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INDEX Pages

Comnercial Fishes of the Philippines--~---- 514-520
Sponge Fisheries of the Philipoines----~----- 57--64
Pearls & pearl Visheries of the Philippines 87-1062
Miscellaneous Marine Produets of the

Philippines -----~---~-----------~----~-~-~~ 283
Trepang -----~--~-—------~~~~~---~-~-.------- 283-289
The Shark-fin Industry --~----------------- p8s-PoO1L
Philippine Sea Turtles and Tortoise Shell - 291-295
Philippine Vindow Shell ---- eee eee 296-300
Philippine Shells used in the Manufacturing

of Buttons ---~-~-------------—------~---~~ 300-305
Precious Corals --------------~---~---------- 305
Hdible Seaweeds of the Philippines -------- 408-309
Preparations of Isinglass in the

Philivpines ~-----------~-----------~.--~-- 309-310
Prevaring Skins of Aquatic Animals for

Leather -~--------------------~-+ + -+---- 310-312
Check list of Philippine eee SS-S= 513-317
Notes on Philivpine Edible Mollusks --~~--- 273-280

The Successful Transference of Black Bass
to the Philipvine Islands, with notes on e
the Transporting of live fish long

distances sess] -+$$-+ sss SS -- 66s 154-158
Some Poisonous Philippine Fishes -------~~ aa 289
Description of four new species of fishes

Cron: Bantayal Le, SSeS SSS 115
Fishes of Borneo, with descrivtions of four

new sdecles sora Hs sore ee Sa 263
New species of Pnhilipvine fishes -—--------~- 491.
Fishes of the Philivoine Islands ---~------ 51

Descripvtion of Acanthoevbiun forbesi ------ 283

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THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
PART I, COMMERCIAL FISHES.

By ALvin SEALE.

(From the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

INTRODUCTION.

We have received numerous requests for information regarding the
commercial fisheries of the Philippine Islands, especially relating to the
different kinds of edible fish and their abundance; the location of fishing
hanks and the methods of capture. We have also been asked if fishing,
entered into as a commercial venture, would be profitable.

It is for the purpose of answering some of these questions that Part I
of this series, based on my personal observation in the various islands
of the group during the past year and a half, has been prepared. It is
hoped that this paper, together with others to follow—namely, Part IT,
Sponge Fisheries: Part Il], Pearl Fisheries; Part IV, Other Marine
Products (aside from fishes. pearl oysters, and sponges)—will serve to
create an interest and help in the development of the rich fishery assets
of the Islands.

THE ANCHOVIES.
Family Engranlide. (PI. 1.)

There are at least four different species of anchovies in the Philippine
waters, the most abundant, perhaps, being Anchovia commersoniana
(Lacépéde), called dilis in Tagalog, monamon in Ilokano, and anakbat
in Moro. Anchovia dussumiert Bleeker, termed dumpilas in Tagalog,
and teggui in Moro is a large species, but less abundant than the dilis.

The common anchovy (dilis) is found in great numbers along the
shores of almost all the islands of the group; it is almost transparent,
with very thin, deciduous scales. This species is a delicate little fish of
fine flavor and would bring a good price, if put up in attractive form
either in oil or spice, or if made into anchovy paste.

513

ol4 SEALE.

THE HERRINGS.
Family Clupeide. (PI. II.)

There are about thirteen distinct species of herring represented in the
Philippine waters and notwithstanding their rather small size, they are
of considerable commercial importance. They abound in immense num-
bers along the coasts of almost all the islands of the group. Some are
more or less migratory, others seem to remain near one place. Large
numbers are caught in Manila Bay at all seasons of the year. These
represent the forms called tunsoy [{farengula moluccensis (Bleeker) ],
tamban (H. longiceps Bleeker), and bilis [H. gibbosa (Bleeker)]. The
young of all species are termed silifiaxi. Great numbers are caught in
corrals, especially during May and June; they are also taken in the drag-
seine. It is not an unusual sight to see large bancas loaded to the
guuwale with herring being landed at Tondo beach, where the fish are
sold to the Chinese to be smoked and dried. The natives in Zamboanga
buy large quantities to eat in the fresh state. \ny of these sardines
would compare favorably with the species put up in oil on the Pacific
coast.

During the nine months from January first to September first, 1907,
85,000 pesos worth of canned sardines were imported into the Philip-
pines; this, too, with the Philippine waters swarming with sardines and
with an abundance of good sesame oil which could be used for canning
purposes, produced in Manila.

THE SILVERSIDES.
Family Atherinide. (Pl. IIT.)

The silverside, called guno in Tagalog and Moro, and ti-i in [lokano,
is without doubt the most abundant fish in the Philippines. It is
almost impossible to land at any wharf or go ashore on any beach
without seeing these little fish in countless numbers. They usually
grow to a length of from 10 to 12 centimeters. They have a greenish
tint on the back and a bright, silvery band on the sides. There are five
or six different species, but they appear so much alike that the natives
have not distinguished between them, calling all simply guno. The
most common species is possibly .ltherina temminchki (Bleeker).

The guno are known as pescados del rey, “fishes of the king,’ among
the Spaniards. They are greatly valued as food. The young are
termed whitebait. The method of catching is usually by seine or corral.
A profitable industry could be built up by preparing these fish in a good
sauce, by pickling them with spices, or by drying. An abundant supply

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, [. 15

for canning operations could be secured at any of the following places:
Manila, Jolo, Zamboanga, Sitanki, Puerto Princesa, and perhaps a
dozen other places not yet examined. They abound at all seasons.

THE MACKERELS,
Family Seombrida. (Pl. IV.)

There are at least eight different species of the mackerel family found
in the Philippines, all of them good food fishes and of commercial
importance. In this family is the tanguingue, also called tangili or
tangt (Moro), which is a true Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus com-
mersont Lacépéde). By many people this is regarded as the finest
food fish in the Philippine waters. This fish is fairly abundant, and
can usually be found in the markets, where it sells from 1 to + pesos,
Philippine currency (50 cents to 2 dollars United States currency) per
fish. At Zamboanga it is nothing unusual to see ten or a dozen of these
fish in the market at one time, all of them measuring 90 centimeters
or more in length. They are frequently cut up and sold by slices. The
major part of the tanguingue are caught off shore with a hook and line,
a good fishing ground being located off the east coast of Basilan. At
Manila they are usually caught in nets. Another Spanish mackerel taken
in these waters is Scomberomorus konam (Bleeker), which is scarcely
distinguishable from the above.

Other important members of the family are the chub mackerels (alu-
mehan or cavallas), Scomber microlepidotus Riippell, and the hasa-hasa
(Scomber japonicus Houttuyn). These fish ran in great shoals through-
out the Islands, following small fish, upon which they feed. Thev
enter Manila Bay in March and the inhabitants along the shore-line of
the bay are kept awake during the nights by the noisy clatter of the
fishermen beating with their paddles against the sides of their boats in
order to frighten these much desired fish into the nets or hastily con-
structed corrals.

Still other members of this family represented in these waters are
the small bonitoes (sobad or tulittyan) (ymnosarda pelamis (Linn.),
the great tunnies (also called sobad), and the albacore (Germo alalunga
Bleeker).

All of these fish may be caught with hook and line, in nets or corrals.
They are so abundant that it is unusual to make a trip among the
Islands without sighting ope or more shoals of fish belonging to this
family. They are especially common about the Cuyo group and along
the shores of Palawan. The market at Zamboanga is usually well stocked
with all members of the family. They are with few exceptions fishes
of the deep water. The purse-seine in my opinion could be profitably
employed in their capture.

O16 SEALE,

THE MUD FISILES.
Family Ophioccphatide. (Pl Vo)

‘The mud fishes, dalag (daluk in Moro), are of considerable impor-
tance, especially in the vicinity of Manila where they form a large part
of the food of the native population. They are usually sold alive in the
markets. In fact, it is their ability to stay alive out of water that
attracts attention to them. They are primarily a fresh- or brackish-
water fish, and after a rain almost all the little pools by the wayside.
as well as the paddies and rivers are well filled with dalag. They have
the habit of burying themselves in the mud as the ponds dry up and
thus of lying dormant until the next rain. They take the hook freely,
and it is no uncommon sight to see the natives fishing for them in the
rice-fields, or in the most unlikely and recently formed pools. They
frequently travel overland in the wet grass and can live for hours out
of water. The egys are deposited in holes in the bank; the mother
exercises a care over the young fish.

In India these are regarded as one of the most wholesome fishes and
are given to invalids. In Manila they are looked upon more as scavengers
and are not much eaten by the Americans. These mud fish are distinctly
carnivorous, feeding on small fish, refuse, etc. Thev are well distributed
over the Islands, being found in almost all the lakes and rivers.

THE SNAPVERS.
Family Litiqnida, (PL VIL)

There are about twenty different spevies of this family in the Philip-
pine waters, all of them important as food fishes. They range when
full grown from 25 to 90 centimeters in length. They are distributed
over the entire group, some running up rivers to the interior lakes to
feed. Several of the species are bright red in color and are called
red snappers, one of the most abundant being the buchwn [Lutianus
dodecacanthus (Bleeker) |. Another snapper called the camangbuhu
(Lutianus fuscescens Cuy. ot Val.) can usually be found in the markets,
especially in Zamboanga. .\ very important member of the family is
the aleis (hatumbang in Moro) (Lutianus yembra Bloch et Schn.).
These are caught in great numbers in the Naujan River at Batos, Min-
doro. The adults weigh from 8 to 20 pounds each. I saw 108 of these
fish caught in one-half day at the Batos corral.

The best banks for red snapper fishing seem to he in the vicinity of
Zamboanga. Dapa and managat are other Moro names applied to the
red snapper. They are usually caught by hook and line, or in the corral.

In Zamboanga a red snapper 35 centimeters long can be bought for 40
centavos.

FISTIERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, J. yl

THE POMPANOS.
Family Carangida. (Pl. VII.)

There are thirty-six different species of the pompano family known in
the Philippines. All of them are valuable commercial fishes. The
cavallas (Caranv) are the most important branch of the family. ‘They
are termed talahitok in Tagalog and daingputi in Moro. ‘These fish are
very abundant in almost all markets. They range from 32 to 36 centi-
meters in length. As a rule they are caught in corrals.

Another abundant species is the lison [Caranx ignobilis (Forskal) |.
These fish are dried in large numbers by the Moros. The ballangoan.
termed cubal-cubal (Megalaspis cordyla Linn.), is another very abundant
food fish of fine flavor, belonging to this family. These are reported to
reach the length of 155 centimeters; ordinarily those in the market
measure about 45 centimeters. They are caught in corrals.

THE SEA BASSES.

Family Serranide. (PI. VIII.)

There are thirty-three species of this important family of food fish
reported from the Philippines. One of the most familiar is the apahay
(tapog in Moro) [Lates calcarifer (Bloch)], one of our largest sea
basses. Specimens weighing from 25 to 35 kilos are frequently brought
into the market. ‘This fish would afford good sport for local anglers.
The largest branch of the family is constituted by the groupers (Epine-
phelus), called lapo-lapo in Tagalog, garopa in Visayan, and kukkut in
Moro. (Pl. VIII.) Ordinarily this name is given to the most common
species, Myinephelus merra Bloch, but it is also applied to at least three
others which closely resemble £. merru. These fish brmg a high price
in the Manila market; they are a favorite sea food for many Americans.

Another rather common species is the blue-spotted grouper [Cephalo-
pholis stigmatopomus (Richardson) ], which is especially abundant in
the Zamboanga market. The fishes of this family are usually caught
with hook and line in water of considerable depth; sometimes they are
taken hy net or corral. Gill-nets set in about 50 feet of water frequently
make good catches.

THE MULLETS.

Family Mugiltidw. (Pl. IX.)

There are ten different species of mullet recorded from the Philippines,
the most abundant being the banak (Mugil cephalus Linn.). This fish
can always be found in the market and when quite fresh and properly
cooked is most delicious. It is very common throughout the entire
Archipelago. The mullet is a strictly vegetable feeder, and is usually

o1s SEALE.

found wherever there is an abundance of sea iuoss. The shallow sea
about the Island of Sitanki is a famous feeding ground for this fish.

On the morning of June 29 of this year I witnessed a most astonishing
movement of mullet near the Island of Sitanki, Sulu Archipelago. A
noise like a great waterfall was heard. Hastening to the beach I saw
a vast shoal of the fish coming from the north, keeping quite near the
shore; they were leaping along ihe water in great, flashing waves. The
shoal was fully 100 yards wide and 500 yards long; there must have
been over a million individuals in it. The fish seemed to be of almost
uniform size, about 40 centimeters in length. Nothing stopped them.
The natives jumped into the water and killed hundreds with sticks and
stolles; some were driven ashore, but the shoal passed, leaping, on to the
south,

These fish were probably seeking a new feeding ground. They were not
breeding, this fact being indicated by the extreme smallness of the
ovaries. I should estimate that there were over one hundred thousand
pesos’ worth of fish in this one lot.

Several species of this family run up the fresl water rivers to the
lakes. As many as ten thousand have been caught at one time with a
drag-seine near the mouth of the Naujan River in Mindoro. These fish
are easily dried and are a good commercial asset.

OTHER COMMERCIAL TISFLES.

There are many other fishes in the Islands that are of commercial
importance, but lack of space and time will not permit of a detailed
description. However, among these we should mention the barracuda,
called panyaloan or lambanak in Moro. This is an abundant and
excellent food fish sometimes reaching the length of 1.5 meters. There
are also numerous species of porgies, termed bitil/a, cutcut, and quntul by
the natives. These fish are especially abundant ahout Nitanki, and there
they are dried in large numbers. Many members of the grunt family
(Hemulidir) ave also seen, these are termed Jeff, paxinco, bakuku, and
bagong;* they are especially valuable for salting and drying.

Several members of the gar family (Belonida), the croakers (Nria-
enide), the parrot-fishes (Searide), the surmullets (Mullide), the
mogarras ((rerrida) and the soldier-fishes (Iolorentrid) occur. AL
of these are good food fishes and of commercial importance. A pro-
visional, but incomplete list of the Philippine market-fishes. giving the
native, scientific, and English nanis will he found at the end of this
article. |

+ Bagong is a general term applied to any small fish mixed with salt and partly
dried. Bagong is most commonly eaten in the interior where fresh fish can not be
obtained.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1. a1

THE MILKFISHES.
Family Ohanidu. (PI. X.)

The awa or milktish [Chanos chanos (Forskal) |, called buityos,
bartgod, kawag-haway, and lumulocso by the Filipinos and bangellus by
the Moros, is one of the most important commercial fishes in the Islands.
It ranges over the entire group, from northern Luzon to Sitanki and is
the most abundant fish in the Manila market. Frequently, during
protracted rough weather it is the only variety obtainable. It is raised
chiefly in the fish ponds at Malabon and at other places near Manila
and therefore can be secured at any time regardless of the weather.

This fish is particularly adapted to pond culture. being a vegetable
feeder of rapid growth. The baityjos superficially resembles the mullet,
but can easily be distinguished by the fact that the mullet has two fins
on the back, while the baitjos has but one. The bays frequently
reaches a length of 1.2 meters and then it is termed lumalocso. The
eggs are deposited in the sea. The young appear during the months of
April, May, June, and July and are called kaway-hawag. They are
supplied with a yolk-sack which furnishes them with food until they are
about 14 millimeters in length. At this age they are to he found in
great numbers along ihe heaches of Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro,
Marinduque, and doubtless in numerous other places. Here they are
captured hy the natives and placed in Jarye earthen jars full of water
called palyok. They are then conveved to the fish ponds. frequently a
hundred miles distant. (Tig. 1.)

One of the jars. pelyok, contains about 2,500 young bays. They
sell for from 20 to 24 pesos per isung laesa (10.000); about six
lacsa (60,000) are used to stock one pond of 1 hektare. As the fish
grow they are thinned out by transfer to other ponds. Thirty-three
per cent should reach marketable size. Four months after the transfer
the bartjos should each be 25 centimeters in length. This size of fish
retails for 9 centavos each; in 8 months the voung are each 40 centi-
meters long and bring 20 centavos, while a vearling should measure
half a meter and bring from 50 to 60 centavos.

FISHEL PONDS.*

Almost any kind of ground other than a sandy soil will do Tor a
fish pond. It should be near salt water and not beyond the influence
of the tide, as the bawyos thrive hest in brackish water. A complete
system should have at least four ponds. These should be so constructed
that one equals in area at least that of the other three combined.

?T am indebted to Mr. W. D. Carpenter of Malabon for most of the information
regarding fish ponds.

20) SEALE.

Usually the area of the Jarge pond is much greater. he dikes of the
small ponds are low, often not 30 centimeters above the water level.
These smaller ponds are of about equal size. being usually rectangular
and each of about 200 square meters in area. The palaistaan are formed
by throwing up dikes. The main dikes are large, especially along the
banks of the so-called “river” or estero, where mangrove trees frequently
are planted for their protection. The water from the estuary is per-
mitted, when the tide is flowing, to enter once of the smaller ponds
through a sluice (pirinza) usually constructed of masonry with two
wates, one of several slides of solid wood for controlling the water and
the other of close bamboo palings to prevent the egress of the baityas
and the ingress of undesirable tenants such as carnivorous fishes and
crabs which burrow into the dikes and cause leakage. Snakes and birds
are also evils that have constantly to be guarded against.

This small pond distributes the water supply to the others and is
used for capturing the marketable bariyos. It is usually separated from
the larger pond hy a close paling of bamboo around the narrow opening
in the partition dike. When it is desired to capture the fish in the
largest pond, the paling is removed and a strong current is caused
to flow from the smaller pond to the larger. The batyos attracted by
the fresh water swim against the current and enter the smaller pond in
great numbers, where they are readily captured in a seine. This opera-
tion is often accomplished about midnight, so that the fish will he
exposed in the Manila markets in the best condition.

The remaining two ponds, or subdivisions of the pond area inclosed
within the limits of the boundary dikes, are connected with each other
and with the pond which feeds the water by single pipes made of the
hollow log of the luyong (Dlospyrus nigra Retz). These tubes are
called palubunbuiyan, the water and fish being controlled at these
openings by a solid wooden plug or a funnel of bamboo sirips. The
water in these two small ponds is kept at a depth of but a few decimeters.
the ponds being used interchangeably for cultivating the food alga
(Oedogoninm) and for developing the hawagkawag. (Fig 2.)

FOOD OF THE BANGOS.

Tf it is desired to cultivate the food alga (the large pond is originally
stocked in the same way). the water is allowed to drain off and the
clay is exposed to the full power of the sun. The alga rapidly makes
its appearance and a little water is then permitted to cover the bottom.
This is gradually increased as the Oedogonium develops.

The Oedogoninm sccms to thrive best wpon a clean clay (kaolin).
Hf the bottom is covered with a deposit of dark mud and in old ponds
where a black, evil-smelling deposit has formed, it is scraped clean with

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SEALE: FISHERY Resources.) [Pain. Journ, Ser, Vou. IIL, No, 6.

Fic. 2. MODEL OF a BANGOS POND SYSTEM CONSTRUCTED BY THE STUDENTS OF THE
MALABON INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1, j2]

aboard. This operation is not necessarily done at any particular season,
but whenever the condition demands it. The Ocdogonium is some-
times purchased and placed in an exhausted pond. A small bancu
load is worth one peso.

A so-called “medicine” for the young fish (apparently used only in
small ponds where the water is contaminated by close proximity to
houses) is the Lemna minor Linn., the floating roots of which are
greedily devoured.

When the fry are to be planted in the pond, the water is again allowed
to drain off and the alga is partially killed by the hot sun. This, it
ix Claimed, renders the Oedogonium soft and fragile for the tiny mouths.
Eventually, the young bajiyos are removed to the great pond where their
quantity is largely governed by the supply of the food alga.

The average value of the ponds about Manila Bay is probably 40
centavos per square meter, giving a total of more than 6,000,000 pesos for
the pond value alone, which I am convinced is a conservative estimate.
I chose one pond which measured 140 by 170 meters as an average of
the twenty or more shown on a surveyor’s map compiled from data
obtained from the owners of the properties.

METHODS OF FISHING."

It has been my privilege to wake personal observations of the methods
employed in the fisheries of various parts of the world, in the Unite
States, Alaska, New Zealand, Australia, Honolulu, and numerous Pacific
Islands, also to some extent in Japan. Some time ago at the imstance
of the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Dean (. Worcester and before |
assumed my position in the Bureau of Science, I made a more detailed
examination of the methods employed in the fisherics of the eastern
United States in order to secure the latest information regarding
the various kinds of nets and apparatus that could with profit be used
to develop the commercial fisheries of the Philippine Islands.

It may not be out of place, therefore, to give brief descriptions of
such apparatus as seems to me to he of expecial value and short sug-

gestions as to its use.
SEINES.

In the Atlantic fisheries a great many more fish are caught with the
various kinds of seines than in any other way. In 1904, the New York
fisheries alone captured by this method 214,099,725 pounds of fish, with
a value of 826,597 dollars, United States currency.

*A full description as to detailed method of construction, size of twine, mesh,
hanging of net and methods of using can be obtained by applying to the United
States Division of Fisheries.

Ze. SEALE.

ERSUAN UCONN CO)
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Fic. 3.-—Tur MAcKkrEREL PURSE SEINE.

Purse seincs (fig. 3).—One of the most effective nets used in the
American fisheries is the purse seine. An ordinary, deep-water purse
seine, such as is employed in the eastern mackerel fishing, is about 200

FISHERY RESOURCES OF TILE PHILIPPINES, 1. 525

fathoms in length, and 20 to 25 fathoms in depth when it is hung, it
being deeper in the cenier than at the extreme wings. The boat end of
one wing is from 1 to 10 fathoms deep; the other end varies from 7 to
15 fathoms. It is made of three kinds of twine. The bailing-piece,
which is a section of the net occupying about 10 to 12 fathoms along the
center of the cork line and having about the same depth as length, is
made of the stoutest twine. Beneath this, composing the remainder of
the middle of the seine and extending to the bottom of the net, is a
section knit of twine a size smaller. There is also a band of large twine,
15 meshes in depth, extending along the cork line of the seine on either
side of the bailing-piece to the extremity of each wing. The remainder
of the net is made of lighter twine. The lead and cork line are in the
same position as in ordinary seines. his net is operated by a series of
pursing ropes and rings, by means of which the bottom of the seine is
drawn up and closed. Formerly this net was taken out in fishing
schooners and when a shoal of fish was seen, it was placed in a seining
boat, the shoal was surrounded by the net, the latter at once pursed, the
vessel then brought alongside and the fish dipped out. Now, in some
cases, the net is carried on a revolving table at the stern of a small
steam-vessel or launch, and the surrounding of the shoal and pursing of
the net is all done quickly and efficiently by steam. Frequently more
fish are taken in this way than can be used in one day. In this event,
they are put into a “spiller” or pocket, which is a form of live-box made
of stout, coarse twine, and is attached to the side of the vessel, where it
is kept in position by wooden poles or outriggers extending 15 feet
from the vessel’s side. This apparatus is nothing more than a hig net
bag 36 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. This size will hold
200 barrels of live mackerel, but of course the spiller may be constructed
of any dimensions. The purse net could probably be used with profit
in catching the various kinds of mackerel (masangut, ete.) found in
Philippine waters.

SEALE.

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FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. A2hH

Gill nets (fig. 4) —The gill net is next in importance to the various
kinds of seines. It is used chiefly in the herring fisheries, but in the
Philippines large numbers of other kinds of fishes can profitably be
taken by its means. ‘This is especially true of the mullet, certain of the
pompano, such as the cussisung [Scomberoides toloo-parah (Riippell) |,
atoloy (Caranx bodps Cuy. et Val.), mataan (Carana freeri Kvermann
et Seale), and such fish as the various kinds of snappers, for example the
bitila [Lutianus fluviflamma (Forskal)], alangot [Lutianus lineatus
(Quoy et Gaimard)], and puhit [Nenipterus nemurus (Bleeker) }.
These nets may be set cither at the surface or at the bottom (see figs. 4
and 5), depending upon the kind of fish one wishes to catch. In the
mullet fishery the nets are frequently allowed to drift with the current.

An ordinary herring net, 15 to 20 fathoms long and 2 to 3 fathoms
deep, has a mesh varying from 2.25 to 2.75 inches. .\ herring
vessel of the Atlantic fishery usually carries eight to fifteen of these
nets with anchors and hangings. Off the coast of Palawan I have caught
120 fishes of good size in a single 20-fathom gill net in one night. So
far as my experience goes this has been found the most successful net
for use in the Philippines. The greatest’ drawback is the damage
inflicted by sharks (fig. 5).

783228

526 SKALE.

Ners ato tig Borrow.

ILE

NETTING (

Merrion or

SHOWING

Dao s

Tra,

Parancella, drag nel,

San Francisco seems to be the only place in
the United States where this form of net is used. ‘Phe nets are from
50 to 74 fathoms in Jength, with short wings and a long bag and are
from 6 to & fect high. A smal steam-launch is used at each end and
the net is dragged alone the bottom. The meshes of the wings of the
net are 1} inches wide, the lower side which drags the bottom is made
of coarse twine wifh amesh from 2 to 4 inches in width, Frequently. a

FISHERY RESOURCES OF TILE PLEILIPPENES, I. 52

tug load of fish is secured at one haul. This net could only be used on
smooth, sandy bottom free from coral, and employed chiefly to catch
flatfish, flounders, ele.

Pound nets—Many kinds of pound nets are used in the American
fisheries, but as this manner of fishing is well known and used in the
Philippines in the various forms of corrals or baclods no descriptions
are necessary. Notwithstanding the expense of building, it is one of
the most successful methods of fishing as is attested by the hundreds of
corrals in the Islands.

Pyke nets.—These nets, which are usually of small size and conse-
quently not very expensive, could be profitably used for the capture of
the various species of catfishes, dalags, martinicos, ete.

OTHER METILODS OF FISHING.

Lrawl linex.—While trawl-line fishing was formerly employed almost
exclusively for catching codfish, it is now used to capture a great many
varieties. At Monterey, California, 1 noticed the trawl lines being
operated with good snecess to catch several kinds of fish, such as rock-
cod, etc. They might be used with profit in the Philippines for such
fish as the groupers (Serranidw), the midmaul, and others which take the
hook freely at the bottom. ‘They are especially effective in taking eels.

The trawl line consists of a strong ground-line 300 fathoms in
length, to which is fastened at intervals of one fathom a line 3
feet long to which a hook ix attached. The hooks are baited and the
ground-line anchored at the bottom with a buoy to indicate its location.
A line for pulling it up is attached to it.

Live-cars.—Next to improving the method of catching the fish, the
most important thing ix to devise means hy which they may he kept
alive until they are wanted by the consumer. ‘T's this end the live-car
is brought into requisition in several places, especially in tropical coun-
tries. This device is a very simple contrivance consisting of a square or
quadrangular box constructed of slats placed close enough together to keep
the fish in, but far enough apart to allow of a free circulation of water.
The cars are immersed in the water and the fish are kept inside until
they are wanted by the purchaser. At Key West the fishing schooners are
now usually provided with wells in which the water is kept circulating.
and in this way the fishermen are able to keep the fish alive. The fishing
boats at Honolulu have wells with perforated sides through which the
water circulates freely. At this place live-hoxes or cars are in common
use. “Some of these are very large and are kept anchored close to the
fish market. The purchaser selects his fish from the wharf, it is then
dipped out of the live-box and delivered. Some modification of this
plan could be adopted in the Philippines, Iut it ix only feasible where
the market is near salt water.

O28 SEALE.
LOCATION OF FISHING BANKS.

The following fishing areas or banks seem to be the most prolific so
far as I have investigated and they would well repay working.

The vicinity of Nitanki is practically all a fishing bank, being well
supplied with organic life upon which fishes feed. The trade at this place
is now in the hands of the Chinese. There are numerous good fishing
banks in the vicinity of Zamboanga, especially off San Ramon and along
the Basilan coast; one a few miles south of Cagayan Sulu and a number
along the coast of Palawan. Some very prolific banks exist near the
(‘uyo Islands and close to Masbate and Cebu. The bank which chiefly
supplies the Manila market is located near Corregidor Island.

Doubtless numerous other fishing banks can be found; in fact, wher-
ever we encounter a comparatively shallow area of from 5 to 20 fathoms,
with plenty of sea moss and rich in small marine organism, we may be
assured of finding it well stocked with fishes. Sooner or later these
places will all be accurately located and worked. What is needed is
men of experience who will give the industry their entire attention ; such
people will win profitable results.

THE CIMEY FOOD FISITES TN PHILIPPINE WATERS.

Filipino. Moro. ‘ English. Scientific.
|

BARU S032 so tka con sete Se ie se see oe 2 | Grunts —.--_..__ _ Scivnida.

| Mugidide.

| Seomber microlepidotus Rip-
: pell.

AYUNBIN on---2e-2cceaae-2 2 Lagohot _______. (CNY echt siete , Pristipoma hasta (Bloch).

Baga-baga__-_--__________- Bungu-bungu -_| Soldier fish _____- j Myvipristis murdjan (Forskal). '
Bagaong, baraongan Bigaong , Grunt a.) Therapon jarbua (Forsk&l). 5
Bakoko___--.------__--_-.- Gaud-gaud _____ \ Porgy -----...._.; Sparvs calamarea Russell, 1
Balang wey PLING HISD 222-2 Family Erocertida.
Balila --__.- | Band fish.______. Family Thichiaridee.
Banak, lumitog _ Banak ___ Mullet.__.2-2___. Mugil cephalus Linn.
Barigos, banglot_ Bangellus Milkfish _____-__.. Chanos chanos (Forskal).
Barangan Tamban _ Herring a2n-<22.. | Joshua hevenii (Bleeker).
Barikudo, babayo___ | Barracuda____._. | Sphyrwna langsar Bleeker. |
Bites access ead seen een ee Gobies_...--..---} Family ¢robide.
Bia, bunog ~--_------.--__- Tamangka Goby ~-...---.-.., Ginathol pis deltoides (Seale).
Biang-itim ____-----_..--___ ‘Vigbasbay .-__.. GOODY cacccncen ecu ; (lossagobius bioeellatus (Cuv.
et Val). |
Biang-puti, balla__________ Kapalo ___.____. (EU INP Spare ene nae ! Glossuogobius — giuris (Ham. |
' Buch.). l
Bidbid ~____- Ten-pounder ..__| Elaps saurus Linnius.
Bitilla, apahap, biquilla _.| Bahaba___..____ TPN oe wees Umbrina russelli Cuy. et Val.
Bonito, tangi-.-.._--.--___ i Occanic bonito ._| Cymnosarda pelamis (Linn.).
Buan-buan ___ Tarpon —..-_____. Megalops cuyprinoides Brous-
: sonet. {
BU BUN Ge 6 of oe aes le State toe, Half-beaks .____ Family Krocotid, ‘
Buligayitgay, bunog -__-__ Tamanka_______ | Rhinogobius oxyurus Jordan vt
: Seale.
Buteteng-sagning --.....- [00-222 ; Puffers.2ceccce ae Spheroides lunaris Bloch ct |

Sehn.

BISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, I,

THE CHIEF FOOD FISHES IN PHILIPPINE WATERS—continued.

English.

Scientific.

Family Tetraodontidx.

Anodontostoma chacunda
Ham.-Buc.

Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch.

Priopis urotwnia Bleeker,

Anehoviu
(Lacépéde).

Anchovia dussumieri Bleeker.

Family Trichiurida.

Atherina t incki (Bleeker).

commersoniana

| Filipino, Moro.

est —_ pers)
Butete.._.-..-..---.-..... Tingga-tingga_.| Puffers _..__.____

' Cabasi.__..2_-_--.--------- dn | Bastard shad _..-
Dalag Dalak --| Mud fish_----___-
Dangat, bagsang __________ Totok wcecex_. 2. Wharf fish______-
Dilis, Monamon___________ Angkbat_______- Anchovy -.--_-_-
Dum pileseres sessecouecis 2 Tatik..--5. Anchovy —___-_-_
Espada aon ee ee ene Senne Band fish____-__-
GUNG: tl-1y2 225 ce ccee ee teed Guno’¢ -__-_---- Silverside
Garropa. Grouper ___
Hasa-hasa ___.----.- Japan mackerel.
Hito, paltat sacl Catfish ee
Igat, quiuet ~--_-_.-.._____ Taguibus _-_---_ Rice-paddy eel__
Kebast c2ecs cc eo Watike seonsccees, Basling shads ___
Kabayo-kabayohan _______ Undok-_--------- Sea horse-_------
Kalaso, daldalag__________ Tigbasbay _____- Lizard fish__-----
Kanduli kanduli__________ Gagu’e __------- Catlish.nssso2sca:
Kapalo, bunog -_.-_-_----_ Kapalo ____----- WOUY 2azeceasce.3
Kila @iscsccscecceseeeseecs|eeeaenescues. Butter fish
Lapo-lapo, garopa_____--_- Kukkut -------- Groupers —-___---

Lawin, bolador

Malakapas, icoran
Mamiel¥ sc... 223 sce2 4502
Martinico, araro
Moong, mamong
Mumul, molmol
Mulmul, Molmol ___._.----

Pagui-, pagui

Pating, i-yo
Sakutin
Samaral, malaga

Sapsap
Saramullete, balaki
Silifiasi, bilis_.__-------___-
Siliu, siriu

4

Sumbilang, ito
Sunog, uram-uram

TalakitOKio-22- 2255-25425
Talakitok, tarakotokan __-
| Talang-talang. saleng-
saleng.
Tanguingue

| Tulis, tulisan

Tunsoy, Bilis

Bengka
Lammon

| Anakbung
1
\

; Tangtang

Flying fish

Mojarritas_
Thread fin
Climbing perch _~
Cardinal fishes __
Wrasse-fishes _._
Parrot fish

Slip mouths
Goat fish
Herring (young):
Gar fish

Catfish
Flatheads

Cavallas
Cavallas___---

Slipery dick

Spanish mack-
erel,
Sardine

Herring

Family Serranidez.

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn.

Clarias magur (Ham.-Buc.).

Jenkinsiella nectura Jordan.

Family Dorosomatida’,

Genus Gasterotokeus.

Saurida argyrophaneus Rich.

Netuma nasuta (Bleeker).

Iliana cacabet Smith et Seale.

Family Ephippida.

Epinephelus merra Bloch.

Parexocetus mento (Cuv. et
Val.).

Xystema kapas (Bleeker).

Family Polynemidi.

Anabas scandens Daldortf.

Amia chrysopoma (Bleeker).

Cherops unimaculatus Cartier.

Callyodon latifasciatus Seale
et Bean.

Dasyatis kuhli
Henle).

Scollivdon walbechmii (Bleeker),

Family Triacanthide.

Siganus rermiculatus Cuv. ct
Val.

Leognathus xplendens (Cuv.).

Upeneus sulphureus Cuv. et Val.

Harengula sp.

Tylosurus giganteus
minck et Schlegel).

Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch).

Platyecphalus insidiator (Fors-
kal).

Family Curangidi,

(Midler ct

(Tem-

Carane xerfusciatus Quoy et
Gaimard.

Seomberoides toloo-parah
(Ruppell).

Seomberomoris commersoni
Lacépede.

Sardinella clupeoides (Bleeker).
Harengula moluccensis (Blee-
ker).

529

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Prarie T. Dilis, anchovy (Family Bagraulida).
Anehovia commersoniandg (Lacépede),

Ll. Silitasi, herring (amily Clupeiday.

Harcengqula moluccensis (Bleeker).

TU. Gunoe, silverside (Family dherinidw).

Athering forskalii Riippell.

IV. Tanguingue, Spanish mackerel (Family Scombrida).

Necomberonorus commersoni Sacépede.

V. Dalag, mud fish (Family Ophicephatida).
Ophicecphalius striatus Bloch.

VE. Mayamayva, red snapper (lamily Liatianida).

Lutianus dodecacanthus Bleeker.

VIL. Talakitok, pompano (BPamily Caraugide).

Cerane

speciosus Lorskal.

VUE. Lapo-lapo, grouper (Family Nerranida).

Lpinephelus mequchir ( Riehardson).
IX. Banak, mullet (Family WMagilida).
Sigil ccphalis Cuvier.

X. Bartgos.

Fic. 1. (Tm teat.)

(In teat.)
(In teat.)
(Tn text.)

milkdish (amily Chanida),

Chanos chanos Forsksl. Facing page—
The guardian of a fish pond with his family, and the

jars or polyol in which the try are transported. 20 ee 520
Model of a baitgos pond system... eee eee 520
The mackerel purse seine... ee ee ee azz
Showing method of setting gill nets at the surface... xt At
Showing method of setting gill nets at the bottom... —— ALG

St we Lo 1S

(Tn text.)

“(apadaov'y) Yun UOSZaUUOE? DIO YEE
"AAOHONY ‘SITIG “| aL¥1d

ihe

mens Se SS ee ELMER TENY RO

“(Tayao[d ) Sse onpoue DINOUIMTL
“ONINHSH SISVINITIS “34d

‘yeddny sappyssol Musoyry
‘AQISUBATIS ‘OONND

"T) aLv1d

‘opedgovry PUOSFUULOD SHLOULOLIQUOIS

“JEYBNOVAW HSINVdS ‘SNDNINONYL “Al aLvId

Spprppydo rorid@y SEU YT

‘HSISGNW ‘OV1V0 “A atid

LAIYILL SMYPUDA_IDPOP SND PWT

“YAddVNS 34 ‘WAVWVAVW “IA 31v1d

IR

“[BYSIO SUSOL IES FUDD

“ONVdWOd ‘MOLINVIVL “HA 31d

Piate VIII, LAPO-LAPO, GROUPER.

Epinephelus megachivy (Richardson).

AOLALL) SHppYydad Pee

“LETINW SIVNVS “XI 3Lv Ig

“‘TRYSIOW so Dae)
HSISNTIW ‘SODNVG ‘“X 311d

dU 8

THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS:
Il. SPONGES AND SPONGE FISHERIES.

By Avin SEALE.
(from the Section of Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Scicnce.)

INTRODUCTION.

The past year has marked the opening of the Philippine sponge
fisheries from a commercial standpoint, some thirty thousand sponges
having been shipped from the Islands during the year. The greater
part of these were sold in Singapore for export to London. Philippine
sponges are new products to the trade and many of them are slightly
different from those usually handled and therefore the prices obtained
varied greatly, in some instances, no doubt, being below the real value
of the export.

Specimens of all the different varieties of Philippine sponges at
present obtainable were taken to the United States and shown to Dr.
H. F. Moore, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. They were
compared with specimens from Florida, Cuba, and the Mediterranean.
After this the same specimens were taken to some of the largest whole-
sale sponge dealers in New York and San Francisco, who examined them
with great interest, suggested commercial names for those new to the
trade, and so far as possible, gave quotations of prices of sponges of the
‘latter class among the samples. The facts I have so far collected are
given below.

SPONGES IN GENERAL.

A sponge when in its native state (see Pl. I) closely resembles a boiled
plum pudding covered by a thin, dark skin. It is quite different in
appearance from the ordinary sponge of commerce which is merely the
bleached skeleton of the animal.

Sponges are usually classed by themselves in the faunal subkingdom
Porifera; most of the sponges belong to the division Iveratosa; the great
majority of the Philippine forms to the genus Euspongia.*

11¢ ig intended in a later paper to give a small check list with the scientific

names of all the Philippine sponges.
57

58 SEALE.

All of the several varieties of soft sponges found in the Philippines
are of more or less commercial value. In addition to these, an almost
unlimited variety of silicious sponges is encountered; the fiber of these
is now being used in some countries as a substitute for asbestos.

PHILIPPINE SPONGES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE,

THE SHEEP’S-WOOL SPONGE (PLATE II).

The sheep’s-wool sponge is the most valuable variety found in the
Philippines. It has a strong, elastic fiber, resembling in every respect
the well-known sheep’s-wool or bath sponge of Florida and it probably
grows to about the same size. The only place where this sponge at
present is known to occur in the Philippines is at Siasi, but doubtless
it will also be found around Tawi-Tawi. It would be to the advantage
of those interested in sponging to give particular attention to the finding
and developing of these sponges, as they are well-known to the trade,
are always in demand, and the supply is becoming limited. There
would be no difficulty in marketing any quantity in the United States
or Europe where the product would bring from & to 20 pesos (4 to
10 dollars, United States currency) per kilo in wholesale lots. The
specimen figured is of second grade and the price quoted by the largest
New York dealer was ten pesos per kilo.

THE PHILIPPINE ZOMOCCA SPONGE (PLATE III).

This is a very tough, elastic sponge of moderately coarse fiber, usually
rather flat in shape. The organisms grow in shallow water of 1.2 to 2
meters’ depth, on a hard rock bottom. Specimens 30 centimeters in
diameter are frequently found. This sponge secs to be intermediate
in grade between the sheep’s-wool and grass sponges; some of the dealers
classing it with the former and others with the latter. All admit it to
be different from any of the \merican forms. Dr. Moore considered it
to be the Lest among those submitted to him and suggested the name
“flat bath sponge” for it. However, a comparison with a large number
of European sponges on the market induced me to follow the suggestion
of one of the sponge dealers and term it the Philippine Zomocca sponge
because it most nearly resembles the well-known commercial form, the
European “Zomocca.”

This sponge is found in considerable numbers in the waters around
Tawi-Tawi and the nearby islands; in deeper water, it will be of better
quality. In all probability it occurs near other islands of the Archipelago.

The Philippine Zomocca sponge would find a ready market both in the
United States and in Europe, the wholesale price quoted being from two
to six pesos per kilo.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 59
THE PHILIPPINE ROCK SPONGE (PLATE IV).

No commercial name exists for this organism. It resembles the Flor-
ida yellow sponge to a certain extent, but the fiber is not as strong and
the texture is considerably softer. It is very porous and covered with
small tufts. It grows attached to bowlders and rocks in water of 1.5 to
5 meters in depth, reaching a diameter of 40 centimeters. Some of the
dealers whom I consulted designated this as a good sponge; others con-
sidered it to be almost worthless. As a matter of fact it is not very
durable and therefore would probably not bring a large price. It is
only known from the Island of Sitanki, but it probably will be found
throughout the Sulu group.

THE PHILIPPINE REEF SPONGE (PLATE V).

This is a beautiful sponge of very soft, closely woven fiber; un-
fortunately it is quite fragile. This fact greatly detracts from its value;
however, it is of a slightly better quality than the majority of American
reef sponges. This specimen was termed “glove sponge” by some of
the wholesale dealers of New York, but reef sponge is undoubtedly
a better name. It is quite abundant in many places in the southern
Philippine Islands, especially so at Sitanki, where it is found in very
shallow water, usually growing on the reefs among the moss and seaweed.
I. reaches a diameter of 20 to 25 centimeters. It is a fine, soft, bath
sponge, but because of its fragile nature its. period of usefulness is
short. Considering its abundance, cheapness, and the ease with which
it is gathered, the probabilities are that it will play an important part
in the Philippine sponge industry.

The prices quoted on this sponge ranged from 2 to 3 pesos per kilo.

PHILIPPINE GRASS SPONGES (PLATE VI).

The group of grass sponges which embraces a variety of forms re-
presenting distinct genera, contains the great majority of sponges found
in almost all Philippine waters; they are especially abundant at Sitanki,
Tawi-Tawi and Siasi to the south, and at Masbate and Cebu farther to
the north. In these places they outnumber all the other sponges com-
bined. They are usually encountered on reefs, in water of from 40
centimeters to 1.5 meters in depth. They are from 8 to 30 centimeters
in diameter.

The best grade of Philippine grass sponge (shown by Pl. VI) is of
a closely woven, fine, and soft texture; it is in every respect most desir-
able for bathing or general use. More than thirty thousand of these
sponges were taken from the beds at Sitanki during the past year, but
many were of very small size and also poorly cleaned. so that the price
obtained was very low. Wholesale dealers gave the value of my specimen

60 SEALL.

at 2 pesos 40 centavos per kilo for the best quality and 40 centavos to 1
peso for the smaller kind, although I have seen sponges of the same
classes marked in the retail trade at from 50 cents to 2 dollars, United
States currency, each. The Philippine grass sponge, in comparison
with any of the American or Cuban varieties, is regarded by wholesale
dealers as being softer and stronger and of a better grade. It is probable
that when these sponges are better known the price will be materially
increased.
THE PHILIPPINE SILK SPONGE,

A small variety of the grass sponge, usually of 10 to 15 centimeters
in diameter is frequently associated with the preceding variety. It is
characterized by an extremely soft, silky texture; in fact it is the softest
sponge found in the Islands. Acting upon the suggestions of sponge
dealers I have decided to designate it as the Philippine silk sponge.
The silk sponge has been taken in shallow water at Tawi-Tawi and
Sitanki and it will also probably be found near several other islands.
It would be very useful as a toilet sponge for infants and should bring
a slightly better price than the ordinary grass sponge.

THE SULU SEA BATIT SPONGE (PLATE VII).

This is a grass sponge of very coarse, tough fiber. It is quite common
near Sitanki in water of from 1.3 to 2 meters in depth; it attains a di-
ameter of 60 centimeters or more. No sponges exactly like the Sulu Sea
sponge are taken in the American fisheries and therefore the large
dealers were not inclined to consider it at its full value, mainly, I believe,
because of lack of familiarity with it. One dealer believes that to a
certain extent it resembles the Florida yellow sponge, but it is tougher
than the latter, and contrary to what might be expected, holds water well.

It could be used as a bath or horse sponge, for cleaning carriages,
automobiles, large guns, or mortars, or as a stiffening for various fabrics.

The prices given for this variety are only 40 to 60 centavos per kilo,
but these are probably much below the true value of the sponge and
much less than they will be when it becomes known to the trade.

THE PHILIPPINE ELEPHANT’S-EAR SPONGE (PLATE vit).

This is a true elephant’s-ear sponge, but specimens so far examined
do not seem to have the thickness of the Mediterranean variety ; however,
those secured from a depth of 15 to 30 meters are thicker and have a
softer texture. The Mediterrancan elephant’s-ear is in great demand
and brings high prices, and the Philippine variety from deep waters
should compare favorably with it.

This sponge is used by glazers, and as padding in the more expensive
racing saddles. The market seems to be almost entirely European, and
no quotation of prices could be secured in the United States, because
of the very small and unsatisfactory specimen in my collection. This

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 61

sponge is found in many localities throughout the Sulu Archipelago,
but it seems to be especially abundant in the vicinity of the Island of
Sulu. The pearl divers frequently bring wp fine specimens.

THE TUBE SPONGE (PLATE IX),

This is a peculiar sponge found in the shallow waters at Sitanki. It
is of very little if any commercial value, but as sponges are becoming
rarer each year and as even the smallest clippings are being utilized,
it may in time come about that even this sponge will have a value.

THE PREPARATION OF SPONGES FOR THE MARKET.

The sponges are first placed in their normal position, on. a plat-
form, the deck of a vessel, flat rock, or any place where they will
not become filled with sand or dirt. They are left in the sun for
two or three days until killed. They are then placed in a corral
(usually built at the edge of the water), where they will be covered
with water ; they are squeezed out from time to time and allowed to remain
in this place for from five to six days, large sponges requiring more time
than the small ones. The shorter the time in which they are macerated
in the corral, the better for the sponges, the object being to keep them
in the water only for a sufficient period to permit them to be squeezed
out and cleaned easily. The corral may be constructed of any size and
in almost any manner, the object being to keep the sponges covered
with salt water and free from dirt. If the enclosure is made simply
by driving stakes in the ground, it is best to put in a floor of bamboo
or boards to keep the sponges off the bottom and thus prevent them from
rotting. Mr. John Byersdoffer, of Sitanki, constructs a floating enclosure
of boards and slats with cracks sufficiently wide to permit the water to
enter freely. (Fig. 1.) The box is about 4 meters long, 2 meters wide,

Fia. 2.

62 SEALE.

and 1.5 meters deep. Its advantages are that it keeps the sponges clean
and it may be towed to any place; its own weight sinks it sufficiently to
keep the sponges under water.

The cleaning is greatly facilitated by frequently squeezing out the
sponges and a flat paddle of considerable weight may be used with good
effect. (Fig. 2.) A washboard made by tacking a cleat 2 centimeters
thick about 8 centimeters from each end of a wide board and then
stretching galvanized wire netting of 2 centimeters’ mesh over the
cleats, tacking it to the ends of the board, is very useful. (Fig. 3.)
This instrument is especially useful to remove the dead, black skin from
the sponges. After five or six days in water, during which time the
sponges have been thoroughly squeezed, they are washed out in clean,
salt water and put in the sun to dry. They should still be kept in the
same position in which they grow, otherwise they are apt to burn and
become red. However, the red color should not be confused with that
which many sponges naturally show in the center of their structure.
The sponges may be strung on stout twine about two meters in length
to facilitate handling them rapidly. Salt water only is used in curing.
After the sponges are thoroughly dry they are ready to sack or bale for
market. (Great care should be taken that the sponges are thoroughly
dry and clean, as the Philippine sponge can only obtain the best market
if it is always shipped as a thoroughly cured. cleaned article.

BLEACHING SPONGES.

Sponges are always shipped to the general market in an unbleached
condition, but the following method by R. F. Bacon, of the chemical
laboratory, Bureau of Science, is very effective, doing the least damage
to the fiber:

The sponges are placed in a saturated solution of potassium permanganate for
two minutes, then transferred to fresh water and thoroughly washed. They are
then squeezed out in a 10 per cent solution of sodium bisulphite until white;
then again thoroughly washed in fresh water until all the chemicals are removed.
They are afterward dried in the sun.

CULTIVATION AND GROWING OF SPONGES.

The growing of sponges for commerce has become established and
it promises to result in a profitable industry.

Sponges are reproduced from eggs and by budding. The eggs are
formed and fertilized within the body of the sponge: they develop into
minute, free-swimming forms which are thrown out into the water
through the large openings. After about twenty-four hours the young
settle, become attached, and grow into separate sponges. Reproduction
by budding, however, is the method taken advantage of in growing
sponges from cuttings. The sponge should he placed on a wet board,

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 63

or better still, kept under water and cut with a very sharp knife into
cubes of about 5 centimeters, care being taken to keep on as much of
the thin, black skin as possible and not to squeeze the animal. These
pieces are then placed on a thick, copper wire, about 4 centimeters apart,
the wire being fastened to stakes at each end and about 15 centimeters
above the bottom. (Fig. 4.) It is quite possible that rattan would do

:

Fig. 4.

as well as copper wire; bamboo has been used with fair results. Within
a day or two the sponges become attached to the wire and grow into fine,
round organisms which have a much better shape than those growing
naturally. ‘These slips planted in Florida waters reached a marketable
size in less than two years. The time required for them to grow in the
Philippines is not known.

Sponges should always be propagated in water in which they grow
well naturally and at about their normal depth. It is probable that
improved varieties can be cultivated by uniting cuttings of superior
sponges, and some of the best grade of European sponges might even be
introduced with advantage.

It is my firm conviction that by care and work, not only in growing
sponges, but by opening new beds, and fishing in deeper waters, a sponge
industry amounting to several hundred thousand pesos per year may be
built up in the Philippines.

Regulations governing the gathering of sponges in the waters of the
Moro Province were passed in June, 1908, and copies of these regulations
may be obtained from the Secretary of the Moro Province at Zamboanga.

LITERATURE.

The following is a very incomplete list of literature dealing with
sponges, chiefly of this or related regions :

CARTER.

Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighborhood of Port Philip Heads, South
Australia, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1885), V, 16, 277, 347; (1886), V,
17, 40, 112, 431, 502; (1886), V, 18, 34, 126.

Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida, Ibid. (1883), V, 11, 344;
(1879), V, 3, 343; (1875), IV, 16, 126, 177; (1882), V, 9, 266, 346;
(1869), IV, 3, 15; (1873), IV, 12, 17; (1872), IV, 9, 82; (1883), V,
12, 308; (1879), V, 3, 284; (1876), IV, 18, 226, 307, 388, 458.

64 SEALE.

DENBY.
The Sponge-fauna of Madras, Ibid. (1887), V, 20, 153.
Report on a Second Collection of Sponges from the Gulf of Manaar, Ibid.
(1889), VI, 3, 73.
Report on Sponges of Ceylon, in Report on Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the
Gulf of Manaar, Pt. III, Supplementary Reports (1905), 18, 57 to 246.
GRAY.
Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Description of Some New
Genera, Proc. Zoél. Soc., Lond. (1867), 492,
THIAECKEL.
Die Kalkschwiimme, 1872.
Hyatt.
Revision of the North American Porifere, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
(873), 2.
LINDENFELD.
A Monograph of the Australian Sponges, Proc. Linn. Noc. N. 8. W. (1883),
9, 121, 310; (1884-85), 10, 283, 475, 481, 485.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney,
London, 1888.
PoOLtJAEFY.
Report on Keratosa. Collected by H. M. 8. Challenger, 1884.
Report on the Carcarea. Collected by H. M. $. Challenger, 1883.
RIDLEY.
Spongiide. Report on the Zodlogical Collections Made in the Indo-Pacific
Ocean During the Voyage of H. M. 8. Alert, Brit. Mus. 1884.
SCHULZE.
Die Familie Spongide, Zeit. f. wiss. Zodl. (1879), 32.
SMivi,.
The Florida Commercial Sponges, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. (1897), 17, 225 to
240. Pl. 12 to 31,
WILSON.
The Sponges Collected in Porto Rico in 1899, Ibid, (1900), 2, 375.
On the Feasibility of Raising Sponges from the Egg, Ibid (1897), 17, 241
to 245.

WHOLESALE SPONGE BUYERS.

For the benefit of those interested directly in the sponge industry I
am appending a list of some of the sponge buyers in the United States.
who would be glad to correspond with those who have sponges for sale:

Lasker & BerNnsteIn, 161 William St., New York City.
Corrin, RepIneTon, Co., 35 Second St., San Francisco.
Lanery & Miciarts Co., San Francisco.

AMERICAN Sponce Co., 127 Larkin St., San Francisco,
A. Isaacs & Co., Beatman St., New York City.

Lronis CLonney & Co., 39-41 Walker St., New York City.
Smirn, Kine & Frencu, Philadelphia, Pa.

James H. Koups & Co., 117 E. Kinzie St., Chicago, 11.
Meyer Bros., Drucersts, St. Louis, Mo.

THE Greek AMERICAN SPONGE C'o., Chicago, IIL.

Joun K. Curyney, Tarpon Springs, Fla.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Puate I. A Philippine commercial sponge in its natural state.
II. The Philippine Sheep’s-Wool Sponge.
III. The Philippine Zomocca Sponge.
IV. Philippine Rock Sponge.
V. The Philippine Reef Sponge.
VI. The Philippine Grass Sponge.
VII. The Sulu Sea Bath Sponge.
VIII. The Philippine Elephant’s-Ear Sponge.
IX. The Tube Sponge.
Fic. 1. (In the text.) The Byersdoffer floating corral.
2. (In the text.) The Byersdoffer paddle.
3. (In the text.) The Byersdoffer sponge washboard.
4, (In the text.) Sponges planted on copper wire.
81630-——5

SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. | [Pustu. Journ, Scr, Vou. 1V, No, 1.

SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. ] [PHIL. Journ. Scr., VoL. 1V, No.

a" : te TV, No. 4.
SEALE: FISHERY Resources oF THE PHILIPPINES.) (Pom. Journ, Sen, Vor p

SEALE: WISHERY Resources OF Tite PHTLIPEINES. | [Puth. Journ, Ser, Vou. TV, No,

PLATE Iv.

SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF UTIL PULIVviINnes. | {Pun JouRN, Sci, VoL. tN, Nei bs

PLATE V-

SALE t

FISHERY

Resources oF THE PHILIPPINES | (Put. Journ, Sei, Vou. TV, No, 1

PLATE VI.

SbALE; FISHERY RESOVRCES or TUE PrHinipeirnns. | (Pir. Journ Sc.., Vou IV, No

10 cm.

SEALE:

FISHERY RESOURCES OF TILE

PriLipeine

IOs einen,

PLATE VIII.

[PHin. Journ. Scr, Vou. 1V, No, 1.

SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES oF THe PLULIPPINGS. ] [Pan Journ Ser, Vou. IV, No, 1.

PLATE 1x.

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

D. ETHNOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND
GENERAL BIOLOGY

VoL. V JULY, 1910 No. 2

THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
PART Ill, PEARLS AND PEARL FISHERIES.?

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Section of Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, Manila,
P, I.)

INTRODUCTION.

During the past ten years the writer has been engaged, as time would
permit, in making a study of pearls and pearl fisheries. In 1900, a
year was spent in the fisheries of Paumota and Gambier Islands and in
1902 the fisheries of Australia and the Solomon Islands were visited ;
during the past year considerable time was given to a study of the pearling
grounds of the Philippine Islands.

So far as possible, a careful study has been made of the development,
life history and habits of the pearl oyster, chiefly with the view of
increasing its value as a commercial asset. Experiments relating to pearl
growth, development and culture have been inaugurated; and a large
number of both hard and soft sections through pearls from various loca-
lities have been made in order to throw additional hght on the direct cause
of their origin and growth.

The object of the present paper is to give the results of these observa-
tions and a general review of our present knowledge of the subject, with
the hope that such results may lead to increased interest in the Philippine
pearl fisheries and to their greater development.

1 Part I of this series appeared in This Journal See. A (1908), 3, 513; Part TI,

Ibid. (1909), 4, 57.
96836 af

Sa SEALE.

PILILIPPINE PEARL OYSTERS.

There are two varieties of pearl oysters in the Philippines which are
of considerable commercial importance: One, called the gold lip pearl
shell, Doctor Pilsbury kindly informs me is doubtless Wargaritifera
maxima Jamson? (see Plate III, figs. 1 and 2); the other, the black
lip pearl shell, is Maryarilifera margaritifera (Linneus). (See Plate
IV. figs. 1 and 2.) The gold lip shell is by far the most important, it
being the variety chiefly sought in commercial ventures, its market value
being from 30 to 80 pesos ® per picul of 63.3 kilos (139.5 pounds). This
shell, when mature, is usually from 180 to 230 millimeters (7 to 9 inches)
in diameter and weighs from 1.8% to 2.3 kilograms (4 to 5 pounds) ;
shells weighing more than 5 kilograms (11 pounds) have been found.
This species occurs in waters of from 5 to 20 fathoms throughout the
Sulu Archipelago, and is probably more or less abundant throughout the
entire Philippine group.

The black lip shell is a much smaller variety, rarely exceeding 150 or
180 millimeters (6 or 7 inches), with a weight of from 1 to 1.5 kilograms
(2 to 3 pounds), although usually it is much smaller. It is common
along the shores of almost all the islands of the Philippine Archipelago,
and is of much less value commercially than the gold lp shell, being
in but little demand and selling for about 13 pesos per picul. This form
usually gives a large yield of pearls which are of comparatively little value,
as they generally are small, irregular in shape and of a gray or dusky color.

In the vear 1886 a paper was published in Bergen, Norway, which
contained the following interesting statement regarding the Philippine
pearl fisheries :

The Philippine Islands produce great quantities of pearl shell. In 1877, 155
tons were exported. In 1878, 152 tons, valued at 164,720 pesos were exported. In
1879 the value of exported pearl shell was 155.802 pesos. The entire region from
Tawi-Tawi to Basilan i» a continuous pearl oyster bed; the Sulu fisheries are the
largest and most productive of any in the East Asiatic waters. The pearls are

famous, and tl shel] has a fine luster. Labuan is the chief market. The yield is
decreasing. '

It will be of interest to compare the above account of the fisheries of
thirty years ago with those of the present time. During the vear 107
there were exported from the port of Jolo 154,918 kilos (340,820 pounds)
of pearl shell, valued at 119,045 pesos; and during the same period the
product exported from Zamboanya was valued at 45,254 pesos, making a
total of 164,399 pesos from the Moro Province alone, which shows # sub-
stantial increase rather than a decline in the fisheries. ‘he above value

? Revised Nomenclature of Pearl Oysters. Pror. Zool. Sor. London, (1901), 1,
392.

*One peso equals fifty cents U. S. currency.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 89

is of the shell alone; that of the pearls secured during this time is
unknown, but doubtless it amounted to several thousand pesos.

No export duty ix charged on shell, but wharfage to the amount of
1.50 pesos per ton is collected.

The price of shell at the present time is from 60 to 100 pesos per picul
for those of the first class of the gold lip variety, and about 20 pesos per
picul for the black lip variety. The picul is counted at 63.3 kilograms
(139.5 pounds, 16 piculs to the ton). Almost all the shell is sent either to
Singapore or to Europe. There is one button factory located in Manila
which has a capacity, when running constantly, of about 6,000 gross per
saonth, requiring about 300 tons of shell per year: otherwise. all the shell
is exported.

During the past year about 56 tons of shell were taken from the Davao
pearl bed. These were of very large size and first class in every respect.
They gave a very small vield of pearls, the value of which was probably
not more than 6,000 pesos. Some very beautiful pearls are to be found in
the Sulu fisheries, and it was my pleasure to examine two of these, each
valued at 5,000 pesos, secured froin this region during the past vear.

Almost all the fishing for pear] oysters is carried on by the use of
diving armor. in water of from 15 to 20 fathoms. Shells are occasionally
found in shallower water, but in such cases naked Moros usually dive for
them, or they are secured by a primitive rake-dredge worked by a rattan
line from a native canoe and which can be used only in smooth water.
The natives frequently soak dry shell in water for several days before it
is sold, in order to increase the weight; and I have seen Chinese and
other middlemen doing the same thing. The shells are usually opened
on the boats and all the pearls extracted soon after the oysters are
brought up.

THE PEARLING FLEET.’

At present about 30 vessels are engaged in pearling in the Sulu
Archipelago. These boats range from 5 to 15 tons, and usually carry a
crew of seven men, including the diver. All boats with armored divers

‘The following boats constituted the Zamboanga pearling fleet for the year
1908: Sirena and Nautilus, owned by J. F. Maddy; Cleopatra, Galatea, and
Maritima, owned by J. Wilson; Ioenix and Placido Reyes, owned by the Cebu
Pearling Company; Mina, Burtandy, Ida, and Manny, owned by Capt. Chas.
Linberg; Paragua, Zamboanga, and Sapit, owned by G. W. Langford; Alice
Holmes, Rosario, and Olinga, owned by Mr. Holmes; Mindanao, owned by Mr.
Teck; Pruno, owned by V. Sision. All of these boats carried on more or less active
operations during the past year.

The Jolo pearling fleet is composed of the following boats: Victoria, Helena,
Santa Maria, and Elisabel, owned by Ong Tiam Teng; Almosouth, owned by Hadji
Abubacal; King of Spades, owned by Richard H. Gibbs; Ramon, owned by Her-
nandes & ('o.; and Alfonso and Nena, owned by Asing.

QQ) SEALE.

are required to take out a license, for which the charges are 300 pesus
a year for a first-class license, or a three months’ license may be secured
for one-fourth of this amount. These are obtained from the provincial
treasurer at Jolo, Zamboanga, or Davao. The divers are usually natives
or Japanese. Each boat is equipped with one complete diving outfit,
consisting of armor, pump, tubes, weights, ctc. The diver receives a wage
of from 20 to 80 pesos per month, in addition to a percentage of the shell,
but the terms upon which both men and divers are hired vary with
almost every pearler.

The treasurer of Davao reports that nine first-class licenses have been
taken out at that place since January, 1908, chiefly by local firms, and for
the purpose of working the newly opened Davao pearl bed.

It costs about 55 pesos a month, aside from wages, to navigate a pearling
boat. The diving armor used is nearly all of a modern type, and of
English manufacture. The air pumps used are worked by hand, two
men being stationed constantly at the pump when diving is in progress.
The diver has from 18 to 20.4 kilos (40 to 50 pounds) of weight attached
to him in order to reach the bottom. Divers usually remain under water
until they fill the net basket which they carry, this requiring from ten
minutes to an hour. The diver of a boat on which I was a guest for
some time, usually made about three descents in one hour; this was on
the Davao bank in a depth of 20 fathoms and where the man experienced
great difficulty in working because of strong currents. The length of
time during which an armored diver can remain under water is very
indelinite, depending on the depth of water, -trength of current, strength
of the diver, and other factors. In calm water, but a few feet in depth
and of an even temperature, a man should be able to remain for almost an
indefinite period. The naked diver scarcely ever staves down for more
than one minute. Fishing is carried on at all seasons of the year.

THE PHILIPPINE V’EARLING LANKS.

Practicully the entire region from Sibutu Passage to Basilan Straits
and around the southern shore of Mindanao Island is a continuous
potential pearling bank. However, the greater number of the known
localities have so constantly been fished that they have had small chance
to recover, and, as a result, much of the pearler’ time is lost in pros-
pecting for new heds in various parts of this wide area; but the ground
never seems to become completely exhausted, for we found pearling boats
operating successfully directly in front of the town of Jolo, within half
a mile of the beach. Fishing for shell had doubtless been carried on at
this point for over a hundred years.

Occasionally, a pearler will locate a bank on which the oysters are

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 91

very abundant. Such a bank was found just south of Basilan Island;
another near the Tapu Islands, and another in Tataan Pass of Tawi-Tawi
Island. A large yield of shell has heen secured near the Samales group.
Shell has been reported from Ilana Bay, and during the past year an
extremely valuable bank was located in the Gulf of Davao in Pakiputan
Strait between Samal Island and the mainland. The most prolific por-
tion of the bank was in the narrow part of the passave directly between
Point Lanang and Point Linao. The depth of water is from 20 to 25
fathoms. ‘The bank is well protected above by the large reef known as
Arholes Island. Usually, there is a very strong current pouring through
this strait, but at the point where the pearl bank occurs the tides and
currents form a strong eddy which has doubtless contributed to the
formation of the hank by giving an opportunity for the spat to settle and
attach. The bottom is of coral, sand, and gravel, and is comparatively
smooth. The width of the strait at this place is less than 1.6 kilometer
(1 mile); the beach on one side slopes steeply down, and on the other
drops abruptly into several fathoms of water from a live coral reef. ‘The
water is quite clear, its temperature about 21° (., and its specific gravity
1.922. At the time of my visit (May, 1908), there were only four
pearling boats operating on this bank; two others were prospecting in
adjacent waters.

The currents were so swift that diving could be carried on only between
the hours of 6 and 7 o'clock in the morning. The diver, a Filipino,
during this hour made three trips to the bottom; on the first he secured
three shells; on the second, eight; and on the third, two. These were
all large, first-class shells, each weighing about 3.2 kilos (7 pounds).
One contained a small pearl.

The diver brought up some young shells for our inspection, and reported
that they were abundant on the bed. All the large oysters were in a
breeding condition, so probably this bank will be able to keep up a
moderate yield, unless overfished at the beginning. So far, the Davao
pearl bank has yielded about 56 tons of first-class shell.

Pearl shells in considerable numbers are found in Tahon Strut, between
Cebu and Negros Islands; in the vicinity of Guimaras; and also along
the west and the north coast of Samar. Shell has also been reported
from Palawan and Cagayan Sulu. It is more probable that as the
Islands become better known, many new pearling banks will be found,
and those now known will Le mapped and better defined.

The most desirable bottom for a pearl bank is coarse sand, with dead
coral and rock to which the young may attach. They can not grow on
live coral, and they are very apt to he covered up and smothered on fine

sand.

fy SEALE.

LIFE TWISTORY OF THE PEARL OYSTER.

‘The oysters are of separate sex, male and female. The eggs of the
female, when ripe, are extruded into the sca water, where they are
fertilized by the spermatozoa of the male, if by chance the currents bring
the two elements together. Doctor Hornell ® observed in regard to the
(Ceylon pearl oyster, “that a ripe female, in close proximity to a mature
male, was sufficient cause to excite the male to throw off spermatozoa.”
The meeting of the spermatozoa and ova is left entirely to chance.

‘The eggs of the Philippine pearl oyster (J. maaima Jamson) are at
firet pyriform (see fig. 1) and float on the water; as soon as they are

ew. fertilized, they become round ;

and when from three to six

a hours old, they move about
by means of small, hair-like

4g Cilia. Segmentation is. com-

legins to form at the end
of the second day, and in
ha from four to eight days the
Fig. 1.—Spermatozoa and ova of Philippine pearl
oyster. young oysiers settle and be-
(«) Micropyle through which the spermatozoa come attached to the bottom,
enters the ova. a
(b) Nucleus. or to any object they chance
We) aucleolus: to fall upon. At this stage
(d) Spermatozoa of male.
they are known as spat and
are about 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) in length. They attach by means
of a small tuft of coarse, hair-like bristles, known as the byssus.

Each mature female contains several thousand eggs, but no doubt the
destruction of eggs and young 3s very great, many being swept into great
depths by strong currents, where they either perish or settle on the
bottom so thickly as to smother each other; or else they become covered
with sand, or attach to some floating object and are washed ashore.
Apparently, there is no fixed time in the Philippines for the maturing
of the ova, as sexually ripe individuals are found at all seasons of the
year.

The shells are supposed to reach a maximum size and are most valuable
commercially in from four to five years, although they doubtless con-
tinue to grow for several years longer. I have examined specimens
weighing 5 kilos (11 pounds) which I believe were ten to twelve years old.
However, shells older than five or six years arc apt to be worm-eaten
or full of holes causcl by boring sponges, and so are of less value. More

7 / ) , plete, but unequal. The shell
C.
d.

* Report on the operations of the Ceylon pearl banks during the fishery of
1905. Rep. Ceylon Murine Biol, Lab. (1906), 55.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 05

accurate information regarding the age and vrowth of shells obtained
from direct observations and measurements is very «lesirable.

Mr. Seville Kent states in regard to the rate of growth of the pearl
oyster:

Under favorable conditions a period not exceeding three years suffices for the
shell to attain to the marketable size of 200 to 230 millimeters (8 or 9 inches)
in diameter, and heavy shells of 2.3 kilos (5 pounds) weight per pair may be the
product of five years growth,

The food of the pearl oyster consists of minute marine infusoria,
Diatomacew, ete. We discovered that in fully 75 per cent of the specimens
examined, the food consisted of Dialomacew with a small amount of
vegetable matter.

The pearl oyster docs not travel to any great distance; in lact, after
the spat stage, it remains in one spot for the greater part of its life,
although it can, and does at times, cast off the byssus attachment and
reattach to some more desirable place, moving very slowly by means of
its small foot. The very old shells of A/. marima Jamson were, with
but few exceptions, without attachment, probably the weight of the shell
being sufficient to keep them in place.

ENEMIES OF THE PEARL OYSTER.

The pearl oyster, especially in its younger stages, is exposed, to
constant danger. Numerous fishes consider it a great delicacy, and
such fish are found in large numbers about the pearl banks. The various
species of sharks, rays, sparoides, and balistes feed largely upon shell
fish, including the pearl oyster. However, these are not wholly an evil,
as they are probably the intermediate host for the cestode which is the
cause of the growth of pearls; the fish becoming infested with this cestode
by eating the oyster. Doubiless, star fishes also cause much destruction
to the banks, and, in old specimens, the boring sponges, boring worms, and
gastropods, do great damage.

In addition to these enemies which affect the oyster directly, there are
an enormous number of marine animals and plants that, by using up
the available space and food which otherwise would fall to the lot of the
pearl oyster, affect the life of the oyster indirectly.

One pearl diver reported the finding of a very large pearl bank south
of Basilan Island, where the shells were abundant and of very large size,
but of no value, as they were dead and had lost their luster. In cases of
this kind, it is almost impossible to state the cause of the destruction.
It may have been brought about by some epidemic due to the crowded
condition of the shells, or possibly by some volcanic disturbance, or a
dozen other causes might be assigned, but without facts it is useless to
theorize on the subject.

O4 SEALE.

TRANSPLANTING AND CULTIVATING THE VNARL OYSTER.

Pearl oysters may with but little difficulty be transported for several
days, if they are kept in running salt water, or if the water is changed
frequently; thus the question of transplanting them J[roin one bed to
another in a more convenient locality, or in water of-less depth, becomes
a comparatively simple one and will doubtless play an important part in
the pearl oyster industry of the future.

As a matter of fact, the Ceylon government is, or wax at a recent date,
engaged extensively in the transplanting of young oysters and the distri-
buting of “clutch,” i. e., rock of small size which is scattered over the
bottoin of the oyster beds, and to which the young oysters become attached.
The voung pearl oysters are removed from beds which are overcrowded
to others which are loss productive.

It would be an casy matter for men engaged in prarling to kvep
suspended over the side of their vessels bamboo crates or cars in which
they could place the young oysters which are frequently brought up, and
so transport them to a favorable place for development, as is the case
in the sponge fisheries.* In this way they might, with but hitle effort,
accumulate a valuable pearl farm where a number of oysters could be
harvested each year and the bed looked after just as in the case, of the
edible oyster. The yield of pearls and shell would doubtless pay a good
dividend. This process would especially be easy to carry out in the
Davao fisheries which are near shore and where local people are engaged
in the fishing. Such farms should simulate the natural beds so far as
practicable, but improvements over natural conditions could he effected
by supplying an abundance of small, broken rock as “clutch,” upon
which the voung could attach; the keeping of the beds free from un-
desirable tenants, such as star fish. holothurians. etc., could lhe accom-
plished by dredging.

LAWS RELATING TO PEARL FISHING.

I have abstractud the laws,’ or at least such portions of them not
repealed by amendments, as are now in lorce in the Islands. They are
of undoubted benefit in protecting the young shells, and, for the greater
part, relate to the waters of the Moro Province. In other portions of the
Archipelago, various local acts and provincial legislation greatly handicap
the pearling industry.

*This Journal, See. A (1909), 4, 62, 63.

"These laws were enacted by the legislative council of the Moro Province. A
copy of them may be secured from the provincial treasurer of either Jolo or Zam-
boanga.

*Sec. 23, Act No. 51, of the Philippine Commission should read: “The words
‘pearl shell and shell of the pearl oyster as used in Act No. 43 of the Legislative
Council and in this Act shall be construed to mean the shell of the marine bivulve

mollusk Margaritifera maxima Jamson, commonly known as the Philippine vold
lip pearl oyster.’”

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Qh

The laws should be extended to include the entire Archipelago, and
all local regulations should be repealed. In this way only can the young
shell properly be protected. Additional legislation prolecting the black
lip pearl shell, VMargartlifere margaritifera (inneus), should be enacted.

Act No. 43 provides for the protection of pearl fisheries within the jurisdiction
of the Moro Province, and was passed February 29, 1904. It forbids the taking
of pearl oysters less than 100 millimeters (4 inches) in diameter.

-Act No. 51 regulates the fishing for shells of marine mollusks «and was enacted
June 7, 1907, at the urgent request of the pearl fishers. It prohibits from
engaging in pearl lishing all vessels not built in the Philippine Islands or in the
United States, or not wholly owned by citizens of the United States or by people
having the political rights of the natives of the Philippine Islands. It prescribes
the places at which licenses to engage in pearl fishing may be secured, the price
for such licenses, and the length of time for which they are granted. It states
that the master of cvery vessel operating under a first-class license shall record
the date of every operation and the number of shells taken each day. Before any
shell can be landed, these records must be verified under oath in the presence of the
collector of customs of Jolo or Zamboanga. This Act also amends Act No. 43
and requires the size of the shell to be 180 millimeters (7 inches) in diameter from
the outer margin 1o the middle of the hinge, measured at a right angle to the
hinge. A fine of not less than 50 pesos is provided for the violation of any provi-
sions of this Act.

Act No. 131 amends Act No. 51 by reducing the price of first-class shell
licenses to 300 pesos per annum, and provides for the issuance of such licenses for
periods of three months. The enforcement of Act No. 51 resulted in such a
decrease of revenues, owing to the excessive cost of licenses, that this amendment
was made necessary, and it was enacted August 22, 1905.

Act No. 176 amends section 2 of Act No, 51 and was enacted October 12, 1904.
It provides for the issuance of licenses only to those vessels wholly owned by
citizens of the United States. to honorably discharged soldiers or sailors of the
United States Army and Navy, to natives of the Philippine Islands, or to those
having the political rights of natives.

Act No. 200 repeals Act No. 176 and was enacted September 19, 1907, and
appreved by the Philippine Commission October 7, 1907.

PEARLS,

The Philippine fisheries give a fair yield of pearls; in fact, some of
the most beautiful specimens ever discovered have come [rom the Sulu
fishery. The yield is fully as large as that in either the Gambier Islands
or the Pearl Islands. The number of pearls secured in (eylon is much
greater. In that country the commercial pearl oyster is of a different
species (Vargaritifera vulgaris Schum.), a very small oyster prolific
in pearls, but with shells of practically no value.

The composition of a pure pearl as given by Harley and Harley? is
as follows:

Carbonate of lime 91.72
Organie matter 5.94
Water 2.93
Loss 0.11

2 The Chemical Composition of Pearls. Proc. Roy. Soe. London (1888), 43, 461.

96 SEALE.

and that of the Ceylon mother-of-pearl, as given by Herdman and
Hornell *° is—

Calcium carbonate 88.79
Calcium sulphate 4.93
Organic matter 2.32
Water 2.28
Loss (no magnesium, no pliusphates, faint trace

of iron) 1.68

It is well known that the organic basis of the shell, conchiolin, is a
cuticular product excreted by the’underlying epidermis of the mantle.

Passing without cuimment the many fanciful theories regarding the
formation of pearls which have been held from historic times up to a
comparatively recent datv, we will consider only such facts as have been
revealed by modern scientific investigation.

I have in my work dissected a large number of pearls from our large
gold lip pearl oyster (AZ. marina Jamson). Of this number, forty were
prepared as “hard sections,” each side being ground down so that a
small transparent section through the center of the nucleus was obtained
for micioscopic examination. (Sec Plate V, figs. 1 to 3.) Ten were
prepared ax microtomic sections, and the remainder, and hy far the
greatest number, were dissolved in acids of various kinds and dissected.

The results show that the round orient
Philippine pearl may have various ob-
jects in the center forming the so-called
nuclei, which, beeanse of stimulation or
uritation, have become incaged in nacre,
thus forming pearls. Fully 50 per cent
of the pearls examined contained larval
cestodes, two only contained sand, one
a hit of seaweed, one a spicule of calea-
reous sponge, two, forms whieh with but
little doubt were larval Distomids. One
rather interesting form (see fig. 2) ob-
tained from a perfectly round pearl ap-
pears very closely to resembic the free-
swimming larval cestodes secured by Mr,
Fig. 2.——Cestode from center of a Phil- Tfornell in ('cylon,!t and is doubtless a

ippine pearl. ai . 7
related form. Several pearls contained
material that had become calcified and could not be identified with any
degree of certainty. Three had what I believe to be the ova of the small

* Report of the government of ('cylon on the pearl fisheries of the Gulf of
Manaar. Roy. Soc. London (1906), Part Vv, 6.

“Hornell & Shipley. Reports on Parasites of the Pearl Oyster. Rep. Ceylon
Peart Pishery (1903-1906), Part IT, 77; Part III, 49; Part V, 43.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 97

erab (Alpheus acarus Fabricius) which is almost without exception
found living in pearl oysters ax a commensal.

Pearls may be found in any part of the oyster, or in the shell. The
free pearls and those atiached to the shell result from some injury, while
those in the muscles are formed around small, caleareous bodies called
ealeospherules. The so-called “blisters” on the inside of the pearl shell
ae usually produced by boring worms or by some external injury. How-

ever, in one ease at least,

RY a very fine blister now in my
possession was caused by a

< x small black pebble which

f was completely embedded in

the shell. Blisters frequent-
ly contain pearls of value,
and specimens of good shape
¢ and luster may become fully
te: embedded in the shell. I
ee now have a shell before me
which, when found, exhib-
ited no sign of a pearl, but
Fie. 4. when broken, showed two

A bit of shell in which a pearl valued at 500 fine pearls, embedded and

pesos was hidden. The xX, fig. 3, shows where the completely hidden in the
pearl was located. Fig. 4 is the same shell cracked shell (Bor

open, showing the pearl. similar — ex-

amples see figs. 3 and 4.)

Cyst pearls are found in the mantle or sqft parts of the oyster. These
are formed by a larva, usually a cestode, which enters some portion of
the connective tissue where, as stated by Doctor Jamson,’* it at first
occupies a space lined with connective tissue fiber; but the oyster soon
gives rise to a pearl-secreting, epithelial layer which lines this space and
becomes the pearl sac. I am of the opinion held by Mr. Herdman and
Mr. Hornell ¥* that this pearl-secreting epithelium is of ectodermal origin.

ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF PEARLS.

From the time of Linneus, who claimed to have discovered a method
whereby the oyster could be made to produce pearls, up to the present
date, the attempt to force the passive oyster into producing culture pearls
has never ceased, so that almost each year some one announces in the
press of the country that he has at last reached the true solution of the
problem and can produce pearls at will. There is no question but that,

2% The Formation of Pearls in European Mussels by Action of Trematodes.
Proc, Zool. Soc, London (1902), 140.

13Notes on Pearl Formation in the Ceylon Pearl Oyster. Rep. Brit, Assoc.
(1903), 695.

OS SEALE.

in some cases at least, cultural pearls have been produced; but when the
methods have been |nrought to the crucial test there is always some small
point or flaw which has prevented their application with profitable results.
This is at least true concerning the forming of the free, round, cyst
pearls of fine luster, but in so far as the production of half-pearls and
blisters is concerned, the Mikimoto pearl farm in the Bay of Ago, Japan,
need only be visited to carry conviction that the artificial production of
pearls is both practicable and profitable, for at this place several hundred
people are employed in the work, and the cultural pearls harvested find a
ready market at a good price. In fact some of the “antique” jewelry
sold in Manila was found to be set with these. (See photograph of some
of these culture pearls, natural size, Plate VI. fig. 1.)

From 200,000 to 300,000 oysters are treated each year at this pearl
farm. The method employed is similar in most respects to that used
by the Chinese hundreds of years ago, when sinall, rough images of
Budda were placed between the mantle and shell of the live river clam,
which was then returned to the water until the imag:s were coated over
with nacre, after which they were taken out and sold as charms. The
Japanese use a small canula to insert a minute mother-of-pearl bead
which is flat on the side and which fits against the shell. The oyster 1s
then again placed in the water and allowed to grow for six or seven years.
when the pearls are harvested. The undertaking is profitable, owing to
the large number of oysters treated.

However, the chief object to be desired is to grow round, perfect, cultu-
ral pearls of fine luster; in other words, tv produce a cyst pearl, or one so
closely resembling it as to be indistinguishable from it. Our efforts have
been directed to this end, but the results s» far obtained do not warrant
publication. As an illustration of some of the difficulties encountered
by those engaged in experimenting in pearl growing, a gentleman from
Australia, who some time ago- purchased the experimental pearl farm
inaugurated at Tuesday Island by Seville Kent, and who had spent
several thousand pounds in attempting to grow cultural pearls, remarked
to me, “I have succeeded in growing the perfectly round pearls, but my
great difficulty is to prevent their discoloration.”

It may be predicted that within the next few years perfectly round
cultural pearls of fine luster will be produced commercially and that the
undertaking will prove to be the most profitable achievement of modern
zoology.

Pearls of value sometimes are found in other mollusks of the Philip-
pines, as, for instance, in the Taclobo (Tridacna gigas Linn.) which
occasionally contains pearls of great beauty. (Nee Plate VI, fig. 2.)
However, these usually are without luster and hence valueless.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 19

DETERMINATION AND VALUATION OF PEARLS.

Pearls have a hardness of +, they are so compact that they do not
break when stepped upon; their specilic gravity is 2.65 to 2.68. To be
of much value they must be round or drop-shaped and either pure white,
or dark, or of a golden color, with a peculiar luster and slight trans-
lucency. They must be free from spot, speck, or blemish. As they are
formed, layer upon layer, around a central point, like the layers of an
onion, they are sometimes peeled or “doctored” to remove spots or flaws.
in the hope that the new layer will be of better luster. Such pearls are
obviously of much less value than those found perfect, in their natural
condition. However, any such tampering with a pearl can usually be
detected by the use of a good glass, which shows any minute band-like
stripes or slight scratches. It is also a very easy matter to detect whether
a trifle more than one layer of a pearl has been taken off, and equally as
easy to tell the difference between a pearl that has been ground into a
round shape and one naturally round; such specimens are of but little
greater value than marbles. The following is a table of the actual size
of pearls of from 0.1296 to 1.944 grams (2 to 30 grains).

Grains. Grains. Carats.
2 @ 3: @ >
-@ > @>°
6 & 7 & |
6° @°
es
10 i "4
\
13 14 © 2
-@- ®e:
7 a) 18 © 2”
20 22 fie 3
L's 30 4

Fic. 5.—Exact sizes of pearls from 2

to 30 grains in weight.

100 SEALE.

No one but an experienced buyer can properly estimate the value of a
pearl, as many conditions, such as size, shape, luster, flaws, etc., must be
taken into consideration. In 1896 a very interesting publication was
issued by the United States Government,** giving the value of pearls all
over the world, together with an estimate of the yield. In Manila, a
perfect pearl of 0.0648 gram (1 grain) with good luster and shape retails
for about 5 pesos. The price increases more rapidly than the size of the
pearl, as from 70 to 100 pesos per 0.205 gram (1 carat) is asked for
perfect pearls over 0.41 gram (2 carats) in weight.

“Pearl Fisheries and Pearl Supply. U. S. Consular Report. (1896), 51, 622.

Fic.

Fie.

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

lo

tw

in)

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Prare I.
Landing pear] shell at Jolo.

Pirate II.
. Jolo pearling flect.

1
2. Pearl diver in the water.
3. Pearl diver coming out of the water.

Phare ITI.

Philippine gold lip pearl shell ( Vargaritifera maxima Jamson).

1. Inside view.
2. Outside view.

PLATE JV.

Philippine black lip pearl shell (Margarilifera margoritifera Linneus) .

1. Inside view.
. Outside view.
Pirate V.
1. Section through center of Philippine pearl, showing an eneysted cestode.
. Section through. a Philippine pearl, showing a calcified cestode in the

center.

3. Section through a Philippine pearl which had a grain of sand in the

center. It is also shown how a perfectly round pearl may become irreg-
ular and how it may be peeled to form a perfectly round pearl.

Pirate VI.

1. Culture pearls from the pearl farm in the Bay of Aygo, Japan.

. Pearls, found at Siasi Island in Tacloban shells.

Text FIGURES.

1, Spermatozoa and ova of Philippine pearl oyster.

(a) Micropyle, through which the spermatozoa enters the ova.
(b) Nucleus.

(ec) Nucleolus.

(d) Spermatozoa of male.

2. Cestode from center of a Philippine pearl.
3. A bit of shell in which a pearl valued at 500 pesus was hidden. The x

indicates the spot where the pearl was hidden.

4. The same shell as in fig. 3, but cracked open showing the pearl.
5. Exact sizes of pearls from 0.1296 to 1.944 grams (2 to 30 grains) in weight.

101

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SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, ] [PHIL, JounN. Scr, VoL. V, No. 2

Fic. 1.

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JOURN. Sci, VoL. V, No. 2.

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SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. ]

Fis, 2.

PHILIPPINE BLACK LIP PEARL SHELL (MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA Linnazus).

Fic. 1.

IV.

PLATE

SEALKR: FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. | [Potu, Journ. Set, Vou. V, No, 2.

Fic. 3.

PLATE Vv.

SEALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF ‘THE PHILIPPLNES. | [PPein, Journ, Sern, Vou. V, No. 2.

Fic. 1

Fic. 2.

PLATE VI.

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY
AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Vou. VI DECEMBER, 1911 No. 6

THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
PART IV, MISCELLANEOUS MARINE PRODUCTS.

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Ichthyological Section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Mamila, P. I.)

CONTENTS.

I. Trepang (Béche de Mer).
II. The Shark-fin Industry.
III. Philippine Sea Turtles and Tortoise-Shell.
IV. The Philippine Window Shell.
V. Philippine Shells Used in the Manufacturing of Buttons.
VI. Precious Corals.
VII. Edible Seaweeds of the Philippines.
VIII. The Preparation of Isinglass in the Philippines.
IX. Preparing Skins of Aquatic Animals for Leather.
X. A Check-list of Philippine Holothurians.

I. PHILIPPINE TREPANG (BECHE DE MER).

Trepang is a general name applied in the Philippines to all of the
many species of animals belonging to the group Holothurioidea and known
locally as béche de mer, balatan, bilate, munang, hisam, sea cucumber,
and cotton-spinner. Large quantities of these animals are gathered in
the Philippines for export to China and Japan. Trepang is a staple
food of all Oriental people and is an important item of export from the
Philippine Islands.

Trepang in general appearance resembles pickled cucumbers. The

106346 283

284 SEALE.

skin may be smooth, or covered with prickle-like teats arranged in rows
or scattered over the body. In color they range from pale flesh-color
to black. These animals, when dry, are hard, sausage-shaped, and appear
to be altogether unpalatable and it is not until they have been cleaned,
minced, and made into a most delicious soup by the skillful hand of
the Chinese jeook that the real value of this product of the sea is
understood. Béche de mer live among the white sand and coral in the
sea-gardens and feed upon small sea-animals and sea-vegetation, so there
is no reason why they should not rank as a delicious food product and
come into general use among Europeans and Americans. I can, from
experience, heartily recommend a trial of trepang soup* to those who
delight in a dish free from the contaminations of the land, with a delicaté
aroma of the deep sea about it.

VARIETIES OF PHILIPPINE TREPANG. ae

In Manila all the large dealers in trepang are Chinese. They recognize
five different varieties, as follows:

No. 1.2—Oé (Plate I, fig. 1). A large, uniformly black, perfectly
smooth variety (H. atra Jeger). This species, when dry, is from 120 to
200 millimeters in length and 40 to 60 millimeters in diameter. This is
regarded as the most desirable species found in the Islands and sells for
the highest price, being valued at 65 to 98 centavos per kilogram whole-
sale, according to the size of the animal, and care in curing. I will
call it the great smooth black trepang.

No. 2.—Gan Sim (Plate I, fig. 2), is a large brownish trepang, with
two rows of teats on each side. The animal, when dry, is of a rather
flat, oval shape, about 120 millimeters in length and 60 millimeters in
width. Its back is but slightly roughened. This species is regarded | as
being next to the best variety, sells for 40 to 80 centavos per kilogram,
and is in fair demand. We will call it the great oval brown trepang.'

No. 8.—Bark Sim (Plate I, fig. 3) is the third grade of trepang and
to this belongs the great mass of trepang shipped from the Islands. | It
includes a large variety of forms ranging in price from 35 to 70 centavos

*To make trepang sowp.—Clean and wash out the trepang in cold water, slice
and put them in a chopping bowl and mince fine, soak in cold water five hours,
then boil for, one hour, add salt and pepper and a quantity of beef. oF chicken
stock and bring toa boil. Serve hot. [Sing Fat.]

2T have been’ unable to find anyone in the Philippines who recognized or could
give me‘any information regarding the names given to the Philippine trepang by
Simmonds in his Commercial: Products of the Sea, although I have répeatedly.
asked, dealers and. fishermen both ‘in Jolo and Manila. It is possible: that his
30~ called “bankolungen” is;the gan sim, his “munang” the 0, his “telepan” the
moi whar che,’ his “gapatos grande” the smooth white ringed . bark sim, his
“sapatos china” is perhaps the great convoluted bark sim, and his Wovalowal!
is possibly the'bark sim, called the small black wrinked trepang in the présent
paper. ‘\" =, Vena

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 285

per kilogram, the most abundant, perhaps, being small, black, slightly
roughened, cylindrical in shape, and when dry about 90 millimeters long
by 25 millimeters wide (Plate II, fig. 1). Another very common form
of this grade is the Philippine convoluted trepang, a large, light brown
species about 130 millimeters by 40 millimeters, cylindrical, with the
body, when dry, thrown into deep folds (See Plate II, fig. 5). Another
bark sim is a moderately roughened, cylindrical trepang of a dull yel-
lowish-brown color and 150 by 35 millimeters in size (Plate IT, fig. 3).
Another is a dark brown, almost smooth form (when dry), with the back
covered with small orange spots with black centers. This is a large
species, 170 by 70 millimeters, and cylindrical in shape (Plate 4, fig, 4).
I will call this the smooth white-ringed trepang. Another form very
similar to the last I will term the rough white-ringed trepang. (Plate
II, fig. 2.) This trepang is 160 by 48 millimeters in size, cylindrical,
with the body decidedly tuberculate; it is rather dark brown in color
with numerous white circles around the large tubercules of the sides and
back. Another rather common trepang of the bark sim grade, is a small,
very black form, with deep wrinkles in the body (Plate II, fig. 6).. This
variety when dry is cylindrical in shape and about 80 millimeters long
by 20 millimeters deep. I will call it the small black-wrinkled trepang.

No. 4.—Moi Whar Che (Plate I, fig. 4). This trepang is a large,
cylindrical black form, easily distinguished by the fact that the entire,
back is covered with numerous, very long teats which are black or reddish
brown in color. This variety is quite abundant, but is regarded as fourth
rate as. a food product, the price being from 30 to 50 centavos per,
kilogram. 1 will term it the great prickly trepang. m

‘No. 5.—Hong Che (Plate I, fig. 5) is the fifth grade of trepang,. an
resembles. the last except that it is smaller and more cylindrical; the
teats are more pointed and slightly longer. Its wholsale price is from
35 to 45 centavos per kilogram. Many of the young of the moi whar
che are to be seen in this class, but are distinguished easily by their
short teats. In size the hong dis is from 50 to 90 ‘millimeters in length
by 16 to 20 millimeters in width.

There are numerous other grades among the 63 species of these animals
found in the Philippines, but none are of sufficient importance or value
to be recognized i in trade. However, one very common form, called “yel-
low belly,” is so abundant, especially about Mindoro, that is deserves at
least to be catalogued. This form when dry is yellow-white on the belly
and black on the back, about a millimeters in length and 25 in depth;
its value is not above 12 pesos * per picul. It is only the great abundance
of this grade that makes it worth our consideration.

All of the above grades retail in Manila for a 30 per cent advance
on the prices obtained by the fisherman.

* One peso is equal to 50 cents United States currency, and 1 picul is 139 enous

286 SEALE.

DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, GROWTH, AND PRODUCTION OF PHILIPPINE TREPANG,

The wide distribution of these apparently helpless, sedentary sea-
animals is a matter of interest and astonishment to all who give the
subject any thought. Twenty of the species found in the Philippines are
also common to Polynesia, 16 to the Malay Archipelago, 30 to the Red
Sea and the coast of Africa, while 3 extend even to the west coast of
America, The majority of the recorded forms are believed to be well
distributed throughout the Philippines, but are most abundant in the
Sulu Archipelago. The supply for Manila comes chiefly from Tacloban,
Polillo, and Ambos Camarines. They are found in water of various
depths, even in very shallow water and also on reefs dry at high tide,
down to 137 fathoms and even to much greater depth. Sheltered places
inside the coral reefs where the bottom is of coral sand seem to be favorite
haunts of the bark sim and hong che forms, while moi whar che, gan
sim, and oé seem to prefer water of greater depth just at the edge of
the reef. The greater number of the trepang appear to pass large quan-
tities of sand and mud through their alimentary canals; from this sand
they extract the small animals and plants on which they feed. On
Arboles Reef, Gulf of Davao, Mindanao, I once noticed a large number
of Colochirus quadrangulus Less. feeding on sea-weed which at low tide
was about 75 millimeters (3 inches) under water. They were so abun-
dant that it was scarcely possible to step without treading them down,
and in one scoop of an ordinary dip net I secured 5% of them. It is
probable that during the season for depositing the eggs they all seek
the reefs or rocky crevices. Mitsukuri,* in his most interesting paper
on the common Japanese trepang, writes, referring to the Island of Oki,

The people there have for a hundred years or more been in the habit of putting
up loose stone-piles in the shallow sea in order to obtain a supply of this trepang.

Nowhere in the Philippines is this devise put into practice although it
doubtless would yield profitable results.

Practically nothing is known about the breeding time of the Philip-
pine trepang and it is a subject well worth investigating. In Japan (as
abstracted from the above paper), the trepang spawn in May and June,
and at the end of the first year have a maximum size of 5 by 25 centi-
meters. They reach the adult condition at the end of the second year,
but do not spawn until the end of the third; some individuals probably
live two or three years after spawning. The young specimens are white
and transparent, and they attach themselves to the roots of alge, or seek
rocky crevices in sheltered localities. Hence a rock pile affords a
natural collecting ground for the very young as well as for the old.
Japan has put some measures in force setting aside certain localities as

‘Notes on the Habits and Life-History of Stichopus japonicus Selenka. Annot.
Zool. Jap. (1903-06), 5, 1-21.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 287

breeding reserves for trepang, upon which stone piles or dikes have
been constructed, and in these places fishing for trepang is strictly for-
bidden. In this way the Japanese hope to conserve this valuable food
supply.

There are so many natural breeding places in the Philippines along
the coast and among the rocks on the shore line of the many islands,
that our supply now is, and probably for years to come will be, much
greater than the demand, or rather more than the fishermen under present
conditions will take the trouble to dry and prepare for market.

METHODS OF FISHING FOR TREPANG.

In gathering trepang, the fisherman usually goes out at low tide wading
in the shallow water, dragging a small canoe or banca behind him, into
which he throws all the trepang he picks up; sometimes he fishes
from a boat, with a long handled, one-pronged spear, with which he
gathers up the trepang in water of 3 to 4 meters. In water of greater
depth some fishermen dive and bring up the trepang in their hands.
There are localities where small dredges undoubtedly could be used with
good effect.

PREPARING TREPANG FOR MARKET.

The Filipino method of preparing trepang for the market is to boil
them for a short time (from five to twenty minutes) in fresh water, after
which they are split up the belly, eviscerated, and then thoroughly dried
in the sun. Each variety seems to require a slightly special treatment
particularly in regard to the length of time required for boiling, in
order to bring out the best flavor. However, they should all be heated
thoroughly throughout, and when taken out of the boiling water they
should be hard and elastic, and should dry quickly like a hard boiled egg.
The o0@ frequently is boiled only five minutes; it should be well stirred.
Experience really is the only guide as to th» length of time required for
boiling. Sun-dried trepang are the best, and in the greatest demand,
but the method of sun-drying is too slow for preparing a whole ship-load.
The following method given by V. Simmonds” is followed in preparing
large shipments of trepang.

The first thing to do on arriving at an island where trepang is plentiful is
to erect a curing house on shore. This house may be of any desired size but
one 30 meters long by 15 meters wide, with sides 4 meters high, will be found
convenient for preparing a ship’s cargo. This structure may be built of native
material such as mats, bamboo, ete., and roofed with a coconut thatch which
must be put on well to keep out the rain. A small door should be left in each
end of the house. Platforms for drying the trepang are then erected along
one side of the entire length of the house and these should be 2 meters wide, the
lower one about breast-high from the ground and the upper one 1 meter above that.

5’The Commercial Products of the Sea. New York (1897), 111.

288 SEALE.

These are made of split pieces of bamboo or small slats. A trench 1. meter
in width and a half meter deep is then dug beneath the lower platform along its
entire length, for the fires. Tubs filled with salt water are placed at short
intervals along the trench, with buckets near at hand for use in preventing the
fire blazing up and burning the trepang or destroying the house.

The process of curing is as follows: The trepang is first caught and gutted
and washed in fresh water; it is then carried into the curing house and placed
on the lower platform where it is spread out about 14 centimeters (5 inches)
thick, to dry. When this platform is covered with the trepang, the fires are
lighted in the trench; they must constantly be kept going, day and night, ‘and
be carefully guarded. Much skill is required in properly drying the trepang
as well as in boiling it, as too much heat will cause it to blister and get porous,
like a sponge, whereas too little will lead to its spoiling and turning putrid
within twenty-four hours after being boiled; care is requisite likewise in gutting,
for if this is not properly attended to the animals will turn into a blubbery
mass within a few hours after being caught. On the afternoon of the second
day after the fires are lighted, they are extinguished for a short time’and ‘the
trepang is shifted to the upper platform;; splints of wood should be put in those
not properly drying. The lower platform is then filled again with a fresh
supply of trepang from the pots, and the fires are again lighted. The trepang
on the lower platform should be turned frequently during the first twelve hours.
After another two days the fires are again put out and the trepang on the upper
platform shoved over at one end to make room for those on the lower platform,
and the same proceeding repeated for the two following days, by which
time (six days in all) the first day’s product will be cured properly. The
trepang is then taken off the upper platform and carefully examined, those not
dry are put back again, and the quantity cured is stowed away in bags on
shipboard or in a dry storehouse. The product soon becomes damp unless
packed in air-tight casks. If held in storage for three months, it requires to be
dried again for a short time in the sun. ~

Forty men are necessary to work a house of the above size to its greatest
capacity.

UTILIZING TREPANG AS FOOD.

The chief use of trepang as food is in the form of a savory soup,
as heretofore described. It is also eaten as a meat by certain natives
of the Philippines, after it has been roasted. In some islands of the
Busuanga group, the natives collect these animals and by irritation cause
them to eject a viscous white fluid which swells up greatly when it comes
in contact with sea-water and splits into numerous white threads,
not unlike cotton; these threads are cooked and eaten and are regarded
as a delicacy. However, as the animal frequently ejects almost all the
viscera as well as the mucus, the dish probably would not appeal to
Kuropeans or Americans. ;

The Chinese believe that trepang is not only a most delicious food,
but that it also possesses excellent medicinal qualities.

QUANTITY AND VALUE OF EXPORTED PHILIPPINE TREPANG.

Sixty-six thousand eight hundred thirty-eight kilograms of trepang
were exported from the Philippines in 1909. The export in 1910 was
120,969 kilograms, which, at the low price for third grade quality, would

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 289

be valued at 51,780 pesos. As a matter of fact much of it was first and
second grade trepang so that probably the true value would more nearly
approximate 75,000 pesos. According to British statistics, the. Sulu Ar-
chipelago alone supplied Singapore in 1907 with trepang valued at 21,975
pesos. Singapore’s total trade in trepang for that period was valued at
442,102 pesos, two-thirds of which was shipped to Hongkong. It would
be much cheaper for Hanging to buy directly from Manila; as a matter
of fact, our last year’s increase in export largely was due. to the, direct
buying of Hongkong dealers.

_ China imports each year about 3 million kilograms of trepang, chiefly
from. the Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands, and the South Pacific
Islands. The export from Manila might easily be doubled aN damage
to the fisheries.

‘COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES IN PHILIPPINE TREPANG.': "

. While it is true that trepang is one of the minor marine products of
the Philippines, nevertheless, we should not lose sight of the-fact that it
is a staple and recognized article of diet with a country which has the
largest population on the face of the globe, and where it finds a ready
market; also, that it can be cheaply prepared, that the natural ‘supply
in the Islands is large, and that with but little care the output’ probably
could be increased readily. Taking all these facts into consideration, it
is rather a matter of astonishment that large canning companies, espe-
cially in the United States, have not awakened to the possibility of this
product of thg sea and added the delicious trepang soup to their list of
conserved products.

A check list of Philippine holothurians appears at the end of this. paper.

II. THE SHARK-FIN INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

_ The drying and curing of sharks’ fins (Plate III, fig. 1) in the Phil-
ippines, for export to China, is one of the minor industries, requiring
but little capital and yielding profitable returns. At present the business
is almost entirely in the hands of Chinese merchants.

The fins of all of the numerous species of sharks found in, the Islands
are used, as well as some of the fins of the larger rays. The big, dorsal
fin of the shark is the most desirable; this is usually of a uniform pale
grayish or whitish color on both sides, and is supposed by the Chinese
to contain more gelatin than any of the others, therefore it commands the
highest price and is known in commerce as the “white fin.” All the
remaining fins, which include the ventrals, pectorals, anal, and caudal,
are classed together as “black fin.” The large caudal fin ;when uniform
in color is frequently put in as “white fin.” The fine white fins are
selected for the making of soup, while the black fins are largely uged in
manufacturing a superior grade of fish glue.

290 SEALE.

METHOD OF CATCHING SHARKS,

Sharks are principally caught by the Moros, although they are captured
in considerable numbers in corrals and nets throughout the Islands. The
Moros usually spear them, or catch them with hook and line, using
stale fish for bait. The observer can not fail to be impressed by the
number and size of the sharks caught by the Samal Moros in the vicinity
of Sitanki Island.

A number of Philippine sharks will take the trolling spoon, especially
if-it is painted red on one side; they afford very good sport. In India,
sharks are captured in large nets for the sake of the oil secured from
the liver; they are also used as food by the poorer classes. In the Phil-
ippines the Moros alone seem to relish shark-meat, and the manufacture
of fish oil is an entirely neglected industry. If we consider the great
number of sharks caught in these Islands, it is a matter of surprise to
find that the making of fish-oil is not carried on in connection with the
shark-fin industry, as this would very materially increase the revenue
derived from each shark.

THE PREPARATION OF SHARKS’ FINS.

The fins are cut from the shark as soon as possible after its capture, the
thick fleshy portions of the larger fins are slit open to facilitate their drying, and
they are then spread out in the sun. It requires from three to six days to
dry the product depending upon the amount of sunshine. After the fins are
thoroughly dry they are assorted into two grades: The white fins, or first class
variety, in which are placed all the large dorsal fins; and the black fins, or
second class, which includes all the small fins. They are then packed tightly
in bales of about 100 kilograms each and are ready for export.

These fins are further prepared by being soaked in boiling water for a short
time and the skin removed. They are then shredded into small cartilaginous
rods, somewhat resembling a very fine grade of sphagetti. These are waxy white
and attractive in appearance (Plate ITI, fig. 2).

At this stage they are either made into soup, or dried and reéxported to all
parts of the world at considerably more than double the original price. To make
this prepared fin into a savory and wholesome soup it is soaked in cold water one
day, then placed in hot water for one hour, this causes all the rods to separate.
Eggs and some chicken or beef stock, salt, pepper, and butter are added and the
mixture boiled for two hours. That the above receipt produces a most delicious
soup was the unanimous verdict of the staff of the Bureau of Science after testing
a sample prepared by Sing Fat, a well known Chinese cook of Manila.

No great Chinese feast is complete without a dish of this soup and I believe
it is worth while to call the attention of our large soup manufacturing estab-
lishments to the possibilities of this industry in the Philippines. I believe that
an almost unlimited market could be found in China.

THE AMOUNT AND VALUE OF SIIARK-FIN EXPORTED FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Sharks’ fins weighing 172,610 kilograms, valued at 85,000 pesos (42,500

dollars), were exported from Manila during the year 1910. The current
price of shark-fin at Zamboanga, which is one of the centers of the trade,

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 291

is 84 centavos per kilogram for the white fin and 58 centavos for the
black, therefore, it is evident that the export valuation is very low and
that the real value probably would be somewhat over 100,000 pesos. The
price is subject to considerable variation. In 1909 the maximum price
paid for the entire yield was 2.19 pesos per kilogram including both white
and black fins. Chinese merchants in Zamboanga informed me that
the price for the first grade white fin sometimes reaches 6.58 pesos per
kilogram, but this is unusual. Almost the entire yield of Philippine
shark-fin is shipped to Singapore or Hongkong, and from these places
is distributed to various parts of China.

In Manila the retail price of prepared shark-fin, as shown in Plate III,
fig. 2, is from 8 to 10 pesos per kilogram.

In conclusion I wish again to call attention to the fact that the by-
products of the shark fishery are entirely wasted. If, in addition to
the fins, the liver was used to make fish oil, and the skin which is used
for scabbards for swords was also saved, the revenue derived from each
shark would be about doubled.

III, PHILIPPINE SEA TURTLES AND TORTOISE-SHELL.

VARIETIES OF PHILIPPINE MARINE TURTLES.

Sea turtles of large size find a congenial home in the warm waters of
the Philippines. Abundant schools of fish supply them with plenty of
food, and the hot sandy beaches of numerous, small, uninhabited islands
furnish them ideal nesting places; hence, as a result of these conditions,
the three recognized species of sea turtles are found throughout the
Archipelago.

The marine turtles ® are easily distinguished from all other kinds by
the fact that their limbs have become completely changed into paddles,
the fingers being entirely encased in a single skin, with one or two claws
only projecting. They swim swiftly in the sea, but are almost helpless
on the land, and if turned on their backs they can not regain their
norma! position.

Our most important sea turtle, popularly known as the hawksbill
turtle, is Chelone imbricata Linn. (Plate IV, figs. 3 and 4), which sup-
plies the tortoise-shell of commerce. It is easily recognized by the
fact that it has a hooked bill (Plate IV, fig. 4) and but 13 plates on the
back, which overlap like the shingles on a roof; in addition, there are
25 small plates which form the margin of the back. This turtle feeds
largely on fish, crabs, and mollusks, and when full-grown is about 1

meter in length.

© All members of the turtle family that live in the sea are called turtles;
those living on the land only are termed tortoises; and those living in fresh
water terrapins.

292 SEALE.

‘The green turtle (Chelone mydas Linn.) isnext in importance. (Plate
IV, fig. 5.) This turtle has a straight bill (Plate IV, fig. 6), but the
shields on the back, while the same in number as in the hawksbill, are
perfectly smooth, evenly joined, and do not at any stage overlap. This
turtle is valued chiefly as food, the shell being of no value. However,
as an article of food it has from time immemorial been considered a great
delicacy. This species is herbivorous, and when adult it is about 1.25
meters in length. The flesh may be cooked in any desired way, either
toasted, used as soup, fricasseed, or made into stews or pies. The fol-
lowing method of cooking the plastron, or shell of the belly, is given’ by
Father Labat, a Dominican monk.’ It sounds so appetizing that I give
it in full. :

“The plastron or bluckler is the shell of the belly, on which is left three or
four inches of flesh, with all the fat, this being green, and of a very delicate
flavour. The plastron is placed in the oven. It is seasoned with lemon, capsicum
or cayenne, salt, pepper, cloves, and eggs beaten up. The oven ought not to be
too hot, as the flesh of the turtle being tender it should be cooked slowly. While
it is baking the flesh must be pierced from time to time with a wooden skewer,
so that the gravy may penetrate all parts. The shell is sent up to the table and
the meat carved out from it. I have never eaten anything more appetizing or
better flavoured.

There are large factories in various countries that can the soup made
of this turtle.

The third variety of marine turtle found in the Philippines is the
loggerhead (Thalassochelys caretta Linn.) (Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2).
This species is easily distinguished from either of the above from the fact
that it has 15 shields on the back and 27 around the margin of the
shell, The jaw is strongly hooked (Plate IV, fig. 2). It feeds on
erabs and other crustaceans. The shell is about 1.25 meters in length
when full-grown. The shell practically is of no value, being almost as
thin as paper (Plate V, fig. 4), and it is only used for veneering and
inlaying work. The price for which it sells is from 2 to 4 pesos per
kilogram. However, the animal supplies a large portion of the turtle oil

of commerce.
TORTOISE-SHELL,

During the fiscal year 1909 there were exported from the Philippines
2,040 kilograms of tortoise-shell valued at 34,942 pesos. During the
year 1910 the exportation fell to 1,191 kilograms, probably owing to
home buying and domestic use.

The hard, bony plates which cover the back (carapace) of the hawks-
bill turtle are the tortoise-shell of commerce (Plate V, fig. 1). There
are 13 of these plates on the back of each turtle, 5 in the center and

™ Simmonds, Commercial Products of the Sea. New York (1895), 367.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 293

4 on each side. In commercial terms these are known as 8 “sides,” 2
“hoofs,” 1 “skull,” and 2 “main” plates. The two middle side-plates are
of the greatest value, being the largest and thickest. Plates 17 by 30
centimeters in diameter with a thickness of 5 to 6 millimeters are not
unusual in the Philippines. In addition to these large plates, there are
25 small ones around the margin of the shell; these are known as “hoofs”
and are of much less value. All of the plates together are known as a
“head” of shell, and tortoise-shell nearly always is sold by the “head.”

Practically all the Philippine tortoise-shell is brought into the market
by native fishermen. Now, while a small number of these turtles is
captured by fair means, with hook, net, spear, or trap, by far the greater
number is taken when they come ashore to deposit their eggs. The
fishermen are so eager to secure their prizes that as a rule they do not
give the poor turtle a chance to deposit her eggs before they kill her.
This short-sighted policy eventually will result in the destruction of the
fisheries unless the turtles are protected during the breeding season, which
is from May to August. The turtle fishermen go to small, uninhabited
islands, frequently many miles from the large islands surrounding the
Sulu.Sea, and wait perhaps days for the turtles to come ashore to deposit
their eggs. If the men are in no especial hurry they may wait until the
turtle has deposited her eggs, which sometimes are 150 to 200 in number,
and about the size of hens’ eggs, with tough leathery shells. The fisher-
men then kill her before she can reach the water, and dig up the eggs
which they use as food. The islands of Bancoran, Lumbucan, Arena,
Cavilli, and others in the Sulu Sea, are well-known nesting places of the
turtle, and it is only necessary to visit these islands to see the destruction
wrought during the nesting period.

The best method of removing the tortoise-shell from the back of the
turtle is to immerse the back in boiling water until the shell loosens;
another method is to bury the body in the sand for eight days, when the
shell becomes loosened; still another is to hold the shell over a slow fire
until loosened. This latter process usually is employed. In some coun-
tries the live animal is held over the fire until the shell is loosened ; it is
then turned loose “to grow another shell.” This method is barbarous,
not only for its cruelty but also for its lack of utility, for the animal
promptly dies.

WORKING AND WELDING TORTOISE-SHELL.

The methods employed in the working of tortoise-shell are quite similar
to those used in working horn. As a matter of fact, horn frequently
is used as an imitation of tortoise-shell. Slow heat or steam is em-
ployed, the shell becoming plastic by immersion in water of 90°C. for
two minutes. ‘When cool, it retains any shape given it while hot.

294 SEALE.

The exact technique ° of welding tortoise-shell is as follows:

When two pieces of shell are to be joined, the two edges are beveled so that
one inclined edge may lie upon the other. The edges are scraped perfectly clean,
contact with the fingers or any greasy substance being carefully guarded against.
A piece of paper is then bound around the overlapping edges and fastened
with a string. A pair of flat tongs or pincers, something like hair-dresser’s tongs,
are then heated and applied to the shell, one jaw of the pincers above and the
other beneath, by means of which the shell is grasped throughout the length of
the seam or overlap. By holding it a short time in this position, the heat of
the iron penetrates through the paper, softens the shell, and causes the two
pieces to unite firmly. Sometimes two pieces of shell are united by means of
boiling water as follows: The two edges are overlapped, two pieces of metal are
placed along the joining, the shell is placed in a press, and the whole is immersed
in boiling water. As the shell softens, the press is serewed more tightly, by
which the two pieces of shell become firmly united. Owing to the fact that the
shell becomes mobile with heat, it is easily molded into almost any desired shape
by means of boiling water and the screw press, and even small bits of shell
are utilized by being thus welded together. If too much heat is used the shell
becomes blackened, consequently in many places, especially in Japan, most of the
work is accomplished by hand graving, following a pattern as in scroll work.
The same method is followed in Manila, where the outfit of the workman
consists simply of scraper, saws, files, and a bench. Manila has two small
factories employing about six men (all Chinese), where crude combs (Plate VI,
figs. 1 to 6) of tortoise-shell are made. There is also a small factory in Tloilo.
All the work in this place is done by hand and is of the crudest sort.

The method used to weld tortoise-shell in Japan differs in slight detail.
Dr. Shigeho Tawaka of the Zoological Institute, College of Science, Im-
perial University of Tokyo, kindly supplies the following information.

First of all, shells which are to be welded are just dipped in water and thus
moistened, the shells are then put in between two thin pieces of magnolia
wood (Magnolia hypoleuca) and then the whole thing is moderately pressed with
a pair of heated pincers which have been dipped in water an instant before
operating (a hissing sound is the usual sign of these being sufficiently heated).
The welding of the shell is thus completed. The reason why they use the magnolia
pieces is to avoid the direct contact between the heated pincers and the shell.
The temperature of the pincers is not scientifically made known, being said to
be the trade secret kept among the preparators.

The appearance of tortoise-shell frequently is given to horn by brushing
it over with a paste made of two parts lime to one part*litharge, and a
little soda lye, which is allowed to dry on. Artificial tortoise-shell is
manufactured by melting gelatine and various metallic salts.

VALUES AND GRADES OF PHILIPPINE TORTOISE-SHELL.

It is very difficult to arrive at a true valuation of tortoise-shell, owing to its
variations and the reluctance of the Chinese merchants, who now control the
trade, to give out any facts regarding the matter, but 4 different grades are

* Simmonds, Commercial Products of the Sea. New York (1895), 355.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 295

recognized. Two of the principal merchants of Zamboanga give the value of
the first grade (which is not often found), as 50 pesos per kilogram while 2
principal dealers in Balabae quote the value of the first grade at 167 pesos per
kilogram. These prices were quoted to customs officials. The value of the
second grade is from 16 to 20 pesos per kilogram. A considerable portion of the
Philippine shell falls in this grade (Plate V, figs. 1 and 2). The third grade
is thinner and is valued at from 11 to 13 pesos per kilogram, while the fourth,
consisting of small shell is valued at 4.16 to 8 pesos per kilogram. It usually is
sold by the catty, which is equal to 1.39 pounds.

The value of tortoise-shell depends not only on the size and thickness
of the plates, but also largely upon the coloring and marking, there being
a great variation in the beautiful clouded and mottled patterns in the
shell. The color most in demand at present seems to be the rather dark
shell with but few light spots. Golden-colored combs, at one time greatly
prized and to-day much used by ladies with blond hair, are made from
the plates of the plastron or belly. The price of the shell also depends
largely upon the prevailing style in ladies’ hair dressing as well as upon
the fashion in toilet articles. However, the demand for good tortoise-
shell seems steadily to be increasing. Japan is the center of the work for
oriental countries.

POSSIBILITIES OF TORTOISE-SHELL WORK IN THE PHILIPPINES,

Personally I have seen nothing in the Philippines which seems to offer
so sure a return to a man with a small amount of capital, say 6,000 to
10,000 pesos, as the buying and working of tortoise-shell. The machinery
required is but little. The manufactured articles would enter the United
States duty free, thereby finding a ready market. The supply of shell
is, on the average, about 2,000 kilograms per year, which would be suffi-
cient to keep a small factory in operation and I have no doubt that the
returns would be remunerative. The main difficulty would be to induce
the Chinese middlemen to deal directly with the factory rather than with
Shanghai or Singapore (the two places that take practically our total
yield). A man who could buy directly from the fishermen would have
a still larger profit.

CULTIVATION OF THE TORTOISE.

The cultivation of the hawksbill turtle has never been undertaken in
the Philippines, but it is not improbable that it could be cultivated to
advantage in much the same way as is the edible turtle (Tryonyx japonicus
Schlegel) in Japan. It is a subject worthy of consideration not only by
private individuals but by the Government. A careful study of the habits,
nesting places, rate of growth, and food of the hawksbill and green turtles
should be undertaken with artificial cultivation in view, and if thought
practical, steps should be taken to establish turtle farming, for practical
and experimental purposes.

296 SEALE.

IV. THE PHILIPPINE WINDOW-SHELL.

DESCRIPTION.

In the majority of windows in the city of Manila, the pane is of shell
instead of glass. The shell used for this purpose is called kapas or
window-shell (Placuma placenta Linn.).

This shell (Plate VII, fig. 2) is thin and flat with a rounded outline,
and somewhat resembles a very large wafer. The entire shell including
the animal is about 1 centimeter in thickness (Plate VII, fig. 1) by 14
centimeters in diameter. The left side (valve) of the shell is slightly
convex, the right side is flat. The right side is easily transformed into
a windowpane simply by squaring off the edges with a big pair of scissors
or a crude machine such as is used for cutting plug tobacco. The shells
are then framed and are ready for use. The size of shell most in demand
will square 7.5 centimeters, although those that square 6.5 centimeters
are also much used. The opinion prevailing among the general public
regarding window-shell is that it is a slab of shell split off from some
larger shell. This, needless to say, is entirely erroneous, as the window-
shell is used in its natural condition, the two halves being torn apart
and the edges merely trimmed. The left side of the shell is convex and
hence is in but small demand. Windows made of these shells are trans-
lucent, admitting a soft light, very grateful to the eyes in a tropical
country.

The windows present a most attractive appearance (see Plate IX,
fig. 1) and consequently are used in some of the handsomest structures
in Manila, such as the American Cathedral, the new General Hospital,
and the new Young Men’s Christian Association building ; and’ while
they, increase considerably the beauty of this type of architecture, they
are also peculiarly adapted to, and make a most attractive appearance in,
buildings of the bungalow style.

DURABILITY AND STRENGTH OF THE WINDOW-SHELL.

These windows of shell last for generations. Some of the old churches
of Manila have shell windows which have been exposed to the weather for
over a hundred years and which are still serviceable. Shell windows are
easily repaired, as a new shell is readily sprung into place when one
becomes broken or worn.

The strength of these thin, wafer-like shells is something astonishing.
Below is given a table showing the relative strength of window-shell ‘as
compared. with plate glass 2 to 3 millimeters in thickness by actual test
in the Bureau of Science.® It is shown by this table that window- shell
is much stronger than plate glass 3 millimeters in thickness. The

*The tests were made by W. C. Reibling of the laboratory of inorganic and
physical chemistry, Bureau of Science.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 297

relatively poor showing of the Capiz shells probably is due to the fact
that they were old and very dry; they also were somewhat smaller than
those from Cavite.

Table showing the strength of window-shell compared with plate glass.

Number of falls of a steel ball weighing | Number of
' 3.55 grams, necessary to produce failure on | blows neces-
samples 2.54 cm, wide and supported at |sary to produce

i Aver. | Doth ends 5 cm. apart. failure with 1
| Aver- age pe 2 ST ee pe Oe a ate Sed kg. weight
: age | weight with a rounded
Material tested. | tniok- per Height of fall. striking end
ness, | square falling 1 cm,
cme be ; high on speci-
‘ | me 7 by7 co
| and su te
‘ 50 em. 100 cm. | 150 cm. at both suds 6
i | cm. apart.
Lowe = eo eS ac a Re dS Pg ae eee, y «gl ap getty aes
mm, gms. 1
* Capiz shells __.__ 0.8} 0.162 | 50, not broken} 6 to 61____..__ UT OY scscdascs 6 to 73.
Cavite shells ___- Lady) 0227 |e. WOsccecsce 50, not broken} 50, not broken! 390 to 1,500.
Gi aS6 De | Mitel soe Sl tae d@. 23. One? 35s Saais2 eee es ed di cy
© IGlagSiccoesosesess 8 teesone leek AGwsess-t-|ecere AO eeeccesftectaeeestessses! 2.
| zi

GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE WINDOW-SHELL.” See Plate VIII (a-l).

These shells when alive are more or less transparent and in younger
specimens the functions of the animal may readily be observed through
them. Old specimens are thickened and opaque.

The largest and most striking object that attracts attention upon opening a
window-shell is the mantle, or pallial lobe (Plate VIII, fig. a), which lines the
interior of the shell, the margin of which has numerous, fine, finger-like projections
forming the pallial fringe (fig. b) ; the mantle usually is much pigmented. When
the left valve is removed and the left pallial lobe cut away, the 4 scimitar-
shaped gills or branchie are exposed (fig. c). Near the center of the shell is
the round, hard adductor muscle (fig. d) which has been cut in order to open
the shell. Directly above the muscle, surrounding the stomach, is the large,
yellowish-green liver (fig. e); directly to the right of this is the large, yellow,
genital lobe (fig. f); originating just above the highest point of the gills is the
foot (fig. g), a long tube-like organ extending to or beyond the edge of the mouth
and ending in a disk which is usually full of mud. On the opposite side of the
shell is seen a structure slightly similar but much smaller and ending in a disk;
this is the anal funnel (fig. h). The intestine extends up to the stomach. Near
the base of the foot, between two, thin, flap-like membranes, the labial palps
(fig. i), is found the small, slit-like mouth. Between the lower genital lobe and
fhe muscle will be seen a delicate, thin-walled organ, the heart (figs. j and k),
consisting of 2 auricles and 1 ventricle. The aorta, with some of its large
branches, is on the top of the liver. To the left and near the muscle are the
kidneys, or nephridia (fig. 1); dark colored, elongate organs. By dissecting
between these and the muscle, a long, curved, cartilage-like rod is exposed. This
is the crystalline style; it is inclosed in a sac, the pyloric cecum.

1 For a detailed and accurate account of the anatomy and histology of Placuma
placenta L. we refer the reader to the excellent work of James Hornell, F. L..8.,
of the Madras Fishery Bureau, in a Report to the Government ,of Baroda on
the.Marine Zodlogy of Okhamandale in Kittrawar, Part I (1909), 43-99, 5 pl.

298 SEALE.

The nervous system is similar to that of other members of this order, being
composed of the following three ganglia: (1) The cerebral ganglion may be seen
by folding back the labial palps; it is a large, pale, orange-colored mass halfway
between the base of the palps and base of the foot. (2) The pedal ganglion is on
the base of the foot in the middle onthe dorsal side. (3) The parieto-splanchnic
ganglion will be found on the lower front curvature of the muscle closé to the
extremity of the kidneys. The byssus and byssus gland are absent.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE WINDOW-SHELL.

The window-shell is widely distributed throughout the Islands in
certain definite areas. A large bed exists in Manila Bay, especially in
the shallow arm of the bay east of Cavite known as Bacoor Bay. It is
also found at Parafiaque; in fact, the entire east end of the bay from
Parafiaque to Cavite is a potential bed for the window-shell. Kawit is
the center of activity for window-shell fishing for the Manila Bay beds.
Important beds also occur at Pangolao and Talibon in Bohol, at Valla-
dolid in Oriental Negros; in Capiz, Masbate, and Iloilo; in the Province
of Pangasinan, Luzon, and in numerous localities in Mindanao. Doubt-
less, there are a number of other places in the Islands where this shell is
found which have not been reported. Iloilo supplies large quantities of
shell for the Manila market. Shells from the Province of Pangasinan
seem to be uniformly thicker and more opaque than Lloilo shells, but
average slightly less in size, being 112 and 107 millimeters in diameter.

In no place in the Philippines are these shells fished for the pearls
which they sometimes contain, but always for the shell alone.

HABITS, CULTIVATION, AND FOOD OF THE WINDOW-SHELL MOLLUSK.

The window-shell mollusk is usually found in shallow water, but has
been known to exist in a depth up to 20 fathoms. It requires a bottom
of grayish or bluish mud where more or less fresh water is carried in by
streams.

There is a large variety of marine life found in the Manila beds,
such as large quantities of clams and edible oysters; in fact, the cul-
tivation of the oyster and the window-shell is carried on simultaneously
by a number of fishermen. The oyster beds are staked off by their re-
spective owners, and when fishing for window-shell or oysters outside of
their claims, all the small and half-grown window-shell oysters are col-
lected and planted on their oyster farms and kept there until they are
mature. The young shells can not be sold as they are not large enough
for windows. The adults keep the claim well supplied with spat.

The owners of these claims club together and hire a watchman, who
is stationed in a house built over the water near the claims.

The yield of the Cavite beds is estimated at 14,000 adult shells for a good
week’s fishing. However, the fishing is intermittent, depending upon the demand

and also upon the owner’s need of ready cash. The shells are fished entirely
at low tide in water of 1 meter or less in depth; the fishermen feel for them

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 299

either with their toes or their hands, just as the fancy strikes them. Adult
shells are rather scarce on the public fishing grounds of these beds. I secured but
35 in one hour of fishing, but in ten minutes an owner of one of the planted
beds secured 100 adult shells for me. These measured 118 {o 135 millimeters
in their greatest diameter.

The shell matures in three years. At the end of the first year it is 62
to 83 centimeters in its largest diameter. The sexes are separate, the
eggs being fertilized in the water. The mature ova have a decided resem-
blance to the form (in outline) of the mature shell, while the spermatozoa
have globular-shaped heads and extremely long tails, fully 10 to 15
times the length of the head. It is a comparatively easy matter to
fertilize the ripe ova under artificial conditions by taking the ripe
spermatozoa of the male in sea-water or normal salt solution.

The artificial fertilization and cultivation of this important com-
mercial mollusk is well worth our careful consideration, and it is to be
hoped that with the opening of the salt-water aquarium and fish
hatcheries having running salt water, that the study of the life and
cultivation of this shell will be made with great care and detail.

The food of the window-shell mollusk consists of small marine or-
ganisms, chiefly diatoms, which it collects fromthe water. The window-
shell mollusk apparently does not move about, but lies flat on the mud
on its convex, left side. The foot, instead of being a means of locomotion,
is used to keep the mud from the gills and other organs.

QUANTITY OF SHELL AVAILABLE AND PRICES DEMANDED.

The supply of this shell in the Philippines is so large that at no
place has it been found necessary to resort to diving for it, as is done
in India, as plenty of shell is secured by wading in water less than 1
meter in depth and feeling about with the toes.

There are no laws regulating the gathering of window-shells, and so
far as we have been able to ascertain there are no municipal ordinances
relating to them.

It is estimated that there are 5,000,000 of these window-shells used
each year in the City of Manila alone. A single lumber company of this
city in 1910 used 1,500,000. The demand is increasing.

The price depends upon the size. Shells that will square 63 milli-
meters (2.5 inches) sell for 3 to 7 pesos (1.50 to 3.50 dollars) per
thousand ; while the large ones which square 7.5 centimeters (3 inches)
sell for 8 to 10 pesos (4 to 5 dollars) per thousand. One window-shell
fisherman explained to me that he had three prices for the first-grade
shells. These were valued at 8 pesos per thousand to the Filipino, 10
pesos per thousand to the Spaniard, and 12 pesos per thousand to the
American.

The Chinese traders do not hesitate to ask the amateur buyer 15 pesos
per thousand. The shells usually are sold in large haskets, each holding

10,000 pieces.
106346——2

300 SEALE.

The window-shell is not exported to any extent, the only shipment
for last year being 1,458 kilograms sent from Iloilo to New York. How-
ever, it is expected that when the builders of bungalows in the United
States, especially in California, recognize how much stronger, cheaper, and
more attractive these shell windows are than the same thickness of glass,
there will be a hrisk demand for them in that country.”

HOW WINDOW-SHELL IS USED,

Shell windows are made of narrow strips of wood usually 13 to 18
millimeters wide and 13 millimeters thick, or they may be any size
desired. These strips are grooved on two sides and notched every 6.0
or 7.5 centimeters as the case may be, to receive the cross stick which
also is notched; thus a solid square frame is formed for each shell.
After these are put together the entire square is set in a solid frame to
fit the window or door. (Plate IX.)

The following uses are also suggested for the shell:

Nereens.— (Plate IX, fig. 2.) These shells make a most attractive and useful
sereen, made up either in three divisions in the usual form of the Japanese
screen, or else in a single division like the Spanish screen.

Lights for verandas.— (Plate I, figs. 1, 2, and 3.) These shells make a most
durable and desirable light for open verandas, as they lend themselves to a
great diversity of forms, the shell being easily trimmed to fit into any form of
opening. The old-fashioned lantern shape is a popular form for these lights.

Old mission shade lights (Plate X, fig. 3) are most attractive and serviceable;
they are usually made up with hard-wood frames and large window-shells.

Conservatory windoiws.—These shells would be found most desirable by the
owners of hot-houses or conservatories in countries where hail is prevalent or
where the direct rays of the sun are too strong; they admit a soft light with
a fair amount of heat, and the expense as compared to that resulting from
breakage and painting or frosting of glass would be almost nothing.

Fronts to kitchen cabinets—These window-shells would make up into most
attractive fronts for kitchen cabinets, being easily kept clean and not liable
to breakage.

A dozen other uses might be suggested for window-shells. We ean
most highly recommend them for almost any purpose to which opaque
glass would ordinarily be applied, and I feel confident that, when their
cheapness and utility are recognized in the United States, they will be
exported in larger quantities.

Vv. PHILIPPINE SHELLS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PEARL BUTTONS.

In addition to the pearl-oyster shells, which are exported from the
Philippines in large quantities,* there are three varieties of shells found
in these Islands and used in the manufacture of pearl buttons. These

“Names of Philippine dealers from whom window-shells may be obtained in
quantity, can be obtained by applying to the Bureau of Science.
*See This Journal, Sec. D (1910), 5, 87 to 101 (with 6 plates).

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 301

are the great top shell (T'rochus niloticus Linn.), the green snail (Turbo
marmoratus Linn.), and the chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius
Linn.).

THE GREAT TOP SHELL.

The great top shell (Z'rochus niloticus Linn.) (Plate NI, figs. 1 to
+) known locally as the lock, conic shell, trochus, susong-dalaga, or
sumong, is a large, conical, top-shaped shell, found in abundance in many
islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Aside from the true pearl oyster,
this shell is the one in greatest demand for manufacturing buttons. As
a matter of fact, owing to its cheapness, it is frequently made into
buttons in preference to employing the pearl oyster. The great top shell
when mature is from 10 to 15 centimeters in diameter and a trifle less
in height; it has many close whorls, the largest of which flares decidedly.
The shell is marked with radiating or zigzag bands of red, violet, or
brown; the aperture is oblique and has a spiral operculum. An adult
shell 10 centimeters in diameter weights 330 grams.

The great top shell is usually found at low tide near the outer edge
of coral reefs or under large rocks, and while small quantities may be
encountered on almost any coral reef in the Archipelago, they are espe-
cially abundant in the vicinity of Sitanki, along the coast of Pangasinan,
and Ambos Camarines, Luzon, and on the northern coast of Palawan,
the eastern coast of Samar, and in the vicinity of Masbate. There are
also numerous places on the coasts of Mindoro where they are abundant.
I noticed a number of these shells washed up on the beach on the
eastern side of, the Gulf of Davao.

The soft portion of the great top shell is regarded hy the Filipinos
as a very fine article of food and, as a matter of fact, this species of
mollusk is more sought after for its meat than for its shell. One proof
of this is in the numerous piles of empty shells to be found on the
beach in localities near the ocean. It is usually noticed that they have
been placed on the fire, in order to cook the animal, after which it is
easily removed from the shell. Of course, shells treated in this man-
ner are spoiled so far as their’commercial value is concerned. The proper
way to remove the animal is to place the shell in hot water, as the shell
is in no wise injured hy this treatment.

So far as my experience shows, the great top shell is always more
or less solitary and while five or six are frequently found under one large
stone they never occur in beds or in great numbers over a given limited
area.

The average annual export of this shell from the Philippines during the
past four years has been about 350,000 kilograms valued at about 60,000
pesos. The price fluctuates greatly. Fora considerable period the stand-
ard price was 7.50 pesos per picul for middle grade shells. The Manila

302 SEALE.

button factory, in 1910, was paying from 10 to 22 centavos per kilogram,
depending on the grade. A small quantity of shell sent to the United
States was sold for about 22 centavos per kilogram (5 cents gold per
pound). Japanese button factories offered to buy, in large quantities,
half-grown shells for 28 pesos per picul of 137.5 pounds. During May
the price for great top shell in Zamboanga was 18 pesos per picul.
During the past few weeks the price has fallen to 12 pesos.

The establishment of a second button factory in Manila, together
with the evident desire on the part of American button factories to secure
Manila shell, no doubt, are responsible for the increase in the price. The
result will certainly be greatly beneficial to the trade as it will stimulate
the gathering of these shells and the native fishermen will soon learn
that it is more profitable to bring them to market than to destroy them
by fire in order to extract the animal for food.

The one objectionable feature which must soon be taken into consideration is
the desire of the Japanese buyers to secure the young, half-grown shells. It is
very evident that if the young shells are taken it will not be long before there are
none left to propagate. However, this is a condition that may easily be remedied

by legislation. An adequate export duty on great top shells of less than 9
centimeters (3.5 inches) should be imposed at the earliest possible date.

No careful study has been made in the Philippines of the reproduc-
tion, habits, rate of growth, food, or the possibilities of artificial cultiva-
tion of this commercially important shell.

THE GREEN SNAIL SHELL.

The green snail shell (Yurbo marmoratus Linn.) (Plate XII, figs. .
1 to 4) known locally as turbo, sea snail, lalong, or bulolo, is a large,
heavy, turban-shaped shell, found throughout the Philippine Archipel-
ago, and largely used in the manufacture of buttons. It is not in as
great demand as the great top shell, as it is considerably harder to work,
and of less desirable color, having an opalescent instead of a pure white
luster. -

The green snail is the largest of the turbo family, sometimes reaching
a diameter of 20 centimeters. The usual size is about 16 centimeters;
the whorls are few, more or less knobbed; the body whorl is the largest;
the aperture is nearly round.

The color of the shell is a rich green, mottled or spotted with brown
and white. The very old shells lose much of the brown color, and show
continuous bands of white following the whorls. When the rough outer
layer is removed they are of a beautiful, opaline mother-of-pearl color
inside and out.

In addition to being made into buttons they are also a favorite shell for
cabinets, spoons, and drinking horns. The royal family of Scandinavia from
time immemorial have had these shells studded with gems, mounted with silver,
and formed into royal drinking cups.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 303

The animal is highly esteemed as food by the Filipinos and is eaten
in Japan also, where it is made into chop suey.

The green snail is found in the greatest abundance at the edges of
coral reefs and in water several fathoms deep. It is also to be encoun-
tered along rocky shores under large boulders. The small islands in the
vicinity of C'ebt yield a considerable quantity. It is also fairly abundant
along the coast of Negros and Masbate. The northern coast of Palawan
also yields a large supply.

About 100,000 kilograms of the green snail shell are exported from
the Philippines annually. The price paid to the fishermen ranges from
7.50 to 11 pesos per picul of 63.25 kilos.

As in the case of the great top shell, very little is known of the life
history, habits, reproduction, or the possibilities of artificial cultivation
of this shell in the Philippines.

THE CHAMBERED NAUTILUS.

The chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius Linn.) (Plate X, fig. 4)
is so well known that a description is unnecessary. It is world-wide
in distribution and is an inhabitant of water of from 300 to 350 fathoms
in depth. China seems to be the only country that manufactures this
shell into buttons, consequently its export from the Philippines is prac-
tically limited to that country.

The chambered nautilus is obtained in large numbers along the southern coast
of the Island of Negros, sometimes as many as 3,000 nautilus shells being gathered
in this region during one season. They are frequently caught in fish traps and
are sold as a sort of “by-product” at 10 centavos each, although when brought
into market the very fine, large specimens sell for much more. In many
countries these shells are fashioned into spoons, vases, and pearl ornaments.
A practical as well as an ornamental use has been made of these shells by the
author, who has them mounted on red coralline, set in a solid base of red
cement and with an electric globe fitted to the inside of the shell. This makes
a most satisfactory reading lamp. (Plate X, fig. 4.) In Paris these shells are
used for making the finest grades of cameos, and ornamental objects of pearl.
They are among the most striking common shells in all museum cabinets. In
New York City dealers charge from 2.50 to 5 dollars each for fine, large shells.
Unfortunately the New York market is limited.

However, there is an increasing demand for these shells for the pur-
pose of export, and some fishermen are found who give their entire time
to catching nautilus. Ordinary bamboo fish-traps with funnel-shaped
entrances are used. These are baited with crab and lowered into deep
water, in a day or two they are drawn up and the nautilus removed.
The Filipinos eat the flesh to a limited extent.

SUGGESTIONS FOR ESTABLISHING BUTTON FACTORIES IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Judging from the numerous letters of inquiry received by the ichthy-
ological section of the Bureau of Science from various parts of the world
regarding the establishment of button factories in the Philippines, this

304 SEALE.

is a subject of sufficient interest to warrant giving the following sug-
gestions :

Location of factory —Manila, Cebu, Lloilo, or Zamboanga would be a good place
for the establishment of a button factory. The cost of renting «a suitable
building for a factory in either of these places would not exceed 50 dollars per
month. A building would cost somewhat more than a similar structure in the
country or coastwise districts in the eastern United States.

Labor.—The laborers would be Filipinos. They are found quite satisfactory
by the Manila button factory, the pay in this factory being from 5 to 10 pesos
per month, ten-hour days.

Power.—Steam or gasoline power would probably be found most satisfactory,
although in all the places mentioned, except Zamboanga, electric power could
be obtained. Wood as fuel is quite out of the question; coal costs from 10 to
14 pesos per ton in Manila. At Zamboanga water-power might be secured.
Gasoline in Manila sells at from 4.50 to 5.00 pesos per 10 gallons; petrolewm
costs 1.40 pesos per tin of 5 gallons.

Tawation—A manufacturer’s license, costing 2.40 pesos, is required, and the
internal revenue tax is one-third of 1 per cent of the gross receipts, payable
quarterly.

Amount of shell available-—The amount of shell available for button making is
about 450,000 kilograms of great top and green snail shell and 300,000 kilograms
of pearl shell, making a total of about 750,000 kilograms (1.675,000 pounds)
of shell per year.

Bleaching shell for button making.—A large portion of the button trade is
with the Chinese and they require a very white button, consequently a bleach
of some sort is necessary. The following method, given by Robert R. Williams of
the laboratory of organic chemistry, Bureau of Science, is effective and cheap.

“Many processes are in existence for the bleaching of ivory, horn, and shell for
ornamental or other-purposes. When chemicals are used those having a solvent
or oxidizing action on the organic matters in the horn or shell are chosen.
Nowadays the most commonly used agent is hydrogen peroxide which may be
had very reasonably in Europe and America. It is not feasible to use it at a
distance from the factories making this chemical because of the deterioration in
transit. Therefore it is more practicable {o use a metallic peroxide and generate
the hydrogen peroxide when needed. Barium or sodium peroxide may best be
used, preferably the latter. The following process has been tested on shell
buttons and found satisfactory. The buttons are first immersed in fuming
sulphuric acid for ten to fifteen minutes. The acid is then drained off and may
be used repeatedly if kept in well stoppered bottles. The buttons are then
rinsed three times with water and covered with a 5 per cent solution of oxalic
acid. Ordinarily 1 liter of buttons will require 1 liter of solution, though
tore is necessary for large or dark-colored buttons than for small or light ones.
The oxalic acid solution should be kept ice cold if possible or at least below 20°
C. Commercial sodium peroxide is now ‘added in small quantities with constant
stirring till the solution is alkaline to litmus paper. About 40 to 45 grams will
be required per liter according to the purity of the chemicals. A very little of
the 5 per cent oxalic avid solution is now added till, after stirring, the solution
reacts acid to litmus. It is important that the solution be acid, but a large
excess of acid is to be avoided.

“The buttons are allowed to lie in this solution for 24 to 72 hours according to
their size and color. Bleaching proceeds better and more rapidly if the buttons
are exposed to direct sunlight while lying in the liquor. This can be done in
colorless glass jars which, if possible, should be tightly stoppered.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 305

“The buttons after removal from the bleach liquor may be washed with water
containing a little hydrochloric acid. This removes the encrustation from the
outside and brings out the luster. After washing again with water they are
ready for the further processes of manufacture.

“It will be found that buttons can be bleached effectively by this means
and that the strength of the shell is increased by the deposition of calcium
oxalate in the interior,”

VI. PRECIOUS CORAL.

A small spray of true precious coral (Corallium sp.) was found on the
beach of the Gulf of Davao, Mindanao, directly in front of the small
station called Vigas. This specimen resembled very closely a species of
Japanese precious coral (C. japonicum Kishinouye).

As it is not improbable that considerable quantities of precious coral
eventually may be discovered in the Islands, it seems worth while to
give a short description of this article of commerce, and to describe the
methods employed in coral fisheries.

DESCRIPTION OF PRECIOUS CORAL.

The precious coral of commerce in its natural state closely resembles a
small shrub, or the branch of a tree from which the leaves have been removed.
Each stem and twig of this coral shrub has a hard central axis, or skeleton.
Outside of this and similar to the bark on a plant is the thin soft covering or
skin, which is easily rubbed off when fresh and is friable when dry. There are
numerous small holes in the “skin” through which minute, flower-like animals
project when the coral is alive; these are the coral animals (zodids) ; each of them
has 8 small arms or tentacles around its mouth, with which it gathers food.
All of these zodids are connected by a vascular system inside of the skin.

The hard part or skeleton is the valuable portion of the coral. It is made up
of fused spicules consisting of carbonate of calcium with a small amount of silica
and magnesia. The structure is concentric with radiating lines. The entire
skeleton is very hard and so compact that no pores can be seen in a cross-section
without the aid of a lens. This furnishes an easy test for distinguishing the
precious coral from the numerous varieties of no value.

In color these corals range from white or delicate pink to dark red. Precious
corals reproduce sexually, and by budding. The reproductive organs are internal
and attached to the faces of the mesenteries; they shed their contents within the
body where fertilization takes place. The precious corals are believed to be
viviparous. Colonies are sometimes composed entirely of males, sometimes entirely
of females, frequently all on one branch are males. while all on another branch
of the same colony are females. Occasionally both sexes are combined in one
animal, forming « hermaphrodite. The eggs contain a considerable amount of
yolk and when hatched the larval forms are free swimming and may move a
fair distance before they settle and become fixed.

The food of the precious corals consists of living organisms; they have been
known to eat the powdered flesh of fishes.

VARIETIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIOUS CORALS.

The best known species of precious coral is Corallium nobilis Pallas, more
generally known under its synonym of @. rubrum Linn. This species is found in
the Mediterranean Sea off the northern coast of Africa, also off the coast of

306 SEALE.

Tunis, Sardinia, Italy, Corsica, and at the Cape Verde Islands. Eight species of
precious coral have been described from Japan. These are Oorallium japonicum
Kishinouye, C. elatius Ridley, (. boshuensis Kishinouye, C. suleatum Kishinouye,
C. pusillum Kishinouye, (. inutile Wishinouye, C. confusum Moroff, and C. konojot
Kishinouye. Two species, C. johnsoni (Gray) and C. maderense (Johnson), are
found in Madeira. @. slylasicroides (Ridley) occurs in Mauritius, C. regine
(Hickson) is found in Timor, and @. sccundum (Dana) has been found at Banda,
Ki Islands and in the Hawaiian Islands. This constitutes the entire list of
established species of precious corals known to the present time.

The vertical distribution of these corals in the sea varies from 5 to 500 or
more fathoms. ‘They are found attached to rocks, dead shells, or dead coral;
some species seem to prefer overhanging, submarine cliffs.

In general the vertical distribution of the Japanese species ranges from 50
to 180 meters, while in the Mediterranean fisheries the work of obtaining the
coral is usually carried on in waters of much greater depth.

FISHING FOR PRECIOUS CORAL.

Fishing for precious coral is almost always carried on by means of various sorts
of dredges. In Japan the dredge consists of « rectangular bag net about 1.5
meters wide and 1 meter high, with a 13 centimeters mesh, this is fastened to
a frame of bamboo, tufts of old netting are fastened to the lower edge of the
net and at the sides. These collect many broken coral branches. The coral
fishing boats are allowed to drift over the banks with the sails at half mast. The
net is allowed to touch the bottom and proceeds with a jerking motion. When
the fishermen think they have secured or fastened to coral they pull up the net.

Tle dredge used in the Mediterranean coral fisheries is of wood in the shape
of a lurge cross with a heavy stone attached to the extremity of the lower
arm and with coarse, twine bags of large mesh and with numerous tangles of
frayed ropes attached to the anterior arms. Numerous variations of this, as well
as ordinary tangles. are also used.

USES AND VALUE OF PRECIOUS CORAL.

The chief use of precious coral is in the manufacture of coral beads and
ornaments. It is first sorted into different grades, of which there are several
recognized in commerce; it is then cut into suitable pieces and all necessary holes
are drilled in it. It is then filed into any shape desired, and engraved. Next
it is polished with pumice stone and water, followed by a polish of very fine
chalk and water. Oil is never used on coral.

The value of precious coral depends upon its color, form, and quantity. A
string of large uniform beads may be bought in Italy for 20 pesos, while a string
of beads of similar size but of the best quality will cost 400 pesos. Japanese
precious coral in its native state sells for from 100 to 500 pesos per kilogram, and
the best Mediterranean sells for twice these amounts.

The export value of coral from Japan is about 500,000 pesos per year.

THE CULTURE OF CORAL.

The culture of precious corals has not received the careful scientific attention
that it should.

C. nobils has been kept alive for some time in aquaria, and if it were planted
under natural conditions possibly it could be grown with profit. Careful ex-
perimenting along this line might lead to useful and valuable information.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 307

LITERATURE ON PRECIOUS CORAL.

KisHinourg, K. Notes on the Natural History of Corals. Journ. Imp. Misheries
Bur. (1904), 14, 1-32, (13 plates).

Kiranara, T. On the Coral Fisheries of Japan. Journ. Imp. Fisheries Bur,
(1904), 13, 1-14 (5 plates).

THOMPSON and HENDERSON. Report on the Aleynarian Corals Collected by the
Investigator. Pub. Indian Mus. (906), pt. I, 120."

WRIGHT and Sruper. Challenger Report (1889), 31, 185.

Jounson, J. Y. Notes on the Corallidae of Madeira with Descriptions of two
New Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1899), 57.

Rivrey, 8.0. On the Arrangement of the Corallide, with Descriptions of new or
rare Species. Proc. Zool. Soc, (1882), 221.

Dana, J. D. United States Exploring Expedition. Zodphytes. Phil., (1846),
8, 641.

Lacaze-Dutuiers. Histoire Naturelle du corail. Paris (1864).

Mororr. On a New Species of coral from Sagami Bay, Japan. Zool. Jahrb.
Syst., (1902), 17, 404.

BLUE CORAL.

In numerous localities throughout the Philippine Archipelago a fine quantity
of blue coral, Heliopora cerulea Linn., is found in considerable quantities, usually
in water of from 2 to 10 fathoms depth.

This coral is a beautiful, permanent, cerulean blue in color. It takes a fine
polish and is found in large heavy masses. No doubt it could be used in jewelry
and ornamental work. No amount of polishing, however, will entirely obliterate
the pores. I have collected this coral at Jolo, and at Butuan. Mindanao, on the
eastern coast of Samar, and on the northern coast of Palawan. No use is made
of it at the present time, but as a body for broaches, bracelets, ete., it would
be very beautiful or as a background for pearls it would, in my judgment, be
unsurpassed,

RED ORGAN-PIPE CORAL.

The red organ-pipe coral (Tubipora spp.) is very common throughout the
Philippines. It has no especial value, its only use apparently being for cabinet
specimens. It is a shallow-water form. I have seen large blocks of it used with
other corals in the construction of a wharf.

REEF CORALS.

The common reef corals comprising a great variety of genera and _ species,
which have as yet never been identified, are used largely in the building of roads
throughout the Islands. They are employed to a limited extent in the manufacture
of lime.

BLACK CORAL.

The so-called black coral (Antipatharia sp.) is very common in the Philippines.
Fine specimens several meters in length and from 5 to 15 millimeters in diameter
are common throughout the Jolo Archipelago. It is also found in larger quantities
in the Gulf of Davao, Mindanao and near Cebu. It is usually secured in water
of from 10 to 20 fathoms.

The U.S. 8. Albatross dredged large quantities of this “insulated cable wire”
as it was called by the sailors and this term, indeed, is fairly descriptive of the
body of this coral; however, the branches are very numerous and give the small
corals a decidedly shrub-like appearance.

“This report includes a complete bibliography relating to corals.

308 SEALE.

This coral is used chiefly for making canes, as it is easily straightened or
bent into any desired shape by immersion in hot water for a short time. It takes
a most beautiful jet-black polish and could doubtless be used in the manu-
facture of coral beads and rosaries. <A cane of this coral nicely prepared and
polished can be bought for from 5 to 10 pesos. The raw material has very little
value at present.

VII. EDIBLE SEAWEEDS OF THE PHILIPPINES.'*

In connection with the series of articles on minor marine products,
it has been thought advisable to include what is known regarding the
edible seaweeds, with the hope that the publication of the meager data
available may stimulate interest in the subject. Below is given a list of
the species known to be used for food, and it is confidently expected that
eventually it will be greatly extended as data on the subject become
available. Very little seems to have been published on the subject.
The determinations have kindly been made by Dr. M. A. Howe, of the
New York Botanical Garden. The list is for the most part based on a
collection made by Eugenio Fénix of the Bureau of Science, in Union
Province, Luzon, supplemented by some local observations in and about
Manila.

In most parts of the Philippines, along the seashore, various species
of marine alge or seaweeds are found, although in this Archipelago as
in most tropical countries, these are not found in masses. or in such
great quantities as is the case with many forms in temperate regions, at
least in shallow waters.

The first impression on studying Philippine alge is that the number of species
is very limited, but intensive collecting has brought to light «a considerable
number and, doubtless, as botanical exploration progresses, the list of Philippine
alge will be greatly increased. In some regions the marine alge play no small
part in the economy of the natives, a considerable number being used for food,
thus entering into the local commerce.

At the present time a large percentage of our material is unclassified. Doubt-
less very many of our species are used for food, but collectors have given this
phase of the subject comparatively little attention, so that the data on the
utilization of local marine alge are very fragmentary.

Seaweeds are used for food both raw, in the form of salads, and
cooked sometimes with vegetables, such as tomatoes, and sometimes
with the addition of sugar, forming the dish, popular among the natives,
known to the Tagalogs as gu/aman. It is probable that in Manila, at
least, a large part of the gulaman is made from prepared seaweeds im-
ported by the Chinese, although the local product is almost always to be
found in the markets. In Manila various xpecies of alge are known
as gulaman, but the most important appear to be .lghardiella sp. (Fucus
gulaman Blanco), and Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Grev.

“Data supplied by E. D. Merrill, botanist, Bureau of Science.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 309

Aghardhiella sp. (Fucus gulaman Blanco). This species is common in
Manila Bay and is universally known to the Tagalogs as gulaman. It is probably
the most generally used species in Manila, and during certain seasons is almost
always to be found in the native markets.

Chaetomorpha crassa (Ag.) Kiitz. Known in Union Province as cauat-cauut.
and locally used for food.

Codium tenue Kiitz. Known in Union Province as pupu-lo; edible.

Enteromorpha intestinalis L. This green alga is abundant in brackish
water about the mouths of streams, and is eaten by the natives to some extent.

Eucheuma spinosum (L.) J. Ag. Known in Union Province as rupruppuuc ;
edible.

Gracillaria confervoides (L.) Grev. Abundant in Manila Bay at certain
seasons, locally known as gulaman, and sold in the native markets of Manila.

Gracillaria crassa Harv. Used for food in Union Province; known to the
Ilocanos as susweldot-baybay.

Gracillaria eucheumoides Harv. Known in Union Province as canot-eanot ;
edible.

Gracillaria lichenoides (L.) Grev. Known in Union Province as guraman;
edible. The above four species are allied to a Japanese species largely used in
the manufacture of agar-agar.®

Halymenia formosa Harv. Known in Union Province as gamet; there used
for food. An allied species found in Manila Bay, native name unknown, is
doubtless also edible.

Liagora cheyneana Harv. Known in Union Province as baris-baris; edible.

Sargassum siliquosum J. Ag. Known in Union Province as aragan, there
used for food. Widely distributed in the Philippines, as are several other
species of the genus, all of which are doubtless utilized to a greater or less
extent as food.

VIII. THE PREPARATION OF ISINGLASS IN THE PILLLEPPINES.

The preparation of isinglass is an industry that could be carried on
easily in the Philippines, but so far as T have been able to ascertain, it
has never been inaugurated.

Isinglass is the purest form of commercial gelatin known: it ir pre-
pared from the “sounds” or air-bladders of certain fishes.

The preparation is very simple and requires no outlay of capital. The
exact method of procedure is as follows:

Remove the air bladders (also called “maw”, “swim bladder”) from the
fishes soon after they are caught, slit them open and wash thoroughly, take
off any thin membranes which envelop them. ‘Then expose to the air to stiffen.
If oily, wash in lime water, then in fresh water and dry. They should be put
to dry on “flakes” or nets so the air will have free access to all parts. It is
sometimes desirable to give slight pressure in which case they may be dried
between sheets of paper, or flat driers, like botanical specimens. When thoroughly
dry they are put up in convenient packages and are ready for market.

4 The well known seaweed-isinglass, or agar-agar of Japan, is made from
an alga of the genus Gelidium. This genus has not yet been reported from the
Philippines.

310 SEALE.

USES OF ISINGLASS.

Probably the chief use of isinglass is in fining liquors of various sorts,
especially the best grades of wine. It is also used in the preparation of creams
and jellies, in stiffening fabrics, and in lustering ribbons. Isinglass is also used
in the manufacture of court plaster, artificial pearls, diamond cement, and
imitation glass.

It is true that owing to the expense of securing pure fish isinglass, agar-agar
prepared from seaweed, is used largely as a substitute. However, there is no
question that pure, fish isinglass is more desirable and gives better results in
almost all cases than the vegetable product.

FISHES FROM WHICH ISINGLASS IS SECURED.

The best grade of isinglass is secured from the sturgeon and is put up
in Russia. In the Malay Archipelago a very fair grade of isinglass is
secured from the fishes called thread-fin and from certain species of cat-
fish and croakers. In the Philippines, a profitable source of isinglass
could be found in the thread-fin, Polydactylus plebeius (Brouss.), called
mamalt in Tagalog, and tatik in Moro. It is a very common fish in
the Manila markets, and ranges in length from 35 to 50 centimeters.
The common catfish (Netuma nasuta Bl.), called kanduli in Tagalog,
which is very abundant, especially in Laguna de Bay, also supplies a good
grade of isinglass. In addition, there are several species of croakers,
(Otolithes argenteus Kuhl & Van Hasselt), (Otolithes leuciscus Gunth.),
and Johnius belengeri C. & V.), and at least two species of Umbrina, from
all of which isinglass can be secured. The above are all common market-
fish and tt has been estimated that the isinglass thrown away from them
is greater in value than the price secured by the fisherman for the entire

fish.

VALUE OF ISINGLASS.

The current value of isinglass quoted from a late trade journal is as
follows:

Russian isinglass. 2.75 to 3 dollars per pound; American isinglass, 0.73 to
0.75 dollar per pound; 14,000 pounds were imported into New York during the
month of April, 1911.

There seems to be nv local demand for this product, but, owing to
the recent tariff regulation, it would enter the United States duty free;
consequently, it could be exported from the Philippines with profit.

IX. PREPARING SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS FOR LEATIIER.
CAYMAN OR CROCODILE SKIN.
(Crocodilus porosus Schneider and C. palustris Lesson.)
For commercial purposes, skins of the medium-sized cayman, of about
3 meters (9 feet) length, are the most desirable as they are easier to tan,

and make the best leather. The skin should be cut along the middle line
of the belly from the chin to the tip of the tail and carefully removed

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 31!

from the animal soon after its death. Fine salt in sufficient quantity
should then be rubbed thoroughly into the raw side of the skin. It is
then rolled compactly and placed in a dry place to cure; occasional
examination should be made to see if it is curing properly. When
thoroughly cured the skin is ready for tanning.

To tan, it is first soaked in a tub of clear fresh water from two to six days—
depending on the size of the skin,—a 3-meter skin requires about five days.
It is then placed in « rather weak solution of lime and water which should be
increased in strength daily for about ten days. The wet skin is now placed on a
smooth beam, raw side out, and all the fat or flesh rubbed or shaved off. It
is then placed in a thick mixture of bran and water and allowed to soak for one .
day—this is to neutralize the alkali of the lime. During all of the above processes
through the solutions it is better if the skin be agitated occasionally so that
all parts receive sufficient treatment. The hide is then washed and immersed
in a tank of tanning extract. Any of the native tans may be used, or oak bark,
gambia, or sumac liquid of 4 per cent strength, and stronger liquid is added
each day until the strength has reached 20 per cent at the end of eighteen days.
The length of time will vary according to the size of the skin, strength of the
solution, or the color desired. The hide is then hung up to dry and harden.
It is then shaved and cleaned again so as to leave it of the desired thickness.
If black, red, brown, or green shades of color are desired the skin is put into
a bath of wood and aniline dyes, for about three-quarters of an hour. It is
then stretched out and nailed to a board or wide frame for drying. When dry
it is rubbed briskly over an iron or wooden beam to make it flexible.* The
skin is then ready for use. The price paid for prepared skins is from 2 to 4
pesos per 20 lineal centimeters.

So far as I have been able to learn no serious attempt has been made
to prepare the Philippine crocodile skin for leather. It is an experiment
well worth trying, as the cayman is notoriously abundant in many streams
of the Philippines.

WATER-SNAKE SKINS.

(Lapemis hardwickii Gray, Chersydrus granulatus Schneider, and other species.)

There are great numbers of water snakes in the Philippines. I have
seen more than one hundred brought in with one haul of an ordinary
fish sein on the Malate beach. It is quite probable that a good industry
could be built up in tanning the skins of these snakes for leather. Many
of them are finely marked and would make attractive belts, card cases,
and ornamental objects. Considerable quantities of snake-skin leather
are used in France. The following is the method of preparation:

The skins are removed from the animals and soaked for ten days in a strong
solution of sulphate of zine. They are then fleshed, scraped, washed by hand, and
placed in.a bath containing 100 parts water, 10 parts borax, 100 parts boracic
acid, 25 parts tartaric acid, and 25 parts saturated solution of precipitated
alumina. They remain in this bath one day and are then transferred to bath
No. 2 containing 1000 parts water, 25 parts phosphate of zinc, 25 parts
benzoate of aluminium, 50 parts glycerine, 20 parts alcohol. The skins are

% Report U.S. Fish Comm. (1902), 350.

312 SEALE.

left one day in this solution, then they are placed in the first bath again for
one day, then back into the second for another day, this alternating of baths
being continued for five or six days, by which time the tanning is complete.
The skins are then dried, lightly staked, and finished off.

PREPARING SHARK SKIN.

Shark skin is used for a great many purposes, especially for sword
grips, knife and sword sheaths, for polishing wood and ivory, and for
covering small ornamental objects, such as jewel boxes or card cases.
A manufacturer in Paris has made a big reputation by tanning the skin
of the Malabar shark into morocco leather.

Some very beautifully marked sharks are found in the Philippines
such as Chiloscyllium indicum (Gm.), Stegostoma tigrinum Linn., Sey-
lium capense Mull. & Hen., and 8. marmoratum Gray & Hard. Their
skins could be made into excellent leather.

To tan shark skins, the skins are (if hard) first soaked in water for four
or five days; they then are placed in a solution of lime and water, as in the case
of the crocodile skins; they remain in this solution from two to six days, and are
then washed free of lime, and soaked in bran water for a day or so; they
are then fleshed, or shaved, and immersed in an alum solution composed of 0.5
kilogram of alum and 0.1 kilogram of salt to 4 liters of water; they remain in
this solution two or three days, with occasional stirrings. On removal they are
dried and are ready for manufacturing.

To prepare shark’s skin for the use of cabinet-makers it is merely cleaned and
not tanned, the hard dry skin is soaked in lukewarm water for three or four

days, shaved on the flesh side, and then dried. This skin will outwear many sheets
of sand-paper of equal size.

We are indebted to Chas. H. Stevenson’s valuable paper regarding
methods of tanning, for much of the above information."

X. A CILECK LIST OF PHILIPPINE HOLOTHURIANS.

1. Cucumaria conjungens Semper.

General color brownish. Habitat: Mariveles, Luzon. In shallow water.
Length 20-25 millimeters.

2. Cucumaria longipeda Semper.

Color dull gray. Habitat: Bohol, Pandanon. In water of 30 fathoms. Length
20 millimeters.

3. Cucumaria citrea Semper.

Color orange-yellow. Habitat: Bohol. In 8 fathoms. Length 15-20 milli-
meters.

4. Cucumaria versicolor Semper.

General color olive-green. Habitat: Bohol. In water of 6 to 10 fathoms.
Length 6-7 centimeters.

5. Cucumaria maculata Semper.

Habitat: Bohol. In water of 10 fathoms. Length 4.5 centimeters.

“Report U. 8. Fish Comm. (1902), 283.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 313

6. Cucumaria mirabilis Théel.
Habitat: Cebu, at the depth of 100 fathoms.

7. Cucumaria canescens Semper.
Habitat: Bohol. In water from 6 to 30 fathoms. Length 1.5-3 centimeters.

8. Milleria nobilis Sel.
General color dusky. Habitat: Bohol. In shallow water.

9. Milleria mauritiana Quoy & Gaim.
Habitat: Philippines. In shallow water.

10. Milteria lecanora Jeger.
General color dirty yellowish. Habitat: Philippines. In shallow water up to
6 fathoms.

11. Psolus complanatus Semper.
General color grayish. Habitat: Zamboanga. In shallow water. Length 22
millimeters.

12. Psolus boholensis Semper.
Upper portion gray, lighter below. Habitat: Bohol. In water from 6 to 17
fathoms. Length 15 millimeters.

13. Psolus boholensis pandanensis Semper.
Habitat: Bohol at Pandanon. In water of 30 fathoms.

14. Thyone villosa Semper.

General color yellowish-brown. Habitat: Philippines. In water of 10 fathoms.
Length 20-30 millimeters

15. Thyone rigida Semper.

General color grayish brown. Habitat: Bohol. In 10 fathoms.

16. Thyonidium cebuense Semper.

General color brownish gray. Habitat: Cebit. In 10 fathoms. Length 30-35
millimeters.

17, Echinocucumis adversaria Semper.

General color grayish. Habitat: Bohol. In 30 fathoms. Length 8-10 milli-
meters.

18. Haplodactyla molpadioides Semper.

General color pale-violet or lavender. Five branching papilla around the anal
pore. Habitat: Bohol, Cebt. In 13 to 20 fathoms.

19. Haplodactyla molpadioides pellucida Selenka.
Habitat: CebG. Shallow water.

20. Chirodota rigida Semper.
Color light brown with whitish dots. Habitat: Bohol.

21. Chirodota incongrua Semper.

Sixteen tentacles, each with 18 to 20 digits. Habitat:' Camiguin Island.
Shallow water.

22. Chirodota dubia Semper.

Tentacles 18, each with 18 to 20 digits. Habitat: Camiguin Island. Shallow
water.

23. Chirodota variabilis Semper.
Tentacles 17 or 18, each with 20 to 24 digits. Habitat: Mariveles, Luzon.

314 SEALE,

24, Chirodota panaensis Semper.
Habitat: Panay. Shallow water.

25. Synapta dubia Semper.
Habitat: Bohol. In water from 6 to 10 fathoms.

26. Synapta pseudo-digitata Semper.
Habitat: Bohol. In water of 15 fathoms.

27. Synapta molesta Semper.
Habitat: Philippines. In shallow water.

28. Synapta reticulata Semper.
Habitat: Philippines. In water of 8 fathoms.

29. Synapta indivisa Semper.
Tentacles 13, each with about 20 very long slender digits. Habitat: Zamboanga.

30. Synapta nigra Semper.
Digits of tentacles united by web at base. Habitat: Bohol. In shallow water.

31. Synapta grisea Semper.
Color in life greenish-gray, arranged in spots and bands, the ground color being
a dirty light-green. Habitat: Bohol. In water from 4 to 6 fathoms.

32. Synapta glabra Semper.
Color dark yellowish-brown above, yellowish below. Habitat: CebG, Bohol.
Length 500 millimeters. Found in water from 4 to 6 fathoms.

33. Synapta innominata Ludwig.
Habitat: Manila Bay. :

34. Synapta recta Semper.
Thirteen tentacles, with very short digits. Habitat: Bohol. In water of 6 to 8
fathoms.

35. Synapta gracilis Semper.

General color whitish with slight wash of yellowish-brown. Habitat: Manila
Bay.

36. Synapta beselii Jeger.

Color in life greenish. Habitat: Cebt reefs.

37. Synapta similis Semper.
Pinkish-white, with some brown anteriorly. Habitat: Bohol. In shallow
water.

38. Ocnus pygmaeus Semper.

Upper color greenish, the underparts yellowish-brown. Habitat: Bohol. In
water of 9 fathoms. Length 10 millimeters.

39, Ocnus imbricatus Semper.

General color yellowish-brown, lighter below. Habitat: Bohol. In water of
8 to 15 fathoms. Length 35-40 millimeters.

40. Colochirus coeruleus Semper.

General color pinkish and green with markings of yellowish. Habitat: Bohol.
In water of 10 fathoms. Length 18-20 centimeters.

41. Colochirus viridis Semper.

General color sea-green. Habitat: Zamboanga, Mindanao. In shallow water.

42. Colochirus cucumis Semper.
Habitat: Bohol. In 6 fathoms. Length 3 centimeters.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 315

43. Colochirus anceps Selenka.
General color orange, the feet red. Habitat: Bohol,

Shallow water up to
10 fathoms. Length 8-10 centimeters.

44. Colochirus cylindricus Semper.
Habitat: Bohol. In water of 10 fathoms. Length 5 centimeters,

45. Colochirus tuberculosus Quoy & Gaim,
Habitat: Bohol. In shallow water and up to 10 fathoms.

46. Colochirus quadrangularis Less.
Habitat: Bohol. In shallow water and up to 10 fathoms.

47. Stichopus variegatus Semper.

Yellowish-gray with markings of gray and brown. Habitat: Philippines.
In shallow water up to 10 fathoms.

48. Stichopus naso Semper.
General color yellowish-gray. Wabitat: Bohol. In 10 to 15 fathoms.

49. Holothuria marmorata Jeger.
Auburn above, with some large spots or bands of yellowish-white; yellowish
below. Scattered over the sides of the body are violet spots on a yellowish-white

area. The deposits in the body wall are X-shaped, or oval with central incisions
on each side. Habitat: Bohol» In shallow water.

50. Holothuria tenuissima Semper.
Pedicels all over the body. The deposits consist of incomplete rosettes, or
slightly branched rods. Habitat: Bohol, in 15 fathoms of water.

51. Holothuria similis Semper.
Fine papilla all over the body. Habitat: Bohol, in 10 to 15 fathoms of water.

52. Holothuria erinzeus Semper.

Color dark-brown or blackish, lighter below; pedicels a light yellowish-brown.
The rods bear a few spines on their sides, their ends are slightly branched or
perforated. Habitat: Bohol and Luzon, in shallow water.

53. Holothuria graffei Semper.

Ventral pedicels in three distinct longitudinal series. The dorsal papille
large. The deposits consist of tables, rosettes, and irregular branched plates.
Habitat: Luzon.

54. Holothuria pulchella Selenka.

The ventral pedicels are more crowded than the dorsal papille. The spire of the
table consisting of « reduced almost annular disk, with 12 teeth on the top.
Habitat: Philippine Islands, in shallow water.

55. Holothuria pervicax Selenka.

Color in alcohol grayish-brown, with some darker cross bands on the back.
The pedicels and papille are about the same size. The ventral surface is more
crowded. The tables are not well developed, the spire being short and terminating
in but 4 teeth; disks small, rounded, smooth or slightly uneven on the margins.
Rods small, elongate, and uneven on the margins, or with holes on the sides.
Habitat: Philippine Islands.

56. Holothuria atra Jeger.
Dorsal papilla and ventral pedicels of nearly equal size. Disks forming simple
rings; often with small hole at the base of each vertical rod. The spire ter-

minating in 8 horizontal and 4 vertical teeth. The plates are evenly rounded, or
106346——3

316 SEALE,

undulated on margins. often with X-shaped branches. Habitat: Philippine
Islands, in shallow water.

57. Holothuria edulis Lesson.

Color a dark reddish-brown, light gray on sides and belly, a minute, dark ring
around the baxe of the pedicels. The dorsal papillw are very minute and more
seattered than the ventral pedicels. Disk of the tables reduced to a small ring
more narrow than the top of the spire, which, when seen from above, presents
a small circular hole surrounded by 4 prominences, each with 4 or 5 teeth.
Habitat: Bohol, in 10 to 20 fathoms of water.

58. Holothuria monacaria Lesson.

Color yellowish white, speckled with brown or greenish-brown on the back.
The young specimens are auburn, with the ventral surface white. The papille
paler. The dorsal papille are arranged in 4 indistinct longitudinal rows. The
rounded disks of the tables have a central hole surrounded by 4 to 12 holes. The
spire terminates in 12 teeth. Habitat: Zamboanga, in shallow water. Length
110 millimeters.

59. Holothuria vagabunda Selenka.

The color varies from a dark brown to a reddish-brown. The tables have small
disks; the spires terminate in 8 to 10 teeth placed around a nearly circular
aperture at their top; buttons with 6 holes; the dorsal pedicels alone have
supporting rods, these are spinous and taper towards the ends. Habitat: Philip-
pines, in shallow water.

60. Holothuria fusco-cinerea Jwger.

Color dusky-red, with some darker transverse bands on the back. The tables
never seem to attain the usual length of the spire, nor to have the usual number
of transverse heams. Habitat: Bohol, in 6 to 10 fathoms of water. Length 222
millimeters.

61. Holothuria immobilis Semper.

Color on dorsal surface brown. with some darker spots or bands, belly dirty
vellowish-white inclined to brown anteriorly. Tentacles 26; ventral surface with
pedicels, the dorsal surface with papille. The disks of the tables spinous; the
buttons irregularly formed, with about six holes. Habitat: Bohol, in from 6
to 8 fathoms of water.

62. Holothuria coluber Semper.

The dorsal surface with papillae; ventral surface with pedicels. The tables
have long spire of 4 rods, and 3 to 5 transverse beams. Habitat: Bohol, in 6 to 8
fathoms. .

63. Holothuria impatiens ForskAl.

Color in alcohol, light brown, inclined 1o violet. Integuments rough, the
smooth disks of the tables are pierced with 9 holes of equal size; buttons sym-
metrical with 6 holes. Habitat: Philippines, in 6 fathoms.

64. Holothuria scabra Jacer,

The color varies with different lovalities. Some are cinercous with almost
black transverse bands, with a few small whitish bands or spots on the back, the
belly being yollowish-whitc, and cach papilla being surrounded with a small dark
circle. In other localities they are paler and punctated with a few large dark
spots, but are without the dark bands. The tables are solid, with smooth, well
developed disks, spires of usual shape with 12 to 16 teeth. The buttons have 6
holes, are symmetrical, and for the most part knotted. Habitat: Bohol, in shallow
water. Length 170 millimeters.

FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 31

~
~]

65. Holothuria albiventer Nemper.

Belly dirty gray, finely punctated; papilla whitish; back dusky; tentacles
vellowish-white. The tables have large rounded disk with numerous snmiuall holes.
The spire is formed by 6 or 10 rods, its large rounded top is covered with small
teeth; buttons oval. Habitat: Bohol, in shallow water.

66. Holothuria squamifera Semper.
Papille scale-like. Tables small, numerous; spire long narrow, with 5 trans-
verse beams; buttons with from 6 to 12 holes. Habitat: Philippines.

THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS RELATING TO TREPANG.

SEMPER, C. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen (1868), 1, pt. 2.

TukeL, H. Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. 8.
Challenger, 1873-76. Zoology (1882), 4, pt. 3; (1886), 14, pt. 2.

Pearsons, J. Report on (he Holothurioide of the Gulf of Manaar. [nu Ceylon
Pearl Oyster Report. Roy. Soe. Supp. Rep. No. 5 (1903), 1, 181.

SimMonps, V. Commercial Products of the Sea. New York (1879).

MiTsuKuRI, K. Notes on the Habits and Life-History of Stirhopus japonicus
Selenka, Annot. Zool. Jap. (1903-1906). 5, 1.

MrrsvuKuri, K. On Changes which are found with Advancing Age in the Calea-
reous Deposits of Stichopus japonicus, Selenka. Jbid. (1897), 1, 31.

Sturrer. C. Fauna des Java-Meeres. Vat. Tidj. r. Ned. Indie (1887), 47.

SELENKA, E. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. (1807), 17, 291.

BELL, F. J. Zoological Collection of H. M. 8. ‘Alert.’ (1884).

Epwarps, C. L. Variation, Development and Growth in Holothuria floridana Pour-
talés and in Holothuria atra Jiiger. Biometrika (1908), 6, 236-301.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE 1, PHILIPPINE TREPANG,

—

Kia. 1. The oe.

. The gan sim. r
. The bark sim.

. The moi whar che.

. The hong che.

Soke OO te

PEATE U1. DiereRENT VARIETIES oF “Bark Sin.”
(Third grade Philippine Trepang. )
Fie. 1. Small black trepang.
- White ringed trepang.
. Yellowish brown trepany.
Dark brown trepang.
. Convoluted trepang.
6. Small convoluted trepang.

he we

Poare TIT. PHILtprinre SiHARK-FIN,

Fis. 1 Dried shark-fin prepared for export.
2. The fin prepared for soup.

Prarh TV. Toree Varieries oF SEA TURTLES.

lic. 1. The loggerhead (Thalassochelys care(tu Linn.).
2. Head of ihe logverhead turtle.
3. The hawksbill turtle (Chelone imbricata Linn.).
+. Head of hawksbill turtle.
5. The green turtle ((‘helone mydas Liun.).
6. Head of green turtle.

Phare VL PHILipeint TORTOISE-SILELL.

Plate from the hawkshill turtle.

. Section showing thickness of the above plate.
Plate from the green turtle.

. Section showing thickness of the green turtle shell,

Fie.

BWW eS

PLATE VI. Comps MApE IN MANILA FROM PHILTPPINE TORTOISE-SIEPLL,
Pate VIT. Pumirerixe WINDOW-SIELL.

Fig. 1, Cross-section of shell near the adductor muscle showing actual width of
shell including the animal.
2. Window shell. with growth of crustacean exes near one margin.
3. Window shell opened and with the mantle of left side removed show ing
the organs in place.
PLATE VIIL. ANATOMY oF TILE \WINpDOW-SHELL MoLLtsn. . Mantle: &. pallial
fringe: ¢, gills; d. adductor muscle; ¢. liver; f. genital lobe: yg. toot.
h, anal funnel: i. labial palps: /. ventricle: &. auricle: /. kidneys.
clit

320 SEALE.

Puateé JN. UTILIZING WINDOW SIUELL.

Fie. 1. Shell window in the new General Llospital, Manila.
2. Sereen made of window shell and red narra wood.

PLateK X. SHELL LAMPS.

Fie. 1. Small porch-light made from window shell.
2. Lantern light made from window shell.
. Reading lamp made of wood and window shell.
. The nautilus reading light. «, Base of red cement: b. stem of red coral-
line; ¢, shade of chambered nautilus; ¢, electric wire to bulb which is
hidden in nautilus shell.

me st

Pirate XI. THE Tur SHELL.

Kia. |. Top shell (fruchus viloticus Linn.). Showing euts for buttons in the
partition walls.

. Side view of Truchus niloticus Linn,

» Trochus niloticus cut through the vertical plane.

mw le

. Top view of Trochus niloticus Linn.
Pate NIT. Tae Turron SHELL.

Fie, 1. Turbon shell (Turbo marnoratus Linn.)
. Turbon shell (young).

. Turbon shell cut on a vertical plane.

. Side view of Turbo marmoratus Linn.

whwh

SEALE: Fistery Resources oF THe PUELEPPINESS. | [Pit Journ. Ser, Vou. Vi, No. 6.

Fig. 3.

PLATE I.

SRALE > FISHERY RESOURCES OF TILE PHILIPPINES. | [Phu Journ. Scr, Vou. VI, No, 6.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 5.

PLATE!,

SHALE: FISHERY RESOURCES OF TILE PHILIEPINIES | LP. Jowen. Ser, Vou. VI, No 6.

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Fig. 1.

Fig. 5.

15 cm.

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PLATE VI.

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SALE: Fishery Resources OF THE PHILIPPINES. | [Puin. JourN. Scr, Vou. VI, No. 6.

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[PuHiL. Journ. Scr., Vou.

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. PLATE XI.

Fig 2.

SEALE: Fishery Resources oF THE PHILIPPINES | | Poin. Journ. Ser, Vou. VL Ne. 6.

Fig. 1.

PEEP EEELEPEPPPEE PEED

PLATE XII.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,
D. General Biology, Ethnology and Anthropology.
Vol. VII, No. 4, 1912.

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS.

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Ichthyological Section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

Mollusks * are daily sold in Manila markets, and no one seems
to be able to give any definite information about them. Fili-
pinos, especially of the laboring class, depend largely upon these
shell fish for their daily food, and it is obviously important
that we should make a careful study of the most important
mollusks, in order that we may devise means of cultivating and
continuing the supply, and especially there should be careful
supervision of oyster beds, in order that they may be free from
contamination.

The mollusks treated of in this paper are merely the common
forms that are constantly used as food by the Filipinos. Any
species listed may be purchased in the Manila markets at al-
most any time. A detailed list of all the mollusks used for
food in the Philippines would include practically every species
known to occur here.

OYSTERS.

Three species of edible oysters are found in the Philippines.
These are Ostrea orientalis Ch., O. palmipes Saub., and O. pyzt-
data Reeve. All are known as talaban in Tagalog and timer in
Ilocano. They form an important food supply in the Philip-
pines, being found in almost all the islands. Near Manila large
oyster beds occur on the tide flats at Malabon; and, in fact,
almost all the esteros of Manila Bay have their quota of oysters.

1T do not claim to be a conchologist, and the identifications in this paper
are the results of comparing specimens with identified species in the
Quadras collection, and an examination of such literature as was available.

Doubtless there are mistakes. aA

974 SEALE.

Large oyster beds are found along the south side of Manila
Bay, where the cultivation of the mollusks receives considerable
attention from the Filipinos. Almost all these beds are staked
off as private claims, and a watchman is employed by the owners
to prevent any serious thieving. In these beds small branches
of bamboo are stuck in the mud as spat collectors. It is prob-
able that these privately-controlled oyster beds have prevented
the complete destruction of the Manila oyster industry by preserv-
ing the oysters until they are large enough to spawn. There is
no law in force limiting the gathering of oysters.

The oysters found in the cultivated beds reach a length of
from 12 to 14 centimeters, while shells 18 centimeters in length
are not uncommon. Oyster beds of considerable extent and con-
taining unusually well-flavored oysters are found in several
localities in Palawan, especially in Malampaya Sound. No chart
or survey of any kind has ever been made of the Philippine
oyster beds except a preliminary inspection by the writer during
the past year. They are well worth a thorough investigation,
and no doubt the output could be greatly increased by proper
cultural methods. An adaptation of the methods employed on
the oyster farms at Arcachon, France,? could be inaugurated
easily, especially in the oyster beds of Manila Bay.

The Manila Bay oyster is looked upon with considerable sus-
picion by the American population of this city, but, if fresh
oysters are selected from the beds at a distance from the city
and properly cooked, there is no reason why they should not be
used as food.

In Manila markets, oysters sell for from 20 to 50 centavos?
per liter, very small ones can be bought for 1 centavo per dozen.
It is estimated that about 50 liters are sold each day. The method
of handling oysters in the local markets is to be deplored, and
should speedily be remedied. They are usually brought to the
market husked, placed on or in a tin box where the proposed
buyers run their fingers over them. The seller also frequently
dips in an unclean hand and gives them a generous mixing.
There is no doubt that oysters are taken from certain of the
esteros quite near the city, especially one draining the district
of Tondo where there is every possibility of their being infected
by sewage. The gathering and sale of such oysters in the market
should be prohibited.

* Hornell, Madras Fisheries Bull. (1910), 1, 1 to 90, pls.

*One peso (100 centavos) Philippine currency equals 50 cents United
States currency.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS. OT

The shell of the oyster is used in some parts of Luzon for
the manufacture of lime, the price paid being 2 pesos per cubic
meter. At Malabon there are piles of old shells of fully 100
cubic meters, which will serve to indicate the extent of the
oyster industry at that place.

SURF CLAMS.

The calumismis, Tapes striatus Chem. (Plate I, fig. 4), is
easily distinguished by the narrow black lines which form reti-
culations on the sides and straight lines on the margins, It
measures about 7 centimeters across the widest diameter. It
is found buried in the sand along the beach in shallow water,
apparently much scattered, not growing in regular beds. These
clams sell for from 7 to 12 centavos per dozen in the market.
They are usually secured in the greatest numbers during October.

HARD SHELL CLAMS.

There are at least two species of clams included under the
names halaan, patayog, and cabia. One, Tapes literata Linn.
(Plate I, fig. 2), is brownish pink to white, with about three
broad, radiating, white stripes from the back to the margin of
the shell; these stripes have dark margins. This is by far the
most abundant mollusk to be found in the Manila market, and
can be secured at any time. In size it is about 6 centimeters
across the greatest diameter. The clams are secured chiefly
on the Pasay beach near Manila, usually at low tide. After a
heavy storm, thousands are washed ashore and the beds are
greatly damaged. They sell in the market for 40 centavos per
hundred. They make excellent soup. Another clam, also called
halaan, Tapes virgine Linn. (Plate I, fig. 3), is in shape and
general appearance much like the above, except that the stripes
radiating from the beak to the margin of the shell are black or
purple. This is a finely flavored clam, and commands the same
price in the market as T. literata Linn.

iY
SAND CLAM.

The saropsarop or daroparpar, Circe undatina Linn. (Plate
I, fig. 5), is not so abundant as the halaan. It is also of less
width between the valves; its longest diameter is about 6 centi-
meters. It is yellowish white with black lines across the hinge
margin and above the beak. It is a good, clean food and
sells in the market for 10 centavos per kilogram. It is found
in salt water on practically all sandy beaches of the Philippines.

276 SEALE.

PHILIPPINE LITTLE-NECK CLAM.

The lucan, Cyrena suborbicularis Phil. (Plate I, fig. 6), next
to the halaan, is perhaps the most important species in the Phil-
ippines. It forms a large percentage of the food of the poorer
people of Manila. The lucan is quite abundant in most of the
mud flats and esteros throughout the Islands, being a brackish-
water species that burrows in the mud. In color it is uniform
dark greenish; the epidermis is roughened or velvety to the
touch. This species is the largest of the clams commonly sold
in the markets, being from 6 to 9 centimeters across its greatest
diameter. It sells for 6 centavos per kilogram. The lucan is
wholesome, when fresh, and makes an excellent chowder.

SMALL GREEN CLAM.

The tulla, Psammobia togata Slesh. (Plate II, fig. 1), is found
in abundance by sifting the black sand of the river mouths; it
seems to extend into the fresh water. The shell is green, and
about 3 centimeters in greatest diameter. This clam is excellent
for soup. It sells for 7 centavos per kilogram in the Manila
markets.

RIDGED SAND CLAM.

The camotpusa, Circe gibbea Lk. (Plate II, fig. 2), is a rather
small clam, usually measuring about 5 to 6 centimeters across
its widest diameter. It is characterized by the strong ridges
on the posterior half of the shell. These ridges gradually di-
minish in size posteriorly. The color is white with about 3
angular black bands crossing the hinge. This clam is abundant
about Manila on sandy beaches which are exposed at low tide.
It has a fine flavor. The market price is 6 centavos per kilo-
gram.

ROCK CLAM.

The bototoy, Cardium dule Linn. (Plate II, fig. 3), is a small
clam usually about 5 centimeters across its greatest diameter;
the width between the valves is about 5 centimeters. The shell
is strongly and uniformly ridged, with the greenish fuzz of the
epidermis filling the space between each ridge except on the
beak, where it is usually worn off, thus exposing the white shell.
This clam is found on reefs or among rocks in shallow water.
It is regarded as a good food, and sells for 7 centavos per kilo-
gram. It is very unusual, however, to see it offered for sale
in any large quantity.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS. 217

“BUTIL.”

The butil, Cryptogramma squamosa Linn. (Plate II, fig. 4),
is a clam 2 to 3 centimeters in its greatest diameter, found in
the salt water on sandy beaches, throughout the Islands. The
strongly-ribbed shell is white and brown. This small clam is
a common article of food for the natives living near the sea.
It sells for 3 centavos per hundred and makes excellent soup.

VENUS CLAM.

The kanturi, Cardium donaciforme Speng. (Plate II, fig. 6),
is a white clam about 4 centimeters in length, common on sandy,
salt-water beaches. It is of little value, and sells for 3 centavos
per hundred.

MINUTE SAND CLAM.

The alamis, Dorax radians Lk. (Plate II, fig. 5), is a white
or bluish clam, measuring about 3 centimeters across its greatest
diameter. It is very abundant on sandy beaches in shallow
salt water. It sells for 5 centavos per kilogram in the local
markets.

WAVED VENUS CLAM.

The morans, Venus alta Saw. (Plate II, fig. 7), is a small
clam, and is not found in sufficient quantities to be of much
importance. It is interesting because of the curious sculpturing
of its shell which resembles a minute model of the terraces on
the hills of Japan or in the Igorot country of the Philippines.

DUCK-BILL CLAM.

The lutos, Anatina truncata Linn. (Plate I, fig. 9), is found
in abundance in the sand and mud of the shallow water of
Manila Bay. It is easily distinguished by the long thick ‘‘neck”’
protruding from the posterior portion of the shell. The color
is uniformly white; the shell is very thin, and ranges in size
up to 8 centimeters or more. It is regarded as a good food
and sells for about 10 centavos per kilogram in the local

markets.
SUNSET AND TELLEN SHELLS.

Paros. (Plate II, fig. 9.) There are about 14 species of the
genus Tellina found in the Philippines, all of which are used as
food. They are found on sandy or muddy shores, in the esteros
or near the entrances to streams. They are usually beautiful
shells, being a delicate purple with radiating stripes extending

112401——_5

278 SEALE.

from the beak to the margin of the shell. The usual size of
our most abundant species is about 6 to 8 centimeters. Six
species, 7. pellucida Phil., T. perplexa Hem., T. incerta Desh.,
T. capsoides Lam., and T. timorensis Lam., are to be found in
the local markets; they sell for 15 centavos per kilogram and
make very good soup. The young are sometimes called paros-
parosan. The paros, Capsella elongata Linn. (Plate II, fig. 8),
is very similar to the above.

MUSSELS.

Tehong. There are about a dozen different species of mussels,
family Mytilide, in the Philippines, representing at least three
genera—Mytilus, the edible mussel; Modiola, the horse mussel;
and Lithodomus, the rock-eaters. All are used as food in these
Islands; perhaps the most abundant species is Modiola matealfei
Hare. (Plate I, fig. 10.) They are found in the salt water
usually attached to stones or piles. They are bluish or greenish,
and from 4 to 13 centimeters in length. Their price in the
local market is about 8 centavos per kilogram.

RAZOR CLAMS. FAMILY SOLENIDE.

There are three varieties of razor clams (tikhan) found in the
Philippines. These are Solenocurtus acurtidens Brod. et Low.,
Solen grandis Dkr., and Solen gracilis Phil. (Plate II, fig. 10).
The last-named species is the most abundant, being found on
sandy or muddy beaches at very shallow depths. The shells are
pale green, and measure about 7 to 8 centimeters in length by
1.5 centimeters in width. All are used as food and sell for 10
centavos per kilogram in the markets.

FRESH-WATER MUSSEL.

The sulib, Anodonta tenius Lea (Plate I, fig. 8), is common in
the Pasig River. The shell is greenish brown, smooth, and
about 8 to 10 centimeters in length. The inside is a beautiful
mother-of-pearl color; however, the shell is too thin for the
manufacture of buttons, and I have never known of a pearl
being found in one of them. They are highly regarded as food
by the native inhabitants, and sell in the local market for 6
centavos per kilogram.

“BALAY.’’ TONGUE CLAM.

These strangely-shaped shells, Lingula anatina Linn. (Plate
I, fig. 11), are found in great abundance on Pasay beach, es-
pecially after a heavy storm, when they are secured by thou-

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS. 279

sands. They are used as food, but care should be exercised to
get them perfectly fresh, as otherwise they are apt to produce
gastric trouble. They sell in the local market for 6 centavos
per hundred.

HORN SHELL.

The bangongon, Telescopium telescopium Linn. (Plate II,
fig. 12), is a large, dark brown, cone-shaped shell, found in
Manila Bay in salt or brackish water; usually on a mud bottom
in shallow water. It is regarded as good food by the natives
and frequently sold in the local market. There are at least 25
species of this family (Cerittinde) found in the Philippines.
Most of the individuals are very small. All are used as food.
One species called suso, Potomides sulcatus Born (Plate II, fig.
13), is often sold in the local market at 5 centavos per kilogram.
It is found in brackish water on a mud bottom. Perhaps the
most abundant species is one called susong-puti or bayongon,
Cerithium rhizoporarum A. D. (Plate II, fig. 11), a shell about
5 centimeters in length. It is yellowish with dark lines. These
shells almost invariably have the tip broken off, and the tail of
the animal protruding. They are sold in the local market for
about 5 centavos per kilogram.

STROMBUS SHELLS.

The palagsi, Strombus canarium Linn. (Plate II, fig. 15), is
quite common in Manila Bay. It prefers shallow water and
a sandy bottom. It is used as food, selling for 6 centavos per
kilogram in the local markets. There are at least 30 species
of this family (Strombde) found in the Philippines.

WHELK.

The alaunghuga, Melongena cochlidium Linn. (Plate I, fig.
7), is 8 to 10 centimeters in length, deep chestnut in color, and
is very common in Manila Bay. The animal is used for food.

BLEEDING TOOTH SHELLS.

The family Neritide (Plate II, fig. 14) is represented by a
great number of species which are very abundant in the Phil-
ippines. The local name is sihi. All are small shells usually
much striped or highly colored. The children of the natives
gather quantities of these animals for food. The species most
frequently seen in the local market is Neritina pennota Bonn.
which is picked up from shallow water along almost any beach
near Manila.

280 SEALE.

FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS.

The suso, black river-snail (Plate II, fig. 16), and the cohol,
green river-snail (Plate II, fig. 17), are apparently the only two
fresh-water mollusks (except Anodonta tenius) sold in the local
markets; however, these are quite abundant and sell for about
6 centavos per kilogram.

In addition to the shells named, there are other species of
mollusks which are only occasionally found in the Manila
market, but which are of considerable importance as food in
other islands of the Archipelago, such as the various species
of Murex (Muricide), tritons (Tritonidez), spindle shells (Tus-
cide), volutes (Volutide), olives (Olivide), cones (Conidae),
helmet shells (Cassidide), turbin shells (Turbanide), top shells
(Trochidz), and abolons (Haliotide). A complete list of these
species together with an account of their habits, abundance,
times of breeding, methods of reproduction, and notes regard-
ing the possibilities of their culture would be a most desirable
and useful work.

Fic.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

(From photographs by Charles Martin.)

PLATE ].—PHILIPPINE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS.

. Talaban, oyster (Ostrea orientalis Ch.).
. Halaan, patayog, cabia, hard shell clam (Tapes literata Linn.).
. Halaan, hard shell clam (Tapes virgine Linn.).

Calumismis, surf clam (Tapes striatus Chem.).

. Saropsarop, sand clam (Circe undatina Linn.)
. Lucan, little-neck clam (Cyrena suborbicularis Phil.).
. Alaunghuga, whelk (Melongena cochlidium Linn.).

Sulib, fresh-water mussel (Anodonta tenius Lea).

. Lutos, duck-bill clam (Anatina truncata Linn.).
. Tehong, mussel (Modiola metealfei Hare.).
. Balay, tongue clam (Lingula anatina Linn.).

PLATE IJ.—PHILIPPINE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS.

. Tulla, small green clam (Psaimmobia togata Slesh.).
. Camotpusa, ridged sand clam (Circe gibbea Lk.).
. Bototoy, rock clam (Cardiwm dule Linn.).

Butil, lesser ridged clam (Cryptogramma squamosa Linn.).

‘ Alamis, minute sand clam (Dorax radians Lk.).

Kanturi, venus clam (Cardium donaciforme Speng).

. Morans, waved venus clam (Venus alta Saw.).

. Paros (Capsella elongata L.).

. Paros, sunset shell (Tellina incerta Desh.).

. Tikhan, razor clam (Solen gracilis Phil.).

. Susong-puti, horn shell (Cerithium rhizoporarum A. D.).
. Bangongon, horn shell (Telescopium telescopium Linn.).
. Suso, horn shell (Potomides sulcatus Born.).

. Sihi, bleeding tooth shell (Neritina pennota Bonn.).

. Palagsi, strombus shell (Strombus canarium Linn.).

. Suso, black river-snail (Helicidez).

. Cohol, green river-snail (Helicidez).

SEALE: Episte Mouiusks. ] (Pur. Journ. Scr., VII, D, No. 4.

PLATE |. PHILIPPINE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS.

SEALE: EpiBLe MoLLusks. ] [Prut. Journ. Ser, VII, D, No. 4.

PLATE Il. PHILIPPINE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS.

THE SUCCESSFUL TRANSFERENCE OF BLACK BASS TO
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON THE
TRANSPORTING OF LIVE FISH LONG
DISTANCES.

By ALVIN SEALE,

iz

(Prom the Section of Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science
Manila, P. I.)

In April, 1907. T was authorized hy the Insular Government to secure
and bring to the Philippine Islands a shipment of live large-mouthed
black bass [Vieroplerus salmuides (Lacépéde)]. One hundred and
seventy-five fingerlings, alive andl in good condition, were secured at
Folsom, California, upon the payment of a fee to the California State
Fish Commission. Permission was secured from the United States
Army Transport Service to ship the fish on the transport Sherman, and
the success of this enterprise was due largely to the intervst of hoth officers
and men of that ship.

A small motor, driven hy the electric current of the ship, was
installed on the mess deck. An iron boiler, capacity 264 liters, was
secured from the transport as an air reservoir, and a small air pump
was connected with the boiler. A svstem of rubber pipes conducted the
air from the boiler to the bottom of the cans in which the fish were carried
and by working the motor only a short time sufficient air could le pumped
into the reservoir to circulate through each can for four hours, the
advantage of the reservoir being to maintain an even pressure and
allow the air to cool. By means of a pipe, cold water could be kept
running over the reservoir, which was also arranged so that ice could
easily be packed around it. The end of each of the rubber pipes leading

1A system of cold-water coils inside the reservoir would perhaps be a better,

but more expensive method.
153

154. SEALE.

into the cans was drawn to a very minute point so that the air simply
bubbled up through the water in a very small stream. (See fig. 1.)

GY
i

Fic. 1.—APPARATUS USED IN TRANSPORTING BLACK BASS TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

When everything was ready, the fish were place in six 58-liter milk
cans which had previously been scalded and cleaned; about twenty-nine
fish being allotted to cach can. The temperature of the Spring Valley
water in which the fish started was 11°; that of the air, 16°: and of the
rea-water, 14°

We sailed from Nan [Francisco April 5, 1907. The next morning,
while washing down decks, a sailor carelessly allowed some salt water
to run into one can and fourteen of the fish therein were dead before
we discovered the cause. ILowever, not another fish was lost until we
reached Honolulu. The second day out, food in the form of hard-
boiled eggs, was offered the fish, but they would not eat. In the mcan-
time the temperature of the water in the cans had been increased
gradually to 21°, the air was 26°, and the sca water 25°.5.

When the transport coaled at Honolulu, despite all efforts to prevent it,
more or less coal dust silted into the cans, and six fish died during the
two days’ stay at that port. The remaining fish were alive when we
reached Manila, May 4, twenty-eight days after starting from Nan
Francisco.

When we were two days out from Honolulu the fish began to eat.
They were fed on chopped crabs secure from the cold storaye on the ship.
They were given a small amount of food once a day, and they ate greedily.
Shrimps were substituted occasionally for crabs.

A large pailful of water was taken from each can every day and
replaced by one of fresh water from the ship’s reservoir. On every
third day each can, after the fish were poured into another, was thor-
oughly cleaned and scalded in order to prevent the growth of fungus ;
and every morning and evening the excreta and refuse in the bottom
of the cans were siphoned out with a rubler pipe 18 millimeters in
diameter. .\lter leaving Honolulu the temperature of the water in

TRANSFERENCE OF BLACK BASS. 155

‘the cans was kept at about 21° until within two days of Manila, when
it was increased gradually to 23°, When we arrived in Manila the
temperature of the water in the cans wax 23°, that of the air was 29°,
and of the sea water 28°.

The fish had to be transported from Manila to Dagupan by rail, a
distance of 193 kilometers, and thence 120 kilometers overland to
Baguio, a mountain town in the Province of Benguet. This was the
most difficult part of the trip, but it was accomplished in two days,
with the loss of but one fish. The temperature of the water was lowered
considerably during the last stages of the trip to Baguio, at which
place the fish were planted in three distinct spots: One lot in the small
lake near the Hotel Pines. another in a deep pool in the Trinidad River,
and a third in the large Trinidad Lake. (Scc diagram, fig. No. 2.)

In December, 1909, I visited the places where these fish had been
planted, and found that those placed in the small lake near the Hotel
Pines had escaped early in the year; nothing was scen or heard of those
planted in Trinidad River, but a tale was current of the capture of
some large fish by the natives. The bass planted in Trinidad Lake
had flourished and multiphed exceedingly well. .A short trial with a
fly gave sufficient proof that the lake was well stocked. as not only one
of the original fish, but also one of the offspring was hooked; the latter
(see Plate I) was 190 millimeters long and the parent fish was almost
twice this length.

During February of the past year the small artificial lake in front
of the Hotel Pines at Baguio was transformed into a good spawning
pond bv raising its walls, putting in concrete gates, and adding several
loads of vravel for spawning beds. Twelve large bass caught in Dri
nidad Lake with a fly hook were transferred to this breeding pond on
February 23. By May 4 they had spawned and there were hundreds
of young bass in the pond, many of these have since been planted in
other places, and some large bass were placed in Cayman Lake at Los
Bafios, Laguna Province. It is now an assured fact that people who live
far inland may have this most desirable addition to their diet, and for
those who care for it there is the pleasure and excitement of angling for
this noble game fish.

TRANSFERRING MOSQUITO-EATING FISIT.

In the year 1905 I was authorized hy the Government of the Hawaiian
Islands to secure and bring to Honolulu a shipment of Lve top minnows,
Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.), Gambusio affinis (B. & G.) and Vallienesia
latipinna La %. to assist in ridding that place of the pest of mosquitoes.
These fishes belong to the family Pocci/dw and are found in the southern
United States. They feed almost exclusively on the eggs and young of
the mosquito. Fifteen hundred dollars United States currency was

156

SEALE.

SSoos

SCALE
| Centumeter = | Kilometer approx.

zaerxec-reHwmMooeoo >

LEGEND

Trinidad pond.
Trinidad road.
Trinidad river
Experimental farm.
Goverment Stock farm.
San Fernando tral.
Baguio Shops.

Markel,
Spawning pond for black bass.
Hotel Fine.

Goverment Center.
Benguet Road.
Observatory.

Road toCamp John Hay.

Fic. 2.—DIAGRAM OF BAGUIO AND VicINITY, SHOWING LocaTION or Bass PONDS.

TRANSFERENCE OF BLACK BASS. 157

provided by the Territorial legislature for this venture. he fish were.
secured at Seabrook, Texas, and two weeks were spent in experimenting
on conditions under which they could be transported through this long
distance. It was proved that they could not successfully be iced and
carried at a low temperature, a method which is usually most satisfactory,
but that at a temperature of 23° they could be kept in ordinary milk
cans with but little trouble.

On September 4, 1905, I left Seabrook, Texas, for Honolulu, with
six 38-liter milk cans and 75 top minnows in each can. By adhering
to the following routine, but little difficulty was experienced in the
transportation of the fish. At 8 o’clock in the morning the fish were
fed sparingly on prepared fish food, finely ground liver or hard-boiled
eggs ;° at 9.30 half the water in cach can was siphoned from the bottom,
thus cleaning out the can and removing all uneaten food and excre-
ment, and an equal amount of fresh water was added. At noon, all
the cans were aérated by means of a large bicycle, pump, a sponge
being tied over the hose to separate the air into fine particles. At
4 o’clock in the afternoon 8 liters of water were siphoned from the
bottom of the cans and fresh water added; and late in the evening
the cans were again aérated. At each place where the water was changed
it was first tested by placing two fresh fish in a bucket containing the
new water at the proper temperature.

Twelve fish died between Galveston, Texas, and San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, and fifteen between San Francisco and Honolulu. I landed in
Honolulu from the steamship Alameda on September 15, 1905, after a
twelve days’ trip from Texas. Only 27 of the 450 fish were lost. 'They
were in good condition when they arrived and were at once transplanted
to small breeding ponds which had already been prepared for them,
and they at once began work on the mosquito larve. There was but
0.56° difference between the natural temperature of the water at Sea-
brook and that at Honolulu.

At the present time, these fish have multiplied to such an extent that
there are now several hundred thousand of them and thev have been
distributed to all the large islands and have very perceptibly diminished
the mosquito pest, as is evidence by the following statement quoted
from a letter from the governor of Hawaii written on May 23, 1910:

* * * Tam glad to state that top minnows have been a decided success
here. They were introduced, I believe, about six years or so ago, and have been
placed in all the different districts of this island and in a number of places on
the other islands. They have multiplied rapidly and the streams and ponds
about Honolulu are full of them. I understand that in some cases where ponds
have swarmed with the larve of mosquitoes, the top minnows have entirely

cleaned them out within a few days after their introduction. At Waimanalo,
on this island, where mosquitoes were usually plentiful, there are now scarcely

2 It would be better to feed every third day.

* 18 SEALE.

any, owing to the introduction of this fish. One dilliculty has been experienced,
and that is that the natives and Chinese catch them in considerable quantities
to cat and for bait.

As a result of my experience in carrying liye fish great distances, I
have found that there are three important things which must not be
lost sight of. first, cleantiness. AI} cans in which the fish are trans-
ported must be cleaned thoroughly at least every third day with hot
water; this prevents the vrowth of fungus. The water in the cans
must always be pure and the excrement and uneaten food must be
siphoned out each day. The fish must never be touched with the hands.
Second, lemperatire, Above all else a sudden change in the tempera-
ture of the water must be avoided: it must never he changed all at
once, but the fresh water must gradually he mixed with that in which
the fish already are. It should take at least several honrs to lower the
temperature one or even one-half degive. VPhird, vigilance. Success
in this work js attained only at the cost of eternal vivilance. When
the fish are suffering from any cause whatsoc\er, they come to the top
of the can continually and only by constant care and watching can
the proper remedy be lcarned.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Puate I.

Large-mounted black bass |Micropterus salmoides (Lacépéde)] from Trinidad
Lake, Baguio, Benguet.
TEXT FIGURES.

Fie. 1. Apparatus used in transporting black bass to the Philippine Islands.

(a) Threc-fourth horsepower electric motor.

(b) Air pump.

(c) Air supplying pipe to reservoir.

(d) Air supplying pipe from reservoir.

(e) 265-liter air reservoir (old iron hot-water boiler).
(f) Box for holding ice.

(g) 38-liter milk-can containing fish,

(h) Safety valve.

(t) Pressure indicator.

Fie. 2. Diagram of Baguio and vicinity, showing location of bass ponds.
159

[PuiLt, Journ, Scr, Vou. V, No. 3.

TRANSFERENCE OF BLAcK Bass.]

Seale:

PLATE

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,
D. General Biology, Ethnology and Anthropology,
Vol. VII, No. 4, 1912.

EDITORIAL.

SOME POISONOUS PHILIPPINE FISHES.

The following letters serve to call our attention to the fact
that death resulting from eating certain species of fish is of
occasional occurrence in the Philippine Islands.

Sir: I have the honor to send you a bottle containing a small specimen
of the poisonous fish known among the Moros as tinga-tinga and among the
Filipinos as botete. This is the first specimen I have been able to get
since the last case of poisoning which resulted in the death of a little
girl and the narrow escape of several members of the family. The first
effect after eating the fish is a dizziness and sickness at the stomach, but
if the latter does not occur at once the victim, if he yields to his inclination
and lies down and sleeps, will soon be aroused, vomit and soon expires.
There have been so many fatalities among the Moros on account of eating
the tinga-tinga that the people are careful. They say that if the head of
the fish is cut off at once and the entrails removed the fish may be cooked
and eaten.

In the case of the fatality to which reference is made, the woman who
cooked the fish knew of its dangerous character, but thought she had
taken all necessary precautions. The little girl, a visitor in the house, ate
of the fish, was seized with the dizziness, and leaving the meal, lay down
and slept a short time, when she was seized with an attack of vomiting
and died in a few moments. All members of the family were seized with
the well-known effects and vomited all night. These eventually recovered.

We have another poisonous fish in these waters and its use is as equally
dangerous as the tinga-tinga. It is called in the Moro “loco.”

(Signed.) SamMvuEL D. CRAWFORD,
Governor of Basilan.

Sir: I have the honor to inform you that at the sitio of Kamaya in
this municipality, several cases of poisoning caused by a fish commonly
known as “botete’” have occurred, the victims being Roque Noruega, Lorenzo
Noruega, Genoveva Noruega, Ciriaco Noruega, Petra Sales, Fernando
Noruega, Matias Noruega, Proceso Usefias, Antonio Tamora, Amada Use-
fias, Pomposa Usefias, Carmen Usefias, and Francisco Villarin. These
persons, without any thought of evil, ate of the fish mentioned yesterday

289

290 EDITORIAL.

afternoon between 5 and 6 o’clock, and from the effects thereof the
youth Fernando Noruega died last night between 11 and 12, and the
boy Matias Noruega this afternoon between 2 and 3 o’clock. Petra Sales
is in a very serious condition.

All survivors have been given the necessary aid and treatment by the
physician in charge of the quarantine station.

(Signed.) VALENTIN SEMILLA,
Municipal President.
DECEMBER 11, 1911.

The fish called tinga-tinga or botete in the above communica-
tions is the black-spotted puffer, Spheroidcs sceleratus (Forster)
(Fig. 1). It belongs to the family Tetraodontide. There are
14 species of this family found in the Philippines; all of them

Fic. 1. ‘‘Tinga-tinga” or “‘botete.”’

are supposed to secrete a specific poisonous alkaloid which gives
rise to gastric trouble of a very serious nature when taken into
the stomach of man.

These fishes are common all over the tropical Pacific; they
are usually found in shallow water, and under ordinary con-
ditions are sluggish in their movements. When one is captured,
it distends its stomach until it resembles a ball. Their color is
usually white below, with black dots, stripes, or bands on the
sides and back. In length they range from 2 to 20 centimeters.

The fish called “loco” in the first letter belongs to the
family Diodontide, or porcupine fish, called botiting laot in
Tagalog. There are 3 species of this family found in Philippine
waters, all believed to be poisonous.

In addition to the above, there are 7 species of Balistide, or
trigger fishes, called papaco, and 10 species of Monacanthide,
or file fishes, called pacol, which should be regarded with grave
suspicion.

There is very little danger of an American or European
eating any of these fishes, as their appearance and smell are
offensive, and they are too small to be desirable for the table.

EDITORIAL. 291

Nearly all the natives of the Islands know that these fishes are
poisonous, but either because of the peculiar flavor, or because
of the ease with which they are caught, the fish are often eaten,
and usually with deplorable results.

The treatment of a person who has eaten poisonous fish is
promptly to empty the stomach of the patient with an emetic,
such as tepid salt water or mustard. Then a stimulant such
as whisky or vino should be given. In case of collapse, artificial
breathing should be employed.

ALVIN SEALE.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM
BANTAYAN ISLAND, PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.

By Atvin Spare.

(From the Section of Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, Manila,
P. 7.) :

Chzetodon carens Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.10: depth 1.75; eye 2.80 in head; snout 3.25; interorbital 3;
dorsal XIII, 21; anal III, 17; scales 7-38-20, the scales are larger on
middle of sides: maxillary 4.50 in head, its distal end under nostril.
Body slightly more elongate than is usual in this genus, strongly com-
pressed, length of caudal peduncle 1.10 in its depth. Head of moderate
size, characterized by the large eve, and short pointed snout; profile from
tip of snout to origin of dorsal forms an angle of about 45°, the line
from tip of snout to nuchal region is straight, slightly concave on the
shoulder; the depth of the fish at origin of dorsal 1.75 in length to end
of vertebra; origin of soft dorsal and origin of anal about on Jine.
Mouth small: teeth brush-like in several rows, slightly projecting; gill
openings wide, being carried forward to below eye; nostrils small, close
together, in front of eve: gill rakers few, short and weak: dorsal spines
rather long and saber-like, the third, fourth, and fifth the longest, the
fourth 1.30 in head; dorsal and anal rounded; the origin of anal midway
between middle of opercle and end of caudal vertebra; the second anal
spine is the stronyest and equal in length to the third spine, its length
1.50 in head; origin of ventrals midway between origin of anal and
middle of cheeks, its tip extending slightly past anal pore; pectorals 1.10
in head.

Color in alcohol sepia-brown; no ocular band; nuchal region and
top of head slightly darker, being a clove-brown; a wide black band on
middle of spinous dorsal extends back and occupies almost the entire
anal, except a narrow white tip and a small portion at the base of the
anal spines ; caudal yellow with a slight dusky wash on its posterior third ;
ventral brown with some indistinct yellowish blotches ; pectorals yellowish
white.

Type, No. 6173 in collection of Bureau of Science, from Bantayan

Island, P. I. Length, 108 millimeters.
115

116 SEALE.

Chzetodon adiergastos Seale, .sp. nov.

Head 3; depth at middle of dorsal 1.80; eye 3 in head; snout 3;
interorbital 3; dorsal XII, 26; anal III, 21; scales 4-31-14; maxillary
4, its tip below nostril. Body short, deep, and strongly compressed ;
scales large on sides, small on head, soft dorsal, anal, and base of caudal.
Head small, the profile steep, concave; snout small and pointed, its
length about equal to width of eye; mouth small; teeth setiform, in
several rows in each jaw, somewhat curved and projecting ; nostrils small,
close together and in front of eye; interorbital space slightly convex;
gill openings large, being carried. forward to below middle of eye; gill
rakers few, short and weak; dorsal spines short and strong, the middle
ones the longest, about 1.80 in head; soft dorsal rounded, similar to
anal; origin of anal midway between anterior margin of eye and tip of
caudal, the second anal spine strong and equal in length to the third
which is slim; caudal truncate, its length 1.75 in head; ventrals midway
between middle of cheek and origin of anal, the tip extending beyond the
anal pore, the axil with an elongate scale; pectorals slightly less than
head. Lateral line arched and-high, ending at posterior angle of dorsal.

Color in alcohol is yellowish with numerous oblique brown lines ex-
tending down and forward over the entire side, each line marking the
center of a row of scales, a jet-black ocular band of greater width than
eye, the band not uniting above with its fellow, and its lower margin
ending on the suboperculum. This band is very distinct and sharply
defined, and is without marginal white borders, although the opercles and
chin are almost white. On the shoulder midway between the first dorsal
spine and the interorbital space is a small black saddle, not connected
with the ocular band. Snout yellow, unmarked; soft dorsal and anal
brown, with dark tips which have a rather narrow ‘band across the
posterior yellowish white area, basal third of fin brown; ventrals yellow-
ish with some very indistinct darker blotches; pectorals yellowish.

Type, No. 5800 in collection of Bureau of Science, from Bantayan
Island, P. I. Length,.116 millimeters. Also cotype No. 5791, length
111 millimeters.

This species is related to C. flavirostris Giinther, but lacks the wide,
dusky band from dorsal to anal which characterizes that species. Our
species is more distinctly striped than C. canthurius Bleeker. It differs
also in having a wide ocular band and in being distinctly striped, the
stripes running obliquely forward over the entire sides. It also has
no “broad yellow band occupying the posterior part of the body,” and
neither the ocular band nor the saddle is bordered by a white line.
Amblygobius insignis Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.60; depth 4.70; eye 4 in head; snout 4.10; maxillary 2.50;
interorbital less than width of pupil; dorsal VI, 13; anal 13; scales 60-70
in lateral series. Head naked; no barbules; no serri. Teeth in two

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF FISHES. 117

or more rows with an outer row of enlarged curved canines in the anterior
part of each jaw. Tongue rounded, not adnate to floor of mouth. Head
rounded, angle of mouth under anterior third of eye.

Body oblong compressed ; depth of caudal peduncle 2.30 in head; its
length 1.75 in head. No hair-like filaments at upper part of pectorals.
Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of sixth
dorsal ray, the second, third and fourth dorsal spines slightly elongate,
the second spine the longest, being almost equal to head; anal similar
to soft dorsal, its longest ray 2.10 in head, its origin under the second
ray of soft dorsal, its posterior rays not reaching to caudal; caudal
rounded, 1.10 in head; ventrals fully united, their origin midway be-
tween tip of snout and origin of anal, their length 1.25 in head, their
tips not reaching to anal opening; pectorals 1.10 in head.

The color markings of this species are very striking and character-
istic, the posterior half of the body being covered with oblique bands
of brown alternating with yellowish. These run downward and back-
ward at an angle of about 70°; the yellow bands are slightly less in
width; below the spinous dorsal they are broken up. The coloring of
the belly is lighter, with about six narrow white lines which extend
entirely around the belly and nearly to the median line on sides. ‘I'wo
oblique narrow dusky lines extend forward across cheeks and around
the throat, the anterior one just back of angle of jaw; some small black
dots scattered over head and shoulders; about three very indistinct
darker -bands over nuchal region. Spinous dorsal yellowish with a
dusky stripe near the margin and some dusky punctulations at base.
soft dorsal with the alternating brown and yellowish bands of body
extending into the fin and forming the markings; caudal grayish with
indistinct yellowish vertical lines; some black dots on upper portion
of fin; anal yellowish, the distal half black in which color are small
scattered yellow dots; ventrals gravish, with a dusky wash on the pos-
terior portion of the interior; pectorals yellowish. slightly darker at base.

Type, No. 5779 in collection of Bureau of Science, from Bantayan
Island, P. I. Length, 58 millimeters. One specimen.

Amia griffini Seale, sp. nov.

Head 2.50 (including opercular flap) ; depth 2.25; eye 3.10 in head;
snout 4.50; interorbital space 4; dorsal VII, 19; anal II, 8; scales
2-26-7; lateral line complete; two rows of scales on cheeks; posterior
limb only of preopercle serrated. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary
ending under middle of eve; minute teeth in jaws. vomer and palatines;
gill rakers rather long and strong, 15 on lower arch; gill openings large,
being carried forward to below anterior third of eye.

Body oblong, compressed, the depth appearing greater than is usual
in members of this genus; depth of caudal peduncle 1.25 in its length.
Head deep and pointed, the profile almost straight; fins long, the soft

118 SEALE.

dorsal with the three anterior rays elongate, greater than length of
head; first dorsal spine very minute, the second 1.30 in eye, the third
and fourth the longest, 1.85 in head; origin of anal midway between
base of caudal and posterior margin of eye, its second spine equal to
width of orbit, its longest ray 1.75 in head; origin of ventrals on a line
with origin of first dorsal, its rays reaching anal spines, its length 1.30
in head; pectorals 1.50 in head.

General color in alcohol mars-brown; yellow on belly; margins of the
scales on sides above belly are shaded with minute brown dots. There
is a very indistinct indication of five or six narrow dark stripes on the
middle of the rows of scales anteriorly, scarcely to be distinguished in
the cotypes ; no marking on head; a brownish blotch on base of pectorals ;
a small black dot on base of caudal just above the lateral line, one of
the cotypes is without dot. Dorsal fin grayish, the spinous dorsal
slightly darker on margin; caudal yellowish, the margin grayish; anal
yellowish at base shading into grayish on outer half; ventrals yellowish,
their margins grayish; pectorals yellowish.

Type, No. 5701 in collection Bureau of Science, from Bantsyan
Island, P. I. Length, 125 millimeters. Cotypes, Nos. 5696 and 5698,
from same locality. Length, 124 and 135 millimeters.

Named in honor of Dr. L. E. Griffin, the collector.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Prate I,
Fic. 1. Cheetodon carens Seale.
2. Chetodon adiergastos Seale.

PiateE II.
Fie. 1. Amblygobius insignis Seale.
2. Amia griffini Seale.
96836——3 119

[Piu., Journ, Scr, Vou. V, No. 2.

SEALE: Four New Sprctns oF FIsHEs.]

Fig. 2.

PLATE }.

SEALE: Four New Species or Fistres.]

[Puin. Journ, Sct, Vou, V, No. 2.

FISHES OF BORNEO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR
NEW SPECIES.

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Section of Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Burcau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)

The following collection of fishes was secured by me at Sandakan,
British North Borneo, February 10 to 14, 1908. Of the one hundred
and seventeen species, ninety-one were common to Borneo and the Phil-
ippines. Twenty-six only were recorded from Borneo and not from the
Philippines. The method of measurement is the same as that used by
Jordan and Evermann.* The color markings recorded are all from
specimens which have been two years in alcohol.

Fanily CARCHARITDB. Sharks.
Charcharias borneensis Seale, sp. nov. Plate |.

Head 4; depth 5.1; eye 6.50 in head: snout but slightly less than
interorbital; middle of eve exactly midway between tip of snout and
second gill arch: no spicules: nostrils considerably nearer mouth than
to tip of snout; length of under jaw 1.60 in snout: width of mouth at
angle 1.25 in snout; five gill arches, the posterior ones above hase of
pectorals. Teeth all oblique in two rows at Jeast 34 on each side; all
with swollen bases; those of the upper jaw have one large sharp point
and three smaller points on the inncr side, the longest about one-third
the size of the large point: these graduate in size, both the large and
small points are denticulate. Each tooth of the under jaw consists of
a single, smooth, sharp point on a swollen base. IT was unable to detect
any denticulations on the lower teeth. (Sec Plate J, figs. 3 and 4).

The origin of the ventral ix located posteriorly to the pectorals hy a
distance one-third greater than the cye, the fin being midway between the
tip of snout and the middle of the hase of the second dorsal; height of
dorsal 1.50 in head, its base 1.75 in its height: origin of second dorsal
midway between tip of caudal and fourth gill opening; height of second

1 Ball. TS. Nat. Wus, (1896), 47, pt. 1, ix.
263

264 SEALE.

dorsal about cyual to its base; caudal with two notches, its length one-
third greater than head; a distinct pit at base of caudal both above and
below; origin of anal midway between origin of ventrals and origin of
caudal, being directly below the second dorsal; origin of ventrals midway
hetween under part of caudal and anterior gill opening; length of outer
margin of pectorals 1.10 in head, the inner margin 2.60 in outer, the
posterior margin concave.

Color iz alcohol uniform pale drab above, yellow below; fins uniform
with color.ag of body, vexcept the second dorsal which has its upper
two-thirds black.

This species in appearance resembles ('. dusswmicri (Val.), but the
location of the fins and the form of the teeth are different. This is also
true of C. aculus (Riippell) which it also resembles.

Type, No. 2720 in the collection of the Bureau of Science, from
Sandakan, Borneo. Length, 372 millimeters. |

Family DASYATIDA. Sting Rays.
Dasyatis kuhli (Miiller and Henle).

Color hiown above, with large round blue spots; belly yellowish-white.
No. 2503; disk 140 millimeters in diameter.

A common sting ray of Borneo, used as food; also found in the Philip-
pines.

Family CLUPIID.E. Herrings.
llisha xanthoptera J3leeker.

Head 4.25, measured to tip of upper jaw; eve 3.75; adipose evelid well
developed; snout 3.35; depth 3.85; scutes strong, 7 on gular region and
27 on belly, a total of 34; dorsal 17; anal +; villiform teeth on palatines
and minute teeth in each jaw; none on vomer. Origin of anal below
posterior rays of dorsal.

Color silver bluish from above; a dusky blotch dn upper anterior part
of opercle, and another posterior to upper portion of opercle; tip:of jaws
dusky. No. 2715; length, 370 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo, not recorded from the Philippines.

Fanily SYNODONTID 16. Lizard-fishes.
Saurida tumbil (Bleeker).

This specimen agrees with Bleeker’s* description and figure. It is
common in Borneo and used as food. It has not been recorded from the
Philippines. No. 2587; length, 195 millimeters.

? Atlas Ichthyologique (1866-1872), 6, 155, pl. 277, fig. 4.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 265

Family MURAENESOCIDAS. Eels.

Murezenesox cinereus (Forskal). z

Color drab-brown above, paler below. The lateral line very distinct ;
fins yellowish, the tips of dorsal and anal black, these fins becoming
entirely dusky near and at end of caudal. Snout long; teeth large, the
vomerine teeth with cusps on each side. Nos. 2498, 2500; length 490 to
556 millimeters.

A fish of considerable food importance in Borneo; also recorded from
the Philippines.

Family CYPRINIDAX. Minnows.

Barbus elongatus Seale, sp. nov. Plate II, fig. 1.

Head +: depth 3.1; dorsal 12; anal 8; scales 5-27 (to end of caudal
vertehia)—t: the lateral line curves down to a little below the median
line of sides, then up to middle of base of caudal; eye 3.75 in head;
snout 4; interorbital 2.70; maxillary scarcely reaching to anterior margin
of eye; two maxillary barbules on each side, the longest 2 in head;
pectorals about equal to head; ventrals 1.15 in head. No teeth except
pharyngeals which are 4-3-2, the larger ones slightly hooked and each
with a small shoulder.

Body oblong, compressed, the outline between origin of dorsal and
tip of snout somewhat gibbous and with a concave area above the eye;
caudal peduncle rather long and slim, its depth being 1.75 in its length;
origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and end of caudal vertebra,
the second large ray enlarged and serrated on its upper two-thirds; the
enlarged hard portion equal to distance from middle of eve to end of
opercles; origin of anal much nearer orizin of ventrals than the end of
caudal vertebra, longest anal ray 1.70 in head; origin of ventrals midway
between origin of anal and posterior margin of opercles; caudal deeply
emarginate, its length greater than head. Gill openings restricted,
ending on a line with angle of preopercle. Gill rakers small, rather
sharp pointed, about 9 on lower arch.

Body entirely covered with large smooth scales which have + to 8
striate lines; tubes of lateral line unbranched; ventral with axillary
scale ; scaly sheaths to dorsal and anal; head entirely naked.

Color silvery with a slight shade of yellowish; four round black spots
on middle line of sides, one at base of caudal, one at origin of lateral
line, two on the lateral line near the middle. A black spot at origin of
anal. Upper rays of dorsal, anal, and caudal, dusky.

This species is nearly related to Barbus iris Seale from Balabac Island,
from which it is easily distinguished by its more elongated form, long
eaudal peduncle, the more anterior location of the anal, and the less
distance between the anal and ventrals. This species also has a larger eye.

266 SEALE.

Type, No. 2566 in the collection of the Bureau of Science, from
Sandakan, Borneo. Length 80 millimeters.

Family SILURID-. Catfishes.

Arius sagor [lamilton.
Hecancnatichthys sundaicus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. (1862), 2, 26, pl. 62.

Blecker® gives an excellent figure of this species. It is easily
recognized by the banded appearance of the upper half of the body.
These bands extend down to, or slightly below, the single lateral line
and are evident even in specimens which have been long in alcohol.
The young do not show the banded markings.

There are four patches of tecth on the palatine, separated by inter-
spaces. The bony shield at base of dorsal xpine is separated from the
head shield. No. 2497: length, 340 millimeters; Nos. 2437, 2462 and
2518: length, 115 to 135 millimeters, young.

The species ix regarded as an excellent food-lish and ix common in
the market of Nandakan. It has not been reported from the Philippines.
Tachysurus venosus ((uvier and Valenciennes) .

Arius venosus Bleeker, Atlas Tehth. (1862), 2, 33, pl. 54, fig. 1.

(iravish with a silvery wash; the fins have a slightly darker shade:
under parts white. Nos. 2514 and Y625;5 length, 135 to 170 millimeters.

Characterized by an almost smooth head. ‘Two triangular shaped
areas of villiform teeth on the palate. .\ common food fish of Borneo.
This species is recorded hy Cuvier and Vallenciennes from Manila.
Arius argyropleuron (Kuhi and Van Hasselt}.

(irayish with a yellowish wash ; yellowish white below, No. 2682:
length, 145 millimeters.

Characterized by the ovate maxillary patch of granular teeth. the
elongate snout, and the dusky, adipose fin. A food fish of Borneo, not
reported from the Philippines.

Family PLOTOSIDJE. Sea (‘atfishes.
Plotus anguillaris (Bloch.).

Jolor dral-gray: three longitudinal white stripes on each side from
tip of head to tip of tail; fins all washed with slate-gray, darker at
extremities; chin, belly, and throat yellowish cream. Nos, 2683, 2446,
2677, 2655; length, 160 to 195 millimeters.

This species is regarded as a good fish, but owing to the stinging
wounds inflicted by its spines and because of its small size, it is not
often seen in the market. It is also common throughout the Philippines.

* Atl. Ichth. (1862), 2, pl. XIV.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 267

Family BELONID.E. Needlefishes.
Tylosurus strongylurus (Kuhl and Van TTasselt).

Head 2.60; eye 8 in’ postocular portion of head; origin of ventrals
midway between origin of pectorals and middle of base of anal. Nos.
2538 and 2696; length, 250 millimeters.

This species is easily distinguished by the round black spot on the
hase of the rays of caudal.

A food-fish of Borneo: also recorded from the Philippines.

Tylosurus anulatus (Cuv. and Val.).

Head 3, eve 2 in postorbital portion of head; origin of ventrals
midway between end of caudal vertebra and anterior margin of eve.

Color silvery, washed with brownish above; pectorals, dorsal, caudal,
and anterior part of anal, dusky. Nos. 2667 and 2718: length, 290 to
300 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo: also recorded from the Philippines.

Family EXOCCETID.1. Half-beaks and Flying-fishes.
Zenarchopterus buffonis Cuy. and Val.

Head 4: depth 6; eve 1.50 in postorbital portion of head: snout 2 in
head; interorbital space considerably greater than eve: dorsal 11, anal
12; origin of ventrals midway between tip of caudal and the posterior
margin of opercle. Prolonged portion of under jaw hevond the upper
3.75 in head. Length from posterior margin of opercle to tip of under
jaw much less than from posterior margin of opercle to end of caudal
vertebra. Nos. 2622, 2672, and 2699; length, 170 to 215 millimeters.

A small brackish-water fish, dried and sold for food in considerable
numbers in Borneo: also recorded from the Philippines.

Hemirhamphus gaimardi (Cuv. and Val.).

’ Head 4.25: depth 1.75 in head; exposed under jaw, beyond the upper,
1.75 in head; ventrals located midway between end of caudal vertebra
and anterior margin of eye: dorsal 146; anal 15; origin of dorsal very
slivhtly in advance of origin of anal; caudal forked.

Color silvery, bluish above; a blue and a silver line along the side; tip
of dorsal and posterior portion of caudal dusky. Nos. 2475, 2640, 2664
and 2666; length, 145 to 195 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.
Zenarchopterus dux Seale, sp. nov. Plate IJ, fig. 2.

Head, from tip of upper jaw. 4 to end of caudal vertebra; lower jaw,
beyond the upper, 3 to end of vertebra: posterior margin of opercle
midway between tip of lower jaw and end of caudal vertebra; dorsal 12:
anal 14, the 6th ray modified into an intromittent organ; scales in lateral
series 41, about 45 in lateral line, 6 in vertical sertes: eve 3.75 im head,

268 SEALE.

snout 3.1; width of exposed upper jaw equal to its length; origin of
anal midway beiween end of caudal vertebra and origin of ventrals, being
helow fifth dorsal ray; length of ventrals 2.50 in head; length of
pectorals 2.50 in licad; caudal truncate, its length equal to distance
from posterior end of upper jaw to end of opercle; body covered with
smooth deciduous scales.

Color yellowish w a a silver stripe along side which is bordered above
with dark green. A dusky wash on dorsal and ‘caudal, the anal with a
distinct dusky blotch anteriorily.

Type, No. 2679 in the collection of the Bureau of Science, from
Sandakan, Borneo. Length, 150 millimeters.

Family \THERINID.B. Silversides.

Atherina forskalii Rupp.

Head 3.50; depth 45 eve 2.30 in head; interorbital about equal to eve;
dorsal V-10; anal J, 12; scales 39 in lateral series from enlarged scale
above opercle.

Common in Borneo and the Philippines.

Family MUGILID.K. Maullets.

Mugil belanak Bleeker.

One specimen collected agrees with Bleeker’s * description and figure.

Color yellowish with a slight brownish wash above; scales with slightly
darker centers, giving an indistinctly striped appearance ; adipose eyelid
moderately developed; tip of maxillary exposed. Origin of spinous
dorsal about midway between tip of snout and end of caudal vertebra ;
origin of ventrals midway between origin of anal and notch of preorbital ;
origin of anal very sligthly in advance of origin of dorsal. No. 2481;
length, 175 millimeters.

An important food-fish of Borneo; not reported from the Philippines.
Liza czruleomaculatus (Lacépéde).

Color silvery, slightly bluish above; a black spot at upper axil of
pectorals; scales 38. Nos. 2559 and 2602; length, 120 millimeters.

A. common and valuable food-fish of Borneo ; also recorded from the
Philippines.

Family SPHYR.NIDJE. Barracudas.

Sphyrzena toxeusa Forster.

Head 3.30; depth 6.50; eye 5.50; interorbital 4.75; scales 115.

Dusky ce white below; all the fins more or fee stained with vray.
No, 2736; feneeth, 440 nfl inetens

A valuable food-fish of Borneo; not yet recorded from the Philippines.

‘Java, 4, 337.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 269

Family POLINEMID2E. 'Threadfins.

Polydactylus zophomus Jordan and Me(tregor,

Five pectoral appendages, the Jongest not extending beyond middle
of pectoral; posterior half of dorsal black; a black spot at origin of
lateral line; pectorals shaded with dusky punetulations; tip of ventrals
with a slight dusky wash; general color uniform silvery. Nos. 2448,
2624, 2658, and 26875; length, 90 to 100 millimeters.

It is possible that ?. zophomus Jordan & McGregor is another synonym
for P. plebetus (Broussonet).

Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw.

Four pectoral appendages, the longest of which extends to middle
length of ventrals; tips of fins, except ventrals, shaded with dusky.
Head 3.50; depth 3.75. General color silvery with slight brownish wash
above. No. 2489; length, 264 millinieters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Family SYNGNATHID.-E. Sea-horses.
Hippocampus kuda Bleeker.

A series of four specimens illustrates a considerable degree of variation
in this species due to age; thesolder specimens are much less spinate
than the young: a very decided change is seen in the coronet which in
the younger form is decidedly five-spined, but with advancing age the
front spines gradually atrophy, leaving a three-spined coronet.

The color varices from yellowish-white in young to almost black in
adult; usually some five black specks are discernible; all show a more
or less banded appearance of the snout. Nos. 2727, 2728, 2729, and
2730; length, 100 to 140 millimeters.

This species is common in Borneo, and also has been taken at numerous
points in the Philippines.

Hippocumpus barbourt described by Jordan and Richardson * from
Cuyo Island is doubtless this species.

Gasterotokeus biaculeatus Bloch.

Nog, 2731, 2732, 27353, 2734 and 2735; length, 205 millimeters.

This species is used to a considerable extent in China as medicine; it
is common in Borneo and all over the Philippines.

Family STROMATEID. Butterfishes or Pomfrets.”

Stromateus cinereus (Bloch.).

Head 3.50; depth 1.50, eye 3.50 in head; snout 1.25 in eye; inter-
orbital 2 in head. No ventrals. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal
elongate.

5 Bull. U. S. Bu. of Fisheries (1908), 27, 247.
®In Hongkong fishes of the family Stromateide@ are called pomirets.

270 SEALE.

Color dull yellowish, some small dusky dots on sides of head and chin.
Nos. 2439 and 2894; length 100 to 116 millimeters.
Used for food in Borneo; not yet recorded from the Philippines.

Family SCOMBRID.E. Mackerels.

Rastrelliger brachysomus (Bleeker).

Color dull bluish-grav above, silvery with a yellowish wash below;
posterior margin of dorsal dusky, fins otherwise uniform; round dusky
spots at base of dorsal. Nos, 2648, 2649 and 2695; length 190 to 200
millimeters.

This species is easily distinguished by its great depth (38 in length),
its long gill rakers which project into the mouth making it look “as if
full of feathers.” Scales below base of pectorals slightly the largest.
This species is well deseribed by Jordan and Dickerson."

A common food-fish of Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

Lactarius lactarius (Bloch and Schneider).

Head 2.85; depth cqual to head; eve 3.30 in head; dorsal VITI-I, 24;
anal IIT, 26: scales about 60; a row of small teeth im jaws with two or
three enlarged canines. Teeth on vomer and palatine.

Color silvery, a very distinct opereular spot. Dorsals grayish at tips.
No. 2610; length, 100 millincters.

Fanuly CARANGILD.E. Pampanos.
Caranx speciosus (Forskal).

This species is easily recognized by its yellow color, with the alternating
wide and narrow black bands over the body, the anterior one being
through the eye; the distinctness of these stripes scems to vary a great
deal, but they are never entirely absent. T have seen very old specimens
of 400 millimeters in length with the markings very distinet. Nos. 2458,
2465, and 2630; length, 85 to 250 millimeters.

Caranx sexfasciatus (Quoy and Gaimard).

Caranqus vhabdotius Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Bu. Fisheries (1903), 23, pl. 1, 193.
Carane semisonnus Fowler, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad. (1904), 12, 2d.
ser. 510, pl. 16.

Head 3.10; depth at origin of anal 2.55; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.50;
interorbital space 3.40; dorsal VITI-I, 21; anal IJ-I, 17: seales about 3”
in curved portions of lateral linc, and 30 seutes in the straight portion ; the
line becomes straight under the second soft ray of dorsal, the curved por-

7 Proc. ti N. Nat. Aus. (1908), 34, 603.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 271

tion is 1.40 in the straight, the depth of the curve is equal to the length of
snout; breast fully scaled. Adipose evelid covering the iris posteriorly,
very slightly developed anteriorly, cheeks scaled: opercles naked except on
upper portion. Maxillar ending on a tine with posterior margin. of
pupil, its length 2.10 i head. A single rew of small sharp tecth in each
jaw with some shght!y enlarged canines anteriorly, the upper jaw in
addition has bands of seliform teeth interiorly : teeth on vomer, palatine,
and tongue.

Color silvery, with golden reflections. The young have five dusky
vertical bands: tips of dorsals and caudal grayish, fins otherwise yellow.
A small opercular spot. Taner avil of pectorals dusky. Nos. 2469, 2488,
2567, and 2653. leneth, 66 to 260 millimeters.

An abundant food-lish of Borneo; also common in the Philppines.
Caranx brevis Bleeker.

Head + to end of scutes: depth 3: eve 3.50 in head, snout 3.50;
interorhital 3.50; manillary 2.80, ending on a line with anterior margin
of pupil, dorsal VIJI-I, 21; anal 1I-I, 17: 44 scutes in straight portion
of lateral line, the line strongly curved, becoming straight under origin of
soft dorsal; the curved portion 2.3 in the straight: depth of curve equal
to eve; depth of largest seute one-third less than width of eve. Breast
sealed: teeth small, in single series in cach jaw: villiform teeth on
vomer, palatine, and tongue.

Color grayish-hlue above, silvery with a yellowish wash below; a very
large and distinct opercular spot. Fins yellow, margin of soft dorsal
with a wash of grayish: spinous dorsal grayish. Nos. 2460, 2161, and
2646: length, 175 to 260 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.
Resembles (. megalaspix Bleeker, but the scutes are of much less depth.

Caranx ira (Cuvy, and Val.).

Head 3.50; depth 2.55; eye 3.30 in head; snout 3.10; interorbital
equals eve: maxillary 2.50, ending on a line with anterior margin of
pupil. Breast scaled; lateral line with low curve, becoming straight
under 9th dorsal ray; scutes 28, straight portion of line 1.25 in curved ;
depth of curve less than eve; dorsal VITI-I, 25; anal [I-I, 19. Teeth
of upper jaw in two series, those of lower jaw in single series, villiform
teeth on yomer, palatines, and tongue.

Color silvery with a bluish tint above. Fins all yellowish-white, except
oft dorsal, which has the lobe very black, with a white tip, a very char-
acteristic marking for the species. Nos. 2613 and 2738; length, 137
millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from Negros, Hoilo, and
Manila, Philippine Islands.

272 SEALE.

Citula armatus (Forskal).

Characterized by the peculiar shape, and the elongate ventral, dorsal,
and anal; the ventrals extend beyond caudal; the spinous dorsal is repre-
sented by six minute spines; scutes very ‘small.

Color silver, with indistinct dusky bands: a more distinct band extends
through the cye. No. 2545; length, 86 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

Scomberoides lysan (Forskaél).

These specimens are silvery with a bluish wash above; the fins
yellowish, the soft dorsal slightly grayish without distinct dusky blotch.
The species may be distinguished by the deep body, ihe short snout,
which is less than eye, and the long premaxillary, which is 1.50 in head,
ending posteriorly to eye.

Large specimens have the grayish blotches, like finger prints, 6-7 in
number, all above the lateral line, except the two anterior ones. Nos.
2459, 2484, and 2506; length, 178 to 300 millimeters.

\ food-fish of some importance in Borneo; also recorded from the
Philippines. This species affords excellent sport with rod and reel.

Family TRICHIURID-E. Cutlass-fishes.

Trichiurus haumela (J orskal).

Head, from tip of upper jaw 6.85; eye 5.35 in head; snout 2.90;
interorbital 2.50 in snout.

Color silvery, tip of dorsal dusky. Anterior anal spines not enlarged.
No. 2657; length, 33-£ millimeters.

A common food-fish at Sandakan; also found throughout the Phil-
ippines.

Fanily EQUULID.E. Slip-mouths.

Gazza minuta (Bloch).

Head 3; depth 2; eye 2.50, lateral line complete; breast naked; rather
strong canine teeth in jaws.

Color silvery, with more or less hronzy reflections ; some very indistinct
mottling showing on the hack in some specimens; axil of pectorals dusky ;
tip of dorsal with very slight trace of dusky color; fins yellowish-white.
Nos. 2569, 2605, 2650, 2658, and 2757; length, 87 to 110 millimeters.

Important as a food-fish hecause of its abundance. Found also in the
Philippines.

Equula ruconia (Hamilton). .

Head 3.75; depth 1.50; eye 2.50 in head; lateral line incomplete.
Color yellowish-brown above, with brownish bands and markings;
silvery below. Axil of pectoral dusky; some dusky dots on sides of

FISHES OF BORNEO. 273

thorax ; a dark line from orbit to chin; tip of dorsal with a slight trace of
dusky color. Nos. 2468, 2708, and 2781; length, 45 lo 50 millimeters.
Common food-fish of Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

Leiognathus blochii (uy. and Val.

Head 3; depth 2.1; eye 3 in head ; snout 3; interorbital about 3; dorsal
VIII, 16; anal IT1, 14: scales 35 to end of caudal vertebra. A small
spine in front of orbit, lower margin of preopercle serrated, mandible
moderately curved: length of median crest 2.60 in head, second dorsal
spine 2.50 in depth.

Color yellowish-brown ahove, silvery below: a black band around tip of
snout: a dusky blotch on shoulder at end of nuchal spine; numerous
vertical or undulating lines over back. Inner axil of pectoral black ;
some dusky coloring on inside of gill openings. Day 8 gives a good
figure of this species, although in our specimens the dusky saddle on
shoulder is not so distinct. Nos 2556, 2644, 2662, 2711, 2748, and
2756: length. 66 to 100 millimeters.

common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Leiognathus caballa (Cuv. and Val.).

Head 3; depth 1.55; eye 2.70 in head; dorsal VIIT, 16; anal III, 14;
second dorsal spine 2.80; breast naked ; lateral line complete; superorbital
edge serrated; nuchal spine 1.75 in head.

Color grayish-silvery above, with numerous fine vertical lines over back
down to near median line of sides; no black on the fins, which are
yellowish-white. Nos. 2463, 2515, 2520, and 2551; length, 7 to 110
millimeters.

Leiognathus edentulus Bloch and L. dussumieri Cuy. and Val. both
have the breast fully scaled and are probably synonymous; they certainly
are not the above species which has the breast. naked.

Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier).

Head 3.10; depth 1.75; vye ¥.50 in head; snout 3 in head; interorbital
2.60; first dorsal spine 2.50 in depth of fish; nuchal crest 1.85 in head ;
orbital serrated ; two distinct spines in front of eye on each side; breast
fully and distinctly scaled.

Color silvery, darker above, with some irregular vertical markings
scarcely showing, and entirely obsolete in some specimens. <A distinct
dusky blotch on upper portion of spinous dorsal. Avil of pectoral dusky ;
end of snout dusky; some dusky markings at tip of anal. Nos. 2543,
2690, 2737; length, 65 to 89 millimeters.

A food-fish of importance because very abundant. Also found through-
out the Philippines.

* Fishes of India (1878), 241, pl. 52, fig. 5.

274 SEALE.

Family APOGONICHTPHY IDE. Cardinal Fishes.
Amia hyalosoma Bleeker.

Color yellowish, a large black spot on base of anal: black between
anterior doisal spines. Nos. 2608 and 2629; length, 114 millimeters.
Too small to he of much importance as food. Common also in the
Philippines.
Amia quadrifasciata ((‘uv. and Val.).

Color yellowish, two or three brown stripes on upper half of body, the
lower stripe extending to tip of caudal fin; the arrangement of scales
on sides gives the appearance of ania bands. Nos, 2440, 2577, 2594,

596, 2636, 2676, 2745, 2768, and 2780; length, 57 to 88 millimeters.

Common in Borneo and the ae
Pseudoamia polystigma Blveker.

Color brownish, specked; a black spot on opercle with a short brown
line above it; two brown lines passing downward and backward [rom the
eye, Nos, 2580, 2595, 2663, and 2743; length 65 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also in the Philippines.

Amia ceramensis Bleeker.

Color yellowish, a black dot on hase of caudal: a narrow dusky line
along middle of side. Nos. 2456 and 2571; length, 67 to 69 millimeters.

Common in Borneo and the Philippines, but too small to be of
importance ax a food-fish.

Faudly AMBASSED.E. Climbing Perches.
Ambassis kopsi (Bleeker).

Color in alcohol yellowish-white with an indistinct silvery line down
the middle of side. Nos. 2476, 2510, 2544, 2592, 2568, 2753, and 2783:
length, 62 to 95 millineters.

Common in Borneo and in the Philippines; of no importance as food.
Priopis gymnocephalus Lacépade.

Nos, 2707 and 27243 length, 50 to 63 millineters,
Common in Borneo anil also in the Philippines. oo small to be of
importance as food.

Family SERRANID.B. | Sea-basses.
Psammoperca Ma lgiemels (Cuv. and Val.).

Similar to Lates caleniifer (Bloch), but without spines on lower border
of preopercle.

Color uniform dull brown, centers of scales slightly darker; fins like
holy, exeept pectorals and ventrals which are yellowish-white. The

FISHES OF BORNEO. 275

ventrals are slightly staimed with gray. No. 2617: leugih, 166 > milli-
meters.
A valuable food-fish of Borneo: also common in ‘the Philippines.

Lates calcarifer (Bloch).

Silvery-gray: fins gray; pectorals yellow. Strong spines on lower
margin of preopercle. No, 2490; length, 290 millimeters,
A valuable food-fish of Borneo; revorded also trom the Philippines.

Epinephelus sexfasciatus (uv. and Val.).

Color brownish, with dull yelowish and brownish spots; six darker
vertical bands down sides; tins grayish without distinet markings.
Ventrals darker at tips. No. 2098; length, 121 millimeters.

A valued food-fish of Borneo, also recorded from the Philippines.

Family LUTIANID.E. Snappers.
Lutianus erythropterus Bloch.

This species is easily distinguished by the white mark in the posterior
axil of the soft dorsal which is followed by a deep black area covering
the remainder of the top of caudal peduncle. No. 2900; length, 210
millimeters.

A common food-tish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Nemipterus upeneoides (Bleeker).

Head 3.45; depth 3.50,

Color yellowixh-white with silvery reflection; darker above; a round
dusky spot on the lateral line above middle of pectorals. No. 2516;
length, 130 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; not known from the Philippines.
Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal).

Color white, with longitudinal yellow stripes; a distinct black bloteh
on each side. Young specimens have a dusky stripe from eye to tip of
snout and on upper portion of preopercles. Fins yellowish. Nos. 2519,
2548, 2486, and 2739; length, 100 to 230 millimeters.

A common and valued food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the
Phihppines.

Lutianus vitta (Quoy and Gaimard).

Yellowish-white, with a distinct black line along the side from head to
caudal. No dusky shadings on dorsal. No. 2495+ length, 210 milli-
meters.

A food-fish of value in Borneo; also common in the Philippines.
98666——5

276 SEALE.

Family HASMULIDA. Grunts.

Spilotichthys pictus (Thunberg).

Our specimens show the complete transformation from the older
specimens on which round brownish spots cover the body and extend on
the dorsal and caudal, to the young specimens with dark longitudinal
bands which are just beginning to break up into rows of round spots.
Nos. 2491, 2467, 2604, 2643, and 2740; length, 120 to 210 millimeters.

This species during its various color changes may be distinguished by
the presence of only 10 dorsal spines.

A food-fish of importance in Borneo; also recorded from the Phil-
ippines.

Euelatichthys crassispinus (Rtippell).

Head 3; depth 2.1; dorsal spines 14.

Color dusky; the fins black without white margins or spots: pectorals
grayish-white. The center of each scale is lighter in color giving the
appearance of narrow light lines on sides. No. 2459; length, 175 milli-
meters.

A food-fish of value; also recorded from the Philippines.

Pristipoma hasta Bloch.

Color yellowish with a silvery wash; back and dorsal fins with black
spots. No, 2442 represents the form called P. negeb Riippell, probably
a color variation. Nos. 2479, 2635, 2442, and 2758; length, 81 to 210
millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Pristopoma therapon Bleeker.

Color silvery; a large oval black spot occupying a large portion of the
spinous dorsal, otherwise uniform in color. No. 2589; length, 80 milli-
meters,

A food-fish of value in Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Family THERAPONID.E. Therapons.
Scolopsis vosmaeri Bleeker,

Similar in every respect to- the figure given by Blecker.* Color
yellowish white; a white longitudinal stripe backward from origin of
lateral line; another white band over nuchal region. No. 2717; length,
156 millimeters.

An important food-fish of Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

“Atlas Ichthy, (1876-1877), 8, 8, pl. 61, fig. 5.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 277

Therapon quadrilineatus (Bloch).

Color silvery, with five longitudinal brown lincs on sides; caudal
unmarked ; a black blotch on spinous dorsal; grayish on anal; tip of soft
dorsal dusky. Nos, 2612, 2671, 2725, 2715, 2782, and 2792; length, 77
to 100 millimeters.

A common inshore food-fish of Borneo and the Philippines.

Therapon jarbua (Forsk§&l).

This common species is identical in every respect with the Philippine
form. It is characterized by the concave brown lines on sides, the
oblique bands on the caudal, and the dusky markings on the dorsal. No.
2615: length, 130 millimeters.

Therapon puta (Cuy. and Val.).

Characterized by the elongate teeth of the preopercle; four straight
brown lines on body; oblique brown lines on caudal, the central line of
which is straight, being a prolongation of the median brown line of the
body.; dorsals with dusky markings. Nos. 2524, 2528, 2529, 2530, 2531,
and 2749; length, 78 to 100 millimeters.

.\ common inshore food-fish of Borneo and the Philippines.

Family SPARID. Porgies.
Sparus calamara Russell.

Color yellowish; centers of scales darker; dorsals, caudal, anal, and
ventrals, with dusky tips. No. 2499; length, 200 millimeters.

A food-fish of importance in Borneo; also recorded from the Phil-
ippines.
Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker.

Similar to specimens from the Philippines. Color dull brownish,
indistinctly mottled with greenish; a dusky spot between pectoral fin
and lateral line. Nos. 2438, 2558, 2582, 2679, and 2742; length, 80 to
120 millimeters.

An excellent food-fish; also found in the Philippines.

Family GERRIDAS. Mogarras.

Zystzema punctatum (Cuv. and Val.).

Head 3; depth 2.40; eye 2.50 in head.

Color silvery below, with a wash of yellowish; brown above. Some
very indistinct darker bands or spots over back. ‘This species is char-
acterized by the elongate second dorsal spine, which in our specimens
equals the head. Nos. 2451, 2564, and 2588; length, 75 to 92 milli-
meters.

A common food-fish of Borneo, also recorded from the Philippines.

278 SEALE.

Xystzema kapas (Bleeker).

This species has the third anal spine considerably longer than the
second; however, the latter is the strongest. Head 5.1; depth 2.35; eye
2.75 in head; snout 4.

Color dull light brown above, silvery below; fins yellowith. No. 253
length, 87 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; alyo found in the Philippines.
Xystzema oyena (!urskal).

IIvad 3.1; depth 2.1; eye 2.55 in head; snout 3.50; interorbital 2.75:
second dorsal spine 2.50 in depth; the third anal spine is the longest,
but the second is the strongest.

Color yellowish-white, margin of spinous dorsal «dusky, tip of caudal
with an indistinct dusky shade.” No. 2609; length, 105 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Xystzema lucidus (Cuy. and Val.).

Head 3.1; depth 2.30; eye 2.50; snout +; interorbital 3; second dorsal
spine 2.20 in depth; sccond anal xpine longer and stronger than the third.

Color yellowish, slightly darker above with 4 or 5 wide distinct darker
bands over back, tip of dorsal black. No. 2583; length, 92 millimeters.

A food-fish of but little importance in Borneo; not recorded from the
Philippines.

Xystzma abbreviatus (Bleeker).

Depth about 2-in length; eye 2.50 in head (measured with jaws not
projected), pectorals extending well along the base of anal.

Color silvery: centers of scales slightly darker: tip of dorsal dusky.
Nox. 2478 and 2412; length, 114 to 185 millimeters.

A. food-fish of importance in Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

Family MULLID.E. Goat-fishes.
Upeneoides tragula (Richardson).

I have examined several hundred specimens of this species, and they
are without exception distinctly speckled with black, with a distinct
black line along each side, the anterior dorsal is very largely dusky, the
caudal is always distinctly marked with oblique lines: the ventrals and
anal are marke with two or three dusky lines. These, aside from
structural differences, make the species very easily recognized. Nos.
2435, 2545, 2555, and 26163; length, 110 to 155 millimeters.

A food-fich of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal).

Color dull silvery-brownish ; a yellow line on sides; tip of dorsal black,
a black line through the middle of fin, another through base of fin; soft

FISHES OF BORNEO. 290)

dorsal with three dusky bands; eaudal with oblique dusky bands. Belly
vellow; anal, ventrals, and pectorals unmarked. Nos, 2554 and 20145
length, 105 to 140 millimeters.

This is a shorter, deeper fish than fragula (Richardson) and is
without black dots.

A food-tish of some importance; also recorded from the Philippines.

Upeneoides sulphureus (Cuv. and Val).

This species in form and markings somewhat resembles (. vittalus
(Forskal). Tlowever, it has the caudal uniform or with a single dusky
line at the margin of the lower lobe: the actual tip of the lower caudal
lobe is white; dorsals barred with dusky: ventrals, pectorals and anal
yellow, without markings. No. 2633; length, 120 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo; also common in the Philippines.

Upeneoides luzonius (Jordan and Seale),

An indistinct dusky saddle over back, just behind soft dorsal; a dusky
longitudinal line from cye to caudal: dorsals scarcely marked; caudal
with rather fine oblique dusky bars, 7 on lower lobe. Nos. 2447, 2517,
2595, 272, 2579. 2618, and 2632; length, 90 to 136 millimeters.

This species was originally described from the Philippines,
Family SCLLENIDIE. Croakers.
Umbrina russelli (uv. and Val.

Sulvery, a dusky band over shoulders: a dusky blotch on opereles;
anterior dorsal dusky; a short barbule; no enlarged canines. No. 2552;
length, 103 millimeters.

Common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.
Otolithus maculatus (Kull and Van Hasselt).

Color silvery, the upper portion of body with sume scattered spots;
our specimens show some indistinct markings on soft dorsal fin. No.
2495; length, 260 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo; not recorded from the Philippines.
Pseudoscizena diacanthus (Lacépéde).

Color grayish-silverv with numerous brown spots over body and fins;
pectorals, ventrals, and anal of a uniform dusky color. No. 2654;
length, 165 millimeters.

An important food-fish of Borneo; not recorded from the Philippines.
Johnius borneensis (Bleecker).

Color silvery; tips of dorsals eravish: caudal grayish, an indistinct
dusky spot on opercles, No. 2509; length, 205 millimeters.

A food-fish of Bornco: not recorded from the Philippines.

280 SEALE.

Johnius vogleri Bleeker.

Color dull yellowish with slight silvery reflections; centers of rows of
scales darker; a slight wash of grayish on spinous dorsal. No. 2445;
length, 190 millimeters.

A food-fish of considerable importance in Borneo; not recorded from
the Philippines.

Pseudoscizena anea (Bloch).

Color silvery; fins yellowish-white; jaws almost equal, teeth strong.

Head 2.85; depth 3; eye 4.25 in lead; dorsal X-I, 24; anal II, 7;
scales about 43; rather strong, curved tveth in each jaw; upper jaw with
an inner row of small teeth, none on vomer, palatine, or tongue. No.
2452; length, 105 millimeters; No. 2512; length, 135 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Otolithus dolorosus Seale, sp. nov. Plate III.

Head 3.75; depth 5; scales 54 in lateral line, 11 between lateral line
and base of anal, 11 between origin of dorsal and lateral line; dorsal NI,
25; anal II, 7; eye 6.20; snout 4.15; interorbital 5; maxillary 2.50; its
posterior margin ending under anterior margin of pupil: cheeks and
opercles scaled, the opercle with a single flat spine; jaws with small
sharp teeth in two or more rows, the outer row slightly enlarged with
about 4 enlarged curved canines anteriorly on each jaw; no teeth on
vomer, palatine, or tongue; gill rakers rather strong, not very sharp, the
longest about equal to diameter of pupil, about 14 on lower arch.

Body oblong, slightly compressed; lower jaw projecting; length of
caudal peduncle (measured to a line with posterior axil of anal) greater
than depth of body, and almost equal to head; depth of caudal peduncle
3 in its length; longest dorsal ray 1.75 in head; the two dorsals not
separated; origin of anal midway between base of caudal and axil of
ventrals, under the seventh dorsal ray. First anal spine minute, the
second about two-thirds the length of second anal ray; the origin of the
ventral considerably nearer the tip of lower jaw than to origin of anal;
length of ventrals about 1.40 in head; pectorals 1.30 in head; caudal
1.15 in head; scales of body in oblique rows, those of lateral line enlarged,
arborescent.

Color uniform silvery, with more or lexs distinct narrow black lines
following the rows of scales above the lateral line, tip of dorsal and
caudal dusky; axil of pectorals dusky.

This species somewhat resembles O. urgenteus (Kuhl and Van
Hasselt), but has much smaller teeth and the location of the fins is
decidedly different, the origin of anal being much nearer the base of
caudal in O. argenteus. ‘

Type, No. 2485 in the collection of the Bureau of Science, from Nan-
dakan, Borneo. Length, 300 millimeters.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 281

Otolithus orientalis Seale, sp. nov. Plate IV.

Head 3.20; depth 4.1; dorsal XT, 28 3 anal 2.7; scales 51 in Jateral
line, 7 between origin of anal and lateral line, 6 between origin of dorsal
and lateral line; cye 5.45 in head; snout 4.15; manillary 2.15 ending
on a line with posterior margin of pupil; interorbital equal to snout;
lower jaw slightly projecting, teeth of upper jaw small, sharp, in two
or more rows, those of lower jaw similar but in a single row on each side,
two very large curved canines in each jaw anteriorly. No teeth on
vomer, palatine, or tongue. Gill rakers short, not very sharp, about 12
on lower arch, the longest svarcely equal to pupil.

Body oblong, slightly compressed, the dorsals not completely divided ;
longest dorsal spine 2 in head; length of caudal peduncle (measured to
angle of anal) about 1.35 in head, being slightly less than ‘depth of
fish ; its depth 3 in its length. Origin of anal very much nearer to end
of caudal vertebra than to axil of pectoral, being under the middle of
soft dorsal; second anal spine very short, less than one-third of first
ray. Origin of ventrals nearer tip of snout than to anal pore; length of
ventrals 1.75 in head; pectorals 1.50 in head; caudal 1.75.

Color uniform silvery with a slight yellowish wash above and with
indistinct dusky lines following the rows of scales which run obliquely, the
lines extending to below the lateral line; dorsals and caudal tipped with
grayish, a grayish spot in axil of pectoral.

Characterized by the posterior position of anal and ventral, the number
of scales, and the teeth.

Type. No. 2744 in the collection of the Bureau of Science, from
Sandakan, Borneo. Length, 235 millimeters.

Family SILLAGINID.1. Kisugos.
Sillago sihama (Forskal).

Head 3.45; depth 5; eye 4 in head.

(‘olor dull yellowish; a silvery stripe along side, which scarcely shows.
Tip of dorsal dusky. Nos. 2492, 2755, and 2769; length, 120 to 220
millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo; also found in the Philippines.

Family LABRIDAS. Urasse-fishes.

Cheerodon oligacanthus (Bleeker).

Color greenish, a black spot under sixth dorsal spine; just behind and
above this is a large whitish area, scarcely showing in some specimens;
some indistinct bluish loieitudinal streaks on sides, most distinct
anteriorly ; the young specimens show, in addition, a black spot below and
slightly posterior to axil of soft dorsal; the young also may have an
additional blackish blotch midway between these black spots (see No.
2455). The ventrals are quite long, reaching to the soft rays of anal.

o>

PR? SEALE.

Nos. 2155, 2480, 2ES2, 2505, 2525, and 2621; length, 110 to 270 milli-
meters.
A valued food-fish of Borneo: also recorded fron the Philippines.

Family TONOTID. I. Ring-fishes.
Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas).

Nos, 2475 and 2611; length, 89 to 125 millimeters.

Common in the streams of Borneo; also in the Philippines. Not
highly esteemed as food.

Family SCATOPHAGID.#. — Witings.
Scatophagus argus (Gmelin).

Color yellowish-white with a bluish wash. The entire fish, except
under parts, covered with numerous round bluish spots. The young are
similar but have larger spots. Nos. 2549 and 2%7223 length, 75 to 120
millimeters.

An important and exccllent food-fish in Borneo; also recorded in the
Philippines.

Family DREPANID.&. Eastern Spade-fishes.
Drepane punctata (Gmelin).

Color silvery, with about ten vertical rows of dots over the back and
downward to median linc or a little below on sides; a black spot in axil
of pectoral; ventral dusky at tip. Nos. 2507 and 2581; length, 100 to
165 millimeters.

A food-fish of value; also recorded from numerous places in the
Philippines.

Fanuly EPHIPPID.E. Ephippids.
Ephippus orbis (Bloch).

Head 3.15; depth 1.20; three anterior dorsal spines elongate.

Color silvery; very indistinct indications of about four wide dusky
bands on back and sides, more distinc! in young specimens; pectoral and
caudal yellowish ; other fins with a grayish tinge. Nos. 2474 and 2626;
length, 104 millimeters.

A rare fish in Borneo; not yet recorded from the Philippines. but
reported from Formosa,

Family SCORPIDID.B. Seorpids.
Monodactylus argentus (Linnwus),

Color silvery: a black orbital band; an additional band at posterior
margin of opercles; caudal and pectorals yellow, dorsal and anal grayish,
ventrals represented hy small spines. No. 2750; length, 60 millimeters.

A valuable food-fish of, Borneo; also recorded from numerous places
in the Philippines.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 283

Family PLAT ACID. Leaf-fishes.
Platax orbicularis (lorskiil).

Dusky, with black ocular band, another band across posterior portion
of opereles; two short bands across caudal peduncle ; caudal and pectorals
yellowish; other fins grayish, becoming black at tips. Nos. 2477 and
2689: length, 95 to 100 millimeters.

Not of much importance as a food in Borneo; common in the Phil-
ippines.

Family CHAETODON TID... Butterfly-fishes.

Chzetodon occellatus Bleeker.

Color vellowish with five brown bands: the anterior one darkest and
forming the ocular band. The upper portion of the third band has a
round black spot at the base of soft dorsal. The fourth is on the margin
of dorsal and anal fins. This band has white margins on the caudal
peduncle. No. 2575; length, 65 millimeters.

Of no importance as a food-fish; recorded also froin one locality in
the Philippines.

Family HEPATID.1. Tangs.
Hepatus matoides (('uy. and Val.).

Color dull brownish; a gray ring around base of caudal; dorsal and
anal black; ventrals black at tips; pectorals yellowish, caudal grayish
at base and on upper and lower margins, darker in center. No, 2721;
length, 130 millimeters. :

A food-fish of considerable value; also recorded from the Philippines.

Family SIGANID.E. Siganids.
Siganus vermiculatus Kuhl and Van Hasselt.

Head +; depth 2; eye 3.50.

Color dull brown, with numerous vermiculating blue lines. No. 2684;
length, 226 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo, not greatly prized; also found in the
Philippines, where it is extensively used in the manufacture of bagory,
a native sauce.

Siganus javus (lLinneus).

Head 3.90; depth 2.10; eye 3.10 in head.

Color dull brown above, with blue dots which become larger and form
longitudinal lines on the lower half of body. The blue color really
predominates below and gives the appearance of brownish longitudinal
lines on a bluish background. Nos. 2454 and 2513; length, 118 to 190

millimeters.
A common food-fish of Borneo; also common in the Philippines.

Y84 SEALE.

Siganus albopunctatus (Temminck and Schlegel).

Head 3.1; depth 2.50; eye 3.35 in head.

Color pale brownish above, bluish below; body covered with small
blue dots, considerably less than interspaces; yellowish-brown spots on
the shoulders. No. 2470; length, 222 millimeters.

A common food-fish of Borneo ; also recorded from the Philippines.

Siganus hexagonata Bleeker.

Head 3.75; depth 2; eye 3 in head.

Color bluish, with brownish hexagonal spots larger than the inter-
spaces. The young show scarcely any marking after being in alcohol a
short time. No. 2488; length, 235 millimeters; Nos. 2436 and 2685;
length, 100 millimeters.

.\ common food-fish of Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines.

Siganus fucescens (Houttuyn).

Head 3.65; depth 2.45; eye 3.1.

Color dull bluish with some indistinct darker spots. Nos. 2561 and
54; length, 50 to 90 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also in the Philippines.

Family TRIACANTHIDLE. Three-spines.
Triacanthus blochi Bleeker.

Head 3.10; depth 2.80; eye slightly greater than interorbital, 3.10 in
head ; snout 1.3 in head.

Color silvery, with yellowish blotches on sides. Nos. 2598, 2599, 2619,
2688, and 2793; length, 65 to 110 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines. Not used
as food unless skinned immediately after death.

Family MONOCANTHIDAN. One-spines.

" Monocanthus chinensis (Bloch).

Color dull yellowish-brown, covered with numerous small black spots;
caudal barred with dusky. Easily distinguished by the very elongate
ventral fin. Nos. 2532, 2661, 2677, 2723, and 2748; length, 70 to 150
millimeters.

Common in Borneo, also in the Philippines, but not used as food as
it is reputed poisonous.

Family TETRAODONTIDA. Puffers, ‘Poison-fishes.

Tetraodon immaculatus (Bloch and Schneider) .

In the series before me the young are colored and marked the same
as the adult, all being dull brown above and yellowish-white below; with
four or five longitudinal lines down the back. Only one specimen, No.

FISHES OF BORNEO. 28h

784, shows many lines on the belly. Nos. 2502, 2710, 2774, 2777, and
TS4; length, 14 to 184 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also in the Philippines. Regarded everywhere
as poisonous.

2
2

Tetraodon fluviatilis (Hamilton).

Characterized by the large round black spots which cover the body;
belly vellowish-white; vaudal distinctly barred with black. Nog. 2527,
2600, 2601, 2628, 2OSO, 2681, and 27713 length, 45 to 110 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; also recorded from the Philippines. Regarded
as poisonous.

Spheroides lunaris (Bloch).

Depth about 3; eye 3.10. Color silvery; a slight dusky wash on back.
Nos. 2560, 2656, 2677, and 2691; length, 90 to 150 millimeters.
Common in Borneo; also in the Philippines. Poisonous.

Family GOBIIDAS. Gobies.

Rhinogobius caninus (Cuv. and Val.).

The most distinctive color marking of this fish is the blue-black spot
just above, and on a line with, the posterior margin of opercles. There
are also about five dusky blotches along sides, alternating with the
dusky bands over back; fins more or less grayish; ventrals darker. The
males usually have the anterior dorsal spines elongate. Nos. 2443, 2457,
2522, 2550, 2591, 2620, 2623, 2631, 2642, 2674, 2718, 2746, and 2778;
length, 75 to 120 millimeters.

Common in Borneo, also in the Philippines. It is of no importance
commercially.

Oxyurichthus cristatus (Day).

Our specimen corresponds perfectly with the description and figure
given by Day.° No, 2765; length, 95 millimeters.
Common in Borneo and the Philippines.

Rhinogobius nebulosus (Forskal).

The mottlings on this specimen are not so distinct as on our Philippine
specimens, but this is probably due to methods of preservation. No.
2767: length, 75 millimeters.

Gnatholipis callurus Jordan and Seale.

Our specimens from Borneo are identical with the cotype of this species
from the Philippines, except number 2593, which seems to have a slightly
sharper profile and may be a different species. Nos. 2453, 2586, 2593,
2694, and 2787; length, 50 millimeters.

°° Fishes of India (1878), 291, pl. 62, fig. 8.

2RG SEALE.

Glossogobius aglestes Jordan and Seale.

These specimens have the large mouth and the color markings of the
Philippine cotypes of this species, although an examination of a good
series may show specific differences. Our specimens are in poor condition.
Nos. 2701, 2707, and 2712; length, 85 millimeters.

Family SCORP.ENID A. Scorpian-fishes.
Gennadius stoliczz (Day).

Color pale yellowish, mottled with brownish; fins barred with brown ;
no cranial spines. No. 2606; length, 110 millimeters.
Not common; recorded from the Philippines.

Prosopodasys trachinordes (Cuy. and Val.).

Dorsal ITT, 12, 4, anal ITI, 3.

Color yellowish, mottled with brownish specks; fins barred with dark
brown. Nos. 2472, 2538, 2693, 270%, 2709, 2762, 2763, 2775, and 2791;
length, 48 to 62 millimeters.

Not recorded from the Philippines, and differing chiefly from Philip-
pine species of this genus in the number of spines.

Polycaulus elongatus (Cav. and Val.).

These specimens agree with Day's description and figure,** which he
states are identical with Bloch and Nclineiders type examined by him,
Nos. 2534, 2741, and 2779; length, 60 to 85 millimeters.

Not reported from the Philippines.

Family PLATYCEPHALID.E. Flatheads.
Thysanophrys tentaculatus (Riippell).

Color clove-brown, without distinct bands over }ack, all the fins more
or less mottled with brownish; anal and ventrals tipped with brownish ;
however, the ventrals are fully colored above. Tentacles of eye very
distinct, the spines at angle of opercles very short, about equal to width
of nostril. Head with few low spines. No. 2496: length, 315 milli-
meters.

This species is common at Sandakan; it has also been recorded from
(‘uyo, Philippine Islands. It is esteemed as a food-fish.

Platycephalus indicus (Linnzus).

Pale sepia above, yellowish-white below ; rays of the dorsals barred with
brown; a dark median line on middle of caudal fin with converging dark
lines from the upper and lower portions of the fin, meeting the median
line at its extremity; four or five brown dots on the upper ray of caudal.

“ Fishes of India (1878), 164. pl. 39, fix. 6,

FISHES OF BORNEO. PST

The entire body has a more or less finely reticulated appearance. No.
2501; length, 160 millimeters.

A food-fish of small value. This species has been reported from
numerous places in the Philippines.
Thysanophrys bobossok (Bleeker).

Brownish, with darker bands over back; sides of head with four dark
vertical stripes about as wide as interspaces ; caudal banded with brownish
and white; spinous dorsal with a large dusky bloteh; second dorsal ravs
banded with brown: anal yellowish-white, some dusky spots on margin;
pectorals and ventrals with brownish markings. Lateral line with small
spines anteriorly : preopercular spine 7 in head. Nos. 250-4, 2473, 265%,
2678. 2TO4, 2714, and 2772; lenyth, 77 to 155 millimeters.

A very common species but not large enough to be of importance for
food. It has not yet been recorded from the Philippines.

Thysanophrys scaber (Linneus).

Grayish-brown, with some very indistinct dusky bands over back;
ventrals and anals with dusky tips; spinous dorsal and caudal each with
a dusky blotch; soft dorsal and pectorals barred with brown. Character-
ized by the lateral line having spines extending its entire length. Nos.
2449, 2641, and 2665: length, 150 to 180 millimeters.

A common species in Bornes, but not yet reported from the Philippines.

Our specimens differed from the figure given hy Bleeker ** in having
the lower and posterior half of caudal taken up hy a large dull dusky
blotch, the brown bars showing only on the upper portion of the fin.
It may be different.

Family PLECRONECTIDUE. Flounders.

Microbuglossus humilis (Cantor).

Color dull brown, with numerous fine dusky spots: a row of larger
round black spots near bases of fins. Nos. 2565, 2570, 2576, 2697, 2704,
and 2766; length, 60 to 70 millimeters.

Not recorded from the Philippines.

Pseudorhombus javanicus Hamilton.

Color dull brown, with slightly darker blotches and spots; two dark
spots on lateral line, one of which has scarcely a trace of an angle above
the nostrils, the other has it quite distinct. Nos. 2466 and 2471; length,
155 to 175 millineters.

It is probable that Jordan and Richardson ' were wrong in regarding
P. polyspilus collected by Doctor Lung in Cavite asx belonging to this
species.

' Atlas Ieththy. (7) 9, pl. 419, fig. 5.
BBall. U.S. Bur, Pisherics (1907), 37, 281.

288 SEALE.

Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker).

Head +; depth 4.

General color dull yellowish-white; the fins darker posteriorly. No.
2659; length, 150 millimeters.

Common in Borneo; not recorded from the Philippines.

Cynoglossus kapwasensis Fowler.
Nos. 2461 and 2670; length, 95 millimeters. These specimens seem

to correspond with -the description and figure given by Fowler.1* His
specimens came from Western Borneo.

Cynoglossus macrolepidotus Bleeker.

I refer this to the above species with considerable doubt, as our
specimens seem to be of less depth, 5.50 in total length to tip of caudal.
The head is 5.1, two lateral lines on left side, scales large. No. 2510;
length, 210 millimeters.

A food-fish of Borneo of considerable importance; also recorded from
the Philippines.

“ Proc. Phil. Acad. Set. (1905), July, 519.

Fic,

Fie.

As
. Ventral surface of head.
. Upper tooth.
. Lower tooth.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Prate I.

Charcharias borneensis Seale, sp. nov,

Puate II.

. Barbus elongatus Seale, sp. nov.
. Zenarchopterus dux Seale, sp. nov.

Prarie TLL

Otolithus dolorosus Seale, sp. nov.

PuaTe lV.

Otolithus orientalis Seale, sp. nov.

289

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SEALE: FISHES oF BORNEO ] [PHIL. JourN. Scr., Vou. V, No. 4.

Fig. 2.

PLATE Il.

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FISHES OF BORNEO. ]

SEALE:

PLATE Iv.

THE PHILLPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

A. GENERAL SCIENCE

VOne IW NOVEMBER, 1909 No. 6

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Section of fisheries, Biologwal Laboratory, Burrau of Setence,
Manila, I. I.)

The present paper is based on the study of about ten thousand speci-
mens of fishes collected in the Philippine Islands hy the author and his
native assistants, C. Canonizado and Datto All, during 1907 and
1908. The collections were made in almost all the important islands of
the Archipelago. All of the specimens were taken to Stanford University
and compared with the material in the collection of that institution which
included a number of types. All types mentioned in this paper are in
the ichthyological collection, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.

1 take this opportunity to thank President David Starr Jordan for
valuable suggestions in regard to the work.

Family MURLENID.E. The Morays.

Gymnothorax indong‘ Seale, sp. nov. | Indong-indong.]

2 Head 3.50 in body to anal pore; tail is longer than the body by a
distance equal to about two-thirds of head; eye 2 in snout; snout 5 in
head : interorbital space equal to eye. Mouth large, the jaws not closing
completely, mandible 1.70 in head; gape %. Teeth strong and saber-like,

1Indong is a Morv name for Morays.

2 All comparative measurements in this paper are taken in the length from
tip of snout to end of last caudal vertebra, and the head is meusured to posterior
edge of hard operculum and eacluding the membraneous oper cular flap. Seale
count is to end of caudal vertebra. the vertical series being counted at origin of
anal, unless otherwise stated.

91701 49)

49 SEALE.

in a single series Jn cach jaw. Three large inedian canines anteriorly,
no teeth on shafts of vomer except a few small ones at its extreme posterior
end. Posterior nostrils consisting of a large round pore situated just
above the anterior half of iris, anterior nostrils consisting of two tubes
at extrenmty of snout, their length about two-thirds of eve. Between
the nostrils, the skin on sides of snout has a loose fold capable of dilata-
tion. Dorsal fin is low, beginning slightly anterior to gill opening,
which is of moderate siz, being about equal to eye. Origin of anal fin
at anal pore, fins are low, the dorsal the highest, its longest ravs being
almost equal to snout. The fins are continuous around caudal.

Color in life, mown with irregular-shaped black blotches, which assume
the form of irregular, broken vertical bands slightly Jess than inter-
spaces. Head has a distinct clongate white mark between cve and gape
of mouth, this white stripe penetrates the lower portion of a large
blackish blotch bordering the posterior portion of eve: another short
white stripe from anterior border of eve to middle of manillary. .\ black
blotch in angle of jaws which is bordered anteriorly by an elongate white
stripe on the mandible. .\ dusky area crossing near the posterior portion
of lower jaws, this area with a white median line. Throat crossed with
narrow white lines, pores of jaws white, the fins are barred with black.

Color im alcohol similar but slightly faded.

Type is No. $445, a specimen from Zamboanga. Mindanao, P. L, 16
June, 1908, Length, 385 millimeters.

Gymnothorax samalensis Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.80 in body; body is shorter than tail by a distance equal to
under jaw: gape of mouth 2.70 in head; snout 6.75 in head; eve 1.25
in snout; interorbital spacc, measured to include soft portion, is equal
to eve; posterior nostrils round, pore-like: openings of nostril just above
eye; anterior nostrils consisting of two rather long tubes at end of snout,
their length about two-thirds of eye. Teeth of upper jaw in a single
series except in front where there are several enlarged canines, four
enlarged depressible ones in the median line: vomerine series single,
about 10 in number, short and rounded. Teeth on lower jaw in a single
series except in front, where there are about five or six enlarged depres-
sible canines on each side. Origin of dorsal, a distance equal to length
of snout in front of gill openings. Origin of anal directly back of
anal pore, the fins of moderate length.

Color in alcohol brownish with indistinct darker cross-bands, more
numerous and distinct on posterior of tail, almost obliterated anteriorly ;
belly and throat yellowish. A distinct white blotch on lower jaw just
in front of angle. .\ white spot on upper jaw below eve and another
halfway between eye and tip of snout; these form rings around the mucous
pores. Three similar white spots on lower jaw. Top of head and snout

NEW SPECIES OF VILILIPPINE FISHES. 498

brown, the color fusing gradually with the yellowish of the under jaw
and throat.

Type is No. 38781 from Samal Island, Gulf of Davao, Mindanao, P. I.,
1 May, 1908. Length, 220 millimeters.

Fanily OPHICHTHYID.E.
Jenkinsella oliveri Scale, sp. nov.

Head 5.10 in body; body 1.80 in tail; gape 1.75 in head; snout 5.75 in
head ; eye 1.75 in snout; intcrorbital space about equal to eye; upper jaw
projecting beyond lower by a distance equal to eye; upper lip well fringed ;
mouth large; mandible 2.50 in head. Teeth in lower jaw in two rows,
short sharp teeth, no canines. Teeth of upper jaw in two rows on sides,
the inner row being larger and depressible; vomerine teeth in two series,
uniting posteriorly into one; a patch of 8 or 10 sharp tecth at tip of
upper jaw; no canines; posterior nostrils with an inflated membraneous
opening more or less fringed. Their location midway between eye and
anterior nostril; the anterior nostril is tube-shaped, near end of snout,
length about two-thirds length of eve. Several distinct pores on head,
one just above and in front of eve, another on middle posterior portion.
of interorbital space. Origin of dorsal fin about the length of pectorals
in front of the gill openings and extending to tip of caudal, its longest
rays slightly more than half depth of body, pectorals 3.30 im head.
Origin of anal directly behind anal pore, it extends to tip of caudal,
no caudal fin.

Color, light yellowish brown above, yellow below median line, belly
whitish, sides finely punctulate with minute black specks, throat white,
top of head brown, these two colors uniting in a sharp line on the middle
of side of head, vxtending from angle of fins to gill openings; tip of
snout and anterior portion of dorsal darker.

Type is No. 4299 from Zamboanga, Mindanao, |’ I., 2 June, 1908:
Length, 360 millimeters.

Moringua cagayana Seale, sp. nov.

Head 8.75 in body to anal opening, the caudal being just one-third
of total length from tip of snout to tip of caudal; angle of mouth 4.50
in head; snout 8; eye 2.25 in snout: interorbital 1.10 in snout; pectorals
equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior of eve. Origin of dorsal
fin posterior to vent by a distance equal to the length from tip of snout
to tip of pectorals, its origin being over the anterior third of anal, the
fin is then high and distinct for about this same distance when it becomes
atrophied, reappearing again near tip of tail to form part of the paddle-
shaped end of caudal. The anal fin is similar to dorsal but its origin
is nearer the anal pore. Both the anal and dorsal widen at the end of
tail and unite with caudal forming a wide paddle or fin-like end to the

444 SEALE.

fish, the caudal is lunate, its length equal to upper jaw. .\ single row
of rather short strong canine teeth in each jaw and irregular double row
of the same kind down shaft of the vomer. Posterior nostril consisting
of a large round open pore with a membrane on its anterior margin.
Anterior nostril consisting of a small round pore with a membrancous
cover formed something like lips to the small central opening, each
nostril on a line in front of eye. Buecal cavity large and baggy.

Color yellow brown, the posterior of tail and the head brown, a black
line along the entire dorsal surface, angle of jaws white, fins brown
except pectorals which are yellowish.

Type is No. 1621 caught in the sea near Cagayan, Mindanao, 13
September, 1907.

Probably the form most nearly related to this species is VW. bicolor.

Family CYPRINID.E. The Minnows.

Barbus ivis Seale, sp. nov. Plate J. [Ivis.]

Head without opercular flup 3.75; depth v.55; dorsal 10; anal II,
6 (not counting branch on last ray) scales 4-233, the lateral line curves
down to a little below median line of sides, then up again to middle of
caudal peduncle; eye 4.71 in head; snout 3.50; interorbital space 2.35;
maxillary 3.10 in head, its end under anterior margin of eye. Two
maxillary barbules on each side, the lower one the longest, its tip reaching
to angle of preopercle; mandible 2.55; pectorals 1.15; ventrals 1.45.

Body is oblong compressed, the upper outline between the spinous
dorsal and head is distinctly gibbous; the lower outline from anal to tip
of snout is a low even curve, the profile of head from nape to tip of
snout is practically straight. The greatest depth of the body is at
origin of ventrals. Length of caudal peduncle 1.50 in head, its least
depth 1.75; its median width 6.50. The upper portion of head is
somewhat rounded, the interorbital space is very slightly convey. snout
is rounded at tip, its median width is slightly ereater than its length;
anterior nottril with a funnel-like membrane. Createst depth of head
1.35 in its length, the greatest width 1.55. Myes small, less than snout.
Mouth small, the upper lip closing over the lower. No teeth vxcept
pharyngeals, which are 5-3-2, larger ones slightly hooked with a small
shoulder. (ill openings restricted. ending on a line with angle of
preopercle.

(ill rakers rather short, shaped something like the pharyngeal teeth
with the points exaggerated, 7 on lower limb, the longest 3 in pupil.

Body entirely covered with large smooth scales which have five or six
striate lines in the centers. Dorsal and anal with high scaly sheaths,
base of caudal scaled, ventrals with a long axillary scale, pectorals without
axillary scale. Head entirely naked.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISILES. 195

Origin of spinous dorsal midway belween end of last caudal vertebra
and nostril, the third ray of which is large and modified, the longest
being 1.14 in head, its hard portion is distinctly serrated except on its
lower third; posterior ray 1.50 in modified ray; base of anal 1.54 in
head. Origin of anal is slightly nearer origin of ventrals than to end of
caudal vertebra: its longest ray 1.55 in head, its base 2.75, its last ray
3; ventral fins are midway between anal and origin of pectorals, their
tip not reaching to anal pore: pectorals low on body. Caudal deeply
emarginate, its length a fifth greater than head.

Color in life is grayish above, the margins of the scales darker, shaded
with greenish, vellowish on sides, shading into pinkish helow. From
3 to 5 black spots along the median area of sides, all specimens have at
least an indication of a dusky stripe connecting these spots, some show the
stripe very distinctly; a slight dusky blotch just below origin of dorsal,
none at origin of anal. ‘The head has some bronzy markings on opercles
and in front of eye. Dorsal grayish with dusky tip, caudal pinkish
with dusky tip, the lower lobe bright red, anal and ventrals bright red
with slightly dusky tips. Pectorals bright red.

Color in alcohol is similar except the dark markings show more
distinctly. ‘The lower half of fish is yellowish white, the fins are yellow-
ish, dorsal, caudal, and anal with dusky tips.

Ninety specimens from a small stream near the town of Balabac,
Balabac Island. Type is No. 5233, Balabar Island, P. I., taken by the
author 11 August, 1908. Length, 130 millimeters.

Family BELONIDUE. The Gars.
Oxyporhamphus brevis Seale, sp. nov. Plate II. (Bamban).

Head 4.41); depth 8.50; dorsal 15; anal 15; scales are very deciduous,
about 50 from axil of pectoral to end of caudal vertebra; eye 3.75 in
head; snout 3.20, the width of the free triangular portion of upper jaw
considerably greater than its length; maxillary equal to eye; mandible
1.75 in head, the beak on under jaw scarcely developed, its length beyond
the end of upper jaw equal to pupil of eye; interorbital space equal 19
eye; pectorals 1.75 in head; ventrals 2.45.

Body elongate, compressed, length of caudal peduncle 3 in head, its
least depth 1.50 in its length, its width 3.

Upper profile of head and snout a low even curve; interorbital space
like nuchal region very slightly convex, a wide distinct ridge down. the
middle of interorbital space; greatest width of head 2.50 in its length,
its greatest depth 2.10. The most characteristic thing about the head
is the extremely short beak of under jaw which while it varies slightly,
in most specimens and in type is nearly equal to width of pupil of eve
or 2.50 in snout. Lyes of moderate size, impinging slightly on upper
profile; mouth large, teeth in villiform hands in jaws, none on vomer,

496 SEALE.

palatine, or tongue. (ill openings carried forward to below anterior
margin of eye. Gill rakers short, wide at base, sharp, pointed, and
denticulate on their inner surface, about 20 on lower limb, the longest
less than pupil.

Entire body covered with large, smooth, thin deciduous scales; head
naked; vertical fins scaled. Origin of dorsal is just one-third distance
between end of caudal vertebra and lower axil of pectorals, its longest
ray 1.90 in head. Origin of anal is under third ray of dorsal, its longest
ray 3.50 in head. Origin of anal is slightly nearer the origin of ventrals
than to end of last caudal vertebra. Origin of the ventrals is midway
between end of last caudal vertebra and angle of preopercle. Caudal
forked, upper lobe scarcely equal to head, lower lobe considerably longer.

Color in life greenish above, silvery and white below, a distinct silvery
band on side, bordered above by a narrow greenish band, fins white, the
dorsal, anal, and caudal distinctly tipped with jet black.

Color in alcohol dull yellowish, green above, margins of scales darker.
Sides with silvery bands which have a bluish green upper margin, yellow-
ish white below. Cheeks silvery; tip of under jaw, snout and top of
head more or less dusky; eyes golden, with dusky blotch above; dorsal,
caudal, and anal yellowish, broadly tipped with jet black; pectorals and
ventrals yellowish, a black spot on upper base and axil of pectorals.

Fourteen specimcus, type is No. 5301 from Paawacan, Palawan Island,
P.1., 14 August, 1908. Length, 145 millimeters.

Family ATHERINID.E. Silversides.
Atherina regina Seale, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 1. (Gunoe.)

Head 3.50; depth 4.95; dorsal VI-I, 10; anal I, 10; scales 36, count-
ing from the enlarged scale directly above axil of pectoral, 7 in vertical
series ; eye 2.25 in head; snout 4; interorbital space 2.75, being less than
eye; maxillary 2.50; mandible »; pectoral 1.25; ventrals 1.60; depth of
caudal peduncle 3.45.

Body elongate, moderately compressed, greatest depth at origin of
ventral fins. Caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth equal to
twice its length.

Head heavy and rather blunt, its greatest width equal to its greatest
depth, the lower portion of head sirongly compressed. Interorbital space
is slightly concave, caused by the prominence of the superocular ridges,
these bones form distinct ridges on upper lateral part of snout. Top of
snout flat except the small hump anteriorly caused by the processes of
the maxillary, the anlcrior margin of the snout is an even concave curve,
with a point on each side of processes; width of snout considerably
greater than its length. Eye large; mouth large, oblique, the lower
jaw slightly protruding. Maxillary narrow, ending on a line with
the front margin of iris. Mandible ending under anterior third of pupil.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 497

Preorbital with two or more distinct pores. Teeth in villiform bands in
jaws, a small patch of villiform teeth on vomer, back of tongue, and
pterygoids; the type specimen has the yomer broken but the two coty pes
show teeth on the vomer; no teeth on palatine. Gill openings wide.
Gill rakers long and slender, twenty-five or more on lower arch. — Pscudo-
branchia large.

Scales large and smooth, their margins rounded and scarcely broken,
the scaling not extending on the head except on the occiput, no scales
on the fins except on base of caudal, but there is a distinct sheath of
scales for the soft dorsal and anal. Top and sides of head well furnished
with pores. A very large one just above opercles. There are sixteen
scales in front of dorsal fin, ten scales between the origin of the two
dorsals, and six scales along the base of the soft dorsal.

The origin of the spinous dorsal is midway between end of caudal
vertebra and the anterior margin of eye, its longest spine is equal to
orbit, the spines are slender and pungent. Noft dorsal on a line with
origin of anal, and much nearer tip of ventrals, or to spinous dorsal,
than to caudal; the second ray is longest being 1.85 in head; anal
rays similar to soft dorsal, the longest being 2 in head. Orizin of ventrals
midway between end of maxillary and origin of anal. The anal pore is
located between the posterior third of the ventral fins. Caudal rather
large and deeply emarginate, the lower lobe being at least 1.40 in head.
Pectorals are above the median line of body.

Color in alcohol is straw-yellow all the scales on upper half of body
more or less punctulate with fine black or bluish dots. These black dots
very thick on the middle of the three rows of scales on the back forming
a median dark line on its either side. A distinct silvery band occupies
the entire median row of scales on the side, the upper margin of this
band is of a dull lead color, a double row of small black dots separating
the two colors; there is an additional row of very minute black dots on
the row of scales below the silvery stripe. The lower third of body is
unmarked. Snout and rim of lower jaw washed with dusky, a distinct
dusky spot at upper anterior margin of opercle directly behind eye, a
dusky spot at upper axil of pectorals and a dusky bar across its inner
base; a dusky area just over and impinging on eye. Dorsal, anal, and
ventral fins uniform yellowish white. Pectoral with a distinct dusky
blotch occupying an area slightly greater than eye at the beginning of
the posterior third of fin; the tip of pectorals and the basal third of most
of the rays white. Caudal slightly washed with dusky, two more or
less distinct dusky blotches on its base.

The type is No. 2082, in the collection of the section of fisheries,
Bureau of Science, Manila. It was secured by the writer at -Culion
Island, P. 1, 7 October, 1907. Length of type, 80 millimeters. Two
additional specimens No. 2083 were secured the following day at the
neighboring island of Busuanga.

49 SEALE.

This species is related to .1. pinguis Lacépéde, which is no doubt the
A. lacunosa Forster from which it differs in the fewer scales, location of
fins, size of eye and absence of teeth on the palatines.

It somewhat resembles -1. morrisi Jordan & Starks but their fish has
14 anal rays and scales 45 and the origin of the anal is in advance of
the soft dorsal.

A. tsuruga Jordan & Snyder is a long panetela-shaped fish whose
chief resemblance to the present species consists in its dusky spot on the
pectorals; in other respects it is quite different. 1. /acunosa Bleeker has
no black spot on pectorals. 41. insifa Jordan & Seale has a large number
of scales and is a quite differently shaped fish. I have compared this
type with all of the above species now in the Stanford University museum
and find it quite distinct.

Atherina balabacensis Seale, sp. nov. Plate III. fig. 2. (Gunoc.)

Head 3.75; depth 4.10; dorsal VI-I, 10; anal I, 12; scales 36; six
in vertical series; eye 2.10 in head; snout 5; interorbital space 2.50,
being less than eye; maxillary 2.50; mandible 2; pectorals 1.10; ventrals
1.80; depth of caudal peduncle 3.

Body clongate, moderately compressed, rather heavy and deep, its
greatest depth at origin of spinous dorsal; the back is slightly but evenly
curved; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 1.50 in its length,
measured from end of caudal vertebra to posterior axil of anal.

Head rather heavy and deep, its depth being considerably greater than
its greatest width, the lower profile of head is an even rounded curve
while the upper profile from the occiput is almost straight. The lower
jaw is the longest, forming the anterior point of head. The interorbital
space is almost flat and has three short low ridges. Width of snout equal
to its depth at its median point. Top of snout flat except for the small
hump caused by the processes of the maxillary. Mouth large, oblique,
the lower jaw protruding. Maxillary narrow, ending on a line with
anterior margin of orbit. Mandible ending under the anterior margin of
pupil. Preorbital with about four large pores or mucous cavities which
give this bone a sculptured appearance, Villiform teeth in jaws, vomer,
pterygoids, and back of tongue; no teeth on palatine. Gill openings large
and carried forward to below anterior margin of iris. Gill rakers long,
slender, and numerous. Pseudobranchia large, longer than the longest
gill filaments. Isthmus long and narrow, a distinct groove on its lower
surface.

Scales large and smooth, their margins not rough nor denticulate.
Head without scales, fins unscaled, but with a scaly sheath to the soft
dorsal and anal. Head is well furnished with numerous pores and canals.
Fifteen scales in front of dorsal fin; nine scales between the margin of
the two dorsals, and six scales along the base of the soft dorsal.

The origin of the spinous dorsal is midway between end of caudal

NEW SPECIES OF PILTILIPPINE FISILES. 499

vertebra and the posterior margin of pupil, its longest spine is equal to
orbit, the spines are slender and pungent. Origin of soft dorsal on a
line with the origin of the fourth ray of anal, and much nearer spinous
dorsal and tip of yentrals than to base of caudal, the second ray is
longest being 1.80 in head. Anal similar to soft dorsal, its longest ray
1.50 in head. Origin of ventrals midway between origin of anal and a
line with anterior margin of pupil. .\nal pore between and at beginning
of posterior half of ventrals. Caudal decply emarginate, its lower Jobe at
least 1.20 in head. Pectorals are above the median line of body.

Color in alcohol siraw-yellow, a slight greenish wash above. The
scales above lateral line with fine dark punctulations. .\ dusky line along
the middle of back from head to caudal, some darker shadings at the
origin of the two dorsal fins, a dusky line from origin of anal fin to
caudal. A bright silvery stripe occupics the middle third of the median
line of scales, a narrow lead-colored margin along the upper margin of
this silvery stripe, the row of scales below this silvery stripe has a row
of very small black dots along its middle, there is also an indistinct
incomplete row of dots on the next row of scales below. Base of pectorals
with a dusky band and dusky spot in axil. .A dusky blotch on upper part
of eye. Lower jaw, top of head, and snout, shaded with dusky. No
dusky spot on pectoral rays. Fins all grayish white, the caudal with a
slight dusky wash, but without dusky spots at base.

The type is No. 4983 from Balabuc Island, P. I. Taken by the writer
1 August, 1908, near the mouth of a small stream. Length of type, 10
millimeters. Hight votypes were secured from the same locality, Nos.
4983, 5308 and 5220. Additional specimens of this species were secured
from the following places: 1241 Samar Island, 1295 Cebu, Cebu Island,
1370 Siquijor Island, 1447, J457, 1495, 1658 and 1659 Cagayan, Min-
danao Island, 1981 and 5475 Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, 2079
Culion Island, 4866 Samal Island, Mindanao. Thirty-two specimens in
all including types.

This species but slightly resembles .1. forshkalii (Rupp.) being a
deeper, heavier fish with a caudal peduncle not nearly so deep and has
fewer scales and anal rays. Evermann and Seale* refer specimens from
Bacon and Bulan to A. forskalit which probably belong to this species.
This species somewhat resembles A. duodecimalis Bleek., but the shape
and color markings are different, the rows of black dots on the sides
being always present in our specimens. ‘This species somewhat resembles
A. lineata (tunther but the latter species has teeth on the palatines, a
smaller eye, and different location of fins. A. lineata also has the
pectoral slightly washed with dusky over its entire surface and the
rows of dots are larger and more distinct.

8 Bull, Bur, ish. (1906).

500 SEALE.

Family MUGILIDAS. The Mullets.

Mugil joloensis Seale, sp. nov. Plate IV.4 (Banak.)

Head 4.30; depth 3.60; dorsal IV, I, 7; anal I, 9; scales 33, 10 in
vertical series; eye 3.30 in head; snout 4.10; interorbital space 1.95;
maxillary exposed at tip; mandible 2.75; pectorals equal to head;
ventrals 1.30; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, the greatest depth being in
middle of body, the depth of the caudal peduncle is scarcely less than
its length (measured to axil of dorsal). The profile from origin of
spinous dorsal to snout is almost a straight line.

Interorbital space is moderately convex. Top of snout almost flat.
Greatest width of head 1.45 in its depth. Depth of head at middle of
eye 1.75 in length. Snout short and blunt. The preorbital has a very
deep notch, its depth heing greater than width of pupil. The upper lip
is very thick, with a fold, and fringed with a row of papilla, an additional
row of pipillke on the lip just above the fold, an additional fringed fold
at each corner of the mouth; under lip with moderately broad membrane.
The nostrils are situated directly above the posterior margin of preorbital
notch. Teeth on tongue, vomer, and palatine, none in jaws. Eye with
but the slightest indication of adipose eyelid, which is present as a
narrow rim to orbit. ‘Snout is much broader than long, it is fully tipped
by the broad maxillary. There are four soft differentiated areas between
the scales on preopercle. Gill openings large being carried forward to
under pupil. Gill rakers numerous slender, longest about equal to pupil.
Pseudobranchia present.

Body and head covered with large smooth scales which are slightly
ctenoid at margin. A single small ridge in center of each scale. About
nineteen scales in front of dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal sealed.
Pectorals without axillary scale. An axillary scale at ventrals. Eleven
rows of scales between the origin of the dorsals.

The spinous dorsal is midway between end of caudal vertebra and
middle of pupil, the longest spine 1.70 in head. Origin of soft dorsal
midway between end of last caudal vertebra and origin of first dorsal
being over the middle of anal, its longest ray equal to longest anal rav,
1.50 in head. Origin of anal is slightly nearer end of caudal vertebra
than to origin of ventrals. The ventrals are midway between anal and
anterior margin of orbit. The upper portion of pectoral base is on a
line with upper margin of eye. Caudal fin is rather deeply emarginate
its length greater than head.

Color in alcohol silvery with wash of yellowish, grayish above. Upper
third of pectorals washed with dusky; soft dorsal, anterior rays of anal,
and tip of caudal also slightly washed with dusky. No stripes on body,

‘In our figure the spinous dorsal and the ventrals are drawn too far forward.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. HOL

except those caused by the small ridge along center of scales. A
distinct black dot at axil of pectorals.

Type is No. 2379. Secured by the writer at Jolo, Jolo Island, P. 1.,
February, 1908. Length, 125 millimeters.

This species is related to A. labiosus UC. & V., but AL. labiosus has
“upper lip without fringe.’ Our species has fewer scales, and the upper
third of dorsals dusky, our species has teeth on vomer and palatine.

Mugil banksi Seale, sp. nov. Plate V. (Banak.)

Head 4.50; depth 3.50; dorsal IV, 9; anal ITI, 93 scales 37, 10 in
vertical series; eve 3.10 in head, the exposed portion 4; snout 5;
interorbital space 2; maxillary is entirely hidden; mandible 9 in head;
preorbital with shallow notch, its end but slightly denticulate, its width
at end 1.30 in pupil; pectorals equal to head; ventrals 1.30.

Body moderately elongate and compressed, the upper and lower
outlines being about evenly curyed io the short blunt snout. Tip of
head formed by the deep upper lip. Caudal peduncle is thick and
strong, its depth 1.25 in its length measured to vertical dorsal avil.

The head from the blunt snout is rounded conical; interorbital space
convex. ye is large with the adipose lid developed as a narrow fringe
to orbit and not covering more than a third of the iris before and
behind. Greatest width of head 1.45 in its length being almost equal
to its greatest depth, width of snout is equal to twice its length and is
much more than its depth. An elongate shallow depression on upper
sides of snout containing the two nostrils, the posterior one much the
larger. Upper lip thick, with two distinct rows of papillae, these
becoming united into little folds near the corners of the mouth. Lower
lip thin, without papilla. No teeth in jaws or mouth. Gill openings
extend forward to below posterior margin of pupil. (ill rakers are
short slender and numerous. The two margins of the subopercles
fitting closely below, the space between them being confined to a short
narrow line anteriorly. The mandibles cover the entire chin.

Head and body including soft fins scaled. The scales of body large,
smooth, thin, margined with a thin soft membrane. A short narrow
groove in the center of each scale, about 20 scales in front of dorsal fin
and 13 series between the origins of the two dorsals. A distinct axillary
scale at pectoral and ventral. Anal with scaly sheath. Five soft
differentiated areas on the margin of the preopercle between the marginal
scales.

Origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and end of last
caudal vertebra, length of first spine 1.50 in head; origin of soft dorsal
very little nearer origin of spinous dorsal than to end of caudal vertebra,
being on a line with the third anal ray, its longest ray 1.30 in head.
Origin of anal slightly nearer end of caudal vertebra than to axil of
ventrals. The longest ray equal to longest ray of soft dorsal, base of

2 SEALE.

fin 1.70 in head. Origin of ventraly midway between origin of anal and
notch of preorbital, caudal deeply emarginate, its length considerably
greater than head.

Color in life silvery with a grayish wash above. ‘The head with bronzy
reflections. A distinct black spot at upper axil of pectorals and a rather
broad and distinct white bar across the base of the fin below the dark
spot. A white margin to anal pore. Fins whitish, soft dorsal and caudal
slightly washed with dusky on posterior third.

Color in aleohol similar to above, but the. groove on middle of
scale showing more distinctly abose and giving the appearance of
narrow stripes on center of rows of scales.

Type is No. 1412. Secured at Niquijor Island, P. L, 7 September,
iN08. Length, 190 millimeters.

‘This species is related to J/. Jonginanus but is distinguished by the
fringed lip, 9 anal rays, and smaller adipose eyelid, markings, and position
of fins.

Named for (. 8. Banks, entomologist Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila.

Family SPHYRASNIDAS. The Barracudas.

Sphyrzena aureoflammea Seale, sp. nov. (Babavyo.)

Head 3.10; depth 6.35; dorsal V, 10. anal 11: scales 7-83-9 (count-
ing to end of caudal vertebra) ; eve 5 in head (1measured to tip of upper
jaw); snout 2.25; interorbital space 1.75 in cye; maxillary 2.75 in
head; mandible 1.75; ventrals 3.10; pectorals 2.75,

Body elongate, cylindrical, the upper and lower outline about evenly
curved, length of caudal peduncle 1.50 in head, its least depth 3 in its
length.

The head is elongate, conical, its greatest depth 2.75 in its length,
greatest width 3. Upper profile of head is almost straight; the inter-
orbital space is flat, with -t distinct ridges. The opercle ends in a single
obtuse flat point. The lower angle of preopercle extends back as a large
membraneous flap. The eyes are of moderate size. Snout is conical, its
median width being somewhat greater than its median depth. Preorbital
with a distinct oblique ridge in front of the eve. Maxillary falls short
of the eye by a distance equal to pupil, the maxillary ends in a small but
distinct spine. The lower jaw considerably the longer. Teeth of upper
jaw consist of a single row of small teeth on sides of palatines with
three enlarged canines a short distance from tip of jaw, and two enlarged
canines on each side at tip of jaw, the maxillary also has a single row of
small teeth. Teeth of lower jaw a single series of rather strong canines.
A single large canine at symphysis. No teeth on vomer. Gill openings
large, ending on a line with anterior margin of eve. Two gill rakers on
lower limb, one being at the angle, these are distinct, sharp, pointed,
their length 2 in pupil.

NEW SPECIES Ol PHILIPPINE FISILES, D038

Body entirely covered with large smooth scales, about 293 in front of
dorsal, and 31 between the origins of the two dorsals. The fins, except
spinous dorsal, are more or Jess scaled. Head is naked except on nape,
cheeks, and opereles; lower limb of preopercle naked, no scales on head
in front of anterior margin of pupil.

Origin of spinous dorsal midway between origin of second dorsal and
posterior margin of pupil, being above the middle of the ventral rays,
the anterior spines longest, being eyual to postocular portion of head.
Origin of second dorsal considerably nearer the first dorsal than to end
of caudal vertebra. Origin of anal is under the second dorsal ray and
is slightly nearer end of caudal vertebra than to orgin of ventrals.
Base of soft dorsal slightly greater than base of anal which is 3.75 in
head. The longest dorsal ray and longest anal ray about equal, 3.10 in
head. Origins of ventrals midway between middle of maxillary and anal
fin. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes 2 in head.

Color in life, above lateral line lemon-yellow, a purplish stripe from
snout over interorbital space and nuchal region to near base of second
dorsal, a short stripe with some vellow edgings in front of eve. A
brown stripe from origin of lateral line to middle of base of caudal,
another line from posterior margin of eye over base of pectorals to
caudal, the area between these two lines rather a bright blue, ventral
surface a pale blue. Some greenish seales with yellow margins on
nuchal region, lips brown, soft dorsal with slight wash of brown, caudal
yellowish brown, anal with a slight trace of pink, other fins white.

Color in alcohol dull brownish above, silvery below; two brown lines
on sides; top of head and snout darker; soft dorsal and caudal grayish,
pectoral more or less grayish at axil.

Five specimens. Type is No. £138, from Zamboanga, Mindanao, 22
May. 1908. Length, 280 millimeters.

Family SYNGNATHOID AS.
Trachyrhamphus caba®* Seale, xp. nov.

Head 4 in body (measured from tip of snout to anal opening) ;
greatest depth equal to postocular portion of head; dorsal 22, its base
occupying 4 rings which are swollen, thus the base of the fin is consider-
ably elevated above the level of the dorsal surface; body with 18 rings,
tail with 33 rings. The dorsal is located on two of the tail rings and
two of the body rings; anal 4; snout equal to distance from pupil of eye
to posterior margin of opercle; eye 4 in head; interorbital equal to eye;
pectorals 1.75 in snout; caudal 1.50 in snout, its tip rounded; length of
body and head equal to 21 rings of caudal; lateral line passes to lower
caudal edge which is strongly scalloped; nuchal region has a decided
crest ; snout strongly depressed, being in line with lower margin of body,

5 (aba ig the native name for this fish.

504 SEALE.

the forchead has an abrupt curve, formed by the pronounced ocular
ridges; interorbilal space deeply concave; opercles with numerous fin-
shaped striw, which radiate from a single larger longitudinal ridge ;
ten distinet ridges in the interorbital space which unite and form one
on the snout, this ridge has a few small spines; the orbital ridge is also
spinate; rings of body and tail without spines; length of dorsal rays
less than width of opercle.

Color brown, the three anterior caudal rings lighter, the ventral
surface of hody rings and opercles brown. with the yellow cross lines
on their under surface. these cross lines net extending on body rings;
shout brown above and white below. A brown ring near the tip, fins
grayish without markings.

Type is No. °324 from Balavan Bay. Luzon, 20 January, 10%.
Length, 110 millimeters.

Family HOLOCENTRID.E. The squirrel Fishes.
Myripristis schultzei Neale. sp. nov. (Baga haga.)

Head 3.10; depth 2.50: dorsal X. I, 153; anal LIT, 13: scales 28 to
end of vertebra, 10 in vertical series; eye large, 2 in head; snout 7.50;
interorbital space 3.30: maxillary 1.80. its posterior tip ending on a
line with posterior margin of pupil, width of distal end 2 in eye;
mandible 1.60 im head; pectorals 1.25; veutrals 145.

Body oblong, compressed, yreatest width at origin of dorsal. Upper
and lower outlines of body about equal. Length of caudal peduncle 2.50
in head, its depth 3.10. Depth of head about equal to its length, its
greatest width 1.50 in its length; imterorbital space flat with + longi-
tudinal ridges. ‘lw anterior outline of head is bent rather abruptly
down in front of cyes making a short blunt snout, the length of which
js 2 in its width. The groove to receive the maxillary process ends on
a line with anterior of eye. Preorbital is narrow and denticulate,
its greatest width 5 in interorhital space: opercular bones arc denticulate,
the opercle has a single flat spine on its posterior margin. maxillary with
small teeth on its lower posterior border. Mouth large, oblique, lower
jaw slightly the longest. Four distinct pores on tip of lower jaw;
bands of villiform teeth in jaws, vomer, palatin, and on hyoid portion
of tongue. .\ few large exterior teeth on the outside of cach jaw, more
abundant and larger on lower jaw. (ill openings very large being
earried forward to below antericr margin of pupil. Gill rakers rather
long, about 30 on lower arch, the longest 2 in eve. Pseudobranchia
present. j

Scales are large and toothed; body fully scaled; head naked except
about 3 rows of scales on cheeks; ventral with distinct axillary scale.

Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and third anal ray.
Fourth spine the longest, 1.85 in head. Anal and soft dorsal similar,

NEW SPECIES OF PILILIPPINE FISILES. DOH

the anal rays are slightly the longest, being 1.30 in head. Third dorsal
spine is slightly the longest being 2.30 in head. both the soft dorsal and
anal are sharp pointed.

Origin of ventrals midway between anal and anterior margin of eye,
caudal forked, 1.10 in head.

Color in life pinkish, washed with violet above, the margins of scales
on sides with brighter red, tip of lower jaw and snout red. Margin
of spinous dorsal deep red, the body of fin pale red, anterior of soft
dorsal and anal broadly margined with deep red. Tip of caudal deep
red shading into lighter red at base. No opercular blotch, some deeper
red on hase of pectorals. inner axil of pectorals deep black.

Color in alcohol yellowish white with some bronzy reflections, darker
above; fins uniform yellowish white; no opercular blotch; inner axil
of pectorals deep black.

Type is No, 3899 taken at Samal Island, Gulf of Davao. P. I
4+ May, 1908. Leneth, 160 millimeters.

This species is related to I. riolescens,

ee

Family CARANGID.E. The Pampanos.
Caranx auriga Neale. sp. nov. Plate VI. (Talakitok.)

Head 3.30 in length: depth 2.75: dorsal VII, T, 17; anal II, 1 16; 35
armed scutes constituting the straight portion of the lateral line, about
70 scales in curved portion of line, curved portion 1.35 in straight,
greatest depth of curve 4.25 in head, the line becomes straight under the
third dorsal ray: eve 3.40, the adipose evelid covering the posterior third
of eye and a narrow margin anteriorly: snout 4.20; inlerorbital space
equal to eve; maxillary 2 in head, its end under posterior margin of
iris; width of its distal end 1.50 in eve; ventral 2.10 in head; least depth
of caudal peduncle 2.40 in eve, its width scarcely less than eye.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, the depth at the origin of spinous
dorsal and at soft dorsal equal; the lower outline from the origin of anal
rays to mandible is a straight line, tle mandibles being placed at a very
low angle. The upper outline from origin of soft dorsal to tip of snout
is curved, the snout being at an angle much greater than 75°. The length
of caudal peduncle (measured from upper origin of caudal rays to axil
of dorsal) ix but little more than its width, its depth is 2 in its length.
Upper profile of head strongly rounded, a distinct ridge from occiput to
nostrils, the snout is placed at a steep angle. Width of preorbital 1.60
in eye; greatest width of head 1.85 in its length; eye of moderate
size, the adipose lid covering the posterior portion up to pupil, a very
narrow anterior adipose lid. Lower jaw is slightly projecting, each jaw
has rather wide membraneous lips; maxillary with strong supplemental
bone. Each jaw with moderately strong curved canines, the upper jaw
with an inner row of villiform teeth. Viulliform teeth on vomer,

HOG SEALE.

palatines, and tongue. Gill opening wide, being carried forward to a
line with the anterior margin of eve; gill rakers rather strong and saber-
like, 14 on Jower limb. the longest about 1.50 in eye. Pseudobranchia
present.

Seales small, rather smooth, breust fully scaled, head naked except on
cheeks and nape. The scutes are graduated in size from middle of
caudal peduncle, their greatest depth being slightly less than pupil, their
size at beginning of straight portion of lateral line very minute.

Origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to axil of pectoral, the
spines weak, the second spine the longest being 3.40 in head, the last
dorsal spine is free. ‘The soft dorsal and anal are quite similar the
rays being of about vqual length, the longest being 2 in head, base
of anal slightly less than base of soft dorsal, the origin of the anal rays
being under the fifth dorsal ray; the last anal ray is slightly prolonged.
Anal spines are under origin of soft dorsal; ventrals are about midway
between tip of snout and origin of anal rays; their tip reaching to anal
pore. Pectorals long and falcate, their tip reaching to fifth anal ray.
Caudal strongly forked, two narrow ridges on its base, one on each side
of the scutes, length of fin slightly less than head.

Color in life silvery with bronze wash and golden reflections, soft
dorsal, anal and caudal yellow, a rather large, not very dark and somewhat
diffused opercular spot at origin of lateral line, a black spot on inner
axil of pectoral not showing on outer surface.

Color in alcohol similar to above but dull silvery on upper half,
yellowish white below. Head with bronze reflections, fins yellowish white,
without dark markings except a slight trace of brownish on tip of spinous
dorsal and on tip of upper half of caudal.

Type is No. 30. Secured at Mamila, I. L., 21 May, 1907. Length,
230 millimeters.

Caranx butuanensis Seale, sp. nov. Plate V11.

Head 3.75; depth 2.50; dorsal VIII, I, 21; anal IT, I, 17; scales
small; 43 scutes in straight portion of lateral line, and about 70 scales in
curved portion, the curved portion contained 1.50 in straight, the greatest
depth of the curve about equal to eye. The lateral line hecomes straight
under the sixth dorsal ray; eye 3 in head; snout +; interorbital space 3 in
head; maxillary 2.1, ending slightly posterior to pupil, width of its distal
end 1.50 in eye; mandible 1.85 in head; pectorals 3.30 in body; ventrals
1.85 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in eve. Body oblong
compressed, its greatest depth at origin of soft dorsal, the lower outline
from origin of anal rays to tip of lower jaw is a low even curve. The
upper outline from origin of soft dorsal to tip of snout is an irregular
curve being deeply concave at the occiput, causing the head to be of
considerable less depth than in most species of the genus. Length of
the caudal peduncle is about a fourth greater than its width. Upper
profile of head with a ridge from origin of dorsal to nostril. ‘The snout

NEW SPECLES Ob PILTILIPPINE FISILES. DOT

is at an angle of a little more than 45°. Greatest depth of head slightly
less than its length, its width % in length. Mouth is of moderate size,
the lower jaw slightly the longest, distinct membranous lips on each jaw,
a large supplemental bone on maxillary. Width of preorbital about 2
in eye. Teeth of lower jaw small, in two or more rows, with some large
canines anteriorly. Teeth of lower jaw consisting of a single row of
rather small canines, teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill open-
ings large, being carried forward to below anterior margin of eye. Gill
rakers saber-like, 16 on lower limb, the longest about 1.50 in eye. Pseudo-
branchia present.

Scales are small, smooth, and [fully cover the body, including breast.
Head is naked except on cheeks and oeciput. The scutes are graduated
from the caudal peduncle, the deepest being 1.75 in eye, those at the
beginning of straight portion of lateral line minute.

Origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to axil of pectoral, the third
spine longest, 2.45 in head: the last dorsal spine free. Soft dorsal and
anal similar, their longest ravs being about equal, 1.85 in head, the last
ray of each fin slightly prolonged.

Base of soft dorsal slightly the longest, the origin of anal being under
the sixth dorsal ray. Anal spines are below origin of soft dorsal. Origin
of ventrals midway between tip of snout and origin of first anal ray.
Pectorals falcate, their tip scarcely reaching to anal rays. Caudal forked
with the two ridges on base almost obsolete. length of fin slightly less
than head.

Color in life silvery below. with about 7 wide dusky bands over the
back and down on sides, these bands of much vreater width than the
interspaces, bands of equal width. Fins yellowish white, except spinous
dorsal which has a slight wash of grayish. A dusky opercular spot.

Color in alcohol silvery with slight bronzy reflections, 7 dusky hands
on back, the first being on nuchal region and the last on candal peduncle.
A dusky opercular spot. Top of head with some grayish, fins yellowish
white except spinous dorsal, which has a slight wash of gray, there is also
avery slight trace of grayish on tip of solt dorsal. [nner axil of pectorals
dusky, no dusky on their hase. Iris golden with dusky blotch on upper
margin.

Type is No, 1896, taken at Butuan Bay, Mindanao Island, P T.,
25 September, 1907. Length, 120 millimeters.

Family APOGONICHTHYID.-®.

Amia magnifica Seale, sp. nov. (Daugat.)

Head 2.75; depth 3; dorsal VI, I, 8; anal IJ, 7; scales ¥4, lateral line
complete; 7 scales in vertical series; eye 2.75 in head; snout 3.50;
interorbital 1.50 in eye; preopercle distinctly denticulate; bands of
villiform teeth in jaws, vomer, and palatines.

917012

°

HOS SEALE.

Body oblong, compressed, the greatest depth at origin of dorsal; caudal
peduncle rather lony and slender, its depth 2.50 in head, its length 1.45.
Upper outline of body more strongly curved than lower, Head pointed,
mouth large, lower jaw projecting; eye large, interorbital space slightly
convex with two ridges, which unite into one midway between eyes. Tip
of maxillary extends to a line with pupil, its distal margin concave. its
Jength 2.10 in head.

Gill openings large, extending forward to below pupil. Gill rakers
rather slender net very pointed, about 19 on lower limb.

Body covered with large smooth scales. cheeks and opercles scaled.

Origin of dorsal midway between middle of caudal peduncle and tip of
of snout, iis second spine the longest, 1.80 in head, last dorsal spine
almost as long as first ray, the longest ray 2.70 in head; caudal slightly
lunate. Origin of ventrals midway between base of caudal and pupil,
its second spine about two-thirds length of rays, its longest ray 1.75.
Origin of ventrals midway between anal and a line with nostril, their tip
reaching almost to anal, their length 1.50 in head. Pectorals 1.75 in
head.

Color in fe. A bright cardinal red with five silvery longitudinal lines,
the middle one being composed of round silvery spots. These lines are
arranged as follows: the first is from tip of snout through upper part
of eye back to below anterior third of dorsal where it unites with the
second line, the portion of this line on the snout is orange, the remainder
is silvery: the second line is from posterior of eye to caudal, the portion
on the opercle is margined above and below with dusky ; the third line is
from the lower posterior portion of eye to caudal, this line on the opercle
is also margined with dusky, and posterior to opercle it is composed of
round silvery dots: the fourth ne is from maxillary below eve to lower
margin of opercle, this line 1s margined with dusky; the fourth line
extends from the lower posterior portion of opercle to the caudal; the
fifth line is below this and forms the general white coloring of the
belly, to anal fin. The fins are all uniformly red. ‘Top of head with
orange stripe fron intcrorbital space along base of dorsals; chin orange,
tip of jaws brownish.

Color in spirits. ‘Che bright cardinal fades into dull brownish, the
silver becomes pale yellow, the orange fades into dull yellow, the opercles
show a beautiful, opalescent bluish reflection, the black on tip of jaw
and a black line on snout fade into white; the dusky margins to the
stripes on head show more distinctly, the lines on interorbital being
bluish white ending on nuchal region. .\ slight black area on middle
of caudal base, Jins vellowish white.

Numerous specimens. Type is No. 5192, from Balabac Island, 10
August, 1908. Length, 40 millimeters.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISIIES, YO

Amia cardinalis Seale, sp. noy.

Head 3; depth 2.75; dorsal VI, T, %: anal [1,85 seales 24. the lateral
line complete, 74 scales in. vertical series: eve 2.7 in head; snout 4;
interorbital £.50 in eve; maxillary 2 in head, its distal end on a line
with posterior margin of iris: mandible 1.55: posterior margin. of
preopercle strongly denticulate.

Teeth in villiform bands in jaws, yvomer and palatines.

Body oblong, compressed, the greatest depth at origin of dorsal, caudal
peduncle rather long and thin, its depth equal to orbit, its length 1.20
in head. Upper outline of body more strongly curved than lower. [ead
rather bluntly pointed, mouth large, cheeks and opercles each with two-
rows of scales, opercle with a sharp flat spine. Gill openings wide, being
carried forward to a line with the pupil. Gill rakers short and sharp
pointed, about 13 on lower limb. Body fully covered with large smooth
scales which have very finely toothed borders, head without scales except
on cheeks and opercles.

Origin of dorsal fin is midway between tip of snout and middle of
caudal peduncle, its second spine is the longest and strongest, its length
1.50 in head. The last dorsal spine scarcely more than half the length
of the first rav which is 1.75 in head. Caudal slightly bilobed. 1.25 in
head; origin of anal midway between end of last caudal vertebra and
distal end of maxillary, its longest spine about equal to orbit, its longest
ray 1.75 in head. Origin of ventrals midway between anal and a line
with middle of pupil, their length 1.50 in head: pectorals 1.40 in head.

Color in life uniform bright cardinal, without stripes or bands; a
slight tint of yellow on side of belly, and a brownish blotch on opercle=
just posterior to eve, fins all uniform red.

Color in alcohol uniform yellowish white, some dusky marks at base
of dorsals. A slight opalescent tint on opercle. .\ brown spot on nuchal
region. fins uniform yellowish white.

Type is No. 5463 from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, P. J.. 21
August, 1908. Length, 40 millimeters.

This species seems to differ in several respect from .1. erythermus to
which it is most nearly related.

Family SERRANID.E.
Epinephelus albimuculatus Seale, sp. nov. Plate VIII. (apo lapo.)

Head 2.65 (measured from tip of jaw to tip of opercular flap) ; depth
3.35; dorsal XI, 16; anal III, 8; scales about 120 in lateral series, 50
in vertical series, about 50 pores in lateral line; eye 5.80 in head; snout
4.45 ; interorbital 7.10; maxillary 2.14, extending posterior to eye; mandi-
ble 1.80.

Body oblong, compressed, rather slender and elongate for this genus,

510 SEALE.

the upper outline considerably more curved than lower. Least depth of
caudal peduncle 3.30 in head, caudal truncate.

Anterior profile from origin of dorsal to tip of snout has a gradual
even curve. Lower jaw rather strongly projecting. Mouth large. Hach
lip with a fold. Upper jaw without teeth directly in center of jaw, but
with a patch of small sharp teeth on cach side of symphysis. A single,
small projecting canine on each side; extending back on the jaws from
each anterior patch are several rows of villiform teeth with an outer row
of enlarged canines. Under jaw with bands of cardiform teeth anteriorly
with a projecting canine on each side (broken in type) the side of lower
jaw with two rows of enlarged teeth, the anterior row of larger depressible
teeth. Bands of villiform teeth on vomer and palatine. Tongue spat-
ulate, without teeth ; preopercle rounded and finely toothed, a slight notch
near its angle below which the teeth are slightly enlarged. Soft portion
of opercle ending in a ~xingle sharp point, the hard portion of opercle
with three spines the middle one being much the largest in fact the only
conspicuous one, the upper one being obtuse and hidden, and the lower
one very small, the middle spine is the most posterior and its tip is
nearer tip of lower than to upper spine. Gill openings large, being
carried forward to below anterior portion of eye. Gill rakers large and
strong, 16 on lower limb, the longest equal to two-thirds diameter of
eye. Scales are minute and ctenoid; body, head, and fins, except jaws
and posterior portion of maxillary, finely scaled: the scales on under
surface and on nuchal region smallest.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and third ray of dorsal,
the third to fourth spine longest, 2.40 in head, the first spine 1.90 in
second, the longest ray 2.75. Origin of anal slightly nearer to last caudal
vertebra than to angle of preopercle, ils third spine the longest, 3.75
in head, its longest ray 2.10 in head. Ventrals 2 in head, their origin
midway between anal and a vertical line with posterior nostril. Pectorals
1.75 in head.

Color in life brownish with tint of green, about 30 rather large
scattered round yellow spots on head, fins slightly darker, otherwise color
uniform.

Color in alcohol. Uniform brown with scattered round whitish spots
on head, about 30 on each side and 4 or 5 showing indistinctly on
shoulders, above lateral line, fins dark brown, uniform, the pectorals a
shade less dusky.

Type is No. 1908 from Butuan Bay, Mindanao, P. I
1908. Length, 280 millimeters.

This species is related to #. coronandelicus Day but differs in several
respects, being more elongate and having a longer maxillary. a slightly
different arrangement of opercular sjines, and a different color pattern.

.» 26 September,

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHEN. 51]

Family [LEM ULIDA.
Plectorhynchus doanei Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth %.40; dorsal XI, 20; anal IL], 8; scales about 75; 6-4
pores in lateral line; about 30 scales in vertical series; eye 3; snout 3;
interorbital space 1; maxillary 3.75, scarcely reaching to anterior margin
of eye; mandible 2.75,

Body is oblong, compressed, the upper outline with much stronger
curve than lower, the greatest depth is at origin of ventrals. Depth ol
caudal peduncle 2.75 in head, its length 1.80.

The anterior profile from origin of dorsal to end of snout is a strong
curve, the snout however is almost straight and at an angle of more than
45°. Mouth small, lips thick, with fold. Teeth of upper jaw mostly
anterior in several rows, small, sharp pointed. Teeth of lower jaw
similar, except that those on sides of jaws are in single serics. No teeth
on vomer or palatine. Posterior margin of preopercle rather strongly
denticulate. A rather deep notch on posterior margin of opercle. Gill
openings wide, being carried forward to below anterior margin of eye.
Gill rakers short, fine, almost hair-hke, 26 on lower limb. Pseudobranchia
present. Entire body and head, including also bases of all the soft fins
covered with fine ctenoid seales. Origin of dorsal midway between tip
of snout and hase of sixth dorsal ray. The third or fourth spine longest,
1.75 in head, the vighth, ninth and tenth spines are shorter than the first
spine, being less than length of snout. Longest dorsal ray 1.85 tn head,
Origin of anal midway between end of last caudal vertebra and the
middle of base of pectorals, its bare 2.50 in head. its second spine is
much the longest and strongest, its length 1.75 in head, the longest ray
1.40 in head. Caudal forked. 1.1 in head, its lobes rounded: ventrals
nearer to angle of mouth than to anal, their Jength 1.10 in head; pectorals
equal to head.

Color in life orange red with about 7 large white areas margined with
black, the anterior one occupies the snout, the second the nuchal
region, extending down to opercles on each side but not to base of dorsal,
the third occupies a region from origin of gill openings to, and including
base of ventrals and obliquely up to eye, there is a square red band in
the middle of this area across the thorax. There is a dark ocular band
about width of eye down from eve around base of lower jaw, the fourth
white area is a round spot back of, and above, base of pectorals, the fifth
is below seventh to ninth dorsal spines and includes these spines, the
sixth just above and includes the origin of anal, the seventh is an
oblique white ring occupying the outer two-thirds of caudal peduncle.
The posterior two-thirds of caudal is white with an oblong dusky patch
on each lobe, the sixth and seventh white areas have an indistinct round
dusky spot in the center. The soft dorsal is dusky with margins of

512 SEALE.

rays white and a white spot near middle of fin. Anal is dusky at hase,
broadly margined with white, with some dusky blotches at tip. Ventrals
black, with a white spot on anterior ray. Pectorals black with white tips.

Color in alcohol similar to above, except that the orange fades into a
light brown, the black margins to the white areas remain yery distinct.

Type is No. 4760 from Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago, 15 July,
1908; length, 40 millimeters: also a specimen No. 1695 from Caga-
yan, Mindanao.

Family THERAPONID.E. The Grunts.
Dentex filiformis Seale, sp. nov. Plate IX.

Head 3.75; depth 4.15; dorsal X, 9; anal IL], 7; scales 3-47-16; eye
3 in head; snout 3.10; interorbital space equal to eye; maxillary 3;
mandible 2.35; pectorals 1.25 in head; ventrals 1.30; depth of caudal
peduncle 3.

Body moderately elongate, oblong, compressed, of about equal depth at
origin of pectorals and at anal pore; least depth of caudal peduncle 3
in head.

Head somewhat conical, the profile from nape to snout evenly curved,
the interorbital space is moderately convex. Greatest width of head
1.85 in its length. Snout rounded, its width at anterior nostril equal
to its length; jaws equal, the upper moderately protractile, each jaw
with a rather wide fold or lip. Maxillary fully hidden except at its tip,
premaxillary scarcely reaching to eye, preorbital notched at angle of jaw,
its width at this point equal to pupil, no spine on its posterior margin.
Lower jaw with two distinct pores on each side, mouth wide, slightly
oblique. Curved canines in each jaw, with patches of inner villiform
teeth anteriorly, the fourth anterior canine of upper jaw largest. No
teeth on vomer, palatine, or tongue. Preopercle fully serrated, opercle
with a single rather distinct spine; five rows of large scales on cheeks.
Head, except snout, preorbital, and under jaw, fully scaled. Gill
opening wide, being carried forward to a line with middle of eye. Guill
rakers consisting of short, thick asperites, about 4 on lower mb.
Pseudobranchia present. Eyes quite large.

Scales small and ctenoid, the rows running horizontally on upper third
of fish and obliquely below, body fully scaled; five distinct 1ows of scales
on cheeks with the addition of a few scattered scales at margin of orbit.

Dorsal fin continuous, the spines weak, the fourth and fifth spines the
longest, 2.50 in head, the longest ray 1.95 in head, the fin is provided

with a distinct groove into which it fits, its origin is directly above the
axil of pectoral. Origin of anal on a line with base of second dorsal
ray and is midway between end of caudal vertebra and origin of ventrals,
the anal spines are graduated, the third being 3.75 in head, longest ray
2.75, base of fin 1.90 in head. Origin of ventrals slightly nearer tip of

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. O13

snout than origin of anal, its length 1.30 in head. Prcturals 1.30 in
head, caudal forked with the outer rays of upper lobe filliform, its length
2.35 of body, the lower lobe 1.30 in head.

Color in alcohol yellowish, a wide brown band slightly less than width
of eye, oceupics the middle of sides from eye to caudal. A yellowish
area above this band, the entire upper portion brown, a round dusky
dot at posterior end of lateral line, snout dark brown. There is a slight
indication of an additional but very indistinct dusky band on upper
sides of belly fading out posteriorly. Fins all uniform, yellowish white
without markings.

Type is No. 1755 from Surigao, Mindanao, P. [. taken 17 September,
107, Length, 130 millimeters.

Family LUTLIANIDAS. The Snappers.
Lutianus orientalis Seale, sp. nov. (Mayamaya.)

Head 2.75; depth 2.80; dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8: scales 8-51-14;
eye 3.75; snout 3.10; interorbital 5.25; maxillary 2.30, ending under
anterior third of pupil; mandible 1.75 ending on a line with posterior
margin of pupil; pectorals 1.30; ventrals 1.55.

Body oblong, compressed, the greatest depth at origin of spinous
dorsal. The upper outline from axil of dorsal to eye is an even curve;
outline of head at eyes slightly coneave. The lower profile from anal
to chin is almost straight, the lower jaw being at a low angle. The
length of the caudal peduncle is 1.80 in head, its greatest depth 1.25 in
its length. Interorbital space slightly convex, a median ridge along its
center ; snout conical; width of preorbital but shghtly greater than pupil.
Jaws equal. Teeth consisting of villiform bands with outer row of
curved canines, and a very long and strong anterior canine on each side
of upper jaw. ‘Teeth on vomer and palatine, none on tongue. A very
shallow preopercular notch, no opeicular knob, opercle ending in a flat
spine. Gill openings wide, endiny under anterior margin of eye. Cull
rakers of moderate length, sharp-pointed, ten on lower limb, the longest
about equal to pupil. Pseundobranchia present. Boly fully sealed,
cheeks, nape and opercles scaled, soft dorsal, caudal, anal and pectoral
sealed at base.

Origin of dorsal above axil of pectoral, the fourth spine the longest,
2.50 in length; longest dorsal ray 2.30 in head; second anal spine
slightly the longest, 2.75 in head; longest anal ray 2.10 in head. Origin
of anal under Second dorsal ray; origin of ventrals, midway between tip
of snout and fourth anal ray, their spine only about half length of rays.
Pectorals not reaching to anal. Ventrals cxtend to anal pore. Caudal
seareely emarginate, its length 1.55 in head.

Color in life yellow, darker above, four wide black longitudinal stripes
of almost the width of pupil at their median point, the first from snout

old SEALE.

through interorbital space to posterior base of spinous dorsal. Second
from posterior margin of eye to base of soft dorsal. Third from tip of
snout through eye to upper base of caudal, a large black ovate spot in
this line and extending above it, below the anterior portion of soft dorsal.
Fourth from suborbital to lower base of caudal through the upper axil
of pectoral, there is a slight dusky wash on tips of spinous dorsal and
caudal, otherwise fins yellowish white.

Color in alcohol similar to above except the lines on top of head do not
show, and the general color is dull yellowish white, brownish above with
the black lines and black blotch showing very distinctly.

Four specimens; type is No. 2201 from Limbones Cove, Island of
Luzon, P. I. Length, 95 millimeters, 14 January, 1908. The three
additional specimens are from Balabac Island, P. I.

This fish was called LZ. russeli by Jordan & Seale and L. quingui-
lineatus by Jordan & Richardson. Day gives it as the young of L.
chrysotenia, but we have specimens of chrysotenia and there is no doubt
of it being a different fish. I have examined specimens of the two
former species in the Stanford University Collection and find it can not
be classed with either.

Family SPARID. The Porgies.

Lethrinus cutambi® Seale sp. nov. Plate X. (Cutambak.)

Head 3; depth, 2.75; dorsal X, 9; anal IIT, 8; scales 6-45-13; eve 4;
snout 2, width of maxillary at symphysis almost equal to pupil; its length
2.75 im head; mandible 2.45; width of preorhital 2.95; pectorals 1.20;
ventrals 1.50; interorbital space 1.10 in eye.

Body oblong compressed, the greatest depth being at origin of ventrals.
The upper outline of body from occiput to axil of dorsal is an even curve,
the forehead in front of eye is slightly convex while the snout is decidedly
concave, the lower outline of body much less curved than upper; the
lower jaw being very slightly oblique. The length of the caudal peduncle
is 2 in head, its median width is 3.50 in its length, while its depth is
1.50 in its length.

Greatest depth of head slightly less than its length, its greatest width
2.20 in its length; interorbital space convex. Snout is elongate, its
median width being about 2 in its length, nostrils some distance apart,
the anterior one with membranous flap. Mouth large, the lips with
thick membranous folds. The upper jaw strongly protractile. Teeth
of upper jaw consisting of a single row of about six Conical molars
without cusps on each side, with small conical canine-like teeth anteriorly
and with four enlarged outer canines in front. Lower jaw with about
eight conical molars without cusps, and small canines, anteriorly, two
enlarged outer canines on each side in front. No teeth on vomer,

°From the native name of this fish.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE PISHES. OLS

palatine or tongue. The jaws ave equal, the maxillary ends on a line with
anterior nostril, its end is fully hidden by preorbital. The mandible
ends on a line with posterior nostril. Gill openings are of moderate. size
being carried forward to a line with middle of eye. Gill rakers are
thick and short 5 on lower limb, the longest about one-fourth of pupil.
Pseudobranchia present.

Body fully covered with rather large smooth scales which are very
slightly denticulate on margins. Fins are unscaled, except pectorals
which are slightly scaled at base. Tlead is naked except on opercles,
with a small patch of scales behind and posterior to the eve, another
small patch posterior to, and slightly above eye.

Origin of dorsal is one spine anterior to a line with axil of pectorals:
fourth dorsal spine the longest, 3 in head, the spines received into
a sheath, longest dorsal ray 2.50 in head.

The second anal spine is strongest, the third is the longest being 3.10
in head, longest anal ray 2.75, origin of anal is on a line with the second
dorsal ray. Origin of ventrals midway between tip of snout and fifth
anal ray. Tip of ventrals reaching to anal pore. Pectorals extend to
a line with origin of anal. ('audal deeply emarginate, its length 1.25
in head, its shortest ray 2.10 in head.

Color in life rather a dark greenish with 7 or 8 irregular darker
vertical bars over back and down on sides. Vertical fins marked with
bars of dark green.

Color in alcohol yellowish, with shght shades of greenish, about 8
irregular darker greenish bars extending over back and down on sides
to ventral surface. these bars much less than the interspaces, the bands
are more or less broken at the lateral line but are continuous below it,
there is on the second of these bands above middle of pectorals and
below the lateral line an intensified dusky area or blotch, scarcely distinct
from coloring of bands. Head is brownish with tint of green, there
is a darker band easily overlooked, from lower half of eye down to
posterior end of mandible; posterior margin of opercle darker, A
darker green line at base of pectorals. A mottling of darker green on
the membrane at base of each dorsal spine, each ray of soft dorsal and
anal is crossed by one or two darker green blotches. Caudal has three
or four darker green vertical bars. Ventrals are crossed hy three bars
of darker green, pectorals white.

Type is No. 4678, taken at Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago, P. I.,
11 July, 1908. Length, 210 millimeters. Cotype No. 4680.

Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, sp. nov. Plate XI. (Cutambak.)

Head 2.90; depth 2.50; dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8; scales 5-48-13;
eye 3; snout 2; interorbital space 1.15 in eye (bony part only measured) ;
maxillary 2.50 in head; mandible 2.10; pectorals equal to, head;
ventrals 1.45.

516 SEALE.

Body is oblong, compressed, rather deep, greatest depth at origin of
ventrals. The upper outline is an even curve to the anterior margin
of eye, it is slightly more convex from this point, the practically
straight snout extends down to the protractile upper lip, at an angle
slightly greater than 45°. Lower outline from anal to tip of snout
forming a low even curve, the lower jaw being but slightly oblique. The
depth of caudal peduncle is 1.50 in its length, its median width is 3 in
its length, while its length is 2 in head. Greatest depth of head equals
its length, its greatest width 2 in length; interorbital space slightly
convex. Outline of snout almost straight, excluding the protractile upper
jaw; width of upper lip at symphysis 2.50 in pupil; maxillary ends
slightly posterior to anterior nostril; the mandible ends on a line with
anterior margin of vye. Lye is large, 1.50 in snout. Preorbital 2.50 in
head, jaws equal. Teeth of upper jaw consisting on each side of three
large molars, two of which have cusps, five conical teeth, and two large
curved anterior canines, also a patch of minute teeth in anterior of jaw,
behind the canines. Lower jaw on each side with four large molars,
three of which are biscuspid, five conical teeth, two canines, and a patch
of minute teeth just inside the curved anterior canines. No teeth on
yomer or palatines, opercle ends in a flat spine and has a rather broad
yellow membranous margin.

Gill openings end on a line with middle of eve, the gill rakers are
short, thick and blunt, four on lower limb, the longest less than one-
fourth of pupil. Pseudobranchia present.

Body entirely covered with large smooth scales which are slightly
denticulate on margins; head naked except on opercles and a small patch
of scales behind and above eye. The spinous dorsal when collapsed is
fully hidden in scaly sheath. Fins not scaled uxcept base of pectorals
and caudal. Origin of dorsal is directly above axil of pectoral, its fourth
to fifth spines are longest, 2.75 in head. Longest dorsal ray 2.25 in head.
Origin of anal is over second dorsal ray, its third spine is the longest,
3.25 in head, the second spine is strongest. Longest anal ray 2.75 in
head. Origin of ventrals midway between iip of snout and posterior
axil of anal. Tips of ventrals reach to anal pore. Tips of pectorals
extend to base of anal. Caudals deeply emarginate, its longest lobe
1.20 in head, its shortest ray 2.30.

Color in life yellow, with shght wash of grayish, fins immaculate,
except ventrals which have dusky tips and caudal which is washed with
yellow.

Color in alcohol whitish, slightly grayish drab above; the middle of
each vow of scales darker, making + or 5 narrow longitudinal lines
above the lateral line, these rows follow the curvature of the back. A
large rather indistinct oblong dusky blotch between the pectoral and
lateral line, base and upper axil of pectoral grayish. The fins are white.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE IMISITES. Ol7

unmarked except the upper surface of the first ray of pectorals which is
gray, and the ventrals, which have some dusky on their posterior third.

Type is No. 5080 taken at Balabac Island, P. T., 6 August, 1908,
Length, 220 millimeters.

Family POMACENTRID.E. The DamseLfishes.
Pomacentrus tropicus Seale, sp. nov. Plate XII, fig. 1. (Danigsahasa. |

Head 3; depth 1.95; dorsal NIII, 14; anal IT, 14; scales 24, eighteen
pores in lateral line, 12 in vertical series; eye 3 in head; snout 3.75;
interorbital space 2.75; maxillary 3.50; mandible 3.10; pectorals equal to
head posterior to nostril; ventrals slightly longer than pectorals; depth
of caudal peduncle 2.10.

Body oblong, compressed, its greatest depth at origin of ventrals, this
depth being considerably greater than at origin of anal. Depth of caudal
peduncle greater than its length.

Anterior profile from origin of dorsal to tip of snout, is strongly
rounded with a very slight constriction on nuchal region. Lower profile
not quite so strongly rounded as upper, jaws when closed are equal.
Interorbital space evenly convex. (treatest width of head 1.50 in its
greatest depth. Snout rounded, its median width being a third less than
its depth, its width considerable greater than its length. numerous small
pores on top of snout and on orbital ring. Preopercle strongly denticu-
late, narrow but becoming abruptly wide under anterior margin of orbit,
this wide portion ending posteriorly below in one or more strong spines,
its anterior margin with a shallow notch; width of preorbital, at angle of
mouth, 2 in eye, width below middle of eye, 1.50 in pupil. Maxillary
scarcely extending to the anterior margin «lf orbit; mandible ending
under anterior margin of orbit. Teeth in a single row in jaws. They
are rather strong and incisor-like, 18 on each side of upper jaw; no
teeth on vomer or palatine. Guill openings wide, carried forward to
below anterior margin of eye. Gill rakers moderately strony, toothed
on their inner side, about 12 on lower limb.

Body and head scaled, no scales on orbital ring. All fins except
ventrals more or less scaled; strong scaly sheaths at base of dorsal and
anal. ‘The scales are smooth with finely ctenoid margins, those on
median portion of sides largest. Three rows of scales on opercle with a
few additional sinall scales on lower margin. Hight scales between
dorsal and head. about 14 series on top of head.

Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of twelfth
dorsal spine, the median spines of the fin are longest, the first spine is
1.25 in eve, the eighth is 2 in head, the thirteenth is 2.10 in head. The
soft dorsal is pointed, its longest ray 1.50 in head. Anal similar to soft
dorsal, the second spine is 2 in head, the longest ray cqual to length of
head posterior of the nostri]. Origin of first anal spine is under the

DL& SEALY.

origin of the ninth spine of dorsal, origin of anal is much nearer origin of
ventrals than to base of caudal, in fact, the distance between origin of
ventrals and anal is considerably less than base of anal. Origin of ventral
is midway between anal pore and a vertical line with posterior margin of
iris, the ventral rays are more or less prolonged and filamentous, reaching
to the origin of anal. Origin of pectorals is slightly anterior to origin of
ventrals. (Candal rather long and sharp-pointed, scarcely emarginate, the
upper lobe the longer, hemg longer than head.

Color in alcohol similar to life color except less bright being orange
yellow with a sight brownish wash on top of head, fading on shoulders
into the vellow body color. .\ blue line below eye on preopercle, some
blue spots on opercle, a blue line on side of snout, a blue line from
each side of belly out onto the anal fin where it forms a submarginal blue
band, the tips of the anterior anal rays leing black, a narrow black tip
te spinous dorsal, otherwise fins all bright vellow. <A black dot at origin
of Jaterai line, another in upper axil of pectoral fin, lips dusky.

Type is No. 4737 from Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago. Taken by
C. Canonizado and the writer 15 July, 1908. Length, 750 millimeters
Five cotypes No. 4736 were taken at the same time and place.

This species is related to Pomacentrus popci Evermann and Seale but
the coloring is different and the relative location of the anal and ventral
fins is quite different. It is also related to P. moluccensis Blecker, but
has larger scales and a sharp-pointed caudal, with the additional dif-
ferences in color inarkings.

Pomacentrus elongatus Seale, sp. nov. Plate XII, fig. 2.

Head 3.50; depth 2.15: dorsal NIII, 14; anal II, 15; scales 28, 18
pores in lateral line, 14 scales in vertical series; eye 3.10 in head;
snout 3.40; interorbital space 3; maxillary 38.40; mandible 3; pectoral
equal to head; ventrals longer than head; depth of caudal peduncle 2.

Body oblong, compressed, rather elongate for this family. Greatest
depth in middle of body. Depth of caudal peduncle a fourth greater
than its length.

Anterior profile from dorsal fin to snout evenly curved and about equal
to curve of thorax and chin. Interorbital space convex. Snout rounded,
its median width being slightly less than its length. Orbital ring strongly
toothed, unscaled, very narrow below pupil, becoming wider under anterior
of eye, its width at angle of mouth 2 in eye. A rather strong spine at
posterior margin of this wide portion. Preopercle denticulate. Mouth
small. Maxillary ending under anterior margin of orbit. Mandible
ending under anterior inargin of pupil. Teeth in two series the second
being smaller and less securely fixed and alternating with those of the
anterior series. Gill openings large, being carried forward to below
anterior margin of orbit. ill rakers slender, about 14 on lower limb.

Scales covering entire body and head, except orbital ring and chin.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. odd

Four rows of scales on preopercle, the lower row consisting of three or
four small scales. All fines, exvept ventrals, more or less scaled, dorsal
and anal with high scaly sheath.

Origin of “orsal midway between tip of snout and base of 11th dorsal
spine, the spines increasing in length posteriorly, anterior spine equal
to orbit, posterior spine 1.35 in head. Soft dorsal, caudal, and anal
sharp pointed, the caudal scarcely emarginate, the upper lobe the longest:
Second anal spine 1.55 in head. Longest rays of anal equal to rays of
soft dorsal. 1.10 in head. Origin of anal is on a line with base of 13th
dorsal spine, and is but slightly nearer origin of ventrals than to end of
caudal vertebra. Origin of ventrals midway between anal and angle
of jaw.

Color in hfe brown, becoming lighter on caudal peduncle, some blue
lines on cheeks and top of head.

Color in alcohol is a reddish brown, shading into vellow on caudal
peduncle, the caudal vellow, with a very slight wash of dusky. Distinct
blue lines of less width than pupil uniting on top of snout extend
back to about origin of lateral line at top of eye. Another from anterior
of eye to middle of maxillary. A few blue dots on cheeks. A black dot
at origin of lateral line. Inner axil of pectorals whitish, giving a more
or less distinct white dot in upper axil of fin, pectorals grayish, ventrals
black, other fins similar to color of body except the yellow caudal.

Type is No. 2214, collected by the writer and C. Canonizado at
Limbones Cove at the entrance to Manila Bay, Luzon, P. I., 14 January,
1908. Length, 765 millimeters. Two cotypes were taken at same time
and place, Nos. 2212 and 2213.

This species is P trilinealus of Bleeker, Altas, fig. 3, which we
believe to be distinct from the original P trilineatus Ehrenberg.

Pomacentrus suluensis Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth 2.10; dorsal XUI, 13; anal IH, 14; scales 25, nineteen
pores in lateral linc, 12 scales in vertical series; eye 3 in head; snout
3.55; interorbital space 3.20; maxillary 3; mandible 2; pectorals 1.10
in head; ventrals about equal to head; depth of caudal peduncle 1.75
in head.

Body is oblony, compressed, the greatest depth being in-the middle of
body; upper and lower anterior profiles from base of dorsal and base
of ventrals to snout are equal low curves, making the head rather sharp
pointed. Depth of caudal peduncle slightly greater than its length. The
top of head is almost a straight line from dorsal to snout, the curve being
very low. Interorbital space slightly convex, median width of snout
slightly greater than its length; two low ridges on upper side of snout;
preopercle denticulate. Orbital ring entirely smooth and unscaled, its
width at angle of mouth about equal to pupil; suborbital very narrow,
less than one-half of pupil. Mavillary scarcely extends to anterior margin

5?O SEALE.

of eye; mandible ending under anterior margin of eve, the lower jaw
slightly the longest. Teeth rather strong, in two series, the second
alternating with those of first series.

(ill openings wide, carried forward to below anterior margin of orbit,
gill rakers sharp-pointed, rather long, about 18 on lower limb.

Body entirely covered with ctenoid scales. All the fins evcept ventrals
more or less scaled. Large scaly sheaths at dorsal and anal, three rows
of scales on preopercle.

Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of Jast
dorsal spine, the median dorsal spines are longest, being 2 in head.
Longest dorsal ray about cqual to longest anal ray, being 1.50 in head;
dorsal, anal, and caudal sharp-pointed, caudal scarcely emarginate.
Origin of anal wnder base of eleventh dorsal spine, being nearer origin of
yentrals than to base of caudal. Origin of yentrals midway between
anal and a vertical line with anterior margin of jupil. Caudal equal
to length of head.

Color in hfe yellowish white, with two reddish brown vertical areas, one
occuping the entire head, its posterior border from origin of dorsal to
origin of ventrals, the second is from sixth dorsal spine to base of sixth
soft dorsal ray down on sides to anterior half of anal fin. .\ large black
yellow-edged ocellus on the last four spines, remainder of soft dorsal and
caudal are yellowish white, the anal is bright yellow, some purplish on its
anterior part. Ventrals white with some purplish anteriorly: no spot in
axil of pectoral or at origin of lateral line.

Color in alcohol similar to above, but the purplish on anal more
distinct, forming a dusky anterior border to fin.

Type is No. 4689, Secured by the writer and (' Canonizado at the
Island of Sitanki, Jolo Archipelago, 12 July, 1908. Length 355 milli-
meters.

This species is related to P notaphthalmus Bleeker but differs con-
siderably in the color markings and in having preorbital strongly serrated,
the anal fin sharp-pointed and the black spot above operculum absent.

Abudefduf coracinus Seale, sp. nov. Plate NIIT.

Head 3.60; depth 2: dorsal NTIT, 14; anal II, 13; scales 27; 18 pores
in lateral line which ends under middle of soft dorsal, 14 scales in vertical
serics; eye 3.50; snout 3.10; interorbital space 2.40; maxillary 3.25;
mandible 3; pectorals 1.10; ventrals longer than head, 3.15 in length,
caudal peduncle 1.60 in head.

Body is oblong compressed, its depth is about the same at origin of
ventrals as at origin of anal, depth of caudal peduncle is slightly greater
than its length.

Head is evenly rounded. The jaws when closed are equal. The
greatest width of head is 1.75 in its greatest depth, the profile both from

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES, 521

the origin of dorsal to snout and from origin of ventrals to snout is a
low even curve. The interorbital space is slightly and evenly convex.
The snout is rounded, its depth at nostril being greater than its width.
Preorbital ix rather wide and unscaled, the anterior margin not notched,
its width at angle of jaw 1.50 in orbit, its width below middle of eve
very little less than its angle. Maxillary ending on a line midway
between posterior nosiril and anterior margin of eve. The end. of
mandible not reaching to orbit. Teeth in a single series in jaws, rather
strong, fixed. almost conical, and with a slight curve, 20 on each side of
lower jaw. No teeth on vomer or palatine. Gill openings large, ending
on a line slightly anterior to orbit. Gill rakers slender and pointed, the
longest about equal to pupil, 14 on lower lim).

Scales covering entire body and head except the orbital ring, maxillary,
and mandibles: the scales are large smooth with their margins finely
ctenoid. Fins scaled, except the ventrals; a high scaly sheath to dorsals
and anal. .\ large axillary scale at ventrals; scales largest on the median
anterior part of body; small scales at base of fins and thorax. Six scales
between origin of dorsal and head and about 13 series on top of head.
Two rows of large scales on the preopercle with two or three small scales
on its lower margin.

Origin of dorsal fin about the width of eye posterior to pectoral axil,
the first spine being midway between tip of snout and origin of twelfth
dorsal spine, the spines gradually increase in length posteriorly, the firs!
spine being 1.30 in eye while the last 2 in head (measured to base of
scaly sheath). Soft dorsal rounded, its longest ray 1.25 in head. The
anal is similar in shape to soft dorsal, its second spine is 2 in head, the
longest ray is about equal to longest ray of soft dorsal; origin of second
anal spine on a line with base of 13th dorsal spine, being midway between
end of caudal vertebra and origin of ventrals, the first anal spine is quite
a little in advance of the second. Origin of ventrals midway between
first anal spine and tip of snout: ventrals are slightly filamentous at tip
but do not quite reach to anal pore. Pectorals are rounded, the width
of their base being ¥%.50 in their length. Caudal rounded, scarcely
emarginate, the upper lobe the longer, heing about equal to length of
head.

Color in life uniform dark brown or blackish.

Color in alcohol olivaceous black, fins black, opercular flap black. A
black dot at axil of pectorals. No ocelli anywhere.

Type is No. 4908. A specimen 123 millimeters in length taken by
the writer and ('. Canonizado at Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago, 18
July, 1908.

This species very closely resembles .1. mulas but is easily distinguished
by the naked orbital ring

ee SEALE.

Family GABRID.L.
Halichoeres iris Seale, sp. noy.

Head 3.10 (measwied to end of opercular flap); depth 5+ dorsal EN,
13; anal IT, 11; scales 26.134 in vertical series: eve 4.50 in head: snout
2.75; interorbital $10; maxillary 1.50; mandible 3.

Body oblong, compressed, the upper and lower outlines evenly curved
to the rather pointed head and snout. Depth of caudal peduncle 2.1
in head, its length 3 in head. Mouth rather small, the jaws equal, the
upper jaw protractile, upper lip with wide fold, lower lip with fold less
developed. Teeth in a single series in each jaw, the anterior ones con-ist-
ing of enlarged projecting canines; they graduate in size posteriorly.
No canines at angle of jaws. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill
openings extend forward to line with angle of preopercle. Gill rakers
small, fine-pointed, about 13 on lower limb.

Body covered with large smooth scales, which are much smaller on
thorax. Head entirely naked, fins unsealed, except a iow at base of
dorsal and anal, and basal half of caudal. Lateral line continuous.

The dorsal spines are short and pungent, the origin of the fin is midway
between tip of snout and base of sixth dorsal ray, the lonyvst spime about
4.25 im head, the longest ray 38. Caudal is slightly lunate, its length
1.35 in head. Origin of anal midway between the end of Inst caudal
vertebra and the posterior margin of hard opercle, being on a line with
the base of third dorsal ray, its hase is 1.20 in head, its second spine is
longest, 3.25 in head, its longest ray 2.50. Origin of ventrals slightly
nearer angle of mouth than to anal, the length 2.10 in head. Vectorals
1.50 in head, ending on a line with ninth scale of lateral line.

Color in life. The general color is greenish above and bluish below ;
there are seven purplish bands over back which extend obliquely back
and down to about the median line of sides, the anterior band is from
nuchal region to axil of pectoral, the second from origin of dorsal. third
from posterior portion of spinous dorsal, fourth froin anterior portion
of soft dorsal, fifth from middle of soft dorsal, sixth from posterior por-
tion of soft dorsal and the seventh over the middle of caudal pedunele ;
these bands are almost as wide as the interspaces. The top of head
and nuchal region are purple, there are three wide rosy bands tinted with
purplish on sides of head, one from posterior of eye to posterior margin
of opercle near base of pectoral, one from lower portion of orbit to lower
posterior margin of opercles, one from lower anterior margin af orbit
to behind angle of month; these bars are of slightly greater width than
pupil, the coloring of cheeks between these bars is vellowish, with portions
shading into orange and greenish, the lower jaw and throat blue, base
of peetorals purplish, the base of rays yellow. Spinous dorsal purplish
with deep green on hbase, the purplish coloring extending back as a

NEW SPECIES OF PILILIPPINE FISHES. 2

graduating line through the lower half of soft dorsal, general color of
soft dorsal, pale yellowish, caudal yellowish with tint of green, the upper
and lower rays green with the second ray a heavy brownish yed. Anal
pale yellowish, ventrals pinkish, pectorals washed with vellowizh at base
and slightly dusky at tip.

Color in alcohol similar to above, except the bluish below fades into
whitish, the deep green on dorsal and between the purple bars fades and
becomes dull bluish, the stripes on head brown-purplish, the anal shows
a dusky blotch on middle of anterior rays.

Type is No. 4582 from Sitanki Island. Jolo Archipelago, P. I
July, 1908. Length, 112 millimeters.

i
yoy

Choerops palawanensis Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth 2.80; dorsal XIV, 7; anal III, 10; vcales 28; 11 scales
in vertical series ; eye 6; snout 2.35; interorbital 5.50; cheeks with about
6 rows of imbricate scales.

Body oblong, compressed, the upper outline more rounded than Jower.
Depth of caudal peduncle 2.35 in head.

Upper profile of head a strong even curve back to origin of dorsal.
Interorbital space convex. Createst depth of head 1.14 in its length;
mouth rather large, the upper jaw protractile. Lips thick, with fold,
four strong projecting canines in the front of each jaw, a canine at angle
of upper jaw. Posterior margin of preoperele ix finely denticulate.
Lower limb of preopercle naked. Gill openings moderate, ending on a
line slightly posterior to eve. Gill rakers thick, sharp-pointed, short,
about 8 on lower limb.

The scales are large and smooth, fully vovering head and body except
top of head, snout, limb of preopercle, and chin. ‘Tubules of lateral line
strongly branched.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of 12th dorsal
spine, the longest spine 3.50 in head, its posterior rays the longest, 2.50
in head. Base of anal 1.15 in head, its posterior ray 2.20, origin of anal
is midway between last caudal vertebra and angle of preopercle. Origin
of ventrals midway between anal and angle of mouth, the anterior rays
elongate, reaching to base of anal. Pectorals 1.25, ending on a line
with 12th scale of lateral line. Caudal slightly lunate, 1.15 in head.

Color in life. General color brownish above, whitish below, margins
of the scales drab. An oblong bright yellow patch on sides under
posterior third of spinous dorsal, a row of about five black spots along
the median line, sides of head greenish with tint of yellow, the color below
this ig blue, a red line back from angle of mouth marks the meeting of
these two colors, four greenish lines on sides of snout from eye to mouth,
about 6 oblique yellow lines on opercle, three red lines on lower jaw, two
rows of dusky dots near base of dorsal fin. Dorsal blue with about 4
irregular rows of red dots tending to form broken vertical lines on

91701——-3

Ave SEALE.

soft dorsal. Margin of spinous dorsal blue. Anal similar to dorsal
in color except that the round red spots tend to form two or three longi-
tudinal lines on distal portion of fin. Caudal yellowish green with
alternating blue and red dots on sides. Ventrals blue, the webs yellow.
Pectorals yellow, blue at base with a ring of red.

Color in alcohol dull light brown with tint of green. the golden blotch
and the black dots on sides show distinctly. Markings of dorsal scarcely
showing; markings of anal more distinct. the dots being yellow, caudal
almost uniform greenish with the slightest trace of markings.

Type is No. 5501, from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, P. Lye
August, 1907. Length, 235 millimeters.

Family SCARICHTHYTI). 1.
Callyodon rostratus Seale, sp. nov. {Ogos.)

Head 2.75, measured from tip of opercular flap to tip of upper teeth;
depth 3; dorsal 1X. 10; anal III, 9; scales 23; 83 scales in vertical
series; eye 7 in head; snout 2.20; interorbital 3.15, two rows of scales on
cheeks, the lower limb of preopercle being entirely naked; only the
slightest indication of canine teeth at angle of upper jaw, none on lower:
teeth green, the margins crenulate: lips narrow, not covering half of
either jaw.

Body oblong compressed, the upper and lower outlines equal, the snout
is heavy and deep, the teeth large and exposed, giving a blunt appearance
to the head. Depth of caudal peduncle 2.50 in head.

Depth of head 1.40 in its length, the upper and lower outlines with
very low angle. Interorbital space convex. Gill openings are carried
forward to below eve. Gill rakers numerous, minute and_ hair-like.
Scales large and smooth, 34 in front of dorsal. Origin of dorsal midway
between tip of teeth and second dorsal ray, its longest spine 3 in
head, the last ray 3.25. Caudal slightly rounded in middle, the lower
ray slightly produced. Lase of anal 1.70 im head, its origin being
midway between last caudal vertebra and axil of pectoral, its longest
ray 3. Origin of ventrals slightly nearer to angle of jaws than to anal,
their length 2.10 in head. Pectorals 1.50 in head.

Color in life deep blue-green, more decidedly bluish on belly, which
shows three or four longitudinal stripes of darker blue. A yellowish
area encircles and occupies the entire caudal peduncle. Cheeks washed
with reddish, two darker lines extend back from eye. A red line
around lips, a second red line across base of lower jaw. Dorsal red with
a green line through center and a deep blue margin. Caudal deep blue,
with some of the webs washed with red. Base of anal red, the distal two-
thirds blue. Pectorals green, the first ray blue. Teeth green.

Color in alcohol yellowish shaded with dull brownish. A yellow area
occupies caudal peduncle, two wide dusky stripes from posterior part
of eye, snout greenish. Cheeks and opercles yellowish except the upper
portion of opercle which is crossed by the dusky bar. An indistinct line

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 525

from below angle of jaws around lower lip, dorsal grayish with yellowish
margin and clouded with dusky in center. Caudal yellowish with some
lighter markings on webs. Anal whitish at hase, the distal two-thirds
yellowish. Ventrals yellowish, pectorals yellowish, teeth green.

Type No. 2928 from Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. T., 10 April, 1908.
Length, 215 millimeters.

Callyodon hadji* Neale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth 2.45; dorsal IN, 9; anal TIL, 9; scales 24 to end of
caudal vertebra, 83 scales in vertical series; eye 5.75 in head; snout 2.60;
interorbital space about equal to snout; scales on cheeks in three rows,
the lower row covering the limb of preopercle; lips rather wide covering
about two-thirds of jaws: each jaw with a strong canine near angle;
teeth rosy; pectorals 1.30 in head; ventrals 1.75.

Body oblong, compressed, the upper and lower outlines about evenly
curved, the head moderately pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.1
in head, being about equal to its length.

Greatest depth of head about equal to its length. Interorbital space
convex. Snout not particularly blunt. Lips thin, without folds. Gill
openings of moderate size, ending anteriorly on a line with posterior
margin of eve. (rill rakers very minute, short, hair-like, at least 22 on
lower limb. Pseudobranchia large.

Scales large and smooth. Body and head fully scaled except snout and
chin. Six scales in front of dorsal. Origin of dorsal is midway between
tip of snout and base of second dorsal ray. its longest spine 2.75 in head,
its longest ray 2.75 in head. Base of anal 1.20 in head, its origin midway
between end of caudal vertebra and angle of preopercle, its longest ray
about 3 in head, origin of ventrals midway between anal and angle of
jaws, the fin not reaching to anal pore. Origin of pectorals below origin
of dorsal, its tip on a line with ninth scale of lateral line. Caudal
slightly lunate, its longest rays equal to pectoral, the mid rays 1.50 in
head.

Color in life is chiefly pinkish and bluish green. The throat, thorax.
belly and sides below the median line being a bright pink; each scale on
entire side in front of caudal peduncle is margined with pink, upper part
of sides and back green, upper half of head reddish brown, caudal
peduncle blue-green, upper lip bright green with a blue-green line around
its base, this line is bordered by pink above and extends to below and
slightly posterior to eye. Three short blue-green lines radiate from eye,
two backward and one forward. An irregular-shaped bright green area
extends from angle of mouth to below eye and down almost to
chin. Under lip pink crossed by two deep blue lines, one near margin
the other near base of lip. About 8 deep blue spots or dashes on each side
of throat. A row of deeper green spots along base of dorsal fin. Dorsal

* Hadji=Moro pilgrim or chief.

526 SEALE.

fin salmon-red with a broad blue-green border. .\ row of green spots
along middle of red portion. Caudal fin pea-green with deep blue upper
and lower margin. Anal fin deep red with outer half blue. Pectorals
deep blue with 4th to 5th rays bright pink. Ventrals pinkish and
yellow with anterior ray blue-green.

Color in spirits uniform dull grayish, whitish on belly, the bright
greenish irregular area back of angle of mouth shows distinctly. All
.markings of the fins dull but show the general arrangement described
above, the pectorals are greenish with a darker stripe on second to
fourth rays.

Type is No. 5367 from Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 19 August, 1909.
Length, 225 millimeters, and cotype 5494 from same locality.

Callyodon albipunctatus Seale, sp. nov.

Head ¥.75; depth 3; dorsal IX, 10; anal III, 9; scales 23, 84 in vertical
series; eye 5.25; snout 2.50; interorbital 3.25; two rows of scales on
cheeks; lower limb of preopercle entirely naked; lips narrow, the teeth
being more than half exposed; teeth pinkish.

Body oblong compressed, under normal conditions the upper and lower
outlines are evenly curved; the snout, however, is very deep, giving a
blunt appearance to head. Depth of caudal peduncle 2.75 in head.
(treatest depth of head 1.35 in its length. Mouth rather large. Teeth
prominent, no canines. Guill openings carried forward to a line with
posterior third of eye. Gill rakers numerous, minute and hair-hke.
Pseudobranchia large.

Seales large and smooth, four in front of dorsal. Body and head fully
scaled except on interorbital space and snout, preopercular limb and
chin.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of teeth and second dorsal ray,
the longest spine 3.10 in head, the longest ray 3.10. Origin of anal
midway between axil of pectoral and last caudal vertebra, its base 1.75
in head, its longest ray 3.10. Origin of ventrals midway between angle
of jaw and anal, their length 2.19 in head. Pectorals 1.50, caudal
truncate.

Color in life. General color of lower parts pinkish, the scales on upper
portion of body with greenish bases and margins. About ten distinct
round white spots on sides usually in pairs at regular intervals, belly with
shght wash of purplish. Dorsal fin uniform pink. Caudal uniform pink.
Anal bluish at base, fading to pink distally. Pectorals and ventrals
uniform pink, iris golden, snout and chin uniform pink, cheeks with a
slight tint of bluish. A wide yellow area surrounding caudal peduncle.

Color in alcohol grayish, base of scales darker, belly purplish, gape and
chin and area at base of caudal yellowish. Twelve to. fourteen round
white spots on posterior half of body, fins uniform grayish green..

Type is No. 4876 from Sitanki Island, Jolo Archipelago, P. I., 18,
July, 1908. Length, 170 millimeters.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE PISHES. 527

Catlyodon ogos Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.20: depth 2.70; dorsal IX, 10; anal ILI, 9; scales 22, 84 in
vertical series; eye 5.50 in head; snout 2.85; interorbital 3.15; two rows
of scales on cheeks: the lower limb of preopercle naked; lips wide; a
canine tooth at angle of each jaw.

Body oblong compressed, the upper and lower outlines evenly curved ;
head rather more pointed than is usual in this genus. Depth of caudal
peduncle somewhat greater than its length, being 2 in head.

(reatest depth of head 1.14 in its length. Interorbital space convey.
The lips are wide, the upper almost wholly covering the teeth, the
lower covering more than two-thirds of lower teeth. The teeth in life
were rosy. The canine teeth of the lower jaw are largest, those of the
upper jaw being rather blunt. Gill rakers fine almost hair-like, short,
about 26 on lower limb. Gill openings of moderate width, ending on
a line with posterior margin of eye. [seudobranchia large.

Seales are large and smooth, body and head ave fully scaled except
interorbital space, snout, lower lim} of preopercle and chin, which are
naked. Lips thin, without folds.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of first dorsal
ray, longest spine 2.25 in head, about equal to longest ray. Base of anal
1.20 in head, the origin of the fin is considerably nearer the end of
caudal vertebra than to angle of preopercle, its posterior ray 2.50 in head.
Origin of ventrals considerably posterior to origin of pectorals, being
midway between anal and angle of mouth, their length 1.50 in head.
Pectorals 1.25 in head, their tip on a line with 8th scale of lateral line.
Caudal is slightly lunate.

Color in life chiefly blue-green ; however. there is a large area occupying
the upper and median portion of the sides which is reddish yellow, the
margins of the scales in this area are green. The upper anterior portion
of back is deep green, the lower portion of sides, belly, and caudal
peduncle is deep blue-green. About twelve short red lines radiate from
eye. A large wedge-shaped deep green area with red margins extends
from posterior margin of eve to posterior margin of opercles, ending
just in front of axil of pectorals. Snout deep green. .\ red line from
eye to angle of jaws. Lower lip rosy with blue margin and crossed by
blue line at base. Two short longitudinal blue lines on sides of throat,
base of pectorals rosy with a deep green line across base of rays. Dorsal
rosy at base and broadly margined with deep blue, the median portion
of the fin between these colors being bright red above and deep gicen
below, the green color fading out and changing into a bright yellow on
posterior portion of soft dorsal. Caudal with upper and lower rays bright
blue, the second and third upper and lower rays bright pink, the re-
mainder of fin rather dark blue. Anal blue-green, the margin and base
darker blue, the median portion with tint of pinkish, showing some
darker greenish blotches between the rays. Ventrals with ravs deep blue-

528 SEALE.

green except second rays which are bright pink. Pectorals uniform red,
a green line across base.

Color in aleohol. The above striking colors almost entirely disappear
and the fish becomes a dull yellowish brown, the fins show very indistinctly
the markings described above, the blue of the margins fading into a
yellowish white; the deep green wedge-shaped area between eye and axil
of pectorals becomes a yellowish area of no distinct shape, while the lines
which radiate from eye almost entirely disappear. The pectoral becomes
yellowish white with a dusky dot on its upper axil.

Type is No. 5414 from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, 20 August,
1908. Tength, 225 millimeters. and cotype No. 5411 from the same
locality.

Family PSEUDOCHROMID 43.

Pseudochromis aurea Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.40; depth 3; dorsal III, 26; anal III, 14; scales 41, vertical
series 14; eye 4; snout 3.75; interorbital 5; maxillary 2.50, its distal
end on a line with pupil; mandible 1.90.

Body oblong, compressed, the upper anterior outline from origin of
dorsal to tip of snout is a low even curve, the lower outline comparatively
straight. Depth of caudal peduncle 1.85 in head, its length one-half its
depth. Mouth of moderate size, the lower jaw projecting. Teeth in
front of jaws in several series with about 4 large curved canines, teeth
on sides of jaivs in single series, teeth on vomer and palatines. (Cheeks
with 4 rows of scales, opercle with a single flat obtuse spine and covered
with large scales. Gill openings carried forward slightly past angle of
preopercle. (vill rakers rather flat and wide, about 13 on lower limb.
Three membranous points to lower limb of preopercle. Pseudobranchia
present.

Entire body covered with fine smooth scales which have a finely
denticulate border.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of 11th ray of
soft dorsal, the spines rather weak, the longest 3 in head, the longest ray
1.30 in head; caudal rounded, its length equal to head. Origin of anal
about midway between end of caudal vertebra and posterior margin of
opercles, the length of its base equal to head, its third spine the longest,
2.30 in head, its longest ray 1.50 in head. Origin of ventrals but slightly
nearer anal than to tip of snout, the rays elongate reaching to base of
anal. Pectorals 1.14 in head.

Color in life bright orange, most of the scales below the lateral line,
except on thorax, have a bright blue dot. Two blue lines cross the
eye-ball but do not extend out of orbit, head uniform yellow orange, very
slightly dark above, fins all uniform orange without markings.

Color in alcohol uniform yellow, most of scales showing indication of
a dot on each scale, blue lateral line except on thorax and head; fins
yellow, some indistinct indications of dots on anal.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE IISHES. 529

Type is No. 4899 from Sitanki Tsland, Jolo Archipelago, P. I., 18
July, 1908. Length, 90 millimeters. Numerous cotypes.

Pseudochromis rex Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.50; depth 2.90; dorsal I1I, 25; anal III, 14; pores in lateral
line 44, 16 scales in vertical series; eye 4.50 in head; snout 3.20;
interorbital 4.20; maxillary 2.50, its distal end under anterior margin
of eye; mandible 1.90; width of preorbital 1.75 in orbit.

Body oblong, compressed. Upper anterior profile from origin of dorsal
to tip of snout, a moderate and even curve. Depth of caudal peduncle
1.55 in head, its length about one-half its depth. Mouth of moderate
size. Lower jaw slightly projecting. ‘Teeth in anterior of jaws in several
rows with several large curved canines, those in side of jaws in single
row, conical, sharp-pointed. Teeth on vomer and palatines. Cheeks
with five rows of scales. Preorbital with two or three membranous
points; opercles with a single flat spine. Gull openings rather narrow,
scarcely extending forward to angle of preopercle. Gill rakers short and
thick, with asperites on inner surface, 12 on lower limb. Pseudobranchia
present. Entire body and head, except snout and chin, covered with fine
smooth scales; scales on opercles largest; fins, except caudal, unscaled.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and 10th ray of soft
dorsal, the dorsal spines very thick and stiff, the third the longest, equal
to length of snout, the first dorsal ray considerably longer, 1.75 in head.
Base of anal almost equal to length of head, its origin midway between
end of caudal vertebra and posterior margin of opercle, its longest ray
2 in head. Ventrals 1.40 in head, their spine 2, their origin is midway
between anal and gape of mouth. Pectorals 1.20 in head. Caudal
rounded in young, but with upper and lower rays slightly produced in old
specimens, length of caudal 1.12 in head.

Color in life. Upper anterior portion of head and body dark bluish
with a jet black line equal to width of pupil from tip of snout through
eye to below the anterior third of soft dorsal, some dusky dots below the
posterior half of this line, general color of body yellow, belly and chin
pale blue, dorsal dusky on base with bluish wash, the outer two-thirds
of fin yellowish white posteriorly, caudal and anal uniform yellow,
ventrals bluish white, pectorals yellowish.

Color in alcohol. Upper anterior portion of body and head brownish
with some fine black specks. A black line from snout through eye,
extending back and becoming more diffused, fading out under posterior
third of soft dorsal. Other portions of body yellowish white without
markings, dorsal dusky at base, lighter on its distal half, other fins
uniform yellowish white.

Numerous specimens. ‘ype is No. 4631 from Sitanki Island, Jolo
Archipelago, P. J., 4 July, 1908. Length, 120 millimeters.

O30 SEALE.

Labracinus flavipinnis Seale, sp. nov. t

Head 3.50; depth 3.75; dorsal I1, 20; anal ILI, 10; scales 36, lateral
line interrupted; vertical series 10}; eye 3.10; snout 4.75; interorbital
equal to snout; maxillary 3.75, its distal end under anterior margin of
pupil.

Upper and lower outlines of body evenly and equally curved, depth of
caudal peduncle 1.75 in head, its length % in head. Head moderately
pointed. The lower jaw slightly longer. Mouth oblique, small. Teeth
of upper jaw fine, in several bands, with about 6 enlarged anterior canines.
Teeth of lower jaw in a single series on sides with two enlarged canines
and bands of small teeth in front. Teeth on vomer and palatine. Scales
on cheeks in three rows; opercular and preopercular margins entie. Gill
openings wide, being carried forward to a line with posterior margin of
orbit. Gill rakers thin, sharp-pointed, short, about 12 on lower limb.

Body and head. except snout and chin, covered with rather small
sinooth scales, caudal scaled for half its length, other fins unscaled, about
ten rows of scales in front of dorsal. ‘he two dorsal spines short, the
secon] being about half length of first ray, the longest ray about 2.10 in
head. The caudal is rounded, 1.30 in head. Origin of anal midway
between end of last caudal vertebra and a line with middle of opercle,
its rave about 2 in head. Origin of ventrals slightly in front of origin
of pectorals, being considerably nearer the tip of snout than to anal, its
length 1.14 in head. Pectorals 1.25.

Color in life yellowish brown, darkest anteriorly, the posterior half
of body with some small vertical blue marks. Top of snout, interorbital
space and nuchal region back along base of spinous dorsal black. Lower
half of spinous dorsal jet black, the upper half orange, a narrow yellow
line between the colors. Caudal yellow, a jet black line extends from
along top of caudal peduncle into the fin where it forms a submarginal
wedge-shaped band; anal and ventrals pink; pectorals yellowish brown.

Color in alcohol similar to above but less bright. the bluish markings
obsolete.

Type is No, 4410 from Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I.. 11 June, 1908.
Length, 46 millimeters.

Family OSPHROMENID AL.
Osphromenus insulatus Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.18; depth 2.75; dorsal VII. 8; anal XI, 32; scales about 45 in
lateral series, from 20 to 34 pores in lateral line which is very irregular,
in the type specimen the line is broken on one side and jumps 4 scales,
in some cotypes the line is broken in two or three places and jumps

several scales, in the type the lateral line has a distinct arch anteriorly
as in the carangoids, becoming more or less straight about the middle

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISILES, ool

of fish; ventrals 5, the first ray filiform, extending to caudal, the other
rays very small, almost atrophied. Maxillary short, slightly less than
diameter of eye; interorbital space 2.50 in head.

Body oblong, compressed, the head is pointed, the profile from nuchal
region to tip of snout is very slightly concave. Depth of caudal peduncle
2.385 in head.

The interorbital space is slightly convex, the mouth is small and di-
rected upward, the lower jaw strongly projecting; width of preorbital is
two-thirds of eye, it has a strong notch which receives the tip of the
maxillary, lover margins of preorbital provided with about & distinct
teeth. Jaws with bands of small sharp teeth including several enlarged
canines, the latter being curved and more or less projecting; no teeth
on vomer or palatine. The posterior margin of preopercle is entire,
but its lower limb is margined by a row of long sharp teeth. Opercle
without spine, ending in a sharp membranous flap. Three rows of
scales on opercles and four on cheeks. Gill openings united on isthmus.
Gill rakers numerous, short, flat, sharp-pointed.

Entire body including head covered with fine ctenoid scales, scales
largest on opercles, soft dorsal with large scales on base, caudal and anal
sealed, throat scaled.

Origin of dorsal is midway between pupil and end of last vertebra, the
spines graduate in size, the last one the longest, about 2.1, the rays in
male specimens elongate, greater than length of head, caudal slightly
inclined to be bilobed, its length slightly greater than head. Spinous
anal fitting into a scaly sheath, origin of its first spine midway between
tip of upper jaw and ninth anal ray, the spinous portion contained about
twice in soft posterior portion, the longest spine about 3 in head, the
longest ray 1.35. Origin of ventrals in advance of pectorals, their
anterior ray reaching to, or almost to, base of caudal. Pectorals about
equal to length of head.

Color in life brown with some irregular blackish marks on shoulders,
some yellowish on opercles and on thorax, some vivid pink at base of
anal, extending almost length of base. Dorsal, yellowish brown in fe-
males, brown in males, the rays marked with yellowish dark-ringed spots.
Caudal brown with numerous yellowish spots, anal brown with some
yellowish spots, pectorals brown, ventrals yellowish, a distinct black spot
at base of caudal, another on middle of side.

Color in alcohol similar to above but yellow much faded, and the pink
at base of anal disappears.

Type is No. 4951 from lake on Cagayan-Sulu Island, Sulu Sea.
Length, 73 millimeters. Numerous cotypes.

It is rather interesting to find this form in a crater lake on this
volcanic island, isolated as it is in the Sulu Sea.

532 SEALE.

Family GOBIIDZ.

Genus BIAT Seale, new genus.*

This genus is related to Oxyuricthys Bleeker but differs in being
without nuchal crest or tentacle and in having the upper teeth in two or
more series. From Gobionellus Girard it differs in having the teeth
firm instead of movable. From Gobitchthys KNlunzanger it differs in
having no tentacle over eye and in other respects. It is characterized
by the smooth head, without scales, tentacles, or crest, the extremely
elongate fully united ventrals, the fine ctenoid scales which are larger
posteriorly and the many rayed (16-17) dorsal and anal

Type is Biat luzonica Seale, No. 2040 in collection of Bureau of Science,
Manila, from east coast of Luzon Island. Length, 190 millimeters.

Biat luzonica Seale, sp. nov.

Head 4.10; depth 5.10; dorsal VI, 16; anal 17, scales about 110 in
a median line; about 25 in lateral series; head entirely naked; eye 4.75
in head; snout 4; eyes close together, the interorbital space less than
width of pupil; maxillary 2.45 in head; mandible 2.10.

Body elongate, cylindrical, its greatest width 1.50 in its depth. Depth
of caudal peduncle 2.30. Head rather blunt, the anterior profile of head
from eye to tip of snout has an angle of about 45 degrees. The mouth
is shghtly oblique, the lower jaw a little the longer. Gill openings rather
wide, being carried forward to a line with angle of preopercle. Gill
rakers short and blunt, 10 on lower limb. Margins of opercle and pre-
opercle smooth. The teeth of each jaw are in several series with the
addition of an irregular row of short curved canines, the anterior ones
being enlarged. Tongue is rounded and adnate to floor of mouth for
its entire length. No teeth on vomer or palatine. No barbules or
tentacles. Lips with fold of skin, no lines of cirri, or prominent mucous
pores, except one with a bifurcated opening on back part of interorbital
space.

The entire body is covered with fine ctenoid scales which become larger
posteriorly. About 25 series of scales in front of dorsal which, however,
do not encroach upon the head.

Spinous dorsal of 6 thin flexible spines which tend to become fila-
mentous, the longest about 1.50 in head, the origin of spinous dorsal is
midway between tip of snout and base of third soft ray. Longest ray
of soft dorsal 1.45 in head. Origin of anal midway between end of
caudal vertebra and angle of preopercle, its base 3.10 in length of fish
without caudal, its longest ray 1.50 in head. Caudal lanceolate in shape,
its length almost a fourth greater than head. Origin of ventrals midway
between anal and angle of mouth, the fin united its entire length, and
with a deep membranous cup which has a smooth margin, the fin very

§ Biat=Philippine name for goby.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 533
long extending to base of anal, its length greater than head being almost
equal to caudal. Pectorals 1.14 in head, their bases rather thick but
not nearly so strongly developed as in Periophthalmus.

Color in alcohol (the specimen was not seen by us in a fresh state)
yellowish brown with six wide dark bluish bars over back and sides, the
first occupying anterior part of head including the snout and eyes.
Second on nuchal region down to opercles. Third from median portion
of spinous dorsal. Fourth from anterior third of soft dorsal. Fifth
from posterior part of soft dosal. Sixth on base of caudal fin. These
bands are but little narrower than the interspaces and the margins are not
sharply defined although the bands themselves are quite distinct. A few
small yellowish spots probably red or blue in life on upper portion of head
behind eye. Spinous dorsal grayish with dusky center, soft dorsal dull
yellowish as is also the caudal. Anal yellowish, darker at tip with two
or three narrow submarginal lines. Ventrals dark gray. Pectorals yel-
lowish.

Type is No. 2040, from the east coast of Luzon, P. I., June, 1907.
Secured by Mr. W. D. Carpenter. Length, 190 millimeters.

MACGREGORELLA,? new genus.

This genus is characterized by the presence of numerous striking ridges
and pockets of membrane with fringed margins on various portions of
the head. The head otherwise entirely naked. No scales in front of
dorsal. No pectoral filaments, no barbules, although the folds of mem-
branes from a side view give the appearance of barbules in the figure.
Body finely scaled, teeth in bands in each jaw, no large canines, tongue
rounded, free at tip. Soft dorsal and anal of 9 to 12 rays. The rays or
spines not elongate. ‘ype of genus is M/acgregorella moroana Seale from
Jolo, No. 3575 in fish collection of Bureau of Science.

Macgregorella moroana. Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.60; depth 5.50; dorsal VI, 11; anal 9; scales about 46, 16 in
vertical series; eye 5 in head; snout 3; interorbital, a mere ridge about
equal to pupil; maxillary 3.20, its tip not reaching to margin of eye;
mandible 2.50; head and nuchal region without scales. The head is
curiously marked by numerous membranes with fringed margins, the
three large vertical ones on the cheeks being somewhat pocket-like.
There are about twelve of these membraneous cross-ridges between the
tip and the angle of the preopercle, with two wide longitudinal membranes
on the median line of lower jaw, preorbital and snout each with two
or more membranous ridges, longitudinal as well as vertical membranous
ridges on cheeks. Lips with folds, mouth small, bands of small teeth in
each jaw, the outer series in upper jaw slightly enlarged, no decidedly

* Named for Richard Crittenden McGregor in recognition of his noteworthy work
in Philippine zodlogy.

dod SEALE.

enlarged canines; the orbital ridges are not prominently developed ‘nor
roughened. No filiform rays to pectorals, no barbules. (rill openings
confined to sides. The origin of dorsal is midway between tip of snout
and seventh dorsal ray, none of the spines elongate, the longest about
1:50 in head, longest dorsal ray 1.40 in head. Caudal acuminate, about
one-third longer than head, longest anal ray 1.30 in head. pectorals almoxi
equal to length of head.

Color in life yellowish white, marbled and mottled with brown and
grayish. Three irreyular-shaped oblique dusky bands backward and down-
ward, one from spinous dorsal, two from soft dorsal; some dusky stripes
on sides of head, one from snout to eye, another from eve to upper margin
of opercle, another from posterior margin of eve obliquely backward, two
others on lower sides of cheeks. Dorsal vellowish with dusky bloteh 11
lower central portion and some other slight shadings of dusky scattered
over the fin. Soft dorsal with about three oblique dusky bars, the middle
one most distinct, posterior tip of fin dusky. Caudal yellowish gray with
three dark bands triangular in shape, the angle pointing backward. Anal
yellow with three dusky oblique bars, posterior tip of fin dusky. Ventrals
pinkish with shght blotches of dusky. Pectorals vellowish, a dusky
irregular bar running out on upper balf of fin.

Color in aleohol. Siuilar to above but with the brown markings
showing more distinctly, there being a dusky bar on sides of -belly and
another at origin of anal. A brown bar across nuchal region, a distinct
brown bar obliquely downward and hackward from cve, another in front
of eve, and three on lower part of cheeks, fins colored as in life.

’ Type is No. 8575 from Jolo, Jolo Island, P. I. Length, 54 millimeters.
Rhinogobius perpusillus Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.85; depth 4; dorsal VI, 14; anal 14: scales 56, about 20 in
vertical series; eye 3.85; snout 4; interorbital about equal to snout ;
maxillary 2.75 in head, its tip under anterior margin of pupil; mandible
2.30. Head naked except about 3 rows of scales on upper third of opercle,
nuchal region finely scaled. No filamentous pectoral rays.

Body somewhat oblong and compressed, the upper and Jower outlines
about equally curved, the depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head. The
head is rather bluntly pointed, the median width of snout being about
equal to its median depth. The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw slightly
longer. The tongue is rounded and adnate to floor of mouth. Teeth in
upper jaw in two rows those of the outer row enlarged, curved, those of
lower jaw in two rows rather large, curved, the outer ones projecting; an
enlarged, recurved canine on side of jaw, no teeth on vomer or palatine.
Gill openings small, restricted to sides. Body and nuchal region covered
with fine scales which are slightly roughened at their margins. Origin
of dorsal is midway between tip of snout and base of fourth dorsal ray,
its spines not elongate, the longest 2 in head, longest dorsal ray 1.50.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. nob

Origin of anal about midway between base of anal rays and angle of
preopercle, its rays not elongate. Origin of ventrals much nearer tip of
snout than to anal, being directly below the origin of pectorals, their
length 1.20. Pectorals about equal to head, caudal slightly rounded,
about equal to length of head.

Color in life a distinct whitish with a slight wash of yellow, with
3 very dark brown stripes on vach side, the first from between interorbitals
to and along base of dorsals, the second from tip of snout to caudal, run-
ning along the top of caudal peduncle: the third a wide heavy band from
around lower lip across cheek and upper base of pectoral io middle of
caudal where it ends in a black spot on the middle of caudal base, on the
rays; lower half of body uniform whitish unmarked, dorsal whitish
crossed by a dark band on upper third, soft dorsal grayish, darker on
posterior half and with dark bar near top of fin. Caudal yellowish with
dark brown line extending out on upper and lower margins. Anal
yellowish at base, becoming dark on outer half; ventrals yellowish with
slight grayish shading. Pectorals yellow.

Color in alcohol is similar to above but is less bright. In two
specimens Nos. 1276 and 5106 the side bands are almost obliterated or
small, except the wide heavy band from lower jaw, and the black spot on
caudal, these specimens also show very indistinct indications of about 5
grayish cross-bands over back, they may be a distinct form.

Type is No. 4022 from Zamboanga, Mindanao. Length, 45 milli-
meters.

Rhinogobius carpenteri Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth 6; dorsal VI, 9; anal 9; scales about 38, 84 in vertical
series, a few scales directly in front of dorsal, otherwise the entire nuchal
region and head naked; eye 5; snout 2.80; interorbital about equal to
pupil; maxillary 2.55; mandible 2.10.

The upper and lower outlines are but little curved; the head is bluntly
pointed, the depth of caudal peduncle is about 3, its length 1.50 in head,
greatest width is at head which is 1.50 in its length, its depth being 2.25.
Jaws even, mouth small, tongue almost square at tip. Jaws with several
rows of teeth, the outer of which are sharply curved, canine-like. No
teeth on vomer or palatines, cheeks fat. Gull openings restricted to sides.
Gill rakers short, flat, about 7 on lower limb.

Origin of dorsal posterior to ventral, its longest spine 1.85 in head,
the longest dorsal ray 2 in head. Origin of anal nearer to base of caudal
than to origin of ventrals, being under the base of fourth dorsal ray, the
longest ray 2.50 in head. Ventrals very short and disk-like, length 1.75
in head, their origin much nearer tip of snout than to anal. Caudal
rounded, its length 1.30 in head. Pectorals 1.30 in head.

Body covered with small smooth scales with very fine ctenoid edges,
no scales on nuchal region or head.

Color in life dull yellow-brown, uniform whitish on under jaw, eyes

N36 SEALE.

blue, fins grayish, 2 anterior spines silvery white, rays of anal silvery
white, caudal washed with dusky at tip.

Color in aleohol similar but less bright. Numerous specimens. Type
is No. 914.

AH specimens and type from the Trinidad River, Baguio; elevation,
1,500 meters: Iuzon, P. I.

Pleurogobius boulengeri Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3; depth 3.75; dorsal VI. 12; anal 10; scales alout 30, 9 in
vertical series ; cye 3 in head; snout 4.50; interorbital a mere ridge, being
less than pupil: maxillary about equal to eye, ending on a line with
margin of eye; mandible 1.85 in head; head naked except a few scales
on upper edge of opercle and on nuchal region.

Upper outline of body more curved than lower, the greatest depth at
origin of dorsal, the greatest width being at opercles where it is 1.35 in
head. Head rather blunt, the lower jaw projecting, the mouth being
somewhat oblique. Depth of caudal peduncle 2.50 in head.

Head without barbules or cross-lines of cirri on cheeks, median portion
of snout, however, somewhat roughened by two prominent lines of mu-
vous pores. Mouth rather large, tongue Iree, sub-truncate at tip. Teeth in
several rows in each jaw, the outer row enlarged. curved. canine-like, but
without prominent recurved canine on sides of lower jaw. (vill openings
restricted to sides.

Body fully covered with fine smooth scales which cover nuchal region
and extend slightly on upper inargin of opercles, otherwise head entirely
naked.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of fifth dorsal
ray, the spines fine, not elongate, their longest 2.25 in head. Longest
soft dorsal ray 1.75 in head; caudal rounded 1.25 in head. Origin of
anal is midway between end of caudal vertebra and the angle of the
preopercle, its longest ray 1.85 in head; origin of ventrals nearer tip of
snout than to anal pore, their length 1.10 in head. Pectorals scarcely
equal to head.

Color dark brown banded by 12 narrow white, dark-margined vertical
bands which completely encircle the body and are of much less width
than the interspaces, four of these bands are on the head, the first over
the snout just in front of eyes and down to angle of mouth, the second
from outer part of nuchal region down through eyes, the third and
fourth from nuchal region down sides of head, the fifth from origin of
dorsal over base of pectorals, the remainder at regular intervals on body,
there being one around the middle of caudal peduncle and another at
base of caudal; these last two indistinct. Vertical fins uniform dark
grayish, pectorals and ventrals yellowish white.

Type is No. 5505 from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, P. I.
Length, 35 millimeters.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. oT

Named for Doctor Boulenger of the British Museum whose work on
Palawan fishes I have found of great assistance.

Gnatholepis davaoensis Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.75; depth £20; dorsal VI, 12: anal 11; scales about 26, in
lateral series; cheek and opercle scaled; eve 3.75 in head; snout 3.75;
interorbital a mere ridge; maxillary 2.85, ending on a line with anterior
margin of eye; mandible ».

Upper and lower outlines of body about evenly and equally curved,
depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head, its length 1.25 in head. Head rather
bluntly rounded, the mouth oblique, jaws equal, tongue strongly bilobed,
teeth in upper jaw in several series, the outer one being enlarged curved
canines. Teeth of lower jaw in two series, the outer one of curved project-
ing canines, a large recurved canine on each side. No barbules, margin
of preopercle entire. No filamentous pectoral rays. No mucous cirri.

The body and head, except snout and chin, are fully scaled, the scales
being large, thin and smooth, three rows on cheeks.

Origin of spinous dorsal, midway between tip of snout and base of
fifth dorsal ray, the longest spine 1.30 in head, about equal to longest
ray. Caudal rounded, a fourth longer than head. Origin of anal
is midway between end of caudal vertebra and angle of mouth, being on
a line with the second dorsal ray, its longest ray equal to head. Ventrals
very long, equal to caudal, their tips reaching to anal, their origin much
nearer tip of snout than to anal, being directly below the hase of the
pectoral. Pectorals equal to head.

Color dull yellowish gray with 6 dusky blotches along sides, three
or four distinct black dots at base of caudal, a black band from eye
to middle of throat, some scattered black specks over body and in-
distinct indication of some dusky bars over back. Spinous dorsal grayish
with several scattered dusky spots and ten black dots on lower part
of fin. Soft dorsal grayish, anterior rays with slight indications of
darker cross bars. Caudal grayish with numerous indistinct brownish
dots and several larger distinct black spots on lower half of fin. Anal
is most peculiarly colored with round black and white spots alternating
as on a checker board. Ventral grayish with a black margin, pectorals
grayish.

Type is No. 3858 from Samal Island, Gulf of Davao, Mindanao, P. I.
Length, 45 millimeters.

This may be identical with the fish called G. deltoides by Jordan
and Seale in Fishes of Samoa, but their specimens differ decidedly
from the type of G. deltoides in lacking the characteristic markings
which were present in all our 18 specimens from Guam, and in our
Philippine specimens also, which are, however, different from the Guam
form, therefore we deem it best to give this present species a new name,
and it is probable that the Samoan specimens, also represent a new
species.

D388 SEALE.

Vaimosa microstomia Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.80; depth 3.50; dorsal VI, 8; anal 8; scales 27, 8 in vertical
series; eye 3.75; snout 5.25; interorbital about one-half diameter of eye;
maxillary 2.75 in head, its tip under anterior margin of eye; no filaments
on pectorals, nuchal region and opercles fully scaled, cheeks otherwise
naked, the cheeks proper being crossed by 2 short lines of mucous pores.
No elongate rays or spines.

Upper and lower outlines of body about equally curved, snout is bluntly
rounded, heavy, overhanging the mouth; upper jaw slightly projecting.
Depth of caudal peduncle 1.50 in head, its length about equal to head.
Mouth small. Tongue truncate. Teeth in minute bands in each jaw,
no enlarged canines. No teeth on vomer or palatine. No barbules. Gill
openings restricted to sides.

Body covered with firm smooth scales which have a slightly roughened
margin. Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and last dorsal
ray, the longest dorsal spine about 1.50 in head, there are seven scales in
front of dorsal, there are seven rows of scales between origin of spinous
dorsal and origin of soft dorsal, longest dorsal ray 1.50 in head. Caudal
rounded and considerably longer than head. Origin of anal midway
between end of caudal vertebra and the angle of preopercle, its longest
ray 1.50 in head, ventrals much nearer tip of snout than to anal, their
length equal to head. Pectorals equal to head.

Color yellowish, specked and blotched with brown, some larger dusky
blotches along median line, under surface white, about seven indistinct
dusky bars over back. .\ dusky line from eve obliquely downward and
backward to in front of preopercular angle. Opercles with a large dusky
blotch, spinous dorsal with a large black blotch on its posterior portion.
soft dorsal crossed by about six rows of small brown dots. Caudal with
eight vertical brown lines. Anal yellowish with an indistinct dusky
submarginal area. Ventrals and pectorals yellowish.

This species is especially characterized by the large rounded overhang-,
ing snout, the small mouth, and the small spinous dorsal, s

Type is No. 827. Length. J5 millimeters. From Malahon, Luzon
Island, July, 1909,

Family CALLIONY MIDE.
Callionymus inversicoloratus Neale, sp. nov.

Head 3.65 (measured from pore to tip of snout) depth 3.75; width
at base of pectorals 4.50; dorsal IV, 8; anal 7; no scales; lateral line
distinct running along dorsal surface to slightly above the center of
caudal ; snout 2.30; interorbital space scarcely equal to pupil; maxillary
about equal to orbit; mandible equal to snout; eve 2.40; preopercular
spine short and strong with three branches of almost equal size, one
dircted backward, one directed outward and forward, one directed inward
and upward.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 5359

This species has the characteristic shape of the callionymids, the depth
of the caudal peduncle is less ihan eye, the snout is depressed and
pointed, the interorbital space a mere ridge, not concave. The preorbital
bones expecially prominent. The mouth is large, the upper jaw rather
heavy. Bands of small sharp teeth in jaws, none on vomer or palatine.
Nuchal region with four bony asperites one in middle and back of
interorbital space, one on each side of nuchal region and a small one in
a median line behind these two. Gill openings confined to a pore on
distal surface. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base
of sixth dorsal ray, the spines not elongate, the longest 1.75 in head, the
membranous portion somewhat quadrangular, longest dorsal ray 1.14
in head, the anterior and the posterior rays being longer than the others.
Anal rounded, its length 2 in body. Origin of anal midway between tip
of snout and base of caudal rays, its posterior ray the longest, being about
equal to head, the first ray is directly on a line with second ray of soft
dorsal, ventrals in front of pectorals, without free vays, their length
greater than head. Pectorals scarcely equal to head.

The peculiar thing about this species is that the color pattern is
inverted from the usual order; the back being uniformly grayish without
markings while the entire ventral surface below the median line of sides
is beautifully variegated and covered with brown spots with white ray-like
markings, these white markings uniting into more or less distinct network,
top of head plain gray, sides of head with blue lines and dots with some
brownish blotches, a black spot at base of opercular spine and with a
narrow dusky line extending from this spot to angle of jaws. Dorsal
fins plain grayish, caudal white with three rows of vertical black dots
and with the two lower ravs dusky. Anal white at base, dusky on its
outer half, some narrow blackish marks on center. Ventrals grayish
with some dusky and some bluish specks. Pectorals whitish with several
rows of smaller inconspicuous brown dots, about three brown spots on base
of fin.

Type is No. 3748, from Samal Island, Gulf of Davao, Mindanao,
P. I. Length, (0 millimeters. Ten cotypes.

Calliurichthys neptunia Seale. sp. noy.

Head 4.15 (measured from tip of snout to pore of gill openings) ;
depth 11.75; dorsal IV, 9; anal 8; no scales; lateral line distinct and on
the dorsal surface, extending out on caudal posteriorly; eye 3 in head;
snout 2.30; interorbital less than pupil; a strong straight spine at
angle of opercle, six short teeth on its anterior surface and a short
spine directed forward at its base, caudal extremely elongate, about
one and a half times longer than body without caudal; maxillary 2.75
ending on a line with anterior orbital ridge; mandible 2.55 in head.

Body rather flat, depressed and triangular shaped anteriorly in its
lateral outline, cylindrical posteriorly; snout depressed. Interorbital

91701——4

540 SEALE.

space a mere ridge. Depth of caudal peduncle 4 in head. Snout flat,
its median depth about one-half its width. Jaws equal, the upper jaw
protractile. Bands of short sharp teeth on each jaw, those in anterior of
lower jaw largest, projecting, brush-like. Preopercle armed with spine
described above, opercle unarmed. Gill opening confined to a small
pore on dorsal surface just exterior to origin of lateral line. A roughened
plate with ten tubercles on top of head posterior to eyes. Outline of
spinous dorsal almost square, the 1st to 3rd rays elongate filiform, longer
than the webbed portion, the longest dorsal ray is almost 2 in length of
fish without caudal, the origin of spinous dorsal is midway between tip of
snout and 38rd dorsal ray. Posterior ray of soft dorsal the longest 1.1
in head. Caudal lanceolate and elongate, the two median rays extremely
filiform. Origin of anal slightly nearer tip of under jaw than to base
of caudal, its anterior ray being on a line with second ray of dorsal, its
longest ray equal to head. Ventrals jugular, their base connected by
membrane with base of pectorals, their longest ray 3.50 in body without
caudal. Pectorals about equal to head.

Color in alcohol brownish above with numerous black specks and
line-like blotches, mingled posteriorly with small bluish white markings,
uniform yellowish white below the middle of side, belly bluish white.
dark brown mark extending the length of throat becoming cross-shaped
on the thorax. Branchiostegal membranes with numerous fine white
longitudinal wave-like lines. .\ dusky bar vertically downward from eyes.
Spinous dorsal dusky, somewhat lighter on its upper and lower borders.
Soft dorsal white with numerous fine black broken lines and dots. Anal
white at base, outer half black, bordered by a fine white line. Caudal
with alternating white and black areas or bars. Ventrals grayish mottled
with fine dots and lines. Pectorals with fine brownish specks, outer
third of lower rays white.

Type is No. 2317 from Balayan Bay, Luzon, P. 1., 20 January, 1908.
Length, 190 millimeters, and cotype from same locality, length, 160
millimeters.

This specics is quite different from C. longicaudalis with which I have
compared it.

Synchiropus zamboangana Seale, sp. nov.

Head 3.70; depth 5.20; dorsal IV, 8; anal 7; hody and head without
scales, a single well-developed lateral line; eye 4 in head; snout 3; inter-
orbital about equal to pupil; maxillary slightly less than eye, its tip
scarcely reaching a line with vye; mandible 2.75 in head; preopercle with
a single strong spine directed backward with two small spines on its
interior side and two slightly larger spines directed forward on its outer
side, the tip of the large spine ends in a line with the gill openings.
Villiform teeth in jaws, none on vomer or palatine.

Body cylindrical, snout depressed and pointed, width of head almost
a third greater than its depth; depth of caudal peduncle equal to snout.

NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 541

A roughened asperite on nuchal region behind each eye, the space between
these smooth, slightly concave. Interorbital space strongly concave, pro-
file of snout concave, anterior ocular ridge especially prominent. Gill
openings confined to a small pore on dorsal surface.

Origin of dorsal is midway between tip of snout and base of second
dorsal ray, the anterior spine prolonged, the first 2.14 in length of fish
without caudal, the remaining spines are graduate, the last being 2 in
head, the origin of the soft dorsal is the width of the eye posterior to
last dorsal spine, its longest ray equal to head and longer than its posterior
ray. Caudal rounded, its length a third greater than head. Origin of
anal midway between base of caudal and angle of ventrals, being below
the third dorsal ray, its posterior ray is the longest 1.30 in head, differing
in this respect from the shape of the soft dorsal, ventrals are in front of
pectorals, a single detached anterior ray which is slightly less than length
of head, length of ventrals 2.25 in fish without caudal; pectorals scarcely
equal to head.

Color in life brown, marbled and mottled with drab and pale blue.
Spinous dorsal brown on lower half, black on upper half, six large yellow
spots in the membrane, four between the second and third spines, two
between third and fourth spines. Soft dorsal mottled with yellow and
brown, its distal third black. Caudal yellow, broadly margined with
brown, a submarginal row of brown spots and two additional rows of
brown spots on 4 upper rays near base and middle of fins respectively.
Anal yellowish at base, dusky on outer two-thirds, about three longitudinal
rows of bright blue dots extending the length of fin. Pectorals yellowish
brown, with darker markings, ventrals yellowish brown, darker on outer
third, the lower ray with about four brown bands and tipped with
yellow.

Color in alcohol similar to above except that about five darker cross-
bands show on the back, and the sides have whitish rings and ocelli; belly
white; the spinous dorsal seems to have 3 or 4 dusky cross-bars and a
dusky spot between the two last spines. The pectorals have about 5
cross-rows of dots, the lower rays uniform yellow, the ventrals are
brownish except at base which has four pale brown bars extending into
fin. Top of eyes dusky, some dusky markings on cheeks.

Type is No. 4456 from Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I., 16 June, 1908.
Length, 73 millimeters. Cotype No. 3070.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Prate I. Barbus ivis Seale, sp. nov.
II. Oxyporhamphus brevis Seale, sp. nov.
III. Fig. 1. Atherina regina Seale, sp. nov. Fig. 2. Atherina balabacensis
Seale, sp. nov.
IV. Mugil joloensis Seale, sp. nov.
V. Mugil banksi Seale, sp. nov.
VI. Caranx auriga Seale, sp. nov.
VII. Caranx butuanensis Seale, sp. nov.
VIII. Epinephelus albimaculatus, Seale, sp. nov,
IX. Dentex filiformis Seale, sp. nov.
X. Lethrinus cutambi Seale, sp. nov.
XI. Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, sp. nov.
XII. Fig. 1. Pomacentrus tropicus Seale, sp. nov. Fig. 2. Pomacentrus elon-
gatus Seale, sp. nov.
XIII. Abudefduf coracinus Seale, sp. nov.

[Puin. Journ. SCI., Vou. IV, No. 6.

SEALE: NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. ]

Ptate |. BARBUS IVIS SEALE, SP. NOV.

"AON “dS ‘31¥3S SIAZUA SAHAWYHYOdAXO ‘I 3LYId

SS

SS nes
= DE AY
2 SELL, Ay Ay
LEE” gc

‘ON ‘AI “IOA “IOS "NYOOL “WIE ) [ Sausiy ANIddI THQ 40 S9lI0qdg MEN : aTvag

SraLe: NeW SPECIES oF PHILIPPINE FISHES.] (PHIL. Journ. Scr., Vou. IV, No. 6.

Fic. 1. ATHERINA REGINA Seate, 6p. nev.

Foe. 2. ATHERINA BALABACENSIS Seate, sp. Nov.

Puate II].

[PutL. Journ. Scr, Vou. IV, No. 6.

SEALE: NEW SPECIWS OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.]

Prate IV. MUGIL JOLOENSIS SEALE, sP. Nov.

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Priate X.

Vou. IV, No. 6.

[PHIL. JouRN. SCL,

SEALE: NEW SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. ]

NOV.

LETHRINUS ATKINSON! SEALE, sp.

Plate Xl.

SEALY: NEW SPECIES oF PHILIPPINE FISH. | [Purtn. Journ, Ser, Vou. 1¥, No

Fic. 1. POMACENTRUS TROPICUS Seate. sp. Nov.

Fig. 2. POMACENTRUS ELONGATUS Seale, SP. NO

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[PHIL, Journ. Scr, Vou. IV, No.

NEW SPECINS OF PHritipeIne Tisurs ]

Stabe *

Pirate. XII]. ABUDEFDUF CORACINUS SEALE, sP. NOV.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,
D. General Biology, Ethnology and Anthropology.
Vol. VII, No. 4, 1912.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ACANTHOCYBIUM FROM THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

By ALVIN SEALE.

(From the Ichthyological Section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

Acanthocybium forbesi Seale sp. nov. Forbes’ Kingfish. (Plate I+)

Head 4 in length without caudal; depth 7.3; eye 10 in head,
5 in snout; dorsal XXVI 1119, 9; anal II 10, 8. The lateral
line has its origin considerably above the opercles and is strongly
curved under the 14-17 dorsal spines. In the posterior portion
of its course the line is wavey. Between the strong curve of
the line and the caudal, it gives off numerous short vertical
branches, 77 above and 80 below the main line. These branches
consist of true mucous canals with pores and with 2 rows of
thin scales on each side; they are of various lengths, unbranched,
and lie in a vertical plane, the lower branches extending half
the distance to the anal fin and the upper branches half the
distance to the dorsal fin. The lateral line proper is accom-
panied on each side by a narrow series of long thin scales.

The eye is located directly above the base of the mandible.
The lower jaw is pointed and slightly the longer. The maxil-
lary is attached in such a manner as to admit of considerable
movement of the upper jaw. Each jaw has a single row of
rather large compressed teeth which are rounded at the top.
The teeth are very small at the tip of the jaw, but increase
in size, posteriorly, to 12 millimeters in length; vomer and
palatine somewhat roughened, but without teeth; opercle rounded
with a very inconspicuous point posteriorly; preopercle toothed;

*In our figure of this species the vertical branches of the lateral line are
emphasized, and the true lateral line shows but three rows of scales whereas

there should be six.
283

284 SEALE.

pectoral fins on median line of the body, their origin on a line
with the origin of the ventrals and of the spinous dorsal, being
midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the 20th
dorsal spine; length of pectoral is 1.90 in head; ventral 4.10 in
head; spinous dorsal long, and free from the soft dorsal, its
anterior spine the longest, being 5 in head. The remaining
spines are but slightly less in length until the 23rd spine is
reached. The 24th to 26th are graduated. Longest ray of soft
dorsal 4.5 in head; its origin midway between the origin of
spinous dorsal and the end of the caudal vertebra. There are
9 free, distinct pinnules, with 1 additional pinnule attached by
membrane to the soft dorsal. Origin of anal directly below the
7th ray of the soft dorsal; the length of anal rays equal to
rays of dorsal. There are 8 free pinnules behind the anal fin
with 1 additional pinnule attached to the fin. The origin of
the anal is slightly nearer the end of the caudal vertebre than
to tip of ventrals. The caudal fin is faleate with the middle
rays slightly projecting.

The caudal peduncle is strongly keeled, with the addition of
2 small oblique keels on base of caudal fin.

The head is naked; a narrow corslet of thin scales surrounds
the anterior portion of the body and embraces the base of pec-
torals and of ventrals; a narrow line of scales along base of
spinous dorsal; a rather wide area of long thin scales on the
belly, extending back to the origin of the anal, this area being
of greater width than the distance between the base of ven-
trals. These scales are very distinct, being about 8 millimeters
in length by 1 millimeter in width.

Color in life, a beautiful steel-blue above, becoming lighter on
sides and below; the dense scaled area of belly being fulvous;
some beautiful dark blue vertical stripes on sides, which dis-
appear within a few moments after the fish is taken from the
water; the dorsal is dark blue; the caudal is bluish; the ventrals,
pectorals, and anal are white, the tip of the anal being slightly
shaded with gray; the head is colored similar to the body.

Type is No. 7253; length, 1.7 meters (64 inches) ; weight, 29.5
kilograms (65 pounds) ; caught off the coast of Leyte by Dean C.
Worcester, August, 1911.

Named in honor of Governor-General W. Cameron Forbes in
recognition of his interest in the development of the fisheries
of the Philippine Islands.

Upon my first examination of this fish, I regarded it as being
identical with the species called Cubiwm sara Benn., from the
Loo Choo Islands, but after carefully looking up all the descrip-

A NEW ACANTHOCYBIUM. 225

tions and literature? relating to this species (now called Cybium
solanderi Cuv. and Val.), I am convinced that this species is
distinct.

The most striking features of A. forbesi are the peculiar, long
thin scales on the belly and the branches of the lateral line,
points of which I am sure the numerous careful naturalists
who have examined C. solanderi (C. sara) would not have failed
to mention in their descriptions. Also Jordan and Evermann
described A. solanderi as having serrated teeth. The teeth of our
specimen are apparently smooth. The above and several other
points of differences, especially in the location of the fins, seem
to make it necessary to describe our specimen as a distinct
species.

? Bennett, in Beechey’s Voyage Zool. (1849), 63, Pl. 20, fig. 2.

Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (1831), 8, 141.

Gunther, Fische der Stidsee (1876), 2, Taf. 94, Figs. A und B; Cat.
Fishes Brit. Mus. (1860), 2, 373.

Doderlein, Grom de Sc. Nat. Ed. Ecom. (1872), 8.

Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America (1896),
Part I, 876, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1903), Pl. 1, 176.

ILLUSTRATION.

PLATE I.

Acanthocybium forbesi Seale. Forbes’ Kingfish. (Drawing by Espinosa.)
287

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FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

By BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, A. M., PH. D., AnD ALVIN SEALE, A. B.

Among the exhibits made by the U. 8. Bureau of Insular Affairs at the Lou-
isiana Purchase Exposition, held at St. Louis, Missouri, during the summer and fall
of 1904, was a considerable collection of fishes from the Philippine Islands. This
collection had been made under the direction of the Philippine government for the
specific purpose mentioned. At the close of the exposition the authorities turned
the entire collection over to the U. 5. Bureau of Fisheries for study and report.

The localities represented in the collection are as follows:

San Fabian, Pangasinan, Luzon.—San Fabian is situated on the Gulf of Lin-
gayen, about 100 miles north of Manila. The collection from this place was made
- by Mr. C. L. Hall and is a large and important one.

Bacon, Sorsogon, Luzon.—Sorsogon is the most southern province of Luzon.
Bacon is situated in the northern part of the province, on Albay Inlet, in approxi-
mately latitude 13° 3’ north and longitude 124° east.

Bulan, Sorsogon, Luzon.—Bulan is on the west coast of Sorsogon, near the
southern end of the province, approximately in latitude 12° 3s’ north, longitude
123° 22’ east.

The collections from Bacon and Bulan are more extcnsive than any of the
others. They were made by Prof. Charles J. Pierson, of Auburn, Nebraska, while
a teacher in the Philippines. ;

Zamboanga, Mindanao.—Zamboanga, in the province of the same name, is at
the extreme southern end of the western arm of Mindanao, in latitude 6° 54’ north
and longitude 122° east. It is situated on the Strait of Basilan, about 500 miles
south of Manila.

The specimens from this place were collected by Braulio Barbazo, who made
also a small collection at Jolo, presumably on the island of Jolo.

The specimens were originally preserved in formalin in most cases, and after-
wards transferred to alcohol. The excellent condition of most of the specimens in
all of these collections indicates that the respective collectors did their work well
and conscientiously, and the species represented show that the collecting was done
intelligently and with proper discrimination. It is apparent that an intelligent and
successful effort was made to have as many as possible of the important food fishes
of the islands represented in the collections; and the large representation of the

51

52 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

smaller, less conspicuous species evidences the fact that methods of collecting were
employed such as are known only to the trained naturalist. In this way many
specimens of more than usual scientific interest were secured.

The fish-fauna of the Philippines has been but little studied. Enough is known,
however, to show that it is an exceedingly rich one. Not only is it rich in species,
but many of the species are abundant in individuals; indeed, many species occur in
great prodigality.

Although the native methods employed in the fisheries are primitive,the methods
of preparing the products of the fisheries for use equally primitive, and methods of
preserving the products are practically unknown, nevertheless fish food forms a
large and important item in the diet of the inhabitants of the Philippines. The
natural food resources of Philippine waters are believed to be enormous, embracing
not only a great number of fishes, but many species of edible mollusks, crustaceans,
and alge, which as yet are scarcely recognized in the islands as fit for food. The
development of these resources is a matter worthy the best efforts of the govern-
ment. Effort should first be directed toward determining what the resources really
are—what species of fishes and other aquatic animals and what aquatic plants occur,
how abundant each is, its geographic distribution among the islands, and its life
history, including its food and its enemies. The present paper is a contribution to
that end.

The collections upon which this report is based embrace a total of nearly 2,500
specimens, representing 89 families, 139 genera, and 296 species, of which 2 genera
and 22 species are believed to be new, and are here described.

It has not been deemed necessary to give full descriptions of any species except
those believed to be new. Ordinarily attention has been called only to those char-
acters which will prove useful in identifying the species. All the specimens bear
tin-tag numbers, and these are printed in the report in order that each specimen may
be fully authenticated. The first series of specimens, including the types of all the
new species, is deposited in the U.S. National Museum. The first duplicate series
has been sent to the government museum at Manila. The second duplicate series
has been deposited in the museum of Stanford University, and the third in the
reserve series of the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries.

The vernacular names, printed in italics, are those furnished by the collectors.
Only such synonymy is given as is necessary to connect this report with works which
a student of Philippine fishes must consult in studying these species. Usually the
first reference to any particular publication is made complete; subsequent. refer-
ences to the same publication are made more brief. In synonymy the name of the
locality from which each species was originally described is printed in heavvy-face
type; other locality references are printed in ordinary type and are in parentheses.

Two editions of the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons by Cuvier and Valenciennes
were consulted, the octavo edition of 22 volumes and the quarto edition, also of 22

Nors.—We take this opportunity to thank Prof. Charles J. Pierson, of Auburn, Nebraska, for the use of
his field notes, and Messrs. Edmund Lee Goldsborough and Howard Walton Clark, of the Bureau of Fisheries,
for assistance of various kinds in the preparation of this report. The accompanying illustrations are from
drawings by Mr. A. H. Baldwin and Miss Annie Swift Buckelew. Those made by Miss Buckelew are figures
11, 12, 15, and 17.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 53

volumes. The dates of publication of these two editions are identical, but the pagi-
nation is different. In our references we have given the page of each edition, that
of the quarto edition (the one in our library) first, followed by that of the octavo
edition in parenthesis. The bibliography at the end of the report lists the more
important publications consulted.

Family ELOPIDZ.
1. Elops saurus Linneus.
One large specimen from Bulan (no. £182; length 34 in.), agreeing in all essential respects with others
from Florida.

Elops saurus Linnzus, Systema Naturve, ed. x11, 518, 1766, Carolina; Giinther, Catalogue Fishes British Museum, VI, 470, 1868;
Day, Fishes of India, 649, pl. cLXv1, fig. 1, 1878; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, pt. 1, 410,
1896 (Oct. 3); Jordan & Evermann, American Food and Game Fishes, 86, fig., 1902; Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S.
Fish Comm., xxi, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 53, fig. 8 (Honolulu).

2. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet). Buan-buan.
Three specimens from Bulan (no. 4151, 4153, and 4183; length 10.5 to 16.5 in.) and one from Tarlac (no.
4132; length 11 in.).

Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet, Ichth., I, pl. 9, 1782.
Megalops cyprinoides, Giinther, Cat., vi, 471.

Family CHIROCENTRIDE.
3. Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal). Botete.
Three fine specimens from San Fabian (no. 4179, 4180, and 4181; length 15.2 to 16 in.) and one from

Bacon (no. 3410; length 13.25 in.).

Clupea dorad Forskal, Descr. Anim., 72, 1775, Red Sea.
Chirocentrus dorab, Giinther, Cat., vil, 475; Day, Fishes India, 652, pl. CLXvI, fig. 3.

Family CLUPEID.
4. Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett).

Two hundred and fifteen specimens from Bacon (no. 3915, 3502, 4080, and 4009; length 1.5 to 2.75 in.)
and five from Bulan (no. 3756; length 2.75 in.).
Clupea delicatula Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, I, 168, 1831, Mauritius.

Spratelloides delicatula, Giinther, Cat., VII, 464.

5. Stolephorus gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3768 and 3501; length 1 to 2.2 in.).
This species (with dorsal 11 and anal 13) can not be identical with Atherina japonica Houttuyn (with
dorsal 17 and anal 22 or 23) as suggested by Dr. Jordan.

Clupea gracilis Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 238, pl. CVIIL, fig. 2, 1842, Japan.
-Spratelloides gracilis, Giinther, Cat., vil, 465.

6. Harengula moluccensis Bleeker.

Ten specimens from Bacon (no. 3606 to 3609 3449 to 3551, 4026 and 4027, and 3932; length 4.2 to 5.75
in.) and 8 from Bulan (no. 3426 to 3432 and 3893; length 4.1 to 5.25 in.).

The base of the ventrals is under the middle of the dorsal, whose origin is much nearer tip of snout than
to base of caudal, or midway between tip of snout and base of last anal ray. In Bleeker’s figure of this species
the ventrals are shown too far forward, as he explains in the text.

Harengula moluccensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Iv, 1853, 609, Ternate; Amboyna; Giinther, Cat., VII, 427.

54 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

7. Sardinella clupeoides (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3243; length 8.75 in.), agrecing well with Bleeker’s figure.

Amblygasier clupeoides Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Archipel., 73, 1849, Macassar, Celebes; Bleeker, Atlus, VI, 103, pl. CCLXXII, fig. 1.
Clupea clupeoides, Giinther, Cat., vit, 425.

8. Sardinella perforata (Cantor).
Twelve specimens from Bacon (no. 3658 to 3669; length 4.5 to 5.5 in.), agreeing perfectly with Blecker’s
figure and description.

Clupeonia perforata Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 294, 1850, Sea of Pinang.
Spratella kowala Bleeker, Haringachtige Visschen, 28, Verh. Bat. Gen., XxIv, 1852, Batavia.
Clupea perforata, Giinther, Cat., vir, 424,

9. Ilisha heevenii (Bleeker). Tubac.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 4127; length 6.5 in.).

Pellowa hevenii Bleecker, Haringachtige Visschen, 21, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1832, Batavia; Gtinther, Cat., vi, 455.
Ilisha hevenii Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 117, pl. CcLXIx, fig. 2.

Family DOROSOMATIDE.
10. Konosirus thrissa (Linnzus).
Three fine specimens (no. 4170 to 4172; length 8 to 8.5 in.), without definite locality. Last dorsal ray
extending to base of caudal.

Clupea thrissa Osbeck, Reise nach Ostindien und China, 336, 1765; Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 315, 175s.
Clupea nasus Bloch, Ichth., x11, pl. ccccxxIx, fig. 1, 1797.

Chatocssus nasus, Giinther, Cat., v1, 407.

Dorosoma nasus, Bleeker, Atlas, v1, 142, pl. ccLx, fig. 4.

11. Anodontostoma chacunda (Buchanan-Hamilton). Cabashi.
Two fine specimens from Bacon (no. 3231 and 3232; length 6.1 and 7.1in.). This specics lacks the dorsal
filament.

Clupanodon chacunda Buchanan-Hamilton, Fish. Ganges, 246, 1822, Ganges River.
Chatoessus chacunda, Giinther, Cat., vi, 411. _

Chatoessus selangkat Bleeker, [laringachtige Visschen, 47, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxXIV, Batavia.
Dorosoma chacunda, Bleeker, Atlas, VI, pl. cCLX1, figs. 5 (var. selangkat) and W.

Family ENGRAULID#.
12. Anchovia indica (Van Hasselt).

Ten specimens from Bulan (no. 3989 and 3973; length 3.5 to 5.2 in.).

Engraulis indicus Van Hasselt, Algem. Konst-Letterbode, 329, 1823.
Engraulis russellii, Giinther, Cat., vir, 390.
Stolephorus indicus, Bleeker, Atlas, VI, 127, pl. CCLIX, fig. 2.

Family SYNODONTID.
13. Saurida argyrophanes (Richardson). Bitilla.

Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3673 and 3674; length 7.1 and 7.75 in.) and one from Zamboanga
(No. 4083; length 7.5 in.).
Saurus argyrophanes Richardson, Ichth. Chin., in Rept. Brit. Assoc., xv, 1845, 302.

Saurida argyrophanes, Giinther, Cat., v, 400, 1864.
Aulopus elongatus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 233, pl. cv, fig. 2, 1846.

14. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Guimard).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3983, 3984 and 3986; length 4.75 in.).

Saurus gracilis Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uran., Zool., 224, 1824, Sandwich Islands.
Saurida nebulosus, Giinther, Cut., Vv, 399; Bleeker, Atlas, v1, 156, pl. ccLxxvtt, fig. 1.
Saurida gracilis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8, Fish Comm., xxii, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 65 (Hilo and Honolulu).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 55

15. Trachinocephalus myops (Iorstcr).
One specimen from Bulan (no. 1129; length S in.).

Salmo myops Forster in Bloch & Sehnower, Syst. Ichth., 421, fs0l, St. Helena.
Saurus myops, Giinther, Cut., v, 39s.

Trachinocephalus myops, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., Xxut, 1903 (1905), 62, fig. 13 (Hilo and Honolulu).
16. Synodus varius (Lacépade).

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3670 and 3671: length 7 and 7.25 in.) and one from Bacon (no. 3982;
length 4 in.).

Salmo varius Lacépdde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 224, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1803, Ile de France.
Saurus varius, Gtinther, Cat., v, 395; in part.

Synodus varius, Jordan & Eyvrmann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,, xxi, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 63, pl. 1 und fig. 14 (Hilo and Honolulu).
Family MYCTOPHID.
17. Myctophum gilberti Evermann & Seule, new species.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 4.5; eye 3 in head; dorsal xi; anal 16; snout 2 in eye; imterorbital 1.5; scales
large, thin, smooth, deciduous, 30 in lateral line.

Body oblong, compressed, the forehead evenly rounded; lower jaw extending slightly beyond upper;
depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head, equal to diameter of eye: maxillary equal to postocular part of head, its
distal end extending beyond eye a distance equal to one-half of orbit; mandible 1.7 in head; mouth oblique.

Teeth on jaws and palatines in narrow bands; no teeth on yomer: bands of teeth on mesopterygoids;
16 developed gillrakers on lower limb of first gill-arch, the longest 2 in eve.

Arrangement of photophores: Caudal 2, one at middle of caudal base, the other at origin of lowest caudal
ray; posteroanals 4; anteroanals 6, the anterior one slightly separated from its fellows; ventrals 4, the ante-
rior one in axil of ventral fin; thoracics 3; pectorals 3, in form of a triangle; mandibular 3: opercular. 2;

//;
7312,
Fig. 1.—Myctophum gilbertt Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

posterolateral 1, very near lateral line and vertically on a line between interspace of anal photophores and
base of adipose dorsal; mediolaterals 3, forming a very obtuse triangle, the upper one very near lateral line,
the lower one midway between lateral line and origin of anal fin, a little too far front to form a true oblique
line from posterior mediolateral to posterior ventral photophore, the anterior one on a horizontal line with
the last and vertically over the posterior margin of second ventral; anterolateral 1, just above middle of
pectoral fin and on first scale below Jateral line.

Origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and posterior anal photophore, the longest ray equal
in length to distance from pupil to posterior margin of opercle; origin of adipose dorsal midway between
posterior axil of dorsal and base of caudal; origin of anal midway between anterior thoracic photophore and
lower caudal photophore, directly below axil of dorsal, its longest ray 1.5 in head; ventrals 2.5 in head, their
origin below seventh scale of lateral line; pectoral long, 1.4 in head, tip extending to anterior mediolateral
photophore; caudal forked, about 1.75 in head (mutilated).

56 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Color in spirits, yellowish white; base of dorsal black; a black area at upper margin of opercle; a dusky
band on anterior third of mandible; base of caudal and top of caudal peduncle dusky.

This species seems most nearly related to M. reinhardtii: Liitken.

Four specimens from Bulan, length 2.1 to 2.5in. Type (field no. 3841) no. 55900, U.S. National Museum;
length 2.5 in., from Bulan, Sorsogon; coll. Charles J. Pierson. Of the 3 cotypes, 1 (field no. 3841) is no. 20,000,
Stanford Univ. Mus.; another (field no. 3841) is in Museum at Manila, and a third (field no. 3841) is no.
4535, U.S. Bureau of Fishcries. Named for Dr. Charles H. Gilbert.

: Family ANGUILLIDA.

18. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. Pabucang-binhi.
One fine specimen from Tarlac (no. 4063; length 23 in.).

Anguilla mauritiana Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1831, 128, Mauritius.
Murzna manillensts Bleeker, Atlas, v1, 10, pl. cLXxXXVII, fig. 2, Manila, Luzon,
Anguilla mauritiana, Giinther, Cat., vir, 25.

Family MURENIDA.

19. Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker).
One small specimen from San Fabian (no. 3842; length 5.2 in.).
Murena richardsoni Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1852, 296, Wahai, Ceram; Gitinther, Cat., vi, 118.
20. Gymnothorax afer Bloch.
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3769; length 2.5 in.), which we refer doubtfully to this species.

Gymnothorar afer Bloch, Ichth., xu, 73, pl. ccccxvu, 1797.
Murena afra, Gtinther, Cat., vi11, 123.

Family PLOTOSIDA.

21. Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch). Sumbilang.

Eleven specimens from Jolo (no. 3352 to 3357 and 3421 to 3425; length 5 to 7 in.), eleven fine specimens
from Bacon (no. 3365 to 3368, 3475 to 3480 and 4034; length 5.1 to 7 in.), and 48 young from Bacon (no. 4031;
length, 1 to 1.5 in.).

Platystacus anguillaris Bloch, Ichth., x1, 49, pl. cccLxXx1, fig. 1, 1797.
Plotosus anguillaris, Giinther, Cat., v, 24.

Family SILURIDA.

22. Netuma thalassinus (Riippell). Tabomomo.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3244; length 8 in.), three large specimens from Bulan (no. 4186,
4187, and 4188; length 19 to 20 in.); two small specimens from “Philippine Islands,” without local label
(no. 3939; length 3.5 and 5 in.).

Bagrus thalassinus Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 75, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1837, Massaua.
Arius thalassinus, Giinther, Cat., v, 139.

Family FISTULARIIDA.
23. Fistularia petimba Lacépede. Droal.

Two specimens, one from San Fabian (no. 3407; length 15 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 4189; length
8.25 in.).

Fistularia petimba Lacépéde, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., v, 349, 1803, New Britain, Reunion Island; Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. §
Fish. Comm., xx11, 1903 (1905), 116 (Honolulu, Hilo, Kailua, Necker Island, and Hanalei Bay, Kauai; also Japan,
Samoa, Philippines, and Papeete, Tahiti), / :

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 57

24. Fistularia serrata Cuvier. Sivisivi.
Three young from Bacon (no. 3984; lengih 9 to 12 in.).

Fistularia serrata Cuvier, Régne Anim., ed. i, vol. 11, 349, 1817, America; Giinther, Cat., 1, 533; Jordan & Evermann, Bull.
U.S. Fish. Comm., xx, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 116 (Honolulu).

Family CENTRISCIDA.

25. Aeoliscus strigatus (Ciinther).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3943; length 4.75 and 5 in.).

Amphisile strigata Giinther, Cut., 111, 528, Java.
Family SYNGNATHIDA.

26. Gasterotokeus biaculeatus (Bloch).

Fifteen specimens from Bacon (no. 3447 to 3451, 3505 to 3508, 3597 to 3599, 3600, 3601, 3991, and 4190;
length 5.25 to 9.25 in.).

With the exception of no. 4190, these specimens are all pale green, with a more or less distinct dark stripe
through the eye. The body is depressed, the dorsal surface of middle body ring being at least 2.5 in
ventral, differing in this respect from specimen no. 4190, which is described as follows:

Head 5.2 in length; depth 5.1 in head, the greatest width of body 3.25 in head; snout 1.75; width of
snout at middle one-third less than its depth; eye 4.5 in snout; interorbital 5.75; dorsal 41; rings 17+40;
dorsal fin on anterior 10 caudal rings; anal opening on anterior caudal ring; origin of dorsal midway between
tip of tail and nostril; tail prehensile, no caudal fin; body elongate, depressed, the ventral surface twice as wide
as dorsal; plates without spines; pectoral 5.75 in head. Color greenish; snout with 2 indistinct greenish
bands. :

Syngnathus biaculeatus Bloch, Ichth., Iv, pl. cxx1, figs. 1 and 2, 1747, no locality given.
Gasterotokeus biaculeatus, Giinther, Cat., v111, 194; Day, Fishes India, 681, pl. cLXXIV, fig. 5.

27. Corythroichthys elerze Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 7.2 in length; snout 2; eye 2.5in snout; dorsal 29; rings 16--36; a single ridge across cheek; inter-
orbital 1.75 in eye; snout cylindrical, its depth and width being equal: lower surface of head and ventral
surface of snout forming a straight line; depth of body greater than its width; length of body including head

Fic. 2.— Corythroichthys elere Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

1.45 in length of tail without caudal; a distinct nuchal ridge with 2 deep scallops; upper lateral margin of
plates projecting, forning a scalloped margin on side of back; ventral surface of body rounded, dorsal surface
concave; vent one ring in front of origin of dorsal; dorsal fin on anterior 6 rings of tail; origin of dorsal midway
between tip of snout and twenty-fifth ring of tail; height of dorsal fin equal to depth of body at middle
of fin; pectoral 14, its length 4.75 in head; caudal 2.2 in snout; anal rays 3, inconspicuous.

58 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Color in spirits, pale green, with blotches of darker green on-side;- 3 black cross-bands on under part of
thorax; some fine dark longitudinal lines on operelc, 3 on under part of head; no dark lines through eye; snout
with about 5 indistinct bands of dots: a dusky blotch on base of pectoral (not always present) ; dorsal unmarked.

Very near C. conspicullatus (Jenyns), but with longer snout, more posterior dorsal and the dorsal scales
more roughened.

Eight specimens from Bacon (no. 3898 and 3944; length 4.2 to 4.75 in.).

Type (field no. 3944), no. 55908, U. S. National Museum, 4.75 in. in length, from Bacon, Sorsogon;
collected by Chas. J. Pierson. Of the cotypes, each bearing field no. 3898, one is no. 20001, Stanford Uni-
versity Museum; another is no. 4536, U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, and one cach is in the museum at Manila,
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the U. 8. National Museum, the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, the Indiana University Museum, and the Field Museum of Natural Ilistory.

Family BELONIDA.
28. Tylosurus giganteus (Temminck & Schlegel).

Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3697, 3698, and 3378 to 3380: length 8.75 to 12 in.). These agree well
with specimens from Hawaii.

Belone gigantea Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 245, 1546, Nagasaki.
Belone annulata, Giinther, Cat., v1, 240.
Tylosurus giganteus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xxi, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 124, fig. 30 (Honolulu).

29. Tylosurus leiuroides (Bleeker).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3519; length 11.25 in.); dorsal 21; anal 21.

Distinguished by the long nose and low dorsal fin. E
Belone leiuroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 1850, 479, Billiton; Giinther, Cat., v1, 243.

Family EXOCETID.
30. Hyporhamphus quoyi (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3460, 3617, and 3618; length 7 to 9.1 in.).
These agree well with Blecker’s figure.
Hemiramphus quoyi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xIx, 26 (35), New Guinea; Giinther, Cat., v1, 267; Bleeker,
Atlas, VI, 57, pl. CCL, fig. 3.
31. Hyporhamphus dussumierii (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 4005 and 3962: length 2.25 to 4.5 in.), and one from Bulan (no. 3739:
length 10 in.).

We have compared these specimens with others from Samoa identified by Jordan and Seale as H. afinis and
find them indistinguishable, and we regard H. affinis Giinther as a synonym of HH. dussumierii.

Hemiramphus dusswmerii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 24 (33), pl. 554, Seychelles; Giinther, Cat., v1, 266.
32. Hemiramphus marginatus (Forskil).

Four fine specimens from Bacon (no. 4160 to 4163; length 10 in.) agreeing with Bleeker’s figure.
Esor marginatus Forskal, Descr. Anim., 57,1775, Red Sea.
Hemirhamphus marginatus, Giinther, Cat., v1, 270; Blecker, Atlas, v1, 54, pl. ccLtv, fig. 4.

33. Cypsilurus simus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3308 and 3309; length 6.5 and 6.75 in.), two from Bulan (no, 3202 and
3203; length 9.2 and 9.75 in.), and one from the ‘“Philippines,’’ no definite label (no. 4164; length 9.3 in.).
We have compared these with examples from Honolulu and find them to agree perfectly.

Exocetus simus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xrx, 77 (105), Hawaiian Islands.

Cypsiurus simus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xx11, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 134, fig. 46 (Honolulu; Waimea
and Hanamaulu Bay, Kauai; and Napili, Molokai).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 59

34. Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier & Valenciennes)

One specimen, without lower jaw, and with mutilated caudal, probably belonging to this species, from
Bacon (no. 4008; length, without bill, 4.5 in... Dorsal xm: anal 11: seales 40.

Hemiramphus dispar Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Voiss., XIX, 42 (58), ph 358, Indo, Java; Gtinther, Cat., vi, 274
Zcnarchopterus dispar, Bleeker, A{las, V1, 63, pl. eeu, fig. 4.

35. Zenarchopterus philippinus Peters.
Forty-nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3381; length 3.5 te 4.5 in.). Dorsal 14; anal 15; head 1.5 in
length; lower jaw 4.5 in head: seales 46; caudal forked.
Hemirhamphus (Zenarchopterus) philippinus Veters, Monatsh, Kon, Akad, Wiss. Berlin [s86X, 27%, Luzon,
Zenarchopterus philippinus, Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 63.

Family ATHERINID.E.

386. Atherina temminckii Bleeker.
Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3997; length 2.5 and 3.5 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 3751; length 3 in.).
Head 4 in length; depth 6.3; eye 2.8 in head; snout 4.1; interorbital 3; dorsal y1-1, 9: anal 12.

Atherina temminckii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., \, 1853, 506, Batavia;§Jordan & Seale, Prov. U.S. National Museum,
XXVIII, 1905, 774 (Negros).

37. Atherina lacunosa Forster.
Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3961; length 2.75 to 3.75 in.).
Head 3.8 in length without caudal; depth 4.6; eye 2.75 in head; snout 4.5; interorbital 3; dorsal v-t,
10; anal 1, 13; scales 41-7; maxillary reaching vertical at anterior edge of pupil: origin of spinous dorsal
slightly nearer anal than insertion of ventrals; no dark blotch on pectoral.
Atherina lacunosa Forster, Deser. .Anim., 248, 1774, New Caledonia; probably not of Giinther.
38. Atherina forskalii Riippell.
Eighteen specimens from Bulan (no. 3833; length 2.1 to 3.2 in.), and 53 specimens from Bacon (no.

3653 and 3892; length 2 to 3.5 in.).

Atherina forskalii Rippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 132, pl. 33, fig. 1, 18%5, Belama; Giinther, Cat., m1, 397; Duy, Fishes India,
345, pl. LXX1, fig. 4.

Family MUGILIDA.

39. Mugil sundanensis Bleeker.
Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3643 to 3651; length 4 to 6.2 in.).
Mugil sundanensis Bleeker, Nut. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1v, 265, Sumatra; Giinther, Cat.. 11, 425.
40. Mugil planiceps Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Five specimens from Bulan (no. 3710 to 3714; length 6.5 to 8.75 in.).

Mugil planiceps Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X1, 90 (122) Calcutta; Giinther, Cat., 111, 428.
Family SPHYR-AENIDE.
41. Sphyreena jello Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 4175 to 4177; length 13 to 14 in.) and 2 from Bulan (no. 4152 and
4153; length 16.35 and 19.5 in.). No. 4175 to 4177 are referred to this species with some doubt, as they are
in such bad condition as to make the scale counts impossible, but in other respects they agree with S. jello.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 7.5; eye 6.4 in head; snout 2.1; interorbital 4.75; scales 16-130-20.

Sphyrena jello Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 258 (344), 1820, Vizagapatam; Gunther, Cat., 1, 337; Day,
Fishes India, 342.

60 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

42. Sphyreena obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes. Dumbusan.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3411; length 7.5 in.). Head 3.1 in length; depth 6.1; eye 4.5 in head,
snout 2.34.
Sphyrzna obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 258 (350), Pondicherry; (riinther, Cat., 1, 339; Day, Fishes
India, 343, pl. Lx x1, fig. 5.
43. Sphyreena langsar Bleeker. Domosot.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3412; length 8 in.), one from Bacon (no, 3942; length 5.5 in.), and 3 from
San Fabian (no. 3677 and 4022; length 2.75 to 4.75 in.). These each have 75 scales in lateral line. This
species is distinguished from S. obtusata by the longer snout and smaller scales.

Sphyrena langsar Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vi, 367, Batjan; Giinther, Cat., 11, 340.
Family HOLOCENTRIDA.

44. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3223 and 3228; length 6.1 and 6.2 in.). These specimens show 6 indistinct
yellowish longitudinal stripes below the lateral line. Depth 2.45 in length; head 3.25; eye 2 in head; snout
6.75; scales 4-38-6; dorsal x-1, 15; anal iv, 14; eye 6.1 in head; snout 3.5 in eye; large blunt projecting teeth
in each jaw.

Myripristis pralinius Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 127 (170) and vil, 366 (486), New Ireland,
Myripristis bleekeri Giinther, Cat., 1, 20, 1859, Sea of Banda Neira; not Af. pralinius of Ginther.
45. Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3250 and 3723; length 7.25 and 7.5 in.) and one from Bulan (no. 3966;
length 5 in.).
Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.45; eye 7 in head; scales 4-29-6; dorsal x-1, 14; analiv,12. These speci-
mens agree well with others from Samoa.
Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 111, 261, 1852, Amboyna; Atlas, 1x, pl. CcCLVIII, fig. 2; Giinther,
Cat., I, 24.
46. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3235, 3227 and 3637; length 6.25 to 8 in.), agreeing with Hawaiian
specimens.
Scixna murdjan Forskal, Descr. Anim., 48, 1775, Djidda, Red Sea..

Myripristis murdjan, Jordan & Evermann, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm., xx111, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 157, pl. v (Honolulu, Hilo, Kailua,
Laysan, and Samoa).

47. Myripristis macrolepis Bleeker. Baga-haga.

One specimen (no. 3363; length 5.75 in.), from Zamboanga.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.3, eye 2.01 in head; snout 3 in eye; interorbital 3.75 in head; dorsal x-1, 15;
anal 1v, 12; scales 3-29-5, 6 scales in front of dorsal; maxillary 1.75 in head, its distal end under posterior
margin of pupil.

Myripristis macrolepis Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. CccLIx, fig. 3.
48. Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 6919; length 5.25 in.) and one from Bulan (no. 6928; length 6.75 in.).

Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.: eye 2.55 in head; snout 1.5; maxillary 3; mandible 2; scales 3-37-5;
dorsal x1, 13; anal Iv, 9, the fourth spine very long, nearly equal to head.

Color in spirits, yellowish, with dark longitudinal lines, the third from dorsal terminating in a dark caudal
spot; membranes of spinous dorsal dark, first webs of anal black; outer margins of caudal dark.

Holocentrum cornutum Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., v, 240, Ceram; Giinther, Cat., 1, 45.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 61
Family SCOMBRIDA:.

49. Scomber brachysomus Bleeker, MMasanqgui.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3271; length 8.1 in.).

Gillrakers equal to distance from tip of snout to orbit, shorter than in WS. microlepidotus, from which this
species is easily distinguished by the deeper body.
Scomber brachysoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 356, 1850, Batavia; Gunther, Cat., 11, 361; Day, Fishes India, 251.

50. Scomber microlepidotus Riippell.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 4173 and 4174; length 10 and 10.25 in.). Gillrakers long, equal to distance
from tip of snout to middle of eye.

Scomber microlepidotus Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 38, pl. X1, fig. 2, 1837, Red Sea; Giinther, Cut., 11, 361; Day, Fishes
India, 250, pl. LIv, figs. 3, 4, and 5; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1904, 759.

51. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3912; length 5.45 in.). Blue above, silvery below. Head 3.25 in length;
depth 4.2; dorsalix,12+y; anal u, 11+y.
This species is indistinguishable from the common chub mackerel (S. colias) of the Atlantic.

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Muat. Weet. Maarl., xx, 1782, 331, Japan; Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish
Comm., XXIII, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 169, fig. 62.

52. Gymnosarda pelamis (Linneus).

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 4184 and 4185: length 15 and 15.25 in.). Dorsal xvi—12+-vur; anal
u—12+-yir.
Scomber pelamis Linnzus, Syst. Nat., cd. \, 297, 175s, ‘tin pelago inter Tropicos.”
Thynnus pelamys, Giinther, Cat., 11, 364.
Gymnosarda pelamis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xxi, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 172, fig. 64.

53. Rachycentron canadus (Linneus).

One fine specimen from Bulan (no. 4151; length 24 in.). Head 4.05 in length; depth 6.3; eye 7.1 in
head; snout 2.5; maxillary 2.5; scales about 332; dorsal vii, 32; anal 27; lateral line with several strong
sharp curves.

Gasterosteus canadus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, 491, 1766, Carolina.

Scomber niger Bloch, Ichth., x, 48, pl. cccXXXVII, 1797.

Elacate pondiceriana Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vil, 241 (329), 1831, Pondicherry.

Elacate niger, Giinther, Cut., 11, 375. :

Rachycentron canadus, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 94s, pl. cxLvul, fig. 401, 1896.

NESOGRAMMUS Evermann & Seale, new genus.
Nesogrammus Evermann & Seale, new genus of Scombridw ( Nesogrammus prersoni).

Body long and slender, completely covered with small, thin, deciduous scales; no corselet; lateral lines 2,
the lower branch leaving the main lateral line under the base of third or fourth dorsal spine, from which point
it extends nearly vertically downward to lower third of side, along which it runs, approximately parallel to
the ventral line of body, to caudal peduncle. Ventrals 1, 5; dorsal and anal finlets 7. Villiform teeth on
vomer, palatines, and tongue; u single row of sharp, canine-like teeth in each jaw.

This genus is related to Scomberomorus, from which it differs, however, in the presence of two lateral
lines and in the complete squamation of the body. (v7Gos, island; ypausua, line.)

54. Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 4.5 in length; depth 4.75; eye 4.35 in head; snout 2.85; maxillary 2.25; mandible 1.9; dorsal
xu-+1, 9+-vir; pectoral 1.9; ventral 3.2; anal 1, 11-+vit; scales 170 in upper and 145 in lower branch of
lateral line.

Body elongate, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 in snout; head pointed; jaws
equal; interorbital space flat, its width greater than eye; mouth large; maxillary slipping under preorbital

62 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

and ending under anterior third of eye, its distal end formed by the supplemental bone, pointed and directed
slightly upward; base of mandible under middle of eye; teeth in jaws in a single row, rather strong, triangular,
about 14 to 17 on each side; minute teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; gillrakers rather bluntly pointed,
15 on lower limb, the longest 3 in snout; opercle and preopercle entire, the posterior margin of preopercle
with a wide anterior curve in its middle portion; cheek and opercle with fine scales; body entirely covered
with fine, thin deciduous scales; lateral lines 2, the upper beginning at upper edge of opercular opening and
running approximately parallel with the back to below the sixth dorsal finlet, where it curves downward and
unites with the lower branch; lower branch originating under base of third dorsal spine, running nearly
vertically downward to level of lower edge of pectoral, where it curves backward and extends along lower
third of side to middle of caudal peduncle, where it again unites with the upper branch; no corselet; breast
scaled; caudal peduncle with a median keel and a smaller one above and below it.

Fig. 3.—Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

Origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and third ray of soft dorsal; dorsal spines connected,
except the 2 posterior ones, which do not protrude, the longest spine 2.75 in head, the 2 dorsals entirely separate;
origin of soft dorsal slightly in advance of vent, its longest ray 2.75 in head; dorsal finlets 7; origin of anal
midway between base of caudal and origin of ventrals, its longest ray 3.75 in head; anal finlets 7; no free
spines in front of anal; origin of ventrals below axil of pectoral, their length 3 in head; caudal deeply forked.

Color in spirits, brownish above, silvery below; a large dusky blotch at origin of lateral line and in axil
of pectoral; top of snout dusky; a dusky area through eye; membranes of spinous dorsal dusky; ventrals
darker on posterior third; other fins with very slight wash of dusky.

One specimen (field no. 4178), the type, no. 55899, U. S. National Museum, 16 inches long, from Bulan,
Sorsogon, P. I.; collected by Prof. Charles J. Pierson, for whom the species is named.

Family TRICHIURIDA.

55. Trichiurus haumela (Forskal). Pinka.

Head 7.5 in length; depth 14; eye 6.1 in head, 2 in snout; interorbital 2.5 in snout; dorsal 129; anal
represented by 106 minute spines; teeth large, 18 in upper jaw, 20 in lower; no teeth on vomer, a few minute
teeth on palatines; gillrakers consisting of small, sharp spines, about 14 on lower limb.

Color in spirits, silvery, bluish above; 2 bright yellow longitudinal stripes on lower half of body; dorsal
yellow, with dusky margin.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3381; length 19.75 in.).

Clupea hawmela Forskal, Deser. Anim., 72, 1775, Red Sea.
Trichiurus haumela, Giinther, Cat., 11, 348 (Malayan Peninsula; Amboyna).

Family CARANGIDA.
56. Scomberoides toloo-parah (Riippell). Cassisung.

Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3716 and 3717; length 6.25 and 6.5 in.).

Lichia toloo-parah Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 91, 1828, Massowah, Red Sea,
Chorinemus toloo, Giinther, Cat., 11, 473.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. - 68

57. Decapterus macrosomus Bleeker.

Twelve specimens from Bulan (No. 3345, 3347 to 3349, 3351, 3521, 3522, 3521, and 3531 to 3534; length
5.75 to 8 in.) and one from Bacon (no. 4146; length G in.).

Depth 5.5; head 3.75; about 59 plates or scales in straight portion of lateral line; origin of ventrals nearer
to tip of snout than to anal. This fish is more clongate and has smaller plates than has D. kurra, and the distance
between tips of ventrals and origin of anal is 1.5 in head, while in D. kurra it is much less, being about 2.5.

Decapterus macrosoma Blecker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 35s, 1850, Batavia.
Caranx macrosoma, Giinther, Cat., 11, 425.

58. Decapterus kurra Bleeker.

Six specimens from Bulan (no. 3350, 3346, 3911, 3913, 3914, and 3523; length 4 to 6 in.)
Head 3 in length; depth 4.5; plates 40; distance between tips of ventrals and origin of anul short, about
2.5 in head; origin of ventrals nearer origin of anal than to tip of snout. ;

Decapterus kurra Bleeker, Makrcelachtige Visschen, 50, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, Batavia.
Caranz kurra, Ginther, Cat., 0, 427; Day, Fishes India, 214, pl. Lxviu, fig. 5.

59. Seriola nigrofasciata (Riippell).
One specimen from Bulan (no. 3602; length 6.2 in.)

Nomeus nigrofasciatus Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 92, pl. 24, fig. 2, 1828, Red Sea.
Seriola nigrofasciata, Giinther, Cat., 11, 465.

60. Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider). Bog-snag-taen.

Three fine specimens from San Fabian (no. 3274, 3754, and 3755; length 6.25 to 9.2 in.).
Head 3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 3.85 in head; snout 4.5; maxillary 2.1, its distal end under posterior
margin of pupil; base of anal fin 2.75 in length.

Scomber lactarius Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 31, 1801, Tranquebar.
Lactarius delicatulus, Giinther, Cat., 11, 507.

61. Caranx boops Cuvier & Valenciennes. Atoloy.

Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3724, 3807, 4053, 4054, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4102, and 4103; length 7
to 8.25 in.).

Head 3.45 in length; depth 3.1; plates of lateral line 44, the line strongly bent, becoming straight under
the posterior third of first dorsal, the plates very large; eve 2.75 in head; adipose eyelid well developed; max-
illary 2.1 in head.

In this species the ventrals fall far short of anal spines, the origin of the spines being midway between
origin of ventrals and base of ninth anal ray; under jaw strongly projecting.

Caranx boops Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 35 (46), Amboyna; Gtinther, Cat., 01, 431; Day, Fishes India, 218,
pl. XLIx, fig. 2. A
62. Caranx freeri Evermann & Seale, new species. Mataun.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.2: eye 2.85 in head; interorbital 3.55; dorsal vii1—1, 23; anal 11—1, 20;
lateral line of 25 scales and 47 plates; a broad adipose eyelid.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 6.1 in head, its depth less than its width;
profile of head from above opercle to snout almost a straight line placed at angle of 35 degrees; mouth large,
the lower jaw scarcely projecting; length of maxillary 2.1 in head, its distal end under middle of pupil, the
posterior margin concave; mandible 1.75 in head; minute teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, those of
jaws in single series; gillrakers long and slim, 24 on lower limb, the longest 5.9 in head; opercle and preopercle
entire; body entirely scaled; breast scaled; plates of lateral line very strong, their greatest diameter 4.5 in
head; the lateral line with a low curve anteriorly, becoming straight under the posterior dorsal spines, the
curved portion 3.2 in straight; scales of the arrow-shaped area in front of dorsal very minute; about 6 rows on
cheek; origin of spinous dorsal in vertical line with axil of ventrals, the longest spine 2 in head, longest ray of
soft dorsal 2.5; origin of anal under second soft dorsal ray, being midway between base of caudal and posterior
margin of orbit, its longest ray 2.55 in head; origin of anterior anal spine midway between origin of ventral and
base of seventh anal ray; first anal spine 6.5 in head; ventrals midway between origin of anal and posterior end

64 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

of maxillary, their length 2 in head, their tips reaching first anal spine; pectoral 1.1 in head, the tip reaching
origin of anal; caudal deeply forked, its length 1.1 in head.

Color in spirits, yellowish white, a tint of blue above; tip of snout and tip of under jaw dusky; no distinct
opercular spot, but posterior margin of opercles with some slight shading of dusky; dorsals slightly tinted with
dusky, most distinct on margin of soft dorsal; scarcely a trace of dusky on tip of caudal; pectorals, ventrals,
and anal unmarked.

This species is near C’. boops, of which we have many specimens. It may be at once separated, however, by
the more anterior location of the anal spines, the less projecting under jaw, greater length of head, and greater
width of the interorbital space.

Fic. 4.—Caranz freeri Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

One specimen (no. 3324, type, no., 55913 U.S. National Museum: 9.1 in. long), from San Fabian; collector,
Mr. C. L. Hall.

We take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Paul C. Freer, who, as director of the Philippine Bureau
of Science, is doing so much to advance our knowledge of the natural resources of the Philippine Islands.

63. Caranx cynodon Bleeker.

One fine specimen from Bacon (?) (no. 4165; length 13 in.).
Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.9; eye 3.85 in head; snout 3.75; pectoral long and falcate, 2.75 in length;
maxillary 2 in head, its distal end on line with posterior margin of eve.

Caranz cynodon Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 362, 1850, Batavia; Giinther, Cat., 0, 447.
64. Caranx affinis Riippell.

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3981 and 3897: length 5 and 5.5 in.). Differing from Hawaiian spec-
imens apparently only in the somewhat larger black opercular spot.

Caranz affinis, Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 49, pl. 14, fig. 1.
65. Caranx speciosus (Forskal).
One specimen from Bulan (no. 3638; length 6. in.).

Scomber speciosus Forskal, Descr, Anim., 54, 1775, Red Sea. «
Caranz speciosus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 444.

66. Caranx ophthalmoteenia (Bleeker).

Four specimens from Bulan (no. 3907 to 3910; length 3 to 4.5in.). Dorsal vz, 27: anal mI—1, 23; depth 2;
head 3.05; anterior dorsal and anal rays elongate; a brown band from base of mandible upward and back-
ward thru eye to nuchal region; ventrals dusky.

Carangoides ophthalmotenia Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned, Ind., 111, 270, 1852, Amboyna; Gtinther, Cat., 1, 451.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDN. 65

67. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard. Talatitogan.

Nino specimens from San Fabian (no. 3325 to 33383: length 3.5 to fin.), Ifead 3.1 in length; depth 2.5;
eye 3 in head; snout 4.2; pectoral 3 3; maxillary 2.1, its distal end scarcely reaching posterior margin of eye:
tip of dorsal black. (arangus rhabdotus Jenkins, from Honolulu, closely resembles this species, but differs
from it in the heavier body, smaller eye, and the broader cross-bands.

Caranz sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, 35s, pl. 65, fig. 4, 1824, Papous Islands.
68. Caranx armatus (Forskal). Buensang-sapse; Amaaligan,

Sixteen specimens from San Fabian (no. 3498, 3446, 1940, and 4941; length 3.2 to 6 in.). No. 4032,
length 3 inches, from Bulan, is also placed with this species, although it is slightly dewper and seems to differ
in a slight degree.

Sciena armata Forskal, Descr. Anim., 53, 1775, Red Sea.
Caranr armatus, Giinther, Cat., m1, 453.

69. Caranx kalla Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3767; length 3 in.). Lateral line becoming straight under about the
sixth dorsal ray, which readily distinguishes this species from ('. djeddaba, to which it is closely related.
Caranz kalla Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 37 (49), 1831, Pondicherry; Day, Fishes India, 219, pl. XLIx, fig. 5.
Caranz calla, Giinther, Cut., 11, 433.

70. Caranx djeddaba (Forskal). .

One small specimen from “ Philippines” (no. 3782; length 3.5 in.).

Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4; maxillary 3: mandible 2.1; interorbital
3.75; dorsal vii, 25; anal 1, 22; scutes 54, 37 in curved portion; lateral line becoming straight under the first
dorsal ray.

Scomber djeddaba Forskal, Descr. nim., 1775, Red Sea.
Caranr djeddaba, Giinther, Cat., 11, 432; Day, Fishes India, 21s, pl. xLIN, fig. 3.

71. Caranx brevis (Blecker).

Three specimens from “Philippines” (no. 3888; length 3 to 3.2 in.).

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.4; eye 3 in head; dorsal vr, 25; anal 1—1, 19; lateral line 34+46.

Teeth in jaws, vomer and palatines; no canines; curved portion of lateral line 1.95 in straight, the line
becoming straight under anterior dorsal rays; a distinct opercular spot; breast scaled.

Selar breris Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 1850, 361, Batavia.
Caranz brevis, Giinther, Cat., 11, 435.

72. Megalaspis cordyla (Linneus). Bacutut.

Three fine specimens from Bulan (no. 4155 to 4157; length 14 to 15.5 in.) and 3 from Jolo (no. 4111 to
4113; length 8.5 to 9 in.).
Scomber cordyla Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 298, 1758, America.
Scomber rottleri Bloch, Ichth., x, 39, 346, 1797.

Caranz rotileri, Giinther, Cat., 11, 424.
Megalaspis rottleri, Bleeker, Makreelachtige Visschen, 49, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV (Batavia).

73. Citula halli Evermann & Seule, new species. Pampanon.

Head 3 in length; depth 1.5; eye 3.2 in head; dorsal 1v—1, 40; anal 1, 38; 76 scales in lateral line, 35 of
which are in straight portion, and scarcely armed; snout 3.5; maxillary 3, its distal end on line with anterior
margin of eye.

Body elevated, compressed; anterior profile rounded; caudal peduncle narrow, 5.5in head; body, including
breast, covered with deciduous scales, which are of small size on thorax; lateral line almost straight, the
curve being very long and low, the greatest depth of curve 7 in its length, the straight portion of line 2.5 in

curved part.
B. B. F. 1900—5

66 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Depth of head much greater than its length; jaws equal; teeth very fine, sharp, in a single series in each
jaw; no teeth on vomer, palatines or tongue; opercle and preopercle entire; gillrakers sharp, 13 on lower
lim), the longest equal to one-half diameter of eye.

Spinous dorsal of 4 minute spines, connected only at base; anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal greatly
elongate, the longest dorsal ray 2 in length; longest anal ray 2.25; caudal deeply forked, 3.5; pectoral 3.5;
ventrals 4, their tips extending to base of anal; vertical fins without scaly sheath.

Color in spirits, yellowish, with 5 vertical brown bands of greater width than interspaces, the anterior
one forming a distinct ocular band from spinous dorsal through eye to ventrals, the second from anterior of
soft dorsal to belly, the third from fifth to fourteenth dorsal rays to anterior of anal; fourth from posterior

Fig. 5.—Citula halli Evermann & Seale, new species Type.

third of dorsal to middle of anal; the fifth near posterior of dorsal and anal; two oblique bands on cach
caudal lobe; anterior hall of dorsal and anal black; ventrals black; pectoral yellowish; opercles dusky; belly
with bluish wash.

One specimen, the type, no. 55914 U.S. National Museum (original no. 4029), 2.5 inches long, from San
Fabian.

Easily distinguished from Alectis ciliaris, to which it hears a superficial resemblance, by the low curve
of the lateral line. Named for Mr. C, L. Hall, who collected at San Fabian many of the specimens on which
this report is based.

74. Trachinotus baillonii (Lacépade). Bitilla.

One specimen from Zamboanga (no. 3761; length §.75 in.).
Head 3.8 in length; depth 2.3; eye 3.1 in head; snout 4.1; dorsal, anal and caudal lobes much produced,
all blackish; 4 small round black spots on lateral line on middle of side.

Czesiomorus bailloniit Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 93, pl. 3, fig. 1, Indian Ocean.
Trachynotus baillonii, Gtinther, Cat., 11, 484.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 67

Family EQUULIDA,
75. Leiognathus virgatus Fowler.
Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3916; length 2.5 and 275 in.).
Letognathus virgatus Fowler, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., xm, 1904 (June 10), 515, pl. xv, fig. 4, Pedang, Sumatra.
76. Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Malaway.

Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3210 and 3212; length 6 and 6.2 in.).
Head 3.2 in length; depth 1.9: eye 3.1 in head; snout 3.1; spine-shaped crest on nuchal region not
reaching halfway to base of first dorsal spine.

Equula dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 56 (77), pl. 283, 1835, Coromandel; Giinther, Cat., 11, 500.
77. Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier). Jasangui.
Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3955 and 3959; length 2.5 and 3.75 in.), one from “ Philippines”
(no local label, No. 3765; length 2.75 in.), and 3 from Bacon (no. 4030; length 2.5 to 2.75 in.).
Breast scaled; supraorbital serrate; lateral line not so strongly arched as in L. edentulus, the anterior
part slightly concave; tip of dorsal black.

Equula splendens Cuvier, Régne Anim., 11, 212, 1829, Indies; Giinther, Cat., 11, 501.
78. Leiognathus stercorarius Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 3.7 in length; depth 3; cye 3 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; dorsal vim, 17; anal ur, 14; scales 57.
Body oblong, moderately compressed, the upper and lower profiles almost evenly curved; jaws equal;
depth of caudal peduncle 4.9 in head; entire body covered with thin deciduous scales; cheek and breast
scaled: lateral line complete, with a long low curve from caudal peduncle to head; mouth very protractile;
the groove for the processes of the maxillary extending to a line with posterior margin of eye, the length of
the bony spine-shaped crest extending hack from the groove 2.6 in head; upper jaw heavy; minute teeth

Fic. 6.—Leiognathus stercorarius Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

in jaws, none on vomer, palatines or tongue; no canines; twelve gillrakers on lower lim), the longest about 2
in pupil; maxillary ending on a line with anterior margin of eye, scarcely onc-half exposed; mandible 2 in
head, at angle of 30°; width of preorbital 1.85 in snout; lower limb of preoperele denticulate on its inferior
border; opercle entire; eye with slight adipose eyelid.

Origin of dorsal slightly posterior to origin of ventrals, longest dorsal spine 1.75 in head, about one-half
depth of body (in another specimen—a cotype—this spine measures | 4 in head and is greater than one-half
depth of body), the first dorsal spine minute, the second longest, the dorsal continuous, none of the spines or

68 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

rays elongate; anal similar to dorsal but shorter; the first anal spine midway between tip of snout and base
of caudal; the longest spine 2 in head, none of the anal spines or rays elongate; vertical fins without scales
but with deep sheaths; pectoral 1.7 in head; ventrals 2.25 in head, their origin midway hetween origin of anal
and posterior end of mandible; caudal deeply forked.

Color in spirits, light brown above, silvery below, with a slight wash of yellowish; a peculiar lanceolate
area on middle of side shaded with fine black dots, and having the appearance of an abrasion; fine brownish
dots just above anal fin; upper half of body with numerous vermiculate brownish lines; a black line on base
of dorsal; upper lip dusky; dusky dots in axil of pectoral; anterior spines of dorsal and anal with some fine
brown dots, most distinct on anal, otherwise fins unmarked.

This species is related to L. oblongus but differs among other things in having scales on chest. It is more
elongate than L. rinudatus and L. lineatus, with which we have compared it.

Seven specimens from Bulan, length 3.75 to in. Type, no. 55906, U.S. National Museum (field no. 3591),
length +.75 in., from Bulan, Sorsogon, P.I. Of the cotypes, all from Bulan, one (field no. 3590) is no. 20004
Stanford Univ. Mus.; another (field no. 35SS) is no. 4537 U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries; another (field no. 3587)
is in the museum at Manila; another (field no. 3589) is in the U.S. National Museum; another (field no. 3592)
is in Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; another (field no. 3593) is in the Indiana University Museum.
(Stercorarius of or pertaining to dung; from the fly-spects on the side.)

79. Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann & Seale, new species. Patuan.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 2.6: eye 2.75 in head; snout 2.9: interorbital 3.1; dorsal vo, 16; anal 11,
13; scales about 70, about 48 pores.

Body oblong-ovate, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved and gently arched; head mod-
erate, pointed, snout pointed; mouth, small, very protractile, the lower jaw included: maxillary short, its
exposed tip pointed, scarcely reaching vertical of orbit; teeth in jaws fine, villiform; vomer and palatines

Fic. 7.—Letognathus cdwardsi Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

apparently toothless; cyc large, in middle of head; lower edge of preopercle entire; cheek deep, greater than
interorbital width; a broad, blunt supraocular spine over anterior part of eye; interocular space broadest
anteriorly, its length nearly twice its greatest width; occipital ridge greater than diameter of orbit and
slightly greater than distance from its tip to origin of dorsal fin; origin of dorsal fin posterior to insertion of
ventrals; first dorsal spine produced and filamentous (the tip broken off), its length probably about 1.5 in
length of body; soft dorsal low; origin of anal under about sixth dorsal spine; first spine greatly produced
and filamentous, its length about 1.8 in depth; anal rays short; both dorsal and anal fins folding into a

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 69

shallow groove; pectoral short, its length about 1.5 in head; ventrals short, their length slightly greater than
diameter of orbit, the distance from their tips to base of first anal spine 1.5 in their length; caudal broadly
forked, the lobes about 1.25 in head; seales small, thin, and deciduous; lateral line in a low regular arch
from upper edgo of gill-opening to base of caudal; breast naked.

Color in spirits, dirty olivaceous yellow, back more or less marbled and vermiculated with brownish; a
dark line along base of dorsal fin: cheek and lower half of side finely punctulate with dark dots: tip of snout
black; axil of pectoral dusky: fins otherwise pure yellowish,

This species is based on a single specimen 5 inches long, field no. 3876 (10778), from San Fabian, Pangasi-
nan. Type, no. 55904, U.S. National Museum. It is apparently related to Ginther’s Lquula leuciscus, from
which it differs, however, in the smooth preopercle, the presence of a supraccular spine, and the less develop-
ment of the anterior dorsal spine. We take pleasure in naming this species for Brig. Gen. Clarence R. Edwards,
U.S. Army, Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, U. 5. War Department.

80. Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacépide).

Four specimens from San Fabian (no. 3211 and 3956 to 3958; length 3.25 to 6.2 in.).

Body very deep, back strongly arched. Head 3.18 in length; depth 2; eye 3 in head; snout 2.95; two
strong supraocular spines; lower limb of preopercle serrate; scales very small, breast naked; lateral line
complete, 60; body with about 18 narrow black vertical bars.

Clupea fasciata Lacépede, llist. Nat. Poiss., v, 460, 1803.
Equula fasciata, Giinther, Cat., 11, 498, 1859.
81. Leiognathus edentula (Bloch).

Four specimens from San Fabian (no. 3950 to 3953; length 2.75 to 3.5 in.).

Body very deep, the back much arched; breast naked; lateral Jine strongly arched, the anterior part at
first slightly concave.

Head 3 in length; depth 1.7; eye 3 in head; snout 2.75; nuchal crest almost reaching base of first dorsal
spine, which is 2.5 in depth; teeth not evident; tip of dorsal fin not black.

Scomber edentulus Bloch, ichth ., pl. cccCxxXvilII, 1785.
Equula edentula, Giinther, Cat., 11, 498; Day, Fishes India, 238, pl. Lm, fig. 1.

82. Gazza tapeinosoma Bleeker.
Five specimens from the Philippines (no local label given; no. 3779, 3780, 3781, 3783, and 3784; length
3.75 to 5.2 in.), and S from Bulan (no. 3489 to 349; length 4.5 to 5 in.).

Gazza tapeinosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Iv, 200, 1853, Batavia.
Gazza argentaria, Ginther, Cat., 11, 506; probably not of Forster.

83. Gazza minuta (Bloch). Jfatambo; Buegsang.
Seven specimens from San Fabian (no. 3947 tu 3949 and 3868 to 3871; length 2.75 to 4 in.).
Head 2.9 in length; depth 2; eye 2.75 in head; snout 3.1; scales minute, lateral line complete; breast
naked; preopercle serrate.

Scomber manutus Bloch, Ichth., x11, 110, pl. cecexxIx, fig. 2, 1797, no locality given
Gazza minuta, Giinther, Cat., 1, 506.

Family GERRIDE.
84. Xysteema punctatum (Cuvier & Vi alenciennes).

Three specimens from Bulan (no. 3220 tu 3223: length 4.75 to 5.2 in.), agreeing well with the figures
given by Bleeker and by Day and with Day’s description.

Gerres punctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 361 (480) 1830, Pondicherry.
Gerres filamentosus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 345, and 1Vv, 261; Day, Fishes India, 98, pl. xxv, fig. 3.

85. Xysteema baconensis Evermann & Seale, new species. Duldul.

Head 3.25 in length, depth 2.6; eye 3.25 in head; snout 3; lateral line complete; scales about 4-47-8;
interorbital 2.8 in head; maxillary 2.5; depth of cheek 3.3; dorsal 1x, 10; anal m1, 7; pectoral 1.1 in head;
ventrals 1.9.

70 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Body moderately elongate, the back rather strongly arched, the profile rising in a regular curve from
tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, thence descending in a broader curve to caudal peduncle; ventral outline
less convex; head pointed, the lips thick, jaws subequal, or the lower slightly the shorter; premaxillary
strongly protractile; exposed portion of maxillary broad, its greatest width half its length, its posterior edge
slightly concave; preopercle entire; interorbital broad; premaxillary groove narrow, completely scaled
except a small circular area posteriorly above anterior margin of orbit; caudal peduncle rather deep, its
greatest depth greater than diameter of eye, or 3 times its least width. Scales large, thin, and firm; origin
of dorsal fin over base of pectoral, the second spine slender, curved, and lengthened, its ]Jength greater than
half that of head; dorsal rays short; second anal spine shorter and scarcely larger than the third, its length J.4
in eye; dorsal and anal fin$ each with a high, scaly sheath; caudal fin thickly covered with fine scales;
peritoneum dusky; second interhemal spine long and slender: posterior end of air-bladder bifid, ending in
2 long slender horns which fit alongside of sccond interhemal.

Color in spirits, silvery white, the back and upper part of side showing faint dark lines along the middle
of each row of scales parallel with the back; tip of spinous dorsal dark, fins otherwise unmarked. This species
is close to \. kapas, from which it differs chiefly in having the premaxillary groove scaled, the eve larger,
the interorbital space broader, and the second anal spine smaller.

Fig. 8.—NXystema baconensis Evermann « Sealo, new species. Type.

This species is represented in our collection by two specitnens—one (no. 3416) from Bacon, and the other
(no. 3377) from Jolo. Type, no. 55912, U.S. National Museum, a specimen 7 inches long, from Bacon,
Sorsogon, P. 1. The other, a specimen 5.5 inches long is a cotype, no. 4538, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

86. Xysteema kapas (Bleeker). Du/dul.

We refer to this species one specimen (no. 3376) 5.35 in. long from Jolo, 9 specimens (no. 3417, 3418,
3637 to 3639, and 3822 tv 3825, 3.2 to 6.5 in. long) from Bacon, and 2 small examples (no. 3890) from Bulan.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.7, cye 3.5 in head; snout 3.2; interorbital 2.9; scales 4-40-9; maxillary
groove naked, interorbital width greater than orbit; preopercle not denticulate; base of ventrals midway
between tip of snout and origin of anal; longest dorsal spine about 2 in depth of body; second anal spine
somewhat stronger but shorter than the third, its length 3.3 in head or 4.25 in depth.

Color in spirits, silvery, tip of spinous dorsal black; body without longitudinal darker lines.

FISHES OF THE PHIL{PPINE ISLANDS. 71

Our specimens agree perfectly with Blecker's figure of this species, but. differ from Génther’s description
in the shorter second anal spine. They seem to differ from V, oyena (Rippell) in the lower curve of the dorsal
outline and the absence of dark lateral lines along the rows of scales,

Gerres kapas Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1851, 482, Batavia.

Diapterus kapas Bleeker, Atlas, vit, 127, pl. cceuxt, fig. 3 (East Indies).
Gerres kapas, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 259.

Family M-ENIDA.
87. Emmelichthys leucogrammicus Bleeker.

Nine specimens from Bulan (no. 3971; length 2.5 to 3.2 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 38758; length 1.85
in.). These agree well with Bleeker’s figure.
Emmelichthys leucogrammicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 103, 1850, Celebes; Atlas, vir, pl. ccxcIV, fig. 2.

Erythrichthys leucogrammicus, Gtinther, Cat., 7, 300.
Dipterygonotus leucogrammicus Bleeker, Atlas, yi, 42.

Family SCORPIDID.
88. Monodactylus argenteus (Linneus).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3594; length 3.75 in.). Head 2.9 in length; depth 1.2; eye 2.6 in head;
snout 5.2. Color in spirits dusky silvery, a black band from nape through eve to lower edge of gill-opening
and another across body and base of pectoral just posterior to gill-opening to origin of dorsal and anal and
then extending on those fins to tips of produced rays.

Chetodon argenteus Linneus, .\moen. \cad., Iv, 249, 1759.
Psettus argenteus, Giinther, Cat., 11, 487.

Family APOGONICHTHYIDA.
89. Amia freenata (Valenciennes).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3766; length 3.75 in.). (Not .1. firrnatus of Gunther.)

Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.18; snout 4; eye very large, longer than snout, 3.1 in head; side with a
well-defined black band about width of pupil, extending through eye and across tip of snout, where it is most
distinct; a distinct black spot on caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin; a black bar on base of anal; anterior
dorsal spines black.

From Ania snyderi this species seems to differ in the larger eve, more slender body, and better defined
black caudal spot and lateral band. The two may, however, be identical.

Apogon frenatus Valenciennes, Nouv. nn. Mus. Ilist. Nat., 57, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1832.

90. Amia koilomatodon (Bleeker).

Two fine specimens from Bacon (no. 3509 and 3511; length 4.75 and 5.2 in.). These agree in every
respect with specimens from Samoa.

Apogon koilomatodon Blevker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1v, 134, 1853, Ternate.
Amia koilomatodon Bleeker, Atlas, vil, pl. cccvu, fig. 1; Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. 8. Bu. Fish., xxv, 1905 (1906), 240, fig. 34.

91. Amia quadrifasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bakutut.

Twenty-nine specimens from Jolo (no. 3555 to 3583; length 2.5 to 3.5 in.), all showing the indistinct
vertical bands, in addition to the 2 distinct longitudinal stripes; no caudal spot, the lower longitudinal stripe
extending to tip of caudal.

Apogon quadrifasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 113 (153), 1828, Pondicherry; Giinther, Cat., 1, 239;

Day, Fishes India, 59.
Amia quadrifasciata, Bleeker Atlas, ViII, 88, pl. CCCXXXvV, fig. 1.

72. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

92. Amia fasciata ((Juoy & Gaimard).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 5752; length 1.25 to 1.5 in.), similar in every respect to a specimen from
Samoa. The upper and lower bands converge on the caudal fin, touching or nearly so, the median band near
tip of tail.

The type of Apogon fasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, came from Guam and the same specimen appears to have
been used by Cuvier & Valenciennes as one of the types of their .lpogon noremfasciatus published five years
later. The other specimen in the possession of Cuvier & Valenciennes came from Timor and, according to a
recent note from Mr. Vaillant, appears to be the same species.

Apogon fasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 344, 1824, Guam (type in Paris Mus.).
A pogon novemfasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 114 (154), 1829, in part; Guam specimen.
Apogon fasciatus, Day, Fishes India, 60, in part; not of White.

93. Amia chrysopoma (Blecker).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3976 and 3365; length 3.1 and 4 in.).

Head 2.85 in length; depth 2.85; eye 2.75 in head; dorsal vir-1, 9; anal 11, 8; scales 2-29-G: posterior
limb of preopercle serrate, anterior limb entire: maxillary extending to below middle of eye: gillrakers 20 on
lower limb.

These specimens agree with Blecker’s description, except that the color in spirits is slightly different. They
are yellowish with 2 very indistinct dusky longitudinal lines, the lower one being on the median line, and easily
overlooked; a black caudal spot just above lateral line, 5 pearl-colored spots on opercle; anterior of spinous
dorsal dusky; other fins immaculate.

Apogon chrysopomus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vir, 1854, 239, Macassar.
Amia chrysopomus Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 86, and Atlas, vir, pl. CCCXLIX, fig. 1.
Apogon chrysopomus, Giinther Cat., 1, 240.

94. Amia hartzfeldi Bleeker.

Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 2899, 4194, 4195, 4196 and 3810 to 3814; length 3.2 to 4 in.).
These seem in every respect similar to specimens from Cavite, and agree entirely with Bleeker’s colored
plate of this species.
Amia hartzfeldi Bleeker Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 111, 254, 1852, Amboyna.
Apogon hartzfeldii, Giinther, Cat., 1, 242.
95. Amia savayensis (Giinther).

Six specimens from Bacon (no. 3510, 3880 to 3883 and 3885; length 2.75 to 3.75 in.), all having the dark
saddle over caudal peduncle, dark upper and lower margin to caudal, and « more or less distinct dusky line
from eye to angle of preopercle; anterior spines of spinous dorsal dusky; anterior rays and tip of soft. dorsal
dusky; only two specimens show traces of vertical bands seen on some Samoan specimens.

Apogon savayensis Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, 656, Savaii, Samoa; Fische der Sudsee, 21, pl. 19. fig. B (Samoa;
Tonga; Yap; Tahiti). ,
96. Amia sangiensis (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3889; length 3 in.). The dorsal formula is vm-r, 9, instead of vi-r, S or 9,
as given, the first spine being very minute and easily overlooked.

Apogon sangiensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., x11, 1857, 375, Sangi; Ciinther, Vat., 1, 235 (Sea of Sangi).
Amita sangiensis Bleeker Atlas, v11, 95, pl. cccxIx, fig. 4.

97. Amia monochrous (Bleeker).

Two specimens in poor condition from Bulan (no. 4015 and 4016; length 3.5 and 3.75 in.).

Apogon monochrous Bleecker, Manado en Macassar, 34, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Ned., 1856, Manado; Giinther, Cat., 1, 236.
98. Amia novee-guinege (Valenciennes).

Five specimens from Bulan (no. 4007 and 4013; length 2.1 to 2.56).

Apogon nove-guinex Valenciennes, Nouy. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 53, pl. 4, 1832, New Guinea; Ginther, Cat., 1, 237.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 73
99. Amia jenkinsi Hvermann & Seule, new species.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.9); eye 3 in head; snout 4.6; interorbital 1.2, dorsal vi-1, 9; anal m, 8;
scales 3-25-5.

Body oblong, mederately compressed; depth of cuudal peduncle 2.4 in head; anterior profile from base of
dorsal to tip of snout forming a straight line al an angle of about 15°; mouth large; lower jaw the longer;
maxillary 2.1 in head, its posterior margin under middle of pupil, the width of distal end equal to pupil;
mandible 1.75 in head: minuto teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines in 1 or 2 rows; 16 gillrakers on lower limb,
the longest about 7 in head; posterior limb of preopercle finely denticulate, a few scattered denticulations at
angle of anterior limb; opercle with an indistinct spine on posterior margin; body entirely covered with large
weakly ctenoid scales; lateral line complete; 2 rows of scales on cheek; origin of spinous dorsal midway
between tip of snout and posterior axil of soft dorsal, the longest spine 2.1 in head; longest ray of soft dorsal
1.75 in head; origin of anal under middle of soft dorsal, its base 2.25 in head, longest ray 2 in head; origin of

Fic. 9—Amuu jenkinsi Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

ventrals under base of pectoral, their length 1.75 in head; pectoral 1.4 in head; caudal rounded, 1.5 in head.
Color in spirits, dull yellowish, shaded with minute brown punctulations, a large quadrate black spot on
middle of base of caudal; a round jet-black spot about size of pupil on each side of nuchal region; a wide
distinct black line on side of snout from cye to mouth; tip of lower jaw black; spinous dorsal black; a shading
of dusky on base of soft dorsal and anal, otherwise fins all yellowish. One specimen, the type, no. 55907, U.S.
National Museum (field no. 4036), length 3.4 in., from Bulan, Sorsogon, P. I,
Named for Dr. O. P. Jenkins, of Stanford University.

100. Amia endekatzenia (Bleeker).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3839 and 3818; length 2.25 to 3.5 in.).

A. endekatenia is undoubtedly a species distinct from A. fasciata, easily distinguished by the bluntly
rounded profile of the head, the short snout, and the more rounded preopercle. Gillrakers 11 on lower limb
(including nodules); only posterior limb of preopercle serrated. Our specimens are faded, but the 4 dusky
longitudinal lines are quite perceptible in the large specimen; also the rather diffused dusky caudal spot.
The small specimens have the spinous dorsal tipped with dusky and show indistinct traces of dusky vertical
lines, as in .1. quadrifasciata; the large specimen has ventrals tipped with dusky.

A pogon endekatenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., m1, 1852, 449, Banka,
Amia endekatenia Bleeker Atlas, VI, 85, pl. cccx, fig. 2.

74 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

101. Amia margaritophora (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4197; length 1.75 in.).
Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.9; eye 3 in head; dorsal vr-1, 9; anal 11, 8; scales 3-25-7; teeth on palatines
and vomer.

Apogon margaritophorus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vir, 1854, 363, Batjan.
Amia margaritophorus Bleeker, Atlas, vit, 91, pl. cect, fig. 4; Giinther, Cat., 1, 234.

102. Apogonichthys mentalis Evcrminn & Seale, new species.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 3.4; eye 3.1 in head: snout 4; interorbital equal to snout; dorsal vi-1, 10;
anal u1, 12 (the small anterior anal spine broken off in type); scales probally about 28, deciduous.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 in head; mouth large, the lower jaw
the longer; maxillary 2.5 in head, its distal end under anterior margin of pupil; mandible 2.15 in head;
minute teeth in jaws, none on vomer or palatines; 20 gillrakers on lower limb, the longest equal to pupil; no
denticulations on preopercle; opercle with a single point; entire body covered with thin, very deciduous
eyeloid scales; Jateral line probably complete, apparently a single row of scales on cheek; origin of spinous
dorsal midway between tip of snout and axil of soft dorsal; longest dorsal spine 2.5 in head; base of soft dorsal

Fie. 10.—A pogonichthys mentalis Evermann « Seale, new species. Type.

1.75 in head, its longest ray 2 in head; origin of anal under anterior third of soft dorsal, its longest ray 2.75
in head, its base 1.75; ventrals below base of pectoral, their length 2.1 in head; pectoral 1.3, the tip reaching
beyond anal spines; caudal rounded.

Color in spirits, yellowish white; 2 black longitudinal lines separated by pale yellow on side to below
posterior end of soft dorsal; some dark dots on opercle, a shading of dusky at tip of snout and on tip of lower
jaw; fins all uniform yellowish white.

Two specimens, the type, no. 55903, U.S. National Museum (B. F. no. 3772, field no. 10696), a female
full of mature eggs, and cotype no. 20002, Stanford University, each about 2.5 inches long, from Bacon, Sor-
sogon, P. I.; collector Charles J. Pierson.

103. Archamia macropteroides (Bleeker).

Thirty-eight specimens from Bacon (no. 3896, 3867, 3991, and 3354; length about 3 in.).

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.45; eye 3 in head; snout 5.5; dorsal vi-1, 10; anal m, 17: scales 4-27-9.

Color in spirits, dirty yellowish, the body and head thickly punctulate with blackish; a large black spot
at base of caudal and a similar but smaller one on shoulder, these both very distinct.

Our specimens differ from those from Samoa, which Jordan & Scale identified with A. lineolata (Ehrenberg)
in having the body deeper, the eye larger, the head blunter, and the shoulder spot always distinct. A. bleekeri
differs from the present species in the shape of the caudal spot and the more anterior position of the shoulder
Spot.

Apogon macropteroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 111, 1852, 724, Lepar Island, Banka: Giinther, Cat., 1, 245.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 75
104. Archamia bleekeri (Giinther). Masanqui.

Forty-eight specimens from Bucon (no. 3279 to 3306 and 3678; length 1.5 to 3 in.), and 2 from San
Fabian (no. 3815; length 1.25 in.).

These each haye 16 anal rays, « round black spot at base of caudal, its outline sharply defined, a large
black spot at anterior end of lateral line, touching upper edge of opercle, and a dusky line from eye to sub-
operele. Resembling A. macropteroides but readily distinguished by the form and position of the caudal and
humeral spots.

Among our specimens are both males and females. Nearly mature eggs were found in the ovaries of
some of the females, and a mass of mature eggs was discovered in the mouth of a male. It has long been
asserted that the male of certain species of this family carries the eggs in his mouth during incubation. Meas-
urements of 10 of these eggs gave an average diameter of 0.51 mm.

Apogon bleekeri Giinther, Cat., I, 245, 1859, Batavia; Padang; Amboyna.
Apogon macropterus, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 168, 1851, and Atlus, vii, pl. cccxLvt, fig. 2.

Family AMBASSID4.
105. Ambassis urotznia Bleeker.

One hundred and three specimens from Bacon (no. 3408 and 3621; length 1.75 to 3 in.).
Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.1 in head; snout 4.75; second dorsal spine 4 in length; dorsal
yu-t, 9; anal m1, 10; scales +-28-6, 2 rows on cheek.

Ambassis urotenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1852, 257, Amboyna; Atlas, VIII, 135, pl. cccXLIV, fig. 2, and pl. ¢ccLt,
fig. 1; Gtinther, Cat., 1, 224.

106. Ambassis lungi (Jordan & Seale).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3834 and 4192; length 1 to 3 in.).
This species is casily distinguished by the single vow of scales on cheek, the broken lateral line, and the
color of the fins and back.

Ambassis urotenia, Day, Fishes India, pl. xv, fig. 8; not of Bleeker.
Priopis lungi Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bu. Fisheries, xxv1, 1906, 1s, fig. 6, Cavite, Luzon.

Family PEMPHERID.

107. Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Fight specimens from Bacon (no. 3213 to 3218, 3542 and 3762: length 3.75 to 6 in.), and 3 young from
Bulan (no. 3817).

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.2; eye 2.6 in head; snout 6.5; anal i, 43.

No black spot on base of pectoral; anterior dorsal rays black-tipped; edge of anal black. These characters
distinguish the species.

Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 227 (305), 1831, Vanicolo.
Family SERRANID.

108. Epinephelus merra Bloch.
Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3630, 3631, 3632, and 4082; length + to 6.5 in.).
Epinephelus merra Bloch, Ichth., vu, 17, pl. cCCXXI, 1797; Boulenger, Cat., 1, 241, 1895.
109. Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3633; length 1.4 in.).

Perca tauvina Forskal, Deser. Anim., 39, 1775, Red Sea.
Epinephelus tauvina, Boulenger, Cat., I, 244.

110. Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal).

One fine specimen from Bacon (no. 4040; length 10.75 in.).

Perca fasciata Forskil, Descr. Anim., 40, 1775, Red Sea.
Epinephelus fasciatus, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 238.

76 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

111. Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch).
Two fine specimens from San Fabian (no. 3224 and 3225; length 4.5 and 8.5 in.).

Holocentrus maculatus Bloch, Ichth., rv, 96, pl. ccxLiI, fig. 3, 1797.
Epinephelus maculatus, Boulenger, Cat., I, 211.

112. Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3385, 3386, and 3850; length 5.5 to 5.75 in.).
Dorsal rx, 15; anal ut, S; scales SO. The specimens are without light margin to fins and the ventrals
extend to vent; otherwise they agree with the descriptions.
Serranus pachycentron Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 219 (2051, 182s (type no. 7432, Paris Museum).
Epinephelus pac hycentrum, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 178.
118. Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 2.66 in length; depth 2.85; eye 6.3 in head; snout 4.75; interorbital 7.5; maxillary 2.1, its distal
end reaching bevond orbit, the distal width of maxillary 1.1 in orbit; dorsal rx, 16; anal m1, 8; scales about
20-80-22, 45 pores.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head: anterior profile evenly curved
from origin of dorsal to snout, slightly concave before and behind eye: mouth large, lower jaw slightly pro-

Fig’ 11 -- Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann & Seale, new species. Type

jecting; several bands of sharp teeth in each jaw with a single curved canine on each side anteriorly, the inner
teeth largest and depressible; teeth on vomer and palatines; gillrakers sharp, their inner surface spinulose,
9 developed on lower limb, the longest 2 in orbit; margin of preopercle rounded, finely denticulate, the dentic-
ulations scarcely enlarged at angle; opercle with 3 distinct spines, the upper one more distant from center
one and slightly more posterior than lower; opercular membrane very obtuscly rounded, the upper margin
concave.

Body covered with fine etenoid scales; head and nuchal region with cycloid scales; maxillary scaled, the
scales on nuchal region and top of head very fine, about 80 in series in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal above
base of pectoral, the spines increasing in length posteriorly, the second spine 1.35 in ninth, the first 2.5 in
ninth; rays of soft dorsal much longer than spines, the longest ray 2.5 in head; second anal spine longest,
3 in head; longest anal ray 2 in head; origin of anal nearer to base of caudal than to origin of ventrals; pectoral
1.5 in head, tip extending slightly posterior to vent, but not reaching a line with origin of anal fin; ventrals 2
in head, their origin midway between tip of snout and base of sixth anal ray, their tips reaching to, but not
beyond, vent; caudal rounded, 1.75 in head.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 77

Color in spirits, dark brown; large scattered blue spots with black margins on head, thorax, belly, and
fins except spinous dorsal, which is dusky; no bars or spots on other portions of body, the spots on fins indis,
tinct, except on pectoral, where they form rows; pectoral with a slight wash of yellowish with 2 black nurgin-
otherwise the fins all blackish without a trace of lighter margins.

This species is related to (. guttatus, from which it differs in the larger seales, longer ventrals, smaller
eye, and in coloration.

One fine specimen from Bacon, no. 55911, U.S. National Museum (B. F. no. 3722), length 7.5,in.: collector
Charles J. Pierson.

We take pleasure in naming this species for our associate, Dr. Wm. C. Kendall, of the U.S. Bureau of
Fisheries.

114. Cephalopholis beenack (Bloch).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3856; length 5 in.).
fas

Bodianus benuck Bloch, Ichth., 1v, 31, pl. coNXv1, 1797.
Epinephelus benack, Boulenger, Cat., 1. LS0

115. Cephalopholis obtusauris Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 2.55 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.3 in head; snout 39: interorbital 1.75 in snout; dorsal 1x, 15;
anal 111, 9; scales about 12-95-26, with 48 pores in lateral line. F

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 2.95 in head; body and head covered
with minute scales with rough margins; lateral line with a distinct curve above pectoral; head large; mouth
very large; maxillary 2 in head, its distal end under middle of eye, its width 1.3 in eve: mandible 1.85; small

Fig. 12.— Cephalopholis oblusauris Evermann & Seale, new specits Type.

teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, outer series on upper jaw slightly enlarged, with 2 canines on each side
anteriorly, and with some enlarged depressible teeth posterior to them; a canine on each side of symphysis of
lower jaw, with a row of larger depressible teeth among the small ones on sides; 14 gillrakers on lower limb
(counting knobs), the longest equal to pupil; preopercle slightly rough; opercle with 3 spines, the lower one
a little anterior to the others, the upper one more removed from center one; opercular flap very obtusely
rounded, not ending in a sharp point; origin of dorsal fin on a line with axil of pectoral, and midway between
tip of snout and base of eighth dorsal ray; longest dorsal spine 3 in head, the anterior spine less than diameter
of eye; longest dorsal ray 2.3 in head; origin of anal slightly nearer base of ventral than to base of caudal, and
ona line with base of third dorsal ray; base of anal 2.4 in head, its longest ray 2 in head, the second anal spine
the strongest and slightly the Jongest; ventrals 1.75 in head, their tips reaching a little past vent, but not to
base of anal fin; pectoral 1.3 in head, the tip on a line with origin of anal fin; caudal rounded, 1.75 in head.

78 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Color in spirits, uniform yellowish, with slight wash of dull brown, evidently uniform red in life; fins
unmarked.

Related to C. aurantius Cuvier & Valenciennes, but with shorter premaxillary and obtuse flap to opercle,
and fewer scales in lateral line.

One specimen, the type, no. 55910, U.S. National Museum (Bureau of Fisheries no. 3541; length 9.15 in.)
from Bacon, Sorsogon, P. I.; collector Charles J. Pierson.

116. Cromileptes altivelis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3763; length 3.75 in.).
Color in spirits, yellowish, the spots brown, large, and sparsely placed.

Serranus altivelis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 241 (324), pl. 35, 1828, Java.
Cromile pies altivelis, Bleeker, Atlas, vil, 30, and Atlas, vill, pl. cccxxu,, fig. 3; Boulenger, Cat., 1, 271.

117. Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3750; length 3 in.).

Perca sexlineata Thunberg, K. Vetensk. Acad. u. Handl., x1, 1792, 142, pl. v, no locality.
Grammistes sexlineatus, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 346.

118. Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One small specimen from Bulan (no. 3759; length 1.85 in.).

Labrax waigiensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 61 (83), 1828, Waigiou.
Psammoperca waigiensis, Blecker, Atlas, v1, 108, pl. cccvI, fig. 2.
Psammoperca vaigiensis, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 365 (Cebu).

119. Plectropoma calcariferum (Bloch). Mulmul.

One specimen from Zamboanga (no. 4065; length 13.5 in.).
Hlolocentrus calcarifer Bloch, Ichth., 1v, 80, pl. ccXLIv, 1797, Japan.
Lates calcarifer, Day, Fishes India, 7, pl. 1, fig. 1; Boulenger, Cat., 1, 363.
120. Pharopteryx nigricans Rippell.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3837; length 1.5 in.).

Pharopteryx nigricans Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 15, pl. Iv, fig. 2, 1828, Red Sea.
Plesiops nigricans, Giinther, Cat., 111, 363; Boulenger, Cat., 1, 340.

Family PRIACANTHID-E.

121. Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3267; length 7.5 in.).

Head 3 in length; depth 2.75; cye 2.56 in head; snout 3: interorbital 3.75; gillrakers 15 on lower limb of
first arch; preopercular spine 2 in pupil; tenth dorsal spine 2.5 in head, or 1.7 times length of second; longest
soft rays of dorsal a third longer than longest spine; pectoral 1.9 in head; ventrals 1.1, the spine 1.8: third
anal longer than sixth dorsal spine, nearly equal to tenth; dorsal spines smooth, the anal and ventrals spinulose.

Ventrals black on distal third and a black spot in axil; dorsal and anal margined with black.

Boulenger gives the number of gillrakers on lower limb of first arch as 18 to 23. Our specimen has 15.
This range is great and may represent 2 or more species.

Scizna hamrur Forskal, Deser. Anim., 45, 1775, Red Sea.
Priacanthus hamrur, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 355.

Family LUTIANIDA.

122. Diacope seb Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Three fine specimens from Bulan (no. 1072 tu 4074; length 4.75 to 5.25 in.).

Diacope sebe Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 310 (411), 1828, Waigiou.
Lutianus sebx, Day, Fishes India, 30, pl. IX, fig. 3.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 79

123. Lutianus quinquelineatus (Bloch).

Five specimens from Bulan (no. 3535, 3311, 3272, 8273, und 8248; length 6 to 6.5 in.), and one from
Bacon (no. 3312; length 6.5 in.).

Easily distinguished by tho 5 blue stripes along side and the large black blotch under beginning of soft
dorsal.

Holocentrus quinquelineatus Bloch, Ichth., 1v, 84, tab. coxxx1x, 1707.
Mesoprion quinquelineatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 336 (442) (Java); Giinther, Cat., 1, 209.
Lutianus quinquelincatus, Day, Fishes India, 40, pl. xu, fig. 3; Bleeker, Atlas, VI, 56, pl. cecxLim, fig. 4.

124. Lutianus decussatus (Kuhl & Van Nasselt). Buegsang.

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3954 and 3264 to 3266; length 5.75 to 7 in.).
Easily distinguished by the 5 or 6 broad longitudinal brownish bands, the upper 3 crossed by short vertical
bars, and a black spot on base of caudal.
Mesoprion decussatus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 369 (487), 1828, Java; Giinther,
Cats,a, 210.
Lutianus decussatus, Day, Fishes India, 47, pl. X1v, fig. 4; Bleeker, Atlas, vim, 72, pl. CCOXXXVII, fig. 4.

125. Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3640; length 6.5 in.). No teeth on tongue; dark spot on the lateral line
smaller than in L. johnti, which has distinct teeth on tongue.

Aesoprion monostigma Cuvier & Valenciennes, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 337 (446), 1828, Seychelles.
Lutianus lioglossus Bleeker, Atlas, vit, 70, pl. cccXLiv, fig. 4, Bintang, Java, Celebes, Amboyna.

126. Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal). Bitilla.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4168; length 10.25 in.), and 2 from Zamboanga (no. 3459 and 3443; length
6 and 7 in.).
Sciena fulviflamma Forskal, Descr. Anim., 45, 1775, Red Sea.

Mesoprion fulvifiamma, Giinther, Cat., 1, 201, in part.
Lutianus fulviflamma, Day, Fishes India, 41, pl. xu, fig. 6; Bleeker, Atlas, vim, 65, pl. CCOXLIV, fig. 3.

127. Lutianus johnii (Bloch). Bitilla; Manila.

Two specimens from Jolo (no. 4041 and 4042; length 8 and 10 in.), one from Bacon (no. 4166; length 10
in.), and 2 from Bulan (no. 3539 and 3540; length 5.5 and 6.2 in.).

Readily distinguished by its having the rows of scales parallel with the back; tceth on tongue.
Amthias johnii Bloch, Ichth., 1x, 97, pl. ccexvul, 1797.

Mesoprion johnii, Gunther, Cat., 1,200.
Lutianus johnii, Bleeker, Atlas, vii, 49, pl. cccXxxvimi, fig. 3; Day, Fishes India, 42, pl. x11, fig. 1.

128. Lutianus luzonius Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 2.55 in length; depth 2.55; eye 4 in head; snout 3.1; interorbital 4.S: dorsal x, 14; anal m, 8;
scales 7-48-16; teeth on tonguc.

Body oblong, moderately clevated and compressed; dorsal surface evenly curved; depth of caudal peduncle
3.18 in head; jaws equal; maxillary scarcely reaching anterior margin of pupil, its length 2.55 in head; greatest
width of premaxillary not more than 2 in pupil; mandible 2.5 in head; preorbital 1.75 in cye; teeth on jaws,
vomer, palatincs, and tongue, those of jaws in a single series, small, canine-shaped, the anterior ones of upper
jaw enlarged; gillrakers 11 on lower limb, the longest about equal to pupil; notch of preopercle very deep and
distinct, the lower limb slightly produced backward, rounded, and rather strongly toothed; knob of inter-
opercle large and strong; opercle ending in a single sharp point; origin of dorsal slightly anterior to origin of
pectoral, the distance between tip’ of snout and first dorsal spine scarcely greater than length of head, longest
spine 2.7 in head, longest soft ray 3.5; origin of anal midway between origin of ventrals and base of caudal,
its base 3.75 in base of dorsal, the longest ray 2.75 in head, the second spine longest and strongest, 2.5 in head;
ventrals 1.75 in head, their tips reaching vent; pectoral 1.24, the tip scarcely reaching line with origin of anal;
caudal emarginate, 1.3 in head.

30 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Color in spirits, dull yellowish white, with a round black spot about size of eye entirely above lateral linc
under anterior part of soft dorsal; scales with slightly darker centers, giving an appearance of fine indistinct
oblique dusky lines above lateral line und longitudinal ones below: a distinct black spot occupying upper base
and axil of pectoral: fins uniform, without marking.

Three fine specimens from Bacon (no. 3229, 3230, 3675; length 5.75 to 6.8 in.). This species is related
to L. russelli (Bleeker), from which it appears to differ in the deeper preopercular notch, the strong interopercular
knob, the long pectoral fin, and in coloration.

Fig. 13.—Lutianu: 1z:onius Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

Type, no. 55918, U.S. National Museum (original no. 3230), a specimen ().4 inches long, from Bacon, Sorse-
gon, P. I; collector Charles J. Pierson. Cotypes, no. 4539, Burcan of Fisheries, and no. 20003, Stanford
University.

129. Lutianus furvicaudatus Fowler.

One specimen from Bacor. (no. 3785; length 8.5 in.). This species is distinguished from L. lunulatus hy
the shorter maxillary and scarcely perceptible lmgual teeth. We have examined Mr. Fowler's type.

Lutianus furvicaudatus Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., vol. x11, 1904 (June 10), 525, pl. xvit1, lower fig.,
Padang. (Type, 7% in. long, no. 27596, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.).

130. Lutianus gibbus (ForskAl).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4035; length 5 in.).

Scizna gibba Forskal, Descr. Anim., 46, 1775, Red Sea.
Genyoroge gibba, Giinther, Cat., 1, 180.
Mesoprion gibbus, Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 12, taf. 12, 13 (fig. a).

131. Lutianus erythropterus Bloch.

Que specimen from San Fabian (no. 3343; length 5.S in.).

Lutianus erythropterus Bloch, Ichth., v11, 93, pl. CCXLIx, 1797, Japan; Day, Fishes India, 32, pl. x, figs.1 and 2; not of Bleeker.
Mesoprion erythropterus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 205.

132. Lutianus lunulatus (Mungo Park).

Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3309, 3310, and 4135 to 4137; length 6.5 to 7.5 in.), and one from Bulan
(no. 3517; length 7 in.).

Perca lunulata Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 111, 1797, 35, pl. 6, Sumatra.
Lutianus lunulatus, Bleeker, Atlas, vil, pl. ccxcv, fig. 1, and Atlas, vu, 66 (Sumatra; Celebes).

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 81

133. Lutianus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard). Bitillu.
Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3718 and 3719; length 5.75 and 6.1 in.), one from Bulan (no. 3595; length
5 in.), and one from Zamboanga (no. 4096; length 9 in.). 7

Serranus vitta Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, 315, pl. 58, fig. 3, 1824, Waigiou.
Diacope vitta Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 13, pl. v1, fig. 1.
Lutianus vitta, Day, Fishes India, 46, pl. x1v, fig. 2.

134. Lutianus lineatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Alangot.
One specimen from San Fabian (no. 4125; length 7.5 in.). This specimen is abnormal, in that it has but 9
dorsal spines; teeth on tongue.

Diacope lineata Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 309, 1824, Rawak et Waigiou.
Mesoprion lineatus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 193.
Lutjanus lincatus, Bleeker, Atlas, vi, pl. cccrv, fig. 4, and Atlas, vi, 69 (East Indies).

135. Lutianus amboinensis (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3226; length 6.95 in.). Dorsal with 11 spines; no tectl on tongue.

Mesoprion amboinensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1852, 259, Amboyna.
Lutjanus amboinensis Bleeker, Atlas, vir, pl. cccxviu, fig. 2, and Atlas, vir, 57 (East Indies).
Genyoroge amboinensis, Giinther, Cat., 1, 183 (Amboyna).

136. Lutianus lineolatus (Riippell).
Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3358, 3359, 3361, and 3362; length 6 to 6.5 in.), and 6 from Bulan (no.
3245 to 3247, 3605, and 3596; length 5.75 to 6.1 in.).

Diacope lineolata Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 76, pl. 19, fig. 3, 1828, Massaua; not of Bleeker.
Mesoprion lineolatus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 205.
Lutianus lineolatus, Day, Fishes India, 35, pl. x1, figs. 1 and 2.

137. Lutianus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider).

One small specimen (no. 4006; Jength 1.75 in.), from Bulan, probably the young of this species.

Sparus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 278, 1801, ‘tin mari Indico."
Lutianus malabaricus, Day, Fishes India, 31, pl. 1x, fig. 4.

138. Gymnocranius lethrinoides (Bleeker).

Three specimens from Bulan (no. 446 to 4048; length 4.5 to 6 in.).

Dentex lethrinoides Bleeker, Sparoiden, 11, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXII, 1850, Batavia.
Gymnocranius lethrinoides Bleeker, Atlas, vii, 96, pl. CCCXXXH, fig. 1, and pl. cccxxx1V, fig. 3.

139. Pinjalo typus (Bleeker).

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3344: length 6 5 in.), and one from Bulan (no. 4038; length 11.5 in.).
Cexsio typus Bleeker, Mu-noiden, 10, Verh. Bat. Gen., xx, 1850, Batavia; Day, Fishes India, 94, pl. xX1v, fig. 4; Giinther,
Cat., 1, 391; Bleeker, Atlas, vu, pl. ccxcmi, fig. 3, and Atlas, VUI, 33.

140. Nemipterus nemurus (Bleeker). Pukit.

Two specimens from Jolo (no. 3748 and 3778; length, with caudal filament, 12.5 and 13.5 in.).
Dentex nemurus Bleeker, Amboina, 49; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., 11, 1857; Atlas, VII, 87, pl. cccXXxv, fig. 4, Amboyna.
Synagris nemurus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 378.

141. Nemipterus worcesteri Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 3.45 in length; depth 3.75; eye 3.75 in head; snout 2.5; interorbital 1.9 in snout; dorsal x, 9; anal 9;
scales 4-48-11.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 3.35 in head; anterior profile of head not
evenly rounded, being somewhat convex in front of eye; mouth rather large, the lower jaw slightly the longer ;

B. B. F. 1906—6
4

82 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

maxillary 2.85 in head; mandible 3; distal end of maxillary not reaching to below anterior border of eye;
preorbital 3.75; bands of small teeth in jaws, with small canines anteriorly, and u row of slightly enlarged
curved teeth in each side; gillrakers represented by wide blunt knobs, 7 on lower limb; body covered by thin
delicate scales, 3 rows on cheek; preopercle entire; opercle with a single spine at posterior margin; origin of
dorsal on line with origin of pectoral, longest dorsal spine 2.1 in head, the longest ray 2.5; webs of dorsal fin
scarcely incised; origin of anal slightly nearer origin of ventral than base of caudal, its longest ray 3.25 in head;
base of anal 2.95 in base of dorsal; ventrals 1.4 in head, their origin below pectoral, their tips not reaching vent ;
pectoral 1.45 in head; caudal forked; none of the fins with elongate rays.

Color in spirits, yellowish white with slight tint of brown above; no stripes; a wide deep black band entirely
encircling caudal peduncle, the black extending out slightly on upper and lower rays of caudal.

Fig. 14.— Nemiptcrus worcesteri Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

One specimen (no. 4124; length 8.5 in.), from Bacon, Sorsogon, P. I., type no. 55917, U. S. National
Museum; collector Charles J. Pierson.

We take pleasure in naming this species for the on. Dean C. Worcester, of the Philippine Commission,
in recognition of his valuable work in promoting the study of the zoology of the Philippine Islands.

142. Nemipterus teeniopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Baga.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3512; length S in.).
Denter teniopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 183 (24), locality unknown,
Synagris teniopterus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 374 (N. E. coast of Australia; Molucca Sea).

143. Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch).

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3436; length 7.5 in.).

Sparus japonicus Bloch, Ichth., pl. ccLxxvui, fig. 1.
Denier blochi Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11. 1851, 176, Batavia; Atlas, vim, 90, pl. cccxxx, fig. 4.
Synagris japonicus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 378; Day, Fishes India, 92, pl. xx1v, fig. 2.

144. Nemipterus ovenii (Bleeker).

QO>

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3371 and 3372; length 6.25 and 7.5 in.).

Dentex ovenii Blecker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vis, 1854, 246, Celebes; Atlas, vill, 5b, pl. cccxxv11, fig. 5.
Synagris ovenii, Giinther, Cat., +, 375.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. S38
145. Ceesio cuning (Bloch).

Fifteen specimens from Bacon (no. 862-4 to 3636, 3400 to 3402, 3641, 36-12, 3654 to 3657, 3486 to 3488,
4044 and 4045; length -+.75 to 10 in.) and one from Zamboanga (no. 4043; length 10 in.).
Sparus cuning Bloch, Ichth., pl. ccuxim, fig. 1.

Cexsio cuning, Day, Fishes India, 95.

146. Cesio cerulaurens (Lacépéde). Sulik.
Eighteen specimens from Bacon (no. 3481 to 3485, 3543 to 3548, 3473, 3474, 3985, and 4114 to 4117;
length 4.75 to 8 in.), one from Zamboanga (no. 3419), and one from San Fabian (no. 3708).

Cesio cvrulaurens Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Potss., 11, 86, 1820, Giinther, Cat., 1, 392; Bleecker, Atlus, vill, 39, pl. CCCXLVH, fig. 4.
147. Ceesio chrysozona Kuhl & Van IIasselt.

Ten specimens from Bacon (no. 3702 to 3707, 4010, 4011, 3930, and 3931; length 5 to 6 in.).

Cexsio chrysozona Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 331 (440) Indian Archipelago; Giinther
Cat., 1, 392; Day, Fishes India, 95, pl. xx1v, fig. 5.

Family HEMULIDA.
148. Terapon jarbua (Forskal). Bungao; Siran banlaonon; Belaque.

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 4104 and 4105; length 5 and 7 in.) and 3 from San Fabian (no. 3261
3265, and 4145; length 4 to 7 in.).

Sciena jarbua Forskal, Deser. Anim., 50, 1775, Red Sea.

Therapon serrus, Gtinther, Cat., 1, 278.

Therapon jarbua, Day, Fishes of India, 69, pl. xvii, fig. 4.

149. Terapon puta Cuvier & Valenciennes. Ducoxon.

Twenty specimens from Bulan (no. 3695; Iength 2.1 to 2.75 in.), 60 from Bacon (no. 3701; length 2 to
2.45 in.), and 2 from San Fabian (no. 3738 and 3838; length 4.75 and 5.1 in.).

Therapon puta Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 98 (131) East Indies; Duy, Fishes India, os, pl. XvIm, fig. 3.
Therapon ghebul Ehrenberg in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 99 (133); Giinther, Cat., 1, 281.
Therapon tririttatus, Giinther Cat., 1, 280.

150. Terapon quadrilineatus (Bloch). Dacoson; -Aqaac.

Ventrals reaching vent.
Holocentrus quadrilineatus Bloch, Ichth., vit, 63, pl. CCXXXvII, fig. 2, 1797, no locality.

Twenty specimens from Bulan (no. 4198 and 3708; length 2.1 to 2.75 in.) and 2 specimens from San Fabian,
(no. 3827 and 3975; length 5.75 in.).
Therapon quadrilineatus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 282; Day, Fishes India, 70, pl. xvi, fig. 5.

151. Terapon theraps (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens from Bulan (no. 4200; length 2.1 in.) and 1 from Bacon (no. 4199; length 2.75 in.). In
this species the ventrals do not reach the vent, which is located midway between base of caudal ‘and origin of
ventrals. In 7. quadrilineatus the ventrals reach the vent, which is located mnch nearer to origin of ventrals
than to base of caudal.

Therapon theraps Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 97 (129), pl. 53; Giinther, Cat., 1, 274; Day, Fishes India, 70,
pl. xvi, fig. 6.

152. Pomadasis maculatus (Bloch). Lacsaqu.

Four specimens from San Fabian (no. 3334, 3335, 3337, and 3338; length 6 to 7 in.).
Anthias maculatus Bloch, Ichth., x, 7, pl. cccxxvVi, fig. 2, 1797, East Indies.

Pristipoma maculatum, Giinther, Cat., 1, 293 (Torres Strait; Amboyna); Bleeker, Atlas, vi, pl. cCCVIII, fig. 2.
Pomadasys macuiatus, Bleeker, Atlas, VI, 27.

s4 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.
153. Pentapus caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3935, 3936, and 3847; length 4.9 to 5.5in.). Head 3.5 in length; depth
3.6; scales 3-44-12; dorsal x, 9; anal 1m, 7.

Scolopsides caninus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 266 (354), New Guinea.
Scolopsis caninus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 364.
Pentapus bifasciatus Bleeker, Atlas, v1I, 103, pl. coxcv, fig. 5.

154. Pentapus setosus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bakutut.

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 3844 and 3846; length 5 and 5.1 in.) and 1 from Jolo (no. 3204; length
7.95 in.). Dorsal x, 9; anal m1, 7; scales 45; depth 3.1; head 3.1. Small specimens show a dark spot at base
of caudal.

Pentapus setosus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss . v1, 200 (270), Batavia; Giincher, Cat., 1, 382; Bleeker, Atlas, vil,
101, pl. cecxx1Vv, fig. 1.

155. Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg).
One specimen from Bulan (no. 4142; length 7 in.), and one from Jolo (no. 4068; length 9 in.).

Perca picta Thunberg, K. Vetensk. Acad. u. Handl., x11, 143, pl. 5, 1792, no locality.
Diagramma pictum, Giinther, Cat., I, 327.
Plectorhynchus pictus, Bleeker, Atlas, vill, 24, pl. cccxx1x, fig. 4.

156. Plectorhynchus chrysotzenia (Bleeker).

Two small specimens from Bulan (no. 4201; length 2 and 3.2 in.).

Diagramme chrysotenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1x, 1855, 303, Celebes.
Plectorhynchus chrysotxnia, Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, 16, pl. cCCXXI1X, fig. 1; Giinther, Cat., 1, 333.

157. Plectorhynchus goldmanni (Bleeker). Jfanila.

One specimen from Jolo (no. 3219; length 8 in.), and one from San Fabian (no. 4150; length 7 in.).

Diagramma goldmanni Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1v, 602, 1853, Ternate; Giinther, Cat., 1, 331.
Plectorhynchus goldmanni Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, 21, and Atlas, vu, pl. ccxcv, fig. 2.

158. Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker. Hiting.
Two specimens from Jolo (no. 4064; length 2.5 and 10.5 in.). This species is easily distinguished from
P. chrysotenia, in which the caudal is not notched.

Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., Iv, 1873, 285, Celebes; Atlas, vim, 18, pl. cccXX1X, fig. 3.
159. Scolopsis cancellatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3420 and 3887, length 4.2 and 6.75 in.), and 2 from Bulan (no. 3209 and
4071; length 6.1 and 6.2 in.).

Scolopsides cancellatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 264 (351), 1830, Sandwich Islands, Waigiou and
Rauwac.
Scolopsis cancellatus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 361 (Sumatra); Day, Fishes India, 80, pl. xx11, fig. 6.

160. Scolopsis bilineatum (Bloch).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3875; length 5.75 in.).

Anthias bilineatus Bloch, Ichth., x, 1, pl. cccXXxv, fig. 1, 1797, Japan.
Scolopsis bilineatus, Gtinther, Cat., 1, 357 (Amboyna; Celebes); Day, Fishes India, 85, pl. xx, fig. 3 (Andamans).

161. Scolopsis margaritiferum (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3736, 3360, 3537, and 3499; length 7.5 to 8 in.), and 2 from Bulan (no.
4134 and 3796; length 7.5 and 8.2 in.). Depth 2.5; head 3.2; dorsal x, 9; anal 11, 7; scales 37.

Scolopsides margarilifer Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 254 (337), Waigiou.
Scolopsis margaritifer, Gtinther, Cat., 1, 355; Bleeker, Atlas, vii, pl. cccXxvit, fig. 2, and Atlas, VII, 3.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 85

162. Scolopsis luzonia Jordan & Scale,

Thirteen specimens from Bacon (nv. 3730 to 3733, 3403 to 3406, 3829 to 3831, JOO! and 4017: length 4 to
6 in.), and one from San Fabian (no. 3332). A prominent serrated ridge on manillary.

Scolopsis luzonia Jordan & Seale, Bull. Bu. Fisheries, xXxv1, 1906, Cavite, Luzon. (Collected by Dr. Lung; type, no, 9243,
Stanford Univ.).

163. Scolopsis monogrammus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3277: length 5.85 in.).

Head 3 in length; depth 2.8: eye 3.5 in head; snout 3: interorbital equals eye; scales 5-48-11, 6 rows on
cheek.

Color in spirits, yellowish: an indistinct dusky band almost width of eye from head to caudal.

This species is close to 8. personatus, from which it differs in the greater depth, narrower interorbital,
smaller scales, and in having 6 rows of scales (instead of 5) on the cheek.
Scolopsides monogramma Kuhl & Van Lasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,v, 254 (338) Java; Gunther, Cat.,

I, 358.

Scolopsis monogramma, Bleeker, Atlas, VIM, 11, pl. cocXXxXv, fig. 3.

164. Scolopsis bulanensis Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.3; eye 2.75 in head; interorbital 3.5; snout 3.55; dorsal x, 9; anal I, 7;
scales 4-43-10.

Body oblong, moderately compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; anterior profile of head slightly
convex above eyes; mouth rather small, jaws equal; maxillary 3.75 in head, its distal end not reaching to

Fig. ‘5.—Scolopsis bulanensis Evermann & Seale, new specics. Type.

anterior margin of orbit; mandible 2.95 in head; teeth villiform in jaws and on vomer; preorbital width 3
in eye, with one strong spine above and 2 smaller ones below, the large one reaching slightly past middle of
eye; gillrakers consisting of blunt knobs, about 7 on lower arch; posterior margin of preopercle denticulate;
opercle with a single spine at its posterior margin; body fully scaled, 5 series on cheek : scales on top of head
minute, those on belly larger; vertical fins unscaled, but fitting into scaly sheath; origin of dorsal slightly
posterior to origin of pectoral, longest spine 2.75 in head, longest ray 2.75; origin of anal nearer origin of
ventrals than to base of caudal, its longest ray 2.7 in head, the second anal spine longest and strongest, 2.5 in
head, base of anal 3.6 in base of dorsal; ventrals 1.3 in head, their tip falling far short of anal; pectoral 1.35
in head, scarcely reaching tip of ventrals; caudal forked. ;

Color in spirits, dull yellowish brown; an indistinct dusky longitudinal line on side; short oblique black
lines between pectoral fin and lateral line; an oblong white blotch extending forward and downwar’. from
posterior axil of dorsal to near middle of body; a black spot at axil of pectoral, another on posterior portion
of opercle just in front of pectoral; fins unmarked.

&6 BULLETIN OF THF BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

This species is related to S. personatus, from which it differs in the larger eye, more slender body, and
the color.

One specimen, the type, no. 55909, U.S. National Museum (original no. 3845), 4.25 inches long, from
Bulan Sorsogon, P.I.; collector Charles J. Pierson.

Family SPARID-.
165. Sparus calamara Russell.
One specimen from Bulan (no. 3258; length 6.5 in.), Pectoral longer than head; ventrals reaching

past vent.

Sparus calamara Russell, Fishes Coromandel, I, pl. 02, 1803, Coromandel.
Chrysophrys calamara, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 85 (117); Giinther, Cat., 1, 493.
Chrysophrys berda var. calamara, Day, Fishes India, 140, pl. xxxv. fig. 2 (Sind and Malabar).

166. Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker.

Three specimens from Bulan (no. 3457, 3458, and 3946: length 4.75 to 6 in.). This species is casily
distinguished by the elongate second dorsal spine which is contained 1.5 in head. A black spot between
pectoral and lateral linc.

Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker, Ichth. Japon., 90, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxvi, 1854, Japan; Bleeker, \tlas, vim, 114.
pl. cccxxxviJ, fig. 3; Giinther, Cat., 1, 456 (Louisiade Archipelago).

167. Lethrinus richardsoni Giinther.

Twenty-five specimens from Bacon (no. 3205 to 3208, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3313, 3317 to 3323, 3329 to 3341,
3527 to 3530, 3820, 3821, and 3967; length 3.75 to 6.5 in.).
Lethrinws hematopterus, Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, 144, pl. 64, fig. 1; not of Temminck & Schlegel.

Lethrinus richardsonti Gunther, Cat., i, 456, 1X¥, China; Hongkong; Jordan « Evermann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXv,
1903, 350 (Formosa).

168. Lethrinus mensii Bleeker.
Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3526, 3452, 3934, and 3969: length 4.5 to 6.5‘in.).

Lethrinus mensii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1x, 1855, 435, Batjan; Bleeker, Atlas, vi, pl. ccxcvu, fig. 3, and Atlas,
viul, 115; Gtinther, Cat.,1, 455 (Copang; Timor; Louisiade Archipelago); Fische derSiidsee, 64, pl. 46, fig. a (Paumotu;
Ilurvey; Pelew; Kingsmill; Society Islands).

169. Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg.

One specrimen from San Fabian (no. 3326: length 6.5 in.). Known by its slender body, long snout, and
peculiar conical lateral teeth.

Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 213 (287), Massauah, Suez; Bleeker, \tlas,
vu, pl. cecxvi, fig. 1, and Atlas, vist, 117, pl. cccxxvuil, fig. 3, and pl. cccxxx, fig. 2.

170. Lethrinus hypselopterus Blecker.

One specimen from ‘‘ Philippine Islands” (no local label, no. 4169: length 10.2 in.).
Head 3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 4 in head; snout 2: preorbital 2.4: scales 6-46-14; dorsal x, 9; anal
11, 7; pectoral nearly as long as head.

Lethrinus hypselopterus Blecker, Nat. Tijds. Dierk., Iv, 326, Sumatra; Atlas, vit, 114, pl. CUCXNN, fig. 3.
171. Lethrinus harak (Forskal). Bakutut.
One specimen from Jolo (no. 4109; length 9 in.), 9 from Bacon (no. 3316, 3453 to 3456, 3970, 3968 and
3525: length 2.24 to 6.75 in.), and 2 from San Fabian (no. 3338; length 2.5 and 2.75 in.).

Sciena harak Forskal, Descr. Anim., 52, 1775, Red Sea.
Lethrinus harak, Gunther, Cat.,1, 458 (Red Sea); Blecker, Atlas, vit, 119, pl. cccxxvu, fig. 3; Day, Fishes of India, 137, pl.
XXX, fig. 3.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 87

172. Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3862; length 1.95 in.).

Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 231 (310), Java; Bleeker, Atlus, vit, 11s, pl. ceen, fig. 4.
Lethrinus ranthotenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1851, 176, Sumatra; Giinther, Cat., 1, 461.

173. Lethrinus mahsenoides Ehrenberg.
One specimen from Philippines (no Jocal label, no. 4167; length 10.2 in.).
Lethrinus mahsenoides Ehrenberg in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss , V1, 212 (286), no locality given; Giinther,
Cat., 1. 464 (Philippines: Amboyna); Bleeker, Sparoiden., 15, Ver. Bat. Gen., XXIII, 1850.
Family SCLENID-.
174. Umbrina dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes. bot.

Five specimens from San Fabian (no. 4097 to 4101; length 4 to 5.25 in.).

Umbrina dussumiert Cuvier & Valenciennes, list. Nat. Poiss., 1X, 355 (481), Coromandel; Gunther, Cat., 11, 278: Blecker,
Atlas, IX, pl. CCCLXXXVI, fig. 4: Day, Fishes of India, 183, pl. xii, figs. 2 and 3.

175. Umbrina russelli Cuvier & Valenciennes. Belaque.

Three specimens from San Fabian (no. 3268 to 3270; length 4.75 and 6.1 in.).

Umbrina russelli Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., \, 132 (178), Coromandel; Giinther, Cuat., 1, 278; Day. Fishes
of India, 183, pl. XL, fig. 4.
Scizna russelli Bleeker, \tlas, 1X, pl. CCCLXXXV1, fig. 2.

176. Otolithus argenteus Kuhl & Van Ilasselt.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3441; length 9 in.).

Otolithus argenteus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Voiss.,\, 47 (62), Batavia; Giinther, Cat., 0,
310; Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. CCCLXXXV, fig. 5.

177. Johnius belengeri (Cuvier & Valenciennes:. Lbot.
One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3709; length 7.75 in.).
Corvina belengeri! Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Voiss.,., 89 (120): Gtinther, Cut., 11, 303 (Malabar).
Johnius belengeri, Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. CCCLXXXVI, fig. 1.
Family SILLAGINID.
178. Sillago macrolepis Bleeker.

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 4094 and 4095; length 7.25 and 8 in.). Eye + in head, 1.75 in snout;
snout 2.35 in head; <cales about 60.
Sillago macrolepis Bleeker, Nut. Tijds. Ned. Ind., xvi, 1858, 166, Bali, and Atlas, 1x, pl. cCCLXXXIX, fig. 1; Gtinther, Cut.,
Il, 246.
Family MULLID.

179. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens from Zainboanga (no. 4090 and 4091; length 9 and 10 in.).

Upencus vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Tlist. Nat. Poiss., vil, 391 (521), Vanicolo.
Mulloides vanicolensis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XX, pt. 1, 1903 (July 29, 1905), 254.

180. Mulloides samoensis Ciimther, Tuhac.
One specimen from San Fabian (no. 4130; length 5.55 in.) and one from Bacon (no. 4131; length 6.25 in.).
This species is easily distinguished by the black spot on side under posterior end of pectoral.

Mulloides samoensis Giinther, Fische der Siidsce, 57, pl. 43, fig. B, Apia, Samoa; Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish
Comm., xxi, 1903, 253, fig. 105 (Qahu Island; Tilo).

88 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

181. Mulloides japonicus (Houttuyn).

Four specimens from Bulan (no. 3901 to 3904; length 4.75 in.). Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.85; scales
30; 3 or 4 dusky oblique bands on caudal, almost obliterated on lower lobe, an indistinct dusky line on side
from head to caudal.

No difference can be detected in these specimens when compared with specimens from Japan.

Mullus japonicus Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maat. Weet. Haarlem, xx., deels, 2 stuk, 1782, p. 311-346, Nagasaki.
Mulloides japonicus, Giinther, Cat.,1, 404; Snyder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxx1, 1906, 552 (Misaki).
Upeneus japonicus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 339 (460), 1829 (Japan).

182. Upeneus tragula Richardson.
Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3634 to 3636; length 5.25 to 6.5 in.).
Upeneus tragula Richardson, Ichth. China, in Rept. Brit. \ssoc., xv, 1845, 220, Canton; Giinther, Cat., 1, 398,

183. Upeneus sulphurus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Belaque.

Six specimens from San Fabian (no. 3921; length 3.5 in.).

Upeneus sulphurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Ifist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 831 (450), Antjer.
Upeneoides sulphureus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 398.

184. Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3201; length 5.1 in.). Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.75; eye 4 in head;
interorbital 4; scales 2-32-5; dorsal vii, 9; anal 1m, 6; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, and
vomer, those on vomer very minute, easily overlooked, possibly sometimes absent. Color in spirits yellowish,
an indistinct dark longitudinal line from eye to caudal; fins unmarked.

Upeneoides sundaicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vl, 1855, 411, East Indies, and Atlas, 1x, pl. cccXcIv, fig. 2; Giinther,
Cat., 1, 399.

185. Pseudupeneus moana Jordan & Seale.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3249; length 9 in.).

Upeneus trifasciatus Ginther, Fische der Siidsee, 59, pl. 44, fig. B (Vavau; Samoa; Amboyna); not of Lacépéde
Pseudupeneus moana Jordan & Seale, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bu. Fisheries, xxv, 1905 (1906), 274, Samoa.

186. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lacépéde). Pinovugnan.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3275; length 8.75 in.).

Mullus bifasciatus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 404, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1801, no locality.
Pseudupeneus bifasciatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Comm., xxi, 1903, 258, fig. 107 (Hawaiian Islands)

187. Pseudupeneus barberinus (Lacépéde).

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3972; length 5.2 in.) and one from Bacon (no. 3886: length 4.75 in.).

Mullus barberinus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 406, pl. 13, fig. 3, 1801.
Upeneus barberinus, Giinther, Cat., i, 405 (Amboyna; Moluccas; India).

188. Pseudupeneus indicus (Shaw). Jiao.

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3615, 3616, and 4108; length 5.5 to 6.5 in.) and one from Bulan
(no. 3672; length 7.75 in.).

Mullus indicus Shaw, Zool., 1v, pt. 2, 614, 1803, Indian Seas,
Upeneus indicus, Giinther, Cat., 1, 406 (China).

189. Pseudupeneus spilurus (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3861; length 4 in.). This species has a distinct black spot on caudal
peduncle above the lateral line and a dusky blotch at the anterior origin of lateral line.

Upeneus spilurus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., vt, 395, 1854, Nagasaki; Giinther, Cat., 1, 406.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 89

190. Pseudupeneus luteus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen from Jolo (no. 4141; length 7.5 in.). [ead 3.1 in length; depth 3.51; eye 5 in hend;
snout 2; scales 30; barbels short, not reaching base of ventral. Color in spirits, uniform yellow, no saddle
over caudal peduncle.

Upeneus luteus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vil, 392 (521), We de France; Day, Fishes of India, 125, pl. XXxXI,
fig: 2: .
Purupeneus luteus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. ccexciy, fig. 1.

Family POMACENTRID.

191. Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bitilla.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3798 and 3790; length 5.25 in.) and one from San Fabian (no. 3972).

Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 320 (427), no locality; Giinther, Cat.,1v, 19; Day,
Fishes of India, 382, pl. Lx xx, fig. 10.
Dischistodus trimaculatus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. cccclv, fig. 5.

192. Pomacentrus jerdoni Day.

Thirteen specimens from Bulan (no. 3391 to 3399 and 3786 to 3789; length 3.75 to 6 in.).

These agree with Day’s description in every respect. They have 13 dorsal spines, a black spot on upper
axil of pectoral, the lateral line discontinued under posterior end of soft dorsal, and not continued on caudal
peduncle, as in P. tapeinosoma, which has only 12 dorsal spines.

Pomacentrus jerdoni Day, Fishes of India, 383, pl. Lxxx, fig. 7, Madras.

193. Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3895; length 2.75 in.). Color yellowish brown; u small black spot at
origin of lateral line, another in upper axil of pectoral.

Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Iv, 1853, 118, Amboyna, and Atlas, 1x, pl. cccc11, fig. 3 (Molucca)
Giinther, Cat., Iv, 30.

194. Pomacentrus littoralis Kuhl & Van Ilasselt. Hiting.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3896 and 3852; length 4 in.). Preopercle and preorbital strongly ser-
rated. Color in spirits, brownish, including all the fins; 1 small dusky spot at origin of lateral lines; some
bluish markings on head.

This species is similar to P. moluccensis in some respects, but the latter is a deeper fish, considerably
lighter in color, with a black spot in axil of pectoral.

Pomacentrus littoralis Kubl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 318 (425), Java; Bleeker, Atlas
IX, pl. ccccrv, fig. 8; Giinther, Cat., 1v, 32 (Amboyna; Dove Island; Port Essington).
195. Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Eleven specimens from Bacon (no. 3679 and 3681 to 3690; length 2.5 to 3.5 in.).

These specimens are all uniform brownish in color, the caudal scarcely lighter; a distinct. round black
spot on top of caudal peduncle posterior to axil of soft dorsal fin; preopercle and preorbital denticulate. Our
specimens agree with Bleeker’s figure, except that they are not quite so deep, the depth being 2.2 in length
without caudal; preorbital distinctly serrate.

Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 315 (421), Vanicolo; Gtinther, Cat., IV, 33.
Pomacentrus trilineatus, Giinther, Cat.,1v, 25; Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. ccccvI, figs. 1-6.

196. Pomacentrus tzeniurus Bleeker.

One specimen from Philippine Islands (no local label; no. 3998; length 2.75 in.).
Preopercle but slightly denticulate. A black spot at beginning of lateral line; posterior part of soft

dorsal whitish—probably yellow in life.

Pomacentrus teniurus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Se. Ind. Ned.,1, Amboina, 51, 1856, Amboyna; Atlas, 1x, pl. ccccvil, fig. 2; Giinther,
Cat., IV, 22.

90 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

197. Pomacentrus popei Hvermann & Scale, new species.

Head 3 in length; depth 1: eye 2.8 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 2.75; dorsal x1, 12: anal i, 13;
scales 3-24-9. :

Body elevated, compressed; depth of cuudal peduncle 2 in head; anterior profile evenly rounded; jaws
equal; a single series of blunt, rather strong teeth in each jaw, none on vomer or palatines; gillrakers sharp,
13 on lower limb, the longest cqual to one-half eye; maxillary not reaching anterior margin of eye, its length
equal to eye; mandible 2.75 in head; greatest preorbital width 2 in eye, its margin denticulate with u rather
strong spine helow anterior third of eve; preopercle strongly denticulate; opercle with a single spine on its
posterior margin; body and head fully covercd with firm pectinate scales; no scales on preorbital, about 3
rows of scales on cheek; scales on top of head small, about 20 scrivs in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal on line
with axil of pectoral, the distance between tip of snout and origin of dorsul 2.2 in length; longest spine 2.25
in head; middle ray of soft dorsal longest, 1.35 in head; origin of anal fin midway Ietween base of caudal
and origin of ventral, the middle rays of fin longest, 1.35 in head; second anal spine longest, 1.75 in head:
origin of ventral below axil of pectoral, its tip reaching vent; pectoral equal tu head; caudal emarginate, 1.1
in head.

Fie. 16.—Pomacenirus popei Evermann & Seale, new species Type.

Color in spirits, straw-yellow, no spots or dots on body or in axil of any fin; anal fin rather broadly mar-
gined with black; a narrow brownish margin to dorsal, indistinct on soft dorsal; otherwise fins all yellow,
unmarked.

One fine specimen (no. 3470; length 2.45 in.). Type, no. 55903, U.S. National Museum, collected by
Charles J. Pierson at Bacon, Sorsogon, P. I.

Named for our friend and associatv, Mr. Thomas Edmund Burt Pope, scientific assistant, U.S. Bureau
of Fisheries.

198. Pomacentrus alexanderse Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 3.45 in length; depth 2: cye 3 in head; interorbital 3.2: snout 4.5; dorsal xu, 14: anal a1, 14:
scales 4-27-9.

Body compressed, elevated; depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; anterior profile cvenly rounded: mouth
small; teeth in a single row in each jaw; maxillary ending on a line with anterior margin of orbit, its length
slightly less than eye; mandible 3.1 in head; preorbital with some minute denticulations and one rather
strong spine below anterior margin of pupil; greatest width of preorbital 2.5 in eye; preopercle distinctly
denticulate : opercle with spine on posterior margin; gillrakers small, sharp-pointed, 13 on lower limb, the

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDs. 91

longest 2.5 in eve; 2 or 8 rows of scales on cheek; body and head fully sealed; lateral line with but 16 distinet
tubules; about 20 scrics of seales in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal oma line with axil of pectoral, the spines
gradually increasing in length, the last being longest, 1.5 in head, the anterior spine scarcely equal to eye;
webs of spinous dorsal deeply incised; middle soft dorsal ray the longest, 1.25 in head, origin of anal below
base of eleventh dorsal spine, its base 1.1 in head, ils longest ray 1.3, the second spine 1.55; verlieal fins with
deep scaly sheath: ventral slightly nearer origin of anal fin than to tip of snout, its tip reaching vent; pee-
toral equal to length of head; caudal emarginate, the lobes pointed, length greater (han head.

Color in spirits, dull yellowish, shading gradually into a soft brown on upper anterior portion of body and
head; a large, deep, black spot covering entire base and axil of pectoral fin; some slight indications of very
indistinct yellow longitudinal lines on side; spinous dorsal brownish, with dusky margin extending along upper
edge of soft dorsal; soft dorsal becoming yellow on posterior half; anal yellow, the marginal third dusky; caudal
yellow; ventrals with slight tint of dusky; pectoral yellow.

Seven specimens from Bacon (no. 3996 and 3905; length 3.25 to 3.5 in.). Type, no. 55919, U.S. National
Museum, from Bacon, Sorsogon, P. I., length 3.5 in., collected by Mr. Charles J. Pierson. Of the cotypes one

Fic. 17.—Pomacentrus alerandere Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

(Bureau of Fisheries, no. 3906) is no. 20005, Stanford University Muscum; another is no. 4540, U.S. Bureau of
Fisheries, and there is one each in the museum at Manila, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.
National Museum, and Indiana University Museum. a

Named for Miss Annie M. Alexander, of Oakland. California, in recognition of her interest and work in
zoology.

199. Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 2; eye 3 in head; snout 4.1, interorbital 2.75; dorsal x1, 14; anal um, 14;
scales $-21)-9, -18 tubes.

Body oblong, compressed ; depth of caudal peduncle 1.75 in head; anterior profile evenly rounded ; jaws equal;
maxillary scarcely equal to diameter of cyc, its distal end under anterior margin of eye: mandible 3 in head; small
teeth in jaws in single series, none on vomer or palatines; gillrakers slim, sharp-pointed, 12 on lower limb, the
longest about equal to pupil; preorbital with 2 or 3 small denticulations, greatest width of preorbital 3 in eye;
preopercle distinctly denticulate; opercle with a single spine on posterior border; body and head fully scaled, a
single row on preorbital, 2 rows on cheek, a single row on lower limb of preopercle; very fine scales on top of
head, about 23 series in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal above axil of pectoral; distance between origin of dorsal
and tip of snout 1.25 in depth of fish; longest dorsal spine 1.75 in head, length of anterior spines 4.75; middle ray
of dorsal longest, equal to head, its tip slightly produced; webs of spinous dorsal incised; origin of anal nearer
base of ventral than base of caudal, the second spine the longest, 2.45 in head; middle ray of anal longest, about

92 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

equal to head, the tip slightly produced; ventral below axil of pectoral, the first ray produced into a filament
reaching posterior to vent; pectoral slightly greater than head, its tip on a line with vent; caudal greater than
head, the lobes produced.

Color in spirits, purplish, slightly lighter on thorax; caudal yellow, fading into purplish on caudal peduncle;
lower half of soft dorsal and upper half of anal yellow, the otlier portion of these fins dusky, the line of demarca-
tion between the 2 colors abrupt; ventrals black; pectoral dusky, a black spot on upper two-thirds of pectoral
base and on axil of fin.

Fig. 18.—Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 4207 and 4028; length 2.5 and 2.75 in.). Type, no. 55901, U.S. National
Museum, from Bacon, Sorsogon, P. L., collected by Charles J. Pierson, and cotype, no. 20009, Stanford Univer-
sity Museum.

200. Abudefduf xanthurus (Bleeker).

Eleven specimens from Bacon (no. 3461 to 3469, 3906, and 3854; length 3.5 to 4.5 in.).

Glyphidodon zanthuruc Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., v, 1853, 345, Amboyna; Giinther, Cat.,1v, 47 (Ceram; Amboyna).
Paraglyphidodon canthurus Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. ccccv, fig. 3.

201. Abudefduf bankieri (Richardson).
Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3891, 4205, and 4206; length 1.75 to 2.5 in.).

Glyphisodon bankwert Richardson, Ichth. China, 253, 1846, Hongkong; Giinther, Cat., 1v, 54 (China).
Parapomacentrus bankieri Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. ccccvum, fig. 8.

202. Abudefduf zonatus (Cuvier & Valencicnnes).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 420S and 3680; length 2 and 2.5 in.).

Glyphisodon zonatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 361 (483), 1830, New Guinea,
Glyphidodontops zonatus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. ccccvu, fig. 3.
Glyphidodon brownriggit Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 232, pl. 127, fig. a and c; in part.

203. Abudefduf cyaneus (Quoy & Gaimard).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3863 and 4212; length 1.2 to 2.25 in.). Dorsal x11, 12; preorbital and
preopercle entire; depth 2.2 without caudal; head 3.35. Color in spirits deep blue; pectoral, soft dorsal,
caudal, ventral, and anal yellowish; a small indistinct deeper blue spot at origin of lateral line; no spot in axil
of pectoral or on soft dorsal; no stripes on head.

One specimen (no. 4212) is uniform blue without yellowish on fins. This specimen is slightly less in depth
than the others, the ventral fins being also a little darker in color.

Glyphisodon cyaneus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 392, pl. 64, fig. 3, 1824; no locality.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 93

204. Abudefduf antjerius (Kuhl & Van Lasselt).
Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3470, 3471, and 4210; length 1.4 to 2.1 in.).

Glyphisodon antjerrus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vv, 360 (481), Antjer; Giinther, Cut.
Iv, 50 (Amboyna; Borneo). ;

205. Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Three specimens from Bacon (no. 4202 to 4204; length 2 to 2.5 in.).
Glyphisodon glaucus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., v, 355 (475), 1830, Guam.

206. Abudefduf curacao (Bloch).

Seven specimens from Bacon (no. 4020, 4021, 3925, 3926, 3779, 3877, and 3879; length 2.75 to 4 in.).
These specimens differ from the descriptions and figure in having the lower posterior part of anal dusky and a
dusky wash on upper and lower margin of caudal, but not as in A. celestinus, with which we have compared it.

Chetodon curacao Bloch, Ichth., v1, 79, pl. ccxm, fig. 1, 1797, Curagao.
Glyphisodon trifasciatus; Giinther, Cat., 1v, 42 (Amboyna; Ceram).

207. Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3879; length 4.95 in.).

Glyphisodon septemfasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 346 (463), 1830, We de France; Gtinther, Cat., Iv,
40, 1862 (China; Philippine Islands; Ceylon).

208. Abudefduf unimaculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 4209 and 4210; length 2 and 2.75 in.). Head 3.4 in total length; depth
2.1; dorsal x11, 13; anal, 12. Color in spirits purplish, a black spot in axil of soft dorsal.

Glyphisodon unimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 358 (478), Timor.
Glyphidodon unimaculatus, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 51 (Borneo).
Glyphidodontops unimaculatus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, pl. ccccvU, fig. 5 (not 6, us labeled).

Family LABRIDA.
209. Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3971 to 3973; length 4.2 in.).

Sparus faciatus Bloch, Ichth., vii, 15, pl. cCLVII, 1797, Japan.
Cheilinus fasciatus, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 129 (Amboyna); Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 67, pl. Xxv1, fig. 2.

210. Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch).

Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3503, 3504 and 3872 to 3874; length 4 to 7.75 in.).

Sparus chlorurus Bloch, Ichth., vu, 21, pl. ccLx, 1797,‘ Japan and St. Domingue.”
Cheilinus chlorurus, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 128 (Amboyna; Ceylon, Ceram; Aneityum); Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 65, pl. xxvu, fig. 3.

211. Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4214: length 1.75 in.) and one withour local Inbel (no. 4191; length 1.5 in.).
Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 788, 1905, Negros, Philippine Islands.

212. Stethojulis phekadopleura (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4215; length 2 in.).

Julis phekadopleura Bleeker, Ichth. fauna Bali, 8, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXII, 1849, Bali.
Stethojulis phekadopleura Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 134, pl. XLiul, fig. 5; Giinther, Cat., Iv, 143.

213. Cheilio inermis (Forskal).
Fourteen specimens from Pacon (no. 3520, 3584 to 3586, 3413 to 3415, 3652, 3699, 3945, 3610, 3611, 3720
and 3836; length 3.2 to 13.5 in.).

Labrus inermis Forskal, Descr. Anim., 34, 1775, Red Sea. :
Cheilio inermis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xxii, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 314, pl. xxxu1 (Honolulu; Ililo).

bodes)
nm

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

214. Lepidaplois mesothorax (Bloch & Schneider).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3920; leugth 5.5 in.).

Labrus mesothoraxr Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 254, 1801, India.
Cossyphus mesothorax, Gunther, Cat., 1v, 103 (Ceram; Amboyna); Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 159, pl. xxxvu, fig. 4 (misprinted meso-
fyorar in text),

215. Labroides paradiseus Bleeker.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3843; length 2 and 2.76 in.).
Labroides paradiscus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 249, Banda; Atlas, 1, pl. xLIv, fig. 2.

216. Thalassoma lunaris (Linneus).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3995; length 4.75 in.). .\ small patch of scales on upper part of opercle;
anal with 2 spines.
Labrus lunaris Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 283, 1758, India.
Julis lunaris Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 90, pl. XXXII, fig. 5.
217. Novaculichthys macrolepidotus (Bloch).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3918; length 4 in.). This specimen seems to have more dusky on the sides
than any others so far examined, there being a wide, more or less interrupted, black band from head to caudal.
Labrus macrolepidotus Bloch, Ichth., vir, 109, pl. ccLXXX1V, 1797, East Indies.

Novaculichthys macrolepidotus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 144, pl. Xx x1, fig. 6.
Novacula macrolepidota, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 174 (Mozambique).

218. Halicheres scapularis (Bennett).

Seven specimens from Bacon (no. 3840, 3963 to 3965, and 4147 to 4149; length 2 to 6.25 in.). These
form a perfect series in size and intergradation of color from the figure and descriptions given by Bleeker and
Day to the young as described by Jordan and Scale. There can be no doubt that Guntheria cwruleovittata,
Platyglossus scapularis, and H. eymatogrammus are one and the same species, the difference in color markings
being due to age.

Julis scapularis Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, 167, Mauritius.

Guntheria ceruleorittata Bleeker, Atlas, 1, pl. XXXII, fig. 2.

Platyglossus scapuluris, Day, Fishes India, 400, p]. LXXxv, fig. 4.

Halicheres cymatogrammus Jordan & Svale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1905 (July 3), 786, fig. 8, Negros, Philippine
Islands. (Young.)

219. Halicheres purpurescens (Bloch & Schneider).
Que specimen from Bacon (no. 4014; length 5 in.).

Labrus purpurescens Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 262, 1801.
Platyglossus purpurascens, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 158, Bleeker, Atlas, 1. 10, pl. XLv, fig. 1.

220. Halicheres nigrescens (Bloch & Schneider).

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 1075 and 4076; length 5.2 and 6.5 in.).

Labrus nigrescens Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 263, 1801.
Tlalicheres nigrescens Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 118, pl. XXXVI, fig. 4.

221. Halicheres miniatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt.)

Seven specimens from Bacon (no. 4003 and 4213; length 1 to 3 in.).

Julis miniatus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 837 (460), Java; Giinther, Cat., Iv, 150.
Halicheres miniatus, Vieeker, Atlas, 1, 114, pl. xu1, fig. 5.

222. Halicheres guttatus (Bloch).

Five specimens from Bacon (no. 3758 and 4000; length 2.5 to 2.75 in.).

Labrus guttatus Bloch, Ichth., pl. cCLXXXVIII, fig. 2, 1797, New Holland.
Labrus argus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 263, 1801.

Platyglossus guttatus, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 155 (Sumatra; Ceram; Chusan).
Halicheres guttatus, Blecker, Atlas, 1, 124, pl. XXxv, fig. 1.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 95

223. Halichceres leparensis (Blecker). Masangit.

Twelve specimens from Bacon (no. 3770 and 4001 ; length 1.25 to 2 in.) and one from San Fabian (no.
3835; length 1.25 in.),

Julis leparensis Blecker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 1852, 730, Banka.
Halicheres leparensis Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 119, pl. XLm, fig. 5.
Platyglossus leparensis, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 156.

224. Halicheres peecilus (Lay & Bennett).

Seven specimens from Bacon (no. 3980: length 1.5 to 3.5 in.).

Julis pecila Lay & Bennctt, Zool. Beech. Voy., Blossom, 66, pl. 19, fig. 1, Loo-Choo Islands.

Halicheres pecila, Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 115, pl. xxix, fig. 4.

Platyglossus pacilus, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 152.

Halichares annulatus Fowler, Journ. \c. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., XII, 535, pl. Xx, upper fig., June 10, 1904, Sumatra.

Family PSEUDOCHROMID.
225. Labracinus trispilos (Bleeker).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 4216; length 1.2 and 1.25 in.).
Cichlops trispilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1x, 1855, 110, Halmaheira, Batjan; Bleeker, Atlas, Ix, pl. cccxc, fig. 2.

226. Labracinus melanotznia (Bleeker).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3933; length 5.5 in.).

Cichlops melanotenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 111, 1852, 765, Macassar, Celebes; Giinther, Cat., 11, 259.
Pseudochromis melanotzenia, Bleeker Atlas, 1x, pl. ccexe, fig. 5.

Family SCARICHTHYID-£.
227. Cherops anchorago (Bloch). Julmuul.
Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3552 to 3554, 3536, 3691, 3692, 4138, 4139, and 4066; length 5 to 8.5
in.), and one from Jolo (no. 3239; length 6 in.).

Sparus anchorago Bloch, Ichth., v1, 85, pl. ccLXxXvI, 1797.
Cherops anchorago, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 95 (\mboyna).

228. Cheerops auritum (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Duldul.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3819; length 3 in.), and 2 (no. 4067 and 4070; length 9 in.), without
definite locality.
The degree of development of the canine teeth varies greatly in this as in related species.

Scarus auritus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1v, 161 (218), 1839, Java.
Scarichthys auritus, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 213 (Amboyna; Hongkong; \neityum); Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 15, pl. i, fig. 3.

229. Scarichthys cceruleopunctatus (Riippell). Duldul.

One specimen from Jolo (no. 4110), 2 from Bulan (no. 3241 and 3242; length 5.5 and 6.5 in.), and 3
from Bacon (no. 3737 and 3799; length 6 to 10.2 in.).
This species may be distinguished from S. auritus by the strong development of canine teeth.

Scarus (Calliodon) ceruleo-punctatus Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 24, pl. 7, fig. 3, Djedda; Giinther, Cat., Iv, 213; Bleeker,
Atlas, 1, 16, pl. 1, fig. 2.

230. Calotomus genistriatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Ogus; Palit.

One specimen from Zamboanga (no. 3773; length 8.75 in.), and one from Jolo (no. 4055; length 9.75 in.).

Callyodon genistriatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X1V, 218 (23), 1839, no locality given; Giinther, Cat., Iv,
215; Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 13, pl. 1, fig. 1.

96 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

231. Callyodon quoyi (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3234; length 7.5 in.).

Scarus quoyi Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., xIv, 203 (273), 1839, New Ireland (New Mecklenburg).
Pseudoscarus quoyi, Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 29, pl. vi, fig. 3 (Ternate); Giinther, Cat., Iv, 239.

232. Callyodon lacerta (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Three specimens from Bulan (no. 3938, 3939, and 3240; length 4.75 to 6.2 in.), and one from Bacon (no.
4126).

Scarus lacerta Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xiv, 161 (217), 1839, Pondicherry.
Pseudoscarus xruginosus Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 40, pl. xvui, fig. 2, 1862; Giinther, Cat., Iv, 229.

233. Callyodon oktodon (Bleeker). Jfulmul.

One specimen from Zamboanga (no. 3715; length 10.75 in.).

Pseudoscarus oktodon Bleeker, Versl. Kon. Akad. Wet., xu, 1861, 235, Buton; Bleeker, Atlas, i, 33, pl. XII, fig. 2, 1862.
Pseudoscarus octodon, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 234.

234. Callyodon balinensis (Blecker).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3735; length 8.25 in.).
Scarus balinensis Bleeker, Ichth. Fauna Bali, 8, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxit, 1849, Bali.
Pseudoscarus balinensis Bleeker, Atlas, 1, 39, pl. xvi, fig. 3, 1862; Giinther, Cat., Iv, 228.

Family CHETODONTID.
235. Cheetodon selene Bleeker.
One specimen from Bulan (no. 4342; length 5.2 in.). This specimen shows a wide dusky longitudinal
stripe along the median line of side from caudal, fading out near head.

Chextodon selene Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., v, 76, 1853, Solor; Giinther, Cat., 11, 30 (Amboyna).
Tetragonoptrus (Chxtodontops) selene Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. cCCLXXVHI, fig. 5.

236. Chetodon auriga Forskal.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3694; length 4.75 in.).

Chztodon auriga Forskal, Descr. Anim., 60, 1775, Red Sea; Gtinther, Cut., 11, 7 (Red Sea).
Tetragonoptrus {(Linophora) auriga, Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. CCCLXXIII, fig. 4.

237. Chetodon vagabundus Linneus.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3387; length 5.35 in.).

Chetodon vagabundus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 276, 1758, Indies; Giinther, Cat., 11, 25 (Mauritius; Amboyna); Fowler,
Fishes of Sumatra, 544, 1904.
Tetragonoptrus (Linophora) vagabundus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, 48, pl. cccLXXxvitl, fig. 1 (Sumatra, ete.).

238. Cheetodon faleula Bloch.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3369 and 3370; length 5.1 and 5.25 in.).

Chztodon falcula Bloch, Ichth., x11, 100, pl. cccexxvi, fig. 2, 1797, Coromandel; Giinther, Cat., 1, 17 (Batoe); Giinther,
Fische der Stidsee, pl. 27, fig. c.
Tetragonoptrus (Oxychextodon) falcula, Bleeker, Atlas, IX, 52, pl. cCCLXXIMI, fig. 1.

239. Cheetodon octofasciatus Bloch.

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3894 and 3917; length 2.75 and 3.1 in.). These specimens show a dusky
spot below the lateral line between the fourth and fifth black bands.

Chetodon octofasciatus Bloch, Ichth., v1, 85, pl. ccxv, fig. 1, 1797, East Indies; Gtinther, Cat., 11, 17 (Singapore).
Tetragonopirus ( Tetragonoptrus) octofasciatus, Bleeker, Atlas, 1X, 38, pl. cCCLXXVI, fig. 3.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. OF

240. Cheetodon unimaculatus Bloch.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3342; length 4 in.).

This specimen has a dusky wedge-shaped area
extending down from the black spot.

Chetodon unimaculatus Bloch, ichth., pl. cel, fig. 1, East Indies; Giinther, Cat., m1, IL.
Tetragonoptrus (Lepidochextodon) unimaculatus, Bleeker, Attas, 1X, 45, pl. cUCLXXY, fig. 5.

241. Taurichthys varius Cuvier & Valenciennes

One large specimen from Bacon (no. 3336; length 5.56 in.).

Taurichthys varius Cuvier & Valenciennes, Iist. Nat Poiss., vi, 111 (148), pl. 181, 1831, no locality given.
Heniochus varius, Giinther Cat., 11, 41 (Molucea Sea; Amboyna).

242. Heniochus acuminatus (Linneus). Pampanon.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3437; length 4.25 in.), and 3 young from San Fabian (no. 3771; length 2 in.).

Chetodon acuminatus Linnivus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 272, 1758, Indies.

Chetodon macrolepidotus Linnwus, Syst. Nat., ed. a, 274, 1758; after Artedi.

Heniochus macrolepidotus, Gunther, Cat , 11, 39 (Ceylon; Amboyna; Port Essington; Australia).

Taurichthys macrolepidotus, Bleeker, Athis, 1X, 29, pl. cccLXVH, fig. 1. (Misprinted microlepidatus on plate.)
Heniochus acuminatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xx11, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 376, pl. Lv (Honolulu).

Family PLATACID.
243. Platax orbicularis (Forskal). Aifing.

Two fine adults from Jolo (no. 4158 and 4159; length 6 and 6.5 in.). Anterior dorsal and anal rays
greatly produced, those of dorsal exceeding total length of lish; ventrals very long, equaling length of fish to
base of caudal.

Chetodon orbicularis Forskal, Descr. Anim., 59, 1779, Red Sea.

Chetodon respertilio Bloch, Ichth., vi, 49, pl. Cxcrx, fig. 2, 1707.

Plataz vespertilio, Day, Fishes India, 236, pl. L1, fig. 5. Bleeker, Atlas, IX, 74, pl. CCCLXNIX, fig. 1, and pl. CCCLXXX, figs. 2
and 3.

Platar orbicularis, Giinther, Cat., 11, 490 (Port Essington).

Family EPHIPPID®.
244. Ephippus argus (Gmelin). Pingao (young): Saraiolleta,

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 4087 to 4080; Jength 5.5 to 6.75 in.), and 7 young from San Fabian
(no. 3988; length 2 to 2.55 in.).
Chetodon argus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1248, 1788, Indies.
Scatophagus argus, Giinther, Cat., 11, 58 many localities; Day, Fishes India, 114, pl. Xx1x, fig. 3.

Family ACANTHURID-.
245. Hepatus celebicus (Bleeker).
One specimen from Bulan (no. 4122: length 6.75 in.). White ring obsolete.
Acanthurus celebicus Biceker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., WJ, 1852, 761, Celebes; Ginther, Cat., TI, 339.
246. Ctenochetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Saliao.

Two specimens from Zamboanga (no. 4120 and 4121; length 8.2 and 9.5 in.).

Acanthurus striatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 373, pl. 63, fig. 3, 1824, Guam; Giinther, Cat., 111, 334.
Ctenochetus striatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xx, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 398 (Hilo; Honolulu; Kailua).

B. B. F. 1906—7

98 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

247. Acanthurus unicornis (Forskal).

One specimen (young) from San Fabian (no. 3060; length 2.5 in.).

Chetodon unicornis Forskaél, Descr. Anim., 63, 1775, Djidda.
Acanthurus unicornis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xxi, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 402 (Honolulu; Hilo; Puako
Bay, Hawaii).

Family SIGANIDE.
248. Siganus javus (Linnzxus).

Two specimens from Bulan (no. 4092 and 4093; length 9 and 10 in.). Head 4.1 in length; depth 2.18;
snout 2.1 in head; eye 3.35. Dorsal x1, 10; anal vir, 9.
Teuthis javus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, 507, 1766; Day, Fishes India, 165, pl. xxx1x, fig. 5; Giinther, Cat., 111, 315 (Ceylon;

Singapore; Amboyna; Hobson Bay).
Amphacanthus javus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 86 (118), (Pondicherry).

249. Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn). Palit.

Apparently a very abundant species in the Philippines. The present collection contains 747 specimens
from Bacon (no. 3382, 3622, 3623, 3923, 3924, 3440, 3500, 3501, 3502, 3513, 3851, 4006, 4007, 4148, 4144;
length 1.5 to 8.5 in.), 2 from Jolo (no. 3518 and 3639), and 1 from San Fabian (no. 3864).

These have been carefully compared with specimens from Japan, Cavite, and Panay. They agree
perfectly, even to the bars on the caudal.

Centrogaster fuscescens Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maat. Weet. Haarlem, xx, 1782, 333.

Amphacanthus fuscescens ,Richardson, Ichth. China, 243, 1846.
Teuthis fuscescens, Ginther, Cat., U1, 321 (coast of Nagasaki).

250. Siganus virgatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3233; length 7.5 in.). Readily known by the bluish transverse lines on
snout and interorbital and the oblique dark lines downward and forward from dorsal.

Amphacanthus virgatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., x, 97 (183), 1835, Java.
Teuthis virgata, Giinther, Cat., 111, 323 (Philippines; China); Day, Fishes-India, 166, pl. XL, fig. 3 (Andamans).

251. Siganus vermiculatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Pugut; Alama.

Seven specimens from Zamboanga (no. 3251 to 3257; length 3.5 to 6.75 in.), 4 from Bacon (no. 3303 to
3306; length 3 to 4 in.), 3 from Philippines (no local label, no. 3800 to 3802; length 3 in.), and one very large
specimen from San Fabian (no. 4037; length 11 in.).

Amphacanthus vermiculatus Kuhl & Van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 92 (126), 1885, New Guinea,
Teuthis vermiculata, Giinther, Cat., 11, 317 (Philippines; Amboyna); Day, Fishes India, 16, pl. xL, fig. 1

252. Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Samaral; \Jororosa.

Two from Bulan (no. 4056 and 4057; length 9.75 and 10.5 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 4039; length
10.2 in.).

Amphacanthus lineatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ,, 95 (180), pl. 286, 1835, Vanicolo and New Guinea.
Teuthis lineata, Giinther, Cat., 111, 322.

253. Lo unimaculatus Evermann & Seale, new spccics.

Head 3.3 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.5; eye 4 in head; snout 1.9; opercle with a number of low
thin vertical ridges; preopercle with somewhat similar oblique lines; lower edge of preopcrcle fincly dentate;
scales cycloid and very minute on body, the head nearly naked, having only a few scattered nonimbricated
scales below eye and along side of snout; interorbital 3.75; pectoral 1.45; ventral scarcely shorter than pectoral;
dorsal x11, 10; anal vu, 9; ventral 1, 3, 1.

Body greatly compressed, elongate, the ventral and dorsal outlines nearly parallel from nuchal crest to base
of twelfth dorsal spine; snout much produced, tubular, the maxillary 1.3 in eye; interorbital space but slightly
convex; dorsal profile rising abruptly from behind the eye in » thin trenchant ridge; teeth in a single row,
uniform in size, incisor-like, brown-tipped in the upper jaw, smaller and plain white in color in the lower, about

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 99

12 on each side in each jaw; origin of dorsal in vertical above base of pectoral, the first spine 1.6 in snout, the
longest spine (the seventh) about equal to snout and half diameter of eye, the last spine equal to snout: atin
of anal under base of seventh dorsal spine; first anal spine slightly longer than first spine of dorsal, the fourth
spine slightly greater than snout; soft. dorsal und soft anal pointed, the middle rays longest, dea equal in
the 2 fins and equaling the snout; caudal moderately forked, the lobes equal to snout and half eye; ventral
not reaching origin of anal.

Color in alcohol, mottled brownish; snout, head and breast back to origin of dorsal and ventral fins rich
brownish black, extending on side in a broad curve to middle of pectoral; interorbital space and side of head
below eye paler; first dorsal spine black, the others yellowish white; first ray of peetoral black, rays of fin

Fic. 19.—Lo unimaculalus Evermann & Scale, new species Type.

whitish with some indistinct black blotches; skin of ventral spines blackish, rays of the fin white; soft dorsal
and entire anal yellowish white, the spines of the latter with dark edges: caudal dusky along edges, otherwise
yellowish white; a large round brownish black spot one-half larger than eye on lateral line under base of Jast 3

dorsal spines and first dorsal ray.
This species is related to Lo rulpinis (Schlegel & Miller), from which it differs in the more slender body

and in the presence of the black lateral spot.
Only one specimen obtained, the type, no. 55915, U. 8. National Museum (original no. 3538), 75 inches
long, collected by Mr. Charles J. Pierson, at Bacon, Sorsogon, P. I.

Family BALISTIDE.
254. Balistes niger Mungo Park.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3603; Jength 5.5 in.).
Balistes niger Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond., 1, 1797, 37, Sumatra; Giinther, Cat., vir, 218; Blecker, Atlas, v, pl.
cexvl, fig. 1.
255. Balistes flavimarginatus Riippell. Puhol.

One very large specimen (no. 4154; length 15 in.) from Bacon. Head 3 in length; depth Ls: eye 5 in
head; snout 1.2; intcrorbital 2.5; first dorsal spine 1.8; depth of caudal peduncle 3.5, its greatest width 5;

100 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

longest dorsal ray 1.75; longest anal ray 1.5; length of pectoral 2. Teeth very strong, the front ones conic;
dermal plates strong and rough, 29 from gill-opening to base of caudal; preocular groove distinct.

Balistes flavimarginatus Ruppell, Atlas, Fische, 33, 182s, Red Sea; Giinther, Cat., v1, 223 (Red Sea; Amboyna).
Balistes (Pseudobalistes) flavimarginatus, Bleeker, Atlas, v, 113, pl. ccxx1Vv, fig. 3.

256. Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park).

Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3374, 3375, 3438, 3439, 3604, 4058 to 4060, and 4123; length 4.75 to6.5
in.).
Balistes undulatus Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 111, 1797, 37, Sumatra; Giinther, Cat., vir, 226 (Red Sea; Zanzibar;

Moluccas; Sumatra; Amboyna; Ceram; Zebu, Philippines; China; Japan).
Balistes (Balistapus) lineatus Bleeker, Atlas, V, 118, pl. ccxxIx, fig. 2.

257. Balistapus aculeatus (Linneus). Puqut.

Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3307. 3308, 3388, 338Y, 3433 to 3435, 4118 and 4119; length 3.5 to 6.5 in.),
and 2 from Zamboanga (no. 3364 and 3373).

Balistes aculeatus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 328, India; Giinther, Cat., vil, 223 (Ile de France; Island of Johanna; Zanzi-
bar; Molnecas; Amboyna; China Seas; Fiji; Micronesia; Seychelles; Mauritius).
Balistapus aculeatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xx1i1, 1903 (1905), 414, pl. LXx1.

Family MONACANTHID-.
258. Monacanthus chinensis (Bloch).

Three specimens from Bulan (no. 3259, 3260, and 4140; length 5 to 6.5 in.).

Balistes chinensis Bloch, Ichth., v, 24, pl. cLit, fig. 1, 1797, Brazil and China.
Monacanthus chinensis, Giinther, Cat., VIII, 236 (North China; Pinang; Singapore; Shanghai); Bleeker, Atlas, v, 125, pl.
CCXXII, fig. 2.

259. Monacanthus macrurus Bleeker. Bungaong.

One fine specimen from Jolo (no. 3693; length 7.5 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 3676; length 5.55 in.).
These specimens show traces of dark bands at base of anal.

Monacanthus macrurus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., x11, 226, 1857, Nias; Giinther, Cat., vui1, 247, 1870.
Pseudomonacanthus macrurus Bleeker, Atlas, v, 134, pl. coXX VII, fig. 2.

260. Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck). Samarang.

Three specimens from Jolo (no. 3313 to 3315; length 4.5 to 8.2 in.). Color in spirits, yellowish with
brown spots and reticulations; caudal 2.5 in length.

These specimens differ from typical examples of (0. scripta in having the dorsal spine very short, its length
being less than diameter of eye. They may represent an undescribed species, the describing of whieh we
defer until additional material can be examined.

Balistes scriptus Osbeck, Reise nack Ostindien und China, 1, 144, 1765, China Seas.
Balistes monoceros scriptus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1463, 1788; after Osbeck.

Monacunthus scriptus, Giinther, Cut., vit, 252.
Osheckia scrivta, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xx111, 1903 (1905), 422, fig. 184 (Honolulu).

Family TETRAODONTID.
261. Lagocephalus hypselogeneion (Blecker).

Three specimens from Bulan (no. 4023 to 4025; length 3.5 to 3.75 in.).

These examples have the fold of skin on lower posterior portion of side and tail well developed; caudal
lunate and banded with numerous fine vertical lines; cheek with 5 subvertical bars of brown; upper half of
body with numerous whitish spots. These seem to resemble Day’s figure in every respect.

Tetraodon hypselogeneion Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 111, 300, 1852, Amboyna, Wahai.
Tetrodon hypselogenion, Giinther, Cat., vill, 277; Day, Fishes India, 702, pl. cLxxx1n1, fig. 5.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 101

262. Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker).

Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3749; length 1.25 to 1.75 in.).

Tropidichthys bennetti Bleeker, Nat. ‘lijds. Ned. Ind., v1, 504, Amboyna.
Tetrodon bennetti, Giinther, Cat., vii, 301.

Canthogaster ocellatus Bleeker, Atlas, ¥, 80.

Psilonotus ocellatus, Bleeker, Atlas, v, pl. CCXIV, fig. 5.

263. Canthigaster compressus (Procé).

Two specimens from Philippines (no local label, no. 4018; length 2.2 and 2.75 in.).

Tetrodon compressus Prové, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1822, 130, Manila.
Tetrodon striolatus, Giinther, Cat., Vit, 304.

Canthogaster striolatus, Bleeker, Atlas, \, 82.

Psilonotus striolutus, Bleeker, Atlas, v, pl. ccxu, fig. 6.

264. Spheroides lunaris (Bloch & Schneider). Botete.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 4033; length 3.25 in.).

Tetrodon lunaris Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 505, 1801, Malabar; Giinther, Cat., vil, 274 (Philippines and many other
places).
Spheroides lunuris, Jordan & Seale, Prov. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXvu, 1905, 790 (Negros).

265. Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bloch & Schneider. Duele.

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4062; length 8.5 in.). This cxample is uniform black, the spicul:s silvery
white, short and developed only on belly, back, and sides; the caudal, cheeks, snout, chin, and a spot on the
middle of back naked; fins black except pectorals which have a slight wash of yellowish.

Tetraodon nigro-punctatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 507, 1801, Tranquebar.
Tetrodon nigropunctatus, Gunther Cat., vil, 203.
Crayracion nigropunctatus, Bleeker, Atlas, v, 74, pl. ccvl, fig. 4.

Family OSTRACIID®.
266. Ostracion tuberculatum Linneus.

One specimen from Jolo (no. 876+: length 1 n.).

Ostracion tuberculatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nut., ed. X, 531, 175s, India.
Ostracion cubicus Linneeus, Syst. Nut., ed. X, 332, 1758, India; Giinther, Cal., VII, 260 (Red Sea; Zanzibar; Seychelles; Muuri-
tius; Ceylon; Amboyna; Ceram; South .\ustralia).

267. Ostracion gibbosum Linnwus

One specimen from Jolo (no. 3853; length 2-4 in.).

Ostracion gibbosus Linnwus, Syst. Nat., ed. a, 332, 1758, India: Giinther, Cat., VIII, 258.
Ostracion turriius Day, Fishes India, 695, pl. CLXXNI, fig. 4.
Ostracion ( Tetrosomus) turritus, Bleeker, Atlas \, 31, pl. ccul, fig. 3.

Family SCORP-ENID.L.

HYPOMACRUS Evermann & Seale, new genus.

Hypomacrus Evermann & Seale, new genus of Scorpenidw (Hypomacrus albaiensis).

This genus is related to Sebastopsis Gill, from which it differs in having the tenth to thirteenth pectoral
rays much produced. The upper 9 rays are subequal, their length half that of head; length of tenth ray 1.2
in head, the eleventh to thirteenth successively shorter, the last 3 usually shorter than the upper 9 and not
detached. (b2a, under; ppaKpos, long; referring to the produced lower pectoral rays.)

102 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

268. Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 2.25 in length without caudal; depth 3.25; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.75; interorbital 2 in snout;
dorsal x11, 9 (the cotype has the soft dorsal deformed, with only 5 rays); anal 1, 5; scales 5-26-13, about 16
tubules in lateral line.

Body moderately compressed, the head rather elongate, the lower jaw projecting, depth of caudal peduncle
4.1 in head; maxillary 2 in head, the distal end under the posterior margin of pupil, its distal width 1.5 in eye;
mandible 1.75 in head; villiform teeth on jaws and vomicr, none on palatines; gillrakers very smal], S on lower
limb of first arch; spines of head as follows: opercular 2; preopercular 2, the upper the larger, with a small
superimposed spine on its base; bony stay across check with 2 spines, 4 above eye, 5 on each side of nuchal
region; a distinct fringed orbital tentacle equal in length to pupil; a short dermal flap at base of cach nuchal
spine; a branched flap at nostril, and a rather long preorbital flap hanging over maxillary.

Body entirely scaled, head scaled; origin of dorsal above axil of pectoral, longest spine 3.2 in head;
origin of anal under origin of soft dorsal, its longest ray 2 in head, the second anal spine the longest and strongest,
2.3 in head; origin of ventrals about midway between tip of upper jaw and origin of anal, their length 1.85 in
head, their tips falling far short of anal; pectoral peculiar, the 9 upper rays short, about 2 in head, their tips
searcely extending past tips of ventrals; the lower part of fin elongate, composed of 7 simple rays, the longest
1.19 in head, their tips beyond line with origin of anal fin; caudal rounded, 1.65 in head.

Fig. 20.—Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

Color in spirils, mottled brownish, a large yellowish area occupying entire upper two-thirds of opercle,
extending to eve anteriorly, and posteriorly extending down and covering base of pectoral; a round black
opercwar spot posterior of and between the preopercular spines; about 5 indistinct rather narrow dark bands
over hack; spinous dorsal with irregular dusky markings, soft dorsal with dark base and tip, the mid portion
whitish; anal with irregular dark markings, the most distinctive being a black spot on postcrior axil of fin;
ventrals shaded witl dusky dots posteriorly: pectoral with brown dots on the short rays, the elongate rays
white with a few scattered brown dots; cuudal dusky at tip, a slight dusky wash on base of rays.

Type, no. 55902, U. 8. National Museum, original no. 3866 (10,771), 2.5 inches long, from Bacon, Sorsogon,
P. IL, collected by Mr. Charles J. Pierson. Cotype, no. 20,006, Stanford University, a specimen 2.25 inches
long, also from Bacon.

269. Sebastopsis scabra (Ramsay & Ouilby).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 4004: length 2.75 in.).

Sebastes scaber Ramsay & Ogitby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., X, 1885, 577, Shark Reef, Australia.
Sebastopsis scabra, Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvmi, 105 (July 3), 701 (Negros).

“270. Sebastopistes tristis (Khunzinger).

Three specimens from Bacon (no. 3612 to 3614 ; length 4 to 4.5 in.). This species is close to 8. nivifer
Jordan & Seale, described from Negros, P. I., differing in the orbital spines, the dermal flaps, and the color.

Scorpena tristis Klunzinger, Synop. Fische des Rothen Meers, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, Xx, 1870, 802, Red Sea.
Scorpzxna baker: Seale, Fishes of Guam, in Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., vol. 1, no. 2, 1901, 120, Guam.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 103

271. Pterois volitans (Linnwus).
Two fine specimens from Bacon (no. 3444 and 3145; length 6.5 and 6.75 in.),

Gasterosteus volitans Linniwus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 26, 1758, Amboyna.

Pterois volitans, Giinther, Cat., 1, 122 (Egypt; South Africa; Cape of Good Hope; Madras; China; Amboyna).
Pseudomonopterus (Pterois) volitans, Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. cccex, fig. 3.

272. Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3574 and 3577; length 3.5 to 4.75 in.).

Pterois zebra Cuvier & Valenciennes, [ist. Nat. Poiss., 1V, 269 (367), 1829, Ile de France; Giinther, Cat., 1, 126 (Amboyna;
China; Madagascar). x

Pseudomonopterus (Dendrochirus) zebra, Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl., cccext, fig. 1.

Family PLATYCEPHALID-.

2783. Platycephalus bataviensis Bleeker.
One specimen from Jolo (no. 3276; length 8 in.).

Platycephalus bataviensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1v, 1853, 460, Batavia; \tlas, Ix, pl. ccccxx, fig. 4; Giinther, Cat.
II, 188.

274. Platycephalus insidiator (Forskal). Lacoy.

On specimen from San Fabian (no. 3900; length 6.2 in.).

Cottus insidiator Forskaél, Descr. Anim., 25, 1775, Red Sea.
Platycephalus insidiator, Gunther, Cat., IF, 177 (Calcutta; Ganges; China; Mal:yan Peninsula; Moluccas; Amboyna; Cape
York; Australia; Red Sea; Port Natal; Cape of Good Hope).

275. Platycephalus macracanthus Bleeker. (acabit.

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3857; Jength 5.25 in.).

Platycephalus macracanthus Bleeker, Versl. Meded. Ak. Wet., 2d reeks, II, 15-0), 253, Amboyna; Atlac, 1x, pl. ccccXIX, fig. 1.
Family CALLIONYMID-E.
276. Calliurichthys reevesii (Richardson).

Four specimens from Bulan (no. 4077 to 4080; length 5.75 to 6.5 in.).

Callionymus reevesii Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, 60, pl. 36, figs. 1-3 (not 4), 1545, Canton.

Family NOTOTHENIHID.

277. Parapercis hexophthalma (Ehrenberg).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3721; length 6.2 in.).

Percis herophthalma Ehrenberg in Cuvier & Valenciennos, Hist. Nut. Poiss., 11, 202 (271), 1829, Massuah; Giinther, Cat., 1,
239 (Louisiade Archipelago; Red Sea).

Family OPHICEPHALID-E.

278. Ophicephalus striatus Bloch.

Five specimens from Philippines (without local label, no. 3791 to 3795; length 3.1 to 4 in.),

Ophicephalus striatus Bloch, Ichth., x, 117, pl. CcCLIX, 1707, East Indies.
Ophiocephalus striatus, Giinther, Cat., m1, 474 (Loodianah; Ganges; Bengal; Pinang; Mudras); Bleeker, Atlas, 1x, pl. cCCXCIX,

fig. 1.

104 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Family GOBIUID.

279. Butis leucurus Jordan & Scale.

Three specimens from San Fabian (no. 3858 to 3860; length 3.5 to 4 in.), and one from Bacon (no. 3728;
length 3.45 in.). Species originally described from Negros; other specimens collected at Cavite by Dr. Geo. A.
Lung and forwarded to Stanford University.

Butis leucurus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvin, 1905 (July 3), 794, fig. 13, Negros Island.

280. Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3747 and 3745; length 3.5 and 3.75 in.). Close to @. giuris, but lower
jaw less prominent, body more robust and head broader.

Gobius biocellatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, [ist. Nat. Poiss., xm, 55 (73), 1837, Pondicherry; Giinther, Cat., 111,20; Day, Fishes
India, 289, pl. Lx111, fig. 8.

281. Glossogobius giuris (Buchanan-Hamilton). Cacabit.
Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3725 to 3727, 3729, 3741 to 3744, and 3749; length 4 to 9 in.), one from
San Fabian (no. 3760), and one from Bulan (No. 4128).

Gobius giuris Buchanan-Hamilton, Fishes of the Ganges, 51 and 366, pl. 33, fig. 15, 1822, Ganges River; Day, Fishes India,
294, pl. Lxvu, fig. 1; Giinther, Cat., 111, 21.

282. Oxyurichthys cristatus (Day).

One specimen from San Fabian (no. 3929; length 5.8 in.).

Euctenogobius cristatus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, 109, Bombay.
Gobius cristatus Day, Fishes India, 291, pl. LxI1, fig. 8.

283. Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3999; length 2.1 in.). Head 3 in length; depth 4.75; scales 150; dorsal
vi-t, 18; anal 1, 17; anterior dorsal rays elongate. Color white; a blue dark-edged band trom angle of mouth
to opercle, another indistinct band on preoperele.

Gobius sirigatus Broussonet, Ichth., 1, 172, Tahiti.
Elcotris strigata, Cuvier & Vulenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xu, 189 (251); Giintber, Cat., 111, 131 (Java; Amboyna;
Celebes; Booroo; Tahiti); Giinther, Fische der Stidsee, 190, pl. 111, fig. E.

Family BLENNTIDA.

284. Salarias fasciatus (Bloch).

Ten specimens from Bacon (no. 3974; length 1.2 to 4 in.).

Blennius fasciatus Bloch, Ichth., \, pl. cLx11, fig. 1, 1797.
Salarias fasciatus, Giinther, Cat., 11, 244 (Borneo Philippines; New Holland; Victoria Bank; Fiji Islands; Tonga Islands;
Aneityum); Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 201, pl. 115, fig. u.

285. Petroscirtes grammistes (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3757; length 3.2 in.).

Blennechis grammistes Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 210 (284), 1836, Java.
Petroscirtes anema, Giinther, Cat., m1, 236 (Amboyna; China); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, pl. 115, fig. F.
Petroscirtes grammistes, Giinther, Fische der Stidsee, 107 (Yap; Kusaie; Amboyna).

Family ECHENEIDA.

286. Echeneis naucrates Linneus.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 3740; length 10.5 in.).

Echeneis neucrates (misprint for naucrates) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 261, 1758, Pelago Indico; Gtinther, Cat., 11, 384 (many
localities); Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 2269, 1898.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 105

Family PLEURONECTID.X.
287. Platophrys javanicus (Blecker). Padad.

One specimen from Bulan (no. 4049: length 8.25 in.). Anal 51; scales 71.

Rhombus javunicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1v, 502, Batavia.
Pseudorhombus javanicus, Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 8, pl. COXXXH, fig. 3: Giinther, Cut., 1v, 427 (Java); Day, I

ishes India, 424, pl.
xcU, fig. 2.

288. Platophrys russellii (Gray).

One specimen from Bulan (no. 4069: length 9 in.). Anal 59; seales 74.
Platessa russellii Gray, Il. Ind. Zool., fig. 2.
Pseudorhombus russellii, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 424 (Umbilo River, Port Natal).

289. Platophrys neglectus (Bleeker). U'guerangueray.
Three specimens from San Fabian (no. 3390, 3619 and 3620; length 3.5 to 6.75 in.). Anal 37: scales 81.

Pseudorhombus neglectus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 111, 45, and Atlas, v1, 8, pl. CCXXXIV, fig. 1.
290. Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell).

Two specimens from Bacon (no. 3409 and 3494; length 5.2 and G in.).

Rhombus pantherinus Riippell, .\tlas, 121, pl. 31, fig. 1, 1S2s, Red Sea.

Platophrys pantherinus, Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 11, pl. Ccxxxul, fig. 3; Day, Fishes India, 425, pl. xcn, figs. 3and 4; Jordan &
Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1903 (1905), 512.

Rhomboidichthys pantherinus, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 436 (Mauritius; Mudugasear; Amboyna; Fiji).

291. Platophrys palad Evermann & Seale, new species. Pulad.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 2.4; eye Gin head; snout 4; niaxillary 2.3, its distal end under middle of eye;

dorsa] 77; anal 60; scales 85: interorbital a very narrow trenchant ridge slightly higher than eye; jaws equal;
canine teeth in anterior of jaws; gillrakers short and blunt, broader than long, 9 on lower limb, the curved

AA \
\ WAY
ROAR ROORSS

Fic. 21.—Platophrys valad Evermann & Seale, new species. Type.

portion of lateral line 3.5 in straight, the depth of the curve 3.1 in its length; Jongest dorsal ray 2.75 in head;

longest anal ray 2.1 in head; colored pectoral 2 in head; caudal rounded, 1.25 in head. Color on left side.
Color in spirits, brownish; on each side of lateral line 2 large ocelli, each inclosing 2 large black spots; 2

very indistinct dusky blotches on the lateral line, one at posterior curve of lateral line, the other at the beginning

106 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

of posterior third of body: a row of indistinct ocelli at base of each vertical fin; numerous dusky dots and
blotches on fins.

One large specimen from Bulan (no. 4050; length 15.5 in.). Type, no. 55898, U. S. National Museum,
collected by Charles J. Pierson.

292. Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider). Uguerangueray.

Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3848 and 3849; length 4.75 and 6.5in.). Head 3.6 in length; depth
2.5; eyes on right side. It may be that the sinistral specimens recorded by Ginther and Bleeker are a different
species.
Pleuronectes erumei Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 150, 1801, ‘‘ad Tranquebarium.”’

Psettodes erumei, Giinther, Cat., 1v, 402 (China; Amboyna; Pinang; India); Day, Fishes India, 422, pl. xc1, fig. 4; Bleeker,
Atlas, v1, 4, pl. CCXXXII, fig. 2.

Family SOLEIDE.

293. Achirus hartzfeldii Bleeker.

One specimen from “ Philippine Islands” (no local label; no. 4012; length 4.5in.). Anal 63; lateral line 98.

Achirus hartzfeldii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Iv, 1853, 123, Amboyna; Atlas, VI, 25, pl. CCXLVI, fig. 1.
Aseraggodes hartzfeldii, Kaup, Archiv f. Naturgesch., jhg. XxX1v, 1858, bd. 1, 103.
Solca hartzfeldii, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 471 (Amboyna).

294. Synaptura sorsogonensis Evermann & Seale, new species.

Head 5.25 in length without caudal; depth 2.37; dorsal 74; anal 61; caudal 15; dorsal and anal continuous
with caudal; pores of lateral line 141, of which 2° are in the short curved portion above the head; interorbital
space scaled, scarcely greater than diameter of lower eyr; upper cve covered by skin: the beaklike snout not
extending around to a line with eye; upper nostril a distinct hollow papilla located in front of lower cye;

HUTT YU"

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Fie. 22.—Synaptura sorsogonensis Evermann & Srale, new species. Type.

nostril of blind side greatly dilated and fringed; anterior part of head with numerous dermal fringes; dermal
flaps scattered in groups over dilferent portion of body, 4 such groups on lateral line and 4 on cach side of body,
alternating with the groups on lateral line; smaller groups along hase of dorsal and aual fin; lateral line straight
until it reaches head, where it makes a sharp curve ending on a line with anterior margin of upper eye: gillrakers
obsolete; colored pectoral 3.75 in head; uncolored pectoral 4; dorsal beginning on snout in front of eyes, its
middle ray 1.85 in head; middle anal ray 2 in head; colored ventral 2.9; caudal 1.3.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 107

Color in spirits, brownish, the groups of dermal flaps described above blackish; colored pectoral black,
tipped with white; margin of dorsal and anal white with a submarginal dusky area, more easily distinguished
on under side. ,

This species is related to S. pan, but is distinguished by the greater number of rays and the dilated nostril.

One fine specimen from Bacon, Sorsogon, no. 4133 (10,825); length 9 in., type, no. 55916, U. S. National
Museum, collected by Charles J. Pierson.

295. Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacépide).

One specimen from Bacon (no. 3383; length 5.5 in.). Anal 56; lateral line 100.

Achirus pavoninus Lacépade, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 658 and 661; Blecker, Atlas, v1, 24, pl. cex11, fig. 1.
Pardachirus pavoninus, Giinther, Cat., rv, 479 (Pinang; Singapore; Moluccas).

296. Soleichthys heterorhinos (Blecker).
One specimen from Bacon (no. 3927; length 4.2 in.). Anal 78; lateral line 112.

Solea heterorhinos Bleeker Visch fauna \mboina, 64, Act. Soc. Se. Indo-Ned., 1, 64, 1856, Amboyna.

Solea heterorhinus, Bleeker, Atlas, V1, 17.

Solea heterorhina, Giinther, Cat., Iv, 466 (Celebes, Amboyna); Bleeker, Atlas, v1, pl. ccXxc, fig. 2; Day, Fishes India, 426, pl.
XcIl, fig. 5.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following is a list of the published literature concerning the fishes of the
Philippine Islands which has been consulted in connection with the preparation of
this report. Besides these works we have consulted all of the numerous papers by
Dr. Jordan and his collaborators on Japanese fishes:

1758. Linnxus, C. Systema nature per regna tria nature, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, tomus 1, p. 1-824.

Chinensia Lagerstromiana preside D. D. Car. Linneo, Dec. 23, 1754. Amoenitates Acade-
mice, vol. rv, 1759, p. 230-260.

1765. OsBecK, Peter. Reise nach Ostindien und China, nebst O. Toreens Reise nach Suratte und C. G.
Ekebergs Nachricht von der Landwirtschaft der Chineser, p. 1-xx1v-+-1-552, taf. 1-13. Aus dem
schwedischen iibersetzt von J. G. Georgi. Verleger Johann Christian Koppe. Rostock.

1766. Liny-eus, C. Systema nature [etc.], ed. xi, t. 1, Pisces, p. 419-532.

1774. Forster, Jonn Reinnovrp. Descriptiones animalium qu in itinere ad maris australis terras per
annos 1772-74 suscepto [etc.]. Curante H. Lichtenstein, 8°, p. -xmr+1-425. Berolini, 1844.

1775. Forskir, P. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, yermium; que
in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal, p. 1-140. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten
Niebuhr. Hauniz.

1782. BroussoneT, Prerre Marre Avcuste. Ichthyologia sistens piscium descriptiones et icones. Decas 1,
no pagination. London.

1785-1797. Biocu, Mare Exigser. Ichthyologie, ou histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des poissons,
avec des figures enluminées. dessinées d’aprés nature. 12 t. in 6, 1654 p., pl. I-cecexxxu. Berlin.

1788. Hourruyn, M. Beschryving van eenige japanse visschen, en andere zee-schepzelen. Verhandelingen,
uitgegceven door de Hollandsche Maatschappye der Weetenschappen, te Haarlem, xx. deels, 2. stuk,
1782, p. 311-350.

——. Linnzus, C. Systema nature [etc.], ed. xm, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 8°, t. 1, pars mi
Pisces, p. 1126-1516. Lipsia, 1788-1793.

1792. TuunBeEre, C. P. Atskillige fOrut okande fiskar af Abbor-Slagtct. -Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens
Nya Handlingar, n.s., t. xin, 1792, p. 141-143.

1797. Park, Munco. Descriptions of eight new fishes from Sumatra. Read November 4, 1794. Transac-
tions of the Linnean Society of London, vol. 11, 1797, p. 33-38.

1801. Biocuy, Marc Exigser. Systema ichthyologie iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus
inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Io Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini.

——. Lactrépe, Bernnarp German Etienne, Comte de. Iistoire naturelle des poissons. 5 t., 4°. Paris,
1798-1803.

1759.

108 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

1803. Siraw, GeorcE. General zoology, or Systematic natural history. Vol. rv, pt. 1, Piszes, p. 187-632,
70 pl. London.

——. Russet, Parrick. Descriptions and figures of two hundred fishes collected at Vizagapatam on the
coast of Coromandel. 2 vol., fol. London.

1817. Cuvrer, Grorces. Le régne animal distribué d’apres son organisation, pour servir de base & l’histoire
naturelle des animaux et d'introduction i ]’anatomic comparéc, avec figures, dessinées d’upres nature.
T. m1, contenant les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annelides, p. 1-532. ([Poissons, p.
104-351 ] :

1822. Bueuanan-Hamierox, Francis. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches,
p. 1-405, pl. 1-39 (atlas). 4°. Edinburgh. ,

——. Prock, Marion pe. Sur plusieurs especes nouvelles des poissons et des crustaccs observées par M.
Marion de Procé. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomathique de Paris 1422, p. 129-134.

1824. Quoy, Jean René Constant, ct Garmarp, Pact. Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roy,
exécuté sur les corvettes de SM. UU ranie ot la Physicienne pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et
1820, par M. Louis de Freycinet, commandant de l’expedition. Zoologie par MM. Quoy et Gaimard,
médecins de l’expedition, p. 1-712. [Poissons, p. 143-401.] Paris.

1828. Rippety, Epvarp. Aas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika, abth. 4, Fische des rothen Meers, 144 p.,
35 pl. :

1828-49. Cuvier, Georces, et VALENCIENNES, .\. Histoire naturelle des poissons, 22 t., 4°. 8337 p., pl. -vai-+
94150. Paris. T.1 published in 1828; 11, 1829; 1v, 1829; v, 1830; v1, 1830; vir, 1831: vim, 1831;
IX, 1835; x1, 1836; xu, 1837: xm, 1839; xiv, 1S59. xix, 1S46.

1829. Cuvier, Georces. Le régne animal distribué d’aprés son organisation, pour scrvir de base a l'histoire
naturelle des animaux, ct d'introduction & l’anatomie comparée, avec figures dessinées d’aprés nature.
Nouvelle édition, revue et augmentée, t. 1, p. 1-406. [Poissons, p. 122-406.)

1830-34 Gray, Joux Epwairp. Tlustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of
Major-General Ilardwicke. 2 vol. fol., London.

1831. Bennett, E.T. An exhibition of the collection of fishes formed at the Mauritius by Mr. Telfair. Pro-
ceedings of the Committee of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 1, 1831 (Aug. 23), p. 126-128.

1832. VaLENciENNEs, A. Descriptions de plusieurs espéces nouvelles de poissons du genre Apogon. Nou
yelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, t. 1, 1832, p. 51-60, pl. 4.

1838. Ruprecy, Epuary. Neue Wirbelthiere, zu der Fauna von byssinien gehérig, entdeckt und beschrieben
von Dr. Eduard Riippell. Fische des rothen Meers, p. 1-148, pl. 1-33, 1835.

1830. Lay, G. T., and Bennerr, E. T. Zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; compiled from the collection
and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalist of the expedition, during a voyage
tu the Pacific and Bering’s Straits performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom in the years 1825, 1826,
1827, and 1828. Fishes, p. 41-75, pl. xvi-xxur.

1842-1850. Temminck, ('. J., and Scutecer, H. Fauna juponica, Pisces, p. 1-524, pl. i-cxuui. P. 1-L0
published in 1842; 21-72 in 1843; 73-112 in 1844; 113-172 in 1845; 173-269 in 1846; 270-324 in 1820.

1845. Ricuarpson, Sir Joun. The zoolovy of the voyage of the Sulphur, under the command of Sir Edward
Belcher. during the years 1836-12, 2 vol. inone, 8°, London, 1844. Edited and superintended hy R. B.
Hinds. Ichthyology, p. 51-150, pl. 35-4, 1845

Report on the ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan. Report of the fiftecnth meci-
ing of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held ut Cambridge June, is46,
p. 187-326.

1849. Breexer, P. A contribution to the knowledge of the ichthyological fauna of Celebes. Journal of the
Indian Archipelago and eastern Asia, vol. mm, 1849, p. 65-74.

1849-1854. — In Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschap-
pen (articles paged independently):

Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Bali. 11 p. in deel xxir, 1849.

Bijdrage tot de kennis der sparoiden van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. 16 p., xxut, 1850.

Bijdrage tot de kennis der haringachtige visschen var: den Soenda-Molukschen Aichipel. 52 p.,
xxiv, 1852.

Bijdrage tot de kennis der makreelachtige visschen van den Soenda-Molukschen aArchipel. 93
Day MRI

Nieuwe nalezingcu op de ichthyologie van Japan. 132 p., pl. 1-vi, deel xxv1, 1854.

IS46.

FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 109

1849-1858. Bierxer, P. In Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indié:
Faune ichthyvologice Jaye insularumque adjacentium, Genera et. species novie (1). Deel 1
1850, p. 98-108. ‘
Ueber cenige nieuwe geschlachten en soorten van makreclachtige visschen van den indischen
archipel. 1, 1850, 341-372.
Visschen yan Billiton. 1, 1850, 478-479,
Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der Percoidei, Scleroparci, Scienoxdei, Sparoidei, Manoidei,
Cheetodontoidei en Scomberoidei van den Svenda-Molukschen Archipel. 11, 1851, 163-179.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Banda-Kilanden. u, 1851, 225-261.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Riouw. 1, IN51, 469-497.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Moluksche Eilanden, —Visschen van
Amboina en Ceram. un, 1852, 229 309.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van het eiland Banka. I, 1852, 443-460.
os bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van het oiland Banka. mr, 1852,
715-738,
Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. ur, 152, 739-782.
Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Amboina. iv, 1853, 91- 130.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate. rv, 1853, 131-140.
Dinanostachie beschrijvingen van nieuwe weinig bckende yisehsoorten van Sumatra. IV, 1853,
243-302.
Diagnostische beschrijvingen van nieuwe weinig bekende vischsoorten van Batavia. Iv, 1853,
451-516
Nieuwe fh jdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate en Halmaheira (Gilolo),
Iv, 1853, 595-610.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Solor. v, 1853, 67-96.
Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ceram. ¥, 1853, 233-24N.
Vierde bijdrage (ot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna yan Amboina. v, 1853, 317-352.
Nieuwe tientallen diagnostische heschrijvingen van nieuwe weinig bekende vischsourten van
Sumatra. v, 1853, 495-534.
Fauna ichthyologicxe japonice species nove. vt, 1854, 395-426.
Vijfde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Amboina. v1, 1854, 454-508,
Vijfde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. vn, 1S54, 225-260.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Batjan. vir, 1854, 350-378.
Zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van .Amboina. vit, 1855, 391-434.
Tweede bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Halmaheira (Gilolo). 1x, 1855,
105-112.
Achste bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. 1x, 1853, 281-314.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van het eiland Groot Obij. 1x, 1855, 431-438.
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van het ciland Nias. Xu, 1856, 211-22s,
Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Sangi-Eilanden. x11, 1857, 369-380.
Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Bali. xvi (vierde serie, dec] 111)
1858-59, 141-175.
1850. Cantor, TuEopore. Catalogue of Malayan fishes. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. xvut,
pt. u, July-December, 1849, p. 1-x1r-+9S3-1443, pl. i-x1v. Calcutta.
1856-57. Breexer, P. In Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indié, or Acta
Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Necrlandice (articles paged independently):

Beschrijvingen van nieuwe en weinig bekende vischsoorten van Amboina, 76 p. in vol. 1, 1857.
Beschrijvingen van nieuwe weinig bekende vischsoorten van Manado en Makassar, 80 p., 1, 1856.
Achste bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina, 100 p., 11, 1857.

1858. Kaur, J. Uebersicht der Soleine der vierten Subfamilie der Pleuronectidse. Archiv fir Natur-
geschichte, jhg. xxiv, bd. 1, 1858, p. 94-104.

1859-1870. Giixtuer, ALBERT. Catalogue of the fishes in the collections of the British Museum. Vol. 1, 1859;
u, 1860; 111, 1861; rv, 1862; v, 1864; v1, 1866; vu, ISGS; vue, ISTO

1861. Bieexer, P. lets itber de geschlachten der Scaroiden en hunne Indisch-Archipelagische soorten.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuurkunde,
deel x11, 1861, p. 228-244. Amsterdam.

1861-1877. - Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Ncéerlandaises, t. 1x, 1246 p., pl. I-cecexx.
Fol., Amsterdam. T.1, published 1862; u, 1866; m1, 1863; Irv, 1864; v, 1865; v1, 1866-1872: vr,
1873-1876; vit, 1876-1877; rx (unfinished), 1877.

Description de quelques espéces inédites des genres Pseudorhombus ct Platophrys de l’Inde
Archipélagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, deel 11, 1865, p. 43-50. Amsterdam.

1868. Peters, W. Ueber die von Hrn. Dr. F. Jagor in dem ostindischen Archipel gesammelten und dem
Kéniglichen Zoologischen Museum tibergegebenen Fische. Monatsberichte der Kéniglichen Preus-
sischen Akademic der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1868, p. 254-281

1865.

110 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

1869

1870,

1871

1873

. Bueexer, P. Description et figure d’une espéce inédite de Platycépale (Dec., 1867). Verslagen en
Mededeeclingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuurkunde, 2de reeks, deel m1,
ISGS-1869, p. 253-254.

. Kveyzincer, Cart Bensamin. Synopsis der Fische des rothen Meers, 1. theil. Verhandlungen der
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft zu Wien, bd. xx, 1870, p. 669-834.

. Gintuer, ALBERT. Report on several collections of fishes recently obtained for the British Museum.
Proceedings of the Zoologica] Society of London, 1871, p. 652-675, pl. Lim-Lxx.

. Burexer, P. Révision des espéces Indo-Archipélagiques du genre Lethrinus. Nederlandsch Tijd-
schrift voor de Dierkunde, deel 1v, 1873, p. 318-344.

Révision des espéces Indo-Archipélagiques des genres Plectorhynchus et Pristipoma. Neder-
landsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, deel rv, 1373, p. 273-317.

. Day, Francis. On some new or imperfectly known fishes of India and Burma. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, 1873, p. 107-112.

1873-1881. GinrHer, AvBert. Fische der Siidsee. Bd. 1, p. 1-128, taf. 1-83, 1873-1875; bd. 1, p. 129-256,

1878

1885

1895

taf. S4-140, 1876-1881. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 1873-1881. Hamburg.

. Day, Francis. The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and
fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Vol. 1, text, including Supplement, p. 1-xx+1-816; vol.
u, Atlas, containing 198 plates. London, printed for the author, 1878-1888.

. Ramsay, E. Prerson and Doucras-Ocitpy, J. Descriptions of new or rare Australian fishes. Proceed-
ings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x, 1885, p. 575-579. .

. Patacsy, J. Die Verbreitung der Fische, p. 1-239. Prag.

. Evera, Castro pe. Catdlogo sistemdtico de toda la fauna de Filipinas. 1, Vertebrados, p. 1-701.
[Pisces, p. 45-621.] Manila.

. BouLencer, Grorce ALBERT. Catalogue of the perciform fishes in the British Museum, 2d ed., vol.1,
containing Centrarchide, Percide, and Serranide (part), p. 1-291, pl. ~xv. London.

1896-1900. Jorpax, Davip Starr, and EvermMann, Barton Warren. Fishes of North and Middle America,

1901.

1902.

1903.

1906.

published as Bulletin of the U. 5S. National Museum No. 47, pt. -1v, p. 1-3313, pl. rceexcn. Pt.1
issued 1896; 11 and 111, 1898; rv, 1900.

Smitu, Huan M. Notes on five food-fishes of Lake Buhi, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the
U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xx1, 1901, p. 167-171, 3 fig.

Saito, Hucu M. The smallest known vertebrate. Science, u.s., vol. xv, p. 80-31, Jan. 3, 1902.

. JORDAN, Davip Starr, and EverMann, Barton WarrEN. Notes on a collection of fishes from the
Island of Formosa. Proceedings U. 8. National Museum, vol. xxv, 1902, p. 315-368, figs.1-29.
Bryan, Wn. Atanson, and Herre, ALBert C. Annotated list of the Marcus Island fishes. Occasional

Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Muscum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History, Direc-
tor’s Report for 1902 (1903), vel. m1, no. 1, p. 125-139.
. Fowzer, Henry W. A collection of fishes from Sumatra. Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences Philadelphia, 2d ser., vol. x11, 1904 (June 10), p. 495-560, pl. vii-xxvut.
New, rare or little-known Scombroids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Phil-
adelphia 1904, p. 757-771.
. Jorpvan, Davip Starr, and Seare, Arvin. List of fishes collected by Dr. Bashford Dean on the island
of Negros, Philippines. Proceedings U. 8. Natural Museum, vol. xxvim, 1905, p. 769-803, fig. 1-20.
and Evermann, Barton Warren. The shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands, with a general
account of the fish fauna. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xxuu1, pt. 1, 1903 (July 29, 1905),
p. 1-574, col. pl. -Lxxv, bl. and wh. pl. 1-55, text fig. 1-229.
Sarru, Hueu M., and Sears, .\:vin. Notes on a collection of fishes from the Island of Mindanao,
Philippine Archipelago, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Biological
Society of Washington, vol. x1x, 1906 (June 4), p. 73-82.

——. Jorpan, Davip Srarr, and Seive, Arvin. The fishes of Samoa. Description of the species found

in the archipelago, with » provisional check-list of the fishes of Oceania. Bulletin U.S. Bureau

of Fisheries, vol. xxv, 1905 (Dec. 15, 1906), p. 173-455, pl. xxxim-uimr, text fig. 1-104.

Fishes of the islands of Luzon and Panay. Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
vol. xxv1, 1906, p. —.

. Evermann, Barton W., and Save, Atvin. Fishes collected in the Philippine Islands by Maj. Edgar
A. Mearns, Surgeon, U.S. Army. Proceedings U.S. National Museum, vol. xxx1, 1906, p. 505-512.

LN IDE

Page
MDUGEFAU EAN ETINS Ss. woes cgcsscaas owecendtecences 93
bankieri 92
curacao 93
CYANCUS: wscewans one 92
GIAUCUS ye. oones sees 93
septemfasciatus . 93
unimaculatus . 93
xanthurus. . 2
zonatus. 92
Acanthuridie ... 97
Acanthurus unicornis 98
Achirus hartzfeldii .. 106
aculeatus, Balistapus .- 100
acuminatus, Heniochus . 97
Aeoliscus strigatus....... AT
afer, Gymnothorax 56
affinis, Caranx......... 64
albaiensis, Hypomacrus - 102
alexander, Pomacentrus. 90
altivelis, Cromileptes 78
Ambasside ......... 75
Ambassis lungi ... 75
urotenia..... 2 7a
amboinensis, Lutianus .. SL
Amia chrysopoma ..-....- 72
endekatenia .... 73
fasciata ....... 72
frenata..... gal
hartzfeldi...... 2
jenkinst .:cs22< 73
koilomatodon 71
margaritophora.........-- 74
MONOGHIOUWS cecit4 vs possess Te
NOVRGUINE owe. eee 2
quadrifasciata ..........-....- 71
SANGLIENSIS. 25.220 + psec necsee 2
SAVAVODSIS ceca-cscemensde cde we 72
anchorago, Cheerops.....-...---- --- 95
ANGHOVIEINGIGR: 21. c:c2 os acemeecnscsee st 54
Anguilla mauritiana..........-.-------+++- 56
a@n@uillaris; PlotosiSs 2s vaesecs cease snes x 56
AN SUMMA s..2 se cpersrasecse se opeatte ae Se 56
Anodontostoma chacunda........-.-----.--- 54
antjerius, Abudcfduf........--.---..+-.----- 93
Apogonichthyide .... 71
Apogonichthys mentalis. .......2..0-+-e02ee0+ 74
ArchamMid DICCKEL cus. ccgecnien gate nnd sceeeiis Sees 7A
macropteroides 74
argenteus, Monodactylus ........-----.--+2+++---- 71
Otolithus 87
argus, Ephippus .........-.--------e eee e ee ree ences 97
Breyropharies, RAUTIAG, .a0sss-ccavsemeerune cepemernen ns 54

iy
Page.

armatus, (Caran ous oecesswevoseesi ae <4 $5 She, ccieseincoee 65
AMMOTINIGES xo cpr seyrledteeriwngiiok sna oicieeiyatcaie nines 59
ATHEPINATOPSKAUL 3 oc eaiciccecinemectcioieancdabeeemasdeaesan 59
NA CUNOSAN jin aecosdhacmaeatond aepaunemcerasnt 59
HEMMINCGK wosseeceransenes sector hatescinnere Tonnes 59

MUTI EA Che (00 OD eascsmreccenrseraquaenceiae salt c heuer 96
MUTICUMy CHEETOPiSinse xc ase sesacieMeleaitsles Asan cae ekicne see 95
Daconensig, Nyse: <.- ce det clenhakdeace serene nanan 69
baillonil, Trachinows 5 .cesec-.seeache vs sastenesedes 66
balimensis; CallyodOn saeco en a Gacege se ose enesins 96
BalistA pus Meulentus. as = 4. secedeumasieteis be sedcadadinees 100
UTR NAPUS jc es2ie Ed as datysraiss veeidpndcentcatintee ash eeeasceare 100

Balistes flavimarginatus................2-.02-02-22-00+ 99
niger. 99
Balistide: « cccess.sna og
bankieri, Abudefduf.. ow
barberinus, Pseudupeneu SS
bataviensis, Platycephalus 103
belengeri, Johnius..... 22. a 87
Belonide ....... ists : 58
bennetti, Canthigaster..... - 101
biaculeatus, Gasterotokeus 57
bifasciatus, Pseudupeneus. &S
bilineatum, Scolopsis. ..- Mt
biocellatus, Glossogobius 104
bleekerl Arh amie cies. simctaecuaskagisek see seamen 75
Blenniide .......... 104
beenack, Cephalophol 7
boops, Caranx ...-..... 63
brachysomus; SCombeias: 2:64 25 sequence wesgeeeess cones: 61
EiRensist (Camanists. 3 oye Soe eat au ve See cee 65
bulanensis; ScolupstS 5 s2e ce eed sccanaigang 28 bs Sloe SS
Bintis 1@WGU RU Se. cn. cd Ads Sh at dapraaseiaeae ie aaeedeeaad 104
Gres Ona IAUTONS yensasinsd nem gemsewe Hid dae ele eo2 45a s3
COL YSOZOMM dracinexamas MEERA ates oe Be ie Wased 83
GUDINGS «ss seed carrerskimisisiee ees oe aerate ees) 83
Calamara, GPATUS caddaiiss sa cecewsnauns wide Bema 86
calesriferum, Plertropomia:ssococcecccesens ve se s2 ccien 7s
CaliOn ym Gora cers sy ee epee nee ee eg oe gentnseecy 108
CallivFiGhtli Ws TCeNOst ooecnces. oss ores danase seaues 103
Callyodon balinensis ......-.-..2-++-+-e-22: sere eeteee 96
TACOS Hig. Fo soci irda einen ee Se WY RS 96

ORUOMOM oathencatose iced ecules Ane nasa een eats 96

QUOV lemaccnncesyemeree Geecenthtdd iets oG0GES 96
Calotomus jremistriatus -..0.00c025ssceete eee eee ceee eee 95
CiMAMHS), RAGIN GEMTTO Ds s252 ocr cream minnsces semen 61
UNCC MAM, BEWOPRSss yada ececes Aasciinies deine ce see si
UM LNS, POn GUS. c6are cess oe een ea Maeda ce Sy tube. uM
Canthigaster bennettl, ....c..s22<7 tates cera ee eee es 101
COMIPNCIWT cen cs tds eeneines By SF SAR 101

Coming @ iiccct ancthedereidee ne tebe canes: ae apa 62
CUCRAITC DEMIS meee cass ce ae tee weaned Lt hte ae Gd

IT

CYNODON a eaain teentaareenienn aryl eeepanaeet ie
CjCAGR D8: nccxisig seeyae yee csoe seameeeeeen 8 4
PROC Bs pete Sons: gina atau Sares meds meawautecs

ophthalmoteenia
sexfasciatus ..
speciosus
celebicus, Hepatus

Pléctorhiynclitis:..\cvasccedideerd on cee ste
Cen triscimlits psepecasecueaeees bexeeeeees reed ciyeaeeesns
Cephalopholis beenack ..

kendalli..
obtusauris
pachycentron....
chacunda, Anodontostoma......----..-----0--e--eee ee
Cheetodon ari gar. cc sou 2525 sesnuietec eens 2G eee cere

PO) CUN Gee mais oid gece ee cemrsenisdaae ss tee ee ete

octofasciatus -

selene
unimaculatus -.

VARPADUNGUS .Wsocsccesieasesieies Zeseseeaees
Cheetodontide
Chemis ChlOTOTUS: sc 54.0 sea iieseigewy sis ee ee dgeseaas

HASCIALUSK os sesadtdiwatemeaidh Laced sacs
Cheilio inermis ..........
chinensis, Monacanthus.. .
Chirocentride .........-- seen
Chirocentrus Goran < v2siscic sence scans saag veidncnmaigieee
CHIOLUrYS /CHEMINUS «5. cgcccwnsecmswcssies cs sctssteaemecigitie
Choerops anchorago

auritum
chrysopoma, Amia.........-.
chrysotenia, Plectorhynchus..............-----.-.----
CHEVSOZONE, “CHSIG is csieciccidee cocci enna s eS obee Ltideiesiaton
Citulashal tcc: atasedas skecdaiudeccae ier dead eoeseaee
Clupeidz
clupeoides, Sardinella.......
ceeruleopunctatus, Scarichthys. .
compressus, Canthigaster. ...
cordyla, Megalaspis
Cormutus; HolOCONtrus sececee cece sewes vee ey geacuseess
COopythrorcbtn ys Clerk cco .ceucceneene ex ca eaceysbetice
Crista tus, OXY OTICHENYS +2. .ceeemee. cc rss ee eececeee
Cromileptes altivelis ....
Ctenochetus striatus -.
cuning, Ceesio -.......- ee
Curacao; ADUACEMUE dens su eecainsneneeeing 4 Peene meme
evyaneus, Abudetdiifi.sica sececacccmrseea oe aacceadntee ne
CYNOGON, Caran es. seicacccvcncialsiewssias oe siraccememcice
CY¥PVINOIAES; MEPRAIODS: sainciccinccccscisieines ¢ seincis s.naewerns
Cypsilurus simus ....
Decapterus kurra. es
macrosomus . "
Gecussatus; Wutiants 2.0.2 posse sceneans Ci aaleeass
Adelicatullis, Stole phoris....2 .....5.2< cess sens seescnscces
Dendrochirus zebra
DidCOpe ROD Risccscxcccescssmaiead seemeaimdetees sees eos
dispar, Zenarchopterus . .
djeddaba, Caranx ..
dorab, Chirocentrus . He
DoOrosomatidess << sseveverceueiss exneeeemones Se ehae tdcks
AUSSI ETI, “LEIORNAUNUS:« .:ni0cie's soe Spin sieige Bese? vice tlhe
En bDF iM 5). .citncisisned abcgaesunsates Facade
dussumierii, Hyporhamphus................2.-.2...4-

INDEX.

Page.

CHEN GIDE: ccaaqia. Ms owiereurrs sare cada ee eeie ae unhaits 104
Hicheneis:nauerates ccc ccs seeavsc.nescen saws saaeeteers 104
edentula, Leiognathus 69
edwardsi, Leiogniuthus 68
elere, Corythroichthys 57
BlOPIN@ sen cess emsecreaeaey eeabesreeenes ce eect 53
HlGps SAUIBUS: sss25sncWacs ene ee seis 53
Emmelichthys leucogrammicus..........-.--..------- vil
SNOSKAtENIG, AMA c-ntas Soneneese sce to aiiedodas ot Sane 73
TOT GTA MSS oso weste eescineneeeeeine Seeo ease eree ine ak obae 54
Epinephelus: fasciatus ox <c.ccccccieses vox ce ems ne sae 7A
MACUIALUS! «cece tse tater ie sewers 76

MMCETH: aisnins eciznemacacslas neraandet-cincaais mets 75

tauvina. 75

Ephippide ......... 97
Ephippus Argus: os ccsciciosg co stein ae ty deeds exes 7
GUO oo, 5 ore shcea ae goes ie sae 3G GaGeLe Ie kas MaRS 67
OMUIMGl, PSStlOGES: c.:60504 2.4 bbw sconeeiie ieee noes ebes 106
Gbythiroptenus, LMUanus: ceascatecea. Puen acaeiies Heanen 80
EXOC CUA: cesccaiman erase somaeeass tamaeaeein da sis eee 58
faleula, Cheetodon 96
faseta tas AM Bicic ccs ve steomsosnGrsisuermemeths & ie
fasciatus; Cheilinus. «.c.s.seseevases eee nce peg ys eer ees 93
Epinephelus i. 52 od szeseeseeciccn cea sane 7S

APIOR WATS: 2c. wecines toacedseauite tedake ou

DAIETIAS = cucceacceeeeBenine sekuadench a ens sous 104
FSH aR ia OT MID ccc sen eeetncetck dd Shoat eon) dows 56
serrata... 57
Fistulariide .......- 56
flavimarginatus, Balistes ae 29 99
forskalii, A UHOTING a: c2cacasraitechiosis sisaminiaciuede se aaeuets 5g
AMMA, AMM. sine desscenaWalns aceonatnein es ctrentials 71
HECGTI: CATATNS 2t tienen chee taeeeaes 63
fulviflamma, Lutianus -......-.--. 79
furvicaudatns, Lutianus. sO
MUSCESCENS; SIBANUSS 28:5 Hoy ge xctensun hbas eaaee teases 98
Gasterotokeus biaculeatus. .....-2....2.202- 00.2 eee eee 67
GAZ ZA MINE: oa5icico 5 ide pha bacsasesd oo elee bees Tee 69
TAPCINOSOWIA «esc eccsbtes wead Satede sates BeBOaNse 69
genistriatus, Cilotomus 95
Gerride 69
gibbosum, -tracion. 101
gibbus; LUamit.. sscsgecunes serpeccey 224 ee. cet see AQ
giganiteus, TYIOSUrUS 2..ccecessceeroces notes BN
gilberti, My@tophWtiesssece5 easeedee. cacy eens hse sisae 55
Pluris; GIOSSORO DING ao seme eee casetelecencheiid oad 104
MAUS ADUGEIAUIE .c0.0 25.0226 oheule diana Sheahan bead 93
Glossogobius biocellatus...............2.22-....002-05- 104
giuris 104

Gobildie ..0cccne9 «ex 104
goldmanni, Plectorhyrehus..........0.22.-.- M
pracis; Sauna scccne sede resiaanensnsweds AG ee encse 54
gracilis, Stile phorus: 2) waacexeerecsees tue cecae gen sc ce 53
Grammiistes sexlineatus...............22.0 .2e cee eee 7s
grammistes, Petroscirtes 104
guttatus, Halichoeres ........ 4
Gymnocranius lethrinoides -.... S1
Gymnosarda pelamis ...........- 61
GY MMOUNO LAKIN sacs ccaie se cicracnciecrsiclec se ene wan ancients 56
MGHUTASONT c.ciseien eemvascans ia geese 56

eM UliGee:: o5i-ciscttushyen seevermeqencawee elluaemokeenie 83
HNC Hees Bt hb lS eee as wets wiescg Sopsienerc cae sk aypheuin dre s 94
leparensis 95
miniatus 94
Digrescens. 94
POCHUS cscs sciceieccss shnotae 95
PUTPUTCSCONS inc ased ee eeleeetes soe oemeisees 94

INDEX.

Page.

Halicheeres scapularis ............0.2..0.20--0e eee ee eee 94
MeN, Cituli. cat mie eaeesce si eesorommenk bustin e ke: 6 G5
Hamrur,, Priacanthus excceasassissccesececes oemaed scons 73
harak; Dehn nusievcesus cine acusagie x ceeewmores cece 86
Harengula moluccensis..........000..0....0.00220-20-. 53
We TtZEC ANS AT oss 5 crepe AS cc say everest SaredSecenvmaardore aacledanbdae ee ane 72
MARtzfelali, NGWIUS, 2 sicecccamcinicianien uedes Sew aueguoee 106
HaAUMeM, Grichiurus: secswcsies soe early we 2 o2caee ou cve 62
Hemiramphus marginatus 58
97

97

107

hexophthalma, Parapercis ..........0................. 103
NGM EMI TSH ay. ongcisienan cceuttwise eames caacew oh gavccan MM
Holocentrida: 60
Holocentrus cornutus 60
Hyporhamphus dussumierii 5S
58

EAP POW OTIS gina s aten denies dmeictsssiae vulecmaiwiniss aay 101
MIDRIENSIS as ee eectesttesoedoancentwen 102
hypselogeneion, Lagocephalus 100
hypselopterus, Lethrinus.........2..22...22....... S6
SESH O RU cs wenaids mermeqdanny 4 Rees vaso ouandasoss 54
indica, “ANCHOVIGis sce ccn 6 ois enigedes 2s ge aoceceede od
indicus, Pseudupeneus ..................2.00. 02 88
Inbermis:‘CHENIO j si so)s:5,5:3dsdoacencoloee kc aude sels 93
insidiator, Platyeephalus 103
japonicus, Mulloides.............2..200..000.002.. 5 ss
PATIO ER uiimcic i uldaconygnwieilen sadiso aie 82
Scomber). j2eccccen serine. saswaviccecunsentce sa 61
Jarbua, Terapon’s cecscaeccci da we sissies b,c ce daiiddcceuen 83
jJavanicus; PlatopHrys esi «2-50 desc weesceccdemonns wee 105
TRI: BRAINS ccna carious Secanawinn ate siemems Sate os
JOMO: SP Wy roe Mar sciaiacs8 2.8 Be iesueyt = 3G iaesceevivne Sem neeancnerateedltees 59
jJeNKIns!;, AMIa. o... 5.230 sencaciiss seecssnees odlec 73
jerdoni, Pomacentrus eree 89
jobnii;, Latianuses iccictcncewoncetayreeueecaseheeoeneeee 79
Solmiitis DElOn BOF 4 yeveneane ewonaws oe wand Hoge sess doce s7
Kalla; Caranisconenc secs eat 108 gaan Goseaiteiias wevrsis 65
Ka pas; Xyste meus ccesentessocntawsains Ades nolan 70
kendalli, Cephalopholis.......-..2...0.....22.2....0-- 76
EOUGMALOMON, AMIE. oo. oc.0sc0 desc ndescnd sa danemenney ean 71
ISON OSE NS CA LISS Oise aco.s sa nieeirscces ee cntease ness wcmclain bad dd
Eurra,, Decapterns:s:cc.ccccecreniesssncistesne sce sieociiowe say 63
Labracinus melanotenia .o...22 s:ce0. csuse enewes casas 95
tTispilOS’s p20 seniad vecueecceas ve tesaisnstews 95

LG DrIdS <2 ess seman wesc doseage eommneueiiors is 93
La brOid 8 PaTaGiSeUs ons. sic eles sass ecie cee'en scierevere ere 28 94
TACENtH, Cally ON) .ccccctcceps 14 ie noeetaniatecesaeesees 96
ACLATIUS IAC LATIUS sasncacsaetescieeren aces Hauer 63
Jactarius, Lactarius access a cncwes sc oe vaciniowers seca cs 63
Tacunosa;, Atherinais cant casiecicaessiseaicistiososcismectomatade 59
Lagocephalus hypselogeneion................-2....-.-- 100
lanesar: Sphyreiaysss.ca5 wexive wesc senceuerans oases 60
Leiognathus: dussumiert 0.0 seis seiewne eaten sa caccen 67
COT CAA aci24: ya. as ecceioisle'd adedestecs edecatesaoned 69
COWATOS! adcdnevneddouaen ernie aaecaaanense 68
PASCIAtUS sce crass saa ees ra Reda 4a Fete 69
SPIENGENS siccasid siscinssagi ec) Grate ees cer 67
StEFCOTATIUS 22.06 eecesess vec eeeasens sues 67

WIT RATS: 2s asicnss esikaeic: Seceneemense cee 67
feiuroides, Ty1OSUrus: ...2cc cca secenres 22 Heaeine tae eeeek 58
leparensis, Halichceres.....-.......2...------22-----025- 95
Lepidaplois mesothorax.....-.......-..-----2----5---- oo
lethrinoides, Gymnocranius .......-.....-..-....--.--- x1
Léthrimus Hara ks... smears asesricisad tameneres oateeins 86
56

hy pselop ters. . 2.1223 wena ve siecerea ese

iit

Page.

Lethrinus mabscnoides. 0.2.22 2... 000000022 cece eee 87
moonsii KG

WOT VULCHIUINIS cna scsxccscnumel ad Acar ee rai)

CUB MOIH ccccccaseceied tang os gt ey neces 86

OT MAVIM erccaciecratorenaiey He Ok Aged coco suede ta 7
variegatus .... KO
leucogrammicus, Emmelichthys .................-.-.- 71
Neuewris; But Sts eeess ooh he sed cores we ab 95 Baaeavencenstaore 104
Vireatus, GUT. oor ace cucccemerseiioosn ae eeniaieemens SI
URIS icoiccore war cecisaevasieateessshatoin' ald’ aa. vedeaugepieeeagy 98
Tipeghitws, Ditlaniticss . cacsrcasaccns sxe 65 ooeubateces S1
Tiktoralis, Pomasentmisa... cccsleeuwacemaade dcnwilawwce &9
Loimmimacullatuaisicceuzad nies seetenvceti ane ve oa stieranas 9s
lunaris, ‘Spheroidestescuwas se cise sceugnancic so 00 deduecoae 101
PTV HSS OND Biesss:6 sscie ozisis ccaednaeiahen eo Amearnumewen 94

TE APNE oc cxmccannea vie bide mew summacaeencs teewe 75
TOR ATS, TARTS «00 oe csaeanets 204 pehaeaasisaaca sass 80
Jitews, PReHQU pen GOs. o caccaes xa axn052 aniweannsees nea &9
UCTS vb G ks coe pene rae eae eer ere am ION 8 8 Cav SIY Geer Ree 78
Litianus'amboinensis:. io susis cscs ccceuscnecceccum eased 81
GE CUSSA DUS x ec: siate son yews yerace Serene oe 79
erythropteruss.eccesvse ss susecesece use tce 80

ful Vi AMADA, pneu creed eo ccad od eeicasmieadsesesavasa ale 79

PUP VICA OATS: a2 ease isiteia cic bedueties +0

RAD DUSire acecigs ces soied ac shed ahaeaenee a9

JODMIL nse ssu pagan enkadas sonaeeseecemacenes 79

MIN CA US 225 sn sconeaedines 34 sa ameenedienacuxcntae 81
lineolatus. 81

Tum] tus) 2 43.20 <cecctiatntin bogs celsiegcealeamen, 80

IN ZONA S aie vs ee temececeaninslns 22 secawalaeneeee 79
MaTwbATICUS: =): sjiss.c da gainsosds seeews Boece 81
monostizma ... 79
quingnelineatus. 79

Vibt aie we nessa a1

luzonia, Scolopsis. . . 85
WUZONIMS Wt ANNSt ei os oe hGcueaincaeceuat hadi demace 79
macracanthus, Platycephalu 103
macrolepidotus, Novaculichthy cee
macrolepis, Myripristis . 60
Sillago ....... 87
macropteroides, Archamia .. 74
macrosomus, Decapterus . 63
macrurus, Monacanthus .-.-.-. 100
maculatus, Epinephelus....... 76
POMACASIS 2 voerege- ates sek ae 83

NOTNTAEG siesta einige nt eels aeiecee nates es oe 7
mahsenoides, Lethrinus.........-...-.2.......-. 87
malabaricus, Lutianus ......-.....2...222-2-2.64 81
margaritiferum, Scolopsis..............2...22-2-0. 000s 4
margaritophora, AMIA:<.; «5550 exacwaimisasars sie vaes tevin. 74
marginatus, Hemiramphus.............--..2.22---220+ 58
Mauritiana, ANgUM a, - ccs ccc cccedemem secs nee os eee 56
Megalaspis ‘cord Vlas ee.. cscs: ecisnes cconuyeaanees yecey 65
AMEKAlOPS CVPTiMOlGes: <25.cacases seavicecseesesseaees eye 53
melanotenia, Lab racinus.......--.-..---....2-06e eee 95
moentalis, Apogonichthys .-.........0 2. 2. 2e22- eee 74
META HPN CPHEIUS, .issataes ose skaag eaten wissen 73
mesothorax, Lepidaplois ........-...........222..--+-- 94
microlepidotus, Scomber. .. 61
microphthalmus; MyTipristiSissc...-c.2c082 sesera tanec 60
Miniatus, Haliehteres:. 2 o.cicseiaueemer sere aceeenmsews 94
WAN Uti, GACZA dene eucses seca vsslcem erases og wetted eet 69
moana. Ps CuduUpeneus:. 2+ scce.ccccemorecrerea me seeces 88
qMcensii,. “LethFinUs:..3. veseseccseedesneat aes aeee de 86
moluccensis, Harengula..... .. ..< cose. .e 258.08 ea ne - 22 53
POMACEMMITNS spo ceiidseeeaie tee seessiss 89

MOM ONT IME sec38 ccedye abo OLS eemmemageeeedee Se eebs 100

IV INDEX:
Page.
Monacanthus:Chimenss co. 32 eae tion cmecannre ae eeeieee 100: |) ‘Pempheris:vamicolensis:«..56s:cisie meme 2 etecacces eae
macrurus -- - 100 | Pentapus caninus .....
MAOMOGHTOUS ATI A eieities na neuen tnnerds ibaa na alalnseies 72 BOTOSUS> ccc tetas ann ne eaieaslds on oRaieldans we Bee
Monodactylustirgént@tsicsas os ssacceraperes up orceees ss “1. | perforata, Sardinella. suis scecsssevies ass geydieee ss wees
MONnOLTAM MUS; SCGlOpPsiss....cececccaeeaey oy h Fee. eee | | petimba, Fistularia....
MONOStiPMA WUHAN YS 22 Se esewauelge ae sp eeecenast 79 | Petroscirtés grammistes: .. 2.5. .ccnceee sete deenpge ewe
Mugil planiceps.-.... 59 Pharopteryx nigricans .-.
sundanensis. 59 | phekadopleura, Stethojulis.
Mugilideecs scsscax 59 | philippinus, Pomacentrus....
Mu O80 cei cestrecnewaeas sala enenalanas eect ceitsenneir es 87! ZenarchoOpterus «22sec ccacc seecceessacceas
Mulloides japonicus . RS. pictus, Plectorhynehus: si... .000 + s02<ccacenexsc5ece005
samoensi 87 | piersoni, NesSOPTaM MUS coc eves scesceserncsciwsaseays
yanicolensis BE. “PinjalO Uw pus score sssuersaninceventves segues ty eas
Mureenidee ........... 56 | Plectropoma calcariferum
murdjan, Myripristis 60 | planiceps, Mugil -. :
Myctophide ......... 55 | Platacide.........-.- Z .
Myctophum gilberti 55 | Platophrys javanicus. .
myops, Trachinocephalus ............--. 2-22-2220 sees 55 NGM OCHS 22wsasenetotasatatat seeuceemaeser
Myripristismacrolepis! asic csiasesads namie sca decane 60 PALA ss sc dec avegsies Fs ae ecRUR Te Be awlrmE RS ERS
MicrophthalMUsscneuoecvcdess ca ossrieceviees 60 PANTHETINUSS. 95 oerauivene dias Verearercion'e
MUPAjans.cce2ce~e 60 russellii....
pralinius. 60 | Platycephalids
naucrates, Echenvi 104 | Platycephalus bataviensis
neglectus, Platophrys 105 AMSIGIATOL cfecwi te See ee eee
nematacanthus, Lethrinus......................22.06 8&6 WVACTACAMTDUS said ce usnestey Shaasedenswe ca
Nemipterus japonicus .........2 2022220222222 ee eee ee eee 62: fh IGtAX OLDICUIATIS( 6 cw cieeis ig ehacce: dees ddoundaes ahs
MCTMUTUS acecae ceeeeececanise ecceese eens Gl | PleGtorhynchusicelepieus.. cc soccnemensies doweweses cee
OVENTI sc. 82 chrysotenia .
teniopterus .. 82 goldmanni ..
worcesteri . 81 PICtUSe cso ss
nemurus, Nemipters 1. -vescovecexndes seeseeeeeacesas BT: (PLO COSTUME iafayoeecals wtsrctcborotarcid aiasalciatcin wfauhaliennsiatsetarteancae et
NESOPTAMMNUS we4 sete os ocreeece eet ws site ae seems 6L | Plotosus anguuUlaris oo.2ccciegies eencceteues woseeats see
PISTON yerceten cease eee ieee GL. || POLCM NS, ANCHE, is ewcamewass tard cinted accaeeue vd
NGtUIMae Hal ASSIS... cc east sccaundiorraGaacaasaics DG: || POMACEN IAG wer remedies eateeke Midas aes cee sane
niger, Balistes ........ 99 | Pomacentrus alexandere
nigrescens, Halichceres. 94 jerdoni.....
nigricans, Pharopteryx. 74 littoralis ...
MisTofasciata; Senolawccesceceaseasta ses peeese semen 63 moluccensis
nigropunctatus, Tetraod On... cscsncssac us soeee veetecen 101 philippinus
Notothenitd as ci inscs5 varicrememactots pace cose cnnss 108 PODED sscemisamemssscmutriaimave wementanees
Novaculichthys macrolepidotus. . Y PRN TUS rede cits ite, alteseentetin os aaa
= nove-guinee, Amia 72 trimaculatus
_ obtusata, Sphyreena 60 tripunctatus
obtusauris, Cephalopholis e 77} Pomadasis maculatus
OCctofascistUs;, CHMIOGOM secs a chan acces sciemmiogmaes 96 | popei, Pomacentrus ...
OKOAGH, CONV OOO oincceea sesmescceaninws Soedadeasaes 96 | pralinius, Myripristis ..
Ophicephalide ...... 103 | Priacanthide........
Ophicephalus striatus .. 108: |) Priaganthus Wamryl sc cccccc0 descwanc caged Reems nec
ophthalmotenia, Caranx. 64 | Psammoperca waigiensis -
orbicularis, Platax 97 | Psettodes:erumed...ccccecessscses soeeeesccess
ornatus, Lethrinus 87 | PSCUMOCHTOMIO «ss hcoxcmcics ee gaecmwas one
Osbeckia seripta -- 100 | Pseudupeneus barberinus .......-.......2.0....222-...
OStRN CH Bu cssa seco ese seeccs oa ceawtte ccna eemremipene 101 bifasciatuss.2.2cceeceseses es seeaedes ede
Ostracion gibbosum ... 101 TINGICUS toate nepigece ce ows Sagiauniere exacts
tuberculatum. - 101 luteus ..
Otolithus argenteus ... 87 moana..
Ovenii,, NEMIPtEIUS. <...0os 2 cewines she acieeincsiebieestisceone 62 SPIUUPUS) .2.cocce00 ca exec nese
Oxyurichthys cristatus.......-.---22-- 22 ee eee eee ee eee 104 | Pterois volitans
pachycentrou, Cephalopholis. .......-..--..-.+-22----- 76 | punctatum, Xystema
Palad; Platoph ry sscccccccnssaniemtew states seeeeesiws 105 | purpurescens, HaNcho@res civccs sc seecou cove duesenees eee
pantherinus, Platophrys 105) |; puta; Pera pom: aciaciwissh eathdaserer ade dwn acmerege . bases
paradiseus, Labroides ...... Of” quadrifasclata, AWE ..<c0000% seernewteeruccs Gia Sepak
Parapercis hexophthalma. . 103 | quadrilineatus, Terapon..
Pardachirus pavoninus 107 | quinquelineatus, Lutianus.......
pavoninus, Pardachirus ............----------+---- +--+ 107 | quoyi, Callyodon .........-.-.....
pelamis, Gymnosarda 61 AYPOrhaMpPhus: .2.scsevecaas. arneagnances sai
Pempherid® ......----22-- 00sec cece cee eee eee eens 7S | RaChycentron Canadus.ccccc. estas cmeseuecdesss secees

INDEX.

Page.

reevesii, Calliurichthys...:...cccecc1seesce00s seeesaeess 103
tichardsonl, Gymmotherax 2.0.6 occecs os os aemniinece one 56
MOUATINUS cs. 5005 ca addayneas berets anesoees 86

Tusselli, Wim Dili. ween se ees grsets ese ccs sedge ase eee 87
Hussellii, PlVtOph ty Sie. = csicc5accciet Secs: G Sagacisine BSE 105
SUN TAS ATSCIACUS) 3.02.2.2c-Gascoe cea naie we deoeaesaeksas 104
samoensis, Mulloides 87
sangiensis, \mia.. 72
Sardinella clupeoides Ad
PURO wee setae dees aap Seca esckeereess 54

Saurida argyrophanes 54
BTNGCHUS. cj ausdnc iomadnesd eecaced a 3eeenceeenaete 54

SUTUS; CHIOQs!. 6 cmoccos capancmmes aerecedesaeenEeceee aes 53
SUMAIMOMSIS. GAURTID: 2c. aygpctewiniecnicisielsicic aiesle 4 cca oa nana ores 12
scabra S¢bastOpsis: scsuaicot scares paceaaiecsmyseouesiewe = 102
scapularis, Halichceres 94
SCATICNUHVIGE ciccgcecesccds canis 95
Searichthys cceruleopunctatus . 95
SGleN IG ice cc ong ek neataneeearntas eoumeeateaaasedeuass 87
Scolopsis bilimeatum oc. ve.caccses versie aeeceemer 84
DWIANEN SIS: csc a ons gece dt axttseawus Venema 85
CanCellatum wnccseconendcncct sa ayeese sees 84

WAZ OT Ay essed opacity eee ster 85
MATRALILCHUMN. 6.43: susegucinewce wesc ccetnees 84
monogrammus ... 85

Scomber brachysomus. . 61
japonicus ....... Shes 61
MICTOLE PIM OtUS! ie ce isie snc cies scare cei re wees 61
Scomberoides toloo-parah ............02026 00202-22220 62
ScCOmDridi® oan ws kaha eeeisen vocoiassemeeernten. 61
SCORPMMIGS «221d sauissaueudecetad ae uenteaees aes 101
Scorpidide .... 71
Seniptay OSPECKIA scsemcsaquanios. £6 tansedyen 100
sebee, Diacope .... 78
Sebastopistestrisktisnccc: soa veyic seaseummavesssaestees es 102
Se bastOpSis See briiscete woneusugmeseenine ss achtnee ieee 102
selene; ChetOd ON wens nyeurases vexes cokes seune nessasing 96
septemfasciatus, Abudefduf............----.--.--+----- 93
German Gees. 4 ntcncese Gees conse eteiases Wage eees Sess 79
Senna tay Mistwlariacc.ccs paacewsatcuccce hacen ie ceeeeesecet 5
Seriola nigrofasciata ..... 63
setosus, Pentapus ...... 84
sexfasciatus, Caranx ... 65
sexlineatus, Grammistes . 78
Siganidee 98
Siganus fuscescens ...-..------- 2-022 see ener eect tees 98
PAVUS) cuicsssicicieiecymed de tenancies Ae cheaiaiueieidls BARES 98

TMCS (US n245 screened stodcowen cede ys
WErmiCal aus -.ccc0osexaaeenes Pee 98
Virgatus.. <.2s26 98
Sillaginide ..........2... ecco cece ence eee eee neee 87
Sillago macrolepis. .......----------2++-ee+ ee eee rere 87
Gilli ridee.~ <2x.cc:ad see dadieins sige s SECRET Smee se 56
simus, Cypsilurus..........2.-22 202 ee see eee eee eer ee 58
Soleichthys heterorhinos...-...--..--.-+--+-+++-++20++ 107
SO] GLdG8 , cose eee neice ge c were a Hale ei aida ere Nee Serene 106
sorsogonensis, Synaptura....-.-... 106
Sparide ...-....-----e cece cence 86
Sparus calamara ... 86
speciosus, CaranX ....--.--2+-2200--.2 eee et eerste rere ee 64
spilurus, Pseudupeneus ......------+ +--+ seer rere reer 88
Spheroides lunaris ....-..--------+-+++++rereeeee eres 101
Sphyreena jello.....-.-----.+-2---++e eee eeeee sree 59
langsar 60

obtusata 60

Sphy tenia. c..ic isc ocemet sees :
splendens, Leiognathus .
slercorarius, Leiognathus 2...
stethojulis phekadopleura .

zatima

ATCT Sosateceeneane se aren borieeaeee pense

SUDIALUS; (CHOMOG HAMHUY, oo. wn sctasiencuedcebnssocsaqnces
Ophicephalus.
strigata, Valenciciunen.
strigatus, Aeoliscus..
sulphurus, Upencus
sundaicus, Upeneus.................
sundanensis, Mugil..
Sy Ma plu ra. SorsoPONENSIS's, «oo. greene centages wee noteeenen
Syngnathidee
SV MOGOMUAR: seiccs. scot Ss sddeeedotount wi late saeakeaese
Synodus varius........
teniopterus, Nemipterus .
teniurus, Pomacentrus ..
tapeinosoma, Gazza
TAUTICHtNYS VALINS cesacusysece ceaes eee atnonenss ee
tauvina, Epinephelus
temminckii, Atherina
Terapon jarbua....
puta. . =e
quadrilineatus ..

thalassinvs, Netuma
Thalassoma lunaris...

theraps, Terapon .
thrissa, Konosirus.........-
toloo-parah, Scomberoides --.
Trachinocephalus myops
Trachinotws ballon, nccenecaes cacersueesamesascas vate
tragula, UPenCUs ssc ncnesaains sees sennensesw acne sees
Trichiuride ..........
Trichiurus haumela......--
trimaculatus, Pomacentrus.
tripulictatus,.. POMACENtTUS!. 2.2. jeeesex ceae eee 22 deve
trispilos; LADTACINUS. (acini a eecwsweiemianias teas abeseetSee
tristis, Sehastopistes
turberculatum, Ostracion
Tylosurus giganteus ......
leiuroides ..
typus, Pinjalo
Umbrina dussumieri
russelli
Undilatus, Balistapus:.cc0e ven sscceeneaenere aeveseees
unicornis, Acanthurus
unimaculatus, \bodefduf..
Chetodon.

Upeneus sulphurus
sundaicus
tragula

urotenia, Ambassis

vagabundus, Chetodon

Valenciennea strigata . .

vanicolensis, Mulloides.

PUMP OPIS snghs2 ccc -tsssitesssi sale See eeGARS
yariegatus, Lethrinus
varius, Taurichthys

v

Page
59
G7
67
93
93
53
53
97

103
104

AS

88

VI
Page.
WATIUS; SYNOGUS: s2cacas tevdeazcccas suo acscinasecses shes 55
VEPMICUIATIS, SISO US ae sia cessor saticlcigdneroueindialeie 2b 98
virgatus, Leiognathus ....--.........2.. ccc ceeueeece eee 67
BIPANUS waidccasecumcie crsnws gene emionianeeee ee 98
vitta, Lutianus . 81
volitans, Pterois ....22....- 103
waigiensis, Psammoperca. . 7s
AVOTCeSteT “ NOMIPUCTUS 2.2 eeenewceeancs $8 Si didadeeniee sl
RONCHULUS, cA DUCCIAUES wesccerseiwens vece.Scaiieaa tee 92

INDEX.

Page.

Xysteema baconensis -..-.. 21 eee eee eee eee eee eens 69
a PaS. si ccd cuaeanes dockddwbamte cadena 70
PUNCATUM secs eusecd ee viheenss neni oecuane 69

gatima, StethoJUs ss.c0ccecconsy sevewniesne ss sence 93
zebra, Dendrochirus - 103
Zenarchopterus dispar. ...... = 59
philippinus - ae 59

ZOnatiis, A DUMEIDUE 2.0 cue eeeeisn neyereeatoccs -ecccccs 92

apace
aan
SES

ae

his

ey

SA
Sat
=

seats
are!

ae

3
yeep
va Dearhss

feet finer Shean tte .
sfiisras anaes
seis 2