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ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS

COUNTRY

sw —

^s^^SiS

LIFE

First published In 1916.

NIGELLA MISS JEKYLL

A favourite annual with soft blue flowers; it should be sown
in autumn and also in spring and summer in succession.

ANNUALS & BIENNIALS

THE BEST ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL PLANTS
AND THEIR USES IN THE GARDEN

BY

GERTRUDE JEKYLL

WITH CULTURAL NOTES BY
E. H. JENKINS

LONDON

PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICES OF 'COUNTRY LIFE,' LTD.,
20 TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C, AND
BY GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., 8-11 SOUTHAMPTON STREET,
STRAND, W.C. NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

^54957B

Pnntedl in Gicat Br(»a!n.

CONTENTS
PART I

CHAPTER I

PAGE

Some Ways of using Annuals and Biennials . 3

CHAPTER H

Raising Annuals in Greenhouse or Frame. By

E. H. Jenkins ...... 8

CHAPTER HI

Annuals and Biennials for Autumn Sowing . 28

CHAPTER IV

Annuals as Edgings . . . . .31

CHAPTER V
Colour Schemes with Annuals . . . .40

CHAPTER VI

Hedge-forming and Climbing Annuals . . 45

ix

Annuals and Biennials

CHAPTER VII

PAGE

Annuals in the Rock Garden . . . .5°

CHAPTER VIII

Sweet-scented Annuals . . . . .52

CHAPTER IX

Annuals and Biennials for Use as Cut Flowers . 59

PART II

Alphabetical List, with Description and Culture,

OF THE best Annuals and Biennials . . 67

PART III

I. Chart of Colour and Height . . . 161

II. Selections for Various Purposes and Aspects . 165

INDEX .....■•• 169

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Nigella Miss Jekyll (in colour) . . . Frontispiece

In the Garden of Annual Flowers at Gunnersbury House

facing xiv
Snapdragons and Gypsopliila in a ]\'Iixed Flower Border 5

Seedling Antirrhinums at Aldenham House Gardens . 9

A Seedling Violetta . . . . . .13

A Border of Wallflowers at Lockinge, Berks . .17

A Border of Stocks . . . . . .21

China Asters ....... 23

Annuals in the Flower Garden . . . .29

An Edging of White Alyssum . . . -33

Godetias and Dwarf ^Vhite Alyssum . . -37

Plan of a Double Border of Annuals and Biennials facing 40
Meconopsis Wallichii . . . . .41

Eschscholzia Mikado (in colour) . . . facing 44

Foxgloves adjoining Woodland . . . .47

A Border of Stocks . . . . . -53

Verbascum phlomoides . . . . -57

A Bed of Victoria Asters . . . . .61

Hollyhocks ....... 65

Antirrhinum intermediate in a Parterre . . .69

Antirrhinums growing in a Dry Wall . . ■ Ji

China Asters in an Old Orchard . . . -77

White Sweet Sultan . . . . . .81

XI

Annuals and Biennials

PAGE

Collinsia bicolor . . . . . .85

Borders of Delphiniums and Foxgloves in a Kitchen

Garden . . . . . . .89

Erynghim giganteuin ...... 95

Godetia Lavender . . . . . -99

An Edging of Candytuft and Virginian Stock . .103

Sweet Pea Royal Purple . . . . .109

A Border of Annuals — Lavatera, Lupin, and Eschscholzia 113
Leptosiphon densiflorits hybridtis . . . .117

A Border of Malopes . . . . .121

Michauxia campanuloides . . . . .125

Iceland Poppies . . . . . .129

Borders of Perennial and Annual Poppies . .133

A Bed of Well-grown Pentstemons . . -137

Salvia farinacea ...... 141

Salvia sclarea, . . . . . . .145

White Stock ....... 149

Mulleins in the Flower Garden . . . .153

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca (in colour) . . facing 156

Antirrhinum Nelrose . . . . . -159

Canterbury Bells in Scotland . . . -163

Meconopsis iniegrifolia ..... 167

xu

INTRODUCTION

Those who are not well acquainted with annual
plants are often bewildered by their numbers ;
and, consulting the attractive pages of seeds-
men's catalogues, where a large number receive
nearly equally unstinted praise, they are at a
loss to know which are those that can most
profitably be grown for the beauty of the garden.

The purpose of this book is to give prac-
tical advice as to the choice of kinds, to point
out which are the best, to give simple cultural
directions, and to offer a few suggestions relating
to the use of annuals and biennials in various
departments of garden practice.

For cultural purposes it is convenient to class
annuals in two divisions, namely, hardy annuals
that are sown in the open ground, either in
September for early flowering the year following,
or from March to May for a middle and late dis-
play in the summer of the same year ; and
half-hardy annuals that are grown in pots, pans,
or boxes in a slight heat in a greenhouse or frame,
then pricked off into other boxes or a prepared
frame when of a convenient size to handle,

Anmials and Biennials

hardened off by gradual inuring to the open air,
and are finally planted in their places at the end
of May or beginning of June. Autumn-sown
annuals are in fact treated as biennials, except
that in the case of true biennials these are sown
earlier in the year — from the beginning of July
to the middle of August. Annuals when sown
in autumn are much more vigorous than when
sown in spring.

Biennials are plants that must be grown one
year to flower the next ; of these some of the
best known examples are Wallflowers, Sweet
Williams, and Canterbury Bells. There are also
a number of plants from tropical and sub-
tropical regions that are actually perennial but
are not hardy in our climate ; these it is con-
venient to grow as biennials, giving winter
protection and planting out at the end of May
or beginning of June. Any divergence from the
above general rules of culture, treatment, or
time of sowing will be found mentioned in the
note relating to the plant.

XIV

IX THE G.IRDEX OF J.V.VC'J/. I'LOU'ERS
AT GEXXERSI-SVRY HOUSE.

PART I

CHAPTER I

SOME WAYS OF USING ANNUALS AND
BIENNIALS

Annuals are not so often used in borders by
themselves as they might be. Quite unusual
effects may be made by them alone, especially
if borders for special seasons are required.
Thus, spring-sown plants will make a display
from the middle of July to near the end of
August, or, in the case of autumn-sown plants,
the show will be from the middle of May to the
end of June. It is very desirable to have such
annual borders in places where, as is often the
case, there is ample room in a large kitchen
garden. It will, of course, be aU the better if
the place is screened from the usual vegetable
crops by a hedge-like row of Globe Artichoke,
in itself one of the finest of garden plants, or,
in the case of autumn sowing, by a hedge of
Sweet Peas.

Annuals are of special use in the case of a
garden occupied on a short tenanc}', for not
onh' is there an ample choice of good things for

Ways of Using Annuals and Biennials

flower borders, but there are climbers to form
arches and bowers or to train up house-walls,
and there are the giant gourds and others of
curious shapes and brilliant colourings, with
which any roughly constructed pergola may be
quickly covered. The same gourds, both large
and small, also serve to cover any unsightly
heap or mound of rubbish or bare bank, and
are all the better for the company of the gorgeous
trailing Nasturtiums.

A Rose garden has often unbeautiful bare
spaces of earth ; here nothing is more delightful
than wide sowings of Mignonette ; if the roots
of the annual claim something of the goodness
of the bed the slight degree of exhaustion is
more than compensated by the spreading plants
covering the ground surface and keeping it cool.

Small bare spaces at the foot of shrubs near
paths should be sown with Matthiola bicornis,
the Night-scented Stock, a modest plant that
has no particular beauty by day but gives out
a delicious fragrance in the evening.

For beds by themselves or for larger spaces
between shrubs, or for any place where a tem-
porary filling is desired of plants of important
aspect, there are the Tobacco plants {Nicotiana),
the tall hardy Balsams [Impatiens), Maize,
Castor Oil plants. Mulleins, Foxgloves, Solanums,
and Lavatera. Then, again, for beds or for filling
spaces in borders of perennials there is the whole

a:;

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Borders for Spring Bitlbs

range of half-hardy annuals and biennials, such
as Marigolds, French and African, in considerable
variety ; Wallflowers, Stocks, Canterbury Bells,
Sweet Williams, Pentstemons, Snapdragons,
Hollyhocks, China Asters, and others.

Borders for spring bulbs can conveniently
be arranged with autumn-sown annuals. They
are prettier if the plants are placed in successive
stripes diagonally across the border. Some of
the bulbs, Daffodils for instance, will remain in
their places for two or three years ; Tulips or
any others that have to be lifted can be taken
up at the end of June when the best bloom of
the annuals will be over. Seven feet is a con-
venient width for such borders.

CHAPTER II

RAISING ANNUALS IN GREENHOUSE OR

FRAME

By E. H. Jenkins

Annuals roughly divide themselves into three
classes : " hardy," those which may safely be
sown in the open air; "half-hardy," those
which should be raised in greenhouse or frame
and subsequently transferred to the open ground ;
and " tender," such as require to be raised and
grown under glass, to bring them to perfection.
It should be stated, however, that quite a
large number of the obviously hardy kinds are
annually sown under glass, some for convenience ;
others, and these largely in the majority, for
market work or commercial purposes. Others,
too, as Pentstemons and Antirrhinums, which,
being perennial, have no claim to be classed
among annuals, give such excellent results when
treated as such, that each year considerable
quantities are sown in warmth under glass

Errors of Cultivation

during January and February, and with correct
cultivation produce sturdy little bushes for
planting in the open in April or quite early May.
Many perfectly hardy kinds, as Sweet Pea,
Cornflower, Nasturtium, and Chrysanthemum,
are also raised in this way, or, its near equivalent,
the frame.

Raising seeds under glass, therefore, be it
greenhouse or frame, is possessed of many
advantages. In the first place, the seed-pans
or boxes are under control. Removed from the
interferences of birds and animal pests, and
secured from extreme changes of weather, a
maximum seed-production results. These are
important. It has, however, its drawbacks and
disadvantages — pitfalls alike to the amateur
and inexperienced, from which the more expert
cultivator is immune. They are chiefly errors
of cultivation : too much heat and moisture,
and inability to anticipate the need for pricking
off or transplanting at the right moment. There
are errors of judgment, too, which, in conjunction
with some or all of the above, may be attended
by fatal results or poor success. The worst of
these is a too early sowing of the seeds, and,
transplanting neglected, thin, lank plants re-
sult, and, becoming hide-bound as they not
infrequently do, never subsequently develop.
It is the over-anxious — often impetuous — and
too enthusiastic amateur who invariably does

II

Raising Annuals in Greenhouse or Frame

this kind of thing ; the more thoughtful worker,
having bought and paid for his experience,
starting two or three weeks later, winning in a
canter in the end. Hence, while greenhouse
and warmth might prove great time-savers on
the one hand, a misuse of them on the other
would be prejudicial to good results at the
times of planting and flowering. The aim should
be to provide sturdy, free-developing plants of
medium size at the right moment, to the ex-
clusion of thin and overdrawn, or others of
excessive size. The former never develop ; the
latter rarely transplant well. In these circum-
stances those thirsting for knowledge would
naturally inquire what is

The right time to sow, and what is the right
temperature ? For the former only an approxi-
mately correct date can be given ; the requisite
temperature may be stated more definitely.
As to sowing, except for such things as Helio-
trope, Lobelia, Verbena, and the fine foliage
subjects used in bedding arrangements, and
which require to be sown during February or
early in March in a temperature of 55°, the
majority may be sown from the middle to the
end of March, in a temperature of about 45°.
From the moment the seed-leaf stage is passed
the seed-pans or other receptacles should be
arranged near the glass in a light, well-aired
position to promote a sturdy growth, trans-

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13

The Best Receptacles for Sowing

planting the seedlings when one or two rough
leaves have been formed. Great care and vigil-
ance will be needed in supplying water at such
times, and a watchful eye must be kept so
that the soil does not dry up too frequently.
Chronic root - dryness can only end in failure,
and must be guarded against. It is not in-
frequent where shelves are employed. Arranging
the seed-pans on an improvised or temporarily
raised stage near the glass on ashes or cocoa-nut
fibre is to a great extent a safeguard against
such happening. Something should also be said
in respect of

The best receptacles for sowing. — Those most
commonly employed are boxes and pans, though
pots will do equally well, if taking more space.
Boxes are cheapest, but are liable to dry up
quickly. Square seed-pans are somewhat ex-
pensive, but, with care, last for years. Practical
and experienced cultivators prefer the boxes
called " seed-trays." They are light, easily
handled, and cheap, and are about 2 inches deep,
g inches \Aide by 15 inches long. The bottom
boards are slightly parted to assist drainage
and covered with a little cocoa fibre ; no further
drainage material is necessary. Pans are procur-
able in various sizes and should be well drained.
Pots, if employed, should be filled to nearly
one-half their depth with drainage material. All
receptacles should be dry and quite clean.

15 c

Raising Anmtals in Greenhouse or Frame

Soil for seed sowing should be fairly rich,
finely pulverised by passing through a small
mesh sieve, and moderately dry. A mixture
of light loam, well-decayed leaf-mould, and sharp
sand in about equal parts will be quite suitable.
A slight addition of old manure, freed of worms
and other insect life by heating in an oven or
under the stoke-hole fire, may be also employed.
It is, however, not essential. All receptacles
should be made ready in advance, the soil
pressed moderately firm in process of making
up, and well saturated with water twenty-four
hours in advance of being required for use. This
is important. The covering soil for all seeds
should be of the finest description, varying in
thickness of one-eighth of an inch for the finer
seeds to one quarter of an inch for those of
larger size. Seeds of certain plants, e.g. the
Chinese Primulas, though moderately large, are
impatient of much soil covering, a point worth
remembering. Begonia and Calceolaria among
the finer seeds may be sown practically on the
surface, a shilling-thick covering of clean well-
washed silver sand sufficing for the purpose.

II

To prevent loss and to avoid an irregular
vegetation of the crop all seeds should be sown
on a moderately firm and quite even surface.

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17

The Importance of Moisture

In the case of pans and boxes, a small section of
floor boarding lightly pressed over the surface
will accomplish this. In the case of pots the
fiat base of one of like size as the receptacle will
do quite well. With the seeds sown and covered
in, all should be watered gently overhead from
a fine rose can. From this time onwards to the
vegetating of the seeds it is important that
neither excess of moisture nor dryness be per-
mitted to exist. Equally important is it that
too frequent watering be avoided. To this end
and to avoid undue evaporation of moisture
all seed-pans should be protected from strong
sunlight by shading with brown paper or thin
tiffany. Given this, a mist-like spray from the
syringe daily will often suffice for days together.
It should be done in the early forenoon. A
good plan with the finest, most lightly covered
seeds is never to water overhead, but to hold the
receptacles nearly their full depth in a vessel
containing water for a minute or two when
necessary. Once the seeds have commenced to
grow, the soil should on no account be suffered to
become dry. Many failures are due to this alone.
Excess of wet is equally bad, and the " damping-
off " fungus {Pythtum) resulting, seedlings perish
wholesale. With the appearing of the seedlings
the permanent shading should be removed, a
thinner shade being employed when necessary
during strong sunlight a few days longer.

19

Raising Annuals in Greenhouse or Frame

Sowing the seeds thinly. — Despite the fact
that the injunction to " sow thinly " has been
reiterated a thousand-and-one times, the opposite
extreme is still a commonplace with gardener
and amateur alike. Seeds sown after the manner
of mustard and cress are hampered from the
very moment they appear, and, with timely
thinning neglected, foredoomed to partial or
complete failure. The thick sowing of seeds
of all descriptions is in some measure due to
their cheapness, plus not a little ignorance of
the early development of the seedling. These
things are opposed to success, and a sturdy plant
is impossible. Hence once again is it necessary
to urge the hackneyed phrase, " Sow thinly."
The smallest seeds produce often enough large
cotyledons (seed leaves), the still larger often
laterally disposed rough leaves following im-
mediately, hence the difficulty of laying down
any hard-and-fast rule from the seeds alone.
On the diameter of a shilling a hundred or five
times that number of seeds may find room in
a single layer, while to sow them thinly a lo-inch
square seed -pan may be none too large. In
sowing the smaller seeds a peppering of clean
silver sand first given to the sowing area will
assist the operator to a more uniform — also thin
— distribution of the seeds. On darker soils it is
not possible to see where the seed falls.

Thinning and pricking off. — These bear some

20

3

Thinning and Pricking Off

relation to each other and to the seed-sowing,
and follow next in order and importance.
Timely pricking off, while no panacea against
the dangers arising from thick sowing, certainly
reduces some of its risks and should be indulged
in as early as possible. With many seedlings
the appearing of the first rough leaf is considered
a good time, the seedlings then having a suffi-
ciently advanced root-system to admit of the
work being done with safety. Even in the case
of thinly sown seeds, pricking off should not be
unduly delayed since the isolation the opera-
tion affords in conjunction with better soil is
calculated to give the youngster a good start
in life. Tap-rooted or sparsely- rooted subjects
rarely prick off well, hence the need for greater
care in dealing with them. Here a word of
warning to the amateur may not be out of place,
the professional is already aware of it. It is
this. Do not rely too much on the more vigorous
seedlings to the discarding of the smaller ; the
latter give, frequently enough, the finer varieties.
The soil for pricking off should be of rougher
texture than that recommended for seed-sowing ;
it should also contain less sand and more finely
sifted manure.

Raising in frames does not differ materially
from raising in the greenhouse, and is, at most,
but a question of degree. There are, of course,
the differences of the warmed and cold frames

23

Raising Anmials in Greenhouse or Frame

and each has its own value. A well-managed
hot-bed of leaves and manure is, indeed, one
of the best places to raise seedlings. Cineraria,
Calceolaria, Zinnia, and China Aster, among
others, revelling in the degree of warmth,
humidity, and the ammonia-charged atmospheric
conditions that obtain. To some extent the
seedling plants, too, are more immune from the
attacks of aphides (green and other fly pests)
than those raised under ordinary conditions.
The ordinarily made dung-bed will require
greater care. Excessive heat and rank steam
are injurious, therefore to be avoided. Ventila-
tion, too, is important. A safeguard against
the former is a shallow bed of manure, say
I foot in thickness when settled down, or ij feet
when first made up. Watering, too, must be
done with care, the amount of humidity in the
frame and the condensing moisture playing
important parts. Watering with tepid water
is to be recommended, likewise the use of a
thermometer. A temperature between 45° and
50° will do quite well.

The cold frame should occupy a sun-kissed
spot. It is of especial value in cold districts
and in gardens generally where, by reason of
heavy and retentive soil conditions, seed-sowing
in the open air rarely brings success. In certain
other instances — the small amateur more par-
ticularly — the frame often enough is the only

24

25

Tlie Cold Frame

bit of glass existing, though, to his credit be it
said, it is frequently engineered with skill, and
prodigal of good results. As an adjunct to the
greenhouse and warmed frame it also merits
attention, a two - light frame with division
being alike useful for raising seedlings and for
hardening off. Seedling- raising in the cold
frame is naturally a slower process though
assisted by increasing sunlight and sun-heat.
At the same time the plants so raised are of a
sturdy and hardy nature and with ordinary care
transplant well. Mid-March to early April will
be found a good time to make a start, keeping
the seed -pans or other receptacles quite near
the glass. Less water will be needed generally,
though soil dryness must always be guarded
against. Confined damp — a stuffy condition —
whether here or in the heated frame, must be
avoided : nothing so much favours the creation
and spread of the " damping-off " fungus as this
and too frequent watering. In other respects,
the cultural conditions already given apply,
the measure of success attained being also the
measure of the prevailing intelligence and
enthusiasm of individual workers.

CHAPTER III

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS FOR AUTUMN SOWING

Alyssum.

Asperula.

Bartonia.

Cacalia.

Clarkia.

CoUinsia.

Cornflower.

Crepis.

Delphinium.

Erysimum.

Eschscholzia.

Gilia.

Godetia.

Gypsophila.

Iberis.

Kaulfussia.

Larkspur.

Lavatera.

Leptosiphon.

Limnanthes.

Linaria.

Nemophila.

Nigella.

Omphalodes.

Papaver.

Phacelia.

Platystemon.

Saponaria.

Scabiosa.

Silene.

Sweet Pea.

Sweet Sultan.

28

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CHAPTER IV

ANNUALS AS EDGINGS

A CERTAIN number of annuals stand out con-
spicuously as good edging plants, while others
from their dwarf habit can also so be used ; but
those in this second category are less valuable
because of their shorter time of blooming.

One of the best edging annuals is Sweet
Alyssum [Alyssum maritimiim or Koniga mari-
tima). It is dwarf and neat in habit, and, be-
ginning in July, or even earlier — the seed being
sown in March — it continues in flower till well
on in September. It is not really an annual,
though generally grown as one. Allied to this,
and also among the best edging plants, there are
the varieties of Iberis umbellata in colourings
from white to purple. Double Daisies [Bellis
perennis), commonly grown as biennials, make
very neat edgings ; though one is tempted to
keep them on from year to year, it is better to
be provided with fresh plants, as the bloom is
inclined to deteriorate though the good foliage
remains. Snapdragons, both of the quite dwarf

31 D

Annuals as Edgings

and of the intermediate kinds, are capital
for edgings. As with the taller ones, they are
best treated as half-hardy ; sown early, pricked
off, and put out towards the end of May. Of
others that are grown as half-hardy plants there
are the dwarf Nasturtiums, brilhant things in
many colourings from palest yellow to deepest
mahogany crimson ; they should be in rather
poor soil, so that the bloom may rise well above
the foliage. The dwarf Ageratum is one of the
most valuable of edging plants ; the one called
" Swanley Blue " is a good kind both for colour
and habit ; put out in early June it will bloom
throughout the late summer and to the end
of September. Phlox Dnimmondi and Dianthus
sinensis have so much the same use that they
may be considered together as desirable dwarf
plants loving full sunshine. The beautiful blue
of Lobelia Erinus makes it one of the most
precious of the dwarf summer flowers. Where
a green edging is desired there is the curious and
interesting Ice-plant [Mesemhryanthemum crys-
tallinum), covered with icy-looking watery glo-
bules. It likes a warm exposure, but must not
be dried up. Golden Feather Feverfew should
not be neglected because it is so common and so
easy to grow and because it was so much over-
done in monotonous lines in the old bedding days.
Many good plants have of late suffered from a
kind of mistaken prejudice on this account.

32

AX EDGIXG OF WHITE ALYSSUM.

33

French Marigolds

But it should be remembered that if the plant
was misused it was not the fault of the plant
but that of the general acceptance of a poor
type of gardening. The little Feverfew is a
beautiful and delightful thing, useful where an
edging accompanies plants of gold-variegated
foliage and pale yellow bloom. It can be
variously treated, either by letting it bloom,
when its colouring of white and pale gold com-
bines pleasantly with the gold-green leaves, or
with the bloom picked out so as to leave a
dwarfed plant of foliage only. Among the
quite dwarf French Marigolds there are a number
of pretty little edging plants ; the smallest,
known as Miniature, are only from 4 to 6 inches
high, and are in separate colours of lemon,
orange, and that fine mixture of deep orange
and mahogany brown that is so valuable in all
these handsome plants. Tagetes signata puniila
will come among this group, very dwarf and of
fine orange colouring. A pretty dwarf Marigold
that is undeservedly neglected is Tagetes lucida,
a short, neat plant of rather upright habit and
deep yellow flowers, with a pleasant scent like
Anise.

Among the annuals that are suited for edgings
and that are sown in place, some of the best are
the dwarf Eschscholzias of deep orange and
crimson colourings. The pretty double Daisy,
Matricaria inodora, a garden form of the famihar

35

Annuals as Edgings

May-weed of corn stubbles, is a good edging
plant, for the dark green, finely divided leaves
keep near the ground, and the handsome pure
white flowers do not rise many inches above it.
The remaining annuals suitable for edgings are
all sown where they are to bloom, but are short-
lived in comparison with those noted above.
They are, among those of blue colouring,
Anagallis Monelli and A. Philip si ; Asperula
azurea setosa, a charming plant with grey-blue
bloom ; Phacelia campanularia, a true and
splendid blue ; Kaulfussia amelloides, a pretty
little South African Daisy, and the well-known
and always charming Nemophila insignis.
Collinsia bicolor has lilac and white flowers,
and was deservedly a favourite in old gardens.
Among yellows there are Limnanthes Douglasi
and Platystemon calif ornicus , both of trailing
habit. Among pink flowers there are the well-
known Silene pendula in several shades of
colouring, with a white variety, and Saponaria
calabrica, a plant of trailing habit.

The word " edging," as applied to these small
plants, is not necessarily intended to suggest
anything stiff or rigid, like a Box edging. It
is meant rather as a sensible use of the plants
at the front edge of a flower border, whether the
border is of annuals only, or of perennials with
tender summer plants. The prettiest form of
edging is not a straight line at the extreme edge,

36

» "V ."^g-V*^' ■'''s!

GODETIAS AXD DWARF WHITE ALYSSUM AS EDGINGS

TO A PATHWAY.

Seeds can be sown outdoors early in April.

37

Informal Planting

but to let the plants accompany good groups of
taller things as a kind of free carpeting ; the
dwarf plant not only coming to the front, but
running a little way back between the others, in
such a way as to be quite informal. As an
example, in a planting of summer flowers, if
there is a main patch of Salvia patens and in
front of it the pretty blue Cape Daisy, Agathea
ccelestis, this would be carpeted with the dwarf
Lobelia Erinus, and for a good distance, such as
8 or 10 feet, if the border is of some length. This
group might give way, by a gradual interplanting,
to another of white flowers, such as tall white
Snapdragons and double white Marguerite ; then,
coming forward, intermediate and dwarf white
Snapdragons, with an edging of Sweet Alyssum,
and so on.

39

CHAPTER V

COLOUR SCHEMES WITH ANNUALS

What is meant by colour schemes is not merely
the putting together of flowers that look well
side by side, but the disposition of the plants in
complete borders in such a manner that the
whole effect together is pictorial. It is done
by means of progressive harmonies — harmonies
throughout being the guiding principle, con-
trasts the occasional exception. In the days of
less enlightened gardening, about the middle of
the last century, anything that was aimed at in
the way of colouring was nearly always some
violent contrast, or the putting together of
crudely coloured flowers ; a pleasant harmony
was scarcely thought of. Such a combination
as scarlet Geranium and blue Lobelia was then
admired, and so on with all the plants, excellent
in themselves for better use, that were then
available— for garish effects were then deliber-
ately aimed at ; now that more thoughtful
ways prevail we try for something better than
garishness-we try for the nobler colour-quality

40

Co^vtiys

S

\o

— r-
•20

— I—

^

— T-
7«

so

qo

-f

T —
/30

A DOUBLE BORDER OF ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

AIECONOPSIS WALLICHll.
The flowers are lilac blue.

41

Colour Harmonies

of sumptuous splendour. In acquiring this we
get even more brilliancj^ ; the eye and mind are
filled with a consciousness of delightful satis-
faction of attainment instead of their being, as
it were, rudely attacked, and, in the case of the
more sensitive among us, actually shocked by
a harsh crudity that has some of the displeasing
qualities of vulgarity.

Although the more reasonable and enjoyable
way of putting flowers together can be better
done with the tender summer plants of stouter
habit, such as Dahlias, Cannas, Geraniums and
the rest, it is well to apply the same principle
to borders of annuals. The plan shows a double
border so arranged. It only names a portion
of the much larger number of annuals that could
be grouped together, or with those shown, and
possibly in quite different ways, but always
with the same intention. It begins on the left
with blue or bluish flowers with white, or both
white and a little pale yellow. There is some
quality about blue that invites contrast as an
alternative to harmony, for the scheme would
be almost equally pictorial if, instead of merging
the blues into yellow or pale pink, it led them to
lilacs and purples ; but in my own practice I
prefer treating the pure blues with contrast of
white or yellow. For the rest, the whole is in a
harmonious sequence. Whether the blues reach
the strong yellows through pink or pale yellow

43

Colour Schemes with Annuals

can be decided according to the preference or
judgment of the operator, but when once the
full yellows are reached, the colour progresses
towards the strongest scarlets through orange
and reds of lesser intensity. A double border
arranged in some such way when seen from
either end, or a single border that has lawn or
other space in front from which it can be viewed,
will in either case show the advantage of the
definite colour-plan and the unity of intention.
It will be a satisfying picture, with a gradual
ascent to a culminating glory, instead of a
jumbled incoherence of spottiness, with perhaps
here and there a pretty incident, but no repose
or pictorial effect.

44

iiiiliPiiiSiWtu'K^rii.. ■.■'■' :t .>

ESCHSCriOLZIA MIKADO

One of the most brilliant plants fbr a sunny flower border.

CHAPTER VI

HEDGE-FORMING AND CLIMBING ANNUALS

Of these the first that come to mind are the
Sweet Peas, and for a whole continuous hedge
nothing can be more delightful. The range of
colouring is now so extensive, and the variety
of form and marking so distinct, that one may
walk along a considerable length of hedge with-
out coming to an end of the pleasure and interest.
There is no other climbing plant of which so
much may be said, though some others may be
satisfactorily used as hedges. The next best,
if a whole hedge of one kind of plant is desired,
would be of the varieties of Convolvulus major,
more properly called Ipomcea purpurea. After
this there are the many colourings of the tall
Nasturtium, Tropceolum majus. Mina lohata,
a near relation of the Ipomceas, is more tender,
and its vigorous growth makes it more suitable
for the temporary covering of a garden arch,
for which the Japanese Hop is also excellent.

There are several tender annuals of much
beauty that require a sunny wall or at least

45 E

Hedge-forming and Climbing Annuals

some warm, sheltered position. They are not
necessarily annuals at all, but, being natives
of tropical countries, have to be treated as
half-hardy annuals with us. Of these the
boldest in growth is Cohcea scandens, a strikingly
handsome plant, although the flowers are of a
rather dull purple colour. Maurandya Bar-
clayana is a plant of refined beauty, with
delicate foliage and numerous Foxglove-shaped
flowers of a good purple colour. Ipomcea nihro-
ccerulea is the lovely blue Convolvulus known
as Heavenly Blue. Eccremocarpus scaber has
loose racemes of orange and scarlet bloom. It
is a vigorous grower, and makes a fine show
until its beauty is destroyed by frost.

Many of the climbing plants suited for
growing as hedges can be used with advantage
in other ways. Sweet Peas when in flower
borders are generally placed at the back,
supported by upright pea-sticks, but they can
also be brought forward and kept lower by
fixing the supporting spray in a slanting position
at a very acute angle with the ground fine,
so allowing the Peas to be trained forward.
Such a way of guiding the Peas makes a pleasant
method of covering a sloping bank, and by
some such contrivance many a waste or un-
sightly place about a garden may be made
enjoyable. The pale yellow Canary Creeper
may be happily treated in the same way. In

46

Gourds for Pergolas

many quite small gardens, where the space
devoted to flowers requires a screen from
vegetable ground, it may be well to remember
that a hedge of Scarlet Runner Beans, trained
in the usual way, is beautiful as well as useful.
The many handsome kinds of Gourd are
not recommended as hedge plants, because
the great weight of the fruits of the largest
kinds requires a very strong support ; but
the}^ are admirable plants for a firmly con-
structed pergola. It should be in a place as
much sheltered as possible, because the large,
tender leaves are likely to be damaged, and
the whole plant torn about, by rough weather.
The handsomest is the French Potiron Rouge
d'Estampes ; the immense, flatfish - shaped
fruits are of a bright, deep orange colour, and
may weigh anything up to 120 lbs. Many of
the smaller-growing sorts are distinctly orna-
mental, and should be grown where space can
be found. All the kinds are strong feeders and

should be generously treated.

49

CHAPTER VII

ANNUALS IN THE ROCK GARDEN

At first sight one hardly connects annual plants
with the rock garden, and yet there are some
that are more distinctly in place there than
elsewhere, and others that are excellent for use
in any empty spaces that may occur. And it
is well to remember that the greater number of
alpine and other rock plants bloom only in the
early summer, so that any spring-sown annuals
for which a place can be found will materially
help to prolong the rock gardens' time of bloom.
Grammanthes gentianoides is a little plant not
often seen ; it is not more than 3 inches
high, and has flowers of a remarkably brilliant
deep orange colour. It is excellent for a sunny
place in the rock garden, as is also Sedum
cceruleum, the little blue annual Stonecrop.
Portulaca is good for the same use. All these
should be in fuU sun. Alyssum maritimum and
the varieties of Iberis umbellata are also exactly
in place. Thunbergia alafa, usually grown as
a greenhouse climber, is quite at home in the
sunny rock garden as a trailing plant. San-

50

Trailing Annuals

vitalia procumbens, like a tiny trailing Sunflower,
is nowhere so well in place as on a sunny rock
shelf. Another trailing annual is the coppery
Anagallis Wellsiana, and the blue A. Webhiana
should not be neglected. Several of the annual
Linarias are better suited for the rock garden
than elsewhere ; the best are L. reticulata aurea
purpurea, L. alpina, and the varieties of L.
maroccana. The tiny lonopsidium acaule is
beautiful in cool nooks and bare places where
it will not suffer from drought. Silene pendula
and Saponaria calabrica are both capital rock
plants. Others that can well be used are
Dianthus sinensis and the dwarf forms of Phlox
Drummondi, also Phacelia campanularia, whose
pure blue is always welcome. The prostrate
habit of the Ice-plant also makes it suitable,
and the deep green of its glistening crystal-
beaded fohage assimilates well with the per-
sistent greenery of the permanent plants.

A whole large space of rock garden may be
made beautiful in late summer by a June
planting of one of the dwarf bedding Lobehas
in every empty space or chink that is available ;
in a large rock garden such a filhng with one
good plant at a time would be found restful and
satisfying, and would help to correct the slightly
disquieting impression so often received in such
a place, from too many objects of interest
being presented within one range of vision.

51

CHAPTER VIII

SWEET-SCENTED ANNUALS

Except among the members of one large family
of plants, the Cruciferce, it is not usual to find
much fragrance among annuals, but in this
family they are frequent. Wallflowers, Stocks,
and Rockets are among the sweetest of our
garden plants ; and though not actually in-
cluded in the same botanical Order, but follow-
ing it immediately, there is Mignonette, the
sweetest of the sweet, and of all garden plants
the one that gives off its scent the most freely
in hot sunshine. A bed of Wallflowers also
gives off its delicious scent when the sun is
shining, but others of the family reserve their
best sweetness for the evening hours. Such
are the Stocks and the Rockets, and especially
that little plant, Matthiola bicornis (the Night-
scented Stock), which should be freely sown
in any place near garden paths. The dull-
coloured, drooping flowers and insignificant
leaves are scarcely noticeable in the daytime,
when the whole plant seems to be in a state

52

A BORDER OF 52"(>t7i5.

53

Flowers of Evening Perfume

of relaxation, as if inanimate or asleep. But
as soon as the light fails the limp plant stiffens,
the leaves become firm, the flowers rise up and
expand ; the whole plant acquires a kind of
modest beauty, and the bloom pours forth its
delicious scent, which is wafted many yards
away.

The White Tobacco {Nicotiana affmis) is
another flower of evening perfume. The bloom
is partly closed in the daytime and gives no
scent, though the whole plant has a rather rank,
heavy smell, of an unpleasant quality. But
when twilight comes the white flowers open and
the strong sweet scent, of a luscious, tropical
quality, is freely given off. Other notably
night-scented plants are CEnothera Lamarckiana
(the Evening Primrose) and the tall Mullein
{Verbascum phlomoides) ; the latter also faintly
scented in cloudy weather as well as in the
evening. Heliotrope and Verbena are not true
annuals, though they are included in this book
because they are often grown from seed for
the summer only. Both are sweetest in sun-
shine. Snapdragons of all sizes have a good,
sweet smell, and so have the large forms of
Scabious and the Sweet Sultans ; the scent of
the last has some affinity with that mysterious,
elusive, and delicious sweetness of the djdng
wild strawberry leaves.

The yellow annual Lupin has a sweet smell

55

Sweet-scented Annuals

allied to that of the Bean-blossom, but the best
scent of all the Pea and Bean tribe is that of
Sweet Peas. It is a curious and extremely
regrettable fact that so many of the fine Sweet
Peas of the newer kinds are almost scentless.
Forty years ago the old hedge of mixed Sweet
Peas was the sweetest thing in the garden.
They were then in only four varieties of colour,
the purple in two shades, the pink and white,
the splashed grey and the white. It was many
years before a brighter red appeared with pink
standards and rosy red wings. But all were
deliciously scented.

Alyssum maritimum has a general pleasant
scent, though it is nothing remarkable. Pansies
have a delightful small smell, of a different and
much better quahty than that given off by their
foliage masses in the later summer. The French
and African Marigolds give off a strong smell
from the whole plant, when they are touched or
bruised, that to some people is disagreeable.
One of the family, Tagetes liicida, has a pleasant
scent, hke that of Anise. The Orange Pot
Marigold [C alendiila) , also, can hardly be called
sweet, though the strong smell is of a wholesome
quality. Petunia is another plant with a heavy,
not very pleasant smell.

56

w^j?-^:;^

I'ERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES.

57

CHAPTER IX

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS FOR USE AS CUT
FLOWERS

Antirrhinum.

Arctotis.

Argemone.

Cacalia.

Calendula.

Canterbury Bell.

China Aster.

Clarkia.

Cornflower.

Chrysanthemum.

Coreopsis.

Cosmos.

Eschscholzia.

Gaillardia.

Godetia.

Gypsophila.

Helianthus.

Heliotrope.

Jacobcea.

Lavatera.

Leptosyne.

Linaria.

Lupin.

Marigold.

Mignonette.

Nasturtium.

Nicotiana.

Nigella.

Pansy.

Poppy.

Pentstemon.

Phacelia.

Polygonum.

Salpiglossis.

Scabiosa.

Stock.

Sweet Pea.

Sweet Sultan.

Verbena.

Wallflower.

Zinnia.

59

o

=3

5u

PART II

63

6.5

ALPHABETICAL LIST, WITH DESCRIP-
TION AND CULTURE, OF THE BEST
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS

N.B. — In the following pages h.a. denotes hardy annual ;
h.h.a., half-hardy annual ; g.a., greenhouse annual ; biennial
is written in full.

Ageratum mexicanum ; h.h.a. ; i8 inches. —
Excellent bright, light purple-flowered plants
for late summer, with dwarf varieties good for
front edges of borders ; of these Swanley Blue is
one of the best. They can be sown out of doors
in a seed bed in the southern counties and trans-
planted from this, but are generally raised in
slight heat.

Alonsoa Warscewiczii ; h.h.a. ; i8 inches
and 2 feet. — This is the best of the several kinds
of Alonsoa ; there are tall and short varieties,
both equally good. It forms a cloud of the
pretty bloom of a soft orange-scarlet colour and
can be planted fairly close together — about 6
inches apart. Cottagers sometimes grow it
with great success as a pot plant, a single
plant forming quite a large specimen.

Alth^a rosea is the grand Hollyhock so well

67

Hollyhocks are Gross Feeders

known in gardens ; both the single and double
are among the very finest border plants. The
variety, A. ftcifolia, is rather slimmer and more
graceful in growth ; of this the white and pale
yellow forms are the best. Hollyhocks are
gross feeders, thriving with any kind of strong
manure. It should be dug in deep down for
the roots to find gradually ; when coming into
flower they should also have frequent applica-
tions of liquid manure. They are extremely
liable to the attack of the mallow fungus Puccinia
malvacearum. When the pest appears they
should be frequently sprayed with a full pink-
coloured solution of permanganate of potash
or one of the many ready-made fungicides. In
strong loamy or chalky soils they are generally
immune. Hollyhocks are really perennials, but
they are commonly grown as biennials.

Alyssum maritimum {Sweet Alyssuni), also
called KoNiGA maritima ; h.a. ; 6 inches. —
Flowers white. A capital plant for front edges
of borders or banks or rock work, sown in
April where it is to bloom. Sweet-scented and
attractive to bees. It is also a good carpeter
of the soil.

Amarantus. — Half-hardy annuals, from i
to 3 feet high, with crimson or dark blackish-
red foliage. The well-known Love-lies-bleeding
is A. caudatus. A. sanguineus and A. salici-
f alius are among the pleasantest in colouring ;

68

! %^

nfv

til

2:

69

Improvements in Antirrhinums

the greater number of kinds are of a rank
magenta, either of flower or leaf, that is so
displeasing to those who are sensitive to good
colouring.

Anagallis indica {Blue Pimpernel) ; h.a. ; i
foot. The only species that is a hardy annual,
though others, really perennial, are treated
as half-hardy annuals. Of these the best are
A. linifolia, commonly called ccerulea, and A.
Monelli Philipsi ; the latter very dwarf and
good for the rock garden. All those named are
of a good blue colour and like warm banks in
full sun.

Anchusa italica ; 3 to 5 feet. — A perennial,
but best treated as a biennial. The finest are
the Dropmore varieties ; the one named Opal is
of a very beautiful, rather pale, but extremely
pure blue colour. They flower throughout June
and July. To keep this fine plant true it must
be propagated by root cuttings made in August.

Antirrhinum [Snapdragon). — A short-lived
perennial in some soils and best treated as an
annual. No plant has been more truly improved
for garden use. It is now grown in four distinct
sizes, and every year more new and beautiful
varieties are being produced. For ordinary
border use the tall and intermediate heights are
the most generally useful. The dwarfs do well
on rock work or where a short edging is required.
In the south and west they can be grown as

71

Importations from South Africa, Mexico,

biennials, but for general use it is best to sow in
early February in slight heat, to prick off into
shallow boxes, and plant out in May. They are
some of the best of things for dry walls, when they
can be planted small or sown in the joints.

Arctotis grandis ; h.h.a. ; i8 inches. — One
of the prettiest of the newer annuals, with white
Daisy flowers on long stalks. Though a native
of South Africa, it likes a place where it is cool
and rather damp at the root. The large flowers
and long stalks make it a useful plant for cutting.

Argemone [Mexican Poppy) ; h.a. — A.grandi-
fiora is a handsome plant with white Poppy-like
flowers and prickly foliage much like a Sea-
Holly ; nearly 3 feet high. Being a native
of Mexico it enjoys a warm soil and hottest ex-
posure. A. mexicana is a plant of much the
same habit and appearance, but smaller and
with pale yellow bloom.

AsPERULA AZUREA SETOSA [Blue Woodruff) ;
h.a. ; 9 inches. — A charming little plant with
many heads of grey-blue bloom ; it does well in
poor soil and does not object to a little shade ;
it is of much use for filling bare spaces anywhere
in the rock garden.

Aster (China). See Callistephus.

Balsam. See Impatiens.

Bartonia ; h.a. or h.h.a. ; 18 inches. — Bar-
tonia aurea is best known by this name, though
it is more properly Mentzelia Lindleyi. It can

72

--IXTlRR'HlXrMS OROlVIXa IN A DRY WALL.

73

and Australia

be sown in the open in autumn or in April, but is
best raised in slight heat and treated as a half-
hardy annual. The flowers are yellow.

Bellis perennis fl. pi. {Double Daisy) ; 6
inches. — The large Double Daisies have been
much improved of late. They are in three dis-
tinct colourings of white, crimson, and pink.
They are more or less perennial, but as they are
apt to deteriorate are best treated as biennials,
sown outdoors in June and transplanted in
autumn. Old plants can be divided, but it is
best to sow afresh with seed from a good house.

BoRAGO OFFICINALIS {Borage) ; h.a. — This is
usually grown among the pot herbs, but is well
worth a place in the flower garden for the sake
of the pure blue bloom. It is about 2 feet high,
and should be sown in spring where it is to
remain.

Brachycome iberidifolia {Swan River
Daisy) ; h.h.a. ; 12 inches. — A charming Aus-
tralian plant varying in the colour of the
bloom, the best being a pretty soft blue. Seeds-
men should be asked for a selected strain of good
blue colouring. Sow in spring in slight heat
and put out in May. This is the surest way of
culture, though it may be sown in the open in
April.

Browallia speciosa major ; g.a. — A good
annual for greenhouse pot culture, under a foot
high, with rich purple - blue flowers. Sow in

75

China Asters for Cutting

March in a good compost and keep near the

light.

Cacalia coccinia; h.a. — A bright, pretty
plant with red flowers, about a foot high ; not
so much grown as it deserves. Sow in place in
spring or autumn where the plants are to flower.

Calendula officinalis {Pot Marigold) ;
h.a. — One of the brightest and best of our annual
plants, about i8 inches high. There are several
named varieties, but by far the best is the double,
deep orange-coloured form called Orange King.
It may be sown where it is to bloom either in
autumn or spring. It does well in poor or sandy

soil.

Callistephus hortensis {China Aster) ;
h.h.a. — Among the large numbers offered in
seed hsts it may appear, at first sight, difficult to
make a choice, but for general garden use the
kinds that may be most confidently recommended
are the varieties of the Victoria, Comet, and
Ostrich Plume groups, and of these, those of the
so-called blue and the white colourings. The
" blues " are various shades of light and dark
purple, all of good quality. Mammoth, formerly
known as Vick's White, is a capital late kind of
large bloom and tall habit, excellent for cutting.
The type plant C. hortensis, purple with yellow
centre, is also good for cutting and for garden
use. China Asters are sown in March in slight
heat, pricked off in boxes, and planted out at

76

77

Chimney Bellflower for Pots

the end of May in well-prepared beds. They
require rich soil that has been deeply dug.

Campanula macrostyla; h.a. — Though
this is not among the more commonly grown
annuals it is handsome and interesting. The
purple flowers are distinctly veined and are
remarkable for the very long protruding style.
It does well sown in autumn, and is under 2 feet
high.

Campanula medium [Canterbury Bell). — One
of the best of summer flowers, 2 to 3 feet high ;
coloured purple in several shades, pink and
white. There are double varieties, but in these
the' pretty bell is confused and disfigured by the
tight, crumpled mass inside ; the single and
the calycanthema (Cup and Saucer) forms are
the best. Sow in a warm place in the open
about the second week of May ; prick out, for
preference in slight shade, and keep watered,
and put out where they are to flower in early
autumn. They are useful in pots, and may be
potted from the open ground even when they
are showing bloom.

Campanula pyramidalis [Chimney Bell-
flower). — A short-lived perennial, but usually
treated as a biennial. It forms great columns
of bloom 5 to 7 feet high in late summer and
autumn. It may be grown out of doors, but
is finest when well cultivated in pots. Sow in
June in the open. It is a grand plant for the

79

Cornflowers need Space

conservatory. Both the type - coloured purple
and the white should be grown.

Celosia plumosa [The Feathered, not the
Crested Cockscomb) ; g.a. — Celosia is most com-
monly represented in gardens by the magenta
Cockscomb of greenhouses, a plant unbeautiful
both of form and colour. The feathered kinds,
in which the flower has the form of an upright
plume, when the harsh crimson colouring to
which they naturally incline can be avoided,
are handsome plants both for garden and green-
house, in colourings of red and yellow. As they
begin to show bloom in quite a small state the
bad ones can be picked out. But they need
careful growing. Sow towards the end of
March, keep close to the light, and as they in-
crease in size give successive shifts. Push on
in heat, and harden off carefully before putting
out. As rapid growth is required, they should
be repotted in rich soil.

Centaurea cyanus [Cornflower) ; h.a. ; 2 to
3 feet. — A native plant of improved form, pure
blue, about 3 feet high. Best autumn sown
outdoors, when, if given space, a single plant will
branch a yard wide. The dwarf er forms are
not so good as the tall. There are purple and
white varieties, but the strong, pure blue and a
rather lighter blue are the best.

Centaurea moschata [Purple Sweet Sultan),
C. Margarita [White), and C. suaveolens

80

WHITE SWEET SULTAN.

The Best Wallflowers

[Yellow Sweet Sultan ; h.a. ; i8 inches to 2 feet. —
These are all charming and desirable sweet-
scented plants, best autumn sown in the open,
but can also be sown in April. They prefer a
loamy or calcareous soil.

Cheiranthus Cheiri [Wallflower) ; hardy
biennial ; 9 inches to 2 feet. — Wallflowers are so
well known that they need not be described.
There are many garden varieties, but among
the best are some good strain of Blood-red and
the shorter kind named Vulcan, of intense red-
brown colour and bushy habit. The old Purple
should not be neglected ; it is better in some
combinations of plants than the redder variety
obtained from it, named Ruby Gem ; Fire King
is a gorgeous colour and Yellow Phoenix a fine
yellow. Primrose Dame is a pretty pale yellow ;
other colourings of the single Wallflowers will be
found in trade lists. The early Paris kinds are
valuable. The double German kinds, especially
those of full and pale yellow colourings, are
extremely desirable in the spring garden ; their
massive spikes are of fine appearance and they
last longer than any other spring flower. Wall-
flowers should be sown out of doors in May,
preferably in rather poor soil trodden firm ; this
keeps the plants compact and of strong constitu-
tion. They are best put out in any damp
weather in July if the place for spring flowers is
dedicated to them only, but if they have to

83

Chrysanthemums last long in Water

follow bedding plants they must wait till October
or November. In any case they must not be
allowed to grow large and rank before they are
put in the places where they are to bloom.

Chenopodium Atriplicis purpurascens or
Atriplex hortensis. — A red-leaved plant, alHed
to Beet, useful for growing in borders, where
colour arrangements are considered, among
any bold plants with red flowers, such as
Dahlias and Hollyhocks. If let alone it will
grow seven or more feet high, but it is much
improved in habit by frequent pinchings to
make it branch and assume a bushy form. It
must be sown in place as it will not transplant.

Chrysanthemum ; h.a. — These annual
Daisies, 2 to 3 feet high, are not only fine in
garden decoration, but are among the most
satisfactory of annuals for cutting, lasting long
in water. The North African C. carinatum,
garden var. Morning Star, a beautiful pale
yellow flower, is perhaps the best of all. C.
carinatum Burridgeanum is handsomely banded
with a red -brown ring near the centre, on
a nearly white ground. C. inodorum plenum
is a much dwarfer plant with finely divided
dark green foliage and a rather spreading habit.
The double pure white flowers of the variety
Bridal Robe are good both in the garden and for
cutting.

Clarkia elegans and C. pulchella ; h.a. ;

84

COLLIXSIJ hICOLOR.
85

A Greenhouse Climber

2 feet. — Well-known, graceful plants bearing
clouds of pink bloom ; seed-growers have ob-
tained desirable salmon-coloured varieties, but a
good form of the original pink is the most refined
in colour. All the Clarkias are good for cutting.
They should be sown in spring where they are to
flower.

CoB^A SCANDENS. — This very useful green-
house climber, though in fact a perennial, is
commonly treated as a biennial. In one season
it will cover a large space. The large, wide,
funnel- or cup-shaped flowers are of a rather dull
purple colour, but are strikingly handsome. It
should be grown against a south wall or a trellis
in a warm aspect. Sow in July ; keep in pots
in frame or cool greenhouse through the winter
and put out at bedding time.

CoLLiNSiA bicolor; h.a. ; i foot. — A charm-
ing old garden annual with lilac and white
flowers in whorls.

CoLLOMiA coccinia; h.a. ; i foot. — Soft
scarlet flowers in heads much like Bouvardias.
May be trusted to sow itself as it nearly always
reappears where it has once been grown.

Convolvulus major is more properly
Ipom^a purpurascens, but is commonly known
by the first name. A well-kno-wn climber, 8 to
ID feet ; purple and pink ; there is also a white
variety. It can be sown in place, but is rather
better sown early in heat and planted out in

87

Cosmos for the Autumn

May. Good for trellis or for covering any rough
support.

Convolvulus minor, properly C. tricolor.
— A lovely plant about i foot high ; flowers
blue, shading to a white throat, the blue
accentuated by yellow stripes passing up from
the centre.

Coreopsis tinctoria. — One of the brightest
of the taller hardy annuals, about 3 feet high,
with a profusion of Daisy-shaped bloom of a deep
orange colour with rich mahogany-brown centre.
A variety called atrosanguineum is of the maho-
gany colour all over. C. Drummondi, rather
shorter growing, is a rich yellow. There are
dwarf varieties of C. tinctoria ; the one named
Crimson King is less than a foot high and has
rich red-brown colouring. Sow April to June
or in September for early blooming.

Cornflower. See Centaurea.

Cosmos BiPiNNATUS ; h.h.a. ; 6 feet. — Flowers
in September and October. The type colour is a
washy purplish-pink, but there is a good white
variety which is preferable. A good companion
to the late Michaelmas Daisies. There is a
useful dwarf kind, flowering from July onwards ;
of this the white is also the best. When the
plants are half grown they may be made more
bushy by being cut back, when they make fresh
side growth immediately.

Crepis barbata RUBRA [Hawkwecd) ; h.a. ;

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BORDERS OF DELPHIXJT\MS AXV fOXGLO]'ES IX A
KirCHEX GARDEX.

The Best Delphiniums

12 inches. — Pretty rosy Daisy flowers with a
good white variety. They prefer a hmy soil.

CucuRBiTA [Gourd); h.h.a. — The rapid
growth and great variety of these ornamental
fruiting plants make them an object of great
interest in the late summer and autumn. They
can be grown on any manure heap or bank or
mound of waste material, but are best seen
when they are trained over some rough structure
of the arbour or pergola kind. The fruits are
of all sizes, from that of a cricket ball to the
great Pumpkin weighing up to 150 lbs., and
they are extremely varied in shape. Seeds are
sown in heat, one in a small pot, in March ; the
seedlings are potted on, and are put in place
towards the end of Maj^, and protected with a
hand-light till all danger of frost is over.

Datura; h.h.a. — Three American sub-
tropical species are of value, viz. D. ceratocaula,
with white flowers, between 2 and 3 feet high ;
D. cornucopice, also white or purple, and rather
shorter in growth ; and D. meteloides. The last
is the largest ; some 4 feet high.

Delphinium [Larkspur) ; h.a. ; 2 to 4 feet. —
The best of these are the tall Rocket Larkspurs
[D. Ajacis) ; free -growing branching plants,
with blue, purple, and pink flowers. The Stock-
flowered kind called Rosy Scarlet is a grand
garden flower. D. consolida is also in several
good colourings.

91 H

Closely examine Diascia Barherce

DiANTHUS [Indian Pink) ; h.h.a. ; 9 inches. —
These annual kinds are garden varieties of D.
sinensis. Some have the edges of the petals hand-
somely fringed, and some are double. They are
in many shades of pink, red, crimson, and white.
For a choice a good trade list should be con-
sulted, as the names vary in different catalogues.
They should be sown in slight heat in February,
and are best in a loamy or calcareous soil.

DiANTHUS BARBATUS {SweetWHUam); biennial.
— One of the most brilliant of garden plants,
in a whole series of splendid red colourings ;
the crimson inclining to scarlet has a wonderful
richness of tone and intensity of colour. Of
late years colourings of pure scarlet and salmon
pink have added greatly to their value. Other
strains are handsomely laced and belted with
dark colour on a white or pink ground. They
should be sown out of doors in April, pricked
off when large enough, and transplanted in
autumn. If the soil is not calcareous an
addition of lime is beneficial.

Diascia Barber^e ; h.h.a.; 9 inches. — A plant
not much grown, but a little gem of curious
and beautiful construction. It has pinkish
hooded flowers with a pair of curved spurs at
the back ; a flower that it is a joy to examine
closely. Sow in February or early March in
slight heat, and put out in May, reserving some
in pots for the cool greenhouse.

92

A Handsome South African Daisy

DiDiscus CCERULEUS ; h.h.a. ; i8 inches. —
A valuable annual from the good colouring of
its bluish-lavender flowers that are carried in
umbel form. It should have the hottest ex-
posure in good, light soil.

Digitalis purpurea [Foxglove] ; biennial ;
5 to 7 feet. — Garden varieties of the wild Fox-
glove. Those sold as gloxinicBflora have wide-
mouthed purple flowers of several shades, hand-
somely spotted ; but the most beautiful is the
pure white. They are best sown in May where
they are to grow, and prefer a half-shady place,
though they can also be sown in late spring
and transplanted in autumn.

DiMORPHOTHECA AURANTIACA ; h.h.a. — A

handsome South African Daisy with soft orange-
coloured bloom, about a foot high. It likes
the warmest exposure, as the flowers do not
open in shade. One of the best of the more
recently introduced annuals. There are
varieties of varying colour, but the type is
the best. Sow in April in a cold frame. The
older D. pliivialis, a hardy annual, also from
South Africa, should be more grown ; it has
white flowers, with the backs of the petals of
a purplish-grey, of a pretty and uncommon
colouring resembling diluted ink. It is
commonly sold under the name Calendula
pliivialis.

EccREMOCARPUS SCABER. — A perennial of

93

Eschscholzias for Sunny Banks

climbing habit. A handsome fast-growing plant
with scarlet and orange tubular flowers. Treat
in the usual way for half-hardy annuals, or sow
in late summer, and winter the plants in a
greenhouse, when earlier growth and bloom
will be secured.

Eryngium giganteum {Silver Thistle) ;
hardy biennial ; 3 feet. — A very beautiful Sea
Holly of splendid spiny structure and silvery
metallic surface. It can be grown in a seed-
bed and be transplanted, but is finest if sown
where it is to remain. Seed should be sown
as soon as it is ripe.

Erysimum Peroffskianum ; h.a. or as
biennial. — A well-known plant with brilliant
orange bloom ; 18 inches to 2 feet high. The
place of the older plant has of late been taken by
an improved kind of uncertain origin and doubt-
ful name, but known in seed lists as an improved
Cheiranthus Allionii. It is best treated as a
biennial, sown in July where it is to bloom.

EscHSCHOLZiA {Calif omiau Poppy) ; h.a. —
No annual is better for a warm bank or any
place with full sunny exposure. There are a
number of varieties, all beautiful, ranging from
white through cream colour and pale yellow
to deepest orange and crimson ; some with
double flowers. Varieties named Mandarin and
Mikado are among the best.

EuTOCA visciDA ; h.a.; 18 inches to 2 feet. —

94

ER^XGICM GI<r.AXTEr-M,
Steel -^■luie.

95

Horned Poppies thrive in Poor Soil

Now classed with Phacelia, but generally known
in seed lists as Eutoca. Flowers deep blue,
over an inch wide ; the white centre is curiously
decorated with a tiny chintz-like purple pattern
well worth close examination. But the plant
is unpleasant to handle, a sticky exudation
staining the hands.

Feverfew. See Pyrethrum.

Gaillardia picta ; 12 to 18 inches. —
Excellent plants of red and yellow colouring ;
they can be grown as half-hardy annuals, but
better still as biennials ; sowing out of doors
at midsummer and transplanting in September.
They do best in a warm exposure.

GiLiA tricolor; h.a. — Pretty plants about
I foot high, with white and purple flowers,
but not of the first importance. The newer
G. coronopifolia is a remarkable and desirable
plant, but must be treated as a biennial ; sown
in June, and wintered in separate pots in the
greenhouse. The flowers are scarlet, and the
plant grows to a height of 3 feet.

Glaucium luteum [Horned Poppy). — There
are some garden varieties of this fine native
Poppywort, but it is doubtful if any exceed it
in beauty. It is grown as a biennial ; the
seeds sown in June where they are to flower
the next summer. It will thrive in poor soil,
often naturally in bare shingle, but must have
full exposure to sunlight.

97

Gypsophila's "Clouds of Flowers"

GoDETiA ; h.a. ; i8 inches to 2 feet. — Showy
annuals, nearly allied to (Enothera ; in fact,
the most recent botanical classification includes
Godetia in (Enothera. The colours range from
white, through pink and rose, to crimson.
Seed lists give a large selection of varieties,
but one of the best is Double Rose, which is
not only beautiful in a well-grown mass, but
is valuable and long lasting as a cut flower.

Golden Feather. See Pyrethrum.

Grammanthes gentianoides ; h.h.a. ; 3
inches. — A charming little plant, not often
seen, of a brilliant, deep orange colouring,
suitable for a place in rock work or wall-top or
anywhere in full sun near the eye. It is best
sown in pots in a limy compost in early March,
in slight heat, and planted out at the end of
May without disturbance of the potful.

Gypsophila elegans ; h.a. ; 12 inches. — A
charming little dainty plant with clouds of
small flowers. The quite white form is the
best, the type plant having pinkish bloom.
G. muralis, with purplish flowers and trailing
habit, is good for walls and rockeries.

Helianthus annuus ; h.a. — The common
tall annual Sunflower is well known, but not
very easy to use in careful gardening, the
whole appearance being coarse and out of
scale with most garden flowers. The pale
sulphur or primrose variety is more refined

98

GODETIA LA VEXDER.
A i^ood varieiv for cutting.

99

The Best Sunflowers

and not so tall. It is a good plan, when these
Sunflowers are used in mixed borders, to cut
out all the middle blooms ; the plant then
branches into a number of smaller blooming
points. The new, so-called Red Sunflower has
a broad band of red-brown colouring near the
disc, giving the flower the appearance of an
immense Gaillardia. A smaller Sunflower
called Primrose or Sulphur is a useful plant,
and there are still shorter kinds called Dwarf
Miniature. They may be sown in the open or
treated as half-hardy ; sowing in slight heat
in March.

Heliotrope. — Usually propagated by cut-
tings, but if a good strain of seed is obtained,
plants grown as half-hardy annuals are very
vigorous.

Hesperis matronalis {Rocket) ; hardy
biennial. — The single form is a free-growing
plant, flowering from the middle of May to the
end of June. It gives off a sweet scent in the
evening, and looks best in a half-shady place,
such as the edge of woodland or the beginning
of a wood walk. The double kinds, of which
the pure white is the best, should be treated
as biennials, dividing clumps after they have
bloomed.

Hollyhock. See Alth^a.

Honesty. See Lunaria.

HuMULUS jAPONicus {Japanese Hop) ; h.a. —

lOI

Balsams for Dull Places

A useful plant where a quick-growing climber
is required.

Iberis coronaria {Candytuft) ; h.a. — A fine
plant, I foot to i8 inches high, with massive
spikes of purest white bloom. It is much best
autumn sown. The varieties of /. umbellata,
about 9 inches high, range through white and
purplish colourings, and are capital edging and
carpeting plants.

Impatiens balsamina [Garden Balsam) ;
h.h.a. ; i8 inches. — Is grown in pots for the
greenhouse, or bedded out in good soil in a
sunny place. It varies in colour from white
to deep red.

Impatiens glandulifera {Common Balsam) ;
h.a.; 8 feet. — Flowers white to pink. A
very handsome plant of rapid growth, useful
in the back of borders, or among shrubs or at
the edge of woodland. It is one of the few
annual plants that do well in the close shade
of buildings, and might be used with advantage
in many places where there is a dull backyard
or enclosed court that receives little or no sun-
light. A fine white-flowered Balsam has been
sold of late as /. Roylei ; the accuracy of
the name is doubtful, but the plant is desir-
able ; apparently a pure white form of /.
glandulifera. The seed capsules explode with
some force, throwing the seeds many yards
away. They germinate only too freely, but it

102

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103

Beautiful Climbers

is a soft plant, easy to pull up in spring when
the juicy mass can go with advantage into a
garden trench as green manure.

loNOPSiDiUM ACAULE {Violet Cress) ; h.a. —
A tiny plant only an inch or two high ; white,
faintly tinged lilac ; good for places in cool
rock work near the eye, or the joints of pave-
ments.

Ipom^a purpurea (Morning Glory) ; h.a. —
The best known of these beautiful climbers
is commonly called Convolvulus major ; it is
in colourings of purplish-blue, red, and white.
/. rtibro-cceriilea (Heavenly Blue), is a tender
plant, really a perennial, but grown as a half-
hardy annual and planted out against a warm
wall, though not always with success ; but a
good greenhouse plant where it can be trained
up the rafters. The flowers are of a most pure
and lovely blue.

jACOBiEA elegans ; h.h.a. — This is properly
a Senecio, but is more commonly catalogued
as Jacobcea. The white double variety is the
best ; the red ones being of a rank magenta
colour. It is a neat plant about 15 inches
high, the flowers showing up well upon the
dark, rather succulent foliage.

Kaulfussia amelloides ; h.a. — A pretty
plant about 9 inches high ; the colour of the
blue Daisy flowers being refined by the purplish
disc.

105

The Summer Cypress

KocHiA TRiCHOPHiLA {Summer Cypress). — A
plant of neat columnar growth, of no flower
value, but bright in autumn ; 2 to 3 feet high.
It is sown in shght heat early in March, potted
singly, hardened off, and planted out in May.

Larkspur. See Delphinium.

Lathyrus odoratus {Sweet Pea) i.h.a.. — Of
this delightful climbing plant there are now
innumerable varieties ; every year some fresh
favourites displacing older kinds ; so that, for
a choice, a descriptive seed list of the year
should be consulted. They require thoroughly
good cultivation by deep digging and liberal
manuring. It is difficult to grow them well in
poor or sandy soils, but they thrive in rich loam.
For late summer bloom they are sown out of
doors in April, but are often sown in pots in
February, kept in a cold frame, and planted out
in the end of March after being carefully
hardened. Sweet Peas are usually trained to
upright sticks of spray, but they also make
a capital effect trailing over a sloping bank
on rough branches, so arranged as to support
the peas only a little way above ground.

Autumn sowing : its advantages. — Formerly
it was the invariable rule to sow Sweet Pea
seeds in early spring : the time regulated in
large degree by the weather conditions prevail-
ing at the moment. In addition to the not
infrequent delays and lateness of flowering

106

Sweet Peas — Autumn Sowing

thereby caused, the coldness and wetness of
the soil jointly were responsible for not a
little loss of seeds and still more perhaps of
tardy and often enfeebled vegetation with all
its attendant disadvantages. To-day all these
are swept aside by the simple expedient of
sowing in autumn — it may be in the open
ground, in pots, or in boxes, just as soils,
locality, and experience dictate or prove to
be the best. Primarily, the advantages of
autumn sowing are that the plants are enabled
to obtain a greater hold upon the soil, and,
endowed with increased vigour and hardihood
by reason of slow growth during the winter
and the greater length of time between seed-
sowing and flowering than is possible by any
other method, are enabled to give of their
best when the flowering time arrives. The
greatest gain, however, is the earlier flower-
ing of the plants, and instead of having to wait
till July as of yore. Sweet Peas are made possible
from the third week of May.

Autumn sowing in the open. — Probably but
comparatively few cultivators do this to any
extent, though, where soil and local conditions
admit, there is little doubt that it may be
turned to a good and profitable account. Better
suited to the commercial seed-grower and the
grower of flowers for market than to the amateur
in general, the latter need not be deterred from

107

Sweet Peas in Pots —

practising it, given favourable conditions. The
essentials in the case are deep, well-cultivated,
and, above all, perfectly drained land. Cold,
tenacious clay soils are unsuitable. Medium
to light loamy soils are good. In all such the
root - fibres of the Sweet Pea ramify freely.
Treated with cow manure low placed in the
rows, with a free addition of lime, or light
dressing of superphosphate of lime incorporated
with the soil, good results would be ensured.
Sowings should be made late in September or
early October while the land is still warm. Sow
thinly in foot-wide, somewhat sunken or de-
pressed trenches which admit of earthing up
the plants later on. Choice varieties should
not be treated in this way, but reserved for
sowing in.

Pots or boxes under glass, both of which
methods are largely adopted to-day with the
best possible results. Advantages of both these
systems are that risks and loss are reduced to
a minimum and the early start given to the
plants — matters of supreme importance both.
For this work a frame or greenhouse is essential,
the former the best from many points of view.
The Sweet Pea is hardy, and the uniformly cool
(or cold) conditions of the frame suit its require-
ments exactly. In it a steady, hardy growth —
the precursor of subsequent health and vigour —
are ensured. Throughout, frame cultivation

io8

SWEET PEA ROYAL PURPLE.

One of the ueivey vaneties.

109

or Boxes under Glass

promotes sturdiness, than which nothing is
more to be desired. In the greenhouse — unless
specially designed structures obtain — this uni-
form coolness is rarely forthcoming. Drier
conditions often prevail, and the plants farther
removed from the glass not infrequently become
drawn and to some extent weakened. In
expert hands this would not happen ; out of
them it often does.

Sowing in pots. — To-day the majority of
Sweet Pea cultivators — particularly those who
grow the flowers exclusively for market pur-
poses — sow the seeds in pots. Usually 4-inch
pots are used, four seeds being placed in each,
a system which admits of transplanting with
a minimum of root disturbance when the right
time arrives. The soil used is good loam with
a little sand intermixed. Fill the pots with
soil to within three-quarters of an inch of the
rim ; make all moderately firm, and water
thoroughly before sowing the seeds. Allow
twelve hours to elapse before sowing the seeds,
when all excess of moisture will have passed
away. Covering the seeds with half an inch
of fine soil will allow a slight recess for affording
water in the future. Give a light watering
after covering in the seeds to settle the soil.
Watering the soil in advance of seed -sowing
has been found to promote a more uniform
germination of the seeds.

Ill

Supporting Young Sweet Peas

Sowing in boxes differs in nowise in principle
from that of sowing in pots, hence the same
directions apply. Assuming that transplanting
will be later resorted to, the seeds may be
arranged ij inches apart each way. If not, an
increased distance should be allowed to each
at the time of sowing. It were better, how-
ever, to practise either transplanting to 3 inches
asunder in fresh soil or to pot the plants singly
into 4-inch pots. In each case the latter part
of September or early October will be best for
sowing the seeds, and if the frame be darkened
with mats, little watering will be needed till
the seedlings appear. When 3 inches of growth
has been made, the tip of the seedling plant
should be pinched out. This will promote a
more bushy-habited plant and incidentally a
stronger one, experience proving that these
breaks are stronger than the original main
shoot. Quite soon, too, the young plants will
require support, an important item not to be
overlooked. To the advantages of sowing in
pots and boxes already named should be added
the important one of dispensing entirely with
overcrowding, the planter being at liberty to set
the growing plants out at any distance he pleases.

Subsequent treatment. — A good planting-out
time is from mid-March to early April, the
earlier the better for hardily grown plants.
The ground should have been well prepared in

112

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The Sweet Pea is not a Glutton

advance. For producing the finest blooms put
the plants out i^ feet apart, and, taking up two
or three growths, train each to a single rod or
bamboo cane. From the first all tendrils should
be removed from the plants : they are un-
necessary when the plants are trained on the
" cordon " system, and, moreover, if left, not
infrequently coil round stem or flower truss to
the detriment of both. Early suppress, too,
all axillary growths or side shoots — these appear
at the base of the flower-stem and rob it of
support — retaining only the main growths and
the flower-stems. Watering in times of drought
should be carefully done, and only sun-warmed
water should be used. Squirting water from a
hosepipe with force — often a toy in the hands
of the unthinking amateur — is highly dangerous.
Should liquid manure be required, the diluted
liquid from stable or sheep's dung with soot
given very weak will be found suitable. The
Sweet Pea plant is not of a gluttonous nature,
and no thoughtful cultivator would dream of
gorging it with unsuitable food.

E. H. Jenkins.
Lavatera trimestris ; h.a. — A handsome
bushy mallow with pink or white flowers, 4 feet
high ; one of the best and showiest of hardy
annuals. The pure, rather hght pink of the
older kind has been partly superseded by a so-
called improved colouring of a deeper shade but

115

Leptosiphons revel in Sunshine

of a slightly rank quality. There is a dwarfer
kind of a better colour, called Loveliness.

Leptosiphon ; h.a. — Pretty little dwarf-
growing plants, related to Gilia, about 6 inches
high, with flowers in umbels. L. aureus, L.
densiflorus, L. d. albus, and L. roseus are the best.
They all delight in full sun.

Leptosyne maritima ; h.h.a. — Really a per-
ennial, but in our climate treated as a half-hardy
annual. It is nearly allied to Coreopsis, grows
3 feet high, and has large yellow Daisy flowers.

LiMNANTHES DouGLASi ; h.a. — A charming
plant of trailing habit, with an abundance of
yellow and white bloom of Nemophila shape.
Excellent for autumn sowing.

Lin ARIA MAROCCANA, white variety; h.a. ; 12
inches. — A charming plant. It delights in a
warm, sunny spot, and is useful, grown in pots,
for the conservatory.

LiNUM GRANDiFLORUM ; h.a.; 18 inches. —
The best is L. grandiflorum rubrum, the Scarlet
Flax ; a very showy plant.

Lobelia Erinus ; h.h.a. ; 6 inches. — Not a
true annual, but so used in our gardens ; well
known as a dwarf bedding plant of good blue
colour. A good use for it is to fill bare spaces
in rock work, but it will not flourish unless it is
kept watered. One of the best varieties is
Cobalt Blue, if it is to be sown, but there are
variously named kinds still better in colour

116

LBPTUSIPHOX DEXSIFLOKi'S HYBRIDUS.
A heauiifiil du-arf hardy aiiiiiml.

Yellow Lupin has a Sweet Scent

which are propagated by cuttings ; the double
forms are also very showy.

LovE-iN-A-MiST. See Nigella.

LuNARiA BIENNIS [Honcsty) ; biennial. — A
very useful plant for half-shady places, 3 feet
high, flowering in May. The type plant has
flowers of a lightish purple, but a deeper red-
purple variety is preferable. The seed-pods,
when cleared of the outer husk and seed, leave
a satin-like dividing membrane which makes
the whole or a large branch an ornamental
object for winter decoration. But for this it
must be secured at the earliest moment of ripe-
ness and after a spell of dry weather ; continued
wet stains the inner film and makes it useless.
It is sown in April for flowering the following
year.

LupiNUS ; h.a. — Several of the annual
Lupins are much to be recommended. L.
Hartwegi, a little under 3 feet, has spikes of pale
blue flowers with a misty appearance ; the old
annual Yellow Lupin, about 2 feet high, is
always charming and has a sweet scent. L.
hybridus atrococcinius, red and white, is a showy
flower ; the tall L. mutabilis, and its fine variety
Cruikshanki, blue and white, 4 feet high, is a
plant of important aspect. For a good con-
tinuance of bloom it is necessary to cut out the
faded flower-heads before they form seed, which
they do very quickly.

119 K

The Best Varieties of Stocks

Maize. See Zea.

Malope grandiflora [Mallow-wort) ; h.a. —
One of the handsomest of summer flowers, about
2 feet high, crimson. It should be sown in place
in deeply prepared and well-enriched soil.

Marigold. See Calendula and Tagetes.

Matthiola annua [Stock) ; annual and
biennial. — This delightful old flower is in several
forms, each having many varieties. They com-
prise the Ten-week Stocks, grown as half-hardy
annuals, sown in March in sHght heat, pricked off,
and planted out in rich soil, of which the finest
are those called Pyramidal ; the Intermediate
Stocks, usually sown in July and wintered in
a frame or cool house close to the light, though
they may also be treated as annuals, sown in
March to flower in autumn. East Lothian
Stocks are a hardy form of Intermediate ; they
are grown as half-hardy annuals, sown in heat in
the middle of February, and are valuable for
autumn bloom. Brompton and Queen Stocks
are treated as biennials, sown in June or July and
transplanted in the open ground in September.
Beauty of Nice is a lovely variety of flesh-pink
colouring, also sown in July. All Stocks require
a deeply dug, well-enriched soil, preferably of a
calcareous but not too heavy a nature.

Matthiola bicornis [Night-s'cented Stock) ;
h.a. ; I foot. — One of the sweetest-scented of
garden plants. It should be sown in places

120

a.
o

o

Night Stock for Evening Fragrance

where its evening fragrance will be enjoyed.
The plant is of no importance in the daytime,
but in the evening the drooping flowers rise up
and open and give off their wonderful scent.

Maurandya Barclay ana. — A perennial, but
convenient to grow as a half-hardy annual. A
beautiful climbing plant of refined appearance,
with neat foliage and small purple flowers of
Foxglove shape. Sow in March in slight heat,
pot singly, and put out in June.

Meconopsis integrifolia ; biennial. — A
very fine pale yellow Poppy of recent introduc-
tion, about 2 feet high, good for a cool, half-
shady place where the soil is moist but well
drained. M. nepalense is a taller plant, also
with yellow flowers. M. Wallichii, 4 feet high,
is very striking from the blue colour, so rare in
poppies, of the handsome drooping flowers. It
should be remembered that all Meconopsis like
shade and damp ground. They are mountain
plants, alpines of Central Asia. The seed should
be sown in March in pots in a cold frame.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum {Ice-
plant) ; h.h.a. — A curious plant that always
attracts attention and interest from the little
glassy knobs with which the deep green, fleshy
leaves are covered. It is of trailing habit, and
requires a warm exposure. M. pomeridianuni
and M. tricolor are also good in the rock garden.

Michauxia campanuloides ; hardy biennial.

123

An Old Favourite — Mirabilis jalapa

— A fine thing that should be more generally culti-
vated. It is a tall plant, 3 to 4 feet high, branch-
ing near the top to form lateral bloom-bearing
shoots. It is nearly allied to Campanula, but
the flowers are more like Turncap Lilies, the
white petals being strongly recurved. It should
be grown in a warm, sheltered place. Sow in
September in a cold frame and plant out in May.

Mignonette. See Reseda.

MiNA lobata; h.h.a. — A climbing plant,
nearly aUied to Ipomcea, with brilliant red and
yellow bloom in autumn. It prefers a light,
rich soil and a sunny position.

Mirabilis jalapa {Marvel of Peru) ; h.h.a. ;
2 feet. — This is really a perennial, but not being
quite hardy is treated as a half-hardy annual.
It was a favourite plant in our grandmothers'
gardens that has rather fallen out of favour, prob-
ably on account of the large number of beautiful
things we have now to choose from. It forms
bushy plants with tuberous roots that can be
stored like Dahlias. The flowers are of various
colours between white, red, yellow, and lilac.
If stored, the roots become inconveniently large
by the third year, when young plants from seed
are preferable. It likes a warm, sunny, sheltered
place. Sow in heat in February, transfer to a
cold frame, and plant out early in June.

Mullein. See Verbascum.

Myosotis {Forget-me-not) ; 9 to 12 inches. —

124

iMICHAI'XIA CAMPAXf'LOIDES.
A little know)! hut beautiful plaut. It is not easy to ^ynw.

125

Forget-me-nots for the Stream-side

Short-lived perennials, but it is convenient to
treat them as biennials, sowing in June in the
open for transplanting, or in early autumn
where they are to bloom. The finest is M.
dissitiflora. Of this and hybrids of M. sylvatica
there are a number of garden kinds variously
named in different seedsmen's lists ; but a good
form of the typical M. dissitiflora can hardly be
improved upon. M. alpestris is a charming
small plant for the rock garden. M. palnstris,
one of the loveliest of our native plants, is a
perennial, easily raised from seed, for the
stream-side and damp ground.

Nasturtium. See Trop.eolum.

Nemesia strumosa; h.h.a. — Showy flowers,
variously coloured, mostly about a foot high.
A small-flowered variety named Blue Gem, of
soft blue and blue-grey colouring, is a smaller
plant, very bushy and effective in late summer.
Sow the last week in March, never in a high
temperature.

Nemophila insignis ; h.a. — One of the
loveliest hardy annuals, pure blue with white
centre, of trailing habit. It is much finest
autumn sown, when a plant will cover a yard of
space. There is a white and also a purple form,
and a white spotted with purple. Nemophilas
enjoy a cool place in slight sliade, and are charm-
ing in the cooler parts of rock work.

Nicotian A affinis. — A perennial, but most

127

The Best Garden Nigella

conveniently treated as a half-hardy annual.
The best kind, 4 feet high, with handsome white
bloom fully developed at dusk and very sweet-
scented. If cut in the evening when the bloom
is open it remains expanded in water in the house
and gives off its good evening scent. The whole
plant has a different and coarser smell in the
daytime. The taller iV. sylvestris is a fine plant
for a large space. The Sanderce hybrids are
useful for conservatory decoration, but A^.
affinis is the best garden plant. In warm and
sheltered places it often retains its true perennial
character. N . tahacum is the common Tobacco
plant, a rather coarse but handsome thing, 6
feet high, with pink flowers, useful for filling
rather large, empty spaces.

Nigella damascena {Love-in- a-Mist) ; h.a. ;
18 inches. — The variety Miss Jekyll is the result
of many years' careful selection, and may be said
to be the best garden Nigella. The colour is a
pure, soft blue of a quality distinctively its own.
As it does not remain very long in bloom it
should be sown in September, in March, and again
in May.

(Enothera biennis [Evening Primrose) ;
biennial. — The variety Lamarckiana is a very
handsome, tall plant, 5 to 6 feet high, with a
quantity of large, lemon -yellow bloom, only
fully open in the evening or in dull, cloudy
weather. CE. taraxacifolia, also a biennial, has a

128

ICELAXD POPPIES.
ChaiDinis; flowers joy indoor decorations.

Silvery Thistles Eight Feet in Height

trailing habit and is good on a warm bank or
rough rock work. The large bloom is white
when first opened, changing to pink.

Omphalodes linifolia {Venus' s Navelwort) ;
h.a. ; i8 inches. — This very charming plant
should be in every garden, and yet, although it is
the easiest thing to grow, it is but seldom seen.
It is from i foot to 15 inches high, and has a
multitude of milk-white flowers, shaped like For-
get-me-not, that are in perfect colour harmony
with the grey foliage. When once established
it will sow itself again, but it is as well to give
it a fresh place every two years. It will thrive
anywhere, but rather prefers a place in slight
shade where it lasts longer than in the open. It
may be sown either in spring or autumn.

Onopordon arabicum [Giant Thistle) ; hardy
biennial. — One of the handsomest of the great
Thistles, 8 feet high, with spiny silvery foliage.
0. hracteatum is a taller plant of important
aspect.

Pansy. See Viola.

Papaver glaucum {Tulip Poppy). — Perhaps
the most briUiantly coloured of all annual plants.
The flowers are of a deep scarlet colour well set
off by the smooth, glaucous fohage. It is much
best sown in autumn.

Papaver nudicaule [Iceland Poppy) ; hardy
biennial. — One of the hardiest of garden plants,
growing wild within the Arctic Circle. It is 12

131

Beautiful Poppies

to 15 inches high ; the colour typically yellow,
but varying from pure white to deep red-orange.
Some of the cream- and lemon-white varieties
are among the most beautiful and have an ap-
pearance of great refinement. P. alpinum is
like a diminutive P. nudicaule ; it may possibly
be the same plant, only dwarfed by altitude ;
for it is observed in cultivation that seed sown
from true P. alpinum produces plants that after
two or three years' sowing are not distinguish-
able from nudicaide.

Papaver Rheas {Corn Poppy) ; 2 feet. —
The garden varieties of this handsome native,
varying in colour from white to deep red, were
formerly called French Poppies, but this older
strain has been superseded by the better one
known as Shirley Poppies, raised from a wild
plant and improved by many years' careful
selection by the Rev. W. Wilks, by whose
generous distribution of seed, gardens through-
out the land have been so greatly benefited. As
with all annual Poppies, autumn-sown plants
are the finest.

Papaver somniferum [Opium Poppy). — The
double kinds of these grand plants are well
known. If it is convenient to give them a place,
autumn sown, away from other plants, it is
better to do so, as it has been observed that
when they are grown in mixed borders they
appear to have a baneful influence on the per-

132

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133

Petunias to avoid

ennials near them. It is also well to isolate them
in some place where they will be well seen but
that need not be visited at other times than
when they are in flower, because their blooming
time is not of long duration.

Papaver umbrosum. — A fine scarlet flower
much like an improved Field Poppy, with a
black blotch at the base of the petal. Poppies
may be sown in March where they are to bloom
— the seedlings do not transplant, — but all the
kinds are strongest if sown in autumn. It
should be remembered that whereas the usual
time for autumn sowing of annuals is September,
yet all the Poppies are best sown in the end of
August.

Pentstemon Hartwegi. — Properly a per-
ennial, but grown as a half-hardy annual. Sown
in February in sHght heat, it flowers well in late
summer. The garden varieties have of late been
much improved, and seed from a good house
will produce some of the best of summer flowers.
Cuttings may be made in autumn or spring.

Petunia hybrida; h.h.a. — Very showy
flowers of late summer, though they should be
avoided by those who dishke the strong crimson-
purple or magenta colourings ; but the white
varieties, both single and double, are beautiful
plants. They are of South American origin, and
dehght in a warm, sunny place.

Phacelia campanularia ; h.a. ; g inches.—

135 L

Cream-cups are Neglected Annuals

One of the finest of short-growing annual plants,
the bloom being of a pure and perfect blue. P.
tanacetifolia is a desirable annual too much
neglected ; 2 feet high, with light purple flowers,
curiously arranged in a head of double volute
form, that have a mist-like appearance at a little
distance.

Phlox Drummondi ; h.h.a. — BrilUant low-
growing flowers of late summer with a rather
trailing habit, in many beautiful shades of
colour from white to deepest crimson. A salmon-
coloured variety called Chamois Rose, and a good
scarlet generally listed as coccinia, are among the
best. From their low growth and trailing habit
they are suited for rock work, especially the
dwarf kinds, though the grandiflora sorts are
the best in the open garden. They should be
in full sunshine, and preferably in calcareous soil.
Sow quite early in March and grow on in slight
warmth.

Platystemon californicus {Cream-cups) ;
h.a. — One of the much-neglected annuals ; a
desirable plant with considerable charm. The
flowers, of a soft, pale yellow, are about an inch
wide ; the stems and foliage are greyish and the
habit trailing. It sows itself, reappearing year
after year. Autumn sown it is much more
vigorous, a single plant covering a yard of space.
It should be in a sunny place.

Polygonum orientale ; h.a. ; 3 to 4 feet. —

136

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2;

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Pyrethrum Golden Foliage for Edgings

A very graceful Knotweed, much best in the
white variety ; the type having a harsh magenta
colouring. The foliage of the white-flowered
plant is of a pale, fresh green, and the flowers
arch over gracefully. It likes a cool or even a
moist place, and both thrives and looks best in
slight shade.

PoRTULACCA GRANDiFLORA ; h.h.a. — No plants
are more pleasing for a hot, sunny bank. They
can either be raised in slight heat and planted
out in June, or they may be sown in place
from the end of April to the end of May. They
vary in colouring from light pink to deep crimson,
and through all shades of yellow and of yellow
and orange, and are both double and single.

Pyrethrum Parthenium aureum {Golden
Feather Feverfew) ; h.a. ; 6 to 9 inches. — The
dwarf form with the bright golden foliage has
been much used for edgings. It was one of the
plants that, when summer bedding had usurped
the place of more thoughtful ways of gardening,
was used in excess in a wearisome monotony of
straight or wavy lines, but as an informal accom-
paniment to such plants of harmonising colour
as the fine old Calceolaria amplexicaulis , the full
value of the plant is obtained. The bloom is
generally removed in order to show the golden
leaves, but in many cases it is better to leave it,
as it breaks the often dull uniformity of the
foliage alone.

139

The Best Forms of Mignonette

Reseda odorata [Mignonette). — This very
charming and well-known plant has been im-
proved by cultivation in some ways and yet not
much improved in others. The larger and
better-filled spike is certainly a gain, but it is
very doubtful whether growers have proceeded
on right lines in trying to make it a showy
flower. The beauty and true charm of Mignon-
ette lie in its sweet scent and modesty of
colouring, and it may be noted that the sweetest-
scented of all is the cheapest sort that is sold by
weight. Where there are so many flowers of
brilliant colouring for the adornment of our
gardens we may well leave Mignonette alone
with its own modest colour and incomparable
sweetness. For these reasons the kind called
Miles's Spiral is one of the best, for the colour is
but little altered, and it has a fine spike and
excellent scent. Mignonette should be sown
thinly where it is to flower.

Rhodanthe maculata and R. Manglesii;
h.h.a. ; 12 inches. — Pretty pink flowers with
papery petals that are among the kinds known
as Everlastings, as they can be dried for \vinter
decoration. They are better in pots in the
conservatory than out of doors.

RiciNUS [Castor Oil Plant) ; h.h.a. — Large
plants of handsome foliage. R. communis is the
largest ; the variety sanguineiis has leaves and
stems of a reddish-purple colour. R. Gihsoni,

140

5--) L VIA FARIXA LEA .
A little /;uo-u-ii plant; suitable for soiitlieni gardens.

Silvery-leaved Salvias

also reddish coloured, is a good kind where a
shorter plant is required. Sow in heat in
February or early March.

Salpiglossis sinuata; h.h.a. ; 2\ feet. —
One of the best late summer annuals, in a series
of colourings all of which are beautiful, and,
although much varied in tinting, from cream
colour through shades of rose and crimson to
deepest purple, all go well together. The in-
dividual flowers are beautifully marked with
a richly coloured veining. There are dwarfer
varieties, but the taller are the better garden
flowers.

Salvia argentea; h.h.a. — Valuable to grow
as a biennial on account of its fiat rosette of
large silvery leaves. The branching spike of
white bloom is not of much account, but if it is
cut out as soon as it has made a little growth, the
silvery leaves remain longer in good condition.

Salvia Horminum is a plant of upright habit
about 3 feet high, with showy purple bracts ; a
variety named Bluebeard is the best. It can be
grown as a half-hardy annual or sown direct
where it is to bloom.

Salvia patens ; 2 feet. — This is a perennial,
but is convenient to grow from seed as a half-
hardy annual. Its splendid, deep pure blue
colour makes it a valuable plant for summer
bedding. It does best in rich soil of a loamy
character.

143

Saxifraga Cymbalaria sows itself

Salvia Sclarea {Clary) ; 3 to 4 feet. — A
medicinal herb of the old gardens, but is
valuable in flower borders where good colour
arrangements are desired in association with
plants of grey foliage. The actual flower is
bluish-lilac and white with an important mauve
bract ; the whole effect of the large branching
spike of mixed and broken colour being ex-
tremely delightful to an eye trained to colour.
S. splendens is a brilliant bedding plant of
late summer, 18 inches high, with scarlet bloom.
It is usually propagated by cuttings from potted-
up plants in spring, but can be grown from seed
in the same manner as 5. patens. The variety
Pride of Zurich is one of the finest.

Sanvitalia procumbens ; h.a. ; 6 inches. —
This bright little plant is like a tiny Sunflower,
with its dark disc and yellow-ray florets. There
is a double variety all yellow.

Saponaria calabrica (Soapwort) ; h.a. ; 6
inches ; pink. — This is much used as a spring
bedding plant, sown in place in September, but
it can be grown for summer by sowing in March
or April.

Saxifraga Cymbalaria; hardy biennial;
3 inches. — A bright little spring flower with
masses of yellow bloom and bright yellow-green
leaves. It sows itself every year, and enjoys a
cool bank or the joints of a wall with a northern
exposure.

144

4 "^

%

H5

Sow Sweet Scabious in Jidy

ScABiosA ATRO-PURPUREA {Sweet Scahiotis).
— Very beautiful garden plants, best grown as
hardy biennials, sown in July. They are about
2-0- feet high; the large blooms, on long stalks,
being in various shades of rich crimson as well
as lilac and white. Azure Fairy, a pale lavender-
coloured variety, and Snowball, pure white, are
specially beautiful. It can also be sown out of
doors in April where it is to bloom, or be treated
as a half-yearly annual. It is excellent as a cut
flower.

ScHiZANTHUS PiNNATUS ; h.a. ; i8 inches;
purplish and yellow. — This and S. hybridus
gvandiflorus are the kinds most suitable for
treatment as hardy annuals. The plants are
about i8 inches high. Of 5. hybridus grandi-
florus a strain named Dr. Badger's hybrids are
fine plants. S. retusus and its variant 5.
Grahami, rose and orange, and S. Wisetonensis,
paler, with rose - and - yellow centre, are more
suitable for pot work in the conservatory, for
which use they are sown in August and wintered
in a cold frame. Grown as half-hardy annuals,
they are sown in February in heat, and treated
as usual.

SiLENE PENDULA ROSEA ; h.a. ; 9 inches ;
pink or rose. — Much used as a spring bedding
plant, sown in September, preferably where it
is to bloom ; or it may be treated as an ordinary
annual.

147

Solanum for Large Spaces

SoLANUM ROBUSTUM and S. Warscewiczii
are really perennials, but are useful plants
grown either as biennials or as half-hardy
annuals ; in the latter case sown in February.
They are important plants about 4 feet high
and nearly as wide, with handsome foliage and
white bloom ; good for filling large spaces.

Sphenogyne speciosa ; h.a. — A pretty
yellow Daisy flower about 10 inches high, with
darker centre. It can be sown in place but is
best grown in slight heat as a half-hardy annual.
It should have a sunny place.

Statice sinuata; h.h.a. ; i foot; lavender
and white ; there are also pink varieties. It is
one of the flowers that will dry for winter decora-
tion and is therefore classed among what are
called Everlastings. S. Suworowi is a taller
plant whose best use is for the conservatory.

Stock. See Matthiola.

Sunflower. See Helianthus.

Sweet Pea. See Lathyrus.

Sweet Sultan. See Centaurea.

Sweet William. See Dianthus.

Tagetes [French and African Marigold) ;
h.h.a. — Tagetes erecta (the African Marigold)
is one of the noblest of the late summer flowers,
nearly 3 feet high, with bloom of a splendid deep
orange colour. There is also the same in a full
yellow colouring, and another of a very desirable
pale sulphur colour. There are also dwarfer

148

WHITE STOCK.
149

Nasturtiums best in Poor Soil

forms. T. patula (the French Marigold) is in
several sizes ; single and double, tall, short, and
very dwarf, in colourings between lemon, orange,
and a rich mahogany brown. Those with
flowers in which the orange and brown are mixed
make the best effect, but the so-called miniatures
are also in pure colourings of lemon and deep
orange. T. signata pumila is a valuable plant
for dwarf edgings. T. lucida is another good
kind, though not quite so showy as the foregoing ;
it is under a foot high, has orange flowers and
a strong scent of anise. These Marigolds are
often sown too early ; the middle of April is quite
soon enough, as they germinate and make growth
quickly and soon become drawn.

Thistle. See Onopordon.

Thunbergia alata ; h.h.a. — A tender short
climber or trailer with yellow flowers varying to
buff and apricot shades, mostly with a rich,
dark eye.

Tobacco. See Nicotiana.

ToRENiA FouRNiERi ; g.a. — A charming pot
plant, 9 inches high ; flowers pale blue richly
blotched with purple.

Trop^olum majus {Nasturtium) ; h.a. —
The well-known trailing and rambling flower of
all gardens. The varieties minus are the small
bushy kinds in all shades of yehow and red, from
nearly cream colour to deepest orange and
scarlet. They should not be grown in rich soil

151 M

Verbena Seedlings vary

or they will make rank foliage that hides the
bloom. They last well as cut flowers. T.
lobhianum and the small-growing double kinds
which are usually propagated by cuttings are
useful plants in the greenhouse. T. adnuncum
is the pretty Canary Creeper ; a vigorous climber
with bright pale yellow, fringed bloom.

Verbascum {Mullein) ; hardy biennial. — Of
these stately plants the finest is V. olympicum,
7 to 10 feet high, with enormous candelabrum-
like branching spikes of pale yellow bloom.
It is classed as a biennial, but the plant may be
anything from two to four years old before
flowering ; meanwhile the great rosette of grey
leaves is a fine object. The next in importance
is V. phlomoides, of nearly the same height, also
with pale yellow flowers, the individual blooms
larger, but the whole spike more upright. It is
much finer when sown where it is to bloom
without being transplanted.

Verbena. — If a trustworthy strain of seed
can be obtained, this charming flower, treated
as a half-hardy annual, is all the stronger, but
seedlings vary much in colour and only a pro-
portion of true plants can be expected in a batch.
The named kinds are usually potted up for the
winter for cuttings to be taken in spring. Seed
should be sown in heat in January or quite early
in February, the seedlings pricked off into pots,
and given a further shift as they grow.

152

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153

Fancy and Tufted Pansies

Viola tricolor {Pansy). — Though actually
perennials, it is best to grow Pansies as biennials.
They have been so long favourites in gardens
that the varieties are very numerous, and a wide
choice is offered in seed lists. The best for
general use are what are known as Fancy
Pansies ; of many colours, some handsomely
blotched. The smaller-bloomed tufted Pansies
when once obtained can be pulled to pieces and
treated as perennials. The seeds are sown in
July or August in a cold frame or a shaded and
sheltered place out of doors, and are planted out
either in autumn or the following spring. When
the main first bloom is past its best the plants
should be cut nearly to the ground, when thej^
will make fresh growth and bloom again in the
autumn. They can also be propagated by
cuttings taken in July or August from a plant cut
close in June ; these are then planted out in
October.

Wallflower. See Cheiranthus.

Zea {Maize) ; h.h.a. ; 6 to 8 feet.— The
variegated Maize is the most ornamental with
flowering plants, though the green is very fine
in some combinations. It should be grown in
deep and well-manured soil, when it makes
grand plants 7 to 10 feet high. If it is desired
to keep it dwarfer, the middle growth can be cut
out in July when side shoots are forming at the
base. These will then increase and make a

155

Zinnias love Moisture

shorter, bushier plant. It should be planted in a
slight hollow and be later supplied with a rich
compost, as it forms secondary roots from the
base of the stem which require good nourish-
ment. It is sown in heat, either direct in pots,
or potted when quite small, always in rich soil,
and well supplied with water.

Zinnia elegans ; h.h.a. ; 2 feet. — Hand-
some autumn plants, mostly in red and yellow
colourings, and both single and double. Sow
in heat in April and prick off into boxes, not
too closely, or into separate pots. Harden off
gradually and put out with the bedding plants.
They must have a sunny place in rich soil, and
must never suffer from want of water.

156

^^g^

^xi>\l;>

lORPHOTHECA AURANTIACA

A beautiful South African annual for a sunny,
sheltered place.

PART III

157

A^^n^JiHl^v^J xelhose.

{One of the best of tlie iiewei' S)iapdragons.
159

I. CHART OF COLOUR AND HEIGHT

WHITE FLOWERS

Tall.

Antirrhinum.

Argemone.

Convolvulus.

Cosmos.

Datura.

Foxglove.

Impatiens.

Lavatera.

Maize.

Michauxia.

ISTicotiana.

Onopordon.

Papaver.

Rocket.

Sweet Pea.

Medium.

Antirrhinum.

Arctotis.

China Aster.

Canterbury Bell.

Clarkia.

Cornflower.

Coreopsis.

Lavatera.

Mirabihs.

Nemesia.

Omphalodes.

Papaver.

Polygonum.

Salvia argentea.

Scabiosa.

Stock.

Sweet Sultan.

Wallflower.

Shon.
Alyssum.
Antirrhinum.
China Aster.
Double Daisy.
Chrysanthemum in-

odorum.
Eschscholzia.
Gypsophila.
Iberis.

lonopsidium.
Jacobsea.
Linaria.
Qinothera.
Papaver.
Petunia.

Phlox Drummondi.
Stock.
Viola.

YELLOW FLOWERS

Antirrhinum.

Chrysanthemum.

Coreopsis.

Cucurbita.

Helianthus.

Hollyhock.

Hop.

Leptosyne.

Medium.

Antirrhinum.

Argemone.

Bartonia.

Calendula.

Celosia.

China Aster.

Erysimum.

Gaillardia.

Shoit.

Antirrhinum.

Eschscholzia.

Grammanthes.

Leptosiphon.

Limnanthes.

Mesembryanthemum .

Mignonette.

Platystemon.

i6i

Chart of Colour and Height

YELLOW FLOWERS— Co«i!wMe^.

Tall.

Meconopsis.

QEnothera.

Papaver.

Sweet Pea.

Tagetes.

Thunbergia.

Tropaeolum.

Verbascum.

Medium.

Glaucium.

Lupin.

Meconopsis.

Mirabilis.

Nemesia.

Papaver nudicaule.

Salpiglossis.

Sweet Sultan.

Tagetes.

Zinnia.

Short.

Portulaca.

Pyrethrum.

Sanvitalia.

Saxifraga Cymbalaria.

Sphenogyne.

Tagetes.

Thunbergia.

Tropjeolum.

Viola.

Wallflower.

RED, ROSE AND PINK FLOWERS

Tall.
Antirrhinum.
Chenopodium.
Convolvulus.
Eccremocarpus.
Hollyhock.
Impatiens.
Lavatera.
Mina.
Nicotiana.
Papaver.
Ricinus.
Sweet Pea.
Tropaeolum.

Medium.

Alonsoa.

Amarantus.

China Aster.

Canterbury Bell.

Celosia plumosa.

Clarkia.

Godetia.

Larkspur.

Lavatera.

Linum.

Malope.

MirabiHs.

Nemesia.

Papaver.

Polygonum.

Ricinus.

Salpiglossis.

Salvia.

Scabiosa.

Schizanthus.

Stock.

Sweet William.

Wallflower.

Zinnia.

Short.

Alonsoa.

Antirrhinum.

Cacalia.

China Aster.

Collomia.

Crepis.

Dianthus.

Diascia.

Eschscholzia.

Leptosiphon.

Mesembryanthemum.

Phlox Drummondi.

Portulaca.

Rhodanthe.

Saponaria.

Silene.

Stock.

Tropaeolum.

162

163

Selections for Various Purposes

PURPLE AND BLUE FLOWERS ; THOSE OF
BLUE COLOUR SPECIFIED

TaU.

Anchusa ; blue.

Campanula pyra-
midalis.

Cobsa scandens.

Foxglove.

Ipomsa.

Lunaria.

Lupin.

Maurandya.

Meconopsis ; grey-
blue.

Onopordon.

Rocket.

Salvia Sclarea.

Sweet Pea.

IMedium.

Borago ; blue.
Campanula macro-

styla.
Canterbury Bell.
China Aster.
Cornflower ; blue.
Didiscus ; soft blue. .
Eutoca ; blue.
Larkspur.
Lupinus Hartwegi ;

soft blue.
Nigella ; blue.
Phacelia tauaceti-

folia.
Salpiglossis.
Salvia patens ; blue.
Salvia Horminum.
Scabiosa.
Stock.

Sweet Sultan.
Wallflower.

Short.

Anagallis ; blue.
Asperula ; grey-blue.
Brachycome; soft

blue.
China Aster.
Cornflower ; blue.
Colhnsia.
Convolvulus minor ;

blue.
Gilia.

Heliotrope.
Kaulfussia.
Lobelia ; blue.
Myosotis ; blue.
Nemesia Blue Gem ;

grey-blue.
Nemophila ; blue.
Petunia.
Phacelia campanu-

laria ; blue.
Statice.
Stock.
Viola.

II. SELECTIONS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
AND ASPECTS

FOR SUNNY BANKS OR BORDERS

Alyssum maritimum.

Anagallis.

Arctotis grandis.

Argemone grandiflora.

Asperula.

Bartonia.

Brachycome.

Cosmos.

Dimorphotheca.

ErjTigium.

Eschscholzia.

Gaillardia.

Glaucium.

Gourds.

Grammanthes.

Iberis.

Papaver.

Portulaca.

Salvia.

San\dtalia.

Sedum.

Sphenogyne.

Thunbergia.

Tropseolum.

l6=

N

Selections for Various Purposes

FOR COOL OR SHADY PLACES

Anchusa.
Campanula.
Foxglove.
Impatiens.

Lunaria.
Nemophila.
Nicotiana.
CEnothera.

Omphalodes.
Polygonum.
Rocket.
Saxifraga.

FOR ROCK WORK

Alyssum.

Kaulfussia.

Papaver.

Anagallis.

Leptosiphon.

Phlox.

Asperula.

Linaria.

Portulaca.

Dianthus.

Mesembryanthemum.

Sanvitalia.

Grammanthes.

Myosotis.

Saxifraga.

Gypsophila.

Nasturtium.

Saponaria.

Iberis.

Nemophila.

Silene.

lonopsidium.

CEnothera.

FOR POTS IN GREENHOUSE OR
CONSERVATORY

Balsam.

Diascia.

Rhodanthe.

Browallia.

Ipomaea.

Schizanthus

Campanula.

Mignonette.

Thunbergia.

Celosia.

Nicotiana.

Torenia.

Cobasa.

Pentstemon.

Tropaeolum.

i66

>

o

Ib7

INDEX

African Marigold, 14S

Agathea coslestis, 39

Agei-aliiiiij 32 ; A. mexicanum,

67
AloHsoa, 162 ; A. Warscewiczii,

67
Althtza rosea, 67 ; A.ficifolia, 68.

See also Hollyhocks
Alyssuiii, 28, 50, 161 ; Sweet, 31,

39 ; A. iiiantimum, 31, 50, 56,

68, 165, 166
Amarantiis, 68, 162 ; A. caudatus,

68; A. sanguineus, 68; A.

salicifolius, 68
Anagallis, 165, 166 ; ^. Monelli,

36; ^. Wellsiana, 51; ^.

JfeftSiana, 51 ; ^. indica, 71 ;

^. UnifoUa, 71 ; .^. Monelli

Philipsi, 36, 71
Anchusa, 165, 166; ^. italica, 71
Antirrldnums, 7, 8, 31, 39, 55,

59, 71, 161, 162
Aphides, 24
Arctoiis, 59, 161; A. grandis, 72,

165
Aygemone, 59, 72, 161 ; ^.

grandifloya, 72, 165; ^4, mexi-

cana, 72
Artichoke, Globe, hedges of, 3
Aspentla, 28, 165, 166 ; ^. azurea

setosa, 36, 72
Asters, China, 7, 24, 59, 76, 161,

162, 165
Atriplex hortensis, 84
Autumn sowing, annuals and

biennials for, 28

Balsams, 4, 102, 166. See also
I>upaliens

Baiionia, 28, 72 ; B. aurea, it.,

161, 165

Beans, Scarlet Runner, as
hedges, 49

Begonia, 16

Bellis perennis, 31, 35, 75

Blue flowers, 165

Borage, 75

Borago, 165 ; B. officinalis, 75

Borders, annuals in, 3 ; autumn-
sown annuals for spring bulb
borders, 7

Brachycome, 165 ; B. iberidifolia,

75
Brompton Stocks, 120
BrowaJlia,i66; B.speciosa major,

75
Bulbs, spring, borders for, 7

Cacalia, 28, 59 ; C. coccinia, 76,

162
Calceolaria, 16, 24 ; C. amplexi-

caulis, 139
Calendula, 56, 59, 161 ; C.

officinalis, 76 ; C pluvialis,

93. See also Marigolds
Californian Poppy, 94
Callistephus hortensis, 76. See

also China Asters
Campanula, 166; C. macrostyla,

79, 165 ; C. medium, 79 ; C.

pyraniidalis, 79, 165
Canary Creeper, mentioned, 46,

152
Candj'tuft, 102
Canterbury Bells, 7, 59 ,79, 161,

162, 165

Castor Oil Plant, 4, 140. See
also Ricinus

169

Annuals and Biennials

Celosia, i6i, i66; C.plumosa, 80,

162
Centaurea cyanus, 80 ; C. mos-

chata, 80 ; C. Margarita, 80 ;

C. suaveolens, 80. See also

Cornflower
Chart of colour and height, 161
Cheiranthus Cheiri, 83 ; C.

Allionii, 94
Chenopodhim, 162 ; C. Atriplicis

purpurascens, 84
Chimney Bellflower, 79
China Asters, 7, 24, 59, 76, 161,

162,165. See also Callistephus
Chinese Primulas, 16
Chrysanthemum, 11, 59, 84, 161 ;

C. carinatum, 84 ; C. caW-

natutn Burridgeanum, 84 ; C.

inodorum plenum, 84, 161
Cineraria, 24
Clarkia, 28, 59, 84, 161, 162 ; C.

elegans, 84 ; C. pulchella, 84
Clary, 144. See also Salvia
Chmbing annuals, 45
Cobcea, 166; C. scandens, 46, 87,

165
Cockscomb, the Feathered, 80
Cocoa-nut fibre, advantages of, 1 5
Cold frame, the, 24, 27
Collinsia, 28, 165 ; C. bicolor, 36,

87
Collomia, 162 ; C. coccinia, 87
Colour and height, chart of, 161
Colour schemes with annuals,

40
Convolvulus, 161, 162; Convol-
vulus, Heavenly Blue, 46 ;

C. major, 45, 87, 105 ; C.

minor, 88, 165 ; C. tricolor, 88
Cool places, selections for, 166
Coreopsis, 59, 161 ; C. tinctoria,

88 ; C. atrosanguineum , 88
Cornflower, 11, 28, 59, 80, 161,

165. See also Centaurea
Com Poppy, 132
Cosmos, 59, 88, 161, 165 ; C.

bipinnatus, 88

Cream-cups, 136

Crepis, 28, 88, 162; C. barbata
rubra, 88

Cress, Violet, 105

Crucifers family, 52

Cucurbiia, gi, 161. See aZso
Gourds

Cultivation errors, 1 1

Cut flowers, annuals and bi-
ennials, for use as, 59

Cypress, Summer, 106

Daffodils and annuals, 7
Daisies, Double, 31, 35, 75, 161
Daisy, South African, 36 ; Cape,

39
" Damping-ofi " fungus, 19, 27
Datura, 91, 161 ; D. ceratocaula,

91 ; D. cornucopics, 91 ; D.

meteloides, 91
Delphinium, 28, 91 ; D. Ajacis,

91 ; D. consolida, 91
Dianthus, 92, 162, 166 ; D.

sinensis, 32, 51, 92 ; D.

barbatus, 92
Diascia, 162, 166; D. BarbercB, 92
Didiscus, 165 ; £). cceruleus, 93
Digitalis purpurea, 93
Dimorphotheca, 165 ; i3. ajtraM-

^jaca, 93 ; £>. pluvialis, 93

East Lothian Stocks, 120
Eccremocarpus scaber, 46, 93, 162
Edgings, annuals as, 31
Errors of cultivation, 11
Eryngium, 165 ; E. giganteum, 94
Erysimum, 28, 161 ; E. Peroff-

skianum, 94
Eschscholzia, 28, 35, 59, 161, 162,

165

Euloca, 165 ; E. viscida, 94
Evening Primrose, 55, 128
Everlastings, 140

Feverfew, Golden Feather, 32,
139; the little, 35. See also
Pyrethrum

170

Index

Flax, Scarlet, ii6

Forget-me-not, 124

Foxgloves, 4, 93, 161, 165, 166.

See also Digitalis
Frame, raising annuals in, 8,

French Marigold, 148
Fungus, " damping-off," 19, 27 ;
mallow fungus, 68

Gaillardia, 59, 161, 165 ; G,

picta, 97
Gilia, 28, 165 ; G. tricolor, 97
Glanciitm, 162, 165: G. luteiim, 97
Godetia, 59, 98, 162
Gourds for pergolas, 4, 49, 88 ;

for sunny banks, 165
Grammaiithes, 161, 165, 166 ; G.

gentianoides, 50, 98
Green-fly, 24
Greenhouse, raising annuals in,

8 ; selections for, 166
Gypsophila, 28, 59, 161, 166 ; G.

elegans, 98 ; G. muralis, 98

" Half-hardy " annuals, mean-
ing of term, 8

" Hardy " 'annuals, meaning of
term, 8 ^

Hawkweed, 88. See also Crepis

Hedge-forming annuals, 45

Hedges, Scarlet Runner Beans
as, 49

Helianthus, 59, 161 ; H. Anniiiis,
98

HeUotrope, 12, 55, 59, loi, 165

Hesperis matronalis, loi

Hollyhocks, 7, 67, 161, 162. See
also Althcsa

Honesty. See Lunaria

Hop, 161 ; Japanese, 45, loi

Hamulus japonicus, loi

Iberis, 28, 161, 165, 166; I. coro-
naria, 102 ; /. umbellata, 31,
50, 102

Ice-plant, 32, 51, 123

Iceland Poppy, 131

Impatiens, 4, 102, 161, 162, 166 ;
I. balsamia, 102 ; I. glanduli-
fera, 102; I. Roylei, 102. See
also Balsams

loHOpsidiiim, 161, 166; I. acaule,

51, 105

Ipomcea purpurea, 45, 87, 105,
165 ; I. rubro-cceruha, 46.
See also Convolvulus

JacobcBa, 59, 161 ; /. elegans, 105
Japanese Hop, 45, loi
Jenkins, E. H., contributions by,
8, 115

Kaulfussia, 28, 165, 166; K.

amelloides, 36, 105
Kitchen gardens, annuals in, 3
Knotweed, 139
Kochia trichophila, 106
Koniga maritima, 31, 68

Larkspur, 28, 91, 162, 165. See

also Delphi)uu)n
Lathyrus odoratus, 106
Lavatera, 4, 28, 59, 161, 162 ; L.

trimcstris, 115
LeptosiphoH, 28, 116, 161, 162,

i65 ; L. aureus, 116 ; L. densi-

florus, 116; L. d. albus, n6 ;

L. roseus, 116
Leptosyne, 161 ; L. maritima, n6
Liinnanthes, 28, 161 ; L. Douglasi,

35, Ii6
Linaria, 28, 59, 161, i65; L.

reticulata aurea purpurea, 51 ;

L. alpina, 51 ; L. maroccana,

51, 116
Linum, 162 ; L. grandiflorum

riibrum, 116
Lobelia, 12, 51, 165 ; L. Erinus,

32, 39, 116
Love-in-a-Mist. See Nigella
Love-hes-bleeding, 68
Lunaria, 165, 166 ; L. biennis, 119
Lupin, 59, 119, 165, 166 ; yellow.

171

Annuals and Biennials

55, 119 ; L. Hartwegi, iig, 165 ;
L. hybridus atrococcinius, 119;
L. mutabilis, iig ; L. Cruich-
shanki, 119

Maize, 4, 161. See also Zea
Mallow fungus, 68
Mallow-wort, 120
Malope, 162 ; M.' grandifiora,

120
Manure bed, thickness of, 24
Marigolds, 7, 59 ; dwarf French,

35, 56, 148; African, 56, 148 ;

Orange Pot, 56 ; Pot, 76
Marvel of Peru, 124
Matricaria inodora, 35
Matthiola bicornis, 4, 52, 120 ;

M. annua, 120
Maurandya Barclay ana, 46, 123,

165
Meconopsis, 162, 165 ; M. integri-

folia, 123; M. nepalense, 123;

M. Wallichii, 123
Mentzelia Lindleyi, 72
Meseynhryantheniiini, 161, 162,

166 ; M. crystallinum, 32, 123 ;

M. pomeridianum , 123 ; M.

tricolor, 123
Mexican Poppy, 72
Michauxia, 161 ; M. campanu-

loides, 123
Mignonette, 52, 59, 140, 161, 166;

wide sowings of, 4. See also

Reseda
Mina, 162 ; M. lobata, 45, 124
Mirabilis ,161 ,162; M.jalapa,i24
Morning Glory, 105
Mulleins, 4, 55. See also Ver-

bascum
Myosotis, 124, 165, 166; M. dis-

sitiflora, 127 ; M. sylvatica,

127; M. alpestris, 127; M.

palustris, 127

Nasturtiums, 11, 32, 45, 59, 151,
166 ; for bare spaces, 4. See
also TyopCBolum

Nemesia, 161, 162, 165 ; N. stru-

mosa, 127
Nemophila, 28, 165, 166 ; N .

insignis, 36, 127
Nicoliana, 4, 59, 161, 162, 166;

N. affinis, 55, 127 ; N. syl-

vestris, 128 ; N. tabacum, 128
Nigella, 28, 59, 128, 165 ; N .

damascena, 128
Night-scented Stock, 4, 52, 120

CEnolhera, 161, 162, 166 ; CE.

Lamarckiana, 55, 128 ; CE.

biennis, 128; CE. taraxamfolia,

128. See also Godetia
Omphalodes, 28, 161, 166 ; 0.

linifolia, 131
Onopordon, 161, 165; 0. arabi-

cum, 131 ; O. bracteatum, 131
Opium Poppy, 132
Orange Pot Marigold, 56, 76

Pansies, 56, 59. See also Viola
Papaver, 28, 59, 131, 161, 162,

165, r66 ; P. glaucum, 131 ;

P. nudicaule, 131, 132, 162 ; P.

alpinum, 132; P. Rheas, 132 ;

P. somniferum, 132 ; P. tiWi-

brosum, 135
Paper, brown, for shading, 19
Pentstemon, 7, 8, 59, 166; P.

Hartwegi, 135
Pergolas, gourds for, 4, 49, 88
Petunia, 56, 161, 165; P. hybrida,

135
Phacelia, 28, 59 ; P. campanu-

laria, 36, 51, 135, 165 ; P.

tanacetifolia, 136, 165
Phlox Drummondi, 32, 51, 136,

161, 162, i56; P. coccinia,

136 ; P. grandifiora, 136
Pimpernel, Blue, 71
Pink flowers, 162
Plaiystemon, 28, 161 ; P. cali-

fornicus, 36, 136
Polygonum, 59, 161, 162, 166 ;

P. orientate, 136

172

Index

Poppy, Mexican, 72 ; Horned,

97; Tulip, 131; Iceland, 131 ;

Corn, 132 ; Shirley, 132
Portiilaca, 50, 162, 165, 166; P.

grandiflora, 139
Pot Marigold, 76
Pots, selections for, 166
Pricking off, 20 ; soil for, 23
Primrose, Evening, 55, 128
Primulas, Chinese, 16
Puccinia malvacsarum, 68
Purple flowers, 165
Pyrethrum, 162 ; P. Parlhenium

aitreum, 139
Pythium, 19

Queen Stocks, 120

Raising annuals in greenhouse,
8 ; in frame, 23

Red flowers, 162

Reseda odorata, 140

Rhodanihe, 162, 166; R. maciilata,
140 ; R. Manglesii, 140

Ricinus, 140, 162 ; R. com-
munis, 140 ; R. Gibsoni, 140

Rock garden, annuals in the,
50, 166

Rocket, 52, loi, 161, 165, 166

Rose garden, bare spaces in, 4

Rubbish heaps, gourds as cover-
ing for, 4

Salpiglossis, 59, 162, 165 ; S.

sinuata, 143
Salvia, 162, 165 ; S. patens, 37,

143, 144, 165 ; S. argentea, 143,
161 ; S. Sdarea, 144, 165 ; S.
Horminum, 143, 165

Sand, silver, 16, 20

Sanvitalia, 162, 165, 166 ; S.

prociimbens, 50, 51, 144
Saponai'ia, 28, 162, 166; S. cala-

brica, 36, 51, 144
Saxifraga, 166 ; S. Cymbalaria,

144, 162

Scabwsa, 28, 55, 59, 147, 161,
162, 163 ; S. atro-piirpurea, 147

Schizanllnis, 162, 166 ; S. pin-
natus, 147; S.hybridus grandi-
florus, 147 ; S. relusus, 147 ;
S. Grahami, 147 ; S. Wise-
tonensis, 147

Sea Holly, 94

Scditm, 165 : S. cceruletim, 50

Seed-pans, expensive but en-
during, 15

Seed-trays, 15

Senecio, 105

Shading seeds under glass, 19

Shady places, selections for,
166

Silene, 28, 162, i56 ; S. pendula,
36 ; S. pendula rosea, 147

Silver sand, 16, 20

Snapdragons, 7, 8, 31, 39, 55,
59, 71. See also Antirrhinum

Soap wort, 144. See also Sapo-
^lavia

SoU for seed-sowing under glass,
16

Solanum, 4 ; S. robustum, 148 ;
S. Warscewiczii, 148

Sow, right time to, 12 ; sowing
thinly, 20

Sowing under glass, best recep-
tacles for, 15

Sphenogyne, 162, 165; S. speciosa,
148

Siatice, 165 ; S. sinuata, 148 ;
S. Suworowi, 148

Stock, 7, 52, 59, 120, 161, 162,
165 ; Night-scented, 4, 52, 120

Stonecrop, 50

Sunflower, 98, loi. Se: also
Helianthus

Sunhght under glass, protection
from, 19

Sunny banks or borders, selec-
tions for, 165

Swan River Daisy, 75

Sweet Alyssum, 31, 39

Sweet Peas, 11, 28, 46, 56, 59,
106, 161, 162, 165; hedge of,
3, 45 ; autumn somng, 106 ;

173

Annuals and Biennials

pots under glass, io8; sowing
in pots. III ; in boxes, 112

Sweet Scabious, 147. See also
Scabiosa

Sweet-scented annuals, 52

Sweet Sultan, 28, 55, 59, 80,
i6i, 162, 165. See also Cent-
aur ea

Sweet William, 7, 92, 162. See
also Dianthits

Tageles, 148, 162 ; T. signata
puniila, 35, 151 ; T. lucida, 35,
56, 151 ; T. erecta, 148 ; T.
patula, 151. See also Mari-
golds

Temperature under glass, the
right, 12, 24

" Tender " annuals, meaning of
term, 8

Thinning, 20

Thistle, Silver, 94 ; Giant, 131.
See also Onopordon

Thitubergia, 162, 165, 166; T.
alata, 50, 151

Tiffany, for shading, ig

Tobacco plants, 4, 55

Torenia Fournieri, 151, 166

TraiUng annuals, 50, 51

Tropceolum, 162, 165, 166; T.
majus, 45, 151 ; T, lobbianum,
152 ; T. adnuncum, 152

Tulip Poppy, 131

TuUps and annuals, 7

Venus's Navelwort, 131

Verbascum, 152, 162 ; V. olympi-
cum, 152; V. phlomoides, 55,
152. See also Mulleins

Verbena, 12, 59, 152

Viola, 161, 162, 165 ; V. tricolor,
155. See also Pansies

Wallflowers, 7, 52, 59, 83, 161,

162, 165 ; best varieties, 83
Watering seeds under glass, 19,

24
Ways of using annuals and

biennials, 3
White flowers, 161
Wilks, Rev. W., 132
Woodruff, Blue, 72

Yellow flowers, 161

Zea, 155. See also Maize
Zinnia, 24, 59, 162 ; Z. elegans.

THE END

T/ic text printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

The plates printed 6y Hudson & Krarns, Limited, London, S.E.

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HOUSES AND GARDENS
BY E. L. LUTYENS

Described and criticised by
LAWRENCE WEAVER

Large crown folio (i6 by xi), bound in quarter buckram, gilt,
25/- net; in half morocco, 35/- net; by post, lod. extra

NEARLY 400 PAGES AND 600 SUPERB ILLUSTRATIONS

This book is lavishly illustrated with photographs of about
eighty of Mr. Lutyens' most typical houses and gardens,
many of which have never previously been published.
Interspersed in the text is a large number of plans, and there
is an appendix of 22 pages giving a valuable series of scale
drawings of typical buildings. The subjects are accom-
panied by descriptions and critical appreciations which
incidentally throw considerable light on the general
development of the domestic building of to-day. In all
respects the book is the most important and interesting
monograph on the work of an architect yet published.

The Scotsman says : " Among the English architects whose work
has saved modem domestic architecture from the reproach of merely
handing down the traditions of a lost art, none has done more or better
work than Mr. E. L. Lutyens. . . . Mr. Lawrence Weaver has
written a learned and judicious appreciation of the work of this busy
and indefatigable master-builder, which covers an extraordinarily large
and varied field. . . . Architects and students of architecture will
pronounce it valuable in itself and of good promise for the series in which
it appears."

The Morning Post says ; " The publication of Mr. Weaver's work
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world of architecture."

The Manchester Guardian says ; " It is only when we see a publica-
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building of to-day. Abundantly and splendidly illustrated, this book
shows the work of a great master, whose influence is even greater than
biji most enthusiastic admirers can appreciate."

The Irish Times says : " The book is perfect of its kind. Nothing
but praise is due to the arrangement ; indexing, appendices, and general
appearance of this most attractive volimae."

The Aberdeen Free Press says : " It is a welcome and valuable
addition to the modem literature of architecture."

The " Country Life " Library

GRINLING GIBBONS

& the Woodwork of his Age

(1648-1720)

By H. AVRAY TIPPING, M.A., F.S.A.

250 MAGNIFICENT ILLUSTRATIONS,
INCLUDING MEASURED DRAWINGS

Quarter bound in buckram, gilt, 25/- net ; half-
bound in morocco, 35/- net ; by post, lod. extra.

THE Publishers feel that they could not possibly have
secured a more able pen than that of Mr. H. Avray
Tipping to describe the work of the greatest carver in
wood that the Renaissance produced. The Author's
profound knowledge of the period and his intimate
acquaintance with the art of Gibbons in aU its mani-
festations give an unquestioned authority to a volume
which, for the first time, gathers together a superb body of
illustrations and detailed descriptions of all his best work.
It may indeed be stated with entire confidence that
this volume is a complete and satisfying work of reference
on the subject with which it deals.

" The proprietors of Country Life are rendering admirable service
with their series of Architectural Monographs. In writing a life of
Gibbons, Mr. Avray Tipping had by no means an easy task, but with pains-
taking care he has collected all the available material, skilfully focussed
it, and for the first time we have Gibbons presented in true perspective.
But Mr. Tipping's work is of more than biographical value. Equipped
obviously with wide knowledge of his subject, he has written a compre-
hensive and luminous account of what may be described as the golden
age of wood carving in England." — The Glasgow Herald.

" The book is rich in lessons for architects and amateurs of fine
woodwork." — The Scotsman.

" Ought to find a place in the library of every architect, and, indeed,
of everyone who is interested in decorative arts and the progress of
British craftsmanship." — Aberdeen Free Press.

The " Country Life " Library

WINDSOR CASTLE

AN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

Collected and written by command of Their Majesties QUEEN VICTORIA
KING EDWARD VII and KING GEORGE V.

By SIR WILLIAM H. ST. JOHN HOPE, Litt.D., D.C.L.

Imperial Quarto, in Two Volumes, and a Portfolio. Bound in Half Sheepskin,
£6 6s. net ; Whole Sheepskin, £8 8s. net ; Full Morocco, £10 10s. net.

Windsor Castle stands alone among the buildings of
Great Britain. It is the greatest among our early fortresses
and the most splendid of Royal Palaces. The story of
English Building during eight centuries is very fuUy written
in the stones of Windsor, but not so that everyone may read.
The slow accretions of centuries are not easy to disentangle,
and it needed the skill and \vide archsological experience of
Sir William H. St. John Hope to set out in its true propor-
tions the fascinating story of the growth of this great archi-
tectural organism.

The edition is limited to 1,050 numbered copies, of which
nearly 400 were subscribed prior to publication. It has been
printed from new type on pure rag paper, specially made for
this edition. It is iUustrated by exquisite reproductions in
colour of drawings by Paul Sandby ; by a large number of
coUotype plates reproducing a unique collection of original
drawings, engravings and photographs which show the Castle
at every stage of its development ; as well as by beautiful
woodcuts, prepared expressly by the great engraver Orlando
Jewitt for this History, when it was first projected. Many
of the illustrations are reproduced for the first time, by
special permission of His Majesty the King, from originals
in the Royal Library at Windsor.

The work is issued in two sumptuous volumes, together
with a portfolio containing a notable reproduction of Norden's
View of Windsor and a complete series of plans, specially
printed in fourteen colours, which show the dates of all the
buildings in the Castle and their successive changes.

The Times says : " A piece of historical research and reconstruction
of which all who have been concerned in it may be proud."

The Manchester Guardian says ; " It may at once be safely said that
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so scholarly a manner."

The " Country Life " Library

IN ENGLISH
HOMES

Illustrating the architectural character, decorations and
furniture of some of the most notable Houses of England

Volumes I, II and III

AND

ENGLISH HOMES OF THE
EARLY RENAISSANCE

(ELIZABETHAN AND JACOBEAN HOUSES AND GARDENS)

EDITED BY

H. AVRAY TIPPING, M.A, F.S.A.

£2 2s. net each. By post, £2 3s.

These four notable volumes form together an unequalled
pictorial survey of the domestic architecture of England
of every style and period. They are, moreover, a treasury,
not only of the life stories of the notable men and
women who have lived in our historic homes, but of
those county and village traditions which throw so
much light on the larger issues that have made the
history of the nation.

" A veritable revelation of the wealth of internal adornments,
architectural and other, contained in the great country mansions of
England. To turn over the pages is to obtain keen pleasure, as well
as enlightenment, concerning a treasury of domestic art and archaeology
which to a large extent is kept closed from the common eye." —
Scotsman.

The " Country Life " Library

GARDENS
OLD AND NEW

The Country House and
its Garden Environment

EDITED BY

H. AVRAY TIPPING, MA., F.SA.

The illustrations being from Photographs specially talcen
by CHARLES LATHAM

Crown folio [i^in. by loin.). Handsomely bound in cloth, gilt edges

Volumes I, II and III

£2 2s. net each. By post, £2 3s.

These three volumes illustrate the relationship between
house and garden, and the beauties of every type of
garden, both formal and natural, in a way never before
attempted. They afford a complete survey of the whole
history of garden design and garden architecture, con-
sidered from every point of view, historical, artistic and
horticultural.

" These beautiful books owe their charm to the wonderful collection
of photographs of gardens and garden architecture which such a paper
as Country Life has had a unique opportunity of making. The
principle conveyed in the letterpress is that held by all great gardeners
and architects — -that house and garden are, or should be, intimately
associated, and that the character of the possessors should be reflected
in both. The accounts of lovely garden after lovely garden are most
agreeable reading. There is no country in the world where man-
created sylvan beauty can be found comparable to this in England, and
as albums of charming pictures for the garden lovers and a mine of
eletant suggestion to tlie garden-maker, these volumes are the best thing
of their kind we have ever seen." — Daily Chronicle.

The " Country Life " Library

Uniform with " Small Country Houses of To-day " " Small Country Houses :
Their Repair and Enlargement" and " The House and Its Equipment."

GARDENS for SMALL
COUNTRY HOUSES

By GERTRUDE JEKYLL
AND LAWRENCE WEAVER

Third edition, revised and enlarged, large 4/0, cloth gilt, 15/- net
By post [inland], 15/7; Foreign and Colonial Post, 16/7

300 PAGES, AND OVER 400 ILLUSTRATIONS,
WITH COLOURED FRONTISPIECE

Amongst the vast number of books on all aspects of
gardening this volume takes a new and distinctive place.
It deals with garden design as a whole, with reference both
to the proportions and architectural elements which govern
a successful plan, and to right and artistic planting. The
first seven chapters describe in detail some beautiful gardens
of varying type which illustrate the solving of difierent
problems. Very important are the planting plans by Miss
Jekyll, whose reputation as a deviser of colour schemes is
world-wide. In other chapters the treatment of various
kinds of sites is discussed in detail, with scores of plans and
photographs of examples by well known designers. The
chief architectural features of gardens, such as pergolas,
pools and fountains, walls, steps and paving, garden houses,
seats and sundials, are described with a lavish series of
illustrations. Others deal with cultural problems such as
the planting of retaining walls and the use of climbing plants.
The illustrations are of a beauty and educational value
impossible to over-estimate. No owner of a small country
house who wishes to improve its garden can afford to be
without this notable book.

The Spectator says : " There could be no more helpful book than this
to consult."

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Uniform tDilh " Small Country Houses : Their Repair and Enlargement,"
■' Gardens for Small Country Houses," and " The House and Its Equipment."

SMALL COUNTRY HOUSES
OF TO-DAY

Edited by LAWRENCE WEAVER

Large quarto, cloth, gilt, 15/- net ;
by post (inland) 15 '6. Foreign and Colonial Post, 16/6

224 PAGES, 300 ILLUSTRATIONS

This volume fills a distinctive place, because not only
is the picked work of more than forty of the best architects
of the day shown by plan and photograph, but it is discussed
in detail, frankly yet sympathetically. As the houses illus-
trated, nearly fifty in all, vary from whitewashed week-end
cottages costing less than £s°° to dignified country homes
costing ;£5,ooo, all sorts of internal arrangement and archi-
tectural and garden treatment are brought under review.
To all of moderate means who contemplate building a country
house, this book will be of the utmost value.

Uniform with " Gardens for Small Country Houses," " Small Country Houses
of To-day," and " Small Country Houses : Their Repair and Enlargement."

THE HOUSE AND ITS
EQUIPMENT

Edited by LAWRENCE WEAVER

Large quarto, cloth, gilt, 15/- net;

by post [inland) 15/6. Foreign and Colonial Post, 16/6

212 PAGES, 240 ILLUSTRATIONS

It is impossible that any one writer cap deal with the
many problems that arise out of the artistic and practical
equipment of a house, at least with equal knowledge and
sympathy. The scheme of this volume, with its forty-three
chapters contributed by twenty-three experts of acknowledged
abihty, ensures the throwing of fresh light on scores of ques-
tions that concern the comfort and pleasure of everyone.
To all who own a home, and are not wholly satisfied with it,
and to all who contemplave improving an existing house or
building anew, this volume will be of the utmost value.

The " Country Life " Library

Uniform with " Small Country Houses of To-day," "Gardens for
Small Country Houses" and " The House and Its Equipment "

SMALL COUNTRY HOUSES:

THEIR REPAIR AND ENLARGEMENT
Forty Examples Chosen from Five Centuries

By LAWRENCE WEAVER

Large quaHo, cloth, gilt, 15/- net. By post [inland] 15/6. Foreign
and Colonial post, 16/6. Nearly 250 pages and 300 illustrations

The growing tendency to rescue old buildings from
neglect and the important problems which are raised by
such work prompted the issue of this book. Detailed
descriptions reveal how houses of bygone days have been
re-equipped as modern needs demand, without destroying
the witness they bear to the old traditions of building.
Incidentally, the author has shown in how many cases the
records of modest little houses have been preserved, and
how intimately their local story is woven into the larger
fabric of national history. The book is an invaluable guide
to all who are desirous of repairing an old house, and who
wish to achieve it in the right spirit.

THE "COUNTRY LIFE" BOOK

OF COTTAGES costing from £150 TO £600

By LAWRENCE WEAVER

Large 8vo, cloth, gilt, 5/- net. By post {inland) 5/5. Foreign 6- Colo-
nial post, 6/-. Nearly 250 pages and 300 illustrations and plans

The aim of this phenomenally successful book is to set
out some of the problems and conditions imposed by varying
limits of cost, and to show how modern architects have
succeeded in providing convenient and successful cottages
at reasonable prices. In this book full consideration has
been given to all types of cottages — ^for the rural labourer,
the estate servant, the small-holder, the clerk who lives
outside the town, the " week-ender," and those of limited
means who want a permanent home of refined character
in the country at the smallest possible cost.

It is an indispensable book to aU estate owners ; to
everyone who contemplates building a cottage of any sort,
and to all who are interested in Housing questions.

The " Country Life " Library
OUR COMMON SEA-BIRDS

CORMORANTS, TERNS, GULLS, SKUAS, PETRELS, AND AUKS

By PERCY R. LOWE, B.A., M.B., B.C.

With Chapters by Bentley Beetham, Francis Heatherlev, W. R.
Ogilvie-Grant, Oliver G. Pike, W. P. Pycraft, A. J. Roberts, etc.

Large quarto, cloth, gilt, with over 300 pages and nearly
250 illustrations. 15/- net. Post free (inland) 15/7

Unlike the majority of books dealing with birds, this
volume is of interest to the general reader and to the student
of ornithology alike.

It is a book that enables the reader to identify our Sea-
birds by name, to understand their movements, their habits,
their nests and their eggs.

The Observer says ; — " We marvel at the snapshots that have been
taken of birds. Every movement of their flight is now recorded;
the taking off, the alighting, the swooping, the settling, the ' planing,' the
struggling against the wind. And they are just the birds which the
ordinary man wants to know about, because he has such opportunities of
seeing them for himself on any walk along the cliff."

THE PEREGRINE FALCON

AT THE EYRIE

By FRANCIS HEATHERLEY, F.R.C.S.

Illustrated with wonderful photographs by the Author and C. J. King.
Demy quarto, cloth, gilt, 5/- net; by inland post, 5/6

This fascinating book on the Peregrine Falcon — the
grandest bird of prey left in England — combines the salient
facts of almost innumerable field notes, written at the eyrie
itself. It is a book that should appeal with irresistible
force to all true nature lovers. Many striking and unexpected
facts were revealed to the author as a result of unwearying
patience in a diminutive hut slung from the precipice of a
lonely islet. These records are now set forth in a wonderful
narrative which discloses the life history of the Peregrine
Falcon from the moment of its hatching to the day it finally
leaves the eyrie.

The Times says: — "We commend this faithful and truly scientihc
inquiry to all lovers of animals and to those who are in quest of a real
knowledge of nature."

The " Country Life " Library

Pastime with Good Company

Pictured by G. D. ARMOUR

With an Introduction by Horace G. Hutchinson
Royal quarto, tastefully bound, gilt, 15/- tiet ; by inland post, 15/6

CONTAINING OVER FIFTY CHOICE PLATES,
THOROUGHLY TYPICAL OF MR. ARMOUR'S ART

This volume is sure of a warm welcome from every
Sportsman and Sportswoman of to-day. In the beautiful
picture gallery disclosed through its pages, Mr. Armour
presents a wonderfully representative collection of his art.
Whether it is the field in " full cry," the grouse coming over
the heather, the polo player dashing towards the goal, or
the otter hound surging through the rapids, all are portrayed
with individuality and fidelity, by means which have the
appealing merit of simplicity and directness. The plates
are perfect specimens of pictorial art. Each one deserves,
and, indeed, demands, a frame.

" A book for every sportsman's library." — Liverpool Courier.

The " Country Life " Library of Sport

Edited by HORACE G. HUTCHINSON
12/6 net each volume. By posl, 6d. extra

A Series devoted to Sport and Pastime; each branch bing dealt with by the
mo^t qnalifieii experts on the subjects wliich they liave made pecuUarly their own.

CRICKET

With over 8o Illustrations taken from the most interesting of the old
cricketing prints. One Volume.

FISHING

With Coloured Plates of Salmon and Trout Flies. Over 250 fuU-page
Illustrations and numerous diagrams. In Two Volumes.

BIG GAME SHOOTING

With over 200 Illustrations from photographs showing animals in their
actual habitat and natural environment. In Two Volumes.

POLO, PAST AND PRESENT

The game is traced from its cradle in Persia, many centuries back, up
to the present time. Profusely Illustrated. In One Volume.
Mr. Hutchinson and his colleagues have done their work thoroughly." — The Otobe.

GOLF GREENS AND GREEN KEEPING

By Horace G. Hutchinson. Cheap Edition, 5s. net ; by post, 5s. 4d.
" The practical worth of the volume la nearly equal to the combined worth of all
tlje books that have Li en wiitten on the theoiy an I practice of ffolf." —

YarksMrl Pott.

The ** Country Life " Library

'' Country Life " Library of Garden Books

THE CENTURY BOOK OF GARDENING

Edited by E. T. Cook. A Comprehensive Work for every Lover of

the Garden. 624 pages, with about 600 illustrations, many of them

full-page 4to {i2in. by 8|m.), 21s. net. By post 21s. lod.

" No department of gardening is neglected, and the illustrations ol
famous and beautifui gardens and of the many winsome achievements of the
gardener's art are so numerous and attractive as to make the veriest cockney
yearn to turn gardener. If The Centuky Book op Gakdenino does not
make all who see it covet their neighbours' gardens through sheer despair of
ever making for themaelvea such gardens as are there illustrated, it should,
at any rate, inspire everyone who desires to have a garden with an ambition
to make it as beautiful as he can." — Times.

GARDENING FOR BEGINNERS

{A Handbook to the Garden.) By E. T. Cook. Coloured plates and

over 200 illustrations, plans and diagrams from photographs of

selected specimens of Plants, Flowers^ Trees, Shrubs, Fruits, etc.

Sixth Edition. 12s. 6d. net. By post, 13s.

" One cannot speak in too high praUe of the idea that led Mr. E. T. Cook
to compile this Gardening for Beginners, and of the completeness and
succinctness with wiiich the idea has been carried out. Nothing la omitted.
• . . It is a book that will be welcomed with enthusiasm In the
world of gardeners." — Morning Post.

WALL AND WATER GARDENS

With Chapters on the Rock Garden, the Heath Garden and the Paved

Water Garden. 5th Edition. Revised and Enlarged. By Gertrude

Jekyll. Containing insintciions and hints on the cultivation of

suitable plants on dry walls, rock walls, in streams, marsh pools, lakes,

ponds, tanks and water margins. With 200 illustrations. Large

Bvo, 220 pages. 12s. 6d. net. By post, 12s. iid.

" He who will consent to follow Miss Jekyll aright will find that under
her guidance the old walls, the stone steps, the rockeries, the ponds, or
streamlets of his garden will presently blossom with all kinds of flowers
undreamed of, and become marvels of varied foliage." — Times.

COLOUR SCHEMES FOR THE FLOWER GARDEN

By Gertrude Jekyll. With over 100 illustrations and planting

plans. Third Edition. 12s. 6d. net. By post, 13s.

" Miss Jekyll is one of the most stimulating of those who write about
what may be called the pictorial side of gardening. . , . She has
spent a lifetime in learning how to grow and place flowers so as to make the
most beautiful and satisfying effects, and she has Imparted the fruits of her

experience in these delightful pages." — Daily Mail.

THE FRUIT GARDEN

By George Bun yard and Owen Thomas. 507 pages. Size,

xo\in. by 7\in. 12s. 6d. net. By post, 13s.

" Without any doubt the best book of the sort yet published. There
Is a separate chapter for every kind of fruit, and each chapter is a book in
Itself — there is. In fact, everything that anyone can need or wish for in order
to succeed In fruit growing. The book simply teems with illustrations,
dlagranis. ind outllnaa." — Journai of thg Rami Borticultural Society.

The ** Country Life '' Library

LILIES FOR ENGLISH GARDENS

Written and compiled by Gertrude Jekyll. 8s. 6d. net. By post,
85. iO(i.

" Lilies foe English Gardens is a volume in tiie Coontry Life
Library, and It I3 almost sufflclently iilgh commendation to say that the booii
is worthy of the journal. Miss Jekyll's aim has been to write and compile
a book on Lilies which shall tell amateurs, in the plainest and simplest possible
way, how most easily and successfully to grow the Lily." — Westminster Qazetie.

THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE

By Mrs. K. L. Davidson. Cheap Edition, 55. net. By post, 5s. ^d.
" An inflnity of pleasure can be obtained from the due use of an unheated
house built under proper conditions, and it is the function of Mrs. Davidson's
book to provide hints and directions how to build such a liouse, and how to
cultivate the plants that can be cultivated with advantage without artificial
heat."— Paii Mall Oaiette.

THE ENGLISH VEGETABLE GARDEN

By various experts. Cheap Edition, 5s. net. By post, 5s. 6d.

" The book is of a thoroughly practical nature, and covers the whole
ground from the trenching of the land to the gathering of the produce, and,
aided by suitable Illustrations, the writers have succeeded in furnishing a book
which will be of inestimable advantage to the enterprising private or market
gardener who would make the most of his resources." — Field.

CHILDREN AND GARDENS

By Gertrude Jekyll. A garden book for children, treating not only
of their own little gardens and other outdoor occupations, but also of the
many amusing and interesting things that occur in and about the larger
home garden and near grounds. Thoroughly practical and full of
pictures. 6s. net. By post, 6s. ^d.

" Little bits of botanj', quaint drawings of all kinds of things, pretty
pictures, reminiscences and amusements — wh>, It Is a veritable ' Swiss Family
Robinson ' for the bairns, and we shall be surprised and disappointed if it is
not introduced into many hundreds of homes." — Liverpool Pout.

ROCK AND WATER GARDENS : Their Making and Planting
With Chapters on Wall and Heath Gardens. By F, H. Meyer.
Edited by E. T. Cook. 6s. net. By post, 6s. \d.

" In this book the author has studied every detail of Nature's ways in
order to reproduce in the garden the charms of natural scenery." — Standard.

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS

By E. T. Cook. 12s. 6d. net. By post, 12s. iif^.

" It contains a mass of instruction and illustration not always to be found
altogether when required, and as such it will be very useful as a popular hand-
book for amateurs and others anxious to grow trees and slirubs." — Field.

MY GARDEN

By Eden Phillpotts. 207 pages. 60 full-page illustrations. Cheap
Edition, 6s. net. By post, 6s. sd.

"It is a thoroughly practical book, addressed especially to those who,
like himself, have about an acre of flower garden, and are willing and competent
to help a gardener to make It a'' rich, as harmonious, and as enduring as possible.
His chapters on irises are particularly good." — World.

THE SMALL ROCK GARDEN

By E. H. Jenkins. Large Crown 8vo, over 50 illustrations and
coloured frontispiece. 2s. 6d. net. By post, 2s. lod.

*' Thoroughly practical and flaely illustrated." — Scotsman.

The " Country Life " Library

A GARDEN IN V-ENICE

By F. Eden. An account of the author's beautiful garden on the
Island of the Guidecca at Venice. With 21 collotype and 30 other
illustrations. Parchment, limp. los. 6d. net. By post, los. loi.

" Written with a brightness and an infectious enthusiasm that impart
interest even to technicalities, It is beautifully and rarely pictured, and its
material equipment is such as to delight the lover of beautiful boolcs." — Olasgow
Herald.

SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS

By Alfred Gaut, F.R.H.S. An interesting and instructive booh
dealing with a phase of arboriculture hitherto not touched upon. It is
profusely illustrated, and diagrams are given explaining certain details.
55. net. By post, 5s. ^d.

" Mr. Gaut has accomplished a piece of very solid and extremely useful
worlc, and one that may not be without, considerable Influence upon the future
development of coast-side garden work and agricuUure." — Liverpool Courier.

ROSE GROWING MADE EASY

By E. T. Cook. A simple Rose Guide for amateurs, freely illustrated

with diagrams showing ways of increasing, pruning and protecting

roses. IS. net. Cloth, is. 6d. net. Postage, ^d. extra.

"... Ought to be in the hands of every rose grower." — Aberdeen
Free Press.

THE BOOK OF BRITISH FERNS

By Chas. T. Druery, F.L.S., V.M.H., President of the British

Pieridological Society. 3s. 6d. net. By post, 3s. lod.

" The book is well and lucidly written and arranged ; it is altogether
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