CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Professor Frank H. Golay inor products of Philippine forests, Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924009599329 ‘OVNVGNIW ‘NVSNDV ‘NOIDSY 3NV1 NI SNVONVd Minor Products of Philippine Forests EDITED BY William H. Brown, Ph. D., Chief, Division of I: tigation, Bureau of Forestry; Professor of Botany, University of the Philippines; and Plant Physiologist, Bureau of Science VOLUME III Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Bureau of Forestry Bulletin No. 22 Arthur F. Fischer, Director of Forestry MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1921 177674 ‘DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES BUREAU OF FORESTRY Bulletin No. 22, Volume III ARTHUR F. FiscHer, Director of Forestry CONTENTS Page. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE Forests. William H. BY OWA, .sesecce---eeeeeeeeeeeeceeseeens suceenth tesa oeecaics tes aerecreav ee cinemas q PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTITUTES OR SCOURING MATE- RIALS. William H. Brown. 49 OFFICIAL PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS. William H. Brown............ 63 PoISONOUS PHILIPPINE PLANTS. William H. Brown ........2.....-:000---+ 79 MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL WILD PHILIPPINE PLANTS. William H. Brown 3 85 PHILIPPINE EDIBLE FuNGI. Otto A. Reinking 97 MEDICINAL USES OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS. Leon Ma. Guerrero............ 149 INDEX _.............. SRD alt oe oa cate ataawbins an datecode Cues iui 247 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE FORESTS By Witu1am H. Brown 6 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 1. PLATYCERIUM BIFORME. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE FORESTS CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Family Polypodiaceae .......2.2.2.22.:::00000 Asplenium nidus —.........000..0.000 cece Drynaria quercifolia ? ore Platycerium biforme Family Lycopodiaceae ..0............20.c0ccccceeeeees Lycopodium spp. ....-..-.--:::ccseeee Family Cycadaceae -.........22.2..ccccceeseeeeeeeeeees Cyeas rumphii........0.0.0020........ Family Liliaceae _.2.222..2...2.2eeeeeeeee Lilium philippinense Family Orchidaceae .......0......2...00:::::eeeseee- Aerides quinquevulnerum ..................... Calanthe veratrifolia -..00200220200000.02.. Cordula argus .............--::cccccececeseeeeees Cordula philippinensis .......................... Dendrobium acuminatum ..................... Dendrobium amethystoglossum. ........... Dendrobium anosmum ...............0000.2----- Dendrobium aureum .............200.::c0 Dendrobium crumenatum ..................... Dendrobium dearei ee Dendrobium lyonii .......0..00000000- Dendrobium revolutum ..............0002... Dendrobium sanderae .................0......... Dendrobium schuetzei ..........0..00000000000... Dendrobium taurinum .......0.00000.00000... Bria merrill, «2.0.0.0 eenewesersacesceacecessaen Grammatophyllum measuresianum ..... Grammatophyllum multiflorum ........... Grammatophyllum wallisii ................... Phalaenopsis amabilis 8 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Description of species—Continued. Family Orchidaceae—Continued. Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana Phalaenopsis schilleriana Renanthera storiei Rhynchostylis retusa Spathoglottis plicata Vanda lamellata Vanda sanderiana Vandopsis lissochiloides Family Nymphaeaceae Nelumbium nelumbo ......... ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE FORESTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page. Fic. 1. Platycerium biforme. From Bureau of Government Labor- atories Publication No. 28.......0...0..221::c::2:ceeeeeeee 6 2. Asplenium nidus growing in the forest........00...2-.....e1:cccscecees 10 3. Lilium philippinense ..........0000.00....ccececccceeee eee eee eis 13 4. Aerides quinquevulnerum 15 5. Aerides quinquevulnerum.................... 16 6. Dendrobium acuminatum. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II, Plate 17 ..... i baie eats 17 7. Dendrobium anosmum 19 8. Dendrobium aureum. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II, Plate 176 set pat Da hrc eae pat a Sd apenas 20 9. Dendrobium crumenatum ..... : 21 10. Dendrobium lyonii Pocsd fot sdeira eat ash ete Se eoteealisedaasfascaests 23 11. Dendrobium sanderae ........................- Seecuatesmyasenersaeh 25 12. Dendrobium schuetzei 2.2.2.2... .eceeecceee cee cececeeeeece cose ceeteseeteseeteees 26 13. Dendrobium schuetzei. From Gard. Chron. LII, Fig. 102 ee 27 14. Dendrobium taurinum . oes ed darts ac 28 15. Dendrobium taurinum oon... cece ieee cece ceeceeecececeeceeteeeneeeeteeteees 29 Gs Perla TORR: on. c255 sos ada ssccbeciactendeacoctncuac tottus. te lidesdeenteregeeeusnoae eet 31 17. Grammatophyllum multiflorum. From Pml. Agr. Rev., Vol. 5 (1912).; No. 95 Plate UV seccis.ccscaiecccvccessecevscresscerestvsnccstvaaeie 32 18. Grammatophyllum wallisii 20.2.0 eee cece eee eens 33 19. Phalaenopsis amabilis 22.2... .000.0ccccceccccccceccceeccccgeeceeeeetcceeeeeeeseees 84 20. Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana _....2.....0..0.00. -ceeccceccecceeceeteeeeeeeeees 85 2, RV ATACHOPSIS: 18 Oe cae scs o- ceste cetera eee aaa Ue aes tesa 37 22. Rhynchostylis retusa ... aes 38 23. Spathoglottis plicata. From Bot. Register 1888..................... 39 DA. Vianida: lamel lata -oeccec0ciccecsnscsansaioncecsacecatenssxe.tetcadeesssevauessecadestndeaseoes 41 25... Veatida. Sanderiana; ...22-.csc.zscsecceessceceieaagedicodenseieeed beanccecieteceattitewiesleons 42 26. Vanda sanderiana 2.2... ce cesceecccceceecesceeceseecceeeeeecceeeecseesneceensencecs 43 27. Vandopsis lissochiloides. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II, page DQM, cetenmins simsscrna ante Auuaney ape itrd adb enter annsen oui tle rau rt sas davie ca cteeybescs 44 28. Nelumbium nelumbo 00.2... ciieeeccceccee cecceccecceeeeceeceeecesceceesccseeeeenees 45 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS 10 FIGURE 2. ASPLENIUM NIDUS GROWING IN THE FOREST. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE FORESTS By Witt1AM H. Brown The forests of the Philippines contain a large number of species which are decidedly ornamental, and are suitable for cultivation. These usually occur in the forest as very widely scattered individuals. As the seeds are ripe for only a short space of time and are usually quickly scattered by animals or the wind, it is frequently difficult to collect seeds from a given species. However, when once introduced into cultivation it is generally easy to obtain material for propagation. This is par- ticularly true of species which grow high up in the mountains, and which will not live under lowland conditions, but have been successfully introduced into Europe and America and grown in greenhouses. Owing to these circumstances, most of the or- namental plants in Philippine forests are of little commercial value. For this reason, it seemed desirable to include in this section only such wild ornamental plants as are collected in the forest and sold commercially. Family POLYPODIACEAE Genus ASPLENIUM ASPLENIUM NIDUS L. (Fig. 2). BIRDS’-NEST FERN. This species is frequently collected in the forest and sold in Manila, where it is used as a hanging plant. The leaves are 40 to 120 centimeters in length and 6 to 20 centimeters wide, and radiate in all directions from a common center, from which habit it gets its name. It is the commonest native fern found in cultivation in Manila. In the forest it grows in the crotches of trees or along the trunks. It thrives in cultivation as long as it is watered at fairly regular intervals, but does best when somewhat sheltered from the wind and the direct rays of the sun. Genus DRYNARIA DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA (L.) Bory. This species is collected in the forest, made into hanging bas- kets and sold in Manila. It has very stout, somewhat fleshy 11 12 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS stems which are densely covered with narrow, brown scales about a centimeter in length. The leaves are of two kinds; small, brown, concave ones which gather humus, and large ones which are 40 to 90 centimeters long and pinnately lobed, with lobes 2 to 4 centimeters wide. Genus PLATYCERIUM PLATYCERIUM BIFORME Desv. (Fig. 1). STAG-HORN FERN. This species is collected in the forest and cultivated in Manila as a hanging plant. There are two kinds of leaves; large leaves which bend upward and cover the mass in which the roots are growing, and long, branched leaves which hang downward. Family LYCOPODIACEAE Genus LYCOPODIUM The species of this genus are collected in the forest, and brought to Manila to be sold. They are pendant plants with slender branches and very small, densely crowded leaves, and are grown in hanging baskets. Family CYCADACEAE Genus CYCAS CYCAS RUMPHII Mig. .. ; Prr6co. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The young plants are collected and sold in Manila for orna- mental purposes. ; ; Family LILIACEAE Genus LILIUM LILIUM PHILIPPINENSE Baker. (Fig. 8). BENGUET LILY. Local names: Lup-lupak, suia-soi (Benguet). Lilium philippinense. is a plant 50 to 80 centimeters in height. The leaves are numerous, very narrow, and 8 to 14 centimeters in length. The flowers are about 20 centimeters long, white, and very fragrant. Lilium philippinense is cultivated in Baguio and has been exported. _ This species is very common in Benguet and has been collected in Bontoc and Pangasinan: Family ORCHIDACEAE This family is the largest, in number of species, of any in the Philippines. Most of the species have small and inconspicuous flowers and are of no value as ornamentals. A large number, ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 3. LILIUM PHILIPPINENSE. 14 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS however, are brought to Manila and sold for cultivation, and many have been exported to Europe. A description of all the individual species which are cultivated would require more space than their value warrants. The following list includes the more important commercial species. Genus AERIDES AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERUM Lindl. (Figs. 4, 5). Local names: Fracitas (Rizal) ; ualing-ualing (Tayabas). Aerides quinquevulnerum is an epiphytic herb with stout stems. The leaves are 10 to 30 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centi- meters wide. The very fragrant flowers occur in considerable numbers on long, pendulous, flowering branches. They are about 2 centimeters across and white marked with crimson magenta. This species has been reported from the following provinces: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacen, Rizal, Batangas, and Tayabas. Genus CALANTHE CALANTHE VERATRIFOLIA R. Br. Local names: Bininga (Rizal); maranidk (Cagayan, Isabela); liriong- gubat (Tayabas). Calanthe veratrifolia is a terrestrial orchid with large, green, prominently nerved leaves, which are pointed at both ends. The flowers are white, medium in size, and are borne in clusters at the ends of long, flowering branches. This species has been reported from the following provinces: Bataan, Benguet, Mindoro, Misamis, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental Negros, Pampanga, Sibutu Island, Tayabas, and Zamboanga. Genus CORDULA Members of this genus are known popularly as lady’s-slipper orchids. Two of them are worthy of note. CORDULA ARGUS (Reichb. f.) Rolfe. Cordula argus is a terrestrial orchid. The leaves are some- what elliptical in shape and arranged in two rows. The lower ones are 12 to 20 centimeters long and pale green variegated with dark green. The flowering stem is 30 to 40 centimeters high and madder purple. The flowers are 6 to 8 centimeters in ver- tical diameter. The petals are whitish at the base and have green veins; near the apex they are madder purple and spotted. The margins of the petals are hairy. This species has been reported from the following localities: Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, and Tayabas. 15 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERUM, FIGURE 4. ‘WNYSANTINASNONINO SAGIvaV ‘Ss 3YNSIS mM a wn &) oad j=} i) ic Zz = Ay Ay H 4 = q AY iS) °o wn B oO =) a o e=] Ay = io) a — a 17 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 6. DENDROBIUM ACUMINATUM. 177674——2 18 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS CORDULA PHILIPPINENSIS (Reichb. f.) Rolfe. Cordula philippinensis is a striking orchid with large leaves. The flowering shoot bears several showy flowers. The upper sepal is nearly white with prominent, longitudinal, dark-purple stripes. The lower sepal is nearly white with a yellow tip. The lateral petals are elongated, spiral, and purple, except near the base, where they are yellow with three lines of large, purple dots. The sack is white on the back, and the apex and margin lemon yellow. This species has been collected in Palawan. Genus DENDROBIUM DENDROBIUM ACUMINATUM Rolfe. (Fig. 6). Dendrobium acuminatum is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous stems. The leaves are thick, firm, smooth, 9 to 12 centimeters long, and 3 to 4 centimeters wide. The inflorescence often ex- ceeds 20 centimeters in length, and bears 7 to 20 or more flowers. These when spread out are 4.5 to 5.5 centimeters across and white, with a yellow center which is streaked with lavender. This species has been reported from Abra and Bataan. DENDROBIUM AMETHYSTOGLOSSUM Reichb. f. Dendrobium amethystoglossum is a robust, epiphytic orchid a meter in height and has 15 to 20 canes. The flowers are milk white, the lip deeply stained with amethyst purple. This species has been collected in Benguet. DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM Lindl. (Fig. 7). SANGGUMAI. Dendrobium anosmum is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous stems. The leaves are about 10 centimeters long and 3 centi- meters wide. The stems make a yearly growth, after which the leaves drop off and the flowers appear. These are fragrant, about 8 centimeters across, and light purple with a darker purple center. After the flowers fade, the stems bearing them dry, and new ones are produced from the base of the plant. This species has been reported from Abra, Benguet, Bontoc, Lepanto, Leyte, Rizal, and Nueva Vizcaya. DENDROBIUM AUREUM Lindl. Local name: Nito (Benguet). (Fig. 8). Dendrobium aureum is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical stems which are 30 to 50 centimeters long. The leaves are about 15 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. After they have fallen, the flowers appear on the stems. The flowers are large and cream colored, with yellow lips. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 7. DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM (SANGGUMAI). 20 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 8. DENDROBIUM AUREUM. n a Z < 4 a 4 < q 4 | = < Z ) FIGURE 9. DENDROBIUM CRUMENATUM,. 22 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS This species has been reported from Benguet, Albay, and Mindanao. DENDROBIUM GRUMENATUM Sw. (Fig. 9). TrAv. Local names: Ddépo* (Tayabas); irdu (Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon) ; karamosi (Ilocos Norte) ; karausi (Cagayan) ; karulai (Isabela) ; magimpal, magimapau (Bohol); man’dn (Leyte); sanggimai (Laguna). The stalk of Dendrobium crumenatum is up to a meter in length and, for a distance of about 20 centimeters from the base, is bulbous and fluted. The leaves are 5 to 8 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters wide. The flowers are 2.5 to 3 centi- meters in length, white with a pale yellow center, and very fragrant. All the plants of thi$S species in the same region flower on the same day, the flowers lasting one day or less. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines and is frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes. DENDROBIUM DEAREI Reichb. f. Dendrobium dearet is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical stems which may be more than 50‘centimeters in length. The leaves are about 5 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. The flow- ers are white with a lemon-yellow center, and about 7 centimeters in width when spread out. The stalks of the individual flowers are about 4 centimeters long so that they project beyond the leaves. The flowers remain on the stems for a long time. This species has been reported from Benguet. Mindoro, and Mindanao. DENDROBIUM LYONII Ames. (Fig. 10). Dendrobium lyonii is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous stems. The leaves are leathery, about 17 centimeters long and 3.5 to 4 centimeters wide. The flowers are wine red at the base, lighter colored at the edges, 4 centimeters long and 8 centimeters wide, and are borne on special leafless branches. This species has been reported from Bataan Province. DENDROBIUM REVOLUTUM Lindl. Local name: Sanggtmai (Bataan). Dendrobium revolutum is an epiphytic orchid with pendant stems. The leaves are 3 to 4 centimeters long and 1.5 centi- meters wide. The flowers occur singly along the stems opposite the leaves. They are 2 centimeters long, odorless, and white. The lip is pale green. * The word dapo, which occurs so frequently, alone or in composition, in the names of orchids and other epiphytic plants, means “to roost,” “to perch” and is commonly and quite properly applied, therefore, to any epiphyte. 23 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS ‘IINOAT WNIGOYGNSC ‘OT 3YHNDIA 24 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS This species has been reported from the following provinces: Bataan, Laguna, Negros Occidental, Leyte, Surigao, and Min- danao. DENDROBIUM SANDERAE Rolfe. (Fig. 11). Dendrobium sanderae is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical stems which may be nearly a meter in length. The leaves are from 4 to 8 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters wide. The flowers are borne on short branches, which are among the leaves at the end of the stem. They are white with purple lines on the throat, and about 6 centimeters long. The petals are 4 centimeters in length and nearly 3 centimeters wide. This species has been reported from Benguet, Bontoc, and Lepanto. DENDROBIUM SCHUETZEI Rolfe. (Figs. 12, 13). Dendrobium schuetzei is an epiphytic orchid 15 to 40 centi- meters in height. The stems are erect and somewhat cylindrical. The leaves are somewhat spreading, leathery, about 8 to 10 centi- meters long and about 2.5 to 3 centimeters wide. The flowers are large, showy, white, with a green blotch on the throat and a few dark spots at the base. DENDROBIUM TAURINUM Lindl, (Figs. 14, 15). Dendrobium taurinum is an epiphytic orchid with stems which are a meter or more in length and about 1.5 centimeters in diameter. The leaves occur on the upper half of the stalk and are 6 to 10 centimeters long and about 4 centimeters wide. Growing near the end. of the main stem are special flowering branches, which are 25 to 50 centimeters long and which have 6 to 20 large flowers. The sepals are cream white, tinged with green. The petals are twisted and crimson magenta. This species has been reported from the following localities: Albay, Batanes Islands, Benguet, Bukidnon, Davao, Laguna, Ri- zal, Leyte, Mindoro, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Tayabas, Gui- maras Island, and Zamboanga. Genus ERIA ERIA MERRILLI! Ames. (Fig. 16). Eria merrillii is a terrestrial orchid with a bulbous base about 10 centimeters long. The leaves are 30 to 60 or more centimeters in length, and about 4 to 7 centimeters wide. The flowering branch is 30 to 40 centimeters long and bears numerous, large, nearly white flowers, which are tinged with purple. This species has been reported from the Provinces of Rizal and Sorsogon. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 25 FIGURE 11. DENDROBIUM SANDERAE. 26 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 12. DENDROBIUM SCHUETZEI. 27 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS ‘ IaZLENHOS WNisOuqNaa “€T 3YunNdIA MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 14. DENDROBIUM TAURINUM. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 15. DENDROBIUM TAURINUM. 30 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus GRAMMATOPHYLLUM GRAMMATOPHYLLUM MEASURESIANUM Weathers. Grammatophyllum measuresianum has many bulbous stems, which are slightly compressed and vary in length from 20 to 40 centimeters. When young they are more or less furrowed, and when old, deeply wrinkled. Each bears at its summit from 4.to 6 deep-green leaves, which are from 45 to 60 centimeters long. The flowering stalks bear many flowers, which are about 10 centimeters across, yellowish, and marked with dark brown and purple. This species has been collected in Mindoro and Palawan. * GRAMMATOPHYLLUM MULTIFLORUM Lindl. (Fig. 17). Local name: Looi-léoi na daké (Sorsogon). Grammatophyllum multifiorum has many large, bulbous stems and very numerous roots, the whole sometimes forming an im- mense mass. The leaves are about 30 to 50 centimeters long and 6 to 10 centimeters wide. The flowers are large, and are borne in great numbers on long flowering shoots. They are pale green with large, dull, purplish-brown spots. This species has been reported from Mindoro, Tayabas, Cama- rines, Catanduanes Island, Sorsogon, Leyte, and Palawan. GRAMMATOPHYLLUM WALLISII Reichb. f. (Fig. 18). Grammatophyllum wallisiti is an epiphyte and the largest Philippine orchid. The flowers are borne on large flowering shoots and are large and pale greenish, with dark purple-brown blotches. Genus PHALAENOPSIS PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS (Linn.) Blume. (Fig. 19). BUTTERFLY ORCHID. Phalaenopsis amabilis is an epiphytic orchid with a few green leaves growing on a short stem. The leaves are somewhat oval- shaped, wider near the apex than near the base, and 14 to 30 centimeters in length. The flowers are borne in varying num- bers on flowering branches, are white, and 7 to 10 centimeters across. The butterfly orchid is very commonly cultivated in Manila. This species has been reported from the following localities: Albay, Bataan, Bohol, Cagayan, Camarines, Davao, Igar Island, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Lanao, Lumbucan Island, Mindoro, Negros Occidental, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Rizal, Tayabas. and Zamboanga. FIGURE 16. ERIA MERRILLII. wn a a < 4 Ou 4 < & Za a = < 4 oe — 32 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS GRAMMATOPHYLLUM MULTIFLORUM. FIGURE 17. M WALLISII. mn a Zz < mS) Ay 4 < SI Z ea = -t Za Po ) FIGURE 18. GRAMMATOPHY 177674——3 34 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 19. PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS. 35 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 20. PHALAENOPSIS LUEDDEMANNIANA. 86 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS PHALAENOPSIS LUEDDEMANNIANA Reichb. f. (Fig. 20). Local names: Flor de la mafiana (Spanish) ; manan-du (Samar, Leyte). Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana is an epiphytic orchid with usually two to six oval leaves growing on a short stem. The flowers are borne on special, branched, flowering shoots, have a faint odor, and are variable in size and color. They are white or yellow marked with purple or brown, and are about 6 centi- meters in diameter. This species has been reported from the following localities: Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo Islands Leyte, Palawan, Bukidnon, Da- vao, Lanao, and Zamboanga, PHALAENOPSIS SCHILLERIANA Reichb. f. ’ Local name: Ddpong-tigre (Laguna). Phalaenopsis schilleriana is an epiphytic orchid with a few somewhat oblong-oval leaves growing on a short stem. The leaves are mottled above, purple beneath, up to 20 centimeters long, and 6 centimeters wide. The flowers are borne on large, branched, flowering shoots, are odorless, large, and pinkish purple. This species is found in Tayabas and Laguna Provinces. Genus RENANTHERA RENANTHERA STORIE! Reichb. f. Renanthera storie is a stout, epiphytic orchid 2 to 3 meters in height. The leaves are leathery, arranged in two rows, 10 to 14 centimeters long and about 3.5 centimeters wide. The flowering shoot is very large and bears many fiowers, which are 4 to 4.5 centimeters across. They are odorless, ‘dark red, and remain fresh on the stem for a long period. This species has been reported from the following localities: Bataan, Rizal, and Dinagat Island. Genus RHYNCHOSTYLIS RHYNGHOSTYLIS RETUSA (Linn.) Blume. (Fig. 22). Rhynchostylis retusa is an epiphytic orchid with green leaves which are about 25 centimeters long and about 2.5 centimeters wide. The flowers are crowded on a flowering shoot about 20 centimeters long. They are pale pink or nearly white and have a pale-purple lip. The lateral sepals are about 7 millimeters long and about 6 millimeters wide. The petals are much shorter ond narrower. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 21. PHALAENOPSIS sp. 88 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 22. RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA. 39 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 23. SPATHOGLOTTIS PLICATA. AO MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS This species has been reported from Bataan, Nueva Ecija, and Rizal. Genus SPATHOGLOTTIS SPATHOGLOTTIS PLICATA Blume. (Fig. 23). Local names: Balum-balum (Bukidnon); kanovog (Batanes Islands) ; talu-ang ‘(Bukidnon) ; tabu-dapi (Tayabas). Spathoglottis plicata is a terrestrial orchid with a few long, rather narrow leaves growing from the bulbous base of the stem. The leaves are 20 to 60 centimeters long and 1.8 to 6 centimeters wide. The flowering shoots are 30 to 70 centimeters long. The flowers are purple or deep pink, and about 3.5 centimeters in diameter. , This species has been reported from the following localities: Albay, Batanes Islands, Lepanto, Benguet, Bukidnon, Laguna, Leyte, Mindoro, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Tayabas, Lanao, and Zamboanga. Genus VANDA ; VANDA LAMELLATA Lindl. -(Fig. 24). Vanda lamellata is an epiphytic orchid. The leaves are about 2 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. The flowers are borne on special branches, which may have 20 or more flowers. These are about 3 centimeters in vertical diameter, fragrant, and yellowish with purple-brown. markings. This species has been reported from the following localities: Cagayan, Bontoc, Benguet, Abra, Zambales, Bataan, Cavite, Ta- yabas, Mindoro, Babuyanes, Camiguin, Capiz, and Sulu Archi- pelago. VANDA SANDERIANA Reichb. f. (Figs. 25, 26). Vanda sanderiana is a large epiphytic orchid. The leaves are trough-like and 15 to 30 centimeters long. The flowers grow in clusters and are 6 to 8 centimeters in transverse by 10 to,11 in vertical diameter. The upper three petals are lavender with dull- purple spots in the lower part. The lower two petals are tinged with yellow and there are very numerous, dull-purple nerves and reticulations which give a general, dull-purple color. The lip is dull purple and yellow. This is the showiest orchid’ oa in the Philippines. This species is found in Mindanao. Genus VANDOPSIS VANDOPSIS LISSOCHILOIDES (Gaudich.) Pfitz. (Fig. 27): Vandopsis lissochiloides is a terrestrial orchid with leafy stems up to 2 meters in height. The leaves are about 25 to 50 centi- 41 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FIGURE 24. VANDA LAMELLATA 42 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS FIGURE 25. VANDA SANDERIANA. 43 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS “VNVINSQNVS VONVA ‘92 SYNDIA MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS 44 VANDOPSIS LISSOCHILOIDES. FIGURE 27. 45 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS NELUMBIUM NELUMBO. FIGURE 28. 46 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS meters long and about 5 centimeters wide. The flowering shoot is 1.5 to 2 meters long, and bears numerous flowers which are 5 to 6 centimeters across. The back of the flower is purple and the inside yellowish green with purple spots. This species has been reported from Bukidnon, Panay, Sigaboy Island, and Zamboanga. Family NYMPHAEACEAE Genus NELUMBIUM NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (L.) Druce. (Fig. 28). A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. This plant grows in immense numbers in Laguna de Bay. The flowers are gathered in considerable quantities and brought to Manila to be sold. Nelumbium speciosum grows in shallow water, the leaves and flowers extending above the surface. It has very large, rounded leaves and large, pink flowers: PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI- TUTES OR SCOURING MATERIALS By Witi1Am H. Brown 47 INTRODUCTION .... Ficure 1. Albizzia acle (akle) PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI- TUTES OR SCOURING MATERIALS CONTENTS Family Moraceae Ficus: Uli fo acc cscsccceovsisee cesvcexarentesscscusdecneanatsdtastesneaiceneceteeasseess : Streblus aspev.........0..00200. 0 dsfuleeaentisena me ctheas mh ames edi dine, Family Leguminosae...........2..2--2:.0cccccce0 ecececeeeeeeeceeeeeteteee ceneeeeceeeeetees a Albizzia acle............cc--ccccceececceceeeees- Albizzia saponaria spit vaesennasits Entada phaseoloides...................... PP Aa las Catharina: auemer 1 ah hess Family Oxalidaceae..............22.2-2..c:ccceccccesceeeeeeesseceeceeeseteenees eee teeeeceeees Averrhoa bilimbi... 00... cecec eee cee cece eects cee reeeeeneeeee Family Polygalaceae....-..-..-..cccscc-cccecceceeceeceeesrceeecceeeeeeece veeceeteese ets Securidaca corymbosa.............2....2.2:2:1::ccsceesseeseeeccceeeeee srecenseneeeteese Securidaca philippinensis esheets penned anesthe eta Ns a Family Sapindaceae...........0.....--.-:--- ' Ganophyllum faleatum..............22.2..2.-222-ccecceeeceeeeec eee ceceeeeeeeeeeteneee Harpullia. arboréas 2:20.22 ack a ke eect Sapindus saponaria.... Family’ -Rhamnaceae:..cscer koe eet eee een ptm tee t i ees 2 Gouania tiliaefolia..............2.. ee cee eeeeeeceeceeceeceeeee cee eeeeeeceeceeeeeeoeees Mamily: Dillenia cede: 0oco:25- 06 esa ee eee gad Ges Tetracera, SCanden 83 sic2.-en tacce reese tinea cee eres ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Albizzia acle (akle).................... 8. Entada phaseoloides (gogo) 1776744 PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI- TUTES AND SCOURING MATERIALS By WILLIAM H. Brown t In the Philippines there are a number of plants which con- tain saponin and are used as soap substitutes, especially for cleansing the hair. The most important of these is gogo (En- tada phaseoloides) which is an important article of commerce. Other plants have very rough leaves which are used as material for scouring cooking utensils, etc., and as substitutes for sand- paper. Family MORACEAE Genus FICUS FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. Isis. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The leaves of this species are very hard and rough, and are used for cleaning cooking utensils and scouring hardwood floors, stairs, windowsills, etc.; and also in place of sandpaper in polishing wood, when sandpaper is not available. Genus STREBLUS STREBLUS ASPER Lour. KALIOS. Local names: Alasiis (Zambales, Mindoro); alasis (Surigao); alidig (Ilocos Sur, Union, Pangasinan, Zambales); ampds (Pampanga); bugtdl (Negros Occidental) ; buntatai (Guimaras Island); kagasaka (Cagayan) ; kdlios (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Min- doro); lasiis (Bataan); malakddios (Zambales). The leaves of Streblus asper are very hard and rough and are utilized, like those of Ficus ulmifolia, for cleaning cooking utensils and as a substitute for sandpaper. Streblus asper is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The leaves are alter- nate, 4 to 12 centimeters long, with a narrow base, pointed tip, and toothed margin. The fruits are ovoid, pale yellow, 8 to 10 millimeters long, fleshy, and with seeds 5 to 6 milli- meters long. : This species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippine Islands. 51 52 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family LEGUMINOSAE Genus ALBIZZIA ALBIZZIA ACLE (Blanco) Merr. (Figs. 1, 2). AKLE. Local names: Akle or dékli (Nueva Ecija, Union, Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Zambales, Tayabas, Camarines, Laguna, Sorsogon, Mindoro) ; ana- gép (Ilocos Norte and Sur); bantiyo (Occidental Negros, Tablas) ; kitakita (Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales); mabufga (Laguna); latigin (Masbate); sauriri, taulili (Palawan); tabaldfigi (Bisaya); tili, tilis (Zambales). This species is reported to have been employed locally as a soap substitute, but seems to.be inferior to Albizzia saponaria and is little used. Albizzia acle is a tree reaching a height of about 30 meters and a diameter of about 1 meter. The leaves are twice com- pound. They usually have two pinnae, each of which bears three to six pairs of leaflets, the terminal pair being much larger than the others. The leaflets are inequilateral, pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, 4.5 to 18 centimeters long, and 2 to 7 centimeters wide. The flowers are yellow and green, about 1.5 centimeters in length, and are borne in small, rounded heads. The pod is 4 to 5 centimeters wide and up to 25 to 30 or more centimeters in length. The seeds cause a bulging of the pod, while between the seeds the pod is con- stricted. This species is fairly common and distributed from Luzon to Palawan. It is intolerant of shade. ALBIZZIA SAPONARIA (Lour.) Blume. SALINGKUcl’. Local names: Batégo (Bataan, Agusan); banaibdnai (Cagayan) ; banog- bénai (Cagayan); gégo’ or gugo (Isabela, Tayabas, Masbate, Agusan) ; g6go-kdsai (Tayabas) ; gégong-malatoké, latgil (Rizal) ; gégong-toké (Pan- gasinan, Pampanga, Camarines, Bataan); malatoké (Bataan, Pampanga, Rizal, Laguna); maratekkd, maratigd (Ilocos Norte and Sur); pipit (Ne- gros); salangkigi’, salingkigi’, salungkig’ (Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Masbate, Ticao, Surigao, Zamboanga); salukigi , (Samar, Leyte) ; salunggigi, tagurarit (Pangasinan); sangginggi’ (Agusan); sian- kigi, tinagi (Surigao); tambing (Benguet); tigian (Guimaras Island) ; unaki (Camarines). This ‘species is a small or medium-sized tree with a sapona- ceous bark which is used locally in much the same way as gogo (Entada phaseoloides). The fresh wood lathers freely with water. ‘Albizzia saponaria reaches a height of 20 meters and a diam- SOAP SUBSTITUTES FIGURE 1. ALBIZZIA ACLE (AKLE). 53 54 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS eter of 80 centimeters. The bark is about 5 millimeters thick, . light gray to dark gray, and densely covered with corky pus- tules. The inner bark is slightly pink colored and somewhat spongy in texture. The leaves are alternate and doubly com- pound: . ; This species is found throughout the Philippines, especially in second-growth or open forests. Genus ENTADA ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (L.) Merr. (E. scandens L) (Fig. 3). G6eo. Local names: Ballégo (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan); Balégo (Samar, Cuyo, Bisaya provinces, parts of Biko] region) ; gégé, gig6, or gigw’ (Isa- bela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Manila, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Mindoro, Marinduque, Leyte, Negros); ipél (Zambales); kalit (E. Pangasinan) ; lipat (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Union, Bulacan) ; lotég (W. Pangasinan). In most parts of N. Luzon, the name lipai is given to the plant and its large, round seeds, and balldgo to the crushed stem used for washing the hair. The bark and stems of Entada phaseoloides (gogo) contain saponin. Gogo is used extensively in the Philippines and other oriental countries for washing the hair and is on the market as an ingredient of hair tonics. The vine is cut in lengths of about one-half to 1 meter and pounded into thin, flat strips, the width of which depends on the diameter of the piece treated. These strips when dried are ready for market. When soaked in water and rubbed, gogo produces a lather which cleanses the scalp very effectually. Very large quantities of gogo are used in the Philippines, but it is very difficult to determine the amount. Many people cut and pound material for their own use, while others prepare a small quantity and peddle it from house to house. There is no organized trade in gogo, but it is sold in small stores throughout the Islands. In Manila it sells at retail at prices ranging from 40 centavos a kilo upward. A forest charge of 10 per cent, or 2 pesos per 100 kilos, is collected on it. The chemical composition of gogo has been investigated by Bacon.* Gogo is used as a fish poison, the active principle, according to Bacon, being saponin. The bark is also used for cordage. The:kernels of the seeds are mashed and used by the Filipinos * Bacon, R. F., The physiological active constituents of certain Philippine medicinal plants. Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. 1 (1906), page 1021. Bacon, R. F., and Marshall, H. T., The toxic action of saponin. Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. 1 (1906), page 1037. 5d SOAP SUBSTITUTES JVitan det. FIGURE 2. ALBIZZIA ACLE (AKLE). 56 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS for poultices for children having colic. According to Bacon the seeds contain a fatty oil which is extracted and used in the Sunda Islands for illuminating purposes. Bacon says that in some places they are roasted and eaten after the active principle has been removed by washing. Gogo has been cultivated for a long time in the highland towns of Cavite, namely, Silang, Amadeo, Alfonso, Mendez- Nufiez, Bailén, and Marigondon. -A large proportion of the in- habitants of Indang, perhaps a majority, cultivate Gogo to some extent. The vines are propagated partly from seed and partly by layering, and are trained over trees, coconut palms, etc. At three years of age, a@ vine is large enough to be cut. If not cut too close to the ground, the stump sends up several sprouts, which are either allowed to grow up, or employed as layers. The vines very rarely die as the result of cutting. Entada phaseoloides is a large vine with compound leaves. The flowers are yellow and borne on slender spikes in simple or compound inflorescences. Perhaps the most striking features of the vine are the large seed-pods, which are about 7‘to 10 centimeters wide and up to a meter in length. They contain hard, circular seeds 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter. This species is common and widely distributed throughout the Archipelago. Family OXALIDACEAE Genus AVERRHOA AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. KamiAs. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The fruits of this species are used to remove stains from clothing and also in washing the hands. Family POLYGALACEAE Genus SECURIDACA SECURIDACA CORYMBOSA Turcz. HINAKI. Loeal names: Gégong-bisdya (Tayabas) ; hindki (Negros) ; oyangyd (Mindoro). This plant is used as a soap substitute in the same manner as Entada phaseoloides (gogo). Securidaca corymbosa is a woody vine or undershrub. The leaves are alternate, pointed at the tip, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, and from 6 to 9 centimeters in length. The flowers are-small, and red and white. The fruit resembles a half maple fruit and is about 8 centimeters long. SOAP SUBTITUTES 57 Ye \ Yi \ FIGURE 3. ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (GOGO). 58 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS This species has been reported from Luzon, Mindoro, and Negros. SECURIDACA PHILIPPINENSIS Chodat BALUGNOs. Local names: Baldgon, baluinos (Sorsogon). This vine has a thick, white bark containing saponin. The bark is used locally in certain regions as a soap substitute. Securidaca philippinensis is a large, woody vine. The leaves are bluntly pointed at the base and taper to a rather sharp point at the tip. The flowers are small and borne on compound inflorescences. The fruits are oval and slightly over a centi- meter in length. At one end there is a long wing about 7 or more centimeters in length, resembling that of a maple fruit. This species is distributed from southern Luzon to Mindanao. Family SAPINDACEAE Genus GANOPHYLLUM GANOPHYLLUM FALCATUM Blume. ARANGEN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark of this tree is used in the same manner as gogo (Entada phaseoloides) . Genus HARPULLIA HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk. UAs. Local names: Ambuyan (Ilocos Sur); baydg-kalabdu (Tayabas); bun- salak (Mindoro); dulis, magantimus (Cotabato); huds (Ticao Island, Masbate) ; kuds (Rizal); mag-alad, ringis (Palawan); malalubds (Cama- rines); malapalikpik-hito (Tarlac); pods or puds (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro); uds (Cagayan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas, Camarines) ; uds na purdu (Ilocos Norte). The bark is pounded and used as a substitute for that of gogo (Entada phaseoloides) . Harpullia arborea is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 60 centimeters. The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound. The leaflets are pointed at the tip, oblique at the base, and 7 to 15 centi- meters in length. The flowers are small and white. The fruit is red and is divided into two lobes, each of which contains a few seeds. This species is common and widely distributed in the forests from northern Luzon to the southern limits of the Sulu Archi- pelago. SOAP SUSTITUTES 59 Genus SAPINDUS SAPINDUS SAPONARIA L. — TIKAS-TIKAS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fibers. Tobacco workers in Abra use the crushed leaves for removing the stain of tobacco leaves from their hands. The bark is used for cleansing the hair. Family RHAMNACEAE Genus GOUANIA GOUANIA TILIAEFOLIA Lam. Local names: Literan (Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna) ; pahampak (Pampanga). The root of this species is a soap substitute. Gouania tiliaefolia is a woody vine. The leaves are altern- ate, somewhat hairy, pointed at the tip, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, and 6 to 10 centimeters in length. The flowers are small and greenish or whitish. This species is distributed throughout the Philippines. Family DILLENIACEAE Genus TETRACERA TETRACERA SCANDENS (L.) Merr. Local names: Malakatmén (Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal); oplé-bd- king (Palawan). The leaves are very rough and are used for cleaning dishes and various instruments. Tetracera scandens is a woody vine. The leaves are alter- nate, pointed at both ends, larger near the apex than near the base, the margins toothed. The flowers are rather small, white, and borne on compound inflorescences.: The fruits are small and red. This species is apparently common and widely distributed from central Luzon to southern. Mindanao. OFFICIAL PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS By Wiut1am H. Brown 61 ILLUSTRATIONS ..0..0.2000. ccceeeeeeeeeeee INTRODUCTION phaeisiln baat De DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS CONTENTS Family Cyatheaceae Cibotium barametz .................0...-.. Family: Palmae: 2. 2cc.0ek neue ee eee Areca catechu Hamily® Araceae iiis.icc iy esters eereaeesvanmininiesauuenani Acorus calamus..............::.::::00e rs ecg oe Family Zingiberaceae............2.2.2...2.2:2:cccscececeeeceeeeeeeeeceeeseeeeceteeees Curcuma 2edoaria....n........ ce ceeeeeec cc eececeeeceececaeeneeceeeseneeneenecceceumssseaee amily: sPIperaceae i: S ee eee ess Piper betle. OAS RACs aa ena ae AA elec ics earn tocenk Family Chenopodiaceae..................c00000- Chenopodium ambrosioides.................0..2..-2-.c:seeecccccceeeeeneeetees Family Menispermaceae..............2.2..22-2::0:-- Archangelisia flava... ccccceece cece eee Family. Leguminosae .s.. 20.2 .cceec avec iveecncieanieaeen nates Abrus: precatoriusi:ic:cvevwscs caves cnreencescsreiranee eeu oa. Caesalpinia sappan....c..--...:csvcescesecececcnceeaceceesasscascoencttedsccaneenenesesenness Tamarindus: indie :..:..0..: ccc: ccccccce Aces tcesek pleendesnieiderareees Family Simarubaceae.............2...2...22-2222cc:ceseesceeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Brucea amarissima .......................- Seen lentes Rae Family Euphorbiaceae. ................2:.ccceccsceecceceececeeeceececececeneeneties Croton: “Gigi. x... eee ce eee aales dad eatesesegeteeases Mallotus philippensis...........2.-22.-.002.2cccececececeeeeeeceseeeeeeeeeeees Ricinus communis................22:-:0::2000-- Family Anacardiaceae..................c.cccccccceccecceccecececececeseeeescesqesenscnssneecoees Anacardium occidentale....................0.20200ccecceecceeceeeeeeeeeteeeee Family Myrtaceae................2.ceccccceccecccceceeeeeeeeeeees ceeeeees Eugenia cumini.. idsbaces tesestenc Sratourninscss-s Psidium guajava.................... eee Mamiily: “Uimbeli Ley ae so. ae oes see even means ates cee teens deceased ten Saeki Centella asiatica 64 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Description of species—Continued. Page. Family Sapotaceae cee 70 Palaquium: Sp py ape ten noe 209 Sida javensis (S. humilis) (igat-fgat) 0000s 209 Thespesia populnea (bandlo) 210 Urena lobata (kollokoll6t) 2.0.2.0... ccc ccccceecsceeeceeeecetecececeseeee 210 Family Bombacaceae ee 210 Bombax ceiba (malabtilak) -.0.0..........ccccccccececeeccseesececcecescecseseceee 210 Ceiba pentandra (cotton tree or kApok) 210 Family Sterculiaceae 210 Abroma fastuosa (anab6) -20..000 0 ccecccceeeecee eee 211 Kleinhovia hospita (tan-Agy oo... .ececccccccceccecseccececeeeeeee.. 210 Pentapetes phoenicea (flores de las doce) 0000... 211 Pterocymbium tinctorium (talito) 2.0 ceceee cece cee 211 Pterospermum diversifolium (bay6k).. : 211 Sterculia foetida (kalumpang) ve QT MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 157 DESCRIPTION OF SpecIES—Continued. Family Sterculiaceae—Continued. Page. Theobroma Cacao (CACAO) un... ceececeseeceeceeeeeceeceeeeceeeseeeseeeeneneeeenee 211 Waltheria americana (barubad) . 212 Family Dilleniaceae ........ y wcaeee Q12 Dillenia philippinensis Geatmdn) rales athe ete 212 Family. Guttiferae e-..cec csr aceserescaxee nea aieeenmicnenes 212 Calophyllum blancoi (bitanhd6l)...............0.0.- 212 Calophyllum inophyllum (bitdog or palomaria de la plein 212 Cratoxylon blancoi (guyong-giiyong) ..........-.-...----1eee eee 212 Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)..... 213 Family Bixaceae : bes . 218 Bixa orellana (achuéte or annatto) je teeerees 213 Bramily Caricaceae sore. .c8 opc8 oc paces fcc css sestel.aGeucdensacadocsacs boas scene atebcneneas 218 Carica papaya (papaya) seebbs hat teint coas doc 213 Family Thymelaecaceae |..........2.....ccc:22.ccecccecenecececsececseesceeecesseceeeeeseseateeere 2138 Gyrinopsis cumingiana (butl6) .....0.02.20222 eee 213 Wikstroemia ovata (round-leaf salago) 214 Family Lythraceae wHaheie deeds last eked ole reoneen aloud 214 Ammannia baccifera (apol- APGIAN) -.. ee eeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 214 Lawsonia inermis (henna or cinamomo) us 214 Family Lecythidaceae. 2... .......ccccccsccecsecceceseeceeceeeenestesencecteecesseseesseeenees 214 Barringtonia acutangula (kalambudia) ....0..0000.0..0cee eee 214 Barringtonia asiatica (bdtong) ..........--2.:eeceseeeeeeceeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeee 214 Barringtonia racemosa (pUitat) -2..0...22..0..2:eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 215 Family Combretaceae .............-:.--cc-ccsceecsececeeeeeeeeeesecesceeeteeceseesteeeetes 215 Lumnitzera racemosa (kulasi) 215 Quisqualis indica (niug-niigan or tangélon)..................-.....- 215 Terminalia calamansanai (malakalumpit) ........0000000000200000200.... 215 Terminalia catappa (talisai) 215 “Terminalia comintana (binggds) 216 Terminalia edulis (kalumpit) 216 Bamily: “My ttacea @oos.c.ccccccscsiceaeneccsteseevnnceeenee tu end suckeaeeeccesteecvouleesecssecedies 216 Decaspermum fruticosum (patalsik) 200.0... 216 Eugenia cumini (dthat) 216 Psidium guajava (guava or baydbas) ....022....c cee cece 216 Family Melastomataceae ..........2...2.22:c:cccesceceececeeeeceeeeeeceeceeteneeecneseeteesecece 217 Memecylon ovatum (ktlis) .2.......0.ccccecccccc cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 217 Family Araliaceae.....0.0.000000..cceee 217 Nothopanax fruticosum (papuad) ....0.....2-....::::::cesceceeeereeereeeed oe 217 Schefflera cumingii (kalang-gamat) -....0000.0.0. cesses cece 217 Schefflera elliptifoliola (galamai-amo) 217 Schefflera odorata (tarangkdng).... 217 Schefflera piperoidea (himainat) 217 Family Umbelliferae aa : 218 Apium graveolens (celery or apio) —-...---.-:::::cc:cceccseee 218 Carum copticum (damoro) : 218 Gente a: STAG acess cesses scence celts reg pes tena eer innmnnenmn sok naa 218 Coriandrum sativum (coriander or culantro) ....0......0..0s0ccce--- 218 Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) 218 158 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES—Continued. Page. Family Ericaceae as 218 Rhododendron vidalii .......0.00...000.0....- : 218 Family Myrsinaceae 219 Ardisia boissieri (tagp6) 219 Family Plumbaginaceae 219 Plumbago indica (pampardapit) 219 Plumbago zeylanica (sangdikit) 219 Family Sapotaceae. uu... ceccccecseseccccececceeeceseseeeeeeseeeoeees 219 Bassia betis (bétis) 219 Mimusops parvifolia (bansalAgin) .....022.2.0.0222.cccecececcecee eens 219 Family’ E/b@nacea eco. neccc aia ce ae area bowed ott gente cubilia ie feet 220 Diospyros ebenaster (ZapGte) -.........cecccceccccecccecceeeecenceeececeeeeseneee 220 Diospyros multiflora (kanémoi) 220 Family Oleaceae. oui... c.eccecccccccecceecceeueceesceceseceseeeeseceeeeeccccseeeseees 220 Jasminum sambac (sampaguita) .0....2..0......:222::02--ceecee eee eee eee 220 Family Loganiaceae ............--.---:s-ceccscceceeceeeeeeeeeececeeeeeneees 220 Buddleia asiatica (taliknéno).... es 220 Fagraea cochinchinensis (Urung)) .....-2.0.........cc:cceccsceeeeceeeoeeeeee 220 Fagraea racemosa (bulubudia) -...... 2... eee cece ceecteneeeeee 221 Strychnos ignatii (St. Ignatius bean)......0.00000 221 Strychnos multiflora (buktian) -020... cece ceeeeteeeteneeeeee 221 Family Gentianaceae 221 Canscora diffusa (chang-baté) 221 Family Apocynaceae 3 uae 221 Allamanda cathartica (campanero) .......0.....00::ccccc 221 Alstonia macrophylla (batino) ....000.0000000..... 221 Alstonia scholaris (dita) Ne rahe elo tn arate aban ete ee 222 Cerbera manghas (baraibai) -. 220.000. ecceecceccecceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeene 222 Kibatalia blancoi (pasnit) 222 Lochnera rosea (atai-bid) Be 1222) Nerium indicum (oleander or adelfa) ............02222..---4 pvessuectie 222 Paralstonia clusiacea (malabatino) -..0....0.0..00200.20ccccceccecceseeeeeeeeeee 223 Parameria barbata (dugtting-dhas) oe 223 Plumiera acuminata (kalachtche) 223 Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia (maladita) . 223 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui (pandakaki) 223 Thevetia peruviana 224 Family Asclepiadaceae ................... 224 Asclepias curassavica (bulak-damé6) 224 Calotropis gigantea (kapal-kapal) 224 Streptocaulon baumii (hinggiu-na-putt) ......2..0. eee eee 224 Tylophora brevipes (pastka) 224 Tylophora perrottetiana (kullafigém) ........ jiscisragete marae nibs 225 Family Convolvulaceae............2....-::.:-:cecessceseceecceceeeeteeneeneenene 225 Calonyction muricatum ............00..20002.20220cceseeeeeee eee 225 Evolvulus alsinoides 2s 225 Ipomoea digitata (kamkamite) .....00000...20....ccce cece 225 Ipomoea hederacea ....... 225 Ipomoea pes-caprae (katang-katang) 225 Ipomoea pes-tigridis (raf®raf@aw) «QW... eee cette 226 MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 159 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES—Continued. Family Convolvulaceae—Continued. Page. Ipomoea reptans (kangkéng) 226 Merremia emarginata (kupikupit) : 226 Operculina turpethum 226 Quamoclit pinnata (cypress vine or cabello de Angel).........-.- 226 Family Boraginaceae ........2...22.2-:-.cccesececececececeesceeeeesacenseeeeeeceeseeseseeeceeeees 227 Coldenia procumbens (tabtabékol) 227 Cordia myxa (anénang) 227 Ehretia microphylla (kalamoga) . 227 Ehretia navesii (talibundg) .....2..2.......e:::cec-eseceeeseseceeeeseeeeeeeeeeceeees 227 Heliotropium indicum (ikoi-ptisa) -. 227 Rotula aquatica (buntiit-budia) .......... ee eee eeeeeeceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 228 Tournefortia sarmentosa (salsallakdpa) ..............- dedeesenar ns 228 Trichodesma indicum 228 Trichodesma zeylanicum (dilang-usd) 228 Family Verbenaceae petted ts cdaos 228 Avicennia officinalis (api-Api) -.......0.00.cc cece ceeceeeeeecceeeeeeeseees 228 Callicarpa caudata 2, a 229 Callicarpa erioclona (palis) gecbhaseenuyit veers ved 229 Callicarpa formosana (timbabdsi) .........--.----.-----0-- pgueeeseess 229 Clerodendron bethuneanum (guantén) 229 Clerodendron cumingidnum (talumpapait) 229 Clerodendron inerme (afngangri) ...W-..2.2....22.2202::ceeeeeeeese eee 229 Clerodendron intermedium (laréan-anito) .........20.22220::ceee 230 Clerodendron macrostegium (malapotékan). 230 Clerodendron minahassae (aiam-diam) ...........0.0...0.00ccceeeeceeee 230 Clerodendron quadriloculare (bagdéuak) ...........000000.::ccccceeeee 230 Lippia nodiflora (chachahan) 230 Premna cumingiana (manabA) -...2..22.22.2-22-.:cccccceeeceeeeeceeceeeeeeceeeeees 231 Premna nauseosa (muldwin-Aso) -.......0.2020.220.20 ceiceetcee ee eeeeeeeceeeee 231 Premna odorata (alagaw) -...2.-22222..2-2:c::-cccececeseceseeeteececcusteteecceenenees 231 Tectona grandis (teak) ......csceeccccececeeeeceseeseeeseeceeteees 231 Vitex negundo (lagundi) 232 Vitex trifolia var. ovata (lagunding-dégat) 0.00. 232 Family Labiatae eee 282 Anisomeles indica (taling-harap) 232, Coleus amboinicus — 2.22.2... 2.c ce cece cee eecee cence ee ee cence cae eeceeeerseceeeeeeeees 232 Coleus blumei (maidna) .o2.2...2.2...22 eee cece cece cee eee eens 232 Hyptis suaveolens (bangbangsit) ...........0..0c.00020cceeeccceeeteeceeee 233 Leucas lavandulifolia (pansi-pansf) ........ 233 Mentha arvensis (mint or yerba buena)... 233 Ocimum basilicum (balandéi or sweet basil)... . 288 Ocimum sanctum (suldsi or holy basil) -..0....0000000.2..ececeeeeee 233 Pogostemon cablin (patchouli or kablin) = . 288 Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary or romero)..........0.0.00000002--. 234 Scutellaria luzonica (sidit) oe 234 Family Solanaceae 234 Datura fastuosa (talong-piinai na itim).............-....--.-- 234 Datura fastuosa var. alba (taléng-ptinai) 234 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 235 160 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES— Continued. Family Solanaceae—Continued. Solanum cumingi Solanum melongena (egg plant or talong) Solanum nigrum Family Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monniera Limnophila indica (indta) i (talofigtaléfgan) .........2------e (kénti) (ulasiman-aso) Scoparia dulcis (malaanis) ..............-------:+----- Family Bignoniaceae Crescentia alata (hoja-cruz) ..........-..2---: cece ‘Dolichandrone spathacea (tuwi) Oroxylum indicum (pingkapingkahan) ............-.------2----1e- Family Pedaliaceae Sesamum orientale (sesame or linga)..............-.---------e Family Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius (diliudriu) .................-..- Barleria prionitis Blechum brownei (kukong-manoék) (sapin-sapin) Jeistoes hvancsavsc dust cdeca eee Graptophyllum pictum (atai-atai)... .. Soucilentnlied whognsacuaciaantanetceeds Justicia gendarus Se eeces sees teense itv nenbenseee nace eee Justicia procumbens .........2...2..2.22.-2cceceeceeceeceececeeceneceeeoeteeeeeeseeteeeees Pseuderanthemum pulchellum (limang-stgat) .....................-..- Rhinacanthus nasuta (tagak tagak) Family Plantaginacea Plantago major (plantain).... Family Rubiaceae e Borreria hispida Gardenia pseudop sidium .... Hydnophytum formicarium .................22.--.-:.1:2-1:01ceeeeeeeeeee Hymenodictyon excelsum (aligAngo) .........2..22..2::.2:eeeece eens Morinda citrifolia Mussaenda philippica (tinulian-gatas) Nauclea junghuhnii (mambég) Nauclea orientalis (bangkal) .. Oldenlandia corymbosa .............2..2:csc:cssccseseeceseeseseseesteseseveecesseee os Paederia foetida Pavetta indica (lumbéi-manuk) Psychotria luzoniensis (alitakbd) Psychotria mindorensis ..........-....:.:c::2:e:cceeeeeees Rubia cordifolia (maéfgil)......... Family Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida (kondél or waxgourd) Lagenaria leucantha (ipo) Luffa cylindrica (patdéla) Momordica charantia (ampalayé) Momordica cochinchinensis (tabog-6k) Sone wee ae Trichosanthes qui Family Goodeniaceae nquangulata (katimbau).. Scaevola frutescens res oe cen eee a RE MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 161 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES—Continued. Page. Family Compositae = 243 Ageratum conyzoides (bilak-mantk) 243 Artemisia vulgaris (daméng-maria or mugwort) 248 Blumea balsamifera (sambéng) ........0..0.00...00c0c00- 243 Centipeda minima (harafBan) «00.0... ceccsescseec eee ceeceeeceeeeeeee 244 Chrysanthemum indicum (chrysanthemum).........0..0.0000000000.0..-. 244 Crossostephium chinense 244 Eclipta alba (tultulisan) as 244 Elephantopus scaber (pagbilau).................. Ss 244 Elephantopus spicatus (supstiput) ....02020 20.0.0 eeeceeeeeeeeees 245 Emilia sonchifolia (tagulinau) saseks fi 245 Enhydra flucttans .0..0..0....0ccccccccc ccc ccecceceecceeseveceeccececeasevevsnevoeeeeees 245 Eupatorium triplinerve (aiapdna) 245 Grangea maderaspatana (pakpak6-ti-Alog) 245 Pterocaulon redolens (subésub) con ww. 245 Siegesbeckia orientalis .2.22...2.........2cecceceeeseeseeeeececccceeveceseecceseseeeess 245 Sphaeranthus africanus (sambéng-dam6)........0.0.0020000.00- 246 Spilanthes acmella (palumai) 0.0.2.2... cece eceeteceeeeee 246 Tagetes patula (marigold or ahito) 2.000000... ceceeeeeeeeeee eee 246 Vernonia cinerea (Agas-m6r0) _.o........c-ceccce ccc eececececeeeepeceeeeeeeee 246 Wedelia biflora (hagénoi) uo... cecceeceeeceecee cece eeeneeeeeeeetceseeeseees 246 177674——11 MEDICINAL USES OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS By Leon Maria GUERRERO * INTRODUCTION These notes are the result of several years of investigation into the use made by the natives, for medicinal purposes, of certain plants belonging to the rich Philippine flora, as well as of those of other, foreign species introduced into this country in a prehistoric period and since. The list of such plants seems unnecessarily long; neverthe- less, it does not include all of the species in the list of Philippine medicinal plants. Many already recorded have been purposely omitted, as their inclusion here would occupy too much space. Though it is a long one, it covers only investigations conducted among the Christianized natives, segregated in towns or villages, who have for some time enjoyed the advantages of modern civilization and culture. Similar investigations will be carried on later among the scattered tribes living in the forested moun- tains in various regions of the Archipelago. The Philippine flora comprises not only an astonishingly large number of timber and other useful species, but also a no less astonishing wealth of medicinal plants, the great thera- peutic possibilities of which will become apparent once empiri- cism gives way to the practice of scientific pharmacology. This subject has scarcely been touched, so far as native drugs are concerned, notwithstanding the reasonable demand that our native products be utilized in preference to those of other coun- tries which frequently are no better than those of our own land. To prepare a genuinely Philippine Pharmacopeia is not a simple task, for it involves a thorough chemical and pharmacody- -namic study of the most important drugs already known to medical practitioners. Not only this, but careful selection must be made from among those tested in order that the formulas shall not contain several drugs that possess the same or similar curative virtues, and that the proposed Philippine code shall include such foreign drugs for which no equivalents have yet been found here. “From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Science, Manila. 142 164 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS From our present knowledge of this matter it seems ad- visable to condense the list so as to include only the most important material; that is, such plants as have proved effica- cious, either medicinally or toxically, according to the general conception of these two terms. There is no doubt that much of folklore has entered into the belief in the great virtues of plants reputed to be medicinal. This fact portrays clearly the primitive mentality of a part of our people who have not yet entirely thrown off the ethological traces which at one time characterized them. What might at first glance appear to be of secondary importance or even without value, may often prove the stepping-stone to chemical investigation; because a belief that may appear to be mere opinion without foundation in fact is, in reality, the result of practical observation. A thing ob- served may be inexplicable to one of primitive intelligence; but such observation may develop into superstition, since his mind is incapable of interpreting correctly the phenomenon he has observed, and he can only explain it as having occurred through the mysterious intervention of some deity who possesses the key to the enigma. The mediquillos,* not really understanding the causes that produce disease, simply utilize the plants herein described in the treatment of symptoms. For this reason, the descriptions of their curative uses are usually given here in terms of symp- toms rather than as remedies for the treatment of specific diseases. The formulas used by the mediquillos for the administration of their vegetal drugs are the simplest. Their officinal and galenic preparations consist of decoctions and infusions that are more or less concentrated, recently adopted sirups, oily unguents or embrocations, watery or alcoholic macerations, poul- tices, plasters that have for their base pure wax or resinous sub- stances, inhalations, fumigations, empyreumatic products, etc. Their methods of manipulation are rudimentary and inspired by false principles or by a faulty understanding of the imme- diate component parts of the plants. The mediquillo is not given to mixing many ingredients in one prescription; this fact makes it easier to detect the effects of the drug employed ‘by him, and eliminates all doubt as to whether the effect can be attributed to the principal medicament or to some other one used in connection with it. * A word used in the Philippine Islands for one having medical ex- perience but no title. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 165 In conclusion, it may be stated that this list of Philippine medicinal plants includes many, the curative virtues of which have been tested by missionaries who for a time exercised their calling in localities lacking the indispensable means for treat- ment of their sick parishioners. However, it should be remem- bered that the missionaries owed their knowledge of these native remedies largely to the mediquillos. Notwithstanding the aversion of the missionaries to certain superstitious practices with which these mediquillos sometimes accompanied the in- ternal or external administration of some therapeutic remedy, the former were frequently compelled to request the services of the latter when the life of a patient became endangered. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES ALGAE Genus GRACILLARIA GRACILLARIA LICHENOIDES Grev. GULAMAN. Local, names: Guldman (Tagalog, Sambali, Pangasinan); gulamdn (Bicol) ; gurdman (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Cuyo); gurgurdman (Cagayan). The gelatine extracted from this seaweed is used as a pectoral and antidysenteric. Family POLYPODIACEAE Genus ACROSTICHUM ACROSTICHUM AUREUM L. LacoLo. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove swamps. The rhizomes are vulnerary, and are especially used in healing inveterate ulcers. The leaves used in topicals are emollient. Genus ADIANTUM ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE L. KAIKAL Local names: Culantrillo (Spanish in the vicinity of Manila and Pam- panga) ; kaikdi (Tagalog). The fronds either in decoction or a sirup are, in European therapeutics, utilized for the same purposes as is Adiantum capillus veneris. In the Philippines they are administered to women in childbirth in the same manner as are the species of Aristolochia. Distribution: Central Luzon to Palawan. Genus ASPLENIUM ASPLENIUM MACROPHYLLUM Sw. PAKONG-GUBAT Loeal names: Buntét-kapén (Tagalog); culantrillo (Bukidnon); paké (Palawan, Bukidnon, Isabela); pakdéng-gibat (Manila and vicinity). The fronds in the form of a decoction are a powerful diuretic, used in the treatment of defective urinary secretion, especially that induced by beriberi. Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. 167 168 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus DRYNARIA DRYNARIA QUERGIFOLIA (L.) J. Sm. PAKPAK-LAUIN. Local ‘names: Baga-baga (Pangasinan); gona tibétib (Pampanga) ; kabkab, kabkdbin, kabkdbon (Bisaya); kabkdb (Bicol); kappa-kappa (Iloko); paké (Tayabas); pakpdk-lduin, paipdi-amé (Tagalog); saga (Benguet). A description of this species is given in the section on orna- mental plants. The rhizomes in decoction are used as an astringent. In concentrated form they are said to be anthelmintic. , Genus OLEANDRA OLEANDRA NERIIFORMIS Cay. + Katiskfs-AHAS. Local names: Kaliskis-dhas, linas (Tagalog). The stipes in decoction are an efficacious emmenagogue. They are believed, among the Filipinos, to be a good remedy for ven- omous snake bites. Distribution: Benguet, Zamboanga, Basilan. Genus ONYCHIUM ONYCHIUM SILICULOSUM (Desv.) C. Chr. PAKONG-ANUANG. Local names: Dila-dila, pakong-aniang (Tagalog); paké (Bulacan). The fronds in decoction are good for dysentery. Distribution: Apparently confined to the provinces of northern and central Luzon. Family SCHIZAEACEAE Genus LYGODIUM LYGODIUM CIRCINNATUM (Burm. f.) Niro. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The stipe is chewed and applied to the bites of venomous reptiles or insects in order to neutralize the poison. Distribution: Throughout the Philippines from the Batanes Islands to Zamboanga. Family CYCADACEAE Genus CYCAS CYCAS RUMPHII Mig. Prtéco. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The whole seed is roasted, pounded into small pieces, put into coconut oil, stirred, and applied to wounds, boils, itches, and other skin diseases. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 169 Family TYPHACEAE Genus TYPHA TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. CAT-TAIL. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The woolly inflorescence is employed in the healing of wounds, yet it ought rather to be considered as hemostatic by mechanical action. Family PANDANACEAE Genus PANDANUS PANDANUS TECTORIUS Soland. CoMMON or BEACH PANDAN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The aérial roots yield a decoction used as a beverage in cases of blennorrhea. This decoction, together with urethral injec- tions of the sap of the base of the banana plant, is said to be a rapid cure for this malady. Family HY DROCHARITACEAE Genus OTTELIA OTTELIA ALISMOIDES (L.) Pers. KALAB6a. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The leaves are used in topicals to cure hemorrhoids. It has been claimed that this plant has rubefacient properties. Family GRAMINEAE Genus ANDROPOGON ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS Retz. TINLAL. Local names: Amor-séco (Spanish-Filipino, Tayabas, Bataan); tinldi (Bataan). The entire plant in decoction is regarded as a diuretic. Distribution: Common in central provinces of Luzon, but found also in the Mountain Province of Luzon, and the Islands of Palawan and Mindanao. . ANDROPOGON CITRATUS DC. TANGLAD or LEMON GRASS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The roots yield a decoction used as a diuretic. The leaves are employed for aromatic baths. 170 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS ANDROPOGON SORGHUM (L.) Brot. var. VULGARIS (Pers.) Hack. ; BArTap. Local names: Bdtad (Tagalog, Bikol, Cuyo, Occidental Negros, Davao) ; bukdékau (Bontoc, loko Provinces, Pangasinan). The fruits yield a decoction much like that of barley and which is used similarly. Distribution : Cultivated, on a small scale for local consumption, from northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. ANDROPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (L.) Urban. VETIVER or Moras. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The decoction of the roots igs used for tonic baths, and is taken internally as an efficacious lithotriptic. Genus BAMBUSA BAMBUSA SPINOSA Roxb. SPINY BAMBOO. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given, in the section on bamboos. A decoction of the roots is administered in cases of anuria. BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. KawAyAan-KILine. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on bamboos. The aqueous sap of this plant is much esteemed by the natives as a remedy for phthisis. Genus COIX COIX LACHRYMA-JOBI L. TicBi or Jop’s TEARS. The local names of this species are given in the section on fibers. The starch obtained from the fruit is considered as a tonic which is restorative in convalescence. Distribution: Widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines. Genus CYNODON CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) Pers. BERMUDA GRASS, Local names: Galot-galét (Pangasinan); grama (Spanish-Filipino). A decoction of the entire plant is an effective diuretic and is also considered a pectoral. : Distribution: From northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus ELEUSINE ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) Gaertn. PALAGTIK{ or YARD GRASS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 171 The entire plant, mixed with gogo, is used to cleanse the head of dandruff, and to prevent loss of hair. Genus IMPERATA IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L.) Beauv. var. KOENIGII Benth. K6con. Local names: Buchid (Batanes Islands); gaon (Benguet); gégon (Bikol); kégon (Bontoc, Tagalog, Pampanga, Bisaya, etc.); pan’du (Iloko). The fruiting spikes are regarded as vulnerary in decoction, and as a sedative when taken internally. Distribution: Widely distributed from Batanes Islands: to southern Mindanao. Genus ORYZA ORYZA SATIVA L. RICE. Local names: Ammai (Ibanak) ; humdi (Cebu, Misamis) ; pdgai (Iloko, Cagayan); pdgéi (Pangasinan); pdkii (Igorot); pdlai (Tagalog); pdle (Pampanga); pdéli (Sambali); pdéroi (Bikol, Bisaya, Cuyo). The roots and rhizomes yield a decoction employed in cases of anuria. The lye produced by the burned culms is considered by the Ilokos to be an abortive. The fruits in decoction or poultices are emollient. Genus PANICUM PANICUM STAGNINUM Retz. URAROI. Local names: Lagtém na puld, uraréi (Camarines); timsim (Chinese). A decoction of tthe pith is used as a diuretic. Distribution: Widely distributed from Batanes Islands to southern Mindanao. Genus PASPALUM PASPALUM SGROBICULATUM L. Local names: Ang-angson (Benguet); balili (Lepanto); perag’is (Ta- galog). A decoction of the roots and rhizomes is used as an alterative in childbirth. Distribution: Mountain Province of Luzon to Basilan. Genus SCHIZOSTACHYUM 6CHIZOSTACHYUM DIELSIANUM (Pilger) Merv. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on bamboos. — A decoction of the rhizomes makes a refreshing beverage. The young shoots are used to dissipate the opacity of the cornea. Distribution: Very common in the central provinces of Luzon. 172 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus ZEA ZEA MAYS L. . CORN. Local name: Mais (Spanish-Filipino). A decoction of the fresh or dried stalk, as well as that of the stigmas, is a diuretic much used by the natives of the Philippines. Distribution: Cultivated throughout the Philippines. Family CYPERACEAE Genus KYLLINGA KYLLINGA MONOCGEPHALA Rottb. Busikan. ‘Local names: Antang, muthéd (Tagalog); bagi-bdgi, pungds (Samar) ; basikad, botoncillo (Laguna); borsa nga dadakkél (Union); bosbotdnes, busikad (Bisaya); katutu (Cotabato); malaapilid (Pampanga); mustra (Tayabas) ; sudsuid (Bisaya). The rhizome yields a decoction employed as a diuretic. Mixed with oil, it is externally employed to combat certain forms of dermatosis. Distribution: Common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines. Family PALMAE Genus ARECA ARECA CATECHU L. BUNGa or BETEL PALM. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on palms. The seeds, besides being chewed, are also much employed externally as an astringent. The tender seeds are said to be purgative, and the ripened ones grated are a vermifuge. Some care must be taken in grating, as the seeds contain poisonous elements. ARECA HUTCHINSONIANA Bece, PISA, A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on palms. The raw terminal bud is given to children to be eaten as a vermifuge. Genus ARENGA ARENGA PINNATA (Wurmb) Merr. KAOoNG or SUGAR PALM. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on palms. The unripe fruit is edible, but when ripe is said to be a violent poison for dogs. The fuzz of the petioles is used as a hemos- tatic and cicatrizant. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 173 Genus COCOS cOCOS NUCIFERA L. CocoNuUT PALM Figures of this species and its local names are given in the section on palms. This plant, besides its many medicinal uses, gives an empy- reumatic product used generally in toothache caused by caries, and in cutaneous diseases. It is obtained by burning the endo- carp in a receptacle, and condensing in another the volatile products which separate. Distribution: Throughout the Philippines in cultivation. Genus CORYPHA CORYPHA ELATA Roxb. Buri. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on palms. The young plants are brewed in decoction and administered in cases of febrile catarrh. Family ARACEAE Genus ACORUS ACORUS CALAMUS L. LugBicAN or SWEET FLaG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The rhizomes are administered as a stimulant and carminative. They are said to be antirheumatic when used as an embrocation. Genus ALOCASIA ALOCASIA MAGRORRHIZA (L.) Schott. Bica. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The petioles, in a nearly decayed state, are ground together, placed in a piece of cloth with live coals, and used as an applica- tion to alleviate toothache. Genus AMORPHOPHALLUS AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS (Roxb.) Blume. PuNGAPUNG. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The corms are caustic, and are employets in antirheumatic poultices, as rubefacients. Genus CYRTOSPERMA CYRTOSPERMA MERKUSII (Hassk.) Schott. PALAUAN. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. 174 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS The spadix is used in decoction as an emmenagogue and echolic. Genus HOMALOMENA HOMALOMENA PHILIPPINENSIS Engl. Tania. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on miscellaneous plants. The rhizomes are reputed to be antirheumatic if used in the form of an embrocation. Genus RHAPHIDOPHORA RHAPHIDOPHORA MERRILLII Engl. AMLONG Local names: Amléng (Camarines); amilong (Iloko); balamai, mala- pakpék, tampinbanal, tibdtib (Tagalog); balikukup bisano, dibatib, daila, garban, horag, takoline, tirbatib (Bisaya); dukup (Bontoc). The sap is employed for the cure of snake bites. The spadix of this plant is valued among the natives as an emmenagogue, perhaps on account of its form. Distribution: Mountain Province of Luzon to southern Min- danao. Genus TYPHONIUM TYPHONIUM DIVARICATUM Decne. Local name: Gabigabthan (Tagalog). The corms have a rubefacient quality, but are very rarely used. Family FLAGELLARIACEAE Genus FLAGELLARIA FLAGELLARIA INDICA L. BALING-UAI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The stem and rhizome in decoction are considered diuretic. Family COMMELINACEAE Genus COMMELINA COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS L. SABILAU. Local names: Alikbdngon (Tagalog); bias-bids (Pampanga); kuhdsi (Batanes Islands); kulkuldsi (Union); olikbdagon (Tagalog); sabiléu (Bisaya). The entire plant, in decoction, is used as an emollient colly- rium. It is also employed to combat strangury. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Palawan and Basilan. \ MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 175 Family LILIACEAE. Genus ALIUM ALLIUM CEPA L, ONION. Local names: Aldonises, sibiyas (Tagalog). The bulbs, cooked and mixed with cocoanut oil, are used in the form of an ointment applied to the abdomen to provoke diuresis. ALLIUM SATIVUM L. BAUANG or GARLIC. Local names: Ajos (Spanish); bdéuang (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Union, Zambales, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines Norte and Sur, Albay, Leyte, Marinduque, Misamis); lasond (Cuyo). The bulbs, when applied to the temples in the form of a poultice, are considered to be revulsive in headache. They are used also to mitigate the pain caused by the bites of insects, scor- pions, centipedes, etc. Genus SANSEVIERA SANSEVIERA ZEYLANICA (L.) Willd. SinawA, A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves when roasted are used as an emollient. Genus SMILAX SMILAX BRACTEATA Presl. BAnAG. Local names: Bandg (Benguet, Union, Abra) ; bandl (Benguet) ; hampds- tigbdlang, kamagsd, sipit-oldng (Rizal) ; koldt-bdbui (Bataan). The rhizomes and roots are regarded as depurative when used in the form of a decoction. Distribution: Benguet, Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Bula- can, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Bataan, Sorsogon, Davao. SMILAX CHINA L. UBI-UB{HAN. Local names: Buanal (Benguet); ubi-ubithan (Tagalog). The roots and rhizomes taken in the form of a decoction are used as depurative in cases of herpetism, syphilis, etc. Distribution: In the mountains of Benguet, Lepanto, Ifugao, Bontoc, Mindoro, Zambales, Negros. SMILAX LEUCOPHYLLA Blume. HAmpPAS-TIGBALANG. Lacal names: Bdnal (Benguet) ; hampds-tigbdlang, kdmot-kabdg. (Rizal) ; ronas (Bisaya); zarzaparilla-puti (Laguna). The roots and rhizomes of this species are used as a purifier 176 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS of the blood, as is the case with all species of Smilaw. They are considered as antisyphilitic and antirheumatic, and are gen- erally effective in cutaneous affection. Distribution: Benguet, Pangasinan, Bataan, Pampanga, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Balabac, Palawan, Culion, and Agusan. Family AMARYLLIDACEAE Genus CRINUM CRINUM ASIATICUM L. BAKONG, Local names: Agubdhan (Bisaya); bdkon (Polillo, Mindoro); bdékong (Bataan, Union, Pangasinan, Camarines); kalagikon (Bisaya); salibang- bang (Bisaya). ‘e The bulbs are prepared as an ointment, and the leaves as an emollient, both in the form of topicals. The bulbs have emetic properties. Distribution: Batanes Islands, Bontoc, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Viz- ecaya, Union, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Polillo, Palawan, Davao, Zamboanga. Genus CURCULIGO CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES Gaertn. Local names: Estrella, talangi, tataluangi (Bukidnon); kogon-kégon (Rizal) ; sulsulitik (Bontoc). The plant is used as a cure for skin diseases and for head- ache. The root when powdered and used pure, or mixed with other tonic or carminative vegetable drugs, is considered tonic, pectoral, diuretic and aphrodisiac. Distribution: Bontoc, Pangasinan, Rizal, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Antique, Semirara Island, Biliran Island, Palawan, Bukidnon. and Davao. Genus EURYCLES EURYCLES AMBOINENSIS (L.) Lindl. KATANGAL. Local names: Abud (Bisaya); katdigal (Bisaya); katungal (Tagalog) ; késol (Bisaya) ; datiswm (Bisaya); pandbor (Bisaya) ; talainur (Bisaya) ; taliunid (Bikol); tambdél (Tagalog); tanual, tonuar (Bisaya). The bulbs are employed as emeto-cathartic in small doses; the leaves are used externally as antirheumatic topicals. Distribution: Cavite, Laguna, Camarines, Mindoro; often cultivated as an ornamental pot plant. Genus HYMENOCALLIS HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALE (Jacq.) Salisb. Local names: Ajos-djos figa maputi (Bisaya); bdkong (Tagalog); lirio (Spanish-Filipino). The bulbs are used as a vulnerary. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 177 Genus POLIANTHES POLIANTHES TUBEROSA L. AZUCENA or TUBEROSE. Local name: Azucena (throughout the Philippines). The bulbs are used in a decoction to cure gonorrhea; and in the form of a poultice are employed as a maturative. Distribution: Cultivated from Luzon to Mindanao. Family DIOSCOREACEAE Genus DIOSCOREA DIOSCOREA HISPIDA Dennst. Nami. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The tubers, raw or cooked, are used ag an anodyne and ma- turative in cases of tumors and buboes, and also against ar- thritic and rheumatic pains, etc. Family MUSACEAE Genus MUSA MUSA ERRANS (Blanco) Teodoro var. BOTOAN Teodoro. BUTUHAN. Local names: Butuian or butuhan (Tagalog, Bikol); but (Iloko); pdékol (Bisaya). The sap is vulnerary. The sap exuding from the base of the cut trunk is used for urethral injections in gonorrhea. Distribution: Widely distributed and occasionally cultivated. Family ZINGIBERACEAE Genus ALPINIA ALPINIA PYRAMIDATA Blume. LANGKAUAS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The rhizomes are carminative and stimulative. A decoction of the leaves is used for antirheumatic and stimulant baths. Genus COSTUS COSTUS SPECIOSUS (Koenig) Sm. TUBONG-USA. Local names: Bastén de San José (Spanish in Iloilo); linas (Bataan) ; tambadk (Batangas); tubéng-usd (Camarines). The rhizome is an aromatic medicine. It is not much used, though it’ sometimes replaces the species of Kaempferia. Distribution: Very widely distributed throughout Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao. Genus CURCUMA CURCUMA LONGA L. DitAu or TURMERIC. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The rhizomes when cooked in oil are stomachic and vulnerary. 178 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus KAEMPFERIA KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. Dus6. Local names: Disé6l (Bontoc) ; dusé (Tagalog, Rizal); dusdl, gusél (Ta- galog) ; kisél (Bukidnon). The rhizome is carminative if used in decoction. When chewed, it is said to be useful in alleviating coughs. The pounded rhizome is used in curing the irritation produced by contact with stinging caterpillars. Distribution: Bondoc, Rizal, Bukidnon. KAEMPFERIA ROTUNDA L. The rhizome is used internally in gastric complaints, as are the species of Galanga. Used externally, it is a powerful cica- trizant if mixed with coconut oil. Distribution: Widely distributed in the Philippines, both cul- tivated and wild. Genus KOLOWRATIA KOLOWRATIA ELEGANS Presl. TAGBAK. Local names: Tagbdk (Rizal, Laguna, Camarines); tagbdk-bdbui (Ba- tangas); talbdk (Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna); tugbdk (Tayabas). The leaves, after having been pounded and mixed with a little salt, are rubbed on the affected parts of a paralytic patient. Distribution: Widely distributed in the Philippines. Genus ZINGIBER ZINGIBER ZERUMBET (L.) Sm. BaRAK. Local names: Bangldi (Tagalog); bardk (Tayabas) ; kalaudg (Albay) ; langkauds (Polillo); tamohilang (Bukidnon); tumbong-dso (Tagalog). The pulverized rhizome is administered as an antidiarrhetic. Distribution: Bontoc, Apayao, Bataan, Cavite, Manila, Ba- tangas, Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo, Camarines, Albay, Bukidnon, Lanao; occasionally cultivated. Family CANNACEAE Genus CANNA CANNA INDICA L. CANNA, Local names: Kakwintdsan, kuintas-kuintdsan (Tagalog); tikas-tikas (Tagalog, Bisaya) ; lasdéd (Batanes Islands). The rhizome in decoction is used as a diuretic, and when macerated in water is said to alleviate nosebleed. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Lanao. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 179 Family MARANTACEAE Genus DONAX DONAX CANNAEFORMIS (Forst. f.) K. Schum, BamBAN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots when brewed in decoction are said to act as an antidote for snake bites, and in blood-poisoning generally. Family ORCHIDACEAE Genus GEODORUM GEODORUM NUTANS (Presl) Ames. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The tuberous base is regarded as emollient when utilized as a poultice. Family CASUARINACEAE Genus CASUARINA CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA L. AG6Ho. Local names: Agého (Tagalog, Bisaya, Bikol, Pampangan) ; agé (Palaui Islands, Cagayan); agok (Cagayan, Babuyanes Islands); agoko (Panga- sinan); agoso (Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Tayabas); ak-o (Cagayan); ard (Iloco, Benguet) ; arobo, aroho (Abra); aroo (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pan- gasinan, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur); karo (Ilocos); malabéhok (Bisaya) ; maribihok (Leyte, Surigao). The bark, in decoction, is employed as an emmenagogic and ecbolic when taken in large doses. Distribution: Very widely distributed from northern Luzon to Palawan and northern Mindanao, along the coast and sandy river valleys. Family PIPERACEAE Genus PIPER PIPER BETLE L. Btyo or BETEL PEPPER. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on official medicinal plants. The leaves, together with lime and betel nut, constitute a masticatory in general use among the Filipinos, who consider it a preservative of the teeth and a prophylactic against certain complaints of the stomach. The leaves when greased with lard or sesame oil are much used by Filipinos as a carminative medicine applied to the abdomen of children suffering from gastric disorders. 180 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS PIPER NIGRUM L, Local name: Malisa (Tagalog, Bisaya). The fruit is used as a condiment by the Filipinos; and also, when applied externally, as a stimulant and rubefacient. Distribution: Cavite, Batangas, Surigao. PIPER RETROFRACTUM Vahl. Local names: Amaras (Pangasinan); buyo-biyo (Bisaya); kamara (Abra, Union); kayuftgo (Manila); litlit (Cavite, Pangasinan); sabia (Cavite, Rizal, Laguna); saog-machin (Rizal); subén-manik (Bataan). The root is chewed and the saliva swallowed, or the root is brewed in decoction as a cure for colic. Distribution: Babuyanes Islands, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal, Ma- nila, Laguna, Mindoro, Antique, Palawan. Family CHLORANTHACEAE Genus CHLORANTHUS CHLORANTHUS BRACHYSTACHYS Blume. Local names: Apot, gapas, wmu-um (Benguet); gamuk (Bukidnon) ; tolal (Basilan). An infusion of this plant is said to be good for headache. Distribution: Common and widely distributed at medium and higher altitudes throughout the Archipelago. Family MORACEAE Genus ARTOCARPUS ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. ANTIPOLO. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. A decoction of the bark is used as a vulnerary. ARTOCARPUS CUMINGIANA Tréc. ANUBING. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is boiled and used as a remedy for stomachache. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merr. NANGKA. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves, charred, and powdered, are used as an effective cicatrizant for the wound resulting from a surgical operation for the removal of congenital phimosis. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 181 Genus FATOUA FATOUA PILOSA Gaudich. Sixkir. Local names: Malbas-damé (Batangas); péro (Unién) ; sarungkdr a ba- bassit (Ilocos Sur); sikkir (Union). This plant is said to be used for swollen gums. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. It occurs in dry thickets, on walls, cliffs, etc. at low altitudes. Genus FICUS FICUS HAUILI Blanco. HaviLt. Local names: Diudiu (Benguet); hauili (Benguet, Zambales, Bulacan, Bataan,’ Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Mindoro); kauili (Tayabas, Bataan) ; labnég (Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Guimaras Island) ; lagneéb (Bataan) ; lagmut, lamnég (Occidental Negros); lépting (Pangasinan); lillau, tuliau (Cagayan) ; liuliu (Abra, Bontoc, Pangasinan); raiya-rdiya (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra); yabndt (Batanes Islands). The latex ig used to cure certain varieties of herpes. The leaves applied externally are said to be antirheumatic. Distribution: Very abundant throughout the Philippines, from Batanes Islands to Basilan Island. FICUS MINAHASSAE (Teysm. & De Vr.) Mig. Hacinrr. Local names: Arimit (Abra); ayimit (Polillo); aimit, ayimit (Tayabas businai (Ilocos Sur); hagimit (Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Capiz); hugimit (Bukidnon); sabfog (Bontoc); tambis-tambis, taisan (Basilan) ; tambuyégan (Masbate). The leaves are used as an antirheumatic topical. The sap is employed as a beverage. Distribution: From northern Luzon to Basilan Island. FICUS PAYAPA Blanco. PAYAPA. Local names: Baléte or balite (Zambales, Bataan, Rizal Mindoro, Laguna, Batangas); dalagita (Bisaya); daldkit (Oriental Negros); lafwgaban (Co- tabato); paydpa (Tagalog, Pampangan). The roots are an effective vulnerary when powdered and applied to wounds. Distribution : Common in northern and central Luzon, and also collected from Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Cotabato, and Lanao. Genus MALAISIA MALAISIA SCANDENS (Lour.) Planch. Mataisis. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves are administered in decoction to women after childbirth. : 182 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus STREBLUS STREBLUS ASPER Lour. KALti0os. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on soap substitutes. Water in which the bark of this tree has been boiled is used for disinfecting wounds; also internally for the skin disease called ‘“culebra.” The bark is chewed as an antidote in snake poisoning. An infusion of the leaves is drunk as a tea. Family URTICACEAE Genus FLEURYA FLEURYA INTERRUPTA (L.) Gaudich. LipANG-Aso. Local names: Dalamo, damoro (Bisaya); langdla, lipdng-dso, lipdng- kastila (Tagalog); lipa (Pampanga). The leaves, applied locally, are said to be good as a cure for carbuncles. A decoction of the root is an efficacious diuretic. , Distribution: Apayao, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Manila, La- guna, Tayabas, Polillo, Albay, Sorsogon, Antique, Misamis, Butuan, Camiguin Island, Davao, Palmas Islands. Genus LAPORTEA LAPORTEA MEYENIANA (Walp.) Warb. LipANG-KALABAU. Local names: Aparigua (Bisaya) ; lingdtong, lipa, .lipdi, lipdng-kalabdéu (Tagalog) ; lipdng-ditong (Pampanga). The root and leaves are used in infusion as a diuretic in cases of: urinary retention. The leaves are said to cure car- buncles if applied locally. Distribution: Cagayan, Mountain Province, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, La- guna, Tayabas, Batangas, Mindoro, Guimaras Island. Genus PILEA PILEA MICROPHYLLA (L.) Liebm. The entire plant in infusion is used as a diuretic. Distribution: Union, Pampanga, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Ta- yabas, Polillo, Albay, Palawan, Malamaui Island, Jolo, Cotabato. . Genus POUZOLZIA POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (L.) Benn. The leaves are used as a vulnerary, but more especially as a cicatrizant for gangrenous ulcers. Distribution: Batanes Islands, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Union, Bontoc, Apayao, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 183 Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Polillo, Camarines, Min- doro, Samar, Leyte, Negros Oriental, Butuan, Bukidnon, Lanao, Zamboanga. Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Genus ARISTOLOCHIA ARISTOLOCHIA SERICEA Blanco PANG-GUISI Local name: Pang-guisi’ (Iloko). The entire fresh plant is used as a carminative, emmenagogue, and febrifuge remedy. In cases of very painful gastralgia, the root is chewed and the saliva swallowed. The root macer- ated in native spirituous liquors is administered post partum as a uterine tonic. It has been asserted that this drug is a violent abortive. Distribution: Cagayan, Union, Batangas. ARISTOLOCHIA TAGALA Cham. TIMBANGAN. Lozal names: Malauibi, timbdngan, timbangtimbangan (Tagalog) ; kamkamailau (Benguet); nag-erus; (Union); parol-pardlan (Polillo) ; tauen-tauén (Iloko). The roots are said to be tonic, carminative, and emmenagogic; and a very efficient remedy for infantile tympanites if they are pulverized and applied to the abdomen. Distribution: Widely distributed from the Mountain Prov- ince of Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family POLYGONACEAE Genus POLYGONUM POLYGONUM BARBATUM L. SuBSUBAN. Local names: Kanubsiban, ligan-lipa (Pampanga) ; subsiban (Tagalog). The sap of the pounded leaves, applied directly to wounds, is an effective cicatrizant. Distribution: Mountain Province of Luzon to Basilan. Family CHENOPODIACEAE Genus CHENOPODIUM CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. ALPASOTES, Local names: Alpasétes (Spanish-Filipino) ; alpasdti (Bontoc) ; apasdtes (Union) ; pasétis (Mindoro) ; all corruptions of the scientific name. The leaves and tops, crushed and mixed with cooked rice are used as a carminative in poultices applied to the abdomen of children suffering from dyspepsia. This plant is considered also to be an emmenagogue. Distribution: In waste places throughout the Philippines. 184 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family AMARANTHACEAE Genus ACHYRANTHES ACHYRANTHES ASPERA L. RAG-RAGADI. Local names: Afigud (Pampanga); garém (Ilocos Sur); guella (Palaui Island); héfgog (Balabac Island); hdfigor (Tagalog, Bisaya); hangot (Tagalog); hdfgug (Mindoro, Bulacan); higad-higad, igad-igad (Ilocos Norte); libai (Tagalog); rag-ragddi (Pangasinan); sardmo (Bisaya). A decoction of the leaves and roots of this plant is used locally as a diuretic. The sap is said to be useful in dissipating the opacity of the cornea. Distribution: Throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, a weed in open waste places. Genus AERUA AERUA LANATA (L.) Juss. KARLAKEM, Local names: Karlakém (Union); pamainap (Mindoro). A decoction of this plant is a very efficacious diuretic, and is said to be useful in catarrh of the bladder and in gonorrhea. Distribution: Union, Central Luzon provinces, Mindoro, and the Visayas. Genus AMARANTHUS AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS L. KALUNAL. Local names: Akum (Cotabato); ardi (Batangas); ayantoto (Pam- panga); ba’uan (Bontoc); bayambdng (Mindoro); iting-iting (Davao) ; kalinai (lloko); karlinoi (Iloko in Bontoc); kuanténg (Iloko); kulitis, kilitis (Tagalog) ; odri (Polillo) ; stitan (Union) ; urdt (Mindoro, Tayabas). A decoction of the root is useful in the treatment of gonorrhea. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Bontoc, Nueva Vizcaya, Union, Nueva Ecija, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Min- doro, Polillo, Palawan, Davao, Cotabato. Genus CELOSIA CELOSIA ARGENTEA L. KADAIOHAN, Local names: Kadaiéhan, (Tagalog); sansandok (Ilocos Norte); tagug- hig (Occidental Negros). The seeds when in a decoction, or as fine powder, are con- sidered antidiarrhetic and aphrodisiac. The leaves are edible, but are not eaten by women during menstruation. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Negros, Bohol, Palawan, Lanao, Davao. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 185 Family PORTULACACEAE Genus PORTULACA PORTULACA OLERACEA L. GULASIMAN. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The leaves and tops, in poultices, are used as an antihemorrha- gic. In the form of an infusion they are taken as a diuretic beverage. Also they are employed to heal burns and cure certain skin diseases. Distribution: Very common in waste places throughout the Philippines. Family BASELLACEAE Genus BASELLA BASELLA RUBRA L. LiBATo. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The roots are employed as a rubefacient, and in poultices to reduce local swellings. The sap is used to anoint any part of the body affected by acne in order to diminish the irritation produced by that malady. Family NYMPHAEACEAE Genus NELUMBIUM NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (L.) Druce. BAINO or LOTUS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The roots, rhizomes, and flowers are employed as an astrin- gent. The leaves and seeds are used in poultices. Family MENISPERMACEAE Genus ANAMIRTA ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (L.) W. et A. LIGTANG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The seeds, which are very poisonous, are used to kill lice in the hair. They are also employed in fishing. Genus ARCHANGELISIA ARCHANGELISIA FLAVA (L.) Merr. - ABUTRA, A description of this species and its local names. are given in the section on dyes. 186 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS A decoction of the roots and stem is used as a febrifuge, tonic, emmenagogue, or abortive, according to the quantity adminis- tered. In Zambales it is also employed as an expectorant in bronchial affections. This plant contains about 5 per cent of berberine. Genus CISSAMPELOS CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA L. KALAAp. Local names: Batang-bdtang (Cebu); kaldad, kalkaléad (Tagalog, Iloko in Union and Cagayan); kalakalamdian (Batangas); kuskusipa (lloko); gulagulamdénan (Tagalog); hampapdre, himpdéra’ (Bisaya); ma- kabu (Bulacan); malarutto (Apayao); pare’-pdre’ (Laguna); pari’, sam- papare’ (Bisaya); sansdu, sansau-sansduan, sinsau-sinsduan (Tagalog). The root when brewed in decoction is considered diuretic, lithotriptic, pectoral, and febrifugal. The pounded leaves are used to cure snake bites. They are a good antiscabious remedy. Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Philippines. Genus PYCNARRHENA PYCNARRHENA MANILLENSIS Vidal AMBAL. Local names: Ambal (Tagalog) ; bégo (Negros) ; halikét, halét (Bisaya) ; mamongol (Tayabas). The powdered root, taken internally, is used as a tonic medicine. It is very efficacious as a cicatrizant. It is said that it is also an excellent vulnerary and a remedy for snake bites, and that the infusion is good for women in parturition. Distribution: Central Luzon to Zamboanga. Genus STEPHANIA STEPHANIA JAPONICA (Thunb.) Miers : Maratuci. Local names: Kuren (Batanes Islands); maratugi (Bontoc). This plant is said to be of value in the cure of itches. ~ Distribution: Batanes Islands, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Lepanto, Benguet, Batangas, Rizal, Laguna, Camiguin Island. In thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. Genus TINOMISCIUM TINOMISCIUM PHILIPPINENSE Miers Bayatine. Local names: Bayating (Pampanga); lagtdng (Laguna); timbang- timbang (Tayabas). The white milky sap diluted with water is used as an eyewash. Distribution: Pangasinan, Laguna, Tayabas, Biliran Island, Lanao, Davao. In forests at low and medium altitudes. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 187 Family ANNONACEAE Genus ALPHONSEA ALPHONSEA ARBOREA (Blanco) Merr. BoL6n. Local names: Bolén (Camarines) ; kaldi (Zambales, Laguna) ; lanitan (Leyte, Mindoro, Tayabas) ; lanitan-itim (Ticao Island); sapiro (Cebu). The fruit of this tree is boiled and used locally as a cure for fever. A decoction of the fruits is a good remedy in amenorrhea. Distribution: Central Luzon to Davao. Genus GONIOTHALAMUS GONIOTHALAMUS AMUYON (Blanco) Merr. AMUYONG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The seeds cooked with oil make an effective liniment in rheu- matic complaints. In decoction they are used in tympanites. Family LAURACEAE. Genus CINNAMOMUM CINNAMOMUM MERCADO! Vidal Ka inGac. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark has rubefacient -properties and is utilized as a re- medy for headaches and rheumatism. It is also chewed for stomach troubles, and is used in tuberculosis. It is sometimes substituted for cinnamon as a condiment. CINNAMOMUM MINDANAENSE Elm. MINDANAO CINNAMON. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is used in the same manner as is Ceylon cinna- mon. Filipinos use it in decoction with ginger, star anise (Illicitum anisatum), and sugar as a stomachic beverage, and also at breakfast. It is a very agreeable and hygienic drink. The leaves yield a stimulant and carminative medicine. Genus LITSEA LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. B. Rob. SABLOT. Local names: Balangdnan (Mindoro) ; butus (Bataan) ; daldwen (Isabe- la); dungul (Cagayan); lauat (Masbate); lokblit (Amburayan); lomd- figog (Guimaras Island); malakakdo (Bataan); mdrang (Polillo); mipipt (Ticao Island); olos-dlos (Pangasinan); parasablit (Zambales) ; sablét (Union, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela); siblét (Cagayan); tagu- tugan (Camarines) ; tayakpok (Agusan) ; tubjus (Batanes Islands). The bark is used.in decoction for the cure of intestinal catarrh. Distribution: Cagayan to Cotabato. 188 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family CAPPARIDACEAE Genus CAPPARIS CAPPARIS HORRIDA L. f. HALUBAGAT-BAGING. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The leaves are employed as a counter-irritant. CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC. HALUBAGAT-KAHOf. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. This plant is said to be used for asthma and for pains in the breast. Genus CRATAEVA CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA Forst. BALAI-LAMOK. Local names: Baldi-lamék (Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan) ; banugan (Masbate) ; dulingatok (Pampanga) ; léting-pdko (Nueva Ecija). The leaves of this plant are said to be useful in cases of irreg- ular menstruation. They are considered stomachic. The root is employed as an alterative. The sap of the bark is used as a cure in convulsions and tympanites. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Masbate and Palawan, prob-’ ably also in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Found in waste places, along streams, and in thickets near the sea, some- times planted. Genus GYNANDROPSIS GYNANDROPSIS GYNANDRA (L.) Merr. MANABO. Local names: Mandbo (Abra); tantandék, tantandék nga dadakkél (Union). The leaves are used externally, as are the seeds of mustard, and are taken internally in certain bilious disorders. The seeds are considered to have properties similar to those of mustard. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Union, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Panay, Negros Oriental, Davao, Zamboanga. Family MORINGACEAE. Genus MORINGA MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam. MALUNGGAI or HORSE-RADISH TREE. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is used as a rubefacient remedy. It is said that the roots of this tree, if chewed and applied to the bite of a snake, MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 189 will prevent the poison. from spreading. A decoction of the roots is considered antiscorbutic and is also given to delirious patients. Family PITTOSPORACEAE Genus PITTOSPORUM PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. MAMALIS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. An aromatic decoction brewed from the leaves is used by women in their baths following childbirth. The powdered bark is employed, in small doses, as a febrifuge. If taken in larger doses, it is considered a general antidote. It is also effective in bronchitis. Family LEGUMINOSAE Genus ABRUS ABRUS PRECATORIUS L. KANSASAGA or PRAYER-BEAN, A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. A decoction of the leaves and roots of this plant is used as a cough cure. Genus ADENANTHERA ADENANTHERA INTERMEDIA Merr. TANGLIN. Local names: Bagiréro (Albay); bdhai (Antique, Zamboanga); bugd- yong-china (Ilocos Sur); butdrik (Cagayan); hahop (Samar); ipil, pamiasin (Zambales); kinasaikdsai (fide Blanco); malasdgad (Rizal); matdng uldng (Laguna, Tayabas); kaagdhan (Laguna); sagun-sagun (Masbate) ; tadlangdu (Camarines) ; tanglin (Zambales, Bataan, Laguna) ; tanglon (Pampanga). The bark and seeds are employed as a cure for snake bites. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao, in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. Genus BAUHINIA BAUHINIA MALABARICA Roxb. ALIBANGBANG. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. A decoction of the bark is considered antidysenteric and anti- diarrhetic. The leaves are used in topicals applied on the head in fevers which are accompanied by headaches. Genus CAESALPINIA CAESALPINIA CRISTA L. KALUMBIBIT. Local names: Banbang (Cebu); baydg-kambing, kalumbibit (Tagalog, Sambali); bebit (Misamis); dalogdég (Rizal); dalugditg (Bikol, Bisaya). 190 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS The seeds when administered in the form of a powder are a febrifuge and are regarded as a tonic. Distribution: Union, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Bataan, Rizal, Camarines, Mindoro, Palawan, Cebu, Misamis, Davao. Genus CASSIA CASSIA ALATA L. ACAPULCO. Local names: Acapulco, kapurko (Zamboanga) ; andadast aga bugbugténg (Union) ; andadast tga dakkél (Pangasinan) ; kasitas (Camarines) ; paka- yonkém (Bataan); palo-china (Negros, Busuanga); sunting (Surigao). The sap of the leaves is an efficient antiherpetic, especially when the herpes is of the furfuraceous form. Distribution: Throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, locally abundant. Occasionally planted. CASSIA FISTULA L. CaNA-F{STULA. Local names: Baldyong (Mindoro); cafia-fistula or cafia-pistula (Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Laguna, Rizal, Mindoro) ; fistula (Cebu); tindalo (Min- doro). The pulp of the fruit is employed as a cathartic. Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Cebu, Occidental and Oriental Negros, Palawan; in cultivation only. Not to be confused with the much more widely distributed native Cassia javanica L., which is almost everywhere known by similar names. CASSIA MIMOSOIDES L. KatTANnpDaA, Local name: Katandd (Bukidnon). The roots are used as a cure for diarrhea. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In open grass- lands at low and medium altitudes, in some regions ascending to 1,500 meters. CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L. ANpapasf. Local names: Andadasit (Union); baldtong-dso (Tagalog); sunting (Samar); tambalisa (Zamboanga). The seeds are used as a febrifuge. The leaves are purgative and antiherpetic, though not so efficient as those of acapulco (Cassia alata). Distribution: Throughout the Philippines, from Cagayan to Zamboanga. CASSIA SOPHERA L. TAMBALISA, Local names: Andadasi (Ilocos Norte, Union); tambalisa (Tagalog). The seeds are used as a febrifuge. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 191 Distribution: Babuyanes Islands, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan subprovince, Union, Rizal, Laguna. CASSIA TORA L. Local names: Andadast nga dadakkél (Union); baho-baho (Bisaya) ; baldtong (Laguna); baldtong-dso (Tagalog). The entire plant, in decoction, is taken as a vermifuge and purgative. Distribution: Very common in Batanes Islands, Luzon, and Mindanao, but does not seem to occur in the Visayas except in Cebu. Genus DALBERGIA DALBERGIA CUMINGIANA Benth. TAH{D-LABUYO, Local names: Bulanini, kannék (Cagayan) ; kawilan (Camarines) ; tahid- labuyo (Tayabas). This vine is employed in curing the stomach pains of small children. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In thickets and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes. DALBERGIA FERRUGINEA Roxb. KAmutT-KABAG. Local names: Bolidtadhén (Agusan); kdémut-kabég (Mindoro); kipus- kipus (Zamboanga) ; kulik-mandr (Pampanga); maldsang-salve (Bataan) ; manaon (Tagalog); malumalunggdyan (Rizal). A decoction of the wood of the stem or root is an emmena- gogue, and is an abortive if the administered dose be immoderate in size. Distribution: Isabela Province to Zamboanga. Genus ENTADA ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (L.) Merr. Géco. A description and figure of this. species and its local names are given in the section on soap substitutes. The stem macerated in cold water makes a cleansing soap. It is also used as an emetic. Genus EUCHRESTA EUCHRESTA HORSFIELDII (Lesch.) Benn. Local names: Laguan (Tayabas); katdnda, makahilub (Bukidnon). The roots are chewed as a cure for snakebite. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. Of local oc- currence on the higher mountains. Genus MIMOSA MIMOSA PUDICA L. MAKAHBia, Local names: Andibaing (Pangasinan); bain-bain (Iloko); dikit-mala- marine (Pampanga) ; dilgun-stisu (Union) ; hartipai (Leyte) ; hia-hia’ (Cu- 192 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS yo); huia’-hiia? (Bisaya); hiiag-hiiag (Occidental Negros); kipi-kipi’ (Bisaya); kirom-kirém (Samar); kékol-ddien (Iloko); makahia’ (Zam- bales, Pangasinan, all Tagalog provinces); tdélo-magdlau (Rizal); torog- térog (Bikol). The entire plant in decoction is considered as an alterant and antiasthmatic. Distribution: Common throughout the Philippines in open waste places at low and medium altitudes. Genus MUCUNA MUCUNA NIGRICANS (Lour.) Steud. NIPAI. Local names: Alilipdi (Zamboanga) ; bukitkit, ipdl, lipdi (Tagalog) ; ba- luktét (Polillo) ; danépai (Samar) ; duglé (Bataan) ; nipdi (Alabat Island) ; nipoi (Bikol) ; sagapék (Capiz). When this vine is cut, watery sap exudes freely. This water is used as a cure for many kinds of fevers. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In thickets and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes, locally abundant. Genus PHASEOLUS PHASEOLUS AUREUS Roxb. BALATONG. Local names: Baldtong (Union, Pangasinan); ménggo, minggo, bald- tong (Tagalog). A decoction of the seeds is an effective diuretic in cases of beriberi. The seeds are employed either raw or cooked in maturative poultices. Distribution: Cultivated throughout the Islands. Genus PONGAMIA PONGAMIA PINNATA (L.) Merr. BANI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is used as an abortive by the natives of the Island of Guimaras. Genus PTEROCARPUS PTEROCARPUS BLANCO! Merr. BLANCO’s NARRA. Local names: Apdélit (Pampanga); asand (Bulacan); ndrra (Union, Bulacan). The resin is used as an astringent in aphtha or thrush. Distribution: Union, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal. Genus SOPHORA SOPHORA TOMENTOSA IL, SANDALAITAN. Local names: Bangil, sambalagisai (Bisaya); sipon (Batanes Island) ; sandalaitan (Tayabas, Palawan); tabagisa (Negros, Zamboanga); tam- MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 193 balisa (Mindoro, Masbate, Negros); tambaléta (Mindoro); tambiligisa (Negros) ; A decoction of the root, stem, or seeds is considered as anti- choleric. The seeds are used as a purgative. Distribution: Along the seashore throughout the Philippines, abundant in some localities. Family OXALIDACEAE Genus AVERRHOA AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. Kamis. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The fruit is used in the same manner as is that of the following species. AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L. BALIMBING, A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The sap of the fruit is prepared as a syrup which is: admin- istered in fevers as a cooling drink. Genus BIOPHYTUM BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (L.) DC. MauIHIYAIN. Local names: Daméng-bungkalat (Batangas); daméng-hiya, macahiya (Tagalog) ; mahihiydin (Tagalog); makahiyang-laléke (Laguna). The leaves, placed under the pillow, are reputed to act as a soporific. The seeds, applied in the form of a powder, are used as a vulnerary. ‘The roots in decoction are administered in cases of gonorrhea and of stone in the bladder. Distribution: Cagayan to Cotabato. Family RUTACEAE Genus CHAETOSPERMUM CHAETOSPERMUM GLUTINOSUM (Blanco) Swingle TABUYOK. Local names: Kabtyau-dso, tabég (Bataan); kalatan (Isabela) ; tabiiyok (Pangasinan). The juice of the fruit is rubbed into the hide of a dog to cure itch. It is also used as a hair tonic. Distribution: Isabela, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Bataan, Manila. Genus CITRUS CITRUS MAXIMA (Burm.) Merr. PoMELo or LUKBAN. Local names: Arasigd (Cuyo) ; badagon (Misamis) ; baranghds (Union) ; bobonotén (Zambales); kabtigau (Iloilo); lukbdn (Cagayan, Benguet, 17767418 194 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Union, Pangasinan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines Norte and Sur, Albay, Marinduque); neranja (Spanish-Filipino) ; sud (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Tarlac); swha’ (Nueva Ecija, Bu- lacan, Rizal, Manila, Bataan, Batangas, Tarlac, Polillo, Sorsogon, Iloilo). The leaves, flowers, and pericarps are employed, in the form of a decoction or infusion, as a sedative in nervous affections. Distribution: Cultivated in almost all provinces. Genus CLAUSENA CLAUSENA ANISUM-OLENS (Blanco) Merr. KayumMANis. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The leaves, stuffed into pillows and placed under the head, have a soporific effect. They are also used in baths, in cases of rheumatism. Genus LUNASIA LUNASIA AMARA Blanco. LUNAS. Local names: Apdéng-kdéhoi (Laguna, Batangas) ; labaw (Masbate) ; lubi- libi (Cebu) ; lunan (Pampanga) ; lumas (Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Mindoro, Palawan) ; lunas-bondok (Bataan) ; marmdngga (Cagayan) ; paitan (Ilocos Sur); papait (Camarines) ; salttki (Rizal, Laguna) ; santikt (Laguna). The leaves and bark are used for stomach troubles. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Basilan. Genus MICROMELUM MICROMELUM MINUTUM (Forst.) Seem. Local name: Makabadingon (Camarines). This plant is said to be used for curing stomachache and headache. Distribution: Laguna, Tayabas, Catanduanes Island, Samar, Leyte, Lanao, Sulu, Basilan, Genus MURRAYA MURRAYA PANICULATA (L.) Jack. _ KAMUNING. Local names: Bandsi, banadsi, bandti, etc. (through almost whole range, except Tagalog provinces); kamdin (Pangasinan); kamiuning (Tagalog) ; lukbdén-balit (Pangasinan). A decoction of the leaves is used as a mouth-wash in cases of toothache. Distribution: Widely distributed, from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus TODDALIA TODDALIA ASIATICA (L.) Lam. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 195 A decoction of the root is antidiarrhetic and dynamogenic during convalescence from fevers. The bark is used in infusion as a bitter stomachic tonic and febrifuge. The leaves when chewed fresh are said to be useful in stomach disorders. Genus ZANTHOXYLUM ZANTHOXYLUM AVICENNAE (Lam.) DC. KANGalI. Local names: Bagatambdl, marbdar (Bisaya) ; bufigai (Palawan) ; itrgan (Benguet) ; kdvgai (Pampanga) ; kayutdna (Batangas) ; sdlai, sdlai-kdngai (Pampanga). A decoction of the stem is used as a stomach tonic and as a counter-poison for snake bite. Distribution: Benguet, Zamboanga, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Ba- tangas, Misamis, Cotabato. ZANTHOXYLUM RHETSA (Roxb.) DC. KASABANG. Local names: Kasdbang (Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Zambales); watdna, kaieténa (Bataan, Batangas, Negros); kaiténa (Rizal); kaiutdna (La- guna); palo-kaiténa (Zambales, Zamboanga) ; sdgai-kdngai, salddai, sdlat (Bisaya); sdrai (Masbate). The bark, pounded and mixed with oil, is used externally as a remedy for stomach pains. A decoction of the bark is taken internally as a cure for paleness. The bark is also used as a cure for pains in the chest. When chewed it is applied to snake bites. Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Masbate, Negros, Pa- lawan, Basilan. Family SIMARUBACEAE Genus BRUCEA BRUCEA AMARISSIMA (Lour.) Merr. Local name: Bago-bdgo (Negros). The fresh fruits are said to be good for stomachache. The dried fruits are considered by European and Chinese physi- cians as a very efficacious antidysenteric remedy. Distribution: Pangasinan, Leyte, Negros, Palawan, Surigao, Misamis, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Basilan. Genus HARRISONIA HARRISONIA PERFORATA (Blanco) Mert. MAmixIL. Local names: Asimau (Tagalog); baguit, bauit (Pangasinan); bokit (Ilocos Sur); mamikil (Batangas, Rizal) ; sap-sapdng (Ilocos Sur). The bark of the root in decoction is a very efficacious remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. It is employed also against chol- era. 196 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Distribution: Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Ben- guet, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Manila, Batangas, Samar, Butuan, Davao, Zamboanga. Genus SAMADERA SAMADERA INDICA Gaertn. MANUNGGAL. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark and wood are a febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and em- menagogue when administered in the form of a maceration or decoction in water, alcohol or wine. Family BURSERACEAE Genus CANARIUM CANARIUM LUZONICUM (Blume) A. Gray Pru. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The oleo-resin is a stimulant medicine used externally. CANARIUM VILLOSUM (Blume) F.-Vill. PacsaHiNGIN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The resin is used medicinally. Genus GARUGA GARUGA ABILO (Blanco) Merr. B6co. Local names: Abilo (Tagalog) ; bio (Ilocos Sur) ; bu%go or bégo (Mindoro, Masbate, Negros Occidental, Cebu, Misamis, Zamboanga, Cotabato) ; bunus (Ilocos Norte) ; lamié (Rizal); libés (Tayabas) ; talingdnan (Zamboanga). Blanco says that a decoction of the root is administered to those suffering from consumption. Distribution: Ilocos Norte and Sur, Union, Pangasinan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Negros Occi- dental, Mindoro, Cebu, Misamis, Davao, Cotabato, Zamboanga. Family MELIACEAE. Genus CHISOCHETON CHISOCHETON PENTANDRUS (Blanco) Merr. KATONG-MACHIN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. An oil extracted from the fruit of this species is used as a hair cosmetic. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 197 Genus DYSOXYLUM DYSOXYLUM DECANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. AGARU. Local names: Agdru (Pangasinan); bagulibds (Basilan); bohdue (Mas- bate) ; buntigan (Camarines); igiu (Batangas); pamatdgin (Cagayan); kugyug (Mindoro); malaaduds, paludhan (Occidental Negros); tadidng- kalabédu (Laguna); taming-tdéming (Basilan Island). The bark administered as a fine powder is a safe emetic. Distribution: Cagayan to Basilan Island. Genus MELIA MELIA AZEDARACH L. Parafso. Local name: Paraiso (Spanish-Filipino). The bark is considered a vermifuge. Distribution: Cultivated in all parts of the Archipelago. Genus SANDORICUM SANDORICUM KOETJAPE (Burm. f.) Merr. SANTOL. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The fresh leaves applied to the skin are sudorific. In decoc- tion, they are used for baths in cases of fever. Genus XYLOCARPUS XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM Koenig. Tasici. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove swamps. The bark is astringent. The fruits and seeds, powdered or in decoction, are employed as an antidiarrhetic. Family EUPHORBIACEAE. Genus ACALYPHA ACALYPHA INDICA L. Local names: Bugés (Tagalog); maradtong (loko). The juice of the root and leaves is given to children as an expectorant and emetic in bronchitis. It is also administered in decoction. Distribution: Laguna, Batangas, Mindoro, Palawan, Balabac Island, Davao, Zamboanga. Genus ALEURITES ; ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (L.) Willd. LuMBANG. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The seeds yield an oil used as a mild purgative. 198 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS ALEURITES TRISPERMA Blanco BAGILUMBANG. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The oil extracted from the seeds is an effective insecticide. The sap of the bark is employed as a cure for scurf of the head. Genus BREYNIA BREYNIA RHAMNOIDES (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. MATANG-HIPON. Local names: Gungumayi (Bontoc) ; matdng-hipon (Bulacan, Manila, and vicinity) ; matdng-oldng (Tayabas); matdng-sdga (Cuyo Island); maténg uldng (Butuan); santing (Basilan); sintug (Zamboanga); sufgut-oléng (Bisaya) ; tangisan-bagto (Davao). - The bark is an astringent used to prevent hemorrhage. Distribution: Very widely scattered throughout the Philip- pines from northern Luzon to Basilan. Genus CICCA CICCA ACIDA (L.) Merr. fBa. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The bark yields a decoction which is employed in bronchial catarrh. Genus CROTON CROTON TIGLIUM L. CROTON-OIL PLANT. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The seeds and the oil extracted from them are violently drastic, and are used as revulsives in cases of rheumatism and cough. The plant is also used to poison fish. Genus EUPHORBIA EUPHORBIA HIRTA L. GATAS-GATAS. Local names: Botoboténis, sayikan (Tagalog); botténis (Bontoc); bu- gayau (Samar); buyaydra, taudua (Bisaya); gatas-gdtas (Tagalog, Bisaya); golondrina (Spanish-Filipino); magdtas, malimdlis, sisidhan (Pampanga) ; maragdtas (Union) ; soro-séro (Camarines) ; tairas (Batanes Islands) ; taua-tdua (Occidental Negros). The entire plant is used as an antidote, being considered haemostatic, sedative, and soporific. In decoction it is very efficacious for allaying the dyspnoea of asthmatics. Distribution: Batanes to Basilan. EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA L. Local names: Bait (Tagalog, Pampangan, Bisaya); karimbudya (Bon- toc) ; soroséro, sorog-sorog (Tagalog, Pampangan). MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 199 A fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used in earache. Distribution: Cultivated in gardens; apparently nowhere spontaneous. EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA L. Local names: Golandrina (corrupted Spanish) ; makikitot (Bontoc). The leaves are commonly employed in poultices to counteract the effects of bites of poisonous snakes; also as an efficient vulnerary. The latex is sometimes used to dissipate the opacity of the cornea. Distribution : Throughout the Philippines in waste places along roads and trails, in fallow rice-paddies, etc. EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI L. CoNSUELDA.* Local names: Balibali (Iloilo) ; consuélda (Spanish); gaton (Benguet) ; katutt (Tagalog); solda-sdlda (Leyte); solsoldjng (Pangasinan); soro- séro (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Iloilo) ; sosueldo (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Union); susuérdo (Zambales); suelda-consuelda (Bulacan, Manila, Cavite, Camarines Sur, Zamboanga) ; sueldo-consuéldo (Camarines); suer- do-consuérdo (Cagayan, Bataan, Marinduque). The stems are used in poultices to aid the healing of frac- tures of the bones. The latex is said to be an energetic revulsive. It is also employed as a cure for wounds. If allowed to get into the eyes, it is said to cause blindness. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. Occasionally planted in gardens, but apparently nowhere spontaneous. Genus EXCOECARIA EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA L. BUTA-BUTA. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove swamps. The latex is known as a caustic; nevertheless it is used in healing obstinate ulcers. Genus HOMONOIA HOMONOIA RIPARIA Lour. MANGAcos. Local names: Agoéi (Bulacan); agoioi (Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Tayabas) ; agukik, kagoidi (Rizal); dumdnai (Tagalog, Iloko); lumdnai (Tagalog) ; apoiéi, mangdgos (Tayabas); baldnti (Bataan, Zambales; hangdrai (Samar); lithon (Sambali); lumandia (Tagalog); malabugds, miagook, miagus (Occidental Negros); mandgos (Mindoro). * The Spanish name of a ‘European medicinal plant (Symphytum of- ficinale L.) which, in the original form or various corruptions of it, has become the almost universal name of EHuphorbia tirucalli in the Philip- pines. 200 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS In the southern part of the Philippine Archipelago it is used, like sarsaparilla, as an efficient stimulant in the treatment of certain venereal diseases. A decoction of the roots is used as an emetic. Water running at the foot of these shrubs is con- sidered as having depurative properties. Distribution: From northern Luzon to southern Mindanao, on banks and in beds of streams. Genus JATROPHA JATROPHA CURCAS L. TUBANG-BAKOD OR PHYSIC NUT. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The oil of the seeds is a drastic purgative. A decoction of the leaves is a good antidiarrhetic. A decoction of the roots is also used as a cure for diarrhea; while that of the leaves is employed as a cough remedy. The bark of this plant is pounded slightly and placed in the mouth as a cure for snake bite. It is apparently also applied to the bites of various animals. JATROPHA MULTIFIDA L. ManA. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The seeds are an energetic and dangerous cathartic. Their use has been almost abandoned in native medicine. Genus MACARANGA MACARANGA GRANDIFOLIA (Blanco) Merr. BINGABING. Local names: Biluak (Bataan); bingdbing (Tagalog); binifigas (Ba- tangas). The resin is used ag an astringent gargle for ulcers in the mouth. Distribution: Rizal, Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro. MACARANGA TANARIUS (L.) Muell.-Arg. BINGNGA. | A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The powdered root is used as an emetic in fevers. In decoc- tion, it is administered to cure haemoptysis. Genus MALLOTUS MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. BANATO. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on dyes. The red glands of the fruit have been used as an antiherpetic. but are more useful when taken internally as an anthelmintic. ‘MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 201 Genus MANIHOT MANIHOT UTILISSIMA Pohl. CASSAVA or KAMOTENG-KAHOI. Local names: Balinghéi (Mindoro); kaméte-kéhoi (Moro); kaméteng- kdhoit (Sambali, Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya) ; kaméte-méro (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Union, Pangasinan); kamoti-ti-moro or kamotit-moro (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan); kaméteng-bisdya (Pangasinan); kaméteng-ditong (Pampanga); kaméte-sa-méro (Bikol); kaméteng-kdui (Cuyo); kdnggos (Bikol) ; kdéong-méro (Sambali). A decoction of the bark of the trunk is considered antirheu- matic. Distribution: Cultivated in almost all provinces. Genus MELANOLEPIS MELANOLEPIS MULTIGLANDULOSA (Reinw.) Reichb. f. & Zoll. ALIM. Local names: Além (Pangasinan, Cuyo); dlim, takip-asin (Tagalog) ; dlom or élum (Bikol, Bisaya) ; pasalkdl (Pampanga) ; tres puntos (Spanish- Filipino). The bark and leaves when slightly heated and applied to the skin are used as a sudorific. Distribution: In thickets and waste places throughout the Philippines. Genus PHYLLANTHUS PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L. TALIKUD. Local names: Malakirum-kirim (Samar); sampaloksampalokan (Rizal, Manila) ;, San Pedro (Occidental Negros); surusampdlok, turutalikéd (Ca- marines) ; talikid (Ilocos Norte); taltallikid (Iloko) ; yerba de San Pablo (Bisaya). The entire plant is used in decoction as a tonic for the stomach. It is also an emmenagogue and is considered as a febrifuge giving positive results in cases of ague. Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan, Union, Pan- gasinan, Rizal, Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Tayabas, Pampanga, Camarines, Batangas, Panay, Negros, Butuan, Lanao, Davao, Basilan. PHYLLANTHUS RETICULATUS Poir. MATANG-BUYUD. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on miscellaneous plants. The bark and the leaves are considered diuretic and alterative They are also reported to be purifiers of the blood. Genus RICINUS RICINUS COMMUNIS L. TANGAN-TANGAN or CASTOR-OIL PLANT, A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. 202 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS The leaves, fresh and whole, are used externally in headache. The seeds are purgative and are regarded as antirheumatic. The leaves, cooked with milk, are employed in poultices for certain varieties of ulcers. Family ANACARDIACEAE Genus ANACARDIUM ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. Kast1 or CASHEW NUT. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The oil of the pericarp is used as a powerful escharotic. Genus MANGIFERA MANGIFERA INDICA L. ManecA or MANGo. Local names: Mampala (Balabac); mampdlang (Basilan) ; mdngga (Ilo- cos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Abra, Benguet, Bontoc, Isabela, Vizcaya, Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Marinduque, Masbate, Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, Agusan, Misamis, Cotabato, Davao, Basilan) ; pdého (Iloilo, Capiz); pumdngga (Cuyo). A decoction of the root is considered diuretic. The bark and seeds are astringent. The leaves are prepared as a tea. The resin is used as a cure for aphthoes. Distribution: Cultivated throughout the Philippines. Genus SEMECARPUS SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco. Licds. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The oil of the pericarp is used as a caustic or escharotic, and sometimes in the treatment of certain indolent ulcers. Genus SPONDIAS SPONDIAS PURPUREA L. SINIGUELAS. Local names: Ciruélas (Spanish, “plums”) ; sarguélas (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Union, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales); siniguélas (Tagalog provinces, Marinduque) ; siriguilas (Bikol provinces, Misamis); sirguélas (Iloilo, Cuyo). A decoction of the bark is an efficacious antidysenteric and is also used in cases of infantile tympanites. Distribution: Cultivated from northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. Family CELASTRACEAE Genus CELASTRUS CELASTRUS PANICULATA Willd. LANGITNGIt. Local names: Laguete, langitngit (Tagalog). A description of this species is given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. MEDICINAL: USES OF PLANTS 203 The seeds when pulverized are administered as an anti- rheumatic, and are also used in cases of paralysis. The sap of . the leaves is given as an antidote in cases of opium poisoning. Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. _ Genus LOPHOPETALUM LOPHOPETALUM TOXICUM Loher. ABUAB. Local names: Abiab, bantigi (Tagalog); dayanddng (Mindoro); ditd (Tagalog, Bikol); alibambangan (Davao); putt-i babdye and laldke (La- nao); tanddé’ (Zamboanga). The thickened sap of the bark is used by the Negritos and other hillmen to poison the tips of their arrows. Distribution: Central Luzon to Zamboanga. Family HIPPOCRATEACEAE Genus SALACIA SALACIA PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC. MATANG-ULANG. Local name: Matdng-uling (Tagalog). The roots are used in decoction in cases of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. They are regarded as an abortive. Distribution: Widely distributed in the Philippines. Family ICACINACEAE. Genus GONOCARYUM GONOCARYUM CALLERYANUM (Baill.) Becc. TAINGANG-BABUI. Local names: Ampdleng, gozzdng-kalinga (Isabela) ; bitotu (Tayabas) ; busigan (Cagayan); duhatduhdtan (Bataan); karasoko (Cagayan); linas (Bataan, Rizal, Laguna); malagozzdn (Isabela); malaikmdé-lalaki (Nueva Ecija) ; malaikmé (Bataan, Bulacan, Batangas, Tayabas); malapandakdki (Zambales, Tayabas); malapinggdn (Laguna); maragauak, maragauéd (Cagayan) ; malasamdt (Cagayan, Bataan); malatapdi (Camarines) ; rog- rogsé (Union) ; tatngang-bdbui (Tayabas) ; saling-baté (Laguna) ; uratdn (Ilocos Norte); yaya (Cagayan). Hunting-dogs after having been subjected to the smoke of the burning flowers or fruits of this species are said to be very good at catching wild hogs or deer. This plant is said to be used as a cure for stomach troubles. Distribution: Batanes Islands and all provinces of Luzon. Common in virgin forests at low and medium altitudes. Family SAPINDACEAE Genus CARDIOSPERMUM CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L. var. MICROCARPUM. LAGUPOK. Local names: Angélica (Iloilo) ; bangkilong (Tagalog): farél (Spanish- Filipino) ; lagupék (Cuyo); lobo-lobéhan (Batangas); palpaltéog (Ilocos 204 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Sur); palték-véka (Zambales) ; paltuk-paltikan (Pampanga); paputukdn (Cavite) ; parid-dso (Union); parparid (Ilocos Norte); purpurdok (Pan- gasinan). A decoction of the root is regarded as diaphoretic, and is used for catarrh of the bladder. The leaves are considered anti- rheumatic whether taken internally in the form of a beverage or applied externally in oil embrocations. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Zamboanga. Genus DODONAEA DODONAEA VISCOSA (L.) Jacq. Kasirac. Local names: Alipdta (Tagalog) ; dumdnai (Benguet); hagui-vi (Taya- bas); kalapinai (Tagalog); kasirag (Sambali); ligad (Palawan); tabdu (Tayabas). The bark employed in decoction is an efficacious astringent in humid eczema and for healing simple ulcers. It is also consid- ered a good febrifuge. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bontoc, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Tayabas, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Palawan. Genus GUIOA GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) Merr. (G. Perrottetii Radlk.) ALAHAN. Local names: Aldhan, aldsan, bilde-mariang-itim, mamdalis, nisi-nisi (Ba- taan); andngin, malasangi (Rizal); angsét (Ilocos Sur); bdngil, gisi-gist, malahdbi (Zambales) ; basai (Guimaras Island) ; busikag (Balabac Island) ; cha (Cebu) ; imdlis, kaningning (Mindoro) ; kamutélen, pamutélen, vibres (Pangasinan); malauds (Nueva Ecija); fgisi-ngisi (Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro) ; paksion (Iloilo) sdélab (Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo); sdlub (Ba- taan, Rizal, Polillo); uds, wwds (Ilocos Norte); ulds (Benguet). An oil extracted from the seed is used in the cure of certain skin diseases. Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus HARPULLIA HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk. UAs. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on soap substitutes. The bark and fruits are used to prevent leech bites. The bark is also used as a substitute for Entada phaseoloides as a hair tonic. It contains an active substance which stupefies and kills fish. The oil of the seeds is sometimes used as an anti- rheumatic. Genus LEPIDOPETALUM LEPIDOPETALUM PERROTTETII (Camb.) Blume. DAPIL. Local names: Bigds (Occidental Negros); ddépil (Nueva Ecija); dila- dila (Pampanga) ; malakakdo (Zamboanga) ; marinsidno, paga-paga (Cota- MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 205 bato); ualis (Tagalog); uas (Pangasinan) ; sagddan (Manobo); sdlab (Tagalog) ; tolotigre (Occidental Negros). The powdered seeds are used to kill wild hogs. Distribution: Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Batangas, Camarines, Negros, Biliran, Lanao, Davao, Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan. Family BALSAMINACEAE Genus IMPATIENS IMPATIENS BALSAMINA L. KaAMANrtier. Local name: Kamantigi’ (Tagalog). \ The leaves are pounded and used in poultices to dissolve felons. Distribution: Bontoc, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Bukidnon. Family RHAMNACEAE Genus COLUBRINA COLUBRINA ASIATICA (L.) Brongn. KABATiTI. Local names: Kabatiti (Tagalog, Palawan, Polillo) ; kayakds (Union) ; palid-ldut (Tawi-Tawi) ; uatitik (Bisaya). The leaves are used in decoction to alleviate the irritation of and to cure certain diseases of the skin. The fruits are used as a fish poison. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Tawi-Tawi and Palmas Is- lands. Genus VENTILAGO VENTILAGO DICHOTOMA (Blanco) Merr. SALAPAu. Local names: Saldpau, silipau (Tagalog); pakpdk-tutubi (Rizal). The bark, pulverized, and mixed with oil, is useful in certain cutaneous diseases. Distribution: Rizal, Laguna, Polillo, Sorsogon. Genus ZIZYPHUS ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA (L.) Lam. JUJUBE or MANZANITAS. Local names: Manzanas or manzanitas (Spanish-Filipino throughout the Philippines) . A decoction of the bark and leaves is employed as an effective astringent in dysentery and diarrhea, and is used in bowel trouble of all kinds. Distribution: Pampanga, Tarlac, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal, Ma- nila, Batangas, Negros Oriental, Zamboanga. 206 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family VITACEAE Genus CISSUS CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS L. SUGPON-SUGPON. Local names: Sugpon-sugpén, sulpa-sulpa (Bisaya). The sap is applied in the form of drops in cases of otorrhea and epistaxis. It is also used as an alterative in irregularities of menstruation. Distribution: Luzon (Cagayan, Batangas, Rizal), Negros, Cebu, Siquijor. In dry thickets in and about towns at low altitudes. Genus COLUMELLA COLUMELLA TRIFOLIA (L.) Merr. Ariuar. Local names: Ariuat (Union) ; grapokol, kabilan, kalit-kalit (Tagalog) ; kagundi, kikindi, lagini, langingi, lupo (Bisaya); kalit-pamo (Panga- sinan). The leaves yield a decoction which is considered as antiscor- butic. The sap of the leaves is regarded as having similar properties. Distribution: Bontoc, Union, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro, Biliran, Tloilo, Negros, Cebu, Palawan, Misamis, Lanao, Davao. Genus LEEA LEEA ACULEATA Blume. MALI-MALi Local names: Amamdli (Samar, Agusan); balinaundu (Tayabas); hdra (Laguna); kemamdle, memamdle (Bukidnon); mali-malt (Laguna); ma- malig (Cotabato) ; sipit-kahig (Tayabas). The leaves are said to be used for purifying bad blood. Distribution: Babuyanes Islands and northern Luzon to Min- danao and Palawan, in most or all the islands and provinces. Common in thickets and second-growth forests, especially along streams at low and medium altitudes. LEEA MANILLENSIS Walp. AMAMALI. Local names: Abang-dbang (Laguna); alumani (Union); alumamdni (Abra, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto); amamdl (Pangasinan); amamdli (Bisaya) ; aydman-kildt (Zambales) ; kalldkal (Igorot in Benguet); kalianténg (Ba- taan); kaliantén (Mindoro); kuldtai (Palawan); mali-mali (Pampanga, Laguna); mamangal (Palawan); taliantdn (Rizal, Bataan, Cavite); tum- bosut (Occidental Negros) ; vodadin (Batanes Islands). The roots, branches, and leaves, used in decoction, are con- sidered vulnerary. Distribution: Very common throughout the Philippines. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 207 Genus TETRASTIGMA TETRASTIGMA HARMANDII Planch. Ayo. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. A decoction of this plant is taken internally as a powerful diuretic. Also, it is employed externally as a lotion to cure scabies. Family TILIACEAE Genus CORCHORUS CORCHORUS ACUTANGULUS Lam. PASAU NA HABA’, Local names: Pdsau na hdba’ (Tagalog); salsaliyut (Union). The seeds are employed in the same manner as are those of Corchorus capsularis, and for the same affections. Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Union, Bataan, Rizal, Ma- nila, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan, Lanao. CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS L. PASAU NA BILOG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves are used as a cure for headache. The seeds, either as a powder or in decoction, are used as a tonic, carminative and febrifuge. CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L. PAsAu or JUTE. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The seeds are said to be employed as a purgative. Genus MUNTINGIA MUNTINGIA CALABURA L. DATILEs. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The flowers are used in infusion in the same manner as are those of Tilia europaea. Genus TRIUMFETTA TRIUMFETTA BARTRAMIA L., KULOT-KULOTAN. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots and leaves are used in decoction as an emollient in the same manner as are Urena, Abutilon, etc. It is also em- ployed as an antiblennorrhagic. 208 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family MALVACEAE Genus ABELMOSCHUS ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS Medic. P Kastor. Loeal names: Dalupang, kastiokastiégan, kastili’ (Tagalog); dukim, marikim, maropoto, sapinit (Bisaya); kalipi (Tayabas, Laguna); kasto- kastolian (Pampanga). The seeds after being pounded and prepared in decoction are administered as a diuretic, tonic and carminative. A mucilag- inous decoction of the root and leaves is used in the treatment of gonorrhea. The seeds are also employed as an antihysteric. Distribution: Bataan, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon, Catanduanes, Capiz, Camiguin Island, Surigao, Bukidnon, Pal- mas Islands. Genus ABUTILON ABUTILON INDICUM (L.) Sweet GILING-GILINGAN. Local names: Dulipang, malvas de castilla, malvis (Bisaya); giling- gilingan, kuakuakohan, kuako-kuakohan (Tagalog); lulupdu (Tloco); lup- luppdu (Union); malvas (Cagayan, Manila, Mindoro, Agusan); mdrbas (Tayabas, Polillo, Agusan); taratakipis (Bisaya); yampéng (Bisaya). The leaves yield an emollient decoction. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. Genus HIBISCUS HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS L. OKRA. A syrup which is useful in sore throat attended with hoarse- ness is made from the mucilaginous fruit. HIBISCUS MUTABILIS L. MAPUuLA. Local names: Amapéla (Spanish for “poppy”; so called in Manila) ; ma- pula (Tagalog, Bikol). ‘ The flowers are considered pectoral when employed in decoc- tion. Distribution: Reported from Manila, Laguna, Camarines, Misamis, Surigao, Davao, but probably found cultivated in many other regions. HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS L. GUMAMELA. Local names: Arogdngan, antoldngan, kaydnga, gumaméla, tapolonga, tarakdngan, taurdngan (Tagalog, Pampanga, Bisaya) ; gumaméla (Tayabas, Manila and vicinity, Basilan) ; kaydaga (Bontoc) ; kaydnga-rosa (Iloko). The roots, bark, leaves and flowers in decoction are used as an emollient. Distribution: Cultivated in almost all provinces. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 209 HIBISCUS SABDARIFFS. L. ROSELLE. The root is bitter, and is regarded ag tonic and aperitive. Distribution: Bontoe subprovince, Manila and vicinity, La- guna. HIBISCUS TILIACEUS L. MALUBAGO. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. _ The bark is used as an emetic. The flowers boiled in milk are employed for the cure of earache. Distribution: Common throughout the Philippines. Very -easily propagated by means of cuttings. Genus MALACHRA MALACHRA CAPITATA L. BAKEMBAKES. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The root and leaves, used in decoction, are considered emollient in enemas and for bathing purposes. Distribution: Common in waste places throughout the Philip- pines. Genus MALVASTRUM MALVASTRUM COROMANDELINUM (L.) Garcke SALSALUYUT. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves are employed as a cure for carbuncles. Genus SIDA SIDA ACUTA Burm. f. TAKLING-BAKA. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots and leaves are emollient in decoction, which, taken internally, is considered a specific against hemorrhoids, fever and impotency, and also. as a general tonic. As a demulcent and diuretic, it is used in gonorrhea and rheumatism. SIDA CORDIFOLIA L. A description of this species and its local name are given in the section on fiber plants. In decoction, the leaves are regarded as emollient and as having diuretic properties. SIDA JAVENSIS Cav. (S. humilis Willd.) IGAT-fGAT. Local names: Hapinan-niknik (Rizal); igat-igat, padda-padddk-pusa, mar-maratpus (Union) ; kolétane-bdging (Tagalog). 177674——14 210 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS The entire plant in decoction is used as a specific for gonorrhea. Distribution: Union, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna. Genus THESPESIA THESPESIA POPULNEA (L.) Soland. BANALO. Local names: Bandgo, malibdgo, tuba-tuba (Tayabas) ; bandlo (Cavite) ; bubii-gubat (Tagalog) ; malobégo (Zamboanga) ; marabdgo (Tlocos Norte) ; vélo (Batanes Islands). A decoction of the bark is regarded as alterative if adminis- tered internally. It is used externally as an embrocation. A decoction of the leaves is reputed to be emollient and a cure for itches. The juice of the fruit is sometimes used in certain herpetic diseases. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Basilan. Genus URENA URENA LOBATA L. KOoLLOKOLLOT. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots and leaves are emollient when prepared as a decoc- tion. Family BOMBACACEAE Genus BOMBAX BOMBAX CEIBA L. MALaBULAK. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots are considered astringent, restorative, alterative, and aphrodisiac. They are used as a restorative in pthisis. The gum is very astringent. Genus CEIBA CEIBA PENTANDRA (L.) Gaertn. COTTON TREE or KAPOK. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The tender fruit is used as an emollient. The bark is employed as a vomitive. This bark is preferred to that of the malabtlak (Bombax ceiba) as an aphrodisiac. Brewed into a decoction it is regarded as a specific in febrile catarrh. Family STERCULIACEAE Genus ABROMA ABROMA FASTUOSA Jacq. ANABO. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS PAI The root is frequently used as an efficient emmenagogue, espe- cially in the different forms of dysmenorrhea. Its use usually gives speedy relief. Genus KLEINHOVIA KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA L. TAN-AG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The bark and leaves are poisonous. In Marinduque they are used to poison eels. A decoction of the leaves is said to be antiscabious. Genus PENTAPETES PENTAPETES PHOENICEA L. FLORES DE LAS DOCE. Local name: A las doce (Union, Tayabas). The fruit in decoction is used as an emollient. Distribution: Cagayan, Union, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas, Negros, Samar, Surigao, Davao, Cotabato. Genus PTEROCYMBIUM PTEROCYMBIUM TINCTORIUM (Blanco) Merr. TALUTO. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The bark and the fruit are poisonous. Genus PTEROSPERMUM PTEROSPERMUM DIVERSIFOLIUM Blume. Bayox. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The bark and flowers charred and mixed with the glands of Mallotus philippinensis are employed in smallpox to cause sup- puration. Genus STERCULIA STERCULIA FOETIDA L. KALUMPANG. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. A decoction of the bark is used in cases of dropsy and rheuma- tism as an aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic. A decoction of the fruit is astringent. Genus THEOBROMA THEOBROMA CACAO L. Cacao. A decoction brewed from the root is an emmenagogue and is regarded as ecbolic. Distribution: Bontoc, Lepanto, Manila, Mindoro, Polillo Island, Leyte, Surigao, Lanao, Palawan, Cotabato. 212 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus WALTHERIA WALTHERIA AMERICANA L. BARUBAD. Local names: Bariibad (Union) ; kanding-kamding (Occidental Negros). This plant is considered as a febrifuge and also as an anti- syphilitic. Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Bontoc, Union, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines, Mindoro, Negros Occidental, Antique, Culion, Palawan. Family DILLENIACEAE Genus DILLENIA DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS Rolfe KATMON. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The acid juice of the fruit, when mixed with sugar, is used as a cough cure. It is also employed for cleansing the hair. Family GUTTIFFERAE Genus CALOPHYLLUM CALOPHYLLUM BLANGCOI Pl. & Tr. BITANHOL. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on dyes. The sap of the bark of this plant, especially when mixed with sulphur, is used locally as a cure for boils and wounds. A cloth kept moist with the sap is applied on the breast of a patient suf- fering from asthma. CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. BrrAoc or PALOMARIA DE LA PLAYA. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The oil obtained from the seeds and the oleo-resin from the bark form a very energetic cicatrizant; the latter is used as a balsamic in affections of the lungs. The leaves are used to cure affections of the eye. The oleo-resin is employed on wounds. Water in which the leaves have been pressed is said to be an efficient astringent against hemorrhoids. Genus CRATOXYLON CRATOXYLON BLANCOI (Blume) Mus. GUYUNG-GUYUNG. Local names: Bansilai (Surigao); baringkokérong (Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Camarines); guyung-giyung (Pangasinan, Cavite, Rizal, Basilan) ; kansilan (Bisaya) ; kamsilai (Pangasinan, Negros Occiden- tal, Negros Oriental); wging (Abra); oritgon (Masbate); pagulingin MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 213 (Rizal) ; pagulingon (Negros Oriental) ; salinggédgon (Camarines) ; ugtigan (Cagayan). A decoction of the bark is used as a galactagogue. Distribution: Cagayan to Basilan. Genus GARCINIA GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L. MANGOSTEEN. Local name: Mangostan (All regions where it is known). The leaves and the bark are used as an astringent for the cure of aphtha, or thrush, and also as a febrifuge. The peri- carps are regarded as very efficacious in curing chronic intestinal catarrh. Distribution: Sorsogon, northern Negros, Mindanao, Sulu. Family BIXACEAE Genus BIXA BIXA ORELLANA L. ACHUSTE, A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on dyes: A decoction of the bark is employed in febrile catarrhs. The red resinous substance of the seeds is considered an efficient remedy for certain skin diseases. Family CARICACEAE Genus CARICA CARICA PAPAYA L. PapAya, Local name: Papdya (Spanish-Filipino) ; otherwise known as kapdias, tapdias, papias, and similar corruptions, throughout the Archipelago. A decoction of the outer part of the roots is digestive and tonic and is much used in the cure of dyspepsia. Distribution: Very widely distributed throughout the Phil- ippines, usually in cultivation. Family THYMELAEACEAE Genus GYRINOPSIS GYRINOPSIS CUMINGIANA Decne. BuTL6. Local names: Aldhan (Tayabas) ; bégo (Agusan) ; binuko (Capiz) ; butld (Tayabas); dalakit (Samar); lanitan (Sibuyan); magadn (Tayabas) ; malagdépas (Samar). The bark and roots are used for stopping the flow of blood from wounds. The bark, wood and fruits are used as a sub- stitute for quinine. 214 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Distribution: Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Catanduanes, Sa- mar, Sibuyan, Leyte, Panay, Mindanao, Jolo. In primary forests at low and medium altitudes. Genus WIKSTROEMIA WIKSTROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey. ROUND-LEAF SALAGO. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The leaves are emeto-cathartic, and are dangerous to admin- ister. The fresh bark or branches of this plant are tied about the neck of a patient to relieve bronchial catarrh. Family LYTHRACEAE Genus AMMANNIA AMMANNIA BACCIFERA L. APOI-APOIAN. Local names: Apoi-apéian (Pangasinan, Rizal); parapit anggit (Pam- panga) ; bias-piigo’ (Tagalog). This plant is caustic, and is used similarly to cantharides as a substitute for blistering plaster. Distribution: In open wet places, old rice fields, etc., through- out the Philippines. Genus LAWSONIA LAWSONIA INERMIS L. HENNA PLANT or CINAMOMO. Local name: Cinamémo (Spanish-Filipino). This shrub is said to be antiherpetic, but is rarely used. Distribution: Cultivated for ornamental purposes in most towns in the Philippines, but scarcely naturalized. Family LECYTHIDACEAE Genus BARRINGTONIA BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA (L.) Gaertn. KALAMBUAIA, Local names: Kalambudia (Pangasinan) ; latuba, tuba (Cagayan) ; pitad (Pampanga, Laguna) ; putat (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Pampanga, Rizal, La- guna, Camarines, Mindoro); sako (Agusan). The bark of this species is said to be used on wounds. Distribution: Widely distributed in the Philippines along streams, in thickets, etc. BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA (L.) Kurz BOTONG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The fruit is employed to stupefy fish. The leaves when fresh are used in topicals for rheumatism. The seeds are employed as a vermifuge. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 215 BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (L.) Blume Porat. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is used externally in decoction as an antirheumatic. Family COMBRETACEAE Genus LUMNITZERA LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA Willd. Ku Asi. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove swamps. A fluid substance which is obtained from incisions made in the stem is employed, mixed with coconut oil, as an antiherpetic and a cure for itches. Genus QUISQUALIS QUISQUALIS INDICA L. TANGOLON. Local names; Babi-bdbe (Pampanga) ; balitadhdn (Bisaya) ; niugnitigan (Tagalog) ; pifiénes (Bisaya;) taldlong, tangdlon (Marinduque) ; tangdlon (Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya); tartardok (Iloko); tortordok (Tagalog). The fruit is used as a vermifuge. The plant is also used as a cough cure. Distribution: Common and very widely distributed in the Phil- ippines. Genus TERMINALIA TERMINALIA CALAMANSANAI (Blanco) Rolfe MALAKALUMPIT. Local names: Amédrgo (Ilocos Sur); bangkalduag, kalamansdnai (Taga- log); bunlos (Rizal); kalamansdli (Zambales, Nueva Ecija); kalumpit (Tayabas, Bataan); lankiig (Surigao, Agusan); magatalisai (Masbate) ; mabantit (Bataan); malakalumpit (Bataan, Laguna, Camarines); pa- fgalussiten (Abra); sdkat (Nueva Ecija); sdket (Benguet); salisai (La- nao); samburdgat (Palawan); saplid (Surigao); talisai (Cotabato). The bark is astringent and is used both internally and exter- nally. It is known to have lithotriptic qualities. Distribution: Very widely distributed from northern Luzon to Cotabato. TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. TAL{SAI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The red leaves are used to expel worms, while the fruit is said to contain a purgative substance. The leaves are mixed with oil and rubbed on the breast to cure pain. The bark is astringent and is used against gastric fevers and bilious diar- rhea, also as an antidysenteric. The sap of the tender leaves mixed and cooked with the oil of the kernel is, according to P. Blanco, a specific against leprosy. 216 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS TERMINALIA COMINTANA (Blanco) Merr. BINGGAs. Local names: Banglés (Nueva Ecija); bangids, hinabuai (Mindoro) ; binggds (Bataan, Zamboanga); bofgds (Leyte, Occidental Negros) ; dinglés (Tagalog); lasila (Cagayan); lasilak (Cagayan, Ilocos Sur) ; lasilat (Apayao); maglolopéi (Pangasinan) ; naghibo, saplungan (Rizal) ; rubian (Laguna) ; tirorén (Camarines) ; yunu-yinu (Surigao). The fruit is astringent and is used in decoction to cure thrush and obstinate diarrhea. Distribution: In nearly all parts of the Philippines from Ca- gayan to Zamboanga. TERMINALIA EDULIS Blanco KaLumpit. a . . A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The fruit is used in eye washes in the same manner as the fruit of aroma (Acasia farnesiana). It is also used in lotions in cases of humid herpetism or eczema. Family MYRTACEAE Genus DECASPERMUM DECASPERMUM FRUTICOSUM Forst. PATALS{K. Local names: Agem, dgim a babdée (Cagayan); alungkagai (Bisaya) ; patalsik (Laguna); dugayén, salilihan (Dinagat Island); guyong-giyong (Polillo Island) ; kamigrin (Lanao); kansilai (Zamboanga); kuldsi (Bisa- ya); kilis, malagiting-giting, tayom-tdyom (Rizal); lardu, salingsingan (Benguet); tarongatingan (Samar). The fruit is used as a remedy for stomach pains. Distribution: Common from the Batanes Islands to Basilan. Genus EUGENIA EUGENIA CUMINI (L.) Druce (£. jambolana Lam.). Dwar. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The bark in decoction is astringent. The leaves steeped in alcohol, and the seeds when pulverized, are used as an efficacious remedy in diabetes. The fruits, cooked to a thick jam, are said to be an efficient astringent in acute diarrheas. Genus PSIDIUM PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L. GuAVA or BAYABAS. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The bark and leaves are astringent, vulnerary, and when used in decoction are antidiarrhetic. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 217 Family MELASTOMATACEAE Genus MEMECYLON MEMECYLON OVATUM Sm. K6LIs. Local names: Kandén, kandéng (Iloko); kilis (Tagalog); malabanggi (Cuyo Island); sagingsing (Bisaya). The roots in decoction are used in certain irregularities of menstruation, and the leaves in infusion are employed as an astringent in ophthalmia. Distribution: Central Luzon to Basilan. Family ARALIACEAE Genus NOTHOPANAX NOTHOPANAX FRUTICOSUM (L.) Mig. PapuA. Local name: Papud (throughout the Philippines). The leaves powdered and mixed with salt are vulnerary and are considered by the natives to be very efficacious. Distribution: Widely cultivated. Genus SCHEFFLERA SCHEFFLERA CUMINGI! (Seem.) Harms KALANG-GAMAT. Local name: Kalang-gdémat (Cagayan). This plant is said to be useful for stomach antiek Distribution: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Laguna. SCHEFFLERA ELLIPTIFOLIOLA Merr. GALAMAI-AMO. Local names: Baléte (Laguna) ; galamdi-amé (Tayabas). A decoction is used by mothers after childbirth. Distribution: Tayabas, Laguna, Camarines, Catanduanes. SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe TARANGKANG. Local names: Galdmai-amé (Rizal, Laguna); taglima (Cebu, Basilan) ; tarangkdng (Ticao Island). The bark is used as a cough cure. The leaves yield an effective antiscorbutic decoction. The resin is employed as a vulnerary. , Distribution: Laguna to Basilan. & SCHEFFLERA PIPEROIDEA Elm. HIMAINAT, Local name: Himaindt (Tayabas). This species is used as a tonic for mothers after childbirth. Distribution: Tayabas, Laguna. 218 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family UMBELLIFERAE Genus APIUM APIUM GRAVEOLENS L. CELERY or APIO. Local names: Apio (Spanish) ; kinintsdi (Chinese-Tagalog) ; kimchdi or kintsdi (Chinese). The decoction of the entire plant is said to be diuretic and an emmenagogue. Distribution: Reported only from Benguet; also cultivated by Chinese gardeners about Manila. Genus CARUM CARUM COPTICUM (L.) Benth. DAMORO. Local names: Daméro (Tagalog) ; lamudio (Batangas). The fruits are employed with “buyo” for chewing when carmi- native effects are desired. Distribution: Manila and Batangas. Genus CENTELLA CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) Urban (Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) TAKiP-KOHOL. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on official medicinal plants. The sap of the leaves is employed as a curative for wounds of the sclerotic. The decoction is considered a diuretic and is said to be useful in gonorrhea. Genus CORIANDRUM CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. CORIANDER or CULANTRO. Local names: Culéntro (Spanish) ; ongs6i (Chinese). An infusion of the fruits is used to cure dyspepsia. When pounded, they are inhaled to dissipate giddiness. Distribution: Collected only from Union; commonly cultivated by Chinese market gardeners of Manila. Genus FOENICULUM FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn. FENNEL. Local names: Anis (Manila and vicinity); haras (Tagalog). The fruit in infusion is carminative. Distribution: Manila and vicinity, Negros Oriental, Misamis. Family ERICACEAE Genus RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON VIDALII Rolfe Local name: Ayalea (Ifugao). This plant is used as a cure for itches. Distribution: Isabela, Cagayan, Abra, Ifugao, Bontoc, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 219 Family MYRSINACEAE Genus ARDISIA ARDISIA BOISSIERI A. D. C. Tacpo. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The leaves are used on wounds. Family PLUMBAGINACEAE Genus PLUMBAGO PLUMBAGO INDICA L. (P. rosea L.). PAMPASAPIT. Local names: Hangad ng babde (Bataan); laurél (Manila, Camari- nes); panting-panting (Cotabato); pampasapit (Tagalog). The roots are scraped and employed in poultices for headache. The bark is a very effective blistering plaster, and is applied to the spine in certain fevers. It is also said to be an antidyspeptic. Distribution: Bataan, Manila, Camarines, Laguna, Palawan, Cotabato. PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L. SANGDIKfT. Local names: Bangbang, talangkdu (Toko); sampdga (Laguna) ; sang- dikit, sangdidikit (Tagalog). The pounded roots are used for blistering. In decoction they are employed as an antiscabious remedy. They are said also to be ecbolic. Distribution: Northern and central Luzon, Palawan, Zam- boanga. Family SAPOTACEAE Genus BASSIA BASSIA BETIS (Blanco) Merr. BETIS, A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The bark and leaves of this plant are said to be useful for curing the stomach pains of children. The latex applied to the abdomen is said to expel worms. The powder of the bark provokes sneezing. Genus MIMUSOPS MIMUSOPS PARVIFOLIA R. Br. (M. elengi L.) BANSALAGIN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on official medicinal plants. The bark, as well as the unripe fruit, yields a powerful astringent remedy. Both are used as a gargle to strengthen the gums. They are further employed in lotions for ulcers, and in urethral injections for gonorrhea. 220 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Family EBENACEAE Genus DIOSPYROS DIOSPYROS EBENASTER Retz. ZAPOTE. Local names: Zapdte or zapote negro (Mexican, in all regions where found). The pounded bark and leaves are employed as a blistering plaster. Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Manila, Cavite. DIOSPYROS MULTIFLORA Blanco. KANOmol. Local names: Dupiigan, kamémi (Nueva Ecija); kanomai, kanémei (Ilocos Sur, Union, Pangasinan)’; kanimai, kanémoi (Rizal); kanimi (Bataan). The bark and leaves are caustic, and are used as a cure for furfuraceous herpes, ringworm, etc. Distribution: Luzon, the Visayas, Mindanao. Family OLEACEAE Genus JASMINUM JASMINUM SAMBAC (L.) Ait. SAMPAGiTA. Local names: Hibar (Balabac); kampépot (Pampanga, Manila); ku- létai (Pampanga); lumabo, malil (Cotabato); maniul (Bisaya); sampdga (Tagalog); sampagita (Spanish-Filipino); sampagita doble (Spanish- Filipino). The flowers are applied as a poultice to the breasts of women to reduce the secretion of milk. Distribution: Cagayan, Bontoc, Lepanto, Pangasinan, Pam- panga, Tarlac, Manila, Laguna, Camarines, Palawan, Misamis, Davao, Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan. Family LOGANIACEAE Genus BUDDLEIA BUDDLEIA ASIATICA Lour. TALIKNONO. Local names: Ammugin (Benguet); laguéndi-saldsa (Bisaya) ; lakién-ti- subisub (Union); malasambéng (Tagalog); maligus (Bontoc) ; sambéng- kéla (Rizal, Tayabas); taliknéno (Tagalog); tokmdn (Abra); tugndang (Iloko). This plant is used locally for abortion. Also it is used in skin diseases and as a cure for loss of weight. Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus FAGRAEA FAGRAEA COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour.) A. Chev. URUNG. Local names: Délo, téka (Palawan); susulin (Mindoro); urung (Palawan). The bark is used as a febrifuge, especially in agues. Distribution: Mindoro, Palawan. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS Veal FAGRAEA RACEMOSA Jack. BULUBUAIA. Local names: Badgu (Bagobo) ; bago-sala (Samar) ; bulubudia (Negros) ; hambudia, himbubudia (Capiz); kabdl (Tayabas); kibudia (Laguna); kukodmén (Camarines Norte); libékan (Laguna, Polillo); magusiak (Zambales); makatibuha (Subanun); malabudia (Negros); malabago (Cebu) ; talob-dlok (Tayabas). The bark and the flowers are used as an antidote for snake bite. Distribution: Central Luzon to Basilan. Genus STRYCHNOS STRYCHNOS IGNATI! Berg. St. IGNATIUS BEAN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on official medicinal plants. The bark and seeds, in small doses, are used as a febrifuge, and are said to be anticholeric and tonic. They are reported to be effective in some forms of paralysis. They are very poisonous. STRYCHNOS MULTIFLORA Benth. BUKUAN. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. This plant is said to be used for throat troubles. Family GENTIANACEAE Genus CANSCORA CANSCORA DIFFUSA (Vahl) R. Br. CHANG-BATO. Local names: Kubdémba, chang-baté, tsang-batd (Tagalog); malenggal (Rizal). The entire plant, administered in the form of a decoction, is tonic and antigastralgic. Distribution: Ilocos Norte to the central Luzon provinces and Mindoro. Family APOCYNACEAE Genus ALLAMANDA ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA L. CAMPANERO. Local names: Campanilla, campanero (Spanish). The whole plant is poisonous. When brewed in decoction ana administered in small doses, it is used as an antidotal. Distribution: Rizal, Manila, Laguna, aeans Polillo, Cama- rines, Albay, Occidental Negros. Genus ALSTONIA ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA Wall. BaTino. Local names: Basikdlang, basikdrang, daldkan (Ilocas Sur); basikdl- lang, pangolaksien _(Cagayan) ; basikdlon (Isabela); batikdlang (Panga- 222 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS sinan); batino (Tayabas, Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Mindoro) ; itang-itang (Guimaras Island); kuyau-kuydu, malatapdi (Camarines); pafgalisok- l6en (Pangasinan) ; pangalamutien, parigalanud-dien (Ilocos Norte); sulu- silhigan (Palawan) ; tambal-tufigan (Tawi-Tawi) ; tafigitang (Capiz). The bark is used in the same manner as is that of dita (Alstonia scholaris). Distribution: Throughout the Philippines, from Cagayan to Tawi-Tawi. ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (L.) R. Br. DirA. Local names: Alipduin (Ilocos Norte) ; andardyan, dilupdon (Cagayan) ; bita (Iloilo); dalipduen, lipduen (Abra, Ilocos Sur, Amburayan subprov- ince); dité (Zambales, Tarlac, Tayabas, Rizal, Laguna, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Sibuyan Island, Negros). A decoction of the bark is used as a tonic and febrifuge and is said to be an emmenagogue, anticholeric and vulnerary. Distribution: Very common throughout Luzon and the Vi- sayan Islands. Genus CERBERA CERBERA MANGHAS L. BaRAIBAI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove Swamps. The seeds are toxic, and are used in fishing in small streams. Genus KIBATALIA KIBATALIA BLANCOI (Rolfe) Merr. Pasnit. Local names: Kagpadian (Ilocos Sur); laneténg-gubat (Batangas) ; laniti (Guimaras, Negros); pasnit (Ilocos Sur); tibig (Cavite, Batangas). The leaves are used to cover the head in case of headache. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Leyte, Guimaras Island, Negros. Genus LOCHNERA LOCHNERA ROSEA (L.) Reichb. ATAI-BIA, Local names: Chichirica (Spanish-Filipino) ; kumintdng (Bisaya) ; lau- rél (Cagayan); atai-bid (Rizal, Manila); rosas-sa-baibai (Bisaya); San Pedro (Polillo); sanda (Bikol). The roots in decoction are used as an effective emmenagogue. It is said that they may produce abortion. Distribution: Widely distributed from Batanes Islands to Palawan and northern Mindanao. Genus NERIUM NERIUM INDICUM Mill. OLEANDER or ADELFA. Local names: Adélfa (Spanish) ; ginatadn (Tagalog). The bark and leaves are poisonous. With an admixture of MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 223 oil, they are employed as an external application in skin eruption or irritations in herpes, etc. Distribution: Occasionally cultivated for ornament in various regions. Genus PARALSTONIA PARALSTONIA CLUSIACEA Baill. MALABATINO. Local names: Basikdélang (Ilocos Sur); batikoling (Rizal); bayag-usd (Mindoro); dité (Bataan); kuyau-ydu (Masbate); malabatino (Baler) ; maladité (Batangas, Tayabas). The bark is used on swellings. Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Mindoro, Samar, Mas- bate, Negros, Palawan, Surigao. Genus PARAMERIA PARAMERIA BARBATA (BI.) K. Schum. (Parameria philippinensis Radlk.) DuGTUNG-AHAS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The bark macerated in oil is an efficacious vulnerary and is also used internally for the cure of tuberculosis. Genus PLUMIERA PLUMIERA ACUMINATA Ait. TEMPLE FLOWER or KALACHUCHE,. Local names: Kalachtche or kalatsitse (Zambales, most Tagalog prov- inces; Camarines, most Bisaya provinces); kalasuché (Cavite) ; kalatiuche (Tagalog); kalunaché (Iloko, Cagayan); kalisichu (Pangasinan); kard- karikuché (Pampanga); kulaloché (Iloko); talisécho (Pangasinan). A decoction of the bark is used as a purgative, emmenagogue and febrifuge. The latex is also employed for the same effects. Distribution: Cultivated in the majority of provinces. Genus RAUWOLFIA RAUWOLFIA AMSONIAEFOLIA A. DC. MauanirA. Local names: Alibutbit (Masbate); bandgan (Masbate); batikoling (Bukidnon) ; maladité (Camarines, Bukidnon) ; maraandardyan (Cagayan). The young buds are used for the stomach disorders of young babies. Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Lubang Island, Min- doro, Masbate, Bukidnon. Genus TABERNAEMONTANA TABERNAEMONTANA PANDACAQUI Poir. PANDAKAKI. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on dyes. The milky juice is said to be good for swellings. A decoction 224 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS of the root and the bark is used to cure certain affections of the stomach and intestines. Women use it also at childbirth. The leaves are used in bathing. Genus THEVETIA THEVETIA PERUVIANA (Pers.) Merr. Local name: Campanelo or campanero (Spanish). The decoction of the bark, in regulated doses, is employed as an emetic and febrifuge, said to be effective in intermittent fevers. Distribution : Isabela, Baguio, Manila, Basilan. Family ASCLEPIADACEAE Genus ASCLEPIAS ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA L. BuLAK-DAM6. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The roots are employed, both in decoction and pulverized, as an emetic, having effects similar to those of ipecacuanha. Genus CALOTROPIS CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (L.) Dryand. KAPAL-KAPAL. Local name: Kapal-kapdl (Tagalog). The bark and thickened latex are used as an alterative in certain diseases of the skin. They also have vermifugal properties. Distribution: Manila, Batangas. Genus STREPTOCAULON STREPTOCAULON BAUMII Decne. HINGfu-NA-PuTt. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The latex is much used as a vulnerary. Genus TYLOPHORA TYLOPHORA BREVIPES (Turcz.) F.-Vill. PastKA. Local names: Bugnéi (Cagayan) ; sarungkdd, sarungkér (Ilocos Norte) ; pastika (Tagalog in Zambales) ; dail, sayongkdl (Pangasinan). A decoction of the roots is used as an emetic. The root is a substitute for ipecacuanha in all its uses. It is also consid- ered as an emmenagogue and as a specific for colic. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Zambales, Mindoro. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 225 TYLOPHORA PERROTTETIANA Decne. KUL-LANGEM. Local names: Kul-langém (Union) ; maraipus ti bdkes (Iloko). The leaves are used with wonderful effect as a vulnerary. Distribution: Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna. Family CONVOLVULACEAE Genus CALONYCTION CALONYCTION MURICATUM (L.) G. Don Local name: Tonkin (so called by the friars). The seeds are vulnerary and are considered a very efficacious antidotal remedy for poisoning. They are also said to be purgative, as are those of the Ipomoea nil Roth. Genus EVOLVULUS EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES L. The entire plant is used in infusion to cure certain irregular- ities of the bowels. It is also employed as a vermifuge and a febrifuge. Distribution: Very common in northern and central Luzon, but also collected from Semirara Island, Antique, Bukidnon, Davao, and Cotabato. Genus IPOMOEA IPOMOEA DIGITATA L. (JI. paniculata R. Br.) KAMKAMOTE. Local names: Buldkan (Culion); kamkaméte (Union); puntas-pintas (Tagalog). The fresh, fleshy root, in infusion, is used as a purgative. It is said that the root dried and pulverized is good for emacia- tion in children. It is also regarded as alterative, tonic, aphrodisiac and galactagogic. Distribution: Union, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Culion, Butuan. IPOMOEA HEDERACEA (L.) Jacq. Local names: Campanilla azil (Spanish); kaméte-kamotéhan (Manila and vicinity). The pulverized seeds are administered as a purgative and are said to be anthelmintic. Distribution: Abra, Lepanto Bontoc, Rizal, Manila. IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE (L.) Roth KATANG-KATANG. Local names: Arodaidéi (Bisaya); badino (Batanes); balimbahin (Polillo); daripai (Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya); hkabaikabdi (Tayabas) ; 17767415 226 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS kamkamotihan (Bataan); kamkaméte (Union); katang-kdtang, lagairdi, lampdyong (Tagalog); lagiléi (Davao); langbdyong (Iloko); palang- pdlang (Iloilo). The leaves are employed as an escharotic to extirpate the fungoid. growth of ulcers. They are cooked and used as an antirheumatic topical. Distribution: Along the beach from Batanes Islands to Basilan. IPOMOEA PES-TIGRIDIS L. RANGRANGAU. Local names: Rangrafgdu fg abududn, rangrafigéu (Union); mala- sandid, salasundia (Bisaya). The leaves are employed in the form of poultices as a resolvent of pimples, boils, etc. Distribution: Cagayan, Amburayan, Lepanto, Union, Panga- sinan, Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Anti- que, Guimaras Islands, Bukidnon, Zamboanga. IPOMOEA REPTANS (L.) Poir. KANGKONG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The tops are edible and are mildly laxative. Genus MERREMIA MERREMIA EMARGINATA (Burm. f.). Hallier f. KupPI-KuUP{T. Local names: Baté-baté (Tagalog); kupi-kupit (TIloko). The leaves and tops in decoction are sometimes employed as a diuretic. Distribution: Rizal, Bataan. In dry open grasslands and waste places at low altitudes. Genus OPERCULINA OPERCULINA TURPETHUM (L.) S. Manso A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. The root, either pulverized or in alcoholic tincture, is employed as a drastic purgative. Genus QUAMOCLIT QUAMOCLIT PINNATA (Descr.) Voigt. CYPRESS VINE or CABELLO DE ANGEL. Local names: Cabello de dngel (Spanish-Filipino) ; lumpitan (Cotabato) ; malabohék (Bisaya); malmardma (Cebu); pabellén de dngel (Panga- sinan); pisos-pisos (Oriental Negros); tartardok- (Ilocos Norte); ten- tenedér (Union). The leaves are prepared in poultices and employed as a remedy for bleeding hemorrhoids. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 227 Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bontoc, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines Norte and Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Iloilo, Antique, Oriental Negros, Cebu, Bantayan Island, and Cotabato. Family BORRAGINACEAE Genus GOLDENIA COLDENIA PROCUMBENS L. TABTABOKOL. Local names: Orégano-laléki (Tagalog); papatt ti niang (Union) ; tabtabékol (Ilocos, Abra); tapiasin (Tagalog). The leaves are applied in poultices to mature abscesses. The dried leaves when pulverized provoke sneezing. Distribution: From Cagayan to Manila, and in Mindoro. Genus CORDIA CORDIA MYXA L. ANONANG, A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on fiber plants. A decoction of the bark is said to be antidyspeptic “and a febrifuge. When reduced to a powder it is used as a cure for ulcers in the mouth. Genus EHRETIA EHRETIA MICROPHYLLA Lam. KaramocA. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on food plants. The dried leaves are boiled and the resulting fiuid is used internally as a cure for stomach trouble. A decoction of the leaves is used as a cough cure. EHRETIA NAVESII Vidal TALIBUNOG. Local names: Alimbungug (Surigao) ; kalambonég (Pangasinan) ; mala- tadidng (Nueva Vizcaya) ; maragauéd (Ilocos Norte) ; talibunég (Lepanto). This plant is used in the cure of fever. Distribution: Throughout the Philippines from Cagayan to Basilan. Genus HELIOTROPIUM HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L. {KoI-PUSA. Local names: Aposdétes (Basilan) ; buntét-leén (Tayabas, Albay) ; hinla- laién (Tagalog); higad-higdran (Nueva Ecija); tkog-ikog-sang-kuti (Bi- saya); tkoi-pisa (Sambali); kabra-kdbra, kambra-kémbra (Bisaya) ; ku- ting-kutingan (Tagalog); makabra ‘o puntalefamte (Negros) ;, malakudki- ran (Zambales); pengigd (Abra); , peng-nga-peng-ngd (Pangasinan) ; periga-pengé (Union); trompa-elefante (Manila, Marinduque); trompa- lipante (Tloilo). 228 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS A tea made from the leaves is used for bathing cuts and sores; also for the treatment of cholera. The leaves are applied to wounds and boils. The leaves in decoction are used as a pectoral and as antiscabious. The sap of the leaves mixed with salt is said to be useful for clearing the vision. The plant is said to be also used for ear and skin diseases. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Basilan. Genus ROTULA ROTULA AQUATICA Lour. BUNTUOT-BUAIA. Local names: Aposétes (Basilan); buntit-budia (Bulacan); kuldtai (Tagalog); makabra, puntalefdnte (Negros); tdékad (Rizal); trompali- panti (Iloilo). * The stems are used in decoction as a sudorific and diuretic. Distribution: Cagayan to Basilan. Genus TOURNEFORTIA TOURNEFORTIA SARMENTOSA Lam. SALSALLAKAPU. Local names: Kalangungug (Bisaya); salsallakdpu (Union). The leaves are specially employed in destroying the larvae found in the ulcers of cattle. Distribution: In most or all islands and provinces from Ba- buyanes Islands and northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Genus TRICHODESMA TRICHODESMA INDICUM (L.) R. Br. This species is used in the same manner as is the following. Distribution: Rizal, Laguna. TRICHODESMA ZEYLANICUM (Burm. f.) R. Br. DiLANG-USA. Local names: Dilang-usdé (Tagalog); mabulo (Rizal). The flowers are employed by natives, instead of those of Bo- rago officinalis, as a sudorific and pectoral. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Rizal, Ma- nila, Laguna. . Family VERBENACEAE Genus AVICENNIA AVICENNIA OFFICINALIS L. API-API. A description and figures of this species and its local names are given in the section on mangrove swamps. A resin from the sapwood is used locally on snake bites. The seeds cooked with water are used as maturative poultices, and as a cicatrizant of ulcers. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 229 Genus CALLICARPA CALLICARPA CAUDATA Maxim. Local names: Amgup, anayup (Benguet); haraihdi (Palaui Island). A decoction made from the fresh or dried leaves is used as a cure for stomach trouble. Distribution: Northern Luzon to Albay, Misamis. CALLICARPA ERIOCLONA Schauer Paris. Local names: Alinau (Mindoro); malasambéng (Laguna); palis (La- guna); sulingdsau (Nueva Ecija); tambalabdsi (Batangas); tigau (Min- doro, Negros). This species is said to be used for the cure of itches. Distribution: Throughout the provinces of Luzon, Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Davao, Zamboanga. CALLICARPA FORMOSANA Rolfe TIMBABASI. Local names: Anandhin (Benguet); annoyop (Pangasinan) ; tubai-bdsi _ (Laguna) ; palis, tubang-daldg (Laguna, Tayabas) ; talambdsi (Batangas, Mindoro); tigau (Laguna, Mindoro, Tayabas); timbabdsi (Laguna, Ta- yabas) ; tuba (Bulacan). The leaves are smoked like stramonium to combat dyspnoea. Also, when fresh and crushed, they are used to stupefy fish. Distribution: Cagayan to Davao. Genus CLERODENDRON CLERODENDRON BETHUNEANUM Low GUANTON. Local names: Anoran (Palawan); guantén (Surigao); kalikal (Suri- gao) matd-kué (Masbate); parida (Zamboanga). An infusion of the leaves is used by women during preg- nancy. Distribution: Isabela in northern Luzon to Basilan. CLERODENDRON CUMINGIANUM Schauer TALUMPAPAIT. Local names: Dakutung (Jolo); talumpapdit (Lanao); tandgo (Zam- boanga). The leaves of this species are used for stomachache. Distribution: Tlocos Norte, Capiz, Negros, Camiguin de Min- danao, Agusan, Butuan, Lanao, Davao, Zamboanga, Basilan. _ CLERODENDRON INERME (L.) Gaertn. ANG’ ANGRI. Local names: A7fig’angri, busel-bisel (Union); balisin (Bisaya); balis- kig (Bisaya); mangotngét (Bataan); tabangéngo (Iloilo). The root is administered in decoction as a febrifuge and general alterative. The leaves are used in poultices as a re- solvent. Distribution: Batanes Islands to Davao. 230 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS CLERODENDRON INTERMEDIUM Cham. LAROAN-ANITO. Local names: Alokdsok (Bisaya); balanténa, bantdna, bolongtambdl (Bisaya) ; iginga (Tagalog) ; itkap-ani-déni (Sambali) ; kalalauan (Bataan) ; hasopdigil (Laguna, Tayabas, Batangas); katuagatum (Cotabato); kolo- kolég (Bisaya); laréan-anito (Tagalog); libintdéno (Occidental Negros) ; makalaldnang (Tagalog); pakdpis (Bisaya); salingudk (Mindoro). The root is known to be purgative. The leaves, either whole or pounded, are applied on the abdomen of a parturient in certain complications. Distribution: Babuyanes Islands to Cotabato. CLERODEN DRON MACROSTEGIUM Schauer MALAPOTOKAN. Local names: Agboligan (Ilok6); bagduak, malapotékan (Tagalog) ; bagdk, kasopdngil (Mindanao). The leaves are employed, in decoction and as poultices, to cure carbuncles. Distribution: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Tayabas, Mindoro, Sibu- yan Island. CLERODENDRON MINAHASSAE Teysm. and Binn. AIAM-AIAM. Local names: Am-amboligan (Pangasinan); aiam-diam (Iloko); ba- gduak (Bataan); bagduak-itim (Rizal); bagduak-puld (Rizal); bokoboké (Union). ‘ This plant is used as an external remedy for chest and stomach pains. The leaves are said to be boiled and applied to boils. Distribution: From Cagayan to Basilan. CLERODENDRON QUADRILOCULARE (Blanco) Merr. BaAGAUAK. Local names: Bagduak na morado (Tagalog); bagduak na puld (Rizal) ; baligtanin (Batangas); saling-udk (Occidental Negros, Mindoro). The leaves in topicals are used for healing wounds, ulcers, etc. They are also employed in tonic baths. Distribution: Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Min- doro, Ticao Island, Capiz, Negros Occidental, Siargao Island, Bucas Grande Island. Genus LIPPIA LIPPIA NODIFLORA (L.) Rich. CHACHAHAN. Local names: Busbusi (Union) ; chachédhan (Manila) ; loptilopu% (Iloilo) ; nakulad (Batanes). An infusion of the leaves and tops is employed by the natives as a carminative and diuretic remedy. Distribution: Batanes Islands, Cagayan to Laguna, and Panay to Zamboanga. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 231 Genus PREMNA PREMNA CUMINGIANA Schauer MANABA, Local names: Banabé (Cagayan, Isabela); maladpi (Tagalog) ; manabda (Camarines, Leyte, Bukidnon); kilig (Bataan); magilik (Rizal); palan- diduan (Cagayan). The leaves in infusion are employed as a remedy for dropsy, and also as a diuretic. Distribution: Cagayan, Central Luzon provinces, Camarines, Leyte, Surigao, Lanao, Davao, Basilan. PREMNA NAUSEOSA Blanco MULAUIN-ASO. Local names: Agrdéu (Abra); alagdu-gibat (Laguna); ananghit (Ri- zal); malamulduin (Bataan); mulduin-dso (Tarlac, Bataan, Zambales, Ba- tangas, Rizal, Laguna). The leaves are said to be used as a cure for stomach troubles. Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Capiz. PREMNA ODORATA Blanco ALAGAU. Local names: Adgdu (Camarines, Guimaras Island) ; adiyd’ (Marin- -duque) ; alagdu (Union, Abra, Bontoc, Zambales, Pampanga, Tarlac,. Bul- acan, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Tayabas, Laguna, Negros); argdu (Negros) ; atinge (Nueva Vizcaya) ; lagan (Cotabato) ; lassi (Cagayan) ; tanglé (Pam- panga). A decoction of the roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits is used as a sudorific and pectoral, and is said to be carminative. The leaves with coconut or sesame oil are applied to the abdomen of children to cure tympanites. The leaves are boiled in water and the water used for bathing babies, and also as a treatment for beriberi. In the latter case the boiled leaves are applied to the affected part of the patient’s body. The plant is used as a head- ache cure. Distribution: From Batanes Islands, throughout the provinces of Luzon, and southward to Cotabato. Genus TECTONA TECTONA GRANDIS L. f. TEAK. Local names: Dalanddéng (Occidental Negros) ; dalondén, kalaydte (Bis- aya); jdte (Zamboanga); hadlaydti (Agusan); jaéti (Jolo); téca (Rizal, Laguna, Zamboanga) ; tikla (Tagalog) ; ydti (Port Banga). The leaves, either fresh or dried, are used in decoction as an excellent remedy for haemoptysis. The same decoction taken as a gargle is said to cure sore throat. Distribution: Rizal Province to Jolo. 232 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS Genus VITEX VITEX NEGUNDO L. LAGUNDI. Local names: Agno-casto (Spanish-Filipino); ddngla (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Zambales, Pangasinan, Laguna) ; lagéindi (Cagayan, Zam- bales, Bulacan, Manila, Laguna, Camarines, Masbate, Pampanga). A decoction of the bark, tops, and leaves is said to be anti- gastralgic. The leaves are used in aromatic baths; also as an insectifuge. The seeds are boiled in water and eaten, or the water is taken internally, to prevent the spreading of poison from the bites of poisonous animals. The infusion is also used for disinfecting wounds. Wine in which the seeds have been soaked is said to be good for. dropsy. The leaves of the tree applied to the forehead are said to be good for headache. The plant is also regarded as a febrifuge. Distribution: Common and widely distributed in thickets. VITEX TRIFOLIA L. var. OVATA (Thunb.) Merr. LacUnvinG-pAGAT. Local names: Agubdrau (Bisaya); daldallagni (Union); kalapini (Union) ; lagunding-dagat, lagunding-gapdng (Tagalog). The leaves in decoction are used for aromatic baths. Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan, Isabela, Union, Batangas, Catanduanes. Family LABIATAE Genus ANISOMELES ANISOMELES INDICA (L.) O. Kuntze BANGBANGSir. Local names: Pédling-hardp, taling-hardp (Tagalog). A decoction of the leaves is said to be antirheumatic and stomachic. : Distribution: Widely distributed in open waste places in the Philippines. Genus COLEUS COLEUS AMBOINICUS Lour. Local names: Orégano (Spanish-Filipino); sugdnda (Tagalog); to- rongil, limén (Spanish-Filipino) . The leaves in infusion or as a syrup are used as an aromatic carminative, administered in cases of dyspepsia and also to cure asthma. : Distribution: Cultivated in many regions. COLEUS BLUME! Benth. MAIANA, Local names: Badidra, maidna (Tagalog, Bisaya, Pampanga); maidnau (Bikol); malidna (Tagalog, Bisaya, Pampanga); lapondia (Bisaya). The pounded leaves are said to be valuable as a cure for headaches, and for the healing of bruises. Distribution: Widely cultivated. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 233 Genus HYPTIS HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS Poir. BaNGBANGSIT. Local names: Bangbanrgsit (Bontoc, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan); kaling- kabédyo (Dumaran Island); litélit (Union); suéib-kabdyo (Polillo). A decoction of the roots is valued as an appetizer. This plant is also used for affections of the uterus. The root in decoction is said to be emmenagogic, and a stimulant if employed in rheumatism. Distribution: In waste places throughout the Philippines. Genus LEUCAS LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA Sm. PANSI-PANSf. Local names: Kaskastimba (Pangasinan); latga-langd (Camarines) ; pansi-panst (Laguna); salita (Polillo); sampdéran (Bulacan). The leaves are crushed and used externally in dermatosis. Distribution: Very abundant throughout Luzon, and col- lected also from Mindoro, Polillo, and Surigao. Genus MENTHA MENTHA ARVENSIS L. MINT or YERBA BUENA. Local name: Yerba buena (Spanish). The tops and leaves are carminative and when bruised are used as an antidote for the stings of poisonous insects. Distribution: Reported from Pangasinan, Manila, Batangas, Tayabas, but known to be commonly cultivated. Genus OCIMUM OCIMUM BASILICUM L. BaLAN6I or SWEET BASIL. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The leaves are used in infusion or decoction as a carminative and stimulant medicine. OCIMUM SANCTUM L. SuLAsI or Hoty BASIL. A description of this species and its local names are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils. The leaves in decoction are used for aromatic baths. Distribution, iii, 187. Local names, iii, 187. Medicinal, iii, 187. Lithon, see Homonoia riparia. Liuliu, see Ficus hauili. Livistona australis: Recently introduced palm, i, Livistona chinensis: Recently introduced palm, Livistona cochinchinensis : Description, i, 214, 216. Distribution, i, 135, 216. Figure, i, 218. Local name, i, 216. Uses, i, 216. Livistona merrillii: Description, i, 214. Livistona robinsoniana: Description, i, 214. Livistona rotundifolia: Description, i, 214. Distribution, i, 216. Figure, i, 219. Local names, i, 216. Uses, i, 216. Livistona spp.: Food, ii, 252. Lébi, see Cocos nucifera. Lobo-lobéhan, see Cardiospermum halicacabum, 243, i, 248. INDEX 295 Lochnera rosea: ‘ Lumanai, see Homonoia riparia. Distribution, iii, 222. Lumaniaia, see Homonoia riparia. Local names, iii, 222. Lumbai, see Metroxylon sagu. Medicinal, iii, 222. Lumbadnau, see Aglaia everettii. Loganiaceae: Lumb4ng, see Aleurites moluccana. Fiber plants, i, 406. Lumbang, see Aleurites trisperma. Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 220. Lumbang-banukalad, see Aleurites trisperma. Logé, see Terminalia catappa. Lumbang-bat6, see Alewrites moluccana. Loiloi, see Leucaena glauca. Lumbang-gubat, see Aleurites trisperma. Lokblit, see Litsea glutinosa. Lumbang oil: Lokd6, see Dryopteris pteroides. Aleurites moluccana, ii, 124, Lokdé, see Nephrolepis hirsutula. Lumbia, see Metroxylon sagu. Lokoloké6, see Ocimum sanctum. Lumbidg, see Metroxylon sagu. Lolodn, see Pistia stratiotes. Lumbdi, see Eugenia cumini. Lomangog, see Litsea glutinosa. Lumnitzera littorea: Longbayau, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Description, i, 68. Longb6i, see Eugenia cumini. Distribution, i, 22, 68. Lonicera philippinensis : Figure, i, 71. Description and distribution, i, 409. . Local names, i, 68. Local names, i, 409. Forest charge, i, 125. Fiber, i, 409. Stands, i, 96, 97. Lonténg, see Sterculia luzonica. Timber, i, 70. Lo-ob, see Schizostachyum dielsi Lumnitzera racemosa: Lo-ob, see Schizostachyum diffusum. Description and distribution, i, 70. Loomoi, see Scindapsus spp. Local names, i, 70. , Looms: Forest charge, i, 125. Schizostachyum textorium, i, 265. Medicinal, iii, 215. Lopa, see Bambusa cornuta. Lumpitan, see Quamoclit pinnata. Lophopetalum toxicum: . Lunan, see Lunasia amara. Distribution, iii, 203. Limas, see Bambusa vulgaris. Local names, iii, 203. Linas, see Costus speciosus. Medicinal, iii, 203. Linas, see Gonocaryum calleryanum, Loptlopt, see Lippia nodiflora. Linas, see Lunasia amara. Lostban, see Bombycidendron vidalianu Lunas, see Oleandra neriiformis. Lotion : Lunas-bondok, see Lunasia amara. Cocos nucifera, ii, 93. Lunasia amara: , Lotus, see Nelumbium nelumbo. Distribution, iii, 194. Lubandyong, see Xylocarpus granatum. Local names, iii, 194. Lubds, see Spondias pinnata. Medicinal, iii, 194. Libi, see Cocos nucifera. Lunga, see Sesamum orientale, Lubia, see Pinanga spp. Lungakan, see Macaranga tanarius. Lubig&n, see Acorus calamus. Lunig, see Ficus pachyphylla. Lubilibi, see Cubilia blancoi. Luoi-lioi na daké, see Grammatophyllum mil- Lubi-lubi, see Geodorum nutans. tiflorum. Lubilabi, see Lunasia amara. Lupa, see Fleurya interrupta. Lubricant : u Lupak,.see Euphoria didyma. Isoptera borneensis, ii, 160. Lupi, see Phragmites karka. Jatropha curcas, ii, 140. Lupi, see Phragmites vulgaris. Ricinus communis, ii, 148. Lupig, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Sesamum orientale, ii, 168. Lupigi, see Dracontomelum dao. Shorea balangeran, ii, 160. Lup-lupak, see Lilium philippinensis. Luffa cylindrica: Lupluppan, see Abutilon indicum. ‘Distribution, iii, 242. Lupo, see Columella trifolia. Local names, iii, 242. Lusong, see Vaccinium whitfordii. Medicinal, iii, 242. Lusunan, see Eugenia aherniana. Lugis, see Eugenia mananquil. Luting, see Rubus frasxinifolius. Lugo, see Barringtonia asiatica. Luya, see Zingiber officinale. Liigos, see Areca catechu. Luy-a, see Zingiber officinale. Lukabbadn, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Luyaluyahan, see Curcuma zedoaria. Lukabban, see Sonneratia alba. Luyang-dilau, see Curcuma longa. Lukabban, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Liyong, see Livistona rotundifolia, Lukb4n, see Citrus maxima. Lityos, see Areca catechu. Lukban-balit, see Murraya paniculata. Lycoperdaceue : Lulupaw, see Abutilon indicum. Edible fungi, iii, 142. Lumabo, see Jasminum sambac. Lycoperdon cepiforme: Lumampau, see Schizostachyum lumampao. Edible fungi, iii, 144. 296 Lycoperdon furfuraceum: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycoperdon lilacimum: Description, iii, 142. Figure, iii, 143. Edible fungi, iii, 142. Lycoperdon plicatum: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycoperdon polymorphum: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycoperdon pratense: Description, iii, 144. Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycoperdon pusillum: Description, iii, 142. Edible fungi, iii, 142. Lycoperdon pyriforme: Description, iii, 144. Edible fungi, iii, 144, Lycoperdon roseum: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycoperdon vanderystii: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Lycopersicum esculentum: Description and distribution, ii, 374. Local names, ii, 374. Food, ii, 374. Lycopodiaceae : Ornamental plants, iii, 12. Lycopodium spp.. Description and distribution, iii, 12. Ornamental, iii, 12. Lye: Acanthus ilicifolius, iii, 90. Lygodium circinnatum: Description, i, 328. Distribution, iii, 168. Figure, i, 329. Local names, i, 326, 328. Fiber, i, 328. Medicinal, iii, 168. Lygodium flecuosum: - Description, i, 328. Local names, i, 326, 328. Fiber, i, 328. Lygodium japonicum: Description, i, 328. Local names, i, 326, 328, Fiber, i, 328. Lygodium scandens: Description, i, 328. Local names, i, 326, 328. Fiber, i, 328. . Lygodium semihastatum : Description, i, 328. Fiber, i, 326, 328. Local names, i, 326, 328. Lythraceae: Medicinal plants, iii, 214. M Ma-dsim, see Macaranga tanarius. Mabantit, see Terminalia calamansanai. Mabilo, see Diospyros discolor. Mabiilo, see Trichodesma zeylanicum. Macahiya, see Biophytum sensitivum. INDEX Macaranga grandifolia: Distribution, iii, 200. Local names, iii, 200. Medicinal, iii, 200. Macaranga tanarius: Description and distribution, ii, 73, 312. Figure, ii, 313. Loeal names, ii, 73, 310. Fermented drink, ii, 312. Glue, ii, 73. Medicinal, iii, 200. Maesa cumingii: Description and distribution, i, 406. Local names, i, 406. Fiber, i, 406. Fish poison, iii, 81. Maesa denticulata: Fish poison, iii, 81. Maesa laxa: Fish poison, iii, 81. Magadan, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana. Magabalogo, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Magalolo, see Lumnitzera littorea. Maganhép sa bukid, see Albizzia lebbeko- ides. Magatalisai, see Terminali i sanai. Magatas, see Euphorbia hirta. Magatungal, see Gnetum gnemon. Magau, see Ocimum sanctum, Magayao, see Heritiera littoralis. Magilik, see Premna cumingiana. Magimapau, see Dendrobium crumenatum. Magimpél, see Dendrobium crumenatum. Magit, see Pongamia pinnata. Magkaudyan, see Apluda mutica. Magkoné, see Eugenia aherniana. Maglolopéi, see Terminalia comintana. Maglumbdi, see Elaeocarpus calomala. Magmansi, see Vernonia cinerea. Magnoliaceae: Oils, ii, 185, Magtalisai, see Terminalia edulis: Magtaluléng, see Eugenia polycephaloides. Magtangid, see Bruguiera cylindrica. Magtongéd, see Ceriops ‘tagal. Magtongég, see Bruguiera cylindrica. Maguey, see Agave cantala. Magusiak, see Fagraea racemosa. Magutapilak, see Pothoidium lobbianum. Mahihiydin, see Biophytum sensitivum. Mahonia philippinensis: Description and distribution, ii, 388. . Local name, ii, 388. Dye, ii, 388. Maidna, see Coleus blumei. Maidnau, see Coleus blumei. Maidbaid, see Oroxylum indicum. | Maigéng, see Eugenia polycephaloides. Mais, see Zeamays. Maismaisan, see Asclepias curassavica. Makadsim, see Eugenia mananquil. Makabangon, see Micromelum compressum. Makabra, see Rotala aquatica. Makabu, see Cissampelos pareira. Makadadeg, see Dracontomelum dao. Makahia, see Mimosa pudica. INDEX Makahilub, see Euchresta horsfieldii. Makahiyang-lalake, see Biophytum sensitivum. Makalalinang, see Clerodendron intermedium. Makalsa, see Chisocheton cumingianus, Makasla, see Croton tiglium. Makatba, see Citrus hystrix. Makatibuha, see Fagraea racemosa. Makau, see Agathis alba, Makau, see Dracontomelum dao. Makaya, see Grewia stylocarpa. Makitkitot, see Euphorbia thymifolia. Maképa, see Eugenia calubcob. Malaachuéte, see Melochia umbellata. Malaaduds, see Dysoxylum decandrum. Malaamis, see Scoparia dulcis. Mala-ang lako lakop, see Pothos spp. Mala-anénas, see Pygeum preslii. Malaapi, see Premna cumingiana. Malaapilid, see Kyllinga hal 297 Malagasaha, see Sterculia philippinensis. Malagasaha, see Sterculia stipularis. Malagaydman, see Pothoidium lobbianum. Malagaydman, see Pothos spp. Malaghanip, see Albizzia lebbekoides. Malaghanit, see Albizzia lebbekoides. Malagiting-giting, see Decaspermum frutico- sum. Malagmat, see Pygeum preslii. Malagozzin, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Malahabi, see Guioa koelreuteria. Malahagis, see Eugenia mananquil. Malahito, see Sapindus saponaria. Malaigang, see Eugenia calubcob. Malaigang, see Eugenia mananquil, Malaikm6, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Malaikmé6-lalaki, see G Mala-imus, see Elaeagnus philippensis. Malatsi, liane: IL. yum cater Mala-atis, see Anisoptera thurifera. Malabago, see Fagraea racemosa. Malabago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. Malabanggi, see Memecylon ovatum. Malabanilad, see Sterculia oblongata. Malabatino, see Paralstonia clusiacea. Malabaydbas, see Eugenia aherniana. Malabayabas, see Gardenia pseudopsidium. Malabiga, see Alocasia macrorrhiza. Malabigndi, see Anacolosa luzoniensis. Malabitis-papa, see Malachra fasciata. Malabého, see Sterculia oblongata. Malabéhok, see Casuarina equisetifolia. Malabohék, see Quamoclit pinnata. Malabokbék, see Gymnartocarpus woodii. Malaboné6t, see Sterculia cuneata. Malabuaia, see Fagraea racemosa. Malabugés, see Homonoia riparia. Malabtilak, see Bomba ceiba. Malabtlak, see Justicia gendarussa. Malabinga, see Macaranga tanarius. Malabtinga, see Sterculia oblongata, Malacafé, see Mussaenda philippica.- Malachra fasciata: Description and distribution, i, 388. Local names, i, 388. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Rope, i, 388. Tensile strength, i, 321. Malachra capitata: Description and distribution, i, 388. Distribution, iii, 209. Local names, i, 387. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Fiber, i, 387. Medicinal, iii, 209. Maladayap, see Capparis micracantha. Maladayap, see Lansium dubium. Maladité, see Paralstonia clusiacea. Maladit&, see Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia. Maladosédos, see Pseuderanthemum pulchel- lum. Malagabi, see Terminalia edulis. Malaganep, see Pithecolobi: bacut Malaganit, see Albizzia lebbekoides, Malaganit, see Leucaena glauca. Malagdpas, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana. Description and distribution, i, 373. Local names, i, 373. Fiber, i, 373. Medicinal, iii, 181. Malaisis, see Malaisia scandens. Malaiyau, see Dracontomelum dao. Malakadiés, see Allaeanthus glaber. Malakakdo, see Lepidopetalum perrottetit. Malakakdo, see Litsea glutinosa. Malakakdo, see Phaleria cumingii. Malakakdo, see Sterculia cuneata. Malakakao, see Sterculia oblongata. Malakakdo, see Uvaria sorzogonensis. Malakalad, see Chisocheton cumingianus, Malakalump4ng, see Sterculia luzonica. Malakalumpit, see Terminalia calaman- sanai. Malakanasi, see Lansium dubium. Malakapdi, see Sterculia crassiramea. Malakirum-kirim, see Phyllanthus niruri. Malakmalak, see Palaquium philippense. Malakmalak oil: Palaquium philippense, ii, 168. Malaképa, see Eugenia calubcob. Malakudktran, see Heliotropium indicum. Malalapi, see Maesa cumingii. Malamansanita, see Helicteres hirsuta. Malambiigan, see Allacanthus glaber. Malamputian, see Nephelium mutabile. Malamulduin, see Premna nauseosa. Malanangk&, see Gymnartocarpus woodit. Malanbanilad, see Sterculia oblongata. Malangbuyitd, see Phyllanthus reticulatus. Malanopit, see Elaeocarpus calomala. Malapaho, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Malapaho, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus, Malapaho, see Mangifera altissima. Malapakpak, see Rhaphidophora merrillii. Malapandakaki, see Gonocaryum calleryanum, Malapangi, see Pangium edule. Malapapaya, see Sterculia crassiramea. Malapi, see Croton tiglium. Malapili, see Canarium luzonicum. Malapinggan, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Malapot6ékan, see Clerodendrom macroate- gium, Malaputat, see Ardisia serrata. 298 Malapittat, see Palaquium philippense. Malarantim, see Ardisia boissieri. Malarthat, see Eugenia calubcob. Malarthat, see Eugenia mananquil. Malaringon, see Heritiera littoralis, Malartrang, see Trema orientalis. Malarirung, see Trema orientalis. Malarutto, see Cissampelos pareira. Mal a4ga, see Pith lobia ss a Malasagad, see Adenanthera intermedia. Malasaging, see Aglaia harmsiana. Malasaging, see Cubilia blancoit. Malasamat, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Malasambong, see Buddleia asiatica. Malasambéng, see Callicarpa erioclona. Malasambéng-damé, see Sphaeranthus afri- canus. Malasampalok, see Albizzia lebbekoides. Malasandia, see Ipomoea pes-tigridis. Malasangi, see Guioa koelreuteria. Malasang-salve, see Dalbergia ferruginea. Malasantol, see Aglaia everettii. Malasantél, see Diospyros discolor. Malasaps4p, see Pterocymbium tinetorium. Malasaputi, see Palaquium philippense. Malasikongd6éron, see Trema orientalis. Malatadiang, see Ehretia navesii. Malatakén, see Helicteres hirsuta. Malatampti, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Malatapai, see Alstonia macrophylla. Malatapdi, see Cyathocalyx globosus. Malatapai, see G yum caller Malatuba, see Mallotus philippinensis. Malatumbiga, see Aglaia harmsiana. Malatumbdga, see Chisocheton pentandrus. Malatumbaga, see Ganophyllum falcatum, Malauas, see Guioa koelreuteria. Malaubi, see Aristolochia tagala. Malayambo, see Ardisia boissieri. Malayambo, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Malbas-dam6, see Fatoua pilosa. Malengeal, see Canscora diffusa. Maliana, see Coleus blumei. Malibago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. Malibago, see Kleinhovia hospita. Malibago, see Thespesia populnea. Maligdng, see Osbornia octodonta. Maligus, see Buddleia asiatica. Mali-mali, see Leea aculeata. Mali-mali, see Leea manillensis. Malimdlis, see Euphorbia hirta.. Malingga, see Benincasa hispida. Malisa, see Piper nigrum. Malismalisan, see Scoparia dulcis. Mallets, polo: Bambusa spinosa, i, 259. Mallotus philippinensis: Description and distribution, ii, 398. Local names, ii, 396. : Banato oil, ii, 142. Dye, ii, 398. Medicinal, iii, 200. Tape-worm remedy, iii, 68. Malobago, see Kleinhovia hospita. Malobago, see Thespesia populnea. Malub&go, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. INDEX Malugai, see Moringa oleifera. Malil, see Jasminum sambac. Malumalunggayan, see Dalbergia ferruginea. Malungeai, see Moringa oleifera. Malunggal, see Samadera indica. Malvaceae: Dyes, ii, 399. Fiber plants, i, 386. Food plants, ii, 336. Medicinal plants, iii, 208. Malvalisa, see Solanwm cumingit. Malvas, see Abutilon indicum. Malvas de castilla, see Abutilon indicum. Malvastrum coromandelinum : Description and distribution, i, 388. Local names, i, 388. Brooms, i, 388. Medicinal, iii, 209. Malvis, see Abutilon indicum. Mama, see Pinanga spp. Mamadling, see Columbia blancoi. Mamakau, see Dracontomelum dao. Mamales, see Pittosporum pentandrum. Mamilig, see Leea aculeata. Mamilis, see Guioa koelreuteria. Mamilis, see Pittosporum pentandrum. Mamalis, see Sapindus saponaria. Mamalis oil: Pittosporum pentandrum, ii, 105. Mamangal, see Leea manillensis. Mamata, see Euphoria didyma. Mamat&-babfie, see Lansium dubium. Mamauéd, see Columbia blancoi. M éd, see Columbia serratifolia. Mambég, see Nauclea junghuhnii. Mamogen, see Uvaria sorzogonensis. Mamonak, see Aglaia harmsiana. Mamongol, see Pycnarrhena manillensis. Mampala, see Mangifera indica. Mampdalang, see Mangifera indica. Mamued, see Columbia blancoi. Man&, see Jatropha multifida. Manab4, see Premna cumingiana. Man&bo, see Gynandropsis gynandra. Managos, see Homonoia riparia. Manalu, see Semecarpus gigantifolia. Manan-aw, see Phal psis luedd Manankil, see Eugenia mananquil. Mana oil: Jatropha multifida, ii, 142. Manaon, see Dalbergia ferruginea. Manapo, see Cyathea spp. Manapo, see Sindora supa. Manaring, see Diplodi: pani Manau, see Dendrobium crumenatum, Manban, see Donax cannaeformis. Matigégos, see Homonoia riparia. Mangala, see Garcinia venulosa. Mangalri, see Diplodiscus paniculatus. Mangga, see Mangifera indica. Manggapole, see Mangifera altissima. Manggasinéro, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus. Manggating, see Camptostemon philippinense. Mangifera altissima: Deseription and distribution, ii, 316. Figure, ii, 318. Tat: INDEX Mangifera altissima—Continued. Local names, ii, 316. Food, ii, 316. Mangifera caesia: Description and distribution, ii, Figure, ii, 319. ‘Loeal names, ii, 320. Food, ii, 239, 320. Mangifera indica: Distribution, iii, 202. Local names, iii, 202. Medicinal, iii, 202. Mangifera odorata: Description and distribution, ii, 320. Local names, ii, 320. Food, ii, 320. Mangil, see Rubia cordifolia. Mangipod, see Areca ipot. Mangkit, see Urena lobata. Mangkit-pérang, see Desmodium heterocar- pum. Mango, see Mangifera indica. Mangostan, see Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen, see Garcinia mangostana. Mangotngét, see Clerodendron inerme. -Mani, see Arachis hypogaea. Manihot utilissima: Distribution, iii, 201. Local names, iii, 201. Medicinal, iii, 201. Maniknik, see Bassia obovatifolia. Manila copal: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Manila elemi: Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42. Manila hemp, see Musa tectilis. Manilig, see Bassia betis. Mani-mani, see Desmodium heterocarpum. Manimanihan, see Desmodium heterocarpum, Manimparog, see Palaquium philippense. Maninila4, see Garcinia binucao. Manogbayo, see Kingiodendron alternifolium, Manogtalisai, see Palaquium philippense. Manitl, see Jasminum sambac. Manungeg4l, see Samadera indica. Manunggal oil: Samadera indica, ii, 114. Manzanas, see Zizyphus jujuba. Manzanilla, see Chrysanthemum indicum. Manzanilla, see Pluchea indica. Manzanitas, see Muntingia calabura. Manzanitas, see Zizyphus jujuba. Maobé6, see Diplodiscus paniculatus. Maoro, see Lumnitzera littorea. Mapola, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. Mapula&, see Hibiscus mutabilis. Maraandarayan, see Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia. Marabago, see Thespesia populnea. Marabas, see Sida mysorensis. Marabayabas, see Eugenia aquea. Marabaydbas, see Eugenia mananquil. Marachuite, see Croton tiglium. Maradamortis, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Maragatas, see Euphorbia hirta. Maragauak, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. 320. 299 Maragauéd, see Ehretia navesii. Maragauéd, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Maragayaman, see Scindapsus spp. Maragémon, see Brownlowia lanceolata. Maragéso, see Momordica charantia. Mara-ipus, see Streptocaulon baumii. Maraipus ti bakes, see T'ylophora perrottetiana. Marakapas, see Kleinhovia hospita. Marakapas, see Pterocymbium tinctorium, Marakfpas, see Thespesia lampas. Maramabdlo, see Chisocheton cumingianus. Maramani, see Diplodi: pani Mara-mara, see Ehretia microphylla. Mé&rang, see Artocarpus odoratissima. Marang, see Litsea glutinosa. Marangis, see Nephelium mutabile, Maranidék, see Calanthe veratrifolia. Marantaceae: Fiber plants, i, 365. Medicinal plants, iii, 179. Mardotong, see Acalypha indica. Marapako, see Cyathea spp. Marasiksik, see Owalis repens. Marasmius capillipes: Description, iii, 124. Edible fungi, iii, 124. Marasmius equicrinis : Deseription, iii, 124. Non-edible fungus, iii, 124. Marasmius erumpens: Description, iii, 126. Non-edible fungus, iii, 126. Marasmius patouillardi: Description, iii, 126. Non-edible fungus, iii, 126. Marasmius pilopus: Description, iii, 124. Non-edible fungus, iii, 124. Marasmius siccus: Description, iii, 126. Non-edible fungus, iii, 126. Maratabako, see Elephantopus spicatus. Maratakkim-baka, see Sida acuta. Marataréng, see Cordia cumingiana. Marataréneg, see Sterculia cuneata. Marataréng, see Thespesia lampas. Maratekka, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Maratia, see Ehretia microphylla. | Maratugi, see Stephania japonica. Marbaar, see Zanthozylum avicennae. Marbas, see Abutilon indicum. Marbas, see Sida mysorensis. Marcilanana, see Emilia sonchifolia. Margarine: Cocos nucifera, ii, 93. Elaeis guineensis, ii, 1038. Sesamum orientale, ii, 168. Maribihok, see Casuarina equisetifolia. Marighéi, see Ptychoraphis intermedia. Marigold, see Tagetes patula. Mariktim, see Abelmoschus moschatus, Marinsidno, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii. Mariu-bariu, see Enhalus acoroides. Marmangga, see Lunasia amara. Mar-mara-ipus, see Sida javensis. Marobo, .see Cinnamomum iners. latus. 300 Marokbarék, see Pongamia pinnata. Maronggéi, see Moringa oleifera. Maropote, see Abelmoschus moschatus. Marsdenia tinctoria: Description and distribution, ii, 404. Local name, ii, 404. Dye, ii, 404. Martinezia caryotaefolia: Recently introduced palm, i, 248. Marubé, see Diplodiscus pani Marungegdi, see Moringa oleifera. Maruritgi, see Bambusa spinosa. Marutong, see Euphoria didyma. Masaplak, see Grewia eriocarpa. Matabang-dikut, see Paederia foetida. Mata-kué, see Clerodendron beth Matalbaék, see Donax cannaeformis. Matalisai, see Hymenodictyon excelsum. Matamata, see Aglaia glomerata. Matamata, see Aglaia harmsiana. Matamata, see Euphoria didyma. Matangal, see Ceriops roxburghiana. Matang-araw, see Mussaenda philippica. Matang-buytid, see Phyllanthus reticulatus. Matang-hipon, see Breynia rhamnoides. . Matang-olang, see Breynia rhamnoides. Matang-saga, see Breynia rhamnoides. Matang-ulam, see Breynia rhamnoides. Matdng-ulang, see Abrus precatorius. Matang uldng, see Adenanthera intermedia. Matang-ulang, see Aglaia harmsiana. Matang-ulaéng, see Salacia prinoides. latus. INDEX Medicinal: Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 188. Local uses, iii, 163. Official plants, iii, 63. ‘Sindora supa, ii, 38. Melanolepis multiglandulosa: Distribution, iii, 201. Local names, iii, 201. Medicinal, iii, 201. Melastomataceae : Dyes, ii, 402. Medicinal plants, iii, 217. Melia azedarach: Distribution, iii, 197. Local name, iii, 197. Medicinal, iii, 197. Meliaceae: Food plants, ii, 302. Mangrove swamps, i, 36. Medicinal plants, iii, 196. Oils, ii, 117. Melochia umbellata: Description and distribution, {, 397. Local names, i, 397. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Fiber, i, 397. Memecylon ovatum: Distribution, iii, 217. Local names, iii, 217. Dye, ii, 402. Medicinal, iii, 217. Matatalina, see Dipterocarpus ver fl Matobaté6, see Anacolosa luzoniensis. Mats: Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177. Calamus spp., i, 158. Corypha elata, i, 192. Cyperus malaccensis, i, 346. Cyperus radiatus, i, 348. Daemonorops spp., i, 205. Imperata exaltata, i, 340. Korthalsia spp., i, 212. Metroxylon sagu, i, 220. Musa textilis, i, 364. Nephrolepis hirsutula, i, 328. Nipa fruticans, i, 222. Pandanus copelandii, i, 332. Pandanus dubius, i, 334. Pandamus luzonensis, i, 334. Pandanus radicans, i, 334. Pandanus sabotan, i, 334. Pandanus simplex, i, 336. Pandanus tectorius, i, 336. Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352. Scirpus grossus, i, 353. Scirpus lacustris, i, 353. Mattapal, see Donax cannaeformis. Matting rush, see Juncus effusus. Mayambago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. May4pis, see Anisoptera thurifera. May4pis, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. Mayatbang, see Dioscorea luzonensis. Maykauayan, see Apluda mutica. Mayubé, see Diplodiscus paniculat Mayuo, see Pterocymbium tinctorium, Menisp ae: Dyes, 11, 388. Fiber plants, i, 375. Medicinal: plants, iii, 67, 185. Poisonous plants, iii, 79. Mentha arvensis: Distribution, iii, 233. Local name, iii, 233. Medicinal, iii, 233. Merremia emarginata: Distribution, iii, 226. Local names, iii, 226. Medicinal, iii, 226. Merremia nymphaetfolia: Deseription and distribution, i, 408. Local names, i, 408. Fiber, i, 408. Metroxylon rumphii, see Metroxylon sagu. Metroxylon sagu: Description and distribution, i, 408. Figure, i, 221. Local names, i, 220. Alcoholic drink, ii, 252. Food, ii, 252 Uses, i, 220. Miagook, see Homonoia riparia. Miagus, see Homonoia riparia. Miapi, see Avicennia officinalis. Michelia champaca: Deseription, ii, 188. Figure, ii, 187. Local names, ii, 185. Champaka oil, ii, 185. INDEX Michelia longifora: Description and distribution, ii, 188. Local name, ii, 188. Oil, ii, 188. Micromelum minutum: Distribution, iii, 194. Local names, iii, 194. Medicinal, iii, 194, Midbid, see Eugenia mananquil. Milipili, see Canarium villosum. Mimosa pudica: Distribution, iii, 191. Local names, iii, 191. Medicinal, iii, 191. Mimusops parvifolia: Description and distribution, ii, 366. Figure, ii, 367. Local names, ii, 366. Food, .ii, 366. Medicinal, iii, 219. Mindanao einnamon, see Cinnamomum min- danaense. Mindang, see Macaranga tanarius. Mindoro pine, see Pinus merkusit. Mini, see Donax cannaeformis. Mint, see Mentha arvensis. Minunga, see Macaranga tanarius. Mipipi, see Litsea glutinosa. Miscanthus sinensis: Description and distribution, i, 342. Local names i, 342. Fiber, i, 342. Miscellaneous useful plants, iii, 85. Mitbid, see Eugenia mananquil. Modbéd, see Eugenia mananquil. Moling-moling, see Grewia stylocarpa. Momordica charantia: Description and distribution, ii, 376. Local names, iii, 375. Food, ii, 376. Medicinal, iii, 242. Momordica cochinchinensis: Description and distribution, ii, 376. Local names, ii, 376. Food, ii, 376. Medicinal, iii, 242. Ménggo, see Phaseolus aureus. Monotboné6t, see Osbornia octodonta. Mopi6, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum. Mora, see Andropogon zizanioides. Moraceae: Dyes, ii, 387. Fiber plants, i, 368. Food plants, ii, 262. Gums, ii, 70. Medicinal plants, iii, 180. Scouring materials, iii, 51. Morado, see Graptophyllum pictum. Moras, see Andropogon zizanioides, Morinda citrifolia: Description, ii, 406. Distribution, ii, 406; iii, 239. Local names, ii, 405. Dye, ii, 406. Medicinal, iii, 239. 301 Moringaceae: Food plants, ii, 284. Medicinal plants, iii, 188. Oils, ii, 104. Moringa oleifera: Description and distribution, ii, 105. Figure, ii, 283. Loeal names, ii, 104, Ben oil,- ii, 104. Food, ii, 284. Medicinal, iii, 188. Uses, ii, 104. Moropoto, see Triumfetta bartramia. Mosborén, see Scaevola frutescens. Mucuna nigricans: Distribution, iii, 192. Local names, iii, 192. Medicinal, iii, 192. Mugwort, see Artemisia vulgaris. Mulabago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus. Mulang, see Ardisia boissieri. Mulato, see Intsia bijuga. Mulauin-fso, see Premna nauseosa, Muling-muling, see Diplociscus paniculatus. Mulumustasa, see Emilia sonchifolia. Miunggo, see Phaseolus aureus. Mungilkil, see Eugenia mananquil. Muntai, see Citrus sp. Muntingia calabura: Description and distribution, i, 386. Local names, i, 385. Fiber, i, 385. Food, ii, 382. Medicinal, iii, 207. Murraya paniculata: Distribution, iii, 194, Local names, iii, 194. Medicinal, iii, 194. Musaceae: Fiber plants, i, 364. Food plants, ii, 259. Medicinal plants, iii, 185. Paper substitute, iii, 92. Musa errans: Distribution, iii, 177. Local names, iii, 177. Medicinal plants, iii, 177. Musa paradisiaca: Dimensions of fiber, i, 422. Fiber, i, 364. Paper, i, 416. Musa spp.: Local name, ii, 259; iii, 92. Food, ii, 259. Paper substitute, iii, 92. Musa textilis: Distribution, i, 364. Figure, i, 363. Loeal name, i, 364. Dimensions of fiber, i, 422. Fiber, i, 364. Paper, i, 415. ‘Tensile strength, i, 322. Mushrooms, iii, 97. 302 Mussaenda philippica: Distribution, iii, 239. Local names, iii, 289. Medicinal, iii, 239. Mustra, see Kyllinga monocephala. Muta, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Mutha, see Fimbristylis diphylla. Muth4, see Kyllinga monocephala. Muyon, see Mussaenda philippica. Myrmecodia: Distribution, i, 24. Figure, i, 25. Myrsinaceae: Fiber plants, i, 406. Food plants, ii, 362. Mangrove swamps, i, 72. Medicinal plants, iii, 219. Poisonous plants, iii, 81. Tannins, iii, 95. Myrtaceae: Food plants, ii, 354. Mangrove swamps, i, 72. Medicinal plants, iii, 69, 216. N Nabé, see Abroma fastuosa. Naga, see Pterocarpus spp. Nagdén, see Trema orientalis. Nag-erus, see Aristolochia tagala. Naghitbo, see Terminalia comintana. Nakulad, see Lippia nodiflora. Nala, see Pterocarpus spp. Nami, see Dioscorea hispida. Namé, see Dioscorea hispida. Namut, see Grewia -stylocarpa. Nangk4, see Artocarpus integra. Nangnangisit, see Sida rhombifolia. Nara, see Pterocarpus spp. Narandauél, see Pithelocolobium subacutum. Naranja, see Citrus maxima. Narra, see Pterocarpus blancoi. Nara, see Pterocarpus spp. Na&to-puld, see Palaquium philippense. Nauclea junghuhnii: Distribution, iii, 240. Local names, iii, 240. Medicinal, iii, 240. Nauclea orientalis: Distribution, iii, 240. Local names, iii, 240. Medicinal, iii, 240. Naui, see Lygodium circinnatum. Negegan, see Abroma fastuosa. Nelumbium nelumbo: Description and distribution, ii, 278. Figure, iii, 45. Local names, ii, 278. Food, ii, 278. Medicinal, iii, 185. Ornamental, iii, 46. Neowashingtonia filifera: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Nephelium lappaceum: Description and distribution, ii, 828. Figure, ii, 327. Local name, ii, 328. INDEX Nephelium lappaceum—Continued. Food, ii, 328. Rambutan tallow, ii, 148. Nephelium mutabile: Description and distribution, ii, 150, 328. Figure, ii, 329. Local names, ii, 150, 328. Bulala oil, ii, 150. Food, ii, 328. Nephrolepis hirsutwa: Description and distribution, i, 323. Local names, i, 323. Fiber, i, 323. Nerium indicum: Distribution, iii, 222. Local names, iii, 222. Medicinal, iii, 222. Negano, see Grewia stylocarpa. Neisi-fgisi, see Guioa koelreuteria. Negotngot, see Cocos nucifera. . Ngusptl, see Psychotria luzoniensis. Nibong, see Oncosperma filamentosa. Nicotiana tabacum: Distribution, iii, 235. Local name, iii, 235. Medicinal, iii, 235. Nigi, see Xylocarpus granatum. Nigi-puti’, see Camptostemon philippinense. Nilad, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Nilar, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Niog, see Cocos nucifera. 1 Niogniégan, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Nidgnidégan, see Orania palindan. Niog-niégan, see Semecarpus gigantifolia. Nipa, see Nipa fruticans. Nipa fruticans: Description, i, 32, 222. Distribution, i, 20, 24, 32, 222. Figure, i, 34, 35, 223, 225, 227, 229. Local names, i, 32, 222. Alcohol and alcoholic drinks, i, 224, Cultivation, i, 230. Fiber, i, 224. Sugar, i, 231. Sweatmeats, i, 224. Uses, i, 224. Vinegar, ii, 228. Nipah, see Nipa fruticans. Nip4i, see Mucuna nigricans. Nipéi, see Mucuna nigricans. Niri, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Nirih, see Xylocarpus granatum. Nirih, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Nisi-nisi, see Guioa koelreuteria. Nit6, see Dendrobium aureum. Nito, see Lygodium circinnatum. Nito, see Lygodium spp. Nito a dadakkél, see Lygodium flexuosum. Niton-nitéan, see Lygodium scandens. Nitong-puti, see Lygodium circinnatum. Nitong-puti, see Lygodium flexuosum. Nitong-puti, see Lygodium japonicum. Nito-nitéan, see Lygodiwm scandens. Nitu, see Lygodium flexuosum. Niug, see Cocos nucifera. Niugnitgan, see Quisqualis indica. Njiboeng, see Oncosperma filamentosa. Nothopanax fruticosum: Distribution, iii, 217. Local name, iii, 217. Medicinal, iii, 217. Nyireh, see Xylocarpus granatum, Nyireh batu, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Nymphaeaceae : Food plants, ii, 278. Medicinal plants, iii, 185. Ornamental plants, iii, 46. Nymphaea pubescens: Deseription and distribution, ii, 278. Local names, ii, 278. Food, ii, 278. Oo Obién, see Artocarpus cumingiana. Obiéng, see Flacourtia rukam. Gbod-débod, see Cyperus radiatus. Ochrosia littoralis: Description and distribution, ii, 370. Local names, ii, 370. . Food, ii, 370. Ochrosia oppositifolia: Description and distribution, ii, 372. Local name, ii, 372. Food, ii, 372. Ocimum basilicum: Deseription and distribution, ii, 218. Local names, ii, 217. Flavoring, ii, 217. Mediinal ii, 217; iii, 70, 233. Perfume, ii, 218. Ocimum sanctum : Description and distribution, ii, 219. Local names, ii, 218. Beads, ii, 218. Medicinal, iii, 233. Oil, ii, 218. Odidu, see Pterocarpus spp. Odling, see Aglaia harmsiana. Od6, see’ Ganophyllum falcatum. Oenotheraceae: Dyes, ii, 403. Oil adulterant: Sindora supa, ii, 38. Oil cake: Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109. Ceiba pentandra, ii, 162. Oil palm, see Elacis guineensis. Oil, ii, 90. Okra, see Hibiscus esculentus. Oksor, see Ardisia boissieri. Olacaceae: Food plants, ii, 270. Olang6, see Pandanus radicans. Olasiman, see Bacopa monniera. Olasiman, see Portulaca oleracea. Oldeniandia corymbosa: Distribution, iii, 240. Local name, iii, 240. Medicinal, iii, 240. Oleaceae: Medicinal plants, iii, 220, Oleander, see Nerium indicum. INDEX 303 Oleandra nertiformis: Distribution, iii, 168. Local names, iii, 168. Medicinal, iii, 168. Oleomargarine: Cocos nucifera, ii, 93. Olikbénigon, see Commelina benghalensis. Oliva, see Cycas circinalis. Olive oil substitute: Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109. Olivo, see Cycas circinalis. Oléi, see Artocarpus odoratissima. Ol-6l, see Pinus insularis. Olos-dlos, see Litsea glutinosa. Onau, see Arenga pinnata. 0 perma filament iS Description and distribution, i, 36. Local name, i, 36. Uses, i, 36. Oncosperma filamentosum: Description, i, 231, 2382. Distribution, i, 232. Local names, i, 232. Uses, i, 282. Oncosperma gracilipes: Description, i, 232. Oncosperma horridum: Description, i, 232. Local names, i, 232. Oncosperma platyphyllum: Description, i, 232. Oncosperma spp.: Areca nut substitute, ii, 252. Oncosperma tigillaria: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Ongali, see Agelaea everettii. Ongst, see Cocos nucifera. Ongs6i, see Coriandrum sativum. Onion, see Allium cepa. Onychium siliculosum : Distribution, iii, 168. Local names, iii, 168. Medicinal, iii, 168. Oéri, see Amaranthus spinosus. 6os, see Sterculia oblongata. Operculina turpethum: Description and distribution, i, 408. Local names, i, 408. Fiber, i, 408. Medicinal, iii, 70, 226. Ophioglossaceae : Food plants, ii, 241. Oplai, see Pittosporum pentandrum. Oplig, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Opo, see Lagenaria leucantha. Opong-épong, see Sterculia cuneata. Orania decipiens: Description, i, 234. Orania palindan: Description and distribution, i, 234. Figure, i, 233. Local names, i, 234. Ornamental, i, 234. Orania paraguanensis : Deseription, i, 234. Orania philippinensis, see Orania palindan. 304 Orania rubiginosa: > Description, i, 234. — Oras, see Schizostachyum lumampao. Orchidaceae: : Fiber plants, i, 365. Gums, ii, 68. Medicinal plants, iii, 179. Ornamental plants, iii, 12. Orégano, see Coleus amboinicus. Orégano-lalaki, see Coldenia procumbens. Oreodoxa ochracea: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Oreodoxa regia: Description and distribution, i, 234. Figure, i, 235. . Local name, i, 234. Ornamental, i, 234. Oringon, see Cratoxylon blancoi. Oring-oring, see Adonidia merrillii. Ornamental plants,.iii, 7. Adonidia merrillti, i, 139. Areca ipot, i, 148. Areca vidaliana, i, 148. Arenga ambong, i, 150. Arenga mindorensis, i, 158. Arenga tremula, i, 158. Bambusa glaucescens, i, 258. Bambusa spinosa, .i, 260. Caryota cumingii, i, 182. Caryota majestica, i, 182. Caryota merrillii, i, 182. Caryota mitis, i, 182. Caryota rumphiana, i, 182. Cocos nucifera, i, 184. Heterospathe elata, i, 210. Licuala spinosa, i, 212. Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Orania palindan, i, 284. Oreodoxa regia, i, 234. Pinanga spp., i, 236. Zalacca clemensiana, i, 248. Oroi, see Amorphophallus campanulatus. Oroxylum indicum: Description and distribution, ii, 375. Local names, ii, 375. Food, ii, 375. Medicinal, iii, 236. Orthosiphon aristatus: Description and distribution, iii, 72. Medicinal, iii, 72. Oryza sativa: Dimensions of fiber, i, 422. Local names, iii, 171. Fiber, i, 342. Medicinal, iii, 171. Osbornia octodonta: Description, i, 72. Figure, i, 73. Local names i, 72. Caulking material, i, 72. Timber, i, 72. Ottelia alismoides: Description and distribution, ii, 248. Local names, ii, 248. INDEX Ottelia alismoides—Continued. Food, ii, 248.5. Medicinal, iii, 169. Owangé, see Pandanus radicans. Oxalidaceae: ‘ Food plants, ii, 294. Medicinal plants, iii, 193. Soap substitutes, iii, 56. Oxalis repens: Description and distribution, ii, 296. Local names, ii, 296. Salad ingredient, ii, 296. Oyang6, see Pandanus radicans. Pe ia Paang-baliwis, see Malachra capitata. Paang-baliwis, see Malachra fasciata. Pabellén de angel, see Quamoclit pinnata. Pachyrrhizus erosus: Description and distribution, ii, 110. Local names, ii, 110. Food, ii, 292. Singkamas oil, ii, 110. Padda-paddak-piisa, see Sida javensis. Padir, see Justicia gendarussa,. Padsahingin, see Dipterocarpus vernicifiuus. Paederia foetida: Distribution, iii, 240. Local names, iii, 240. Medicinal, iii, 240. Pagai, see Oryza sativa. Paga-paga, see Lepidopetal perrottetii, Pagatapat, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Pagatpat, see Sonneratia alba. Pagatpat, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Pagbaotot, see Phyllanthus reticulatus. Pagbilau, see Elephantopus scaber. Pagiruga, see Antidesma bunius. Pagéi, see Oryza sativa. Pagpagai, see Ageratum conyzoides. Pagpagan, see Mimusops parvifolia. Pagsahingan, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Pagsahingin, see Canarium luzonicum. Pagsahifgin, see Canarium villosum. Pagsahingin resin: Canarium villosum, ii, 49. Pagsaingin, see Canarium luzonicum. Pagsaingin, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus. Pagulingin, see Cratoxylon blancoi. Pagulingon, see Cratoxylon blancoi. Paho, see Mangifera altissima. Paho, see Mangifera indica. Pahuhttan, see Mangifera altissima. Pahttan, see Mangifera altissima. Paina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Paints: Aleurites moluccana, ii, 124. Aleurites trisperma, ii, 184. Sindora inermis, ii, 38. Sindora supa, ii, 38. Sterculia foetida, ii, 154. Tamarindus indica, ii, 112. Paipdi-amé, see Drynaria quercifolia. Paitan, see Lunasia amara. ; Paitan, see Pygeum preslii. Pakagonk6én, see Cassia alata. INDEX Pakak, see Artocarpus communis. Pakalkal, see Abroma fastuosa. Pakalsa, see Chisocheton cumingianus. Pakan, see Semecarpus cuneiformis. Pakapis, see Clerodendron intermedium. Pakadran, see Palaquium philippense. Pakarohai, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Pakat, see Ceriops tagal. Paket, see Dioscorea luzonensis. Pakiling, see Ficus ulmifolia. Pakin-bakir, see Helicteres hirsuta. Pakit, see Dioscorea luzonensis. Paké, see Aspleni; macrophyll Pak6, see Athyrium esculentum. Pak6, see Drynaria quercifolia. Paké, see Nephrolepis hirsutula. Paké, see Onychium siliculosum. Pakoidan, see Ochrosia littoralis. Pakol, see Musa errans. Pak6ng-antiang, see Onychium siliculosum. Pak6éng-gtibat, see Asplenium macrophyllum. Pak6é-pak6, see Nephrolepis hirsutula. Pakos larat, see Acrostichum aureum. Pakp4k-laiuin, see Drynaria quercifolia. Pakpak6-ti-alog, see Grangea maderaspatana. Pakpak-tutubi, see Ventilago dichotoma. Paksahingin, see Canarium villosum. Paksion, see, Guioa koelreuteria. Pakii, see Oryza sativa. Paku laut, see Acrostichum aureum. Pakupaktan, see Acrostichum aureum. Pakupakuan, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Palagtiki, see Elusine indica. Palai, see Oryza sativa. Palak-palak, see Palaquium philippense. Palak-palak, see Sterculia crassiramea. Palalan, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Palali, see Dillenia philippinensis. Palali, see Dillenia reifferscheidia. Palanau, see Rubus fraxinifolius. Palandiauan, see Premna cumingiana. Palange, see Garcinia vidalii.. Palangi, see Garcinia vidalit. Palang6, see Cyathea spp. Palangpalang, see Ipomoea pes-caprae. Palapat, see Sonneratia alba. Palaquium ahernianum: Deseription and distribution, ii, 82. Figure, ii, 75, 77, 79, 81. Local names, ii, 76. Collection of gutta-percha, ii, 76. Export of gutta-percha, ii, 76. Uses, ii, 82.- Palaquium oleosum, see Palaquium philippense. Palaquium philippense. Description and distribution, ii, 366. Figure, ii, 368. Local names, ii, 366. Food, ii, 366. Oil, ii, 168. Palaquium spp.: Medicinal, iii, 70. Palata, see Sonneratia alba. Palatangan, see Aglaia harmsiana. Palatangen, see Aglaia harmsiana. 177674——20 305 Palauan, see Alocasia ‘macrorrhiza. Palaufin, see Cyrtosperma merkusii, Palaupalau, see Barringtonia asiatica. Pale, see Oryza sativa. Pali, see Oryza sativa. Palid-laut, see Colubrina asiatica. Palids, see Cote lachryma-jobi. Palikpik-hito, see Sapindus saponaria. Palina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium, Palindan, see Orania palindan. Paling, see Barringtonia racemosa. Piéling-hfrap, see Anisomeles indica. Palipe, see Pothos spp. Palis, see Callicarpa erioclona. Palis, see Callicarpa formosana. Pal-la, see Alpinia pyramidata. Pallaipat-baibai, see Enhalus acoroides, Pallopallét, see Triumfetta bartramia. Palma brava, see Livistona rotundifolia. Palmae : Food plants, ii, 250. Mangrove swamps, i, 32. Medicinal plants, iii, 65, 172. Oils, ii, 93. Palms and palm products, i, 127. Palm-kernel oil: Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103. Palm oil: Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103. Palo-china, see Cassia alata. Palo-kaitana, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Palomaria, see Calophyllum blancoi. Palomaria, see Calophyllum inophyllum. Palomaria, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Palomaria, see Leucaena glauca, Palomaria de la playa, see Calophyllum ino- phylum. Palomaria del ménte, see Calophyllum blancoit. Palongépui, see Heritiera littoralis. Palong-manok, see Kleinhovia hospita. Palongpong, see Embelia philippinensis, Pdlosanto, see Rourea volubilis. Palosapis, see Anisoptera thurifera. Palosapis resin: Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52. : Palpalstut, see Sphaeranthus africanus. .Palpaltéog, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Palsahingin, see Canarium luzonicum. Palsahingin, see Canarium villosum. Palték-vaka, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Paltuk-paltikan, see Cardiospermum halicaca- bum. Paludhan, see Dysoxylum decandrum. Palugapig, see Heritiera littoralis. Palumdi, see Spilanthes acmellia. Palumping, see Ganophyllum falcatum. Palipo, see Wikstroemia indica. Palutan, see Flacourtia indica. Pamago, see Pericampylus glaucus. Pamainap, see Aerua lanata. Pamalalien, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. Pamalat’4ngen, see Chisocheton pentandrus. Pamamalien, see Dillenia philippinensis, Pamangkilon, see Amorphophallus campanula- tus. 306 Pamantilen, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Pamantilen, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus. Pamarnisen, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. Pamarnisen, see Dipterocarpus vernicifiuus, Pamatagin, see Dysoxylum decandrum. Pamiasin, see Adenanthera intermedia. Pamilaten, see Calophyllum blancoi. Pamilifigan, see Pygeum preslit. Pamittaégen, see Calophyllum blancoi. Pamittaégen, see Calophyll Pampar, see Kleinhovia hospita. Pampasapit, see Plumbago indica. Pamutélen, see Guioa koelreuteria. Panabélong, see Scaevola frutescens. Panabon, see Ardisia serrata. Pandbor, see Eurycles amboinensis, Panabulén, see Cerbera manghas. a Panaeolus panaiense: Description, iii, 122. Edible fungi, iii, 122. Panacolus papilionaceus: Edible fungi, iii, 124. oe Panaeol ve) ai hal] nop: pap Description, iii, 122. Edible fungi, iii, 122. Panaeolus veluticeps: Figure, iii, 128. Edible fungi, iii, 124. Panagisién, see Mallotus philippinensis. Panampat, see Kleinhovia hospita. Panaptum, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum. Panau, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. Panat, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus. Pan’ au, see, Imperata cylindrica. PAnau verdadero, see Dipterocarpus grandiflo- Tus. Pandakaki, see Cerbera manghas, Pandak&ki, see Tabernaemontana pandaca- qui. Pandakaki-itim, see Tabernaemontana panda- caqut. Pandakaki-puti see Tabernaemontana panda- caqui. Pandan, Pandan, Pandan, Pandan, : torius. Pandanaceae: Fiber plants, i, 332. Medicinal plants, iii, 169. Pandan de china, see Pandanus luzonensis. Pandans, see Pandanus spp. Pandan-totéo, see Pandanus simplex. Pandanus copelandii: Description and distribution, i, 332. Local names, i, 332. Fiber, i, 334. " Pandanus dubius: Description and distribution, i, 334. Local names, i, 334. Fiber, i, 334. Pandanus luzonensis: Description and distribution, i, 334. Local name, i, 334. Fiber, i, 334. see Pandanus copelandii. see Pandanus simplex. see Pandanus tectorius. common or beach, see Pandanus tec- INDEX Pandanus radicans: Description and distribution, i, 334. Local names, i, 334. Fiber, i, 334. Pandanus sabotan: Description and distribution, i, 334. Figure, i, 333. Local name, i, 334, Cultivation, i, 334. Fiber, i, 336. Pandanus simplex: Description and distribution, i, 336. Figure, i, 335. Local names, i, 336. Fiber, i, 336. Pandanus tectorius: Deseription, i, 338. Distribution, i, 336. Figure, i, 335, 337. Local names, i, 336. Fiber, i, 338. Medicinal, iii, 169. ‘ Pangahttan, see Mangifera altissima. Pafigalamutien, see Alstonia macrophylla. Pangalanud-dien, see Alstonia macrophylla, Pangalisokléen, see Alstonia macrophylla. Pangal-linasu, see Pterospermum obliquum. Pafigalussiten, see Terminalia calamansanat, Pangan, see Sterculia oblongata. Pafiganto-an, see Pittosporum p Pangapatéten, see Pavetta indica. Pangarandéngen, see Trema orientalis. Pangardisen, see Bombycidendron vidalianum. Pangdan, see Pandanus copelandii. Pangdan, see Pandanus tectorius. Pang-guisi, see Aristolochia sericea. Pangi, see Gy tocarpus dit. P&igi, see Pangium edule. Pangium edule: Deseription and distribution, ii, 352. Figure, ii, 351. Loeal names, ii, 348. Food, ii, 348. Oil, ii, 161. : Panglan, see Pandanus tectorius. Panglifgain, see Pterospermum obliquum. Panglongbéien, see Eugenia mananquil. Panglumbéien, see Eugenia calubcob. Panglumbiiyen, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Pangmanggden, see Mangifera altissima. Pangmarunggdyen, see Pithecolobium subacu- tum. Pangolaksien, see Alstonia macrophylla. Pangungan, see Ximenia americana. Panguplasen, see Mallotus philippinensis. Pangydu, see Nephelium mutabile. Panicum palmaefolium: Description and distribution, ii, 250. Figure, ii, 249. Local names, ii, 250. Rice substitute, ii, 250. Panicum stagninum: Disrtribution, iii, 171. Local names, iii, 171. Medicinal, iii, 171. Panigbin, see Corchorus capsularis. di t Ut, INDEX Panikin, see Pygeum preslii. Pansi-pansi, see Leucas ltavandulifolia. Panting-panting, see Lummitzera littorea, Panting-panting, see Plumbago indica. Pantog-lébo, see Hernandia ovigera. Panuto, see Euphoria didyma. Paoli, see Grewia stylocarpa. Papait, see Lunasia amara. Papait ti niang, see Coldenia procumbens. Papasil, see Lummnitzera littorea. Papfya, see Carica papaya. Paper: Agave cantula, i, 415. Andropogon citratus, ii, 174. Anisoptera thurifera, i, 428-425. Bambusa blumeana, i, 422. Bambusa lumampao, i, 422. Bambusa spinosa, i, 419. Corypha elata, i, 421. Imperata exaltata, i, 419-422. Musa paradisiaca, i, 416. Musa teaxtilis, i, 415. Oryza sativa, i, 422. Parkia javanica, i, 423-425. Pentacme contorta, i, 423-425. Saccharum sara, i, 421. Saccharum spontaneum, i, 419-422. Schizostach » i, 416-419. Wikstroemia indica, i, 421. Wikstroemia meyeniana, i, 421. Wikstroemia ovata, i, 421. Paper, non-bibilous : Agathis alba, ii, 20. Paper pulp: Bambusa spinosa, i, 259. Imperata exaltata, i, 340. L Saccharum spont , i, 844, Wikstroemia spp., i, 403. Paper size: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Paper substitutes: Homalomena philippinensis, iii, 90. Musa spp., iii, 92. Paper, transparent: Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42. Sindora inermis, ii, 38. Sindora supa, ii, 48. Pappdgan, see Mimusops parvifolia. Papua, see Nothopanax fruticosum. Paputukan, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Paraiso, see Melia azedarach. Paralstonia clusiacea: Distribution, iii, 223. Local names, iii, 223. Medicinal, iii, 223. Parameria barbata: Medicinal, iii, 223. Parandang, see Mallotus philippinensis. Parangis-sabingan, see Eleusine indica. Parapit, see Ammania baccifera. Pararan, see Ganophyllum falcatum. Parasablut, see Litsea glutinosa. Parashorea malaanonan: Resin, ii, 52. Parda, see Phaseolus lunatus. Pare’-pare’, see Cissampelos pareira. 307 Pari’, see Cissampelos pareira. Parid, see Momordica charantia. Parid-4so, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Pariam, see Momordica charantia. Parida, see Clerodendron bethumeanum. Parina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Parind, see Sindora inermis. Paritulot, see Justicia gendarussa. Parkia javanica: Dimensions of fiber, i, 423. Paper, i, 423-425. Parog-pdrog-ti-nodng, see Momordica cochin- chinensis. Paroi, see Oryza sativa. Parol-parélan, see Aristolochia tagala. Paronapin, see Heritiera littoralis. Paronapoi, see Heritiera littoralis. Parparid, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Partian, see Parameria philippinensis. Parua, see Pinus insularis. Parug-padrug, see Momordica cochinchinensis. Parukapol, see Vaccinium whitfordii. Pasa, see Areca catechu. Pasak, see Bassia betis. Pasak, see Mimusops parvifolia. Pasaklé, see Ficus pachyphylla. Pasalkal, see Malanolepis multiglandulosa. Pasanglai, see Asclepias curassavica. P&sau, see Corchorus olitorius. Pasau, see Graptophyllum pictum. Padsau-hapai, see Jussiaea linifolia. P&sau na bilog, see Corchorus capsularia. Pésau, na haba’, see Corchorus acutangulus. Pasguik, see Pittosporum pentandrum. Pasingan, see Bambusa spinosa. Pasioki, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum. Pasnit, see Kibatalia blancoi. Paséso, see Eugenia mananquil. Pasétis, see Chenopodium ambrosioides. Paspalum scrobiculatum: Distribution, iii, 171. Local names, iii, 171. Medicinal, iii, 171. Paste: Cordia myzxa, ii, 88. Pasfika, see Tylophora brevipes. Pata, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Pataga, see Pandanus copelandii. Pataktol, see Ardisia boissieri. Patalsik, see Decaspermum fruticosum. Pat&ni, see Phaseolus lunatus. Patchouli, see Pogostemon cablin. Patchouli oil: Pogostemon cablin, ii, 219. Patikan, see Caryota cumingii. Patling, see Grewia stylocarpa. Patéla, see Luffa cylindrica. Paténg, see Dendrocalamus latiflorus. Patpat, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Patsaingin, see Canarium villosum. Patugo, see Cycas circinalis. Paua, see Bambusa spinosa. Paua, see Flagellaria indica. Paua, see Schizostachyum feniwit. Pauai, see Fimbristylis diphylla. Pauai, see Indigofera suffruticosa. 308 Pauid, see nipa fruticans. Paunapin, see Heritiera littoralis. Pavetta indica: Distribution, iii, 241. ° Local names, iii, 241. Medicinal, iii, 241. Payangit, see Marsdenia tinctoria. Payfpa, see Ficus payapa. Payar, see Sonneratia alba. Payena leerii: Distribution, ii, 82. Figure, ii, 83. Gutta-percha, ii, 82. Payina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Peanut, see Arachis hypogaea. Peanut oil: Arachis hypogaea, ii, 108. Pedadaé, see Sonneratia alba, Pedaliaceae: Medicinal plants, iii, 236. Oils, ii, 168. Pédis, see Garcinia venulosa. Penga-peng4, see Heliotropium indicum. Pentacme contorta: Dimensions of fiber, i, 423. Paper, i, 423-425. Resin, ii, 52. Pentapetes phoenicea: Distribution, iii, 211, Local name, iii, 211. Medicinal, iii, 211. Pepinillo de San Gregorio, see Luffa cylin- drica. Perag’is, see Paspal scrobiculat Perapat, see Sonneratia caseolaris, Perepat, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Peres, see Citrus hystrix. Péres, see Garcinia vidalii. Perfume: Acacia farnesiana, ii, 204, Acorus calamus, ii, 181. Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177. Canangium odoratum, ii, 189. Citrus hystrix, ii, 210. Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 183. Michelia champaka, ii, 185. Michelia longiflora, ii, 188. Pogostemon cablin, ii, 219. Perfume oil: Sindora inermis, ii, 38. Perfumery: Andropogon citratus, ii, 174, Andropogon nardus, ii, 176, Citrus micrantha, ii, 210. Ocimum basilicum, ii, 218. Toddalia asiatica, ii, 214. Pericampylus glaucus: Description and distribution, i, 875. Figure, i, 377. Local names, i, 875. Fiber, i, 375. Péris, see Garcinia venulosa, Peristrophe bivalvis: Description and distribution, ii, 404, Local names, ii, 404. INDEX Peristrophe bivalvis—Continued. Dye, ii, 404. Perog-p4rog-ti-tawo, see Momordica cochin- chinensis. Petroleum nut, see Pittosporum resiniferum. Petroleum-nut oil: Pittosporum resiniferum, ii, 106. Phaeanthus ebracteolatus: Description and distribution, i, 376. Loeal names, i, 376. Fiber, i, 376. Phalaenopsis amabilis: Description and distribution, iii, 30. Figure, iii, 34. Local name, iii, 30. Ornamental, iii, 30. Ph 1, of ]. adi A : Description and distribution, iii, 36. Figure, iii, 35. Local names, iii, 36. Ornamental, iii, 36. Phalaenopsis schilleriana: Description and distribution, iii, 36. Local name, iii, 36. Ornamental, iii, 36. Phalaenopsis sp.: Figure, iii, 37. Phaleria cumingii: Description and distribution, i, 403. Local names, i, 403. Fiber, i, 403. Phaleria perrottetiana: Description and distribution, i, Local names, i, 403. Fiber, i, 403. Phaseolus aureus: Distribution, iii, 192. Local names, iii, 192. Medicinal, iii, 192. Phaseolus lunatus: Deseription, ii, 292. Local names, ii, 292. Food, ii, 292. Phoenix canariensis: Ornamental, i, 236. Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Phoenia dactylifera: Distribution, i, 236. Phoenia hanceana: Description and distribution, i, 236. Local name, i, 236. Rain coats, i, 236. Phoenia pusilla: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Phoenix roebelenii: Recently introduced Phoenix rupicola: Ornamental, i, 236. Recently introduced palm, Phragmites karka: Deseription and distribution, i, 342. Local names, i, 342. Fiber, i, 342. Phragmites vulgaris: Description and distribution, i, $44, Figure, i, 348, 345. 403. palm, i, 243. i, 243. Phragmites vulgaris—Continued. Local names, i, 342. Fiber, i, 342, 344. Phyllanthus niruri: Distribution, iii, 201. Local names iii, 201. Medicinal, iii, 201. Phyllanthus reticulatus: Description and distribution, iii, 90. Local names, iii, 90. Ink, iii, 90. Medicinal, iii, 201. Physic nut, see Jatropha curcas. Physic-nut oil: Jatropha curcas, ii, 140. Piadak, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Piagdu, see Xylocarpus granatum. Piagau, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Piagdéu oil: Xylocarpus moluccensis, ii, 118. Piai, see Acrostichum aureum. Pianga, see Bassia betis. Pidpi, see Avicennia alba. Pidpi, see Avicennia officinalis. Piay, see Acrostichum aureum. Pichik, see Oxalis repens. Picture frames: Saccharum officinarum, i, 344. Saccharum spontaneum, i, 844. Piekal, see Mallotus philippinensis. Piet, see Corypha elata. Piksik, see Avicennia officinalis. Pilai, see Rubus niveus. Pilapil, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Piléuai, see Canarium ovatum. Pilauai, see Eugenia polycephaloides. Pildui, see Canarium ovatum. Pilea microphylla: Distribution, iii, 182. Medicinal, iii, 182. Pilet-pilet, see Spilanthes acmellia. Pili, see Canarium luzonicum. Pili, see Canarium ovatum. Pilig, see Livistona rotundifolia. Pili-nut oil: Canarium ovatum, ii, 114. Pilipili, see Aglaia harmsiana. Pillows: Asclepias curassavica, i, 407. Bombaz ceiba, i, 392. Ceiba pentandra, i, 394. Typha angustifolia, i, 330. Pilokong, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Pinaceae: Resin, ii, 18. Tannins, iii, 92. Pinanga barnesii: Description, i, 238. Pinanga basilanensis: Description, i, 241. Pinanga batanensis: Description, i, 241. Pinanga copelandii: Deseription, i, 238. INDEX Pinanga curranii: Description, i, 239. Pinanga elmerii: Description, i, 239. Pinanga geonomaeformis: Description, i, 288. Pinanga heterophylla: Description, i, 238. Pinanga insignis: Description, i, 236, 241. Pinanga isabelensis: Description, i, 238. Pinanga kuhlii: Recently introduced palm, i, 248. Pinanga maculata: Description, i, 238. Pinanga modesta: Description, i, 238. Pinanga negrosensis: Description, i, 240. Pinanga philippinensis: Description, i, 236, 239. Figure, i, 237. Pinanga rigida: Description, i, 240. Pinanga samarana: Description, i, 239. Pinanga sclerophylla: Deseription, i, 240. Pinanga sibuyanensis: Description, i, 241. Pinanga speciosa: Description, i, 241. Pinanga spp.: Description, i, 236. Local names, i, 241. Areca-nut substitute, ii, 252. Conspectus of the species, i, 288. Pinanga urdanetana: Description, i, 239. Pinanga urosperma: Description, i, 239. Pinanga woodiana: Description, i, 240. Pineapple, see Ananas comosus. 309 Pinggapinggdhan, see Oroxylum indicum. Pinggét, see Juncus effusus. Pingit, see Ardisia boissieri. Pingkapingkahan, see Oroxylum indicum. Pinit, see Rubus fraxinifolius. Pino, see Agathis alba. Pifiénes, see Quisqualis indica. Pintaka, see Coiz lachryma-jobi. Pinus insularis: Description and distribution, ii, 82, 84, Figure, ii, 81, 33, 36. Local names, ii, 30. Analysis of turpentine, ii, 82. Method of boxing, ii, 380. Tannin, iii, 92. Turpentine, ii, 30. Pinus merkusii: Description and distribution, ii, Figure, ii, 36. 34. 310 Pinus merkusii—Continued. Local names, ii, 34. Turpentine, ii, 34. Piperaceae: Food plants, ii, 260. Medicinal plants, iii, 66, 179. Piper betle: Description and distribution, iii, 66. Local names, iii, 66. Buyo chewing, ii, 252. Medicinal, iii, 66, 179. Piper nigrum: Distribution, iii, 180. Local name, iii, 180. Medicinal, ‘iii, 180. Piper retrofractum: Distribution, iii, 180. . Local names, iii, 180. Medicinal, iii, 180. | Piper umbellatum var. subpeltatum: Description and distribution, ii, 260. Loca] names, ii, 260. Condiment, ii, 260. Pipes (water) : Gigantochloa levis, i, 262. Pipestems : Arundinaria niitakay is, i, 258. Pipisig, see Avicennia officinalis. Pipisik, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Pipisik, see Avicennia officinalis. Pipturus arborescens: Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Pirara, see Sonneratia caseolaris. Piris, see Garcinia vidalii. Pisf, see Areca hutchinsoniana. Pisa, see Canarium luzonicum. Pisa, see Camarium villosum. Pisik. see Centipeda minima. Piso-piso, see Rhynchospora corymbosa, Pisos-pisos, see Quamoclit pinnata. Pistia stratiotes: Distribution, ii, 254. Local names, ii, 254. Hog food, ii, 254. Scrubbing, ii, 254. Pita, see Areca vidaliana. Pithecolobium dulce: Description and distrbution, ii, 292. Figure, ii, 296. Local names, ii, 292. Food, ii, 292. Kamanchile oil, ii, 110. Tannin, iii, 93. Pithecolobium subacutum: Description and distribution, ii, 394. Local names, ii, 394. Dye, ii, 394. Pitjoeng oil: Pangium edule, ii, 161. Pit6go, see Cycas rumphii. Pittosporaceae: Medicinal plants, iii, 189. Oils, ii, 105. Pittosporum pentandrum: Description and distribution, ii, 106. Local names, ii, 105. INDEX Pittosporum pentandrum—Continued. Mamalis oil, ii, 105, Medicinal, iii, 189. Pittosporum resiniferum: Description and distribution, ii, 108. Figure, ii, 107. Local names, ii, 106. Petroleum-nut oil, ii, 106. Plantaginaceae : Medicinal plants, iii, 74, 238. Plantago major: Description and distribution, iii, 74. Local names, iii, 74. Medicinal, iii, 74, 238. Plantain, see Plantago major. Platycerium biforme: Description and distribution, iii, 12. Figure, iii, 6. Local name, iii, 12. Plectocomia elmeri: Description, i, 242. Pleurotus applicatus: Edible fungi, iii, 136. Pleurotus noctileucens: Edible fungi, iii, 136. Pleurotus ostreatus: Description, iii, 136. Figure, iii, 137. f Edible fungi, iii, 136. Pleurotus striatulus: Edible fungi, iii, 136. Pleurya interrupta: Distribution, iii, 182. Local names, iii, 182. Medicinal, iii, 182. Pluchea indica: Description, i, 84. Local names, i, 84. Plumbaginaceae : Medicinal plants, iii, 219. Plumbago indica: Distribution, iii, 219. Local names, iii, 219. Medicinal, iii, 219. Plumbago zeylanica: Distribution, iii, 219. Local names, iii, 219. Medicinal plants, iii, 219. Plumiera acuminata: Distribution, iii, 223. _ Local names, iii, 223. Medicinal, iii, 223. Pogostemon cablin: Description and distribution, ii, 222. Figure, ii, 221, Medicinal, iii, 288. Perfume, ii, 219. Poisonous plants, iii, 79. Pola, see Caryota cumingii. Polianthes tuberosa: Distribution, iii, 177. Local names, iii, 177. Medicinal, iii, 177. Polish: Schizostachyum lima, i, 264, INDEX Polyalthia flava: Description and distribution, i, 376. Local name, i, 376. Rope, i, 376. Polygalaceae: Soap substitutes, iii, 56. Polygonaceae: Medicinal, iii, 183. Polygonum barbatum: Distribution, iii, 183. Loeal names, iii, 183. Medicinal, iii, 183. Polynesian ivory-nut palm, see Coelococcus amicarum, Polypodiaceae : Fiber plants, i, 323. Food plants, ii, 241. Medicinal plants, iii, 167. Mangrove swamps, i, 32. Ornamental plants, ii, 11. Polypodium sinuatum: Description and distribution, i, 24. Figure, i, 27. Polyporaceae: Edible fungi, iii, 116. Pomade: Acacia farnesiana, ii, 204. Pomelo, see Citrus maxima. Pongamia pinnate: Description and distribution, i, 379; ii, 111, 112. Figure, ii, 113. Local names, i, 379; ii, 111. Fiber, i, 379. Medicinal, iii, 192. Pongam oil, ii, 111. Pongam oil: Pongamia pinnata, ii, 111. Pongpéng, see Embelia philippinensis. Poot-si-nuang, see Urena lobata. Péro, see Fatoua pilosa. Porong, see Grewia stylocarpa. Portulacaceae: : Food plants, ii, 276. Medicinal plants, iii, 185. Portulaca oleracea: Deseription and distribution, ii, 276. Distribution, iii, 185. Local names, ii, 276. Food, ii, 276. Medicinal, iii, 185. . Pothoidium lobbianum: Description and distribution, i, 354. Local names, i, 354. Fiber, i, 353, 354. Pothos spp.: Description and distribution, i, 354. Figure, i, 355. Local names, i, 354. Fiber, i, 358, 354, Pétotan, see Bruguiera conjugata. Potétan, see Bruguiera cylindrica. Potétan, see Bruguiera parviflora. Potétan, see Bruguiera sexangula, Potétan-babde, see Bruguiera sexangula. 311 Poté6tan-lalaki, see Bruguiera cylindrica. Pouzolzia zeylanica: Distribution, iii, 182. Medicinal, iii, 182. Prayer-bean, see Abrus precatorius. Premna cumingiana: Distribution, iii, 231. Local names, iii, 231. Medicinal, iii, 281. Premna nauseosa: Description and distribution, ii, 873. Distribution, iii, 231. Local names, ii, 373; iii, 231. Medicinal, iii, 231. ete Piper betle substitute, ii, 373. Premna odorata: Distribution, iii, 231. Local names, iii, 231. Medicinal, iii, 231. Preservative, leather: Ricinus communis, ii, Preservative, wood: Aleurites moluccana, ii, 126. Anacardium occidentale, ii, 146. Pritchardia gaudichaudii: Recently introduced palm, Pritchardia pacifica: Recently introduced palm, Pseuderanthemum pulchellum: Distribution, iii, 238. Local names, iii, 238, Medicinal, iii, 288. Psidium guajava: Description and distribution, ii, 360. Figure, ii, 363. Local names, ii, 360. Food, ii, 360. Medicinal, iii, 69, 216. Psychotria luzoniensis : Distribution, iii, 241. Local names, iii, 241. Medicinal, iii, 241. Psychotria mindorensis : Distribution, iii, 241. Local name, iii, 241. Medicinal, iii, 241, Pterocarpus blancoi: Distribution, iii, 192. Figure, ii, 397. Local names, iii, 192. Medicinal, iii, 192. Pterocarpus indicus: Figure, ii, 395, 397. Pterocarpus spp.: Loeal names, ii, 396. Dye, ii, 396. Pterocarpus vidaliana: Figure, ii, 397. Pterocaulon redolens: Distribution, iii, 245. Local names, iii, 245. Medicinal, iii, 245. Pterocymbium tinctorium: Description and distribution, i, 898. Figure, i, 399. 143. i, 243, i, 243, 312 Pterocymbium tinctorium—Continued. Local names, i, 398. Medicinal, iii, 211. Rope, i, 398. Tensile strength, i, 321. Pterospermum diversifolium: Description, i, 398. Distribution, i, 400. Local names, i, 398. Dye, ii, 399. Medicinal, iii, 211. Rope, i, 398. Tensile strength, i, 321. Pterospermum niveum: Description and distribution, i, 400. Local names, i, 400. Dye, ii, 399. Fiber, i, 400. Pterospermum obliquum: Description and distribution, ii, 400. Local names, ii, 399. Dye, ii, 400. Ptychoraphis cagayanensis: Description, i, 242. Ptychoraphig elmerii: Description, i, 242, Local name, i, 242. Ptychoraphis intermedia: Description, i, 242. Local name, i, 242. Ptychoraphis microcarpa: Description, i, 242. Ptychosperma macarthurii: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Pueng, see Ischaemum angustifolium. Puenig, see Isch um angustifol Pugéhan, see Caryota cumingii. Pugapong, see Piper umbellatum . Puguhan, see Caryota cumingii. Puis, see Averrhoa bilimbi. Pulau, see Nymphaca pubescens, Puled, see Grewia stylocarpa. Pulit, see Grewia stylocarpa. Pulit, see Xylocarpus granatum. Pulpilto, see Justicia gendarussa. Pulpilto, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum. Pumangga, see Mangifera indica. Punding, see Avicennia alba. Pungapung, see Amorphophallus campanu- t: bay latus. Pungés, see Kyllinga monocephala. Punit, see Cyathea spp. Punlaing, see Cocos nucifera. Puntalefante, see Rotala aquatica. Puntas-pintas, see Ipomoea digitata. Puos, see Ficus forstenii. Pupugan, see Rubus fraxinifolius. Purgative oil: Croton tiglium, ii, 138. Jatropha ecurcas, ii, 140. Ricinus communis, ii, 143. Sterculia foetida, ii, 154. Puriket, see Bidens pilosa. Purikit, see Urena lobata. Puropagai, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus. INDEX Purpuraok, see Cardiospermum halicacabum. Purpurikit, see Bidens chinensis. Puser, see Schizostachyum fenixti. Puspis, see Ficus forstenii. Piitad, see Barringtonia acutangula. Putad, see Barringtonia racemosa. Piutat, see Barringtonia acutangula. Patat, see Barringtonia racemosa. Putat oil: Barringtonia racemosa, ii, 162. Puti-i babaye, see Lophopetalum toxicum, Puti-i laldke, see Lophopetalum toxicum. Putoputéhan, see Scindapsus spp. Putut, see Bruguiera conjugata. Putut, see Bruguiera sexangula. Pututan, see Bruguiera conjugata. Putitan, see Bruguiera sexangula. Puyas, see Coix lachryma-jobi. Puyugau, see Xylocarpus moluccensis, Puyius, see Diplodi iculatus. Pycnarrhena manillensis: Distribution, iii, 186. Local names, iii, 186. Medicinal, iii, 186. Pygeum glandulosum: Description and distribution, ii, 389. Local names, ii, 388. Dye, ii, 389. Pygeum. preslii: Description and distribution, ii, 389. Local names, ii, 389. Dye, ii, 389. Q Quamoclit pinnata: Distribution, iii, 226. Local names, iii, 226. Medicinal, iii, 226. Quisqualis indica: Distribution, iii, 215. Local names, iii, 215, Medicinal, iii, 215. R Rabo de leén, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Rabo de tigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Ragiang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza. Ragini, see Rubus rosaefolius. Ragiu, see Rhynchospora corymbosa. Ragiu-diu, see Rhynchospora corymbosa. Ragiudiu, see Scirpus grossus. Rag-ragadi, see Achyranthes aspera. Raincoats: Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Nipa fruticans, i, 222. Phoenix hanceana, i, 286. Raiya-raiya, see Ficus hautli. Rakido, see Rhynchospora corymbosa. Rambutfn, see Nephelium lappaceun. Rambutan tallow: Nephelium lappaceum, ii, 148, Ramie, see Bochmeria nivea. Rangrangaiu, see Ipomoea pes-tigridis, INDEX Rangrangéu ng abududn, see Ipomoea pes- tigridis.. Raphia ruffia: - Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Raphidophora merrillii: Description, i, 356. Figure, i, 357, 358. Fiber, i, 853 356. Raphidophora spp.: Fibers, i, 356, Rapitan, see Arenga pinnata. Rapék, see Sterculia stipularis. Ratiles, see Muntingia calabura. Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia: Distribution, iii, 223. Local names, iii, 223. Medicinal, iii, 223. Reforestation crop: Bambusa spinosa, i, 259. Renanthera storiei: Description and distribution, iii, 36. Ornamental, iii, 36. Rhamnaceae: Fiber plants, i, 380. Medicinal plants, iii, 205. iS Soap substitutes, iii, 59. Rhaphidophora merrillii: Distribution, iii, 174. Local names, iii, 174. Medicinal, iii, 174. Rhinacanthus nasuta: Distribution, iii, 238. Local names, iii, 288. Medicinal, iii, 238. Rhizophora candelaria: Description, i, 62, 68. Distribution, i, 22, 62. Figure, i, 10, 65. Local names, i, 68. Cultivation, i, 100. Firewood, i, 112-114, Stands, i, 86-100. Tannin, i, 119-124. Timber, i, 66. Rhizophoraceae : Mangrove swamps, i, 48. Rhizophora mangle: Ballast retainer, i, 26. Rhizophora mucronata: Description, i, 62, 68. Distribution, i, 22, 62. Figure, i, 67, 69. Local names, i, 68. Cultivation, i, 100. Firewood, i, 112-117. Stands, i, 86-99. Tannin, i, 119-124, Timber, i, 66. Rhododendron vidalii: Distribution, iii, 218. Loeal name, iii, 218. Medicinal, iii, 218. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: Description and distribution, ii, 862. Food, ii, 362. 313 Rhynchospora corymbosa: Deseription and distribution, i, 352. Local names, i, 352. Fiber, i, 352. Rhynchostylis retusa: Description and distribution, iii, 36. Figure, iii, 38. Ornamental, iii, 36. Rice, see Oryza sativa. Ricinus communis: Description, ii, 144. Distribution, ii, 143. Figure, ii, 145. Loeal names, ii, 143. Castor oil, ii, 144. Dye, ii, 398. Medicinal, iii, 69, 201. Rigini, see Cissus repens. Rimédas, see Andropogon zizanioides. Riméra, see Andropogon zizanioides. Riméras, see Andropogon zizanioides. Rogrogsé6, see Gonocaryum calleryanum, Ronas, see Smilax leucophylla. Réngon, see Ceriops tagal. Root beers ingredient: Cinnamomum mercadoi, ii, 202. Rope, see Fibers: Dendrocalamus merrilianus, i, 261. Rosaceae: Dyes, ii, 388. Food plants, ii, 284. Rosas-sa-baibai, see Lochnera rosea. Roselle, see Hibiscus sabdariffa. Rosmarinus officinalis: Distribution, iii, 234. Local names, iii, 234. Medicinal, iii, 234. Rosmiro, see Rosmarinus officinalis. Rotala aquatica: Distribution, iii, 228. Local names, iii, 228. Medicinal, ili, 228. Round-leaf salago, see Wikstroemia ovata. Rourea erecta: Dog: poison, iii, 79. Rourea volubilis: Description and distribution, i, 378. Local names, i, 378. Dog poison, iii, 79. Fiber, i, 378. Royal palm, see Oreodoxa regia. Rubber: Chonemorpha elastica, ii, 84. Parameria philippinensis, ii, 88. Rubiaceae: Dyes’ ii, 405. Mangrove swamps, i, 84. Rubia cordifolia: Distribution, iii, 241. Local name, iii, 241. Medicinal, iii, 241. Rubian, see Terminalia comintana. Rubus copelandii: Description and distribution, ii, 284. Food, ii, 284. 314 Rubus ellipticus: Description and distribution, ii, 285. Local name, ii, 285. Food, ii, 285, Rubus elmeri: Description and distribution, ii, 285. Local name, ii, 285. Food, ii, 285. Rubus fraxinifolius: Description and distribution, ii, 285. Local names, ii, 285. Food, ii, 285. Rubus niveus: Description and distribution, ii, 286. Local name, ii, 286. Food, ii, 286. Rubus pectinellus: Description and distribution, ii, 286. Figure, ii, 287. Local name, ii, 286. Food, ii, 286. Rubus rolfei: Description and distribution, ii, 286. Food, ii, 286. Rubus rosaefolius: Description and distribution, ii, 288. Local names, ii, 288. Food, ii, 288. Rugian, see Bambusa spinosa. Rukrokso, see Eugenia aherniana. Rukrukso, see Ardisia serrata. Rukurok, see Morinda citrifolia. Rumaka, see Arenga tremula. Rungon, see Ceriops tagal. Riino, see Miscanthus sinensis. Rutaceae: Food plants, ii, 296. Medicinal plants, iii, 193. Oils, ii, 208. Ss Sabal adansonii: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Sabal blackburneanum: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Sabal mauritiforme: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Sabal palmetto: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Sabfog, see Ficus minahassae. Sabia, see Piper retrofractum. Sabila, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Sabilfu, see C Li benghalensi: Sablét, see Litsea glutinosa. Sabnit, see Hibiscus surattensis. Sabodgon, see Pittosporum pentandrum. Sabung-sabingan, see Eleusine indica. Sabunég, see Phragmites karka. Sabutin, see Pandanus sabotan. Sabutaén, see Pandanus tectorius. Sabut4n-budia, see Vallisneria gigantea, Saccharum officinarum : Fiber, i, 344. Saccharum sara: Paper, i, 421. INDEX Saccharum spontaneum: Local names, i, 344. Dimensions of fiber, i, 422, Fiber, i, 344. Paper, i, 419-422. Sachet powder: Acorus calamus, ii, 181. Sadak, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius. Sadak, see Malaisia scandens. Sadak, see Parameria philippinensis. Sadduag, see Pinanga spp. Sadtag, see Pinanga spp. S4ga, see Abrus precatorius. Saga, see Drynaria quercifolia. Saga, see Nipa fruticans. Sagadan, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii. Sagaga, see Pittosporum resiniferum. Sagai-kangai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Sagakap, see Flagellaria indica. Sagambaging, see Abrus precatorius. Sagapoék, see Mucuna nigricans. Sag4sa, see Bruguiera sexangula. Sagdsa, see Lum ra, littorea. Sagas4, see Osbornia octodonta. Sagas4, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Sagasaga, see, Abrus precatorius. Sagdsak, see Bruguiera sexangula. Sagat, see Pterocarpus spp. Sagiadt, see Goniothalamus amuyon. Saging-saging, Sagingsagingan, see Helicteres hirsuta. Sagingsing, see Memecylon ovatum. Sagisi, see Heterospathe elata. Sagit, see Vernonia cenerea. Sagittaria sagittifolia: Description and distribution, ii, 246. Local names, ii, 246. Food, ii, 246. Sago palm, see Metroxylon sagu, Saga, see Metroxylon sagu. SA4gu, see Wikstroemia meyeniana. Sagun-sagun, see Adenanthera intermedia. Sahikan, see Portulaca oleracea. S4hing, see Canarium luzonicum. Sakat, see Terminali 1 Sakat, see Terminalia edulis. Saket, see Terminali L i. Saket, see Terminalia edulis. Sako, see Barringtonia acutangula. Sakolon, see Areca caliso. Sakolon, see Pinanga spp. Saksig, see Areca ipot. Saksik, see Areca ipot. S4lab, see Guioa koelreuteria. Sdlab, see Lepid perrottetit. Salabagin, see Flacourtia rukam. Sala4b na pula, see Mallotus philippinensis. Salacia prinoides: Distribution, iii, 203. Local name, iii, 203. Medicinal, iii, 203. Salddai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Salad oil: Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109. Moringa oleifera, ii, 104, see Aegiceras corniculatum. INDEX het ino n Salagin, see Chi: Salagip, see Wikstroemia lanceolata. Salagisog, see Cibotium baranetz. Salago, see Phaleria cumingii. Salago, see Wikstroemia indica. Salago, see Wikstroemia lanceolata. Salago, see Wikstroemia ovata. Salaigo, see Wikstroemia spp. .Salago, lance-leaf, see Wikstroemia lanceolata. Salago, large-leaf, see Wikstroemia meyeniana. Salago, round-leaf, see Wikstroemia ovata. Salago, small-leaf, see Wikstroemia indica. Saldgong-babde, see Phaleria cumingii. Saligong-gibat, see Phaleria cumingii. Salai, see Zanthoxylum avicennae. Sdlai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Salai-kangai, see Zanthoxylum avicennae. SalaisAu, see Terminalia catappa. Salalangin, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Salamungai, see Aglaia harmsiana. Salangisag, see Pinanga spp. Salaniég, see Heterospathe elata. Saléapu, see Ventilago dichotoma. Sala’sf, see Lumnitzera littorea. Salasaliyut, see Corchorus acutangulus, Salasandia, see Ipomoea pes-tigridis. S4leng, see Ganophyllum falcatum. Séleng, see Pinus insularis. Salet, see H. l a philippi Salet figa nalabaga, see Homalomena philippin- ensis. Salibangbang, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Salibangbang, see Crinum asiaticum. Saligau, see Croton tiglium. Saligum, see Momordica charantia. Salik, see Sida acuta. Salikut, see Palaquium ahernianum. Salilihan, see Decaspermum fruticosum. S4ling, see Canarium villosum. Saling-baté, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Salinggégon, see Cratoxylon blancoi. Salingkugi, see Pongamia pinnata. Salifgsifigan, see Decaspermum fruticosum. Saling-udk, see Clerodendron intermedium. Saling-udk, see Clerodendron quadriloculare. Salisai, see Ter Li 1 i. sis. 315 | Saliyot, see Corchorus olitorius. Saltiyut, see Corchorus olitorius. Salves: Cocos nucifera, ii, 938. Samadera indica: Description and distribution, ii, 114. Local names, ii, 114. Manunggal oil, ii, 114. Medicinal, iii, 196. Samak, see Macaranga tanarius, Samak, see Macaranga tanarius. Samat, see Piper betle. Sambag, see Tamarindus indica. Sambalagisai, see Sophora tomentosa. Sambalduke, see Anacardium occidentale. Sambon, see Blumea balsamifera. Sambéng, see Blumea balsamifera. Sambéng-dam6, see Sphaeranthus africanus. Sambéng-gala, see Pterocaulon redolens. Sambéng-gala, see Sphacranthus africanus. Sambéng-kéla, see Buddleia asiatica. Sambéng oil: Blumea balsamifera, ii, 222. Sambonotan, see Eugenia aherniana. Sambitng, see Pterocaulon redolens. Samburagat, see Ter Li 1 i Samiling, see Cinnamomum mercadoi. Samp4ga, see Jasminum sambac. Sampaga, see Plumbago zeylanica. Sampagita, see Jasminum sambac. Sampagita doble, see Jasminum sambac. Sampadka, see Michelia champaca. Samp4lok, see Tamarindus indica. Sampalékan, see Scoparia dulcis, Sampapare’, see Cissampelos pareira. Samparan, see Leucas lavandulifolia. Sampinit, see Rubus fraxinifolius. Samuk, see Maceranga tanarius. Samtiyau, see Citrus micrantha. Samuyau oil: Citrus micrantha, ii, 210. Sana, see Nelubium nelumbo, Sanbag, see Tamarindus indica. Sanda, see Lochinera rosea. Sandalaitan, see Sophora tomentosa. Sandoricum koetjape: Salisai, see Terminalia catappa. Salisi, see Ficus benjamina. Salit, see Pinus merkusii. Salita, see Leucas lavandulifolia. Sallapugud, see Aglaia harmsiana. Salogon, see Antiaris toxicaria. Salom4gi, see Tamarindus indica. Sdlong, see Agathis alba. Saléyot, see Corchorus olitorius. Salsalida, see Eclipta alba. Salsallak4pu, see Tournefortia sarmentosa. Salsalfiyut, see Malvastrum coromandelinum. Saltiki, see Lunasia amara. Salua-sué, see Capparis micracantha. Salub, see Guica koelreuteria. Salukit, see Palaquium ahernianum. Salum4gi, see Tamarindus indica. Saliyong, see Cordia myxa. Description and distribution, ii, 808. Figure, ii, 307. Local names, ii, 308. Food, ii, 308. Medicinal, iii, 197. San Francisco-bundék, TUssa. Sangdidikit, see Plumbago zeylanica. Sangdikit, see Plumbago zeylanica. Sanggtimai, see Dendrobium crumenatum, Sanggimai, see Dendrobium revolutum. Sangkilan, see Pavetta indica. Sangktyong, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Sanglai, see Ceiba pentandra. Sangsangitan, see Sporobolus elongatus. San Pedro, see Leucaena glauca. San Pedro, see Lochnera rosea. San Pedro, see Phyllanthus niruri. see Justicia genda- 316 Sansandok, see Celosia argentea. Sansau, see Cissampelos pareira. Sansau-sansduan, see Cissampelos pareira. Sansevieria zeylanica: Description and distribution, i, 362. Local names, i, 360. Fiber, i, 360. Medicinal, iii, 175. Santa Elena, see Leucaena glauca. Santiki, see Lunasia amara. Santing, see Breynia rhamnoides, Santing, see Lumnitzera littorea. Santing-santing, see Acanthus “iicifolius. Santé6l, see Sandoricum koetjane. Santor, see Sandoricum koetjape. Saog-machin, see Piper retrofractum. Saong-sdong, see Canarium villosum. Sapang, see Caesalpinia sappan. Sapang, see Dioscorea pentaphylla. Sapaun, see Nauclea junghuhnii. Sapindaceae: Fiber plants, i, 380. Food plants, ii, 322. Medicinal plants, iii, 203. Oils, ii, 147. Poisonous plants, iii, 80. Soap substitutes, iii, 58. Sapindus saponaria: Description- and distribution, i, 380. Local names, i, 380. Fiber, i, 380. Soap substitute, i, 380; iii, 59. Sapinit, see Abelmoschus moschatus. Sapinit, see Hibiscus surattensis. Sapinit, see Rubus frawinifolius. Sapinit, see Rubus rosaefolius. Sapin-sapin, see Blechum brownei. Sapiro, see Alphonsea arborea. Saplid, see Terminali L Saplit, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Saplingan, see Aglaia glomerata. Saplingan, see Aglaia harmsiana. Saphingan, see Terminalia comintana. Sapotaceae: Food plants, ii, 364, Gums, ii, 73. Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 219. Oils, ii, 166. Sap-sapadng, see Harrisonia perforata. Sarai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Saramau, see Pinanga spp. Saramo, see Achyranthes aspera. Sarasa, see Graptophyllum pictum. Sardu, see Livistona rotundifolia. Sarduag, see Pinanga spp. Sarguélas, see Spondia purpurea. Saripongpéng, see Sterculia oblongata. Sarnugdr 4 dadakkél, see Helicteres hirsuta. Sarok, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Sarok, see Pogostemon cablin. Sarungkad, see Tylophora brevipes. Sarungkar, see Tylophora brevipes. Sarungkdra babassit, see Fatoua pilosa. Sasd, see Nipa fruticans. sandat. INDEX Sasitang, see Lygodium flexuosum. Sauag-caballo, see Triumfetta bartramia. Sauang, see Cycas circinalis. Saung, see Pinus insularis. Savidug, see Terminalia catappa. Sawale: Schizostachyum lumampao, i, 264. Saxyfragaceae: Tobacco substitutes, iii, 95. Sayap6, see Abroma fastuosa. Sayapt, see Abroma fastuosa. Sayikan, see Euphorbia hirta. Sayongkal, see Tylophora brevipes. Scaevola frutescens: Distribution, iii, 243. Local names, iii, 243. Medicinal, iii, 243. Scheflera blancoi: Fish poison, iii, 81. Schefflera cumingii: Distribution, iii, 217. Local name, iii, 217. Medicinal, iii, 217. Schefflera elliptifoliola: Distribution, iii, 217. Local names, iii, 217. Medicinal, iii, 217. Schefflera odorata: Distribution, iii, 217. Local names, iii, 217. Medicinal, iii, 217. Schefflera piperoidea: Distribution, iii, 217. Local name, iii, 217. Schizaeaceae: Fiber plants, i, 326. Medicinal plants, iii, 168. Schi: tachy brachyclad’ Description, i, 263, 264. Figure, i, 298. Local names, i, 263. Schizostachyum curranti: Description and distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 300. Schizostachyum dielsi A " Description, i, 268, 264. Distribution, i, 264; iii, 171. Figure, i, 299. Local names, i, 264. Medicinal, iii, 171. Uses, i, 264. Schizostachyum diffusum: Description, i, 263, 264. Distribution, i, 264. Figure, i, 301. Local names, i, 264. Baskets, i, 264. Chairs, i, 264. Schizostachyum fenixii: Description, i, 263. Distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 302. Local names, i, 265. Schizostachyum hirtiflorum: Description, i, 263. Distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 303. Schizostachyum lima: Description, i, 263, 264. Distribution, i, 264. Figure, i, 304. Local names, i, 264. Uses, i, 264, Schizostachy longispicul : Description, i, 263. Soh: F, h lam. . y : Description, i, 263, 265. Distribution, i, 264. Figure, i, 256, 305, 306. Local names, i, 264. Paper, i, 416-419. Planting and growth, i, 278. Uses, i, 265. cn ry hh. 7; Description, i, 263. Distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 307. se agin, Description, i, 263. Distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 308. Schizostachyum textorium: Description, i, 263, 265. Distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 309. Local names, i, 265. Looms, i, 265. Schizostachyum toppingii: Deseription and distribution, i, 265. Figure, i, 310. Scindapsus spp.: Local names, i, 356. Fiber, i, 358, 356. Scirpiodendron ghaeri: Description and distribution, i, 352. Local name, i, 352. Hats, i, 352. Scirpus grossus: Description and distribution, i, 353. Local names, i, 353. Fiber, i, 353. Scirpus lacustris: Description and distribution, i, 353. Loeal names, i, 353. Mats, i, 353. Scleroderma aurantacum: Edible fungi, iii, 144. Scleroderma dictyosporum: Description, iii, 144. Edible fungi, iii, 144. Scleroderma verrucosum: Description, iii, 144. Figure, iii, 143. Edible fungi, iii, 144. Scleroderma vulgare: Description, iii, 144. Edible fungi, iii, 144. INDEX Scoparia dulcis: Distribution, iii, 236. Local names, iii, 236. Medicinal, iii, 236. Scouring materials, iii, 49. Screens : Cyperus radiatus, i, 348. Miscanthus sinensis, i, 342. Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352. Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344, Scrophuwlariaceae: Food plants, ii, 875%. Medicinal plants, iii, 235. Scutellaria luzonica: Distribution, iii, 234. Loeal name, iii, 234. Medicinal, iii, 234. Seyphiphora hydrophyllacea: Description and distribution, i, 84. Figure, i, 87. Local names, i, 84. Securidaca corymbosa: Description and distribution, iii, 56. Local names, iii, 56. Soap substitute, iii, 56. Securidaca philippinensis: Description and distribution, iii, 58. Local names, iii, 58. Soap substitute, ili, 58. Segisi, see Heterospathe elata. Sek6i, see Benincasa hispida. Semecarpus cuneiformis: Description and distribution, ii, 320. Figure, ii, 321. Local names, ii, 320. Food, ii, 320. Medicinal, iii, 202. Semecarpus gigantifolia: Description and distribution, ii, 322. Figure, ii, 323. Local names, ii, 322. Food, ii, 322. Serar, see, Corypha elata. Sere, see Pandanus copelandii. Sesame, see Sesamum orientale. Sesame oil: Sesamum orientale, ii, 168. Si indi , see Si orientale. Sesamum orientale: Deseription and distribution, ii, 172. Figure, ii, 169. Local names, ii, 168. Exports of oil, ii, 170. Medicinal, iii, 74, 236. Sesame oil, ii, 171. Sesbania grandiflora: Description, ii, 72. Distribution, ii, 73. Local names, ii, 72. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Food, ii, 294. Substitute for gum arabie, ii, 72. 317 318 g, q tor, i. 5 por Um Description and distribution, ii, 276. Local name, ii, 276. Food, ii, 276. Shafts, vehicle: Dendrocal merrilli i, 261. Shampoo: Citrus micrantha, ii, 210. Citrus sp., ii, 212. Shoe soles : Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 48. Shorea balangeran: Distribution, ii, 160. Borneo tallow, ii, 160. Resin, ii, 52. Shorea eximia: Resin, ii, 52. Shorea negrosensis: Resin, ii, 52. Shorea palosapis: Resin, ii, 52. Shorea polysperma: Resin, ii, 52. Shuttles, hand-loom: Bambusa spinosa, i, 259. Siapé, see Grewia multiflora. Siapd, see Melochia umbellata. Sibl6t, see Litsea glutinosa. Sibuk4&u, see Caesalpinia sappan. Sibut-sibittan, see Streptocaulon baumiti. Sibiyas, see Allium cepa. Sida acuta: ‘Description and distribution, i, 390. Loeal names, i, 390, Fiber, i, 390. Medicinal, iii, 209. Tensile strength, i, 321. Sida cordifolia: Description and distribution, i, 390. Local names, i, 390. Fiber, i, 390. Medicinal, iii, 209. Sida javensis: Distribution, iii, 209. Local names, iii, 209. Medicinal, iii, 209. Sida mysorensis: Deseription, i, 390. Local names, i, 390. Rope, i, 330. Sida rhombifolia: Description and distribution, i, 391. Local names, i, 391. Fiber, i, 391. Sidda, see Saccharum spontaneum. Sidit, see Scutellaria luzonica. Siegesbeckia ori lis: Distribution, iii, 245. Local names, iii, 245. Medicinal, iii, 245. Sig-id, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius. Sigid, see Malaisia scandens. Sigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Siftan, see Amaranthus spinosus. INDEX Sikal, see Saccharum spontaneum. Sikam4s, see Pachyrrhizus erosus. Sikkir, see Fatoua pilosa. Silad, see Corypha elata. Silag, see Corypha elata. Silasila, see Jussiaea linifolia. Sileng-boténes, see Capsicum frutescens. Sileng-labuyo, see Capsicum frutescens. Sili, see Capsicum frutescens. Silipau, see Ventilago dichotoma. Silisilfhan, see Rhinacanthus nasuta, Silisilfhan, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum. Silk-cotton tree, see Ceiba pentandra. Silong-ptigo, see Pericampylus glaucus. Simarubaceae: Medicinal plants, iii, 68, 195. Oils, ii, 114, Sinaligan, see Cordia myaza. Sinaligan, see Sterculia oblongata. Sinambang, see Bambusa vulgaris. Sinaw4, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Sindora inermis : Description and distribution, ii, 38. Figure, ii, 37. Local names, ii, 38. Kayu-galu oil, ii, 38. Perfume oil, ii, 38. Sindora supa: Description and distribution, ii, 40. Figure, ii, 39. Local names, ii, 38. Supa oil, ii, 40. Uses, ii, 38. Singitan, see Sida rhombifolia. Singkamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus. Singkamds oil: Pachyrrhizus erosus, ii, 110. Siniguélas, see Spondias purpurea. Sinin-dba, see Alocasia macrorrhiza. Sinkamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus. Sinkilladas, see Pseuderanthemum puchellum. Sinsau-sinséuan, see Cissampelos pareira. Sinstid, see Sindora inermis. Sintug, see Breynia rhamnoides. Sinutan, see Sida rhombifolia. Sipit-kahig, see Leea aculeata. Sipit-olang, see Smilax bracteata. Sipit-ulang, see Malachra capitata. Sipon, see Sophora tomentosa. Sirguélas, see Spondias purpurea. Sirindte, see Averrhoa carambola. Sirisiu, see Ficus benjamina. Sisal, see Agave sisalana. Sisidhan, see Euphorbia hirta. Siva, see Datura fastuosa. Slippers : Agave cantula, i, 362. Areca catechu, i, 144. Corypha elata, i, 192. Cyperus malaccensis, i, 346. Fimbristylis diphylla, i, 348. Fimbristylis globilosa, i, 348. Ischaemum angustifolium, i, 340. Slippers—Continued. Oryza sativa, i, 342. : Pandanus simplex, i, 336. Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352. Typha angustifolia, i, 330. Smilax bracteata: Distribution, iii, 175. Local names, iii, 175. Medicinal, iii, 175. Smilax china: Distribution, iii, 175. Local names, iii, 175. Medicinal, iii, 175. Smilax leucophylla: Distribution, iii, 175. Local names, iii, 175, Medicinal, iii, 175. Smudge: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Soap: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Alewrites moluccana, ii, 126. Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109. Calophyllum inophyllum, ii, 158. Ceiba pentandra, ii, 150, 152. Chisocheton cumingianus, ii, 118. Cocos nucifera, ii, 93. Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103. Ganophyllum falcatum, ii, 148. Isoptera borneensis, iii, 160. Jatropha curcas, ii, 140. Pangium edule, ii, 161. Pongamia pinnata, ii, 111. Ricinus communis, ii, 148. Sesamum orientale, ii, 168. Shorea balangeran, ii, 160. Soap substitutes, iii, 49. Sobésob, see Blumea balsamifera. Solanaceae: Dyes, ii, 404, Food plants, ii, 373. Medicinal plants, iii, 72, 234. Tobacco substitutes, iii, 96. Solanum cumingii: Deseription and distribution, ii, 374. Local names, ii, 374. Food, ii, 374. Medicinal, iii, 235. Solanum inaequilaterale : Description, iii, 96. Local names, iii, 96. Tobacco substitute, iii, 96. Solanum melongena: Distribution, iii, 235. Local names, iii, 235. Medicinal, iii, 235. Solanum nigrum: Description and distribution, iii, 74. Local names, iii, 74. Medicinal, iii, 74, 235. Sol4si, see Ocimum basilicum. Solda-sélda, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Solsoldéng, see Euphorbia tirucallt. INDEX Sonchus oleraceus: Description and distribution, ii, 877. Local name, ii, 377. Food, ii, 377. Sonneratia alba: Description and distribution, i, 44. Figure, i, 45. Local names, i, 44. Firewood, i, 44, Food, ii, 352. Vinegar, ii, 352. Sonneratia caseolaris: Description, i, 46. Distribution, i, 22, 46. Figure, i, 47, 49. Local names, i, 46. Cultivation, i, 102. Firewood, i, 112-116. Forest charge, i, 125. Stands, i, 86-100. Tannin, i, 120-124. Timber, i, 46. Sonneratiaceae: Food plants, ii, 352. Mangrove swamps, i, 44. Sophora’ tomentosa: Distribution, iii, 192. Local names, ili, 192. Medicinal, iii, 192. Sorog-sérog, see Euphorbia neriifolia. Soro-séro, see Euphorbia hirta. Soroséro, see Euphorbia neriifolia. Soroséro, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Sdésong-dalaga, see Grewia stylocarpa. Sosuéldo, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Sosuérdo, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Sétis, see Bixa orellana. Spathiphyllum commutatum: Description, ii, 256. Food, ii, 256. Spathoglottis plicata: Deseription and distribution, iii, 40. Figure, iii, 39. Local names, iii, 40. Ornamental, iii, 40. Spear shafts: Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Oncosperma filamentosum, i, 36, 232. Pinanga spp., i, 236. Sphaeranthus africanus: Distribution, iii, 246. Local names, iii, 246. Medicinal, iii, 246. Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum, iii, 92. Sphagnum: Sphagnum spp., iii, 92. Sphagnum spp.: Distribution, iii, 92. Uses, iii, 92. Spice: Zingiber officinale, ii, 184. 319 3820 INDEX Spilanthes acmella: Sterculia luzonica: Distribution, iii, 246. Deseription and distribution, i, 401. Local names, iii, 246. Local names, i, 4(1. Medicinal, iii, 246. Rope, i, 401. Spiny bamboo, see Bambusa spinosa. Sterculia oblongata: Spondias pinnata: eee Description and distribution, i, 402; ii, 336. Description and distribution, ii, 322. Figure, ii, 337, Figure, ii, 324 Local names, i, 401; ii, 336. Local names, ii, 322. Food, ii, 336. Food, li, 322. Rope, i, 401. Spondias purpurea: Tensile strength, i, 321. Distribution, iii, 202. Sterculia philippinensis: Leal ae ocal names, iii, 202. Description and distribution, i, 402. Medicinal, iii, 202. i Sponge gourd, see Luffa cylindrica. se i re org Sporobolus elongatus: Description and distribution, i, 344 Local names, i, 344. Fiber, i, 344, Sporobolus indicus: Description and distribution, i, 346, Hats, i, 346. Stag-horn fern, see Platycerium biforme. Starch: Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Caryota spp., i, 182. Corypha elata, i, 192. Metroxylon sagu, i, 220. Stenochlaena palustris : Description and distribution, i, 326. Sterculia stipularis:. « Description and distribution, i, 402, Local names, i, 402. Rope, i, 402. Tensile strength, i, 321. St. Ignatius bean, see Strychnos ignatii. Stinging crystals: Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Streblus asper: Description and distribution, iii, 51. % Local names, iii, 51. Medicinal, iii, 182.° Sandpaper substitute, iii, 51. Seouring material, iii, 51. Figure, i, 324, Streptocaulon baumii: Local names, i, 323. Deseription and distribution, i, 408. Fiber, i, 328. Local names, i, 408. Food, i, 326. Fiber, i, 408. Stephania japonica: Medicinal, iii, 224. Distribution, iii, 186. Strophanthus cumingii:: Local names, iii, 186. Arrow poison, iii, 81. Medicinal, iii, 186. Strychnos ignatii: Sterculiaceae : Description and distribution, iii, 70. Dyes, ii, 399. Figure, iii, 71. Fiber plants, i, 395. Local names, iii, 70. Food plants, ii, 386. Medicinal, iii, 70, 221. Mangrove swamps, i, 42, Strychnos multiflora: Medicinal plants, iii, 210. Deseription and distribution, i, 406. Oils, ii, 154, Local names, i, 406. Poisonous plants, iii, 80. Fiber, i, 406. Sterculia crassiramea: Medicinal, iii, 221. Description and distribution, 1, 400. Su4, see Citrus maxima. Local names, i, 400. Suangi, see Citrus sp. Rope, i, 400. Sua’-stia’, see Triphasia trifoliata. Tensile strength, i, 321. Subit, see Toddalia asiatica. Sterculia cuneata: Subén-mantk, see Piper retrofractum. Deseription and distribution, i, 400. Subésub, see Pterocawlon redolens. Local names, i, 400. Substiban, see Polygonum barbatum, Rope, i, 400. Sud-sid, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Sterculia foetida: Sudsid, see Kyllinga monocephala. Description and distribution, i, 401; ii, 156, | Suelda-consuélda, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Figures, ii, 153, 155. Sueldo-consuéldo, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Local names, i, 401; ii, 154. Suerdo-consuérdo, see Euphorbia tirucalli. Composition of seeds, ii, 154. Suganda, see Coleus amboinicus. Food, ii, 336, Sugar: Kalumpang, oil, ii, 156, Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Medicinal, iii, 211. Corypha elata, i, 192. Rope, i, 401. Nipa fruticans, i, 222. Tensile strength, i, 321. Sugar cane, see Saccharum officinarum. INDEX Sugar palm, see Arenga pinnata. Sugpon-sugp6n, see Cissus quadrangularis. Suha’, see Citrus maxima. Suia-soi, see Lilium philippinensis. Suldsi, see Lumnitzera 1 EY Sulasi, see Ocimum sanctum. Suldsig, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Suliman, see Maesa cumingit. Sulimbubi, see Sterculia cuneata. Sulingdsau, see Callicarpa erioclona. Sulipa, see Gardenia pseudopsidium. Sulipa, see Gymuartocarpus woodii. Sulmin, see Aglaia harmsiana. Sulpa-sulpa, see Cissus quadrangularis. Sulsulitik, see Cureuligo orchioides. Sulu-satngan, see Canarium villosum. Sulusihigan, see Alstonia macrophylla. Sima, see Archangelisia flava. Sumpa, see Corchorus capsularis. Sungut-olang, see Breynia rhamnoides. Sunting, see Cassia alata. Sunting, see Cassia occidentalis. Sup4, see Sindora supa. Supa oil: Sindora supa, ii, 38. Supsfiput, see Elephantopus spicatus. Surgical appliance: Palaquium ahernianum, ii, 82. Surusamp4lok, see Phyllanthus niruri. Surusighid, see Sida acuta. Susokoyili, see Owalis repens. Susulin, see Fagraea cochinchinensis. Susumbig, see Grewia stylocarna. Susumbiik, see Grewia stylocarpa. Susumbik, see Grewia stylocarpa. Susungbifg, see Grewia stylocarpa. Stsung-damilag, see Uvaria rufa. Stisung-kabdyo, see Uvaria rufa. Stsung-kalabéu, see Uvaria rufa. Stsung-kalabau, see Uvaria sorzogonensis. Sutib-kabayo, see Hyptis suaveolens. Sweet basil, see Ocimum basilicum. Sweet basil oil: : Ocimum basilicum, ii, 217. Sweet flag, see Acorus calamus. Syrup: Corypha elata, i, 192. ‘ T Tadg, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tabaco, see Nicotiana tabacum. Tabaco-tabaco, see Solanum inaequilaterale. Tabagisa, see Sophora tomentosa. Tabaiag, see Lagenaria leucantha. Tabangongo, see Clerodendron inerme. Tabas, see Cubilia blanco. Taba-taba, see Mussaenda philippica. Tabau, see Dodonaea viscosa. Tabau, see Lumnitzera littorea. Tabau, see Lumnitzera racemosa. Tabau, see Osbornia octodonta. Tabau, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Tabau-tabau, see Trichosanthes quinquangu- lata. 177674——21 821 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui: Description and distribution, ii, 404. Local names, ii, 403. Bleaching agent, ii, 403. Medicinal, iii, 223. Tabidiong, see Lagenaria leucantha. Tabigi, see Xylocarpus granatum. Tabigi, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Taboan, see Pandanus dubius. Tabébog, see Luffa cylindrica. Tabébok, see Luffa cylindrica. Taboeta, see Excoecaria agallocha. Tabég, see Chaetospermum glutinosum. Tabog-6k, see Momordica cochinchinensis. Tabtabin, see Fimbristylis diphylla. Tabtabdékol, see Coldenia procumbens. Tabu, see Ficus ulmifolia. Tabu-dapi, see Spathoglottis plicata. Tabugék, see Trichosanthes quinquangulata. Tabil, see Canarium villosum. Tabulak, see Solanum cumingii. Tabuli, see Gymnartocarpus woodii. Tabinak, see Phragmites vulgaris. Tabtnfgau, see Lagenaria leucantha, Tabfiyok, see Chaet ‘mum gluti Taccaceae: Food plants, ii, 256. Tacea pinnatifida: Description and distribution, ii, 256. Local name, ii, 256. Starch, ii, 256. Tachin-kabayo, see Malvastrum coromandeli- num. Tadak, see Calophyllum blancoi. Tadiang-kalabau, see Aglaia harmsiana. Tadiang-kalabau, see Dysoxylum decandrum. Tadlangau, see Adenanthera intermedia. Tafu, see Mallotus philippinensis. Tagabang, see Corchorus olitorius. Tagddeu, see Thysanolaena maxima. Tagak-tagaék, see Rhinacanthus nasuta. Tagap, see Artocarpus rubrovenia. Tagdsa, see Bruguiera sexangula. Tagasa, see Ceriops tagal. Tagatoi, see Mimusops parvifolia. Tagbak, see Kolowratia elegans. Tagbak-babui, see Kolowratia elegans. Tagbilau, see Oroxylum indicum. Tagetes patula: Distribution, iii, 246. Local names, iii, 246, Medicinal, iii, 246. Tagga’, see Pterocarpus spp. Taggat, see Pterocarpus spp. Tagimi, see Conocephallus violaceus. Tagimunau, see Triphasia trifoliata. Taging-tagdk, see Rhinacanthus nasuta. Tagipan, see Caryota cumingii. Tagisa, see Thysanolaena maxima. Tagisé, see Heterospathe elata. Tagisi, see Phragmites vulgaris. Tagka’, see Pterocarpus spp. Taglima, see Schefflera odorata. Tagnag, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tagob, see Bidens chinensis. 322 Tagomtagom, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Tagong-tagong, see Indigofera tinctoria. Tagpan, see Diplodiscus paniculat Tagp6, see Ardisia boissieri. Tagptng-pula, see Ardisia boissieri. Tagughiug, see Celusia argentea. Tagulinai, see Vernonia cinerea. Tagulinas, see Emilia sonchifolia. Tagulinau, see Emilia sonchifolia. Tagulinau, see Psychotria mindorensis. Tagumbau, see Jatropha curcas. Tagungtingan, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Tagurare, see Pithecolobi Tagustus, see Scaevola frutescens. Tagutugan, see Litsea glutinosa. Tahid-labiyo, see Dalbergia cumingiana. Tahig, see Homalomena philippinensis. Taitigaig-babui, see Gonocaryum callefya- num. Taingang-daga, see Auricularia spp. Taingang-daga, see Owalis repens. Taing-4so, see Morinda citrifolia. Tairas, see Euphorbia hirta. Taisan, see Ficus minahassae. Taitai, see Paederia foetida. Taiwandk, see Bambusa vulgaris. Takad, see Rotala aquatica. Taka magindanau, see Corchorus olitorius. Takamain, see Blumea balsamifera. Takim-baka, see Malvastrum coromandelinum. Takim-vaca, see Sida rhombifolia. Taking-baka, see Sida acuta. Takip-asin, see Melanolepis multigl Takip-koh6l, see Centella asiatica. Takkim-baka, see Sida acuta. Takkit-vaca, see Sida rhombifolia. Taklang-anak, see Garcinia dulcis. Yaklang-anak, see Garcinia venulosa. Taklang kurong, see Jussiaea linifolia. Takling-baka, see Sida acuta. Takling-vaca, see Sida rhombifolia. Tako, see Terminalia edulis. Takobtob, see Areca catechu. Takék, see Calophyllum blancoi. Takoline, Rhaphidophora merrillii. Takpo, see Psychotria luzoniensis. Taktak, see Corypha elata. Takilau, see Phaeanthus ebract Takulau blanco, see Bombycidendron vidalia- num. : Takumbau, see Jatropha curcas. Takung, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Taldhib, see Miscanthus sinensis. Talahib, see Saccharum spontaneum. Talakatak, see Castanopsis philippensis. Talakau, see Helicteres hirsuta. Talambasi, see Callicarpa formosana. Talamptnai, see Datura fastuosa. Talampinai, see Ricinus communis. Talamptnai na itim, see Datura fastuosa. Talang, see Diospyros discolor. Talangi, see Curculigo orchioides. Talangk&u, see Plumbago zeylanica. Talantalogan, see Solanum inaequilaterale. Talatabako, see Sphaeranthus africanus. sub dail, INDEX Talatinur, see Eurycles amboinensis. Talbak, see Kolowratia elegans. Taliang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza. Taliantan, see Leea manillensis. Talibunég, see Ehretia navesii. Talik-harap, see Mussaenda philippica. Taliknéno, see Buddleia asiatica. Talikfid, see Phyllanthus niruri. a Talinga’ an, see Pterospermum diversifolium. Talingden, see Pterospermum obliquum. Talinganan, see Garuga abilo. Talingtaling, see Solanum cumingii. Talipépo, see Mimusops parvifolia. Tal‘sai, see Terminalia calamansanai. Talisai, see Terminalia catappa. Talisai, see Terminalia edulis. Talisi, see Terminalia catappa. Talisécho, see Plumiera acuminata. Taliu, see Pitt um pentandrum. Taliunid, see Eurycles amboinensis. Talo, see Wikstroemia indica. Talob-4lok, see Fagraea racemosa. Talokték, see Kleinhovia hospita. Taldélong, see Quisqualis indica. TAlo-magalau, see Mimosa pudica. Talong, see Solanum melongena. Talong-pinai na itim, see Datura fastuosa. Talongtaléfigan, see Solanum cumingii. Talésan, see Helicteres hirsuta. Taléto, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Taltallikid, see Phyllanthus niruri. Talu-ang, see Spathoglottis plicata. Talumpapait, see Clerodendron cumingianum. Talumpap&t, see Clerodendron cumingianum. Talungtalungan, see Solanum cumingii. Talu-talu, see Diplodi: paniculatus. Talfito, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Talito, see Sterculia luzonica. Tamahilan, see Curcuma zedoaria. Tamanag, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tamarind, see Tamarindus indica. Tamarind-seed oil: Tamarindus indica, ii, 112. Tamarindus indica: Description and distribution, ii, 294, Figure, ii, 297. Local names, ii, 294. Bleaching agent, ii, 396. Food, ii, 294. Medicinal, iii, 67. Tamarind-seed oil, ii, 112. Tamathan, see Lansium dubium. Tamayan, see Pavetta indica. Tamaytan, see Pygeum preslit. Tambak, see Costus speciosus. TambAl, see Eurycles amboinensis. Tambalabdsi, see Callicarpa erioclona. Tambaléta, see Sophora tomentosa. Tambalisa, see Cassia occidentalis. Tambalisa, see Cassia sophera. Tambalisa, see Sophora tomentosa. Tambal-tingan, see Alstonia macrophylla. Tambi, see Eugenia mananquil. Tambiligisa, see Sophora tomentosa. Tambis, see Eugenia aquea. INDEX Tambis, see Eugenia calubcob. Tambis, see Eugenia mananquil. Tambis-tambis, see Ficus minahassae. També, see Phragmites vulgaris, Tambobonét, see Sterculia cuneata. Tambo-tambo, see Calophyllum inophyll Tambo-també, see Xylocarpus granatum. Tambi, see Phragmites vulgaris. Tambu, see Thysanolaena maxima. Tambiilok, see Benincasa hispida. Tambuyégan, see Ficus minahassae. Taming-taming, see Dysoxylum decandrum. Tamo, see Curcuma zedoaria. Tamohilang, see Zingiber zerumbet. Tamok, see Pterospermum niveum. Tampinbanal, see Rhaphidophora merrillii. Tampinita, see Merremia nymphaeifolia. Tamp6i, see Eugenia calubcob. Tampéi, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Tampdéi-gtbat, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Tampii, see Eugenia xanthophylla. Tamptti, see Eugenia calubcob. Tan-ag, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tandak, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tand6’, see Lophopetalum toxicum. Tang-4zg, see Kleinhovia hospita. Tangal, see Ceriops roxburghiana. Tangal, see Ceriops tagal. Tangal, see Terminalia edulis. Tangalan, see Bruguiera cylindrica.- Tangal-babde, see Bruguiera cylindrica. Tangal-lalaki, see Ceriops tagal. Tangalo, see Actinorhytis calapparia. Tangalon, see Quisqualis indica. Tangan-tangan, see Jatropha curcas. Targan-taéiigan, see Ricinus communis. Tanganténgan-tiba, see Jatropha curcas. Tarfigds, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tangbé6, see Phragmites vulgaris. Tangguldi, see Alphitonia excelea. Tanghal, see Ceriops tagal. Tanghas, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tangid, see Canangium odoratum. Tangiling-bangéhan, see Aglaia harmsiana. Tangisan-bagio, see Breynia rhamnoides. Tangit, see Canangium odoratum. Tangitang, see Alstonia macrophylla. Tangk6i, see Benincasa hispida. Tangkéng, see Ipomoea reptans. Tangkiid, see Benincasa hispida. Tangking, see Ipomoea reptans. Tanglad, see Andropogon citratus. Tanglé, see Premna odorata. Tanglin, see Adenanthera intermedia. Tanglon, see Adenanthera intermedia. Tangélon, see Quisqualis indica. Tangus, see Eugenia mananquil. Tannin: Ardisia serrata, iii, 95. Areca catechu, i, 144. Bruguiera parviflora, i, 119-124. Bruguiera sexangula, i, 120-124. Calophyllum inophyllum, iii. 94. Canarium luzonicum, iii, 94. Ceriops roxburghiana, i, 121-124. 323 Tannin—Continued. Ceriops tagal, i, 119-124. Pinus insularis, iii, 92. Pithecolobium dulce, iii, 93. Rhizophora candelaria, i, 119-124. Rhizophora mucronata, i, 119-124. Sonneratia alba, i, 44. Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 120-124. Weinmannia luzonensis, iii, 93. Xylocarpus granatum, i, 120-124. Xylocarpus moluccensis, i, 120-124. Tanébong, see Phragmites vulgaris. Tanégo, see Clerodendron cumingianum. Tantandék, see Gynandropsis gynandra. Tantandék fga dadakkil, see Gynandropsis gynandra.. Tanual, see Eurycles amboinensis. Tantbong, see Phragmites karka. Taoda, see Peristrophe bivalvis. Taoda, see Peristrophe tinctoria. Taéto, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Tapiasin, see Coldenia procumbens. Tapindg, see Sterculia crassiramea. Tapira, see Pinanga spp. Tapolonga, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Taptlau, see Cyathocalya globosus. Taptilau, see Pinus merkusii. Tarabang, see Ottelia alismoides. Tarabtab, see Capparis horrida. Tarabtab, see Capparis micracantha. Tarabtéb-uék, see Capparis horrida. Tarabtab-uak, see Capparis micracantha. Tarambélo, see Solanum cumingiti. Tarangkfng, see Schefflera odorata. Taraptap, see Capparis micracantha. Taratakipis, see Abutilon indicum. Tarfu, see Livistona cochin hinensis. Tarau, see Livistona rotundifolia. Taréi, see Grewia multiflora. Tarokéngan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Tarokték, see Bombasx ceiba. Tarong, see Solanum melongena. Tarongatingan, see Decaspermum fruticosum, Tarongatingan, see Pterospermum obliquum. Tarre-tarre, see Blechum brownet. Tartaraok, see Quamoclit pinnata. Tartardok, see Quisqualis indica. Taruntum, see Lummitzera littorea. Tata, see Nipa fruticans. Tata, see Nipa fruticans. Tatagtég, see Trema orientalis. Tataluatizi, see Curculigo orchioides. Taua, see Flagellaria indica. Taua-taua, see Euphorbia hirta. Taua-taua, see Jatropha curcas. Taua-taud, see Mussaenda philippica. Taudua, see Euphorbia hirte. Tauen-tauén, see Aristolochia tagala. Taurdfizan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Tatu, see Pterocymbium tinctorium. Tau-ud, see Jatropha curcas. Tau-ua-tau-ud, see Ricinus communis. Tawalis, see Osbornia octodonta. Tayakpok, see Litsea glutinosa. Tayam, see Desmodium heterocarpum. 3824 INDEX Taya-taya, see Terminalia edulis. Tayokén, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Tayok-tayék, see Fimbristylis diphylla. Tayok-tayok, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Tayom-tayom, see Decaspermum fruticosum, Tayon, see Indigofera suffruticosa. Tayum, see Indigofera suffruticosa. Tayum, see Indigofera tinctoria. Tayung, see Indigofera suffruticosa. Tayung-tayfifigan, see Indigofera tinctoria. Teak, see Tectona grandis. Téca, see Tectona grandis. Tectona grandis: Distribution, iii, 231. Local names, iii, 231. Medicinal, iii, 231. Téka, see Fagraea cochinchinensis. Teka-téka, see Sapindus saponaria. Tekistékis, see Sapindus saponaria. Tekiu, see Pithecolobi bacut Telosma procumbens: Tetrastigma loheri: Description and distribution, ii, 330 Local name, ii, 330. Food, ii, 380, Tewanak, see Bambusa vulgaris. Tewung, see Flagellaria indica. Thatching material: Andropogon zizanioides, i, 388; ii, \77. Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Cocos nucifera, i, 184, Corypha elata, i, 192. Imperata exaltata, i, 340. Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Metroxylon sagu, i, 220. Nipa fruticans, i, 222. Theaceae : . Poisonous plants, iii, 80. Theobroma cacao: Distribution, iii, 211. Medicinal, iii, 211. Thespesia lampas: Description and distribution, ii, 372. Local names, ii, 372. Food, ii, 372. Description and distribution, i, 391. Local names, i, 381. Dye, ii, 899. Rope, i, 391. Tensile strength, i, 321. Thespesia populnea: Distribution, iii, 210. Local names, iii, 210. Medicinal, iii, 210. Temple flower, see Plumiera acuminata. Tengah, see Ceriops spp. Tengar, see Ceriops spp. Tentenedér, see Quamoclit pinnata. Terentum, see Lumnitzera littorea. Terminalia calamansanai: Distribution, iii, 215. Loeal names, iii, 215. Medicinal, iii, 215. Terminalia catappa: Description and distribution, ii, 166. Figure, ii, 163. Local names, ii, 162. Dye, ii, 402. Food, ii, 352. Indian almond oil, ii, 164. Medicinal, iii, 215. Terminalia comintana: Distribution, iii, 216. Local names, iii, 216. Medicinal, iii, 216. Terminalia edulis: Description and distribution, ii, 354. Figure, ii, 353. Local names, ii, 354. Food, ii, 354. Medicinal, iii, 216. Ternate, see Graptophyllum pictum. Ternstroemia toquian: Fish poison, iii, 86. Tetracera scandens: Description and distribution, iii, 59. Local names, iii, 59. Scouring material, iii, 59. Tetrastigma harmandii: Deseription and distribution, ii, 380. Local names, ii, 330. Food, ii, 330. Medicinal, iii, 207. Thevetia peruviana: Distribution, iii, 224. Local name, iii, 224. Medicinal, iii, 224. Thrinax argentea: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Thrinax parvifolia: Recently introduced palm, i, 243. Thrinax robusta: Recently introduced: palm, i, 248. Thymelaeaceae: Fiber plants, i, 403. Medicinal plants, iii, 213. Paper, i, 421. Thysanolaena maxima: Description and distribution, i, 346. Figure, i, 347. Local names, i, 246. Brooms, i, 346. Tiagk6t, see Pithecolobi: bacut Tiaora, see Peristrophe bivalvis. Tibaidiong, see Benincasa hispida. Tibangan, see Pinanga spp. Tibanglan, see Pinanga spp. Tibanglan, see Strychnos multiflora. Tibatib, see Pothos spp. Tibatib, see Rhaphidophora merrillii. Tibi, see Ficus benjamina. Tibig, sec Kibatalia blancoi. Tibigi, see Xylocarpus moluccensis. Tibulfd, see Citrus sp. Tibingau, see Aglaia glomerata. Tibingau, see Aglaia harmsiana. Tigahui, see Pinanga spp. INDEX Tigau, see Callicarpa erioclona. Tigau, see Callicarpa formosana. Tigbado, see Saccharum spontaneum. Tigbau, see Acanthus ebracteatus. Tigbi, see Coix lachryma-jobi. Tigbikai, see Coix lachryma-jobi. Tige nga nagmanto, see Amorphophallus cam- panulatus. Tiger grass, see Thysanolaena maxima. Tigi, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Tigi, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Tigiu, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Tigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica. Tikal, see Livistona rotundifolia. Tikamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus. Tikas-tikas, see Canna indica. Tikas-tikas, see Sapindus saponaria. Tiker, see Scirpus lacustris. Tikes, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Tikis, see Livistona rotundifolia. Tikiu, see Pithecolobium subacutum. Tikiu, see Scirpus grossus. Tikla, see Tectona grand’s. Tikog, see Cyperus malaccensis. Tikog, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Tikog, see Sagittaria sagittifolia. Tikug, see Fimbristylis globulosa. Tikug, see Scirpus grossus. Tiliaceae : Dyes, ii, 399. ’ Fiber plants, i, 381. Food plants, ii, 382. Mangrove swamps, i, 40. Medicinal plants, iii, 207. Tilub, see Gleichenia linearis. TimbabAsi, see Callicarpa formosana. Timbambakis, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Timbangalan, see Pinanga spp. Timb4iigan, see Aristolochia tagala. Timbang-timbang, see Tinomiscium philippin- ense. Timbangtimbangan, see Aristolochia tagala. Timbingan, see Coelococcus amicarum. Timon-timon, see Trichosanthes quinquangu- lata. Timsim, see Panicum stagninum. Tinagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata. Tinatind-an, see Indigofera suffruticosa. Tinatindan, see Phyllanthus reticulatus. Tindalo, see Cassia fistula. Tinder: Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Caryota cumingii, i, 182. Caryota majestica, i, 182. Caryota merrillii, i, 182. Caryota mitis, i, 182. Caryota rumphiana, i, 182. Tindoi, see Acanthus ilicifolius. Tind6ék, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Tindok-tindék, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Tinduk-tindikan, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Tinduktindfikan, see Aegiceras floridum. Tingantifgan, see Pterospermum niveum. Tingantifgan, see Pterospermum obliquum. Tinga-tingd, see Mussaenda philippica. 325 TingkAl, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui. Tingpud, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui. Tinikan, see Capparis micracantha. Tinlai, see Andropogon aciculatus. Tinlui, see Acanthus ilicifolius. Tinomiscium philippinense. Distribution, iii, 186. Local names, iii, 186. Medicinal, iii, 186. Tinta-tinta, see Eclipta alba. Tinta-tintahan, see Eclipta alba. Tinta-tintahan, see Lantana camara. Tinuldan-gitas, see Mussaenda philippica. Tipélo, see Artocarpus communis. Tipon-tipon, see Arenga tremula. Tiratind-an, see Indigofera suffruticosa. Tirbatib, see Rhaphidophora merrillii. Tirorén, see Nauclea junghuhnii. Tirorén, see Terminalia comintana. Titau, see Agathis alba. Titau, see Rubus ellipticus. Titiptho, see Wikstroemia indica. Titiu, see Scirpus grossus. Tivi, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tiwayos, see Osbornia octodonta. Tiwi, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tobacco, see Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco substitutes : Astible philippinensis, iii, 95. Solanum inaequilaterale, iii, 96. Toddalia asiatica: Description and distribution, ii, 216. Figure, ii, 299. Loeal names, ii, 214. Food flavoring, ii, 300. Medicinal, ii. 300; iii, 194. Perfume, ii, 216. Tohod-téhod, see Jussiaea linifolia. Toilet powders: Acorus calamus, ii, 181. Tokman, see Buddleia asiatica. “ Tékod-banua, see Amorphophallus campanu- latus. Tolal, see Chloranthus brachystachys. Tologtélog, see Phyllanthus reticulatus. Tolésan, see Helicteres h’rsuta. Tolotigre, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii. Tomato, see Lycopersicum esculentum. Tonggui, see Ceriops tagal. Tong6, see Dioscorea esculenta. Tongog, see Ceriops tagal. Tongtongking, see Helicteres hirsuta, Tonuar, see Eurycles amboinensis. Topo, see Semecarpus gigantifolia. Torches: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42. Torog-térog, see Mimosa pudica. Torrongil, see Coleus amboinicus. Tcrtordok, see Quisqualis indica. Tournefortia sarmentosa: Distribution, iii, 228. Local names, iii, 228. Medicinal, iii, 228. 326 Transmission belts : Achras sapota, ii, 74. Tree fern trunks: Cyathea spp., iii, 96. Trema orientalis: Description and distribution, i, 366. Local names, i, 366. Fiber, i, 366. Tensile strength, i, 321. Tremellaceae: Edible fungi, iii, 114. Tremella foliaceae: Edible fungi, iii, 116. Tremella fuciformis: Description, iii, 114. Edible fungi, iii, 114. Tres méras, see Andropogon zizanioides. » Tres puntos, see Melanol Trianthema portul um : Deseription and distribution, ii, 276. Local name, ii, 276. Food, ii, 276, Trichodesma indicum: Distribution, iii, 228, Medicinal, iii, 228. Trichodesma zeylanicum: Distribution, iii, 228. Local names, iii, 228. Medicinal, iii, 228. Tricholoma tenuis: Edible fungi, iii, 138. Trichosanthes quinquangulata: Distribution, iii, 242. Local names, iii, 242. Medicinal, iii, 242. Triphasia trifoliata: Description and distribution, ‘Local names, ii, 300. Food, ii, 300. Tristellateia australasiae: Distribution, i, 24. Triumfetta bartramia: Description and distribution, i, 386, Local names, i, 386. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Fiber, i, 386. Medicinal, iii, 207. Troentoem, see Aegiceras corniculatum. - Trompa-elefante, see Heliotropium indicum. Trompalipante, see Heliotropium indicum. Trompalipanti, see Rotala aquatica. Troughs: Livistona i ee be Weiglondil is, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216 Tsang-baté, see Canscora diffusa. Tuad-an, see Kingiodendron alternifolium. Tuanio, see Osbornia octodonta. Tuawis, see Osbornia octodonta. Titiba, see Barringtonia acutangula. Tuba, see Croton tiglium. Tuba, see Jatropha curcas. Tubai-bdsi, see Callicarpa formosana. Tibang-bikod, see Jatropha curcas. Tubang-dalag, see Callicarpa formosana. Tubang-makaisd, see Croton tiglium. INDEX Tuba-tiiba, see Croton tiglium. Tuba-tiiba, see Jatropha curcas. Tuba-tuba, see Thespesia populnea. Tuberose, see Polianthes tuberosa. Tubjus, see Litsea glutinosa. Tubli, see Croton tiglium. Tubo-bato, see Hymenodictyon excelsum. Tubol-tubél, see Typha angustifolia. Tub6éng-usa, see Costus speciosus. Tué, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tugabi, see Ganophyllum falcatum. Tugas-tugas, see Rubus fraxinifolius. Tugbak, see Kolowratia elegans. Tugi, see Dioscorea esculenta. Tugisak, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Tugi-tugian, see Pericampylus glaucus. Tugnang, see Buddleia asiatica. Tugtugi, see Astilbe philippinensis. Tugtugin, see Canarium luzonicum. Tugtp, see Artocarpus elastica. Tuhod-manitk, see Justicia gendarussa. Tui, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tuka, see Phaleria cumingii. Tuka, see Phaleria perrottetiana. Tuka, see Wikstroemia lanceolata. Tukal, see Ardisia boissieri. Tikod, see Helminthostachy rf Tikod-banuwA, see Helminthostachys zeylanica. Tukud-laéngit, see Amorphophallus campanu- latus. Tukud-langit, see Semecarpus gigantifolia. Tul-4nan, see Eugenia aherniana. Tul-dnan, see Lansium dubium. Tuldng-mantk, see Pseuderanthemum pulchel- lum. Tuliau, see Ficus hauili. Tulo, see Alphitonia excelsa. Tultulisin, see Eclipta alba. Tumatanud, see Helminthostachys zeylanica. Tumbong-aso, see Morinda citrifolia. Tumbong-aso, see Zingiber zerumbet. Tumbosut, see Leea manillensis. Tumoltbo, see Artocarpus rubrovenia. Tumu, see Bruguiera conjugata and Bruguiera sexangula. Tunduk-tundtkan, see Aegiceras corniculatum. Tunga, see Pygeum preslii. Tingkut-lafgit, see Helminthostachys zeyla- nica, Tuige6, see Dioscorea esculenta. Tungdéd, see Ceriops tagal. Tungdg, see Ceriops tagal. Tung oil: Aleurites fordii, ii, 120. Aleurites montana, ii, 120. Tungud, see Ceriops tagal. Tungtg, see Ceriops roxburghiana. Tungung, see Ceriops roxburghiana. Tuédi, see Eugenia calubcob. Turkey-red oils: Ricinus communis, ti, 148. Turmeric, see Curcuma longa. Turpentine: Pinus insularis, ii, 80. Pinus merkusii, ii, 84. ‘ Turutalikéd, see Phyllanthus niruri. Tuwi, see Dolichandrone spathacea. Tylophora brevipes: Distribution, iii, 224. Local names, iii, 224. Medicinal, iii, 224. Tylophora perrottetiana: Distribution, iii, 225. Local names, iii, 225. Medicinal, iii, 225. Typha angustifolia: Description and distribution, i, 380. Figure, i, 331. Local names, i, 880. Fiber, i, 830. Medicinal, iii, 169. Typhaceae: Fiber plants, i, 380. Medicinal plants, iii, 169. Typhonium divaricatum: Local name, iii, 174. Medicinal, iii, 174. U Uag, see Flagellaria indica. Udi ti udk, see Flagellaria indica. Uak&k, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius. Uakdtan, see Alphitonia excelsa. Uakdtan, see Rhizophora candelaria. Ualis, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii. Ualis-ualisan, see Sida acuta. Ualis-ualisan, see Sida rhombifolia. Uani, see Mangifera odorata. Uarat-uarat, see Pothos spp. Uds, see Guioa koelreuteria. U4s, see Harpullia arborea. Uas, see Lepidopetal perrottetii. Uatitik, see Colubrina asiatica. Uaualisin, see Sida acuta. Ubag, see Dioscorea luzonensis. Uban-tban, see Lansium dubium. Ubién, see Artocarpus cumingiana. Ubién, see Artocarpus rubrovenia. Ubi-ubihan, see Smilax china. Ubog, see Dioscorea divaricata. Ué na gaydng, see Flagellaria indica. Uginai, see Andropogon halepensis. Gging, see Cratoxylon blancoi. Ugifigan, see Cratoxylon blancoit. Uegpéi, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Ugsdng, see Licuala spinosa. Uhang6, see Pandanus tectorius. Ulangia, see Abrus precatorius. Ulds, see Guioa koelreuteria. Ulasiman, see Portulaca oleracea. Ulasiman-&so, see Bacopa monniera. Ulasiman-dso, see Oldenladia corymbosa. Ulayan, see Castanopsis philippensis. Uldyan, see Euphoria didyma. Ulayan, see Mimusops parvifolia. Gli, see Agathis alba. Ulisiman, see Trianthema portulacastrum. Uliuan, see Cinnamomum mercadoit. Ulmaceae: Fiber plants, i, 366, INDEX 327 Umbelliferae: Medicinal plants, iii, 69, 218. Umpig, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Umpik, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Umu-um, see Chloranthus brachystachys. Undau, see Arenga pinnata. Ungang, see Plectocomia elmeri. Ung6é, see Elaeocarpus calomala. Unip, see Pithecolobi subacut Uéeg, see Flagellaria indica. Gos, see Sterculia oblongata. Upak, see Sterculia cuneata. Upas-tree, see Antiaris toxicaria. Upling, see Bauhinia cumingiana. Upling-gibat, see Ficus ulmifolia. Upo, see Lagenaria leucantha, Upépi, see Cyperus radiatus. Upplas, see Ficus ulmifolia. Uraéi, see Amaranthus spinosus. Urar6i, see Panicum stagninum. Uratan, see Gonocaryum calleryanum. Ureeola imberbis: Description and distribution, i, 407. Local names, i, 407. Fiber, i, 407. Urena lobata: Description and distribution, i, 392. Figure, i, 393. Local names, i, 391. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Fiber, i, 392. Medicinal, iii, 210. Tensile strength, i, 321. Urticaceae: Fiber plants, i, 373. Food plants, ii, 270. Medicinal plants, iii, 182. Urung, see Fagraea cochinchinensis. Usadu, see Euphoria didyma. Us4u, see Nephelium lappaceum. Usiu, see Schizostachyum dielsi Usiu, see Schizostachyum diffusum. Uvaria purpurea: Deseription and distribution, ii, 280. Food, ii, 280. Uvaria rufa: Deseription and distribution, ii, 280. Figure, ii, 281. Local names, ii, 280. Food, ii, 280. Uvaria sorzogonensis : Description and distribution, ii, 282. Local names, ii, 282. Food, ii, 282. Uwa4s, see Guioa koelreuteria. Uyangé, see Pandanus radicans. ‘Vaccinium myrtoides: Description and distribution, ii, 362. Figure, ii, 365. Local name, ii, 362. Food, ii, 362. Vaccinium whitfordti: Description and distribution, ii, 862. Local names, ii, 362. Food, ii, 862. 328 Vallisneria gigantea: Description and distribution, ii, 248. Local names, ii, 248. Food, ii, 248. Valo, see Thespesia populnea. Vanda lamellata: Description and distribution, iii, 40. Figure, iii, 41. Ornamental, iii, 40. Vanda sanderiana: Description and distribution, iii, 40. Figure, iii, 42, 43. Ornamental, iii, 40. Vandopsis lissochiloides: Description and distribution, iii, 40. Figure, iii, 44, Ornamental, iii, 40. Vanilla ovalis: Distribution, i, 366. Fiber, i, 366. Vanoverberghia sepulchrei: Description and distribution, ii, 260. Food, ii, 259. Varnish: Agathis alba, ii, 20, 22, 26. Aleurites moluccana, ii, 126. Aleurites trisperma, ii, 184. Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52. Calophyllum inophyllum, ii, 159. Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42, 44. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, ii, 54. Dipterocarpus vernicifluus, ii, 62. Sindora inermis, ii, 88. Sindora supa, ii, 38. Tamarindus indica, ii, 112. Vatica mangachapoi: Resin, ii, 52. Ventilago dichotoma: Distribution, iii, 205. Local names, iii, 205. Medicinal, iii, 205. Verbenaceae: Food plants, ii, 373. Mangrove swamps, i, 80. Medicinal plants, iii, 228. Oils, ii, 216. Poisonous plants, iii, 81. Vermifuge: Areca catechu, i, 144. Vernonia cinerea: Distribution, iii, 246. Local names, iii, 246. Medicinal, iii, 246. _ Vetiver, see Andropogon zizanioides, Vetiver oil: Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177. Vibres, see Guioa koelreuteria. Vinegar: Arenga pinnata, i, 150. Cocos nucifera, i, 184. Corypha elata, i, 192 Nipa fruticans, i, 222. INDEX Vitaceae: Fiber plants, i, 379. Food plants, ii, 328. Medicinal plants, iii, 206. Vitali, see Pterocarpus spp. Vitex negundo: Distribution, iii, 282. Local names, iii, 232. Lye, i, 154. Medicinal, iii, 282. Vitex trifolia: Distribution, iii, 232. Local names, iii, 282. Medicinal, iii, 232. Voacanga globosa: Fish poison, iii, 81. Vodadin, see Leea manillensis. Voiavoi, see Phoeni# hanceana. Volvaria esculenta: Deseription, iii, 126. Distribution, iii, 126. Figure, iii, 128, 129, 131. Edible fungi, iii, 126. Volvaria pruinosa: Edible fungi, iii, 180. Vutdlau, see Calophyllum inophyllum. w Waling-waling, see Aerides quinquevulnerum, Walking sticks: Calamus spp., i, 158. Daemonorops spp., i, 158. Korthalsia spp., i, 212. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Pinanga spp., i, 236. Waltheria americana: Distribution, iii, 212. Local names, iii, 212. Medicinal, iii, 212. Wangd, see Pandanus radicans. Water (drinking) : Calamus spp., i, 158. Water pipes: Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216. Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216. Wax, sealing: Agathis alba, ii, 20. Waxgourd, see Benincasa hispida. Wedelia biflora: Distribution, iii, 246. Local names, iii, 246. Medicinal, iii, 246. Weinmannia luzonensis: Deseription and distribution, iii, 9% Tannin, iii, 98. Wikstroemia indica: Deseription and distribution, i, 404. Local names, i, 404. Fiber, i, 403. Paper, i, 421. Wikstroemia lanceolata: Deseription and distribution, i, 404. Local names, i, 404. Fiber, i, 403. Wikstroemia meyeniana: Description and distribution, i, 404. Figure, i, 405. Local names, i, 404. Fiber, i, 403. Paper, i, 421. Wikstroemia ovata: Description and distribution, i, 404. Local names, i, 404. Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322. Fiber, i, 403. Medicinal, iii, 214. Paper, i, 421. Wild banana, see Musa spp. Window shades: Miscanthus sinensis, i, 342. x Ximenia americana: Description and distribution, ii, 274. Figure, ii, 275. Local names, ii, 274. Food, ii, 274. Purgative, ii, 274. Xylocarpus granatum: Description, i, 38. Distribution, i, 22, 38. Figure, i, 37. Local names, i, 36. Dye, i, 38, 122. Lumber, i, 38. Medicinal, iii, 197. Stands, i, 86-100. Tannin, i, 120-124. Xylocarpus moluccensis: Description, i, 38. Distribution, i, 22. Figure, i, 39. Local names, i, 38. Firewood, i, 112-117. Forest charge, i, 125. Piagau oil, ii, 120. Stands, i, 86. Tannin, i, 120-124. Timber, i, 38. Y Yabn6i, see Ficus hauili. Yaby4ban, sce Tacca pinnatifida. Yagom. see Indigofera suffruticosa. Yaka, see Corchorus olitorius. Yakal-dilau, see Sindora supa. Yalisai, see Terminalia catappa. Yam, see Dioscorea esculenta. Yamb4n, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus. Yampong, see Abutilon indicum. Yard grass, see Eleusine indica. INDEX 329 Yas, see P I; Li: YAti, see Tectona grandis. Yaya, see Go Yayaod, see Eclipta alba. Yayasi, see Ficus ulmifolia. Yayod-no-kangkang, see Emilia sochifolia. Yayulinau, see Vernonia cinerea. Yellow lanutan, see Polyalthia flava. Yerba buena, see Mentha arvensis. Yerba de San Pablo, see Phyllanthus niruri. Yovas, see Graptophylllum pictum. Yunu-yiinu, see Terminalia comintana. Yu-pa, see Anacolosa luzoniensis. Z Zalacea clemensiana: Description, i, 243. Distribution, i, 242. Ornamental, i, 243. Zanthoxylum avicennce: Distribution, iii, 195. Local names, iii, 195. Medicinal, iii, 195. Zanthoxylum rhetsa: Distribution, iii, 195. Local names, iii, 195. Medicinal, iii, 195. Zap6te, see Diospyros ebenaster. Zapote negro, see Diospyros ebenaster. Zarzaparilla-puti, see Smilax leucophylla. Zea mays: Distribution, iii, 172. Local name, iii, 172. Medicinal, iii, 172. Zedoary, see Curcuma zedoaria. Zedoary oil: Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 183. Zingiberaceae: Dyes, ii, 385. Fiber plants, i, 365. Food plants, ii, 259. Medicinal plants, iii, 66, 177. Oils, ii, 182. Zingiber officinale: Local names, ii, 184. Condiment, ii, 184. Flavoring, ii, 184. Medicine, ii, 184. Oil, ii, 184. Zingiber zerumbet: Distribution, iii, 178. Local names, iii, 178. Medicinal, iii, 178. Zizyphus jujuba: ‘ Distribution, iii, 205, Local names, fii, 205. Medicinal, iii, 205. U yum callery oR Pont PERNAROeE au