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LIBRARY
NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, N.Y.

This Volume is the Gift of

Library of J. N. Frost, D. V. M.

Cornell University Library
SF
Animal _cas'

TL

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021949650

—

ANIMAL CASTRATION

A Book for the Use of

Students and Practitioners

246 Pages

’ With over 200 Halftone Illustrations from Original Photographs

By GEORGE R. WHITE, M.D., D.V-S.

Graduate Columbian University (Veterinary Department), and University of
Nashville (Medical Department), Teacher Surgical Restraint, Castration
and S paying, Chicago Veterinary College, Cincinnati Veterinary
College and Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Veterinary
Department), Author “Restraint of Domestic
Animals,” Etc.

SECOND REVISED EDITION

CHICAGO,

THE AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY
1920

Copyrighted 1920

by

THE AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

The first edition of this work came from the press during the latter part
of 1914. The entire edition, twenty-five hundred copies, was exhausted
more than a year ago. Thanks are due, and are now extended to the veteri-
nary profession of America and of all other English speaking countries for
the hearty reception accorded it. Apologies are offered for several typo-
graphical errors which appeared in that edition in spite of our best efforts
to avoid them. We console ourselves with the belief that the initial issue
of most other professional publications—some even by experienced authors
—contain their proportion of errors, and that most of our readers were
charitable enough to overlook them.

It will be observed that this second edition contains considerable new mat-
ter and some new and better illustrations, which we trust will improve and
make the text more instructive.

The author, without assistance, financed and published the first edition,
but in the face of present post-world-war, unsettled conditions, he has hesi-
tated, for more than a year, to undertake the publication of a new edition.
However, without solicitation from any source—except, perhaps, from
prospective purchasers—The American Veterinary Publishing Company
generously offered to shoulder full financial responsibility for a second edi-
tion of ‘‘ Animal Castration’’. This offer was made notwithstanding that
the price of every item of expense incident to book publication is greatly
inflated and all out of proportion to prices of normal times. If this publi-
cation is valuable to the profession or to individuals comprising the pro-
fession, credit for its appearance at this time is due the publisher.

G. R. W.

Nashville, Tennessee,

June, 1920.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

To those entrusted with the onerous task of castrating and spaying domes-
especially that printed in

tic animals, the seantness of modern lterature
English and by American authors—dealing with the subject, must have
always proved a matter of considerable embarrassment.

This universally recognized lack of a well illustrated book on the im-
portant subject of unsexing anima's, has induced the author to write and
publish this volume.

It is offered with the desire and hope that it will—in a measure at least—
close this wide gap in our English speaking literature.

Twenty-one years’ actual and active experience in city and rural prac-
tice, as well as several years as a teacher of this particular subject, leads me
to believe that a textbook well illustrated, written by an American, based on
American methods, will be acceptable to the student and practitioner who
really has a desire to become proficient in performing the operations of

>

castration and spaying. The illustrations and text are for the most part
original. The methods described are those employed in actual everyday
practice by the author.

In presenting this volume, the author’s only regret is that during its
preparation he was State Veterinarian of Tennessee, and did not have the
time at his disposal to insure the best authorship. Hence he is constrained
to appeal for lenient Judgment and criticism on the book prepared under
no common stress of duties—administrative, professional, social and
political.

GrorGE R. WHITE.

FOREWORD

INSTRU MENTS

The first essential to the proper performance of the operations of castra-
tion and spaying is instruments of proper design made from material of
unquestioned quality.

Instruments of the same external appearance—which usually means noth-
ing more nor less than finish, and finish in turn merely means polish and
plate—may vary greatly in quality of material and workmanship.

Never purchase cheap instruments at any price, as they are not satisfac-
tory or dependable. The best are none too good, as oftentimes an instru-
ment will make or unmake a man’s reputation as an operator.

If these operations—castration and spaying—are to be done neatly and
with dexterity, antiquated instruments have no place in the operative tech-
nic. Nothing conduces quite so much to awkwardness in operating and an
all around ‘‘bunglesome job’’ as do instruments of improper construction.

There are numerous castrating and spaying instruments offered to the
public, that are bad, and others worse than worthless for the purpose for
which they are intended. The one admonition the author would offer above
all others is to exercise extreme care and good judgment in selecting castrat-
ing and spaying instruments.

Most manufacturers of surgical instruments and their shop mechanics,
have little or no conception cr practical knowledge of the actual require-
ments of the instruments which they make and sell.

Unless the purchaser knows what he wants, he is at the mercy of the ig-
norant manufacturer, and is liable to make mistakes in purchasing which
will cause embarrassment later when actually engaged in operating.

Remember that there are several grades and many designs of castrating
and spaying instruments. Always call for ‘‘A grade,’’ and see to it that
you get exactly what you call for, and select the design best suited for your

?

requirements.

Numerous instruments are illustrated and described in the following
pages. Where only one pattern of an instrument is shown, it means that
in the author’s opinion that particular instrument has advantages over all
others and is the proper one to purchase. Where two or more instruments
of the same character are shown, it means that the author has no prefer-

4 ANIMAL CASTRATION

ence and that both instruments are equally satisfactory; either may be pur-
chased without making a mistake.

Each and every instrument illustrated in this volume possesses merit, and
no mistake will be made in selecting any of them. Our object in thus illus-
trating and describing the instruments is that the novice may have the ad-
vantage of the author’s more than a quarter of a century’s experience in
selecting and using this class of surgical instruments, and with the hope
that the information herein contained may in a measure at least protect
the inexperienced castrator from waking up later to the fact that he is in

possession of a lot of useless ‘‘junk’’ which has been sold to him for cas-
trating and spaying instruments.

METHODS

It will be further observed that only one method of operating is illus-
trated and described; quite a revolution in this class of literature. All
antiquated methods and operative technic have been purposely omitted in
order to avoid confusion and embarrassment. The methods mentioned are
those which most appeal to the author’s faney, and while he considers them
the best, safest, and most satisfactory, he lays no claim to their being the
only good methods, and is perfectly willing to accord to others the privilege
of using other methods if they so desire without quarreling with them,

RESTRAINT

Restraint of domestic animals, in the broadest acceptation of the term,
means much to the average busy, active practitioner of veterinary surgery.

Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one or more means
of defense. These are oftentimes—in individuals of certain temperament—
converted into weapons of offense. The horse will strike, kick and bite;
the ox will gore and kick; the dog and hog will bite. It is these weapons
of offense that we are called upon to control and overcome by restraint.
These animals must be rendered harmless by the means of restraint which
we have at hand. The particular method employed, of course, depends
largely upon the animal and the degree of restraint necessary.

While it is constantly found necessary to employ methods of animal re-
straint, one should always employ them in as humane a manner as possi-
ble. Humanitarian treatment is as essential here as elsewhere in the prac-
tice of veterinary science. We should never take advantage of an animal
when confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain of
any kind,

The surgeon is confronted with problems of restraint or some method of
subjection almost every hour of each day of his professional career,

Not only does the restraint problem confront and concern the surgeon,

FOREWORD a)

but his client and patient are also directly interested to a marked degree,
The surgeon owes it to his client, his patient and himself to become profi-
cient in properly and securely restraining animals for examination and
operation. Without efficient means of restraint the surgeon 1s In constant
danger of great bodily harm; the animal in danger of self-inflicted injuries
as a result of its own efforts at resistance, thereby causing the owner finan-
cial loss, which can and should be avoided by proper methods.

In order to cast and secure an animal properly and successfully, the
operator should possess coolness, good judgment, and plenty of courage
and confidence. He should retain his equilibrium in spite of any untoward
accident or emergency which may chance to take place. Self-confidence
and good judgment are both valuable assets in performing operations of
the character which this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The
surgeon should get control and remain in control from the time the twitch
is placed on the animal—preparatory to applying the hobbles or casting
harness—until the animal is again on its feet. Experience and dexterity
are not to be underrated in the operator who is to undertake the task of se-
curing and properly confining the larger domestic animals. Do not allow
yourself to become excited or unduly alarmed or aggravated should every-
thing not move as smoothly as you expect or desire, for in so doing the
surgeon is not in sufficient possession of his mental faculties to do justice
to himself, his patient or his client.

Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without perfect restraint.
The surgeon’s success depends largely upon the restraint method used. It
is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife any more skillfully than he handles
his restraint technic. Imperfect restraint means imperfect operation.

The particular methods of restraint necessary for each operation and the
details pertaining to same will be specifically described under the proper

headings. G. R. W.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Abdominal Cavity of the Bitch
Abdominal Cavity of the Cat...
Abdominal Incision in Boar Castration
Abdominal Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures in Boar Castration
Abdominal Incision in Dog Castration
Abdominal Incision in Sow Castration Closed by Interrupted Sutures..
Abdominal Incision and Removal of Ovary from Ewe
Abdominal Organs of Dog
Amputation of Ovary of Bitch......
Animal Cast and Secured with Knowles’ Casting Harness Pane
Belly Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures.......
Belly Incision in Sow Spaying
Betz’ Triple Crimp Emasculator
Bitch Spaying, Flank Method
Broad Digoment ot Bitch :
Bull Cast and Tied for Castration...

Calf Cast and Tied for Spaying Operation.
Canine and Feline Emasculator
Caponizing Board

Castrating the Colt
Castration of Boar Completed by Interrupted Sutures.
Castration of Bull in Standing Position...

Castration of the Mule........0.000.000000000--
Clipping Knife, Scoop and Hook for Caponizing....
Closing of Incision in Dog Castration
Colin’s Scalpel for Mare Spaying.......
Conkey’s Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles.
Correct and Incorrect Position of Emasculator on the Spermatic Cord
Cow Tied to Fence for Spaying Operation
Curved (ScissOnss 2a ne eee eee
Cystic Ovaries Removed from Sow..
Dunn's; Meraseurs. 32 eee
Edema of Sheath after Castration....
Emasculator, Betz’ Triple Crimp
Emasculator, Dunn’s..........00....0.........
Emasculator, Imperfectly Made....
Emasculaor, Perfectly Made
rere Proper Position of..

Hiterie the Abdominal Cavity
Excision of Ovaries of Sow, Belly Method...
Excision of Ovaries of Sow, Flank Method....
Exuberant Granulations....
“Farmer” Miles’ Hooked Castrating Knife........
Flank Incision Closed by Three Interrupted Sutures
Flank Incision For Cat Spaying
Generative Organs of Stallion.
Genital Organs of the Bitch..
Genital Organs of Cat
Genitals of the Cow.
Genitals of the Dog.....
Genital Organs of Ewe....

Genital Organs of the Hen
Genital Organs of the Mare.....2..........2:2:2:eceseeseeeeeeee
Genitals of the Sow
Groin Incision in Boar Ca
Hagedorn’s Needle

ration..

“1

ILLUSTRATIONS

Eta © lino cree ne
Hermaphrodite Hors
Hydrocele ...........2....
Hydrocele in Mule...
Hydrocele Removed by
Hydrocele Showing Skin Incisions.... 5
Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures...
Incision in Bitch Spaying
Incision in Calf Spaying, Belly Method
Incision Through Vaginal Roof in Spaying Cow
Inguinal Hernia
Incisions in Ram Castration
Internal Abdominal Ring Closed with Purse-String Suture
Intra-Inguinal Cryptochid
Jamison’s Spaying Knife
Knowles’ Casting Harness.......................
Mare Confined by Hippo Lasso........
Method of Making Incisions in Bull Castration
Miles’ Caponizing Knife and gure aes
Miles’ Colt Hobbles Applied
Miles’ Forceps for Caponizing
Miles’ Palm Needle
Miles’ Ridgling Spreader
Mooy’s Needle
Muscular Fibers of Internal and External “Oblique INS CC Serenata cte se eee veers
Nature’s Method of Controlling Hemorrhage............
Operation for Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia.....................
Operative Technic of Bitch Spaying
Ovary Removed from Calf by Flank Method...
Peritoneal Cavity of Cryptorchid Horse (Colored Plates
Peritoneum Perforator........0.0..020020202.eeee eee
Position for Castrating Stallion in Standing Position
Position of Finger in Guanies and Entering the Inguinal Canal... ,
Position of Right Hand, Knife, Left Hand and Scrotum Prior to Making Incision in
Castrating Stallion TOW CORE) OG NY eos d EXO OO) Maen eccete eee ee ec ee 30
Posterior View of Stallion Undergoing Castration in Standing Position.
Paraphimosis After Castration.. See et erie ee emrbey co £7 Nene uee race setae eas sesscsbe soso
Poulardizing, Process of............
Protection of Wound After Bitch Spaying......
Removal of Ovary from Calf by Belly Method..
Removing the Ovaries from a Mare...
Removing Testicle from Cord in Ridgling Operation.
Removing Testicle of Ridgling Bull with Emasculator............
Reproductive Organs of Bull
Restraint for Bitch Spaying..........
Restraint for Boar Castration
Restraint for Cat Castration..
Restraint for Cat Spaying...........
Restraint for Dog Castration......
Restraint for Fowl Caponizing.
Restraint for Mare Spaying in the Standing
Restraint for Poulardizing

Restraint for Ram Castration............2-.-------.--c-c-ccjcececeeceeseccce ec eecen eee ee tence eect eeeeeeeeceeeeeeeee 116, 117
Restraint for Spaying Sows............-.--- Ze 174, 175, 176, 177
Restraint of Heifer for Flank Operation... c1::::::cseseeee ee 158

Ridgling Bull Confined for Castration...
Ridgling Oneration
Richter’s Needle-Holder
Robinson’s Knife

8 ILLUSTRATIONS

Ruptured Boar....
Schirrous Cord....
Schirrous Cord Removed with Ea
Scrotal Hernia...
Scrotal Incision...
Scrotal Incisions in Boar Castration..
Scrotal Incisions in Dog Castration
Scrotum: and Sheath of Stallion
Scrotum of Boar Ready for Operation...
Severing Qvary from Broad Ligament with Ecraseur..
Severing Ovary in Heifer Spaying
Severing Spermatic Cord with Emasculator in Dog Castration
Severing Spermatic Cord in Ram Castration
Severing Spermatic Cord with Emasculator 0220022. cee eee
Severing Spermatic Cord and Covering With Emasculator in Boar Cas
Skin Incision in Heifer Spaying :
Skunk, Scent-Secreting Apparatus of...
Skunk, Incisions over Site of Anal Glands
Skunk, Posterior Aspect of..
Spaying Chute and Stocks..............
Spaying Emasculator
Spaying Speculum, Williams’ and Paseley’s..
Spermatic Cord and Coverings Severed with Emasculator
Spring Spreaders for Caponizing
Stallion, Cast with Conkey Self-Locking Hobble
Surgeon’s Full Curved Needle......

Suturing Orke2 = se eee
Swine and Sheep Emasculator........
Testicle of Boar
Testicle of Bull.
Testicle of Cat
Testicle of Mule
Testicle of Ram
Testicle of Ridgling Boar.
Testicle of Stallion
Testicle, Spermatic Cord and Internal Abdominal Ring in Boar Castration
Testicles of Fowl and Their Removal 137, 138, 139, “140
Tetanus in Colt 18 Days after Operation ..........2.222.2...ce cece eecec ee cee ccc eee eeeceeeeeneee . 68
Vaginal Incision for Mare Spaying...
Uterine Sound
Vulsellum Forceps..
White’s Ideal Casting Harness........
Williams’ Castrating Knife
Williams’ Rachet Spaying Ecraseur...
Wire Spring Spreader for Caponizing
Wound Closure, Belly Method
Wound Retractor
Wound Suture in Ewe Spaying.

24, 92

TABLE OF CONTENTS

METS EXO We MTH UTS UAL OIN|S emer ae NG Over roe eed eter a ns eves eee oe Dd 6

PART I.
CASTRATION.

CHAPTER I.

GAS TRIAMT ONG: O Kae ENE TVAT TT OIN ee eee oa ee eee a Ns ey eee Sees uae 12
Objects and Indications; Age; Season; Preparations. Gosiceiine in Recumbent
Position—Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Control of Hemorrhage; Operative
Technic; After-care; Prognosis. Castration in Standing Posture—Warning; Prep-
aration of Patient; Advantages; Disadvantages.

CHAPTER II.

CASTRATION OF THE COUT.......0.0.00ccccceee bees thea bln Go io) Aine Shay hibnes SAD SL), RI Ber | hoards 32
“Farmer” Miles’ Method; Instruments; Operative Technic.

CHAPTER III.

(CAS TRAIL OING (OB DVELE pil VIVE: een eee ese ee ee en Teen EEE Me eyed ae ere ee 39
Objects and Indications; Operative Technic; Prognosis, After-care and Treatment.

CHAPTER IV.

CompLicaTIONS EXNCOUNTERED IN CASTRATION........22.2-222::0:0:2:0c2ccecececec eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseeeeeeeeeses 43
Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia; Restraint; Instruments; Operative Technic. Castra-
tion of Cryptorchid—l. Suprascrotal. 2. Intra-abdominal. 3. Intra-inguinal.
4. Anomalous. Knowles’ Casting Harness. Instruments. Operative Technic.
Sequelae: Orchitis; Hermaphrodite.

CHAPTER V.

SHON aH CVI oY CON: CONS MUN OSes er ee er ce OR eR Sos Some Caren 68
Septic Infection; Tetanus; Prolapse of the Omentum; Prolapse of the Intestine;
Injuries Resulting from Castration; Colic; Peritonitis; Azoturia; Post-operative
Hemorrhage; Edema of Sheath; Paraphimosis; Schirrous Cord; Hydrocele!
Exuberant Granulations.

CHAPTER VI.

(© AS re SUTTON ECR ELBE ms [UILG Vato ene ts PN ee eee 85
Instruments; Anatomy; Recumbent Position; Standing Position. Cryptorchid Bull;
Operative Technic.

CHAPTER VII.

(GSU ACE TC NT; {OO SEELEY) Es OVA ea ees Pw ne se oe cen sees 98
Objects and Indications; Age; Preparation; Restraint; Anatomy; Instruments;
Operative Technic; Cryptorchid Boar; Ruptured Boar.

CHAPTER VIII.

(CNGGTOUINT IONS ND UTE OD 11 NIT esate eee eee tener Bee acea cee Pere eae eer ence a eae aeeean epee ieee eee yd 116
Objects and Indications; Restraint; Anatomy; Disinfection ; Operative Technic;

After-care.
CHAPTER IX.

(CUApurUNGnnOaep Opa Guba) 1 DOL esc eee ea Ee 122
Indications; Object; Restraint; Instruments; Preparation; Operative Technic;
Cryptorchid Dog.

10 CONTENTS

CHAPTER X.

CasTRATION OF ‘THE Car 13]

Indications; Restraint; Position; Instruments; After-care.

CHAPTER XI.

(GAP OINTZENGS, eacc sss tes ccs costal are dere crease slp epee or Ne ME DN nee en et RP Oe Ee a RE 133
History; Restraint; Objects; Selection of Breeds; Instruments; Anatomy; Opera-
tive Technic.

PART II.
SPAYING.

CHAPTER I.

SIVA AMR S95 BANU Gece oe corre coe fe Nena Se ea ae AN OD aan SA OEE Pe BREE eS ERRORS ge ee 143
Objects; Indications; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Operative Technic;
Sequelae.

CHAPTER II.

Cow, PLETEER: AND e© ATR SPA VAIN Geese sree ee oes at enna ee ee on ee 153
Indications; Age; Season; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Operative Technic;
Sequelae.

CHAPTER ITI.

IS iW ASTIN Gp ee ceeresse ec ores soe csiee ce Senses ret cen ee aay eee eo ers See eae nce 173
Objects and Indications; Preparation; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Opera-
tive Technic.

CHAPTER IV.
TES Wis 3 DAWN Ge eis ta kode ager srs ods oe We meee Se 1 NRT ee 185
Objects and Indications; Restraint; Anatomy; Operative Technic.
CHAPTER V.

ABUT Tg SPA WWII Gage arene oe nee DCL se ee ee Ac OE ee RET 189
Indications; Preparation; Instruments; Anatomy; Restraint. Sequelae:—1. Shock.
2. Internal Hemorrhage. 3. Peritonitis. 4. Hernia. 5. Anorexia. 6. Eventration.
7. Recurrent Estrum. 8. Adhesions.

CHAPTER VI.

ADS SASS TIN Goes asthe a Seen ee PEO ae eee ec Ee re ee 204
Preparation; Anesthesia; Instruments; Anatomy.
CHAPTER VII.

OUTS RID ZN Gases tea a ee ee ee ee Ce 208

r

Restraint; Selection of Breed; Anatomy; Operative Technic.

CHAPTER VIII.

DEODORIZING “LELE SS KUN ite regener ee
Objects; Preparation; Restraint; Anatomy; Operative Technic.

CHAPTER IX.

PART I.

CASTRATION

Definition—Orchectomy ; excision of one or more testicles. The term
castration is also applied to the removal of ovaries from the female. How-
ever, when the word castration appears in this volume—with the exception
of the title—it has reference to unsexing the male animal.

History—Castration is one of the most ancient of surgical operations
upon animals. It was advocated and practiced as early as seven centuries
before the Christian era. Time has not lessened its application or useful-
ness. In fact, during recent years it has rapidly increased in popularity
until now it is considered one of the most useful and valuable operations
in the whole domain of animal surgery.

It is practiced without hesitancy upon all domestic and wild animals,
und its economic value cannot be overestimated.

The earlier modes of operating were as follows: Martelage, tearing.
scraping, torsion, firing, bistournage, ligation and clamping. These an-
cient methods were extremely painful, and by some considered cruel and
inhumane. They have all been superseded by less painful and more modern
ones, the most recent of which are emasculation, vasectomy, bisection, vaso-
gation and, lastly, vas-occlusion, recently advocated by Dr. Napoleon
Berdozzi, of Italy. While the above have been mentioned simply from an
historic standpoint, one of them, viz., emasculation, stands out prominently

s the best, most widely practiced and most satisfactory method of operat-
ing, and on this account the emaseulation method will be adhered to in all

foe)

instances where it is applicable, in this work.

CHAPTER I.
CASTRATION OF THE STALLION,

Objects and Indications—While the operation is most often practiced
as an economic procedure to increase the animal’s value and usefulness to
mankind, it is nevertheless valuable as a corrector of many acquired vices,
such as masturbation, viciousness, etc. It is also indicated in impotency,
some diseases of the penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and testicle. Its ef-
fect is both mental and physical.

The operation has a decided tendency to render the animal quiet and
docile and to alter the conformation in some material respects, such as
lessening the development of the shoulders, chest, neck and withers. While
on the other hand the development of the hind quarters is stimulated.

Castrated stallions are known as geldings.

Tig. 1—Stallion cast with Conkey self-locking buckle hobbles. Leg P being
drawn from over field of operation by rope R S.

—
Os

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION

Age—Stallions may be safely castrated at any age provided they are
in good physical condition.

Season—Spring and early fall are the seasons of choice, but the opera-
tion may be performed at any time by taking the necessary precautions to
protect the animal from flies, inclement weather, ete.

Fig. 2—Williams’ all-metal, stiff handle castrating knife.

Preparation—The intestinal tract should be practically empty at the
time of castration. This is attained by withholding food for twenty-four
hours before operating. By heeding the abeve admonition the danger
of rupturing internal viscera during the operation and of colic afterward,
will be much lessened.

CASTRATING IN THE RECUMBENT POSTURE

Restraint—When it has been decided to cast the animal, one should,
first of all, carefully survey the surroundings and select the most satisfac-
tory location. Of course circumstances and existing conditions play an

Fig. 38—A _ perfectly made emascu- Fig. 4—An imperfectly made and badly
lator of good design. designed emasculator.

important role in making a selection. When the weather will permit,
there is no place better adapted to the operation than an open field or
lawn. There one has ample room to manipulate the restraint technie with-
out interruption. When the location has been selected, the next problem
is the easting bed. The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green
erass upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure heap or the rotten
straw pile whenever possible. They are both hotbeds of all forms of bac-
terial growth and are directly responsible for many cases of fatal septic
infection. If one is forced to cast an animal indoors, one must make the

14 ANIMAL CASTRATION

best of the misfortune and devise means and methods to best overcome
that handicap. Select the place—be it hallway, stall or operating room—
where the most room is available. Then a proper bed must be prepared
with tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excelsior, sawdust, ete., or
a specially constructed mattress or pad may be used.

Lead the animal to the proper position, put on the twitch, apply the
Conkey self-locking, buckle hobbles and cast it on the left side. (Fig. 1.)

When cast, the off hind leg should be released from the hobble strap
and with an 18-foot rope looped above the fetlock (P) and passed over the
withers (Q) and under the neck, then back above the hock (R) the leg

Fig. 5—A safe and satisfactory “single-crimp” emasculator.

is drawn from over the field of operation. In this position, and thus re-
strained, the largest stallion may be castrated without difficulty.
INSTRUMENTS

1. Anife—A properly constructed knife is the first essential instrument
required in performing this operation. The Williams all-metal stiff-handle
aseptic castrating knife (Fig. 2) is entirely satisfactory for castrating
stallions in the recumbent posture.

2. Emasculator—The only other instrument necessary is an emascu-
lator for crushing the spermatic cord in such a manner as to assist nature
in controlling hemorrhage.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 15

There are many designs of emasculators on the American market; how-
ever, many of them are inferior and unsatisfactory, both in design and
workmanship. In order for an emasculator to perform the task for which
it is intended it must first of all be constructed with straight cutting and

Fig. 6—The Betz triple-crimp emasculator. (Front view.)

straight crimping or crushing edges. (D, C, Fig. 3.) This simply means
that the lower or female jaw must be on a straight line. When thus con-
structed the cord is grasped and crushed before it is severed. Any emascu-
lator made with curved cutting and curved crimping edges (A, B, Fig. 4).

Fig. 7—The Betz triple-crimp emasculator. (Back view.)

which means that the lower or female Jaws are curved, is not dependa-
ble in controlling hemorrhage, hence is unsafe and unsatisfactory. Fig. 5
illustrates a ‘‘single-crimp’’ emasculator of proper design and good con-
struction.

The triple-crimp emasculator is somewhat safer in controlling hemor-

ce

rage than the single-crimp instrument, as the latter crushes the cord in
three directions. The author has used a triple-crimp instrument for sev-

16 ANIMAL CASTRATION

eral years with good results. Many of the triple-crimp emasculators now
on the market are imperfectly constructed and unsatisfactory in that not,
enough space has been left between the male (upper) crushing plate and,
the female (lower) plate—when the instrument is closed—to accommodate
the cord of a large stallion.

Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate the Betz triple-crimp emasculator. This instru-
ment is properly designed and well constructed. Of the several different
makes of triple-crimp instruments now on the American market, the Betz
emasculator is absolutely the only one which the author can conscien-

BEVELED EXTENSION
TO. CRUSHING JAWS

\CmaLegtaoe

Fig. 8—Dunn’s safety emasculator.

tiously indorse and recommend. All the others are defective in some im-
portant particular.

The latest improved and possibly the instrument by which the most
perfect spermatic cord hemostasis is accomplished—regardless of age and
size of the animal—is Dunn’s safety emasculator (Fig. 8).

The advantage which this instrument possesses over all others consists
of a beveled extension to the crushing (female) jaw. By means of this
beveled-extension feature the spermatic cord is drawn into the space be-
tween it and the upper blade and gradually compressed before the crush-
ing and cutting is done.

This simply means that when the instrument is closed on the cord, the
stump of the cord itself is affected by all degrees of crushing, from barely
being touched at the top of the beveled portion of the lower blade to being
completely severed—by crushing and cutting—at the lower part of the
upper blade.

Handled in this manner the stump of the cord is fairly well sealed so
that primary hemorrhage from it will be slight. The Dunn Safety Emas-
culator must be used in order to be properly appreciated.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION IA

Anatomy—A comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the inguinal
and scrotal regions is imperative if a man is ever to be anything like a
thrilling success in performing the various necessary operations that are
to be described later. However, on account of the limited space at my
disposal it will be impossible to go into minute detail here. For complete
and detailed anatomical description the reader is respectfully referred to
Sisson’s, Chaureau’s, McFadyean’s, and Strangeways’ textbooks on veteri-
nary anatomy.

Scrotum—tThis is a sae or bag made up externally of a layer of skin
which has been continued from the sheath, abdomen and flanks. This skin
is smooth, soft and hairless compared with the other portions of: the in-
tegument. The scrotum consists of two parts divided by a longitudinal
raphe (median line). Below the skin is the dartos which forms the scrotal
tunic proper, and consists of thin elastic tissue and muscle. The dartos
is a continuation of the abdominal fascia. Under the dartos is the sper-
matic fascia which is a continuation of the external oblique muscle. This
muscle is attached to the external abdominal ring. Inside is the cremas-
teric fascia, an expansion of the cremaster muscle which passes through
the inguinal canal over the cord and surrounds the testicle. Deeper we
have the funnel-shaped infundibuliform fascia which originates at the in-
ternal abdominal ring. This fascia is simply a sheath over the testicle, the
cord and their tunics.

Inguinal Canal—This canal is situated obliquely between the crural
arch and the internal oblique muscle. The arch forms its posterior, and
the muscle its anterior wall. It is compressed laterally, and through it
pass the spermatic cord and the pudic artery. Its external orifice is termed
the external abdominal ring. This ring is oval in shape and its direction
is backward and upward. The internal abdominal ring is a small aperture
in the abdominal wall and is situated at the uppermost part of the inguinal
canal, which is eight to ten inches above the external abdominal ring. The
contents of the inguinal canal pass through the internal abdominal ring
in making their exit from the abdominal cavity.

Sheath—The sheath is a loose conglomeration of skin extending from the
scrotum forward, and contains the free portion of the penis. The anterior
loose double fold of the sheath is known as the prepuce or foreskin, which
is corrugated to accommodate the penis during erection and protrusion.
Opening into the sheath are ducts from the glandulx odorifers which se-
crete an odorous matter peculiar to the sheath. The sheath is suspended
from the abdominal walls by suspensory ligaments.

Spermatic Cord—The testicle is suspended in the serotum by the sper-
matic cord which migrates through the inguinal canal from the abdominal
cavity to the scrotum. The following structures enter into its formation :

18 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Spermatic veins, spermatic artery, nerves, vas deferens, lymphatics, cre-
master muscle and tunica vaginalis. The vas deferens is situated in the
posterior part of the cord and is enclosed in a special fold detached from
the inner surface of the tunica vaginalis.

Testicle—The testicle is a compound tubular gland, ovoid in form, sus-

Fig. 9---Internal and external generative organs of the stallion. A, Scroiwn; Bb,
skin; C, tunica vaginalis; D, dartos; E, cremaster muscle; F, left vas deferens;
G, bulbous portion of vas deferens; H, vesicula seminalis; I, prostate gland; J,Cow-
per’s gland; K, sheath; L, meatus urinarius; M, retractor muscle of penis; N, ac-
celerator muscle surrounding urethra; O, erector penis muscle; P, glans penis;
Q. corpus cavernosum; R, right internal abdominal ring; S, left internal abdcminal
ring; T, symphysis pubis; U, peritoneal fold through which the spermatic blood--
vessels and nerves pass; V, right vas deferens; W, bladder; X, rectum.

pended by the spermatic cord and occupying space in the serotum, in-
euinal canal or abdominal cavity. When in either the scrotum or the in-
euinal canal it is contained in a sac known as the tunica vaginalis.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 19

The testicles vary much in size in different subjects and are often of
unequal size in the same individual. The epididymis (D, Fig. 10) is an
elongated body extending along the upper border of the testes CAD Eat
consists of a body (D), a head or globus major (B), and a tail or globus
minor (C).

Vas Deferens—The vas deferens is a firm hard tube which, after leaving
the globus minor, ascends the back of the spermatic cord through the ex-

Fig. 10—External view of left testicle and spermatic cord. A, Testes; B, globus.
major; C, globus minor; D, body of epididymis; HB. F. spermatic cord.

ternal abdominal ring, inguinal canal, and internal abdominal ring to the
abdominal cavity, where it enters the pelvis, passing to the antero-lateral
aspect of the bladder, where it is joined by the duct of the vesicula semi-

nales. This union of ducts takes place in the vicinity of the prostate gland.
NATURE’S METHOD OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE

It is well to always bear in mind that nature is a great factor in con-
trolling arterial hemorrhage. To understand exactly what part nature
plays when an artery is severed is knowledge which is never harmful to the
surgeon, to say the least. The following occurs as soon as an artery is
severed: (1) Contraction of the mouth of the vessel (B, Fig. 11); (2) re-
traction of the vessel into its sheath (C, Fig. 11); (3) clot formation (D,
’ Fig. 11); (4) syncope.

The function of the emasculator is to assist nature in preventing pri-
mary or secondary hemorrhage. This is done by crushing the cord which
erimps or closes the spermatic artery, making the field more favorable for
clot formation. Never place an emasculator on a cord in any position ex-
cept at a right angle to the cord (Fig. 12). If the cord is severed at any
other angle (Fig. 13) fatal primary hemorrhage is liable to occur.

20 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Warning—Before beginning to operate always carefully examine the
animal for inguinal and scrotal hernia (rupture), abnormalities in devel-
opment, and diseases of the scrotum, testicle and cord. It is also well to
look out for constitutional diseases which would have a tendency to en-
danger the life of the animal or interfere with convalescence. Never cas-
trate an animal if it is affected with strangles, influenza, pleurisy, pneumo-
nia, bronchitis, catarrhal fever, or purpura hemorrhagica. Be careful in
casting and tying and above all satisfy yourself that the testicles are ac-
tually in the scrotum.

Sterilization of Instruments—If good results are to be attained all in-
struments should be sterilized by boiling for fifteen to twenty minutes;
after boiling, immerse them in a porcelain bowl or granite pan containing

oD

one tablespoonful of either Lysol or Liquor Cresolis Compositus (U. 8. P.)

Fig. 11—Diagrammatic illustration showing three of nature’s methods of con-
trolling arterial hemorrhage. A, Severed artery; B, contraction;
C, retraction; D, clot formation.

to each quart of water. In the absence of the above, carbolic acid in two
per cent solution is permissible. Where there are several animals to be
operated upon it is not practicable nor is it necessary or desirable to boil
the instruments between operations. However, they should be washed and
placed back in the antiseptic solution.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 21

‘ ‘Cleansing Operator’s Hands—The operator’s hands should be thoroughly
_washed with soap and warm water

using a scrub or nail brush—befors

beginning castration, and they should be washed in an antiseptic solution
between operations. The cleaner the operator is in his work the fewer cases
of sepsis he will have to follow.

Operative Technic—After the animal is cast and tied and the instru-
ments and hands of the operator prepared, the field of operation and the
surrcunding parts should be thoroughly washed with Lysol or Liquor
Cresolis (U. 8. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of water. I con.
demn in the strongest and most emphatic terms washing the sheath at
the time of castrating, or undertaking in any manner to cleanse the interi-
or of the sheath. Washing the sheath at or immediately before castration
will not only contaminate the field of operation and thereby increase the
danger of sepsis, but it invariably encourages the early development of
ugeravated cases of edema and often times paraphimosis. The sheath
should be washed several days before operating or it should be let alone
until after the animal has completely recovered.

With the animal, instruments and operator’s hands prepared, the scrotal
incision is made by grasping with the left hand the scrotum above both
testicles, and with two bold strokes of the knife cut through the skin of the
scrotum and testicular coverings without hesitation. Expose both testicles
to view. The larger the incision the better the results. The incisions should
not be less than three and one-half to four inches long and about three-
quarters to one inch on each side of the raphe (median line) and parallel
to it (Fig. 14).

The testicles are now exposed. Grasp one of them with the left hand,
being careful not to touch the cord above where it is to be severed. Place
the emasculator on the cord, being careful to see that the crushing side is
next to the scrotum. Stretch the cord at right angles to the animal by
making from two to three pounds—depending upon the size of the horse—
traction on the testicle, at the same time pushing the emasculator well
against the body and at right angles to the cord, then close the instrument
quickly and firmly until the cord and all its coverings are severed as close
to the scrotum as possible. (Fig. 15.)

Ags soon as the cord is severed, quickly release it and hasten to remove
the opposite testicle. It is a useless waste of time and energy to allow the
cord to remain in the instrument for several minutes, as some operators
advocate. The quicker the cord is released the less the pain and the quicker
the blood will clot about the mouth of the artery. By the time the jaws
of the emasculator have come together the instrument has done all to the
cord that it can possibly do. Why procrastinate in removing it?

22 ANIMAL CASTRATION

By reference to Fig. 16 one may observe the correct position of the
emasculator on the cord; also exactly what structures are severed,

The all too common practice of ‘cord dissection’? is also an wnanecessary
and unealled for waste of the operator’s time and energy, to say nothing

Fig. 12—Correct position of emasculator on the spermatic cord.

of the additional pain inflicted upon the patient as a result of prolonged
surgical interference.

After-Care—A small percentage of stallions after castration will be-
come unusually and uncomfortably restless and suffer what appears to be
excruciating pain. Sometimes this pain is intra-abdominal and sometimes
not. In such cases fluid extract Cannabis Indica should be administered

Fig. 13—Incorrect position of emasculator on the spermatic cord.

in ounce doses at two-hour intervals. The animal should be observed fre-
quently for the appearance of secondary hemorrhage and other sequele
that may arise. The diet should be limited, and plenty of exercise allowed.
It is best for the animal to run at pasture during convalescence. Endeavor
to keep them away from the stable and barnyard manure. If the lips of the
incisions should adhere to the extent of stopping free drainage from the

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION BS

scrotum, the parts should be thoroughly washed and reopened by forcing
one or more clean fingers through the scrotal incisions. In some instances
it becomes necessary to ‘‘open up’? for drainage every two days for six
or seven days. However, so loug as the wounds are draining this is wn-
necessary.

After castration it is not necessary to protect stallions, colts and mules
from flies, as this class of animals prevent fly contamination of the scrotal
wounds by the free and well-directed use of their tails. Even in the midst
of “‘fly time’’ maggots do not develop in their scrotums.

Contrary to the teachings of some, the author’s experience would indi-

Fig. 14—General external view of scrotum and sheath. AA, incisions % inch
on each side of median line, 4 inches long and parallel to the line.

cate that warm showers and even heavy rains on animals after castration
are not harmful and are to be greatly preferred over allowing the animals
to remain in the barn and barnyard in constant danger of wound contami-
nation from manure, dirt, ete.

Treatment of the various sequele of castration will be discussed in sub-
sequent pages.

Prognosis—Under parallel conditions and surroundings there appears

24 ANIMAL CASTRATION

to be very little or no more danger in castrating aged stallions than colts.
However, on the other hand, when we consider that a large pereentage of
stallions are affected with cord, scrotal, testicular and other diseases which
must be taken into consideration in comparing the danger of castrating
stallions with that of colts, we are constrained to state that the danger to
old stallions far exceeds that to younger animals.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION IN STANDING POSTURE

Objects and Indications—See page 12
Age—Any time after the testicle has descended into the scrotum, pref-
erably two years old and up to aged stallions.

Fig. 15—Severing spermatic cord with the emasculator. A, left testicle;
B, right testicle; C, emasculator applied to the spermatic cord.

Season—See page 13.

Restraint—A well-made and properly applied twitch in the hands of a
fearless and physically strong assistant.

Instruments—1, Emasculator. (Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8.) 2. Knife. It is
necessary to have a knife with a sharp point and devoid of ‘‘belly’’ in
order that it may be easily thrust into the testicle. Robinson’s castrating
knife (Fig. 17) and Williams’ castrating knife (modified) (Fig. 18) are

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 25

probably the most satisfactory ones for performing this operation. Robin-
son’s knife is the author’s favorite.

; the extremely sharp point, short cutting surface and roughened handle
of the Robinson knife are its meritorious features. The author’s modifica-
tion of the Williams castrating knife makes .¢ a desirable instrument for
castrating in the standing posture. It will be observed, by comparing this

Fig. 16—Spermatic cord and its coverings severed with the emasculator.
I, Body of epididymis; J, tunica vaginalis; K, incised portion
of tunica vaginalis retracted on cord; L, spermatic cord.

knife with the original Williams’ (Fig. 2), that the “‘belly’’ has been
ground out and the point sharpened in order to facilitate thrusting it into
the testicle.

Anatomy—See page 17.

Warning—Before undertaking to operate take time and precaution to
satisfy yourself on the following points:

26 ANIMAL CASTRATION

1. That the animal is not of a disposition or temperament that wowld

contra-indicate operating in the standing posture.
2. That the testicle is actually in the scrotum.

3. That no hernia is present. (

4. That the animal is not affected with such local diseases of the scro-

tum, testicle or cord as would contra-indieate the operation.

or
OS

me,
2o9

3
>
reLeLenen

Fig. 17—Robinson’s knife.

5. That he is not suffering from any specific constitutional disease
which would cause the operation of castration by any method to hazard
his life.

6. That vou have a dependable

preferably an experienced—assistant
in charge of the twitch, aud be sure the twitch is a good one.
Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—See pages
20, 21.
Preparation of Patient—At first thought it would be considered proper
to disinfect the field of operation by washing with one of the many excel-
lent antiseptic preparations. However, experience and close observation

Fig. 18—Williams’ castratirg knife (modified).

lead me to state that the advisability and practicability of undertaking
the disinfection of the field of operation at this particular junecture—after
the twitch is applied—is, to say the least, debatable. Aseptic or even anti-
septic surgery would suggest it, but the author is willing to chance run-
ning the gauntlet of criticism by going on record as opposing disinfection
of the operative field. His only reason for so doing is simply because of
the faci that if a man is to do a satisfactory and successful operation with
the animal in the standing posture, it is imperative that the operation be-
gin as soon as the twitch is apphed and end at the earliest possible moment,

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 27

othérwise the twitch as an implement of subjection is not a success and,
of course, the violent struggles and efforts to escape on the part of the
animal would make the operation a failure. I realize that in making the
above statement I run counter to some eminent authorities, but since I
have never yet seen a single successful operator on stallions in the stand-
ing posture who procrastinated to the extent of disinfecting the field of
operation immediately prior to operating, IT am ready and willing to suffer

Fig. 19—Side view showing position of patient and operator castrating in
the standing posture.

the consequences. Such procedure is not practicable, neither is it necessary
or even desirable. If the operator’s hands are clean and his instruments
sterile, there is not nearly the danger of septic infection from the un-
washed serotum that there is from a bunglesome and imperfect operation
on account of struggles on the part of the animal occasioned by delay in
beginning and finishing the operation.

Operative Technic—With the twitch applied and the animal forced into
the corner of a box stall or fence, the operator approaches from the left
side—if he be right-handed—at the same time instructing the assistant, who

28 ANIMAL CASTRATION

is holding the twitch, to at all hazards keep the animal forced well back
into the corner. The operator stands slightly out of range of a kick, with
his head and shoulders firmly pressed into the left flank of the animal
(Fig. 19).
With the left hand grasp the scrotum firmly above both testicles, at the
same time do not underestimate the strength of the cremaster muscles.
Expect to keep your scrotal grasp regardless of the maneuvers or antics

‘

Fig. 20—Posterior view of stallion while undergoing castration in standing posture.
A. Scrotum B, knife.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 29

of the animal. Since you have already agreed with your assistants to hold
the scrotum as long as he holds the twitch you are in honor bound to do
So, and by so doing you will come out victorious in nineteen out of twenty
attempts. With the knife in the right hand, select a point well forward
on the scrotum, then quickly jab the knife point into the testes to the depth
of about one inch; now with a quick, bold sweep of the knife backward
make a slash sufficiently large to expose the testicle, or a more explanatory
term would be, ‘‘drop’’ the testicle from the scrotum. Before releasing
your hold on the scrotum, the opposite testicle should in like manner be
dropped from it. The two slashes should be made about one inch to the
right and one inch to the left of the median line and parallel to it. You
now grasp with your left hand either of the testicles and make downward
traction on the spermatic cord, varying from one to five pounds, depending
upon the age and size of the animal. Then with the emasculator—which
is handed to you by a second assistant, or better still, carried in a spe-
cially constructed pocket in your union-alls—sever the spermatic cord as
high in the inguinal canal as possible, after which remove the opposite tes-
ticle in the same manner and release the animal.

If you have been dexterous and have not ‘‘loafed on your job’’ you have
consumed the whole of six to ten seconds’ time. However, if you have
been engaged as long as fifteen or twenty seconds you need have no re-
morse of conscience, as oftentimes it takes—what otherwise would be con-
sidered a fairly good veterinary surgeon—as long as twenty minutes to
finally succeed, after much effort and a great fight, in removing both tes-
ticles from a stallion in the standing posture, and some, even after gradu-
ation and many years’ experience in practice, cannot do it at all.

Prognosis, Care and Treatment—See page 23.

Sequelae—See under proper heading in subsequent pages.

Advantages of Operating in Standing Postwre—(1) Conservation of time
and energy on the part of the operator, as it is possible for an experienced
and dexterous operator to castrate a stallion in the standing position in
six to fifteen seconds’ time, provided the animal behaves well. Whereas in
the recumbent posture it requires from six to fifteen minutes to cast, tie
and castrate. It is much easier on the operator to castrate in the standing
posture, as less work and exertion are required.

(2) Safety and comfort to the patient, since the danger of casting and
tying is obviated and the animal is not exerted or ‘‘heated up’’ to the
extent he would be were he cast, tied and castrated in the recumbent pos-
ture.

(3) By eastrating in the standing posture—provided it is done with
dexterity—the surgeon makes a favorable and lasting impression upon his
client, an impression which will not wear off.

30 ANIMAL CASTRATION

(4) Since the operator is not called upon to handle dirty ropes, ete.,
immediately before operating and the operative field itself is not on or in
close proximity to the manure and dirt—as is the ease in the reeumbent po-
sition—less wound contamination takes place.

Disadvantages—(1) Danger to the operator has been heralded to the
four winds as an argument against castrating stallions in the standing
posture. The author’s twenty-five years’ experience with operating in
both the standing and recumbent postures leads him to believe, in fact
know, that the danger to the operator has been highly colored and much
exaggerated with reference to castrating in the standing posture, unless
the operating surgeon be a novice or an extremely awkward and careless
person. Of course it could not reasonably be expected that everyone can,
even by time and practice, become an adept at such an undertaking. In
order to be a success it is necessary for the operator to possess a level head,
steady nerve, plenty of self-confidence, and more than average courage,
together with a reserve of physical strength and activity. He should re-
tain his equilibrium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which

ig. 21—Side view with animal in standing posture showing positions of
right hand, knife, left hand and scrotum prior to making the incisions. Observe
that the knife is thrust into the testicle well forward on the scrotum. ‘The incision
is made by a single sweep of the knife backward.

CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 31

may chance to occur. Good judgment is never amiss at any stage of the
operation.

The author has never been kicked or injured in any way while castrat-
ing stallions in the standing posture. He cannot say as much regarding his
experience in operating in the recumbent posture, for many is the kick
he has received while applying the hobble straps, and a few while releasing
the animal.

(2) The difficulty of securing the testicles has been urged against the
standing operation. Such embarrassment is never encountered if the tes-
ticle has descended into the scrotum, and the mere fact of the testicle not
being in the scrotum is a contra-indication for operating in the standing
posture. By all means and at all hazards cast this class of animals and
castrate them in the recumbent posture.

(3) Prolapse of the bowel or mesentery from the scrotal incision on
account of previously existing scrotal or inguinal hernia. A careful man-
ual examination of the serotal region prior to operating will obviate such
embarrassment to the operator and danger to the patient. If you decide
to operate in the standing posture make it a routine practice to examine
the scrotum prior to operation.

(4) Impossibility of operating upon many wild and vicious animals.
We must admit that not all animals can be castrated in the standing pos-
ture, and foolish indeed would be the surgeon who would undertake such a
hazardous and impossible task. When you encounter an intractable ani-
mal, have no hesitancy in casting and operating in the recumbent posture.
Do not attempt the dangerous, the impracticable or the impossible. Exer-
cise a little good judgment here as well as elsewhere in the daily affairs of
life.

CHAPTER II.
CASTRATION OF THE COLT

Definition—What is here meant by castration of colts is unsexing male
animals of the equine species less than twenty months of age.

Objects and Indications—Same as for the stallion. (See page 12.)

Age—The testicle does not usually descend into the scrotum to a no-
ticeable degree until the colt is at least eight or ten months old. From the
standpoint of danger the earlier the operation the safer. From the stand-

Fig. 22—Miles’ colt hobbles applied—First position.

point of development and symmetry it is not well to operate too early.
Viewing the preblem from every augle, the preferable age at which to cas-
trate a colt is ten to twelve months. However, it may be done earlier or
later,
Season—Spring and early fall ave the seasons of choice.
Preparation—Same as for the stallion. (See page 13.)

Restraint—Since colts should usually be castrated in the recumbent pos-

CASTRATION OF THE COLT 33

ture—primarily on account of the uncertainty of the descent of the tes-
ticle into the scrotum—it is necessary to cast and tie them. Of all the
casting harness and hobbles used for this class of operation there is no
doubt but that the Miles colt hobbles possess many advantages over all
ethers. Hence the Miles method of casting colts is recommended and will
be deseribed.

‘Farmer’? Miles’ Method of Casting a Colt—Fig. 22 represents the
Miles colt hobbles applied (first position). Miles’ hobbles consist of four
loop hobbles and a main rope. The material used in making the

Fig. 23—Miles’ colt hobbles—Second position.

loops may be either rawhide (plaited), leather, or rope. These
hobbles are each from fifteen to eighteen inches long and are ap-
pled by looping. The main rope is a three-fourths inch cotton rope,
eighteen feet long. Upon one end of the main rope is a two-inch metal
“—D.’’ This main rope is also used as the master hobble. It will be observed
that there is one hobble rope on each hind pastern and two hobble ropes
on the off fore leg—one around the pastern and the other just below the

34 ANIMAL CASTRATION

knee. The main rope is applied around the pastern of the near fore leg
(F). It is now passed across through the hobble ring on the off fore
pastern (K), then backward to the off hind pastern (Li), thence across to
the near hind pastern (M), and back to the hobble ring (N) below the off
knee. The object of this arrangement of the ropes (two hobbles on the off
fore leg’) is so that when traction is made on the free end of the main rope
(O) the off fore foot is raised or lifted off the ground. This in itself
unbalances an animal and puts it at a decided disadvantage, besides by

Fig. 24—Miles’ colt hobbles—Third position.

lifting the off fore foot the animal will go down on the shoulder of that
side and will in all probability receive an easy fall. The animal is cast
as illustrated in Fig. 23 (second position), and secured by taking two or
more half hitches with the main rope around the uppermost hind pastern.
This is done by an assistant. The operator stands opposite the assistant
and behind the animal and is handed the main rope (W) by the assistant,
after it has been fixed about the upper hind pastern. The rope is carried
over the loins and under the colt, thence to the lower hind pastern. Now
by rolling the colt on his back (Fig. 24, third position) and making down-
ward pressure on the off hind foot with the left hand, at the same time

CASTRATION OF THE COLT 35

drawing the rope tight by an upward pull with the right hand, the hocks
are flexed and all four feet brought down close to the abdomen. The rope
is now fixed by two half hitches around the right hind pastern.

The Miles method affords a light, portable, strong, convenient, safe,
and in every respect an efficient and satisfactory means of casting and
securing the colt. The colt is held balanced in the dorsal position by an
assistant on each side, in which position the field of operation is accessible
and extremely convenient, and so long as the colt is balanced on his back
he is absolutely helpless.

Instruments—(1) Emasculator: same as for the stallion (Figs. 5, 6, 7,
and 8). (2) Knife: The knife recommended for colt castration is ‘‘Far-
mer’’ Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25).

Many hooked knives of improper design and inferior construction are
on the market; on this account it is well for the reader to know the exact
essentials of a properly designed hooked knife. The main essential is
that the cutting surface of the blade be at an agle of 45 degrees to the

Fig. 25—‘“Farmer” Miles’ all-metal stiff handle hooked castrating knife.

handle and that the cutting surface be sharp up to the handle. It is
necessary that the blade cut, not tear. With a blade thus constructed
good work can be done. The blades with a decided hook are never satis-
factory. Such knives drag or tear through the tissues instead of cutting.
Avoid them. To the beginner a hooked knife is awkward to handle; how-
ever, after some practice he usually finds it to be an indespensable instru-
ment.

Anatomy—Same as for the stallion. (See pages 17-19.)

Warning—Same as for the stallion. (See pages 25-26.)

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—
Same as for the stallion. (See page 20.)

Operative Technic—With the colt cast and tied and balanced on his
back (dorsal position) by one or more assistants (Fig. 26), the scrotum,
hands of the operator, etc., disinfected, all is ready for the operation.

Proceed as follows: With the left hand (9) grasp the sheath (10)
and with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum, making it
taut. With the knife (15) in the right hand (16) begin the left incision
(11-12) well forward on the scrotum (10) and extending backward

36 ANIMAL CASTRATION

three and one-half to four inches. The right incision (13-14) is made
likewise. These incisions should be parallel to each other, three-fourths
inch on each side of the raphe or median line and parallel to it.

Fig. 26—Castrating the colt. 10, Scrotum; 11, beginning of left scrotal in-
cision; 12, end of left scrotal incision; 13, beginning of right scrotal incision:
14, end of right scrotal incision; 15, knife.

The object of drawing the scrotum upward is to form a cavity between
the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue of the scrotum above and
the scrotal plexus of the veins below. This cavity or space protects the
scrotal plexus of the veins from being nicked by the point of the knife

¢

CASTRATION OF THE COLT 37

while the incisions are being made. Release the hold on the sheath and
grasp each testicle in turn, and with a nick of the knife open the tunica
vaginalis and allow the testicles to escape.

The next step is to grasp the left testicle (18, Fig. 27) with the left

27—Castrating the colt. 18, Testicle; 19, spermatic cord; 20, tunica
vaginalis; 21, scrotum; 22, emasculator.

Fig.

hand (17) and draw the testicle upward—at direct right angles to the
animal—at the same time exerting from one to two pounds traction on
the cord. With the right hand (23) apply the emasculator (22) to the
cord (19) and foree the instrument well down against the scrotum (21)

38 ANIMAL CASTRATION

in such a manner as to sever the spermatic cord and all of its coverings
as close to the skin incision as possible. The right testicle is removed in
like manner and the animal released. By reference to Fig. 16, page 25,
the reader may observe the exact position of the emasculator on the cord
and what structures are severed in operating.
After-Care and Treatment—Same as for the stallion. (See page 22.)
Prognosis—(See page 23.)

CHAPTER IIL.
CASTRATION OF THE MULE

Objects and Indications—Since the mule is a hybrid, hence valueless for
service as a breeding animal, it falls to his lot to undergo the castration
operation without exception. Unless the mule is castrated before the
age of two years—it becomes exceedingly disagreeable and troublesome

Hig. 28—Castrating the mule. N, Scrotum; O P, scrotal incision; Q, knife;
S, raphe or median line.

among other classes of live stock and oftentimes vicious and dangerous
to the owner. Apparently the only object in castrating the mule is to
cause its sexual desire to permanently subside to the extent of making
it a useful farm animal.

Age—Yearlings, never later unless unavoidable.

40 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Season—Preferably spring.

Preparation—Same as for the stallion. (See page 13.)
Iestraint—Same as for the colt. (See page 32.)
Znstruments—Same as for the colt. (See page 35.)
Anatomy—Same as for the stallion. (See page 17.)
Warning—Same as for the stallion. (See page 20.)

Fig. 2—Castrating the mule. U, Testicle; V, spermatic cord; W, tunica
vaginalis; X, scrotum; Z, emasculator.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same
as for stallion. (See pages 20, 21.)

Operative Technic—The operative technic in mule castration resembles
in most respects that of colt castration, as outlined on pages 32-38. The
only material difference being the manner in which the coverings of the
spermatic cord are severed and the extent of their removal.

With the mule cast, tied and balanced on his back—Dorsal position
(Fig. 27)—he is ready for operation. The scrotal region and hands of
the operator are washed with Lysol or liquor Cresolis (U. S. P.), one

CASTRATION OF THE MULE 41

tablespoonful to the quart of water. With the left hand (M) grasp the
sheath (N) and with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum
until it is taut. With a knife (Q) in the right hand (R) make the two
scrotal incisions (O, P) beginning well forward (O) and extending back-
ward (P) three to four inches. These incisions should be three-fourths
inch from and parallel to the raphe or median line (S). Release the hold
on the sheath and grasp each testicle in turn and with a nick of the
knife open the tunica vaginalis and allow the testicles to escape.

Hig. 30—Proper position of the emasculator, D, and relation of testicle, G, sper-
matic cord, F, tunica vaginalis, H, and scrotum, A B, in mule castration.

After the testicles are released from the tunica vaginalis one of them
is grasped with the left hand (T) (Fig. 29) and drawn upward at right
angles to the body of the animal by making from one to two pounds
traction on the cord. With the right hand (Y) apply the emasculator
(Z) to the cord and force the instrument downward against the scrotum
(X) in such a manner as to sever the spermatic cord and all of its cover-
ings as close to the skin incision as possible. See to it that not less than
one inch of the tunica vaginalis is cut off in order to avoid that all too
frequent sequel of mule castration, viz.: hydrocele (‘‘water bag’’ or
‘water seed’’), a condition invariably produced by severing the cord

42 ANIMAL CASTRATION

below—with the mule in the standing posture—the tunica vaginalis.
The opposite testicle is removed in like manner and the animal released.
Figs. 30 and 31 are worthy of careful study by those who contemplate
castrating mules. They graphically and plainly illustrate all the im-
portant essentials in handling the emasculator in such a manner as to
avoid hydrocele formation.

Prognosis, After-Care and Treatment—Same as for the stallion and colts.

(See page 23.)

Fig. 31—Testicle of mule after removal. A, Tunica vaginalis covering spermatic
cord; B B, incised portion of tunica vaginalis deflected on cord. It will be ob-
served that at least one inch of this tunic has been removed. C, Epididymis;
D, Testes.

CHAPTER IV.
COMPLICATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN CASTRATION.

Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia (Rupture).
Definition—Inguinal hernia is a condition in which a loop of the
intestine and sometimes of the mesentery migrates or protrudes through
the internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. (Fig. 32.)
Serotal hernia is a condition in which a loop of the intestine and some-
times of the mesentery migrates or protrudes through the internal abdom-

Fig. 32—Inguinal hernia (rupture). A A, Internal abdominal wall; B, internal
abdominal ring; C, spermatic cord; D D, intestine; E, loop of intestine in the
inguinal canal; F, spermatic cord in the canal; G, scrotum.

44 ANIMAL CASTRATION

inal ring, inguinal canal and the external abdominal ring into the scrotum.
(Fig. 33.)

All serotal hernias were originally inguinal hernias.

Diagnosis—The presence or absence of hernia is determined by carefully
feeling the scrotum and closely s«rutinizing its size and shape. It is

Hig. 38—Scrotal hernia (rupture). A, A, Internal abdominal wall; B, internal
abdominal ring; C, spermatic cord; D D, intestine; E, loop of intestine in the
scrotum; F, spermatic cord in inguinal canal; G, scrotum; H, testicle.

oftentimes—in facet usually—impossible to diagnose inguinal hernia except
on postmortem examination,

Indications for Operation—The mere fact that the presence of hernia has
been determined is sufficient indication for operation, unless there be a
good reason for postponing surgical interference until a later date. In
all instances the operation necessitates sacrifice of the testicle; hence the

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 45

ideal time to operate is at the time of castration. If the surgeon is aware
of the presence of hernia and is prepared for the operation, the reduction
of the hernia by surgical interference is comparatively easy. However,
if the reverse be true—no knowledge of its existence and non-preparedness
—in the classical vernacular of the barnyard he is up against the real
thing, a situation most of us have been caught in to our chagrin and
SOLrrow.

So long as hernia does not interfere with the health and usefulness of
a stallion in service it may not be advisable to operate.

The ideal age to operate is eight to twelve months. Oftentimes scrotal

Fig. 34—Richter’s needle-holder.

hernias in ‘‘sucklings’’ disappear spontaneously before the animal is a
year old.

Restraint—The animal should be cast and tied, and placed in the dorsal
position. For colts the ordinary ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles’ method of casting
(Figs. 22, 23 and 24,) is ideal. For older animals more secure restraint
is necessary, such as is secured with the Knowles Casting [Harness,
described and illustrated on page 51.

Instruments—(1) Emasculator, Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8. (2) Miles’ hooked
knife, Fig. 25. (3) Curved probe pointed bistoury. (4) Medium size curved
needle. (5) Chromicized catgut (fourteen day) largest size. (6) Needle-
holder (Richter’s), Fig. 34. (7) Small trocar and canula. (8) Curved
scissors (six-inch), Fig. 35. (9) Hemostatic forceps.

Preparation—Empty the intestinal tract by withholding food for
twenty-four to thirty hours. If constipated, oil in sufficient amount to
purge several days before operating.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing of Operator’s Hands—See
pages 20, 21. « O)

Operative Technic—Cleanse and disinfect the field of operation by

46 ANIMAL CASTRATION

washing with Lysol or Cresol Compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to
each quart of water. With Miles’ hooked knife cautiously make an in-
cision in the scrotum, being careful not to open the tunica vaginalis. The
scrotal incision should begin well forward and extend backward for five to
six inches parallel to the median line and one to one and a half inches
from it. © jag]

The sae (tunica vaginalis) containing the testicle should then be isolated
or detached by blunt dissection and tearing up the inguinal canal to within
about two inches of the internal abdominal ring.

Before proceeding further all blood-vessels of sufficient size should be
heated. The sae (tunica vaginalis) should then be opened and the testicle
taken hold of and held with one hand while the loop of intestine (J) is
eradually replaced through the internal inguinal ring (P) (See Fig. 36)
into the abdominal cavity. The testicle itself is now removed with the

Fig. 35—Curved scissors (6-inch).

emasculator in the usual way. The stump of the spermatic cord (K) is
placed within the abdominal cavity and the tunica vaginalis (Li) ligated
with chromicized catgut (fourteen-day) largest size (M) as close to the
internal abdominal. ring as possible. The loose portion of the tunica
vaginalis is then removed by severing below the ligature. Sometimes it
becomes necessary to enlarge the internal abdominal ring before the hernia
can be reduced. This can be done readily with a probe pointed bistoury
passed up the inguinal canal. If a loop of bowel happens to be distended
by gas it should be punctured with a small trocar and canula.

The scrotum may be packed with sterile gauze if considered advisable.
However, scrotum packing is not usually necessary.

After-Care and Treatment—Same as for the stallion. (See page 22.)

CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID (RIDGLING )

Definition—A eryptorchid is an animal in which the testicles have failed

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 47

to descend into the scrotum. When both testicles are retained in the
abdominal cavity the animal is usually spoken of as a “‘double cryp-
torchid.’’

A monorchid is an animal which hag only one testicle. Animals in
which only one testicle has failed to descend into the scrotum are frequently
spoken of as monorchids. However true monorchids (Except as a result of
the removal of one testicle) are rare.

Classification—Since the degree of descent of the testicle varies in

Fig. 36—Diagrammatic sketch of operation for inguinal and scrotal hernia (rup-
ture). I, Internal abdominal wall; J, loop of intestine replaced in the abdominal
cavity; K, stump of spermatic cord from which the testicle has been removed;
L, tunica vaginalis in close proximity to the internal abdominal ring; M, ligature;
N, inguinal canal; P, internal abdominal ring.

different animals it becomes necessary to classify ridglings into at least
three groups or classes. They were formerly classified by ‘‘Farmer’’
Miles as: 6 !

No. 1. Testicles not in the scrotum but in the inguinal canal. Such
testicles can be felt on deep pressure. (‘‘Low flanker.’’)

No. 2. Testicles high up in the inguinal canal—too high to be felt even
upon deep pressure. (‘‘High flanker.’’)

No. 3. Testicles inside the abdominal cavity,

48 ANIMAL CASTRATION

No. 4. Testicles inside the abdominal cavity with part of the spermatic
cord and sometimes the epididymis protruded through the internal
abdominal ring into the inguinal canal.

No. 5 Pathological (diseased) testicles.

While the above classification by Miles is not what may be termed
anatomically and surgically scientific, it was nevertheless valuable in
arriving at the exact status of a ridgling case. While acknowledging the
value of the work done by my first teacher— ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles—and the
usefulness of his classification of rideling horses into Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,
nevertheless such classification was crude, and in this day of progress
and development would not pass muster from a scientific viewpoint. The
anatomical classification possesses many advantages and will be adhered
to in handling the subject.

Miles’ No. 1 cannot properly be classed as a eryptorchid in any respect.

(a) Suprascrotal ridgling is a condition in which the testicle with the
spermatic cord is in the inguinal canal, but too high to be felt even on
deep pressure. (‘‘High flanker.’’) This is the class oftenest encountered
in young animals and corresponds with Miles’ No. 2. The testicle is
usually firm and fairly well developed and always enclosed in the tunica
vaginalis.

(b) Intra-abdominal ridgling is a condition in which the testicles are
located inside the abdominal cavity. This is a genuine eryptorchid in fact
as well as in name, In such cases the testicles are usually soft and flabby
and not of the characteristic shape met with in stallions. This variety
corresponds to Miles’ No. 3.

(ce) Intra-inguinal ridgling is a condition in which the testes is inside
the abdominal cavity with a portion of the spermatic cord and sometimes
the epididymis high up in the inguinal canal. (Fig. 50). This corresponds
with Miles’ No. 4. Such cases are usually very confusing to the operator;
especially if the operator be a novice.

(d) Anomalous ridgling is a condition wherein abnormally developed or
diseased testicles are encountered, viz.: hypertrophy, eysts—ineluding der-
moid and dentigerous—solid fleshy tumors (sarocele), atrophy and adhe-
sions of the testicle to the parietal peritoneum, ete. Some of the above
enumerated anomalies and curiosities encountered in cyptorchid castra-
tion complicate the operative technic and have a tendency to cause the
operator no little anxiety, annoyance and oftentimes embarrassment. If
further information is desired on cases of this character the author takes
pleasure in referring the reader to Frederick Hobday, F. R. C. V.8., Lon-
don, England, as being the world’s best authority.

Objects and Indications—All ridelings should be castrated for the

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 49

, principal reason that they are sterile as breeding animals and a public
and private nuisance among other classes of live stock. Some of them
become vicious, in which event they are dangerous both to the owner and
to other animals. The fact that the testicle is inside the abdominal cavity,
is small, undeveloped and sterile, does not reduce the sexual desire of its
possessor in the least. On the other hand, it appears at times that the
sexual desire is abnormal. A horse with an undescended testicle is as
undesirable as a mare affected with nymphomania. They are useless as
service or breeding animals. There is no reason why they should not be
castrated and every reason why they should be.

Diagnosis—If possible, secure an accurate history of the subject, as this
is a necessary adjunct to operating satisfactorily and successfully. Ascer-
tain the following:

1. If any previous unsuccessful attempt has been made to operate.

2. If either testicle has been successfully removed. If so, on which
side was it located and how long since removal?

The information obtained is not always trustworthy, so the operator
is not justified in proceeding with the operation until as an additional pre-
caution he has personally examined the animal carefully.

1. Search the scrotum carefully for the cicatrix (scar) of any former
attempted operation. If the operation was performed by either the
ecraseur or emasculator—some time previously—no distinct sear may be
present.

2. Examine the inguinal canal for the stump of the cord. If the
previous operation was performed at an early age the stump of the cord
may be atrophied to such an extent that its presence in the canal cannot
be determined.

If after questioning the owner or attendant and examining the patient
you are still in doubt as to which testicle is undescended, the proper
method of procedure would be to invade the left, as four-fifths of all
undescended testicles are on the left side. If you should make a mistake
and invade the wrong side, proceed at once to turn the patient over and
operate on the other side. The diagnostic value of rectal exploration at
any time is doubtful. Such examination immediately before operating is
bad practice and not justified.

Age—Ordinarily the question of age is not one left to the choice of the
operator. He is forced to take them at any age he finds them. It is not
well to operate upon a ridgling until he is at least two years old. The
ideal age is three years, as at that age the animal is larger and better
developed, which, of course, means that there is much more room in the
inguinal canal and groin in which to work. Besides, at three years old
the abdominal wall is thicker and stronger and there is less liability of

50 ANIMAL CASTRATION

rupturing the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles with the
hand. Ridglings at any age above three years are acceptable for operation.

Season—Preferably spring and early fall.

Preparation—The main object to be attained in preparing the patient
is to have an unirritated and empty alimentary (intestinal) tract at the
time of the operation. This is usually accomplished by withholding food
for thirty hours before castration. No purgative should be allowed
as an empty bowel irritated by purgative medication is a predisposing
cause of dangerous sequelae such as colie, peritonitis, volvulus, ete. An

Fig. 37—Knowles’ casting harness applied.

empty alimentary tract is desirable on account of affording less intra-
abdominal pressure and lessening the possibility of bowel protrusion
through the inguinal canal.

Restraint—There are many kinds and styles of restraint harness and
ropes with which a ridgling horse may be satisfactorily cast and tied.
The main point to be constantly borne in mind is that first of all the
restraint must be safe and secure. The animal must be tied in such a
manner that the latitude for movement is minimized as much as possible.
The position must also be considered. One of the simplest and most satis-
factory casting harness for the castration of ridglings is that of Knowles.
The Knowles harness has been used for several years by the author with
satisfactory results.

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 51

a : : : : :

The casting and securing harness illustrated in Fig. 37 was designed

r H C1 Tles ia ¢ 1 _ 1
by W. F’. Knowles. It is made in both large and small sizes. The large
size fits horses weighing 900 pounds or more, and the small size fits those
of from 400 to 900 pounds.

This apparatus is light, compact, and convenient to carry. When
properly used it affords. ample restraint for all ordinary purposes. It
consists of a flat webbing collar, two main ropes and two hobbles. The
collar (B) is in two sections; each section is connected on each side of
the horse by heavy double rings, one of which is of special design to afford
easy passage of the two main ropes (D, G). The ropes (D, G) are each
five-eighths inch in diameter and thirty feet long. One end is securely
fastened into the inner ring of the webbing breast collar. Around each

Fig. 38—Animal cast and secured with Knowles’ harness.

pastern (HK, H) is placed a webbing hobble. Jn each end of this webbing
hobble is fixed a specially constructed metal, rounded ‘‘D’’ through which
the ropes pass.

To apply this harness the breast collar is placed over the head and
adjusted to the shoulders. One section fits over the withers and the
other section is dropped down below the point of the shoulders (K). The
free end of the ropes (D, G) pass downward to and through each ‘‘D”’ of
the webbing hobble, then upward to and through ‘‘D’’ of the breast
collar. If it is desired to cast the horse on the off side, the off fore foot
must be raised and secured by some form of knee strap. The free end
of the main rope on the near side should be carried backward over the
back and held by two assistants. The free end of the main rope (I) on

a2 ANIMAL CASTRATION

the off side should be carried forward, well in front of the animal, and
held by two assistants. To cast the animal, traction is made on each rope,
and at the same time the animal is forced backward a step by the assistant
in charge of the head. The head is pulled to the right and the animal is
cast on the near side.

In order to securely tie the animal after he is cast (Fig. 38) the main
ropes (N, N) are fastened around the pasterns by two half hitches, and
are then passed behind the hocks (P, P) in a figure-8 fashion a couple of
times, after which they are secured about the pasterns (O, O) by half
hitches. The opposite side is secured likewise after the animal is turned
over. See to it that the hocks are completely flexed and that the feet are

Fig. 39—Miles’ ridgling spreaders.

not extended too far forward. After the hind legs are secured apply a
knee strap (M) to the off fore leg. The Miles spreaders (Fig. 39) are then
applied, after which the animal is secured for operation. The author’s
ideal, casting harness illustrated on page 218, has been found to be entirely
satisfactory for restraining ridgling horses for operation. With| this
harness the animal is cast and tied by the same methods as those described
as being used with the Knowles harness.

While I do not dispute the possibility of castrating a ridgling horse on
the operating table, nevertheless its practicability is seriously doubted.

Position—Lateral recumbent position with the side of the undescended
testicle uppermost. Hocks completely flexed. Hind feet not too far for-
ward and the thigh completely abducted.

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 53

Instruments and Equipment—(1) Miles’ all-metal hooked castrating
knife (Fig. 25). (2) Peritoneum perforater (Fie. 40).

The peritoneum perforator here referred to is a piece of nickel-plated
steel wire sixteen inches long, with a handle on one end and a right angle
hook on the other. This hook is one inch in leneth and its perforating

Fig. 40—Peritoneum perforator.

surface is slightly dulled. The function of this instrument—as its name
indicates—is to make the opening through. the thin abdominal wall.

(3) Eeraseur. The most satisfactory ecraseur yet offered to the veterin-
ary profession in this country is shown in Fig. 41. This instrument is
strong, well constructed and its design ideal. The advantages of this
instrument over others consist of an arrangement by which, with the
thumb and finger of one hand (the other hand left free), the ecraseur
can be held, and the slack of the chain taken up at once without drawing
out the screw or lengthening the instrument.

The thumb-piece, on the end of which the female thread is cut, works
automatically, engaging the screw at all times until released by the

ee NT
ELA HPESRVILEI GEG FIOEREAUERS ELSA ASLAN BY

Fig. 41—Dunn’s ecraseur.

pressure of the thumb; this insures perfect safety, as the chain cannot slip
due to imperfect or careless adjustment, which cften oceurs with other
ecraseurs. It is also easy to clean and sterilize, as it can be taken apart
without the aid of a screwdriver in a few seconds’ time, by a half turn
of the collar near the handle. It is made with or without the improved
head. The one with the improved head is much to be preferred.

(4) Surgeon’s needle threaded for suturing the scrotum after packing.

(5) Sterile gauze to use in packing the scrotum.

54 ANIMAL CASTRATION

(6) Van Horn’s or Abbott’s Surgical Jelly for lubricating the parts.

(7) Antiseptic solution in plentiful amount. As a precaution against
some untoward accident or emergency it is well to fortify yourself by
having in reserve the following: (1) Vulsellum forceps (Fig. 55); (2)
hemostatic forceps; (3) extra ecraseur; (4+) needles containing lgatures
and sutures; (5) trocar and canula (ordinary horse size).

Anatomy

Same as for stallion castration. (See page 17.)

Fig. 42—Making the scrotal incision. T, Miles’ hooked knife; U, scrotal
incision; V, point of sheath.

Warning—Before beginning to operate, diagnose the case if possible.
Examine the inguinal and scrotal regions for hernia (rupture), abnormali-
ties in development, diseases of the scrotum, ete. Look out for constitu-
tional diseases which would have a tendency to endanger the life of the
animal or interfere with convalescence. These diseases are strangles,
influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrhal fever, purpura
hemorrhagica, ete.

Don’t thrust your whole hand through the abdominal wall, your index
and second finger will do enough damage to the wall and besides these are
ample inside the abdomen.

ATE I Copyright 1920
pone American Veterinary Pub. Co.

Cross Section of the Pelvic and Extreme Posterior Portion of the Peritoneal Cavity
of a Cryptorchid Horse. Structures Shown have been Embalmed in Situ.

1. Testicle. 2. Tail of epididymis. 38. Fat tissue at posterior end of testicle. 4. Gubernaculum
testis. 5. Mesorchium. 6. Urinary bladder. 7. Rectum. 8. Small colon, 9. Mesorectum. 10.
Vaginal ring. 11. Plica ductus deferens Plica ductus vasculosa. 18. Internal spermatic
artery and vein. 14. Aorta. 15. Vena

PLATE II Copyright 1920

American Veterinary Pub. Ce.

Front-side View of the Pelvic and Extreme Posterior Portion of the Peritoneal
Cavity of a Cryptorchid Horse. Structures Shown have been Embalmed in Situ.

1. Testicle. 2. Tail of epididymis (body and head not in view). 3. Fat tissue at posterior end
of testicle. 4. Gubernaculum testis. 5. Mesorchium. 6. Small colon. 7. Mesorectum. 8. Site of
dorsal part of inguinal canal with peritoneum and subperitoneal basin. 9. Inguinal (Poupart’s)
ligament. 10. Internal oblique muscle. 11. Small, undeveloped external cremaster muscle. 12,
Inter— = = eee ncn iremeenrnmrenensli | WaT) din CclVyidls

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION YS)

Don’t explore the whole abdominal cavity in an effort to locate the
testicle. You wouldn’t recognize it if you found it. Better feel for the
spermatic cord—something you can reecgnize if you feel it

which is
within two inches of the abdominal incision, provided you puncture the
abdominal wall at the right place. Let the testicle take care of itself until
later,

Take your time and do the operation well at all hazards.

Be careful in casting and tying, and above all else don’t get excited.
Remember that it is not you, or even your horse, that is being operated

Fig. 43—Serctal incisions.

upon. If you should happen to make a failure, remember that you are
not the only one to whom such a misfortune has befallen.

Sterilization of Instruments—Same as for castration of the stallion.
(See pages 20, 21.)

Cleansing and Disinfecting the Field of Operation—Of all the opera-
tions in the domain of veterinary surgery where cleanliness stands out
prominently as being pre-eminently important it is in ridgling castration.
With tincture of green soap, warm water and a scrub brush thoroughly
serub the inguinal and scrotal regions, also the inner aspect of the thighs.
After washing, sponge the parts with absolute alcohol. Then paint the

56 ANIMAL CASTRATION

scrotum with tincture of iodin and allow it time to dry before making the
incisions.

Operative Technic for Castrating the Intra-Abdominal Ridgling
(Miles’ No. 3).

(a) Serota! Incision—With a rubber glove on the left hand (R) and
Miles’ hooked castrating knife (T) in the right hand (S), the point of the
sheath (V) is grasped with the left (R) and traction made upward and
forward. (Hig. 42.) Beginning well forward on the scrotum the knife
is drawn backward, making an incision (U) through the skin, sub-
cutaneous connective tissue and dartos only. This incision (U) should be
five inches long, parallel to and one iich to the side of the raphe or

median line. (Figs. 42 and 43.) When the incision or incisions are

ae

Fig. 44—Position of the fingers in opening and entering the inguinal canal.

completed remove the rubber glove from the previously washed left hand
and, if necessary, rewash both hands before proceeding further.

(b) Opening and Entering the Inguinal Canal—With the four fingers
of each hand, placed back to back, separate, by tearing, the tissues down
to the external abdominal ring, which is the entrance to the inguinal
canal. The next step is to lubricate with Surgical Jelly the scrotal
wound and the operating hand. Then proceed, by fixing the fingers in the
shape of a cone (Fig. 44) and using a limited amount of force, open and
enter the inguinal canal until the internal abdominal ring is reached.
Remember the direction of the canal is upward and backward. The in-
ternal ring is the landmark for the site of entering the abdominal cavity.
You may expect to find the ring at a distance of six to ten inches above
the serotal incision, depending, of course, on the size of the animal.

(c) Entering Abdominal Cavity from Inguinal Canal—With the

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION D7

maternal abdominal ring as a guide, select a site one inch above and one
mech in front of it, and proceed with a peritoneum perforator to rupture
the thin abdominal wall, which at this point consists only of the trans-
versalis fascia and peritoneum, as you are now above the upper border of
the internal oblique muscle. This affords access to the abdominal cavity.
The perforation should not exceed one inch in length.
(d) Locating the Spermatic Cord—With the index and second finger

Fig. 45—Entering the abdominal cavity by perforating the thin abdominal wall.
A, Right hand in the inguinal canal; B, peritoneum perforator in action; C,
incision; D, left hand manipulating perforator.

enlarge, by stretching, the abdominal perforation sufficiently to admit
both fingers (Fig. 46). The cord (C) is almost invariably located within
two inches of the abdominal perforation (F'). To find the cord, pass the
second finger downward against the internal abdominal wall (G) and the
index finger directly forward, shghtly upward toward the center of the
abdominal cavity. By bringing these two fingers together (Fig. 47) the

On

O ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 46—A diagrammatic illustration showing important facts relative to ridgling
castration. This and the next cut illustrate far better than words could describe
some of the covered steps of the operation. A, Rectum; B, cord of right de-
scended testicle; C, cord of left undescended testicle; D, right internal abdominal
ring; EK, left internal abdominal ring; F, incision through the abdominal wall 1
inch above and 1 inch in front of the internal abdominal ring. Observe the
index and the second finger protruding through incision searching for the sper-
matic cord. G, G, internal abdominal walls; H, undescended testicle floating
loose in abdominal cavity attached to end of the spermatic cord.

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION a9

ae (C) is caught between them. To distinguish the cord from the
other abdominal viscera it is rubbed between the fingers and the vas def-
erens—a hard, wire-like cord—is plainly felt. No other vessel in the

Fig. 47—A, Rectum; B, cord of right descended testicle; C, cord of left un-
descended testicle; D, right internal abdominal ring; E, left internal abdominal
ring; F, abdominal perforation through which is protruded the index and the
second finger of the operating hand grasping the cord (C) of the undescended
testicle; G, G, internal abdominal wall; H, undescended (left) testicle.

abdominal cavity has this wire-cord-like feel, hence felt between the
fingers it is positively identified.
(e) Removing Testicle From the Abdominal Cavity—With the cord

60 ANIMAL CASTRATION

(C) between the two fingers, moderate traction is made and the unattached
end of the cord containing the testicle will follow through the abdominal
perforation (F) into the inguinal canal and out through the scrotal
ineision,

Removing Testicle From Cord—Gvasp the testicle with the left hand,
and with the right hand apply the chain of the ecraseur to the cord. With

Fig. 48—Removing the testicle from cord. E, Testicle; F, ecraseur.

two pounds of traction on the cord force the ecraseur chain well up in the
scrotum, at right angles to the cord; take up the slack of the chain and
proceed to sever the cord.

(f) Final Step—Wash the scrotum and surrounding parts with anti-
septic solution, being careful to remove all blood clots, ete., after which
pack the scrotum only, using one yard of sterile eauze, and suture the

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 61

skin incision securely with strong uninterrupted sutures. Packing the
“scrotum can do no harm, and there is a possibility, in faet a probability,
Not its saving the life of a patient. Especially is this true should colicky
“pains ensue within twelve hours after operating, in which event the rolling
and tumbling of the animal would have a tendency to cause bowel pro-
‘trusion. As a precautionary measure I cannot too strongly recommend
packing the scrotum before the animal is allowed to rise to his feet.
If only one testicle is undescended remove the other as in ordinary
castration and the operation is complete. If the animal is a double eryp-
torehid, turn it on the other side and repeat the operation on the other
side without delay. Never attempt to remove both testicles from the one
abdominal opening, as in order to do so it is necessary to enlarge the

Fig. 49—Testicle of a ‘“ridgling”’ horse.

opening sufficiently to admit the whole hand; such a large perforation in
the abdominal wall is dangerous and such a procedure bad practice.

Intra-Inguinal Ridgling

This is the variety in which the testicle (testes) is inside the abdominal
eavity, while a portion of the spermatic cord and sometimes the epididymis
is in the upper part of the inguinal canal, of course surrounded by the
tunica vaginalis. (Fig. 50.) This corresponds to Miles’ No. 4.

This is the class which is hable to confuse the inexperienced operator.

Objects and indications, age, season, preparation, restraint, position,
instruments, anatomy, washing, sterilization of instruments, cleansing the
operator’s hands and disinfection of the operative field are the same as
those employed in castrating the intra-abdominal ridgling.

Operative Technic—The incisions are made and the scrotum and
inguinal canal invaded in the same manner as that employed in the

intra-abdominal variety.
Location of the Testicle—The testicle is located by proceeding carefully

62 ANIMAL CASTRATION

up the inguinal canal, at the same time making a thorough search for the
tunica vaginalis containing the spermatic cord and sometimes the
epididymis. As soon as the tunic is encountered, examine it earefully in
order that no mistake in diagnosis be made. When satisfied that you are
in possession of the tunica vaginalis, pass the hooked knife up the canal
sufficiently high to nick the tunic and allow its contents—he what they
may—to escape into the inguinal canal. You are now in possession of the

Fig. 50—Intra-inguinal cryptorchid (Bayer). A, Testes inside the abdominal
cavity; B, B, internal abdominal wall; C, spermatic cord inside the inguinal canal;
D, tunica vaginalis; EH, dotted lines indicate outlines of spermatic cord; F, in-
ternal abdominal ring; G, inguinal canal.

spermatic cord and are justified in applying a limited amount of traction
in an effort to bring the testicle from the abdominal cavity through the
internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. If successful, all that
remains to be done is to sever the spermatic cord with the ecraseur and
allow the animal to rise to his feet. Oftentimes the amount of traction
which can safely be applied to the cord will not suffice to bring the testicle

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 63

out of the abdominal cavity. The proper method of procedure in such a
case is to perforate the abdominal wall with the peritoneum perforator
(Fig. 40) one inch above and one inch forward of the internal abdominal
ring. With the index and second finger in the abdominal cavity return
the cord, and such other parts of it or the testicle as are in the inguinal
canal, to the abdominal cavity, after which the cord can easily be brought
through the abdominal perforation into the inguinal canal and the testicle
is sure to follow. In other words, we make an intra-abdominal rideling
out of the intra-inguinal ridgling and castrate him as described in detail
on pages 56-61.

Supra-Scrotal Ridgling—This is the variety in which the testicle and
spermatic cord are in the inguinal canal, however, too high up to be felt
even on deep pressure (‘‘High flanker’’). This class is the one usually
encountered in young animals, and corresponds to Miles’ No. 2.

Not being in possession of knowledge which would indicate to us in
advance that the testicle is not actually in the abdominal cavity, we are
forced to proceed accordingly and prepare the patient, sterilize the instru-
ments, cast and tie, disinfect the field of operation, make the scrotal
incisions, invade the scrotum and inguinal canal, the same as we would
for a ridgling of the intra-abdominal variety. However, encountering the
tunica vaginalis containing the testicle high up in the inguinal canal—
outside of the abdominal cavity—we are spared the effort, and the animal
the danger of perforating the abdominal wall. All that is necessary to
be done is to pass the hooked knife up the canal, nick the tunica vaginalis,
allow the testicle to escape, sever the cord with the emasculator, and
allow the animal to rise to his feet.

Secondary Operation—Oftentimes a previous attempt has been made
by an incompetent operator, to remove an undescended testicle. In such
cases the scrotum and groin are filled with scar tissue, complicating the
entrance to the inguinal canal and the abdominal cavity and otherwise
making the operation difficult, unpleasant and unsatisfactory. In such
cases the convalescence is prolonged and the mortality greater than if
the unsuccessful attempt had not been made. In operating upon this class
of cases the scrotum is entered in the usual way, after which the sear
tissue in the canal is eut through and broken down until the internal
abdominal ring is reached. In doing this it often becomes necessary to
control profuse hemorrhage by ligation. When the internal abdominal
ring is reached, use it as a landmark and proceed to finish the operation
in the usual manner. Such cases are referred to as ‘‘repeats.’’

(d) Anomalous Ridgling—This is the variety in which pathological
testicles are encountered, and it corresponds to Miles’ No. 5. The diseased
conditions most often observed are: hypertrophy, cysts—ineluding der-

64 ANIMAL CASTRATION

solid tumors (sarcocele),
ete. In operating upon ridglings belonging to this class the same general
principles are employed as apply in castrating intra abdominal ridglings,
with the exception of the size of the perforation through the abdominal
wall and the methods of removing the testicle therefrom. Instead of making
a perforation sufficiently large to admit two fingers, it is usually necessary
to make one that will admit the whole hand. When cystic testicles are
encountered it oftentimes becomes necessary to free them of their fluid
contents by the use of the trocar and canula before they can be withdrawn

moid, sunple serous, aud cdentigerous varieties

through the abdominal incision. In removing large, solid tumers which
are too voluminous to be brought down the inguinal canal, the flank
method of operating must be resorted to. The operative technic must be
modified step by step as the circumstances and condition met require.
The operator must solve the problems as they arise. No fixed modus
operandi applicable to such pathological conditions can be outlined. It
is up to the individual operator, and my advice is to ‘go to it’’ and do your
best.

After-Care and Treatment—Place the animal in a sanitary, well-bedded
box stall immediately after the operation is completed. Halter the head
up in such a manner as to prevent him from lying down for twenty-four
hours. If severe pain (colicky) ensues one ounce fluid extract Cannabis
Indica may be given in a capsule at two-hour intervals. Allow plenty of
water, but no feed during the first twelve hours. At the expiration of twen-
ty-four hours remove the packing from the scrotum, untie the animal, and
if possible turn him out to pasture. Turning out to pasture is advocated for
two reasons, viz.: first, for exercise, which is a very essential part of the
after-treatment; second, to get the patient away from the dirt and manure
around the barnyard and stable, thus avoiding the greatest source of
wound contamination,

Moderate daily exercise 1s essential even if it is necessary to force the
patient to take it. Violent exercise is harmful, and is not called for at any
stage of the procedure. Usually as soon as the swelling appears and the
soreness develops—the very time they need exercise most—there is a
tendency on the part of the patient to stand still in one place for hours
without movine. In this event, the animal must be led in a walk about a
mile morning and night until after the eighth or ninth day. If the lips
of the skin wound adhere in such a manner as to interfere with free
inguinal and scrotal drainage, the parts and the operator’s fingers should
be thoroughly washed and the serotum opened, after which the wound
should be irrigated with a dependable antiseptic solution.

Keep the bowels lax by bran mashes and green food.

Sequelae—Septie infection (see page 68). Tetanus (see page 68). Abszess

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 65

of scrotum and inguinal canal (see page 68). Colic (see page 70). Prolapse
of the intestine (see page 70). Injuries from casting (see page 70). Peri-
tonitis (see page 70). Primary and secondary hemorrhage (see page 72).
Edema of the sheath and ventral surface of the abdomen (see page 73).

Fig. 51—Hermaphrodite horse.

Paraphimesis (see page 75). Azoturia (see page 71). Schirrous cord (sce
page 77).

Remarks—lf the foregoing illustrations and description of the ridgling
operations are not plain, then the author must confess that he is incapable
of imparting knowledge or information of this character. An extra effort
was purposely and honestly made to dispense with much superfluous
“‘stuff,’’ often termed ‘‘information,’’ widely used by some in describing

66 ANIMAL CASTRATION

the modus operandi of ridgling castration. The reader is here assured that
the authors’ only object was to level the technic to a plain, solid, practical
basis in order that this most necessary economic operation could be learned
and more generally practiced for the benefit of mankind in general and
the horse-raising industry in particular.

ORCHITIS

Orchitis—Both acute and chronic orchitis are not infrequently
encountered in the castration operation.

Definition—Inflammation of the testicle.

Symptoms—(a) Acute Orchitis—Swelling of the testicle accompanied
by heat and pain on pressure. Arching the loins, stiffness and straddling
gait are usually observed.

(b) Chronie Orchitis—Enlargement and hardening cf the testicle ac-
companied by adhesion of that organ to the tunica vaginalis.

Advisability of Castration—(a) Acute Orchitis—When an acute case of
orchitis is encountered and its presence recognized before the scrotum is
opened, it is always advisable to postpone operation until a later date in
order to give the inflammation time to subside.

(b) Chronie Orehitis—There is no special reason why an animal cannot
be safely castrated while affected with chronic orchitis, even though the
case be an aggravated one. In such event the testicle itself would be quite
voluminous in size and completely surrounded by adhesions firmly con-
necting it to the tunica vaginalis. The method of procedure when such
a complication as this is encountered is to proceed as in castrating a
stallion in normal condition, with the exception that it will be found
necessary to detach the testicle from the tunica vaginalis by tearing and
blunt and sharp dissection of the adhesions. Sometimes the hemorrhage
from blood-vessels in the tunic is quite profuse and must be controlled by
hemostatic forceps and ligatures.

When the adhesions are so strong and dense as to prevent tearing and
breaking them down, it becomes necessary to operate by what is known
as the ‘‘covered method,’’ viz.: Allow the testicle to remain in the tunica
vaginalis and sever with emasculator the tunica and cord well above the
testicle.

Adhesions—See chronic orchitis above.

HERMAPHRODITE

Definition—Hermaphrodism is a condition in which both sexes are mani-
fested.

Objects and Indications—In those cases of hermaphrodism in which the
male genitals are most developed, the animal will have the same habits

COMPLICATIONS IN CASTRATION 67

and exhibit most of the objectionable qualities observed in the ridgling.
In such cases it is oftentimes advisable to undertake the removal of the
testicles. In fact, the veterinarian is called upon to perform this opera -
tion much oftener than is usually imagined.

Preparation—Same as for castration of the stallion. (See page 13).

Season—Spring and fall.

Age—Same as for castration of the stallion. (See page 13.)

Restraint—Same as for castration of the ridgling.

Anatomy—The general anatomy of the parts is, of course, the same as
that of the stallion. (See pages 17.) However the testicles in this class
of animals are indefinitely located. There is no hard and fast rule with
reference to their location which would be a definite guide in finding
them. They are usually outside the abdominal cavity, most frequently in
the inguinal canal, but in some instances they are found in the posterior
part of the scrotum. Figure 51 illustrates one of the author’s cases in
which one testicle was high up in the inguinal canal and the other in the
serotum.

Instruments—Same as for castration of the ridgling.

Position—Dorsal.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same as
for castration of the stallion. (See pages 20, 21.)

Operative Technic—With the animal cast and tied, a careful search
for the testicles should be made in every conceivable direction and in every
logical location. If they can be felt, the operation is greatly simplified.
If they are concealed, the proper course to pursue is to open the scrotum
and proceed up the inguinal canal as in ecastrating a ridgling. When
found, the testicles should be brought out of the scrotal incision, provided
the spermatic cords are not too short to prevent it. If the cords are
short, pass the ecraseur up the canals and sever them.

After-Care and Treatment—Same as for the ridgling. (See page 64.)

CHAPTER V.
SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION

Septic Infection

Contamination of the wound either during operation or afterward may
result in septicemia, pyemia, peritonitis, tetanus, abscess, ete.

Abscess of Scrotum and Inguinal Cana!—This condition arises as a con-
sequence of septic infection associated with the lips of the skin incision
adhering too early after the operation.

Fig. 52—A colt with tetanus 18 days after castration.

Treatment—Evacuation by lancing in such a site and manner as to
afford free drainage, followed by daily irrigation with any reliable anti-
septic solution is the extent of the treatment.

TETANUS

(Lock jaw) is the most frequent sequel of castration in the southern

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION 69

States, and from information at hand I am inclined to beheve that this
sequela is not rare in other sections of the United States.

Cause—We know that tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacillus gaining
access to the wound. This may take place either at the time of operation
or later. Whenever a case of tetanus devel elops after castration the owner
invariably censures the operator. However, experience has led me to
conclude that the operator ig blameless in the ereat majority of instances.
At least ninety per cent of animals that develop tetanus after castration,
acquire the infection from lying down in manure and dirt, thus contami-
nating the wound. In every castration operation there is a possibility of
post-operative infection.

Period of Ineubation—The period of ineubation varies from eight to
thirty days.

Symptoms—Stiffness and contraction of all the voluntary muscles, more
especially those of the tail and jaws. As a result of this muscular stiffness
the tail and head are protruded, the jaws stiff—partial or complete—
straddling and awkward gait. When the head is raised the nictitating
membrane (haw) protrudes over the eyeball. (Fig. 52.)

Treatment—Is both prophylactic and curative. Prophylactic treatment
consists in the administration of 500 to 750 units of tetanus antitoxin im-
mediately after each castration operation.

Curative treatment consists in casting the animal, opening up the scrotal
wound and swabbing it out thoroughly with tincture of iodin, after. which
place him in a quiet box stall away from other live stock and noise and ad-
minister one-twentieth to one-tenth grain of lobelin sulphate once daily or
often enough to quiet the animal and control the spasms, or one may give
thirty grains powdered extract Cannabis Indica three times a day. If
treatment with tetanus antitoxin is undertaken, 5,000 to 10,000 units intra-
venously every two days is indicated. The diet should consist of sloppy
foods.

Mortality—The mortality varies from thirty to seventy-five per cent.

PROLAPSE OF THE OMENTUM

While prolapse of the omentum is a rare sequela of castration, neverthe-
less, it does sometimes occur, and when it does, prompt and heroic measures
are imperative if the life of the animal is to be saved. Usually when the
omentum protrudes from the scrotal incision it is simply a forerunner of
what is to happen later, viz: protrusion of the intestine and death of the
animal unless intelligently directed relief measures are promptly insti-
tuted.

Operative Technic—Cast and secure the patient in the dorsal position,
after which cleanse the parts and the hands of the operator by careful and
thorough washing with antiseptic solution. Sever the protruding portion of

70 ANIMAL CASTRATION

the omentum with the emasculator, after which return that portion which
remains in the iiguinal canal back through the internal abdominal ring into
the abdominal cavity. If there is evidence of the internal abdominal ring
being abnormally enlarged it is safest, in fact advisable, to gather up the
tunica vaginalis and ligate it as near the internal abdominal ring as possible
with chromicized catgut (14 day) large size. Proceed the same as for in-
euinal and scrotal hernia, page 46. If thought advisable there is no
special objection to packing the scrotum with sterile gauze and suturing.
Remove the sutures and packing in twenty-four to thirty hours and irrigate
the canal and scrotum once daily for eight days with Lysol or cresol com-
pound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to each qnart of water. Daily exer-
cise at pasture or walking exercise is advisable.

PROLAPSE OF INTESTINE

This is another rare though dangerous and annoying sequel of castration,
which is always fatal unless treated promptly and properly.

Operative Technic—Same as outlined above for treatment of prolapse of
the cmentum, with the exception that if the loop of intestine is distended
by gas, the eas should be released by using the small trocar and canula. If
the internal abdominal ring is contracted or too small to permit the return
of the intestinal loop, it becomes necessary to enlarge the ring (kelotomy)
by using a probe point bistoury.

INJURIES AS RESULT OF CASTING

It is possible for the animal to receive halter burns, lacerations and abra-
sions of various kinds. Rupture of the muscles and tendons sometimes oc-
curs. The vertebrae and other bones may become fractured. Some horses
present radial paralysis as a sequel of casting, while others be.ome ex-
hausted and never rise after being released. The correct treatment of these
conditions must be left to the judgment of the operator. They are men-
tioned more as a warning to him to exercise care, good judgment, and dis-
cretion in manipulating his restraint technic than for any other reason.
‘Safety first’? should be the motto.

COLIC

Post-operative colic characterized by abdominal and scrotal pain, and
not infrequently by more or less flatulence, is by no means a rare ocecur-
rence, especially in old stallions and eryptorchids.

Treatment—Choral hydrate or fluid extract Cannabis Indica in one ounce
doses at two-hour intervals until the pain subsides.

PERITONITIS

Septic infection is the direct cause of peritonitis as a sequela of castra-

tion. The infection may be introduced at the time of operation by contami-

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION 71

nated instruments or the hands of the operator, or it may be of post-oper-
ative origin as a result of wound infection from manure and dirt in the
barnyard or pasture.

Peritonitis develops more frequently as a sequela of cryptorchid castra-
tion than otherwise. It is one of, if not the most serious sequela of cas-
tration.

Symptoms—Peritonitis as a result of sepsis usually ensues two to five
days after operation. Its development is characterized by chilly sensations,
indisposition to move about, and in the event of moving there is a well
marked stiffness of gait, and soreness. Restlessness, pawing with the fore
feet, and striking at the abdomen with the hind feet. Abdomen and flanks
tucked up and decidedly rigid. Constipation is usually present, and colicky
pains may be shown. Tenderness on pressure to the abdominal wall, is
noted, particularly when this pressure is made in the flank region. Ele-
vated temperature (102° to 105° F.), quick breathing, hard and wiry pulse
are also present. If death does not ensue in a short time, there is usually
an extensive effusion of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Treatment—Purgatives should never be administered. If necessary to
secure bowel movement it is better to resort to, and depend entirely upon
enemas. To allay the pain there is nothing better than one ounce fluid ex-
tract Indian Cannabis in capsules at intervals of four hours. A mustard
plaster applied to the abdominal wall is indicated in the majority of cases.

Prognosis—Unfavorable.

AZOTURIA

This is a disease caused by over-nutrition and lack of bodily exercise, the
development of which, as a sequela of castration, is extremely embarrassing,
to say the least. Azoturia never develops where daily exercise, either at
work or in pasture, is allowed. However, with animals that have been well
fed and kept confined in a stall, it is a condition which we may encounter
at any time when casting and confining such an animal.

On account of the danger of azoturia it is well to know whether the ani-
mal has had sufficient exercise before you undertake to cast and tie it.

Symptoms—After the operation is completed and the restraint appa-
ratus removed the animal may fail to rise to his feet altogether, or upon
rising may be stiff in one or more legs—most frequently the hind legs—
perspiring freely, evincing pain by pawing; and restlessness. If urine is
voided, it has the characteristic ‘‘coffee color.’’ Swelling and rigidity of
the muscles of the haunch (gluteus maximus) knuckling in the hind fet-
locks, ete., are diagnostic symptoms of this affection.

Prevention—Daily exercise.

Treatment—Catheterization. Stimulating liniments rubbed on the affect-
ed muscles. Internally, fluid extract of belladonna one-half ounce, sweet

a ANIMAL CASTRATION

spirits of nitre one ounce, in capsules, at two-hour intervals. An aloes
purge is sometimes beneficial. If the case is a mild one and the animal can
stand on its feet it is advisable to tie the head up to prevent Lying down.

POST-OPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE—(a) PRIMARY AND (b) SECONDARY

(a) Primary Hemorrhage—May ensue immediately after the operation
from failure of the emasculator to close the spermatic artery or from the
scrotal plexus of veins being severed with the point of the knife at the time
the incision is made.

Treatment—Only in extremely rare instances is it necessary to artificially
control hemorrhage of this source and character. Nature will, as a rule,
relieve the surgeon of such responsibility, provided he will be patient for
20 to 30 minutes and allow her time to do it. It is more often necessary
to treat the owner while his animal is bleeding than it is to treat the ani-
mal itself. In a quarter of a century’s experience, during which more
than 14,000 stallions, colts and mules were castrated, not a single animal
died as a result of primary hemorrhage, and not a single cord was heated
nov a scrotum packed. If a properly constructed emasculator is used, im-
pose the utmost confidence in it, and do not become unduly alarmed every
time a stallion or colt bleeds freely for a few minutes after castration. Re-
member that it is impossible with the emasculator to do a bloodless oper-
ation. If you are expecting a bloodless job you will as a rule be disap-
pointed except in extremely anemic colts. If you are afraid of hemorrhage,
remember that the only method of operation in which you do not get more
or less blood is the antiquated hgature, clamp and cautery. If a stallion
bleeds freely after castration, the best way to proceed is to place him in a
box stall, shut the door and go with the owner to dinner. After dinner
take a leisurely smoke with the owner—this usually consumes about an
hour’s time—after which examine the patient and you will find that nature
has come to your rescue and the hemorrhage has ceased.

(b) Secondary Hemorrhage—This form of hemorrhage invariably en-
sues from the spermatic artery and contrary to primary hemorrhage is dan-
geous, and may result in the death of the animal unless controlled.
It usually occurs from one to six hours after castration; however, it some-
times occurs several days after the operation. Memorrhage of this char-
acter is usually caused by a diseased condition of the arteries (hemophilia),
increased heart action, sloughing of the spermatic cord, etc. The blood
comes in spurts directly from the artery in a good sized stream.

Treatment—Nature cannot be depended upon to control this class of
hemorrhage. Sometimes it is possible to apply hemostatic forceps to the
mouth of the bleeding vessel. When this cannot be done with the animal
in the standing posture, cast and secure the patient in a dorsal position,

“1
we)

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION

thoroughly cleanse the parts with antiseptic solution and make an effort to
ligate the artery. The ligature used should be chromicized catgut (10 day).
If silk or any other form of wnabsorbable ligature material is used a scro-
tal fistula is liable to result. In the event it is found impossible to locate
and ligate the artery, one would be justified in packing the canal and scro-
tum with sterile gauze and suturing the skin incision. Remove the packing

Fig. 53—A, Edema of sheaih fourth day after castration.

in twenty-four hours and irrigate the parts once daily with an antiseptic
solution.
EDEMA OF SHEATH AND VENTRAL SURFACE OF ABDOMEN
Edema as a sequela of castration (Fig. 53) is a condition which we may
reasonably expect in the great majority of instances, especially may we ex-
pect it in aged stallions and those which are kept stabled and not allowed
the requisite amount of exercise. Unless the sheath and abdominal swell-

74 ANIMAL CASTRATION

ing is associated with a local or systemic septic infection or it becomes so
voluminous as to cause interference with voiding the urine, it is harmless
and requires no treatment aside from opening up the wounds for free scro-
tal drainage, and walking exercise. The swelling begins to appear on the
third day and gradually enlarges until the sixth day, after which it be-
eins to recede rapidly until the eighth or ninth day, at which time com-
plete recovery has usually taken place.

Fig. 54—Paraphimosis eight days after castration.

Treatment—W hen treatment is required, the first thing to be done is to
wash the scrotal, inguinal and sheath regions with Lysol or Cresolis Com-
pound (U. 8. P.), one tablespoonful to a quart of water. Cleanse the
hands in like manner. With the twitch applied and held by an assistant,
two fingers are introduced into the scrotal wound, by forcing the lips of
the incision apart sufficiently to afford free scrotal and inguinal canal
drainage, after which irrigate the parts with antiseptic solution. With a

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION 75
sharp-pointed bistoury the point of the sheath (anterior portion) may be
punctured at several dependent sites in order to allow the accumulated
fluid to ooze out. In scarifying the sheath the blade of the knife should
be guarded with the thumb to prevent too deep puncturing.

PARAPHIMOSIS

Prolapse of the penis (Fig. 54) may result from extensive intlamma-
tion and swelling of the spermatic cords (funiculitis) and extensive edema

Fig. 55—A well developed schirrous cord.

of the sheath. Generally the penis protrusion is merely a temporary affair,
and as soon as the swelling and inflammation of the spermatic cords,
sheath and scrotum subside the penis assumes its normal position in the
sheath.

716 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 56—Vulsellum forceps (8-inch).

Wig. 57—Schirrous cord, showing skin incision. B, Old cicatrix with imprisoned
end of cord; C, scrotum; D, elliptical skin incision for ablating the growth.

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION V7

Treatment—The first essential is to support the pendulent penis, as its
great weight and position are unfavorable for absorption of the fluid and
reduction of the swelling. Bathe the swollen parts with plenty of warm
water to which has been added sugar of’lead (plumbi acetatis), one ounce
to the gallon of water. With a properly constructed suspensory, a warm
pack saturated with the above solution may be kept applied to the parts.

Fig. 58—Removing scbirrous cord with ecraseur. HE, Schirrous cord with ecraseur
chain around it; F, vulsellum forceps; G, ecraseur; H, right hand of cperator.

Scuirrous Corp or Curonic Funtcuuitis (CHAMPIGNON)
Is an enlarging and hardening of the stump of the spermatic cord. qt
sometimes reaches enormous proportions, sufficiently large in some in-
stances to fill and distend the whole inguinal canal and groin. In long

78 ANIMAL CASTRATION

standing chronic cases the cord is surrounded by dense adhesions. A
genuine schirrous cord never reduces in size spontaneously, but has a
tendency to grow larger and become harder.

Cause—There are two principal reasons for this sequela of castration.

1. The operator leaving the stump of the cord sufficiently long to be
caught between the lips of the scrotal incisions during the healing process.
This, of course, strangulates the cord and causes it to enlarge and harden.

2. Infection either actinomycotic, streptococcic, or botryomycotic. This
accounts for the constant pus discharge and numerous abscesses that make
their appearance from time to time. Either ignorance or carelessness on
the part of the operator is responsible for this condition. By removing
enough cord and practicing cleanliness at the outset, schirrous cord would
be to a large degree eliminated. The development of schirrous cords was
largely reduced when the emasculator superseded the old-style clamp
method of operating.

Treatment—lIn the acute stage of development—which means two to six
weeks after castration—the scrotal region should be frequently cleansed
by washing. The scrotal wound itself should be painted once every two
days with tincture of iodin. During this period it is well to give iodid of
potash ii four-dram doses once a day. If at the end of six weeks the
tumefaction still persists, the radieal operation—which consists in total
ablation—is justified and in fact indicated.

Restraint—Same as for ridegling castration, see page 46.

Position—Dorsal.

General Anesthesia is always indicated when possible, as the operation
is extremely painful and usually prolonged for a considerable length of
time in order to control hemorrhage.

Instruments, ete.—

1. Ecraseur (Fig. 41).

2. Threaded needles for ligating blood-vessels, suturing the skin incision

and ligating the cord if for any reason the ecraseur fails to
sever it.

3, Sterile gauze in liberal amount.

4. Hemostatice forceps (several pairs).

5. Sharp scalpel.

6. Vulsellum forceps (Fig. 56.)

7. Thumb tissue forceps.

Steriliz ation of Instruments, Cleansing Operator’s Hands and Field of

Same as for castration of the stallion. (Pages 20, 21.)

Operative Technic—With the field of operation, operator’s hands, and
instruments sterile and the animal in a dorsal position, proceed to operate
as follows: With the scalpel make two curved elliptical incisions (D, Fig.

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION ng

57) 5 inchs long with the original cicatrix (sear) B as the center of the
island of skin to be removed. These incisions should penetrate the skin
and subcutaneous connective tissue only. By careful dissection (both
sharp and blunt) the cord is gradually loosened and isolated by breaking
down the numerous dense adhesions surrounding it. The elliptical island

Fig. 59—Exuberant granulations which have assumed the chronic
form and reached enormous size.

of skin which is removed on the end of the cord should be sufficiently large
to inelude all external diseased tissue, such as scars, granulations, ete. The
tumor is now grasped with the vulsellum forceps (Fig. 58), which arc
held by an assistant in such a manner as to afford considerable direct
upward traction. With the cord tense from traction the careful dissectio;.
is continued up the inguinal canal until a point is reached well above the

80 ANIMAL CASTRATION

diseased or indurated portion of the cord. If the entire cord is diseased,
one should proceed to dissect up the canal to a point in close proximity
to the internal abdominal ring. Usually after the cord is released from
its scrotal adhesions the remainder of the dissection process can be com-
pleted by tearing with the fingers. All freely bleeding blood-vessels—
except. those in the cord itself—should be ligated as you proceed. When

Fig. 60—Well developed hydrocele (‘“‘water bag”) in a three-year-old mule.
A, Hydrocele.

the growth is freed from all surrounding attachments the ecraseur chain
should be placed around it as high up as necessary, and with continued
traction from the vulsellum forceps the cord is quickly severed.

If the cord is too large to be severed by the ecraseur, then ligation must
be resorted to. In such event the cord should be transfixed and ligated
in several sections. The scrotal wound should now be irrigated thoroughly

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION 81

with bichlorid mereury solution in the strength of 1-1000, after which
pack tightly with formalin gauze and suture securely.
After-Treatment—If£ upon completion of the operation decided shock
is imminent the animal should have strychnin one-half grain, and nitro-
glycerin one-quarter grain, hypodermically. If a large amount of blood
has been lost normal saline solution injected intravenously is indicated.
Remove the packing in thirty-six hours and irrigate the wound daily with

Fig. 61—Hydrocele showing skin incisions. B, Hydrocele; C, incisions;
Miles’ hooked knife.

Lysol or Cresolis Compound (U. 8. P.), a tablespoonful to each quart of
water.
EXUBERANT GRANULATIONS
On account of some mishap in operative technic or some character of
infection, exuberant granulations sometimes appear as sequel of castra-
tion. They are, of course, acute at first but in most instances disappear
without treatment. However, if a cure is not effected in the acute stage,

82 ANIMAL CASTRATION

they assume a chronie form and may reach enormous proportions. (Fig.
59.) They are usually extra-scrotal.

If not attached to the cord their removal and after-treatment is a
simple matter, consisting in removing the skin by dissection well around
their base, controlling cutaneous hemorrhage and daily washing the
wound with antiseptic solution.

Fig. 62—Hydrocele showing method of removal by the ecraseur. F, left hand of
operator; G, vulsellum forceps; H, hydrocle; I, ecraseur;
J, right hand of operator.

HyprocEeLe

(‘Water bag,’’ ‘‘water seed’’)—Is simply an accumulation of serous
fluid in the testicular sae (tunica vaginalis), from which the testicle itself
has been removed.
There is only one cause for this condition. It may be directly
attributed to either the operators’ carelessness or ignorance. The only
reason for the development of hydrocele as a sequela of castration is leav-
ing too much of the tunica vaginalis in the scrotum at the time of severing
the spermatic cord. If at least one inch of the tunica be removed then
there is no occasion, in fact, no possibility of a hydrocele developing.

Cause

SEQUELAE OF CASTRATION 83

Occurence—Hydrocele rarely occurs in the stallion and colt, however,
the reverse is true as regards the mule. Hydrocele is decidedly the most
frequent sequela of mule castration, and nothing reflects quite so much
—in mule-raising centers—upon a man’s ability and qualification as having
numerous mules which he castrates, develop ‘‘water seeds.’’ While they
do not interfere in the least with the general health and usefulness of
the animal they are nevertheless great ‘‘eye sores,’’ and depreciate the
animal’s marketable value, hence they should in every instanee be removed
by surgical interference. They may be unilateral or bilateral.

Fig. 63—Hydrocele after removal.

Preparation—Same as for castration of the stallion.

Sterilization of Instruments and Operator’s Hands—Same as for cas-
trating the stallion. (See pages 20, 21.)

Restraint—For small mules, same as for castration of the colt. (See page
32.) For large mules, same as for castration of the ridgling. See page
46.)

Position—Dorsal.

Instruments—

1. Miles’ hooked castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Vulsellum forceps. (Fig. 56.)

3. Eeraseur. (Fig. 41.)

4. Hemostatie forceps. an

84 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Sterilization of Field of Operation—Same as for castration of the
stallion. (See page 21.)

Technic of Operation—With Miles’ hooked castrating knife two curved
or elliptical incisions are made (GC, Fig. 61) to the right and left of the
most prominent part of the hydrocele (B). This means that the old cicatrix
is in the center of the island of skin to be removed. These incisions should
be made from four to five inches long—depending upon the size of the
hydrocele. They should extend through the skin and subcutaneous con-
nective tissue only. With the vulsellum forceps grasp the island of skin
which is to be removed with the hydrocele. Have the assistant make
upward traction while the superficial subcutaneous adhesions are being
carefully broken down by sharp dissection. These adhesions never extend
deep and are readily broken down. If necessary ligate the spurting blood-
vessels as the operation proceeds. As soon as the scrotal adhesions are
removed from around the tunica vaginalis the operator takes charge of the
vulsellum forceps with his left hand and with the fingers of the right tears
the tunica vaginalis loose from its delicate fascia attachments until a point
is reached on the spermatic cord well above where it was formerly
severed. The chain of the ecraseur is now applied to the tunica (‘‘sac’’)
and the tunica and the stump of the spermatic cord is severed. It is rarely
necessary to pack the scrotum to control hemorrhage.

After-Care and Treatment—About all that is necessary is daily observa-
tion in order to see that everything proceeds well. If sequelew arise they
must be treated as outlined under their respective headings.

CHAPTER VI.
CASTRATION OF THE BULL

Objects and Indications—-The operation is usually performed for purely
economie purposes. However, in some instances, on account of diseased
conditions of the scrotum, testicle and spermatic cord, it becomes necessary
to castrate. Some bulls become so vicious as to be a source of danger
and ainoyance to their owners and attendants, and castration must
be resorted to. As an economic operation, especially in young animals, its
value is beyond estimate. Castration increases physical development and
hastens early growth as well as improving the texture, odor, wholesome-
ness and nutritive properties of the beef. Bulls are also castrated for the
purpose of producing work oxen. Another very important result of castra-
tion is the removal of inferior or scrub bulls from the herd.

Castrated bulls are known as steers.

Age—From several days to several years. The younger the better. Most
calves are submitted to the operation when about two to three months
of age.

Season—Early spring, late fall and winter. The bull or ealf should
never be submitted to castration during ‘‘fly time.’’ Bovine animals do
not possess the same instinct in protecting themselves from flies, by ward
ing them off with the tail, as does the equine species. On this account late
spring, early fal] and summer are unfavorable seasons for castrating this
class of animals.

Preparation—No special preparation is necessary unless the animal is
to be cast and tied, in which event have the alimentary tract empty by
withholding feed for twenty-four hours before operating.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL IN THE RECUMBENT POSTURE

Restraint—When it becomes necessary to cast and tie the animal for this
operation an excellent method of doing so is with the Conkey self-locking
hobbles. (Figs. 64, 65.)

These hobbles have the advantages of being strong, safe, quickly applied
and easily removed. The degree of restraint afforded by them is ample,
especially when used in conjunction with an eighteen-foot rope. The
animal may be east and tied on either the right or left side, at the option
of the operator. In applying hobble straps to cattle always buckle or loop
them above the fetlocks, otherwise there is a tendency for them to slip
over the foot and off. In casting on the right side as in Fig. 65, hobbles

86 ANIMAL CASTRATION

are appHed as follows: With an assistant (C) at the head, a ‘‘holder’’ in
the nose (A) and a rope around the horns (B) buckle a hobble strap above
both hind (G, H) and the right fore (E) proximal digital articulations.
Buckle the master hobble strap above the left fore fetlock (D). Pass the
end of the rope through the hobble strap (G) then through (1H), then
through (FE), and lastly across through the self-locking buckle (F). By
making traction on the rope (I) from (J)—at direct right angles to the
animal—he is cast on the right side. After the animal is cast (See Fig.
65) the uppermost hind leg (N) is released from its hobble strap and the

Fig. 64—Conkey’s self-lock buckle hobbles applied.

end of an eighteen-foot rope looped on instead of the hobble strap. This
rope (P) is passed over the withers (O) under the neck (Q) and above
the hock (R) in such a manner as to draw the foot against the abdomen
and flex the hock to a certain degree. With the animal in this position the
operation can be performed without danger to either the operator or
patient. Calves may be held by one or more assistants without tying.

Instruments—The emasculator (Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8) and castrating
knife are the only instruments needed. The Miles hooked castrating knife
(Fig. 25) and the Williams castrating knife (Fig. 2) are equally satis-
factory for this operation.

Anatomy—In order to operate intelligently, some knowledge of the
anatomy of the scrotum, testicle and inguinal canal is necessary. However,
lack of space prevents going into details here. By reference to Fig. 66

o'6)
“1

CASTRATION OF THE BULL

a general idea of the relation and position of the generative or reproductive
organs of the bull may be had.

Testicle—The testicle is a compound tubular gland ovoid in shape and
well developed with its long axis vertical. On the epididymis is a well
developed globus major.

Penis—The penis is round and long. It projects far under the abdomen
and possesses the well recognized S-shape curve. Its gland is small and
pointed.

Prepuce—The prepuce is located well under the abdomen. It is simply

Fig. 65—Bull cast and tied for castration operation.

an elastic sheath, surrounded at its external opening by long stiff hairs.
Its cavity is from ten to fifteen inches long.

Scrotwn—The scrotum is long and pendulous, and has a well marked
neck. It is suspended between the thighs somewhat further forward than
in the stallion.

Spermatic Cord—The spermatic cord and its covering—tunica vaginalis
—is much longer than in the stallion.

Inguinal Canal—This canal is long and narrow, and directed almost
perpendicular to the scrotum.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same as
for castration of the stallion. (See page 20.)

Disinfection of the Operative Pield—While this step in the operative
procedure is usually ignored entirely or done in a perfunctory manner,
such neglect is inexcusable. On account of the danger of sepsis and other

88 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 66—Generative or reproductive organs of the bull. A, Bjaculator seminalis,
B, intrapelvic portion of urethra; C, urinary bladder; D, D, ureters; HE, E, intra-
abdominal portion of spermatic cords; F, S-shape curve of penis; G, retracto
muscles of sheath; H, H, tunica vaginalis; I, penis; J, prepuce; K, scrotum; L, L,
testicles; M, M, internal abdominal rings.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL 89

sequelae known to follow bull castration, the operator should take the time
and precaution necessary to cleanse and disinfect the field of operation.
This may be quickly done as follows:

(a) Serub the scrotum and the inside of the thighs with soap and warm
water until all visible dirt is removed.

(b) Wash the parts with Lysol or cresolis compound, (U. 8. P.), one
tablespoonful to each quart of water.

Fig. 67—Testicle of the bull. A, spermatic cord; B, testes; C, globus major of
epididymis; D, epididymis.

Operative Technic—There are two methods of making the scrotal in-
cision: (a) lateral or side incisions (Fig. 68); (b) end incision (Fig. 69).

Lateral or Side Incision—This method is the most popular one, as after
recovery there is less mutilation of the scrotum.

Grasp the left side of the scrotum in the left hand and by compressing
it force the right testicle to the right until the skin of the scrotum is
stretched taut. With a sterilized knife begin the incision four inches above

90 ANIMAL CASTRATION

the apex of the scrotum and bring it down to near the apex. The incision
should be made through the skin, subcutaneous connective tissue dartos
and tunica vaginalis. This exposes the testicle. Grasp the testicle with
the right hand and with the left strip the attached scrotal tissue from the
cord until the cord itself is isolated well up to the summit of the serotum.
The final step of the operation consists in grasping the testicle with the

Fig. 6S—Method of making lateral or side scrotial incision. A, Right testicle in
scrotum; B, scrotum; C, knife; D, position of the right hand; E, position
of the left hand; F, incision.

left hand and making two pounds traction on its cord. With the right
hand apply the emasculator to the spermatic cord and foree the emascu-
lator well to the top of the scrotum. By bringing the handles together the
cord and its coverings are severed. The opposite testicle is in like manner
removed.

(b) The other method of making scrotal incisions (Fig. 69) consists
in grasping the base of the scrotum with the left hand and by compressing

CASTRATION OF THE BULL 91

it force the testicles upward until the lower one-third of the scrotum can
be severed without injuring them. With the knife in the right hand it is
an easy matter to remove the lower one-third of the scrotal sac.

The tunica vaginalis containing the testicles drops outside the remaining
portion of the serotum. By nicking the tunic the testicles themselves are

Fig. 69—Method of operating in which apex (bottom) of scrotum is removed.
G, H, testicles in scrotum; I, knife; J, position of the right hand;
position of the left hand; L, incision.

exposed. With the right hand grasp one of them and make two pounds
traction on the cord, with the left hand strip the scrotal tissue from the
cord until it is isolated well up to the summit of the scrotum. Next grasp
the testicle with the left hand and make two pounds traction on the cord.
With the right hand apply the emasculator and force it upward to the
summit of the scrotum in order that a sufficient amount of spermatic cord

92 ANIMAL CASTRATION

may be removed. By bringing the handles of the emasculator together the
the cord and all its coverings are severed. This method has the advantage
of affording ideal drainage.

After-Care—Turn out to pasture aud make daily observation to see that
all is going well. If the scrotal wound closes in such a manner as to
interfere with drainage and cause extensive swelling, it should be opened
and the scrotum irrigated with an antiseptic solution.

Fig. 70—Severing spermatic cord with emasculator (recumbent posture). T,
position of right hand; U, testicle; V, spermatic cord and its covering; W,
emasculator; X, position of left hand; Y, opposite testicle in secretum.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL IN STANDING POSTURE

Restraint—If the animal has horns a strong rope may be looped around
their base and his head drawn close up to a post. In most instances this
is all the restraint employed. Contrary to the prevailing popular opinion
the bull can actually kick backward about as hard as he can kick sidewise.
In castrating bulls in the standing posture the operator must either stand
out of range of the hind feet, confine them by means of ropes, or take
chances on being kicked. In castrating young bulls (3 to 6 months of age)
the standing posture is ideal and injury to the operator from kicking’ is
extremely rare.

The same instruments, preparation, disinfection of the site of operation,

CASTRATION OF THE BULL 93

sterilization of instruments, scrotal incisions, ete., are employed here as
in castrating bulls in the recumbent posture. ‘Wivile making the scrotal
incision the operator should have his knife under thorough control, as at
this time there is almost invariably an abrupt movement on the part of the

Fig. 71—Castration of the bull in standing posture. E, Post to which the head
is securely tied; F, rope; G, position of the left hand; H, scrotum;
I, incision; J, position of the right hand; K, knife.

animal which may result in the knife coming in contact with the tendo
achillis (hamstring) and inflicting irreparable damage. Calves are cas-
trated in the same manner as bulls.

94 ANIMAL CASTRATION

CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID (RIDGLING) BULL

Compared with the horse and hog, cryptorchidism in cattle is extremely
rare. However, such a complication does actually exist, and it behooves
those who are expected to perform such operations to qualify themselves
for this one.

Objects and Indications—Same as for castration of the bull. See page 85,

Age—Six to twelve months.

Preparation—Withhold all food for twenty-four hours previous to
operation.

Position—Standing.

Restraint—A simple, quick and efficient method of handling a bull for

Fig. 72—Ridgling bull confined for castration.

this operation is illustrated in Fig. 72. With a rope around the horns (B),
if “‘polled’’ use a halter, and a holder in the nose (A), the head is made
fast to a post (C). While the assistant continues to hold the rope attached
to the nose the second assistant grasps the tail (D) and draws it between
the slats of a gate or fence (EH). With the animal in this position and
thus secured, he can be castrated with little annoyance so far as body
movement is concerned. If stocks are available, of course they should be
used in preference to this method.

CASTRATION OF THE BULL 95

Fig. 73—Removing the testicle of a ridgling bull with the emasculator. G, Flank
incision; H, emasculator; I, testicle; J, position of the operator’s right hand.

Fig. 74—-Flank incision closed by three interrupted sutures. K, strong linen cr
silk sutures.

96 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Instrwnents—

1. Miles’ hooked castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)
2. Emaseulator. (Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

3. Hair clippers. (Fig. 145.)

4. Spaying needle. (Figs. 151, 152.)

5. Strong flax or braided silk for flank sutures.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator— The
instruments should be boiled for fifteen to twenty minutes. The operator’s
hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and warm water, using a
serub brush, and rinsed in Lysol or cresolis compound, (U. 8S. P.) one
tablespoonful to each quart of water.

Preparation of Operative Field—With clippers the hair in the flank
region should be removed, after which thoroughly wash the parts with soap
and warm water, using a serub brush, then with Lysol or ecresolis com-
pound, (U. 8. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of water. As a further
precaution against septic infection the skin should be painted with tincture
of iodin.

Operative Technic—The most popular and_ satisfactory method of
operating is flank laparotomy, which is as follows: With Miles’ hooked
castrating knife make a flank incision in the same manner and the same
size as for heifer spaying. All the details of this incision are well illus-
trated and described under the head of heifer spaying, and the reader is
urged to refer to this chapter before reading further in regard to the
technic of the operation.

The flank incision itself is by far the most important step of the opera-
tion, and remember that there is only one proper way to make it. Learn
how it should be made and make it that way.

If invading the left flank, the operators’ left hand should be forced
through the abdominal incision and a careful search made—toward the
pelvic region—for either the testicle or spermatic cord. One or both of
them will soon be encountered. Bring the testicle outside the abdominal
cavity if the cord is sufficiently lone to permit it. Then sever the cord
with an emasculator and drop the stump of the cord back into the abdom-
inal cavity. If the cord is not long enough to permit of the testicle being
brought out of the abdomen, the emasculator or eeraseur may be passed
through the incision and the cord severed inside the abdominal cavity.

The wound is now sponged off with antiseptic solution and closed by
three interrupted sutures.

After-Care—Limit the diet for five days. Removal of sutures at the
expiration of eight days. If ‘‘stitch abscess’’ forms, the sutures may be
removed at an earlier date.

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 97

Sometimes the wound becomes infested with screw worm larve or
maggots. In such cases the free application of either chloroform or gaso-
line to the serotum is indicated. This treatment also suffices to free the
scrotum of rams and boars from maggots.

CHAPTER VII.
CASTRATION OF THE BOAR

Objects and Indications—Pigs ave castrated in order to facilitate their
erowth and fattening. Aside from this the operation has 2 tendency to
improve their behavior when associated with other hogs, especially sows.
Boars are often castrated when, having reached the limit of usefulness as
breeding anima!s, it is decided to prepare them for market. Even when
castrated, boars never make choice meat. However, they fatten very
readily and their characteristic odor disappears to a decided degree. Cas-
trated boars are known as ‘‘stags.’’ Castrated pigs are referred to us
“‘barrows,’’ and it is a well-recognized fact that barrows command a

‘ >

higher market price than do boars or stags.
Castration is an operation that is practiced wherever swine are raised.
Age—Pigs are best castrated either two weeks before, or two weeks
after weaning. If the operation is performed at, or near weaning time it
has a tendency to retard their growth and development. If allowed to
run too long they become ‘‘boarish,’’ besides the operation is more painful.

Fig. 75—Restraint for castration.

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 99

Fig. 76—Restraint of a large boar for castration.

Fig. 77—Restraint for castration.

100 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Season—Hogs should not be castrated during the summer months while
flies are prevalent. It is best to operate during the late fall, winter and
early spring. Avoid operating in extreme cold weather.

Preparation—No special preparation is necessary unless it be to have
the intestinal canal comparatively empty, thus lessening the danger of
injury from handling.

Fig. 783—Holding pig for castration. : Fig. 79—Holding pig for castration.

Restraint—In castrating large boars it is necessary to take advantage of
the animal to a very decided degree. This is essential, first, on account of
the great strength of the animal compared to its size, and, second, on
account of there being no favorable part or appendage of the hog by
which a firm hand hold can be taken, Satisfactory restraint may be had

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 10]

by several different methods. Fig. 75 illustrates casting and tying the
ammal by bringing three feet together.

Fig. S0—Swine and sheep emasculator.

To thus secure a large hog requires considerable time and much effort,
also the services of several assistants. A favorite method of the author
for handling large boars for this operation is graphically illustrated in
Fig. 76.

Fig. 81—'Testicles of boar. O, Testes; P, R, epididymis; S, T, spermatic cord.

It consists in placing the loop of a half or three-quarter inch rope over
the neck and behind one shoulder, then throwing the rope over the beam

102 ANIMAL CASTRATION

above and having the assistant draw the forefeet of the hog off the floor
by traction on the rope. This renders the animal absolutely helpless. By
such a method the operator with one assistant can handle the largest hhog.

Another quick method of restraint for operations of this character is
illustrated in Fig, 77.

This consists in placing a rail or bar over the neck of the hog where it
is held by the weight of an assistant.

Figs. 78 and 79 illustrate two methods of holding pigs and small shoats
for operation.

Instruments—

1. Williams’ castrating knife. (Fig. 2.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.) This is an instrument specially con-

Fig. 82—J, Hand; H, I, incisions in scrotum.

structed for castrating swine and sheep, and is about one-half the size of
the one used in castrating stallions and colts and about twice the size of
the canine and feline instrument.

Anatomy—The scrotum consists of two pouches formed by skin, sub-
cutaneous connective tissue, etc. These pouches are divided by a raphe or
median line and fit up close to the perineal region. These pouches each
contain a testicle (Fig. 81) which is decidedly shorter and more rounded
than the testicle of many of the other domestic animals. The long axis of
the testicle in swine is vertical.

CASTRATION OF ‘THE BOAR 103

Disinfection of Operative Field—Same as for castration of the bull.
(See page 96.)

nese , ae

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Same
as for castration of the bull. (See page 20.)

Operative Technic—With sterile instruments, clean hands, and the
animal properly secured, this operation is simple and an extremely easy

Fig. 83—Severing spermatic cord and its covering with emasculator. K, Testicle;
L, spermatic cord and its covering; M, emasculator; N, opposite testicle.

one to perform. The scrotum is firmly grasped with the left hand and
two bold incisions made. (H, I, Fig. 82.)

These incisions should begin well forward on the scrotum and extend
sufficiently far back to allow the testicle to be removed from the scrotum
without effort. The larger the incision the better. These incisions should
be parallel to each other and to the median line. They should be from
one-half to one inch—depending on the size of the hog—to each side of
the median line. If for any reason the first incision was not sufficiently!
deep to penetrate the tunica vaginalis (sac covering testicle) and com-
pletely releasing the testicle from the scrotum, then with another stroke of

104 ANIMAL CASTRATION

the knife this tunic is incised, allowing the testicle to escape from the
serotum, The testicle is now grasped with the left hand, by which it is
advisable to apply about one to two pounds traction on the cord, after
which apply the emasculator (M) to the cord and its coverings (L) as close
to the skin or scrotal incision as possible, being careful that the instrument
be at direct right angles to the cord, after which the cord is severed by
bringing the handles of the instrument together. (Fig. 83.) The op-
posite testicle is removed in like manner.

After-Care—Immediately after castration it is well to turn the animals
to pasture—preferably where there is running water. In any event get
them away from the barn and barnyard and do not allow them access to

Fig. 85—Testicle cf ridgling boar. G,
Testes; H, globus major; I, globus
Fig, 84—Hagedorn’s needle No, 3, minor; J, body of epididymis; K,
(Actual size,) spermatic cord.

stagnant and filthy wallow holes. Recovery is usually prompt and the
mortality is small.

Sequelae—Septicemia (blood poison), peritonitis, schirrous cord, tetanus
(lock jaw), hemorrhage.

CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID (RIDGLING) BOAR

Objects and Indications—All ridgling boars and pigs should be cas-
trated. The principal reasons for so doing are outlined under the proper
heading in describing castration of the boar. (Page 98.) Furthermore,
operation is strongly advised, since the modus operandi itself is easy and
comparatively simple and attended with little danger if proper surgical
procedure is adhered to.

Age—At about 25 to 35 pounds weight.

Preparation—The pig must be gaunted. This condition is secured by
withholding all food for twenty-four hours previous to operating. A
plentiful amount of water may be allowed.

CASTRATION OF TILE BOAR 105

Warning—The pig should be free from constitutional diseases and in
good physical condition. Before operating, see that the testicle is not
located in the inguinal canal. This precaution is essential because of the
fact that if the testicle is in the canal it cannot be withdrawn through the
abdominal incision.

> 17, NES : . : : :
Restraint—Since the operation consists in median line laparotomy the

Fig. 86-—-Abdominal incision.

animal should be suspended from the ground to a post or beam above until
the site of incision is about opposite the operator’s breast.

Instruments—

1. Miles’ hooked castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

3. Hagedorn needle (Fig. 84) carrying 20 inches of braided silk No.
12 for abdominal sutures.

4. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34).

5. Curved scissors (6-inch) (Fig. 35.)

106 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Position—Hanging.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Satis-
factory recoveries largely depend upon cleanliness, and it behooves the
operator to take extra precautions in this particular. Simply because the
animal is a hog is no reason why it should be carelessly operated upon.
Boil the instruments for 15 to 20 minutes, after which immerse them in

Kig. 87—Severing spermatic cord with emasculator.

clean pans containing Lysol or lquor ecresolis (U. S. P.), one tablespoon-
ful to each quart of water.

Disinfection of Operative Field—Chp the hair from the belly from the
umbilicus to the brim of the pubis. Wash the parts with tincture of green
soap and warm water using a scrub brush, after which paint the skin with
tincture of iodin.

Operative Technic—With the animal hanging, the instruments sterilized,
hands of the operator and the site of incision cleansed and disinfected,
proceed as follows: Select a site either to the right or left of the median

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 107

line of the abdomen, two inches below the brim of the pubis for the
abdominal incision (A) (Fig. 86.) Care must be exercised to avoid the
penis, the course of which is in the median line. This incision should be
three inches long and penetrate all the layers of the abdominal wall. The

Fig. 88—Abdominal wall closed by three interrupted sutures.

index and second finger are now introduced into the abdominal cavity,
and a search made for the testicle. This organ is usually short corded and
hangs against the posterior abdominal wall, directly in front of the abdom-
inal incision. If the spermatic cord be long, then the testicle itself may be
quite a distance below the abdominal incision, in which event the cord is
located and drawn through the abdominal incision, and as a natural conse-

108 ANIMAL CASTRATION

quence the testicle will follow. The spermatic cord is now severed and its
stump replaced in the abdominal cavity. If it be a double eryptorchid
(both testicles undescended) both testicles should be removed through the
one abdominal incision. The abdominal wall should now be closed with
three interrupted sutures. (Fig. 88.) These sutures should be what is
known as the through-and-throuegh variety—all layers of the abdominal
wall should be included in them.

After-Care—The animal should be confined for eight or nine days in a

Fig. 89—Ruptured boar.

small, clean pen; during which period the diet should be limited. Nature
will ordinarily take care of removal of the sutures.

CASTRATION OF THE RUPTURED BOAR

Serotal hernia (rupture) in the boar occurs invariably and directly as a
result of dilatation or enlargement of the internal abdominal ring. The
anatomical function of the internal abdominal ring is to allow the sper-
matic cord to pass from the abdominal cavity into the inguinal canal and
at the same time prevent the passage of any portion of the intestines
escaping from the cavity into that canal.

Causes—The experience of others and my own observation lead me to

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 109

believe that scrotal hernia of the boar is one condition which can be truth-
fully laid at the door of hereditary transmission in 95 per cent of cases.
They are of congenital origin, the internal abdominal ring being open at
birth and nature fails to close it afterward. In my own practice I
recall one sow in particular which presented her owner with a bunch of
ruptured pigs twice each year. This sow gave birth to large litters and
was kept as a brood sow on that account. These litters were usually about

Fig. 90—View of the scrotum atter animal is hung up for operation.

110 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 91—Incision in groin directly over the internal abdominal ring.

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 111

equally divided between boar and sow pigs. During the three years that
this sow was under my observation every boar pig to which she gave birth

Fig. 92—View of the testicle, spermatic cord and internal abdominal ring. B,
Internal abdominal ring; C, spermatic cord; D, testicle.

ele ANIMAL CASTRATION

was ruptured. Twice each year her owner would come, five miles, with
the pigs in a market wagon for operation, and strange to say he never
lost a pig as a result therefrom.

Objects and Indications—All ruptured boars should be castrated for at
least three reasons: (a) To stop their breed in order to lessen the birth
of congenitally ruptured pigs. (b) For the same reason that boars are
usually castrated, viz.: to increase their usefulness and value for food
purposes. (¢) In order that they may peacefully commingle with other
hogs without exhibiting the natural and acquired sexual habits of the
boar.

Most that has been written and published in regard to methods of pro-
cedure is vague and some of it misleading. If the operator follows the
directions given by some self-denominated authorities—namely, for opera-
tion via scrotal incision—he will make a haphazard job and be a monu-
mental failure so far as permanent results are concerned. Since the direct
cause for the bowel protruding into the inguinal canal and scrotum is
the abnormally large opening of the internal abdominal ring, how can a
scrotal operation be expected to correct the trouble? By no known means
can the internal abdominal rine be reached by a scrotal incision unless it
be by a probe and a very long and small sized probe at that. Since the
internal abdominal rine must be closed in order to correct the condition,
and since this ring cannot be reached via a serotal incision, it becomes
necessary to operate by an incision immediately over and in close proximity
to the ring. This operation we will now illustrate and describe.

Age—At 25 to 35 pounds weight.

Season—Larly spring, late fall and winter.

Preparation—Withhold food for twenty-four hours in order to have the
alimentary tract empty.

Restraint—Suspended by means of a rope looped above the hocks and
attached to a beam above.

Position—Hanging just high enough so that the operative field will be
opposite the operators’ breast.

Instruments—

1. Miles’ hooked castrating knife. (Fig. 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

3. Hagedorn No. 3 needle (Fig. 84) carrying 20 inches braided silk
No. 12 for suturing the skin incision.

4+. Surgeon’s full curved needle No. 5 (Fig. 181) carrying a sufficient
amount of chromicized cateut (ten-day) to close the internal abdominal
ring.

do. Richter’s needle-holder. (Fie. 34.)

ring with a purse-string suture.

114 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Sterilization of Instruments, Cleansing Operator’s Hands and Opera:
tive Field—Same as for castration of the ridgling boar. (See page 106.)

Operative Technic—With the pig in position, the instruments sterilized,
hands of the operator and the operative field cleansed and disinfected, pro-
ceed as follows: Locate the internal abdominal ring. This can usually be
done by pressure applied externally in the inguinal region. With the
location of the ring as a land mark, make the incision through the skin

Fig. 34—-Operation completed by three interrupted sutures.

CASTRATION OF THE BOAR 115

and subcutaneous connective tissue down to the muscular coat of the
abdominal wall. This incision should be made about three to four inches
long and its center should be directly over the center of the internal abdom-
inal ring.

Usually by this time the intestines have by gravity—returned to the
abdominal cavity. The next step is to incise the tunica vaginalis near the
ring, exposing the cord. By traction on the cord the testicle ean usually
be withdrawn from the scrotum, through the inguinal canal and out of
the incision. The testicle is now removed by severing its spermatic cord
with the emasculator, after which the stump of the severed cord is dropped
back into the abdominal cavity. Figs. 91 and 92 afford a comprehensive
idea of how the operation has been proceeded with up to this point. By
referring to Figs. 93 and 94 you will observe how it is completed. Next
we close the inguinal ring by means of a purse-string suture applied in
such a manner as to bring the serous surfaces of the peritoneum in close
apposition. It is important that the suture be of absorbable material,
otherwise it may do damage in the wound.

The skin incision is then easily and quickly closed by three interrupted
sutures. (F, Fig. 94.)

Sometimes on account of the small size of the external abdominal ring
and inguinal canal it is impossible to withdraw the testic'e from the scro-
tum by traction on the cord. In such eases a scrotal incision is made for the
purpose of removing the testicle only. After which proceed to drop the
cord into the abdominal cavity and close the ring and skin incision in the
usual way.

After-Care—Confine the animal in a small clean pen for ten days; dur-
ing this period limit the feed. Nature will take care of removing the
sutures.

CHAPTER VIII
CASTRATION OF THE RAM
Objects and Indications—The operation is rarely performed upon aged

rams. Its greatest apphcation is to lambs. Castration hastens growth and
development and improves the character of the mutton and fleece. Cas-

Fig. 95—Restraint and position for castration.

CASTRATION OF THE RAM 117

trated rams and lambs areknown as wethers, and wethers command a
much higher market price than rams. If male sheep are to be raised to
full maturity for mutton purposes, they should always be castrated when
lambs.

Age—From a week to ten days old is a popular and safe age at which
to castrate. However, some prefer operating later. There is no doubt but
what the mortality rate following castration rapidly inereases with age.
Por that reason, if for no other, the early operation is most advantageous.

Ui . 74 tas or 7 ‘ ne 0 i i+] 1
Season—W inter and early spring. Weather conditions play an import-

Fig. 96—Restraint and position for castration of large rams. EH, Three feet
fixed together; F and G, position of assistant’s hands; H, scrotum.

ant part in the success of the operation. Cold rains and sudden drops in
temperature should be avoided as much as possible. An extra effort
should be made to select seasonable weather.

Preparation—Limited diet for twenty-four hours before operating.

Restraint and Position—A favorite method—both as regards restraint
and position—is for the assistant to grasp the legs and place the animal
on its rump as shown in Figure 95.

Figure 96 illustrates a satisfactory method of confining large and heavy
rams for castration. Both the fore and the right hind lees are fixed to-
gether by means of a cord (HK). The assistant grasps the left hind leg (F)

118 ANIMAL CASTRATION

and flexes it against his body. With the right hand (G) he controls the
head. With a ram in this position the scrotum is readily accessible.

Instruments—1. Williams’ castrating knife. (Fig. 2.)

2. Swine and sheep emasculator. (Fig. 80.)

Anatomy—The scrotum is decidedly pouch shaped and possesses a dis-
tinet constricted neck at its summit. The skin of the scrotum is covered
by short, dense wool. The testicles are similar in shape to those of the
bull, and their long axis is almost vertical. In comparison to the size of the

Fig. 97—Testicle of a ram. lL, Globus major of epididymis; M, testes;
N, spermatic cord.

animal the testicles of the ram are unusually large. The testicle of a 60-
pound lamb will weigh as much as the testicle of a 1,400-pound horse.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of the Operator—Boil
the instruments for fifteen to twenty minutes, after which immerse them
in a clean vessel containing Lysol or cresols compound (U. 8. P.), one
tablespoonful to the quart of water.

Disinfection of Operative Field—The serotum should be sponged with
a pledget of cotton saturated with an antiseptic solution. Cleanliness here

CASTRATION OF THE RAM 119

goes far in obtaining successful results, Tf time is not too limited it is
best to clip the wool from the scrotum.
” 7 1‘ 7 ’ 4 |. 7 7

_ Operative Technic—There are two methods of making the serotal in-
C1S10Ns :

(a) Lateral, Figure 98,

(b) End, Figure 99,

In making the lateral or side incision (Figure 98) the left side of the

Fig. 98—Lateral incision. A, Right testicle in the scrotum; B, scrotum; C,
Williams’ castrating knife; H, position of the left hand; F, incision.

scrotum is grasped with the left hand of the operator and _ sufficient
pressure made—by squeezing—to render the skin of the right side tense.
With the knife in the right hand, the incision is made by one sweep of
the knife through all layers oF the scrotum and the testicle itself exposed.
This incision should be about three and one-half inches long and should
extend well down to the tip. The opposite scrotal incision is made in like

120 ANIMAL CASTRATION

manner, With the right hand grasp the testicles and with the left hand
strip the spermatic cords of their coverings until they are well isolated as
high as the summit of the scrotum. With the left hand grasp the testicle
and make two pounds traction on the cord outward, at the same time ap-
plying the emasculator to the cord and foreing it well up near the summit

Fig. 99—End incision. H, Left testicle within the scrotum; G. right
testicle within the scrotum; I, knife; K, position of the left hand;
L, incision.

of the scrotum. Bringing the handles of the instrument together the cord
and its coverings are severed.

The end-incision method (Figure 99) has many advantages over the
one already described and is to be preferred. Grasp the apex of the
scrotum in the left hand and remove one-third of it—by one sweep of the
knife. The testicles surrounded by their tunica vaginalis will now drop

CASTRATION OF THE RAM 121

down below the incision. By a nick of the knife incise the tunics and ex-
pose the testicles, after which grasp them (of course separately) with the
right hand and make outward traction, at the same time isolating the
cords by stripping them of their coverings to a point near the summit of
the scrotum. With the left hand grasp the testicle, at the same time pro-
ducing two pounds outward traction on the spermatic cord. With the right
rand apply the emasculator to the cord and by forcing it well up to the
summit of the scrotum sever the cord and its coverings by bringing the

«

Fig. 100—Severing spermatic cords and their coverings with the emasculator.

handles of the instrument together. Figure 100 illustrates the manner in
which the cords are severed with the emasculator.

After-Care—The most essential precaution to be taken after rams and
lambs are castrated is to place them in sanitary surroundings, away from
danger of wound contamination by barn and barnyard manure and dirt.
In favorable weather a pasture is the ideal place. In bad weather a pre-
viously cleaned hallway or shed, well bedded with fresh straw, is to be
desired. Sheep are quite prone to septic infection, hence to attain success-
ful results infection must be strictly guarded against for several days after
castration. Tetanus is a not uncommon sequel to castration of lambs.

Never operate during ‘‘fly time.”’

CHAPTER IX
CASTRATION OF THE DOG.

Objects and Indications—The principal object to be attained in castrat-
ing the dog is to deprive him of his nightly habit of visiting the female so-
ciety members of the canine species in his neighborhood and oftentimes in
some other male dog’s neighborhood. Castration has the direct and imme-

Fig. 101—Restraint of dog for castration.

diate effect of inducing a male dog to be contented with his home sur-
roundings. The only other reason for castration would be to relieve cer-
tain pathological conditions of the scrotum, testicle, inguinal canal and
penis.

CASTRATION OF THE DOG 123

Age—Dogs may be safely castrated at almost any age. However, the
younger the better. Puppies may be easily castrated when four weeks old.

Season—The season plays no important part in castration of the dog.
“he operation may be done safely at any season.

Preparation—None.

Restraint—Always apply a tape muzzle to begin with. Small dogs may

Fig. 102—McKillip’s canine and feline emasculator.

Fig. 103—Canine and feline emasculator.

be easily and safely held by an assistant, as shown in Figure 101. The fore
and hind legs are crossed over one another and held tightly. The index

fingers of both hands are crossed under the throat and the thumbs are

passed back behind the head. Held in this position the scrotum is acces-

sible and the operation may be proceeded with safely.

124 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Large dogs may be held by two or more assistants or they may be se-
cured by tying the legs together as illustrated in Figure 105. The opera-
tor should stand out of range of the strong stream of urine which is sure to
come as soon as the knife strikes the testicle.

Instruments—1. Williams’ castrating knife. (Figure 2.) 2. Canine
and feline emasculator (Figures 102 and 103).

Fig. 104—Genitals of the dog. (Ellenberger-Leisering Atlas.) A, Acetabulum;
B, obturator foramen; C, ischio—cavernosum portion, E, vas deferens; F, bulbus
glandis; I, testicle; J, tunica vaginalis; K, scrotum; L, prepuce; M, spermatic
cord.

Anatomy—The scrotum is suspended below the anus. The raphe or
median line is not well marked. The skin covering the scrotum is soft and
thin and covered sparsely with short stiff hairs.

CASTRATION OF THE DOG 125

Y i . e aes : 5 p a ¢
Spermatic Cord—The spermatic cord and its covering—tunica vaginalis
—are slender in size and long.

Fig. 105—Scrotal incisions. K, left hand of assistant; L, scrotal incisions;
M, legs fixed together with cord; N, muzzle.

Testicle—The testicle is oval in shape and comparatively small. Its
long axis is oblique.
Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing of Operator’s Hands—Boil

Fig. 106—Severing spermatic cord with emasculator. A, Table; B, muzzle;
C, legs fixed together with tape; D, left testicle; E, right
testicle; F, emasculator.

instruments for 15 to 20 minutes, and then immerse them in Lysol or ere-
solis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of warm water.

126 ANIMAL CASTRATION

The operator’s hands should be thoroughly washed with tincture of green
soap and warm water, using a scrub brush, after which wash them in the
above mentioned antiseptic solution.

Preparation of Operative Field—If much foie is present on the scrotum

Fig. 107—View of the abdominal organs. G, Descended testicle; H, rectum;
I, urinary bladder; J, undescended testicle located in the sublumbar
region; K, intestines.

it should be clipped off, after which the scrotum should be washed with
an antiseptic solution and painted with tincture of iodin.

Operative Technic—The modus operandi is very simple and the opera-
tion requires only a few seconds time. With the left thumb and index fin-
ger grasp the scrotum above the testicles and make its skin taut by squeez-

CASTRATION OF THE DOG 127

ing. With the knife in the right hand—by two sweeps—the two scrotal in-
cisions are made, exposing both testicles. These incisions should be amply
large and extend well down to the lower portion of the scrotum in order to
afford free drainage.

Fig. 108S—Abdominal incision.

The concluding step (Fig. 106) is to grasp the testicle with the left hand
at the same time making slight traction on the cord. With the right hand
the emasculator is placed on the cord and forced down close to the scrotal)
incisions. The cord is then severed by bringing the handles of the instru-
ment together.

After-Care—About all that is necessary is exercise and sanitary sur-

128 ANIMAL CASTRATION

roundines with daily observation for detecting the appearance of the sev-
eral sequelae of castration.
CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID (RIDGLING) DOG.

Objects and Indications—On account of the universally recognized fact
that eryptorchidism in animals is hereditary, it is very important that such

Fig. 109—Severing spermatic cord with the emasculator. A, Incision;
B, testicle; C, emasculator.

a dog should not be used for stud purposes. This applies to the eryp-
torchid with one testicle in the scrotum, since the double eryptorchid is in-
capable of reproduction. In order to stop the breed of such animals, cas-
tration should be resorted to. The operation is also valuable in causing a
dog to remain contented at home.

CASTRATION OF THE DOG 129

Age—All ages, preferably young dogs.

Season—All seasons.

Preparation—It is essential to have the alimentary tract empty. This
1s accomplished by withholding food for twenty-four hours previous to op-
erating.

Fig. 110—Incision closed with three interrupted sutures. D, Sutures; E, incision.

Restraint—Preferably on operating table elevated to a perpendicular
position, or in the absence of a table the animal may be hung upon a wall
or post. In either event the tape muzzle is applied as a protection against
bites.

Instruments—l1. Miles’ hooked castrating knife. (Figure 25.)

2. Emasculator. (Figures 102 and 103.)

130 ANIMAL CASTRATION

3. Richter’s needle-holder. (Figure 34.)

4. Surgeon’s needle (full curved) carrying 20 inches of No. 12 braided
suk for sutures.

Anatomy—A comprehensive idea of the location and relation of the parts
concerned in this operation can be had by reference to Figure 107.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing of Operator’s Hands—Boil
instruments for 15 to 20 minutes, and then immerse them in Lysol or Cresol
Compound (U.S. P.) one tablespoonful to one quart of warm water. Wash
the hands thoroughly with soap and warm water, using a scrub brush.

Disinfection of Operative Field—Clip or shave the hair from the field of
operation, and wash with soap and warm water until the parts are visibly
clean. Sponge with antiseptic solution and paint with tincture of lodin.

Operative Technic—lIf the left testicle is undescended a point is selected
to the left of the median line of the abdomen and about midway between
the brim of the pelvis and the prepuce (Figure 108).

The incision is made two and one-half inches long—through all layers of
the abdominal wall. Through this incision the index finger of the right
hand is passed and a search made in the sublumbar region for the sper-
matic cord. This cord is usually located easily. Withdraw the cord
through the abdominal incision and the testicle follows. Sever the cord
with the emasculator (Figure 109) and replace its stump in the abdomi-
nal cavity. Suture the abdominal incision with two or three through-and-
through interrupted sutures. (Figure 110).

After-Care—The dog should be placed in sanitary close quarters for six
or seven days; during whieh period no exercise must be allowed and the
diet should be of a light, easily digestible character, and limited. The two
end sutures may be removed on the third day and the middle one on the
fifth day.

CHAPTER X
CASTRATION OF THE CAT,

Objects and Indications—In order that they will remain contented at
home.

Age—The operation can be performed safely at any age.

Season—All seasons.

Preparation—Same as for castration of the dog.

Restraint—Remember that a cat will scratch as well as bite and the op-
crator should take the necessary precautions to protect himself from both.

Een

Fig. 111—Castration with the cat wrapped in a towel.

Two favorite methods of restraint—either of which is satisfactory—are

as follows.

(a) With all four feet tucked up against the abdomen, wrap the animal
in a towel, leaving its posterior parts exposed. (Figure 111.)

(b) Place the animal in an ordinary rubber boot with its hind legs
thrust through the finger straps. See Figure 112.

Position—Dorsal.

Instruments—Same as for castration of the dog. See page 124.

132 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Anatomy—Similar to that of the dog.
Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same
as for castration of the dog. See page 125.

Fig. 112—Castration with the cat confined in a rubber boot. A, Boot; B, B, finger
straps; C, severing the spermatic cord with an emasculator.

Preparation of Operative Field—Same as that for castration of the dog,
with the exception that special pains must be taken to see that the hair is
removed from the scrotum. See page 126.

Fig. 113—Testicle of a cat after removal.

Operative Technic—Same as for castration of the dog. See page 126.
After-Care—Daily observation for the appearance of the sequelae of cas-
tration.

CHAPTER XI.
CAPONIZING.

Definition—Caponizing is a term applied to castrating fowls. In this
country the operation is practiced almost exclusively on male chickens
(roosters, cockerels), and sometimes on male turkeys (toms, gobblers). Such
fowls when castrated are known as capons. The capon bears the same rela-

Fig. 114—Restraint of the fowl for caponizing. A, A, Weights at the ends of the
cords; B, cords looped around the legs; C, cord looped around the wings.

tion to the rooster that the steer does to the bull; the barrow to the boar,
the gelding to the stallion, ete.

History—It is impossible to say just how long the operation of caponiz
ing has been performed. It seems quite certain, however, that the practice
was familiar to the Chinese more than two thousand years ago. Later it
was practiced by the Greeks and Romans and through medieval times, by
the people of middle and southern Europe, and in recent years it has been

134 ANIMAL CASTRATION

introduced into America. At present capons are most universally known
and appreciated in France; it is only within the last few years that the
business of producing them has advanced rapidly in this country. The in-
dustry is largely confined to that portion of the United States east of Phila-
delphia, though increasing numbers of capons are being raised in the
North Central States. During the winter months, capons are regularly
quoted in the markets of the larger eastern cities. Massachusetts and New

Fig. 115—Caponizing board. A, Board; C, feet imprisoned in strap loop;
B, weight on end of strap; E, wings imprisoned in staple.

Jersey are the great centers for the growing of capons, while Boston, New
York and Philadelphia are the great markets.

Objects and Indications—Caponizing changes a male chicken’s disposi-
tion to the extent that he no longer shows an inclination to fight; he be-
comes sluggish and quiet and more docile. The true capon never crows.
The comb and wattles cease to grow. His society is not sought by other
chickens—either cocks or hens—he becomes an outcast and on this account
oftentimes takes up with baby chicks even to the extent of ‘‘mothering”’
them, scratching and working for them by day and hovering them by
night. On account of the more peaceful disposition of the capon his body

CAPONIZING 135

develops rapidly, and he grows larger and takes on fat more readily than
the ordinary male bird. Caponizing improves the texture of the flesh, and

it is now a well recognized fact that the flavor and texture of the flesh of a
capon is as much improved over that of a cock as the meat of a steer

Fig. 116—Miles caponizing knife.

Fig. 117—Miles’ spreaders.

Fig. 118.—Spring spreader.

is over that of a bull. Hence capons are entitled to and do command a
higher market price than either cocks or hens. Capons are less trouble
to care for and to keep within prescribed bounds than other chickens. The
economic value of caponizing justifies its more general practice.
Selection of Breeds—Always select birds from the large breeds for ca-

136 ANIMAL CASTRATION

ponizing, viz: Light Brahmas, Cochins, Plymouth Rocks, Langshans, Wy-
andotts, Orpingtons, ete.

Age—Two or three months is the best age at which to operate. The
chicken should weigh from one and one-half to two pounds. Never operate

Fig. 120—Miles’ forceps.

Fig. 121—Scoop and hook.

Fig. 122—Clipping knife, scoop and hook.

after the bird is five months of age. The mortality is low in young fowls
and increases with age.

Season—Summer—June, July and August.

Restraint—The most economical and at the same time most satisfactory

CAPONIZING 137

method of restraint is illustrated in Figure 114. With a barrel or box used
as an improvised operating table one cord is looped around the wines and
another around the legs. The leneth of these cords depends upon the size
of the box or barrel being used. To the free end of each cord a weight—
one half brick—is attached. The fowl is now placed on the table and the
weights produce sufficient traction on the cords to hold it in proper posi-
tion.

Another method of restraint favored and used by some is a specially
constructed board. See Figure 115. It will be observed that a self-locking

Fig. 123—Testicles of the fowl.

staple is used to confine the wings, while the legs are confined by a loop
strap with a weight suspended at its end. The holes through the board
make it adjustable to all sizes of fowls.

Instruments—Several different styles and kinds of instruments for per-
forming the caponizing operation are on the American market. Most of
them are satisfactory after the operator becomes accustomed to handling
them. They consist of:

1. Knife for making abdominal incision. (Fig. 116.)

2. Spreaders or retractors for separating the ribs. (Figs. 117, 118 and
119.)

138 ANIMAL CASTRATION

3. Appliances for removing the testicle (Figs. 120, 121, 122.)

Some of the best of each of these are illustrated below. The operator
should make his own selection. The author’s preference is the ‘‘Farmer”’
Miles set.

Anatomy—The testicles are situated in the abdominal cavity. They are
small, bean-shaped, soft, very friable and light colored. Their location is
on each side of the vertebral column immediately behind the lungs and in

nN

Fig. 124—Diagrammatic illustration showing position of testicles of the fowl
and the method of removal. A, Right testicle; B, left testicle; C, scoop applied
to the spermatic cord; D, vertebral column; H, incision in last intercostal space;
HY, spreader.

front of the kidneys. See Figure 123. They are opposite the last inter-
costal space. Above them is the aorta and vena cava.

Preparation—The most essential step connected with caponizing is to
have the fowls entirely empty at the time of operating. This is accom-
plished by withholding food and water for thirty hours. Never attempt
to operate upon a ‘‘full’’ chicken unless you are looking for trouble.

Operative Technic—Unless a satisfactory artificial light is available, the

CAPONIZING 139

proper time of day at which to operate is between the hours of 10 a. m. and
2p. m., as at this time the sun is high and in proper position to reflect its
bright light into the abdominal cavity. Good light is one of the essentials.
Never attempt to operate without it. With the fowl properly confined and
in such a position as will enable the sunlight to illuminate the abdominal
cavity—operate out of doors—instruments and hands of the operator clean,
proceed as follows:
1. Pluck the feathers from the field of operation.

2. Chill the parts by pouring a glass of ice water slowly over the skin.

Fig. 125—Removing the testicle with a scoop. E, Abdominal incision in last
intercostal space; F, scoop applied; G, spreaders applied.

This chilling process has a good influence in preventing cutaneous hem-
orrhage.

3. Make an abdominal incision with the kuife by incising the muscles in
the last intercostal space (between the last two ribs). Since the intercostal
artery passes along the posterior border of the ribs, this incision should
closely follow the anterior border of the last rib. The first incision includes
all layers of the abdominal wall with the exception of the peritoneum.

4. Insert the spreaders and spread the ribs apart sufficiently to admit
the scoop or forceps.

5. Nick the peritoneum. This will open the abdominal cavity.

6, The testicles are now located and if both are to be removed through

=

140 ANIMAL CASTRATION

one abdominal incision, the lower one should be removed first, otherwise
the hemorrhage incident to removing the upper one would interfere with
the removal of the lower. There is no serious objection to operating from
both sides, in which event the upper testicle is removed first.

With a scoop or forceps applied to the spermatic cord—ceare being taken
not to include the aorta or vena cava—the testicle is removed by twisting
the cord with several turns of the instrument. Be sure and remove the
entire testicle, for if any portion of it is left the fowl will crow, and be
what is known as a ‘‘slip.’’? Slips are not capons and are undesirable.

7. Remove the spreaders. This allows the ribs to come together and
close the abdominal wound. If a mistake has been made by severing either

Fig. 126—Removing testicle with Miles’ forceps. J, Spreaders applied;
K, forceps applied; L, abdominal incision.

aorta or vena cava the fowl will die in a very few minutes from internal
hemorrhage. Should this occur the fowl may be used for food.

On account of the almost complete immunity of the chicken from septic
infection, healing of the wound usually takes place by first intention, and
the fowl makes a quick and satisfactory recovery.

After-Care—Upon being released from the operating table the capons are
usually put in a closed yard where they can find shelter, food and water
and can be kept quiet. No roosts are provided, as the less flying and jump-
ing they do the sooner the wound heals. The capons seem to be very little

CAPONIZING 141

inconvenienced by the operation, and water and soft feed mixed with sweet
skim milk may be given immediately. Some feeders give this in unlimited
quantity ; others feed more sparingly for a time.

For a week or ten days the newly made capons should be carefully ‘ob-
served to see whether they become ‘‘wind puffed.’’ This is a condition
caused by air gathering under and puffing out the skin near the wound.
When observed it can be readily relieved by pricking the skin with a needle
or knife and pressing out the air.

Mortality—About one to two per cent.

PART II.

SPAYING.

Synonyms—Ovariectomy, Oophorectomy, Ovariotomy.
Definition—Spaying is a term applied to the operation of unsexing the
female domestic animal.

CHAPTER I.
MARE SPAYING.

Objects and Indications—The principal indication for removing the
ovaries from mares is to correct the disagreeable and dangerous condition
known as nymphomania, the symptoms of which are as follows: Usually
when such animals are touched, especially while applying harness and

Fig. 127—Restraint for spaying in the standing posture.

saddles, they squat, switch their tails, kick, bite, urinate, etc., while at the
same time the clitoris moves actively, as during estrum. Some nympho-
maniac mares are affected with such behavior continuously, while in others
it is periodical. The intensity also varies in degree in different individuals.
Some are affected to the extent of actual viciousness. Such animals are a
public and private nuisance, undesirable to own and dangerous to the at-
tendant. Removal of the ovaries usually corrects the trouble, The results

144 ANIMAL CASTRATION

of the operation are not immediate. In fact, even apparent improvement
may not be noted until several weeks—possibly months—have elapsed,
The improvement is gradual and oftentimes slow, even after it actually
begins. Spaying is always justified in mares of this class.

Fig. 128—Colin’s scalpel.

Age—Spay regardless of age when operation is indicated.

Season—Spring, winter and fall.

Preparation—lIt is necessary for the intestinal tract—the rectum in par-
ticular---to be empty. This is usually accomplished by withholding feed for

Fig. 129—Williams’ ratchet spaying ecraseur.

thirty hours previous to operating. To make sure that the rectum is empty
it is well to administer an enema immediately before operating. Douche
the vagina and wash the anus, vulva, tail and surrounding parts with Lysol
or cresolis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of water.
Bandage the upper one-third of the tail. Chloral or Cannabis Indica ad-

Fig. 130—Dunn’s spaying ecraseur.

ministered thirty or forty minutes before operating is helpful in most in-
stances.

Position—Standing.

Restraint—lIf a suitable operating stock is available it should be used.
Ju heu of stocks a narrow box stall and slings are the next best method of

MARE SPAYING 145

restraint for the spaying operation. When a narrow stall and sling are
used it becomes necessary to confine the hind feet in such a way that the
operator is not subjected to the danger of kicks. The simplest method
which will answer the purpose is illustrated in Figure 127. It consists of
the nose twitch applied and held by an assistant; also an eighteen-foot
three-quarter inch cotton rope and one hobble strap. Loop the end of the
rope around the off hind pastern, pass it through the D-loop or ring of the
near hind, then upward and forward between the fore legs, over the with-
ers and under the main rope behind the elbow. Another method is the
hippo lasso. (Figs. 135 and 136.)

While the last two methods described are simple and will answer the
purpose, there is at least one quite serious objection to them, viz: The ani-
mal may in her struggles cast herself, or she may voluntarily lie down,
which greatly interferes with the progress of the operation. Whenever
possible it is always advisable to fortify yourself against the animal lying
down by placing her in a sling. Restraint as illustrated in Fig. 127, sup-
plemented by a sling, is very satisfactory.

Instruments—1. Colin’s scalpel (Fig. 128) is decidedly the most satis-
factory knife for vaginal spaying. This knife has a heavy blade with wide
belly guarded by an easily manipulated sliding shield. A knife thus con-
structed can be safely handled inside the vaginal canal.

2. Williams’ ratchet spaying ecraseur (Fig. 129) is so constructed
that it takes up very little space in the vaginal canal, and is sufficiently
long to reach the ovaries of the largest mare or cow. The ratchet handle
enables the operator to manipulate the instrument with one hand while
the other hand remains in the cavity. If an extra assistant is available to
handle the instrument on the outside, Dunn’s spaying ecraseur (Fig 130)
is an excellent instrument.

3. Vaginal spaying speculum. There are two satisfactory spaying spec-
ulums now on the market. A. Williams’ speculum (Fig. 133); B. Pase-
ley’s speculum (Fig. 134).

Anatomy—In order to spay mares satisfactorily it is essential that the
operator have a general idea of the anatomy of the vulva, vagina, uterus
and ovaries. Lack of space here forbids going into minute detail. How-
ever, the more important points will have attention.

Vulva—The vulva is the external opening of the genital and urinary
tracts. It is an ovoid slit situated in the perineal region below the anus,
and consists of two lips and two commissures. The space between the
vulva below and the anus above is the perineum. In a depression on its
floor (fossa navicularis) lies the clitoris. In virgin mares the hymen sepa-
rates the vulva from the vagina. Inside, on the floor of the vulva, opens
the meatus urinarius, which is the outlet from the bladder. The mucous

146 ANIMAL CASTRATION

membrane lining the vulva is rose colored, and the skin covering it extern-
ally is soft, thin and devoid of hair.

Vagina—The vagina is situated between the rectum and bladder, and
is tubular in shape. It extends horizontally through the pelvic cavity from

Fig. 151—View of internal genitals of the mare. A, Rectum; B, vagina; C, uterus;
D, D, cornua; E, E, ovaries; F, F, broad ligaments; G, G, abdominal walls.

the cervix to the vulva. Its walls are capable of great distention. The
vagina varies in length in different individuals. It is usually from eight to
ten inches long. Superiorly it is related to the rectum, inferiorly to the
bladder, laterally to the pelvic wall.

MARE SPAYING 147

Uterus—The uterus is a musculo-membranous sae situated partly in the
pelvic region. It consists of a body and two cornua. Superiorly it is re-
lated to the rectum, which passes between its horns while it is suspended
laterally by the broad ligaments. Inferiorly it is related to the bladder and
convolutions of the intestines. Its anterior extremity is known as the
fundus, and is continuous with the cornua. Its posterior extremity is con-
tinuous with the vagina, constituting the cervix or neck of the uterus. The
cervix 1s round, hard and thick. In its center is a tube-like opening (fis-
sure). The cornua spring laterally from the anterior extremity of Ahe
uterus and pass upward and forward, and to these the suspensory liga-
ments are attached. At their summit the fallopian tubes enter. The uterus

Fig. 132—External and internal genital organs of the mare. B, Vagina; C, cervix
neck of womb); D, D, horns and fallopian tubes; BE, E, ovaries; F, fundus.

has three openings, viz: the ostium internum leading through the cer-
vix, and the ostium uterinum at the end of each horn.

Fallopian Tubes—These are prolongations of the uterus, their purpose
being the conveying of the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus. They are
ten to twelve inches long and extend from the ovaries above to the cornua
below. At the upper outlet of the fallopian tubes is the fimbriated ex-
tremity, which is funnel-shaped and receives the ovum direct from the
ovary.

Ovaries—The ovaries are bean-shaped and weigh from one to three
ounces. They are situated in the sublumbar region of the abdominal cav-

145 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 133—Williams’ spaying speculum, showing the hand and knife in position for
making the vaginal incision.

ity about four to five inches behind each kidney. They hang about two to
three inches to each side of the center of the vertebral column. They are
attached above in the sublumbar region by the anterior part of the broad
ligament. In old animals the ovaries are usually hard and fibrous. How-

Fig. 134—Paseley’s spaying speculum, showing position of the hand and the knife
for making the vaginal incision.

MARE SPAYING 149

Fig. 135—Mare confined by hippo lasso. A, Right hand carrying Coiin’s scalpel;
B, left hand manipulating spaying speculum.

ever, cysts are by no means uncommon. The ovarian artery supplies nutri-
tion to the ovary.

Warning—The rectum must be empty, otherwise it is liable to injutty
from the point of the knife when it is thrust through the vaginal roof. In

Fig. 136—Removing the ovaries. E, Spaying ecraseur.

150 ANIMAL CASTRATION

making the incision be sure to press the cervix downward and forward
with the spaying speculum in order to get the site of incision away from
the rectal wall.

Fig. 137—Making the vaginal incision. A, Position of right hand and arm; B,
uterus; C, anus; D, vulva; E, spaying speculum; F, vagina; G, cervix; H, urinary
bladder I, broad ligament; J, rectum; K, position of left hand; L, left ovary; M,
location of knife thrust through the roof of the vagina; N, vaginal incision.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—The in-
struments should be boiled for fifteen to twenty minutes, after which place

MARE SPAYING 151

them in Lysol or cresolis compound (U. S. P.), one tablespoonful to each
quart of water. The operator’s hands should be thoroughly washed with

Fig. 138—Removing the ovary with the ecraseur. A, Position of the right arm;
B, uterus; C, anus; D, vulva; E, ecraseur; F, vagina; H, urinary bladder;
J, broad ligament; M, vaginal incision; N, right hand; P, rectum; S, ovary.

tincture of green soap, using a scrub brush, and then with the above men-
tioned antiseptic solution. ae
Operative Technic—1. With the right hand lubricated with surgical jelly,

152 ANIMAL CASTRATION

carry the spaying speculum (Figs. 133 and 134) into the vagina, and insert
its tip into the cervix (neck of womb).

2. Withdraw the hand, and with Colin’s scalpel reenter the vagina.
3. With the left hand elevate the handle of the speculum and make suf-
ficient pressure downward and forward to stretch the roof of the vagina.

4. With the blade guarded it is pressed against the roof of the vagina
directly over the cervix.

5. Uneguard and thrust the blade through the roof of the vagina. (Fig.
137).

6. Reguard the blade and withdraw the knife, at the same time with-
drawing the spaying speculum.

7. With the right hand re-enter the vagina and enlarge the opening by
stretching with the fingers until the whole hand enters the abdominal cavity.

8. Introduce the ecraseur and locate and sever the ovaries from their
attachment, by placing a loop of the chain above the ovary, and with the
left hand the ratchet handle is manipulated back and forth until the broad
ligament is severed. Withdraw the ovary from the abdominal cavity and
drop it in the vagina. The opposite ovary is then removed in like manner,
after which withdraw both ovaries and the ecraseur. The operation is now
completed. By reference to figures 137 and 138 a comprehensive idea of
the various steps of the operation may be obtained.

After-Care—Keep the head haltered up for twenty-four hours to pre-
vent the patient from lying down. The vaginal wound requires no treat-
ment. The mare is simply placed in a sanitary box stall, where she is
allowed to remain for ten to twelve days, after which she should be put
back to hard, steady work until the habit is forgotten.

Sequelae—Colie and peritonitis.

CHAPTER II.
COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING.

COW SPAYING.

Objects and Indications—Cows are spayed for two principal reasons:
Ist, to correct that disagreeable condition known as nymphomania; 2nd, to
increase the duration of the lactation period. Spaying is the only rational
treatment for certain forms of nymphomania, and cows thus affected should
either be submitted to the operation or sent to the butcher. While the Op-

Fig. 139—Spaying chute and stocks.

eration has not been generally and extensively practiced as a means of con-
trolling lactation, nevertheless spaying a milch cow during the height of
lactation will not only cause her lactation period to continue for from
two to three years, uninterrupted by estrum and pregnancy, but the quan-
tity and quality of the milk is increased and improved. Milk from spayed

154 ANIMAL CASTRATION

cows contains an inereased amount of cream, casein and sugar. It is more
palatable and more wholesome than milk from unspayed cows. When lac-
tation finally ceases a spayed cow readily takes on fat and is easily put in
shape for the butcher. The results attained wherever the operation has
been practised justify its more general adoption.

Age—For treatment of nymphomania cows are spayed regardless of age.
For increasing the duration of the lactation period it 1s best to operate
after the udder has attained its full development and while at the height
of lactation, i. e., when the second or third calf is about three to four weeks

Fig. 140—Cow tied to a fence for the spaying operation.

old. Some cows are in their prime with the second calf, others not until
the third calf. The udder never develops and the milk flow never increases
after spaying, hence it behooves the operator not to make a mistake in se-
lecting the time to operate. Never operate during the estral period.

Season—Since the vaginal operation is the method recommended, the sea-
son does not play an important part. The spaying may be done with safety
at any season.

Preparation—The alimentary tract, especially the rectum, should be
empty. Hence it is necessary to withhold feed for thirty hours previous
to operating. Immediately before operating the rectum should be emptied
either by ‘‘back raking’’ or by a copious enema.

Restraint—The operation should always be performed with the animal

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 155

in the standing posture. Stocks (Fig. 139) are preferable when available.
However, when stocks are not at hand the animal may be quickly fastened
to a wall or fence with ropes (Fig. 140.) The head is first fastened to the
post, after which a 30-foot rope is looped around the body and fastened to
to a fence or wall as shown. In this position the animal can be readily
spayed without her casting herself.

Position—Standing.

TInstruments—1. Colin’s Sealpel. (Fig. 128.)

2. Williams’ ratehet spaying ecraseur (Fig. 129), or Dunn’s spaying
ecraseur (Fig. 130).

3. Williams’ spaying speculum (Fig. 133), or Paseley’s spaying specu-
lum (Fig. 134).

4. Injection pump.

Anatomy—The anatomy of the internal and external generative organs

Fig. 141—Internal and external genitals of the cow. A, Vulva; B, vagina;
C, uterus; D, D, horns; E, BH, ovaries.

of the cow simulates that of the mare to some extent. However, in order
that the comparison may be studied, we will take up briefly each organ
separately.

Vulva—The vulva possesses two thickened labia and two sharp commis-
sures, the lower of which is pointed and contains a number of long, stiff
hairs.

The clitoris is small and located in the lower commissure of the vulva.

Vagina—The vagina of the cow is larger and longer than that of the
mare. It varies in length from eight to fourteen inches. Its wall is thick.
The meatus urinarius opens into its floor about five inches from the vulva.

Uterus—The uterus is short and lies almost entirely in the abdominal
cavity. Its cornua are very long and eradually taper toward the fallopian
tubes. The cervix is four and one-half to five and one-half inches long and
its wall is thick and tough. Its lumen (cervical canal) is sharply curved

156 ANIMAL CASTRATION

and small. The internal walls of the uterus and horns are studded with
cotyledons, oval in shape and about eighty to ninety in number.
Fallopian Tubes—The fallopian tubes are longer in the cow than in the
mare. Their junctions with the cornua are not so abrupt as in the mare,
Ovaries—The ovaries are very small in comparison to the size of the ani-

1)

Hig. 142—Making the incision through the vaginal roof. A, Position of the
right arm; B, uterus; C, anus; D, vulva; E, spaying speculum; F, vagina; G,
cervix; H, urinary bladder; I, broad ligament; J, rectum; K, position of the left
hand; L, ovary; M, point of knife outside the vagina; N, perforation in roof of
vagina.

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 157

mal. They are oval in shape and situated usually a little above the middle
of the lateral margin of the pelvic inlet. However, it is by no means un-
common to find them several inches from this location.

Warning—wUnless the rectum is empty and the cervix forced downward
and forward with the spaying speculum, the rectal wall is liable to be punc-
tured with the point of the knife.

Hig. 143—Severing ovary from the broad ligament with the ecraseur. A, Posi-
tion of the right arm; B, uterus; EH, ecraseur; F, vagina; H, urinary bladder; J,
broad ligament; K, position of the left hand; M, vaginal perforation; N, position
of the right hand; P, rectum; S, ovary.

158 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Every
instrument used in connection with this operation should be sterilized by
boiling fifteen to twenty minutes, and then placing them in Lysol or tre-
solis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to the quart of water. The
operator’s hands should be thoroughly washed with tincture of green soap,
using a scrub brush, and then rinsed in the above solution. The operator
should not be required to assist in handling the animal. This should be left
to assistants.

Operative Technic—1. Douche the vagina thoroughly with the antisep-
tic solution, using an injection pump.

Fig. 144—Restraint of heifer for flank operation.

2. Wash the anus, vulva, and the upper third of the tail with the anti-
septic solution, using cotton sponges.

3. Lubricate the right hand and arm with surgical jelly.

4. With the handle of the spaying speculum in the left hand, the right
is passed into the vagina and the tip of the speculum placed in the cervix.

5. Withdraw the right hand, and with Colin’s scalpel reenter the vagi-
na and place the knife—with blade guarded—against the roof of the vagi-
ha immediately over the cervix. (Fig. 142.)

6, With the left hand raise the handle of the spaying speculum and

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 159

make downward and forward pressure sufficient to stretch the walls of the

vagina taut.

7. Unguard the blade of the knife and thrust it through the vaginal

roof, including the peritoneum, after which re-euard the blade and drop

the knife on the floor of the vagina.

Fig. 145—Hair clipper.

8. With the index and second finger enlarge the perforation by stretch-
ing and tearing until the whole hand ean be thrust into the abdominal

cavity.

9. With the left hand pass the ecraseur into the vagina, where its chain

Fig. 146—Curved head spaying emasculator.

is grasped with the right hand and carried into the abdominal cavity. One
of the ovaries is now located, the chain loop placed above it, and by ratch-
et movement of the handle the chain loop is closed and the ovary’s attach-

ment severed, The opposite one is removed in like manner, and both are

160 ANIMAL CASTRATION

brought out when the hand, the ecraseur and the knife are withdrawn.
After-Care—Sanitary quarters and a limited diet for several days con-
stitute the necessary after-care.

HEIFER SPAYING.

Objects and Indications—Heifers are spayed for the sole purpose of in-
creasing their desirability as beef animals. Spaying appears to modify or
alter the entire organism, especially as regards external symmetry and
muscular development. It is followed by a decided tendency to quicker
erowth, and spayed heifers take on fat rapidly at any age. Such animals
can be grown to maturity without the inconveniences of estrum and preg-

Fig. 147—Spaying emasculator.

nancy, and command the same price on the market as steers. They may
be allowed to mingle with other animals in the herd—ineluding bulls—
with the assurance that pregnancy will not occur. The operation has been
practiced extensively on the western range for many years with gratifying
results. It should be encouraged and more widely practiced wherever beef
cattle are grown. As an economic operation its value is hard to overesti-
mate. It is indeed a simple and easy operation to perform, and is accom-
panied by a low mortality rate. Where once introduced its many merits
commend its more general practice.

Age—The most preferable age is eight to twelve months, care being
taken to operate before the heifer becomes pregnant.

Season—Spring and fall. Spaying should be done in the spring before
flies appear, or in the fall after they disappear. It is not advisable to op-
erate during fly time.

Preparation—Withhold feed for twenty-four hours previous to operat-

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 161

ing in order to have the alimentary tract comparatively empty. Water
in limited quantities may be allowed.

Position—Standing.

Restraint—Spaying stocks (Fig. 139) are ideal means for restraint.

Fig. 148—Spaying emasculator.

Fig. 149—Jamison’s spaying knife.

Fig. 150—Suturing fork.

When stocks are not available the quickest and at the same time one of the
best methods of restraint is to tie the head to a gate post and have an as-
sistant draw the tail between the slats of the gate above the animal. (Fig.
114.) The object in using a crack above the animal is to prevent its lying
down. A good strong assistant—by traction on the tail—can hold the ani-
mal against the gate in such a manner as to limit movement from side to

162 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 151—Miles’ palm needle.

52—Mooy’s needle.

Fig. 153—Making skin incision. L, Incision; M, knife.

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 163

side and up and down. In this position the flank region is readily avail-
able for operation.

Tnstruments—l. Hair clippers. (Hig. 145.)

2. Curved head spaying emasculator. (Fig. 146). This is by far the
most satisfactory instrument yet devised for flank spaying. It is easy to
handle, takes up very little space in the incision and abdominal cavity, and
controls hemorrhage perfectly. Two other spaying emasculators (Figs.
147 and 148) are fairly satisfactory. Figure 147 is an especially good one.

Fig. 154—Skin Incision. F,. External oblique abdominal muscle.

3. ‘‘Farmers’’ Miles’ hooked castrating knife (Fig. 25), or Jamison’s
spaying knife (Fig. 149.) The author prefers the Miles knife.

4. Suturing fork. (Fig. 150.) The fork is used to hold the edges of
the skin wound while the needle is being thrust through. It is also pro-
vided with a knife for cutting suture material.

5. Suturing needle. There are two needles suitable for closing the
wound: (a) Miles’ palm needle (Fig. 151), and Mooy’s ring handle needle
(Fig. 152). The author prefers the Miles needle. However, in the West
many spayers use the other style needle.

6. Curved scissors. (Fig. 35.)

164 ANIMAL CASTRATION

7. Suture material. This may be either linen or silk. The author pre-
fers No. 15 braided silk.

Anatomy—The anatomy of the internal and external genital organs of
the heifer is the same as that of the cow. (See page 155.) The flank re-
gion possesses a well defined triangle, through the center of which the ab-
dominal incision is made. The tissues penetrated by this incision are as
follows: skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, fascia, external and inter-
nal oblique abdominal muscles and the peritoneum.

: MIO!
XO ~~
>

Fig. 155—Severing the ovary. O, Position of left arm; P, incision; Q, emascu-
lator; R, position of right hand.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Same
as for cow spaying. (See page 158.) If the operator is right-handed, it is
best to invade the left flank. If left-handed, the right flank should be
selected.

Operative Technic—l. Clip the hair from the site of operation.

2. Wash the parts with soap and warm water, using a scrub brush.
Special care should be taken to remove all loose hair from the field, and
sponge with antiseptic solution. As a further precaution against septic in-
fection it is well to paint the skin with tincture of iodin.

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 165

3. Beginning 2 inches below the transverse process of the lumbar ver--
tebrae, a slightly diagonal incision, three and one-half inches long, should
be made through the skin only. The exact site of this incision is through
the middle of the triangle between the external angle of the ilium and the
posterior border of the last rib. (See L, Figs. 153 and F, 154.)

4. In the center of this skin incision the knife point should be thrust
through the abdominal wall, making a perforation large enough to admit

Fig. 156—The skin incision closed by three interrupted sutures; N, heavy silk or
linen sutures; O, lips of the incision accurately approximated.

one finger only. The knife is now put aside, as there is no further use
for it.

5. One finger of the operating hand is thrust through the perforation
in the abdominal wall, and by stretching the wound, two fingers are ad-
mitted—index fingers of each hand. With these two fingers the muscular
fibers are torn apart sufficiently to admit the whole hand.

6. With the left hand inside the abdominal cavity the body of the

166 ANIMAL CASTRATION

uterus is located, after which follow its right eornu upward and back-

ward until the right ovary is encountered.

7. With the right hand the emasculator is passed along the left arm

through the incision, and its head placed above the ovary; bringing the

handles together the ovary is severed from its attachment. (Fig. 155.)
8. The left ovary is now located by following the right cornu back to

Fig. 157—-E, Muscular fibers of inter- Fig. 158—A, Opening in abdominal
nal oblique and external oblique wall sufficiently large to admit the
muscles slightly divided; F, F, external hand; B, B, external oblique muscle
oblique abdominal muscle; G, G, lips of | fibers drawn apart; C, C, internal
skin incision. oblique muscle fibers drawn apart; D, D,

lips of skin incision drawn apart.

the body of the uterus where the left cornu is encountered. By following
it upward and backward the left ovary is eneountered and removed in
hke manner.

9. Withdraw the hand—containing both ovaries—with the instrument.
When this is done the fibers of the internal and external oblique abdomi-
nal muscles come together and anatomically close the wound with the ex-

ception of the skin incision.

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 167

10. With three interrupted sutures the skin ineision is closed and the
Operation is completed. (Fig. 156).

Incision Illustrated and Erplained—The exact method of invading the
abdominal cavity through the Hank incision is of special importance if sue-
cessful spaying is to be done. Undoubtedly the incision is the most im-
portant step of the whole operation. It is made and closed as follows:

Fig. 159—Skin incision closed by three interrupted sutures. H, H, Lips of skin
incisions; I, J, K, silk sutures.

(See Figs. 157, 158 and 159. Study these illustrations carefully.) With
the knife in the right hand the skin incision G, G, (Fig. 157) is made. The
point of the knife is thrust through the remaining portion of the abdominal
wall (external oblique and internal oblique abdominal muscles and perito-
neum). With the fingers this perforation (A, Fig. 158) is enlarged by
tearing the fibers of the external oblique apart, B, B, and at the same time
those of the internal oblique, C, C, are separated in the opposite direction
until the hand ean be admitted. When the hand is withdrawn the mus-

168 ANIMAL CASTRATION

cular fibers automatically come together (Fig. 157) and practically close
the wound with the exception of the skin incision, which is closed with
three interrupted sutures, and the operation is completed (Fig. 159).

This method of making the flank incision far excels in every respect the
one which requires cutting through the abdominal muscles. When these

Fig. 160—Calf cast and tied for spaying operation (flank method).

muscle fibers are cut it makes a large gaping wound which requires weeks

and oftentimes months to heal. With the fibers divided by tearing, the

skin alone is sutered and the whole wound heals rapidly.
After-Care—Place the animals at pasture or in sanitary quarters. The

_sa¥ig. 161—Removing ovary from calf (flank method). K, Ovary; L, emasculator.

COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 169

wounds should be observed from day to day for stitch abscesses, ete.
Should abscesses develop, the suture should be removed and the pus allowed
to escape. The sutures should be removed, when possible, about the eighth
day. Oftentimes the sutures are not removed, in which event they finally
slough out.

e yy . a 2
Fig. 162—Incision (belly method).

CALF SPAYING

Objects and Indications—Calves are spayed for the same purposes that
heifers are spayed, viz.: the operation hastens their growth and develop-
ment, besides improving the texture and nutritive properties of the meat.
Spayed calves may be raised to full maturity without the annoyance of
either estrum or pregnancy. Another reason for calf spaying is that the
mortality rate is less in young than in older animals. There are two ap-
proved methods of spaying calves, viz.: the belly method and the flank

method.

170 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Age—The favorite age for calf spaying is two to four months. :

Season—Spring and fall.

Preparation—Same as for heifer spaying.

Position—Lateral, recumbent or hanging, depending wpon whether the
belly or the flank is to be invaded. =

Restraint—For the flank operation the calf is simply stretched full length

Hig. 163—Removing ovary (belly method). GC, Incision; D, ovary; E, emasculator.
on the ground by a rope looped above the hind and fore fetlocks. (Fig.
160.) For the belly operation the animal is suspended by a cord or a small
rope looped over both the hocks and attached to a beam or hook above.
The height at which the animal is suspended should be such that the
incision is about opposite the breast of the operator.

Instruments—Same as for heifer spaying. (See page 155.)

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same as
for heifer spaying. (See page 158.)

Operative Technic—(Flank method.) The hair is clipped from the site

COW, HBEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 17]

of incision. The parts are washed with soap and warm water, and then
sponged with an antiseptic solution. As a further precaution against septic
infection it is well to paint the skin with tincture of iodin. The incision is
made similar to that employed in heifer spaying (pages 158, 159), with the
exception that in the calf a much smaller one is used since only the index
and second finger are introduced into the abdominal cavity; whereas in

Fig. 164—Incisicn closed by interrupted sutures.

heifer spaying the whole hand is iiserted. With the two fingers inside the
abdominal cavity a search is made for the uppermost uterine horn, fa!lo-
pian tube or ovary. One or the other of these is usually found with little
difficulty by wiping downward and backward toward the pubic brim. When
located the ovary is brought up into the incision and its attachments
severed with the emasculator. The opposite ovary is located and removed
in like manner. (Fig. 161.) The skin incision is closed by two interrupted
sutures.

Operative Technic (Belly method)—With the calf suspended by the hind

172 ANIMAL CASTRATION

legs, the hair is clipped from the site of incision and the parts thoroughly
washed and disinfected the same as for spaying by the flank method.
Begin the incision in the median line two inches below the brim of ‘the
pubis, and extend it downward for three inches, penetrating all the layers
of the abdominal wall. (Fig. 162.) With the index and second finger
inside the abdomen the ovaries are readily located and brought into the
incision and their attachments severed with the emasculator. (Fig. 163.)
The incision is closed by three or four through-and-through sutures.
(Fig. 164.)

After-Care—Same as for heifers. (See page 160.)

Sequelae of Cattle Spaying—Hemorrhage, septic peritonitis, abscess,
general sepsis, hernia and bloating are the most common sequelae.

CHAPTER III.
SPAYING SOWS

Objects and Indications—The paramount purpose of this operation is to
improve growth, fattening, marketing and slaughter qualities without the
handicap of early pregnancy. The economic importance of sow spaying is
recognized by many swine owners. Formerly the operation was more
generally practised than at the present day. This may be accounted for by
the fact that what would have formerly been termed revolutionary methods
in raising and marketing hogs are now in vogue in the great swine-raising
sections of the Middle West and Central States. This practice enables
swine owners to grow, fatten and market hogs as early as six to ten months
of age, and is becoming more universal each year. Of course under such
circumstances spaying is not an essential operation. However, in the South
and Southwest the older methods of swine-raising still prevail to a limited
degree, hence in this section the operation of spaying is still practised
to a limited extent.

Age—tThe operation is best performed at four months of age. However,
it is permissible any time from sixty days old to maturity, or even old
age.

Season—Sows should not be spayed during fly time nor in extremely cold
weather. It is best to operate in the fall, early winter and spring.

Preparation—One of the most important essentials to success in spaying
sows is to have the alimentary tract absolutely empty before undertaking
to operate. This is best accomplished by withholding feed for from twenty-
four to thirty hours previous to operating. During this time there is no
special objection to allowing the animal free access to water. The danger
of septic infection can be greatly minimized by providing clean quarters
before and after operation. Another essential is not to allow the boar access
to the sows previous to spaying. It is best not to operate during the estral
period. Pregnancy is a contra-indication to successful spaying.

Restraint—Proper restraint technic is as essential in spaying sows as in
almost any other operation in animal surgery. This operation calls for the
simple and easily applied, rather than the intricate methods often employed
in other operations. The method of restraint used must of course depend
upon whether the flank or the belly operation is to be performed. If the
abdominal cavity is to be invaded from below (belly method) the most
simple and satisfactory restraint consists in looping a strong cord (window

174 ANIMAL CASTRATION

sash cord) or a small rope above the hocks, by which the animal can be
readily suspended to a post or wall in the hanging posture (Fig. 165.)

If the flank incision is to be used, it is necessary for the animal to be
confined in the recumbent posture at an angle of about thirty degrees on
either the right or the left side, depending upon which flank is to be
invaded. One of the best and most satisfactory methods the author has
ever employed is as follows: Procure a piece of three-eighths inch soft

Fig. 165—Restraint for spaying the sow (belly method).

rope about six feet long. Tie the ends together, forming a loop as shown
in Fig. 166. Next secure a 2x14 inch plank about twelve feet long; place
one end on the floor or ground and either spike the other end fast to a
wall or suspend it by means of a rope from above. Make the rope loop
fast to the upper end of the plank with a serew eye or a spike (A), or ft
may be fastened by boring a hole through the plank large enough to permit
the rope to be drawn up through it where it is held secure by large knots
in its ends, The contrivance should be so arranged that when the hog 4s

SPAYING SOWS 175

fastened on the plank it will be about waist high to the operator as shown
in the illustrations. The plank should be on a slant of about thirty degrees.
The operator standing facing the board, with his right hand toward the
lower end, passes his right hand (D) Fig. 166 through the loop (C) and
instructs his assistant to grasp the right lees of the hog and bring the hog
to him, placing it on the board. As the assistant approaches with the hog,
pass your left hand under the right hand and rope, grasping the left hind
lee (E), while your right hand erasps the right hind leg (Fig. 167). Now

Fig. 166—Restraint for spaying the sow (flank method), first step. A, Board
with end elevated; B, rope suspending the board; C, rope loop snaring the hind
feet; D, HE, position of hands.
euide the left leg to your right hand, and grasp it. The left hand now
contains both hind feet, while the right hand grasps the loop from over
the left wrist and carries it back, dropping it above the fetlocks. As you
drop the rope back of the leg, instruct your assistant to pull the hog down-
ward on the board, making the rope taut as shown in Fig. 168. With a

176 ANIMAL CASTRATION

little practice a sow may be secured by this method in less than five seconds.
Instruments—1, Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping hair from the
site of incision.

2. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25).

3. Swine and sheep emasculator (Fig. 80).

4. Hagedorn’s needle (half circle) No. 3 (Fig. 84).
5. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34).

6. Braided silk No. 12 or linen for sutures.

Fig. 167—Restraint for spaying operation on sow (flank method), second step.
F, Board; G, rope suspending board; H, rope loop.

Anatomy—lIt is well to remember that the fallopian tubes and horns of
the uterus in sows are extremely long in comparison to their length in other
animals, and that their course is decidedly tortuous in the pelvic and
abdominal cavities. The importance of this can be more thoroughly com-
prehended and appreciated by carefully observing these parts and their
relation, which is plainly illustrated—in a diagrammatic way—in Fig. 169.

SPAYING SOWS 177

The body of the uterus is unusually short when the length of its tubes are
taken into consideration. The cervix does not project into the vagina as in
most other domestic and wild animals. On the other hand, the vagina and
uterus of the sow unite without any circumscribed limit intervening be-
tween them. The horns float loosely in the abdominal cavity and are found
closely associated with the convolutions of the intestines. The broad liga-
ments are mesenteric in conformation and character and are extremely thin
and lax. The ovaries are decidedly lobulated and closely resemble grape

Hig, 168—Restraint (of sow) for spaying operation (flank method), third step.
N, Hind legs fixed; O, flank incision.

clusters suspended to the right and left of the vertebral column near the
median line of the body. Fig. 170 illustrates the external as well as the
internal generative organs of the sow.

The abdominal wall in the flank region is quite thick and contains much
fat between the skin and the external oblique abdominal muscle. More fat
is encountered in mature sows than in younger hogs. The skin is dense
and tough, while the external and internal oblique muscles and peritoneum
are comparatively thin and delicate in structure. The above description

178 ANIMAL CASTRATION

applies equally well to the belly wall at the site of the incision for the spay-
ing operation, except that the wall in the latter region is somewhat thinner.
Methods of Operating—There are two standard methods, viz.: flank, and

Kig. 169—Internal genital organs of sow (diagrammatic). A, Rectum; B,
vagina; C, bladder; D, uterus; E, left uterine horn; F, right fallopian tube and
horn; G, ovary; H, intestines; I, kidney.

the median line or belly method. Each has its advantages and disad-
vantages, however, taking everything into consideration the author much
prefers the flank method.

Fig. 170--External and internal generative organs of the sow. <A, Ovaries; B,
uterine horns and fallopian tubes; C, uterus; D, vagina; EH, vulva.

Operative Technic (lank method)—The animal should be properly
secured as illustrated in Figs. 166, 167 and 168, and placed on the right

SPAYING SOWS 179

side. Remove the hair from the flank by clipping with scissors. The hands
of the operator and the left flank of the animal should be washed with
Lysol ov Cresolis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of

Fig. 171—Excision of the ovaries of the sow, flank method. P, Ovaries; Q, fal-
lopian tubes and horns; R, emasculator.

Fig. 172—Abdominal incision, closed with two interrupted sutures.

180 ANIMAL CASTRATION

water. With a hooked knife make an oblique incision an inch to an inch
and a half long, beginning high in the flank, one to two inches posterior
to the last rib. This incision should run downward and backward at an
angle of 45 degrees (see O, Fig. 168). The incision should penetrate the
skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, fat and external and internal oblique
abdominal muscles. By this we mean all tissues down to the peritoneum—
the lining of the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum is then carefully
punctured with the point of the knife, after which stretch or tear the

Fig. 173—Belly incision.

incision sufficiently to admit the index finger of the left hand. With this
finger inside of the abdomen the left (upper) ovary is located by passing
the finger backward near the fundus of the bladder and upward toward
the vertebral column. The ovary can be readily distinguished from the
other intra-abdominal viscera by its peculiar feel, as it consists of hard
lobules arranged in cluster form resembling small grapes. The left ovary
and its accompanying fallopian tube are drawn through the incision. In

SPAYING SOWS 181

young sows the left tube is now withdrawn from the abdominal cavity and
followed back to the bifureation where the right tube is encountered. The
right tube is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity and followed until the
right ovary is located, after which the ovary is drawn out of the abdomen
through the incision and both ovaries (P) placed in the emasculator and

Fig. 174—Excision of the ovaries, belly method, sow. F, Ovaries; G, fallopian
tubes and horns; H, emasculator.

their attachments severed by closing the handles of the instrument. The
tubes (Q) are now washed and replaced in the abdominal cavity (Fig. 171),
and the incision closed by two interrupted sutures. These sutures should be
made with a No. 3 half-cirele Hagedorn needle and No. 12 braided silk.
The sutures should extend through all layers of the abdominal wall, includ-
ing the skin and peritoneum, or in other words, should be what are known

182 ANIMAL CASTRATION

as through-and-through sutures. (Fig. 172.) Sponge off the wound with
antiseptic solution and release the animal.

In sows which have given birth to one or more litters of pigs, the
fallopian tubes are oftentimes so large that the left one must be replaced
in the abdomen before the right one can be withdrawn. In such event, of

DLE @ Lb ls Lil

Fig. 175—Wound closed (belly method).

course, only one ovary can be removed at a time. However, both ovaries
can always be removed through the same flank incision.

Operative Technic (Median line or belly method)—Sterilize the instru-
ments and wash the hands the same as for the flank operation. With the
animal properly secured in the hanging posture (Fig. 173) the hair is
removed from the site of the incision and the parts cleansed. With the

SPAYING SOWS 183

hooked knife begin the incision two to three inches below the brim of the
pubis and one-half inch either to the right or left of the median line. This
incision should be extended downward about one and one-half to two inches,

Hig. 176—Cystic ovaries that weighed 4 pounds, removed from a sow weighing
A, Uterus; B-B, horns; C-C, ovaries.

170 pounds.

and should include all layers of the abdominal wall, down to the peri-

toneum.
The peritoneum is now punctured with the point of the hooked knife,
after which the incision is enlarged sufficiently to admit the index finger

184 ANIMAL CASTRATION

of the left hand. With this finger the ovaries and tubes are readily located
near the median line of the body, and are drawn through the incision
(Fig. 174) and removed with the emasculator as in the flank method.

The tubes and horns are sponged with antiseptic solution, after which
they are replaced in the abdominal cavity and the wound closed by two
or three interrupted through-and-through sutures (J, Fig. 175), using the
same needle and the same size silk as in the flank method of operating. The
animal is then released.

CHAPTER IV.
EWE SPAYING

Objects and Indications—Sheep spaying ig rarely ever practiced in this
country because of the fact that the ewe is more valuable as a breeding
animal than for mutton purposes. Spayed ewes mature earlier, grow larger
and take on fat faster than unspayed ewes. On this account they are some-
times spayed for fat stock show and exhibition purposes.

Age—Two and one-half to three months is the age of choice.

Season—Late winter and early spring.

Preparation—Empty alimentary tract by withholding feed for twenty-
four to thirty hours previous to operating.

Position—Hanging.

Restraint—The ewe is exceedingly docile and submits readily to opera-

Fig. 177—External and internal genital organs of the ewe. G, vulva; H, vagina;
I, uterus; J-J, horns; K-K, ovaries; L-L, broad ligament.

tion. With a small rope or a large cord looped above each hock the animal
is suspended from a hook or beam. The field of operation should be on a
level with the breast of the operator.

Instruments—1. Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping wool from the
site of incision. 2. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25). 3. Swine and sheep
emasculator (Fig. 80). 4. Hagedorn’s needle, half circle, No. 3 (Fig. 84).
5. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34). 6. Braided silk No. 12 for suturing.

Anatomy—The conformation and anatomical relation of the internal
generative organs of the ewe are almost identical with those of the cow
except on a much smaller scale. The abdominal wall at the site of incision
is very thin and exceedingly delicate.

186 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Warning—On account of the thin and delicate structure of the abdominal
wall, exceeding care must be exercised in suturing the incision.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Same
as for calf spavine.

Fig. 178—Abdominal incision. Fig. 179—Removing ovary.
M, Incision; N, ovary; O, emasculator.

EWE SPAYING 187

Operative Technic—With the ewe in the hanging position, the wool is
clipped from the field of operation, after which the parts are cleansed with
soap and water and disinfected by painting with tincture of iodin. 1. Begin
the incision in the median line three inches below the brim of the pubis,

Fig. 180—Wound sutured.

188 ANIMAL CASTRATION

and extend it downward for a distance of two and one-half or three inches.
(Fig. 178.) This incision should penetrate all layers of the abdominal
wall. 2. With the index and second finger inside the abdomen the horns
and ovaries are readily located, after which each ovary is withdrawn and
severed from its attachments. (Fig. 179.) 3. The abdominal incision is
now closed by three interrupted through-and-through sutures, care being
taken to see that each layer of the abdominal wall is in direct apposition.

After-Care—The spayed animals should be turned to pasture if weather
conditions are favorable, otherwise sanitary well bedded quarters are to
be provided. If the sutures do not slough out they should be removed
about the eighth day.

CHAPTER V..:

BITCH SPAYING

Objects and Indications—Bitches are spayed to prevent estrum (heat)
and breeding. A bitch in heat is an ideal illustration of a private as well
as a public nuisance. She is undesirable at home and unwelcome abroad.
To obviate this, spaying is the only recourse. The spayed bitch is a more
desirable animal in many respects than the unspayed one. She remains

Fig. 180—Wound retractor actual size.

contented at home. She is more kind, docile and reliable than the entire
bitch.

Age—To secure the best results it is advisable to spay the bitch puppy
before she comes in estrum for the first time. The preferable age is three
to six months, though many operate before the puppies are weaned. Aged

Fig. 181—Surgeon’s full curved needle No. 5. actual size.

bitches that have given birth to several litters of puppies sometimes develop

a tendency to lay on excessive fat when spayed; this is particularly true of

collies. The reason for this is not clear. It may be due to contentment with

its lot, which occasions less exercise than running over half a township, and

the further fact that being at home all the time, meals are more regular

and more numerous for the spayed animal than for the prowling nuisance.
Season—Anytime when the animal is not in heat.

190 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Preparation—An empty alimentary tract is an important aid to spaying.
Food should be withheld for twelve hours previous to the time of operating,
and a dose of castor oil should be administered. An enema and an emetic
(morphin or H-M-C given as a preliminary part ofthe anesthesia is amply
sufficient) @iven one hour before the operation is good surgical practice
and contributes not only to the safety of the operation, but adds to the
comfort of the patient following the operation and hastens convalescence,

Fig. 182—Uterine sound.

Methods of Operating—There are two methods of operating, viz.: the
flank method and the belly method. Ninety per cent of the surgeons prefer
and advocate the belly method, while others use the flank method. The
author much prefers the belly method.

Anesthesia—Under no circumstances should this operation be performed
except under anesthesia. The doe takes general anesthetics, chloroform,
A. C. E., ether, A. C. E. and aromatic spirits of ammonia, easily and safely
and skilled assistance is not necessary for their administration; it being

lig. 183—External and internal genital organs of bitch. A, Vulva; B, vaginaz;
C, uterus; D,D, horns; EK, EH, ovaries (diagrammatic).

practicable for the surgeon to both anesthetize the patient and perform the
operation. If chloroform be used, its administration should be preceded by
a hypodermic injection of H-M-C, morphin or atropin. Either the H-M-C,
or the morphin dulls the sense of pain, and under some circumstanees it
may be excusable to operate without other means for lessening the pain,

BITCH SPAYING 191

but certainly it is unthinkable not to use at least this. With either the
H-M-C or morphin, less chloroform is required than where chloroform alone
is used, and the anesthesia is sufficiently lasting to permit the operator: to
perform the whole operation, once deep anesthesia is induced, without
further administration of chloroform. This is a great advantage where the
services of a skilled assistant are not available. Where skilled assistance
is available, A. C. E., ether, or A. C. EK. and aromatie spirits of ammonia
have the advantage that the patient recovers from the anesthesia far more
quiekly. H-M-C, morphin, and atropin all three reduce the danger attend-
ant upon the administration of chloroform to the dog to almost nil, and the
employment of at least one of them should never be neglected. When
skiHed assistance is available and one of the other general anesthetics
mentioned, i. e., one containing ether, is used, the hypodermic is not neces-
sary to reduce the danger incident to the general anesthesia nor is any of
them so effective when the other anesthetics are used.

Instruments—1. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25.) 2. Canine and feline
emasculator (Figs. 102 and 103). 3. Wound retractor (Fig. 180). While
the wound retractor is not essential for the experienced operator, neverthe-

Fig. 184—A, Bread ligament: B. rent in ligament; C, ovary; D, fallopian tube;
: BE, E, ligatures; F, horn; G, artery.

192 ANIMAL CASTRATION

less for the beginner its use greatly facilitates locating the horns of the
uterus by enabling him tuo view them inside the abdomen. If the horns are
seen they can be grasped readily with hemostatic forceps and withdrawn
without introducing the finger into the cavity. +. Surgeon’s needle (Fig.

Fig. 185—View of the interior of the abdominal cavity of the bitch, showing the
internal genital organs and their relation to each other. A, Urinary
bladder; B, uterus; C, C, horns; D, bifurcation of horns;

E, E, ovaries; F, intestines.

181), carrying 20 inches No. 10 braided silk for sutures. 5. Uterine sound
(Fig. 182). 6. Hemostatic forceps. 7. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34).

Anatomy—tThere is little doubt that, on account of its anatomical con-
formation—except for the cat, the bitch is the most tedious and difficult of
all domestic animals to spay. To make satisfactory progress in bitch spay-

BITCH SPAYING 1938

ing the operator must be familiar with the anatomy of the organs and the
parts involved.

Vulva—The vulva has thick labia which form a pointed inferior com-
missure.

Vagina—The vagina is tubular in form and relatively long. Its walls

Fig. 186—A practical mode of restraint for spaying. The subject shown is under
complete anesthesia.

are thick, consisting principally of circular muscular fibers. It is closely
related to the rectum above and the bladder below.

Uterus—The body of the uterus is exceedingly short, rarely exceeding
cne inch in length. Its two cornua (horns) are long, and their diameters
small. They vary in length from two to eight inches, according to the
size of the bitch. They lie loosely inside the abdominal cavity, closely asso-

194 ANIMAL CASTRATION

ciated with the intestinal convolutions. Their bifurcation is V-shaped, and
takes place immediately above the fundus of the bladder. The broad lhga-
ments are long (Fig. 184). The fallopian tubes are small in diameter and
one to two and one-half inches long, depending upon the size and the breed
of the bitch.

Ovaries—The ovaries ave small and bean-shaped. Their surface is smooth.

Fig. 187—‘“Farmer” Miles’ method of restraint for spaying operation (bitch).

They are enclosed in a peritoneal capsule (sac) and are attached imme-
lately posterior to the kidneys. (Fig. 185).

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—All in-
struments, sutures, ligatures, ete., used in connection with the operation
should be sterilized by boiling for fifteen or twenty minutes, and then
immersed in Lysol or cresohs compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to
the quart of water. The hands should be thoroughly cleansed with tincture
of green soap and warm water, using a scrub brush, and rinsed in the anti-
septic solution previously mentioned,

BITCH SPAYING 195

Preparation of Operative Mield—Shave the hair from the site of incision.
Wash with tincture of green soap and warm water, using a serub brush.
Mop with ether and paint with tincture of iodin.

Fig. 188—Showing median line incision, immediately posterior to the umbilicus

Restraint and Position (Belly Method)—Always apply the muzzle to
begin with, and be sure to remove it before anesthesia is complete and if
nausea should oceur during the administration of the anesthetic, remove
the tape at the first evidence of retching. If a suitable operating table! is

196 ANIMAL CASTRATION

m

Fig. 18S—Completing the prccess cf limited torsion for amputation cf th? ovacy.

available it should be utilized. What is meant by a suitable table is one the
top of which may be elevated to the perpendicular or almost perpendicular
position. Tables made with stationary tops have no place in this operation.
If a table is not available, an inexpensive as well as a safe and satisfactory
method is to use a plank that may be stood against a building at a steep
slant, or after anesthesia is complete, the patient may be suspended by the
hind legs against the side of a building or a post.

Fig. 180—Showing the skin and fascia joined with a continuous suture, whith
is fixed by tying together the single end of the thread on one side
with the double end on the other.

BITCH SPAYING 197

. The method of restraint for spaying hitches designed, taught and prae-
ticed by ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles (Fig. 187) is as follows: A tape muzzle (IF) is
applied. With a strong cord looped above the hocks (B-B) and thrown over
a spike or hook (A) in a post or wall (C) the animal is suspended sufficient-
ly high for the site of operation to be on a level with the operator’s breast.
With another strong cord (D) looped above the elbows (E-E), the opera-
tor’s leg (G) is placed through its loop for the purpose of making suf-
ficient downward traction to limit the movement of the animal. In this
position the intestines gravitate downward against the diaphragm, facili-
tating the location and removal of the ovaries.

Operative Technic—The incision should be made as exactly in the median
line as possible and just posterior to the umbilicus. It should be one inch

Fig. 191 —Showing suture for coaptation of the peritoneum and abdominal muscles.

to one and one-half inches long and penetrate all layers of the abdominal
wall, care being taken not to injure the bladder with the point of the
knife. (Fig. 188). If preferred there is no objection to introducing the
wound retractors, in which event if the animal is empty and the light
bright—either the horns or the uterus may be seen plainly. With either
tissue or hemostatic forceps the horn is picked up and drawn out off the
abdominal incision and grasped between the index and second finger of
“the left hand. With a limited amount of traction on the horn and by
pushing in on the belly to bring it as close as possible to the attachment
cf the ovary, the latter is readily brought through the incision and outside
the abdomen, when together with all its capsule and a portion of the broad
ligament it is removed with the emasculator. Unless the bitch is aged or

198 ANIMAL CASTRATION

near the period of estrum, or the ovary inflamed no means of hemostasis
is required other than that furnished by the emasculator. If any of the
three conditions enumerated above obtain, the larger blood-vessels should
be ligated with catgut. Bitches, particularly of the small delicate breeds,
do not stand the loss of blood at all well, and spaying them should not

Fig. 192—Abdcmin- Fig. 1983—Removing Ovar- Fig. 194—Incision
al incision. ies with emasculator. I, closed with 3 inter-
Bifurcation; J, J, horns: rupted sutures.
K, ovaries; L, emascu-
lator.

occasion the loss of more than a few drops of blood; in no case to exceed
one dram.

With the free end of the tube and ovary in one hand, the horn is fol-
lowed up to its bifurcation, when the opposite horn is grasped and the
opposite ovary located and removed from the abdomen in like manner. The
stump of the tubes and horns are replaced in the abdominal cavity. It is

BITCIL SPAYING 199

essential that all ovarian tissue and all the capsule be removed. If even a
minute portion of the ovary or of the capsule be left, ovarian tissue will
be regenerated in many cases and the animal will come in heat again and
be as great a nuisance as before, a constant reproach to the operator, and
a serious reflection upon his skill, since no excuse can be made for such
bunglesome work. Dry the wound by sponging and close either with two
or three interrupted through-and-through sutures, or suture the peritoneum
with a continuous suture and the abdominal walls with another suture of
the same kind. Keep the patient in a warm place until it has completely
recovered from all effects of the anesthetic. Chilling, which oceurs very
readily, and particularly so if morphin has been given, is dangerous fol-
lowing anesthesia. If the pulse is very weak, use hotwater bottles and
blanket warmly. Use strychnine (1-300 to 1-150 of a grain) when indicated.

Fig. 195—Bitch spaying (flank method). A, Abdominal incision; B, knife; C, left
leg; D, three legs tied together; HE, tape muzzle.

If inexperienced, the operator may find the introduction of a uterine
sound or probe (Fig. 182) into the vagina an assistance in finding the
uterus and horns.

After-Care—All violent or strenuous exercise for a period of a week to
ten days after the operation should be avoided. Laxative feeds are an
advantage and sometimes mild cathartics are needed. Remove the sutures
in from three to five days, depending upon the condition of the wound.

Sequelae—The chief sequelae are shock, internal hemorrhage, peritonitis,
hernia, anorexia, eventration, recurrent estrum and adhesions.

1. Shock—The preoperative administration of atropin or morphin
lessens the liability of shock. Where it is not used and the general anesthetic
is pushed too fast and too far, respiration may be suddenly arrested, and

200 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 196—Bitch spaying, (flank method).

the operator should always watch for this when operating without a skilled
assistant to administer the anesthetic. Shock is mostly due to faulty technic.

~2. Internal Hemorrhage—Bitches in the early stage of estrum or but
‘recently passed through it will occasionally be operated on in spite of one’s

Fig. 197—Wound closed by interrupted sutures.

BITCH SPAYING 201

attempt to avoid operation at this time, and in such cases, unless the large
arteries supplying the ovaries are ligated, serious and even fatal hemorrhage
is prone to result either at the time of the operation or within am hour
thereafter. When hemorrhage is discovered during the operation, the bleed-
ing vessels should, of course, be ligated. When it is not discovered until
after the abdominal wound is sutured, an attempt to arrest it should be
made by the administration of full physiologic doses of atropin, ad-
ministered hypodermieally. If this, with the lowering of the blood pressure,
does not arrest the hemorrhage, the wound must be reopened, enlarged if
necessary and the bleeding vessels taken up and ligated. Following this,

Fig. 198—Protection of wound after spaying.

artificial heat should be supplied by means of hot-water bottles. A copious
interabdominal injection of normal saline solution should be given where
the loss of blood approaches the danger point.

3. Peritonitis—Peritonitis may, of course, result from infection, a
sequel to unclean work, or from rough handling of the abdominal viscera.
The epithelial layer of the peritoneum of all puppies and of adults of the
toy breeds is so delicate that abrasions may be caused by the fingers, to
say nothing of the finger nails. Anything but the gentlest of manipulation
and very little of that is not only unnecessary in spaying a bitch, but very
harmful. Peritonitis due to infection is usually fatal. That due to trauma-

202 ANIMAL CASTRATION
tism usually ends in recovery, but not without more or less extensive
adhesions. A good technic will avoid both kinds.

4+.) Hernia—Hernia is of two kinds, omental and intestinal. The latter
occurs only when the sutures are too wide apart and gaping wounds left.
Omental hernia may oceur from an insufficient number of sutures or from
the sutures being improperly placed. If the through-and-through suture
is used, care must be taken in every case to see that all layers of the skin,
muscles and peritoneum are included in each suture. If the peritoneum
and abdominal walls were sutured separately, both, and particularly the
peritoneum, must be so sutured as to leave no gaps.

Fig. 199—Protection of wound after spaying.

». «Anoreria—This may result from the misuse of anesthetics, from a
failure to empty the intestinal canal before operating, from constipation
following the operation, and of course, from peritonitis. Its treatment
consists in removing the cause, or better still, in avoiding it.

6, Eventration—The tendency of some animals to self mutilation and
eventration from the fourth to the eighth day following spaying has never
been satisfactorily explained. Rough manipulation of the abdominal viscera
is believed to be an important cause. Shutting the animal up away from
others with which it has been accustomed to associate, or away from its
owner and the resulting homesickness and nervousness is probably a con-
tributing factor. It may be prevented by putting a stiff wide collar on the

BITCH SPAYING 203

animal, so wide and so stiff that she cannot turn her head sufficiently to get
her teeth to the abdomen. It is uncommon and so far as the writer knows,
has not occurred with bitches returned to their owners immediately after
spaying, but does sometimes occur to those confined in a veterinary hospital
for a week following the operation.

7. Recurrent Estrum—This can occur only when the animal is not
properly spayed. If any part of an ovary or its capsule is left attached to
the broad ligament, estrum is prone to recur after a time. The only treat-
ment is to operate again, and as this operation is far more difficult than
spaying a normal bitch, it should be left to an experienced operator, a
thing that it goes without saying, the one who left the ovarian tissue was
not.

8. Adhesions—Adhesions, unless extensive, seem unimportant. Perhaps
they cause pain as they do in man, but it is not so apt to be discovered.
Extensive adhesions such as are quite apt to follow prolonged, bunglesome
searching for the ovaries at the time of operation, or infection, render the
bitch practically useless.

There is one other sequel of spaying about which little has been said, but
it occurs to annoy the operator sometimes. Bitches that are operated on
during the period of estrum or when pregnant sometimes exhibit great
listlessness about three weeks following the operation, which grows pro-
eressively worse until the animal scarcely notices anyone and lies about
most of the time. When it is induced to move, it walks with a staggering
gait, and may even be partially paralyzed in the hind legs. Recovery is
ordinarily spontaneous in five or six weeks. No treatment so far used has
appeared to be of any benefit.

CHAPTER VI.
CAT SPAYING

Objects and Indications—Cats are submitted to spaying operation for the
purpose of preventing ‘‘heat’’ and pregnancy, principally the latter. After
spaying they remain at home more closely and are more desirable pets.

Age—The best results are attained if the cat is spayed before she comes
in ‘‘heat’’ the first time. On account of the smallness of the cat—especially

Fig. 200—View of interior of abdominal cavity of the cat. A, Bifurcation;
B, rectum; C, bladder; D-D, uterine horns; E-H, ovaries; F, intestines.

CAT SPAYING 205

Fig. 201—External and internal genitals of the cat.

if an attempt is made at an early age—the operation is extremely tedious.
It is best to operate at 6 to 8 months old.

Season—Winter, spring and fall.

Preparation—Withhold food for twenty-four hours previous to operating
in order that the alimentary tract may be empty.

Methods—F lank method and belly method.

Anesthesia—General anesthesia should be employed on account of a
natural as well as an acquired tendency to bite and scratch ferociously
whenever submitted to operation of almost any character. Control without
anesthesia is somewhat hazardous.

Instruments—1. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25). 2. Canine and feline

emasculator (Figs. 102, 103). 3. Wound retractor (Fig. 180). 4. Sur-

Fig. 202—Flank incision for spaying the cat.

206 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Fig. 203—Cat tied and in proper position for flank spaying. A, Incision; B, legs

gveon’s full curved needle No. 5 (Hig. 181), carrying 18 inches sterilized
braided silk No. 10. 5. Long, slender probe. 6. Hemostatic forceps.
Anatomy—The cat is the most difficult and tedious of all domestic animals
to spay. The anatomical conformation and smallness of the parts and
organs largely account for its extreme tediousness. As for the author’s part
he would greatly prefer spaying ten heifers to one cat. In fact, he would
prefer spaying twice ten heifers to spaying one kitten. The internal gener-

Fig. 204—Cat spaying (flank method). C, Emasculator; D, ovary; E, abdominal
incision.

CAT SPAYING 207

Fig. 205—Wound closed with two interrupted sutures. F, Sutures.

ative organs of the cat are similar in all respects to those of the bitch
except, of course, that they are much smaller. Their conformation and
anatomical relation are the same in both animals. (Figs. 200 and 201.)
Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Same as
for bitch spaying. See page 194.
‘Preparation of Operative Field
Operative Technic—Same as for bitch spaying.
After-care and Treatment—Same as for bitch spaying.
Same as for bitch spaving.

Same as for bitch spaying.

Sequelae

CHAPTER VII.
POULARDIZING

The operation of poulardizine simply means unsexing the female fowl;
in other words, spaying the pullet.

Objects and Indications—The primary object in making poulards of
pullets is to facilitate their growth to quick maturity without the handicap
of egg production. It is a positively known fact that the poulards mature
and develop more rapidly than entire pullets or hens. The texture, flavor
and nutritive properties of their meat is also greatly improved. Poulard
meat bears the same relation to that of the hen as the meat of a spayed
heifer to that of the old cow. The operation has been practiced on a large
scale for many years in France and Germany, and to a limited extent in
America. The results would justify its more universal adoption. The
poulard never cackles, and like the capon becomes an outcast.

Fig. 206—Restraint for poulardizing. A-A, Weights at end of cords; B, leg of
fowl in loop; C, wings in loop; D, incision

POULARDIZING 209

Age—Two to three months.

Season—Late spring, summer and early fall.

Preparation—Withhold all food for at least thirty hours before operating.
It is impossible to do a satisfactory operation on a pullet with a full ali-
mentary tract. A full abdominal cavity prevents locating and examining
the egg cluster, to say nothing of its interference with the operation itself.

Restraint—On a box or barrel acting as an operating table the pullet is
confined for operation in the same manner as for caponizing. Two pieces
of strong cord are procured, upon each end a loop is made. To one end a
weight is attached (Fig. 206), after which the free end of one cord is
looped above the feet and the other cord is looped around the wines. The

Fig. 207—Internal genital organs of hen. H, Egg cluster; F, e&g passage.

pullet is now stretched full length—left side uppermost—on the table. This
is a quick and inexpensive method of restraint and at the same time a satis-
factory one. ;

Instruments—1. Caponizing knife (Fig. 116). 2. Spreaders (Figs. 117,
118, 119). 3. Hemostatic or tissue forceps (small size). +. Curved SC1SSOrs
(Fig. 35).

Breeds—It is not profitable to attempt to make poulards from the small
breeds of chickens. Indian Games, Brahmas, Cochins, Langshans, Plymouth
Rocks, Orpingtons, Wyandottes, etc., all make good poulards.

Anatomy—Some knowledge of the anatomy of the parts involved and
their relation is necessary before progress can be made with this operation.
Fig. 207 shows the egg cluster (EK) which corresponds to the ovary in
animals, and the egg passage (F) which corresponds to the uterus in

210 ANIMAL CASTRATION

animals. This illustration was purposely made from a grown hen. One
object being to enable the amateur operator to know the comparative dif-
ference between the internal genitals of a hen and those of a pullet of
proper age and size for operation. Fig. 208 shows the organs after being
removed from the abdominal cavity of the hen. They consist of (A) egg

Fig. 208—Internal genitals of hen. A, Egg cluster; B-B, egg passage; C, cloaca;
D, frimbriated extremity of fallopian tube.

cluster, (B-B) ege passage, (C) cloaca, (D) fimbriated extremity of the fal-

lopian tubes. The egg cluster lies in close proximity to the vertebral column,

shghtly posterior to the lungs. From it the fallopian tube and egg passage

proceed backward—in close relation to the vertebral column, aorta and

to its outlet—cloaca. In the pullet the egg cluster and egg

vena cava
passage are small. (Fig. 209.)

POULARDIZING 211

Fig. 209—Intestines removed to show position of egg cluster and egg passage.
G, Egg cluster; H, egg passage.

Fig. 210—Making a poulard. E, Abdominal incision; G, spreaders; F, thumb
forceps.

Pale ANIMAL CASTRATION

In a pullet of proper age for operation the egg passage is no larger than
an average size broom straw. The ege cluster in such a pullet is small and
flat, and shows no evidence of egg formation. Beginners are urgently
advised to carefully examine these parts in the carcass of the mature hen,
also in a three-months-old pullet before undertaking the operation.

Warning—In removing a section from the egg passage caution should be
exercised not to sever either the aorta or vena cava. Both are large and
important blood-vessels, and should either of them be severed, death from
internal hemorrhage is almost instantaneous. It is important to have extra

Fig. 211—Removing a section from the egg passage. I-J, Forceps; K, egg
passage; L, section of egg passage between forceps to be removed; M, egg
cluster. a aa:

good light in order that the abdominal cavity be illuminated sufficiently to
locate the parts. Bright sunshine is the ideal light for this operation. Out-
of-doors is the place, and from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. is the best time.
Operative Technic—With the left side uppermost the feathers are plucked
from the site of incision—last intercostal space. The skin is chilled by
allowing a glass of cold water to slowly trickle over it. This chilling process
has a tendency to reduce capillary hemorrhage from the skin. With the
knife begin high up between the last two ribs and make an incision 1 to 114
inches long, severing the skin and both layers of the intercostal muscles
down to the transparent peritoneum. Since the intercostal artery follows

POULARDIZING 213

closely the posterior border of the rib this incision should be made as close
to the anterior border of the last rib as possible. The spreaders are now
inserted. This opens the wound, and through the transparent membrane
(peritoneum) covering the intestines the ege cluster is examined. If there
is evidence of advanced egg formation it is not profitable to make a poulard,
It is more profitable to release the hen for egg production, in which event
the abdominal cavity is not opened. The spreaders are simply removed
and the fowl released. On the other hand, if, upon examination of the egg
cluster—through the transparent peritoneum—there is no evidence of egg
formation the peritoneum is nicked sufficiently to open the abdominal
cavity. Beginning close to the egg cluster a one-inch section of the egg
passage is removed with forceps and scissors. This stops egg formation.
By reference to Fig. 211 an idea may be had of the exact location of thé
ege passage and the part of it to be removed in operating. The spreader
is now removed. This allows the ribs to come together, automatically clos-
ing the incision.

After-Care and Treatment—Upon being released from the operating table
poulards are usually put in a closed yard where they can find shelter, food
and water, and can be kept quiet. No roosts are provided, as the less
flying and jumping they do the sooner the wound heals. The poulards seem
to be very little inconvenienced by the operation, and water and soft feed
mixed with sweet skim milk may be given immediately. Some feeders give
this in unlimited quantity, while others feed more sparingly for a time.

For a week or ten days the newly made poulards should be carefully
observed to see whether they become ‘‘wind-puffed.’’ This is a condition
caused by air gathering under and puffiing out the skin near the wound.
When observed it can be readily relieved by pricking the skin with a
needle or knife and pressing out the air.

CHAPTER VIII.
DEODORIZING THE SKUNK

While removing the scent from a skunk has not the remotest relation—
either directly or indirectly to animal castration; nevertheless, on account
of its novelty and the dearth of reliable literature on the subject the author
considers it of sufficient interest and importance for brief mention in the
concluding pages of this volume.

Objects and Indications—It should be remembered that the skunk has
ho effective means of protection or defense aside from the scent fluid which
it possesses and uses without stint when necessary. Ordinarily, the fluid
discharged by the skunk is amply sufficient to ward off almost any kind of
attack and protect the animal from danger. The scent fluid is only dis-
charged when the animal is alarmed or frightened, and contrary to the
prevailing popular opinion, is not urine, and has no connection with the
urinary apparatus. Skunks are deodorized for the purpose of converting

Fig. 212—Diagrammatic illustration showing scent secreting and expelling ap-
paratus. A, Anus; B-B, jet or nipple-like opening of anal ducts; C-C, ducts; D-D,
anal glands; E-E, sacs or reservoirs.

them into desirable household pets. Such animals never seratch and rarely
ever bite, and are absolutely harmless.

Age—They should be operated upon at an early age (30 to 60 days old),
as the mortality rate following operation in the mature skunk is very high.

Season—Whenever you can succeed in catching them. This is one animal
at least you must catch before vou can operate upon it.

Preparation—If possible the young animals (kittens) should be kept and
fondled for several days before they are submitted to operation, so they
may become accustomed to being handled. By thus preparing them they
may be handled through the preparatory stages of the operation without
voiding the scent fluid.

Restraint—The operation must be done under a glass to protect operator
and assistants. A large pane of window glass should be supported at each
end and raised about ten inches from the floor. Two assistants are necessary.

DEODORIZING THE SKUNK PAM)

Rubber gloves should be worn by the operator and both assistants. The
skunk is readily placed under general anesthesia by the use of ether when
such is desired. The animal is carefully placed under the glass, after which
one assistant should grasp the head and fore feet and the other assistant
the hind feet, and hold the posterior parts in such a position as to cause
the discharged scent fluid to he deposited against the under side of the
glass. Most of the fluid will be discharged at this time quite promptly, and

Fig. 213—Posterior aspect of the skunk. A, Anus; B-B, anal glands.

very little will be kept in reserve. In fact, the operation cowld be pro-
ceeded with to completion without the glass.

Instruments—1. Scalpel. 2. Rat-tooth hemostatic forceps. 3. Curved
scissors (Fig. 35).

Anatomy—The anus is a large irregular elliptical depression surrounded
by loose flabby skin which bulges over the site of the anal (scent) glands.
These glands are two in number located on each side (laterally) of the
anus. There is about one-half inch space between the anus and the center
of the anal glands.

The scent-secreting apparatus is large, and consists of numerous small
elands—closely associated—surrounding a sae or reservoir for storing up
the fluid. They are covered by skin, subeutaneous connective tissue, and

216 ANIMAL CASTRATION

Hig. 214—Showing incisions over site of anal glands. F, Anus; E-H, incisions.

two thin layers of muscular fiber, viz.: ischio-cavernosus and bulbo-caver-
nosus muscles. The glandular organ is surrounded by a well defined
envelope. Each gland is supplied with an excretory duct. These ducts pro-
ject through the lateral walls of the rectum immediately anterior to the
anus. Their openings are nipple or jet-lke for governing the direction of
the stream. When the skunk considers itself in danger its behavior is as
follows: 1. It turns its posterior parts toward the object of attack. 2. Ele-
vates its tail. 3. Inverts the anus exposing the nipple-like openings of the
duets. 4. By voluntary muscular contraction the sae or scent reservoir is
compressed and the scent fluid expelled. This fluid may be thrown fora
distance of twelve to fifteen feet, the direction of the stream being under

DEODORIZING THE SKUNK 217

thorough control of the skunk. Of course, the amount of fluid is quite
limited, but it is usually sufficient. The character of the fluid is dirty brown
and fetid, and is slightly phosphorescent at night.

Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—The in-
struments should be sterilized by boiling fifteen to twenty minutes, and
then immersing them in Lysol or Cresolis compound (U.S. P.), one table-
spoonful to each quart of water. Wash the hands with tincture of ereen
soap, using a scrub brush, and rinse them with the antiseptic solution.

Anesthesia—The skunk yields readily to ether as a general anesthetic,
and it is always advisable to administer such an anesthetic before operating.

Preparation of Operative Field—Don’t forget that the skunk is now sup-
posed to be under the glass. Clip the hair from around the anus for a
distance—in each direction—of at least one inch. Wash the parts with
antiseptic solution and paint the skin over the site of the incisions with
tincture of iodin.

Warming—In making incisions and dissecting out anal glands, exercise
extreme care in order to avoid injury to either rectal or anal walls, or to
the genito-urinary passages.

Operative Technic—Locate the glands—on each side of the anus by pal-
patation. A perpendicular incision one inch long is made directly over the
center of the most prominent part of each gland, about one-half inch from
the anus. (Fig. 214.). These incisions should penetrate the skin and sub-
cutaneous connective tissue only. With rat-tooth hemostatic forceps or small
size vulsellum forceps the glandular organ is grasped, and with limited
traction applied by the forceps the parts are isolated by careful dissection,
after which the duct is severed close to the rectal wall and the operation
is completed. The incision should be left open to heal by granulation.

After-Care—About all that is necessary is to place the animal in warm
sanitary quarters. The wounds will heal and complete recovery take place
by the tenth day.

CHAPTER IX.
AUTHOR'S IDEAL CASTING ILARNESS.

The casting harness illustrated is included in order that those who desire
to do so may make, or have made, and use, what, to the author’s mind, is
the most complete and satisfactory casting harness. Its design is based on
twenty years’ college teaching and field experience with dozens of eastin?
apphances of most every type.

This casting harness is not patented and every student and practitioner
has permission to use it in any wav he desires.

=

U

x

WJ

Fig. 215—Author’s ideal casting harness applied.

This harness is adjustable in all directions, thus permitting of use on
animals of all sizes. The adjusting buckles appear on the opposite side and
do not show in the illustration. On account of the great variation in size
of horses and mules, no measurements for the harness are given. Select an
average size horse and make your own measurements. To make correct

measurements is an easy matter when you have an animal and the illustra-
tion before you.

AUTHOR’S IDEAL CASTING HARNESS 219

Each of the two side ropes are one-half inch in diameter and thirty-three
feet long. One end of each rope is equipped with a strong snap. Friction on
the side ropes is reduced to a minimum by the four roller equipped ‘‘D’s”’
on the hobble straps and breast collar. Both hobble straps are 18 inches long.

In casting and tying, the ropes are pulled in the same direction and
handled in the same manner as described in casting and by the Knowles
method. Pages 50, 51 and 52.

INDEX

Abdominal cavity of biteh .....0............ 192
Abdominal cavity of cat
Abdominal incision in ewe spaying...
Abdominal organs of dog

Adhesions following bitch spayin
After-care of stallion castration...
Age for castration...
Anatomy of bitch
Anatomy of cat ..
Anatomy of cow
Anatomy of dog
Anatomy of fowl
Anatomy of hen
Anatomy of ram
Anatomy of sow
Anatomy, stallion .
Anesthesia for bitch spaying
Anomalous ridgling
Anorexia
Author’s Ideal Ca
Azoturia

ing Flarnes

Betz’s emasculator
Betz’s triple crimp emasculator
Bitch, genital organs of
Bitch spaying
Bitch spaying, flank method

Boar, castration of.......
Boar, restraint of. 98

Boar, ruptured
Breeds for poulardizing..
Broad ligament of bitch.
Bull cast and tied.....
Bull, castration of.
Bull, Conkey hobbles on
Bull, generative organs of.
Bull, testicle of

Calla restraint. (Of a ce eee eo 168
Calf Spaying
Canine and feline em

Caponizing -.133
Caponizing, instruments for............ 135, 136
Caponizing, selection of breeds for........ 135

Casting harness, White’s ideal
Castrating knife, Miles’ .....
Castrating knife, Robinson’s
Castrating knife, Williams’
Castration, age for

Castration, complications in
Castration, history of ..............
Castration, injuries resulting from
Castration of boar

Castration of bull ae
Castration of bull in standing position. 92
Castration of cat

Castration of dog

Castration, sequelae of ....

tion

Castration of colt
Castration of mule is
Castration of ram 116
Castration of stallion, indications for.... 12
Castration of stallion in standing posi-
tion

Cat, anatomy of...

Cat, castration of.. Ee
Cat, restraint of 181, 182
Cat spaying 204

Cat spaying, flank method.
Cat, testicle of-......:.........-
Chute and stocks, spaying
Colic

Colt castration . 82
Colt castration, Miles’ method of............ 33
Colt castration, operative technic of... 35
Complications in castration...................... 43

Conkey hobbles
Conkey hobbles applied to bull...
Cow, anatomy of....
Cow, genitals of...
Cow, heifer and calf spaying,
technic of.
Cow, restraint of
Cow spaying..........
Cryptorchid boar
Cryptorchid bull, castration of..
Cryptorchid, castration of...
Cryptorchid dog
Cryptorchid, intra-inguinal
Curved “Scissors a
Cystic ovaries removed from sow............ 183

Deodorizing the skunk...... 214
Dog, anatomy of.......
Dog, castration of ...
Dog, genitals of -...
Dog, restraint of...
Dunn’s ecraseur
Dunn’s emasculator

Ecraseur, Dunn’s
Edema of sheath....
Emasculator
Emasculator, Betz’s. rats
Kmasculator, Betz’s triple crimp...........
Kmasculator, correct position of on
spermatic condi: eee 22
Amasculator, curved head spaying........ 159
Emasculator, Dunn's .............222.222.--- .. 16
Emasculator, canine and

feline
Kmasculator, single crimp.........
Emasculator, swine and sheep...............- 10%

Eventration
we, genital organs of.
Ewe spaying -............

Excision of ovaries of sow...

181
Kxuberant granulations..............0.0.....- 79, 81

INDEX

Fowl, anatomy of-...0.00..0-.-- eee 138
Fowl, testicles of..
Funiculitis, chronic

Geldings
Generative organs of bull
Generative organs of sow
Generative organs of stallion
Genitals of bitch
Genitals of cat
Genitals of cow
Genitals of dog
Genitals of ewe
Genitals of hen
Genitals of mare
Granulations, saul’

185

Hlagedorms needle. 104
Hair clipper
Hands, cleansing of.
Harness, Knowles’ casting
Harness, White’s ideal casting

Heifer spaying el:
lemons lia eget ee ee 72
Hemorrhage, nature’s method of con-

trolling
Hemorrhage, post-operative
Hen, anatomy of....
Hen, genitals of -
Hermaphrodite horse ...
Hernia following bitch spaying
Hernia, inguinal
Hernia, operation for..
Hernia, scrotal
Hippo lasso, for mare restraint.
History of castration..
Hobbles, Conkey
Hobbles, Miles
Hydrocele

Infection, septic ..
Inguinal hernia ....
Injuries resulting from castration.......... 70
Instruments for bitch spaying
Instruments for caponizing
Instruments for cat spaying....
Instruments for cow, heifer and calf
spaying

Instruments for dog castration...
Instruments for mare spaying
Instruments for ewe spaying ..
Instruments for sow spaying
Instruments for stallion castration.
Instruments, sterilization of
Interrupted sutures.
Intestine, prolapse of..
Intra-abdominal ridgling..
Intra-inguinal cryptorchid...
Intra-inguinal ridgling

Jamison’s spaying knife... 161

Knowles’ casting harness....00000000.2....-- 50
McKillip’s canine and feline emascu-
MENON Gs ie inee ease teeter ar ak oer pee eRe
Mare, genitals of...
Mare, restraint, by hippo lasso...
Mare spaving : :
Mare spaying, instruments. for. :
Mare spaying, operative technic of...
Mare spaying, restraint for
Miles’ castrating knife
Miles’ colt hobbles....................
Miles’ palm needle .
Miles’ ridgling ee Age
Mooy’s needle
Mule castration
Mule testicle

Nature’s method of controlling hemor-

rhage
Needle, Miles’ and Mooys
Needle, surgeon’s
Needle-holder, Richter

Omentum, prolapse of 69
technic of

Operative skunk deodoriz-
ing
Operative technic for boar castration....108
Operative technic for castration in
Standing’ pOSition 222-2 ee 27
Operative technic for cow, heifer and
Callin Sip aly sMIu Oe e seees nearer cree
Operative technic for mare spaying.....
Operative technic for poulardizing........
Operative technic for ram castration....119
Operative technic for intra-abdominal
RIG linia OPeRALOM ee nese es es 56
Operative technic for mule castration... 40
Operative technic for stallion castra-
tion 21
Operator’s hands, cleansing of..
Orchectomy
Orchitis
Ovary removed from ewe....

Paraphimosis
Paseley’s spaying speculum..
Perforator, peritoneum
Peritoneum perforator
Peritonitis
Peritonitis following bitch spaying
Post-operative hemorrhage
Poulardizing
Poulardizing, breeds for
Poulardizing, operative technic for
Preparation of stallion for castration. 26
Prolapse: Of pimbestime z..a 70
Prolapse of omentum...
Purse-string suture

Ram, anatomy of.......2....20.2..200----
Ram, castration of

999,

aa

Ram, restraint
Ram, testicle of —....
Recumbent position for bull
110) 0 Cane ee RS tere te ere
Recurrent <eS tuum eee
Restraint for bitch spaying..
Restraint for caponizing
Restraint for mare spaying...
Restraint for poulardizing
Restraint of boar
Restraint of calf
Restraint of cat
Restraint of cow
Restraint of dog
Restraint of ram
Restraint for sow
Restraint for spaymne SOV =
174, 175, V6, 177

116, 117

Restraint, stallion.

Richter’s needle-holder..........

Pa clic: ina eee ets ecw aes ere ee een
Ridgling, anomalous...
Ridelings boar 222

Ridgling bull
Ridgling dog eres
Ridgling castration, intra - abdominal,
operative technic for... 56
Ridgling, intra-abdominal
Ridgling, intra-inguinal
Ridgling, supra-scrotal 0.00...
Ridgling spreaders, Miles’. 52
Ridgling, suprascrotal
Robinson’s castrating
Ruptured boar

Schirrous cord ........ oe
Scrotal hernia eres 44
Scrotal incision
Scrotal incision in bull castration..
Scissors, curved
Scrotal incision for boa
Scrotum and sheath, stallion..
Season for castration..............-....-..:::2200+--
Sequelae of castration ...........
Septic infection
Sheath, edema of
Shock following bitch spaying
Skunk, deodorizing the
Skunk, scent-secreting
NS OWeor AMA COMM Ys (0 fesse eee eee eer eee
Sow, cystic ovaries removed from. a
Sow, restraint of.. 178, 174

apparatus Mtoe 215

Sow, generative organs of =
Sow, spaying, operative technic of........ 178
Sows, spaying...

Spaying

INDEX

Spaying bitch................-------- ie
Spaying, calf
Spaying, cat
Spaying chute and stocks..........
Spaying, cow, heifer and calf..
Spaying emasculator ..... 159,
Spaying ewe
Spaying knife,
Spaying sows
Speculum, Paseley’s spaying...
Speculum, Williams’ spaying ......
Spaying speculum, Williams’ .
Spermatic cord, correct position of

emasculator on

160, 161

Jamison’s

re
g

Spermatic cord, severing of.. 25
Stallion, anatomy of Ay
Stallion castration, instruments for 14

Stallion, generative
Stallion, restraint
Standing position, advantages of....
Standing position, disadvantages of...... 30
Standing position for bull castration..92, 93
Standing position for stallion castra-
ELON eee recsee ie sae ae eter ee aeeeh eee z
Siten lem o-amizie sees ee ee
Sterilization of instruments.. os
Suprascrotal ridgling..........-.-.-..-.---.--

organs of.

Sue) calli ell eee eee
Suture in bitch spaying... 197
Suture, purse-string.. 1138

Sutures, interrupted.
Suturing fork...
Swine and sheep emasculator.................- 101

Testicle and spermatic cord
Testicles of boar.
Testicle of bull

Testicle of cat

TéSsticles: of TOWle = se
Testicle of mule
Testicle of ram. .....

Testicle from ridgling
Testicle of ridgling horse —.....-.----
Testicle of stallion
Tetanus

Uterine

Water bag
White’s ideal casting harness..
Williams’ castrating knife rn
Williams’ castrating knife, modified...... 26
Wound eu after bitch spaying..

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