 = 6 ” 20 3 = 120 ”
6 45 6 , =4 , 40 , =160 ,

Price 330 Tes,
230 x 8 = 990 Tes. price at 3 pikat, the value of his
work, ;

STANDARD PIKAT RATES.

LENGTH IN WAHS

5 | 30; 1] 1350] 2 Lt ¥
ei 4 2| 3 4 6 8
7 | 2 51 a s | 10
ae 4| 6 B | wm) a
9 | 4 6} 8 | 10] 16] 20
10 | 5 8} 10 | 12] 20! 294
i 8 10] a2 | tei wet ae
2 i 7 | Bj] iw! ao] 98! 32
13 | 8 | uw | 90 | a2} aa; 36
14 | 10 | | 22] 9) fe] 2,
is | 22 | 20 | 28 32 40; — |
16 | 14 | 2 | a2 | a6] af — | —
tr | i¢ ! 28 | 36 9 | 48) |
18 | 18 : oo | ae) ae Bey ee |

Notr.—One Kam. = 21 cm. of the circumference.

78.

TARIFF FOR DUTY ON TEAK.

LENGTH IN WAH.

(A Wau covraryine 2m. )

;
Kam 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|

5 | 375 | .50 7 | 4 1.25 | 1.350{ 2.50

@ | 20 | ge} 4 1.25 | 1.875] 2.50 | 3.50

ane 1.375 | 2 2625| 3125, 4375) 5.195

A lise |e | 2.625) $025) ASTS) Faz 9.150

f° 1 a | 3.625 | see 5.50 | 6.75 | 7875
i «atte leat | aoe) geo | eee | can! ee
ti rego | 4 75 | 629 | 8 g75- | Iietes
12> ae ie | Hae | 0.50 . 10.125 11.25
13 | 4.05 | 5635 | 702% | Baa | 1037 ) i, 1 2890
14 16.023 | 7.025 | 8.75 | qosts. 12. 748, | as,
15) 6.75 | 873 | 1u.a7s | 12 14.375| 16. | 17.875

'

DUTY RATES ON OTHER WOOD.

LENGTH IN WAH.

|

Kan. > 4 4 o
5) | Q.15 : 0.25 | 0.40
6 20 | 0.40 0.60
a 0.40 0.65 0.90
8 0.65 0.90 T.18
0.90 1.15 1.50
10 1.15 1.50 2.—
LL 1.50 2.00 2.40
12 2.00 2.40 3.15

Duty RATES ON LONG TIMBER OTHER THAN TEAK.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

6 0501 0.65) 115 | La0 | 2.00 | 225 | 320 4

* 0.65 | 0.90 | 1.00) 2.00; 240 | 315) 4

& | 0.90) 1.25 | 2.00) 2.65) 3.15 | 400] 4.75 | 6.00
6

so

1.25 | 1.75 | 2.40 | 3.16) 4.00 | 4.75

Hull boats 9 °/, ad valorem, 3 °/, above these rates if
hull is made of Mai 'Takien, Deng, Payawm or Sissiet.

80.

MEASURING TIMBER.

Amongst the Siamese and the Chinese sawn wood is
measured by the Yok. A Yok is a square measure 16
wah long by one Sok equivalent to 16 qm.

+ Kabiet = 1 niew.
25 Niew = 1 Sok or 50 cm.
4+ Sok aa 1 Wah or 2 m.

In measuring the length 3/4th Sok of the remainder
are counted a full Sok. The price per Yok varies accord-
ing to the thickness of the planks, vizi—there are Yoks
of four Kabiet, two niew, etc.

Logs are measured by the Wah and Kam. 3/4th Sok.
of the remainder equalsa full wah. A lesser portion than
this is in the favour of the buyer.

1 Kam=2I1 cm. of the circumference.

TO FIND THE CUBIC CONTENTS OF A LOG, calculate the
Square area of the log in the middle according to the
formula :

r? 3.1416 (radius squared and multiplied by 3.1416)
and multiply this by the length of the log.

OR G =I/4th girth of a tree in the middle.

g=—l/4th ,, » 4 ON One end,

g'= Ifdth .,, » » on the other end.

L= Length of Log.

c= Cubic contents of Log: C=L( G+g4+g"' )?

3

An allowance must be made for the bark.

To find the diameter of a log, measure the
girth in the middle and multiply by 3.1416.

Bile x Gast

CONTENTS IN cpsn.

81.

Lenern ix Wann.

a | a 3 4 5 6 | 7 | g 9
5 | 105 33 | 0.088 | 0.528) 0,704 | 0.880] 1.056) 1.232) 1.408] 1.584
6 | 126 40 | 0.126 | 0.756 | 1.008 | 1.260] 1.512] 1.764} 2.016) 2.268
7 | 147 47 |0.171| 1.026 | 1.868 11.710] 2.052} 2.394) 2.736) 3.078
8 | 168 53 | 0.225 | 1.350 | 1.800 | 2.250 | 2.700] 3.150} 3.600) 4.050
9 | 189 60 | 0.282 | 1.692 | 2.256 | 2.820) 3.384) 3.948) 4.512) 5.076
10, 210 68 | 0.350 | 2.100 | 2.800] 3.500 | 4.200] 4.900] 5.600 6.300!
11} 231 74 | 0.426 | 2.556 | 3.408] 4.260] 5.112) 5.964) 6.816 7.668
12 | 251 80 | 0.501 | 3.006) £.008 | 5.010! 6.012) 7.014) 8.016 9.018.
13 | 272 87 | 0.591 | 3.546 | 4.728 | 5.910] 7.092) 8.274) 9.456/10.638
14 | 293 93 | 0.685 | 4.110] 5.480} 6.850 | 8.220] 9.590/10.960/12.330
15 | 314 | 100 |0.785/ 4.710! 6.280] 7.850] 9.420/10.990/12.560/14.130
16 | 335 | 107 | 0.891 | 3.546 | 7.128 | 8.910 10.692]12.47414.256/16.038

CUBICMETER RATE IN TC6&.

Per Pikat.

Leyeru iy Waus,

im qm.

Area

Kam
Periphery
in Cm
Diameter
in Cm

6 | 126 40 | 0.126] 1.32 ) 1.98 | 2.88 | 2.65 | 3.40 | 3.97 | 4.41

7 | 147 47 )0.171) 1.95 | 2.19 | 2.34 | 2,92 | 3.34 | 3.66 | 3.90

9] 189 60 | 0.282] 2,386 | 2.66 | 2.84 | 2.95 | 4.05 | 4.48 | 4.38

13 | 272 87 |0.591) 225 | 2.96 | 3.38 | 3.88 | 3.87 | 3.81 | 4.13

14 | 293 93 |0.685) 2.48 | 2.92 | 3.50 | 3.40 | 3.75 | 3.88 | 4.05
15 | 314 | 100 |0.785| 2.55 | 3.18 | 3.56 | 3.39 | 3.64 | 3.82 | 4.24

1G | 385 | 107 | 0.891] 2.62 | 3.37 | 3.59 | 3.387 | 3.53 | 3.65 | 4.87